{"1": {"fulltext": "IrW-\\nv\\n8\u00c2\u00abc\\njjjl\\nKw\u00c2\u00ab\\\\\u00c2\u00abvy\\ni-.-rrr-:\\nwmssmm\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05;;:;;-;;-;;\\nwM", "height": "4487", "width": "2852", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "1//\\nLibrary of Congress.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nChap\\n,W3\\nShelf\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u0094404", "height": "4393", "width": "2727", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2727", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4393", "width": "2743", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4400", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4400", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4400", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE\\nCAMP-FIRES\\nOF\\nNAPOLEON:\\nCOMPRISING\\nTHE MOST BRILLIANT ACHIEVEMENTS\\nOP THE\\nEMPEROR AND HIS MARSHALS.\\nBY HENRY C. WATSON.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nH. C. PECK THEO. BLISS.\\n1867.", "height": "4400", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Entered According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1854,\\nBY H. C. PECK THEO. BLISS,\\nIn the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of\\nPennsylvania.\\nB .m\\nVoi\\n9*", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nHE vivid pictures of war, however\\nensanguined, have a wonderful at-\\ntraction for the mass of men. They\\nstir the heart like a trumpet. No\\nnarratives are so generally perused\\nwith avidity as those of feats of\\nbroils and battles for in them, in\\nspite of many disgusting features,\\nthere is always something to excite a pleasing thrill. We\\nlove excitement, and it seems that it is to war, and the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\ndescriptions of its varied scenes of danger, during which the\\nfaculties of the combatants are roused to extraordinary\\nstrength, that most look for the gratification of their natural\\ndesires. We have heard of many persons who, in the abstract,\\ncondemn all wars as brutal and degrading to humanity,\\nperuse, with unwearied attention, narratives of the cam-\\npaigns of great generals, and dwell upon their details with\\nevident manifestations of delight. The passion is irresistible.\\nIn this work, the author has endeavored to present to the\\nmental eye, more vividly than the so-termed dignity of ordi-\\nnary history permits, the most striking scenes and remarkable\\npersonages of Napoleon s astonishing career of glory to\\nshow the greatest warrior of any age in the field, and at the\\nnightly bivouacs upon the fertile plains of Piedmont\\nin the shadow of the Egyptian pyramids amid the forests\\nof Germany, and on the frozen plains of Russia surrounded\\nby his galaxy of splendid generals, his military family to\\nillustrate a passage in the history of Europe, which, for\\nstirring scenes and powerful characters, has, perhaps, no\\nparallel. From the camp-fire at Toulon, where the young\\nlieutenant of artillery gave the first impression of his wonder-\\nful genius, till the terrible night of darkness and death fol-\\nlowing the battle of Waterloo, the career of Napoleon is\\ntraced by his bivouacs and around each watch-fire is grouped\\nthe incidents of the conflicts which there occurred. The\\nsalient points in the life of the great warrior are, therefore,\\nillumined, so as to fix them in the memory.\\nWho can know the incidents of that career of glory without\\nastonishment We find a genius, under the smile of fortune,\\nrising from the ranks of the people to the summit of despotic\\npower surpassing the generalship of Hannibal the states-\\nmanship of Caesar, and performing exploits, which, before\\nhis time, were placed among the impossible. There is im-\\nperishable interest attached to every event in the lifeof such", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nVll\\na character and, therefore, no work which honestly aims to\\nillustrate them can be considered superfluous.\\nIt is hoped that the numerous engravings will add to the\\nattractions of the book, and render its word-pictures clearer\\nand more perfect to the mind. Their value is so well estab-\\nlished, that the time is approaching when few historical\\nworks will be published without such illustrations.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCAMP-FIRE OF TOULON, 13\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MONTE-NOTTE, 19\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MONDOVI, 26\\nCAMP-FIRE OF THE BRIDGE OF LODI, 37\\nCAMP-FIRE OF CASTIGLIONE, _ 46\\nCAMP-FIRE OF ARCOLA, .53\\nCAMP-FIRE OF RIVOLI, 69\\nCAMP-FIRE OF THE ALPS, 79\\nCAMP-FIRE OF THE NILE, 89\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MOUNT TABOR, 98\\nCAMP-FIRE OF ABOUKIR, HO\\nCAMP-FIRE OF THE VALLEY OF AOSTA, 121\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MARENGO, 139\\nCAMP-FIRE OF ULM, 156\\nCAMP-FIRE OF AUSTERLITZ, 163\\n2 (ix)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "X CONTENTS.\\nCAMP-FIRE OF PALENY, 180\\nCAMP-FIRE OF JENA, 186\\nCAMP-FIRE OF THE NAREW, 210\\nCAMP-FIRE OF EYLAU, 218\\nCAMP-FIRE OF FRIEDLAND, 239\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MADRID, 260\\nCAMP-FIRE OF RATISBON, 266\\nCAMP-FIRES OF ASPERN AND ESSLING, 275\\nCAMP-FIRE OF WAGRAM. 282\\nCAMP-FIRE OF NIEMEN, 291\\nCAMP-FIRE OF WITEPSK, 298\\nCAMP-FIRE OF SMOLENSKOi 305\\nCAMP-FIRE OF WIASMA, 317\\nCAMP-FIRE OF BORODINO, 326\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MOSCOW, 348\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MALO-YAROSLAVETZ, 362\\nCAMP-FIRE IN THE SNOW, 371\\nCAMP-FIRE AT KRASNOE, 389\\nCAMP-FIRE OF BORYSTHENES, 397\\nTHE LAST CAMP-FIRES IN RUSSIA, 404\\nCAMP-FIRE OF LUTZEN, 413\\nCAMP-FIRE OF BAUTZEN, 417\\nCAMP-FIRE OF MONTEREAU, 421\\nCAMP-FIRE OF ARCIS, 427\\nCAMP-FIRE OF WATERLOO. 434", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LIST OF PRINCIPAL EMBELLISHMENTS.\\nNAPOLEON CROSSING THE ALPS, Frontispiece.\\nTHE CAMP-FIRE AT EYLAU, Title.\\nBATTERY OF THE MEN WITHOUT FEAR, 13\\nBATTLE OF MONTE-NOTTE, 19\\nMARSHAL MURAT, 33\\nNAPOLEON INFORMED OF HIS ELECTION AS CORPORAL, 42\\nNAPOLEON AT THE BRIDGE OF ARCOLA, 58\\nNAPOLEON S ARRIVAL IN EGYPT, 89\\nNAPOLEON AT THE PYRAMIDS, 93\\nBATTLE OF THE PYRAMIDS, 94\\nNAPOLEON ENTERING CAIRO, 97\\nNAPOLEON AT MOUNT TABOR, 98\\nMARSHAL JUNOT, 101\\nNAPOLEON AT ACRE, 105\\nBONAPARTE AS FIRST CONSUL, 133\\n(xi)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "Xll LIST OF PRINCIPAL EMBELLISHMENTS.\\nTHE CAMP-EIRE AT ULM, 159\\nNAPOLEON AT JENA, 136\\nCAMP SCENE ON THE EVENING BEFORE THE BATTLE OF\\nAUSTERLITZ, 171\\nBATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ, 177\\nTHE CAMP-FIRE ON THE NAREW, 214\\nTHE CAMP-FIRE AT FRIEDLAND, 258\\nMARSHAL LANNES, 269\\nBATTLE OF ESSLING, 275\\nNAPOLEON AT WIASMA, 817\\nNAPOLEON AT KRASNOE, 389\\nNAPOLEON AT MONTEREAU, 421\\nBATTLE OF WATERLOO, 434\\nTHE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, 444\\nDEATH OF NAPOLEON. .448", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "BATTERY OF THE MEN WITHOUT FEAR. Page 13.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "tfeib \u00c2\u00aeMas \u00c2\u00ab[pa[Ei air iF\u00c2\u00aeE!k\u00c2\u00aea\\n^3 T was the night of the\\n19th of December,\\n1793. A sky of\\ndarkness, unbroken\\nby the twinkling of\\na single star, arched over\\nthe town and harbor of\\nToulon. But on the rugged\\nheights of Balagrier and\\nL Equillette, where the En-\\nglish had vainly constructed their Little Gibraltar,\\nthe watch-fires of the French beseigers were redly\\n(13)\\n\u00c2\u00a3^s^\u00c2\u00bb*^r*fc-i", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nburning sending up showers of sparks, which looked\\nlike rising stars against the intense blackness of the\\nheavens. It was the 19th of December, and the fate\\nof Toulon, which for four months had lingered in the\\nbalance, was decided. Britons, Spaniards, Neapolitans\\nand French a garrison of the enemies of the republic\\nhad fought in vain. The Little Gibraltar, which\\ncommanded the town and harbor was in the hands of\\nthe French their troops were even forcing their way\\ninto the town, and consternation had seized those who\\ndared to oppose the decrees of the Committee of Safety,\\nas well as those who had so promptly tendered them\\naid. The evacuation of Toulon had been hurriedly re-\\nsolved and now, as the red gleam of the watch-fires\\nand the blaze of the thundering artillery shone upon\\nthe dark waters of the bay, crowds of trembling people\\ncould be seen embarking in vessels of all kinds, glad\\nto avail themselves of the protection of the English\\nfleet, to escape the bloody revenge of the triumphant\\nrepublicans.\\nThe batteries of the Little Gibraltar, were already\\nsending a shower of death upon the hostile fleet in the\\nroadstead. On a rock, by a small blazing fire, and just\\nabove a battery, a form could be dimly seen through\\nthe smoke of the guns, which was destined to rise as a\\nterrible image before the eyes of Europe, as it stood\\nnow, the conqueror of the foes of France, at Toulon. It\\nwas a slender form, on which the costume of a com-\\nmandant of artillery hung loosely. But the inexorable\\nresolution of the pale face, and the keen, quick flashes\\nof the eagle eyes, caused those who gazed to forget all", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "TOULON. 15\\nbut awe and wonder before this genius of war. Occa-\\nsionally, between the reports of the heavy guns, could\\nbe heard the shrill voice of command, which none re-\\nfused to obey it would be obeyed. Those eyes had\\nseen where to strike, and that voice had commanded,\\nthe blow which brought Toulon to the feet of the re-\\npublic. The commander was Napoleon Bonaparte, the\\nyoung Corsican the pet of Paoli the child cradled\\namid the civil wars of his native island who had made\\nthe cannon his toy and who had been educated to war\\nat the military school of Brienne. A subordinate, he\\nhad compelled his superior officers to bow before the\\noracles of his genius. One after another they had\\nyielded, till the last, General Dugommier, a brave old\\nwarrior, acknowledged his artillery officer as the con-\\nqueror of Toulon.\\nThat was a proud moment for the young Napoleon.\\nHe knew that the triumph was secured, and that to him,\\nalone, it was due for his plan had prevailed against\\nthe ignorant and imbecile schemes of the republic s\\ngenerals, and his devices for rousing an irresistible en-\\nthusiasm in the troops, such as naming a battery\\nin a desperate position, the battery des homines sans\\npeur had rendered the execution of that plan complete.\\nAnd now the enemy were preparing for flight precipi-\\ntate flight.\\nA cooler aim cut down a flag, brave Junot!\\ncommands the shrill voice, amid the thunder of the\\nguns, and the dusky, slovenly looking artillery man on\\nthe right of the battery, fronting Napoleon, steadily\\nwatches for a moment when the red glare shall show", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nhim a portion of the fleet in the roadstead. A glimpse\\nof the cross of St. George Loud thunders the gun,\\nand at the next vivid glare, the flag falls and amid the\\nroar of the storm of death rises the cheer of the artillery\\nmen.\\nWell done, Junot exclaimed the shrill voice. The\\nslovenly man who brought down the cross of St. George\\nwas Andoche Junot, afterwards Marshal of France and\\nDuke d Abrantes, whose cool courage had more than\\nonce won the commendation of the commandant during\\nthis memorable siege.\\nBut now occurred a scene which caused the fire of\\nthe Little Gibraltar, to slacken. Even as Napoleon\\nspoke to Junot, he discovered a spreading flame in the\\nharbor, and in a few moments, great tongues of fire\\nlicked the air in front of the town, and lit up the scene\\nfor miles around with a terrible brilliancy. The En-\\nglish and Spaniards, under the direction of Sir Sydney\\nSmith, had set fire to the arsenal, the stores, and the\\nFrench ships which they could not remove. The rising\\nflames, growing redder and redder, seemed at length\\nlike the glowing crater of a volcano, amid which could\\nbe seen the masts and yards of the burning vessels, and\\nthe advance of the republican troops who were at-\\ntempting to force their way into the town. The waters\\nof the bay resembled streams of lava flowing from the\\nmountains and hills around the town, which, themselves\\nglowed like living coals. The Jacobins in the town\\nnow arose to take revenge upon the flying royalists.\\nHorrid screams and yells, cries and entreaties rang upon\\nthe air like sounds from the infernal regions, while in", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "TOULON. 1 7\\nthe midst of all could be heard the swelling chorus of\\nthe Marseillais. The guns of Malbosquet were turned\\nupon the town, and their thunder increased the uproai\\nof this terrible scene. Suddenly, a tremendous explo-\\nsion, as if a mountain had been shattered to its base by\\na bolt from heaven, shocked the air, and even caused\\nthe stern men under the eye of Napoleon to tremble.\\nHundreds of barrels of powder had exploded, and high\\nabove the harbor, the air was filled with the blazing\\nfragments, which descended even among the batteries\\nof the Little Gibraltar, causing the men to spring\\nabout to save themselves from the fire. Again that\\nawful shock was given, a second magazine had exploded,\\nand again the air seemed fairly alive with soaring fires,\\nwhich threatened destruction when they fell. Frag-\\nments fell at the very feet of Napoleon, but he stood\\nstill, as a statue of resolution, a man without fear. His\\neyes were fixed upon the British fleet, which, by the\\nred glare of earth and sky, could be seen slowly making\\nsail, the decks of the vessels being crowded with fugi-\\ntives. Once more he commanded the artillery to fire\\nand before the fleet got beyond the range of the guns,\\nit received a shower of balls. The triumph was now\\ncomplete.\\nWearied officers and men now threw themselves upon\\nthe ground to rest, beside the fire. But to most of\\nthem, sleep could not come, with such a scene of terror,\\nconflagration and tears before them. Napoleon, how-\\never, surveyed the harbor and town, for a few moments,\\nand then, stretching himself upon the ground, com-\\nmanded himself to slumber, a faculty which he pos-\\n3", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nsessed through life an evidence of his astonishing force\\nof will.\\nThe day dawned with a pale, ashen light. The roll\\nof the drums, resounding among the hills, roused the\\ntriumphant soldiers of the republic and as they gazed\\nupon the smouldering ruins of the arsenal, and the bay\\nstrewn with the black fragments of the ships destroyed,\\nthey would have cursed their enemy but they remem-\\nbered their conquest, and pitied the destructive spite.\\nCheer after cheer rent the air. The artillery men\\ncrowded round their young chief, and with clamorous\\ncongratulations, gave him the first evidence of that en-\\nthusiastic aifection, which, years afterwards, caused them\\nto yearn to die in his sendee to pave with their bodies\\nhis path to victory. What thoughts what feelings\\nburned within that young conqueror s breast none could\\nknow for his stern, bronze countenance expressed no-\\nthing but his concentred strength of resolution. The\\nsame day, General Dugommier sent intelligence of the\\ncapture of Toulon to the Committee of Public Safety,\\nand in the despatch he particularly recommended Napo-\\nleon for promotion, in these remarkable words,\\nPromote him, or he will promote himself,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0arias sMap-iFiii s m wmm s\u00c2\u00a9wis,\\nHE pure, bright\\nmoon shone with\\nserene majesty\\nin the soft, dark\\nblue of the Ita-\\nlian sky, dim-\\nming the light of\\nthe silver stars,\\nin her own calm\\nglory. The rug-\\nged heights of Monte Notte, with here and there a\\ntower and wall, or a row of trees upon its broken ascent,\\nand the two small villages at, its base, surrounded with\\ngroves and vineyards, were revealed with scarce the\\nvariation of a shadow. They would have seemed to\\n(19)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nsleep beneath the soothing influence of the night, hut\\nfor the numerous red fires, which burned here and there\\nalong the mountain side, and at intervals for the distance\\nof half a mile from its base; and the occasional booming\\nof a gun, with its grumbling echoes. At a considerable\\ndistance in front could be seen the lights of the redoubts\\nupon the heights of Monte* Legino, which throughout\\nthe day, under the command of the indomitable Colonel\\nRampon, had withstood the furious assaults of the Aus-\\ntrians under d Argenteau, the commander preferring to\\nperish rather than capitulate. His resolution had saved\\nthe plans of Bonaparte from receiving a check, and now\\nthe young general of the French felt sure of his game.\\nAround the watch-fires to which we have alluded\\nwere gathered the half-fed, half-clothed, but enthusiastic\\ntroops of the divisions commanded by La Harpe and\\nCervoni, who had united and marched to this strong\\nposition in the rear of Monte Legino, in accordance with\\nthe plans of Bonaparte. The general-in-chief was with\\nthem, for near this place he anticipated the triumph of\\nhis wonderful combinations, and the defeat of the Aus-\\ntrians. Most of the principal officers were quartered\\nin the villages, resting from the fatigues of a rapid march.\\nBut the time was too critical for Bonaparte to think of\\nsleep. He was abroad among those camp-fires, accom-\\npanied by the brave and active Swiss, La Harpe, that\\nfaithful and untiring friend, Michael Duroc, then aid-\\nde-camp to the young general, and several ,other officers\\nof distinction. As he walked among them, he looked\\nlike a mere boy attending a throng of rough and hardy\\nsoldiers. To each group gathered round a fire, he had", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "MQ3TTE XQTTE. 21\\na pleasant and encouraging word to say, a condescen-\\nsion to which these war-worn veterans were unacccus-\\ntomecL As he turned away from them he might have\\nheard expressions which showed that the troops believed\\nin his invincibihty, and at all .events, were prepared to\\nsuffer any hardships in Ms service. The wretched\\nclothing of many of them was observed by the general,\\nand he occasionally reminded them, that they had now\\nan opportunity of winning not only glory, which every\\ntrue soldier should seek first, but wealth and abundance,\\namid the fertile plains of Italy. Such words, uttered\\nby a commander among the camp-fires of an army are\\ncalculated to have more effect in arousing its enthu-\\nsiasm than the most eloquent of regular and formal ad-\\ndresses. At length, arriving at a fire much larger than\\nany of the others upon the side of the mountain, Bona-\\nparte threw himself upon the ground, and, motioning\\nhis officers to follow his example, he took out the plan\\nof operations, which he had drawn up, and began with\\nhis usual precision, to explain how far it had been carried\\nout, and what would be the movements of the next day.\\nIn the meantime the soldiers, grim, moustached veterans,\\nwithdrew and set about kindling another fire at a re-\\nspectful distance.\\nAugereau will reach this point early in the morning,\\nand render efficient support to the troops already in\\nposition. Marching by this road on the other side of\\nthe Appenines, Massena will show himself, nearly at\\nthe same time, in d Argenteau s rear, and then the Aus-\\ntrians cannot escape us. They will be surrounded on\\nall sides by a superior force-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nTh far it has been successful, said La Harpe.\\nBut if Rampon had not fought so desperately at Monte\\nLegino, the plan would have been defeated, or at least,\\nchecked for a time.\\nRampon fought bravely but when such a plan do\\npends upon the maintenance of a post, a good officer\\nshould prefer to die rather than yield it to the enemy,\\nreplied Bonaparte.\\nRampon fought Eke a hero because he knew the\\nimportance of his position, said Duroc.\\nI trust Massena will be as active as the occasion\\ndemands. He has courage, perseverance, and skill but\\nit requires the most imminent danger to awaken his\\nactivity, said the young commander-in-chief.\\nA singular man, truly, remarked Duroc.\\nHowever, continued Bonaparte, following the train\\nof his own reflections, u never had a commander-in-chief\\nmore reason to be proud of his general officers than\\nmyself. They are all men born to lead. With them, I\\nhave nothing to fear from the delinquency of our half-\\nfed troops.\\nYet, general, the soldiers are in a condition calcu-\\nlated to depress their spirits, said La Harpe. We\\nofficers, who chiefly fight for glory, and for the honor\\nof our country, never murmur, although very badly\\ntreated by our government. But the majority of the\\nsoldiers in the ranks have a constant eye to their pay.\\nBut to make soldiers worthy of France, we must\\nalter that; replied Bonaparte, one and all must be\\ntaught to fight for glory, and then our arms will be\\nirresistible.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "MONTE XOTTE. 23\\nLa Harpe shook his head. But the enthusiastic Duroc,\\ncatching the noble fire of his illustrious friend, exclaimed.\\nYes, the love of glory makes the true soldier This\\nwill cause the troops to forget their toilsome, bare-foot\\nmarches, and their long days of hunger And never\\nhave I seen the French soldiers more eager for conflict\\nin defence of their country s honor, than they have been\\nsince our young general took command of the army of\\nItaly. That first proclamation gave them a new spirit,\\nwhich has been growing stronger every day. There\\nare splendid triumphs before us, I am sure.\\nThe face of Bonaparte expressed nothing of the emo-\\ntions which must have heaved in his soul at these words.\\nBut he grasped the hand of Duroc and shook it warmly.\\nMy friends, said he, it is all clear enough to me.\\nTo-morrow will be a great day for France. Old Beau-\\nlieu will begin to know his enemy. The plain before\\nus shall be the scene of more Austrian astonishment and\\ndismay than has been known in Italy for many years.\\nBeaulieu supposes that I intended to file off along the\\ncoast to Genoa whereas, here I am, ready to over-\\nwhelm his centre. Following up this victory, it will\\nbe easy to cut him off from communication with the\\nPieclmontese.\\nThe officers gazed with wonder and admiration upon\\nthe stripling who was thus summarily disposing of the\\nfate of armies and countries, and while they listened to\\nhis words of conscious power, an awe crept over them,\\nthey felt themselves in the presence of a superior being\\nand yet among them were several men of splendid quali-\\nties, born to command.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nBy this time the groups around the fires had stretched\\nthemselves upon the hard earth to repose, and the\\npacing of the sentinels alone disturbed the stillness of\\nthe scene, where thousands of brave warriors sub-\\nmitted to the conqueror, sleep. Bonaparte and his\\nofficers returned to a house in the little village of\\nMonte Notte, which had been selected as the quarters\\nfor the night. And the army slumbered on, beneath\\nthe sweet vigil of the moon, and beside the cheerful\\nwarmth of the camp-fires until the cold, white light in\\nthe east told that the most glorious king of day, who\\nhas arisen and set upon so many fields of conflict, was\\nabout to ascend the heavens.\\nFar off his coming shone,\\nand the stars soared out of sight, and the moon slowly\\nfaded to vapor, as the white light turned to a golden\\nglow.\\nThen was heard the roll of the reveille. With as-\\ntonishing rapidity, the French were under arms and in\\nmotion. Bonaparte and his staff rode to an elevated\\nknoll, commanding the whole plain, and then were or-\\ndered the movements which gave to the young com-\\nmander-in-chief the victory of Monte Notte. D Argen-\\nteau, the Austrian commander, found himself attacked\\nupon one side by the divisions of La Harpe, Cervoni\\nand Augereau, and upon the other by Massena. Then\\nboomed the cannon, and the rattled musketry over the\\nplain. The Austrian infantry sustained the conflict\\nwith admirable courage. But they were surrounded by\\nsuperior forces and after several charges had been made", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MONTE NOTTE. 25\\nby the French, in the full confidence of victory, the\\ndiscomfited d Argenteau was compelled to retreat to-\\nwards Dego. In fact, the retreat was a disorderly flight.\\nThe French made two thousand prisoners, and several\\nhundred Austrians were left dead on the field. The\\ncentre of the Austrian army had been completely over-\\nwhelmed. Bonaparte was the victor of Monte Notte.\\nIn after years, when the imperial crown adorned his\\nbrow, the conqueror showed his contempt for ancestral\\ndistinctions by saying that he dated his title to rule from\\nthis battle.\\n4", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "ral sjasaj -if ass as ess\u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00ae^.\\nHEN the conflict\\nis at an end, and\\nthe awful silence\\nof night descends\\nupon the field where stark\\nand stiff lie the manglegl\\ndead, among the broken\\nweapons and spoils of the\\nfight, the scene is fearfully\\nimpressive. There lie the\\ncold forms of those, who in life were furious ibes but\\nin death, side by side, united in their doom of darkness,\\n(26)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "MOXDOYI. 27\\nthey are all clay together. The bugle and the drum,\\nwhich were sounded to signal the contest, are broken\\nbeside the mutilated and bloody bodies of those who\\nplayed them at the head of the marching regiments. The\\ncaptain, whose gallant forward roused the spirits of\\nhis men, lies where he perished, in the van. The\\nstandard-bearer still clasps a portion of that dear symbol\\nof his country, which numbers cut from his hands, and\\nseems to have yielded his breath, while hugging that\\nremnant to his heart. The grim veteran of a hundred\\nrights, to whom death has been a jeer and a mockery,\\nand the youth, with blooming cheek and eager eye, who\\nleft his mother s cottage high in the hope of a glorious\\nrenown, are found cold and stiff together the one with\\na smile of scorn curling his lip, the other with the keen\\nagony, kindled by the rushing remembrance of the dear\\nhome lost forever, pictured in his countenance. The\\nmeek moon and the sentinel stars shining on this field\\nof death, with a pallid light, add to its horrors, increasing\\nthe ghastly hue in the faces of the slain.\\nSuch a scene was presented on the night of the 22nd\\nof April, 1796, after the desperate battle of Mondavi:\\nNear the town of. that name, the dispirited army of\\nColli had been overtaken by two divisions of Bonaparte s\\narmy, commanded by Serrurier and Massena. Serrurier\\nhad been repulsed, but the onset of Massena was irresist-\\nible, and the enemy were attacked on both flanks at\\nonce. The cavalry of the Piedmontese over powered\\nand drove back that of the French, but the wonderful\\nvalor of Murat, the most glorious of cavalry officers, re-\\nnewed the fortune of the day, and, shortly afterwards,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nColli s army was put to flight. During the retreat, the\\nPiedmontese suffered dreadfully, losing the best of their\\ntroops, their canndhs, baggage and appointments.\\nWearied with the desperate conflict, the greater por-\\ntion of the victorious army encamped in and about the\\ntown of Mondovi, a body of cavalry, alone pursuing\\nand harassing the enemy. The description of the field\\nof battle given above, will apply to this one, with the\\naddition of a view of the towers and spires of Mondovi,\\nand of numerous blazing fires in the vicinity, around\\nwhich the exhausted troops had sunk to repose. Bo-\\nnaparte had arrived and, now, having gathered his\\nprincipal officers at a ruined building, just outside of\\nthe town, which seemed to have been an old chapel,\\ntalked over with them the achievements of the day, and\\nwhat was contemplated for the morrow. The ruin con-\\nsisted of four broken walls, and was entirely roofless.\\nIt was several yards square, and the floor was strewn\\nwith fragments of sculpture which had once adorned\\nthe edifice. In the centre of the floor a fire was kindled/\\nand camp-stools were ranged around it. At some dis-\\ntance from the ruin, guards were placed, with orders to\\nkeep the inquisitive beyond ear-shot. This place had\\nevidently been selected by Bonaparte, in preference to\\nthe best mansion of Mondovi, to be secure from ther\\ntreachery of Italians, who might have overheard and\\ncommunicated to the enemy important information.\\nAs usual, Bonaparte had the paper containing the fines\\nof his movements before him, and with pencil and com-\\npasses in hand, he devised and marked alterations even\\nwhile he talked. Among the officers gathered around", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "MONDOYI. 29\\nthe fire, were Massena, Berthier, Serrurier, Murat and\\nDuroc.\\nNext to the commander-in-chief himself, Massena had\\nthe most remarkable personal appearance of any of the\\ngroup. His massive features had a somewhat Jewish\\ncast and their general expression was extremely heavy,\\nor rather drowsy. The eyes were half-closed, and they did\\nnot sparkle like those of the rest, when Bonaparte spoke.\\nYet it was well known that, when excited by the storm\\nof battle, their flash was terrible. The expression of\\nthe mouth, was always that of an inexorable will. The\\nwhole aspect of Andrew Massena was that of a man of\\ngreat powers, difficult to rouse. Napoleon himself re-\\nmarked that it was only in clanger that appalled most\\nmen, that Massena acquired clearness and force of\\nthought. His want of activity was his great defect as\\na commander.\\nSerrurier was a large man, with rough, prominent fea-\\ntures, in which strong passions and dogged determina-\\ntions were plainly expressed. His dress was torn and\\ndusty for although repulsed by the Piedmontese, he\\nhad fought like a lion on that desperate day.\\nThe face of Duroc was manly and prepossessing.\\nThe slightly receding forehead, prominent nose, clear,\\nbright eyes, and firm mouth, were illumined by a bland,\\nbut determined expression, indicative of the truly heroic\\nspirit of this faithful friend of Napoleon. By the side\\nof Michael Duroc, could be seen the stalwart form and\\nnoble countenance of Joachim Murat, the great leader\\nof the cavalry, whose desperate charge had decided the\\nbattle in favor of the French. His gaudy costume was", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON*\\narranged with scrupulous nicety, and it bore no traces\\nof the conflict. He sat toying with his long, dark curls\\nduring the conference.\\nTo-morrow, we will occupy Cherasco, which is\\nwithin ten leagues of the Piedmontese capital, said Bo-\\nnaparte. It has been a month of glory. Within that\\ntime, we have gained complete possession of the moun-\\ntain passes and thus opened the road for our armies into\\nItaly. We have gained three battles over forces far\\nsuperior to our own inflicte d upon the enemy a loss\\nof about twenty-five thousand men in killed, wounded,\\niind prisoners, taken eighty pieces of cannon and twenty-\\none stand of colors and almost annihilated the army\\nof Sardinia. We can dictate a treaty at Turin.\\nThe fight to-day was desperate enough, however,\\nsaid Murat, ever vain of his services. The cavalry was\\nbeaten back by the Piedmontese, and General Stengel\\nwas among the slain.\\nA brave man lost to France, interrupted Bonaparte.\\nBut I soon taught them that the French cavalry\\nwas not so easily beaten, continued Murat. That\\ncharge decided the day.\\nI am told, said Bonaparte, that the charge was\\nindeed brilliant. But we expect such from Murat, and\\nwe hope that, hereafter, he may have the best opportu-\\nnities of displaying his valor and horsemanship at the\\nhead of the cavalry of France. You hate won a high\\npromotion. General Serrurier, you were repulsed but\\nyou afterwards bravely sustained your reputation, and\\ncontributed much to the victory. As for you, General\\nMassena, high as were my expectations from your valor", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MONDOVI. 31\\nand skill, you have astonished me. France will yet\\nregard you as a child of victory.\\nMassena opened his eyes somewhat wider and nod-\\nded his thanks. The troops, he remarked, are\\nsadly worn with their rapid marches, and four .days\\nrighting. Besides, since they have been so severely\\ntreated for seizing upon what food and clothes they\\nfound along the line of march, they have suffered\\nmuch for want of the common necessaries of life.\\nI know I know, replied Bonaparte; I pity\\nthem, and hope that their wants may soon be relieved.\\nBut they must not become Goths and Vandals. What\\ndid you say was the loss of the enemy, to-day,\\nBerthier?\\nIt is estimated at about three thousand men,\\nreplied the officer addressed an elegant looking\\nsoldier, with a frank, intelligent countenance.\\nColh is then effectually crippled, said Bonaparte\\nHe will not dare to make a stand between us and\\nTurin. I learn that Cherasco is an ill-defended place,\\nbut it has an important position at the confluence of\\nthe Stura and the Tanaro, and with the artillery taken\\nfrom the enemy, we can soon render it defensible,\\nshould that be necessary. But at present, the pros-\\npect is that we shall in a few days conclude a peace\\nwith the king of Sardinia, and then we must pursue\\nthe Austrians, whom we shall drive beyond the Alps.\\nBut in the meantime, you, Murat, shall take some of\\nour trophies to Paris, and proclaim the triumphs of\\nFrance. A more fitting messenger of victory could\\nQot be found. At this intelligence Murat s eyes", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nsparkled, and a smile lit up his dark features for next\\nto the storm of battle, this proud soldier loved to boast\\nof victory. Next to being a lion upon the field of\\nbattle, he desired to be a Hon in the saloons of Paris.\\nGeneral, said Duroc, you may remember that\\nwhen we stood upon the heights of Monte Lemoto, and\\nbeheld that glorious picture of the plains of Piedmont\\nand Italy, you exclaimed, i Hannibal crossed the Alps\\nas for us, we have gone round them It seems to me,\\nwith deference, that if reinforcements are not speedily\\nsent to our aid, you will find yourself in. a position\\nmore nearly resembling that of Hannibal, when, although\\nvictorious in Italy, he was deserted by Carthage. The\\nchief difference will be, however, that Hannibal, by\\nfortunate circumstances, was enabled to maintain his\\narmy against all the forces of Rome. But we should\\nsoon be overwhelmed by superior numbers.\\nThe government of France has neglected its duty,\\nreplied Bonaparte, but I cannot believe that it will\\ndesert us altogether. If so, however, I have no doubt,\\nthat we can provide for ourselves.\\nFor myself, said Serrurier, I love France, but\\ndespise the present government. But for the bravery\\nof the army, whose triumphs they have taken to them-\\nselves, the members of that government would not now,\\nhold their places.\\nAt these words, Bonaparte raised his head, and gave\\na steady, piercing glance at the frank, out-spoken\\nsoldier s countenance, probably with the design of\\nascertaining the full depth of his meaning. JBut Ser-\\nrurier returned glance for glance, and Bonaparte re-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "MURAT.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MONDOVI. 35\\nturned to the contemplation of his map. There was\\nmore in that young conqueror s look than, perhaps, any\\nof that martial group, suspected.\\nThe chief incidents of the fight of the day having\\nbeen communicated to Bonaparte by the various offi-\\ncers engaged in its terrible scenes, he proceeded to\\naward commendation where it was due and then gave\\nthe generals orders in regard to the movements of the\\nnext day. Despatches, hurriedly written, were\\nsent to the generals of the divisions not engaged at\\nMondovi, and then the conference terminated. Most\\nof the officers retired to their respective commands;\\nbut^ accompanied by Duroc and Murat, the sleepless\\ncommander-in-chief rode over the field, to gain a more\\naccurate knowledge of the terrible character of the\\nbattle to observe where the fight had been thickest,\\nwhat corps had suffered the greatest loss, and what had\\nthe been advantages and disadvantages of the ground.\\nIn many places, it was difficult for the horses to proceed\\nwithout trampling upon the groups of ghastly dead\\nand the reckless Murat occasionally rode directly over\\nthe corpses, while talking to the commander-in-chief.\\nA considerable number of women, from Mondovi, were\\nseen among the bodies, collecting many little articles\\nof value attached to the clothing of the dead warriors.\\nAt the approach of Bonaparte and his officers they\\nscampered away, like so many frightened vultures,\\nupon which Murat would give chase for a short dis-\\ntance to increase their alarm. After a complete survey\\nof the field, Bonaparte and his aids returned to Mon-\\ndovi. The only remark the young commander-in-chief", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwas heard to make, was, It was a hard-won victory\\nMondovi ought to be decisive. And it was decisive.\\nAt Cherasco, Sardinia submitted to the victor s terms\\nand thus one of the bravest of the foes of France was\\ncrushed after a campaign of very brief duration,\\nthe glories of which are thus touched upon by Bona-\\nparte in an eloquent and powerful proclamation to his\\nsoldiers.\\nSoldiers in a fortnight you have gained six victo-\\nries, taken twenty-one pair of colors, fifty-five pieces\\nof cannon, several fortresses, and conquered the richest\\npart of Piedmont; you have made fifteen thousand\\nprisoners, and killed or wounded more than ten thou-\\nsand men you had hitherto been fighting for barren\\nrocks, rendered famous by your courage, but of no ser-\\nvice to the country; you this day compete by your\\nservices with the army of Holland and of the Rhine.\\nDestitute of every thing, you have supplied all your\\nwants. You have gained battles without cannon, crossed\\nrivers without bridges, made forced marches without\\nshoes, bivouacked without brandy, and often without\\nbread. Republican phalanxes, the soldiers of liberty\\nalone, could have endured what you have endured.\\nThanks be to you for it, soldiers 1", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "if as sasaiPHFiiiBS at ras \u00c2\u00a9iequxbh \u00c2\u00aeep Mm\\nEAULIEU, the vete-\\nran general of the\\nAustrians, had been\\nb eaten and compel-\\nled to retreat before\\nthe French commander of twen-\\nty-six. The Po being crossed\\nand the Tesino turned, Bona-\\nparte beheld the road to Milan\\nopen before him. But he prepared to make the effort\\nto cut off Beaulieu s retreat, and compel the Austrian\\narmy to surrender. Like Nelson, upon the sea, he\\nthought no triumph complete unless the enemy was\\nentirely prostrated. But to cut off the retreat of\\nBeaulieu, it was necessary to anticipate him at the\\n(37)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "88 CAMP-FIRES Of NAPOLEON.\\npassage of the rivers. A great number of these flow\\nfrom the Alps, and cross Lombardy on their way to the\\nPo and the Adriatic. After the Po and the Tesino,\\ncome the Adda, the Oglio, the Mincio, the Adige and\\nnumerous others.\\nThe Adda was now before Bonaparte. It is a large\\nand deep river, although fordable in some places. The\\npassage was to be made at the town of Lodi, an old\\nplace containing about twelve thousand inhabitants.\\nIt has old Gothic walls, but its chief defence consists\\nin the river, which flows through it, and which is\\ncrossed by a wooden bridge, about five hundred feet in\\nlength. Having crossed the river, Beaulieu drew up\\ntwelve thousand infantry and four thousand horse on\\nthe opposite bank, posted twenty pieces of artillery so\\nas to sweep the bridge, and lined the bank with sharp-\\nshooters. It was against all military practice to attempt\\nthe passage of a river in the face of such difficulties.\\nBut it was the military mission of Bonaparte to asto-\\nnish the routine generals.\\nNapoleon, coming up on the 10th of May, easily\\ndrove the rear-guard of the Austrian army before him\\ninto the town, but found his further progress threatened\\nby the tremendous fire of the pieces of cannon, sta-\\ntioned at the opposite end of the bridge, so as to sweep-\\nit most completely. The whole body of the enemy s\\ninfantry drawn up in a dense line, supported this\\nappalling disposition of the artillery.\\nAn answering battery was instantly constructed on\\nthe French side, Napoleon exposing himself in the\\nthickest of the fire to point two of the guns with his", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "LODI. 39\\nown hands. This he effected in such a manner as to\\nprevent the possibility of any approach on the part\\nof the enemy to undermine or blow up the bridge.\\nObserving, meanwhile, that Beaulieu had removed his\\ninfantry to a considerable distance backwards, to keep\\ntlieru out of the range of the French battery, he\\ninstantly detached his cavalry, with orders to gallop\\nout of sight, and then ford the river, and coming sud-\\ndenly upon the enemy, attack them in flank.\\nHe now drew up a body of six thousand grenadiers\\nin close column, under the shelter of the houses, and\\nbade them prepare for the desperate attempt of forcing\\na passage across the narrow bridge, in the face of the\\nenemy s thickly-planted artillery.\\nThe cavalry of Napoleon had a difficult task to per-\\nform in passing the river, and he waited with anxiety\\nfor their appearance on the opposite bank. But a sud-\\nden movement in the ranks of the enemy showed him\\nthat his cavalry had arrived and charged, and he\\ninstantly gave the word. The head of the column\\nof grenadiers wheeled to the left, and was at once upon\\nthe bridge. The whole body rushed forward with\\nimpetuosity, shouting, Vive la Republique A hun-\\ndred bodies rolled dead, and the advancing column\\nfaltered under the redoubled roar of the guns, and the\\ntempest of the grape shot. At this critical moment,\\nLannes, Napoleon, Berthier, and L Allemand, hurried\\nto the front, and dashing onwards were followed by the\\nwhole column in the very mouth of the artillery.\\nThey gained the opposite side Lannes reached the\\nguns first, and Napoleon second. The artillerymen", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwere killed; their guns seized and the Austrian\\ninfantw, which had been removed too far back, not\\nhaving time to come up to support the artillery, the\\nwhole army was put to flight.\\nThe French cavalry pursued in the blazing enthu-\\nsiasm of almost unprecedented victory. About two\\nthousand Austrians were either killed or wounded, and\\nthe same number made prisoners, while twenty pieces\\nof cannon remained in the hands of the French.\\nThe victorious army encamped on the banks of the\\nAdda, in the position which had been occupied by the\\ndefeated Austrians. Before night fell, Bonaparte was\\ninformed that he had failed to get between Beaulieu,\\nand the other divisions of the Austrian army; but,\\naware of the terror which his daring exploit would\\nstrike into the enemy, he scarcely regretted Ms trifling\\nfailure of movement. The line of the Adda was car-\\nried tremendous difficulties had been vanquished with\\na loss of only two hundred men, and the courage and\\ndevotion of the soldiers had been raised to the highest,\\npitch.\\nThe encampment upon the Adda presented a re-\\nmarkable aspect. Most of the officers had the accom-\\nmodation of tents, but the troops were destitute of that\\nluxury, and then only resource for rest was to throw,\\nthemselves upon the ground around their fires. These\\ngallant men, although fatigued with the efforts of the\\nglorious day, were too much excited by their victory\\nto rest without some demonstration. It was a clear,\\nbeautiful moonlight night. Although filled in some\\nplaces with the dead, the Adda danced merrily onward,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "LODI. 41\\nthe ripples sparkling in the moonbeams. All was quiet\\nabove j but in camp and town, there was the bustle of\\nmen to whom sleep would not come. Bonaparte had\\nretired to his tent to partake of some refreshment, and\\nhaving soon satisfied his abstemious appetite, he was\\nabout to traverse the camp, alone, to observe the spirit\\nof his troops, as well as to ascertain the character and\\nrank of the prisoners. In front of his tent, he was\\nastonished to meet a small deputation of grim-visaged\\ngrenadiers, who saluted him with the title of the\\nLittle Corporal. One of their number then stepped\\nforward, and respectfully communicated the intelligence\\nthat they had elected him a corporal, in consideration\\nof his gallant service in the ranks that day, and hoped\\nthat they might one day confer still higher honors upon\\nhim. Three hearty cheers were then given by the\\nveterans, who appeared to enjoy the joke amazingly\\nand after they had retired, the young general was\\nsaluted in various parts of the camp as the Little\\nCorporal. This gaiety was characteristic of the French\\nsoldiers. Bonaparte was rather pleased with the sin-\\ngular mode of showing affection for his person, and\\nadmiration of his intrepidity.\\nThe general approached a group of Hungarian priso-\\nners without being recognised by them. They were\\nstanding near a fire, conversing, and evidently much\\nirritated at the misfortunes of their position. He went\\namong them and mingled in the conversation. An old\\nofficer, who spoke to him, appeared to be extremely\\nmoody. Bonaparte could not but smile at his language.\\nThings are going on as ill and irregular as possible,\\n6", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nsaid this veteran of routine. The French have got a\\nyoung general who knows nothing of the regular rules\\nof war he is sometimes on our front, sometimes on our\\nflank, sometimes on the rear. There is no supporting\\nsuch a gross violation of rules. He evidently preferred\\nto be whipped in a regular way. But it is agreed that\\nthe object of war is victory, and if rules do not secure\\nthat victory, they are of no value. Bonaparte s system\\nappeared very extraordinary to the Austrian com-\\nmanders. It was something beyond what they had\\nlearned at their German military schools.\\nAfter traversing the camp, and receiving many testi-\\nmonials of the warm devotion of the troops to his person,\\nBonaparte returned to his tent, where he was soon\\njoined by Berthier, Massena, Augereau, Bessieres,\\nDuroc, Serrurier, Lannes, and others. To each and all\\nhe gave a word of compliment but he was especially\\nfluent in his praise of the indomitable young General\\nLannes, whose daring courage had attracted his atten-\\ntion in previous engagements as well as at the tremen-\\ndous charge across the bridge of Lodi. They at ere,\\nindeed, as gallant a group of officers, as ever a general\\nhad at his command men who could as calmly reason\\nand determine upon manoeuvres in the hottest storm of\\nbattle, as during the quiet hours of this moonlight\\nnight\u00e2\u0080\u0094 quick in devising, irresistible in the execution\\nand yet it was only yonder stripling, with the Roman\\nfeatures and the piercing eyes,-who could give a glorious\\nharmony to their action, bring their peculiar faculties\\ninto play, and secure their triumph. Great as they un-\\ndoubtedly were, they failed to achieve great triumphs", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "MONTE NOTTE.\\n45\\nwhen beyond the reach of the Little Corporal s con-\\ntrolling mind. The conference was long, for there were\\ndifficulties in the arrangement of the plan for moving\\nupon Milan, and some of the officers, particularly Mas-\\nsena, had objections to urge. However, Bonaparte de-\\ntermined according to his own views. The officers ob-\\nserved that there was a remarkable change in his\\nbearing towards them. He had hitherto admitted them\\nto complete familiarity but they now felt constrained\\nby his lofty manner to keep at a respectful distance.\\nWhen they retired that night, some of them exchanged\\nglances of significance they were evidently displeased\\nat the haughty bearing of the young commander-in-\\nchief; yet few of them, perhaps, comprehended the\\nchange.\\nThe fact was that the victory of Lodi had a great\\ninfluence upon Napoleon s mind. He afterwards ac-\\nknowledged, that neither the quelling of the sections at\\nParis, nor the victory of Monte Notte made him regard\\nhimself as any thing superior, but that after Lodi, for\\nthe first time, the idea dawned upon him, that he should\\none day be a decisive actor, on the stage of the po-\\nlitical world. It was Lodi which gave birth to the 18th\\nBrumaire.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "teis saehp-fqibs m \u00c2\u00aei mmM\u00c2\u00aem\u00c2\u00bb\\nT was at Castiglione and in\\nits vicinity that the won-\\nderful spirit and rapidity\\nof Napoleon s movements\\nwere more fully displayed\\nthan at any other of his\\nscenes of victory in Italy.\\nThe aged Beaulieu had\\nbeen superseded in the command of the Austrian army,\\nby General Wurmser, a commander of high reputation.\\n(46)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 47\\nHis army was greatly superior in numbers to that of\\nBonaparte. It descended from the Tyrol during the\\nlast days of July, in three divisions, commanded by\\nDavidowich, Quasdano witch, and Wurmser himself.\\nWurmser, confident in his numbers, and calculating\\nupon the absorption of the energies of the French army,\\nby its endeavors to subdue Mantua, disposed his forces\\nin the most admirable way to improve a victory never\\nreflecting that he might happen to be defeated. Un-\\ntaught by all the previous disasters of Beaulieu, he\\ncommitted the error of dividing his army, in order to\\ncover an extent of country. His right wing was de-\\ntached, with orders to occupy Brescia, and cut off the\\nretreat of the French in the direction of Milan his left\\nwing was to descend the Adige, and manoeuvre on\\nVerona; while the centre, under his own command,\\nadvanced to raise the siege of Mantua. During the two\\nfirst days of his approach, the French generals, after\\nresisting to the utmost, yielded up successively, BAvoli,\\nBrescia, and Salo but these two days were sufficient\\nto make Napoleon master of the plan on which Wurmser\\nproposed- to carry on the campaign, and he instantly\\ndisconcerted the whole of it, by a movement so unlike\\nthat of any ordinary general, as to defy all calculation.\\nIn one night, (31st July,) he raised the siege of\\nMantua; sacrificing the whole of his artillery. The\\nmen were employed to destroy as much as the time\\nwould allow. They spiked the guns, burnt the car-\\nriages, threw the powder into the lake, and buried the\\nballs. Auger eau and Massena were stationed to defend\\nthe line of the Mincio as long as possible/ Before", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nmorning the whole French army had disappeared from\\nMantua, and Napoleon was hurrying forward to attack\\nthe right wing of the Austrian army, before it could\\neffect a junction with the central body of Wurmser.\\nThe Austrian right wing was advancing in three di-\\nvisions. Napoleon defeated one division at Salo, and\\nanother at Lonato. At the same time, Augereau and\\nMassena, leaving a sufficient number of men at their\\nposts to maintain a defence, or at least to impede the\\nenemy, marched upon the third division at Brescia;\\nbut it had already fled in disorder towards the Tyrol.\\nThe French generals instantly countermarched to the\\nsupport of their rear-guards, which had been forced by\\nthe Austrians.\\nWurmser reached Mantua and was astonished to find\\nwhat he believed to be a precipitate flight. He entered\\nthe city hi triumph but he was completely deceived.\\n(August 2nd.)\\nBonaparte did not halt for a moment. His troops\\nhad been constantly on the march, he had himself been\\nall the time on horseback he resolved to make them\\nfight the very next morning. He had before him Ba-\\nyalitsch at Lonato, and Liptai at Castiglione, presenting\\nto both of them a front of twenty-five thousand men.\\nHe had to attack them before Wurmser should return\\nfrom Mantua. Sauret had for the second time aban-\\ndoned Salo Bonaparte sent Guyeux again thither to\\nrecover the position, and to keep back Quasdano witch.\\nAfter these precautions on his left and on his rear, he\\nresolved to inarch forward to Lonato with Massena, and\\nto throw Augereau upon the heights of Castiglione,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 49\\nwhich had been abandoned on the preceding day by\\nGeneral Vallette. He broke that general at the head\\nof his army, in order to make his lieutenants do their\\nduty without flinching. On the following day, the 16 th\\n(August 3rd,) the whole army was in motion Guyeux\\nre-entered Salo, and this rendered any communication\\nbetween Quasando witch and the Austrian army still\\nmore impracticable. Bonaparte advanced upon Lonato\\nbut his advanced guard was beaten back, some pieces\\nof cannon were taken, and General Pigeon was made\\nprisoner. Bayalitsch, proud of this success advanced\\nwith confidence, and extended his wings around the\\nFrench division. He had two objects in performing\\nthis manoeuvre.; in the first place, to surround Bona-\\nparte, and in the second, to extend himself on the right\\nfor the purpose of entering into communication with\\nQuasandowitch, whose cannon he heard at Salo. Bona-\\nparte, not alarming himself about his rear, suffered him-\\nself to be surrounded with imperturbable coolness; he\\nplaced some sharp-shooters on his exposed wings, and\\nnext took the 18th and 32d demi-brigades of infantry,\\nranged them in close column, gave them a regiment of\\ndragoons to support them, and rushed headlong upon\\nthe enemy s centre, which was weakened by its exten-\\nsion. With this brave body of infantry he overthrew\\nall before him, and thus broke the line of the Austrians.\\nThe latter, divided into two bodies, immediately lost\\ntheir courage one part of the division of Bayalitsch fell\\nback in all haste towards the Mincio but the other,\\nwhich had extended itself in order to communicate with\\nQuasandowitch, was driven towards Salo, where Guyeux\\n7", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwas at that moment. Bonaparte caused it to be pur-\\nsued without intermission, that he might place it be-\\ntween two fires. He let loose Junot in pursuit of it,\\nwith a regiment of cavalry. Junot dashed off at a\\ngallop, killed six horsemen with his own hand, and fell,\\nhaving received several sabre wounds. The fugitive\\ndivision, entrapped between the corps at Salo and that\\nwhich was pursuing it from Lonato, was routed, and lost\\nat every step thousands of prisoners. During this suc-\\ncessful pursuit, Bonaparte proceeded on his right to\\nCastiglione, where Augereau had been righting ever since\\nthe morning with admirable bravery. The heights on\\nwhich Liptai s division had placed itself had now to be\\ncarried. After an obstinate combat, several times re-\\nnewed, he had at length accomplished his object, and\\nBonaparte on his arrival found the enemy retreating on\\nall sides. Such was the battle called the battle of\\nLonato, fought on the 16th (August 3rd.)\\nThis battle produced considerable results. The\\nFrench had taken twenty pieces of cannon and three\\nthousand prisoners from the division cut off and driven\\nback upon Salo, and they were still pursuing its scat-\\ntered remnant in the mountains. They had made a\\nthousand or fifteen hundred prisoners at Castiglione, and\\nkilled or wounded three thousand men; they had\\nalarmed Quasandowitch, who finding the French army\\nat Salo, and hearing it in the distance at Lonato, thought\\nthat it was every where. They had thus nearly disor-\\nganized the divisions of Bayalitsch and Liptai, which\\nfell back upon Wurmser. That general at this moment\\ncame up with fifteen thousand men to rally the two", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 51\\nbeaten divisions, and began to draw ont his lines in the\\nplains of Castiglione.\\nBonaparte now determined upon fighting a decisive\\nbattle upon the ground which the Austrian general had\\nchosen, but as it was necessary to collect all his dispos-\\nable force at Castiglione, he deferred the action until\\nthe 5th.\\nIt was the night of the 4th of August. The weather\\nhad been excessively warm for several days, and the\\ntroops were almost exhausted by their rapid marches\\nunder a burning sun. The hostile armies were encamped\\nclose in front of each other, vertically from the line of\\nthe heights on which both supported one wing, Bona-\\nparte having his left thereon, and Wurmser his right.\\nA series of heights formed by the last range of the Alps\\nextends from Chiessa to the Mincio, by Lonato, Casti-\\nglione and Solferino. At the foot of these heights was\\nthe plains on which the great battle was to be fought.\\nBonaparte had at most twenty-two thousand men, Ser.\\nrurier s division not having come up yet and, indeed,\\nit had been ordered to make an effort to gain the rear\\nof the Austrians, Wurmser had thirty thousand men\\nunder his command, and the wing of his army which\\nwas on the plain was supported by a redoubt placed\\nupon the elevation of Medolano. It was a clear, warm\\nnight. The stars were thickly sprinkled in the arching\\nheaven, but there was no moon, and the position of\\neach army could only be clearly distinguished by the\\nlight of the lines of watch-fires, stretching away from\\nthe foot of the heights. In the rear of the Austrians,\\nthe low wall, and tower of the old town of Castiglione", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncould be distinguished, forming a looming and shadowy\\nbackground to a striking and imposing picture.\\nAround one of the fires in the vicinity of the tent of\\nthe commander-in-chief, was sitting a group of officers,\\namong whom Bessieres, Duroc, and Augereau were the\\nonly men of renown. All ears were opened listening\\nto Bessieres, who was giving an account of Bonaparte s\\nwonderful exploit that day, in escaping from a surprise\\nat Lonato, He told the story as follows\\nYou know that this morning, our commander-in-\\nchief set off for Lonato at full gallop, to personally hasten\\nthe movements of the troops. He was accompanied\\nonly by his staff and the Guides under my command.\\nWe arrived at Lonato about noon. We found that the\\norders of the general were already carried out; part of the\\ntroops were marching upon Castiglione, and the rest\\nwere proceeding towards Salo and Gavardo. About a\\nthousand men remained at Lonato. Scarcely had the\\ngeneral entered the place, when an Austrian flag of\\ntruce presented itself, and the bearer summoned him to\\nsurrender. The general started at the summons. He\\ncould not understand how it was possible that the Aus-\\ntrians could be so close upon him. But the case was\\nsoon explained. The division separated in the battle\\nof Lonato, and driven back upon Salo, had been partly\\ncaptured but a body of about four thousand five hun-\\ndred men had been wandering all night in the mountains\\nand seeing the town almost abandoned, wanted to enter\\nthe place, in order to open for itself an outlet upon the\\nMincio. General Bonaparte had no time to fight a\\nbattle, or perhaps he would have done it, even with his", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 53\\nforce of one thousand men. His plan was formed with\\nhis usual quickness and decision. He ordered all the\\nofficers about him to mount their horses, and then, the\\nbearer of the flag to be brought before him, with his\\neyes uncovered for, as usual on such occasions, the\\nofficer was blindfolded. You should have seen the Aus-\\ntrian s astonishment when he found himself in the\\npresence of.our general and his staff. Unhappy man!\\nsaid General Bonaparte, you know not then that you\\nare in the presence of the commander-in-chief, and that\\nhe is here with his whole army. Go tell those who sent\\nyou. that I give them five minutes to surrender, or I\\nwill put them to the sword to punish the insult which\\nthey have dared to offer me. The astonished bearer\\nof the flag returned with this message to his general.\\nIn the meantime, General Bonaparte prepared his small\\nforc\u00c2\u00ab for action. The Austrian then asked him to pro-\\npose terms of capitulation. But our general, knowing\\nthe importance of immediate action, replied No, you\\nmust become at once prisoners of war/ The Austrian\\nhesitated, but when General Bonaparte ordered his ar-\\ntillery and grenadiers to advance to the attack, the\\nenemy surrendered and thus, without striking a blow,\\nfour thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry sur-\\nrendered themselves prisoners of war to about one\\nthousand Frenchmen. We gained, besides, two pieces\\nof artillery.\\nA general laugh followed this narrative. All agreed\\nthat it was an admirable exploit, and quite worthy of\\nthe genius of Bonaparte. At this moment, the young\\ncommander-in-chief appeared at the door of his tent.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "1\\n54 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nHis horse was standing near, and he was quickly\\nmounted. Come, Bessieres and Duroc, said he in a\\nsharp voice, we will go over the field. So saying, he\\nrode away, leaving the officers addressed to follow hhn\\nas soon as they could. They immediately left the\\ngroup, which was now joined, however, by Lannes and\\nBerthier, who, wearied out, sought the vacant seats to\\nobtain a short rest.\\nWho ever saw the like said young Lannes, he\\nof the tall, stout form, stern countenance, and long, fair\\nhair, parted in the centre. Such incessant activity I\\nThat slender little Corporal would tire a host of us.\\nIn a few days he lias killed five horses with fatigue. He\\nwill not entrust any of us with the execution of his im-\\nportant orders. He must see every thing with his own\\neyes, inquire into every thing, and set every body in\\na fever of motion by his presence. Such tremendous\\nenergy I never knew any other person to possess. I\\ndo not believe he sleeps at all. There he goes again, to\\nmake his final arrangements for the battle.\\nHe will wear himself out too soon, I am afraid,\\nsaid Augereau.\\nBut he will accomplish more in one month than\\nmany men could achieve in years. His immortality is\\nalready established, and he is but twenty-six, replied\\nBerthier.\\nHe will have a glorious opportunity to achieve a\\ndecisive victory to-morrow, said Lannes but I doubt\\nwhether the battle will be as long and as desperate as\\ntbat of yesterday.\\nYesterday was indeed a day of hard fighting, for", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 55\\nmy division here, at least/ said Augereau. u My troops\\nwere completely exhausted, when Liptai s division was\\ndriven from the heights. But how did Junot get cut\\nup in such a way\\nI ll tell you, replied Berthier. When the Austrian\\nline was broken by the charge of our infantry, one di-\\nvision was driven towards Salo, where Guyeux was\\nposted. General Bonaparte caused it to be pursued, in\\norder to place it between two fires, and General Junot\\nwas let loose, with a regiment of cavalry. Junot set off\\nat full speed. He encountered Colonel Bender with a\\nparty of his regiment of hussars, whom he charged,\\nwith his wonted bravery. But not wishing to waste\\nhis time by attacking the rear, Junot made a detour to\\nthe right, charged the regiment in front, wounded Co-\\nlonel Bender and attempted to take him prisoner, when\\nhe suddenly found himself surrounded. Of course, he\\nfought like a hero, as he is, and it is said that he killed\\nsix of the enemy with his own hand, before he was cut\\ndown, and thrown into a ditch. I suppose he will be\\ndisabled for some time, which is a real misfortune to\\nthe army, as Junot is one of the bravest and most active\\nofficers now under General Bonaparte s command.\\nYes, said the generous Lannes, we shall miss riim.\\nHe was promoted from the ranks on account of his cool\\nbravery, and he certainly has done honor to the judg-\\nment of our general, who first noticed his merit at the\\nsiege of Toulon.\\nStill, said Augereau, brave men are not scarce\\nin the army of Italy. We shall conquer without Junot,\\nI have no doubt", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nThus the group continued to converse, until General\\nBonaparte came up, with Massena and others, and in-\\nvited them to his tent to receive their final instructions.\\nThe quick movements, and rapid, concise speech of the\\nyoung conqueror indicated the unwearied activity of his\\nmind. He had undergone tremendous exertion, but no-\\ntrace of it appeared in his bearing. The restless fire\\nof his eye was undimmed his mind labored as vigo-\\nrously and with as much precision as if he had been en-\\njoying repose for several clays and the commander of\\nthe Guides reported that the general slept but an hour\\nthat night,\\nAt the first peep of day, the two armies were in mo-\\ntion. Wurmser, impatient to attack, moved his right\\nalong the heights Bonaparte, to favor this movement,\\ndrew back his left, formed by Massena s division he\\nkept his centre immovable in the plain. He soon heard\\nSerrurier s fire. Then, while he continued to draw back\\nhis left, and Wurmser to draw out his right, he ordered\\nthe redoubt of Medolano to be attacked. At first, he\\ndirected twenty pieces of fight artillery upon that re-\\ndoubt, and after briskly cannonading it, he detached\\nGeneral Verdier, with three battalions, to storm it.\\nThat brave general advanced, supported by a regiment\\nof calvalry, and took the redoubt. The left flank of the\\nAustrians was thus exposed at the very moment when\\nSerrurier, arriving at Cauriana, excited, alarm upon\\ntheir rear. Wurmser immediately moved part of his\\nsecond line upon his right, now deprived of support,\\nand placed it en potence to front the French, who were\\ndebouching from Medolano. He took the remainder of\\nL", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CASTIGLIONE. 57\\nhis second line to the rear, to protect Cauriana, and\\nthus continued to make head against the enemy. But\\nBonaparte, seizing the opportunity with his accustomed\\npromptness, immediately ceased to avoid engaging his\\nleft and his centre, and gave Massena and Augereau\\nthe signal which they were impatiently awaiting. Mas-\\nsena with the left, Augereau with the centre, rushed\\nupon the weakened line of the Austrians, and charged\\nit with impetuosity. Attacked so briskly on its entire\\nfront, and threatened on its left and its rear, it began\\nto give ground. The ardour of the French increased.\\nWurmser seeing his army jeopardized then gave the\\nsignal for retreat. He was pursued, and some prisoners\\nwere taken. To put him completely to the rout, it\\nwould have been necessary to make much more haste,\\nand td push him while in disorder upon the Mincio.\\nBut for six days the troops had been constantly march-\\ning and fighting; they were unable to advance further,\\nand slept on the field of battle. Wurmser had on that day\\nlost no more than two thousand men, but he had never-\\ntheless lost Italy.\\nThat night, the first time for five days, Bonaparte\\nenjoyed the sweets of repose. The anxiety was at an\\nend Italy was his own.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "teis smo^-fiubs m mm\\nHE indomitable Bona-\\nparte had nearly de-\\nHi stroyed the army of\\nWurmser. The laurels\\nof Rovefedo, Bassano,\\nand Saint George,\\nadorned his young\\nbrow, beside those of\\nMonte Notte, Lodi and Castiglione. Within ten days,\\nhe had carried positions, the natural difficulties of which\\nseemed to defy human assault, killed or captured about\\ntwenty thousand men, and taken artillery and stores\\n(58)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "AKCOIA. 59\\nwhich were almost an encumbrance to his gallant little\\narmy. His brave officers, Massena, Augereau, Bes-\\nsieres, Murat, Berthier, Lannes, and the rest, had heaped\\nup their titles to immortal renown. To use the language\\nof Thiers, a France was lost in admiration of the com-\\nmander-in-chief of the army of Italy.\\nStill, Bonaparte s situation was rapidly becoming one\\nof startling peril. Austria redoubled her efforts to re-\\ncover Lombardy. A fine army was prepared from the\\nwrecks of Wurmser, the troops from Poland and Turkey,\\nthe detachments from the Rhine, and fresh recruits.\\nMarshal Alvinzi was appointed to the command. Bo-\\nnaparte s army at this time numbered about thirty thou-\\nsand men, but they were badly provided, while Alvinzi\\ncould bring sixty thousand men into the field. On the 1st\\nof November, 1796, the Austrian commander advanced\\nupon the Brenta. At first, the French fell back, but\\nBonaparte resolved to strike a blow at the onset of this\\nnew series of movements, which would break the spirit\\nof the enemy. The action took place on the 5th, between\\nCarmignano and Bassano, and after a hot and bloody\\nconflict, the French were victorious. Other contests\\nfollowed but in spite of the advantages gained by Bo-\\nnaparte, he found that unless a great decisive battle was\\nfought, Italy would be lost. The troops began to murmur\\nat the neglect with which their government treated\\nthem, and the general complained to the Directory that\\nthe majority of his best officers were either killed or\\ndisabled by wounds. But in the meantime, Bonaparte\\nconceived a daring plan of action, which, considering\\nthe circumstances, stands unparalleled in the annals of", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "50 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwar. He resolved to give battle, unexpectedly, amid\\nthe marshes of the Adige, where the difference in\\nnumbers would be neutralized. Then followed the\\ntremendous battle of Areola, which lasted seventy-two\\nhours, and ended in the complete triumph of the French.\\nIt was the night of the 17th of November. The sun\\nhad set upon a third day of slaughter amid the marshes\\nand upon the plain at Areola. But with the quiet\\nshadows of evening, came victory to gladden the hearts\\nof the French and their glorious general. Exhausted\\nby the terrible conflict, both armies were to pass the\\nnight upon the plain. But the Austrians took care to be\\nbeyond the reach of the conquerors and far towards\\nVicenza. The French kindled their camp-fires upon\\nthe field of their triumph. It was a gloomy night.\\nNeither moon nor star smiled in the sky and the line\\nof the encampments could only be traced by the fires,\\nblazing even among the heaps of the dead, while far\\naway over the plain the long fine of Austrian fires could\\nbe distinguished. Having partaken of some slight re-\\nfreshment, the French soldiers were stretched upon the\\nground around the fires. The majority slept. But to\\nsome, wearied as they were in body, sleep would not\\ncome, so excited were their minds by the vivid and\\nterrible images of the conflict through which they had\\npassed. The Guides, who had kindled their fires around\\na little cottage in which Bonaparte had taken quarters\\nfor the night, were among the wakeful ones. They had\\nsecured for themselves, at the order of the commander-\\nin-chief, abundant refreshments, and now, sitting upon\\ntheir camp-stools to rest their weary limbs, they dis-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "ARCOLA. 61\\ncussed both the provision and the glorious achievements\\nof the army of Italy. Their number had been conside-\\nrably thinned by the great battle through which they\\nhad just passed, for they, as well as their general, had\\nbeen in the thickest of the fire. But there were still\\nBessieres, the commander, young Lemarois, Duroc, and\\nothers of distinction; while among them was, Auge-\\nreau, who, having been reared in the democratic faubourg\\nSt. Antoine, never had any scruples upon the subject\\nof rank, outside of actual military operations. He asso-\\nciated with general and private upon equal terms. The\\nothers doubtless considered themselves as honoring the\\ncompany with their presence but they could not have\\nformed a part of a more gallant group. Not an officer\\namong them but bore marks of the terrible conflict\\nthrough which they had passed. Their costume was\\nbespattered with mud, their faces blackened with powder,\\nand some of them had sabre wounds, which, for the\\ntime, disfigured their countenances.\\nThe officers of the army have suffered dreadfully,\\nduring these three days of fighting, said Augereau.\\nI thought that before the battle we were crippled\\nenough in that way but only look now. Here s Ge-\\nneral Lannes, who was wounded before he went into\\nthe conflict, and he now lies low with three more wounds.\\nVerne, Bon, Verdier, and several others are also wounded,\\nwhile General Robert and the brave Colonel Muiron,\\nwho saved General Bonaparte s life at Toulon, and\\ncovered him here again, are killed.\\nThis battle will long be deemed a glorious monument\\nof the genius of Bonaparte, said Bessieres, I say it", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "62 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith deference that heroic as are his principal officers,\\nthey might have striven in vain against the superior\\nnumbers of the enemy, but for the daring and profound\\ncombinations of the general-in-chief, while much is also\\ndue to his efforts of resolute valor during the struggle.\\nNo one will venture to deny that, said the frank\\nand generous Augereau. Massena merely nodded his\\nhead, but left the meaning of the nod unexplained.\\nFor, continued Bessieres, consider the position\\nof the army before the battle. Our army was greatly\\ninferior in numbers to that of Alvinzi, as, in spite of\\nthe immense loss of the Austrians, it remains. Our\\nhospitals were full of sick and wounded. The troops\\nwere dispirited, because of the shameful neglect with\\nwhich their government treated them. A large number\\nof our best officers were entirely disabled. Yet an ad-\\ndress from General Bonaparte restored confidence to the\\narmy, and when, on the night of the 15th, orders were\\ngiven to the troops to fall back, they obeyed with alac-\\nrity, although they believed they were retreating a\\nmovement to which they are unaccustomed, for they\\nsupposed that some daring plan had been formed for\\ntheir glory. When they had recrossed the Adige by\\nthe bridge of boats here at Ronco, they found that their\\nconfidence in their general had not been misplaced.\\nSee then, said Duroc, how General Bonaparte\\navailed himself of the advantages of the ground. What\\nother general of this age would have thought of fighting\\namong the marshes. Alvinzi was encamped on the\\nroad from Verona to the Brenta. Consequently when\\nGeneral Bonaparte reached Ronco, he found himself", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "ARCOLA. 63\\nbrought back on the flanks and nearly on the rear of\\nthe Austrians. The army was then amidst extensive\\nmarshes, traversed by two causeways, which we were\\nordered to occupy.\\nNow mark the result of his calculations; amidst\\nthese marshes numerical advantage was neutralized;\\nthere was no deploying but upon the causeways, and\\non the causeways the courage of the advanced guards\\nof the columns would decide the event. By the cause-\\nway on the left, which communicated with the road be-\\ntween Verona and Caldiero, he could fall upon the Aus-\\ntrians if they attempted to scale Verona. By the\\ncauseway on the right, which crossed the Alpon at the\\nbridge of Areola, and terminated at Villa Nova, he might\\ndebouch upon the rear of Alvinzi, take his artillery and\\nbaggage, and cut off his retreat. He was therefore\\nimpregnable at Ronco, and he stretched his two arms\\naround the enemy. He had caused the gates at\\nVerona to be shut, and had left Kilmaine there, with\\nfifteen hundred men, to stand a first assault. This\\ncombination, so daring and so profound, struck the\\narmy, and inspired them with confidence.\\nIt was a grand stroke of genius, said Massena.\\nI was stationed on the dike at the left, so as to go up\\nto Gombione and Porcil, and take the enemy in the\\nrear, if he should march to Verona.\\nAnd I, observed Augereau, was despatched to\\nthe right, to debouch upon Villa Nova. But before I\\ncould advance along the right hand dike, I had to cross\\nthe Alpon by the bridge of Areola. Some battalions\\nof Croats were stationed along the river, and had their", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "64 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncannon pointed at the bridge. They received *uy\\nadvance guard with a rattling fire of musketry, an I at\\nfirst the men fell hack. I rode up and did all in my\\npowe*r to push them on, hut the fire compelled thei t to\\nhalt. Soon after that, I saw a party of Hungarian\\ncavalry come to inquire into the reason of the firing\\namong the marshes. The Austrian marshal could not\\nunderstand it. He did not for a moment suppose that\\nGeneral Bonaparte would choose such a field of battle,\\nat least I judge so, from his orders.\\nHa ha shouted Massena, you should ha e seen\\nRivera leading his division close along the kft dike\\nwhere I was posted. I permitted them to get too far\\non the dike to retreat, and then dashed upon them at a\\nrun. How we tumbled them into the marsh Ha\\nha The troops shot them by scores, as they floundered\\nin the mud and water. Ha ha It was a grim laugh.\\nI did the same for Mitrowski s division, said Au-\\ngereau. I then pursued, and attempted to pass the\\nbridge, the soldiers gallantly crowding around the flag\\nI held to cheer them on. But they could not stand\\nthat tremendous fire. Lannes, Bon, Verne, and Ver-\\ndier were wounded. In spite of my utmost efforts, the\\ncolumn fell back, and the soldiers descended to the side\\nof the dike, to shelter themselves from the fire.\\nThen came the heroism of the i Little Corporal,\\nexclaimed Duroc, his eyes glowing with enthusiasm.\\nHe saw from Ronco, that Alvinzi had become sensible\\nof his danger, and was striving to prevent you, brave\\nGuyeux, from taking him in the rear at Villa Nova.\\nHe saw that it was of the utmost importance to cross", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ARCOLA. 65\\nthe river at Areola immediately, if he would gain\\nAlvinzi s rear, and thus secure great results. Did you\\nsee that glorious commander? He set off at full\\ngallop, came near the bridge, threw himself from his\\nhorse, went to the soldiers who were crouching down by\\nthe borders of the dike, asked them if they were still\\nthe conquerors of Lodi, revived their courage by his\\nwords, and seizing a flag cried, Follow your general\\nHearing his voice, a number of soldiers went up to the\\ncauseway and followed him unfortunately, the move-\\nment could not be communicated to the whole of the\\ncolumn, the rest of which remained behind the dike.\\nBonaparte advanced, carrying the flag in his hand, amidst\\na shower of balls and grape-shot. We all surrounded\\nhim. Lannes, who had already received two wounds\\nfrom musket-shots during the battle, was struck by a\\nthud. Muiron, the general s aid-de-camp, striving to\\ncover him with his body, fell dead at his feet. The\\ncolumn was nevertheless on the point of clearing the\\nbridge, when a last discharge arrested it, and threw it\\nback. The rear abandoned the advance. The soldiers\\nwho still remained with the general, then laid hold of\\nhim, carried him away amidst the fire and smoke, and\\ninsisted on his remounting his horse. An Austrian\\ncolumn debouching upon them, threw them in disorder\\ninto the marsh. Bonaparte fell in, and sunk up to the\\nwaist. As soon as the soldiers perceived his danger,\\n6 Forward, cried they, to save the general. They ran\\nafter Belliard and Vignolles to extricate him. They\\npulled him out of the mud, set him upon his horse again,\\npressed forward and Areola was taken.\\n9", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "66 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nWas there ever a more glorious man And as\\nthe enthusiastic Duroc concluded his animated descrip-\\ntion of the splendid exploit, his eyes gleamed in admi-\\nration of his great friend and patron.\\nYes, said Guyeux, Areola was taken. But I\\ncould not get across the river in time to attack Alvinzi s\\nrear, and thus the Austrian was enabled to deploy into\\nthe plain. The general had striven gloriously, but he\\nhad not attained his object. In my humble opinion,\\nhe might have avoided the obstacle of Areola by throwing\\nhis bridge over the Adige a little below Ronco.\\nAye, said Massena, but then he would have de-\\nbouched into the plain, which it was of great importance\\nto avoid. The general had the best reasons for doing\\nwhat he did, and although the success was imperfect,\\nimportant results had been obtained. Alvinzi had\\nquitted the formidable position of Caldiero he had de-\\nscended again into the plain, he no longer threatened\\nVerona and he had lost a great number of men in the\\nmarshes. The two dikes had become the only field of\\nbattle between the two armies, which gave the superi-\\nority to bravery. Besides, so glorious had been the\\nconflict, that our soldiers had completely recovered their\\nconfidence, a result of immense importance, as all may\\nperceive. This defence of Bonaparte s course did honor\\nto the intelligence of Massena.\\nBut it must be admitted, said Bessieres, that the\\nbattle of to-day surpassed all the rest in the display of\\nstrategic genius. Yesterday was glorious for us, for\\nthe bravery and perseverance of the whole army was\\nexerted in beating the enemy from the dikes, and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "ARCOLA. 67\\ntumbling them into the marsh, and we destroyed, an\\nimmense number of them. But to-day proved most con-\\nclusively that in strategy our general is at least the rival\\nof the Carthagenian Hannibal. Our general saw that\\nthe long conflict had disheartened the enemy, and con-\\nsiderably reduced their superior numbers. He then\\ndared to encounter them on the plain. You, General\\nMassena, marching at the head of your column, with\\nyour hat upon the point of your sword, showed them\\nthe way to victory, and the Austrians were once more\\ncrowded into the marsh. But General Robert was re-\\npulsed at the bridge of Ronco. Yet mark the resources\\nof the general-in-chief Sensible of the danger, he placed\\nthe 32d in a wood of willows, which borders the right\\nhand dike. While the enemy s column, victorious over\\nRobert, was advancing, the 32d sallied from its ambus-\\ncade, and, of the three thousand Croates who composed\\nit, the greater part were slain or captured. Crossing\\nthe Alpon, Bonaparte brought the whole army into the\\nplain, in front of the Austrians. An ordinary general\\nwould now have ordered a simple charge. But the\\nLittle Corporal determined upon a stratagem. A\\nmarsh, overgrown with reeds, covered the left wing of\\nthe Austrians. Hereule, chef de battattwn, was ordered\\nto take twenty-five guards, to march in single line\\nthrough the reeds, and to make a sudden charge, with\\na great blast of trumpets.\\nAnd Hereule was the very man for such a despe-\\nrate service, observed Duroc.\\nPrecisely, said Bessieres. Then the great charge\\nwas made by you generals, Massena and Augereau;", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "68 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nbut the Austrians stood their ground until they heard\\nthe great blast of trumpets, when, thinking they were\\ngoing to be charged by a whole division of cavalry,\\nthey fled, and the battle was decided in favor of France,\\nItaly is our own.\\nNot yet, said Massena. Austria is stubborn.\\nIn spite of her many defeats, she will make at least\\none more effort to recover possession of this fair land.\\nWe have much fighting yet to do, I am sure.\\nWe have lost many brave men in these three\\nfighting days, said young Lemarois. But the enemy\\nhave suffered a loss of at least twelve thousand killed,\\nand six thousand made prisoners, while we have taken\\neighteen pieces of cannon and four stand of colors.\\nTrophies enough, said Augereau. It seems to\\nme, that whether this battle has decided the fate of\\nItaly or not, we shall soon have a short respite from\\nour toils, which will give us time to recruit.\\nThe conversation continued thus till most of the\\nofficers, being overcome with fatigue, retired to\\ntheir quarters. The Guides slept around their fires, in\\nclose proximity to numbers of the gallant dead, whose\\nslumber was destined to be broken only by the arch-\\nangel s trump.\\nIn the meantime, the young conquer or had sought\\nhis couch for much needed repose, and so soundly did\\nhe sleep that even the glories of Areola were forgotten\\nfor the time.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "TOg SAEHP-FIUBB ATT 1HW\u00c2\u00a9M\u00c2\u00ab\\nHE chain of Monte\\nBaldo divides the\\nlake of Garda from\\nthe Adige. The high\\nroad winds between the Adige\\nand the foot of the mountains,\\nto the extent of some leagues.\\nAt Incanale the river washes\\nthe very base of the mountains,\\nleaves no room whatever for proceeding along its bank.\\nThe road then leaves the banks of the river, rises by a\\n(69)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "70 CAMP-FIRES GF NAPOLEON.\\nzig-zag direction round the sides of the mountain,, and\\ndebouches upon an extensive elevated plain, which is\\nthat of Bivoli. It overlooks the Adige on one side, and\\nis encompassed on the other side by the amphitheatre\\nof Monte Baldo. An army in position of this plateau\\ncommands the winding road by which the ascent to it is\\nmade, and sweeps by its fire both banks of the Adige to\\na great distance. It is very difficult to storm this pla-\\nteau m front, since you must climb up the narrow zig-\\nzag road before you can reach it. Therefore no one\\nwould attempt to attack it by that single way. Before\\narriving at Incanale, other roads lead to Monte Baldo,\\nand ascending its long and sloping acclivities terminate\\nat the plateau of Bivoli. They are not passable either\\nfor cavalry or for artillery, but they afford easy access\\nto foot soldiers, and may be made available for carrying\\na considerable force in infantry upon the flanks and rear\\nof the body defending the plateau.\\nHere the star of Napoleon was destined to shine with\\nnew glory. Alvinzi commanded the principal attack on\\nthe Tyrolese side, at the head of fifty thousand men,\\nand advanced his head-quarters from Bassano to Bo-\\nveredo. General Provera took the command of the\\narmy on the lower Adige, which was twenty thousand\\nstrong its head-quarters were at Padua. A great many\\ntroops appeared on different points, and some spirited\\nactions also took place in the course of the 12th and\\n13th but the enemy had not fully unmasked his plans,\\nso that the moment for adopting a decisive course had\\nnot yet arrived. On the 13th it rained very heavily,\\nand Napoleon had not yet resolved in what direction to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "RIVOLI. 71\\nmarch, whether up or down the Adige. At ten in the\\nevening, the accounts from Joubert, at La Corona, deter-\\nmined him. It was plain that the Austrians were ope-\\nrating with two independent corps, the principal attack\\nbeing intended against Monte Baldo, the minor one on\\nthe Lower Adige. Auger eau s division appeared suffi-\\ncient to dispute the passage of the river with Provera\\nbut on the Monte Baldo side the danger was imminent.\\nThere was not a moment to lose for the enemy was\\nabout to effect a junction with his artillery and cavalry,\\nby taking possession of the level of Rivoli and if he\\ncould be attacked before he could gain that important\\npoint, he would be obliged to fight without artillery or\\ncavalry. All the troops were therefore put in motion\\nfrom the head-quarters at Verona, to reach BAvoli before\\nday-break the general-in-chief proceeded to the same\\npoint, and arrived there at two in the morning.\\nThe weather had been rainy for several days. But\\nnow the sky was without a cloud. The moon and stars\\nshone with a brilliancy peculiar to their light in this re-\\ngion. The air was keen and bitter cold. The French\\ngeneral, accompanied by his aids and the faithful Guides,\\nproceeded to a projecting rock on the heights of Monte\\nMaggone, to gain a complete view of the enemy, previous\\nto fixing the plan of battle. And now behold the group,\\ndismounted, and collected near the fire, Bonaparte being\\nin advance, with glass in hand, surveying the positions\\nof the enemy. Duroc, Lemarois, Murat, Berthier and\\nBessieres stood together just behind him. The whole\\nhorizon was in a blaze with the Austrian fires, and the\\nred glare contrasted strangely with the pure white light", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "72 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof the moon. Bonaparte observed and talked with his\\ncustomary precision and rapidity.\\nAlvinzi has at least forty-five thousand men under\\nhis command. We have but twenty-two thousand\\nwhile the brave Joubert, who has so nobly maintained\\nhis position at Rivoli, has but ten thousand. The enemy\\nhas divided his force into three columns, although I\\nsee no less than five camps. The principal column,\\nwill proceed along the high road between the river and\\nMonte Baldo, and will debouch by the winding road of\\nIncanale. Three divisions of infantry have climbed the\\nsteep mountains, and will get to the field by descending\\nthe steps of the amphitheatre formed by this chain of\\nheights. Another division will wind round the side of\\nthe mountains and attempt to gain our rear.\\nBut yonder seems to be another camp on the other\\nside of the Adige, said Murat, pointing to a line of\\nfires.\\nTrue, said Bonaparte, but that can do no damage.\\nIt can only fire a few balls across the river. It is clear,\\nwe must keep the plateau at all events. Posted there\\nwe prevent the junction of the different divisions of the\\nenemy. We may play our artillery upon the infantry\\nwhich is deprived of its cannon, and drive back the\\ncavalry and artillery which must be crowded together\\nin a narrow, winding road. The other divisions will not\\ntrouble us much. Thus, with lightning-like rapidity,\\ndid this matchless general conceive the plan which was\\nto give him a glorious victory.\\nI suppose we are to begin the battle at daybreak,*\\nsaid Duroc.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "RIVOLI. 73\\nAt daybreak Now now is the time replied the\\nFrench general, sharply. Duroc Joubert s troops\\nhave been fighting forty-eight hours, and they are now\\ntaking a little repose. They must be aroused immedi-\\nately. Tell them for me, that they must not let Mas-\\nsena s division surpass them in endurance, and his troops\\nhave marched by night and fought by day. Order Ge-\\nneral Joubert to attack the advanced post of the Aus-\\ntrian infantry, drive them back, and extend his force\\nmore widely upon the plateau.\\nDuroc immediately spurred away to communicate the\\norder to Joubert.\\nJoubert has done well; but he should not have\\nabandoned yonder St. Mark s Chapel. At all events,\\nI do not believe the enemy have occupied it. Duroc is\\nrapid in movement. The battle of Rivoli will soon\\ncommence, said the French general.\\nI wish Massena was nearer the field, observed\\nMurat.\\nHe will be up in time, never fear. He is indomi-\\ntable. Besides, if the battle should assume a critical\\naspect, I will go myself to hurry up his division. Ha\\nJoubert is up like a roused lion, and in movement.\\nWho leads the column Yial a brave officer, con-\\ntinued Bonaparte. At this moment, a rattling fire of\\nmusketry rang on the air, and from the height where\\nBonaparte stood, could be seen the rapid advance of\\nJoubert s troops, as well as the long line of D Ocksky s\\ncolumn of Croats against whom the attack was directed.\\nThen the thunder of the artillery was heard, and clouds\\nof smoke curled up from the plateau.\\n10", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "74 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nSt. Mark s Chapel is recovered/ said Bessieres.\\nThe Austrian infantry cannot stand- against the ar-\\ntillery, and they are falling back in a semicircle, with\\nthe heights at their rear, remarked Bonaparte.\\nAt this moment, Liptai s division which kept the ex-\\ntremity of the enemy s semicircle, fell upon Joubert s\\nleft, composed of the 89th and 25th demi-brigades, sur-\\nprised them, broke their lines and compelled them to\\nretire in disorder. The 14th coming immediately after\\nthese demi-brigades formed en crochet to cover the rest\\nof the line, and bravely stood their ground. The Aus-\\ntrians now put forth all their strength and almost over-\\nwhelmed this little band of heroes. They made despe-\\nrate efforts to capture the artillery, the horses of which\\nhad all been killed. They had even reached the pieces,\\nwhen a brave officer rushed forward, and exhorted the\\ngrenadiers not to allow their guns to be taken. Fifty\\nmen immediately rushed forward, repulsed the enemy,\\nharnessed themselves to the pieces, and drew them\\nback.\\nIn the midst of this terrible struggle, the day began\\nto dawn upon the field of Rivoli. Bonaparte who had\\nwatched the progress of the fight with the keenest in-\\nterest, repeatedly making exclamations of surprise or\\nadmiration, now perceived the critical position of affairs.\\nTurning to Berthier, he said quickly,\\nGeneral Berthier, I leave you in charge, of my troops\\nat the point where they are threatened. I know you\\nand General Joubert can hold that position, no .matter\\nwhat the number of the enemy may be. I am going\\nwith all speed after Massena. Come, aids Bessieres,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "MVOLI. 75\\nmount and forward The whole party was quickly in\\nthe saddle, and away, leaving the watch-fire to smoudler\\nand die, as the lurid blaze of battle arose upon the\\nplain.\\nMassena s first troops had scarcely come up, after\\nmarching all night. Bonaparte took the 32d, already\\ndistinguished by its exploits during the campaign, and\\nbrought it to bear upon the left, so as to rally the two\\ndemi-brigades, which had given way. The intrepid\\nMassena advanced at its head, rallied behind him the\\nbroken troops, and overthrew all before him. He re-\\npulsed the Austrians, and placed himself by the side of\\nthe 14th, which had not ceased to perform prodigies of\\nvalor. The fight was thus kept up on this point, and\\nthe army occupied the semicircle of the plateau. But\\nthe momentary check of the left wing had obliged Jou.\\nbert to fall back with the right he gave ground, and\\nalready the Austrian infantry was a second time nearing\\nthat point which Bonaparte had such an object in com-\\npelling him to abandon in fact, the Austrian infantry\\nwas about getting up to the outlet by which the winding\\nroad of Incanale led to the plateau. At this moment,\\nthe column composed of artillery and cavalry, and pre-\\nceded by several battalions of grenadiers, ascended\\nthe winding road, and with incredible efforts of bravery,\\nrepulsed the 29th. Wukassovich, from the other bank\\nof the Adige, sent a shower of cannon balls to protect\\nthis kind of escalade. Already had the grenadiers\\nclimbed the summit of the defile, and the cavalry was\\ndebouching in their train upon the plateau. This was\\nnit all. Lusignan s column, whose fires had been seen", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "76 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nat a distance, and who had been perceived on the left,\\ngetting to the rear of the position of the French, were\\nnow coming up to their rear, in order to cut them off\\nfrom the road to Verona, and to stop Rey, who was\\ncoming from Castel-Novo with the division of reserve.\\nLusignan s soldiers finding themselves on the rear of\\nthe French army, already clapped their hands, and con-\\nsidered it as taken. Thus, on this plateau, closely\\npressed in front by a semicircle of infantry, pressed on\\nthe rear, on the left by a strong column, sealed on the\\nright by the main body of the Austrian army, and\\ngalled by the cannon balls which came from the opposite\\nbank of the Adige in the direction of this plateau, Bo-\\nnaparte was alone with Joubert s and Massena s divisions,\\nin the midst of a cloud of enemies. In fact, he was\\nwith sixteen thousand men, surrounded by forty thousand\\nat least.\\nAt this anxious moment, Bonaparte was not shaken\\nhe retained all the fire of inspiration. On seeing Lu-\\nsignan s Austrians, he said, Those are ours and he\\nallowed them to engage without giving himself any con-\\ncern about their movement. The soldiers, conjecturing\\nwhat their general meant, experienced the same confi-\\ndence, and also repeated to one another, u They are\\nours Bonaparte did not concern himself with more\\nthan what was passing before him. His left was pro-\\ntected by the heroism of the 14th and the 3 2d. His\\nright was threatened at once by the infantry which had\\nresumed the offensive, and by the column that was\\nscaling the plateau. He immediately directed decisive\\nmovements to be effected.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "EIVOLI. 77\\nA battery of light artillery and two squadrons, under\\ntwo brave officers, Leclerc and Laselle, were ordered\\nto the outlet of which the enemy had taken possession.\\nJoubert, who, with the extreme right, had this outlet\\nat his back, suddenly faced about with a corps of light\\ninfantry. All charged at once. The artillery first\\npoured a discharge upon all that had debouched the\\ncavalry and light infantry then charged with vigor.\\nJoubert s horse was killed under him he got up nowise\\ndaunted, and rushed upon the enemy with a musket in\\nhis hand. All that had debouched, grenadiers, cavalry,\\nartillery, all were hurled pell-mell headlong down the\\nwinding road of Incanale. The confusion was awful\\nsome pieces of cannon firing down into the defile, aug-\\nmented the terror and confusion. At every step, the\\nFrench killed and made prisoners.\\nHaving cleared the plateau of the assailants who had\\nscaled it, Bonaparte again returned to his attacks\\nagainst the infantry which was ranged in semicircle be-\\nfore him, and set Joubert upon it with the light infantry,\\nand Laselle with two hundred hussars. On this new\\nattack, consternation seized that infantry, now deprived\\nof all hope of effecting a junction with the main body\\nit fled in confusion. The French semicircular line then\\nmoved from right to left, drove back the Austrian s\\nagainst the amphitheatre of Monte Baldo, and pursued\\nthem as far as possible into the mountains. Bonaparte\\nthen returned, and proceeded to realize his prediction\\nupon Lusignan s division. That body, on witnessing\\nthe disasters of the Austrian army, soon perceived what\\nwould be its own fate. Bonaparte, after firing upon it", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "78 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith grape-shot, ordered the 18th and the 75th demi-\\nbrigades to charge. -These brave demi-brigades moved\\nonwards, singing the chant du depart, and drove Lusig-\\nnan back by the road which Rey was coming up with the\\nreserve. The Austrian corps at first made a stand,\\nthen retreated, and came full butt upon the advanced\\nguard of Rey s division. Terrified at this sight, it sought\\nthe clemency of the conqueror, and laid down its arms,\\nto the number of four thousand men. Two thousand\\nhad been taken in the defile of the Adige.\\nIt was five o clock. The Austrian army was almost\\nannihilated. Lusignan was taken. The infantry which\\nhad advanced from the mountains, was flying over the\\nrugged declivities. The principal column was pent up\\non the bank of the river, while the subordinate division\\nof Wukassovich was an idle spectator of the disaster,\\nseparated by the Adige from the field of battle. The\\nFrench general had had several horses killed under him,\\nand had received several slight wounds, but in spite of\\nhis constant activity and exposure, he was still ready\\nto follow up his victory immediately. The battle of\\nLa Favorita ensued, in which the army of Provera was\\nannihilated. In three days, twenty-three thousand men\\nwere captured. Massena s troops had marched and\\nfought four days and nights, without any considerable\\nintermission. The intrepid general himself, afterwards\\nreceived the title of Duke of Rivoli. Mantua was at\\nthe feet of Bonaparte, and Italy was won.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "BONAPARTE CROSSING THE ALPS AT TARWIS.\\nTF23 SMBP-FQIBg \u00c2\u00a953 TEE AILIP\\nLTHOUGH Bonaparte had per-\\nformed amazing, and, in some\\nrespects, unparalleled, exploits\\nin Italy, there was a general\\ndisposition among both French-\\nmen and foreigners to set up\\ninferior commanders as his\\nrivals. Now it was Moreau,\\nthen Massena then Hoehe, and then the young Arch-\\n(79)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "80 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nduke Charles, of Austria. The last mentioned had at-\\ntained a high reputation by a campaign in which he\\ntriumphed over Generals Moreau and Jour dan, but his\\nvalor and skill, although great, were overrated, as Bo-\\nnaparte and Massena soon rendered evident.\\nThe Archduke took command of the Austrian army\\nof Italy, and on the 6th of February, 1797, advanced\\nhis head-quarter to Innspruck. During that month, his\\nengineers visited the passes of the Julien and Noric\\nAlps, which it had been designed to fortify. Napoleon,\\nhaving about fifty-three thousand troops under his com-\\nmand, resolved to astonish his enemy by a rapid and\\ndaring march upon the passes of the Alps before they\\ncould be fortified. He formed the plan of a campaign,\\nthe great object of which was the Austrian capital, Vi-\\nenna, and the execution was as prompt as the concep-\\ntion was bold. The Tagliamento was passed, and the\\nenemy completely defeated; the passes of the Alps\\nwere carried, after a tremendous struggle. Joubert\\nbeat the Austrians in the Tyrol, the Archduke s repu-\\ntation was reduced to its proper dimensions, and Vienna\\ntrembled, having no means of resisting the all-conquer-\\ning Bonaparte. Tarwis is the loftiest pass of the \u00c2\u00b1S oric\\nAlps. It is above the clouds and is generally covered\\nwith snow and ice, which give it a desolate and terrible\\naspect. It overlooks Germany and Dalmatia. At this\\npoint the roads leading to Italy and Trieste separate\\nthe road to Italy running west, and that leading to\\nTrieste running south. At this place, Bonaparte fixed\\nhis head-quarters, shortly after the pass had been cap-\\ntured bv the indomitable Massena. It was the last", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE ALPS, 81\\nday of March. The weather was intensely cold, and\\nand the body of troops accompanying the French gene-\\nral suffered severely. Bonaparte and his aids were\\nsnugly quartered in the rude chalets, which are the only\\nhabitations upon the height of Tarwis. The soldiers\\nwere grouped amid a cordon of fires, the fuel for which\\nthey had brought from a great distance below, with a\\nvast amount of labor and difficulty. Yet they shivered\\nbeside the crackling blaze. It was a wild and startling\\nscene. The night was cloudy the wind, keen and fu-\\nrious. The red glare of the fires was reflected by walls\\nof ice and blood-stained snow. As the soldiers wrapped\\nthemselves in their blankets, crept as close to the fires\\nas they could get, and conversed with a French attempt\\nat gaiety, they were surprised to see their beloved ge-\\nneral, accompanied by Berthier and Duroc, come out\\nof a chalet, to examine their condition, and speak a\\nword of cheer.\\nA freezing time, men but it will be hot enough\\nsoon, he remarked to a group of veterans.\\nThe cold is more terrible than the Austrians, gene-\\nral, said one of them, with an attempt at a laugh.\\nBut it cannot conquer the conquerors of Italy, re-\\nplied Bonaparte. Thus he went among the brave men\\nwho followed his standard, and thus he communicated\\nhis own spirit to all with whom he came in contact.\\nAfter traversing the whole ground occupied by the\\ntroops, the French general returned to his quarters to\\nrepose.\\nBeneath a kinff of shed in the rear of the chalet, seve-\\nral of the Guides were seated round a cheerful fire,\\n11", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "1\\n82 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nsmoking pipes and conversing of the recent actions and\\ntheir thrilling incidents. Among them were Bessieres\\nand Lemarois. The wall of the chalet, which formed\\nthe rear of the shed, served to keep off the fury of the\\nwind, so that this place was comfortable, compared with\\nthe position of the soldiers. Besides, the hearts of\\nthese veterans had been gladdened with abundance of\\ngood eating at the chalet, and satisfaction was evident\\nin their faces. The manly face of Bessieres, wore that\\nexpression of calm circumspection, which it never lost\\nin the thickest of battle.\\nThe passage of the Tagliamento, said this brave\\nleader, will take rank with any similar exploit, recorded\\nin history.\\nIt must be acknowledged that the archduke had\\nposted his forces in an admirable style, said young\\nLemarois. His artillery covered the level shingle of\\nthe river, and his fine cavalry, deployed on the wings,\\nso as to be brought rapidly into service, was an admi-\\nrable disposition.\\nYes, said Bessieres, but as usual, the character\\nof the manoeuvres which defeated the Austrians throws\\nall their dispositions into insignificance. Was there\\never a general so fertile of stratagem as Bonaparte\\nSee how quickly he determined upon a plan to diminish\\nthe vigilance of the enemy An immense number of\\nmen might have been lost if he had attempted the pas-\\nsage of the river as soon as he reached its banks. But\\nhe valued the lives of his soldiers too much, to throw\\nthem away, when a simple stratagem could save them.\\nThe Austrians naturally supposed that after marching", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE ALPS, 83\\nall night, he wanted rest, and when the general ordered\\nus to halt and begin to partake of our soup, they were\\ncompletely deceived. How the archduke must have\\nopened his eyes, when he saw us get suddenly in motion\\nat noon\\nThe disposition of our forces was so admirable that\\nit made some of our own skilful officers open their eyes,\\nsaid Lemarois. Look at it Guyeux s division on\\nthe left, and Bernadotte s on the right, by which arrange-\\nment the troops of Italy and the soldiers of the Rhine\\nwere brought into a noble rivalry. Then battalions of\\ngrenadiers were formed. At the head of each divi-\\nsion was placed the light infantry, ready to disperse as\\nsharp-shooters, then the grenadiers who were to charge,\\nand the dragoons who were to support them. Each\\ndemi-brigade had its first battalions, deployed in line,\\nand the two others arranged in close column on the\\nwings of the first. The cavalry hovered on the wings.\\nA finer disposition could not have been made.\\nGrossing the river was a glorious scene said Bes-\\nsieres. The light infantry covered the bank with a\\ncloud of sharp-shooters. Then the grenadiers entered\\nthe water. Soldiers of the Rhine exclaimed Berna-\\ndotte, c the army of Italy has its eyes upon you. Each\\ndivision displayed the utmost bravery in the charge we\\ncan make no distinction between them.\\nNo, indeed, observed a grim-visaged Guide, who\\nsat next to Bessieres. Our soldiers called the troops\\nof the Rhine tlve contingent, and treated them with the\\ngreatest contempt before the battle. A number of sabre\\ncuts were exchanged on account of this raillery. But", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe contingent proved themselves worthy of any army\\nat Tagliamento. They drove the Austrians before them\\nlike a flock of sheep.\\nAll acted in a manner worthy of France/ said Lem-\\narois. The archduke was routed and the line of the\\nTagliamento cleared in a remarkably short time.\\nWhat is the name of that general of cavalry who\\nwas captured V inquired one of the Guides a burly\\nfellow, with a good-humored cast of countenance.\\nI forget his name, replied Bessieres but I can-\\nnot forget that he is a brave man, and that he fought\\nwith a courage and resolution which put most of his\\ncountrymen to shame.\\nTo be just, however, observed Lemarois, there\\nare many gallant officers in the Austrian army. It is\\nnot their fault if they have not a Bonaparte to bring\\nvictory to their standard. They have a large number\\nof hearts following their flag, as intrepid as old Wurmser.\\nBut strange to say, they have never had a first class\\ngeneral.\\nThat s about the truth of the matter, commented\\nthe burly Guide.\\nBy the way, Jacques, said Bessieres, it seems to\\nbe getting colder as the night advances. Put on a\\nlittle more of that wood. Its bad enough fuel, though,\\nfor it smokes abominably.\\nJacques was the burly Guide previously alluded to.\\nHe obeyed the order of his commander.\\nThe men outside ought to have plenty of provision\\nto console them amid their sufferings on such a night.\\nThey will scarcely dare to sleep, said Lemarois.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE ALPS. 85\\nu l saw onr general out among them a short time\\nago/ replied Bessieres. A few sympathetic words\\nfrom him will do more than any amount of provision.\\nThat s a fact, said the grim veteran who sat next\\nto the commander of the Guides. They knew that\\nhe feels for them, and that he would help them if he\\ncould. See there at St. George, an outpost of Man-\\ntua, where there was a necessity for constant vigilance,\\nto prevent Provera from surprising us, and relieving\\nWurmser, The general visiting one of the outposts\\nat night, found a sentinel lying at the foot of a tree,\\nwhere he had fallen fast asleep from exhaustion. He\\ntook the soldier s musket and walked backwards and\\nforwards on sentry for more than half an hour. Sud-\\ndenly the soldier started up, and was terrified at seeing\\nGeneral Bonaparte on duty he expected nothing less\\nthan death. But the general spoke kindly to him, told\\nhim that after his great fatigues, he wanted sleep but\\ncautioned him against chosing such a time. That is the\\nway for a general to make heroes out of soldiers. That\\nsentinel would have risked his life at any time to give\\nvictory to General Bonaparte.\\nBonaparte is every inch of a general, a soldier and\\na man, said Bessieres.\\nSome miserable judges wish to set up this young\\nArchduke Charles as a rival to our general, said\\nLemarois. Why, this battle of Tarwis, in which he\\nhad every thing in his favor, proves that he is not by\\na great deal, up to the measure of Massena.\\nHave you heard the full particulars of the struggle\\nat this pass? inquired Bessieres. u Battles come so", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 CAMP-FIRES OS NAPOLEON.\\nrapidly, that it is difficult to gain a complete knowledge\\nof them.\\nI was present when an officer of Massena s division\\nwho participated in the light communicated the intel-\\nligence/ replied Lemarois. While we were advancing\\nto Gradisca, General Massena pressed forward, reached\\nthis pass, and made himself master of it without much\\ndifficulty. The division of Bayalitsch, proceeding across\\nthe sources of the Izonzo to anticipate Massena at the\\npass, would therefore find the outlet closed. The\\nArchduke Charles, foreseeing this result, left the rest\\nof his army on the Friule and Carniola road, with\\norders to come and rejoin him behind the Alps at Kla-\\ngenfurt; he then himself made the utmost haste to\\nYillach, where numerous detachments were coming up\\nfrom the Rhine, to make a fresh attack on the pass, to\\ndrive Massena from it, and to re-open the road for\\nBayalitsch s division. Bonaparte, on his side, left\\nBernadotte s division to pursue the divisions that were\\nretreating into Carniola, and with Guyeux s and Ser-\\nrurier s divisions, proceeded to harass the Bayalitsch\\ndivision in its rear, in its passage through the valley of\\nthe Izonzo. Prince Charles, after rallying behind the\\nAlps the wrecks of Lusignan and Orksay, who had\\nlost the pass, reinforced them with six thousand grena-\\ndiers, the finest and bravest soldiers in the imperial\\nservice, and again attacked the pass, where Massena\\nhad left scarcely a detachment. He succeeded in\\nrecovering it, and posted himself here with the regi-\\nments of Lusignan and Orksay, and the six thousand\\ngrenadiers. Massena collected his whole division, in", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE ALPS. 87\\norder to carry it again. Both generals were sensible of\\nthe importance of this point. Tarwis retaken, the French\\narmy would be masters of the Alps, and would make\\nprisoners of the whole of Bayalitsch s division. Mas-\\nsena rushed on headlong with his brave infantry, and\\nsuffered as usual in person. Prince Charles was not\\nless chary of himself than the republican general, and\\nseveral times ran the risk of being taken by the French\\nriflemen. Whole lines of cavalry were thrown down\\nand broken on this frightful field of battle. At length,\\nafter having brought forward his last battalion, the\\nArchduke Charles abandoned Tarwis to his pertinacious\\nadversary, and found himself compelled to sacrifice\\nBayalitsch s division. Massena, left master of Tarwis,\\nfell down upon that division which now came up,\\nattacked it in front, while it was pressed in the rear by\\nthe divisions of Gluyeux and Serrurier. That division\\nhad no other resource than to be made prisoners and\\nour army captured all the baggage, artillery and ammu-\\nnition of the enemy that had followed this route. For\\nmy part, I think that a good general could have main-\\ntained this pass against a greatly superior force.\\nIt is a strong position, and it does not appear\\nto me that it could be turned, observed Bessieres.\\nHowever, continued he, rising, the pass is ours;\\nJoubert has beaten the enemy and will soon join us\\nthe archduke is completely beaten, and there is scarcely\\nan obstacle in the way of a march to Vienna. These\\nare the results of a march as daring and skilful as any\\never conceived by a general. So much glory for Gene-\\nral Bonaparte, and renown to the arms of France.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nCome, Lemarois, we will enter the chalet, and strive to\\ngain some repose. Keep up your spirits, men, and\\nabove all keep up the fire. Good night\\nAnd keen and swiftly blew the Alpine wind, and\\nredly blazed the fires of Tarwis till the light of day\\narose from the ashes of the night. Then the French\\ngeneral pursued his march. He united his forces\\nVienna was threatened, and the treaty of Campo For-\\nmio was extorted from Austria.\\ni^svr", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "A POL EON S ARRIVAL IN EGYPT.\\nPage", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "rag saibhp-fihbb \u00c2\u00aeei rag E3Qty\u00c2\u00a3\\ngiving\\nOn an\\nHE evening of the 21st of\\nJuly, 1798, had cast its\\nshadows on the Nile. Al-\\nthough the day had been\\nexcessively warm, the air\\nwas now cool and pleasant.\\nThe full moon was gradu-\\nally deepening the placid\\nsplendor of her light, and\\na silvery sheen to the winding waters of the river,\\nelevated terrace, in the distance, could be dis-\\n12 (89)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "90 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntinguished the bold and gorgeous minarets and gilded\\ndomes of Cairo. The villages of Bulak and Shoubra\\nwere nestled on the river banks, overlooking a vast\\nextent of cultivated plain, rich in vineyards and grain.\\nThe great obelisk of Heliopolis stood out against the\\neastern sky; and the vast Lybian desert stretched\\naway in desolation to the west. In the midst of this\\nsea of sand, could be faintly distinguished the awful\\nforms of the great pyramids of Ghizeh, from which\\nthat day, forty centuries had looked down, upon the\\nvictory achieved by Bonaparte over the Mameluke\\ntyrants of Egypt.\\nThe French were encamped upon the banks of the\\nNile; and the light of their watch-fires could be seen\\nfor a great distance along the river. The victorious\\ngeneral was at Ghizeh, having fixed his quarters in the\\ncountry-seat of Murad Bey. But although the watch-\\nfires were burning, the soldiers of the conquering army\\nwere not gathered around them. No; the spoils of\\nvictory would not let them rest. They had suffered\\nmuch in the dreary march towards Cairo, and fought\\nbravely in overcoming the gallant cavalry of the\\nEgyptian army, and now very naturally sought to\\nrepay themselves for their hardships and toils. The\\nfield of battle was covered with the troops, who were\\nengaged in stripping the valuable articles from the\\nbodies of the slain Mamelukes. Among the spoils\\nthus obtained were splendid shawls, weapons of fine\\nworkmanship, purses, some of which contained as many\\nas two and three hundred pieces of gold; for the\\nMamelukes carried all their ready money on their", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE NILE 93\\npersons. More than a thousand of these Egyptian\\nwarriors had been drowned in the Nile and even now,\\nby the light of the moon, the French troops were\\nengaged in dragging for the bodies, to swell the amount\\nof their booty. A more indefatigable set of spoil-\\nseekers never won a victory.\\nThe Mamelukes had sixty vessels on the Nile, con-\\ntaining the bulk of their riches. In consequence of\\nthe unexpected result of the battle, they lost all hope\\nof saving them, and set them on fire. The great blaze\\nsuddenly rising to the sky, caused the French troops to\\npause in the midst of their search for valuables. They\\nknew the contents of those vessels, and they beheld\\nthe gradual destruction of those vast treasures with\\nfeelings of disappointment not easily delineated. During\\nthe whole night, through the volumes of smoke and\\nflame, the French could perceive the forms of the\\nminarets and buildings of Cairo and the City of the\\nDead and the red glare was even gloriously reflected by\\nthe Pyramids. To increase the terrors of the scene, the\\nwild and treacherous populace of Cairo, learning the\\ndisasters of their countrymen, set fire to the splendid\\npalaces of the Beys, and these great edifices blazed\\nand crackled up against the sky throughout the night.\\nAbout nine, in the evening, Bonaparte, accompanied\\nby Berthier, Desaix, Lannes, Begnier, and nearly all\\nhis principal officers, and even a number of the privates,\\nentered the country-house of Murad Bey, at Ghizeh.\\nThis residence presented a magnificent appearance at\\na distance, and a close inspection disclosed many\\nadditional beauties. But it was a point of some diffi-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "w% 1\\n94 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\neulty at first to make it serve for a lodging, or to com-\\nprehend the distribution of the apartments. But what\\nchiefly struck the officers with surprise, was the great\\nquantity of cushions and divans covered with the finest\\ndamasks and Lyons silks, and ornamented with gold\\nfringe. For the first time, they found the luxury and\\narts of Europe in Egypt the cradle of luxury and\\narts. Bonaparte and his staff explored this singular\\nstructure in every direction. The gardens were full of\\nmagnificent trees, but without avenues, and not unlike\\nthe gardens in some of the nunneries of Italy. The\\nsoldiers were much elated at the discovery of large\\narbors of vines, burdened with the finest grapes in the\\nworld. The rapid vintage excited the laughter of the\\nFrench generals, who, themselves, joined in the scram-\\nble for the delicious fruit.\\nIn the meantime, the two divisions of Bon and\\nMenou, which had remained behind in an entrenched\\ncamp, were equally well supplied. Among the bag-\\ngage taken, had been found a great number of canteens\\nfull of preserves, both of confectionary and sweetmeats,\\nbesides carpets, porcelain, vases of perfume, and a mul-\\ntitude of little elegancies used by the Mamelukes. All\\nthese luxuries had been purchased by the oppression\\nof the mass of the Egyptians, and it was but a stroke\\nof justice which took them from the oppressor.\\nThe French troops, who had murmured much while\\ntraversing the hot sands of the desert, now fell in\\nlove with Egypt, and began to hope for a career of\\neasy conquest and rare enjoyment. Their general\\nwas pleased at their change of tone, and permitted", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE NILE. 97\\nthem to revel amidst the fruits of their labor and\\nendurance.\\nBonaparte and his officers spent the greater part of\\nthe night in exploring the residence of Murad Bey.\\nTowards morning they reclined upon its luxurious\\ncouches, and while the conflagration raged without, and\\nthe soldiers were revelling among the spoil, these\\nveteran officers indulged in repose. A short time pre-\\nvious these gallant men had shared Bonaparte s doubt\\nand anxiety as he stood upon the deck of a vessel, in\\nthe harbor of Alexandria, viewing the shores of the\\nland of the Pharoahs. Now they could sleep in the\\nconfidence of continued victory.\\nOn the 20th of July, the young conqueror of the\\nPyramids, entered Grand Cairo, receiving the humble\\nsubmission of the Shieks and the shouts of the throng-\\ning populace. The capital of Egypt was in the power\\nof the French.\\n13", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "TTG2S 8MBIP-PI1IBS AT mmm TAUm\\nJtjT N Lower Galilee, to the\\nnorth-east of the great\\nplain of Esdraelon, rises\\nan eminence rendered\\nintensely interesting by mem-\\nories sacred and profane. It\\nis Mount Tabor. Although\\nsurrounded by chains of\\n^gf~ ^0^^?- mountains on nearly all sides,\\n^SEsSe^Sli^^- it is the only one that stands\\nentirely aloof from its neighbors. The figure of the\\nmount approaches that of a semi-sphere, and presents a\\n(98)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "MOUNT TABOR. 99\\nregular appearance. Its ground figure is usually described\\nas round and, indeed, seems to be perfectly so to those\\ncoming from the midst of the great plain, or from the\\nsea of Galilee. But, in reality, it is really somewhat\\nlonger from east to west than broad, so that its true\\nfigure is oval. The height of this mountain has never\\nbeen subjected to actual measurement. It appears, how-\\never, that it occupies three hours to travel round the\\nbase of the mountain that an hour is generally required\\nto reach the summit by a circuitous path, and that the\\nplain upon the top of the eminence is seldom traversed\\nin less time than half an hour.\\nThe mountain is inaccessible except on the north,\\nwhere the ascent offers so little difficulty that there are\\nfew parts which suggest to the traveler the prudence or\\nnecessity of dismounting from his horse. This remark-\\nable mountain offers so rare a combination of the bold\\nand beautiful, that pilgrims of all ages have expatiated\\nupon its glories with untiring wonder and delight. The\\ntrees of various species, and the bushes always green,\\nwith which it is invested, and the small groves with\\nwhich it is crowned, contribute no less than its figure\\nto its perfect beauty. Ounces, wild boars, gazelles, and\\nhares, are among the animals which find shelter in its\\nmore wooded parts while the trees are tenanted by\\nbirds of every wing, whose warblings and motions\\nbeguile the fatigues of the ascent. The path, says Mr.\\nStephens, wound around the mountain, and gave us a\\nview from all its different sides, every step presenting\\nsomething new, and more and more beautiful, until all\\nwas completely forgotten and lost in the exceeding love-\\nly of C.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "100 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nliness of the view from the summit. Stripped of every\\nassociation, and considered merely as an elevation com-\\nmanding a view of unknown valleys and mountains, I\\nnever saw a mountain which, for beauty of scene, better\\nrepaid the toil of ascending it.\\nThe view it commands is magnificent. To the north,\\nin successive ranges, are the mountains of Galilee, backed\\nby the mighty Lebanon and Safet, as always, stands\\nout in prominent relief. To the north-east is the Mount\\nof Beatitudes, with its peculiar outline and interesting\\nassociations behind which rise Great Hermon, and the\\nwhole chain of Anti-Lebanon. To the east are the hills\\nof the Haouran, and the country of the Gadarenes, below\\nwhich the eye catches a glimpse of the Lake of Tiberius,\\nwhile to the south-east it crosses the valley of the\\nJordan, and rests on the high land of Bashan. Due\\nsouth rise the mountains of Gilboa, and behind them\\nthose of Samaria, stretching far to the west. On the\\nsouth-south-west the villages of Endor and Nain are seen\\non the Little Hermon. Mount Carmel and the Bay of\\nAcre appear on the north-west and towards them flows,\\nthrough the fertile plains of Esdraelon, that great\\nriver, the River Kishon, now dwindled into a. little\\nstream. Each feature in this prospect is beautiful the\\neye and mind are delighted and, by a combination of\\nobjects and associations, unusual to fallen man, earthly\\nscenes, which more than satisfy the external sense,\\nelevate the soul to heavenly contemplations.\\nThe beautiful upper plain is inclosed by a wall,\\nprobably the same which was built by Josephus, when\\nGovernor of Galilee, and contains some ruins, which", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "JUNOT.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "MOUNT TABOR. 103\\nare probably those of the two monasteries, which, ac-\\ncording to William of Tyre, were built here by Godfrey\\nof Bouillon, in the place of others of earlier date which\\nthe Moslems had destroyed. The plain has at different\\ntimes been under cultivation but when, from oppres-\\nsion or fear, abandoned by the cultivator, it becomes a\\ntable of rich gra^s and wild flowers, which send forth a\\nmost refreshing and luxurious odor. In summer the\\ndews fall copiously on Tabor, and a strong wind blows\\nover it all day.\\nTabor is chiefly interesting to the Christian, how-\\never, as the supposed scene of the Transfiguration,\\nwhen Christ appeared in glory, with Moses, and Elias.\\nTo the reader of profane history and the student of\\nthe career of Napoleon Bonaparte, it is also rendered\\ninteresting as the scene of a decisive victory gained\\nby the French general over some of the bravest forces\\nof the East.\\nIt was the night of the 16th of April. The victo-\\nrious French had encamped at the foot of Mount Tabor.\\nThe evening had set in calmly and beautifully, above\\na plain heaped .with the dead of the annihilated army,\\nbut the deep shadows of night had scarcely descended,\\nbefore the French general-in-chief ordered all the vil-\\nlages of the Naplousians to be set on fire and although\\nthey were distant, their red fight was so glaring, that\\nit illumined the field of battle and the camp of the\\nvictors, and rendered evident many ghastly features\\nof the scene.\\nAt the tent of General Kleber were assembled that\\ngallant officer, Junot, Murat and Bon. Bonaparte was", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "104: CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nin his tent, surrounded by his faithful Guides. Just\\noutside of the line of tents the watch-fires were\\nbrightly burning, and the sentinels paced up and down\\nwith solemn tread. Kleber, and his brothers in glory,\\nwere seated on camp-stools around a table, on which\\nwere several bottles of wine. After Napoleon himself,\\nKleber was the most remarkable man of the army of\\nEgypt. See him there, with his large and powerful\\nframe his great head of shaggy hair, his quick,\\npiercing eyes, prominent features, and slovenly cos-\\ntume. Great-souled Jean Baptiste Kleber The revo-\\nlution found him a peaceful architect. He entered the\\nranks as a grenadier, and rose to be esteemed a military\\ngenius indispensable to France, and a commander as\\nhumane and generous as he was brave and skilful.\\nAlways peevish, he yet was guilty of no -bitterness of\\naction mean conduct was with him an impossibility.\\nOpposite Kleber sat Andoche Junot. His mild, pleasant,\\nhandsome features expressed nothing of the indomitable\\nspirit which he ever displayed in action but his eyes\\nwere quick and intelligent. His costume was much\\ncut and soiled by the desperate service he had per-\\nformed during the last two days. Murat was as usual\\nfinely dressed. He seemed weary, and drank deeply\\nto revive his spirits. Most terrible had been the\\nslaughter of his sabres that day on the banks of the\\nJordan. General Bon had nothing remarkable in his\\nappearance. The expression of his sun-burned coun-\\ntenance was that of firmness, united with intelligence\\nand promptitude.\\nI wonder how things go on at Acre, said Junot.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "N A F O L E O N AT ACRK.\\nPage 106.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MOUNT TABOR. IUo\\nBad as usual, replied Kleber. The place cannot\\nbe taken, that is evident. It was clear to me long ago,\\nthat Sidney Smith, and the engineer Philippeaux have\\nstimulated the troops to extraordinary exertions. They\\nrepulse every assault and as we have no siege trains,\\nwhere is our chance for taking the town. Nowhere,\\nnowhere and so I told General Bonaparte the stub-\\nborn specimen of lean genius. We shall waste our\\narmy before the walls of that place, and gain nothing\\nwhereas, if the siege were raised, we might yet do much\\nfor Egypt.\\nu Then here must end our general s grand project\\nfor striking a blow at the English dominion in Asia,\\nobserved Bon.\\nAye, said Kleber, and it was folly to entertain\\nsuch projects after the destruction of our fleet at Abou-\\nkir, by that confounded Englishman, Nelson. The most\\nwe could hope to do after that was to consolidate our\\nempire in Egypt, and that would have been no ordinary\\ntask. But this Little Corporal, will not listen to any\\none.\\nThe march to El Arisch, across that burning desert\\nwas bad enough but I m afraid that we shall have the\\nsame thing to do again, under worse circumstances,\\nsaid Murat.\\nBut this battle has won us glories enough to atone\\nfor many hardships, remarked Junot. At first the\\nprospect was desperate enough.\\nYou, Junot, have certainly increased your reputa-\\ntion, said Bon. The advanced guard which you\\ncommanded consisted of, at most, but five hundred men.\\n14", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "106 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nYet with that force you dared to encounter the enemy\\non the 8th, and not only covered the field with their\\ndead, but took five stand of colors, and came off with\\nbut little loss.\\nVery well, but that is scarcely worthy of mention\\nwhen we consider the long and successful defence\\nmade by Kleber s whole division on the ground.\\nIf I had not arrived too late last night, I might\\nhave surprised the Turkish army, and then that long\\ndefence would have been unnecessary. I designed to\\nattemp the surprise, said Kleber.\\nThe number of the enemy surprised me this morning,\\nwhen they were drawn up in battle array, said Junot.\\nFifteen thousand infantry occupied the village of\\nFouli, and more than twelve thousand horse were drawn\\nup in the plain, while we had scarcely three thousand\\ninfantry in square.\\nThey made an imposing show, but they were met\\nwith such steady bravery, and such a blaze of fire, that\\ntheir ranks seemed to melt away like mist before the\\nsun, said Kleber. However, it was well that Gene-\\nral Bonaparte came up. The furious charges of the\\nTurkish cavalry had begun to make an impression on\\nmy ranks, and it is probable enough they might have\\nbeen broken in the course of the afternoon, if the\\ngeneral-in-chief had not brought up your division, Bon,\\nand made those admirable dispositions, which placed\\nthe enemy between two fires, and soon put them to the\\nrout. A tremendous fire discharged from three points\\nof the triangle, sent the Mamelukes away in heaps.\\nWe took the village of Fouli yes, Fouli, you call it", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "MOUNT TABOR, 107\\nand then Murat finished the enemy by putting them\\nto soak in the waters of the Jordan. It has been a\\nglorious day.\\nu Six thousand French have destroyed an army which\\nthe Naplousians stated could no more be numbered\\nthan the stars in the heavens and the sands on the sea-\\nshore, observed Junot Well, we may fail in the\\nconquest of the East, but this victory cannot be for-\\ngotten.\\nBesides glory, said Kleber, u it may be as well\\nto mention that the booty taken is worth considerable.\\nThe Turkish camp was well supplied with both neces-\\nsaries and luxuries. We have taken four hundred\\ncamels, and the other booty is sufficient to satisfy our\\nsoldiers.\\nAnd see, said Bon, the Naplousians will have\\nreason to remember us, and he pulled aside the can-\\nvass of the tent and pointed to the red light of the\\nburning villages.\\nAt this moment, General Bonaparte appeared at the\\ndoor of the tent, in company with Bessieres. The\\nyoung general .looked much worn and fatigued. His\\nfigure was stouter than it had been during the cam-\\npaign of Italy but his stern countenance still showed\\nthe hollow cheeks and sunken eyes, caused by the con-\\nstant and powerful workings of his genius. His cos-\\ntume was much soiled, and its appearance indicated his\\nwant of attention to such matters during the press of\\nthe business of life and death. He held some papers\\nin his hand.\\nGenerals, I hope I do not interrupt your conversa-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "r\\n108 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntion. But business like ours admits of no delay. I\\nset off at day-break for Acre, where I am determined\\nto press the siege with renewed vigor. I have reason\\nto dread that a large Turkish army will soon he landed\\nnear the mouth of the Nile, and if Acre is to be taken\\nat all, we must accomplish the feat very speedily and\\nit must be taken, said Bonaparte, in his emphatic\\nway.\\nMust be taken, said Kleber, always outspoken.\\nMy opinion is that the- siege will cost us many valu-\\nable lives, and yet not be successful. Every day\\nincreases tho difficulties of our safe return to Cairo.\\nYes, yes, said Bonaparte, impatiently, but it will\\nnot do to let this Englishman, Sidney Smith, and his\\nTurks, baffle the conquerors of Italy and Egypt.\\nGeneral Kleber, you will lead your division back to\\nAcre; and you, General Bon, will follow. We have\\nannihilated our foes in this quarter, and have nothing\\nmore to fear from them. Hasten your march to Acre,\\nand, doubtless, with a few more determined efforts, that\\ntown will be in our hands. So saying, he bowed,. and\\nhurried out of the tent.\\nA man destined to do great things but destined\\nto be mistaken in his present enterprise, observed\\nKleber.\\nMurat now proposed a ride over the field of battle,\\nbefore retiring to repose. The others agreed, and all\\nwere soon mounted, and cantering away along the line\\nof the camp-fires, and among the heaps of the~ dead.\\nA large number of the French soldiers were engaged\\nin searching, for valuables among the bodies of the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "MOUNT TABOR. 109\\nMamelukes, and to the inquiries \u00c2\u00a9f the generals, they\\nresponded that they were reaping a full harvest.\\nAround the line occupied by the troops of Kleber s\\ndivision, was seen the wall of carcasses which had\\nserved as a protection to those gallant men, when they\\nhad become extremely fatigued by the struggle against\\nthe overwhelming numbers of the enemy. The light\\nof the burning villages, and the watch-fires, was quite\\nsufficient to enable them to pursue their spoil-seeking\\noccupation. After riding ever the whole field, the\\ngenerals separated, and each sought his tent to stretch\\nhimself for repose, and to dream ef the glorious inci-\\ndents of the victory of Mount Tabor.\\n10", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "was AssKp-yaiBs r jmwkm\\nTHE battle of Aboukir, was,,\\nperhaps, the only instance\\nin the history of war, in\\nwhich a hostile army was\\nutterly annihilated by an\\ninferior force. The victory,\\ntherefore, was one of the\\nmost splendid which Bona-\\nparte ever achieved. The Turkish army, eonveyed by\\nthe squadron of Sir Sidney Smith, anchored in Aboukir\\nBay on the 11th of July, 1T9\\n(110)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "ABOUKIR. Ill\\nThe place fixed upon by the English for their landing,\\nwas the peninsula which defends this road, and which\\nbears the same name. This narrow peninsula runs out\\nbetween the sea and Lake Madieh, and has a fort at its\\nextremity. Bonaparte had ordered Marmont, who com-\\nmanded at Alexandria, to improve the defences of the\\nfort, and to destroy the village of Aboukir, situated\\naround it. But, instead of destroying the village, he\\nthought it better to keep the place in order to lodge\\nthe soldiers there and it had merely been surrounded\\nby a redoubt to protect it on the land side. But the\\nredoubt not joining on both sides the sea, did not pre-\\nsent the appearance of a close work, and put the fort\\non the same footing as a simple field-work. The Turks,\\nin fact, landed with great boldness, attacked the in-\\ntrenchments sword in hand, carried them, and made\\nthemselves masters of the village of Aboukir, putting\\nthe garrison to the sword. The village being taken, the\\nfort could no longer hold out, and it was obliged to\\nsurrender. Marmont, who commanded at Alexandria,\\nhad issued forth, at the head of twelve hundred men, to\\nhasten to the assistance of the troops at Aboukir. But\\nlearning that the Turks had landed in considerable\\nnumbers, he durst not attempt to drive them into the\\nsea by a bold attack. He returned to Alexandria, and\\nleft them to quietly take up their position on the pen-\\ninsula of Aboukir.\\nThe Turks amounted to nearly eighteen thousand\\ninfantry. These were not the miserable Fellahs who\\nhad composed the infantry of the Mamelukes; but\\nbrave janizaries, carrying a musket without bayo-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "112 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nnet, slinging it at their back after firing, and rush-\\ning pistol and sword in hand upon the enemy. They\\nhad a numerous and well-served artillery, and were\\nunder the direction of English officers. They had no\\ncavalry, for they had not brought more than three\\nhundred horses but they expected Murad Bey, who\\nwas to leave Upper Egypt, proceed along the desert,\\ncross the oasis, and throw himself into Aboukir with\\ntwo or three thousand Mamelukes.\\nWhen Bonaparte was informed of the particulars of\\nthe landing, he left Cairo instantly, and made from that\\ncity to Alexandria one of those extraordinary marches\\nof which he had given so many instances in Italy. He\\ntook with him the divisions of Lannes, Bon, and Murat.\\nHe had ordered Desaix to evacuate Upper Egypt, and\\nKleber and Begnier, who were in the Delta, to bring\\nthemselves nearer Aboukir. He had chosen the point\\nof Birket, midway between Alexandria and Aboukir,\\nin order to concentrate his forces thither, and to ma-\\nnoeuvre according to circumstances. He was very\\nfearful lest an English army had landed with the\\nTurks.\\nMurad Bey, according to the plan settled with Mus-\\ntapha Pacha, had tried a descent into Lower Egypt\\nbut being met and beaten by Murat, he had been\\nobliged to regain the desert. There was now nothing\\nleft but the Turkish army to fight, destitute as it was\\nof cavalry, but yet encamped behind intrenchments,\\nand disposed to stand its ground there with its usual\\npertinacity. Bonaparte, after inspecting Alexandria\\nand the admirable works executed by Colonel^ Cretin,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "AJBOUKiR. 113\\nand after reprimanding Marmont, his lieutenant, who\\nhad not dared to attack the Turks at the moment of\\nlanding, left Alexandria on the 6th Thermidor, (July\\n24th. Next clay, the 7th, he was at the entrance of\\nthe peninsula. His plan was to inclose the Turkish\\narmy by intrenchments, and to await the arrival of all\\nhis divisions, for all he had with him were no more than\\nthe divisions of Lannes, Bon, and Murat, about six\\nthousand men-. But on observing the arrangements\\nmade by the Turks, he altered his intentions, and re-\\nsolved to attack them immediately, hoping to inclose\\nthem in the village of Aboukir, and to overwhelm them\\nwith bombs and howitzers.\\nThe Turks occupied the furthest end of the peninsula,\\nwhich is very narrow. They were covered by two lines\\nof intrenchments. Half a league in advance of the vil-\\nlage of Aboukir, where their camp was, they had occu-\\npied two round sand-hills, supported the one on the sea,\\nthe other on Lake Madieh, and thus forming their right\\nand left. In the centre of these two hillocks was a\\nvillage, which they had likewise kept. They had one\\nthousand men on the hillock to the right, two thousand\\non the hillock to the left, and three or four thousand\\nmen in the village. Such was their first fine. The\\nsecond was at the village of Aboukir itself. It consisted\\nof the redoubt constructed by the French, and was con-\\nnected with the sea by two trenches. It was there\\nthat they had stationed their principal camp and the\\nbulk of their forces.\\nBonaparte made his arrangements with his usual\\npromptitude and decision. He ordered General Des-\\n15", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "114 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nstaing, with some battalions, to march to the hill on the\\nleft, where one thousand Turks were posted j Lannes\\nto march to that on the right, where the two thousand\\nothers were and Murat, who was at the centre, to make\\nthe cavalry file on the rear of the two hillocks. These\\narrangements were executed with great precision. De-\\nstaing marched to the hillock on the left, and boldly\\nclimbed it Murat contrived to get at its rear with a\\ntroop of cavalry. The Turks, when they saw this, aban-\\ndoned their post, fell in with the cavalry, which cut\\nthem in pieces, and drove them into the sea, into which\\nthey chose rather to throw themselves than to surren-\\nder. The same operation was executed on the right.\\nLannes attacked the two thousand Mamelukes, Murat\\ngot at their rear and they were in like manner cut to\\npieces and driven into the sea. Destaing and Lannes\\nthen moved towards the centre, formed by a village, and\\nattacked it in front. The Turks there defended them-\\nselves bravely, relying upon assistance from the second\\nline. A column in fact was detached from the camp of.\\nAboukir but Murat, who had already filed upon the\\nrear of the village, cut this column in pieces, and drove\\nit back into Aboukir. Destaing s infantry and that of\\nLannes entered the village at the charge step, driving\\nthe Turks out of it, who were dispersed in all directions,\\nand who obstinately refusing to surrender, had no other\\nretreat than the sea, wherein they were drowned.\\nAlready four or five thousand had perished in this\\nmanner. The first fine was carried Bonaparte s ob-\\nject was accomplished, and now, inclosing the-Turks in\\nAboukir, he could bombard them while waiting for the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "A-BOUEHt. 115\\narrival of Kleber and Regnier. But he desired to make\\nthe most of his success, and to complete his victory that\\nvery moment. After giving his troops a little breathing\\ntime, he marched upon the second line. The division\\nunder Lanusse, which had been left as a reserve, sup-\\nported Lannes and Destaing. The redoubt which cov-\\nered Aboukir was difficult to carry it had within it\\nnine or ten thousand Turks. On the right, a trench\\njoined it to the sea on the left, another trench brought\\nit further out; but was not continued quite to Lake\\nMadieh. The open space was occupied by the enemy,\\nand swept by the fire of numerous gun-boats. Bona-\\nparte, having accustomed his soldiers to defy the most\\nformidable obstacles, sent them upon the enemy s posi-\\ntion. His divisions of infantry marched upon the front\\nand the right of the redoubt. The cavalry, concealed\\nin a wood of palm-trees, had to make the attack on the\\nleft, and then to cross, under the fire of the gun-boats,\\nthe open space between the redoubt and Lake Madieh.\\nThe charge was made Lannes and Destaing urged for-\\nward their brave infantry. The 32d marched with\\ntheir pieces on their arms towards the intrenchments,\\nand the 18 th got at the rear of the intrenchments on\\nthe extreme right. The enemy, without waiting for\\nthem, advanced to meet them. They fought hand to\\nhand. The Turkish soldiers, having fired their pieces\\nand their two pistols, drew their flashing sabres. They\\nendeavored to grasp the bayonets, but received them in\\ntheir flanks before they could lay hold of them. Thus\\na great slaughter took place in the intrenchments. The\\n18th was on the point of getting into the redoubt, when", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "116 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\na tremendous fire of artillery repulsed it, and sent it\\nback to the foot of the works. The gallant Leturcq fell\\ngloriously, by desiring to be the last to retire Fugieres\\nlost an arm. Murat on his part had advanced with his\\ncavalry, with a view to clear the space between the fire\\nof the redoubt and Lake Maclieh. Several times he had\\ndashed forward, and had turned back the enemy but\\ntaken between the two fires of the redoubt, and that of\\nthe gun-boats, he had been obliged to fall back on the\\nrear. Some of his horse-soldiers had advanced to the\\nditches of the redoubt. The efforts of so many brave\\nfellows appeared likely to be entirely unavailable. Bona-\\nparte looked coolly on this carnage, waiting for a favor-\\nable moment to return to the charge. Fortunately the\\nTurks, as they usually did, quitted the intrenchments\\nfor the purpose of cutting off the heads of the slain.\\nBonaparte seized this opportunity, launched forth two\\nbattalions, one of the 22d, the other of the 69th, which\\ninarched upon the intrenchments and carried them. On\\nthe right, the 18th also took advantage of this opportu-\\nnity, and entered the redoubt. Murat, on his side,\\nordered a fresh charge. One of his divisions of cavalry\\ntraversed that most exposed space between the intrench-\\nments and the lake, and made his way into the village\\nof Aboukir. The Turks, affrighted, fled on all sides,\\nand a horrible slaughter of them ensued. They were\\npressed by the point of the bayonet and driven into the\\nsea. Murat, at the head of his heroes, penetrated into\\nthe camp of Mustapha Pacha. The latter, in a fit- of\\ndespair, snatched up a pistol and fired it at Murat, whom\\nhe wounded slightly. Murat struck off two of his fingers", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "ABOUKIE, 117\\nand sent him prisoner to Bonaparte. Such of the Turks\\nas were not killed or drowned retired into the fort of\\nAboukir.*\\nThe proud army of the Turks was* thus completely\\noverwhelmed, as if it had been entirely buried by an\\navalanche. Xo wonder that the enthusiastic Kleber,\\nafter witnessing the manoeuvres that gained this splen-\\ndid victory, clasped Bonaparte in his arms, and ex-\\nclaimed, General, you are as great as the world\\nitself/\\nIt was the second night after the battle. The army\\nwas encamped upon the field. Bonaparte was alone in\\nhis tent. That day he had contrived to obtain from\\nSir Sidney Smith a file of papers from Europe, from\\nwhich he eagerly sought information as to the condition\\nand prospects of France. He had dismissed all his\\nofficers, and now, as they were either carousing in their\\ntents, or wandering among the camp-fires of the troops,\\nhe sat in his tent to obtain that information which was\\ndestined to lead to such great and decisive plans. See\\nhim, as he sits there, with his eyes keenly fixed upon\\nthe papers, and an occasional smile fighting up his fea-\\ntures of bronze He learns the calamities which have\\nvisited the armies of France, and then the smile is\\nturned to a terrible frown, and he exclaims, pas-\\nsionately,\\nThe imbeciles the imbeciles Why was I not\\nthere?\\nHe perused the accounts of the overthrow of the\\nFrench armies in Italy and Germany he saw that all\\nThiers.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "118 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthat lie had gained for France, had been lost he knew\\nthat these disasters would not have occurred if he had\\nretained a European command; and he felt more\\nstrongly than ever that he was destined to retrieve the\\ncondition of affairs, to bind victory once more to the\\ntri-color standard. Perhaps, also, his mind perceived\\nthe opportunity for gratifying the aspirations of a\\nselfish ambition, and that this perception caused the\\nfrown to melt once more into a smile -a smile of tri-\\numph. He saw that the disasters attending the French\\narms had rendered the Directory unpopular, and that\\npower was within the reach of any bold, decisive man,\\nwho would dare to attempt the overthrow of that\\ngovernment; and he had faith enough in himself to\\ndecide that he was the very man for the crisis. Long\\nhe read, and long he pondered. Csesar deliberated\\nupon the banks of the Rubicon. At length he started\\nup. The die was cast. He would return to France\\nand strike for the supreme authority. Having once\\ndecided upon his movements, no man could have taken\\nhis measures with more promptitude. He resolved to\\nsail secretly for Europe. He wrote a dispatch to\\nAdmiral Gantheaume, directing him to get the Muiron\\nand Carrere frigates ready for sea. He. determined\\nthat as Kleber was very popular with the army, that\\ngeneral should be left in command. There could be no\\ndoubt of Kleber s vigor, activity and skill. Bonaparte\\nthen sat down, and, with astonishing rapidity and pre-\\ncision, drew up a long list of instructions for the new\\ncommander-in-chief. He then sent word to Berthier,\\nLannes, Murat, Andreossy, Marmont, Berthollet, and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "ABOTTKIR. 119\\nMonge, that he wished to see them in his tent. It was\\nlate. But they came, without exception, at his sum-\\nmons. Kleber and Menou were then at Cairo, or they,\\nalso, would have been invited to this important confe-\\nrence. In a few words, Bonaparte communicated his\\nsudden resolution to those officers he had assembled\\naround him. They were surprised, but when he told\\nthem that he wished them to go with him, they were\\nglad for in spite of the glory achieved in Egypt, they\\nwere anxious to return to France. Berthier had been\\nsuffering for some time from depression of spirits,\\nowing to a long standing matrimonial engagement and\\nhe fairly leaped from his seat when he heard of the\\nintention of the general-in-chief. Monge, that circum-\\nspect votary of science, hinted that there was the\\ngreatest danger of the whole party being captured by\\nthe English cruisers, which were exceedingly vigilant\\nin the Mediterranean. The only reply was the brief\\nand emphatic I must incur the risk. The officers\\ncast significant glances at each other, but it was\\nextremely doubtful if they fathomed his designs.\\nI have received ill news from Europe, my friends,\\nsaid Bonaparte, turning over his papers, and seemingly\\nattending to several matters at once. u The Austrians\\nand Muscovites have gained the superiority. That\\nwhich we won with so much toil has been lost, and\\nFrance is threatened with the invasion of her territory.\\nWe are wanted in Europe, and in spite of winds, waves,\\nand English cruisers, we must go thither.\\nSoon afterwards the conference was broken up, and\\nthe general-in-chief was again alone in his tent nay,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "120\\nCAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nnot alone, for the images of ambition were fast crowding\\naround hhn, and they were companions whom he valued\\nmore than the ordinary human realities of the camp.\\nAnd there this all-daring, all-achieving soldier sat till\\nthe peep of day, perfecting his plans, the ultimate\\nreach of which was a throne above thrones for it was\\nhis habit of mind never to form a design which did not\\nextend to the farthest point. In war, it was the con-\\nquest of a world at which he aimed in politics, consul\\nnor king could satisfy the cravings of his soul he\\nwould be an emperor. Doubtless, his Rubicon v\\\\ as at\\nAboukir, and there the die was cast which determined\\nhim to be master of France.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "6Ma3 -!?IlIBI\u00c2\u00a7 053 TTffilEE WAIIABY \u00c2\u00aeP \u00c2\u00ae\u00c2\u00a7m\\n^rE are now to behold Bo-\\nnaparte as First Consul\\ngfc of France as the suc-\\ncessful rival of the Car-\\nthagenian Hannibal in\\nthe prodigious exploit\\nof leading an army\\nover the lofty and win-\\ntry Alps and as the\\nconqueror of his old enemies the Austrians.\\nThe time was May, 1800. At Paris, Bonaparte had\\nformed the plan of the most astonishing of his cam-\\npaigns, with a precision so wonderful that it pointed to\\nthe very spot on which the decisive battle should be\\nfought. While the intrepid Massena defended Genoa\\n16 (121)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "122 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith unwearied energy, and Moreau engaged the atten-\\ntion of the Austrians on the line of the Danube, the\\nFirst Consul had created a third army, caused the\\npasses of the Alps to be explored, determined to take\\nthat of the Great St. Bernard, and achieved the pas-\\nsage as far as the vale of Aosta, where an unexpected\\nobstacle was found in the fortress of Bard.\\nThe valley of Aosta is traversed by a river which\\nreceives all the waters of the St. Bernard, and carries\\nthem into the Po, under the name of Dora-Baltea. As\\nit approaches Bard, the valley narrows the road lying\\nbetween the base of the mountains and the bed of the\\nriver becomes gradually more contracted, until at length,\\na rock, which seems to have fallen from the neighbor-\\ning crags into the middle of the valley, almost entirely\\nblocks it. The river then runs on one side of the rock,\\nand the road proceeds on the other. This road lined\\nwith houses composes all the town of Bard. On the\\ntop of the rock stands a fort, impregnable by its posi-\\ntion, though ill-constructed, which sweeps with its fire,\\non the right,- the whole course of the Dora-Baltea, and\\non the left, the long street forming the little town of\\nBard. Drawbridges close the entrance and the outlet\\nof this single street. A garrison, small in number, but\\nwell commanded, occupied this fort.\\nThe brave and persevering Lannes commanded the\\nadvanced division of the French. He was not a man\\nto be easily stopped. He immediately put forward a\\nfew companies of grenadiers, who broke down the draw-\\nbridge, and, in -the face of a sweeping fire, entBred Bard.\\nThe commandant of the fort then poured a storm of shot", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF AOSTA. 123\\nand shell upon the town, but was soon induced to cease,\\nby a feeling of compassion for the inhabitants. Lannes\\nstationed his division out of the town and under cover\\nbut it was impossible to pass the materiel of the army\\nunder the fire of the fort. He then reported to Gene-\\nral Berthier, who, coming up, was dismayed at the\\nunexpected obstacle. General Marescot, the skilful\\nengineer of the army, was then brought forward.\\nHe examined the fort, and declared it nearly impreg-\\nnable, not on account of its construction, which was\\nindifferent, but from its position, which was entirely iso-\\nlated. The escarpment of the rock did not admit esca-\\nlading, and the walls, though not covered by an embank-\\nment, could not be battered in breach, as there was no\\npossibility of establishing a battery in a position suita-\\nble for breaching them. Nevertheless, it was possible,\\nby strength of arm, to hoist a few guns of small calibre\\nto the top of the neighboring heights. Berthier gave\\norders to this end. The soldiers, who were used to the\\nmost difficult undertakings, went to work eagerly to\\nhoist up two four-pounders, and even two eight-pounders.\\nThese they in fact succeeded in elevating to the\\nmountain of Albaredo, which overlooks the rock and\\nfort of Bard; and a plunging fire, suddenly opened,\\ngreatly surprised the garrison, which, nevertheless, did\\nnot lose courage, but replied, and soon dismounted one\\nof the guns, which were of too feeble a calibre to be\\nuseful.\\nMarescot declared that there was no hope of taking\\nthe fort, and that some other means must be devised\\nfor overcoming this obstruction. Berthier, in great", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "124 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nalarm, instantly counter-ordered all the columns as they\\nsuccessively came up suspended the march of the men\\naud the artillery all along the hue, in order to prevent\\nthem from involving themselves further, should it be\\nnecessary, after all, to retreat. An instant panic circu-\\nlated to the rear, and all the men thought themselves\\narrested in this glorious enterprise. Berthier sent cou-\\nrier after cornier to the First Consul, to inform him of\\nthis unexpected disappointment.\\nThe latter tarried still at Martigny, not meaning to\\npass over the St. Bernard, until he had seen, with his\\nown eyes, the last of the artillery sent forward. But\\nthis announcement of an obstacle, considered insur-\\nmountable at first, made a terrible impression on him\\nbut he recovered quickly, and refused positively to ad-\\nmit the possibility of a retreat. Nothing in the world\\nshould reduce him to such an extremity. He thought\\nthat, if one of the loftiest mountains in the world had\\nfailed to arrest his progress, a secondary rock could not\\nbe capable of vanquishing his courage and his genius\\nThe fort, said he to himself, might be taken by bold\\ncourage if it could not be taken, it still could be tinned.\\nBesides, if the infantry and the cavalry could pass by\\nit, with but a few four-pounders, they could then pro-\\nceed to Ivrea at the mouth of the gorge, and wait until\\ntheir heavy guns could follow them. And if the heavy\\nguns could not pass by the obstacle which had arisen\\nand if, in order to get any, that of the enemy must be\\ntaken, the French infantry were brave and numerous\\nenough to assail the Austrians and take their cannon.\\nMoreover, he studied his maps again and again, ques-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF AOSTA. 125\\ntioned a number of Italian officers and learning from\\nthese that many other roads led from Aosta to the\\nneighboring valleys, he wrote letter after letter to Ber-\\nthier, forbidding him to stop the progress of the army,\\nand pointing out to him, with wonderful precision, what\\nreconnoissances should be made around the fort of Bard.\\nHe would not allow himself to see any serious danger,\\nexcept from the arrival of a hostile corps, shutting up\\nthe debouch of Ivrea he instructed Berthier to send\\nLannes as far as Ivrea, by the path of Albaredo,\\nand make him take a stronger position there, which\\nshould be safe from the Austrian artillery and cavalry.\\nWhen Lannes guards the entrance of the valley, added\\nthe First Consul, whatever may happen, it is of little\\nconsequence, the only result may be a loss of time. We\\nhave enough provisions to subsist ourselves awhile, and\\none way or other we shall succeed in avoiding or over-\\ncoming the obstacles which now delay us.\\nThese instructions having been sent to Berthier, he\\naddressed his last orders to General Moncey, who should\\ndebouch by the St. Gothard to General Chabran, who\\nshould come clown by the Little St. Bernard, directly\\nin front of the fort of Bard and then, at last, resolved\\nto cross the Alps in person. Before he set forth, he\\nreceived news from the Var, informing him that on the\\n14th of May\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the 24th of Floreal\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Baron cle Melas\\nwas still at Nice. As it was now the 20th of May, it\\ncould not reasonably be supposed, that the Austrian\\ngeneral, in the space of six days, could have marched\\nfrom Nice to Ivrea. It was then on the 20th of May,\\nbefore daylight, that he set out to pass the defile. His", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "126 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\naid-de-camp Duroc, and his secretary Bourrienne, ac-\\ncompanied him.\\nBehold him now ascending the rugged and difficult\\nSt. Bernard, the rocks and precipices around him, and\\nabove, the towering summits of perpetual snow He\\nis mounted on a mule, conducted by a young, hardy\\nmountaineer. The grey great coat, which he always\\nwore during his campaigns of sleepless activity, is but-\\ntoned closely around him. His cheeks are fuller than\\nwhen we saw him in Egypt but he has the same pale,\\nolive complexion, the same firm-set mouth, the same\\nsteady, piercing eyes, and the same air of constant\\nthought. Occasionally he turns to address a remark\\nto Duroc or Bourrienne and he has many questions to\\nask of those officers he meets upon the road. But,\\nstrange to say, he converses the longest with that\\nsimple-hearted mountaineer who leads his mule. The\\nyoung guide unrolls his little catalogue of troubles, to\\nwhich the First Consul listens as he would to a pas-\\ntoral romance. The great man learns that the moun-\\ntaineer is much grieved, because, for want of a little\\nmoney, he is unable to marry one of the maidens of\\nthe valley who has won his heart. Thus proceeding,\\nthe party at length arrived at the monastery of St.\\nBernard, where the benevolent monks displayed much\\npleasure at seeing the illustrious general. He alighted\\nbut before he partook of any refreshment, he wrote a\\nbrief note, which he handed to his guide, and told him\\nto give it without delay to the administrator of the\\narmy, who had remained on the other side of -the St.\\nBernard. In the evening, when the young mountaineer", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF AOSTA. 127\\nreached St. Pierre, he learned how great a person he\\nhad conducted, and also that the First Consul had\\ngiven him a house and a field, as the means of marry-\\ning the girl of his heart. A delightful pastoral episode\\nin the great warrior s stormy career.\\nBonaparte halted a short time with the monks,\\nthanked them for the care shown to his troops, made\\nthem a noble gift, and then pursued his route. The\\ndescent of St. Bernard was made very rapidly, the\\nFirst Consul descending on a sledge, which glided down\\nthe glacier with almost fearful swiftness. The party\\narrived the same evening at Etroubles. The following\\nmorning, having spent some time in examining the\\npark of artillery and the provisions, he started for\\nAosta and Bard.\\nThe night of the 23d of May was clear, bright and\\ncold, in the valley of Aosta. Just beyond the town\\nof Bard a long, narrow line of old, picturesque\\nhouses were encamped the troops of Lannes s division,\\nthe line of the encampment being indicated by the\\nwatch-fires. In front of the large tent which had been\\nerected as the quarters of the First Consul, stood\\nBonaparte, Berthier, Marescot, Lannes, Duroc, and\\nBourrienne. Marescot stood next to the illustrious\\ncommander-in-chief, who was examining the fort and\\nits surroundings with a glass.\\nThe report was perfectly correct that is a serious\\nobstacle, said the First Consul. But I have no\\ndoubt that we, who surmounted the difficulties of the\\nSt. Bernard, will conquer this rocky position, either by\\nlaking or turning it.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "128 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nThe only hope of capturing the fort, is by an esca-\\nlade, on the outer ramparts, as you will perceive,\\nremarked Marescot.\\nTrue, we can place a battery on the heights of\\nAlbaredo but that will produce but little effect, replied\\nBonaparte.\\nThe fire of the fort sweeps the whole course of\\nthe river, and that long street of the town, observed\\nBerthier.\\nWe have made reconnoissances to the left, along\\nthe sinuous flanks of the Albaredo mountain, and found\\na path, which through vast dangers, more terrible than\\nthose of the St. Bernard, rejoins the great road below\\nthe fort at St. Donaz, said Marescot.\\nCan it be made practicable for infantry, cavalry,\\nand a few light guns V quickly inquired Bonaparte.\\nI think it can. With about fifteen hundred work-\\nmen, it could soon be greatly altered, replied Ma-\\nrescot.\\nEnough; you shall have the workmen, and the\\ninfantry, cavalry, and four-pounders shall be sent by\\nthat road, said the First Consul, decisively.\\nThe artillery horses may be sent by the same road,\\nand the only remaining difficulty will be to get the\\nheavy guns along beyond this fort, remarked Duroc.\\nA short time previous, the officers of the advanced\\ndivision had been appalled by an unexpected obstruc-\\ntion. But difficulties of all kinds seemed to vanish\\nbefore the First Consul s burning faith in possibility.\\nNo thought of retreat was now entertained.\\nCome in, Marescot, and Bourrienne. Generals, you", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF AOSTA. 129\\nshall hear from me either in the course of the night,\\nor at dawn/ said Bonaparte, and he entered his tent,\\nfollowed by Marescot and Bourrienne. Lannes and\\nDuroc followed General Berthier to his tent, where\\nthey were soon seated and engaged in conversation,\\nCome, Lannes, as this is the first time we have\\nmet since we were at Dijon, let us know the particu-\\nlars of your march over Mount St. Bernard, said\\nDuroc.\\nLannes was much better fitted for doing a great\\nthing than giving an account of it, and it required a\\nshort period of hard thinking to bring his ideas to the\\nproper point. However, he commenced.\\nThe march was no exploit of which an officer should\\nboast. You -saw that I had under my command six\\nregiments of excellent troops there are none better in\\nthe army. To them belongs all the glory; for they\\nwere heavily laden with provisions and ammunition,\\nand their task was one of great difficulty and hardship.\\nWe started from St. Pierre, about midnight, in order to\\nget over the mountain before the period of danger from\\ntumbling avalanches. We calculated it would require\\neight hours to reach the summit of the pass, and two\\nhours to descend to St. Reiny. The troops went to\\nthen work in high spirits. Burdened as they were,\\nthey scaled the craggy paths, singing among the pre-\\ncipices, and talking gaily, as if they were certain they\\nwere marching to new victories in Italy. The labor of\\nthe foot soldiers was not near so great as that of the\\ncavalry. The horsemen marched on foot, leading their\\nanimals. In this, there was no clanger while ascending;\\n17", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "130 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nbut when they came to the descent, the narrowness of\\nthe paths obliged each man to walk before his horse, so\\nthat each was exposed at each tumble of his animal to\\nbe dragged headlong down a precipice.\\nDid any of the men perish in that way V inquired\\nDuroc.\\nYes, several, replied Lannes, and about a dozen\\nhorses. The horse is not a sure-footed animal. Near\\ndaybreak, we arrived at the hospital, where the First\\nConsul had ordered the monks to provide an agreeable\\nsurprise for the troops, in the shape of refreshment.\\nEvery soldier received a ration of bread, cheese, and\\nwine. We did not stop longer than was required to\\ndispatch this breakfast, and pursuing our march, we\\nreached St. Remy, without any other accidents than\\nthose I have mentioned. While the other divisions of\\nthe army were advancing, I received orders from the\\nFirst Consul to push forward to Aosta, then to Ivrea,.\\nand by taking that town, secure the entrance to the\\nplains of Piedmont. On the 16th and 17th, I marched\\nupon Aosta. There I found some Croatians, whom I\\ndrove down the valley. I reached Chatillon on the\\n18th, and routed a battalion of the enemy found there,\\ncapturing a goodly number of them. I then marched\\non down the valley, thinking that I would soon be upon\\nthe fertile plains of Italy, when this confounded fort\\nsuddenly appeared, and checked my march.\\nWe have had a difficult task upon the other side\\nof the mountain, said Duroc. You know that it was\\narranged that each day one division of the army should\\npass over. The materiel had to be transported with", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF AOSTA. 131\\neach division. The provisions and the ammunition\\nwere easily sent forward, for they could be divided into\\nsmall packages. But the heavier articles which could\\nnot be divided and reduced, caused us a vast amount\\nof trouble. In spite of the liberal expenditure of money,\\na sufficient number of mules could not be obtained.\\nThe transportation of the artillery was the most diffi-\\ncult task of all.\\nThe gun-carriages and caissons had been dismounted,\\nand loaded on the backs of mules. The cannon them-\\nselves yet remained. For the twelve pounders and\\nhowitzers, the difficulty was much greater than was at\\nfirst supposed. The sledges with rollers, which had\\nbeen constructed in the arsenals, were wholly useless.\\nAnother mode was suggested, and immediately adopted\\nand it proved successful. This was to split pine trunks\\ninto two parts, hollow them out, secure a gun between\\nthem, and drag the pieces thus protected along the slip-\\npery ravines. Thanks to wise precautions, no shock\\ncould occur to injure them. Mules were attached to\\nthese strange loads, and succeeded in bringing a few\\npieces to the top of the defile. But the descent was\\nmore difficult it- was only to be achieved by manual\\nexertion, and by incurring imminent risk as the pieces\\nhad to be restrained and checked from rolling down the\\nprecipices. Unfortunately, at this juncture, the mules\\nbegan to fail the muleteers, too, who were now requir-\\ned in great numbers, became exhausted, and in conse-\\nquence fresh means must be resorted to. A price as\\nhigh as a thousand francs was offered to the neighbor-\\ning peasants, for dragging a gun from St. Pierre to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "132 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nSt. Remy. One hundred men were required for one\\ncannon, one day to bring it up, and one day to let it\\ndown. Several hundred peasants presented themselves,\\nand, under the direction of artillerists, transported a\\nfew pieces.\\nBut not even the allurement of such gain could\\ninduce them to maintain this effort. All disappeared ere\\nlong, and although officers were sent out to seek them,\\nlavishing money, so as to bring them back, it was in\\nvain and it became necessary to call on the soldiers of\\nthe several divisions to drag their own artillery them-\\nselves. It seemed that nothing could be asked, too ar-\\nduous, of these devoted soldiers. The money which\\nthe exhausted peasants would no longer earn, was offer-\\ned as a stimulus but they refused it to a man, exclaim-\\ning that it was a point of honor for all troops to save\\ntheir cannon and they took charge of the abandoned\\npieces. Parties, each of a hundred men, leaving the\\nranks successively, dragged them, each in their turn.\\nTheir bands struck up lively tunes in the more difficult\\ndefiles, and animated them to surmount these novel ob-\\nstacles. Arrived at the mountain top, they found re-\\nfreshments prepared for them by the monks, and took\\nsome brief repose, as a preparation for greater and more\\nperilous efforts to be exerted in descending. Thus the\\ndivisions of Chambarlhac and Monnier were seen toiling\\nat their own artillery and as the advanced hour of the\\nday did not permit them to descend, they preferred\\nbivouacking in the snow, to abandoning their cannon.\\nFortunately the sky was clear nor had they to endure\\nbad weather, in addition to the hard toils of the way.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF ApSTA. 135\\nI am aware of much that you have been telling\\nus, said Berthier, having been unceasingly employed\\nin receiving the stores, and superintending the artillery\\nmounted again. The troops have fully communicated\\ntheir toils and sufferings, but they have borne up under\\nthem with astonishing courage and fortitude. Their\\nfaithful performance of duty has enabled the First Con-\\nsul to execute a grand campaign, which places him above\\nall the generals of antiquity.\\nThe campaign is not yet decided. We must fight\\nat least one great battle, and the prospect is not favora-\\nble to our getting near the Austrians in time to take\\nthem by surprise, said Lannes.\\nI think not, replied Duroc. The First Consul\\nwill either take or turn this fort within a few days at\\nthe farthest. I have no doubt of it and the Austrians\\nwill be as much astonished as if we had dropped from\\nthe clouds. The campaign will cover us with glory.\\nHere Bourrienne entered the tent, and communicated\\nto the generals the plan which the First Consul had\\nformed, which was as follows\\nHe resolved to make his infantry, cavalry, and the\\nfour-pounders, proceed by the path of Albaredo, which\\nwould be possible, after repairs. All the troops should\\nbe sent to take possession of the outlets of the moun-\\ntains before Ivrea and the First Consul, meanwhile,\\nwould attempt an attack on the fort, or find some means\\nof avoiding its obstruction, by sending his artillery\\nthrough one of the neighboring defiles. He ordered\\nGeneral Lecchi, commanding the Italians, to proceed on\\nthe left, advancing by the road to Grassoney in the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "136 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nalley of the Sesia, which extended to the Simplon and\\nthe Lago Maggiore. This movement was intended to\\nclear the road of the Simplon, to form a junction with\\nthe detachment which was coming down it, and lastly\\nto examine all the paths practicable to wheeled carriages.\\nAfter some further conversation, the generals sepa-\\nrated for the night.\\nThe next day, it was apparent that the conqueror of\\nItaly was present, and among the French. All was\\nactivity and resolution. The First Consul directed his\\nmind to the fort of Bard.\\nThe single street, which composed this town, was in\\npossession of the French, but only passable, if passable\\nat all, under such a storm of fire as would make it\\nimpossible to move artillery that way, even if the dis-\\ntance had been only five or six hundred yards. The\\ncommandant was summoned; but replied, with the\\nfirmness of a man who appreciated fully the importance\\nof the post intrusted to his courage. Force, therefore,\\nalone, could make them masters of the passage. The\\nartillery, which had been placed in battery on the\\nheights of Albaredo, produced no great effect an esca-\\nlade was attempted on the outer ramparts of the fort\\nbut some brave grenadiers and an excellent officer,\\nDufour, were killed or wounded to no purpose. At this\\ntime the troops were defiling by the path of Albaredo\\nfor fifteen hundred workmen had wrought the necessary\\nrepairs on it. Places that were too narrow they had\\nenlarged by mounds of the earth declivities too sud-\\nden they had eased, by cutting steps for the feet;\\ntrunks of trees they had thrown across other places, to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE VALLEY OF ANUSTA. 137\\nform bridges over ravines, which were too broad to be\\nleaped.\\nThe army defiled man by man in succession, the cava-\\nliers leading their horses by the bridles. The Austrian\\nofficer commanding in the fort of Bard, seeing the\\ncolumns thus march past, was in despair that he could\\nnot stop their progress he, therefore, sent a message\\nto M. de Melas, informing him that he had seen the\\npassage of a whole army of infantry and cavalry, with-\\nout having any means to prevent it; but pledged his\\nhead that they should arrive without a single piece of\\ncannon. During this time, the artillerymen made one\\nof the boldest of attempts. This was, under the cloud\\nof night, to carry a piece of cannon under the very fire\\nof the fort. Unfortunately, the enemy, aroused by the\\nnoise, threw down fire-pots, which made the whole road\\nlight as clay, enabling him by that means to sweep it\\nwith a hail-storm of deadly missiles. Out of thirteen\\ngunners who had run the risk of taking this piece for-\\nward, seven were killed or wounded. There was in\\nthat enough to discourage hardy spirits yet it was not\\nlong ere another way, ingenious, but still very perilous,\\nwas devised. The street was strewn with straw and\\nlitter tow was fastened around all the cannon, to pre-\\nvent the slightest resonance of those huge metallic masses\\non their carriages the horses were taken out, and the\\nbold artillerists, dragging them with their own hands,\\nwere so daring as to carry them under the batteries of\\nthe fort, along the street of Bard. These means suc-\\nceeded to perfection. The enemy, who occasionally\\nfeed as a precaution, wounded a few of the gunners\\n18", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "138\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nbut soon, in spite of this fire, all the heavy artillery\\nwas transported through the defile and this formida-\\nble obstruction, which had given the First Consul more\\nanxiety than the St. Bernard itself, was now entirely\\novercome.\\nThe Alps were passed, and victory already hovered\\nover the banner of Bonaparte.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "rai \u00c2\u00aeAfiH[p\u00c2\u00abi?BiBB at BaijjBBBa\u00c2\u00ae\u00c2\u00ae.\\nHE victory of Marengo was\\nthe crowning glory of a\\ncampaign unsurpassed in\\nthe annals of war, as re-\\ngards the display of daring\\ngenius and profound com-\\nbination. It was a stroke\\nwhich changed the face\\nof affairs in Europe, and\\nraised the conqueror to\\nthe imperial height of his ambition.\\nThe immense plain of Marengo extends between the\\n(139)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "140 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nScrivia and the Bormida. In this place, the Po retreats\\nfrom the Appenine, and leaves a vast space, across\\nwhich the Bormida and the Tanaro roll their waters,\\nnow become less rapid, till meeting near Alessandria,\\nthey flow on together into the bed of the Po. The road,\\nleading along the foot of the Appenines to Tortona,\\ndeparts from it abreast of this place, turns to the right,\\npasses the Scrivia, and opens into a vast plain. The\\nstream it crosses at a first village, called San Giuliano,\\nruns forward to a second, named Marengo, and at length\\ncrosses the Bormida, and terminates at the celebrated\\nfortress of Alessandria.\\nOn the 13th of June, 1800, that army which had\\nsurmounted the crags and snows of the Alps, debouched\\ninto the plain. Here Bonaparte expected to find the\\nAustrians but his cavalry scoured the plain without\\nfinding a single corps, and the First Consul then con-\\ncluded that Melas had escaped. He then ordered the.\\nwise and valiant Desaix, who had joined him a few\\ndays previous, to march upon Rivolta and Novi with a\\nsingle division, that of Boudet, in order to check Melas,\\nif he had eone from Alessandria to Genoa. But the\\ndivision of Monnier, which was Desaix s second, he\\nretained at head-quarters. Victor was left at the town\\nof Marengo, with two divisions Lannes, the indomita-\\nble Lannes, fresh from the glorious field of Montebello.\\nwas left with one division on the plain, and Murat, with\\nhis cavalry, was retained at the side of the general-in-\\nchief, with the splendid Consular Guard.\\nBut the First Consul had been deceived. Melas had\\nnot escaped; he expected to fight at Marengo, and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 141\\nhad adopted measures to advance upon the French\\narmy.\\nThe French, inarching from Placentia and the Scrivia,\\nwould first come upon San Giuliano, and afterward, at\\nthree quarters of a league farther, upon Marengo, which\\nalmost touches the Bormicla, and forms the principal\\noutlet which the Austrian army had to conquer, in order\\nto issue from Alessandria. Between San Giuliano and\\nMarengo extends, in a right fine, the road which was\\nto be disputed and on each side, wide spreads the plain\\ncovered with fields of wheat and vineyards. Below\\nMarengo, to the right of the French, and left of the\\nAustrians, lay Castel-Ceriolo, a large borough, through\\nwhich General Ott intended to pass, in order to turn\\nthe corps of -General Victor, stationed in Marengo. It\\nwas, therefore, upon Marengo that the principal attack\\nof the Austrians would be directed, as tfcis village\\ncommanded the entrance of the plain.\\nAt clay-break, the Austrian army passed the two\\nbridges of the Bormida. But its movement was slow,\\nbecause- it had but one bridge-head, from which to\\ndebouch. O Reilly passed first, and encountered the\\ndivision of Gardanne, which General Victor, after having\\noccupied Marengo, had led forward. This division was\\nformed only of the 101st and 44th demi-brigades.\\nO Reilly, supported by a numerous artillery, and with\\ndouble the force of his opponent, compelled him to fall\\nback, and shut himself up in Marengo. Fortunately,\\nhe did not throw himself into the place after him, but\\nwaited till the centre, under General Haddick, should\\ncome to his support. The slowness of their march", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "142 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nacross the defile formed by the bridges, cost the Aus-\\ntrians two or three hours. At length Generals Haddick\\nand Kami deployed their forces in the rear of O Reilly,\\nand General Ott passed the same bridges on his way to\\nCastel-Ceriolo.\\nThus commenced the great battle of Marengo. The\\nadvance, under Gardanne, was obliged to fall back upon\\nVictor. Victor held his position during two hours\\nagainst the enormous force opposed to him. He was\\nobliged to vacate Marengo, but retook it; and this\\noccurred twice or thrice. Napoleon now ordered Lan-\\nnes to advance to the support of Victor but after a\\nlong and obstinate contest, the cavalry of Elsnitz sud-\\ndenly appeared upon the right of Lannes, and both\\nlines were compelled to retreat. The Austrians had\\nfought the battle admirably. The infantry had opened\\nan attack on every point of the French line, while the\\ncavalry debouched across the bridge which the French\\nhad failed to destroy, and assailed the right of their\\narmy with such fury and rapidity, that it was thrown\\ninto complete disorder. The attack was successful\\nevery where the centre of the French was penetrated,\\nthe left routed, and another desperate charge of the\\ncavalry would have terminated the battle. The order\\nfor this, however, was not given but the retreating\\nFrench were still in the utmost peril. Napoleon had\\nbeen collecting reserves between Garafolo and Ma-\\nrengo, and now sent orders for his army to retreat\\ntowards these reserves, and rally round his guard,\\nwhich he stationed in the rear of the village of Ma-\\nrengo, and placed himself at their head. The soldiers", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 143\\ncould all see the First Consul, with his staff, surrounded\\nby the two hundred grenadiers of the guard, in the\\nmidst of the immense plain. The sight revived their\\nhopes. The right wing, under Lannes, quickly rallied\\nthe centre, reinforced by the scattered troops of the\\nleft, recovered its strength; the left wing no longer\\nexisted its scattered remains fled in disorder, pursued\\nby the Austrians. The battle continued to rage, and\\nwas obstinately disputed but the main body of the\\nFrench army, which still remained in order of battle,\\nwas continually, though very slowly, retreating, The\\nFirst Consul had now dispatched his aid-de-camp,\\nBruyere, to Desaix, with an urgent message to hasten\\nto the field of battle. Desaix, on his part, had been\\narrested in his march upon Novi, by the repeated dis-\\ncharges of distant artillery he had in consequence\\nmade a halt, and dispatched Savary, then his aid-de-\\ncamp, with a body of fifty horse, to gallop with all\\npossible haste to JSfovi, and ascertain the state of affairs\\nthere, according to the orders of the First Consul, while\\nhe kept his division fresh and ready for action. Savary\\nfound all quiet at Novi and returning to Desaix, after\\nthe lapse of about two hours, with this intelligence,\\nwas next sent to the First Consul. He spurred his\\nhorse across the country, in the direction of the fire\\nand smoke, and fortunately met Bruyere, who was\\ntaking the same short cut to find Desaix. Giving him\\nthe necessary directions, Savary hastened to the First\\nConsul. He found him in the midst of his guard, who\\nstood their ground, on the field of battle forming a\\nsolid body in the face of the enemy s fire, the dis-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "144 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nmounted grenadiers stationed in front, and the place of\\neach man who fell being instantly supplied from the\\nranks behind. Maps were spread open before Napoleon\\nhe was planning the movement which decided the\\naction. Savary made his report, and told him of\\nDesaix s position. At what hour did you leave him?\\nsaid the First Consul, pulling out his watch. Having\\nbeen informed, he continued, Well, he cannot be far\\noff; go, and tell him to form in that direction (pointing\\nwith his hand to a particular spot let him quit the\\nmain road, and make way for all those wounded men,\\nwho would only embarrass him, and perhaps draw his\\nown soldiers after them. It was now three o clock in\\nthe afternoon.\\nThe aged Melas, believing the victory his own, had\\nretired from the field, and left General Zach in command.\\nAt this critical moment, the division of Desaix appeared\\nupon the plain. Outstripping the troops, this glorious\\nlieutenant galloped up to the First Consul. He said the\\nbattle was lost, but there was yet time to gain another.\\nBonaparte immediately set about availing himself of the\\nresources brought up by his beloved general.\\nDesaix s three demi-brigades were formed in front of\\nSan-Giuliano, a little way to the right of the main road.\\nThe 30th deployed in line, the 9th and 59th in close\\ncolumn, on the wings of the former. A slight undula-\\ntion of ground concealed them from the enemy. On\\nthe right, rallying and somewhat recovered, were the\\nshattered relics of Chambarlhac s and Garclanne s divi-\\nsions under General Victor. To their right, in the\\nplain, Lannes, whose retreat had been stopped next to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 145\\nhim the Consular Guard, and next again to that, Carra\\nSaint-Cyr, who had maintained himself as near as\\npossible to Castel-Ceriolo. In this position the army\\nformed a long oblique line, from San-Giuliano to Castel-\\nCeriolo. In an interval between Desaix and Lannes,\\nbut somewhat more in the rear, was stationed Keller-\\nman, with his cavalry. A battery of twelve pieces, the\\nsole remains of the whole artillery of the army, was\\nspread out in front of Desaix s line.\\nThese dispositions made, the First Consul passed on\\nhorseback along the lines of his soldiers, speaking to\\nseveral corps. My friends, said he to them, you\\nhave retreated far enough recollect that I am in the\\nhabit of sleeping on the field of battle. After having\\nre-animated his troops, who were re-assured by the\\narrival of their reserves, and burning to avenge the\\nevents of the morning, he gave the signal. The charge\\nwas beaten along the whole length of the lines.\\nThe Austrians, who were rather in order of march\\nthan of battle, kept the high road. The column directed\\nby M. de Zach came first; a little behind it came the\\ncentre, half deployed on the plain and facing Lannes.\\nGeneral Marmont. suddenly unmasked his twelve pieces\\nof cannon. A heavy discharge of grape-shot fell upon\\nthe head of the column, which was completely taken by\\nsurprise, and suspecting nothing less than further resis-\\ntance, for they thought the French decidedly on their\\nretreat. They had not yet recovered from their surprise,\\nwhen Desaix put the 9th light infantry in movement.\\nGo and inform the First Consul, said he, to his aid-\\nde camp, Savary, that I am charging, and that I must\\n19", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "146 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nbe supported by the cavalry. Desaix, on horseback,\\ncharged in person at the head of his demi-brigade. He\\nled it over the slight inequality of ground which\\nconcealed him from the view of the Austrians, and\\nmade them aware of his presence by a discharge of\\nmusketry at point blank distance. The Austrians\\npoured in an answering volley; and Desaix fell on\\nthe instant, pierced by a bullet in the breast. Conceal\\nmy death/ said he to General Boudet, who was his\\nchief of division, for it might, he thought, produce a\\npanic among his men. Useless precaution of the young\\nhero. He was seen to fall, and his soldiers, like those\\nof Turenne, clamorously demanded to be led forward to\\navenge the death of their leader. The 9th light infantry,\\nwhich on that day gained for itself the title of The\\nIncomparable a distinction which it bore to the conclu-\\nsion of the war the 9 th light infantry, after pouring\\nits fire upon the enemy, formed in column, and fell upon\\nthe deep mass of the Austrians. At the sight, the two\\nfirst regiments that led the march, surprised and-\\nconfounded, fell back in disorder upon the second line,\\nand disappeared amidst its ranks. Lattermann s column\\nof grenadiers were now at the head, and received the\\nshock as chosen troops might be expected to receive it.\\nThey were firm. The struggle extended to the two\\nsides of the main road. The 9th light infantry was\\nsupported to the right by Victor s troops, which had\\nrallied; to the left, by the 30th and 59th demi-brigades\\nof Boudet s division, which followed the movement.\\nLattermann s grenadiers were defending themselves\\nstoutly, though hard pressed, when suddenly a storm", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 147\\nburst on their heads. General Kellermami, who, at the\\ninstance of Desaix, had received orders to charge, set\\noff at full gallop, and passing between Lannes and\\nDesaix, placed part of his squadron en potence to make\\nhead against the Austrian cavalry, whom he saw before\\nhim, and then, with the remainder, threw himself on the\\nflank of the column of grenadiers, already assailed in\\nfront by Boudet s infantry. By this charge, which was\\nexecuted with extraordinary vigor, the column was\\ncut in two. Kellermann s dragoons sabred it to the right\\nand left, till, pressed on every side, the unfortunate\\ngrenadiers threw down their arms. Two thousand of\\nthem surrendered themselves prisoners. At their head,\\nGeneral Zach himself was compelled to give up his\\nsword, and in this manner the Austrians were deprived\\nof any leader until the battle ended. But Kellermann\\ndid not stop here he dashed on the dragoons of Lich-\\ntenstein and broke them These recoiled in disorder\\non the centre of the Austrians, as it was forming in the\\nplain, in front of Lannes, and there caused some\\nconfusion. At this moment Lannes advanced, pressed\\nvigorously on the Austrians centre, which was shaken,\\nwhile the grenadiers of the Consular Guard and of Carra\\nSaint-Cyr again bore down upon Castel-Ceriolo, from\\nwhich they were not far distant. Along the whole line\\nfrom San-Giuliano to Castel-Ceriolo, the French had now\\nresumed the offensive they marched forward, drunk\\nwith joy and enthusiasm, at seeing the victory again\\nreturning to their hands. Surprise and discouragement\\nhad passed to the side of the Austrians.\\nFrom the Giuliano to Castel-Ceriolo, the oblique line", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "148 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof the French advancing at charging pace, pushed the\\nenemy hack, and compelled them to strive to escape by\\nway of the bridges over the Bormida.\\nThe slaughter of the Austrians was dreadful. Their\\narmy was thus thrown into the utmost confusion in a\\nmoment; and the victory, which had seemed quite\\nsecure to them at three o clock, was completely won by\\nthe French at six. The pursuit continued far into the\\nnight, the mixed deaths and mangling upon the dark\\nbridges being one confused and crowded horror while\\nthe whole of the Austrians who had remained on the\\nleft bank were taken prisoners, or driven with headlong\\ndevastation into the Bormida. The waters ran a deep\\nred with the blood of horses and of men, and presented\\nin some parts a clotted surface of their mangled remains.\\nSeveral entire battalions surrendered at discretion, and\\nGeneral Zach and all his staff were made prisoners.\\nThe greater part of the French army encamped on\\nthe field of battle.\\nIt was now about seven o clock in the evening. The\\nstorm of conflict was hushed but the ghastly burden\\nof the field was revealed in all its horror by the glare\\nof the watch-fires, and the light of the moon. The\\nmangled dead were lying in heaps where the struggle\\nhad been most desperate and the Bormida was a river\\nof blood. Near the village of San Giuliano, a single\\nofficer could be seen walking among the bodies of the\\nslain, leading his horse. For some time it seemed as\\nif his search would be vain. Many of the bodies had\\nbeen completely stripped by the enemy, and then\\nfeatures were mangled so that it was almost impossible", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 149\\nto recognise them. Suddenly, however, Savary halted,\\nIn the midst of a circle of bodies, was stretched the\\nmanly form of Desaix, which the aid-de-camp recognised\\nby the long, flowing hair which fell upon the neck, and\\nthe noble expression of the countenance, which had not\\naltered in the agonies of death. The young man knelt\\ndown and wept over that form, like a child for he had\\nlearned to look up to the heroic general as a father.\\nHe loved Desaix with that noble devotion which only\\nthe highest qualities can excite, and which is so admira-\\nble as to make us proud of our human nature. Savary\\ngave free vent to his grief, and then, wrapping his cloak\\naround the body, he lifted it upon his horse, and slowly\\nreturned with it to head-quarters. As he passed the\\nwatch-fires, the troops, who were in the highest spirits\\nin consequence of the unexpected victory, recognised\\nthe body of Desaix, ceased their talk, and respectfully\\nuncovered. At length, Savary brought his melancholy\\nburden to the head-quarters of General Bonaparte, at\\nTorre-di-Garofolo. Leaving the body in charge of some\\nsoldiers, he entered the old mansion, which had been\\nselected for head-quarters, and was ushered into the\\npresence of the. First Consul. Bonaparte was seated\\namidst his principal officers, talking over the thrilling\\nincidents of the day, and complimenting those who had\\nparticularly distinguished themselves, and there was\\nscarcely one who did not bear sanguine marks of the\\nfight.\\nTour business, sir? said Bonaparte, as Savary\\nappeared.\\nYour excellency, I have found the body of Gene", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "150 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nral Desaix, and brought it here to await your\\norders.\\nAh Desaix l interrupted Bonaparte in a tone\\nfull of sad feeling. He then appeared to indulge in\\nmournful reflection, and there was a silence of a few\\nminutes. He then continued, This victory would\\nhave been, indeed, glorious, could I this evening em-\\nbrace Desaix. I was going to make him a minister of\\nwar. I would have made him a prince, had I been\\nable. As mild and modest in manners as he was firm\\nand heroic in battle, he deserves a monument from\\nFrance. You, and Rapp, are faithful aids.\\nGeneral Desaix was our father, said Savory.\\nI will take you both for my aids.\\nThis Savary was afterwards Duke of Rovigo. He\\nwas faithful to Napoleon to the end, and General Rapp\\ndeserves the same praise.\\nThe First Consul now gave directions to Savary as\\nto the immediate disposal of the body of Desaix. He\\ndesigned that it should be embalmed as soon as pos-\\nsible, and placed in a fitting sarcophagus. Having\\nreceived, full and accurate directions, Savary retired.\\nMost of you will recollect the critical position of\\naffairs when Desaix arrived on the field, said the\\nFirst Consul. His coming was a happy thought. You\\nall know the worth of his opinion. You drew around\\nhim and informed him of the events of the day. Yet\\nmost of you advised a retreat. I demurred, and asked\\nthe counsel of General Desaix. He cast his eye over\\nthe field, and then, taking out his watch and looking at\\nthe hour, replied, Yes, the battle is completely lost", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "MAKENGO. 151\\nbut it is only three o clock. There is yet time to gain\\nanother/ These words encouraged me, and I imme-\\ndiately ordered those movements which gave us the\\nvictory. What is the loss of the enemy, according to\\nyour estimate, M. de Bourrienne V\\nIn my opinion, they have lost about one-third of\\ntheir army, which, before the battle, consisted of about\\ntwenty-eight thousand men. Besides that, General\\nHaddick is killed, and a large number of their best\\ngenerals are disabled by severe wounds. General Zach\\nis a prisoner, replied the secretary.\\nAye then they have paid a portion of their debt,\\nsaid Bonaparte.\\nBut, said Victor, our staff has suffered also\\nGenerals Mainomy, Rivaud, Mahler, and Champeaux\\nare wounded, and it is believed that Champeaux has\\nreceived his mortal stroke.\\nWe have lost about one-fourth of the army, esti-\\nmating it at twenty-eight thousand men, observed\\nBourrienne.\\nBut we have gained a great victory, and the\\nAustrians are completely prostrated, said Bonaparte,\\nquickly. Let us now talk of our triumph. Little\\nKellermann made a fine charge he did it just at the\\nright time we owe him much see what trifles decide\\nthese affairs\\nJust then, General Kellermann, a young-looking man,\\nof short stature and rather thin, but possessing a\\nmanly countenance, entered the room. Strange to say,\\nthe First Consul immediately changed his tone. As\\nthe gallant young general, whose charge had decided", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "152 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe day, approached the table at which Bonaparte was\\nwriting, he said, coldly, You made a pretty good\\ncharge, and as a set off to this coldness, he turned to\\nBessieres, who commanded the horse grenadiers of the\\nguard, and said to him audibly, Bessieres, the guard\\nhas covered itself with glory. Kellermann bit his lips,\\nand his eyes flashed; but in spite of reports to the\\ncontrary, he said nothing, and soon after retired from\\nthe room. The reason of the treatment extended to\\nhim by the First Consul has never been developed. It\\ncertainly does no credit to the general-in-chief. Kel-\\nlermann had charged with about five hundred heavy\\ncavalry. It was this handful of brave men who had\\ncut in two the Austrian column. The guard made no\\ncharge till night-fall. Yet Kellermann was never raised\\nto the rank of marshal.\\nTurning to Lannes, who seemed suffering from\\nfatigue, the First Consul said,\\nYou ought to be fatigued, General Lannes. Never\\nwere witnessed efforts of bravery beyond those you\\nhave shown this day. I saw you, with your four demi-\\nbrigades. The enemy poured a storm of grape from\\neighty pieces of artillery upon your troops yet you\\nprotracted your retreating fight three-quarters of a\\nleague for two whole hours. Every battle adds to the\\nglory of the hero of Montebello.\\nLannes was pleased at receiving praise from Bona-\\nparte, who was the god of his idolatry. Yet it was\\nnothing more than his due. A short time preAdous, he\\nhad defeated the Austrians at Montebello, in a long,\\nbloody, hand-to-hand struggle, against greatly superior", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "MARENGO. 153\\nnumbers, and yet he had almost surpassed the achieve-\\nments of that desperate fight, when, to use his own\\nterrific expression, the bones were cracking in his\\ndivision like hail upon a sky-light, by his unparalleled\\nretreat at Marengo.\\nI knew that so long as I maintained the right,\\nsaid Lannes, the army preserved a sure line of retreat\\nby Sale towards the banks of the Po. I compelled\\nthe Austrians to fight, and lose a man for every inch\\nof ground. I blew up the caissons I could not bring\\noff.\\nIt was late when the generals retired to their re-\\nspective quarters, to sleep upon the laurels of Marengo.\\nEven then the cavalry which had pursued the enemy\\nhad not all returned. The vanquished were allowed no\\nrepose. The First Consul slept but little that night.\\nHe knew that he should hear from the enemy, the next\\nmorning, and sat up, with his secretary Bourrienne, to\\nfix upon the precise terms he should grant. He was\\nnot mistaken. The watch-fires of the victorious French\\nhad not been long extinguished, before Prince Lichten-\\nstein, bearing a flag of truce, reached head-quarters,\\nnegotiations for -a capitulation were commenced, and\\nthe convention of Alessandria was signed on the 15th\\nof June.\\nIt was agreed, in the first place, that there should be\\na suspension of arms in Italy, until such time as an\\nanswer should be received from Vienna. Should the\\nconvention be accepted, the Austrians were free to\\nretire, with the honors of war, beyond the line of the\\nMincio. They bound themselves, in withdrawing, to\\n20", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "154 N CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nrestore to the French all the strongholds which they\\noccupied. The castles of Tortona, Alessandria. Milan,\\nArona, and Placentia, were to be surrendered between\\nthe 16th and 20th of June 27th Prairial, and 1st of\\nMessidor the castles of Ceva aud Savona, the strong-\\nholds of Coni and Genoa, between the 16th and the\\n24th, and the fort of Urbia, on the 26th of June. The\\nAustrian army was to be divided into three columns,\\nwhich were to withdraw one after the other, and propor-\\ntionally to the delivery of the strongholds. The\\nimmense military stores accumulated by M. de Melas,\\nin Italy, were to be divided into two parts the artillery\\nof the Italian foundries was granted to the French army\\nthe artillery of the Austrian foundries to the imperial\\narmy. The Imperialists, after having evacuated Lom-\\nbardy as far as the Mincio, were to fall back behind the\\nfollowing line the Mincio, La Fossa, Maestra, the left\\nbank of the Po, from Borgo-Forte to the mouth of that\\nriver, on the Adriatic. Peschiera and Mantua were to\\nremain in possession of the Austrian army. It was\\nstated, without explanation, that the detachment of this\\narmy, then actually in Tuscany, should continue to\\noccupy that province. There could be no allusion made,\\nin this capitulation, to the States of the Pope, or those\\nof the King of Naples, because these potentates were\\nstrangers to the affairs of upper Italy. Should this\\nconvention not receive the emperor s ratification, ten\\ndays notice was to be given of the resumption of hos-\\ntilities. In the meantime, no detachment on the one\\nside or the other, should be sent into Germany.\\nIt is said that the First Consul was strongly affected", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "MARENGO.\\n155\\nat the sight of the field of Marengo, on which so many\\nbrave men had fallen. Under the influence of these\\nfeelings he wrote a remakable letter to the Emperor of\\nAustria.\\nIt is on the field of battle, said he to him, amid\\nthe sufferings of a multitude of wounded, and sur-\\nrounded by fifteen thousand corpses, that I beseech\\nyour majesty to listen to the voice of humanity, and\\nnot to suffer two brave nations to cut each other s\\nthroats for interests not their own. It is my part to\\npress this on your majesty, being upon the very theatre\\nof war. Your majesty s heart cannot feel it so keenly\\nas does mine.\\nHe then argued with peculiar eloquence for the\\ncause of peace, and fortunately the conqueror of Ma-\\nrengo could contend with much grace for the restora-\\ntion of tranquillity. He conquered the peace, and\\nreturned to Paris, to receive the homage of an admiring\\npopulace, who were now willing to concede to him the\\nimperial crown.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "TFEIS 8MBIP-PIIIBB E^ Q3ILEL\\n[pIYE years of pea.ce, fol-\\nlowing the battle\\nof Marengo, had\\nenabled Napoleon\\nBonaparte to do\\nmuch for France,\\nand more for his\\nown 7 elevation.\\nUnder his wise\\nand vigorous ad-\\nministration, the country made wonderful progress.\\n(156)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "ULM. 157\\nBut the price she paid was first the Consulship for\\nLife, and finally the imperial crown. Napoleon now\\nappears as Emperor of France. His old brothers-in-arnis,\\nare Marshals. His beloved Josephine is an Empress.\\nBesides, he has cherished designs of placing his brothers\\nupon the thrones of Europe. Yet the man who has\\nachieved all this greatness, is only thirty-eight years\\nof age.\\nBut now, (1805) the peace of Europe is again dis-\\nturbed. The treaty of Amiens is alleged by both par-\\nties to have been violated, and once more vast armies\\ntraverse the fertile fields seeking for conflict. A coa-\\nlition against Napoleon has been formed by Great\\nBritain, Austria, and Russia. Napoleon has formed\\nthe plan of a campaign on a gigantic scale, and has\\nexecuted a part of ^he proposed scheme with a rapidity\\nand precision that has astonished the enemy. By a\\nbrilliant series of manoeuvres, he has completely sur-\\nrounded the Austrian army, commanded by General\\nMack, in the city of Ulni, (October 13.) In several\\ngreat actions, the French had already captured twenty\\nthousand Austrian troops, and Napoleon now has the\\nsatisfaction of knowing that thirty thousand more are\\nwithin his reach.\\nOn the 13th, Napoleon (who expected that Mack\\nwould rouse himself with one last effort to avoid a sur-\\nrender) made an exciting address to the troops, on the\\nbridge of the Lech, amid the most intense cold, the\\nground being covered with snow, and the troops sunk\\nto their knees in mud. He warned them to expect a\\ngreat battle, and explained to them the desperate con-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "158 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ndition of the enemy. He was answered with accla-\\nmations, and repeated shouts of Vive 1 Empereur.\\nIn listening to his exciting words, the soldiers forgot\\ntheir fatigues and privations, and were impatient to\\nrush into the fight.\\nBernadotte entered Munich on the 14th of October,\\ntaking eight hundred prisoners. On the same day,\\nMarshal Ney forced the strong position of Elchingen,\\ntaking three thousand prisoners and many pieces of\\ncannon; and the Emperor s head-quarters were fixed\\nthere, in the evening. The French soldiers were in a\\nstate of great excitement from these rapid successes,\\nand were with difficulty restrained.\\nFrom the height of the Abbey of Elchingen, Napo-\\nleon now beheld the city of Ulm at his feet, com-\\nmanded on every side by his cannon his victorious\\ntroops ready for the assault, and the great Austrian\\narmy cooped up within the walls. He expected a\\ndesperate sally, and prepared the soldiers for a general\\nengagement but four days passed without any move-\\nment whatever. Meanwhile, his own troops clamored\\nfor the assault, but he chose to wait in vigilant patience\\nfor the result, A scene of horrible carnage and the\\nprobable destruction of a fine city would have been\\nthe consequences of his acting differently being what he\\nwould have called unnecessary evils, and therefore\\ncriminal in his eyes. The weather continued dreadful;\\nthe rain fell incessantly, and the soldiers were often up\\nto their knees in mud. The Emperor only kept his\\nfeet out of the water in his bivouac, by means of a\\nplank. He was in this situation when Prince Maurice", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "THE C A M P-r IKE AT UL M.\\nPage 159.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "ULM. 159\\nLichtenstein Was brought before him, with a flag of\\ntruce from General Mack. The looks of the prince\\nevidently showed that he did not expect to have found\\nthe Emperor there in person otherwise it is probable\\nhe would not have brought such a proposition as that\\nwhich he delivered. He came commissioned to treat\\nfor the evacuation of Uhn, with permission for the Aus-\\ntrian army to return to Vienna. The Emperor could\\nnot help smiling as he listened to him. I have not\\nforgotten Marengo/ he replied; I suffered M, de\\nMelas to go, and in two months Moreau had to fight\\nhis troops, in spite of the most solemn promises to con-\\nclude peace. You will be forced to surrender, for want\\nof provisions, in eight days. The Russians have scarcely\\nreached Bohemia. There is the capitulation of your\\ngeneral at Memingen, his whole garrison becoming\\nprisoners of war carry it to General Mack I will ac-\\ncept no other conditions. The same evening General\\nMack sent his surrender to the Emperor, and on the\\nfollowing morning the capitulation was signed.\\nOn the 20th of October, the French army was drawn\\nup on the heights, overlooking the fine city of Ulm, to\\nreceive the surrender, according to the conditions.\\nThe rain had ceased, and the sky was bright and clear.\\nThe dress and accoutrements of the French troops, and\\nespecially those of the cavalry, shone resplendent in\\nthe sun. The Emperor was posted on a slight eminence\\nin front of the centre of his army. He had caused a\\nlarge fire to be kindled there, for the air was intensely\\ncold. A short distance in the rear, that faithful Mameluke\\nwho always accompanied Napoleon after the Egyptian", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "160 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncampaign, held the bridle of a restless horse. His\\ngaudy, Asiatic costume, was in singular contrast with\\nthat of the French soldiers. The French marshals and\\ngenerals were grouped in the vicinity of the fire. Among\\nthem were the commanding forms of Ney, Lannes,\\nMurat, Davoust, Duroc, Bernadotte, Bessiere, Soult and\\nDupont a brotherhood of daring valor. The calm,\\nimmovable countenance of Marshal Soult was in strange\\ncontrast with the more vivacious faces near him, and\\nbespoke the cool, steady mind of that skilful general.\\nThe Emperor stood, as usual, with his hands behind\\nhim, and his head slightly bent. His figure had grown\\nstout, and had a decided tendency to corpulency. The\\ncountenance was stern, but the eyes were unquiet, and\\nhis mind was evidently very busy, as usual. In every\\nlineament could be traced that keen, daring genius,\\nwhich had raised the lieutenant of artillery to an imperial\\nthrone.\\nIt was a glorious day for the French. Their drums\\nbeat, and their bands poured forth the swelling strains\\nof triumph. The gates of Ulm were opened and then\\nthe long hue of white uniforms marked the egress of the\\nAustrians. They advanced in silence, becoming the\\ndejection of the vanquished, filed off slowly, and went,\\ncorps by corps, to lay down their arms upon the plain\\nbetween them and the heights on which the French\\narmy appeared. The ceremony lasted the whole day.\\nIn the morning, General Mack and his principal officers,\\nto the number of sixteen, advanced to meet the conqueror\\nat the fire near which he stood. He received the con-\\nquered generals with respect, and addressed many", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "ULM. 161\\nremarks to them; but the officers were too deeply\\nhumiliated to reply. To General Mack, he said\\nI must complain of the iniquitous proceeding of\\nyour government, in coming without any declaration\\nof war to seize one hy the throat. The Aulic Council\\nwould have done better, if, instead of mixing up\\nAsiatic hordes in European quarrels, it had joined with\\nme to repel Russian encroachment. Mack bowed, but\\nmade no reply.\\nDuring the interview, a general officer, more remark-\\nable*for his petulance than his wit, repeated aloud an\\nexpression as coming from one of the soldiers, throwing\\nridicule upon the vanquished. Napoleon, whose ear\\nwas quick to catch the words, immediately sent Savary\\nto tell the officer to retire, saying then to those near\\nhim, He must have little respect for himself, who\\ninsults men in misfortune\\nAll the officers were allowed to return home, on giving\\ntheir word of honor not to serve against France until a\\ngeneral exchange of prisoners should take place. The\\nmen were to be marched into France, to be distributed\\nthroughout the agricultural districts of the country,\\nwhere their work in the field might supply the place of\\nthat of the conscripts required for the army. The\\nunfortunate Mack was immediately consigned to a dun-\\ngeon on the charge of treachery, upon his return to\\nVienna.\\nThe capitulation of Ulm gave Napoleon the remainder\\nof the Austrian army, which had numbered fifty thou-\\nsand men. The campaign was, perhaps, unexampled\\nin the annals of war. Of the French army, scarcely\\n21", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "162\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nfifteen hundred men were killed and wounded while\\nthe enemy had lost an immense number of men in battle,\\nfifty thousand excellent troops by capitulation, two hun-\\ndred cannon, ninety flags, and a large number of horses.\\nSuch were the glorious results of Napoleon s skilful\\nmanoeuvres and rapid movements.\\nThe Emperor slept that night at Elchingen. Joy\\npervaded the French camp. The troops were now more\\nstrongly convinced than ever, that their Emperor was\\ninvincible.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "irias $MaiP\u00c2\u00bbi?iitBB atf MieiriiBiym\\nc TPHE victory of Austerlitz is\\nJ con\\nconsidered by many com-\\npetent judges as the most\\nsplendid triumph ever\\niifc gained by Napoleon and\\nHI the sun of Austerlitz,\\nis a watchword with the\\ngB French soldiery to the\\npresent day. The scene\\nof this great battle is in the vicinity of the small seig-\\n(163)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "164 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nnoral town of Austerlitz, situated on the Littawa, in\\nMoravia.\\nNapoleon, with that military tact which he had\\nreceived from nature, and which he had so greatly\\nimproved by experience, had adopted, among other\\npositions which he might have taken about Brunn, one\\nwhich could not fail to insure to him the most impor-\\ntant results, under the supposition that he should be\\nattacked a supposition which had become a certainty.\\nThe mountains of Moravia, which connect the moun-\\ntains of Bohemia with those of Hungary, subside\\nsuccessively towards the Danube, so completely that\\nnear that river Moravia presents but one wide plain.\\nIn the environs of Brunn, the capital of the province,\\nthey are not of greater altitude than high hills, .and are\\ncovered with dark firs. Their waters, retained for\\nwant of drains, form numerous ponds, and throw them-\\nselves by various streams into the Morawa, or March,\\nand by the Morawa and the Danube.\\nAll these characters are found together in the position\\nbetween Brunn and Austerlitz, which Napoleon has\\nrendered forever celebrated. The high road of Moravia,\\nrunning from Vienna to Brunn, rises in a direct line to\\nthe northward, then, in passing from Brunn to Olmutz,\\ndescends abruptly to the right, that is to the east, thus\\nforming a right angle with its first direction. In the\\nangle is situated the position in question. It commences\\non the left towards the Olmutz road, with heights studded\\nwith firs it then runs to the right in an oblique direc-\\ntion towards the Vienna road, and after subsiding\\ngradually, terminates in ponds full of deep water in", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ. 165\\nwinter. Along this position, and in front of it, runs a\\nrivulet, which has no name known in geography, but\\nwhich, in part of its course, is called Goldbach by the\\npeople of the country. It runs through the little\\nvillages of Girzikowitz, Puntowitz, Kobelnitz, Sokolnitz,\\nand Telnitz, and, sometimes forming marshes, sometimes\\nconfined in channels, terminates in the ponds above\\nmentioned, which are called the ponds of Satschau and\\nMenitz.\\nConcentrated with all his forces on this ground, de-\\nfended on the one hand upon the wooded hills of Moravia,\\nand particularly upon a rounded knoll to which the\\nsoldiers of Egypt gave the name of the Centon, defended\\non the other, upon the ponds of Satschau and Menitz\\nthus covering by his left the Olmutz road, by his right\\nthe Vienna road Napoleon was in a condition to accept\\nwith advantage a decisive battle. He meant not, how-\\never, to confine his operations to self-defence, for he was\\naccustomed to reckon upon greater results he had di-\\nvined, as though he had read them, the plans framed at\\ngreat length by General Weirother. The Austro-Rus-\\nsians, having no chance of wresting from him the point\\noVappui which he found for his left in the high wooded\\nhills, would be tempted to turn his right, which was\\nnot close to the ponds, and to take the Vienna road\\nfrom him. There was sufficient inducement for this\\nstep for Napoleon, if he lost that road, would have\\nno other resource but to retire into Bohemia. The\\nrest of his forces, hazarded towards Vienna, would be\\nobliged to ascend separately the valley of the Danube.\\nThe French arnry, thus divided, would find itself", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "166 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ndoomed to a retreat, eccentric, perilous, nay, even dis-\\nastrous, if it should fall in with the Prussians by the\\nway.\\nNapoleon was perfectly aware that such must be the\\nplan of the enemy. Accordingly, after concentrating\\nhis army towards his left and the heights, he left\\ntowards his right, that is towards Sokolnitz, Telnitz,\\nand the ponds, a space almost unguarded. He thus\\ninvited the Russians to persevere in their plans. But\\nit was not precisely there that he prepared the mortal\\nstroke for them. The ground facing him presented a\\nfeature from which he hoped to derive a decisive\\nresult.\\nBeyond the stream that ran in front of the position,\\nthe ground spread at first, opposite to the left, into a\\nslightly undulated plain, through which passed the\\nOlmutz road then, opposite to the centre, it rose suc-\\ncessively, and at last formed facing the right a plateau,\\ncalled the plateau of Pratzen, after the name of a vil-\\nlage situated half-way up, in the hollow of a ravine.\\nThis plateau terminated on the right in rapid declivities\\ntowards the ponds, and at the back in a gentle slope\\ntowards Austerlitz, the chateau of which appeared at\\nsome distance.\\nThere were to be seen considerable forces there a\\nmultitude of fires blazed at night, and a great move-\\nment of men and horses was observable by day. Od\\nthese appearances, Napoleon had no longer any doubf\\nof the designs of the Austro-Russians. They intended\\nevidently to descend from the position which they\\noccupied, and, crossing the Goldbach rivulet, between", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ. 167\\nthe ponds and the French right, to cut them off from the\\nVienna road. But, for this reason, it was resolved to take\\nthe offensive in turn, to cross the rivulet at the villages\\nof Girzikowitz and Puntowitz, to ascend to the plateau\\nof Pratzen while the Russians were leaving it, and to\\ntake possession of it. In case of success, the enemy s\\narmy would be cut in two one part would be\\nthrown to the left into the plain crossed by the 01-\\nmutz road the other to the right into the ponds.\\nThenceforward the battle could not fail to be disastrous\\nfor the Austro-Russians. But, for this effect, it was\\nrequisite that they should not blunder by halves. The\\nprudent, nay even timid attitude of Napoleon, exciting\\ntheir silly confidence, would induce them to commit the\\nentire blunder.\\nAgreeably to these ideas, Napoleon made his disposi-\\ntions. Expecting for two days past to be attacked, he\\nhad ordered Bernadotte to quit Iglau on the frontier of\\nBdhemia, to leave there the Bavarian division which he\\nhad brought with him, and to hasten by forced marches\\nto Brunn. He had ordered Marshal Davoust to march\\nFriant s and if possible Gudin s division towards the\\nabbey of Gross Raigern, situated on the road from\\nVienna to Brunn, opposite to the ponds. In conse-\\nquence of these orders, Bernadotte marched, and had\\narrived on the 1st of December. General Friant, being\\nalone apprised in time, because General Guclin was at a\\ngreater distance towards Presburg, had set out imme-\\ndiately, and travelled in forty-eight hours the thirty-six\\nleagues which separate Vienna from Gross Raigern.\\nThe soldiers sometimes dropped on the road, exhausted", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "168 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith fatigue but at the least sound, imagining that\\nthey heard the cannon, they rose with ardor to hasten\\nto the assistance of their comrades, engaged, they said,\\nin a bloody battle. On the night of the 1st of Decem-\\nber, which was extremely cold, they bivouacked at\\nGross Raigern, a league and a half from the field of\\nbattle. Never did troops on foot perform so astonishing\\na march for it is a march of eighteen leagues a day for\\ntwo successive days.\\nOn the 1st of December, Napoleon, reinforced by\\nBernadotte s corps and Friant s division, could number\\nsixty-five or seventy thousand men, present under arms,\\nagainst ninety thousand men, Russians and Austrians,\\nlikewise present under arms.\\nAt his left he placed Lannes, in whose corps Caffa-\\nrelli s division supplied the place of Gazan s. Lannes,\\nwith the two divisions of Suchet and Caffarelli, was to\\noccupy the Olmutz road, and to fight in the undulated\\nplain outspread on either side of that road. Napoleon\\ngave him, moreover, Murat s cavalry, comprising the\\ncuirassiers of Generals d Hautpoul and JSTansouty, the\\ndragoons of General Walther and Beaumont, and. the\\nchasseurs of Generals Milhaud and Kellermann. The\\nlevel surface of the ground led him to expect a prodi-\\ngious engagement of cavalry on this spot. On the\\nknoll of the Centon, which commands this part of the\\nground, and is topped by a chapel called the chapel of\\nBosenitz, he placed the 17th light artillery, com-\\nmanded by General Claparede, with eighteen pieces of\\ncannon, and made him take an oath to defend this posi-\\ntion to the death.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "USTERLITZ. 169\\nAt the centre, behind the Goldbach rivulet, he ranged\\nVandamme s and St. Hilaire s divisions, which belong\\nto the corps of Marshal Soult. He destined them to\\ncross that stream at the villages of Girzikowitz and\\nPuntowitz, and to gain possession of the plateau of\\nPratze n, when the proper moment should arrive. A\\nlittle further behind the marsh of Kobelnitz and the\\nchateau of Kobelnitz, he placed Marshal Soult s third\\ndivision, that of General Legrand*. He reinforced it\\nwith two battalions of tirailleurs, known by the names\\nof chasseurs of the Po and Corsican chasseurs, and by\\na detachment of light cavalry, under General Margaron.\\nThis division was to have only the third of the line and\\nthe Corsican chasseurs at Telnitz, the nearest point to\\nthe ponds, and to which Napoleon was desirous of\\ndrawing the Russians. Far in rear, at the distance of\\na league and a half, was posted Friant s division at\\nGross Raigern.\\nHaving ten divisions of infantry, Napoleon, there-\\nfore, presented but six of them in line. Behind Mar-\\nshals Lannes and Soult, he kept in reserve Oudinot s\\ngrenadiers, separated on this occasion from Lannes s\\ncorps, the corps .of Bernaclotte, composed of Drouet s\\nand Rivaud s divisions, and, lastly, the imperial guard.\\nHe thus kept at hand a mass of twenty-five thousand\\nmen, to move to any point where they might be needed,\\nand particularly to the heights of Pratzen, in order to\\ntake those heights at any cost, if the Russians should\\nnot have cleared them sufficiently.\\nSuch were the skilful dispositions of the Emperor,\\nand having completed what may be called the foundation\\n22", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "170 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof victory, he issued a confident proclamation to his\\nsoldiers, as follows\\nSoldiers The Russian army appears before you\\nto avenge the Austrian army of Ulm. They are the\\nsame battalions that you beat at Hollabrunn, and that\\nyou have since been constantly pursuing to this spot.\\nThe positions which we occupy are formidable\\nand while they are marching to turn my right, they\\nwill present their flank to me.\\nSoldiers, I shall myself direct your battalions. I\\nshall keep out of the fire, if, with your usual bravery,\\nyou throw disorder and confusion into the enemy s\\nranks. But, if the victory should be for a moment\\nuncertain, you will see your Emperor the foremost to\\nexpose himself to danger. For victory must not hang\\ndoubtful on this clay, most particularly, when the honor\\nof the French infantry, which so deeply concerns the\\nhonor of the whole nation, is at stake.\\nLet not the ranks be thinned upon pretence of carry-\\ning away the wounded, and let every one be thoroughly\\nimpressed with this thought, that it behoves us to con-\\nquer these hirelings of England, who are animated with\\nsuch bitter hatred against our nation.\\nThis victory will put an end to the campaign, and\\nwe shall then be able to return to our winter-quarters,\\nwhere we shall be joined by the new armies which are\\nforming in France, and then the peace which I shall\\nmake will be worthy of my people, of you, and of\\nmyself.\\nNapoleon.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ. 171\\nNapoleon had passed the whole day on horseback,\\nand had himself placed every division in position,\\ninspecting every position. All his marshals dined with\\nhim, and received his careful and precise orders for the\\noperations of the next day. He then once more glanced\\nat the position of the Russian and Austrian armies,\\nand a smile illumined his features as he said to his\\nmarshals,\\nBefore to-morrow night that army will he in my\\npower. Since the Czar refuses to negotiate for a peace,\\nwe must drub him into it.\\nHe then entered a rude hut, which his soldiers had\\nconstructed for him, and stretched himself upon some\\nstraw to repose. A hard couch for an emperor Yet\\nthere Napoleon fell into so deep a sleep that his aid-de-\\ncamp, Savary, was obliged to shake him, in order to\\nwake him up, to listen to a report which he had ordered\\nto be brought to him. Rousing himself, he left the hut,\\naccompanied by his aid, and proceeded to visit the\\nbivouacs of the army. The night was cold and dark\\nand the Emperor had reason to believe that he could\\ngo among the soldiers without being noticed. But he\\nhad only proceeded a few steps before he was discovered,\\nand in a few moments, the whole line was illuminated\\nwith torches of straw, while the air was filled with\\nacclamations of Vive l Empereur It was a glorious\\nsight, and the glare of the torches must have astonished\\nthe enemy. That tremendous shout must have told\\nKutusoff, the Prussian general, that he would be com-\\npelled to fight an enemy, full of spirit and confidence.\\nAs Napoleon passed along, one of the old grenadiers,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "172 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\na veteran of Italy, stepped forward, and accosted him\\nwith an air of republican familiarity and kindly\\npatronage.\\nSire, said this old soldier, you will have no need\\nto expose yourself to danger I promise you, in the\\nname of the grenadiers of the army, that you will only\\nhave to fight with your eyes, and that we will bring\\nyou all the flags and cannon of the Russian army, to\\ncelebrate the anniversary of your coronation.\\nThe Emperor was delighted at the spirit displayed\\nby the troops, and, in accordance with their general\\nrequest, he promised to keep beyond the reach of the\\nenemy s guns.\\nSir Walter Scott finely remarks upon this Napo-\\nleon, says he, promises that he will keep his person\\nout of the reach of the fire thus showing the full\\nconfidence that the assurance of his personal safety\\nwould be considered as great an encouragement to the\\ntroops as the usual protestations of sovereigns and\\nleaders, that they will be in the front, and share the\\ndangers of the day. This is, perhaps, the strongest\\nproof possible of the complete and confidential under-\\nstanding which subsisted between Napoleon and his\\nsoldiers. Yet there have not been wanting those who\\nhave thrown the imputation of cowardice on the victor\\nof a hundred battles, and whose reputation was so well\\nestablished amongst those troops, who must have been\\nthe best judges, that his attention to the safety of\\nhis person was requested by them, and granted by him,\\nas a favor to his army.\\nThe Emperor was on the field by one o clock in the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ. 116\\nmorning, to get an army under arms in silence. A thick\\nfog, through which the light of the torches could not\\npenetrate to the distance of ten paces, enveloped all\\nthe bivouacs but he knew the ground as well as the\\nenvirons of Paris. His army, amounting in all to ab out-\\nseventy thousand men, was arranged as follows. The\\ntwo divisions of Marshal Soult, placed on a vast pla-\\nteau, formed the right; the division of united grena-\\ndiers, drawn up in line behind, constituting the reserve\\nof the right. The two divisions of Marshal Berna-\\ndotte, in line with the united grenadiers, formed the\\ncentre of the army. The left wing was composed of\\nthe two divisions of Marshal Lannes the infantry of\\nthe guard forming the reserve of the left. In advance\\nof the centre, and between the right and left wings, was\\nposted the whole of the cavalry, under the command\\nof Murat. The divisions of hussars and chasseurs were\\nentrusted to Kellermann the dragoons, to Valther and\\nBeaumont. The cuirassiers and eighty pieces of light\\nartillery formed the reserve of the cavalry. The right\\nof the army rested on some long and narrow defiles\\nformed by ponds the left, on the strongly fortified\\nposition of the Centon. The two divisions of Marshal\\nDavoust were posted on the extreme right, beyond the\\nponds, to face the left wing of the Russians, which had\\nbeen extended, as we have said, to a dangerous dis-\\ntance from their centre, and intended, as the Emperor\\nperceived, to commence the battle with an attempt to\\nturn his right. The Emperor himself, with Berthier,\\nJunot, and the whole of his staff, occupied a command-\\ning position, as the reserve of the army, with ten bat-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "174 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntalions of the imperial guard, and ten battalions of\\ngrenadiers, commanded by Oudinot and Duroc. This\\nreserve was ranged in two lines, in columns, by bat-\\ntalions, having in their intervals forty pieces of cannon\\nserved by the artillery of the guard. With this reserve,\\nequal to turning the fate of almost any battle, he held\\nhimself ready to act wherever occasion should require.\\nAs the day dawned, the mist which had overhung all\\nthe dreadful show, began slowly to ascend, like a vast\\ncurtain, from the broad plain below. The sun rose in\\nunclouded and majestic brilliancy; and dissipating all\\nremains of the vapors, disclosed to view the great Rus-\\nsian army, commanded by Field-Marshal Kutusoff, to\\nthe number of eighty thousand men, ranged in six\\ndivisions, on the opposite heights of Pratzen. The\\nmagnificence of the sunrise of this eventful morning,\\nenhanced at the time by the previous dense mist, and\\nby the national memories ever since, has caused the\\nsun of Austerlitz to become proverbial with the\\npeople of France. The two emperors of Russia and\\nAustria were witnesses of the fierce contest; being\\nstationed on horseback on the heights of Austerlitz. As\\nthe first rays of the sun were flung from the horizon,\\nthe Emperor Napoleon appeared in front of his army,\\nsurrounded by his marshals, and formed every division,\\nboth of infantry and cavalry, into columns. A brisk\\nfire had just commenced on the extreme right, where\\nDavoust was already at his post; and the Russians\\nbegan to put themselves in motion to descend from the\\nheights upon the plain. The marshals who surrounded\\nthe Emperor importuned him to begin. How long", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ. 175\\nwill it take you, said he to Soult, to crown those\\nopposite heights which the Russians are now abandon-\\ning One hour/ answered the marshal. In that\\ncase, we will wait yet a quarter of an hour/ replied\\nthe Emperor. The cannonade increased, denoting that\\nthe attack had become serious. The extreme of the\\nRussian left had commenced its movement to turn the\\nright flank of the French army, but had encountered\\nthe formidable resistance of Davoust s two divisions,\\nwith whom they were just engaged. Napoleon now\\ndismissed all the marshals to their posts, and ordered\\nthem to begin.\\nThe whole of the right and left wings at once moved\\nforward, in columns, to the foot of the Russian posi-\\ntion. They marched as if to exercise, halting at times\\nto rectify their distances and directions while the\\nwords of command of the individual officers were dis-\\ntinctly heard. The two divisions of Marshal Soult\\ncame first within reach of the enemy s fire. The\\ndivision commanded by General Vandamme overthrew\\nthe opposing column, and was master of its position\\nand artillery in an instant the other, commanded by\\nGeneral St Hilaire, had to sustain a tremendous fire,\\nwhich lasted for two hours, and brought every one of\\nits battalions into action. The Emperor now dispatched\\nthe united grenadiers, and one of Marshal Bernadotte s\\ndivision, to support those of Soult, while Lannes had\\nengaged the right of the Russians, and effectually pre-\\nvented them from moving to the assistance of their\\nleft, which was wholly engaged by the tremendous\\nattack we have described, and entirely cut off from", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "176 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntheir centre. The extreme left of the Russians, which\\nhad begun the battle, perceiving the fatal mistake which\\nhad been made, attempted to re-ascend the Pratzer, but\\nwere so desperately pressed by Davoust, that they were\\ncompelled to fight where they stood, without daring\\neither to advance or retire.\\nMarshal Soult now ordered his division, under Van-\\ndamme, supported by one of Bernadotte s divisions, to\\nmake a change of direction by the right flank, for the\\npurpose of turning all the Russian troops which still\\nresisted St. Hilaire s division. The movement was\\ncompletely successful and Soult s two divisions crowned\\nthe heights to which the Emperor had pointed before\\nthe battle began.\\nThe right wing of the Russian army was meanwhile\\nsustaining the tremendous onset of Lannes with both\\nhis divisions. The fight raged in that quarter through-\\nout the whole of the operations we have detailed but\\nat this point, Bernadotte s division being no longer\\nrequired to support those of Soult, the Emperor ordered\\nthe centre of the army to support the left. The Rus-\\nsian right was now entirely broken the French cavalry\\nby desperate and repeated charges completed the rout,\\nand pursued the fugitives, who took the road to Austerlitz,\\ntill nightfall. Bernadotte, after pursuing the Russian\\ninfantry a full league, returned to his former position\\nnobody knew why. Had he, on the contrary, continued\\ninarching another half hour, he would have entirely in-\\ntercepted the retreat, and taken or destroyed the whole\\nof the Russian right. As it was, their flight w^is disas-\\ntrous in the extreme they were forced into a hollow,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "AUSTEMITZ. 177\\nwhere numbers attempted to escape across a frozen lake\\nbut the ice proving too weak for them, gave way, and\\nthe horrible scene which ensued the crashing of the\\nbroken fragments, the thundering of the artillery, and\\nthe groans and shrieks of wounded and drowning men\\nbaffles the imagination.\\nMarshal Soult, now changing his position again by\\nthe right flank, descended the heights, having traversed\\na complete semi-circle, and took the Russian extreme\\nleft in the rear. The Emperor of Russia, who perceived\\nthe imminent danger of his whole army, dispatched his\\nfine regiment of Russian guards, supported by a strong\\nforce of artillery, to attack Soult. Their desperate\\ncharge broke one of the French regiments. It was at\\nthis crisis that Napoleon brought his reserve into action.\\nBessieres, at the head of the imperial guard, rushed\\nwith irresistible fury into the fight. The Russians were\\nentirely broken their army, surprised in a flank move-\\nment, had been cut into as many separate masses as\\nthere were columns brought up to attack it. They fled\\nin disorder, and the victory of Austeriitz was decided.\\nIt was with the utmost difficulty that the two emperors\\nof Russia and Austria effected their personal escape.\\nThe Emperor Alexander lost all his artillery, baggage,\\nand standards twenty thousand prisoners, and upwards\\nof twenty thousand killed and wounded. In the preci-\\npitate flight, the wounded were abandoned to their fate.\\nKutusoff, however, with laudable humanity, left placards\\nin the French language, on the doors of the churches\\nand the barns towards which they had crept, inscribed\\nwith these words I recommend these unfortunate\\n23", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "178 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nmen to the generosity of the Emperor Napoleon, and the\\nhumanity of his brave soldiers.\\nIn attempting to escape across some frozen ponds,\\nthe Russians broke through, and a large number of\\nthem were drowned. An eye-witness, General Lange-\\nron, says, I have previously seen some lost battles,\\nbut I had no conception of such a defeat.\\nNapoleon, who had participated in the pursuit, re-\\nturned about night-fall. He was received with shouts\\nby his triumphant troops, and they could scarcely be\\nprevented from taking him in their arms. He soon\\ncommanded silence, and set about relieving the wounded,\\nwho actually covered the field. He administered brandy\\nwith his own hand to some suffering Russians, who\\ncould only repay him with a blessing, and gave orders\\nthat all the wounded should be attended to as speedily\\nas possible. The troops had already given a name to\\nthe battle, that of the Three Emperors. But Napo-\\nleon himself gave this great conflict the name of the\\nvillage near which it was fought. He issued the fol-\\nlowing proclamation, immediately after victory had\\nbeen achieved.\\nSoldiers I am satisfied with you in the battle of\\nAusterlitz you have justified all that I expected from\\nyour intrepidity. You have decorated your eagles with\\nimmortal glory. An army of one hundred thousand\\nmen, commanded by the Emperors of Russia and\\nAustria, has been in less than four hours either cut in\\npieces or dispersed. Those who escaped your weapons\\nare drowned in the lakes.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "AUSTERLITZ.\\n179\\nForty colors, the standards of the imperial guard\\nof Russia, one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon,\\nmore than thirty thousand prisoners, are the result of\\nthis ever-celebrated battle. That infantry, so highly\\nvaunted and superior in number, could not withstand\\nyour shocks, and thenceforward you have no rivals to\\nfear. Thus, in two months, this third coalition has\\nbeen vanquished and dissolved. Peace cannot now be\\nfar distant, but, as I promised my people, before I\\npassed the Rhine, I will make only such a peace as\\ngives us guarantees and insures rewards to our allies.\\nSoldiers, when all that is necessary to secure the\\nwelfare and the prosperity of our country is accom-\\nplished, I will lead you back to France there you will\\nbe the object of my tenderest concern. My people will\\nsee you again with joy, and it will be sufficient to say,\\nI was at the battle of Austerlitz, for them to reply,\\nthere is a brave man.\\nNapoleon.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "TEE SMatP-PQlEl AT [PAkEEY*\\n^HE disaster at Austerlitz\\naffected the Emperors\\nFrancis and Alexan-\\nder very differently,\\nAlexander was deeply\\ndejected but Erancis\\nwas tranquil. Under\\nthe common misfor-\\ntune, he had at least\\nthe consolation, that\\nthe Russians could no\\nlonger allege that the cowardice of the Austrians con-\\nstituted all the glory of Napoleon. The two emperors\\n(180)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PALENY. 181\\nretreated precipitately over the plain of Moravia, amidst\\nprofound darkness, separated from their household, and\\nliable to be insulted through the barbarity of their own\\nsoldiers. Francis took it upon himself to send their\\ngallant Prince John of Litchtenstein to Napoleon, to\\nsolicit an armistice, with a promise to sign a peace in a\\nfew days. He commissioned him, also, to express to\\nNapoleon, his wish to have an interview with him at\\nthe advanced posts of the army. The French Emperor,\\nhaving returned to his head-quarters at Posoritz, there\\nreceived Prince John. He treated him as a conqueror\\nfull of courtesy, and agreed to an interview with the\\nEmperor of Austria. But an armistice was not to be\\ngranted until the Emperors had met and explained\\nthemselves.-\\nNapoleon hastened to recall his columns to Nasied-\\nlowitz and Goding. Marshal Davoust, reinforced by\\nthe junction of Friant s whole division, and by the\\narrival in line of Gudin s division, had lost no time,\\nthanks to his nearer position to the Hungary road. He\\nset out in pursuit of the Russians, and pressed them\\nclosely. He intended to overtake them before the\\npassage of the Morava, and to cut off perhaps a part of\\ntheir army. After marching on the 3d, he was, on the\\nmorning of the 4th, in sight of Goding and nearly up\\nwith them. The greatest confusion prevailed in Goding.\\nBeyond that place there w r as a mansion belonging to the\\nEmperor of Germany, that of Holitsch, where the two\\nallied sovereigns had taken refuge. The perturbation\\nthere was as great as at Goding. The Russian officers\\ncontinued to hold the most unbecoming language re-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "182 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nspecting the Austrians. They laid the blame of the\\ncommon defeat on them, as if they ought not to have\\nattributed it to their own presumption, to the incapacity\\nof their generals, and to the levity of their government.\\nThe Austrians, moreover, had behaved quite as well as\\nthe Russians on the field of battle.\\nThe two vanquished monarchs were very cool towards\\neach other. The Emperor Francis wished to confer\\nwith the Emperor Alexander, before he went to the\\ninterview agreed upon with Napoleon. Both thought\\nthat they ought to solicit an armistice and peace, for it\\nwas impossible to continue the struggle. Alexander\\nwas desirous, though he did not acknowledge it, that\\nhimself and his army should be saved as soon as possi-\\nble from the consequences of an impetuous pursuit, such\\nas might be apprehended from Napoleon. As for the\\nconditions, he left his ally to settle them as he pleased.\\nThe Emperor Francis alone having to defray the ex-\\npenses of the war, the conditions on which peace should\\nbe signed concerned him exclusively. Some time before,\\nthe Emperor Alexander, setting himself up for the\\narbiter of Europe, would have insisted that those con-\\nditions concerned him also. His pride was less exigent\\nsince the battle of the 2d of December.\\nThe Emperor Francis accordingly set out for Nasied-\\nlowitz, a village and there,near the mill of Paleny, between\\nNasiedlowitz and Urschitz, amidst the French and the\\nAustrian advanced posts, he found Napoleon waiting\\nfor him, before a bivouac fire kindled by his soldiers.\\nNapoleon had had the politeness to arrive firstv He\\nwent to meet the Emperor Francis, received him as he", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "PALENT. 183\\nalighted from his carriage and embraced him. The\\nAustrian monarch, encouraged by the welcome of his\\nall-powerful foe, had a long conversation with him.\\nThe principal officers of the two armies, standing aside,\\nbeheld with great curiosity the extraordinary spectacle\\nof the successor of the Caesars vanquished and soliciting\\npeace of the crowned soldier, whom the French Revo-\\nlution had raised to the pinnacle of human greatness.\\nFrancis wore the brilliant costume of an Austrian\\nfield-marshal, and was a monarch of dignified aspect.\\nNapoleon apologized to the Emperor Francis for\\nreceiving him in such a place. Such are the palaces,\\nsaid he, which your majesty has obliged me to inhabit\\nfor these three months. The abode in them, replied\\nthe Austrian monarch, makes you so thriving, that\\nyou have no right to be angry with me for it. The\\nconversation then turned upon the general state of\\naffairs, Napoleon insisting that he had been forced into\\nthe war against his will at a moment when he least ex-\\npected it, and when he was exclusively engaged with\\nEngland; the Emperor of Austria affirming that he had\\nbeen urged to take arms solely by the designs of France\\nin regard to Italy. Napoleon declared that, on the\\nconditions already specified to M. de Giulay, and which\\nhe had no need to repeat, he was ready to sign a peace.\\nThe Emperor Francis, without explaining himself on this\\nsubject, wished to know how Napoleon was disposed in\\nregard to the Russian army. Napoleon first required\\nthat the Emperor Francis should separate his cause\\nfrom that of the Emperor Alexander, and that the\\nRussian army should retire by regulated marches from", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "184 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe Austrian territories, and promised to grant him an\\narmistice on this condition. As for peace with Russia,\\nhe added, that would be settled afterwards, for this\\npeace concerned him alone. Take my advice, said\\nNapoleon to the Emperor Francis, do not mix up\\nyour cause with that of the Emperor Alexander. Russia\\nalone can now wage only a fancy war in Europe. Van-\\nquished, she retires to her deserts, and you, you pay\\nwith your provinces the costs of the war. The forcible\\nlanguage of Napoleon expressed but too well the state\\nof things in Europe between that great empire and the\\nrest of the continent. The Emperor Francis pledged\\nhis word as a man and a sovereign not to renew the\\nwar, and above all to listen no more to the suggestions\\nof powers which had nothing to lose in the struggle.\\nHe agreed to an armistice for himself and for the Em-\\nperor Alexander, an armistice, the condition of which\\nwas that the Russians should retire by regulated marches\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u0094and that the Austrian cabinet should immediately\\nsend negotiators empowered to sign a separate peace\\nwith France.\\nThe two emperors parted with reiterated demonstra-\\ntions of cordiality. Napoleon handed into his carriage\\nthat monarch whom he had just called his brother, and\\nremounted his horse to return to Austerlitz.\\nGeneral Savary was sent to suspend the march of\\nDavoust s corps. He first proceeded to Holitsch, with\\nthe suite of the Emperor Francis, to learn whether the\\nEmperor Alexander acceded to the proposed conditions.\\nHe saw the latter, around whom every thing was much\\nchanged since the mission on which he was sent to him", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "PALENY. 185\\na few days before. Your master, said Alexander to\\nhim, has shown himself very great. I acknowledge\\nall the power of his genius, and, as for myself, I shall\\nretire, since my ally is satisfied. General Savary con-\\nversed for some time with the young czar on the late\\nbattle, explained to him how the French army, inferior\\nin number to the Russian army, had nevertheless\\nappeared superior on all points, owing to the art of\\nmanoeuvring which Napoleon possessed in so eminent a\\ndegree. He courteously added that with experience\\nAlexander, in his turn, would become a warrior, but that\\nso difficult an art was not to be learned in a day. After\\nthese flatteries to the vanquished monarch, he set out\\nfor Goding to stop Marshal Davoust, who had rejected\\nall the proposals for a suspension of arms, and was\\nready to attack the relics of the Russian army. To\\nno purpose he had been assured in the name of the Em-\\nperor of Russia himself that an armistice was negotiating\\nbetween Napoleon and the Emperor of Austria. He\\nwould not on any account abandon his prey. But Gene-\\nral Savary stopped him with a formal order from Na-\\npoleon. These were the last musket-shots fired during\\nthat unexampled -campaign. The troops of the several\\nnations separated to go into winter-quarters, awaiting\\nwhat should be decided by the negotiators of the belli-\\ngerent powers.\\n24", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0084\u00a2g s ehp-pqibb att mm\\nEN A was one of Napoleon s most\\ndecisive fields. There, in\\nthe conflict of a day, Prus-\\nsia, who had dared to defy\\na power which had brought\\nAustria and Russia to the\\ndust, was completely anni-\\nhilated. There the descend-\\nants of the great Frederick\\nreaped the bitter consequences of his weak presumption.\\nAt Jena, the valley of the Saale begins to widen.\\n(186)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "NAPOLEON AT JENA.\\nPage 186.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "JENA. 187\\nThe right bank is low, damp and covered with meadows.\\nThe left bank presents steep heights, whose peaked\\ntops overlook the town of Jena, and are ascended\\nby narrow, winding ravines, overhung with wood. On\\nthe left of Jena, a gorge more open, less abrupt, called\\nthe Muhlthal, has become the passage through which\\nthe high road from Jena to Weimar has been carried.\\nThis road first keeps along the bottom of the Mulhttial,\\nthen rises in form of a spiral staircase, and opens upon\\nthe plateaux in rear. It would have required a fierce\\nassault to force this pass.\\nThe principal of the heights that overlook the town\\nof Jena is called Landgrafenberg, and, since the memora-\\nble events of which it has been the theatre, it has\\nreceived from the inhabitants the name of JNTapoleons-\\nberg. It is the highest in these parts. Napoleon and\\nLannes, surveying from that height the surrounding\\ncountry, with their backs turned to Jena, beheld on\\ntheir right the Saale running in a deep, winding, wooded\\ngorge, to Naumberg, which is six or seven leagues from\\nJena. Before them they saw undulated plateaux,\\nextending to a distance, and subsiding by a gentle slope\\nto the little valley of the Ilm, at the extremity of\\nwhich is situated the town of Weimar. They perceived\\non their left the high road from Jena to Weimar, rising\\nby a series of slopes from the gorge of the Muhlthal to\\nthese plateaux, and running in a straight line to Weimar.\\nThese slopes, somewhat resembling a sort of snail s shell,\\nhave thence received in German the appellation of the\\nSchneeke (snail.)\\nIt was in September, 1806, that Napoleon, having", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "188 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nset all his divisions in motion, left Paris and put him-\\nself at the head of his grand army. The Prussians were\\nsuperior in numbers, well disciplined, and full of spirit.\\nThey numbered between one hundred and thirty thou-\\nsand and one hundred and forty thousand men. The\\ncavalry especially, bore a high reputation, which, how-\\never, as we shall see, it could not sustain. The French\\nEmperor had ah army of one hundred and seventy\\nthousand men in the field, with a power of concentrating\\none hundred thousand of them within a few hours.\\nOn learning that the Prussian army was changing its\\nposition and advancing from Erfurt upon Weimar, with\\na view to approach the banks of the Saale, Napoleon\\nmanoeuvred to meet the changes of the enemy.\\nThey might be coming thither with one of the two fol-\\nlowing intentions either to occupy the bridge over the\\nSaale at Naumburg, over which passes the great central\\nroad of Germany, in order to retire upon the Elbe, while\\ncovering Leipzig and Dresden or to approach the\\ncourse of the Saale, for the purpose of defending its\\nbanks against the French. To meet this double contin-\\ngency, Napoleon took a first precaution, which was to\\ndispatch Marshal Davoust immediately to Naumburg,\\nwith orders to bar the passage of the bridge there with\\nthe twenty-six thousand men of the third corps. He\\nsent Murat, with the cavalry, along the banks of the\\nSaale, to watch its course, and to push reconnoisances\\nas far as Leipzig. He directed Marshal Bernadotte\\nupon Naumburg, with instructions to support Marshal\\nDavoust in case of need. He sent Marshals Lannes\\nand Auger eau to Jena itself. His object was to make", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "JENA. 189\\nhimself master immediately of the two principal passages\\nof the Saale, those at Naumburg and Jena, either to stop\\nthe Prussian army there, if it should design to cross and\\nto retire to the Elbe, or to go and seek it on the heights\\nbordering that river, if it purposed to remain there on\\nthe defensive. As for himself, lie continued with Mar-\\nshals Ney and Soult, within reach of Naumburg and\\nJena, ready to march for either point according to cir-\\ncumstances.\\nOn the morning of the 13th, he learned by more cir-\\ncumstantial accounts that the enemy was definitively\\napproaching the Saale, with the yet uncertain resolution\\nof fighting a defensive battle on its banks, or of crossing\\nand pushing on to the Elbe. It was in the direction\\nfrom Weimar to Jena that the largest assemblage\\nappeared. Without losing a moment, Napoleon mounted\\nhis horse to proceed to Jena. He gave himself his in-\\nstructions to Marshals Soult and Ney, and enjoined\\nthem to be at Jena in the evening, or at latest in the\\nnight. He directed Murat to bring his cavalry towards\\nJena, and Marshal Bernadotte to take at Dornburg an\\nintermediate position between Jena and Naumburg. He\\nset out immediately, sending officers to stop all troops\\non march to Gera, and to make them turn back for Jena.\\nIn the evening of the preceding clay, Marshal Davoust\\nhad entered Naumburg, occupied the bridge of the\\nSaale, and taken considerable magazines, with a fine\\nbridge equipage. Marshal Bernadotte had joined him.\\nMurat had sent his light cavalry as far as Leipzig, and\\nsurprised the gates of that great commercial city.\\nLannes had proceeded towards Jena, a small university", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "190 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntown, seated on the very banks of the Saale, and had\\ndriven back pell-mell the enemy s troops left beyond the\\nriver, as at ell as the baggage, which encumbered the\\nroad. He had taken possession of Jena, and imme-\\ndiately pushed his advanced posts upon the heights\\nwhich command it. From these heights he had per-\\nceived the army of the Prince of Hohenlohe, which,\\nafter recrossing the Saale, encamped between Jena and\\nWeimar, and he had reason to suspect that a great\\nassemblage was collecting in that place.\\nNapoleon had arrived at Jena on the afternoon of the\\n13th of October. Marshal Lannes, who had outstripped\\nhim, was waiting for him with impatience, like that of\\na war-horse, snuffing the battle. Both mounted their\\nhorses to reconnoitre the localities. We have described\\nthe ground upon which the battle was fought. The\\nPrussians were posted on the heights which overlook\\nthe town of Jena. The French were coming up on the\\nlow ground on the opposite side of the river. The chief\\ndifficulty was to reach the Prussians. There was but\\none method that appeared practicable. The bold tirail-\\nleurs of Lannes, entering the ravines which are met with\\non going out of Jena, had succeeded in ascending the\\nprincipal eminence, and all at once perceived the Prus-\\nsian army encamped on the plateaux of the left bank.\\nFollowed presently by some detachments of Suchet s\\ndivision, they had made room for themselves by driving\\nin General Tauenzien s advanced posts. Thus by force\\nof daring, the heights which commanded the left bank\\nof the Saale were gained but by a route which was\\nscarcely practicable to artillery. Thither, Lannes con-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "JENA. 191\\nducted the emperor, amidst an incessant fire of tirailleurs\\nwhich rendered reconnoisance extremely dangerous.\\nNapoleon, having before him a mass of troops, the\\nforce of which could scarcely be estimated, supposed\\nthat the Prussian army had chosen this ground for a\\nfield of battle, and immediately made his dispositions,\\nso as to debouch with his army on the Landgrafenberg,\\nbefore the enemy should hasten up, en masse, to hurl\\nhim into the precipices of the Saale. He was obliged\\nto make the best use of his time, and to take advantage\\nof the space gained by the tirailleurs to establish himself\\non the height. He had, it is true, no more of it than\\nthe summit, for, only a few paces off, there was the\\ncorps of General Tauenzien, separated from the French\\nonly by a slight ridge of ground. This corps was sta-\\ntioned near two villages, one on the right, that of Close-\\nwitz, surrounded by a small wood, the other on the left,\\nthat of Cospoda, likewise surrounded by a wood of\\nsome extent. Napoleon purposed to leave the Prus-\\nsians quiet in this position till the next day, and mean-\\nwhile to lead part of his army up the Landgrafenberg.\\nThe space which it occupied was capable of containing\\nthe corps of Lannes and the guard. He ordered them\\nto be led up immediately through the steep ravines\\nwhich serve to ascend from Jena to the Landgrafenberg.\\nOn the left, he placed Gazan s division. On the right,\\nSuchet s division in the centre, and a little in rear, the\\nfoot-guard. He made the latter encamp in a square of\\nfour thousand men, and in the centre of this square he\\nestablished hjs own bivouac.\\nBut it was not enough to bring infantry upon the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "192 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nLandgrafenberg it was necessary to mount artillery\\ntoo upon it. Napoleon, riding about in all directions,\\ndiscovered a passage less steep than the others, and by\\nwhich the artillery might be dragged up with great ex-\\nertion. Unluckily, the way was too narrow. Napoleon\\nsent forthwith for a detachment of the engineers, and\\nhad it widened by cutting the rock; he himself, in his\\nimpatience, directed the works, torch in hand. He did\\nnot retire till the night was far advanced, when he had\\nseen the first pieces of cannon rolled up. It required\\ntwelve horses to drag each gun-carriage to the top of\\nthe Landgrafenberg. Napoleon purposed to attack\\nGeneral Tauenzien at day-break, and, by pushing him\\nbriskly, to conquer the space necessary for deploying\\nhis army. Fearful, however, of debouching by a single\\noutlet, wishing also to divide the attention of the enemy,\\nhe directed Augereau towards the left, to enter the\\ngorge of the Muhlthal, to march one of his two divi-\\nsions upon the Weimar road, and to gain with the other\\nthe back of the Landgrafenberg, in order to fall upon\\nthe rear of General Tauenzien. On the right, he ordered\\nMarshal Soult, whose corps, breaking up from Gera, was\\nto arrive in the night, to ascend the other ravines, which,\\nrunning from Lobstedt and Dornburg, debouch upon\\nClosewitz, likewise for the purpose of falling upon the\\nrear of General Tauenzien. With this double diversion,\\non the right and on the left, Napoleon had no doubt of\\nforcing the Prussians in their position, and gaining for\\nhimself the space needed by his army for deploying.\\nMarshals Ney and Murat were to ascend the Landgrafen-\\nberg by the route Lannes and the guard had followed.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "JENA. 193\\nThe day of the 13th had closed profound darkness\\nenveloped the field of battle. Napoleon had placed his\\ntent in the centre of the square formed by his guard,\\nand had suffered only a few fires to be lighted but all\\nthose of the Prussian army were kindled. The fires of\\nthe Prince of Hohenlohe were to be seen over the whole\\nextent of the plateaux, and at the horizon on the right,\\ntopped by the old castle of Eckartsberg, those of the\\narmy of the Duke of Brunswick, which had all at once\\nbecome visible for Napoleon. He conceived that, so\\nfar from retiring, the whole of the Prussian forces had\\ncome to take part in the battle. He sent immediately\\nfresh orders to Marshals Davoust and Bernadotte. He\\nenjoined Marshal Davoust to guard strictly the bridge\\nof Naumberg, even to cross it, if possible, and to fall\\nupon the rear of the Prussians, while they were engaged\\nin front. He ordered Marshal Bernadotte, placed im-\\nmediately, to concur in the projected movement, either\\nby joining Marshal Davoust, if he was near the latter,\\nor by throwing himself directly on the flank of the\\nPrussians, if he had already taken at Dornburg a posi-\\ntion nearer to Jena. Lastly, he desired Murat to arrive\\nas speedily as possible with his cavalry.\\nWhile Napoleon was making these dispositions, the\\nPrince of Hohenlohe was in complete ignorance of the\\nlot which awaited him. Still persuaded that the bulk\\nof the French army, instead of halting before Jena, was\\nhurrying to Leipzig and Dresden, he supposed that he\\nshould at most have to deal with the corps of Marshals\\nLannes and Augereau, which, having passed the Saale,\\nwould, he imagined, make their appearance between\\n25", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "194 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nJena and WeimaB, as if they had descended from the\\nheights of the forest of Thuringia. Under this idea,\\njiot thinking of making front towards Jena, he had on\\nthat side opposed only the corps of General Tauenzien,\\nand ranged his army along the road from Jena to Wei-\\nmar. His left, composed of Saxons, guarded the sum-\\nmit of the Schnecke; his right extended to Weimar,\\nand connected itself with General Ruchel s corps. How-\\never, a fire of tirailleurs, which was heard on the Land-\\ngrafenberg, having excited a sort of alarm, and General\\nTauenzien applying for succor, the Prince of Hohenlohe\\nordered the Saxon brigade of Cerini, the Prussian\\nbrigade of Sanitz, and several squadrons of cavalry, to\\nget under arms, and dispatched these forces to the\\nLandgrafenberg, to dislodge from it the French, whom\\nhe conceived to be scarcely established on that point.\\nAt the moment when he was about to execute this\\nresolution, Colonel de Massenbach brought him from the.\\nDuke of Brunswick a reiterated order not to involve\\nhimself in any serious action, to guard well the passages\\nof the Saale, and particularly that of Dornburg, which\\nexcited uneasiness because some light troops had been\\nperceived there. The Prince of Hohenlohe, who had\\nbecome one of the most obedient of lieutenants when\\nhe ought not to have been so, desisted at once, in com-\\npliance with these injunctions from the head-quarters.\\nIt was singular, nevertheless, that in obeying the order\\nnot to fight, he should abandon the dehoiiche by which,\\non the morrow, a disastrous battle was to be forced\\nupon him. Be this as it may, relinquishing the idea of\\nretaking the Landgrafenberg, he contented himself with", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "JENA. 195\\nsending the Saxon brigade of Cerini to General Tau-\\nenzien, and with placing at Nerkwitz, facing Dornburg,\\nthe Prussian brigade of Scheminelpfennig, lastly several\\ndetachments of cavalry and artillery, under the com-\\nmand of General Holzendorf. He sent some light horse\\nto Dornburg itself, to learn what was passing there.\\nThe Prince of Hohenlohe confined himself to these dis-\\npositions he returned to his head-quarters at Capel-\\nlendorf.\\nNapoleon, stirring before daylight, gave his last in-\\nstructions to his lieutenants, and orders for his soldiers\\nto get under arms. The night was cold, the country\\ncovered to a distance with a thick fog, like that which\\nfor some hours enveloped the field of Austerlitz. Es-\\ncorted by men carrying torches, Napoleon went along\\nthe front of the troops, talking to the officers and sol-\\ndiers. He explained the position of the two armies,\\ndemonstrated to them that the Prussians were as deeply\\ncompromised as the Austrians in the preceding year\\nthat, if vanquished in that engagement, they would be\\ncut off from the Elbe and the Oder, separated from the\\nRussians, and forced to abandon to the French the\\nwhole Prussian- monarchy that, in such a situation,\\nthe French corps which should suffer itself to be beaten\\nwould frustrate the grandest designs, and disgrace itself\\nfor ever. He exhorted them to keep on their guard\\nagainst the Prussian cavalry, and to receive it in square\\nwith their usual firmness. His words everywhere drew\\nforth shouts of Forward vive VEmpereur Though\\nthe fog was thick, yet through its veil the enemy s ad-\\nvanced posts perceived the glare of the torches, heard", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "196 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe acclamations of the French, and went to give the\\nalarm to General Tauenzien. At that moment, the\\ncorps of Lannes set itself in motion, on a signal from\\nNapoleon. Suchet s division, formed into three brigades,\\nadvanced first. Claparede s brigade, composed of the\\n17th light infantry, and a battalion of elite marched at\\nthe head, deployed in a single line. On the wings of\\nthis line, and to preserve it from attacks of cavalry, the\\n34th and 40th regiments, forming the second brigade,\\nwere disposed in close column. Vedel s brigade,\\ndeployed, closed this sort of square. On the left of\\nSuchet s division, but a little in rear, came Gazan s divi-\\nsion ranged in two lines and preceded by its artillery.\\nThus they advanced, groping their way through the\\nfog. Suchet s division directed its course towards the\\nvillage of Closewitz, which was on the right, Gazan s\\ndivision towards the village of Cospoda, which was on\\nthe left. The Saxon battalions of Frederick Augustus\\nand Rechten, and the Prussian battalion of Zweifel,\\nperceiving through the fog a mass in motion, fired all\\ntogether. The 17th light infantry sustained that fire,\\nand immediately returned it. This fire of musketry\\nwas kept up for a few minutes, the parties seeing the\\nflash and hearing the report, but not discerning one\\nanother. The French, on approaching, at length dis-\\ncovered the little wood which surrounded the village of\\nClosewitz. General Claparede briskly threw himself\\ninto it, and, after a fight hand to hand, had soon carried\\nit, as well as the village of Closewitz itself. Having\\ndeprived General Tauenzien s line of this support, the\\nFrench continued their march amidst the balls that", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "JENA. 197\\nissued from that thick fog. Gazan s division, on its\\npart, took the village of Cospoda, and established itself\\nthere. Between these two villages, but a little farther\\noff, was a small hamlet, that of Lutzenrode, occupied\\nby Erichsen s fusiliers. Gazan s division carried that\\nalso, and was then able to deploy more at its ease.\\nAt this moment the two divisions of Lannes were\\nassailed by fresh discharges of artillery and musketry.\\nThese were from the Saxon grenadiers of the Cerini\\nbrigade, who, after taking up the advanced posts of\\nGeneral Tauenzien, continued to move forward, firing\\nbattalion volleys with as much precision as if they had\\nbeen at a review. The 17th light infantry, which\\nformed the head of Suchet s division, having exhausted\\nits cartridges, was sent to the rear. The 34th took its\\nplace, kept up the fire for some time, then encountered\\nthe Saxon grenadiers with the bayonet, and broke\\nthem. The route having soon extended to the whole\\ncorps of General Tauenzien. Gazan s and Suchet s divi-\\nsions picked up about twenty pieces of cannon and many\\nfugitives. From the Lanclgrafenberg, the undulated\\nplateaux, on which the French had just deployed,\\ngradually subsided to the little valley of the Ihn. Hence\\nthey marched rapidly upon sloping ground, to the heels\\nof a fleeing enemy. In this quick movement they en-\\ncountered two battalions of Cerini, and also Pelet s\\nfusiliers, which had been left in the environs of Close-\\nwitz. These troops were flung back for the rest of the\\nday towards General Holzendorf, commissioned on the\\npreceding day to guard the debouche of Dornburg.\\nThis action had not lasted two hours. It was nine", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "198 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\no clock, and Napoleon had thus early realized the first\\npart of his plan, which consisted in gaining the space\\nnecessary for deploying his army. At the same moment\\nhis instructions were executed at all points with remark-\\nable punctuality. Towards the left, Marshal Augereau,\\nhaving sent off Heudelet s division, and likewise his\\nartillery and cavalry, to the extremity of the Muhlthal,\\non the high road from Weimar, was climbing with Des-\\njardin s divisions, the back of the Landgrafenberg, and\\ncoming to form on the plateaux to the left of Gazan s di-\\nvision. Marshal Soult, only one of whose divisions,\\nthat of General St. Hilaire, had arrived, was ascending\\nfrom Lobstedt, in the rear of Closewitz, facing the posi-\\ntions of Nerkwitz and Alten-Krone, occupied by the\\nrelics of Tauenzien s corps and by the detachment of\\nGeneral Holzendorf. Marshal Ney, impatient to share\\nin the battle, had detached from his corps a battalion of\\nvoltigeurs, a battalion of grenadiers, the 25th light\\ninfantry, two regiments of cavalry, and had gone on\\nbefore with this body of elite. He entered Jena at the\\nvery hour when the first act of the engagement was\\nover. Lastly, Murat, returning at a gallop, with the\\ndragoons and cuirassiers, from reconnoisances executed\\non the Lower Saale, was mounting in breathless haste\\ntowards Jena. Napoleon resolved, therefore, to halt\\nfor a few moments on the conquered ground, to afford\\nhis troops time to get into line.\\nMeanwhile, the fugitives belonging to General Tauen-\\nzien s force had given the alarm to the whole camp of\\nthe Prussians. At the sound of the cannon, theiPrince\\nof Hohenlohe had hastened to the Weimar road, where", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "JENA. 199\\nthe Prussian infantry was encamped, not yet believing\\nthe action to be general, and complaining that the troops\\nwere harassed by being obliged needlessly to get under\\narms. Being soon undeceived, he took his measures\\nfor giving battle. Knowing that the French had passed\\nthe Saale at Saalfeld, he had expected to see them make\\ntheir appearance between Jena and Weimar, and had\\ndrawn up his army along the road running from one to\\nthe other of these towns. As this conjuncture was not\\nrealized, he was obliged to change his dispositions, and\\nhe did it with promptness and resolution. He sent the\\nbulk of the Prussian infantry, under the command of\\nGeneral Grawert, to occupy the positions abandoned by\\nGeneral Tauenzien. Towards the Schnecke, which\\nwas to form his right, he left the Niesemuchel division,\\ncomposed of the two Saxon brigades of Burgsdorf and\\nNehroff, of the Prussian Boguslawski battalion, and of a\\nnumerous artillery, with orders to defend to the last\\nextremity the winding slopes by which the Weimar\\nroad rises to the plateaux. To aid them, he gave them\\nthe Cerini brigade, rallied and reinforced by four Saxon\\nbattalions. In rear of his centre, he placed a reserve\\nof five battalions under General Dyherrn, to support\\nGeneral Grawert. He had the wrecks of Tauenzien s\\ncorps rallied at some distance from the field of battle,\\nand supplied with ammunition. As for his left, he\\ndirected General Holzendorf to push forward, if he\\ncould, and to fall upon the right of the French, while he\\nwould himself endeavor to stop them in front. He\\nsent General Buchel information of what was passing,\\nand begged him to hasten his march. Lastly, he hurried", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "200 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\noff himself with the Prussian cavalry and the artillery\\nhorses, to meet the French, for the purpose of keeping\\nthem in check and covering the formation of General\\nGrawert s infantry.\\nIt was about ten o clock, and the action of the morn-\\ning, interrupted for an hour, was about to begin again\\nwith greater violence, while, on the right, Marshal Soult,\\ndebouching from Lobstedt, was climbing the heights with\\nSt. Hilaire s division; while in the centre Marshal\\nLannes, with Suchet s and Gazan s divisions, was deploy-\\ning on the plateaux won in the morning; and while, on\\nthe left, Marshal Augereau, ascending from the bottom\\nof the Muhlthal, had reached the village of Iserstedt,\\nMarshal Ney, in his ardour for righting, had advanced\\nwith his three thousand men of the dite, concealed by\\nthe fog, and had placed himself between Lannes and\\nAugereau, facing the village of Vierzehn-Heiligen,\\nwhich occupied the centre of the field of battle. He\\narrived at the very moment when the Prince of Hohen-\\nlohe was hastening up at the head of the Prussian\\ncavalry. Finding himself all at once facing the enemy,\\nhe engaged before the Emperor had given orders for\\nrenewing the action. The horse artillery of the Prince\\nof Hohenlohe having already placed itself in battery,\\nNey pushed the 10th chasseurs upon this artillery.\\nThis regiment, taking advantage of a clump of trees to\\nform, dashed forward on the gallop, ascended by its\\nright upon the flank of the Russian artillery, cut down\\nthe gunners, and took seven pieces of cannon, under the\\nfire of the whole fine of the enemy. But a mass of\\nPrussian cuirassiers rushed upon it, and he was obliged", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "JENA. 201\\nto retire -with precipitation. Ney then dispatched the\\n3d hussars. This regiment, manoeuvring as the 10th\\nchasseurs had done, took advantage of the clump of\\ntrees to form, ascended upon the flank of the cuirassiers,\\nthen fell upon them suddenly, threw them into disorder,\\nand forced them to retire. Two regiments of light\\ncavalry, however, were not enough to make head against\\nthirty squadrons of dragoons and cuirassiers. The\\nchasseurs and hussars were soon obliged to seek shelter\\nbehind the infantry. Marshal Ney then sent forward\\nthe battalion of grenadiers and the battalion of volti-\\ngeurs which he had brought, formed two squares, then\\nplacing himself in one of them, opposed the charges of\\nthe Prussian cavalry. He allowed the enemy s cuiras-\\nsiers to approach within twenty paces of his bayonets,\\nand terrified them by the aspect of a motionless infantry\\nwhich had reserved its fire. At his signal, a discharge\\nwithin point-blank range strewed the ground with dead\\nand wounded. Though several times assailed, these\\ntwo squares remained unbroken.\\nNapoleon, on the top of the Landgrafenberg, had\\nbeen highly astonished to hear the firing recommence\\nwithout his order. He learned with still more aston-\\nishment that Marshal Ney, whom he had supposed to\\nbe in the rear, was engaged with the Prussians. He\\nhastened up greatly displeased, and on approaching Vier-\\nzehn-Heiligen, perceived from the height Marshal Ney\\ndefending himself, in the middle of two weak squares,\\nagainst the whole of the Prussian cavalry. This heroic\\ndemonstration was enough to dispel all displeasure. Na-\\npoleon sent General Bertrand with two regiments of\\n26", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "202 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nlight cavalry, all that he had at hand, in the absence of\\nMurat, to assist in extricating Ney, and ordered Lannes\\nto advance with his infantry. During the time that\\nelapsed before relief arrived, the intrepid Ney was not\\ndisconcerted. While, with four regiments of horse, he\\nrenewed his charges of cavalry, he moved the 25th\\ninfantry to his left, in order to station himself on the\\nwood of Iserstedt, which Auger eau, on his part, was\\nstriving to reach he made the battalion of grenadiers\\nadvance as far as the little wood which had protected\\nhis chasseurs, and dispatched the battalion of voltigeurs\\nto gain possession of the village of Vierzhn-Heiligen.\\nBut, at the same instant, Lannes., coming to his assis-\\ntance, threw the 21st regiment of light infantry into\\nthe village of Vierzehn-Heiligen, and, putting himself at\\nthe head of the 100th, 103d, 34th, 64th, and 88th of\\nthe hue, debouched in the face of the Prussian infantry\\nof General Grawert. The latter deployed before the\\nvillage of Vierzehn-Heiligen, with a regularity of move-\\nment due to long exercises. It drew up in order of\\nbattle, and opened a regular and terrible fire of small\\narms. Ney s three little detachments suffered severely\\nbut Lannes, ascending on the right of General Grawert s\\ninfantry, endeavored to turn it in spite of repeated\\ncharges of the Prince of Hohenlohe s cavalry, which\\ncame to attack him in his march.\\nThe Prince of Hohenlohe bravely supported his troops\\namidst the danger. The regiment of Sanitz was com-\\npletely broken he formed it anew under the fire. He\\nthen purposed that the Zastrow regiment should retake\\nthe village of Vierzhen-Heiligen at the point of the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "JENA. 203\\nbayonet, hoping thereby to decide the victory. Mean-\\nwhile he was informed that more hostile columns began\\nto appear that General Holzendorf, engaged with su-\\nperior forces, was incapable of seconding him; that\\nGeneral Ruchel, however, was on the point of joining\\nhim with his corps. He then judged it expedient to\\nwait for this powerful succor, and poured a shower of\\nshells into the village of Vierzehn-Heiligen, resolved to\\ntry the effect of flames before he attacked it with his\\nbayonets. He sent at the same time officers to General\\nHuchel, to urge him to hasten up, and to promise him\\nthe victory if he arrived in time for, according to him,\\nthe French were on the point of giving way. At that\\nvery hour fortune was deciding otherwise. Auger eau\\ndebouching at last from the wood of Iserstedt with Des-\\njar din s division, disengaged Ney s left, and began to\\nexchange a fire of musketry with the Saxons who were\\ndefending the Schnecke, while General Heudelet at-\\ntacked them in column on the high road from Jena to\\nWeimar. On the other side of the field of battle, the\\ncorps of Marshal Soult, after driving the remains of the\\nCerini brigade, as well as the Pelet fusiliers, out of the\\nwood of Closewitz, and flinging back Holzendorf s de-\\ntachment to a distance, opened its guns on the flank\\nof the Prussians. Napoleon, seeing the progress of his\\ntwo wings, and learning the arrival of the troops which\\nhad been left in rear, was no longer afraid to bring into\\naction all the forces present on the ground, the guard\\nincluded, and gave orders for advancing. An irresist-\\nible impulse was communicated to the whole line. The\\nPrussians were driven back, broken, and hurled down", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "204 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe sloping ground which descends from Landgrafenberg\\nto the valley of the Urn. The regiments of Hohenlohe\\nand the Hahn grenadiers, of Grawert s division, were\\nalmost entirely destroyed by the fire or by the bayonet.\\nThe Cerini brigade, assailed with grape, fell back upon\\nthe Dyherrn reserve, which in vain opposed its five\\nbattalions to the movement of the French. That reserve,\\nbeing soon left uncovered, found itself attacked, sur-\\nrounded on all sides, and forced to disperse. Tauenzien s\\ncorps, rallied for a moment, and brought back into the\\nfire by the Prince of Hohenlohe, was hurried away, like\\nthe others, in the general rout. The Prussian cavalry,\\ntaking advantage of the absence of the heavy French\\ncavalry, made charges to cover its broken infantry but\\nthe chasseurs and hussars kept it in check and though\\ndriven back several times, returned incessantly to the\\ncharge. A terrible carnage followed this disorderly re-\\ntreat. At every step prisoners were made; artillery\\nwas taken by whole batteries.\\nIn this great danger, General Ruchel at length made\\nhis appearance, but too late. He marched in two lines\\nof infantry, having on the left the cavalry belonging to\\nhis corps, and on the right the Saxon cavalry, commanded\\nby the brave General Zeschwitz, who had come of his\\nown accord and taken that position. He ascended at a\\nfoot-pace those plateaux, sloping from the Landgrafen-\\nberg to the Ilm. While mounting, Prussian and French\\npoured down around him like a torrent, the one pursued\\nby the other. He was thus met by a sort of tempest,\\nat the moment of his appearance on the field of battle.\\nWhile he was advancing, his heart rent with grief at", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "JENA. 205\\nthis disaster, the French rushed upon him with the im-\\npetuosity of victory. The cavalry which covered his left\\nflank was first dispersed. That unfortunate general, an\\nunwise but ardent friend of his country, was the first\\nto oppose the shock in person. A ball entered his chest,\\nand he was borne off dying in the arms of his soldiers.\\nHis infantry, deprived of the cavalry which covered it,\\nfound itself attacked in flank by the troops of Marshal\\nSoult, and threatened in front by those of Marshals\\nLannes and Ney. The battalions placed at the left ex-\\ntremity of the line, seized with terror, dispersed, and\\nhurried along the rest of the corps in their flight. To\\naggravate the disaster, the French dragoons and cuiras-\\nsiers came up at a gallop, under the conduct of Murat,\\nimpatient to take a share in the battle. They surrounded\\nthose hapless and dispersed battalions, cut in pieces all\\nwho attempted to resist, and pursued the others to the\\nbanks of the Ilm, where they made a great number of\\nprisoners.\\nOn the field of battle were left only the two Saxon\\nbrigades of Burgsdorf and Nehroff, which, after honora-\\nbly defending the Schnecke against Heudelet s and Des-\\njardin s division of Augereau s corps, had been forced\\nin their position by the address of the French tirailleurs,\\nand effected their retreat, formed into two squares.\\nThese squares presented three sides of infantry and one\\nof artillery, the latter being the rear side. The two\\nSaxon brigades retired, halting alternately, firing their\\nguns, and then resuming their march. Augereau s artil-\\nlery followed, sending balls after them a swarm of\\nFrench tirailleurs ran after them, harassing them with", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "206 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntheir small arms. Murat, who had just overthrown the\\nrelics of Ruchel s corps, fell upon the two Saxon bri-\\ngades, and ordered them to be charged to the utmost\\nextremity by his dragoons and cuirassiers. The dra-\\ngoons attacked first without forcing an entrance but\\nthey returned to the charge, penetrated and broke the\\nsquare. General d Hatpoul, with the cuirassiers, attacked\\nthe second, broke it, and made that havoc which a\\nvictorious cavalry inflicts on a broken infantry. Those\\nunfortunate men had no other resource but to surrender.\\nThe Prussian battalion of Boguslawski was forced in its\\nturn, and treated like the others. The brave General\\nZeschwitz, who had hastened with the Saxon cavalry\\nto the assistance of its infantry, made vain efforts to\\nsupport it, and was driven back, and forced to give way\\nto the general rout.\\nMurat rallied his squadrons, and hastened to Weimar,\\nto collect fresh trophies. At some distance from that\\ntown were crowded together, pell-mell, detachments of\\ninfantry, cavalry, artillery, at the top of a long and\\nsteep slope, formed by the high road leading down to\\nthe bottom of the valley of the Ilm. These troops,\\nconfusedly huddled together, were supported upon a\\nsmall wood, called the wood of Webicht. All at once,\\nthe bright helmets of the French cavalry made their\\nappearance. A few musket-shots were instinctively\\nfired by this affrighted crowd. At this signal, the\\nmass, seized with terror, rushed down the hill, at the\\nfoot of which Weimar is situated foot, horse, artillery-,\\nmen, all tumbled over one another into this gulf a\\nnew and tremendous disaster. Murat now sent", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "JENA. 207\\nafter them a part of his dragoons, who goaded on this\\nmob with the points of their swords, and pursued it\\ninto the streets of Weimar. With the others he made\\na circuit to the other side of Weimar, and cut off the\\nretreat of the fugitives, who surrendered by thousands.\\nOut of the seventy thousand Prussians who had\\nappeared on the field of battle, not a single corps\\nremained entire, not one retreated in order. Out of\\none hundred thousand French troops, composed of the\\ncorps of Marshals Soult, Lannes, Augereau, Ney, Murat,\\nand the guard, not more than fifty thousand had fought,\\nand they had been sufficient to overthrow the Prussian\\narmy. The greater part of that army, seized with a\\nsort of vertigo, throwing away its arms, ceasing to know\\neither its colors or its officers, covered all the roads of\\nThuringin. About twelve thousand Prussians and\\nSaxons, killed and wounded, about four thousand French\\nkilled and wounded also, strewed the ground from Jena\\nto Weimar. On the ground were seen stretched a great\\nnumber a greater number, indeed, than usual of\\nPrussian officers, who had nobly paid for their silly\\npassions with their lives. Fifteen thousand prisoners,\\ntwo hundred pieces of cannon, were in the hands of the\\nFrench, intoxicated with joy. The shells of the Prus-\\nsians had set fire to the town of Jena, and from the\\nplateaux where the battle was fought, columns of flame\\nwere seen bursting from the dark bosom of night.\\nFrench shells ploughed up the city of Weimar, and\\nthreatened it with a similar fate. The shrieks of fugi.\\ntives while ruuning through the streets, the tramp of\\nMurat s cavalry, dashing through them at a gallop,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "208 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nslaughtering without mercy all who were not quick\\nenough in flinging down their arms, had filled with hor-\\nror that charming city the noble asylum of letters.\\nAt Weimar, as at Jena, part of the inhabitants had\\nfled. The conquerors, disposing like masters of their\\nalmost deserted towns, established their magazines and\\ntheir hospitals in the churches and public buildings.\\nNapoleon, on returning from Jena, directed his attention,\\naccording to his custom, to the collecting of the wounded,\\nand heard shouts of Vive VEiwpereur mingled with the\\nmoans of the dying.\\nBut Napoleon knew not yet the full measure of his\\nvictory. In the course of the day, he had heard the\\ndistant thundering of the cannon in the direction of\\nNaumberg, where he had posted Marshal Davoust.\\nHe had the greatest confidence in the wisdom, valor,\\nand inflexible resolution of that great general, but he\\ndid not know of the immensely superior forces the\\nMarshal had to fight, to maintain his position. The facts\\nwere soon learned. Marshal Davoust, with only twenty-\\nsix thousand men, had not only sustained his position\\nfor many hours against the impetuous attack of seventy\\nthousand Prussians, commanded by the Duke of Bruns-\\nwick, and cheered by the presence of Frederick Wilham\\nhimself, but had routed his enemy, and thus achieved\\nthe victory of Auerstadt. Never had there been a\\ngrander display of heroic firmness by general and sol-\\ndiers. The Prussians had lost three thousand prisoners,\\nnine or ten thousand men, killed or wounded, besides\\nthe Duke of Brunswick, Marshal Mollendorf and Gene-\\nral Schwettan mortally wounded, together with a pro-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "jena. 209\\ndigious number of their gallant officers. Davoust had\\nsuffered a loss of seven thousand men, killed or wounded,\\nand half the generals of brigade and colonels were placed\\nhors de combat. The king was denied the consolation\\nof his army retreating in good order. Nearly every\\ncorps was broken and disbanded, being seized with a\\npanic. The roads were crowded with fear-stricken\\nfugitives.\\nDuring the terrible night, which followed the bloody\\nday of Jena and Auerstadt, the victors suffered not less\\nthan the vanquished. The night was intensely cold,\\nand they were obliged to bivouac on the ground, having\\nscarcely any thing to eat. Many of them wounded, more\\nor less severely, were stretched on the cold earth beside\\nwounded enemies, mingling their groans. Napoleon\\nmade every effort in his power to relieve their sufferings,\\nand many a poor soldier, almost fainting from loss of\\nblood, exerted his feeble strength to shout Vive VEm-\\npereur I\\nBut the Prussian army was annihilated. The road\\nto Berlin was open, and thither the French Emperor\\nhastened, in following up his decisive victory. A few\\nsmall actions were fought and the French made thousands\\nof prisoners almost every day. Frederick William so-\\nlicited an armistice, but the Emperor refused to grant it\\nfor wise military reasons. He was destined to enter\\nthe Prussian capital in triumph. Never did Europe\\ndread the name of Napoleon so notably as when that\\nPrussian army, upon which the last hope was founded,\\nvanished before his resistless arms.\\n27", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "tos \u00c2\u00aeMat?\u00c2\u00abLFQLE i \u00c2\u00aem this m/mmi\\neasily\\npassed\\n(210)\\nAPOLEON, having vanquished\\nthe Prussians, once\\nmore turned his arms\\nagainst the Russians,\\nwho, under the com-\\nmand of Kamenski\\nand Bennigsen, num-\\nbered about one hun-\\ndred and fifteen thou-\\nsand men. They were\\nposted upon the Vis-\\ntula; but as Napoleon\\nthat great river, they retired behind the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "NAEEW. 211\\nNarew. The passage of this stream was one of the re-\\nmarkable achievements of the French, during this portion\\nof the Emperor s splendid career.\\nHaving arrived in the night, between the 18th and\\n19th of December, 1806, Napoleon reconnoitred the po-\\nsition of Marshal Davoust on the Narew, but a thick\\nfog prevented him from attaining much accurate intelli-\\ngence. He made his dispositions for attacking the\\nenemy on the 22cl or 23d of December. It is high\\ntime, he wrote to Marshal Davoust, to take our winter\\nquarters but this cannot be done till we have driven\\nback the Russians.\\nThe four divisions of General Bennigsen first pre-\\nsented themselves. Count Tolstoy s division, posted at\\nCzarnowo, occupied the apex of the angle formed by the\\njunction of the Ukra and the Narew. That of General\\nSacken, also placed in rear towards Lopaczym, guarded\\nthe banks of the Ukra. The division of Prince Gal-\\nlitzin was in reserve at Pultusk. The four divisions of\\nGeneral Buxhovclen were at a great distance from those\\nof General Bennigsen, and not calculated to render\\nsupport to him.\\nIt is easy to* perceive that the distribution of the\\nRussian corps was not judiciously combined in the angle\\nof the Ukra and the Narew, and that they had not suffi-\\nciently concentrated their forces. If, instead of having\\na single division at the point of the angle, and one on\\neach side at too great a distance from the first, lastly,\\nfive out of reach, they had distributed themselves with\\nintelligence over ground so favourable for the defensive\\nif they had strongly occupied, first the conflux, then", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "212 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe two rivers, the Narew from Czarnowo to Pultusk,\\nthe Ukra from Pomichowo to Kolozomb if they had\\nplaced in reserve in a central position, at Nasielsk, for\\nexample, a principal mass, ready to run to any threat-\\nened point, they might have disputed the ground with\\nadvantage. But Generals Bennigsen and Buxhovden\\nwere on bad terms they disliked to be near each other\\nand old Kamenski, who had arrived only on the preced-\\ning day, had neither the necessary intelligence nor\\nspirit for prescribing other dispositions than they had\\nadopted in following each of them his whim.\\nNapoleon, who saw the position of the Russians from\\nwithout only, certainly concluded that they were in-\\ntrenched behind the Narew and the Ukra, for the purpose\\nof guarding the banks, but without knowing how they\\nwere established and distributed there. He thought\\nthat it would be advisable to take, in the first place, the\\nconflux, where it was probable, they would defend\\nthemselves with energy, and having carried that point,\\nto proceed to the execution of his plan, which consisted\\nin throwing the Russians, by a wheel from right to left,\\ninto the marshy and woody country in the interior of\\nPoland. In consequence, having repeated the order to\\nMarshals Ney, Bernadotte and Bessieres, forming his\\nleft, to proceed rapidly from Thorn to Biezun on the\\nupper course of the Ukra; to Marshals Soult and Auge-\\nreau, forming in his centre, to set out from Plock and\\nModlin, and form a junction at Plonsk on the Ukra; he\\nput himself at the head of his right, composed of Da-\\nvoust s corps, Lannes s corps, of the guard, and the\\nreserves, resolved to force immediately the position of", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "NAREW.\\n213\\nthe Russians at the conflux of the Ukra and the Narew.\\nHe left in the works of Praga the Poles of the new\\nlevy, with a division of dragoons, a force sufficient to\\nward off all accidents, as the army was not to remove\\nfar from Warsaw.\\nHaving arrived on the morning of the 23d of December\\nat Okunin on the Narew, in wet weather, by muddy\\nand almost impassable roads, Napoleon alighted, to\\nsuperintend in person the dispositions of attack. This\\ngeneral, who, according to some critics, while directing\\narmies of three hundred thousand men, knew not how\\nto lead a brigade into fire, went himself to reconnoitre\\nthe enemy s positions, and to place his forces on the\\nground, down to the very companies of the voltigeurs.\\nThe Narew had been already crossed at Okunin,\\nbelow the conflux of the Ukra and the Narew. To\\npenetrate into the angle formed by those two rivers, it\\nwas necessary to pass either the Narew or the Ukra\\nabove their point of junction. The Ukra, being the\\nnarrower of the two, was deemed preferable for attempt-\\ning a passage. Advantage had been taken of an island\\nwhich divided it into two arms, near its mouth, in order\\nto diminish the difficulty. On this island the French\\nhad established themselves, and they had yet to pass\\nthe second arm to reach the point of land occupied by\\nthe Russians between the Ukra and the Narew. This\\npoint of land, covered with woods, coppices, marshes,\\nc, looked like one very dense thicket. Further off,\\nthe ground became somewhat clearer, then rose and\\nformed a steep declivity, which extended from the\\nNarew to the Ukra. To the right of this natural in-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "214 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntrenchment appeared the village of Czarnowo on the\\nNarew, to the left of the village of Pomichowo on the\\nUkra. The Russians had advanced guards of tirailleurs\\nin the thicket, several battalions and a numerous artillery\\non the elevated part of the ground, two battalions in\\nreserve, and all their cavalry in the rear. Napoleon\\nrepaired to the island, mounted the roof of a barn by\\nmeans of a ladder, studied the position of the Russians\\nwith a telescope, and immediately made the following\\ndispositions. He scattered a great quantity of tirailleurs\\nall along the Ukra, and to a considerable distance above\\nthe point of passage. He ordered them to keep up a\\nbrisk firing, and to kindle large fires with damp straw,\\nso as to cover the bed of the river with a cloud of smoke,\\nand to cause the Russians to apprehend an attack above\\nthe conflux, towards Pomichowo. He even directed to\\nthat quarter Gauthier s brigade, belonging to Davoust s\\ncorps, in order the more effectually to draw the enemy s\\nattention thither. During the execution of these orders,\\nhe collected at dusk all the companies of voltigeurs of\\nMorand s division, on the intended point of passage, and\\nordered them to fire from one bank to the other, through\\nthe clumps of wood, to drive off the enemy s posts, while\\nthe seamen of the guard were equipping the craft col-\\nlected on the Narew. The 17th of the fine and the 13th\\nlight infantry were in column, ready to embark by detach-\\nments, and the rest of Morand s division was assembled\\nin the rear, in order to pass as soon as the bridge was\\nestablished. The other divisions of Davoust s corps\\nwere at the bridge of Okunin, awaiting the moment for\\nacting. Lannes was advancing from Warsaw to Okunin.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "THE CAM P-F IRE ON THE NAREW.\\nPage 21*.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "NAREW. 215\\nThe seamen of the guard soon brought some boats, by\\nmeans of which several detachments of voltigeurs were\\nconveyed from one bank to the other. These penetrated\\ninto the thicket, while the officers of the pontoniers and\\nthe seamen of the guard were occupied in forming a\\nbridge of boats with the utmost expedition. At seven in\\nthe evening, the bridge being passable, Morand s division\\ncrossed in close column, and marched forward, preceded\\nby the 17th of the line and the 13th light infantry, and\\nby a swarm of tirailleurs. They advanced under cover\\nof the darkness and the wood. The sappers of the regi-\\nment cleared a passage through the thicket for the in-\\nfantry. No sooner had they overcome these first obstacles,\\nthan they found themselves unsheltered, opposite to the\\nelevated plateau which runs from the Narew to the\\nUkra, and which was defended either by abattis or by\\na numerous artillery. The Russians, amidst the dark-\\nness of the night, opened upon the French columns a\\ncontinuous fire of grape and musketry, which did some\\nmischief. While the voltigeurs of Morand s division and\\nthe 13th light infantry approached as tirailleurs, Colonel\\nLanusse, at the head of the 17th of the line, formed in\\ncolumn of attack on the right, to storm the Russian\\nbatteries. He had already carried one of them, when the\\nRussians advancing in mass upon his left flank, obliged\\nhim to fall back. The rest of Morand s division came up\\nto the support of the two first regiments The 1 3th light,\\ninfantry having exhausted its cartridges, was replaced\\nby the 30th, and again they marched by the right to\\nattack the village of Czarnowo, while on the left, General\\nPetit proceeded with four hundred picked men to the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "216 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nattack of the Russian intrenchments facing the Ukra,\\nopposite to Pomichowo. In spite of the darkness, they\\nmonoeuvred with the utmost order. Two battalions of\\nthe 30th and one of the 17th attacked Czarnowo, one\\nby going along the bank of the Narew, the two others\\nby directly climbing the plateau on which the village is\\nseated. These three battalions carried Czarnowo, and,\\nfollowed by the 51st and the 61st regiments, debouched\\non the plateau, driving back the Russians into the plain\\nbeyond it. At the same moment General Petit had as-\\nsaulted the extremity of the enemy s intrenchments to-\\nwards the Ukra, and, seconded by the fire of artillery,\\nkept up by Gauthier s brigade from the other side of\\nthe river, had carried them. At midnight, the assailants\\nwere masters of the position of the Russians from the\\nNarew to the Ukra, but, from the tardiness of their re-\\ntreat, which could be discerned in the dark, it was to\\nbe inferred that they would return to the charge, and,\\nfor this reason, Marshal Davoust sent the second brigade\\nof General Gudin s division to the assistance of General\\nPetit who was most exposed. During the night, the\\nRussians, as it had been foreseen, returned three times\\nto the charge, with the intention of retaking the position\\nwhich they had lost, and hurling down the French from\\nthe plateau towards that point of w T oody and marshy\\nground on which they had landed. Thrice were they\\nsuffered to approach within thirty paces, and each time\\nthe French replying to their attack by a point-blank fire;\\nbrought them to a dead stand, and then, meeting them\\nwith the bayonet, repulsed them. At length, the night\\nbeing far advanced, they betook themselves in full re-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "NAREW.\\n217\\ntreat, towards Nasielsk. Never was night action fought\\nwith greater order, precision, and hardihood. The Rus-\\nsians left, killed, wounded and prisoners, about eighteen\\nhundred men, and a great quantity of artillery. The\\nFrench had six hundred wounded, and about one\\nhundred killed.\\nNapoleon, at his evening camp-fire on the Narew, con-\\ngratulated General Morancl and Marshal Davoust upon\\ntheir gallant conduct, and hastened to reap the benefits\\nof the victory. Then followed a series of actions in ter-\\nrible weather, and in a country now hardened with frost,\\nand then slushed with rain. In all these, the lieutenants\\nof the Emperor, and especially the indomitable Lannes,\\ngained unfading glory.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "imas sABH[p-!?QiBS at gimMU\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^rpHE Russians, under General\\n[J Bennigsen, were pursued and\\nharassed by the French\\nMarshals after the passage\\nof the Narew, until the even-\\ning of the 7th of February,\\n1807, when they halted be-\\nyond the village of Eylau,\\nand evinced a determination\\nto give battle on the follow-\\ning day. The French army was worn with fatigue,\\nreduced in number by rapid marches and rear-guard\\n(218)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "ETLAU. 219\\nactions, pinched with hunger and suffering from cold.\\nBut they were now to fight a great battle against a\\nsuperior number of brave and disciplined troops.\\nNapoleon, losing no time, dispatched the same even-\\ning several officers to Marshals Davoust and Ney, to\\nbring them back, the one to his right, the other to his\\nleft. Marshal Davoust had continued to follow the\\nAlle to Bartenstein, and he was not more than three or\\nfour leagues off. He replied that he should arrive at\\ndaybreak upon the right of Eylau (the right of the\\nFrench army) ready to fall upon the flank of the Rus-\\nsians. Marshal Ney, who had been directed upon the\\nleft, so as to keep the Prussians at a distance, and to be\\nable to rush upon Konigsberg, in case the Russians\\nshould throw themselves behind the Pregel Marshal\\nNey was marching for Krentzburg. Messengers were\\ndispatched after him, though it was not so sure that he\\ncould be brought back in time to the field of battle, as\\nit was that Marshal Davoust would make his appearance\\nthere.\\nDeprived of Ney s corps, the French army amounted\\nat. most to fifty and some thousand men. If Marshal\\nNey were to arrive in time, it would be possible to\\noppose sixty-three thousand men to the enemy, all pre-\\nsent under fire. No expectation could be entertained\\nof the arrival of Bernadotte s corps, which was thirty\\nleagues off.\\nNapoleon, who slept that night but three or four\\nhours in a chair in the house of the postmaster, placed\\nthe corps of Marshal Soult at Eylau itself, partly within\\nthe town, partly on the right and left of it, Augereau s", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "220 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncorps and the imperial guard a little in rear, and all the\\ncavalry upon the wings, till daylight should enable him\\nto make his dispositions.\\nGeneral Bennigsen had at last determined to give\\nbattle. He was on level ground, or nearly so, excellent\\nground for his infantry, not much versed in manoeuvres,\\nbut solid, and for his cavalry, which was numerous.\\nHis heavy artillery, which he had directed to make a\\ncircuit, that it might not cramp his movements, had just\\nrejoined him.\\nHis army, amounting to seventy-eight or eighty\\nthousand men, and to ninety thousand with the Prus-\\nsians, had sustained considerable losses in the late bat-\\ntles, but scarcely any in marches, for an army in\\nretreat, without being in disorder, is rallied by the enemy\\nthat pursues it, whereas the pursuing army, not having\\nthe same motives for keeping close together, always\\nleaves part of its effective force behind. Deducting the\\nlosses sustained at Mohrungen, Bergfried, Waltersdorf,\\nHoff, Heilsberg, and at Eylau itself, one may say that\\nGeneral Bennigsen s army was reduced to about eighty\\nthousand men, seventy-two thousand of whom were\\nRussians, and eight thousand Prussians. Thus, in case\\nGeneral Lestocq and Marshal Ney should not arrive,\\nfifty-four thousand French would have to fight seventy-\\ntwo thousand Russians. The Russians had, moreover,\\na formidable artillery, computed at four or five hundred\\npieces. That of the French amounted to two hundred\\nat most, including the guard. It is true that it was\\nsuperior to all the artilleries of Europe, even to that of\\nthe Austrians. General Bennigsen, therefore, deter-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 221\\nmined to attack at daybreak. The character of his\\nsoldiers was energetic, like that of the French soldiers,\\nbut governed by other motives. The Russians had\\nneither that confidence of success nor that love of glory\\nwhich the French exhibited, but a certain fanaticism of\\nobedience, which induced them to brave death blindly.\\nSince debouching upon Eylau, the country appeared\\nlevel and open. The little town of Eylau, situated on\\na slight eminence, and topped by a Gothic spire, was\\nthe only conspicuous point. The ground gently sloping,\\non the right of the church, presented a cemetery. In\\nfront it rose perceptibly, and on this rise, marked by\\nsome hillocks, appeared the Russians in a deep mass.\\nSeveral lakes, full of water in spring, frozen in winter,\\nat this time covered with snow, were not distinguish-\\nable in any way from the rest of the plain. Scarcely\\ndid a few barns united into hamlets, and lines of barriers\\nfor folding cattle, form a point d appui, or an obstacle on\\nthis dreary field of battle. A gray sky, dissolving at\\ntimes into thick snow, added its dreariness to that of\\nthe country, a dreariness which seized upon both the\\neye and heart.\\nDuring the greater part of the night Napoleon was\\nemployed in learning the force and position of the enemy,\\nand drawing a plan of the battle, as he reclined on the\\nsnow by his dreary camp-fire. The four hours of sleep\\nin a chair was quite sufficient to refresh his energies,\\nand prepare him for the great struggle of the next day.\\nThe troops who bivouacked in the vicinity of Eylau,\\nsuffered severely from the cold. They had but few\\nfires, as fuel was scarce. Most of these gallant sol-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "222 CAMP-FIRES OP NAPOLEON.\\ndiers, who had been marching and fighting for several\\ndays, dared not trust themselves to slumber on the\\nground for fear of freezing to death.\\nAt break of the day, the position of the Russians\\nwas discovered. They were drawn up in two lines,\\nvery near to each other, their front being covered by\\nthree hundred pieces of cannon, planted on the salient\\npoints of the ground. In the rear, two close columns,\\nappuying, like two flying buttresses, this double line of\\nbattle seemed designed to support it, and to prevent its\\nbreaking under the shock of a charge from the impetu-\\nous French. A strong reserve of artillery was placed\\nat some distance. The cavalry was partly in the rear,\\nand partly on the wings. The Cossacks kept with the\\nbody of the army.\\nNapoleon, on horseback, at daybreak, stationed him-\\nself in the cemetery to the right of Eylau, where,\\nscarcely protected by a few trees from the cannonade\\nwhich the Russians had already commenced, he surveyed\\nthe positions of the enemy. He could foresee that vic-\\ntory would cost him dearly, from the solid and obstinate\\nmass which the Russian general had formed.\\nOwing to the position of Eylau, which stretched itself\\nout facing the Russians, Napoleon could give the less\\ndepth to his line of battle, and consequently the less\\nscope to the balls of the artillery. Two of Marshal\\nSoult s divisions were placed at Eylau, Legrand s divi-\\nsion in advance and a little to the left, Leval s division,\\npartly on the left of the town, upon an eminence topped\\nby a mill, partly on the right, at the cemetery itself. The\\nthird division of Marshal Soult s, St. Hilaire s division,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "EYIAtt. 223\\nwas established still further to the right, at a considera-\\nble distance from the cemetery, in the village of Rothe-\\nnen, which formed the prolongation of the position of\\nEylau. In the interval between the village of Rothenen,\\nand the town of Eylau, an interval left vacant for the\\npurpose of making the rest of the army debouch there,\\nwas posted a little in rear, Augereau s corps, drawn up\\nin two lines, and formed of Desjardins s and Heudelet s\\ndivisions. Augereau, tormented with fever, his eyes\\nred and swollen, but forgetting his complaints at the\\nsound of the cannon, had mounted his horse to put him-\\nself at the head of his troops. Further in rear of that\\nsame debouche came the infantry and cavalry of the\\nimperial guard, the divisions of cuirassiers and dragoons,\\nboth ready to present themselves to the enemy by the\\nsame outlet, and meanwhile somewhat sheltered from\\nthe cannon by a hollow of the ground. Lastly, at the\\nextreme right of this field of battle, beyond and in\\nadvance of Rothenen, at the hamlet of Serpallen, the\\ncorps of Marshal Davoust was to enter into action in\\nsuch a manner as to fall upon the flank of the Russians.\\nThus Napoleon was in open order, and his line having\\nthe advantage of .being covered on the left by the build-\\nings of Eylau, on the right by those of Rothenen, the\\ncombat of artillery, by which he designed to demolish\\nthe kind of wall opposed to him by the Russians, would\\nbe much less formidable for him than foi them. He\\nhad caused all the cannon of the army to be removed\\nfrom the corps, and placed in order of battle. To these\\nhe had ordered the forty pieces belonging to the guard,\\nand he was thus about to reply to the formidable artil-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "224 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nlery of the Russians by an artillery far inferior in\\nnumber, but much superior in skill.\\nThe Russians had commenced the firing. The French\\nhad answered it immediately by a violent cannonade at\\nhalf cannon-shot. The earth shook under the tremen-\\ndous detonation. The French artillerymen, not only\\nmore expert, but firing at a living mass, which served\\nthem for a butt, made dreadful havoc. The balls swept\\ndown whole files. Those of the Russians, on the con-\\ntrary, directed with less precision, and striking against\\nbuildings, inflicted less mischief. The town of Eylau\\nand the village of Rothenen were soon set on fire.\\nThe glare of the conflagration added its terrors to the\\nhorrors of the carnage. Though there fell far fewer\\nFrench than Russians, still there fell a great many,\\nespecially in the ranks of the imperial guard, motionless\\nin the cemetery. The projectiles, passing over the\\nhead of Napoleon, and sometimes very close to him,\\npenetrated the walls of the church, or broke branches\\nfrom the trees at the foot of which he had placed him-\\nself to direct the battle.\\nThis cannonade lasted for a long time, and both armies\\nbore it with heroic tranquillity, never stirring, and\\nmerely closing their ranks as fast as the cannon made\\nbreaches in them. The Russians seemed first to feel a\\nsort of impatience. Desirous of accelerating the result\\nby the taking of Eylau, they moved off to carry the\\nposition of the mill, situated on the left of the town.\\nPart of their right formed in column, and came to the\\nattack. Leval s division gallantly repulsed it, and by\\ntheir firmness left the Russians no hope of success.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "EYLAXT. 225\\nAs for Napoleon, he attempted nothing decisive, for\\nhe would not endanger, by sending it forward, the corps\\nof Marshal Soult, which had done so well to keep Eylau\\nunder such a tremendous cannonade. He waited for\\nacting till the presence of Marshal Davoust s corps,\\nwhich was coming on the right, should begin to be felt\\non the flank of the Russians.\\nThis lieutenant, punctual as he was intrepid, had\\nactually arrived at the village of Serpallen. Friant s\\ndivision marched at the head. It debouched the first,\\nencountered the Cossacks, whom it had soon driven\\nback, and occupied the village of Serpallen with some\\ncompanies of light infantry. No sooner was it esta-\\nblished in the village and in the grounds on the right,\\nthan one of the masses of cavalry posted on the wings\\nof the Russian army detached itself, and advanced to-\\nwards. General Friant, availing himself with intelli-\\ngence and coolness of the advantages afforded by the\\naccidents of the locality, drew up the three regiments\\nof which his division was then composed behind the\\nlong and solid wooden barrier, which served for folding\\ncattle. Sheltered behind this natural intrenchment, he\\nkept up a fire within point-blank range upon the Rus-\\nsian squadrons, and forced them to retire. They fell\\nback, but soon returned, accompanied by a column of\\nnine or ten thousand infantry. It was one of the two\\nclose columns, which served for flying buttresses to the\\nRussian line of battle, and which now bore to the left\\nof that hue, to retake Serpallen. General Friant had\\nbut five hundred men to oppose to it. Still, sheltered\\nbehind the wooden barrier with which he had covered\\n29", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "226 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nhimself, and able to deploy without apprehension of\\nbeing charged by the cavalry, he saluted the Russians\\nwith a fire so continuous and so well directed, as to\\noccasion them considerable loss. Their squadrons hav-\\ning shown an intention to turn him, he formed the 33d\\ninto square on his right, and stopped them by the im-\\nperturbable bearing of his foot-soldiers. As he could\\nnot make use of his cavalry, which consisted of some\\nhorse chasseurs, he made amends for it by a swarm of\\ntirailleurs, who kept up such a tire upon the flanks of\\nthe Russians, as to oblige them to retire towards the\\nheights in rear of Serpallen, between Serpallen and\\nKlein-Sausgarten. On retiring to these heights, the\\nRussians covered themselves by a numerous artillery,\\nthe downward fire of which was very destructive.\\nMorand s division had arrived in its turn on the field of\\nbattle. Marshal Davoust, taking the first brigade, that\\nof General Ricard, went and placed it beyond and on\\nthe left of Serpallen he then posted the second, com-\\nposed of the 51st and the 61st, on the right of the\\nvillages, so as to support either Ricard s brigade or\\nFriant s division. The latter had proceeded to the right\\nof Serpallen, towards Klein-Sausgarten. At this very\\nmoment, Guclin s division was accelerating its speed to\\nget into fine. Thus the Russians had been obliged by\\nthe movement of the French right to draw back their\\nleft from Serpallen towards Klein-Sausgarten.\\nThe expected effect on the flank Of the enemy s\\narmy was therefore produced. Napoleon, from the posi-\\ntion which he occupied, had distinctly seen the Russian\\nreserves directed towards the corps of Marshal Davoust.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 227\\nThe hour for acting had arrived for, unless he inter-\\nfered, the Russians might fall in mass upon Marshal\\nDavoust and crush him. Napoleon immediately gave\\nhis orders. He directed St. Hilaire s division, which\\nwas at Rothenen, to push forward and to give a hand\\nto Morand s division about Serpallen. He commanded\\nthe two divisions of Augereau s corps, to debouch by the\\ninterval between Rothenen and Eylau, to connect them-\\nselves with St. Hilaire s division, and to form all together\\nan oblong line from the cemetery of Eylau to Serpallen.\\nThe result expected from this movement was to over-\\nturn the Russians, by throwing their right upon their\\ncentre, and thus break down, beginning at its extremity,\\nthe long wall which he had before him.\\nIt was ten in the morning. General St. Hilaire\\nmoved off, left Rothenen, and deployed obliquely in the\\nplain, under a terrible fire of artillery, his right at Ser-\\npallen, his left towards the cemetery. Augereau moved\\nnearly at the same time, not without a melancholy fore-\\nboding of the fate reserved for his corps d armee, which\\nhe saw exposed to the danger of being dashed to pieces\\nagainst the centre of the Russians, solidly appuyed upon\\nseveral hillocks.- While General Corbineau was deliver-\\ning the orders of the Emperor to him, a ball pierced the\\nside of that gallant officer. Marshal Augereau marched\\nimmediately. The two divisions of Desjardins and\\nHeudelet debouched between Rothenen and the ceme-\\ntery, in close columns 5 then, having cleared the defile,\\nformed in order of battle, the first brigade of each divi-\\nsion deployed, the second in square. While they were\\nadvancing, a squall of wind and snow, beating all at", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "228 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nonce into the faces of the soldiers, prevented them from\\nseeing the field of battle. The two divisions, enveloped\\nin this kind of cloud, mistook their direction, and bore\\na little to the left, leaving on their right a considerable\\nspace between them and St. Hilaire s division. The\\nRussians, but little incommoded by the snow, which\\nthey had at their backs, seeing Augereau s two divisions\\nadvancing towards the hillocks on which they appuyed\\ntheir centre, suddenly unmasked a battery of seventy-\\ntwo pieces, which they kept in reserve. So thick was\\nthe grape poured forth by this formidable battery, that\\nin a quarter of an hour half of Augereau s corps was\\nswept down. General Desjardins, commanding the\\nfirst division, was killed General Heudelet, command-\\ning the second, received a wound that was nearly mortal.\\nThe staff of the two divisions was soon liors de combat.\\nWhile they were sustaining this tremendous fire, being\\nobliged to re-form while marching, so much were their\\nranks thinned, the Russian cavalry, throwing itself into\\nthe space which separated it from Morand s division,\\nrushed upon them en masse. Those brave divisions,\\nhowever, resisted but they were obliged to fall back\\ntowards the cemetery of Eylau, giving ground without\\nbreaking, under the repeated assaults of numerous\\nsquadrons. The snow having suddenly ceased, they\\ncould then perceive the melancholy spectacle. Out of\\nsix or seven thousand combatants, about four thousand\\nkilled or wounded strewed the ground. Augereau,\\nwounded, himself, but more affected by the disaster of\\nhis eorps d armee than by his personal danger, was~carried\\ninto the cemetery of Eylau to the feet of Napoleon, to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 229\\nwhom he complained, not without bitterness, of not hav-\\ning been timely succored. Silent grief pervaded every\\nface in the imperial staff. Napoleon, calm and firm,\\nimposing on others the impassibility which he imposed\\non himself, addressed a few soothing words to Augereau,\\nthen sent him to the rear, and took his measures for\\nrepairing the mischief. Dispatching, in the first place,\\nthe chasseurs of his guard and some squadrons of dra-\\ngoons which were at hand, to drive back the enemy s\\ncavalry, he sent for Murat, and ordered him to make a\\ndecisive effort on the fine of infantry which formed the\\ncentre of the Russian army, and which, taking advan-\\ntage of Augereau s disaster, began to press forward.\\nAt the first summons, Murat came up at a gallop.\\nWell, said Napoleon, are you going to let those fel-\\nloivs eat us up f He then ordered that heroic chief of\\nhis cavalry to collect the chasseurs, the dragoons, the\\ncuirassiers, and to fall upon the Russians with eighty\\nsquadrons, to try what effect the shock of such a mass\\nof horse, charging furiously, would have on an infantry\\nreported not to be shaken. The cavalry of the guard\\nwas brought forward, ready to add its shock to the ca-\\nvalry of the army. The moment was critical, for, if the\\nRussian infantry were not stopped, it would go and\\nattack the cemetery, the centre of the position, and\\nNapoleon had only six foot battalions of the imperial\\nguard to defend it.\\nMurat galloped off, collected his squadrons, made\\nthem pass between the cemetery and Rothenen, through\\nthe same debouch by which Augereau s corps had\\nalready marched to almost certain destruction. General", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "230 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nGrouchy s dragoons charged first, to sweep the ground,\\nand clear it of the enemy s cavalry. That brave officer,\\nwhose horse fell with him, put himself, on rising, at the\\nhead of a second brigade, and effected his purpose of\\ndispersing the groups of cavalry which preceded the\\nRussian infantry. But, for overturning the latter, noth-\\ning short of the heavy iron-clacl squadrons of General\\nd Hautpoul was required. That officer, who distin-\\nguished himself by consummate skill in the art of\\nmanaging a numerous cavalry, came forward with twenty-\\nfour squadrons of cuirassiers, followed by the whole\\nmass of dragoons. These cuirassiers, ranged in several\\nlines, started off and threw themselves upon the Russian\\nbayonets. The first lines, arrested by the fire, could\\nnot penetrate, and falling back to right and left, went\\nto form afresh behind those who followed them, in order\\nto charge anew. At length, one of them, rushing on\\nwith more violence, broke the enemy s infantry at one\\npoint, and opened a breach, through which cuirassiers\\nand dragoons strove which should penetrate first. As\\na river, which has begun to break down a dike, soon\\ncarries it away entirely, so the masses of the squadrons,\\nhaving once penetrated the infantry of the Russians,\\nfinished in a few moments the overthrow of their first\\nline. The horse then dispersed to slaughter. A most\\nhorrible fray ensued between them and the Russian\\nfoot soldiers. They went, and came, and struck on all\\nsides those obstinate antagonists. While the first line\\nof infantry was thus overturned and cut in pieces, the\\nsecond fell back to a wood that bounded the field of\\nbattle. A last reserve of artillery had been left there.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. f 231\\nThe Russians placed it in battery, and fired confusedly\\nat their own soldiers and at the French, not caring\\nwhether they slaughtered friends or foes, if they only\\ngot rid of the formidable horse. General cl Hautpoul\\nwas mortally wounded by a rifle ball. While the cav-\\nalry was thus engaged with the second line of the\\nRussian infantry, some parties of the first rallied and\\nrenewed their fire. At this sight the horse grenadiers\\nof the guard, headed by General Lepic, one of the heroes\\nof the army, came forward in their turn to second Mu-\\nrat s efforts. Dashing off at a gallop, they charged the\\ngroups of infantry which they perceived to be still on\\ntheir legs, and crossing the ground in all directions,\\ncompleted the destruction of the centre of the Russian\\narmy, the wrecks of which at last fled for refuge to the\\npatches of wood which had served them for an asylum.\\nDuring this scene of confusion, a fragment of that\\nvast line of infantry had advanced to that same ceme-\\ntery. Three or four thousand Russian grenadiers,\\nmarching straight forward with the blind courage of\\nbraver and more intelligent troops, came to throw them-\\nselves on the church of Eylau, and threatened the\\ncemetery occupied by the imperial staff. The foot\\nguard, motionless till then, had endured the cannonade\\nwithout firing a piece. With joy it beheld an occasion\\nfor fighting arrive. A battalion was called for; two\\ndisputed the honor of marching. The first in order,\\nled by General Dorsenne, obtained the advantage of\\nmeasuring its strength with the Russian grenadiers,\\nwent up to them without firing a shot, attacked them\\nwith the bayonet, and threw one upon another, while", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "232 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nMurat dispatched against them two battalions of chas-\\nseurs under General Bruyere. The Russian grenadiers,\\nhemmed in between the bayonets of the grenadiers of\\nthe guard and the swords of the chasseurs, were\\nalmost all taken or killed, before the face of Napoleon,\\nand only a few paces from him.\\nThis cavalry action, the most extraordinary perhaps\\nof any in the great wars, had for its result to overthrow\\nthe centre of the Russians, and to drive it back to a\\nconsiderable distance. It would have been requisite to\\nhave at hand a reserve of infantry, in order to com-\\nplete the defeat of troops which, after being laid on\\nthe ground, rose again to fire. But Napoleon durst\\nnot venture to dispose of Marshal Soult s corps, reduced\\nto half of its effective, and necessary for keeping Eylau.\\nAugereau s corps was almost destroyed.\\nNapoleon, in the cemetery, in which were heaped the\\nbodies of a great number of his officers among the time-\\nbrowned tombstones, was graver than usual; but his\\ncountenance was inflexible as ever, and no thought of\\nretreat crossed his resolute soul. Crowds of his bravest\\nveterans were lying mangled around him and the pros-\\npect of the field must have been gloomy, indeed. But\\nhis iron will did not bend he had confidence that the\\nstar of his fortune had not yet begun to descend.\\nMarshal Davoust and General St. Hilaire justified\\nthe confidence of their chief, and not only maintained\\ntheir own position against the enemy, but had even\\npushed detachments upon their rear. But the event\\nwhich Napoleon dreaded had occurred.\\nGeneral Lestocq, perseveringly pursued by Marshal", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 233\\nNey, appeared on that field of carnage, with seven or\\neight thousand Prussians, eager to revenge themselves\\nfor the disdain of the Russians. General Lestocq, only\\nan hour or two ahead of Marshal Ney s corps, had\\nmerely time to strike one blow before he was struck\\nhimself. He debouched upon the field of battle at\\nSchmoditten, passed behind the double line of the\\nRussians, now broken by the fire of the artillery, by\\nthe swords of the horse, and presented himself at Kus-\\nchitten, in front of Friant s division, which, passing be-\\nyond Klein-Sausgarten; had already driven back the\\nleft of the enemy upon its centre. The village of Kus-\\nchitten was occupied by four companies of the 108th,\\nand by the 51st, which had been detached from Mo-\\nrand s division for the support of Friant s division.\\nThe Prussians, rallying the Russians around them,\\ndashed impetuously on the 51st, and on the four com-\\npanies of the 108th, without being able to break them,\\nthough they obliged them to fall back to a considerable\\ndistance, in rear of Kuschitten. The Prussians, after\\nthis first advantage, pushed on beyond Kuschitten, in\\norder to recover the positions of the morning. They\\nmarched, deployed in two fines. The Russian reserves,\\nbeing rallied, formed two close columns on their wings.\\nA numerous artillery preceded them. In this manner\\nthey advanced across the rear of the field of battle, ix.\\nregain the lost ground, and to beat back Marshal Da\\nvoust upon Klein-Sausgarten, and from Klein-Sausgar-\\nten to Serpallen. But Generals Friant and Gudis,\\nhaving Marshal Davoust at their head, hastened up.\\nFriant s entire division, and the 12th, 21st and 25tfc\\n30", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "234 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nregiments, belonging to Gudin s division, placed them-\\nselves foremost, covered by the whole of the artillery\\nof the third corps. To no purpose did the Russians\\nand Prussians exert themselves to overcome the for-\\nmidable obstacle they were unsuccessful. The French,\\nappuyed on woods, marshes and hillocks, here deployed\\nin line, there dispersed as tirailleurs, opposed an invin-\\ncible obstinacy to this last eff or t of the allies. Marshal\\nDavoust, passing through the ranks till dark, kept up\\nthe firmness of his soldiers, saying, Cowards will be\\nsent to die in Siberia the brave will die here like men\\nof honor. The Prussians and the rallied Russians de-\\nsisted from the attack. Marshal Davoust remained firm\\nin that position of Klein-Sausgarten, where he threat-\\nened the rear of the enemy.\\nThe two armies were exhausted. That day, so\\nsombre, was every moment becoming more sombre\\nstill, and about to terminate in a tremendous night.\\nMore than thirty thousand Russians, struck by the\\nballs and the swords of the French, strewed the ground,-\\nsome dead, others wounded more or less severely.\\nMany of the soldiers began to abandon their colors.\\nGeneral Bennigsen, surrounded by his lieutenants, was\\ndeliberating whether to resume the offensive, and try\\nthe effect of one more effort. But, out of an army of\\neighty thousand men, not more than forty thousand\\nwere left in a state to fight, the Prussians included. If\\nhe were worsted in this desperate engagement, he would\\nnot have wherewithal to cover his retreat. However,\\nhe was still hesitating, when intelligence was brought\\nhim of a last and important incident. Marshal Ney,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 235\\nwho had closely followed the Prussians, arriving in the\\nevening on the left, as Marshal Davoust had arrived in\\nthe morning on the right, debouched at length near\\nAlthof.\\nThus Napoleon s combinations, retarded by time,\\nhad, nevertheless, brought upon the two flanks of the\\nRussian army the forces that were to decide the victory.\\nThe order for retreat could no longer be deferred for\\nMarshal Davoust, having maintained himself at Klein-\\nSausgarten, would not have much to do to meet Marshal\\nNey, who had advanced to Schmoditten and the junc-\\ntion of these two Marshals would have exposed the\\nRussians to the risk of being enveloped. The order\\nfor retreating was instantly given by General Bennigsen;\\nbut, to insure- the retreat, he purposed to curb Marshal\\nNey, by attempting to take from him the village of\\nSchmoditten. The Russians marched upon that village,\\nunder favor of the night, and in profound silence, in\\nhopes of surprising the troops of Marshal Ney, who\\nhad arrived late on the field of battle, when it was diffi-\\ncult to recognise one another. But the latter were on\\ntheir guard. General Marchand, with the 6th light\\ninfantry, and the 39th of the line, allowing the Russians\\nto approach, then receiving them with a point-blank\\nfire, stopped them short. He then rushed upon them\\nwith the bayonet, and obliged them to renounce all\\nserious attack. From that moment they definitely\\ncommenced their retreat.\\nNapoleon knew that he was master of the field of\\nbattle. He occupied the slightly rising plain beyond\\nEylau, having his cavalry and his guard before him and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "236 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nat the centre, and his other corps in possession of the\\npositions which the Russians had occupied in the\\nmorning.\\nCertain of being victorious, but grieved to the bottom\\nof his heart, the Emperor had remained amidst his\\ntroops, and ordered them to kindle fires, and not leave\\nthe ranks, even to go in quest of provisions. A small\\nquantity of bread and brandy was distributed among the\\nsoldiers, and, though there was not enough for all, yet\\nno complaints were heard. Less joyous than at Auster-\\nlitz and at Jena, they were full of confidence, proud of\\nthemselves, ready to renew that dreadful struggle, if\\nthe Russians had the courage and the strength to do so.\\nWhoever had given them, at this moment, bread and\\nbrandy, which they were in want of, would have found\\nthem in as high spirits as usual. Two artillerymen of\\nMarshal Davoust s corps having been absent from their\\ncompany during this engagement, and arrived too late\\nto be present at the battle, their comrades assembled\\nin the evening at the bivouac, tried them, and not liking\\ntheir reasons, inflicted upon them, on that frozen and\\nblood-stained ground, the burlesque punishment which\\nthe soldiers call the savate.\\nThere was no great abundance of any thing but am-\\nmunition. The service of the artillery, performed with\\nextraordinary activity, had already replaced the ammu-\\nnition consumed. With not less zeal was the service\\nof the medical and surgical department performed. A\\ngreat number of wounded had been picked up to the\\nothers relief was administered on the spot~ till they\\ncould be removed in their turn. Napoleon, overwhelmed", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "EYLAU. 237\\nwith fatigue, was still afoot, and superintending the\\nattentions that were paid to his soldiers.\\nIn the rear of the army, so firm a countenance was\\nnot every where presented. Many stragglers, excluded\\nfrom the effective in the morning, in consequence of the\\nmarches, had heard the din of that tremendous battle,\\nhad caught some hourras of the Cossacks, and fallen\\nback, circulating bad news along the roads. The brave\\ncollected to range themselves beside their comrades, the\\nothers dispersed in the various routes which the army\\nhad traversed.\\nDaybreak next morning threw a light upon that\\nfrightful field of battle, and Napoleon himself was\\nmoved to such a degree as to betray his feelings in the\\nbulletin which he published. On that icy plain, thou-\\nsands of dead and dying, cruelly mangled, thousands of\\nprostrate horses, an infinite quantity of dismounted\\ncannon, broken carriages, scattered projectiles, burning\\nhamlets, all this standing out from a ground of snotv,\\nexhibited a thrilling and terrible spectacle. This\\nspectacle, exclaimed Napoleon, is fit to excite in\\nprinces a love of peace and a horror of war\\nThis singularity struck all eyes. From a propensity\\nfor returning to the things of past times, and also from\\neconomy, an attempt had been made to introduce the\\nwhite uniform again into the army. The experiment\\nhad been made with some regiments, but the sight of\\nblood on the white dress decided the question. Napo-\\nleon, filled with disgust and horror, declared that he\\nwould have none but blue uniforms, whatever might be\\nthe cost.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "238\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nThe Russians had left upon the field, about seven\\nthousand dead, and five thousand wounded, and they\\ntook with them fifteen thousand more wounded. They\\nhad consequently twenty-seven thousand men placed\\nhors de combat. Besides this loss, four thousand prison-\\ners were made by the French, who also captured twenty-\\nfour pieces of cannon and sixteen colors. The loss of\\nthe French was about three thousand killed and four\\nthousand wounded. Several eagles had been carried\\naway by Bennigsen. It was a terrible, but indecisive\\nbattle. The victor was too much grieved to listen to\\nthe paeans of triumph, although his valor and skill had\\nbeen nobly displayed in defeating a superior enemy.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "TOg 8MQIP-PQIB8 ATF PIBBSIDiyMBIID*\\nFTER the bloody struggle of Eylau, in\\nwhich thirty thousand men were\\nplaced hors de combat, the Rus-\\nsians seemed desirous of avoid-\\ning a conflict until they had\\nreceived large reinforcements.\\nIn the mean time, Napoleon\\nP^ collected about two hundred\\nthousand men between the Vistula, and the Memel,\\nbesieged and captured Dantzic, and was again in a con-\\ndition to strike a tremendous blow at the inferior forces\\nof the enemy. Early in June, 1807, the Russian\\n(239)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "240 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ngeneral, Bennigsen, made the first offensive movement.\\nThe division of Marshal Ney, stationed at Gustadt,\\nwas attacked by a superior force, and that intrepid\\nofficer retreated, fighting, as far as Deppen. Bat on\\nthe 8th of June, Napoleon moved forward to extricate\\nhis lieutenant, and the Russians then fell back upon\\nHeilsberg. There a desperate action occurred, in\\nwhich both armies suffered terribly. The Russians\\nwere compelled to retreat, but they retired unmolested.\\nOn the loth, Bennigsen approached the town of Fried-\\nland, situated on the west bank of the Alle, communi-\\ncating with the eastern bank by long wooden bridges.\\nHere the decisive battle of the next day was fought.\\nThe course of the Alle, near the spot where the two\\narmies were about to meet, exhibits numerous windings.\\nThe French came up by the woody hills, beyond which\\nthe ground gradually sinks to the banks of the Alle.\\nThe ground at this season was covered with rye of\\ngreat height. To the right of the French, the river\\nwas seen pursuing its way through the plain, then turn-\\ning round Friedland, coming to the left, thus forming\\nan elbow. At daybreak on the morning of the 14th\\nLannes, who commanded the advanced division of the\\nFrench army, reached Posthenen, whence he could see\\nthe Russians marching across the bridges to deploy into\\nthe plain, and drawing up in a line of battle facing the\\nheights. A rivulet, called the Mill Stream, there formed\\na small pond, after dividing the plain into two unequal\\nhalves. Bennigsen imagined that he had to contend\\nwith but one division of the French army, and, for the\\ntime, he had this advantage. But the whole force under", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "FEIEDLAND. 241\\nNapoleon s immediate command was coming up to sup-\\nport the gallant Lannes, and by crossing the bridges, the\\nRussian general fairly placed himself in the power of\\nthe Emperor. For this Napoleon had manoeuvred\\nseveral days, and he now saw that the victory would\\nbe one of that complete, decisive kind he loved.\\nMarshal Lannes, in his haste to march, had brought\\nwith him only Oudinot s voltigeurs and grenadiers, the\\n9th hussars, Grouchy s dragoons, and two regiments of\\nSaxon cavalry. He could not oppose more than ten\\nthousand men to the enemy s advanced guard, which,\\nsuccessively reinforced, was treble that number, and\\nwas soon to be followed by the whole Russian army.\\nFortunately for the French, the soil afforded numerous\\nresources to the skill and courage of their illustrious\\nmarshal. In the centre of the position which it was\\nnecessary to occupy, in order to bar the way against\\nthe Russians, was a village, that of Posthenen, through\\nwhich ran the Mill Stream to pursue its course to\\nFriedland. Somewhat in rear rose a plateau, from\\nwhich the plain of the Alle might be battered. Lannes\\nplaced his artillery there, and several battalions of\\ngrenadiers to protect it. On the right, a thick wood,\\nthat of Sortlack, protruded in a salient, and divided\\ninto two the space comprised between the village of\\nPosthenen and the banks of the Alle. There Lannes\\nposted two battalions of voltigeurs, which, dispersed as\\ntirailleurs, would be able to stop for a long time troops\\nnot numerous and not very resolute. The 9th hussars,\\nGrouchy s dragoons, the Saxon cavalry, amounted to\\nthree thousand horse, ready to fall upon any column\\n31", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "242 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwhich should attempt to penetrate that curtain of tirail-\\nleurs. On the left of Posthenen, the line of woody\\nheights extended, gradually lowering in the village of\\nHeinrichsdorf, through which ran the high road from\\nFriedland to Konigsberg. This point was of great im-\\nportance, for the Russians, desirous to reach Konigs-\\nberg, would, of course, obstinately dispute the road\\nthither. Besides, this part of the field of battle being\\nmore open, was naturally more difficult to defend.\\nLannes, who had not yet troops sufficient to establish\\nhimself there, had placed on his left, taking advantage\\nof the woods and heights, the rest of his battalions,\\nthus approaching the houses of Heinrichsdorf without\\nbeing able to occupy them.\\nThe fire, commenced at three in the morning, became\\nall at once extremely brisk. The artillery, placed on\\nthe plateau of Posthenen, under the protection of Oudi-\\nnot s grenadiers, kept the Russians at a distance, and\\nmade considerable havoc among them. On the right,\\nthe voltigeurs, scattered on the skirt of the wood of\\nSortlack, stopped their infantry by an incessant tirailleur\\nfire, and the Saxon horse, directed by General Grouchy,\\nhad made several unsuccessful charges against their\\ncavalry. The Russians having become threatening\\ntowards Heinrichsdorf, General Grouchy, moving from\\nthe right to the left, galloped thither, to dispute with\\nthem the Konigsberg road, the important point for the\\npossession of which torrents of blood were about to be\\nspilt.\\nThough, in these first moments, Marshal Lannes had\\nbut ten thousand men to oppose twenty-five or thirty", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 243\\nthousand, he maintained his ground, thanks to great\\nskill and energy, and also to the able concurrence of\\nGeneral Oudinot, commanding the grenadiers, and of\\nGeneral Grouchy, commanding the cavalry. But the\\nenemy reinforced hhnself from hour to hour, and Gene-\\nral Bennigsen, on arriving at Friedland, had suddenly\\nformed the resolution to give battle a very rash reso-\\nlution, for it would have been much wiser for him to\\nhave continued to descend the Alle to the junction of\\nthat river with the Pregel, and to take a position\\nbehind the latter, with his left to Wehlau, his right to\\nKonigsburg. It would have taken him, it is true,\\nanother day to reach Konigsberg but he would not\\nhave risked a battle against an army superior in num-\\nber, in quality, better officered, and in a very unfavora-\\nble situation for him, since he had a river at his back,\\nand he was very likely to be pushed into the elbow of\\nthe Alle, with all that vigor of impulsion of which the\\nFrench army was capable.\\nHe lost no time in having three bridges thrown over\\nthe Alle, one above and two below Friedland, in order\\nto accelerate the passage of his troops, and also to\\nfurnish them with means of retreat. He lined with\\nartillery the right bank, by which he arrived, and\\nwhich commanded the left bank. Then, nearly his\\nwhole army having debouched, he disposed it in the\\nfollowing manner In the plain around Heinrichsdorf,\\non the right for him, on the left for the French, he\\nplaced four divisions of infantry, under Lieutenant-\\nGeneral Gortschakoff, and the better part of the cavalry\\nunder General Ouwarroff. The infantry was formed in", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "244 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntwo lines. In the first were two battalions of each regi-\\nment deployed, and a third drawn up in close column\\nbehind the two others, closing the interval which\\nseparated them. In the second, the field of battle gra-\\ndually narrowing the further it extended into the angle\\nof the Alle, a single battalion was deployed and two\\nwere formed in close column. The cavalry, ranged on\\nthe side and a little in advance, flanked the infantry.\\nOn the left (the right of the French,) two Russian divi-\\nsions, of which the imperial guard formed part, increased\\nby all the detachments of chasseurs, occupied the por-\\ntion of the ground comprised between the Mill Stream\\nand the Alle. They were drawn up in two lines, but\\nvery near each other, on account of the want of room.\\nPrince Bagration commanded them. The cavalry of\\nthe guard was there, under General Kollogribow. Four\\nflying bridges had been thrown across the Mill Stream,\\nthat it might interrupt the communications between\\nthe two wings as little as possible. The fourth Rus-\\nsian division had been left on the other side of the\\nAlle, on the ground commanding the left bank, to col-\\nlect the army in case of disaster or to come and decide\\nthe victory, if it obtained any commencement of suc-\\ncess. The Russians had more than two hundred pieces\\nof cannon upon their front, besides those which were\\neither in reserve or in battery on the right bank.\\nTheir army, reduced to eighty or eighty-two thousand\\nmen after Heilsberg, separated at this time from\\nKamenski s corps and from some detachments sent to\\nWehlau to guard the bridges of the Alle, still amounted\\nto seventy-two or seventy-five thousand men. General", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "FEIEDLAND. 245\\nBennigsen caused the mass of the Russian army to be\\nmoved forward in the order just described, so that, on\\ngetting out of the elbow of the Alle, it might deploy,\\nextend its fires, and avail itself of the advantages of\\nnumber which it possessed at the beginning of the\\nbattle.\\nThe situation of Lannes was perilous, for he had the\\nwhole Russian army upon his hands. Fortunately, the\\ntime which had elapsed had procured him some rein-\\nforcements. General Nansouty s division of heavy\\ncavalry, composed of three thousand five hundred cui-\\nrassiers and carbineers, Dupas s division, which was\\nthe first of Mortier s corps, and numbered six thousand\\nfoot soldiers, lastly, Verdier s division, which contained\\nseven thousand, and was the second of Lannes s corps,\\nmarched off successively, had come with all possible\\nexpedition. It was a force of twenty-six or twenty-\\nseven thousand men, to fight seventy-five thousand.\\nIt was seven in the morning, and the Russians, preceded\\nby a swarm of Cossacks, advanced towards Heinrichs-\\ndorf, where they already had infantry and cannon.\\nLannes, appreciating the importance of that post, sent\\nthither the brigade of Albert s grenadiers, and ordered\\nGeneral Grouchy to secure possession of it at any cost.\\nGeneral Grouchy, who had been reinforced by the cui-\\nrassiers, proceeded immediately to the village. With-\\nout stopping to consider the difficulty, he dispatched\\nthe brigade of Milet s dragoons to attack Heinrichsdorf,\\nwhile Carrie s brigade turned the village, and the cui-\\nrassiers marched to support this movement. Milet s\\nbrigade passed through Heinrichsdorf at a gallop, drove", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "246 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nout the Russian foot-soldiers at the point of the sword,\\nwhile Carrie s brigade, going round it, took or dispersed\\nthose who had saved themselves by flight. Four pieces\\nof cannon were taken. At this moment, the enemy s\\ncavalry, coming to the assistance of the infantry, expel-\\nled from Heinrichsdorf, rushed upon the dragoons and\\ndrove them back. But Nansouty s cuirassiers charged\\nit in their turn, and threw it upon the Russian infantry,\\nwhich in this fray was obliged to withhold its fire.\\nDuring these occurrences, Dupas s division entered\\ninto line. Marshal Mortier, whose horse was killed by\\na cannon-ball, the moment he appeared on the field of\\nbattle, placed that division between Heinrichsdorf and\\nPosthenen, and opened on the Russians a fire of artil-\\nlery which, poured upon deep masses, made prodigious\\nhavoc in their ranks. The arrival of Dupas s division\\nrendered disposable those battalions of grenadiers\\nwhich had at first been drawn up to the left of Posthe-\\nnen. Lannes drew them nearer to him, and could oppose\\ntheir closer ranks to the attacks of the Russians, either\\nbefore Posthenen or before the wood of Sortlack. Gene-\\nral Oudinot, who commanded them, taking advantage of\\nall the accidents of ground, sometimes from clumps of\\nwood scattered here and there, sometimes from pools\\nof water, produced by the rains of the preceding days,\\nsometimes from above the corn, disputed the ground\\nwith equal skill and energy. By turns he hid or ex-\\nhibited his soldiers, dispersed them as tirailleurs, or\\nexposed them in a mass, bristling with bayonets, to all\\nthe efforts of the Russians. Those brave grenadiers,\\nnotwithstanding their inferiority in number, kept up the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "FMEDLAND. 247\\nfight, supported by their general, when, luckily for them,\\nVerdier s division arrived. Marshal Lannes divided it\\ninto two movable columns, to be sent alternately to the\\nright, to the centre, to the left, wherever the danger\\nwas most pressing. It was the skirt of the wood of\\nSortlack and the village of the same name, situated on\\nthe Alle, that were the most furiously disputed. In\\nthe end, the French remained masters of the village,\\nthe Russians of the skirts of the wood.\\nLannes was enabled to prolong till noon this conflict\\nof twenty-six thousand men against seventy-five thou-\\nsand. But it was high time for Napoleon to arrive\\nwith the rest of his army. Lannes, anxious to apprize\\nhim of what was passing, had sent to him almost all\\nhis aides-de-camp, one after another, ordering them to\\nget back to him without loss of time, if they killed\\ntheir horses. They found him coming at a gallop to\\nFriedland, and full of a joy that was expressed in his\\ncountenance. This is the 14th of June, he repeated\\nto those whom he met; it is the anniversary of\\nMarengo it is a lucky day for us Napoleon, out-\\nstripping his troops through the speed of his horse,\\nhad successively passed the long files of the guard, of\\nNey s corps, of Bernadotte s corps, all marching for\\nPosthenen. He had saluted in passing, Dupont s fine\\ndivision, which from Ulm to Braunsberg, had never\\nceased to distinguish itself, though never in his pre-\\nsence, and he had declared that it would give him great\\npleasure to see it fight for once.\\nThe presence of Napoleon at Posthenen fired his\\nsoldiers and his generals with fresh ardor. Lannes,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "248 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nMortier, Oudinot, who had been there since morning,\\nand Ney, who had just arrived, surrounded him with\\nthe most lively joy. The brave Oudinot hastening up\\nwith his coat perforated by balls, and his horse covered\\nwith blood, exclaimed to the Emperor Make haste,\\nSire, my grenadiers are knocked up but, give me a\\nreinforcement, and I will drive all the Russians into the\\nwater. Napoleon, surveying with his glass the plain,\\nwhere the Russians, backed in the elbow of the Alle,\\nwere endeavoring in vain to deploy, soon appreciated\\ntheir perilous situation and the unique occasion offered\\nhim by Fortune, swayed, it must be confessed, by his\\ngenius for the fault which the Russian army were\\ncommitting had been inspired, as it were, by him, when\\nhe pushed them from the other side of the Alle, and\\nthus forced them to pass in before him, in going to the\\nrelief of Konigsberg. The day was far advanced, and\\nit would take several hours to collect all the French\\ntroops. Some of Napoleon s lieutenants were, there-\\nfore, of opinion that they ought to defer fighting a\\ndecisive battle till the morrow. No, no, replied Na-\\npoleon, one does not catch an enemy twice in such a\\nscrape. He immediately made his dispositions for the\\nattack. They were worthy of his marvellous perspi-\\ncacity.\\nTo drive the Russians into the Alle was the aim\\nwhich every individual, down to the meanest soldier,\\nassigned to the battle. But how to set about it, how\\nto ensure that result, and how to render it as great as\\npossible, was the question. At the farthest extremity\\nof the elbow of the Alle, in which the Russian army", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAKD. 249\\nwas engulphed, there was a decisive point to occupy,\\nnamely, the little point of Friedland itself, situated on\\nthe right, between the Mill Stream and the Alle. There\\nwere the four bridges, the sole retreat of the Russian\\narmy, and Napoleon purposed to direct his utmost\\nefforts against that point. He destined for Ney s corps\\nthe difficult and glorious task of plunging into that\\ngulf, of carrying Friedland at any cost, in spite of the\\ndesperate resistance which it would not fail to make, of\\nwresting the bridges from them, and thus barring against\\nthem the only way of safety. But at the same time\\nhe resolved, while acting vigorously on his right, to\\nsuspend all efforts on his left, to amuse the Russian\\narmy on that side with a feigned fight, and not to push\\nit briskly on the left till, the bridges being taken on the\\nright, he should be sure, by pushing it, to fling it into a\\nreceptacle without an outlet.\\nSurrounded by his lieutenants, he explained to them,\\nwith that energy and that precision of language which\\nwere usual with him, the part which each of them had\\nto act in that battle. Grasping the arm of Marshal\\nNey, and pointing to Friedland, the bridges, the Rus-\\nsians crowded together in front, Yonder is the goal,\\nsaid he march to it without looking about you\\nbreak into that thick mass whatever it costs you enter\\nFriedland, take the bridges, and give yourself no con-\\ncern about what may happen on your right, on your\\nleft, or on your rear. The army and I shall be there\\nto attend to that. Ney, boiling with ardor, proud of\\nthe formidable task assigned to him, set out at a gallop\\nto arrange his troops before the wood of Sortlack.\\n32", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "250 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nStruck with his martial attitude. Napoleon, addressing\\nMarshal Mortier, said, That man is a lion\\nOn the same ground, Napoleon had his dispositions\\nwrittten down from his dictation, that each of his\\ngenerals might have them bodily present to his mind,\\nand not be liable to deviate from them. He ranged,\\nthen, Marshal Ney s corps on the right, so that Lannes,\\nbringing back Verdier s division upon Posthenen, could\\npresent two strong lines with that and the grenadiers.\\nHe placed Bernadotte s corps (temporarily Victor s)\\nbetween Ney and Lannes, a little in advance of Posthe-\\nnen, and partly hidden by the inequalities of the\\nground. Dupont s fine division formed the head of\\nthis corps. On the plateau, behind Posthenen, Napo-\\nleon established the imperial guard, the infantry in\\nthree close columns, the cavalry in two lines. Between\\nPosthenen and Henrichsdorf was the corps of Marshal\\nMortier, posted as in the morning, but more concen-\\ntrated and augmented by the young fusiliers of the\\nimperial guard. A battalion of the 4th light infantry,\\nand the regiment of the municipal guard of Paris, had\\ntaken the place of the grenadiers of the Albert bri-\\ngade in Heinrichsdorf. Dumbrowski s Polish division\\nhad joined Dupas s division, and guarded the artillery.\\nNapoleon left to General Grouchy the duty of which\\nhe had already so ably acquitted himself, that of defend-\\ning the plain of Heinrichsdorf. To the dragoons and\\nthe cuirassiers commanded by that gerieral he added\\nthe light cavalry of Generals Beaumont and Colbert, to\\nassist him to rid himself of the Cossacks/ Lastly,\\nhaving two more divisions of dragoons to dispose of,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 251\\nhe placed that of General Latour Maubourg, reinforced\\nby the Dutch cuirassiers, behind the corps of Marshal\\nNey, and that of General La Houssaye, reinforced by\\nthe Saxon cuirassiers, behind Victor s corps. The\\nFrench in this imposing order amounted to no fewer\\nthan eighty thousand men. The order was repeated to\\nthe left not to advance, but merely to keep back the\\nRussians till the success of the right was decided. Na-\\npoleon required that before the troops recommenced\\nfiring, they should wait for the signal from a battery of\\ntwenty pieces of cannon placed above Posthenen.\\nThe Russian general, struck by this deployment, dis-\\ncovered the mistake which he had committed in sup-\\nposing that he had to do with but the single corps of\\nMarshal Lannes he was surprised, and naturally hesi-\\ntated. His hesitation had produced a sort of slackening\\nin the action. Scarcely did occasional discharges of\\nartillery indicate the continuance of the battle. Napo-\\nleon, who desired that all his troops should have got\\ninto line, rested for at least an hour, and being abun-\\ndantly supplied with ammunition, was in no hurry to\\nbegin, and resisted the impatience of his generals, well\\nknowing that, at this season, in this country, it was light\\ntill ten in the evening, he should have time to subject\\nthe Russian army to the disaster that he was preparing\\nfor it. At length, the fit moment appeared to him to\\nhave arrived, he gave the signal. The twenty pieces\\nof cannon of the battery of Posthenen fired at once\\nthe artillery of the army answered them along the\\nwhole line; and at this impatiently awaited signal,\\nMarshal Ney moved off his corps d armee.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "252 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nFrom the wood of Sortlack issued Marchand s\\ndivision, advancing the first to the right, Bisson s\\ndivision the second to the left. Both were preceded by\\na storm of tirailleurs, who, as they approached the\\nenemy, fell back and returned into the ranks. These\\ntroops marched resolutely up to the Russians, and took\\nfrom them the village of Sortlack, so long disputed.\\nTheir cavalry, in order to stop the offensive movement,\\nmade a charge on Marchand s division. But Latour\\nMaubourg s dragoons and the Dutch cuirassiers, passing\\nthrough the intervals of the battalions, charged that\\ncavalry in their turn, drove it back upon its infantry,\\nand, pushing the Russians against the Alle, precipitated\\na great number into the deeply embanked bed of that\\nriver. Some saved themselves by swimming; many\\nwere drowned. His right once appuyed on the Alle,\\nMarshal Ney slackened his march, and pushed forward\\nhis left, formed by Bisson s division, in such a manner\\nas to thrust back the Russians into the narrow space\\ncomprised between the Mill Stream and the Alle:\\nWhen arrived at this point, the fire of the enemy s\\nartillery redoubled. The French had to sustain not\\nonly the fire of the batteries in front, but also the fire\\nof those on the right bank of the Alle and it was\\nimpossible to get rid of the latter by taking them, as\\nthey were separated from them by the deep bed of the\\nriver. The columns, battered at once in front and\\nflank by the balls, endured with admirable coolness\\nthis terrible convergence of fires. Marshal Ney, gal-\\nloping from one end of the line to the other, kept up\\nthe courage of his soldiers by his heroic bearing.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 253\\nMeanwhile, whole files were swept away, and the fire\\nbecame so severe that the very bravest of the troops\\ncould no longer endure it. At this sight, the cavalry\\nof the Russian guard, commanded by General Kollog-\\nribow, dashed off at a gallop, to try to throw into dis-\\norder the infantry of Bisson s division, which appeared\\nto waver. Staggered for the first time, that valiant\\ninfantry gave ground, and two or three battalions threw\\nthemselves in rear. General Bisson, who, from his\\nstature, overlooked the lines of his soldiers, strove in\\nvain to detain them. They retired, grouping them-\\nselves around their officers. The situation soon became\\nmost critical. Luckily, General Dupont, placed at some\\ndistance on the left of Ney s corps, perceived this com-\\nmencement of disorder, and without waiting for direc-\\ntions to march, moved off his division, passing in front\\nof it, reminding it of Ulm, Dirnstein and Halle, and\\ntaking it to encounter the Russians. It advanced,\\nin the finest attitude, under the fire of that tremen-\\ndous artillery, while Latour Maubourg s dragoons, re-\\nturning to the charge, fell upon the Russian cavalry,\\nwhich had scattered in pursuit of the foot soldiers, and\\nsucceeded in the attempt to drive it back. Dupont s\\ndivision, continuing its movement on that open ground,\\nand, supporting its left on the Mill Stream, brought\\nthe Russian infantry at a stand. By its presence it\\nfilled Ney s soldiers with confidence and joy. Bisson s\\nbattalions formed anew, and the whole line, re-invigo-\\nrated, began to march forward again. It was necessary to\\nreply to the formidable artillery of the enemy, and\\nNey s artillery was so very inferior in number, that it", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "254 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncould scarcely stand in battery before that of the Rus-\\nsians. Napoleon ordered General Victor to collect all\\nthe guns of his division, and to range them in mass on\\nthe front of Ney. The skilful and intrepid General\\nSenarmont commanded that artillery. He moved it off\\nat full trot, joined it to that of Marshal Ney, took it\\nsome hundred paces ahead of the infantry, and, daringly\\nplacing himself in front of the Russians, opened upon\\nthem a fire, terrible from the number of the pieces and\\nthe accuracy of aim. Directing one of his batteries\\nagainst the right bank, he soon silenced those which the\\nenemy had on that side. Then, pushing forward his\\nline of artillery, he gradually approached to within\\ngrape-shot range, and, firing upon the deep masses,\\ncrowding together as they fell back into the elbow of\\nthe Alle, he made frightful havoc among them. The\\nline of infantry followed this movement, and advanced\\nunder the protection of General Senarmont s numerous\\nguns. The Russians, thrust further and further back\\ninto this gulf, felt a sort of despair, and made an effort\\nto extricate themselves. Their imperial guard, placed\\nupon the Mill Stream, issued from that retreat, and\\nmarched, with bayonet fixed, upon Dupont s division,\\nalso placed along the rivulet. The latter, without\\nwaiting for the imperial guard, went to meet it, repulsed\\nit with the bayonet, and forced it back to the ravine.\\nThus driven, some of the Russians threw themselves\\nbeyond the ravine, the others upon the siiburbs of Fried-\\nland. General Dupont, with part of his division, crossed\\nthe Mill Stream, drove before him all that he met, found\\nhimself on the rear of the right wing of the Russians", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 255\\nengaged with the left in the plain of Heinrichsdorf,\\nturned Friedland, and attacked it by the Konigsberg\\nroad while Ney, continuing to march straight forward,\\nentered by the Eylau road. A terrible conflict ensued\\nat the gates of the town. The assailants pressed the\\nRussians in all quarters they forced their way into the\\nstreet in pursuit of them they drove them upon the\\nbridges of the Alle, which General Senarmont s artillery,\\nleft outside, enfiladed with its shot. The Russians\\ncrowded upon the bridges to seek refuge in the ranks of\\nthe fourteenth division, left, in reserve, on the other\\nside of the Alle, by General Bennigsen. That unfor-\\ntunate general, full of grief, had hurried to this division,\\nwith the intention of taking it to the bank of the river\\nto the assistance of his endangered army. Scarcely\\nhad some wrecks of his left wing passed the bridges,\\nwhen those bridges were destroyed set on fire by the\\nFrench, and, by the Russians themselves, in their anx-\\niety to stop pursuit. Ney and Dupont, having per-\\nformed their task, met in the heart of Friedland in\\nflames, and congratulated one another on this glorious\\nsuccess.\\nNapoleon, placed in the centre of the divisions which\\nhe kept in reserve, had never ceased to watch this\\ngrand sight. While he was contemplating it attentively,\\na ball passed at the height of the bayonets, and a soldier,\\nfrom an instinctive movement, stooped his head. If\\nthat ball was intended for you, said Napoleon, smiling,\\nthough you were to burrow a hundred feet under\\nground, it would be sure to find you there. Thus he\\nwished to give currency to that useful belief that Fate", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "256 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nstrikes the brave and the coward without distinction,\\nand that the coward who seeks a hiding-place disgraces\\nhimself to no purpose.\\nOn seeing that Friedland was occupied and the bridges\\nof the Alle destroyed, Napoleon at length pushed for-\\nward his left upon the right wing of the Russian army,\\ndeprived of all means of retreat, and having behind it\\na river without bridges. General Gortschakoff, who\\ncommanded that wing, perceived the danger with which\\nhe was threatened, and, thinking to dispel the storm,\\nmade an attack on the French line, extending from\\nPosthenen to Heinrichsdorf, formed by the corps of\\nMarshal Lannes, by that of Mortier, and by General\\nGrouchy s cavalry. But Lannes, with his grenadiers,\\nmade head against the Russians. Marshal Mortier,\\nwith the 15th and the fusiliers of the guard, opposed\\nto them an iron barrier. Mortier s artillery, in par-\\nticular, directed by Colonel Balbois and an excellent\\nDutch officer, M. Yanbriennen, made incalculable havoc\\namong them. At length, Napoleon, anxious to take\\nadvantage of the rest of the day, carried forward his\\nwhole line. Infantry, cavalry, artillery, started all at\\nonce. General Gortschakoff, while he found himself\\nthus pressed, was informed that Friedland was in\\nthe possession of the French. In hopes of retaking\\nit, he dispatched a column of infantry to the gates of\\nthe town. That column penetrated into it, and for a\\nmoment drove back Dupont s and Ney s soldiers but\\nthese repulsed in their turn the Russian column. A\\nnew fight took place in that unfortunate town, -and the\\npossession of it was disputed by the light of the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 257\\nflames that were consuming it. The French finally\\nremained masters, and drove GortschakofF s corps into\\nthat plain without thoroughfare which had served it for\\nfield of battle. GortschakofTs infantry defended itself\\nwith intrepidity, and threw itself into the Alle rather\\nthan surrender. Part of the Russian soldiers were\\nfortunate enough to find fordable passages, and con-\\ntrived to escape. Another drowned itself in the river.\\nThe whole of the artillery was captured. A column,\\nthe furthest on the right (right of the Russians) fled and\\ndescended the Alle, under General Lambert, with a\\nportion of the cavalry. The darkness of the night and\\nthe disorder of victory facilitated its retreat, and ena-\\nbled it to escape.\\nIt was half-past ten at night. The victory was com-\\nplete on the right and on the left. Napoleon, in his\\nvast career, had not gained a more splendid one. He\\nhad for trophies eighty pieces of cannon, few prisoners,\\nit is true, for the Russians chose rather to drown them-\\nselves, than to surrender, but twenty-five thousand men,\\nkilled, wounded, or drowned, covered with their bodies\\nboth banks of the Alle. The right bank, to which\\ngreat numbers of them had dragged themselves, exhib-\\nited almost as frightful a scene of carnage as the left\\nbank. Several columns of fire, rising from Friedland\\nand the neighboring villages, threw a sinister light\\nover that place, a theatre of anguish for some, of joy\\nfor others. The French had to regret upwards of\\neight thousand men, killed or wounded. The Russian\\narmy, deprived of twenty-five thousand combatants,\\nweakened, moreover, by a great number of men who had\\n33", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "258 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nlost their way, was thenceforward incapable of keeping\\nthe field.\\nThe French Emperor slept near the camp-fire,\\nsurrounded by his soldiers, who continued to shout\\nVive VEmpereur! They had eaten nothing but a\\nration of bread, which they had carried in their knap-\\nsacks, during their hurried march. But their souls had\\ndrunk deeply of the intoxicating nectar of glory, and\\nthey felt not the pang of hunger. The night was\\nclear and beautiful. The Russians were not pursued.\\nIf Napoleon had had his entire cavalry, with Murat at\\ntheir head, he could have captured the whole force\\nwhich, under command of General Lambert, descended\\nthe Alle. But only half the cavalry were with the\\narmy, and the Russians were left to escape as speedily\\nas possible.\\nFriedland was a decisive field. Konigsberg sur-\\nrendered soon afterwards and the Russians were pur-\\nsued till they took refuge beyond the Niemen. Here\\nended that daring march of the French Emperor the\\nnew Alexander from Boulogne to the Niemen, to\\ncrush the only power which could offer any effectual\\nresistance to his arms. In the transport of triumph,\\nthe Emperor issued the following noble proclamation to\\nhis soldiers\\nSoldiers On the 5th of June we were attacked in\\nour cantonments by the Russian army. The enemy\\nhad mistaken the causes of our inactivity. He per-\\nceived too late that our repose was that of the Hon he\\nrepents of having disturbed it.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "FRIEDLAND. 259\\nIn the battles of Guttstadt and Heilsberg, and in\\nthat ever memorable one of Friedland, in a campaign of\\nten days in short, we have taken one hundred and\\ntwenty pieces of cannon, seven colors, killed, wounded,\\nor made prisoners, sixty thousand Russians, taken from\\nthe enemy s army all its magazines, its hospitals, its\\nambulances, the fortress of Konigsberg, the three hundred\\nvessels which were in that port, laden with all kinds of\\nmilitary stores, one hundred and sixty thousand mus-\\nkets which England was sending to arm our enemies.\\nFrom the banks of the Vistula, we have come with\\nthe speed of the eagle to those of the Niemen. You\\ncelebrated at Austerlitz the anniversary of the corona-\\ntion this year you have worthily celebrated that of\\nthe battle of Marengo, which put an end to the war of\\nthe second coalition.\\nFrenchmen, you have been worthy of yourselves\\nand of me. You will return to France covered with\\nlaurels, and, after obtaining a glorious peace, which car-\\nries with it the guarantee of its duration. It is high\\ntime for our country to live in quiet, screened from the\\nmalignant influence of England. My bounties shall\\nprove to you my gratitude, and the full extent of the\\nlove I feel for you.\\nThen followed the interview of Napoleon and Alex-\\nander upon the Niemen, and the treaty of Tilsit, by\\nwhich the two emperors parcelled out Europe as if it\\nwere their own. The star of Napoleon had reached its\\nzenith, and truly its lustre dazzled the eyes of the\\nworld.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "TBI 8MB1P-PQIBK ATF {ffli\\\\\u00c2\u00aeIEO[D\\n^|HE war of the Peninsula and\\nthe invasion of Russia were\\nthe great sources of Napoleon s\\noverthrow. Having summa-\\nrily dethroned Ferdinand VII.\\nof Spain, he placed the crown\\nof that kingdom upon the head\\nof his elder brother Joseph.\\nBut the Spaniards resisted\\nthis transfer from Bourbon to\\nBonaparte, and having taken the field, with enthusi-\\n(260)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "MADRID. 261\\nasm, they defeated and captured a French army, com-\\nmanded by General Dupont, and drove King Joseph\\nbeyond the Ebro. Napoleon then left Paris, (October,\\n1808,) and placed himself at the head of two hundred\\nthousand men, to crush all opposition in Spain.\\nIn the meantime, the Spaniards had vested the man-\\nagement of their affairs in a central or supreme junta,\\nstationed at their recovered capital of Madrid. The\\ndetermined spirit of opposition to French interference\\ncontinued as strong as ever but the power to act in\\nconcert, or maintain well directed efforts in a common\\ncause, already appeared doubtful. The Supreme Junta\\nfound it difficult, sometimes impossible, to enforce obe-\\ndience on their generals and the provincial juntas\\nwere too apt to act independently, and assert their own\\nright to separate command. The English government,\\nat the same time, though promising aid, and making\\nlarge preparations to afford it, yet continually procras-\\ntinated; and when Napoleon invaded the country, the\\nnative forces alone were in the field. Three armies had\\nbeen formed, all intended to co-operate, and amounting\\nto about one hundred thousand men, but, unfortunately,\\nall under independent generals. Blake commanded\\nthe army on the western frontier, which extended from\\nBurgos to Bilbao. General Romana, who commanded\\none of the auxiliary divisions of Spanish soldiers in\\nthe French service, had dexterously contrived to escape\\nfrom the Island of Funen, and had been landed in\\nSpain, with ten thousand men, by British ships. His\\ncorps was attached to that of General Blake. The\\nhead-quarters of the central army under Castanos, were", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "262 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nat Soria those on the eastern side, under Palafox,\\nextended between Saragossa and Sanguesa. The Spa-\\nnish armies were therefore arranged in the form of a\\nlong and weak crescent, the horns of which advanced\\ntowards France. The fortresses in the north of Spain,\\nwere all in the possession of the French, and strongly\\ngarrisoned.\\nNapoleon was at Bayonne on the 3d of November,\\nand by the 8th, he had directed the movements of the\\nlast columns of his advancing army across the fron-\\ntier on the same evening, he arrived at Vittoria,\\nwhere Joseph held his court. The civil and military\\nauthorities met him at the gates, and prepared to con-\\nduct him with pomp to the house prepared for his\\nreception but he leaped off his horse, entered the first\\ninn he observed, and called for maps and detailed\\nreports of the position of the armies. In two hours, he\\nhad arranged the plan of the campaign and by day-\\nbreak on the 9 th, Soult took the command of Bes-\\nsieres s corps, and began to push forward his columns\\nupon the plains of Burgos, against an auxiliary corps,\\nunder the Count de Belvidere, designed to support the\\nright flank of Blake s army. Belvidere was completely\\ndefeated at Gomenal one of his battalions, composed\\nentirely of students from Salamanca and Leon, refused\\nto fly, and fell in their ranks. Blake was then routed\\nat Espinosa, by General Victor, and again at Reynosa,\\nby Soult, whence the wreck of his f army fled in dis-\\norder, and took refuge in Santander. Nearly the whole\\nof Romana s corps perished in the cliffs of Espinosa,\\nafter the batttle. Palafox and Castanos had, mean", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "MADRID. 263\\ntime, united their forces, and waited the attack of the\\nFrench under Lannes, at Tudela, on the 22d of No-\\nvember. The Spaniards were on this occasion, also,\\nutterly defeated, with the loss of four thousand killed,\\nand three thousand prisoners. Castanos fled, after the\\naction, in the direction of Calatayud and Palafox once\\nmore threw himself and the remains of his troops into\\nSaragossa, where he was immediately invested closely\\nby Lannes.\\nThe road to Madrid was now open to Napoleon. He\\nadvanced at the head of his guards and the first division\\nof the army, and reached the strong pass of the Somo-\\nsi.erra Chain, about ten miles distant from the city, on\\nthe 30th of November. The way lies through a very\\nsteep and narrow defile, and twelve thousand men,\\nwith sixteen pieces of cannon, which completely swept\\nthe road, were strongly posted to dispute his passage.\\nOn the 1st of December, the French began the attack\\nat daybreak, with an attempt to turn the flanks of the\\nSpaniards. Napoleon rode into the mouth of the pass,\\nand surveyed the scene. His infantry were straggling\\nalong the sides of the defiles, and making no efficient\\nprogress; but the smoke of the sharp skirmishing\\nfire, mingling with the morning fog, was curling up the\\nrocks, and almost hid the combatants from view. Under\\nthis veil, he ordered the Polish lancers of the guard to\\ncharge up the road in face of the artillery. They\\nobeyed with impetuous courage. The Spanish infantry,\\npanic struck, fired, threw down their arms, and fled\\nthe Poles dashing onward, seized the cannon in an\\ninstant. The whole of the Spanish force fled.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "264 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nOn the 2d of December, the French soldiers cele-\\nbrated the anniversary of the coronation of King Joseph\\nunder the walls of Madrid. The city had been pre-\\npared for defence. A strong, but irregular force were\\nin array within the gates. The pavement had been taken\\nup to form barricades the houses on the out-skirts loop-\\nholed and a spirit of desperate resolution, similar to\\nthat which had immortalized the people of Saragossa.\\nwas displayed. The French officer sent to summon\\nthe town, narrowly escaped being torn to pieces by the\\nmob. The Emperor then made his dispositions for\\nattack, and long after the camp-fires of his troops had\\nencircled Madrid with flame, and scared the darkness\\nof the night, the work of investure proceeded. The\\nFrench were in high spirits. Their invincible Emperor\\nwas with them, and they had the greatest contempt for\\nthe Spaniards. About midnight, Napoleon again sum-\\nmoned the city to surrender but an answer of defiance\\nwas returned; and then, dispositions were made for\\nstorming. There was but little sleep that night among\\nbesieged or besiegers. The clangor of arms, the dread-\\nful note of preparation, resounded on the air until the\\ndawn, when the Emperor was on horseback to direct\\noperations. The Retiro and the palace of the Duke of\\nMedina Celi were stormed, and as terror began to fill\\nthe breasts of the citizens, Napoleon again summoned\\nthe authorities to surrender. The governor came out\\nto the French, and said he desired a suspension of arms,\\nbut was afraid of openly talking of surrender. Napo-\\nleon, wishing to avert the horrors of assault, gave a\\nlittle longer time to the distracted city, whence there", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "MADRID.\\n265\\nissued, throughout the night, a sound, says Napier,\\nwith vivid force, as if some mighty beast was strug-\\ngling and howling in the toils. At eight or nine in the\\nmorning of the 4th of December, the gates were opened\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2to the conqueror, and the French took possession of\\nMadrid.\\nJoseph was now restored to his authority in the capi-\\ntal. Corunna followed, and the English were driven\\nout of Spain. Napoleon then returned to Paris. But\\nthe subjection of the Spaniards was not complete, and\\nwas destined never to be completed by his arms. His\\nablest lieutenants, although successful for a time, were\\nat length overthrown by the British and Spaniards,\\nunder Wellington, and the contest proved but an ex-\\nhausting struggle, in which were developed the influences\\nwhich brought the imperial throne to the dust.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "TO! SMflP-IPIIIBB AT IBATFIIglBtDEL\\nAPOLEON could never trust his\\nallies. Completely beaten,\\nthey submitted to the conque-\\nror; and yet they hated as\\ndeeply as they feared him, and\\ntherefore took advantage of\\nevery opportunity to rupture\\nthe peace of Europe, and at-\\ntack his power. No wonder that he lost patience, and\\ntreated their representations, when humbled, with con-\\ntempt. These old legitimates proved themselves as\\nfalse as they were imbecile, and they deserved the\\n(266)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "RATISBON. 267\\ncontempt of a man who was an Emperor by nature.\\nAfter the peace of Tilset, Napoleon turned his atten-\\ntion to Spanish affairs, and placed his brother Joseph\\nupon the throne of Spain. The Spaniards immediately\\ntook up arms to restore Ferdinand VII. to the crown\\nof his ancestors, although they had long suffered from\\nthe misrule of the Bourbons. They resisted the armies\\nof France, and being aided by the English, threatened\\nthe invaders with a terrible overthrow. This spectacle\\ncaused the faithless house of Austria to break all its\\nengagements. Once more the Austrian Emperor re-\\nsolved to make an effort to destroy the dominion of\\nNapoleon. He collected an army of one hundred and\\nfifty thousand men, which was placed under the com-\\nmand of the brave and skilful Archduke Charles.\\nNapoleon collected an army much inferior in number\\nto that of the enemy, and with his usual rapidity\\nadvanced to the attack. The Empress Josephine ac-\\ncompanied him as far as Strasburg, and there watched\\nthe event of the campaign, although its termination\\nwas destined to be so melancholy for herself.\\nThe Archduke Charles s plan was to act upon the\\noffensive. His talents were undoubted, his army greatly\\nsuperior in numbers to the French, and favorably\\ndisposed, whether for attack or defence yet, by a series\\nof combinations, the most beautiful and striking, per-\\nhaps, which occur in the life of one so famed for his\\npower of forming such, Buonaparte was enabled, in the\\nshort space of five days, totally to defeat the formidable\\nmasses which were opposed to him. Napoleon found\\nhis own force unfavorably disposed, on a long line, ex-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "268 CAMP-FIEES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntending between the towns of Augsburg and Ratisbon,\\nand presenting, through the incapacity, it is said, of\\nBerthier, an alarming vacancy in the centre, by ope-\\nrating on which the enemy might have separated the\\nFrench army into two parts, and exposed each to a\\nflank attack. Sensible of the full, and perhaps fatal\\nconsequences, which might attend this error, Napoleon\\ndetermined on the daring attempt to concentrate his\\narmy by a lateral march, to be accomplished by the two\\nwings simultaneously. With this view he posted him-\\nself in the centre, where the danger was principally\\napprehended, commanding Massena to advance by a\\nflank movement from Augsburg to Pfaffenhoffen, and\\nDavoust to approach the centre by a similar manoeuvre\\nfrom Ratisbon to Neustadt. These marches must neces-\\nsarily be forced, that of Davoust, being eight, that of\\nMassena between twelve and thirteen leagues. The\\norder for this daring operation was sent to Massena on\\nthe night of the 17th, and concluded with an earnest\\nrecommendation of speed and intelligence. When the\\ntime for executing these movements had been allowed,\\nBonaparte, at the head of the centre of his forces,\\nmade a sudden and desperate assault upon two Aus-\\ntrian divisions, commanded by the Archduke Louis\\nand General Hiller. So judiciously was this timed,\\nthat the appearance of Davoust on tfye one flank\\nkept in check those other Austrian corps d armee, by\\nwhom the divisions attacked ought to have been sup-\\nported; while the yet more formidable operations of\\nMassena, in the rear of the Archduke Louis, achieved\\nthe defeat of the enemy. The victory, gained at Abens-\\nL", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "KATISBON. 271\\nberg, upon the 20th of April, broke the line of the\\nAustrians, and exposed them to farther misfortunes.\\nThe Emperor attacked the fugitives the next day at\\nLandshut, where the Austrians lost thirty pieces of\\ncannon, nine thousand prisoners, and much ammunition\\nand baggage.\\nOn the 22d of April, Napoleon manoeuvred so as to\\nbring his entire force, by different routes upon Eckmuhl,\\nwhere the Archduke had collected full one hundred\\nthousand men. Here, perhaps, was one of the most\\nsplendid triumphs of military combination ever dis-\\nplayed. The Austrians were attacked on all sides\\nabout two o clock in the afternoon. They fought with\\nstubborn courage, and the Archduke displayed great\\nbravery. But nothing could avail against the over-\\nwhelming attack of a scientific adversary, and about\\ndusk the Austrians were completely defeated. All the\\nAustrian wounded, a great part of their artillery, and\\ntwenty thousand prisoners, remained in the hands of\\nthe French, and many more prisoners were taken during\\nthe pursuit. Davoust, whose services were conspicuous\\non this occasion, was created Prince of Eckmuhl.\\nOn the 23d, the* Austrians made an attempt to cover\\nthe retreat of their army, by defending Ratisbon. Six\\nregiments occupied the town, and seemed determined\\nupon a vigorous defence. The Emperor himself came\\nup to order the attack. Ratisbon is situated on the\\nUpper Danube, across which it communicates with its\\nsuburb Stadt-an-Hop, by a bridge a thousand German\\nfeet in length. It is one of the oldest towns in Ger-\\nmany, and has an antique aspect. Its streets are narrow", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "272 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nand irregular, and its houses, although lofty, are old\\nfashioned and inconvenient. Many have tall battle-\\nmented towers, loop-holed for musketry, etc. Among\\nthe most striking public buildings are the cathedral,\\nan old Roman tower, and the bishop s palace. The\\nrampart^ are dilapidated, and scarcely useful for defence.\\nThe French soon effected a breach in the ancient\\nwalls, but again and again were they repulsed by a\\ntremendous fire of musketry. At length there was dif-\\nficulty to find volunteers to renew the attack. Such\\na storm of death appalled even brave men. But nothing\\ncould daunt the impetuous Lannes. His courage was\\nof the kind that rose with the danger. He rushed to\\nthe front, seized a ladder, and fixed it against the wall.\\nI will show you! he shouted, that your general is\\nstill a grenadier In spite of the tremendous fire, the\\ntroops followed the example of their glorious leader,\\nfor whom there were never laurels enough scaled the\\nwalls, and continued the fight in the streets of the town,\\nwhich was set on fire.\\nA detachment of French, rushing to charge a body\\nof Austrians, which still occupied one end of a burning\\nstreet, were interrupted by some wagons belonging to\\nthe enemy s train. They are tumbrils of powder,\\ncried the Austrian commanding, to the French. If\\nthe flames reach them, both sides perish. The combat\\nceased, and the two parties joined in averting a calamity\\nwhich must have been fatal to both, and finally, saved\\nthe ammunition from the flames. At length the Aus-\\ntrians were driven out of Ratisbon, leaving much cannon,\\nbaggage, and prisoners, in the hands of the French.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "RATISBON. 273\\nIn the middle of this last melee, Bonaparte, who was\\nspeaking with his adjutant, Duroc, observing the affair\\nat some distance, was struck on the foot by a spent\\nmusket-ball, which occasioned a severe contusion.\\nThat must have been a Tyrolese, said the Emperor,\\ncoolly, who has aimed at me from such a distance.\\nThese fellows fire with wonderful precision. Those\\naround remonstrated with him for exposing his person\\nto which he answered, What can I do I must needs\\nsee how matters go on. The soldiers crowded about\\nhim in alarm at the report of his wound but he would\\nhardly allow it to be dressed, so eager was he to get\\non horseback, and show himself publicly among the\\ntroops.\\nThat night the Emperor fixed his quarters in Ratis-\\nbon, and the watch-fires of his victorious troops\\nillumined the air for miles around. There was much\\nrevelry that night. A glorious, decisive campaign of\\nfive days had prostrated the foes of the Emperor, and\\nwhy should not the soldiers rejoice The following\\nproclamation was issued by the Emperor:\\nSoldiers Youjiave justified my expectations you\\nhave made up for numbers by your courage you have\\ngloriously marked the difference which exists between\\nthe soldiers of Csesar and the armies of Xerxes.\\nIn a few days, we have triumphed in the three\\nbattles of Tann, Abensberg and Eckmuhl, and the\\naffairs of Peissing, Landshut and Ratisbon. One hun-\\ndred pieces of cannon, fifty thousand prisoners, three\\nequipages, three thousand baggage wagons, all the funds\\n35", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "274\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof the regiments, are the result of the rapidity of your\\nyour courage.\\nThe enemy intoxicated by a perjured cabinet,\\nappeared to have lost all recollection of us they have\\nbeen promptly awakened you have appeared to them\\nmore terrible than ever. But lately, they had crossed\\nthe Inn, and invaded the territory of our allies but\\nlately they had promised themselves to carry the war\\ninto the bosom of our country. Now, defeated, dismayed\\nthey fly in disorder; already my advance-guard has\\npassed the Inn before a month we shall be. at Vienna.\\nAs Sir Walter Scott says It was no wonder that\\nothers, nay, that he himself, should have annexed to his\\nperson the degree of superstitious influence claimed for\\nthe chosen instruments of Destiny, whose path must\\nnot be crossed, and whose arms cannot be arrested.\\nWhen before had Europe witnessed such a campaign?\\nSo much glory was enough to intoxicate even Napoleon,\\nand we have yet to see that his deep draught of the\\nnectar was fatal.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "6 EBIP-PIIIBB8 T A8PBIBIH m S@SB.Dia\u00c2\u00ae.\\n(M/W ^O\\nthe offensive.\\nFTER the taking of Ratisbon, Napo-\\nleon advanced upon Vienna, which\\noffered but a feeble resistance, and\\nwas easily occupied. But the Aus-\\ntrian army, in\\nabandoning\\nhad\\nthe\\nnot\\ncapital of the empire\\ngiven up the struggle.\\nSheltered by the Danube, the\\nbridges over which they had de-\\nstroyed at Vienna, and the sur-\\nrounding places, they awaited a\\nfavorable opportunity of taking\\nThe bridge of Lintz was the first object\\n(275)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "276 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof their attacks but Vandamme opposed to them a\\nvigorous resistance, and Bernadotte, arriving, completely\\nrouted them. On his side, Napoleon was also impatient\\nto force the passage of the river, in order to finish this\\nglorious campaign. The reconstruction of the bridge,\\nwas, therefore, his first care. Massena had thrown\\nseveral over the arms of the Danube, which bathe the\\nisland of Lobau Napoleon resolved to make use of it\\nfor the passage of the whole army. In three days, the\\ncorps of Lannes, Bessieres, and Massena had taken up\\na position on the island. The communication with the\\nright bank, was by a bridge of boats, five hundred yards\\nin length, and extending over three arms of the river.\\nAnother bridge, which was not more than sixty-one\\nyards in length, connected the island with the left\\nbank. It was here, that on the 21st of May, thirty-five\\nthousand men crossed without opposition, to give battle\\nbetween Aspern and Essling.\\nThe reports brought to the French during the night\\nwere contradictory. Many fights were seen on the\\nheights of Bisamberg but nearer to the French and in\\ntheir front, the horizon exhibited a pale streak of. about\\na league in length, the reflected light of numerous\\nwatch-fires, which a rising ground between prevented\\nfrom being themselves visible. From such indications\\nas could be collected, Lannes was of opinion that they\\nwere in presence of the whole Austrian army. Napo-\\nleon was on horseback by break of day on the 21st, to\\njudge for himself but clouds of light troops prevented\\nhis getting near enough to reconnoitre accurately. Pre-\\nsently the skirmishers were withdrawn, and the Aus-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "ASPERN AND ESSLING. 277\\ntrians were seen advancing with their whole force,\\ndouble in number to the French, and with two Hundred\\nand twenty pieces of artillery. Yet with this vast dis-\\nproportion of odds, they were strangely astonished at\\nthe stand which they made on this occasion, as the\\nFrench were mortified and reproached with having suf-\\nfered a repulse or made only a drawn battle of it instead\\nof a complete victory. The conflict commenced about\\nfour in the afternoon with a furious attack on the village\\nof Aspern, which was taken and retaken several times,\\nand at the close of the day remained (except the church\\nand church-yard) in the possession of Massena, though\\non fire with the bombs and choked up with the slain.\\nEssling was the object of three general attacks, against\\nall which the French stood their ground. Lannes was\\nat one time on the point of being overpowered, had not\\nNapoleon by a sudden charge of cavalry come to his\\nrelief. Night separated the combatants.\\nThe hundred thousand Austrians of the Archduke\\nhad not been able to gain an inch of ground from the\\nthirty-five thousand French of Massena, Lannes and\\nBessieres. After the camp-fires were kindled among\\nthe dead of Aspern and Essling, both armies received\\nreinforcements. The grenadiers of Oudinot, the divi-\\nsion of St. Hilaire, two brigades of light cavalry, and\\nthe train of artillery passed the bridges, and took up a\\nposition on the fine of battle. Napoleon confidently\\nexpected to achieve a decisive victory on the following-\\nday.\\nAt four o clock in the morning, the signal for battle\\nwas again given by the enemy against the village of", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "278 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nAspern; but Massena was there to defend it. This\\nillustrious warrior, whose intrepidity, coolness and mili-\\ntary talents, never appeared to better advantage than\\nin difficult positions, did not content himself with repuls-\\ning the Austrians each time they attacked; he soon\\ntook upon himself the defensive, and completely over-\\nthrew the columns which were opposed to him. At the\\nsame moment, Lannes and the young guard fell impetu-\\nously on the centre of the Austrian army, in order to\\ncut off the communication with the two wings. Every\\nthing gave way before the heroic marshal, and the vic-\\ntory became certain and decisive, when, about seven\\no clock in the morning, it was announced to the Emperor,\\nthat a sudden increase of the Danube, which had carried\\naway trees, vessels and even houses, had also borne\\naway the great bridge which joined the island of Lobau\\nwith the right bank, and which formed the only method\\nof communication between the troops engaged on the\\nleft bank, and the rest of the French army. At this\\nnews, Napoleon, who had scarcely fifty thousand men\\nwith him, to make head against a hundred thousand,\\nsuspended the movement in advance, and ordered his\\nmarshals merely to retain their position, in order, after-\\nwards to effect their retreat in good order to the island\\nof Lobau. This order was executed. Generals and\\nsoldiers valorously upheld the honor of the French flag.\\nThe enemy informed of the destruction of the bridges,\\nwhich had kept back the park of reserve of the French\\narmy, and which thus deprived the cannon and\\ninfantry of cartridges, became so emboldened as to\\nresume the offensive on all points. They attacked As-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "ASPERN AND ESSLING. 279\\npern and Essling, three times at the same moment, and\\nwere three times repulsed. General Mouton distin-\\nguished himself at the head of the fusileers of the guard.\\nMarshal Lannes, whom the Emperor had charged to\\nmaintain the field of battle, valiantly fulfilled his task\\nhe powerfully contributed to save this fine portion of\\nthe French army, the existence of which a stroke of fate\\nhad nearly compromised. But this striking service was\\nthe last which this illustrious soldier was to render to\\nhis country and to the great captain who was rather his\\nfriend than his master. A bullet struck him in the\\nthigh towards the close of the day. Amputation was\\nimmediately performed, and with such success as\\ncaused hopes to be conceived which were not to be\\nrealized.\\nLannes was borne on a litter before the Emperor, who\\nwept at the sight of the companion of all his victories\\nmortally wounded.\\nWas it requisite, said he in a tone of anguish, that\\nmy heart on this day should have been struck so severe\\na blow, to force me to give way to other cares than those\\nof my army\\nLannes was conveyed to the island of Lobau. He\\nhad fainted. But he recovered his senses in the pre-\\nsence of Napoleon, the god of his idolatry he clung\\naround his neck, and said\\nIn an hour you will have lost him who dies with\\nthe glory and conviction of having been your best\\nfriend\\nBut Lannes lingered in agony for ten days. He did\\nnot want to die. He had not drank deep enough of", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "280 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nglory. He said the man who could not cure a Marshal\\nand a Duke of Montebello ought to be hanged\\nIt is at the moment of quitting life, said Napoleon,\\nlater, that one clings to it with all one s strength\\nLannes, the bravest of all men, Lannes, deprived of both\\nlegs, wished not to die. Every moment, the unfortunate\\nman asked for the Emperor he clung to me for the rest\\nof his life he wished but for me, thought of me only.\\nA species of instinct Assuredly he loved his wife and\\nchildren better than me and yet he spoke not of them;\\nit was because he expected nought from them it was\\nhe who protected them, whilst, on the contrary, I was\\nhis protector. I was for him something vague, superior\\nI was his providence he prayed to me It was impos-\\nsible, added Napoleon, impossible to be more brave\\nthan Lannes and Murat. Murat remained brave only.\\nThe mind of Lannes would have increased with his\\ncourage he would have become a giant. If he had\\nlived in these times, I do not think it would have been\\npossible to have seen liim fail either in honor or duty.\\nHe was of that class of men who change the face of\\naffairs by their own weight and influence.\\nThe illustrious marshal expired at Viluna on the 31st\\nof May. He was lamented as the Roland of the army,\\nand one of the greatest generals France had produced.\\nGeneral St. Hilaire, also, an excellent officer, was mor-\\ntally wounded in this bloody struggle. He was highly\\nesteemed by the Emperor, and if he had lived would\\ndoubtless have risen to the rank of marshal.\\nNapoleon was now cooped up in the island of Lobau.\\nHe had fought two indecisive battles. But that they", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "ASPERN AND ESSLING. 281\\nwere indecisive, when he contended with an army double\\nhis own in number, was a triumph, of which any other\\ncommander would not have ceased to boast. However,\\nthe Emperor prepared himself to strike a blow as decisive\\nas was Friedland after Eylau.\\nIn the meantime, Napoleon ordered the funeral obse-\\nquies of the illustrious Lannes to be celebrated in a\\nstyle which astonished all Europe, and showed how a\\nman should be honored who had risen from the ranks\\nby force of talent, to be a marshal and a Duke of Monte-\\nbello. It was a funeral procession of an army of thirty\\nthousand men, detailed for this service, who escorted\\nthe remains of the illustrious warrior from Germany to\\nFrance. They remind us of Alexander honoring the\\nremains of his friend Hcephestion. Paris had never\\nwitnessed a grander procession than that which con-\\nveyed the remains of Lannes from the Invalides to the\\nPantheon. It was not a cortege it was a whole army\\nmarching in mourning for a hero, with arms lowered and\\nflags bound with crape, and bearing a magnificent ceno-\\ntaph. The funeral march was composed by the greatest\\ncomposer of Germany, the peerless Beethoven, and it\\nwas performed by a band, the like of which had never\\nbeen heard in Paris. Occasionally, the mournful strains\\nwere interrupted by the solemn roll of three hundred\\ndrums, and the firing of many guns reminded those\\nwho listened, of those tremendous storms of battle, in\\nwhich the lion-hearted Lannes had so often bled for\\nFrance. The whole funeral ceremony was eminently\\nworthy of the Emperor and his illustrious friend.\\n36", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "SAEKP-IPQIBS Ml wtissmim\\nM FTER the bloody conflicts of Ess-\\nling and Aspern, Napo-\\nleon remained stationary\\nfor a considerable time.\\nThe Archduke, uneasy at\\nthe movements of Mar-\\nshal Davoust before Pres-\\nburg, dared not assume\\nthe offensive, and employ-\\ned himself in fortify-\\ning his position between\\nAspern and Ebersclorf.\\nNapoleon labored at the reconstruction of the bridges,\\n(282)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "WAGRAM. 283\\nand the communication between the island and the right\\nbank was re-established. Soon afterwards, the Emperor\\nlearned that the army of Italy, under the command of\\nPrince Eugene, had defeated the Austrians, and that\\nthe victors had effected a junction with the army of\\nGermany, on the heights of Simmering. On the 14th\\nof June, the Prince gained another victory over the\\nAustrians at Raab. Marmont, after some successes in\\nDalmatia,, came to re-unite himself with the Grand\\nArmy, and to place himself within the circle of the Em-\\nperor s operations. Napoleon s eagle eye saw that the\\nmoment for a decisive stroke had arrived, and he imme-\\ndiately began the advance movement, which led to the\\nfamous battle of Wagram.\\nAbout ten o clock at night, on the 4th of July, the\\nFrench began to cross the Danube. Gunboats, prepared\\nfor the purpose, silenced some of the Austrian batteries.\\nOthers were avoided by passing the river out of reach\\nof their fire, which the French were enabled to do by\\ntheir new bridges. At daybreak, on the morning of the\\n5th, the Archduke Charles was astonished to see the\\nwhole French army on the left bank of the Danube,\\nand so posted as to render the fortifications which he\\nhad constructed with so much labor utterly useless for\\ndefence.\\nGreatly frightened at the progress of the French\\narmy, and at the great results obtained by it, almost\\nwithout effort, the Archduke ordered all the troops to\\nmarch, and at six o clock in the evening, occupied the\\nfollowing position the right, from Stradelau to Geras-\\ndorf the centre, from Gerasdorf to Wagram, and the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "284 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nleft, from Wagram to Neusiedel. The French army\\nhad their left at Gros-Aspern, their centre at Rachsdorf,\\nand their right at Glinzendorf. In this position, the\\nday had almost closed, and a great battle was expected\\non the morrow; but this would be avoided, and the\\nposition of the enemy destroyed, by preventing them\\nfrom conceiving any system, if, in the night, possession\\nwere taken of Wagram then their line, already immense,\\ntaken by surprise and exposed to the chances of battle,\\nwould allow the different bodies of the army to err with*\\nout order or directions, and they would thus become an\\neasy prey without any serious engagement. The attack\\non Wagram took place the French carried this place\\nbut a column of Saxons and another of French mistook\\neach other in the obscurity for hostile troops, and so\\nthe operation failed.\\nWhen the bloody and indecisive struggle was relin-\\nquished for the night, only one house was left standing\\nof the village of Wagram, which had been taken and\\nretaken, and at length destroyed by the furious can-\\nnonade.\\nAs the movement designed by the Emperor had\\nfailed, it remained to prepare for the struggle of the\\nnext day. It appeared that the dispositions of the\\nFrench and Austrian generals was reversed. The\\nEmperor passed the whole night in strengthening his\\ncentre, where he was in person within cannon-shot of\\nWagram. To effect this, the lion-hearted Massena\\nmarched to the left of Aderklau, leaving a single division\\nat Aspern, which had orders to fall back if hard-pressed,\\nupon the island of Lobau. The intrepid and inexorable", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "WAGRAM. 285\\nDavoust received orders to leave the village of Gross-\\nhoffen to approach the centre. The Austrian general,\\non the contrary, committed the time-condemned error\\nof weakening his centre in order to strengthen his wings.\\nAll night could be seen the far-extending lines of the\\nblazing fires, which seemed to join each other in the\\ndistance and all night could be heard the heavy tread\\nof the troops, marching to take up positions under the\\nvigilant eye of the Emperor. Brave, confident hearts,\\nhow many of them were destined to be swept to earth\\nby the storm of the Austrian artillery\\nAt length, the clay of the 6 th dawned upon the plain\\nof Wagram, and exhibited the two vast bodies of men,\\nwhose accoutrements glittered in the light, who were\\nabout to be hurled together in deadly conflict. At the\\nfirst peep of day, Bernadotte occupied the left, leaving\\nMassena in the second line. Prince Eugene, with the\\nlaurels of Raab freshly enwreathing his brow, connected\\nhim with the centre, where the corps of Oudinot, Mar-\\nmont, those of the imperial guard, and the divisions of\\nthe cuirassiers, formed eight lines of battle-scarred vete-\\nrans, eager for the fray. Davoust marched from the\\nright in order to reach the centre.\\nThe enemy, on the contrary, ordered the corps of\\nBellegarde to march upon Stradelau. The corps of\\nColo wrath, Lichtenstein, and Hiller, connected this right\\nwith the position of Wagram, where the Prince of Hohen-\\nzollern was, and to the extremity of the left, at Neusie-\\ndel, to which extended the corps of Rosemberg, in\\norder to fall upon Davoust. The corps of Rosemberg\\nand that of Davoust, making an inverse movement, met", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "286 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith the first rays of the sun, and gave the signal for\\nbattle. The Emperor made immediately for this point,\\nreinforced Davoust with the divisions of cuirassiers, and\\ntook the corps of Roseinberg in flank with a battery of\\ntwelve pieces of General Count Nansouty. In less\\nthan three quarters of an hour, the fine corps of Da-\\nvoust had defeated Rosemberg s troop, and driven it\\nbeyond Neusieclel, with great loss.\\nIn the meantime the cannonade commenced through-\\nout the line, and the dispositions of the enemy became\\ndeveloped every moment the whole of their left was\\nstudded with artillery one would have said that the\\nAustrian general was not fighting for the victory, but\\nthat the only object he had in view, was how to profit\\nby it. This disposition of the enemy appeared so\\nabsurd, that some snare was dreaded, and the Emperor\\nhesitated some time before ordering the easy dispositions\\nwhich he had to make, in order to annul those of the\\nenemy, and render them fatal to him. He ordered\\nMassena to make an attack on a village occupied by the\\nfoe, and which somewhat pressed the extremity of the\\ncentre of the army. He ordered Davoust to turn the\\nposition of Neusiedel, and to push from thence upon Wa-\\ngram and bade Massena and General Macdonald form\\nin column, in order to carry Wagram the moment Da-\\nvoust should march upon it.\\nWhile this was going forward, word was brought that\\nthe enemy was furiously attacking the village which\\nMassena had carried that the left had advanced about\\nthree thousand yards; that a heavy cannonade was\\nalready heard at Gross-Aspern, and that the interval", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "WAGRAM. 287\\nfrom Gros-Aspern to Wagram appeared covered by an\\nimmense line of artillery. It conld no longer be doubted\\nthe enemy had committed an enormous fault, and it only\\nremained to profit by it. The Emperor immediately\\nordered General Macdonald to dispose the divisions of\\nBroussier and Lamarque in attacking columns; they\\nwere supported by the division of General Nansouty,\\nby the horse guards, and by a battery of sixty pieces\\nof the guard and forty pieces of different corps. Gene-\\nral Count de Lauriston, at the head of this battery of a\\nhundred pieces of artillery, galloped towards the enemy,\\nadvanced without firing to within half cannon-shot, and\\nthen commenced a prodigious cannonade which soon\\nsilenced that of the enemy, and carried death into their\\nranks. General Macdonald marched forward to the\\ncharge. And such a charge had never before been\\nwitnessed upon the field of battle. Macdonald ad-\\nvanced, as it were, in the face of a volcano pouring forth\\na red tide of death. Whole squadrons were swept to\\nthe earth, but, led by a man without fear, the guards\\nnever even faltered but on, on still on they ad-\\nvanced, like a decree of fate, which nothing could check.\\nTo sustain them, Bessieres charged with the cavalry\\nof the old guard; but was hurled from his horse by a\\ncannon-shot, which damped the enthusiasm of his troops,\\nand rendered their onset weak. Napoleon, who, riding\\non a splendid white charger, was a conspicuous mark\\nfor the balls of the enemy, seeing his faithful Bessieres\\nfall, turned away, saying, Let us avoid another scene!\\nalluding to the incidents attending the death of the illus-\\ntrious Lannes. But Macdonald continued his rapid", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "288 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nadvance, attacked and broke the centre of the Austrians,\\nand captured their guns. But here he was compelled\\nto halt the column which he had led to the charge\\nhad been reduced to between two and three thousand\\neffective men. Its path was piled with the slain. But\\nthe centre of the enemy was broken. Their right,\\nseized with a panic, fell back in haste, and Massena\\nthen attacked in front, while Davoust, who had carried\\nNeusiedel and Wagram, attacked and penetrated the\\nleft. It was but ten o clock, and jet the victory already\\nclung to the eagles of the French. From that time\\nuntil noon, the Archduke only fought for a safe retreat.\\nThe French continued to gain ground until, when the\\nsun had reached the meridian, the dispirited Austrian\\ngeneral gave the order for retreat. The French pur-\\nsued. But Murat, to Napoleon s regret, was not at the\\nhead of the cavalry, and many of the advantages of\\nsuch a glorious victory were lost. Long before night s\\nshadows descended, the Austrians were out of sight, and\\nthe French encamped upon the field of their victory,\\nalthough the cavalry had posts advanced as far as Sou-\\nkirchen.\\nAt dark, the Emperor could sum up the results of\\nthis terrible battle, in which between three and four\\nhundred thousand men, with from twelve to fifteen hun-\\ndred pieces of artillery, did the work of death. Ten\\nflags, forty pieces of cannon, twenty thousand prisoners,\\nof whom three or four hundred were officers, were the\\ntrophies. Besides these, the Austrians left upon the\\nfield about nine thousand men wounded, and an immense\\nnumber of slain. The Archduke himself was wounded", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "WAGRAM. 289\\nin this bloody struggle. The French had suffered a\\nsevere loss. Besides a great number of brave men who\\nhad been swept into the sea of death by the storm of\\nthe Austrian artillery, there were six thousand wounded,\\namong whom were Marshal Bessieres, and the Generals\\nSahuc, Seras, Defranc, Grenier, Vignoble and Frere.\\nIt was a fitting time to do honor to the unrivalled\\ncommanders of the army. Macdonald had been in a\\nkind of disgrace. But the Emperor now forgot all but\\nhis unequalled charge. He advanced to that intrepid\\ngeneral, and said, Shake hands, Macdonald no more\\nanimosity between us let us henceforth be friends\\nThat night, by the camp-fire of Wagram, three new\\nmarshals of the empire were created, viz.: Macdonald,\\nOudinot and Marmont.\\nThe troops were excessively fatigued, and were glad\\nwhen they received orders from the Emperor to cease\\nthe pursuit, and bivouac on the plain of Wagram. The\\nEmperor then entered his tent to seek repose. But he\\nhad not tasted its sweets more than half an hour, when\\nan aid-de-camp came in hurriedly, crying, Up up\\nto arms This cry was caught up and repeated through-\\nout the whole army, startling the quiet night. In\\nfive minutes, says the author of Travels in Moravia,\\nthe troops were in position and ready for action, and\\nthe Emperor was on horseback, with all his generals\\naround him. This rapid and regular movement was\\nunparalleled. And certainly it was an astonishing dis-\\nplay of perfect discipline and promptitude. The cause\\nof this alarm was the approach of an Austrian corps,\\nnumbering three thousand men, under the Archduke\\n37", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "290\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nJohn. But that body, having failed in an attempt at\\nsurprise, retreated, and the French returned to their\\nbivouacs, much amused with the incident of the night.\\nTn a short time, all was silent again upon the bloody\\nplain of Wagram.\\nThen followed the treaty of Schoenbrunn, which\\nonce more prostrated the coalition, and secured Maria\\nLouisa, a daughter of the proud house of Hapsburg-\\nLorraine, in the place of the beloved Josephine, as Em-\\npress of France. Thus the child of the people had\\nconquered an alliance with the daughter of emperors.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "MURAT.\\nfiSIB SAEKP-fffllBS \u00c2\u00aem TEIB S9QSIQlBii9\\nthe error of that treaty.\\nindependence of Poland.\\nleon for a declaration that Poland\\ntPHE oppressive continental po-\\nll licy of Napoleon caused the\\nrupture of the peace of Til-\\nsit, and led to the grand, but\\ndisastrous invasion of Rus-\\nsia. Alexander gave the\\nfirst offence by not fulfilling\\nthe condition of his treaty\\nwith Napoleon. The French\\nEmperor then began to see\\nIt should have secured the\\nThe czar pressed Napo-\\nshould never be\\n(291)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "292 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nre-established, but the Emperor refused to make this\\nconcession. Both rulers then prepared for a struggle on\\na gigantic scale. Napoleon determined to invade, and\\nAlexander was resolved to make a resolute defence.\\nNapoleon determined to concentrate an army of foui\\nhundred thousand men upon the banks of the Niemen.\\nHe was thoroughly informed of the vast resources of\\nFrance and of the condition of the country through\\nwhich he would be compelled to march. As far as hu-\\nman calculation could reach, his views were clear and\\naccurate.\\nIt was from the bosom of that France, of which he\\nhad made a citadel, which. appeared impregnable, and\\nacross that Germany whose sovereigns were at his feet,\\nthat Napoleon wended his way towards the frontier of\\nthe Russian empire, in order to place himself at the\\nhead of the most formidable army which the genius of\\nconquest had ever led. Fouche, Cardinal Fesch, and\\nother noted councillors strove to dissuade Napoleon from\\nthe impending war; but the Emperor was confident,\\nand seems to have entertained no doubt of his success.\\nThe war, he said, is a wise measure, called for by\\nthe true interests of France and the general welfare.\\nThe great power I have already attained, compels me\\nto assume an universal dictatorship. My views are not\\nambitious. I desire to obtain no further acquisition;\\nand reserve to myself only the glory of doing good,\\nand the blessings of posterity. There must be but one\\nEuropean code one court of appeal one system of\\nmoney, weights and measures equal justice and uniform\\nlaws throughout the continent. Europe must constitute", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "NIEMEN. Z\\\\)6\\nbut one great nation, and Paris must be the capital of\\nthe world. Grand but premature conception\\nThe signal for the advance of the Grand Army was\\nnow sounded. It moved forward in thirteen divisions,\\nbesides the Imperial Guard, and certain chosen troops.\\nThe first division was headed by the stern and intrepid\\nDavoust; the second, by Oudinot; the third, by the\\nindomitable Ney the fourth, by the skilful Prince Eu-\\ngene the fifth, by the devoted Poniatowski the sixth,\\nby that cool and skilful general, Gouvion St. Cyr; the\\nseventh, by the veteran Regnier the eighth, by the\\nbrave but reckless Jerome Bonaparte the ninth, by\\nthe resolute Victor the tenth, by the hero of Wagram,\\nMacdonald the eleventh, by the*old veteran of Italy,\\nAugereau the twelfth, by the bold and brilliant Murat;\\nand the thirteenth by Prince Schwartzenberg. The\\nOld Guard that solid and impenetrable phalanx was\\ncommanded by Bessieres, Le Febre and Mortier.\\nLong before daybreak, on the 23d of June, the\\nFrench army approached the Niemen. It was only\\ntwo o clock in the morning, when the Emperor, accom-\\npanied only by General Hays, rode forward to recon-\\nnoitre. He wore a Polish dress and bonnet, and thus\\nescaped observation. After a close scrutiny, he dis-\\ncovered a spot near the village of Poineven, above\\nKowno, favorable to the passage of the troops, and gave\\norders for three bridges to be thrown across, at night-\\nfall. The whole day was occupied in preparing facili-\\nties for the passage of the river, the line which separated\\nthem from the Russian soil.\\nThe first who crossed the river were a few sappers", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "294 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nin a boat. The day had been very warm, and the night\\nwas welcomed by the weary soldiers, who knew they\\nhad yet a difficult task to perform. Napoleon, who\\nhad been somewhat depressed all day, now seemed to\\nregain his cheerful spirits. He posted himself upon a\\nslight eminence, where he could superintend operations.\\nThe sappers found all silent on the Russian soil, and no\\nenemy appeared to oppose them, with the exception of\\na single Cossack officer on patrole, who asked, with an\\nair of surprise, who they were, and what they wanted.\\nThe sappers quickly replied, Frenchmen and one of\\nthem briskly added, Come to make war upon you to\\ntake Wilna, and deliver Poland. The Cossack fled\\ninto the wood, and three French soldiers discharged\\ntheir pieces at him without effect. These three shots\\nwere the signals for the opening of this ever-memorable\\ncampaign. Their echoes roused Napoleon from the\\nlethargy into which he had fallen, and he immediately\\nplanned the most active measures.\\nThree hundred voltigeurs were sent across to protect\\nthe erection of the bridges. At the same time, the dark\\nmasses of the French columns began to issue from the\\nvalleys and forests, and to approach the river, in order\\nto cross it at dawn of day.\\nAll fires were forbidden, and perfect silence was en-\\njoined. The men slept with their arms in their hands,\\non the green corn, heavily moistened with dew, which\\nserved them for beds, and their horses for provender.\\nThose on watch, passed the hours in reading over the\\nEmperor s proclamation, and speculating on the-prospect\\nwhich the daylight would disclose. The night was", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "NIEMEN. 295\\nkeen, and pitch dark. The silence maintained amidst\\nsuch a prodigious mass of life felt to be there, whilst\\nnothing could be seen rendered the hours unspeakably\\nsolemn.\\nBefore dawn, the Avhole array was under arms but\\nthe first beams of the sun shewed no opposing enemy\\nnothing but dry and desert sand, and dark silent forests.\\nOn their own side of the river, men and horses, and\\nglittering arms, covered every spot of ground within the\\nrange of the eye, and the Emperor s tent in the midst\\nof them stood on an elevation. At a given signal, the\\nimmense mass began to defile in three columns towards\\nthe bridges. Two divisions of the advanced guard, in\\ntheir ardor for the precedence, nearly came to blows.\\nNapoleon crossed among the first, and stationed himself\\nnear the bridges to encourage the men by his presence.\\nThey saluted him with their usual acclamations. He\\nseemed depressed, for a time, partly owing to his pre-\\nvious exertions and want of rest, partly from the\\nexcessive heat of the day, but no doubt still more from\\nthe passive desolation which met his forces, when he\\nhad expected a mortal enemy to contend with him in\\narms. This latter feeling was presently manifested in\\nits reaction, and with a fierce impatience he set spurs\\nto his horse, dashed into the country, and penetrated\\nthe forest which bordered the river as if, says Se-\\ngur, he were on fire to come in contact with the enemy\\nalone. He rode more than a league in the same direc-\\ntion, surrounded throughout by the same solitude. He\\nthen returned to the vicinity of the bridges, and led the\\narmy into the country, while a menacing sky hung", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "296 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nblack and heavy over the moving host. The distant\\nthunder began to roar and swell, and the storm soon\\ndescended. The lightning flamed across the whole ex-\\npanse above their heads they were drenched with tor-\\nrents of rain the roads were all inundated and the\\nrecently oppressive heat of the atmosphere was sud-\\ndenly changed to a bitter chilliness. Some thousands\\nof horses perished on the march, and in the bivouacs\\nwhich followed many equipages were abandoned on the\\nsands and many men fell sick and died.\\nThe Emperor found shelter in a convent, from the\\nfirst fury of the tempest, but shortly departed for\\nKowno, where the greatest disorder prevailed. The\\npassage of Oudinot had been impeded by the bridge\\nacross the Yilia having been broken down by the Cos-\\nsacks. Napoleon treated this circumstance with con-\\ntempt, and ordered a squadron of the Polish guard to\\nspur into the flood, and swim across. This fine picked\\ntroop instantly obeyed. They proceeded at first in good\\norder, and soon reached the centre of the river; but-\\nhere the current was too strong, and their ranks were\\nbroken. They redoubled their exertions, but the\\nhorses became frightened and unmanageable. Both\\nmen and horses were soon exhausted. They no longer\\nswam, but floated about in scattered groups, rising and\\nsinking, while some among them went down. At\\nlength, the men, finding destruction inevitable, ceased\\ntheir straggles, but as they were sinking, they turned\\ntheir faces towards Napoleon, and cried out, Vive\\nVEmpereur Three of these noble-spirited patriots\\nuttered this cry, while only a part of their faces were", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "NIEMEN. 297\\nabove the waters. The army was struck with a mix-\\nture of horror and admiration. Napoleon watched the\\nscene apparently unmoved, but gave every order he\\ncould devise for the purpose of saving as many of them\\nas possible, though with little effect. It is probable\\nthat his strongest feeling, even at the time, was a pre-\\nsentiment that this disastrous event was but the begin-\\nning of others, at once tremendous and extensive.\\nMarshal Oudinot with the second corps crossed the\\nVilia, by a bridge at Keydani. Meanwhile the rest of\\nthe army was still crossing the Niemen, in which opera-\\ntion three entire days were consumed.\\nAfter the first night of the arrival upon the Niemen,\\ncamp-fires were permitted, and their vast line illumined\\nthe sky to a great distance. The troops suffered severely\\nfrom the sudden changes of the weather from oppres-\\nsive heat to piercing cold. But when we learn their\\nsufferings in the rest of the campaign, we forget this\\nfirst taste of misery. Before the army had entirely\\ncrossed the Niemen, Napoleon reached the plain of\\nWilna, which he found the Russians had deserted.\\nHowever, he was received by the inhabitants of Wilna\\nas a deliverer, and the restorer of the nationality of Po-\\nland. Still the steady movement of retreat, laying\\nwaste the country the plan which the Russian generals\\nhad adopted caused the Emperor to be gloomy, and it\\nseemed as if the cloud of adversity had already begun\\nto obscure his star.\\n38", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "MASSENA.\\nTOS (SMHP-PQIBS AT OTifglPSK.\\nHE first combat of importance\\nduring the Russian cam-\\npaign was fought at Os,-\\ntrowna. On the 18th of\\nJuly, Napoleon reached\\nKlubokoe. There he was\\ninformed that the Russian\\ngeneral, Barclay de Tolly,\\nhad abandoned the camp\\nat Drissa, and was march-\\ning towards Witepsk. He\\nimmediately ordered all\\nhis corps upon Beszenko-\\nwici; and so admirable and precise were his combina-\\n(298)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "WITEPSK. 299\\ntions, that the whole of his immense mass of armies\\nreached the place in one day. Segur has graphically\\ndescribed the apparent chaos of confusion which seemed\\nto result from that very regularity itself. The columns\\nof infantry, cavalry, and artillery, presenting themselves\\non every side; the rush, the crossing, the jostling; the\\ncontention for quarters, and for forage and provisions\\nthe aides-de-camp bearing important orders vainly\\nstruggling to open a passage. At length, before mid\\nnight, order had taken the place of this apparent\\nanarchy. The vast collection of troops had flowed off\\ntowards Ostrowno, or been quartered in the town, and\\nprofound silence succeeded the tumult. The Russian\\narmy had got the start of Napoleon, and now occupied\\nWitepsk.\\nThe first combat of Ostrowno took place on the 25th\\nof July. The Russian infantry, protected by a wood,\\nfiercely contested the ground, but were beaten back at\\nevery point by the repeated charges of Murat, seconded\\nby the eighth regiment of infantry, and the divisions of\\nBruyeres and St. Germains and at length the division of\\nDelzons coming up completed the victory of the French.\\nOn the 26th, the Russians who had been reinforced,\\nand had occupied a very strong position, seemed dis-\\nposed to renew the struggle. Barclay had thrown for-\\nward this portion of his force to retard the French ad-\\nvance, while he daily looked for the junction of Bagra-\\ntion. The French* van had also been reinforced;\\nPrince Eugene with the Italian division having joined\\nin the night. The numbers and strong position of the\\nRussians gave them an immense superiority in the begin-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "300 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nning of the day. They attacked with fury, issuing in\\nlarge masses out of their woods with deafening war\\ncries. The French regiments opposed to this onset\\nwere mowed down, beaten back, and in danger of an\\nirretrievable rout. At this critical moment, Murat\\nplaced himself at the head of a regiment of Polish lan-\\ncers, and with word and gesture incited them to an\\nunanimous and energetic rush. Roused by his address,\\nand inspired with rage at the sight of their oppressors,\\nthey obeyed with impetuosity. His object had been to\\nlaunch them against the enemy, not to mingle person-\\nally in the torrent of the fight, which must disqualify\\nhim for the command; but their lances were in their\\nrests, and closely filed behind him they occupied the\\nwhole width of the ground they hurried him forwards\\nat the full speed of their horses, and he was absolutely\\ncompelled to charge at their head, which he did, as the\\neye-witnesses affirm, with an admirable grace, his\\nplumed hat and splendid uniform giving him on this\\noccasion, and numberless others in which he displayed\\na most joyous and reckless courage, the air of some\\nknight of romance. This impetuous onset was seconded\\nby the other French leaders. Eugene, General Girardin,\\nand General Pire attacked at the head of their columns,\\nand finally the wood was gained. The Russians re-,\\ntreated, and disappeared from view in a forest two\\nleagues in depth, into the recesses of which even the\\nimpetuosity of Murat hesitated to follow. The forest\\nwas the last obstacle which hid Witepsk from their\\nview. At this moment of uncertainty, Napoleon ap-\\npeared with the main body of the army, and all diffi-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "WITEPSK. 301\\nculties and uncertainties soon vanished. After hearing\\nthe report of the two princes, he went without delay to\\nthe highest point of ground he could reach. There he\\nobserved long and carefully the nature of the position,\\nand calculated the movements of his enemies he then\\nordered an immediate advance. The whole army\\nrapidly traversed the forest, and began to debouch upon\\nthe plain of Witepsk before night-fall. The approach-\\ning darkness, the multitude of Russian watch-fires\\nwhich covered the open ground, and the time requisite\\nto complete the extrication of his several divisions from\\nthe defiles of the forest, obliged Napoleon to halt at this\\npoint. He believed himself to be in presence of the\\nmain Russian army, and on the eve of the great battle\\nhe so ardently desired. He left his tent, and repaired\\nto his advanced posts before daybreak on the 27th, and\\nthe first rays of the sun shewed him the whole of Bar-\\nclay s forces encamped on an elevated position, com-\\nmanding all the avenues of Witepsk. The deep chan-\\nnel of the river Lucszissa marked the foot of this posi-\\ntion, and ten thousand cavalry and a body of infantry\\nwere stationed in advance of the river to dispute its\\napproaches the main body of the Russian infantry\\nwas in the centre on the high road its left, on woody\\neminences its right, supported by cavalry, resting on\\nthe Dwina.\\nNapoleon took his station on an insulated hill in view\\nof both armies. Here, surrounded by a circle of chas-\\nseurs of his guard, he directed the movements of his\\ntroops as they successively advanced to form in fine of\\nbattle. Two hundred Parisian voltigeurs of the ninth", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "302 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nregiment of the line, were the first who debouched, and\\nwere ranged on the left in front of the Russian cavalry,\\nand resting, like it, on the Dwina they were followed\\nby the sixteenth chasseurs and some artillery. The\\nRussians looked on with coolness, offering no opposition.\\nThis favorable state of inaction was suddenly inter-\\nrupted by Murat. Intoxicated at the brilliant and im-\\nposing assemblage of so many thousands of spectators,\\nhe precipitated the French chasseurs upon the whole\\nRussian cavalry. They were met by an overwhelming\\nopposition broken, put to flight, and the foremost cut\\nto pieces. The King of Naples, stung to the quick at\\nthis result, threw himself into the thickest of the rout\\nand confusion, sword in hand. His life had nearly been\\nforfeited to his headstrong valor. A furious and well-\\ndirected blow was just descending on his head, aimed\\nfrom behind by a Russian trooper, and it was only\\naverted by a sudden slash from the sabre of the orderly\\nwho attended Murat, which cut off the trooper s arm.\\nThe consequences of these rash proceedings did not stop\\nhere. The successful resistance of the Russian cavalry\\nimpelled them to advance nearly as far as the hill on\\nwhich Napoleon was posted, and his guard with great\\ndifficulty drove them back by repeated discharges of\\ntheir carbines. The two hundred Parisian voltigeurs,.\\nleft in an isolated position by the disorder into which\\nthe chasseurs had been thrown, were next placed in\\nimminent peril. The Russian cavalry in returning to\\nthe main body, attacked and surrounded the voltigeurs.\\nBoth armies, spectators of this sudden and unequal\\nconflict, regarded that small band of men as utterly", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "WITEPSK. 303\\nlost. To the amazement of both French and Russians,\\nhowever, this handful of apparent victims was presently\\nseen to emerge unhurt from the dense cloud of assail-\\nants, who continued their original movement upon their\\nown position. The voltigeurs had rapidly thrown\\nthemselves into square on a woody and broken space of\\nground, close to the river. Here the Russian cavalry\\ncould not act, while the steady fire of the voltigeurs\\nmade such havoc that their assailants were glad to leave\\nthem as they found them. Napoleon sent the cross of\\nthe Legion of Honor to every one of them on the spot.\\nThe remainder of the day was spent by Napoleon in\\nstationing his army; in waiting for the successive\\narrivals of different corps, to be brief, in preparing for\\na decisive battle on the morrow. The more ardent of\\nhis generals wished that he had not waited till the\\nmorrow, and when he took leave of Murat with the\\nwords, To-morrow you will see the sun of Austerlitz,\\nthe King of Naples incredulously shook his head, say-\\ning, that Barclay only assumed that posture of defiance,\\nthe better to ensure his retreat and then, with a temer-\\nity, verging on the ludicrous, gave vent to his impatient\\nirritation by ordering his tent to be pitched on the\\nbanks of the Lucszissa, nearly in the midst of the enemy,\\nthat he might be the first to catch the sounds of their\\nretreat.\\nMurat was right. The Russians retreated while the\\nEmperor was preparing to make Witepsk the scene of\\na decisive battle. At daybreak, Murat came to inform\\nthe Emperor that he was going in pursuit of the Rus-\\nsians who were no longer in sight. Napoleon would", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "304 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nnot at first credit the report, but their empty camp soon\\nconvinced him of the truth. There was not even a\\ntrace to indicate the route Barclay had taken. The\\narmy then entered Witepsk, and found it deserted.\\nThey then followed in pursuit for six leagues, through\\na deep and burning sand, and during the march the sol-\\ndiers suffered dreadfully from thirst. At last, night\\nput an end to their progress at Agiiaponorchtchina.\\nWhile the troops were busy in procuring some muddy\\nwater to drink, Napoleon held a council, the result of\\nwhich was, that it was useless to pursue the Russian\\narmy any further at present, and that it was advisable\\nto halt where they were, on the borders of Old Russia.\\nAs soon as the Emperor had formed this resolution, he\\nreturned to Witepsk with his guards. On entering his\\nhead-quarters in that city on the 28th, he took off his\\nsword, and laid it down on the maps which covered his\\ntable. Here! said he, I halt I want to recon-\\nnoitre, to rally, to rest my army, and to organize Poland.\\nThe campaign of 1812 is over that of 1813 will do the\\nrest. Ah well for him would it have been, had he\\nbeen content with the laurels that were heaped upon\\nhis head, and fallen back then to devote himself to the\\nrestoration of Poland. But his faith in his star had not\\nyet been weakened, and on, on he would press, till\\nchecked by obstacles which no human power could\\novercome.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "FOBS (SiXSBP^aiBEl AT S5H\u00c2\u00aeiLilEI\u00c2\u00a7[S\u00c2\u00ae\\nAPOLEON halted two weeks at\\nMP Witepsk. He felt that if he could\\nnot find the Russian army, it was\\nSj^j necessary to make a conquest that\\nwould end the campaign with sub-\\npjp stantial glory. Now, more than\\never the idea of capturing the\\nancient Moscow entered his head, and he quickly de-\\ncided to advance. Already full of the plan, which was\\nto crown him with success, he ran to his maps. There\\nhe saw nothing but Smolensko and Moscow.\\n39 (305)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "306 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nAt the sight of them/ says Hazlitt, he appeared\\ninflamed by the genius of war. His voice became\\nharsh, his glance fiery, and his whole air stern and\\nfierce. His attendants retired from his presence,\\nthrough fear as well as respect; but at length his mind\\nwas fixed, his determination taken, and his line of\\nmarch traced out. Immediately after, the tempest was\\ncalmed, and having given consistency and utterance to\\nhis great conceptions, his features resumed their wonted\\ncharacter of placidity and cheerfulness. He did all in\\nhis power to gain over his officers to his purposes, and\\nredoubled his attentions to his soldiers. The latter\\nsoon displayed a spirit of heroic devotion to his person.\\nThe column of advance consisted of one hundred and\\neighty-five thousand men j not one half of the comple-\\nment of the vast army which had entered Russia on\\nthe 23d of June.\\nIt must be remembered that the great tract of coun-\\ntry already passed was now occupied by his army, and\\nnecessarily expended a force, amounting perhaps to\\nnearly eighty thousand men but it is computed that in\\naddition to this diminution of his army engaged in actual\\nservice, he had lost one-third of his original numbers\\nby desertion, wounds, or death, either from fatigue or\\ndisease, or in the field of battle. Numbers of his hos-\\npital wagons, pontoons, and provision wagons, also, were\\nfar in the rear. Still, all these considerations gave way\\nbefore his ardent desire to hurry the war to a termina-\\ntion, and the exertions he made at Witepsk were all\\nwith a view to an advance. Several actions occurred\\nbetween his generals and the different divisions of the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "SMOLENSKO. 307\\nRussian army during the period in which he held his\\nhead-quarters at Witepsk. Schwartzenberg conquered\\nTormazoff at Gorodeczna; Barclay retreated before\\nNey at Krasnoi and Ouclinot defeated Witgenstein\\nnear Polotsk, in a second combat, the first in which\\nthey encountered was indecisive. It was at this mo-\\nment that Napoleon received news of the conclusion of\\npeace between Russia and Turkey, an event which much\\nmore than counterbalanced these successes.\\nDuring the first week of August, intelligence reached\\nWitepsk, that the advanced guard, led by Prince\\nEugene, had obtained some advantages near Suraij\\nbut that, in the centre, at Tukowo, near the Dnieper,\\nSebastiani had been surprised, and conquered by\\nsuperior numbers. This information, together with the\\nmarch of Barclay upon Rudnia, decided Napoleon. He\\nconjectured that the whole Russian army was united\\nbetween the Dwina and the Dnieper, and was marching\\nagainst his cantonments. His conjecture proved to be\\nperfectly correct. The Russian commander-in-chief\\nconceiving that the French army at Witepsk lay con-\\nsiderably more dispersed than his own, had resolved to\\nattempt a surprise. The utmost activity now pervaded\\nhead-quarters. On the 10th of August, Napoleon was\\nobserved to write eight letters to Davoust, and nearly\\nas many to each of his commanders. If the enemy\\ndefends Smolensko, he said, in one of his letters to\\nDavoust, as I am tempted to believe he will, we shall\\nhave a decisive engagement there, and we cannot have\\ntoo large a force. Orcha will become the central point\\nof the army. Every thing induces me to believe that", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "308 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthere will be a great battle at Smolensko. Barclay\\nhaving laid a plan for the surprise of Napoleon, the\\nlatter by a daring manoeuvre avoided it, and almost\\nsucceeded in an attempt to turn the very same plan of\\nsurprise upon his enemy. Allowing the skirmishing to\\ncontinue on the advanced posts, he changed his line of\\noperations, and turning the left of the Russians instead\\nof their right, which was expected by Barclay, he\\ngained the rear of their army, and endeavored to\\noccupy Smolensko, and act upon their lines of commu-\\nnication with Moscow. To effect this, he had with-\\ndrawn his forces from Witepsk and the line of the\\nDwina, with equal skill and rapidity, and throwing\\nfour bridges across the Dnieper, made a passage for\\nNey, Eugene Beauharnais, and Davoust, with Murat\\nat the head of two large bodies of cavalry. They\\nwere supported by Poniatowski and Junot, who ad-\\nvanced in different routes. The attack was led by\\nNey and Murat, who bore down all opposition till they\\nreached Krasnoi, where a battle was fought on the 14th\\nof August. He had thus suddenly changed his line\\nof operations from the Dwina to the Dnieper, and the\\nmanoeuvre has been the subject of much admiration\\nand criticism among French and Russian tacticians.\\nThe Russian general, Newerowskoi, who commanded\\nat Krasnoi, finding himself attacked by a body of in-\\nfantry stronger than his own, and two large bodies of\\ncavalry besides, retreated upon the road to Smolensko.\\nThis road being favorable for the action of cavalry, he\\nwas hotly pressed by Murat, who led the pursuit in full\\nsplendor of attire, and with all the reckless valor which", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "SMOLENSKO. 309\\ncharacterised him. He also dispatched some of his light\\nsquadrons to alarm if not attack the front of the retreat-\\ning corps, while he made furious onsets upon their flank\\nand rear. Newerowskoi, however, effected a skilful and\\ngallantly-conducted retreat, availing himself of a double\\nrow of trees on the high road to Smolensko, by which\\nhe evaded the charges of the cavalry, and was enabled\\nto pour in a heavy fire. He made good his retreat into\\nSmolensko, with the loss of four hundred men.\\nThe day on which the combat at Krasnoi was fought,\\nhappened to be the Emperor s birth-day. There was no\\nintention of keeping it in these immense solitudes, and\\nunder the present circumstances of peril and anxiety.\\nThere could be no heartfelt festival without a complete\\nvictory. Murat and Ney, however, on giving in the\\nreport of their recent success, could not refrain from\\ncomplimenting the Emperor on the anniversary of his\\nnativity. A salute from a hundred pieces of artillery\\nwas now heard, fired according to their orders. Napo-\\nleon, with a look of displeasure, observed, that in Rus-\\nsia it was important to be economical of French powder.\\nBut he was informed in reply, that it was Russian\\npowder, and had been taken the night before. The\\nidea of having his birth- day celebrated at the expense\\nof the Russians made Napoleon smile. Prince Eugene\\nalso paid his compliments to the Emperor on this occa-\\nsion; but was cut short by Napoleon saying, Every\\nthing is preparing for a battle. I will gain that, and\\nthen we will see Moscow.\\nWhile Newerowskoi was intrenched in Smolensko,\\nthe generals, Barclay and Bagration, who were stationed", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "310 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntowards Inkowo, between the Dnieper and Lake Kas-\\nplia, hesitated whether to attack the French army,\\nwhich they believed to be still in their front. But\\nwhen they heard of the situation of Newerowskoi, the\\nquestion of forcing the French lines was superseded by\\nthe necessity of hurrying to the rescue of Smolensko.\\nMurat had already commenced an attack on the city.\\nNey had attempted to carry the citadel by a coup cle\\nmain, but was repulsed with the loss of two or three\\nhundred men, and was himself slightly wounded. He\\nwithdrew to an eminence on the river s bank, to exa-\\nmine the various positions, when on the other side of the\\nDnieper he thought he could discern some large masses\\nof troops in motion. He hastened to inform the Em-\\nperor. Napoleon was presently on the spot, and distin-\\nguished, amidst clouds of dust, long dark columns which\\nseemed electric with the intermittent glancing of innu-\\nmerable arms. These masses were advancing with\\nrapidity. It was Barclay and Bagration at the head of\\na hundred and twenty thousand men. At this sight,\\nNapoleon clapped his hands for joy, exclaiming, At\\nlast I have them! The moment that was to decide\\nthe fate of Russia or the French army, had apparently\\narrived.\\nNapoleon passed along the line, and assigned to each\\ncommander his station, leaving an extensive plain unoc-\\ncupied in front, between himself and the Dnieper. This\\nhe offered to the enemy as a field of battle. The French\\narmy in this position was backed by defiles and preci-\\npices but Napoleon had no anxiety about retreat, so\\ncertain felt he of victory.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "SMOLENSKO. 3] 1\\nInstead, however, of accepting the challenge to a\\ndecisive battle, Barclay and Bagration were seen next\\nmorning in fall retreat towards Elnia; a movement\\nwhich was so bitterly disappointing to Napoleon that\\nhe for some time refused to credit the fact. Various\\nplans were contemplated by the Emperor for partially\\ncutting off their retreat, but could not be brought into\\noperation. He instantly ordered the storming of Smo-\\nlensko, inferring that it should be considered as a mere\\npassage through which he would force his way to Mos-\\ncow. It appears that Murat was very anxious to\\ndissuade him from this attempt, but rinding his efforts\\nin vain, the King of Naples was so exasperated that\\nhe rode in front of the most formidable of the Russian\\nbatteries while it was in full play upon the French\\nand having dismounted, remained standing immoveable,\\nwhile the balls were cutting down men on all sides.\\nThe storming proceeded with success, except in the\\nattack made by Ney upon the citadel, which repulsed\\nhim with loss. One battalion happening to present itself\\nin flank before the Russian batteries, lost the entire row\\nof. a company by a single ball, which thus killed twenty-\\ntwo men at the same instant. In the mean time, the\\nmain army, on an amphitheatre of hills, surveyed in\\nanxiety the struggles of their comrades in arms, and\\noccasionally applauded them with loud clapping hands\\nas in a theatre, while they made good any fresh onset,\\ndashing through a maze of balls and g^ape-shot which\\nshadowed the air.\\nThe troops were drawn off as night came on, and\\nNapoleon retired to his tent. Count Lobau, having", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "312 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nobtained possession of the ditch, ordered some shells to\\nbe thrown into the city, to dislodge the enemy. Al-\\nmost immediately were seen rising thick and black\\ncolumns of smoke, with occasional gleams of light;\\nthen sparks and burning flakes and at length pyramids\\nof flame, which ascended from every part. These dis-\\ntinct and distant fires soon became united in one vast\\nconflagration, which rose in whirling and destructive\\ngrandeur, hung over nearly the whole of Smolensko,\\nand consumed it amidst ominous and awful crashes.\\nThis disaster, which Count Lobau very naturally\\nattributed to his shells, though it was the work of the\\nRussians, threw him into great consternation. Napo-\\nleon, seated in front of his tent, viewed the terrific spec-\\ntacle in silence. Neither the cause nor the result could\\nas yet be ascertained, and the night was passed under\\narms. About three in the morning, a subaltern officer,\\nbelonging to Davoust, had ventured to the foot of the\\nwall, and scaled it, without giving the least alarm. Em-\\nboldened by the silence which reigned around him, he\\nmade his way into the city, when suddenly hearing a\\nnumber of voices speaking with the Sclav onian accent,\\nhe gave himself up for lost. But at this instant, the\\nlevel rays of the sun discovered these supposed enemies\\nto be the Poles of Poniatowski. They had been the\\nfirst to penetrate the city, which Barclay had just\\nabandoned to the flames. Smolensko having been\\nreconnoitred, the army entered within its walls. The\\nremarks of Segur on this occasion are very fine\\nThey passed over the smoking and bloody, ruins in\\nmartial order, and with all the pomp of military music", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "SMOLENSKO. 313\\nand displayed banners triumphant over deserted\\nruins, and the solitary witness of their own glory. A\\nspectacle without spectators a victory scarcely better\\nthan fruitless a gloiy steeped in blood and of which\\nthe smoke that surrounded them, and that seemed\\nindeed to be the only conquest, was the best and most\\ncharacteristic emblem.\\nHere Napoleon found, as at the Niemen, at Wilna,\\nand at Witepsk, that phantom of victory which had\\ndecoyed him onward, had again eluded his grasp and\\nwith mute and gloomy rage he walked along the city\\nover heaps of smoking ruins and the naked bodies of\\nthe slain. He sat down in front of the citadel, on a\\nmat at the door of a cottage, and here he held forth for\\nan hour on the cowardice of Barclay, while bullets from\\nthe citadel walls were whizzing about his head. He\\ndwelt upon the fine, field for action he had offered him,\\nthe disgrace it was to have delivered up the keys of\\nOld Russia without a struggle the advantages he had\\ngiven him in a strong city to support his efforts or to\\nreceive him in case of need. Without taking the\\nslightest notice of the bullets from the Russian riflemen\\nin the citadel, he thus continued to sit and vent his pas-\\nsionate disappointment, uttering the most bitter sarcasms\\nupon the Russian general and army. He was not yet\\nin the secret, laconically observes Hazlitt, of the new\\nScythian tactics of defending a country by burning its\\ncapitals. At length, he remounted his horse. One\\nof his marshals remarked, as soon as he was out of\\nhearing, that if Barclay had been so very wrong in\\nrefusing battle, the Emperor would not have taken so\\n40", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "314 CAMP-FIEES OF NAPOLEON.\\nmuch time to convince us of it. The truth was, he\\nhad no patience with the Russians for not staying to\\nbe beaten.\\nThe Russians still retained the suburbs of Smolensko,\\non the right bank of the Dnieper. During the night.\\nNapoleon caused the bridges to be repaired, and a heavy\\ncannonade to be kept up; and by the morning, the\\nsuburb had been deserted after being first set on fire.\\nNey and Junot immediately pressed forward through\\nthe burning labyrinth, and halted on the spot at which\\nthe roads to Petersburg and Moscow diverge, uncertain\\nin which direction to continue the pursuit. At length,\\nthe French scouts brought information that Barclay had\\nretreated in the direction of Moscow, taking at first a\\ncircuitous route through marshy and woody defiles.\\nNey came up with the rear guard at Stubna, where he\\ndislodged them from a strong position, without difficulty;\\nand next at Valoutina, where a desperate conflict took\\nplace, in which thirty thousand men were successively\\nengaged on either side. Encumbered as he was by a\\nlong line of artillery and baggage, and hard pressed by\\nNey, Barclay was in extreme danger of losing his whole\\narmy, but he was saved by the unaccountable remiss-\\nness of Junot, who had absolutely got into his rear, yet\\nsuspended his attack. Junot was a favorite with Napo-\\nleon, but he lost his command for this indecision. It\\nwas transferred to Rapp, who had just joined the army.\\nThe action had been sanguinary, and among other severe\\nlosses, the French general Gudin was mortally wounded.\\nNapoleon visited the field of battle, which would pro-\\nbably have been a decisive one had he been present to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "SMOLENSKO. 316\\ndirect the manoeuvres. The soldiers were ranged round\\nthe dead bodies of French and Russians which covered\\nthe ground the ghastly nature of their wounds, and\\nthe wrenched and twisted bayonets scattered about,\\nbearing witness to the violence of the conflict. Napo-\\nleon felt that the time was come when his men required\\nthe support both of praise and rewards. Accordingly,\\nhe suppressed his chagrin at the indecisive result of the\\nvictory. His looks were never more impressive and\\naffectionate. He declared this battle was the most\\nbrilliant exploit in their military history. In his\\nrewards, he was munificent. The division of Gudin\\nalone received eighty-seven decorations, and promotions.\\nHe watched over and secured the care of the wounded,\\nand left the field amidst the enthusiastic acclamations\\nof his soldiers. He then returned to Smolensko. His\\ncarriage jolted over the grisly ruins of the fight, and\\nhis eyes were met on every side by all that is odious\\nand horrible in fields of battle. Long lines of wounded\\nwere dragging themselves, or being borne along, and\\nretarded his progress; when he entered the ruined\\ncity, carts were conveying out of sight the streaming\\nheap of amputated limbs. Smolensko seemed one vast\\nhospital, and its groans of anguish prevailed over and\\nobliterated the glories and acclamations of Valoutina.\\nThe situation of the French army had now become\\ngrave and critical. There could no longer be a doubt\\nof the plan which Barclay was pursuing, and disas-\\ntrous apprehensions crowded upon Napoleon s mind.\\nThe burning of Smolensko was evidently one result of a\\ndeep laid design it could not be attributed to accident.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "316\\nCAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nWhat must have been his reflections on the evening\\nof this disastrous day, when, with a burning city for a\\ncamp-fire, he at length discovered the settled policy of\\nhis enemy the policy, namely, by which Robert Bruce,\\nin his last will, directed his countrymen how to con-\\nquer the ever-invading English the policy by which\\nFrancis the First baffled his great rival, Charles the\\nFifth, in his attempt to conquer France the policy\\nof laying waste the country, burning the cities, retreat-\\ning without a pitched battle and leaving famine, cold\\nand disease to destroy the invading force\\nWhatever misfortune awaited him, the Emperor was\\nresolved to meet it without delay. He really dared\\nfate to do its worst.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "NAPOLEON AT WIAZMA.\\nPage 317.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "ITS!\u00c2\u00ae (SMflP-PQIBB \u00c2\u00a3S WD SBMo\\nfe__ VEN after quitting Sniolensko,\\nNapoleon did not penetrate\\nthe designs of the Russian\\ngeneral^ Barclay de Tolly. He\\ncalled the retreat, flight their\\ncircumspection, pusillanimity.\\nBarclay had retreated to\\nDorogobouje, without attempt-\\ning any resistance; but here\\nhe renewed his junction with Bagration, and Murat\\nwishing to reconnoitre a small wood, met with a vigor-\\nous resistance, and pressing forwards found himself in\\nfront of the whole Russian army. He immediately\\n(317)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "318 CAMP-FIRES OP NAPOLEON.\\nsent word to Napoleon, who was in the rear. Davoust\\nalso, who disapproved of Murat s dispositions, wrote to\\nhasten the Emperors advance, if he did not wish\\nMurat to engage without him. Napoleon received the\\nnews with transport, and pressed on with his guard\\ntwelve leagues without stopping but on the evening\\nbefore he arrived, the enemy had disappeared. Barclay\\npersevered in his retreat amidst imputations of treachery\\nfrom Bagration, and discord and impatience throughout\\nhis camp. Bage at the continual falling back before the\\ninvaders had produced so many complaints, that Alex-\\nander had at last resolved to supersede Barclay by Ku-\\ntusoff, who was shortly expected. Meantime, the\\nFrench army advanced, marching three columns abreast;\\nthe Emperor, Murat, Davoust, and Ney, in the middle,\\nalong the great road to Moscow Poniatowski on the\\nright, and the army of Italy on the left.\\nIt was not likely that the centre column could obtain\\nany supplies on a road where the advanced guard had\\nfound nothing to subsist upon but the leavings of the,\\nRussians. They could not in so rapid a march find\\ntime to deviate from the direct route besides which,\\nthe right and left columns were collecting and devour-\\ning all they could find on each side of the road. It\\nseemed that a second army would have been required\\nto follow them with the requisite necessaries but as it\\nwas, they were obliged to carry everything with them.\\nThe existence of the army was a prodigy. With the\\nFrench and Polish corps, the difficulties were not so\\ngreat, owing to their excellent arrangements in packing\\ntheir knapsacks, and by every regiment having attached", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "WIAZMA. 319\\nto it a number of dwarf-horses, carts, and a drove of\\noxen. Their baggage was conducted by soldiers as\\ndrivers. But with the other chiefs in command, the\\ncase was very different. They had none of these excel-\\nlent arrangements among them, and only existed by\\nsending out marauding detachments on every side, who\\ndevoured their fill, and then returned to their respective\\nbodies with the remainder if any remained. Napo-\\nleon had not paid sufficient attention to these distinc-\\ntions, in the arrangements of the various divisions, and\\nthe consequences were highly injurious. Very great dis-\\ntress, and very disorderly conduct incessantly occurred\\nin the course of the march, particularly at Slawokowo.\\nBut Napoleon seemed only possessed by the idea of\\nMoscow, and. victory. He evidently took a great plea-\\nsure in frequently dating decrees and dispatches from\\nthe middle of Old Russia, which he knew would find\\ntheir way even into the smallest hamlets throughout\\nFrance, and make him appear present every where in\\nfull power.\\nMurat and Davoust had frequent misunderstandings\\nat this period, which on one occasion came to an open\\nquarrel. Davoust had been placed under the orders of\\nthe King of Naples, but the latter having brought the\\ntroops into the greatest peril by his headstrong valor\\nand love of personal display and prowess, Davoust\\nshowed an unwillingness to support him. This presently\\nled to a violent altercation in presence of the Emperor.\\nMurat upbraided Davoust with slow and dilatory cir-\\ncumspection, and with a personal hostility towards him-\\nself ever since they were in Egypt. He became more", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "320 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nvehement as he proceeded, and finally challenged the\\nPrince of Eckmuhl. At this last provocation, the deli-\\nberate Davoust gave way to his feelings, and began a\\nlong history of the extraordinary pranks played by the\\nKing of Naples in pursuing the Russians. He said it\\nwas high time that the Emperor should be made ac-\\nquainted with what passed every day in the manage-\\nment of his advanced guard. He showed that Murat\\nwasted lives by useless attacks upon the Russians, for\\nthe sake of gaining a few acres of ground, although it\\ninvariably happened that the enemy left the ground of\\ntheir own accord, whenever a sufficient force came up\\nwith them that Murat was in the constant habit of\\nlosing men by slaughterous follies in the front to no\\npurpose, after which he began to think of the propriety\\nof reconnoitering that he kept the whole of the ad-\\nvanced guard in a state of restless activity during six-\\nteen hours of the twenty-four, with no cause, and finally\\nchose the worst quarters for the night so that the sol-\\ndiers, instead of taking their food and rest, were groping\\nabout for provisions and forage, and calling to each\\nother in the dark, in order to find their way back to. the\\nbivouacs and that the king did nothing else but storm\\nand rage through the ranks, and then ride close to the\\nenemy s fines in all directions.\\nNapoleon listened to the whole of this in silence,\\npushing a Russian bullet backwards and forwards under\\nthe sole of his foot. When they were both quite out of\\nbreath, he mildly told them that junder present circum-\\nstances he preferred impetuosity to methodical caution\\nthat each had his merits it was impossible for one mau", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "WIAZMA. 3 21\\nto combine all descriptions of merit and enjoining them\\nto be friends for the future, dismissed them to their\\ntents.\\nOn the 28th of August, the army traversed the great\\nplains of Wiazma. They passed hastily onwards,\\nseveral regiments abreast, over the fields. The high\\nroad was given up to the train of artillery, and the hos-\\npital wagons. The Emperor appeared among them in\\nall directions. He was occupied in calculating, as he\\nwent forward, how many thousands of cannon-balls\\nwould be required to destroy the Russian army. He\\nordered all private carriages to be broken up, as they\\nmight tend to impede their progress, and be in the way\\nwhen a battle occurred. The carriage of his aid-de-\\ncamp, General Narbonne, was the first that was\\ndemolished. The baggage of all the corps was collected\\nin the rear, comprised of a long train of bat-horses, and\\nof carriages called kibics, drawn by rope-traces. These\\nwere loaded with provisions, plunder, military stores,\\nsick soldiers, and the arms of these soldiers, and of\\nthose who acted as drivers and guards. In this hetero-\\ngeneous column were seen tall cuirassiers, who had lost\\ntheir horses, and were mounted on horses not much\\nlarger than asses. Among such a confused and disor-\\nderly multitude, the Cossacks might have made most\\nharassing attacks but Barclay seemed cautious to\\navoid disheartening the French too much. His object\\nwas to impede and delay the progress of the invaders,\\nby contests with the advanced guard only, and without\\ninducing them to abandon their design.\\nThis protracted state of affairs, the fatigued condi-\\n41", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "322 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntion of the army, the quarrels among the chiefs, and\\nthe approach of yet more dangerous circumstances,\\nfilled the mind of Napoleon with distrust and apprehen-\\nsion. He had for some time hoped and expected that\\nAlexander would open some negotiation with him, or at\\nleast send him a letter. At length, he gave the oppor-\\ntunity himself, by causing Berthier to write to Barclay\\nand the letter concluded with these words The Em-\\nperor commands me to entreat you to present his com-\\npliments to the Emperor Alexander, and to say to him\\nthat neither the vicissitudes of war, nor any other cir-\\ncumstances, can ever impair the friendship which he\\nfeels for him. Napoleon s sincerity in this profession\\nwas probably of the same value as the previous good\\nfaith of Alexander. No answer was returned. On the\\nvery day the letter was sent, the advanced guard of\\nthe French drove the Russians into Wiazma. The\\narmy was so exhausted by fatigue, heat, and thirst,\\nthat the soldiers fought among themselves for prece-\\ndence in obtaining water from some muddy pools.\\nNapoleon himself was very glad to obtain a little of this\\nthick puddle to allay his thirst. In the course of the\\nnight, the Russians destroyed the bridges of the\\nWiazma; and, after pillaging the town, set fire to it,\\nand decamped. Murat and Davoust, after some oppo-\\nsition, succeeded in making an entrance and extin-\\nguishing the flames. Various reports now made to the\\nEmperor left him no longer in the least doubt as to\\nwho were the incendiaries, and he clearly perceived\\nthe regular plan on which the Russians were acting.\\nEntering Wiazma, he found a few resources had been", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "WIAZMA. 323\\nleft in the town, but that his soldiers had wasted them\\nall by pillage. This so exasperated him that he rode\\nin among them, and threw several of them down. See-\\ning a suttler who had been very busy in this wasteful\\ndisorder, he ordered him to be shot. But it is well\\nknown of Napoleon, that his fits of passion were of\\nshort duration, and always followed by a disposition to\\nclemency. Those, therefore, who heard this order,\\nplaced the suttler a few minutes afterwards, in a place\\nwhich the Emperor would have to pass and making\\nthe man kneel, they got a woman and several children\\nto kneel at his side, who were to appear as his wife\\nand family. Napoleon inquired what they wanted, and\\ngranted the offender his pardon.\\nBelliard, at this time the head of Murat s staff, now\\nrode up to him in a very excited state. He reported\\nthat the enemy had shown himself in full force, in an\\nadvantageous position, beyond the Wiazma, and ready\\nto engage; that the cavalry on both sides had immedi-\\nately come to action; and that the infantry becoming\\nnecessary, the King of Naples had placed himself at\\nthe head of one of Davoust s divisions, and ordered\\nthe advance when Davoust hastened to the spot and\\ncommanded them to halt, as he did not approve of the\\nintended manoeuvre, and told the king that it was\\nabsurd and ruinous. Murat had therefore sent to the\\nEmperor, declaring that he would no longer hold a dis-\\nputed command. Napoleon was enraged at this renewal\\nof the quarrel at such a moment, and sent off Berthier\\nto place under the command of Murat that division\\nwhich he had intended to lead. Meantime, the contest", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "324 CAMP-FIEES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwas over, and Murat, now reverting to the conduct of\\nDavoust, was boiling with indignation. He asked of\\nwhat use was his royal rank It could not obtain him\\nobedience, or even protect hiin from insult. But as his\\nsword had made him a king, to that alone would he\\nappeal. It was with the greatest difficulty that he was\\nrestrained from going to attack Davoust. He then\\ncursed his crown, and shed a torrent of tears. Davoust\\ndid not attempt to excuse the insubordination of his\\nconduct, but persisted that Murat had been misled by\\nhis own temerity, and that the Emperor had been mis-\\ninformed as to the whole affair with the Russians.\\nNapoleon re-entered Wiazrna, and here intelligence\\nwas brought him from the interior of Ilussia, that the\\ngovernment deliberately appropriated all his successes\\nto themselves, and that Te Deum had been repeatedly\\ncelebrated at Petersburg for the Russian victories\\nof Witepsk and Smolensko Te Deum ejaculated\\nNapoleon, in amazement then they dare to tell lies,\\nnot only to man but to Grod He also learned, that\\nwhile their towns were in flames there was nothing\\nbut ringing of bells in Petersburg, hymns of gratitude,\\nand publications of the triumph of the Russian arms.\\nYet he did not perceive the plan of the Russian\\ngeneral. For a time, at least, his usual penetration\\nseemed to have been dulled. He remained among the\\nsmoking ruins of Wiazma, which might have conveyed\\nto his mind an ominous lesson of the result of a system\\nof tactics to which he was unaccustomed. But now\\nthis system, having accomplished its purpose^ was to\\nbe abandoned. Barclay had persisted in carrying out", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "WIAZMA.\\n325\\nliis plan against all the clamor and imputations of the\\nRussians. He was now superseded by Kutusoff, a\\ngeneral of the school of Suwarrow but the skilful De\\nTolly willingly served under that general. This altera-\\ntion of plan, and change of commanders, Napoleon\\nlearned while at Wiazma. He could now expect a\\nbattle, and he prepared to render it decisive. He\\nadvanced to the bloody field of Borodino.\\njEt^", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "TFI2S 8MKP-PMBB AT \u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00ae[E\u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00aeQ[S\u00c2\u00ae\\nAPOLEON esteemed the battle of\\nBorodino, or Moskwa, his great-\\nest feat of arms. But his con-\\nduct during the conflict has been\\nthe subject of much animadver-\\nsion, and many critics agree with\\nSegur that he did not display upon\\nthat field his usual splendor and\\npower of genius. But to the incidents of Borodino.\\nThe Russian army halted at Borodino, and intelli-\\ngence was brought tg the Emperor of the French that\\n(326)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "BORODINO.\\n327\\nthey were breaking up the whole plain and forming\\nintrenchments in every part. Napoleon then announced\\nto his troops the approaching battle, and allowed them\\ntwo days rest to prepare their arms and collect their\\nprovision.\\nNapoleon was leading his army onwards farther and\\nfarther, through pathless deserts, or over ruined fields,\\nor towns laid in ashes fatigue, famine, and war, were\\nreducing his numbers, and he was at every step in-\\ncreasing his distance from his resources, while his ene-\\nmies were in the heart of their own country. Even at\\nWilna, a deficiency had been discovered in the hospital\\ndepartment; the evil increased at Witepsk. At Smo-\\nlensko, there was no want of hospitals; fifteen large\\nbrick buildings, saved from the flames, had been set\\napart for this purpose, and there was plenty of wine,\\nbrandy, and medicines, but there was a dearth of dress-\\nings for the appalling number of wounds. The surgeons\\nhad already used all that could be procured had torn\\nup their own linen, and at length were obliged to sub-\\nstitute the paper found in the city archives. One hos-\\npital, containing a hundred wounded men, was forgot-\\nten, in the stress of difficulties, for the space of three\\nwhole days. The state of its wretched inmates when\\nit was accidentally discovered by Rapp, none of the\\nchroniclers of these events have ever attempted to\\ndescribe, and the imagination recoils with horror from\\nthe attempt to realise it. Napoleon sent them his own\\nstock of wine, and many pecuniary gratuities. The\\nalarming decrease of numbers noticed at Witepsk was\\nstill more perceptible now. The army at Smolensko", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "328 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nmight be computed at about one hundred and fifty-\\nseven thousand men, part of the deficiency being caused\\nby the occupation of additional territory the rest by\\ndesertion, wounds, sickness, or death. With such a\\nforce, however, Napoleon had no reason for apprehen-\\nsion, if he could bring his enemies to a battle but it\\nwas evident that Barclay had discovered and resolutely\\npursued a more efficient plan. It seems certain, there-\\nfore, that Napoleon did entertain thoughts of esta-\\nblishing winter-quarters at Smolensko of intrenching\\nhimself strongly, bringing up his reinforcements and\\nsupplies, and in this central point commanding the\\nroads to both the capitals of Russia; waiting proposals\\nof peace, or preparing for a fresh campaign in the\\nspring. The danger of so long an absence from France\\nthe difficulty of holding together an army composed of\\nmany different nations the news of fresh successes\\nachieved by his various leaders in different directions\\nabove all, the impetuosity of his own temperament,\\ndecided the point. The only doubt which long existed\\nwas on which of the two capitals to advance. By the\\n24th of August, all was decided, and the French army\\nwas in full march towards Moscow.\\nSixteen thousand recruits, and a vast multitude of\\npeasants, joined the ranks of Kutusoff. On the 4th of\\nSeptember, the French left Gjatz. The heads of their\\ncolumns were now more than ever annoyed by troops\\nof Cossacks, and the frequent necessity of making his\\ncavalry deploy against so temporary and random an\\nobstacle, provoked Murat to such a degree that he\\nonce clapped spurs to his horse, and dashing alone to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 329\\nthe front of their line, halted within a few paces, and\\nwaving his sabre with the most indignant and menacing\\nauthority, signified his command for them to withdraw.\\nThe sudden apparition of this splendid figure in front\\nof their ranks, with the air of one who possessed the\\npower of annihilating them with a blow, so took these\\nbarbarians by surprise that they instantly withdrew in\\nvague astonishment. They shortly, however, returned,\\nand received the charge of the Italian chasseurs.\\nPlatoff has since related that in this affair, a Russian\\nofficer, who had brought a sorcerer with him, was\\nwounded; whereupon he ordered the sorcerer to be\\nsoundly drubbed, as he had expressly directed him\\nto turn aside all the balls by his conjurations.\\nNapoleon now surveyed the whole country from an\\neminence, and displayed marvellous sagacity in the con-\\nclusions he drew as to the positions and intentions of\\nthe enemy. Vast numbers of troops were posted in\\nfront of their left, and he concluded that this must be\\nthe point where their ground was most accessible, and\\nthat they had there constructed a formidable redoubt.\\nIt was, therefore, necessary to carry this. The attack\\nwas general, and the Russian rear-guards were driven\\nback upon Borodino. This curtain being removed, the\\nfirst Russian redoubt was discovered. The division of\\nCompans attacked it, and the 61st regiment took it at\\nthe point of the bayonet, Bagration sent reinforce-\\nments, and it was retaken. It was again taken by the\\n61st, and this occurred three times, till finally, with the\\nloss of half the regiment, it remained in possession of\\nthe French. But a neighboring wood was swarmin^\\n42", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "330 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwith Russian riflemen, and it required the efforts of\\nMorand, Poniatowski, and Murat, to complete the con-\\nquest. Firing, nevertheless, continued till nightfall.\\nNot a single prisoner had been taken. When Napo-\\nleon heard this, he asked many questions impatiently.\\nWere the Russians determined to conquer or die He\\nwas answered, that their priests and chiefs had wrought\\nthem up to a state of fanaticism in their love for their\\ncountry and their abhorrence of their invaders. The\\nEmperor at this fell into meditation, and concluded that\\na battle of artillery would be the only efficient mode to\\nadopt. On that night, a thin, cold rain, began to fall,\\nand autumn proclaimed its approach by violent gusts\\nof wind. The French slept without fires.\\nOn the morning of the 6th of September, the two\\narmies were again visible to each other, in the same\\nposition as the preceding day had left them. This\\nexcited a general joy among the French. At last, this\\ndesultory, vagrant, and irritating war, in which so many\\nbrave men had perished, to so little advantage, seemed\\nabout to come to a satisfactory issue. The Emperor\\nrode forth at the earliest dawn, and surveyed the whole\\nfront of the enemy s army, by passing along a succession\\nof eminences that rose between the two antagonist\\npowers.\\nThe Russians were in possession of all the heights,\\non a semi-circle of two leagues extent from the Mosqua\\nto the old Moscow road. Their centre, commanded by\\nBarclay, formed the salient part of their line it was\\nprotected by the Kalogha, by a ravine, and by two\\nstrong redoubts at its extremities. Their right and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 331\\nleft receded. Their right rested on the precipitous and\\nrocky bank of the Kalogha, and was defended by deep\\nand muddy ravines. A strong redoubt also crowned\\nthe height, which was lined with eighty pieces of can-\\nnon. Bagration commanded the left it was stationed\\non a less elevated crest than the centre, and having lost\\nthe protection of its great redoubt was the most acces-\\nsible point of their army. Two small hills crowned\\nwith redoubts protected its front. It was flanked by a\\nwood, beyond which, on the extreme left, was a corps\\ncommanded by Tutchkoff, but stationed at so great a\\ndistance as to permit the possibility of manoeuvring on\\nthe. intervening ground without previously overwhelming\\nthis detached corps.\\nHaving concluded his observation, Napoleon made\\nhis plan. Eugene, he said, should be the pivot\\nthe battle must be begun by the right. As soon as the\\nright, advancing under the protection of the wood, shall\\nhave carried the redoubts of the Russian left wing, it\\nmust turn to the left, march on the Russian flank, over-\\nthrowing and driving back their whole army upon their\\nright wing, and into the Kalogha. Napoleon was still\\non the heights, taking a last view of the ground, and\\nconsidering the details of the grand plan he had formed,\\nwhen Davoust hastily approached him. The marshal\\nhad a proposal of his own to make, by which he\\nexpected to turn the enemy s left in the night, and by\\nsurprise. The Emperor listened to him with great\\nattention, but after silently considering the proposition\\nfor a few minutes, rejected it, and persisted in his rejec-\\ntion, notwithstanding the confidence with which it was", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "V\\n332 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nurged by Davoust. He then re-entered his tent, when\\nMurat pertinaciously strove to persuade him that the\\nRussians would again retreat before he commenced his\\nattack. The Emperor in some agitation returned to the\\nheights of Borodino, where, however, every indication\\nof an intention to remain and fight was observable\\namong the Russians. He had taken very few attend-\\nants, to avoid being recognized by the enemy s batteries\\nbut at the moment he was pointing out the signs he had\\nobserved to Murat, the discharge of one of their cannon\\nbroke the silence of the day; for it is. frequently\\nthe case, observes Segur, that nothing is so calm as\\nthe day which precedes a great battle.\\nThe Emperor now returned to his tent to dictate the\\norder of battle. The two armies were nearly equal,\\nabout a hundred and twenty thousand men, and six\\nhundred pieces of cannon on each side. The Russians\\nhad the best position, and the additional advantages of\\nspeaking the same language, wearing the-same uniform,\\nand fighting for a common cause and of being near\\ntheir resources, and in their own country but they had\\ntoo many raw recruits in their ranks. The army of\\nNapoleon had just completed a long and harassing\\nmarch was made up of many nations, and in the midst\\nof a hostile people but it was entirely composed of\\ntried soldiers, who had fought their way through many\\na desperate battle, and held their ranks through every\\nhardship. The proclamation issued by- Napoleon was\\nsuited to the men and the circumstances. It was grave,\\nsimple, and energetic. u Soldiers, said he, you have\\nnow before you the battle which you have so long", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 333\\ndesired. From this moment, the victory depends upon\\nyourselves. It is necessary for *js it will bring us\\nabundance, good winter quarters, and a speedy return\\nto our country. It happened that the Emperor had\\nthat day received the portrait of his son from Paris. He\\nhimself exhibited the picture in front of his tent.\\nKutusoff, on his part, had worked upon the feelings\\nof the Russians by means suited to their condition. He\\nhad induced the chief priests or popes of the Greek\\nchurch, dressed in their richest robes, to walk in splendid\\nprocession before his army. They carried the symbols\\nof their religion, and foremost of all a sacred image of\\nthe Virgin, withdrawn from Smolensko by a miracle.\\nHe then addressed the soldiers on the subject of heaven,\\nthe only country which slaves have left to them,\\nand incited the serfs to defend their masters property\\nin the name of the Great Teacher of universal brother-\\nhood. The whole ceremony worked the effect which\\nhe intended, and roused his hearers to the highest pitch\\nof courage and fanaticism.\\nDuring the night, the whole French army was sta-\\ntioned in order of battle, and three batteries, of sixty\\npieces each, were opposed to the Russian redoubts.\\nPoniatowski commanded the right wing, which was\\ndestined to commence the attack on the Russian left.\\nThe whole of the artillery were to support his attack.\\nDavoust and Ney, supported by Junot, with the West-\\nphalians, and Murat with the cavalry, were in the\\ncentre, and ready to precipitate themselves upon the\\nRussians after the opening of the battle by Ponia-\\ntowski. Prince Eugene, with the army of Italy, and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "334 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe Bavarian cavalry, formed the left. The Emperor\\nheld his guard in reserve*. He appeared very unwell,\\ndepressed in spirits, and unable to sleep. He was\\noppressed with fever and excessive thirst, probably the\\nresult of over fatigue and anxiety. The news of the\\ndefeat of his troops at Salamanca, had just been\\nbrought to him by Fabvier, an aid-de-camp of Mar-\\nmont but he received the account with great firmness\\nand temper. Present events only seemed to weigh\\non his mind. He repeatedly called to ascertain the\\nhour, and to inquire whether any sounds indicative of a\\nretreat had been heard in the opposite army. On one\\noccasion his aid-de-camp found him resting his head on\\nhis hands, and the few words he said indicated that his\\nthoughts were dwelling on the vanity of human glory.\\nHe asked Rapp, whether he thought they should gain\\nthe victory? Undoubtedly, answered Rapp, but\\nit will be a bloody one On which Napoleon replied,\\nI know it but I have eighty thousand men. I shall\\nlose twenty thousand of them, and with sixty thousand\\nshall enter Moscow. The stragglers will there rejoin\\nus, and afterwards the battalions of recruits now on\\ntheir march, and we shall be stronger than before\\nthe battle. He seemed neither to comprehend the\\nguard nor the cavalry in this calculation. Before day-\\nbreak, one of Ney s officers announced the Russians*\\nstill in view, and asked leave to begin the attack. These\\nwords restored the Emperor. He rose summoned his\\nofficers; and leaving his tent exclaimed, At last we\\nhave them! March! We will to-day open for our-\\nselves the gates of Moscow", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 335\\nIt was half-past five in the morning, when Napoleon\\ntook his station near the great redoubt which had been\\ntaken on the 5th. As the sun rose, he pointed to the\\neast, saying, There is the sun of Austerlitz The\\nartillery were employed in pushing forward the bat-\\nteries which had been placed too far back. The Rus-\\nsians made no opposition they seemed fearful of being\\nthe first to break the awful silence. While waiting for\\nthe sound of Poniatowski s fire on the right, Napoleon\\nordered Eugene to take the village of Borodino, on the\\nleft. The 106th regiment accordingly opened the\\nattack gained the village rushed across the bridge,\\nin the ardor of success, and would have been cut off\\nhad not the 9 2d come up to their relief. During this\\naction, sounds on the right announced that Poniatowski\\nhad commenced his attack, and Napoleon immediately\\ngave the signal of battle. Then, suddenly, says\\nSegur, from the previously peaceful plain and silent\\nhills, burst forth flashes of fire and clouds of smoke,\\nwhich were instantly followed by a multitude of explo-\\nsions and the whizzing of innumerable bullets which\\nrent the air on every side. In the midst of this thun-\\nder, Davoust, with the divisions of Compans and\\nDesaix, and thirty cannon, advanced rapidly upon the\\nfirst redoubt of the enemy. The fusillade of the\\nRussians now commenced, and was answered by the\\nFrench cannon. The French infantry advanced at\\na quick pace, without firing; but General Compans,\\nwho headed the column, fell wounded with the fore-\\nmost of his men, and the rest halted under the storm\\nof balls. Rapp instantly took the post of Compans,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "o\\n36 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nand urged the troops forward at a running pace with\\ncharged bayonets, when he also fell. It was the\\ntwenty-second wound that he had received. He was\\nconveyed to the Emperor, who exclaimed, What!\\nRapp always wounded but how are they going on\\nabove there The aid-de-camp replied, that the guard\\nwas wanted to finish the business. No, said Napo-\\nleon, I will take good care of that I will not have\\nthat destroyed. I will gain the battle without it.\\nA third general, who succeeded Rapp, likewise fell;\\nand Davoust himself was struck. At this moment,\\nNey, with his three divisions of ten thousand men,\\nthrew himself into the plain to support Davoust, and\\nthe Russian fire was thus diverted. Ney rushed\\non; Davoust s columns continued their advance with\\nrenewed confidence and almost at the same time both\\nof the French divisions scaled the heights overthrew\\nor killed their defenders, and obtained possession of\\nboth the redoubts of the Russian left. Napoleon then\\nordered Murat to charge and complete the victory..\\nThe king was on the heights in an instant but the\\nRussians, reinforced by their second line, now advanced\\nwith rapidity to regain their redoubts. The French\\nwere taken by surprise in the first disorder of their\\nsuccess, and retreated. Murat, endeavoring in vain\\nto rally the troops, found himself nearly surrounded,\\nand alone amidst the enemy s cavalry. They were\\neven stretching out their arms to take, him prisoner,\\nwhen he escaped by throwing himself into one of the\\nredoubts. There he found only a few soldiers- in utter\\ndisorder. They were running backwards and forwards", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 337\\nupon the parapet in consternation but he seized the\\nfirst weapon he could find, and fought with one hand,\\nwhile he waved his plumed hat in the air with the\\nother. His presence and his rallying calls to duty soon\\nrestored the courage of the men. Ney quickly re-\\nformed his divisions his fire threw the Russians into\\ndisorder Murat was extricated and the heights re-\\nconquered. Murat was no sooner freed from this danger\\nthan he furiously and repeatedly charged the enemy at\\nthe head of the French cavalry, and in another hour\\nthe Russian left wing was entirely defeated.\\nIn the meantime, a dreadful conflict had raged unceas-\\ningly on the French left. After Eugene had taken\\nthe village of Borodino, he had passed the Kalogha, in\\nfront of the .great Russian redoubt, which was lined\\nwith eighty pieces of cannon, and protected by a ravine.\\nGeneral Bonnamy, at the head of eighteen hundred\\nmen of the 30th regiment, carried this strong position\\nby one sudden charge, at six o clock in the morning.\\nBut the Russians recovered from their first panic; and,\\nrallying before their assailants could be supported, they\\nwere headed by Kutusoff and Yermdof in person, and\\nmade an attack in their turn. Bonnamy s regiment\\nwas surrounded, overwhelmed, and driven from the\\nredoubt, with the loss of its commander and one-third\\nof its numbers. Eugene, however, maintained his\\nstation on the sloping sides of the heights for four\\nhours, under a terrific fire, and, until he was relieved by\\nthe turn of the battle, when Kutusoff was obliged to\\ndefend the left of his centre, now exposed in consequence\\nof the defeat of his left wing by the divisions of Ney,\\n43", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "338 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\nDavoust, and Murat as already detailed. The defence\\nof Kutusoff was then carried on at two points. He\\npoured a tremendous fire, with devastating effect, upon\\nthe troops of Ney and Murat, from the heights of the\\nruined village of Semenowska. It became necessary to\\ncarry that position. Maubourg swept the front of it\\nwith his cavalry Friand and Dufour, with their infantry,\\nmounted the acclivity, dislodged the Russians, and\\nsecured the position. The Russians had now lost every\\none of^ their intrenchments except the great redoubt,\\non which Prince Eugene was preparing for a decisive\\nattack. He had already sent to Napoleon for assistance,\\nbut received the reply, that he could give him no\\nrelief it depended on him alone to conquer that the\\nbattle was concentrated on that point. Murat and\\nNey, exhausted with their efforts, also sent for reinforce-\\nments but Napoleon concluded that the presence of\\nFriand and Maubourg on the heights would maintain\\nthem, and he saw that the battle was not yet won.\\nAmidst all the excitement of these repeated and mos.t\\nurgent messages, he steadily refused to compromise his\\nreserve.\\nThe Russians now rallied en masse. Kutusoff com-\\nmanded all his reserves, and even the Russian guard,\\nto the assistance of his uncovered left. Infantry, artil-\\nlery, and cavalry, all advanced for one grand and mighty\\neffort. Ney and Murat, with intrepidity and firmness,\\nsustained the rushing tempest. It was no time for\\nthem to think of following up their previous successes\\nall their strength was required to maintain 4:heir posi-\\ntion. Friand s soldiers, ranged in front of the armed", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 339\\nheights of Semenowska, were swept off in whole ranks\\nby a storm of grape-shot. The survivors were dismayed,\\nand one of their brave commanders ordered a retreat;\\nwhen Murat suddenly rode up to hira, and catching\\nhold of his collar, exclaimed, What are you doing?\\nThe colonel, pointing to the ground on which half of\\nhis men lay dead or wounded, replied You see we\\ncan stay here no longer Murat hastily rejoined I\\ncan stay here very well myself! The colonel looked\\nsteadily at him, and calmly replied It is right. Sol-\\ndiers let us advance to be slain\\nMurat had again sent to Napoleon for assistance, and\\nhe now gave it promptly and efficiently. The artillery\\nof the guard were ordered to advance. Eighty pieces\\nof cannon quickly crowned the heights, and discharged\\ntheir contents at once. The Russian cavalry first\\ncharged against this tremendous barrier, but retired in\\nconfusion to escape destruction. The infantry exhibited\\na spectacle of stolid indifference to death, or devotion\\nto their country and their leaders, perhaps unparalleled\\nin the history of war, affording a picture of the inherent\\npowers of human nature, worthy of study, while most\\nhorrible to contemplate in their present misapplication.\\nThe infantry, says Segur, advanced in thick masses,\\nin which our balls from the first made wide and deep\\nopenings yet they constantly came on nearer and\\nnearer, when the French batteries redoubling the rapidity\\nof their fire, absolutely mowed them down with grape-\\nshot. Whole platoons fell at once. Their soldiers\\nstruggled to preserve their compactness under this terri-\\nble fire and, divided every instant by death, they still", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "340 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nclosed their ranks over it, trampling it with defiance\\nunder their feet. At last they halted, not daring to\\nadvance any farther, and yet resolved not to go back\\nwhether they were appalled, and as it were petrified\\nwith horror in this tremendous gulph of destruction;\\nor whether it was owing to Bagration being at that time\\nmortally wounded or whether it might be that a first\\narrangement being attended with failure, their generals\\nfelt incompetent to change it, not possessing, like\\nNapoleon, the art of moving such vast bodies at once,\\nwith unity, harmony, and order. In short, these heavy\\nand stationary masses stood to be crushed and destroyed\\nin detail for two entire hours, ivitkout any other move-\\nment than that of the falling of the men. It was in truth\\na deplorable and frightful massacre and the intelligent\\nvalor of the French artillerymen admired the firm,\\nresigned, but infatuated courage of their enemies.\\nScott describes the scene to the same effect. Regi-\\nments of peasants, who till that day had never seen\\nwar, and who still had no other uniform than their\\ngrey jackets, formed with the steadiness of veterans,\\ncrossed their brows, and having uttered their national\\nexclamation 6 Gosjwdee pomiloai nas f (God have mercy\\nupon us,) rushed into the thickest of the battle, where\\nthe survivors, without feeling fear or astonishment,\\nclosed their ranks over their comrades as. they fell.\\nThe problem, of whether that mass of men would\\nhave stood to be utterly destroyed to the last individual,\\nwas never worked out; for a fresh movement in the\\nFrench army, bringing upon them a new form of peril,\\nat last restored them to a sense of their human condi-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 341\\ntions, and put them to flight. Ney extended his right,\\npushed it rapidly forward, and, seconded by Davoust\\nand Murat, turned the left of the Russian centre, and\\ndispersed them. The battle still raged on the Russian\\nright, where Barclay, intrenched in the great redoubt,\\nobstinately struggled with Prince Eugene, and on their\\nextreme left, where Poniatowski had as yet failed to\\nmake himself master of the great Moscow road. When\\nanother pressing demand for the guard, to complete\\nthe destruction of the Russian army, was brought to\\nNapoleon from Ney and Murat, who burned to follow\\nup the retreat of the defeated infantry, he pointed in\\nsilence to those two conflicting bodies. The Emperor s\\nwords ought to be satisfactory as to the cause of his\\nrefusal to send his reserve, which has occasioned so\\nmany animadversions. The case, he said, was not\\nsufficiently extricated and conclusive to induce him\\nyet to part with his reserves and that he must see\\nmore clearly the state of his chess-board. When\\nCount Daru, at the pressing solicitation of Berthier,\\nrepeated the request, and said in a low tone that on\\nall sides the cry now was that the moment for the guard\\nto act was come, Napoleon replied, And if there\\nshould be a second battle on the morrow, what shall I\\nhave to carry it on with\\nKutusoff was still unconquered. He rallied for the\\nthird time, and resting his right on the great redoubt,\\nformed a fresh line in front of Ney and Murat but it\\nwas a last effort. General Caulaincourt, at the head of\\nthe fifth French cuirassiers, made a desperate charge\\non the rear of the redoubt, while Eugene maintained", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "342 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nhis ground in the front. The last words of Caulain-\\ncourt, as he left Murat to open the attack, had been,\\nYou shall see me there immediately, dead or alive\\nHe charged at the head of his regiment, overthrew all\\nopposition, and was the first man who penetrated into\\nthe redoubt, where, almost at the instant, he fell mor-\\ntally wounded; but that decisive charge determined\\nthe victory. The troops of Prince Eugene were press-\\ning onwards, and had nearly reached the mouth of the\\nbattery, when suddenly its fire was extinguished, its\\nsmoke dispersed, and above the now silent engines of\\ndestruction appeared the moveable and polished brass\\nwhich covered the French cuirassiers. The Russians\\nhad been driven from their last entrenchment. They\\nreturned with one more desperate effort to retake this\\nposition, as if determined to die rather than endure\\ndefeat. Their column advanced to the very mouths of\\nthe cannon, but at the terrible discharge of thirty pieces\\nof artillery, which were directed against them, they\\nappeared to be whirled round by the shock, and retired\\nwithout being able to deploy. Officers now came in\\nfrom every part of the field. Poniatowski, supported\\nby Sebastiani, had conquered on the left, after a\\ndesperate struggle. The sounds of firing became weaker\\nand less frequent. The Russians had retreated to a\\nnew position, where they appeared to be intrenching\\nthemselves. The day was drawing to a close, and the\\nbattle was ended.\\nNapoleon had remained nearly on the same spot\\nthroughout the whole of the battle, seated on the edge\\nof a trench, or walking backwards and forwards on an", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 343\\nelevated platform. He now mounted his horse, and\\nslowly passed amidst the heaps of dead and wounded\\ntill he reached the heights of Semenowska. He said\\nlittle but the few words he uttered implied that he\\nfelt his victory had cost him too dear. He then repaired\\nto his tent to write the bulletin of the battle, and made\\na point of announcing to France that neither himself\\nnor his reserve had been subject to the least danger,\\nthus manifesting the confidence he felt in the opinion\\nentertained of him by the French and, at the same\\ntime, informing Europe that notwithstanding his dis-\\ntance from France, and while surrounded by enemies in\\na hostile country, he was still safe and powerful.\\nIt has been frequently asserted, says Count Ma-\\nthieu Dumas, intendant general of the army, that\\nNapoleon did not display his customary activity on this\\nday.\\nHis apparent indifference has excited astonishment\\nit has been intimated that he labored under bodily ex-\\nhaustion that he was not able to call into action all\\nthe resources of his genius in short, that his star be-\\ngan to grow dim, even in the midst of victory. Napo-\\nleon certainly appeared to be indisposed he had\\nundergone excessive fatigue during the two preceding\\nnights, which he had employed in person in reconnoiter-\\ning/the positions of the enemy, in placing the corps of\\nthe army, and in determining the point of attack.\\nHaving formed his plans to compel the enemy to aban-\\ndon their strong position, he would not consent to make\\nany change in the arrangements which he had resolved\\nupon after profound consideration. He placed himself", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "344 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nat a short distance from his right wing, against which\\nit was probable that the Russian general would direct\\nhis principal effort, in order to take the attacking\\ncolumns in the rear, while they should be stopped by\\nthe fire of the redoubts. The station which Napoleon\\nhad chosen, was, in fact, the best point of observation.\\nIt commanded a view of the whole field of battle, and\\nif any manoeuvre, any partial success of the enemy,\\nhad required new measures, the vigilance of Napoleon\\nwould not have failed to meet the urgency of the case.\\nHe would have gone to the spot in person, as he did at\\nthe battle of Wagram.\\nAbout nine o clock in the evening, Count Daru and\\nmyself were summoned to the Emperor. His bivouac\\nwas in the middle of the square battalion of his guard,\\na little behind the redoubt. His supper had just been\\nserved he was alone, and made us sit down on his\\nright and left hand. After having heard the account of\\nthe measures taken for the relief of the wounded, c,\\nhe spoke to us of the issue of the battle a moment\\nafterwards he fell asleep for about twenty minutes\\nthen, suddenly waking, he continued thus c People\\nwill be astonished that I did not bring up my reserves\\nto obtain more decisive results but it was necessary\\nto keep them, in order to strike a decisive blow in the\\ngreat battle which the enemy will offer us before Mos-\\ncow the success of the day was secured I had to\\nthink of the success of the campaign, and it is for that\\nI keep my reserves.\\nThe Emperor was mistaken in supposing that there\\nwould be another great battle before Moscow but in all", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "BORODINO. 345\\nother particulars, his sagacity was admirably displayed.\\nStill, Borodino was far from decisive. Before day-\\nbreak the next morning, there was an alarm among\\nthe French, which penetrated even to the tent of the\\nEmperor, and the old guard was called to arms. This\\nwas mortifying after a victory, and carried with it an\\nair of insult. As soon as morning dawned, the losses of\\nthe armies were ascertained by Napoleon.\\nTen thousand men had been killed, and the wounded\\namounted to no less than twenty thousand. Forty-\\nthree generals had been killed or wounded. Among\\nthe Russians, there had been fifteen thousand killed,\\nincluding the gallant Prince Bagration, and thirty thou-\\nsand wounded. The French carried their wounded two\\nleagues in the rear, to the large monastery of Kolotskoi.\\nThe chief surgeon, Larrey, had taken assistants from all\\nthe other regiments, and the hospital wagons had arrived\\nbut all that could be done for the conveyance was\\ninsufficient. Larrey subsequently complained that not\\nsufficient troops had been left to enable him to obtain\\nthe necessary articles from the surrounding villages.\\nWhen the Emperor inspected the field of battle,\\nevery thing concurred to increase its horrors. A gloomy\\nsky, a cold rain, a violent wind, habitations in ashes, a\\nplain absolutely torn up and covered with fragments\\nand ruins, rendered the scene of carnage yet more\\nappalling. The dark and funereal verdure of the north\\nwas seen all round the horizon. Soldiers were roaming\\nlike wild beasts among the bodies of their dead com-\\nrades, and emptying their knapsacks to procure subsist-\\nence for themselves. The wounds of the slain were\\n44", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "3^6 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nof the most hideous description, occasioned by the\\nlarge bullets used by the Russians. The bivouacs were\\nmournful no songs of triumph, no lively narrations,\\nall dreary and silent. Around the eagles were the rest\\nof the officers and subalterns, and a few soldiers,\\nbarely sufficient to guard the colours. Their uniforms\\nwere torn by the violence of the conflict, blackened\\nwith powder, and stained with blood; yet even amidst\\ntheir rags, their misery, and destitution, they displayed\\na lofty bearing, and on the appearance of Napoleon\\nwelcomed him with acclamations.\\nMany wounded men were found in the bottom of\\nravines, where the French troops had been precipitated,\\nor where they had dragged themselves for shelter from\\nthe enemy or the storm. Some of the younger soldiers\\nin sighs and groans were calling upon the name of their\\ncountry, or of their mother but most of the veterans\\nawaited death either with an impassive or a sardonic\\nair, neither imploring or complaining. The anguish of\\nsome of the wounded made them beg of their comrades,\\nas a mercy, to kill them instantly. Among the Rus-\\nsians, the enormous number of wounded presented on\\nevery side a spectacle of moving horrors. Many of\\nthese mutilated objects were seen dragging themselves\\nwith bloody trails along the ground, towards places\\nwhere they might find shelter among a heap of dead\\nbodies. Napoleon s horse chancing to tread upon the\\nbody of one apparently dead, a cry of anguish startled\\nhim, and excited his compassion. Somebody remarked\\nthat it was only a Russian upon which Napoleon\\nangrily reproved the speaker, and observed that, after", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "BORODINO.\\n347\\na battle, none were enemies, but all were men. The\\nEmperor ordered the prisoners that had been taken, to\\nbe again numbered, and a few dismounted cannon to be\\ncollected. Between seven and eight hundred prisoners,\\nand a score of unserviceable cannon, were the sole\\ntrophies of this most sanguinary and imperfect victory.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "TO!! (S EP-lFaiBg H MmmW\\nTHE Russians themselves\\nkindled Napoleon s camp-\\nfire at Moscow. They\\nlighted his bivouacs with\\nthe flames of their ancient\\ncapital, and thus gave him\\nan awful proof of their invincible opposition to the\\ninvader.\\nAfter the battle of Borodino, Napoleon found the road\\nto Moscow open, and advanced rapidly towards the\\nconquest he had so long desired. The city of his\\nhopes has been thus described\\nMoscow was an immense and singular assemblage\\n(348)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 349\\nof two hundred and ninety-five churches, and fifteen\\nhundred splendid habitations, together with their gar-\\ndens and offices. These palaces, built of brick, with the\\ngrounds attached to them, intermingled with handsome\\nwooden houses, and even with cottages, were scattered\\nover several square leagues of unequal surface, and\\nwere grouped around a lofty, triangular palace, whose\\nvast and double inclosure, comprising two divisions,\\nand about half a league in circumference, included one\\nof them several palaces and churches, and a quantity\\nof uncultivated and stony ground the other, a vast\\nbazaar a city of merchants exhibiting the opulence\\nof the four quarters of the world. These buildings,\\nshops as well as palaces, were all covered with polished\\nand colored plates of iron. The churches, which were\\neach of them surmounted by a terrace, and by several\\nsteeples terminating in gilded globes, the crescent, and\\nfinally the cross, recalled to mind the history of the\\npeople. They represented Asia and her religion, first\\ntriumphant, then subdued and finally the crescent of\\nMahomet under the dominion of the cross of Christ.\\nA single sunbeam made this superb city glitter with a\\nthousand varied colors and the enchanted traveller\\nhalted in ecstacy at the sight. It recalled to his mind\\nthe dazzling prodigies with which oriental poets had\\namused his infancy.\\nCount Eostopchin had been appointed governor of\\nMoscow.\\nAs the- French army approached the capital, terror\\nbegan to prevail among the inhabitants and, after the\\ntaking of Smolensko, many of the wealthy classes", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "350 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nremoved their most valuable effects, and left the city,\\nThe governor secretly encouraged this gradual emigra-\\ntion, though he ostensibly maintained a complete confi-\\ndence of success in the Russian cause, and kept up the\\nspirits of the people by false reports and loyal declara-\\ntions. Among other contrivances, he employed a num-\\nber of females in the construction of an immense balloon,\\nout of which, as he made the people believe, he would\\npour down a shower of fire upon the French army.\\nUnder this pretence, he is said to have collected a\\nquantity of combustibles destined for a purpose widely\\ndifferent from this aeronautic fiction. The panic at Mos-\\ncow at length became general, and not only the nobility\\nand higher classes in general, but tradesmen, mechanics,\\nand even the poor, left it by thousands. The public\\narchives and treasures were removed the magazines\\nemptied, as far as time permitted. The roads, especially\\nthose to the south, were covered with a long train of\\ncarriages of every description, and with successive\\ncrowds of fugitives on foot, the priests leading the way\\nladen with the symbols of their religion, and singing\\nmournful hymns of lamentation.\\nKutusoff, with his retreating army, now appeared\\nwithout the walls, and intrenched himself strongly in\\nthe position of Fili. He had ninety thousand men\\nunder his command, of whom six thousand were Cos-\\nsacks, large numbers of recruits having been added to\\nhis ranks since the great battle and it appears certain\\nthat he still entertained some intention of defending the\\ncapital. This purpose, however, was speedily relin-\\nquished. On the 14th of September, he broke up his", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 351\\ncamp, and his army continued its retreat, passing\\nthrough Moscow, which was to be abandoned to its fate.\\nThe troops marched along the deserted streets with\\nfurled banners and silent drums and passed out at the\\nKalomna gate. Some of the officers were observed to\\nshed tears of rage and shame. With an army of ninety\\nthousand men, in their own country, and with the con-\\nstant power of retreating upon their resources, it is no\\nwonder that all the braver spirits among the Russians\\nfelt this humiliating policy most deeply.\\nThe long columns of retreat were followed by the\\ngarrison and all the remaining population, with the\\nexception of one class, left there for a special pur-\\npose. Before his own departure, Rostopchin opened the\\nprisons, and let loose their miserable and degraded\\ninmates, to the number of three or four hundred, having\\ngiven them a secret task to perform. The pumps of\\nthe city had all been removed or destroyed, and torches\\nand combustibles in great quantities collected. Rostop-\\nchin then left the city.\\nNapoleon subsequently made the calculation that a\\nhundred thousand of the inhabitants, thus abandoned\\nand forced to fly from Moscow, perished in the woods\\nof the neighborhood for want of food and shelter. In\\nthe midst of their despair at the very last, the multi-\\ntude had been roused to an excitement of hope and\\nconfidence by the sight of a vulture caught in the\\nchains which supported the cross of the principal\\nchurch. This, they hailed as an omen that God was\\nabout to deliver Napoleon into their hands. What,\\nsays Hazlitt, can subdue a nation who can be thus", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "352 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\neasily deluded by the grossest appearances and whose\\nwhole physical strength, to inflict or to endure, can be\\nwielded mechanically, and in mass, in proportion to\\ntheir want of understanding Certainly, ignorance is\\npower.\\nOn the same day that the Russian army retreated\\nthrough Moscow, and even before their rear-guard had\\ncleared the city, Murat penetrated the suburbs, and\\nEugene and Poniatowski opened an attack at the gates.\\nNapoleon himself with his guard gained the summit of\\nthe Mount of Salvation, the last height which hid\\nhis long desired conquest from his view, about two\\no clock in the afternoon, and saw the immense city glit-\\ntering with a thousand colors in the sun, a strange\\nand magnificent sight in the midst of the desert. The\\ntroops halted involuntarily, struck with admiration, and\\nloudly exclaimed, Moscow Moscow in a transport\\nof joy. The marshals crowded with congratulations\\naround the Emperor. He, also, had suddenly paused,\\nin evident exultation. His first exclamation was,\\nThere at last, then, is that famous city presently\\nadding, It was high time\\nA flag of truce from Miloradowitch, who commanded\\nthe Russian rear-guard, met the Emperor at this point.\\nHe came to announce that his guard would set fire to\\nMoscow if he were not allowed time to evacuate it. An\\narmistice of two hours were granted him immediately.\\nNapoleon s eager eye was fixed on the city, as on a\\nvision he was just about to realise. He expected every\\nmoment to see a deputation issue from the gates to lay\\nits wealth, its population, its senate, and its nobility at", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "Moscow, 353\\nhis feet. The troops of the two nations were inter-\\nmingled for a few minutes. Murat was soon surrounded\\nby a crowd of Cossacks, extolling his personal prowess\\nby signs and gesticulations, and intoxicating him with\\ntheir admiration. He distributed the watches of his\\nofficers among these barbarian warriors, one of whom\\ndenominated him his Hetman. It began to look like\\nan almost immediate peace and Napoleon indulged in\\ndreams of success and glory for two hours. In the\\nmean time, the day was drawing to a close, and Moscow\\nremained sad, silent, and death-like. Napoleon became\\nanxious; the soldiers almost uncontrollably impatient.\\nA few officers penetrated into the city, and a rumor\\nbegan to spread that Moscow was deserted Napo-\\nleon repelled the intelligence with irritation he, how-\\never, descended the hill, and advanced towards the\\nDorogomilow gate. Here he again halted, but in vain\\nall remained motionless as before. Murat urged him to\\npenetrate into the city; he refused for some time,\\nshrinking perhaps from having the truth forced upon his\\nconviction. At last he gave the order, Enter then,\\nsince they will have it so recommending, at the same\\ntime, the strictest discipline. Calling Daru to his side,\\nhe said aloud, Moscow deserted a most unlikely\\nevent We must enter it, and ascertain the fact. Go\\nand bring the boyars (landed proprietors) before me.\\nDaru went, and returned. Not a single Muscovite was\\nto be found No smoke, says Segur, was seen\\nascending from the meanest hearth; nor was the slightest\\nnoise to be heard throughout that populous and extensive\\ncity, its three* hundred thousand inhabitants seeming all\\n45", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "354 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ndumb and motionless as by enchantment. There was\\nthe silence of the desert.\\nAfter Daru, another officer, earnest to accomplish\\nwhatever the Emperor desired, appeared, driving before\\nhim five or six of those miserable beings who had been\\nfreed from prison, and left in Moscow for an important\\npurpose. Then it was that Napoleon ceased to doubt\\nthe truth. Murat, with his long and close column of\\ncavalry, had entered Moscow upwards of an hour since.\\nThey found it as yet uninjured, but without signs of\\nlife. Awed by the silence of this immense solitude,\\nthe troops passed onwards without uttering a word,\\nlistening to the hollow sound of their horses feet re-\\nechoed from the walls of these deserted palaces. They\\nnever appeared even to think of plundering. Suddenly\\nthe report of small arms was heard. The column halted.\\nThe discharge had been made from the walls of the\\nKremlin, the gates of which were closed. It was\\ndefended by a squalid rout of men and women of most\\ndisgusting and villanous aspect, who were in a state of\\nbestial drunkenness, uttering savage yells and the most\\nhorrible imprecations. As they would listen to no\\nterms, the gates were forced, and these ferocious mis-\\ncreants were immediately driven away. Five hundred\\nrecruits, who had been forgotten, were left behind in\\nthe Kremlin, but they offered no resistance, and dis-\\npersed at the first summons. Several thousand strag-\\nglers and deserters also surrendered themselves volun-\\ntarily to the advanced guard. Murat scarcely bestowed\\na minute s delay on the Kremlin. After marching over\\nso many leagues, and fighting so many battles to reach", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 355\\nMoscow, he passed through that magnificent city with-\\nout once halting to notice it and, ardent in his pur-\\nsuit of the Russians, dashed forwards into the road to\\nVoladimir and Asia. Several thousand Cossacks were\\nretreating in that direction; and upon these Murat\\nordered a discharge of carbines.\\nNapoleon did not enter Moscow before night. He\\nappointed Mortier governor of the city. Above all,\\nsaid he, no pillage. During the night, many reports\\nwere brought him of the intended burning of the\\ncapital, but he would not credit the statements. He\\nwas, however, unable to sleep, and continually called\\nhis attendants to repeat to him what they had heard.\\nAbout two o clock in the morning he was apprised that\\nthe flames had broken out at the merchants palace, or\\nexchange, which was in the centre of the city. He\\ngave orders, and dispatched messages with the greatest\\nrapidity. At daylight, he hurried to Mortier, who\\nshowed him houses covered with iron roofs, and closely\\nshut up, from which a black smoke was already issuing.\\nThey had not been broken into, but were evidently\\nfired from the inside. Napoleon entered the Kremlin\\nthoughtful and melancholy; yet when beholding this\\nstupendous palace of the ancestral sovereigns of Rus-\\nsia, his ambition was gratified by the conquest, and he\\nmurmured after a pause I am at length then in Mos-\\ncow in the ancient City of the Czars in the\\nKremlin In this brief moment of satisfaction, he\\nwrote a pacific overture to the Emperor Alexander, and\\ndispatched it by a Russian officer who had been dis-\\ncovered in the great hospital.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "356 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nThe flames had been checked by the exertions of the\\nDuke of Treviso. Meantime, the incendiaries kept\\nthemselves so well concealed that their existence was\\nmuch doubted. Regulations were now issued; order\\nestablished; and officers and men proceeded to take\\npossession of some convenient house, or sumptuous\\npalace, wherein to rest and recruit themselves after so\\nmany hardships, dangers, and privations. Two officers,\\nhowever, having taken up their quarters in one of the\\nbuildings of the Kremlin, were awoke about midnight\\nby an overpowering glare of light in the room. Start-\\ning up, they looked out and saw palaces in flames. The\\nwind was driving the flames directly towards the\\nKremlin. Presently the wind changed, and the de-\\nvouring element was carried in an opposite direction.\\nObserving this, the officers, rendered selfish by long\\nfatigue and privation, fell asleep again. But they were\\nonce more aroused by a new burst of still fiercer light.\\nThey observed flames rising in a totally different\\nquarter, which the changed wind was now urging\\ndirectly towards the Kremlin. Three times the wind\\nchanged, and three times did new flames burst out\\nfrom different quarters of the city, and blaze onwards\\ntowards the Kremlin.\\nThe Kremlin contained a magazine of powder, of\\nwhich the French were not aware, and the guards,\\noverpowered by wine and fatigue, had left a whole\\npark of artillery under the Emperor s windows. Soon\\nthe flames licked the palace from all sides, and the air\\nwas filled with flakes of fire. Mortier and hi\u00c2\u00a7 brother\\nofficers, exhausted by their efforts to subdue the con-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 357\\nflagration, returned to the Kremlin, and fell down in\\ndespair. The real cause of the fire was soon placed\\nbeyond all doubt. The reports agreed that a globe of\\nfire had been lowered upon the palace of one of the\\nRussian princes, which had consumed it, on the first\\nnight of their entrance, and that this was a signal to\\nthe incendiaries.\\nMen of atrocious look and tattered garments, and\\nfrantic women, had been seen roaming amidst the\\nflames, and thus completing a hideous resemblance of\\nthe infernal world. They were the malefactors whom\\nRostopchin had let loose from the prisons, and commis-\\nsioned to execute this tremendous deed as the price\\nof their liberation and pardon. Most thoroughly did\\nthey fulfil their trust and, becoming delirious with\\nintoxication, with excitement, and entire success, they\\nno longer concealed themselves, but ran to and fro with\\ndiabolical yells, like furies, waving lighted brands round\\ntheir heads. The French could not make them drop\\ntheir torches, except by slashing at their naked arms\\nwith sabres. Orders were instantly given to shoot\\nevery incendiary on the spot. The army was drawn\\nout. The old guard, which had been quartered in the\\nKremlin, took arms, and their horses and baggage\\nquickly filled the courts. Masters of Moscow, they\\nwere obliged to seek their bivouac outside its gates.\\nNapoleon was awoke by the blaze and uproar of the\\nconflagration. It was impossible for him any longer tc\\nfortify himself with incredulity and scorn. On per-\\nceiving that the city was really on fire, in almost every\\nquarter, he gave way to his first feelings of rage, and a", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "358 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\npassionate resolve to master the devouring element;\\nbut he presently recovered himself, and silently yielded\\nto what he saw was inevitable. His inward agitation,\\nhowever, was excessive. He seemed parched by the\\nflames as he gazed at their fury. He continually sat\\ndown, and then abruptly started up, and traversed his\\napartments with rapidity. Again he seated himself,\\nand began to transact most urgent business yet every\\nnow and then he started up, and ran to the windows,\\nuttering short and broken exclamations as he traced the\\nprogress of the flames What a frightful spectacle\\nTo have clone it themselves Such a number of palaces\\nWhat extraordinary resolution There is something\\nextremely fine in this power of standing apart from the\\nscene, even while in the midst of such an excitement\\nand danger, and admiring the forces brought into action,\\neven though to his own utter destruction.\\nA report was now circulated that the Kremlin was\\nundermined. Several Russian prisoners had affirmed\\nthis certain writings attested it. Some of the attend-,\\nants lost their senses with terror the military awaited\\nwith firmness whatever Napoleon and their destiny\\nshould decide but he noticed the alarm only by a smile\\nof incredulity. Meantime, the conflagration raged with\\nincreasing violence, and they all began to inhale the\\nsmoke and ashes. Still Napoleon would not depart.\\nHe walked to and fro with convulsive energy.\\nNight was again approaching. The glare of the\\nflames became more brilliant as the shades closed round,\\nand he saw the devouring element seizing upon all the\\nbridges, and all the accesses to the fortress which", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 359\\ninclosed him, while the wind blew with redoubled vio-\\nlence. At this crisis, Prince Eugene and Murat arrived\\nin breathless haste, most earnestly, and even on their\\nknees, beseeching Napoleon to leave the palace. All\\ntheir efforts, however, were in vain. Suddenly, a cry\\nwas heard, The Kremlin is on fire! The words\\nwere echoed from every part of the building. The Em-\\nperor left his apartment that he might himself judge of\\nthe danger. A Russian soldier of police had been\\ndetected in the act. He had received a signal, and\\ngiven the watchword. The exasperated grenadiers put\\nan end to him with tfc r bayonets. It was evident\\nthat there had been an organized plan to burn even the\\nKremlin. This incident decided Napoleon, and he\\nrapidly descended the northern staircase.\\nA guide had been called to conduct Napoleon and his\\nattendants through the Kremlin and out of the city.\\nSegur has given a terrific description of the dangers\\nwhich they had to encounter on their way. According\\nto him, they were besieged in the midst of an ocean of\\nflames, which enveloped all the gates of the citadel.\\nBut the description is simply a piece of imagination.\\nNapoleon proceeded slowly and calmly to the outer\\ncircuit of the city, and took up his quarters in the\\nimperial castle of Petrowsky, situated about a league\\non the road to St. Petersburg. Count Dumas, who\\nremained on duty within the walls until nightfall, says\\nthat he and Daru left Moscow under a real rain of\\nfire but he mentions nothing of such perils with\\nregard to the Emperor.\\nOn the following morning, September 17th, the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "360 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nEmperor directed his first glances towards Moscow,\\nhoping to find the fire subdued. It continued with all\\nthe violence of the previous night. The whole city\\nnow seemed to him one vast fire-spout, ascending in\\nawful whirls towards the sky. He was long absorbed\\nin the contemplation of this scene of horror and ruin.\\nMoscow had been the very centre of all his projects\\nthe object of all his hopes in Russia. At length, he\\nbroke his melancholy silence merely by observing,\\nThis forbodes us no common calamities.\\nThe fire raged throughout the 18th and 19th of Sep-\\ntember, when it slackened for want of fuel. The\\ngreater part of the Kremlin, a few palaces, and all the\\nchurches built of stone, remained standing. All else\\nwas laid in ruins. The destruction of property was\\nenormous. The flight of the nobility had been so sud-\\nden, that the French officers on their entrance found\\neven the jewels of the ladies left behind. But there\\nare other consequences of the burning of Moscow\\nwhich are too horrible to dwell upon. Dumas states,\\nthat he found six thousand wounded Russians in the\\nhospitals, which he examined by order of Napoleon,\\nwhen the French army entered. Their fate cannot be\\ndoubtful. Napoleon returned to the Kremlin on the\\n20th. He passed towards the city through the camps\\nof his army, which exhibited a very singular appear-\\nance. They were situated, says Segur, in the midst\\nof fields, in a thick and cold mire and contained im-\\nmense camp-fires, fed by rich mahogany furniture, and\\ngilded sashes and doors. Around these fires, with a\\nfitter of damp straw, sheltered only by a few miserable", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Moscow. 361\\nplanks fastened together, his soldiers., with their officers,\\nwere to be seen, splashed with dirt, and stained with\\nsmoke, seated upon superb arm-chairs, or reclining on\\nsofas covered with silk. At their feet, carelessly opened\\nor thrown in heaps, lay Cashmere shawls, the finest furs\\nof Siberia, the gold stuffs of Persia, and plates of solid\\nsilver, from which they had nothing to eat but a black\\ndough baked in ashes, and half-broiled and bloody\\nsteaks of horse-flesh. The ground between the camps\\nand the city was covered with marauders laden with\\nbooty. On his way through the ruined streets, Napo-\\nleon had passed heaps of furniture piled up for removal,\\nand stalls where soldiers were exchanging showy and\\nvaluable commodities for common necessaries and the\\nrichest wines, liquors, and bales of costly merchandise,\\nfor a loaf of bread. He had permitted this license at\\nfirst but hearing that the excesses increased, and that\\nthe peasantry who had formerly brought provisions\\nwere now prevented by fear, he issued- severe orders,\\nand commanded his guard to keep close to their quar-\\nters. He was obeyed at the first word. The plundering\\ncontinued, but was conducted regularly, and every\\neffort made to protect the peasants nevertheless few\\na/ppeared, and at length not one was to be seen.\\nv 46", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "8MBP-FBIBB at M m~ximm i izMim?%\\nAjlAPOLEON had left the ruins of Mos\\nJ\\\\J cow, like a funeral pyre, smouldering,\\nbehind him, and taken up the line of\\nmarch for Kalouga. He had with him\\nhundred thousand effective men\\nr- a\\ntroops in whom he still could place the\\ndeepest confidence. But the first snow\\nhad fallen The ghostly terror of a\\nRussian winter hovered over the army,\\nand vexed the dreams of the Empe-\\nror. In a weaver s hut, where he\\npassed the night of the 24th of October, he heard that\\n(362)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "MALO-YAKOSLAVETZ. 363\\nKutusoff had anticipated him, and had taken up a\\nposition upon the road to Kalouga, which could not be\\nassailed that Prince Eugene, with only eighteen thou-\\nsand troops had fought a bloody battle with fifty thou-\\nsand Russians, and gained a dear but glorious victory.\\nIn the early part of the night, when the faithful troops\\nwere shivering round their fires, and the Emperor was\\nseated in a comfortless hovel, divided into two apart-\\nments by a tattered cloth, came the intrepid Marshal\\nBessieres, with the terrible intelligence. The Emperor\\nlooked pale and worn with anxiety.\\nDid you see rightly? he exclaimed. Are you\\nsure Will you vouch for what you say\\nAll that I have told you, sire, is truth, replied\\nthe marshal, calmly.\\nNapoleon crossed his arms upon his breast, his head\\nfell, and for a few moments he seemed lost in thought.\\nBessieres respectfully retired. The Emperor seemed\\ngreatly agitated, but nothing except restless actions\\nbetrayed his feverish state of mind. He lay down and\\narose incessantly, called for his attendants, and when\\nthey came, had nothing to say to them. About four\\no clock in the morning, while the camp-fires were still\\nburning, the Prince D Aremberg came into the hovel,\\nand informed him that a horde of Cossacks, under\\ncover of the night, and the woods, were gliding between\\nhim and the advanced posts. The Emperor, however,\\nseemed to pay no attention to the intelligence, and as\\nsoon as the sun was above the horizon, mounted his\\nhorse and proceeded towards Malo-Yaroslavetz.\\nIn crossing the plain, a confused clamor startled the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "364 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nimperial party, and suddenly the Cossack Murat, Platoff,\\nled his wild horsemen among the baggage and fires of\\nthe army, and overturning every thing in their course,\\nthey pressed onward with wild hourras. Rapp seized\\nthe Emperor s bridle, and exclaimed,\\nIt is they turn back\\nNapoleon s pride would not stoop to a retreat. His\\nhand moved to his sword. Berthier and the grand\\nequerry followed his example, and placing themselves\\non the left of the wood, the little party awaited the\\napproach of the Cossacks. They came on rapidly, and\\nwere within forty paces of the Emperor. Rapp was\\nwounded by one of their spears. About twenty horse-\\nmen and chasseurs then attacked the horde, and by\\ntheir desperate bravery saved the Emperor. The\\ncavalry of the guard then came up, and drove the Cos-\\nsacks across the plain. The Emperor halted until the\\nplain was cleared, and then rode forward to Maho-Yaros-\\nlavetz, in the neighborhood of which the main body of\\nthe army encamped. The Emperor occupied the after-\\nnoon in reconnoitering the position of Kutusoff, and as\\nthe shades of a sombre evening fell, returned to his\\nhead-quarters, the wretched hovel of an artisan. There\\nhe was joined by Murat, Berthier, Davoust, Bessieres,\\nand the heroic Prince Eugene, who came to give Napo-\\nleon an account of the action of the day before. A\\ncheerful fire was kindled on the hearth of the lowly hut,\\nand an emperor, two kings, and three marshals sat down\\nto the rough table. Without, the camp-fires of the\\nsoldiers were blazing but the fierce wind was already\\nblowing the requiem of the army. The Emperor sat.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "MALO-YAROSLAVETZ. 365\\nwith his head resting in his hands, which concealed his\\nfeatures. Eugene was the first to speak.\\nIt is to be hoped that we shall not have many such\\nconflicts as that of yesterday, sire, or however glorious\\nthe results, we shall only have a miserable remnant of\\nthe grand army to lead back to France.\\nBut it was a glorious battle, Prince; was it not?\\nTell me of it yourself, said the Emperor, without\\nremoving his hands from his face.\\nSire, it was briefly thus, replied Eugene. On\\nthe night of the 23d, Delzons and his division were in\\npossession of this place. At four in the morning, his\\nbivouacs were surprised by Kutusoff. I heard the\\nfiring at three leagues distance, and hastened to his\\nrelief. As I drew near, a vast amphitheatre rose before\\nme. The river Lonja marked its foot from the oppo-\\nsite height, a cloud of Russian sharp-shooters and their\\nartillery poured down their fire on Delzons. On the\\nplain beyond, Kutusoff s whole army advanced rapidly\\nby the Lectazowo road. A severe and desperate con-\\nflict ensued. Delzons and his brother were killed.\\nWe were enabled to maintain our ground by the wise\\nmanoeuvres of Guilleminot, who threw a hundred\\ngrenadiers into a churchyard, in the walls of which\\nthey made holes for their muskets. Five times the\\nRussians attempted to pass, and five times they were\\nthrown into disorder and repulsed by a well-directed and\\nmurderous fire. The whole day the struggle wavered,\\nand many times, I thought our troops could not be\\nkept to the ground. But the fourteenth and fifteenth\\ndivisions held the Russians at bay, and maintained the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "366 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nbridge which was our road to retreat, against all\\nassault. At length, being reduced to my last reserve,\\nI came into battle myself, and by exerting myself to\\nthe utmost, rallied the troops and once more carried\\nthem up the heights. The Russians, wearied out, fell\\nback, and concentrated themselves on the Kalouga\\nroad, between the woods and this place. We gained\\nthe victory, but we have lost many brave men, whom,\\nin our present situation, we cannot with safety spare.\\nDuring this recital, Napoleon s eyes kindled with\\nenthusiasm, and when Eugene had finished, he ex-\\nclaimed,\\nThen you, Prince, with eighteen thousand men,\\nhuddled together in the bottom of a ravine, defeated\\nfifty thousand Russians, posted above your heads, and\\nseconded by every advantage which a town built on a\\nsteep acclivity could present I have been over the\\nground, and know your difficulties, and appreciate the\\nnature of your triumphs. Prince, the glory of this\\nvictory belongs entirely to you.\\nThe Prince shook his head,\\nSire, the French troops are brave courage alone\\nwon this field. But leaving that affair, the question is,\\nwhether we shall march upon Smolensk by way of\\nKalouga, Medyn or Mojaisk.\\nThat is easily settled, said Murat, quickly. The\\nRussians are nothing. Let us pursue the route to Ka-\\nlouga, and cut our way through them.\\nTut tut! King of Naples, you speak rashly!\\nsaid Napoleon, quickly. The course you counsel is\\nthe violent impulse of your heart.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "MALO-YAROSLAVETZ. 367\\nEntirely unwise said Bessieres. The King of\\nNaples is governed by his all-daring temper.\\nWith deference, Sire/ said the stern Davoust, I\\nwould recommend that we proceed to Medwysick. We\\ncan reach that point without loss and permit me to\\nremark, sire, that our present circumstances, every man\\nis of almost indispensable value.\\nBut, interrupted Murat, it is certain that we shall\\nhave to lose men and it is better to lose them now, in\\nbeating the Russians, than to drop them upon a march,\\nwithout having effected any thing. Marshal Davoust\\nis ever recommending timid, half-way measures.\\nA quarrel between Murat and Davoust had occurred\\nsome time previous, and it was only by the interposi-\\ntion of the Emperor himself, that bloodshed had been\\nprevented. They were always ready to renew the\\ncontest.\\nTimid and half-way measures exclaimed the harsh\\nvoice of Davoust. I recommend the measures of a\\ngeneral who cares for the safety of his army, as well as\\nvictory. The King of Naples counsels like a mere hot-\\nheaded, inexperienced conscript.\\nHere Napoleon, raising his head, extinguished all\\nthis fire by saying that we had exhibited temerity\\nenough, already; that we had done but too much for\\nglory, and it was now high time to give up thinking of\\nany thing but how to save the rest of the army.\\nBessieres, either because his pride revolted at the\\nidea of being put under the command of the King of\\nNaples, or from a desire to preserve uninjured the\\ncavalry of the guard, which he had formed, and for", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "368 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwhich he was answerable to Napoleon, and whicli he\\nexclusively commanded, then ventured to add, that\\nneither the army nor even the guard had sufficient\\nspirit left for such efforts. It was already said in both,\\nthat, as the means of conveyance were wholly inade-\\nquate, henceforth the victor, if overtaken, would fall a\\nprey to the vanquished that of course every wound\\nwould be mortal. Murat would therefore be but feebly\\nseconded. And in what a position! its strength had\\njust been but too well demonstrated. Against what\\nenemies had they not remarked the field of the pre-\\nvious day s battle, and with what fury the Russian\\nrecruits, only just armed and clothed, there fought\\nand fell The marshal concluded by giving his opinion\\nin favor of retreat, which the Emperor approved by his\\nsilence.\\nThe Prince of Eckmuhl then immediately said that,\\nas a retreat had been decided upon, he proposed that\\nit should be by Medyn and Smolensk. But Murat here\\ninterrupted him; and, whether from enmity, or from\\nthat discouragement which usually succeeds the rejection\\nof a rash measure, he declared himself astonished that\\nany one should dare propose so imprudent a step to the\\nEmperor. Had Davoust sworn the destruction of the\\narmy Would he have so long and so heavy a column\\ntrail along in utter uncertainty, without guides, and on\\nan unknown track, within reach of Kutusoff, presenting\\nits flank to all the attacks of the enemy? Would he,\\nDavoust, defend it When in our rear Borowsk and\\nVereria would lead us without danger to Mojaisk, why\\nreject that safe route There provisions must have", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "MALO-Y AROSLAVETZ 369\\njeen already collected, there everything was known tc\\nus, and we could not be misled by any traitor.\\nAt these words, Davoust, burning with a rage which\\nhe could scarcely repress, replied that he proposed a\\nretreat through a fertile country, by an untouched,\\nplentiful, and well-supplied route, where the villages\\nwere still standing, and by the shortest road, that the\\nenemy might not be able to cut us off, as on the route\\nby Mojaisk to Smolensk, recommended by Murat.\\nAnd what a route a desert of sand and ashes, where\\nconvoys of wounded would increase our embarrass-\\nment, where we should meet with nothing but ruins,\\ntraces of blood, skeletons, and famine\\nMoreover, though he deemed it his duty to give\\nhis opinion when it was asked, he was ready to obey\\norders contrary to it, with the same zeal as if they were\\nconsonant with his suggestions but that the Emperor\\nalone had a right to impose silence on him, and not\\nMurat, who was not his sovereign, and never should be\\nThe quarrel growing warm, Bessieres and Berthier\\ninterposed. As for the Emperor, still absorbed and in\\nthe same attitude, he appeared insensible to what was\\npassing. At length he broke up the council with the\\nwords, Well, gentlemen, I will decide.\\nEnough, it is well, sirs. I will decide, said Napo-\\nleon calmly, and the King of Naples resumed his seat,\\nbiting, his lips from the effects of passion. Sirs,\\ncontinued the Emperor, I decide to retreat. Here\\nhe paused, as if such a decision was costing him a\\ndreadful effort. I decide to retreat by way of Mo-\\njaisk. We cannot afford to fight, and that is the road\\n47", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "370\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwhich will lead us most speedily from the enemy.\\nThis decision was extremely distasteful to Muratj\\nbut not more so than it w T as to the Emperor, who, after\\nhe had announced it, looked as though he wished that\\nit had not been uttered. However, the resolution, fatal\\nas it proved, was taken, and nothing could induce the\\nEmperor to revoke it. Had he but known, that at the\\nmoment when this decision was made, Kutusoff, stunned\\nby the defeat at Malo-Yaroslavetz, was retiring with his\\nforces by the bridge over the Oka, offering a fair mark\\nfor the French, he might have changed his design, and\\ndelivered such a crushing ,blow to the enemy, as would\\nhave secured his retreat unmolested. But this know-\\nledge came not to the Emperor s mind; and as he\\nstretched himself for repose amid his faithful generals,\\nand by the side of the blazing fire, he had nothing to\\nrelieve the prospect of a disastrous retreat.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "Trias qmsip-fiiibs m mm m\u00c2\u00aeyj\\nHI] pen has no colors to depict\\nthe horrors of the\\ngrand army s re-\\ntreat amid the\\nfierce storms of a\\nRussian winter.\\nThough horrors\\nupon horror s head\\naccumulate, there is always lacking something which\\n(371)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "372 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nshall picture to the heart the full truth of that disas-\\ntrous march.\\nThe Emperor reached Wiazma in two days march\\nfrom Gjatz. Here he halted for the arrival of Prince\\nEugene and Davoust and to reconnoitre the road from\\nMedyn and Juknof. Hearing no tidings of the Russians,\\nhe set off after thirty-six hours stay, leaving Ney at\\nWiazma to relieve Davoust, who was accused of dila-\\ntoriness but he said that the artillery and wagons were\\nconstantly precipitated into deep ravines which crossed\\nthe road, and that it was nearly impossible to drag them\\nup the opposite icy slope, the horses shoes not having\\nbeen turned. Nevertheless, both he and the Viceroy\\narrived within two leagues of Wiazma on the 2d of\\nNovember, and might have passed through it; but\\nneglecting to do so, the Russian advanced-guard under\\nMiloradowich (called the Russian Murat) turned their\\nbivouacs in the night, and posted themselves along the\\nleft bank of the road, between the French generals and\\nWiazma. On the 3d of November, Prince Eugene was\\npreparing to take the road to that town, when the first\\ndawn of day showed him his situation, his rear-guard\\ncut off, and Ney, who was to have come to his assist-\\nance, righting in his own defence in the direction of\\nWiazma. He immediately took his resolution. He\\nstopped, faced about, formed in line along the main-road,\\nand kept the foremost of the enemy s troops in check,\\ntill Ney marched up one of his regiments, and attack-\\ning them in the rear, compelled them to retire. At the\\nsame time, Compans, one of Davoust s generals,, joined\\nhis division to the Italian guard and while they fought", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 373\\ntogether, Davoust passed, and got between Wiazma and\\nthe Russians. The battle was not over, but begun.\\nThe French amounted to thirty thousand, but were in\\ngreat disorder. The Russian artillery, superior in\\nnumber, advanced at a gallop, and mowed down their\\nlines. Davoust and his generals were still surrounded\\nwith many of their bravest men. Several of the officers\\nwho had been wounded at the Mosqua were still seen,\\none with his arm in a sling, another with his head covered\\nwith bandages, encouraging the soldiers, keeping them\\ntogether, throwing themselves upon the enemy s field-\\npieces and seizing them, and thus preventing the effects\\nof bad example by good. Miloradowich saw that his\\nprey would escape him, and sent the Englishman\\nWilson to summon Kutusoff to his aid but the old\\ngeneral laughed at him. The fight had already lasted\\nseven hours when night approached, the French\\nbegan to retire. This retrogade movement encouraged\\nthe enemy and had it not been for a signal effort of\\nthe 25th, 57th, and 85th regiments, Davoust s corps\\nwould have been turned, broken, and destroyed. Prince\\nEugene made good his retreat to Wiazma; Davoust\\nfollowed, but Morand s division, which entered first,\\nfound a number of Russians there before them, and had\\nto cut their way through them. Compans, who brought\\nup the rear, put an end to the affair by facing about,\\nand making a furious assault upon Miloradowich. The\\nbivouacs were set up by the light of the burning of\\nWiazma, and amidst repeated discharges of artillery.\\nDuring the night the alarm continued. Several times\\nthe troops thought they were attacked, and groped", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "374 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nabout for their arms. On the following morning, when\\nthey returned to their ranks, they were astonished at\\nthe smallness of their numbers.\\nNevertheless, the example of the chiefs and the\\nhope of finding rest at Smolensk kept up the men s\\nspirits. Besides, so far they had been cheered by the\\nsight of the sun; but on the 6th of November, the\\nsnow came on, and every thing underwent a total\\nchange. The consequences were most disastrous. The\\ntroops marched on without knowing where, and without\\ndistinguishing any object; and while they strove to\\nforce their way through the whirlwinds of sleet, the\\nsnow drifted in the cavities where they fell, and the\\nweakest rose no more. The wind drove in their faces\\nnot only the falling snow, but that which it raised in\\nfurious eddies from the earth. The Muscovite winter\\nattacked them in every part, penetrated through their\\nthin dress and ragged shoes. Their wet clothes froze\\nupon them; this covering of ice chilled their bodies,\\nand stiffened all their limbs. A cutting and violent\\nwind stopped their breath or seized upon it as it was\\nexhaled, and converted it into icicles, which hung from\\ntheir beards. The unhappy men crawled on wdth\\ntrembling limbs and chattering teeth till the snow, col-\\nlecting round their feet in hard lumps, like stones, some\\nscattered fragment, a branch of a tree, or the body of\\none of their companions, made them stagger and fall.\\nTheir cries and groans were vain soon the snow covered\\nthem, and small hillocks marked where they lay. Such\\nwas their sepulture. The road was filled with these\\nundulations, like a burying-place. A number of them", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 375\\nfroze as they stood still, and looked like posts, covered\\nwith snow. The most intrepid or obdurate were affected\\nthey hurried past with averted eyes. But before them,\\naround them, all was snow the horizon seemed one\\nvast winding-sheet, in which nature was enveloping the\\nwhole army. The only objects which came out from\\nthe bleak expanse were a few gloomy pines skirting the\\nplain, and adding to the horror of the scene with their\\nfuneral green and the motionless erectnesss of their\\nblack trunks Even the weapons of the soldiers were\\na weight almost insupportable to their benumbed limbs.\\nIn their frequent falls they slipped out -of their hands\\nand were broken or lost in the snow. Many others had\\ntheir fingers frozen on the musket they still grasped.\\nSome broke up into parties others wandered on alone.\\nIf they dispersed themselves in the fields, or by the\\ncross-paths, in search of bread or a shelter for the\\nnight, they met nothing but Cossacks and an armed\\npopulation, who surrounded, wounded, and stripped\\nthem, and left them with ferocious laughter to expire\\nnaked upon the snow. Then came the night of sixteen\\nhours. But on this universal covering of snow, they\\nknew not where to stop, where to sit, where to lie,\\nwhere to find a few roots for food, or dry sticks to light\\ntheir fires. At length fatigue, darkness, and repeated\\norders induced a pause, and they tried to establish\\nthemselves for the night but the storm scattered the\\npreparations for the bivouacs, and the branches of the\\npines covered with ice and snow only melted away, and\\nresisted the attempts of the soldiers to kindle them into\\na blaze. When at length the fire got the better, officers", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "376 CAMP-FIRES OP NAPOLEON.\\nand soldiers gathered round it, to cook their wretched\\nmeal of horse-flesh, and a few spoonfuls of rye mixed\\nwith snow-water. Next morning, circles of stiffened\\ncorpses marked the situation of the bivouacs, and the\\ncarcasses of thousands of horses were strewed round\\nthem. From this time disorder and distrust began to\\nprevail. A few resisted the strong contagion of insub-\\nordination and despondency. These were the officers,\\nthe subalterns, and some of the soldiers, whom nothing\\ncould detach from their duty. They kept up each\\nother s spirits by repeating the name of Smolensk,\\nwhich they were approaching, and looked forward to as\\nthe end of their sufferings.\\nAt the lake of Semlewo, it was found necessary to\\nsacrifice the spoils of Moscow. Cannon, armor, the\\nornaments of the Kremlin, and the cross of the Great\\nI wan, all sunk at once in the waters of the lake. On\\nthe 6th of November, just as the snow was beginning\\nto fall, Napoleon had reached Mikalewska. There he\\ntook up his quarters in a palisaded house. He had\\nscarcely arrived, before news of Mallet s conspiracy in\\nParis reached him, and added new trouble to his already\\nperturbed spirit. Under all the gloomy circumstances\\nof the time, when the fabric of his power, which he\\nhad reared with so much skill, and maintained with\\nsuch vast energy, seemed to totter to its fall, the\\nfortitude of the Emperor was remarkable. He pre-\\nserved a firm countenance, and strove to induce those\\naround him to believe that his star had not yet begun\\nto decline.\\nAs the Emperor sat in his cheerless hut, with the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 377\\nwhite storm no wling far around, he was aroused by the\\nentrance of Dalbignac, one of Ney s aid-de-camps.\\nFrom Wiazma that general had commenced protecting\\nthe retreat, which, though fatal to so many others, con-\\nferred immortal renown upon him. As far as Dorogo-\\nbouje, he had been molested only by some bands of\\nCossacks, troublesome insects, attracted by the dying,\\nand the forsaken carriages, flying away the moment a\\nhand was rifted against them, but still annoying from\\ntheir continual return.\\nIt was not these that were the subject of JNTey s mes-\\nsage. On approaching Dorogobouje, he was shocked at\\nthe traces of disorder left behind them by the corps\\nwhich had preceded him, and which it was not in his\\npower to efface. He had made up his mind to leave\\nthe baggage to the enemy but he blushed with shame\\nat the sight of the first pieces of cannon abandoned\\nbefore Dorogobouje.\\nThe marshal had halted there. After a dreadful\\nnight, during which snow, wind, and famine had driven\\nmost of his men from the fires, the dawn, which is\\nalways waited for with so much impatience in a bivouac,\\nbrought with it at once a tempest, the enemy, and the\\nspectacle of an almost general defection. In vain he\\nfought in person at the head of what men and officers\\nhe had left he had been obliged to retreat precipitately\\nbehind the Dnieper and of this he now sent to apprise\\nthe Emperor.\\nHe wished him to know the worst. His aid-de-camp,\\nColonel Dalbignac, was instructed to say that the first\\nmovement of retreat from Malo-Yaroslawetz, for soldiers\\n48", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "378 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwho had never yet fallen back, had greatly dispirited\\nthe army that the affair at Wiazina had shaken its\\nfirmness; that the deluge of snow, and the increased\\ncold which it had brought with it, had completed its dis-\\norganization and that a multitude of officers, having\\nlost everything, their platoons, battalions, regiments,\\nand even divisions, had joined the roving masses so\\nthat generals, colonels, and officers of all ranks were\\nseen mingled with the privates, and marching at ran-\\ndom, sometimes with one column, sometimes with\\nanother; that, as order could not exist in the midst\\nof disorder, this example was seducing even the veteran\\nregiments, which had served through all the wars of\\nthe revolution and that, accordingly, the best soldiers\\nwere heard asking one another why they alone were\\nrequired to fight to secure the escape of the rest and\\nhow it could be expected that they should keep up\\ntheir courage, when they heard the cries of despair\\nissuing from the neighboring woods, in which the large\\nconvoys of then wounded, who had been dragged to no\\npurpose all the way from Moscow, had just been aban-\\ndoned Such, no doubt, was the fate which awaited\\nthemselves what had they, then, to gain by remaining\\nwith their colors Incessant toils and combats by\\nday, and famine at night, with shelterless bivouacs,\\nstill more destructive than battle hunger and cold\\neffectually drove sleep from their eyes or if, perchance,\\nfatigue got the better of these for a moment, the repose\\nwhich should refresh them put a period to their lives.\\nIn short, the eagles had ceased to protect them they\\nonly destroyed. Why, then, remain around them to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 379\\nperish by battalions, by masses It would be better\\nto disperse and, since there was no other course than\\nflight, to try who could run the fastest. It would not\\nthen be the bravest and best that would fall the pol-\\ntroons behind them would no longer have a chance to\\neat up the relics of the high road. Lastly, the aid-de-\\ncamp was commissioned to explain to the Emperor all\\nthe horrors of the marshal s situation, the responsibility\\nof which that commander absolutely refused to assume.\\nBut Napoleon saw enough around himself to judge of\\nthe rest. The fugitives were that moment passing by\\nhim he was sensible that nothing could now be done\\nbut to sacrifice the army successively, part by part,\\nbeginning at the extremities, in order to save the head.\\nWhen, therefore, the aid-de-camp was beginning to state\\nfarther particulars, he sharply interrupted him with\\nthese words Colonel, I do not ask you for these\\ndetails. The colonel said no more aware that, in the\\nmidst of these terrible disasters, now irremediahle, and\\nin which every one had occasion for all his energies, the\\nEmperor was afraid of complaints, which could have no\\nother effect than to discourage as well those who\\nindulged in them as those who listened to them.\\nHe remarked the attitude of Napoleon, the same as\\nhe retained throughout the whole of this dismal retreat.\\nIt was grave, silent, and resigned suffering much less\\nin body than others, but far more in mind, and brooding\\nwith speechless agony over his misfortunes. At that\\nmoment General Carpentier sent him from Smolensk a\\nconvoy of provisions. Bessieres wished to take pos-\\nsession of them; but the Emperor instantly ordered", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "380 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthem to be forwarded to the Prince of Moskwa, saying\\nthat those who were fighting ought to eat before the\\nrest. At the same time, he sent word to Ney to de-\\nfend himself long enough to allow him some stay at\\nSmolensk, where the army should eat, rest, and be re-\\norganized.\\nBut if this hope kept some still to their duty, many\\nothers abandoned every thing to hasten towards that\\npromised goal of their sufferings. As for Ney, he saw\\nthat a sacrifice was required, and that he was marked\\nout as the victim he nobly resigned himself, therefore,\\nprepared to meet the whole of a danger great as his\\ncourage and thenceforward he neither attached his\\nhonor to baggage, nor to cannon, which the winter alone\\nwrested from him. An elbow of the Borysthenes stopped\\nand kept back part of his guns at the foot of its icy\\nslopes he sacrificed them without hesitation, passed\\nthat obstacle, faced about, and made the hostile river,\\nwhich crossed his route, serve him as the means, of\\ndefence.\\nThe Russians, however, advanced under favor of a\\nwood and of the forsaken carriages, whence they kept\\nup a fire of musketry on Ney s troops. Half of the\\nlatter, whose icy arms froze their stiffened fingers,\\nbecame discouraged; they gave way, excusing them-\\nselves by their want of firmness on the preceding day$\\nand fleeing because they had before fled, which, but for\\nthis, they would have considered as impossible. But\\nNey, rushing in among them, seized one of their mus-\\nkets, and led them back to action, which he was him-\\nself the first to renew; exposing his life like a private", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 381\\nsoldier, with a firelock in his hand, the same as though\\nhe had been neither possessed of wealth, nor power,\\nnor consideration; in short, as if he had still every\\nthing to gain, w r hen in fact he had every thing to lose.\\nBut, though he had again turned soldier, he ceased not\\nto be general he took advantage of the ground, sup-\\nported himself against a height, and covered his ap-\\nproach by occupying a palisaded house. His generals\\nand colonels, among whom he particularly remarked\\nFezenzac, strenuously seconded him; and the enemy,\\nwho had expected to pursue, was obliged to retreat.\\nBy this action Ney afforded the army a respite of\\ntwenty-four hours; and it profited by it to proceed\\ntowards Smolensk. The next day, and every succeed-\\ning day, he displayed the same heroism. Between\\nWiazma and Smolensk he fought ten whole days.\\nOn the 13th of November, Ney was approaching that\\ncity, which he was not to enter till the ensuing clay,\\nand had faced about to beat off the enemy, when all at\\nonce the hills upon which he intended to support his\\nleft were seen covered with a multitude of fugitives.\\nIn their terror, these unfortunate wretches fell, and\\nrolled down to where he was, upon the frozen snow,\\nwhich they stained with their blood. A band of Cossacks,\\nwhich was soon perceived in the midst of them, suf-\\nficiently accounted for this disorder. The astonished\\nmarshal, having caused this horde of enemies to be dis-\\npersed, discovered behind it the army of Italy, return-\\ning completely stripped, without baggage and without\\ncannon:\\nPlatoff had kept it besieged, as it were, all the way", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "382 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nfrom Dorogobouje. Near that town Prince Eugene\\nhad quitted the high road, and, in order to proceed\\ntowards Witepsk, had taken that which, two months\\nbefore, had brought him from Smolensk but the Wop.\\nwhich, when he had crossed it before, was a mere brook\\nand had scarcely been noticed, he now found swollen\\ninto a river. It ran over a muddy bed, and was bounded\\nby two steep banks.. It was found necessary to cut\\na passage in these precipitous and frozen banks, and to\\ngive orders for the demolition of the neighboring\\nhouses during the night, for the purpose of building\\na bridge with the materials. But those who had taken\\nshelter in them opposed their being destroyed and, as\\nthe viceroy was more beloved than feared, his instruc-\\ntions were not obeyed. The pontonniers became dis-\\nheartened, and when daylight, with the Cossacks,\\nappeared, the bridge, after being twice broken down,\\nwas at last abandoned.\\nFive or six thousand soldiers still in order, twice the\\nnumber of disbanded men, the sick and wounded,\\nupward of a hundred pieces of cannon, ammunition\\nwagons, and a multitude of vehicles of every kind,\\nlined the bank and covered a league of ground. An\\nattempt was made to ford the river, through the floating\\nice which was carried along by its current. The first\\nguns that were attempted to be got over reached the\\nopposite bank but the water kept rising every mo-\\nment, while at the same time the bed of the stream at\\nthe place of passage was continually deepened by the\\nwheels and by the efforts of the horses, and at length\\nthe stoppage became general.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 383\\nMeanwhile the day was advancing; the men were\\nexhausting themselves in vain efforts; hunger, cold,\\nand the Cossacks became pressing, and the viceroy\\nfinally found himself compelled to order his artillery\\nand all his baggage to be left behind. A distressing\\nspectacle ensued. The owners were allowed scarcely\\na moment to part from their effects while they were\\nselecting from them such articles as they most needed,\\nand loading their horses with them, a multitude of sol-\\ndiers came rushing up; they fell in preference upon\\nthe vehicles of luxury these they broke in pieces and\\nrummaged every part, avenging their poverty on the\\nwealth, and their privations on the superfluities they\\nhere found, and snatching them from the Cossacks, who\\nwere in the meantime looking on at a distance.\\nBut it was provisions of which most of them were in\\nquest. They threw aside embroidered clothes, pictures,\\nornaments of every kind, and gilt bronzes for a few\\nhandfuls of flour. In the evening it was a strange sight\\nto behold the mingled riches of Paris and of Moscow,\\nthe luxuries of two of the largest cities in the world,\\nlying scattered and despised on the snow of the desert.\\nAt the same time, most of the artillerymen spiked\\ntheir guns in despair, and scattered their powder about.\\nOthers laid a train with it as far as some ammunition\\nwagons, which had been left at a considerable distance\\nbehind the baggage. They waited till the most eager\\nof the Cossacks had come up to them, and when a great\\nnumber, greedy of plunder, had collected about them,\\nthey threw a brand from a bivouac upon the train. The\\nfire ran, and in a moment reached its destination the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "384 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwagons were blown up, the shells exploded, and such\\nof the Cossacks as were not killed on the spot, dispersed\\nin dismay.\\nA few hundred men, who were still called the 14th\\ndivision, were opposed to these hordes, and sufficed to\\nkeep them at a respectful distance till the next day.\\nAll the rest, soldiers, sutlers, women, and children, sick\\nand wounded, driven by the enemy s balls, crowded the\\nbank of the river. But at the sight of its swollen cur-\\nrent, of the sharp and massive fragments of ice floating\\ndown its stream, and the necessity of aggravating their\\nalready intolerable sufferings from cold by plunging into\\nits chilling waves, they all started back.\\nColonel Delfanti, an Italian, was obliged to set the\\nexample and cross first. The soldiers then moved, and\\nthe crowd followed. The weakest, the least resolute,\\nand the most avaricious, stayed behind. Such as could\\nnot make up their minds to part from their booty, and\\nto forsake fortune which was forsaking them, were sur-\\nprised in the midst of their hesitation. The next day,\\namid all this wealth, the savage Cossacks were seen\\nstill covetous of the squalid and tattered garments\\nof the unfortunate creatures who had become their\\nprisoners they stripped them, and then, collecting\\nthem in troops, drove them along over- the snow,\\nhurrying their steps by hard blows with the shafts of m\\ntheir lances.\\nThe army of Italy, thus completely dismantled,\\nsoaked in the waters of the Wop, without food, without\\nshelter, passed the night on the snow near a village\\nwhere its officers expected to have found lodgings for", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "IX THE SNOW. 385\\nthemselves. Their soldiers, however, beset its wooden\\nhouses. They rushed like madmen, and in swarms, on\\nevery habitation, profiting by the darkness, which pre-\\nvented them from recognising their officers or being\\nknown by them. They tore down every thing, doors,\\nwindows, and even the woodwork of the roofs, feeling\\nbut little compunction in compelling others, be they\\nwho they might, to bivouac like themselves.\\nTheir generals attempted in vain to drive them off:\\nthey took their blows without a murmur or the least\\nopposition, but without desisting even the men of the\\nroyal and imperial guards for, throughout the whole\\narmy, such were the scenes that occurred every night.\\nThe unfortunate fellows kept silently but actively at\\nwork on the wooden walls, which they pulled in pieces\\non every side at once, and which, after vain efforts,\\ntheir officers were obliged to relinquish to them, for\\nfear they would fall upon their own heads. It was an\\nextraordinary mixture of perseverance in their design\\nand of respect for the anger of their superiors.\\nHaving kindled good fires, they spent the night in\\ndrying themselves, amid the shouts, impre ations, and\\ngroans of those who were still crossing the torrent,\\nor who, slipping from its banks, were precipitated into\\nit, and drowned.\\nIt is a fact by no means creditable to the enemy,\\nthat during this disaster, and in sight of so rich a booty,\\na few hundred men, left at the distance of half a league\\nfrom the viceroy, on the other side of the Wop, were\\nsufficient to curb for twenty hours not only the courage,\\nbut even the cupidity of Platoff s Cossacks.\\n49", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "386 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nIt is possible, indeed, that the hetman made sure of\\ndestroying the viceroy on the following day. In fact,\\nall his measures were so well planned, that at the\\nmoment when the army of Italy, after an unquiet and\\ndisorderly march, came in sight of Dukhowtchina, a\\ntown yet uninjured, and was joyfully hastening forward\\nto shelter itself there, several thousand Cossacks sallied\\nforth from it with cannon, and suddenly stopped its\\nprogress while at the same time Platoff, with all his\\nhordes, came up and attacked its rear guard and both\\nflanks.\\nSeveral eye-witnesses assert that a complete tumult\\nand confusion then ensued that the disbanded men,\\nthe women, and the attendants ran headlong over each\\nother, and broke quite through the ranks that, in\\nshort, there was a moment when this unfortunate army\\nwas but a shapeless mass, a mere rabble rout hurrying\\nto and fro. All seemed to be lost; but the coolness of\\nthe prince and the efforts of his officers, saved all. The\\nbest men disengaged themselves, and the ranks were\\nagain formed. They advanced, and, firing a few volleys,\\nthe enemy, who had every thing on his side excepting\\ncourage, the only advantage yet left the French,\\nopened and retired, confining himself to a useless demon-\\nstration.\\nThe army occupied his quarters still warm in that\\ntown, while he went beyond to bivouac, and to prepare\\nfor similar surprises to the very gates of Smolensk.\\nFor this disaster at the Wop had made the viceroy give\\nup the idea of separating from the Emperor, near to\\nwhom these hordes became still bolder;, they sur-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "IN THE SNOW. 387\\nrounded the 11th division. When Prince Eugene\\nwould have gone to its relief, his men and officers,\\nstiffened with a cold of twenty degrees, which the wind\\nrendered most piercing, remained stretched on the warm\\nashes of the fires. To no purpose did he point out to\\nthem their comrades surrounded, the enemy approach-\\ning, the bullets and balls which were already reaching\\nthem they refused to rise, protesting that they would\\nrather perish where they were than any longer endure\\nsuch cruel hardships. The viclettes themselves had\\nabandoned their posts. Prince Eugene nevertheless\\ncontrived to save his rear guard.\\nIt was in returning with it towards Smolensk that\\nhis stragglers had been driven back on Ney s troops, to\\nwhom they communicated their panic; all hurried\\nconfusedly towards the Dnieper, where they crowded\\ntogether at the entrance of the bridge, without thinking\\nof defending themselves, when a charge made by the\\n4th regiment stopped the advance of the enemy.\\nIts colonel, young Fezenzac, contrived to infuse fresh\\nlife into these men, who were half perished with cold.\\nThere, as in every thing that can be called action, was\\nmanifested the triumph of the sentiments of the soul\\nover the sensations of the body; for every physical\\nfeeling tended to encourage despondency and flight;\\nNature advised it with her hundred most urgent voices\\nand yet a few words of honor alone were sufficient to\\nproduce the most heroic devotedness. The soldiers of\\nthe 4th regiment rushed like furies upon the enemy,\\nagainst the mountains of snow and ice of which he had\\ntaken possession, and in the teeth of the northern hurri-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "388 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncane, for they had every thing against them. Ney him-\\nself was obliged to moderate their impetuosity.\\nSuch fighting could only be the work of heroes, who\\nwere determined to triumph or perish. Ney proved\\nhimself worthy to command the rear guard, upon which\\nthe safety of the army depended. He was equal to a\\nhost, and around his stalwart form the troops rallied,\\nas they would around a rock of salvation. He seemed\\neven determined to conquer the Russian storm.\\nAt length the army once more came in sight of\\nSmolensk it had reached the goal so often announced\\nto it of all its sufferings. The soldiers exultingly\\npointed it out to each other. There was that land of\\npromise where their hunger was to find abundance,\\ntheir fatigue rest where bivouacs in a cold of nineteen\\ndegrees would be forgotten in houses warmed by good\\nfires. There they would enjoy refreshing sleep there\\nthey might repair their apparel there they would be\\nfurnished with new shoes, and clothing adapted to the\\nclimate.\\nBut Smolensk was a heap of blackened ruins, and\\nthe commissary found there, was compelled to own that\\nhe had not enough provisions to supply half the army\\nfor the required time, fifteen days. If any thing was\\nwanted to increase the wretchedness of this doomed\\narmy it was this disastrous disappointment. Napoleon\\nhimself displayed a consciousness of the terrors by\\nwhich he was surrounded, and seemed to apprehend\\nthe destruction of his entire army.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "m\\n,r A\\nI ^-4ff\u00c2\u00ab W\\nfill\\nfcftjPpj\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i mm", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "PON the retreat from Smo-\\nlensk, the grand army, re-\\nduced to thirty-six thousand\\neffective men, had been divided\\ninto four columns, commanded\\nby Napoleon, Eugene, Davoust\\nand Ney. These were sepa-\\nrated by the march of a few\\ndays from each other. The\\nEmperor reached the town of Krasnoe without dim\\n(389)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "390 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nculty but the second division, under Prince Eugene,\\nwas compelled to fight against forces immensely supe-\\nrior in numbers.\\nIt was the night of the 16th of November. The\\nweather was bitter cold and though Krasnoe fairly\\nblazed with camp-fires, the soldiers of the guard shiv-\\nered in spite of the sternest efforts of their wills.\\nThe Emperor had waited for the viceroy during the\\nwhole of the preceding day. The noise of an engage-\\nment had agitated him. An effort to break through the\\nenemy, in order to join him, had been ineffectually\\nattempted and when night came on without his making\\nhis appearance, the uneasiness of Napoleon was at its\\nheight. Eugene and the army of Italy, and this\\nlong day of baffled expectation, had they then terminated\\ntogether V Only one hope remained, and that was,\\nthat the viceroy, driven back towards Smolensk, had\\nthere joined Davoust and Ney, and that on the following\\nday they would, with united forces, attempt a decisive\\neffort.\\nIn his anxiety, the Emperor assembled the marshals\\nwho were with him. These were Berthier, Bessieres,\\nMortier and Lefebvre; they were safe; they had\\ncleared the obstacles they had only to continue their\\nretreat through Lithuania, which was open to them;\\nbut would they abandon their companions in the midst\\nof the Russian army No, certainly and they deter-\\nmined once more to enter Russia, either to deliver or to\\nperish with them.\\nNo sooner was this resolution taken, than Napoleon\\ncoolly made his arrangements to carry it info effect.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "KRASNOE. 391\\nHe was not at all shaken by the great movements\\nwhich the enemy was evidently making around him.\\nHe saw that Kutusoff was advancing in order to sur-\\nround and take him prisoner in Krasnoe. The very\\nnight before he had learned that Ojarowski, with a\\nvanguard of Russian infantry, had got beyond him, and\\ntaken a position at Maliewo, a village on his left. Irri-\\ntated instead of being depressed hj misfortune, he\\ncalled his aid-de-camp Rapp, and told him that he\\nmust set out immediately, and during the darkness\\nattack that body of the enemy with the bayonet this\\nwas the first time of his exhibiting so much audacity,\\nand that he was determined to make him repent it, in\\nsuch a way that he should never again dare approach\\nso near to his head-quarters. Then instantly recalling\\nhim, he exclaimed, But no let Roguet and his\\ndivision go alone. As for you, remain where you are;\\nI don t wish you killed here I shall have occasion for\\nyou at Dantzic.\\nRapp, as he was carrying this order to Roguet, could\\nnot help feeling astonished that his chief, surrounded\\nby eighty thousand of the enemy, whom he was going\\nto attack the next day with nine thousand, should have\\nso little doubt about his safety as to be thinking of\\nwhat he should have to do at Dantzic, a city from\\nwhich he was separated by the winter, two hostile\\narmies, famine, and a hundred and eighty leagues of\\ndistance.\\nThe nocturnal attack on Ojarowski at Chirkowa and\\nMaliewo proved successful. Roguet formed his idea\\nof the enemy s position by the direction of their fires", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "392 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthey occupied two villages, connected by a causeway,\\ndefended by a ravine. He disposed his troops into three\\ncolumns of attack those on the right and left were to\\nadvance silently, as close as possible to the Russians\\nthen, at the signal to charge, which he himself would\\ngive them from the centre, they were to rush into the\\nmidst of the hostile corps without firing a shot, and\\nmake use only of their bayonets.\\nImmediately the two wings of the young guard com-\\nmenced the action. While the Russians, taken by\\nsurprise, and not knowing on which side to defend them-\\nselves, were wavering from their right to their left,\\nRoguet, with his column, rushed suddenly upon their\\ncentre, and into the midst of their camp, which he\\nentered pell-mell along with them. Thus divided, and\\nin utter confusion, they had barely time to throw the\\nbest part of their cannon and small arms into a neigh-\\nboring lake, and to set fire to their tents, the flames of\\nwhich, instead of saving them, only gave light to their\\ndestruction.\\nThis check stopped the movements of the Russian\\narmy for four-and-twenty hours, put it in the Emperor s\\npower to remain at Krasnoe, and enabled Eugene to\\nrejoin him during the following night. He was received\\nby Napoleon with the greatest joy; whose uneasiness,\\nhowever, respecting Davoust and Ney, now became pro-\\nportionably greater.\\nAround the French, the camp of the Russians pre-\\nsented a spectacle similar to what it had done at\\nVinkowo, Malo-Yaroslawetz, and Wiazma. Every even-\\ning, close to the general s tent, the relics of the Russian", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "KKASNOE. 39 D\\nsaints, surrounded by an immense number of wax tapers,\\nwere exposed to the adoration of the soldiers. While\\nthese, according to their custom, were giving proofs of\\ntheir devotion by endless crossings and genuflexions,\\nthe priests were employed in exciting their fanaticism\\nwith exhortations that would have been deemed bar-\\nbarous and absurd by a civilized nation.\\nIt is asserted that a spy had represented to Kutusoff,\\nKrasnoe as being filled with an immense number of the\\nimperial guard, and that the old marshal was afraid of\\nhazarding his reputation by attacking it. But the sight\\nof the distress emboldened Bennigsen this officer, who\\nwas chief of the staff, prevailed upon Strogonoff, Gallit-\\nzin, and Miloradowitch, with a force of more than fifty\\nthousand Russians, and one hundred pieces of. cannon,\\nto venture to attack at daylight, in spite of Kutusoff,\\nfourteen thousand famished, enfeebled, and half-frozen\\nFrench and Italians.\\nThis was a danger, the imminence of which Napoleon\\nfully comprehended. He might have escaped from it,\\nfor the day had not yet appeared. He was still at\\nliberty to avoid this fatal engagement; by rapid\\nmarches along with Eugene and his guard, he might\\nhave gained Orcha and Borizoff there he could have\\nrallied his forces, and strengthened himself with thirty\\nthousand French, under Victor and Oudinot, with the\\ncorps of Dombrowski, Regnier, and Schwartzenberg,\\nbeen within reach of all his depots, and, by the follow-\\ning year, have made himself as formidable as ever.\\nOn the 17th, before daylight, he issued his orders,\\narmed himself, and going out on foot at the head of his\\n50", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "394 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nOld Guard, began his march. But it was not towards\\nPoland, his ally, that he directed it, nor towards France,\\nwhere he would still be received as the head of a new\\ndynasty, and the Emperor of the West. His words\\non grasping his sword on this occasion were, I have\\nsufficiently acted the emperor; it is time I should\\nbecome the general. He turned back upon eighty\\nthousand of the enemy, plunging into the thickest of\\nthem, in order to draw all their efforts against himself,\\nto make a diversion in favor of Davoust and Ney, and\\nto rescue them from a country, the gates of which were\\nclosed against them.\\nDaylight at last appeared, exhibiting on the one part\\nthe Russian battalions and batteries, which on three\\nsides, in front, on the right, and in the rear, bounded\\nthe horizon, and on the other Napoleon, with his six\\nthousand guards, advancing with a firm step, and pro-\\nceeding to take his place in the centre of that terrible\\ncircle. At the same time, Mortier, a few yards in front\\nof the Emperor, deployed, in the face of the whole\\nRussian army, with the five thousand men still remaining\\nto him.\\nEvery moment strengthened the enemy and weak-\\nened Napoleon. The noise of artillery, as well as Clapa-\\nrede, apprized him that in the rear of Krasnoe and his\\narmy, Bennigsen was proceeding to take possession of\\nthe road to Liacly, and entirely cut off his retreat. The\\neast, the west, and the south were flashing with the\\nenemy s fires one side alone remained open, that of\\nthe north and the Dnieper, towards an eminence, at the\\nfoot of which were the high road and the Emperor.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "KRASNOE. 395\\nThe French fancied they saw the enemy already cover-\\ning this eminence with their cannon. In that situation\\nthey would have been just over Napoleon s head, and\\nmight have crushed him at a few yards distance. He\\nwas apprized of his danger, cast his eyes for an-instant\\ntowards the height, and uttered merely these words,\\nVery well, let a battalion of my chasseurs take posses-\\nsion of it Immediately afterward, without giving\\nfarther heed to it, his whole attention was directed to\\nthe perilous situation of Mortier.\\nThen, at last, Davoust made his appearance, forcing\\nhis way through a swarm of Cossacks, whom he\\ndispersed by a precipitate movement. At the sight of\\nKrasnoe this marshal s troops disbanded themselves,\\nrunning across the fields to get beyond the right of the\\nenemy s line, in the rear of which they had come up\\nand Davoust and his generals could only rally them at\\nthat place.\\nThe first corps was thus preserved but it was learned\\nat the same time that the rear guard could no longer\\ndefend itself at Krasnoe that Ney was probably still\\nat Smolensk, and that they must give up waiting for\\nhim any longer. Napoleon, however, still hesitated\\nhe could not determine on making this great sacrifice.\\nBut at last, as all were likely to perish, his resolu-\\ntion was taken. He called Mortier, and pressing his\\nhand sorrowfully, told him that he had not a moment\\nto lose that the enemy were overwhelming him in all\\ndirections that Kutusoff might already reach Liady,\\nperhaps Orcha, and the last elbow of the Borysthenes\\nbefore him; and that he would therefore proceed thither\\nJ", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "396\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nrapidly, with his Old Guard, in order to occupy that pas-\\nsage. Davoust would relieve him, Mortier, but both\\nof them must endeavor to hold out in Krasnoe until\\nnight, after which they must advance and rejoin him.\\nThen, with his heart full of Ney s misfortune, and of\\ndespair at abandoning him, he withdrew slowly from the\\nfield of battle, traversed Krasnoe, where he again\\nhalted, and thence cleared his way to Liady.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "TEE SMQIP-PQiBB TF \u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00a9IBVS lFElgEHSS.\\nEY, the bravest of the brave,\\nthe commander of the rear-\\nguard of the grand army, had\\nbeen given up as lost by most\\nof his heroic brethren x in arms.\\nBut Napoleon could not be-\\nlieve it. He knew that the\\nchanges were those of despe-\\nration, but he expected all things from the lion-hearted\\nmarshal. The Emperor had reached Orcha, on the\\nBorysthenes, with ten thousand men. He found there\\n(397)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "398 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nabundance of provisions and his troops encamped by\\nample fires. But his anxiety for the fate of Ney\\nrendered him very much dejected. He could not bring\\nhis mind to the idea of quitting the Borysthenes.\\nIt appeared to him that this would be like a second\\nabandonment of the unfortunate Ney, and a final casting\\noff of his intrepid companion in arms. There, as at\\nLiady and Doinbrowna, he was calling every hour of\\nthe day and night, and sending to inquire if no tidings\\nhad been received of that marshal. But nothing was\\nheard -of him through the intervening Russian army\\nand four days this fatal silence had lasted, and yet the\\nEmperor still continued to hope.\\nBeing at length, on the 20th of November, compelled\\nto quit Orcha, he left there Eugene, Mortier, and Da-\\nvoust, and halted after a march of two leagues from\\nthat place, still inquiring for Ney, and still expecting\\nhim. The same feeling of grief pervaded the portion\\nof the army remaining at Orcha. As soon as the most\\npressing wants allowed a moment s rest, the thoughts\\nand looks of every one were directed towards the\\nRussian bank. They listened for any warlike sounds\\nwhich might announce the arrival of Ney, or, rather,\\nhis last desperate struggle with the foe but nothing\\nwas to be seen but parties of the enemy, who were\\nalready menacing the bridges of the Borysthenes.\\nOne of the three marshals now proposed to destroy\\nthem, but the others would not consent, as this would\\nbe separating themselves still more widely from their\\ncompanion in arms, and acknowledging that they\\ndespaired of saving him, an idea which, from their", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "BORYSTHENES. 399\\nunhappiness at the thought, they could not hear to\\nentertain.\\nBut with the fourth day all hope had vanished, and\\nnight only brought with it an agitated repose. They\\nblamed themselves for Ney s misfortune, forgetting\\nthat it was utterly impossible to have waited longer for\\nhim in the plains of Krasnoe, there to fight for another\\ntwenty-four hours, when they had scarcely strength\\nand ammunition left for one.\\nAlready, as is always the case in such painful losses,\\nthey began to seek for some soothing recollections.\\nDavoust was the last who had quitted the unfortunate\\nmarshal, and Mortier and the viceroy were inquiring\\nof him what were his last words. At the first reports\\nof the cannonade of the enemy on the 15th, it would\\nseem that Ney was anxious to evacuate Smolensk im-\\nmediately, in the suite of the viceroy; but Davoust\\nrefused, pleading the orders of the emperor, and their\\nobligation to destroy the ramparts of the town. The\\ntwo chiefs became warm; and Davoust insisting to\\nremain until the following day, Ney, who had been\\nappointed to bring up the rear, was compelled to wait\\nfor him.\\nIt is true that on the 16th, Davoust sent to warn\\nhim of his danger; but Ney, either from change of\\nopinion, or from feelings of resentment against Davoust,\\nreturned for answer that all the Cossacks in the uni-\\nverse should not prevent him from executing his\\ninstructions.\\nAfter exhausting these recollections and all their\\nconjectures, they had relapsed into a gloomy silence,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a300 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwhen suddenly they heard the steps of horses, and then\\nthe joyful cry, Marshal Ney is safe here are some\\nPolish cavalry come to announce his approach One\\nof his officers now galloped in, and informed them that\\nthe marshal was advancing on the right bank of the\\nBorysthenes, and had sent him to ask for assistance.\\nNight had just set in and Davoust, Eugene, and\\nMortier were allowed only its short duration to revive\\nand animate the soldiers, who had hitherto constantly\\nbivouacked. For the first time since they left Moscow,\\nthese poor fellows had received a sufficient supply of\\nprovisions and they were about to prepare them and\\nto take their rest, warm and under cover. How was it\\npossible, then to make them resume their arms, and\\nturn them from their comfortable asylums during that\\nnight of rest, whose inexpressible sweets they had just\\nbegun to taste! Who could persuade them to inter-\\nrupt it, to trace back their steps, and once more, in the\\nmidst of darkness, return into the frozen deserts of\\nRussia\\nEugene and Mortier disputed the honor of making\\nthis effort, and the first carried it only in right of his\\nsuperior rank. Shelter and the distribution of pro-\\nvisions had effected that which threats would have\\nfailed to do. The stragglers were rallied, and the\\nviceroy again found himself at the head of four thou-\\nsand men all were ready to march at the idea of\\nNey s danger but it was their last effort.\\nThey proceeded in the darkness, by unknown roads,\\nand had marched two leagues at random, halting every\\nfew minutes to listen. Their anxiety instantly in-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "BORYSTHENES. 401\\ncreased. Had they lost their way Were they too\\nlate Had their unfortunate comrades fallen Was\\nit the victorious Russian army they were about to\\nmeet? In this uncertainty Prince Eugene directed\\nsome cannon-shot to be fired. Immediately after, they\\nfancied they heard signals of distress on that sea of\\nsnow they were not mistaken they proceeded from\\nthe third corps, which having lost all its artillery, could\\nanswer the cannon of the fourth only by some volleys\\nof platoon firing.\\nThe two corps were thus directed towards their\\nmeeting. Ney and Eugene were the first to recognise\\neach other they ran up, Eugene the most eagerly, and\\nthrew themselves into each other s arms. Eugene\\nwept, but Ney only let fall some angry words. The\\nfirst was delighted, melted, and elevated at the sight of\\nthe chivalrous hero whom he had just had the happi-\\nness to save. The latter still heated from the combat,\\nirritated at the dangers which the honor of the army\\nhad run in his person, and blaming Davoust, whom he\\nwrongfully accused of having deserted him.\\nSome hours afterwards, when the latter sought to\\njustify himself, he could draw nothing from Ney but a\\nsevere look and these words, Monsieur le Marechal, I\\nhave no reproaches to make you God is our witness\\nand your judge\\nAs soon as the two corps had fairly recognised each\\nother, they could no longer be kept in their ranks.\\nSoldiers, officers, generals, all rushed forward together.\\nThe soldiers of Eugene, eagerly grasping the hands of\\nthose of Ney, held them with a joyful mixture of\\n51", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "402 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nastonishment and curiosity, and embraced them with\\nthe tenderest sympathy. They lavished upon them\\nthe refreshments which they had just received, and\\noverwhelmed them with questions. Then they pro-\\nceeded in company towards Orcha, all burning with\\nimpatience, Eugene s soldiers to hear, and Ney s to\\nrelate, their story. There they were soon gathered\\naround the cheerful camp-fire, and resting from their\\ntoils.\\nThe officers of Ney stated that on the 17th of\\nNovember they had quitted Smolensk with twelve can-\\nnon, six thousand infantry, and three hundred cavalry,\\nleaving there five thousand sick to the mercy of the\\nenemy and that, had it not been for the noise of Pla-\\ntoff s artillery and the explosion of the mines, their\\nmarshal would never have been able to draw from the\\nruins of that city seven thousand unarmed stragglers\\nwho had taken shelter among them. They dwelt upon\\nthe attentions which their leader had shown to the\\nwounded, and to the women and their children, proving\\nupon this occasion that the bravest are also the most\\nhumane.\\nNey s officers continued to speak in the most. enthu-\\nsiastic terms of their marshal for even his equals could\\nnot feel the slightest jealousy of him. He had, indeed,\\nbeen too much regretted, and his preservation had.\\nexcited emotions far too grateful to allow of any feel-\\nings of envy; besides, Ney had placed himself com-\\npletely beyond its reach. As for himself, he had in all\\nthis heroism gone so little beyond his natural character,\\nthat, had it not been for the eclat of his glory in the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "BORYSTHENES. 403\\neyes, the gestures, and the acclamations of every one,\\nhe would never have imagined that he had performed\\nan extraordinary action.\\nAnd this was not an enthusiasm of surprise, for each\\nof the few last days had had its remarkable men that\\nof the 16th, for instance, had Eugene, and that of the\\n17th, Mortier; but from this time forward Ney was\\nuniversally proclaimed the hero of the retreat.\\nWhen Napoleon, who was two leagues farther on,\\nheard that Ney had again made his appearance, he\\nleaped and shouted for joy, exclaiming, u Then I have\\nsaved my eagles I would have given three hundred\\nmillions from my exchequer sooner than have lost such\\na man.\\nSuch a man Where else in history shall we find\\nsuch a man? Davoust, Mortier, Junot, Murat, and\\nother celebrated officers of that army were brave\\nwonderful men, indeed but Ney towered above them\\nall, in a courage which was full of sublimity a courage\\nwhich found resource when others saw nothing left for\\nthem but a resignation to death.\\nThat night the marshal slept beside the camp-fire of\\nhis beloved Emperor the sweet sleep which grows\\nfrom the consciousness of duty performed.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "rag k STF \u00c2\u00aeAEIIP\u00c2\u00bbI?[I[BBS Q52 IISISSQA*\\nj^^f^m^^ fA T Malodeczno, Napoleon\\n\\\\fi5^ la\\\\ suddenly determined to\\nleave the wretched rem-\\nnant of his army, and.\\naccompanied by a few\\nfaithful officers, to return\\nto France. Murat was\\nleft to command the army,\\nand the greatest hopes of\\nspeedy relief and fresh triumph were excited by the\\nEmperor before he departed. He journeyed very\\nrapidly, and reached Paris on the 19th of December,\\ntwo days after his memorable twenty-ninth bulletin had\\n(404)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "LAST CAMP-FIRES IN RUSSIA. 405\\ntold France the disasters of the campaign. But the\\nremains of the grand army what was their fate\\nOn the 6th of December, the very day after Napo-\\nleon s departure, the sky exhibited a more dreadful\\nappearance. Icy particles were seen floating in the\\nair, and the birds fell stiff and frozen to the earth. The\\natmosphere was motionless and silent it seemed as if\\nevery thing in nature which possessed life and move-\\nment, even the wind itself, had been seized, chained,\\nand, as it were, congealed by a universal death. Not a\\nword or a murmur was then heard there was nothing\\nbut the gloomy silence of despair, and the tears which\\nproclaimed it.\\nWe flitted along, says Segur, in the midst of\\nthis empire of death like doomed spirits. The dull and\\nmonotonous sound of our steps, the crackling of the\\nfrost and the feeble groans of the dying, were the only\\ninterruptions to this doleful and universal silence.\\nAnger and imprecations there were none, nor any thing\\nwhich indicated a remnant of warmth; scarcely was\\nstrength enough left to utter a prayer and most of\\nthem even fell without complaining, either from weak-\\nness or resignation, or because people complain only\\nwhen they look for kindness, and fancy they are pitied.\\nSuch of our soldiers as had hitherto been the most\\npersevering here lost heart entirely. Some times the\\nsnow sunk beneath their feet, but more frequently, its\\nglassy surface refusing them support, they slipped at\\nevery step, and tottered along from one fall to another.\\nIt seemed as though this hostile soil were leagued\\nagainst them that it treacherously escaped from under", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "406 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ntheir efforts that it was constantly leading them into\\nsnares, as if to embarrass and retard their march, and\\nto deliver them up to the Russians in pursuit of them,\\nor to their terrible climate.\\nAnd, in truth, whenever, for a moment, they halted\\nfrom exhaustion, the winter, laying his icy hand upon\\nthem, was ready to seize his victims. In vain did\\nthese unhappy creatures, feeling themselves benumbed,\\nraise themselves up, and, already deprived of the\\npower of speech, and plunged into a stupor, proceed a\\nfew steps like automatons their blood froze in their\\nveins, like water in the current of rivulets, congealing\\nthe heart, and then flying back to the head and these\\ndying men staggered as if they had been intoxicated.\\nFrom their eyes, reddened and inflamed by the constant\\nglare of the snow, by the want of sleep, and the smoke\\nof the bivouacs, there flowed real tears of blood their\\nbosoms heaved with deep and heavy sighs; they\\nlooked towards heaven and on the earth, with an eye\\ndismayed, fixed, and wild, as expressive of their fare-\\nwell, and, it might be, of their reproaches against the\\nbarbarous nature which was tormenting them. It was\\nnot long before they fell upon their knees, and then\\nupon their hands their heads still slowly moved for a\\nfew minutes alternately to the right and left, and from\\ntheir open mouth some sounds of agony escaped at\\nlast, in its turn, it fell upon the snow, which it red-\\ndened with livid blood, and their sufferings were at an\\nend.\\nTheir comrades passed by them without moving a\\nstep out of their way, that they might not r by the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "LAST CAMP-FIRES IN RUSSIA. 407\\nslightest curve, prolong their journey, and without\\neven turning their heads; for their beards and hair\\nwere so stiffened with ice that every movement was\\npainful. Nor did they even pity them; for, in fact,\\nwhat had they lost by dying who had they left be-\\nhind them? They suffered so much, they were still so\\nfar from France, so much divested of all feelings of\\ncountry by the surrounding prospect and by misery,\\nthat every dear illusion was broken, and hope almost\\ndestroyed. The greater number, therefore, had become\\ncareless of dying, from necessity, from the habit of\\nseeing death constantly around them, and from fashion,\\nsometimes even treating it with contempt but more\\nfrequently, on seeing these unfortunates stretched upon\\nthe snow, and instantly stiffened, contenting them-\\nselves with the thought that they had no more wants,\\nthat they were at rest, that their sufferings were\\nover. And, indeed, death, in a situation quiet, certain,\\nand uniform, may be felt as a strange event, a frightful\\ncontrast, a terrible change; but in this tumult, this\\nviolent and ceaseless movement of a life of action,\\ndanger, and suffering, it appeared nothing more than a\\ntransition, a slight alteration, an additional removal,\\nwhich excited little alarm.\\nSuch were the last days of the grand army its last\\nnights were still more frightful. Those whom they\\nsurprised marching together, far from every habitation,\\nhalted on the borders of the woods there they lighted\\ntheir fires, before which they remained the whole night,\\nerect and motionless, like spectres. They seemed as\\nif they could not possibly have enough of the heat:", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "408 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthey kept so close to it as to burn their clothes, as well\\nas the frozen parts of their body, which the fire\\ndecomposed. The most dreadful pain then compelled\\nthem to stretch themselves on the ground, and the next\\nday they attempted in vain to rise.\\nIn the meantime, such as the winter had almost\\nwholly spared, and who still retained some portion of\\ncourage, prepared their melancholy meal. It had con-\\nsisted, ever since they left Smolensk, of some slices of\\nhorseflesh broiled, and a little rye meal made into a sort\\nof gruel with snow water, or kneaded into paste, which\\nthey seasoned, for want of salt, with the powder of\\ntheir cartridges.\\nThe sight of these fires was constantly attracting\\nfresh spectres, who were driven back by the first comers.\\nMany of them, destitute of the means and the strength\\nnecessary to cut down the lofty fir trees, made vain\\nattempts to set fire to them as they were standing but\\ndeath speedily surprised them, and they might be seen\\nin every sort of attitude, stiff and lifeless about their\\ntrunks.\\nUnder the vast pent-houses erected by the sides of\\nthe high road in some parts of the way, scenes of still\\ngreater horror were witnessed. Officers and soldiers\\nall rushed precipitately into them, and crowded together\\nin heaps. There, like so many cattle, they pressed\\nupon each other around the fires, and as the, living could\\nnot remove the dead from the circle, they laid them-\\nselves clown upon them, there to expire in their turn,\\nand serve as a bed of death to some fresh victims. In\\na short time additional crowds of stragglers presented", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "LAST CAMP-FIRES IN RUSSIA. 409\\nthemselves, and, being unable to penetrate into these\\nasylums of suffering, they completely besieged them.\\nIt frequently happened that they demolished their\\nwalls, which were formed of dry wood, in order to feed\\ntheir fires at other times, repulsed and disheartened,\\nthey were contented to use them as shelters to their\\nbivouacs, the flames of which very soon communicated\\nto the buildings, and the soldiers who were within them,\\nalready half dead with the cold, perished in the con-\\nflagration.\\nAt Youpranoui, the same village where the Emperor\\nonly missed by an hour being taken by the Russian\\npartisan Seslawin, the soldiers burned the houses as\\nthey stood, merely to warm themselves for a few\\nminutes. The light of these fires attracted some of\\nthose miserable wretches, whom the excessive severity\\nof the cold and their sufferings had rendered delirious;\\nthey ran to them like madmen, they threw themselves\\ninto these furnaces, where they perished in horrible\\nconvulsions. Their famished companions looked on\\nunmoved and there were some who drew out these\\nbodies, blackened and broiled by the flames, and, shock-\\ning to relate, they ventured to pollute their mouths with\\nthis dreadful food\\nThis was the same army which had been formed from\\nthe most civilized nation of Europe; that army, for-\\nmerly so brilliant, which was victorious over men to its\\nlast moment, and whose name still reigned in so many\\nconquered capitals. Its strongest and bravest warriors,\\nwho had recently been proudly traversing so many\\nscenes of their victories, had lost their noble bearing\\n52", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "410 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncovered with rags, their feet naked and torn, and sup-\\nporting themselves with branches of fir, they dragged\\nthemselves painfully along and the strength and per-\\nseverance which they had hitherto put forth in order to\\nconquer, they now made use of only to flee.\\nIn this state of physical and moral distress, the\\nremnant of the grand army reached the city of Wilna,\\nthe Mecca of then hopes. There food and shelter were\\nobtained but the Russians soon came up and told, in\\nthe thunder of their artillery, that Wilna was not a\\nplace of rest for the French. They were driven from\\nthe town, and Ney, with a handful of men, could\\nscarcely protect their flight. Who can ever do suffi-\\ncient honor to the lion-hearted marshal? This was the\\norder of retreat which he adopted\\nEvery day, at five o clock in the evening, he took his\\nposition, stopped the Russians, allowed his soldiers to\\neat and take some rest, and resumed his march at ten\\no clock. During the whole of the night, he pushed the\\nmass of the stragglers before him, by dint of cries, of\\nentreaties, and of blows. At daybreak, which was\\nabout seven o clock, he halted, again took position, and\\nrested under arms and on guard until ten o clock; the\\nenemy then usually made his appearance, and he was\\ncompelled to fight until the evening, gaining as much\\nground in the rear as possible. This depended at first\\non the general order of march, and at a later period\\nupon circumstances.\\nFor a long time this rear guard did not consist of\\nmore than two thousand, then of one thousand, after-\\nward of about five hundred, and finally it was reduced", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "LAST C AMP-FIRE IN RUSSIA. 411\\nto sixty men and yet Berthier, either designedly, or\\nfrom mere routine, made no change in his instructions.\\nThese were always addressed to the commander of a\\ncorps of thirty-five thousand men in them he coolly\\ndetailed all the different positions which were to be\\ntaken up and guarded until the next day, by divisions\\nand regiments which no longer existed. And every\\nnight, when pressed by Ney s urgent warnings, he was\\nobliged to go and awake the King of Naples, and com-\\npel him to resume his march, he testified the same\\nastonishment.\\nIn this manner did Ney support the retreat from\\nWiazma to Eve, and a few wersts beyond it. He\\nattempted in vain to rally a few of them and he who\\nhad hitherto been almost the only one whose commands\\nhad been obeyed, was now compelled to follow it.\\nHe arrived along with it at Kowno, which was the\\nlast town of the Russian empire. Finally, on the\\n13th of December, after marching forty-six days under\\nthe most terrible sufferings, they once more came in\\nsight of a friendly country. Instantly, without halting\\nor looking behind them, the greater part plunged into,\\nand dispersed themselves in, the forests of Prussian\\nPoland. Some there were, however, who, on their\\narrival on the friendly bank of the Niemen, turned\\nround, and there, when they cast a last look on that\\nland of horrors from which they were escaping, and\\nfound themselves on the same spot whence, five months\\nbefore, their countless legions had taken their victorious\\nflight, tears gushed from their eyes, and they broke out\\ninto exclamations of the most poignant sorrow.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "412\\nCAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nTwo kings, one prince, eight marshals, followed by a\\nfew officers, generals on foot, dispersed, and without\\nattendants finally, a few hundred men of the old guard,\\nstill armed these were its remains these alone repre-\\nsented the grand army.\\nThe camp-fires of the invaders in Russia were at an\\nend. From Moscow to the Niemen they could be\\ntraced in circles of death. Every bivouac had its\\nthrong of victims, conquered more by the climate than\\nthe troops of Russia. Like a vast stream, which gradu-\\nally disappears in the ground as it flows, the grand\\narmy of four hundred thousand men had vanished\\namid the snows of Russia. Upon the banks of the\\nNiemen, it lived only in Marshal Ney.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "rag 8AE1IP-FBIBIS AT? MlfggEL\\nE have seen Napoleon,\\nwith the wreck of an\\narmy, a fugitive amid\\nthe frozen plains of\\nRussia. A few month s\\nhave scarcely elapsed.\\nIt is April, 1813 and\\nthe Emperor of the\\nFrench has taken the\\nfield at the head of\\nthree hundred and\\nfifty thousand men, to beat back the enemies who have\\n(413)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "414 CAMP-FIRES OP NAPOLEON.\\narisen against him in the hour of his adversity. Once\\nmore, in spite of the retreat from Moscow, Europe\\ntrembles at his name.\\nThe allies have posted themselves between Leipsic\\nand Dresden. Napoleon, with a hundred and fifteen\\nthousand men under his immediate command, advances\\nto the attack with his customary confidence and de-\\ncision. Skirmishes took place at Weissenfels and Posen\\non the 29th of April, and the first of May. On the\\nlast day, the French approached the town of Lutzen,\\nwhere Gustavus Adolphus had gained his final victory.\\nThe foremost column came upon the advanced guard of\\nthe allies, posted on the heights of Posen, and com-\\nmanding a defile through which it was necessary to\\npass. Marshal Bessieres, the commander of the Old\\nGuard the companion of Napoleon in so much glory\\ndashed forward to reconnoitre the enemy s position,\\nwhen a cannon ball struck one of his aids, and killed\\nhim upon the spot. The marshal reined in his fiery\\ncharger.\\nInter that brave man, said he, coolly but scarcely\\nhad the words passed his lips, when he was struck by\\na spent cannon ball, and he fell from his horse, a corpse.\\nA white sheet was thrown over him to conceal his fea-\\ntures from the soldiers whom he had so often led to\\nglory. The body was conveyed to a neighboring\\nhouse, and there it lay during the battle of the next\\nday, when the Guard looked in vain for the manly\\nform of their commander. Napoleon deeply regretted\\nBessieres. He ordered the body to be embalmed and\\nsent to the Hotel des Invalides, whence he designed to", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "LUTZEN. 415\\nhave it interred with great honors; but his fall pre-\\nvented the execution of his intention.\\nOn the night of the first of May, the army under\\nNapoleon encamped in order of battle, within sight of\\nthe camp-fires of the allies, near Lutzen. The centre\\nwas at a village called Kaya, under the command of\\nNey. It consisted of the young conscripts, supported\\nby the Imperial Guard, with its new parks of artillery\\ndrawn up before the well known town of Lutzen.\\nMarmont commanded the right. The left reached\\nfrom Kaya to the Elster. The silence of night settled\\ndown upon the camp of the French. But the allies,\\nencouraged by the presence of the Czar and the King\\nof Prussia, had determined to take the offensive a\\nvery unusual course for any enemy in the face of Na-\\npoleon. While the French were reposing around their\\ncamp-fires, the Prussian general, Blucher, crossed the\\nElster. At daybreak, before Napoleon was stirring in\\nhis quarters, the French, in the centre, were startled by\\nthe furious assault of the enemy, who pushed their\\nway through all obstacles, and were on the point of\\ngaining possession of Kaya. The crisis was imminent.\\nNapoleon, roused from slumber by intelligence of the\\nattack, hurried in person to bring up the Guard to sus-\\ntain the centre, while he moved forward the two wings,\\ncommanded by Macdonald and Bertrand, and supported\\nby the tremendous batteries, so as to outflank and sur-\\nround the main body of the allies. Thus began the\\nbattle of Lutzen. The struggle was fierce, and it\\nendured for several hours. The village of Kaya was\\ntaken and retaken a number of times, but at length it", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "416 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nremained in the hands of General Gerard. The stu-\\ndents who were in the ranks of the allies, fought with\\ndesperate courage, and fell in great numbers. Schavn-\\nhort, a noted Prussian general, was killed, and Blucher\\nwas wounded. The artillery of the French carried\\nimmense destruction into the ranks of the enemy, and,\\nat length, fearing from Napoleon s manoeuvres, that\\nthey would be taken in flank, they beat a retreat,\\nwhich they effected safely, but with much difficulty.\\nThey left twenty thousand dead upon the field. The\\nloss of the French was not more than ten or twelve\\nthousand men. The victory was not decisive, but it\\nwas glorious, and once more Napoleon s star shone with\\nbrilliant lustre, free from the shadow of defeat.\\nThe French army was ordered to encamp on the\\nfield of battle in squares, by divisions, in order to pro-\\nvide against any sudden return of the enemy. Couriers\\nwere immediately sent off with the news of the victory\\nto every friendly court in Europe. That night there\\nwas rejoicing around the camp-fires of the French.\\nNapoleon once more received the congratulations of his,\\ngenerals upon a victory, and he began to dream of a\\npeaceful occupation of his imperial throne.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "tehs sAfiap-PQiBs h \u00c2\u00a9MnrsEKu\\nMFTER the victory of Lutzen,\\n^Lrd Napoleon proposed a cessation\\nof hostilities. But those allies\\nwho continually accused him of\\nbeing always for war, rejected\\nhis conciliatory proposals, and\\n*3??35PK#\u00c2\u00ab^- -**h ^solved to try the sword again.\\nThey entrenched their camps at\\nBautzen, and fax from attempting the offensive, which\\n53 (417)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "418 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthey had found so perilous, they anxiously awaited\\nreinforcements. In the meantime, Napoleon had entered\\nDresden in triumph. There he remained a week.\\nFinding that all attempts at conciliation were fruitless,\\nhe then determined to prosecute the campaign vigor-\\nously. On the 18th of May, he commenced the march\\nupon Bautzen, and on the 21st, he reached the position\\nof the allies. They were posted in the rear of Bautzen,\\nwith the river Spree in front; a chain of wooded hills\\nand various fortified eminences to the right and left\\nwere occupied.\\nThe action at this place commenced by the movement\\nof a column of Italians, who were intended to turn the\\nPrussian flank. This body, however, was attacked and\\ndispersed before Marshal Ney could support them. The\\nremainder of the day was spent by the French in passing\\nthe Spree, which was effected without molestation. The\\nEmperor bivouacked in the town of Bautzen for the\\nnight. While the camp-fires of the French and their\\nadversaries blazed near each other beyond the Spree,\\nNapoleon called a council of his principal marshals, and\\nafter much deliberation, it was resolved to turn the\\ncamp of the enemy, instead of storming it. Day had\\njust peeped in the east, and the fires had died out,\\nwhen the dauntless Ney made a wide circuit to the right\\nof the Russians, while Oudinot engaged their left, and\\nSoult and the Emperor attacked the centre. The battle\\nwas fiercely fought. The Prussians, under the lead of\\nthe bold and pertinacious Blucher, kept their ground\\nfor four hours against the repeated charges of Soult.\\nThe slaughter was dreadful on both sides. ~At length,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "BAUTZEN. 419\\nthe Prussians were driven back, and the French were\\nleft in undisputed possession of the heights. Ney had\\nnow gained the rear of the allies, and he poured in mur-\\nderous volleys of shot on their dispirited ranks. Panic\\nstricken at this furious assault, they commenced their\\nretreat, with such celerity as to gain time to rally on the\\nroads leading to Bohemia. As night descended, the\\nFrench shouted lustily for another victory. And there\\nwas revelry around the camp-fires of Napoleon s army.\\nBut the Emperor s heart was sorely touched.\\nGeneral Bruyeres, a gallant officer, had been stricken\\ndown in the joyous moment of victory, at the head of\\nthe Imperial Guard. But it was not for him that the\\nEmperor wept. About seven in the evening, the grand\\nmarshal of the palace the devoted Duroc he who\\nwas dearer to Napoleon than even Lannes or Bes-\\nsieres was mortally wounded. He was standing on a\\nslight eminence, and at a considerable distance from the\\nfiring, conversing with Marshal Mortier and General\\nKirgener, all three on foot, when a cannon ball, aimed\\nat the group, ploughed up the ground near Mortier,\\nripped open Duroc s abdomen, and killed General Kir-\\ngener. The grand marshal was conveyed to a lowly\\nhouse as the victors encamped for the night. Napoleon\\nwas deeply affected when informed of the mournful\\nevent. He hastened to Duroc, who still breathed, and\\nexhibited wonderful self-possession. Duroc seized the\\nEmperor s hand and pressed it to his lips. All my\\nlife, he said, has been devoted to your service, and I\\nonly regret its loss for the use which it might still have\\nbeen to you.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "420 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nDuroc, replied the Emperor, there is another life.\\nIt is there that you will await me, and that we will one\\nday meet.\\nYes, sire but that will be in thirty years, when\\nyou shall have triumphed over your enemies, and realized\\nthe hopes of our country. I have lived an honest\\nman and have nothing to reproach myself with. I\\nleave a daughter your majesty will be a father to her.\\nNapoleon was deeply affected. He felt that the time\\nwas coming when he should need friends like Duroc.\\nHe took the right hand of the grand marshal in his own,\\nand remained for a quarter of an hour with his head\\nresting on the left hand of his old comrade, without\\nbeing able to proffer a word.\\nDuroc was the first to break the silence. He did so,\\nin order to spare Napoleon any further laceration of\\nmind. Ah, sire, said he, go hence This spectacle\\npains you\\nNapoleon paused a moment, and then rose and said\\nAdieu, then, my friend and he required to support\\nhimself on Marshal Soult and Caulaincourt, in order to\\nregain his tent, where he would receive no person the\\nwhole night. He was again victorious. But he had\\nlost his most faithful friends. His enemies were every\\nday increasing in numbers, while he was only growing\\nweaker by the gradual diminution of his forces but\\nsome of the generals, upon whom he was most accus-\\ntomed to rely, were of doubtful fidelity. Victorious or\\nnot, he saw that the struggle was to be continued against\\nfearful odds, and a cloud approached his star.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "TO\u00c2\u00a7 SMBtP-ffMBB AT EBJDIHIFBIBSAIE\\nDISTINGUISHED histo-\\nrian, (Alison,) expresses\\nthe opinion that the great-\\nest displays of Napoleon s\\ngenius were made during\\nhis first campaign in Italy,\\nand the next to the last in\\nhis career, in France. In\\ngj spite of his triumphs at\\nLutzen, Bautzen and Leip-\\nsic, he was compelled to retreat upon France, into\\nwhich he was followed by the overwhelming forces of\\n(421)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "422 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe allies. His throne was threatened on all sides.\\nHis army was but a handful compared with that of his\\nenemies. Yet by his lightning movements, masterly\\ncombinations and indomitable resolution, he gained a\\nsuccession of dazzling victories, and for a time seemed\\nlikely to drive his foes from France. We can only\\nshow this astonishing man during one portion of this\\nunparalleled campaign.\\nIt was the 16th of February, 1814. Having con-\\nquered the Russians at Montmirail, Napoleon had left\\nthe Duke of Ragusa the Judas of the Emperor in\\ncommand of that portion of the army, and flown to the\\narmy of the Seine, commanded by the Dukes of Bel-\\nluno and Reggio. He proceeded to Guignes by way\\nof Crecy and Fontenay.\\nThe inhabitants lined the road with carts, by the help\\nof which the soldiers doubled their distances and the\\nfiring of cannon being heard, the artillery drove on at\\nfull speed. An engagement had been obstinately main-\\ntained since noon by the Dukes of Belluno and Reggio,\\nin the hope to keep possession of the road by which\\nNapoleon was expected an hour later the junction of\\nthe forces would have been difficult. The arrival of the\\nEmperor restored full confidence to the army of the\\nSeine. That evening he contented himself with check-\\ning the allies before Guignes and the next morning\\nthe troops were seasonably reinforced by General Treil-\\nhard s dragoons, who had been detached from the army\\nin Spain. Couriers dispatched to Paris entered the\\nsuburbs escorted by crowds of people who had anx-\\niously assembled at Charenton. On the 17th tire troops", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "MONTEREAU. 423\\nquitted Guignes and marched forward. The allies\\ninstantly knew that Napoleon was returned. General\\nGerard s infantry, General Drouet s artillery, and the\\ncavalry of the army of Spain did wonders. The enemy s\\ncolumns were driven back in every direction, and left\\nthe road between Mormars and Provins covered with\\nthe slain. The Duke of Belluno had orders to carry\\nthe bridge of Montereau that same evening and the\\nimperial guard lit their camp-fires round Nangis, the\\nEmperor sleeping at the castle.\\nIn the course of the evening, one of those lutes by\\nwhich he was too often inveigled arrived in the shape\\nof a demand for a suspension of hostilities, brought by\\nCount Parr from the Austrians. He availed himself of\\nthis opportunity of transmitting a letter from the Em-\\npress to her father, and of writing one himself. Napo-\\nleon at the same time, however, had spirit to write to\\nCaulaincourt to revoke his carte blanche, saying it was\\nto save the capital, but the capital was now saved that\\nit was to avoid a battle, but that the battle had been\\nfought, and that the negotiations must return to the\\nordinary course. The allies had the assurance to\\nreproach Buonaparte with this, as a receding from his\\nword according to circumstances, when they themselves\\nencroached upon him with every new advantage and\\nevery hour, as fast as the drawing aside the veil of\\nhypocrisy would let them.\\nIn the meantime, the Duke of Belluno was encamped\\nat the bridge of Montereau; Early on the morning of\\nthe 18th, Napoleon was vexed to hear that the bridge\\nwas not yet captured but that the camp-fires of the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "424 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nduke were burning amidst troops at rest, when great\\nefforts were demanded of them. The Emperor hurried\\nto that point. But the Wurtemberg troops had estab-\\nlished themselves there during the night.\\nNapoleon ordered forward the Bretagne national\\nguard and General Pajol s cavalry. General Gerard\\ncame up in time to support the attack, and Napoleon\\nhimself arrived to decide the victory. The troops took\\npossession of the heights of Surville, which command\\nthe confluence of the Seine and the Yonne and batteries\\nwere mounted which dealt destruction on ,the Wurtem-\\nberg force in Montereau. Napoleon himself pointed the\\nguns. The enemy s balls hissed like the wind over the\\nheights of Surville. The troops were fearful lest Napo-\\nleon, giving way to the habits of his early life, should\\nexpose himself to danger but he only said, Come on,\\nmy brave fellows, fear nothing the ball that is to kill\\nme is not yet cast. The firing redoubled and under\\nits shelter the Bretagne guards established themselves\\nin the suburbs, while General Pajol carried the bridge\\nby so vigorous a charge of cavalry, that there was not\\ntime to blow up a single arch. The Wurtemberg troops,\\ninclosed and cut to pieces in Montereau, vainly sum-\\nmoned the Austrians to their aid. This engagement\\nwas one of the most brilliant of the campaign. Their\\nsuccess encouraged the troops, roused the country peo-\\nple, and stimulated the ardor of the young officers but\\nnothing could revive the spirits of the veteran chiefs.\\nHope does not return twice to the human breast.\\nSeveral of the most distinguished officers were deeply\\ndepressed.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "MONTEREAU. 425\\nNapoleon could no longer repress his dissatisfaction.\\nHe reproached General Guyot in the presence of the\\ntroops, with having suffered the enemy to surprise some\\npieces of artillery the preceding evening. He ordered\\nGeneral Digeon to be tried by a council of war for a\\nfailure of ammunition on the batteries but afterwards\\ntore the order. He sent the Duke of Belluno, who had\\nsuffered the Wurtembergers to surprise the bridge of\\nMontereau before him, permission to retire and gave\\nthe command of his corps to General Gerard, who had\\ngreatly exerted himself during the campaign. The\\nDuke repaired to Surville to appeal against this decision\\nbut Napoleon overwhelmed him with reproaches for\\nneglect and reluctance in the discharge of his duties.\\nThe conduct of the Duchess was also made a subject\\nof complaint; she was Lady of the Palace, and yet\\nhad withdrawn herself from the Empress, who, indeed,\\nseemed to be quite forsaken by the new court. The\\nDuke could not for some time obtain a hearing the\\nrecollections of Italy were appealed to in vain; but,\\nmentioning the fatal wound which his son-in-law had\\nreceived in consequence of his delay, the Emperor was\\ndeeply affected at hearing the name of General Chateau,\\nand sympathized sincerely in the grief of the marshal.\\nThe Duke of Belluno resuming confidence, again pro-\\ntested that he would never quit the army. I can\\nshoulder a musket, said he I have not forgotten the\\nbusiness of a soldier. Victor will range himself in the\\nranks of the Guard. These last words completely\\nsubdued Napoleon. ^Well, Victor, he said, stretching\\nout his hand to him, remain with me. I cannot restore\\n54", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "426 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe command of your corps, because I have appointed\\nGeneral Gerard to succeed you; but I give you the\\ncommand of two divisions of the Guard and now let\\nevery thing be forgotten between us.\\nThe Emperor was victorious. But victory only\\nserved to fill him with false hopes. He triumphed\\nagain and again. But it was of no avail. The forces\\nof the enemy were overwhelming and at the moment\\nwhen it seemed most likely that he could save France,\\nthe disgusting treachery of Marmont and Augereau,\\ntwo men whom he had raised from the dust, as it\\nwere, brought about his ruin. He found, like many\\nother great characters of history, in their hour of ad-\\nversity, that the men who were most indebted to him\\nwere the men upon whom it were most unsafe to rely.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ffffilB SASBIP-PllIES at iB\u00c2\u00aeas\\nI :y x ^HILE the allies held anxious\\ncouncils, and were filled with\\napprehensions at almost eve-\\nry movement of Napoleon in\\nhis mighty struggle for his\\nthrone, he continued to strike\\nvigorous blows at his throng-\\ning enemies. He triumphed\\nat Craonne, and took posses-\\nsion of Rheims. The Austrians, under Schwartzenberg,\\n(427)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "428 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nwere compelled to retreat. On the 17th of March,\\nNapoleon broke up his head-quarters at Rheims, and\\nadvanced by Epernay to attack the rear of the Austrian\\narmy. On the 20th, his advanced guard encountered\\nan Austrian division at Arcis-sur-Aube. The conflict\\nbecame fierce. The Austrians brought up fresh bat-\\ntalions, supported by cannon and Napoleon found that\\ninstead of attacking a rear guard in retreat, he was in\\nfront of the whole of the grand army in its advance on\\nParis.\\nThis was unfortunate for the Emperor s calculations.\\nHe conceived himself to be acting upon the retreat\\nof the allies, and expected only to find a rear guard at\\nArcis he was even talking jocularly of making his\\nfather-in-law prisoner during his retreat. If, contrary\\nto his expectation, he should find the enemy, or any\\nconsiderable part of them, still upon the Aube, it was,\\nfrom all he had heard, to be supposed his appearance\\nwould precipitate their retreat towards the frontier. It\\nhas also been asserted, that he expected Marshal\\nMacdonald to make a corresponding advance from the\\nbanks of the Seine to those of the Aube but the orders\\nhad been received too late to admit of the necessary\\nspace being traversed so as to arrive on the morning of\\nthe day of battle.\\nNapoleon easily drove before him such bodies of fight\\ncavalry, and sharp-shooters, as had been left by the\\nallies, rather for the purpose of reconnoitring than of\\nmaking any serious opposition. He crossed the Aube\\nat Plancey, and moved upwards, along the left bank of\\nthe river, with Ney s corps, and his whole cavalry, while", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "arcis. 429\\nthe infantry of the guard advanced upon the right his\\narmy being thus, according to the French military\\nphrase, a-cheval, upon the Aube. The town of Arcis\\nhad been evacuated by the allies upon his approach,\\nand was occupied by the French on the morning of the\\n20th March. That town forms the outlet of a sort of\\ndefile, where a succession of narrow bridges cross a\\nnumber of drains, brooks, and streamlets, the feeders of\\nthe river Aube, and a bridge in the town crosses the\\nriver itself. On the other side of Arcis is a plain, in\\nwhich some few squadrons of cavalry, resembling a\\nreconnoitring party, were observed manoeuvring.\\nBehind these horses, at a place called Clermont, the\\nPrince Royal of Wurtemberg, whose name has been so\\noften honorably mentioned, was posted with his division,\\nwhile the elite of the allied army was drawn up on a\\nchain of heights still farther in the rear, called Mesnil\\nla Comptesse. But these corps were not apparent to\\nthe vanguard of Napoleon s army. The French cavalry\\nhad orders to attack the light troops of the allies but\\nthese were instantly supported by whole regiments, and\\nby cannon, so that the attack was unsuccessful and the\\nsquadrons of the French were repulsed and driven back\\non Arcis at a moment, when, from the impediments in\\nthe town and its environs, the infantry could with diffi-\\nculty debouch from the town to support them. Napo-\\nleon showed, as he always did in extremity, the same\\nheroic courage which he had exhibited at Lodi and\\nBrienne. He drew his sword, threw himself among the\\nbroken cavalry, called on them to remember their former\\nvictories, and checked the enemy by an impetuous", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "430 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncharge, in which he and his staff officers fought hand to\\nhand with their opponents, so that he was in personal\\ndanger from the lance of a Cossack, the thrust of which\\nwas averted by his aid-de-camp, Girardin. His Mame-\\nluke, Rustan, fought stoutly by his side, and received a\\ngratuity for his bravery. These desperate exertions\\nafforded time for the infantry to debouch from the town.\\nThe Imperial Guards came up, and the combat waxed\\nvery warm. The superior numbers of the allies ren-\\ndered them the assailants on all points. A strongly\\nsituated village in front, and somewhat to the left of\\nArcis, called Grand Torcy, had been occupied by the\\nFrench. This place was repeatedly and desperately\\nattacked by the allies, but the French made good their\\nposition. Arcis itself was set on fire by the shells of\\nthe assailants and night alone separated the combatants\\nby inducing the allies to desist from the attack.\\nThe French remained masters of the field, which\\nthey had maintained against nearly treble their num-\\nber. They had not gained a victory, but they had\\nfought one of their most glorious battles, and Napoleon\\nhad displayed not only the full blaze of his genins, but\\nhad shown the allies that he was still the valorous hero\\nof Areola. Many of the houses of Arcis were blazing\\nwhen the wearied heroes kindled their camp-fires along\\nthe Aube. Upon the distant heights of Mesnil la\\nComptesse, the watch-fires of the enemy were to be\\nseen, and the sky was redly illumined as far as the\\neye could penetrate. Napoleon had retired to his\\nhead-quarters, to rest his weary body, but not to sleep.\\nHe had but twenty-seven thousand men, and he was", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "ARCIS. 431\\nbefore a strong position, occupied by eighty thousand\\ntroops. He was busy in examining his maps, when an\\naid, Girardin, entered and announced the arrival of\\nMarshals Macdonald and Oudinot, and General Gerard,\\nwith their detachments. A few moments afterwards,\\nthose brave commanders entered. Napoleon received\\nthem with much apparent gratification. Others of his\\ngenerals also arrived, and a council was held to deter-\\nmine upon the course to be pursued. Macdonald was\\nthe most influential of the Emperor s advisers at this\\ntime. His great good sense,, cool, steady courage, and\\nhonest heart, had won upon Napoleon s favor, and he\\nlistened to his counsel with much attention and con-\\nsideration. In a former part of his career, he had\\ntreated Macdonald very unjustly. In his darker hours,\\nhe found the marshal s great worth, and ever afterwards\\nspoke of him in the highest terms.\\nThe character of Macdonald could be read in his broad,\\nScotch countenance. His expression was honest, pene-\\ntrating and determined. He was above all meanness.\\nHe lacked enthusiasm but he had a mind that could\\ncalmly work in the midst of the most terrible excite-\\nment. He never appeared to be ruffled. The tone of\\nhis voice was always dry, even, and steady, as if it was\\nout of the power of the ordinary human emotions to\\ngain an influence over him. Napoleon eagerly asked the\\nadvice of the renowned marshal, and received a prompt\\nreply that retreat was necessary and it would be\\nwell if it could be effected in the face of an overwhelm-\\ning enemy. Oudinot and Gerard concurred in Mac-\\ndonald s opinion indeed, there seemed to be a prevailing", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "432 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nidea, that immediate retreat was necessary, and Napo-\\nleon acquiesced. But the manner of it was not so easy\\nto determine. The army was in a difficult position.\\nThe line of retreat on either side of the Aube was ren-\\ndered dangerous by the numerous defiles, where an\\nenemy might attack with advantage. Finally, it was\\ndecided to retreat on both sides of the Aube, as a method\\nof presenting a smaller mark to an enemy in pursuit,\\nand of hurrying through the dangerous defiles. The\\ncouncil then dissolved into a conversational party, but\\nthe spirits of the generals seemed under the shadow of\\na cloud. There was scarcely one of them who did not\\napprehend a speedy termination of the fearful struggle\\nin which they were engaged. To all Napoleon s expres-\\nsions of his grand designs, for which he had no means,\\nthey gave the reply of a shake of the head, or indicated\\nthe obstacles. Napoleon could see that their enthusiasm\\nand confidence had been dissipated by the disasters\\nwhich their glorious efforts had been unable to avert\\nfrom the French arms. The demeanor of the Emperor\\nwas calm and dignified. He was Emperor of France\\nand at the head of an army still. He was even vic-\\ntorious. But there was no lightness in his look or\\nspeech.\\nAt daybreak the camp-fires of the army were extin-\\nguished, and the order of retreat given. It was a mas-\\nterly exploit. With his small army, the Emperor\\nretreated through the difficult defiles, in the face of a\\nwhole Austrian army and though pursued and annoyed,\\nsustained but little loss.\\nBut what availed these miracles of generalship? The", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "arcis. 433\\nstruggle was quickly decided, by irresistible numbers\\nand sickening treachery.\\nParis was surrendered by Marmont, while still capable\\nof defence, and the enemy gained possession of Lyons by\\nthe same means. All hope was lost, and the Emperor was\\nadvised by Macdonald and others of his most faithful\\nfriends, to comply with the terms of the allies and abdi-\\ncate his throne. He resisted as long as there was a\\nshadow of hope, and then obeyed stern necessity. The\\nenemies of France were supreme. The sovereign of\\nher choice was consigned to the little island of Elba,\\nand the detested Bourbons were restored in the person\\nof Louis XVIII.\\nWe will not dwell upon the leave-taking of the\\nEmperor how he kissed the eagles, and embraced the\\nveterans of Fontainebleau. It is not within our scope.\\nIt is enough to know, that such victories as Montereau,\\nArcis and Montmirai], won in the last hours of his\\nimperial power, sustained the glory of Napoleon s\\ngenius, and proved that no treason, coming like a\\nblight over the councils of the brave, could annihilate\\nhis title to immortal remembrance.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "TEH 8MBP-IFBIBB AT wi }imm\u00c2\u00ae\\niAjlAPOLEON had returned\\n|]\\\\J to France. He had landed\\nat Cannes with but a few\\nsoldiers as a guard but he\\nhad been swept up to the\\nimperial throne of Paris\\nupon a mighty wave of\\npopular enthusiasm. All\\nEurope had arisen in arms\\nagainst the choice of the\\nnation. The campaign of the Hundred Days had\\ncommenced. At the head of a hundred and twenty\\n(434)", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 435\\nthousand men, the Emperor had advanced to attack\\nWellington and Blucher, with two hundred and fifty\\nthousand.\\nIn order to escape from the danger which might result\\nfrom too great an inferiority of numbers, Napoleon\\nstrove, from the commencement of the campaign, to\\nseparate the English from the Prussians, and manoeuvred\\nactively to throw himself between them. His plan was\\nstrikingly successful on the 16th at the battle of Ligny\\nBlucher, being attacked alone, was completely beaten,\\nand left twenty-five thousand men on the field of battle.\\nBut this enormous loss did not materially enfeeble an\\narmy which had such masses of soldiers in line, and\\nbehind, still more numerous reserves. In the position\\nin which the Emperor found himself, he required a more\\ndecisive advantage, a victory which should annihilate\\nthe army of Blucher, and allow him to fall upon Wel-\\nlington next, in order to crush him in his turn. This\\nsuccessive defeat of the English and Prussians had been\\nmost skilfully prepared by the orders and instructions\\nhe dispatched on all sides. But, we cannot too often\\nrepeat it, his destiny was accomplished and fatal mis-\\nunderstandings deceived the calculations of his genius.\\nMoreover, he had himself a presentiment that some\\nunforeseen incident would disarrange his combinations,\\nand that fortune had more disasters in store for him.\\nIt is certain that in these circumstances, he said to\\nhis suite, I had no longer in myself that definitive feel-\\ning; there was nothing of former confidence. His\\npresentiments were too soon realized.\\nAt daybreak on the 17th, Grouchy, at the head of", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "436 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthirty-four thousand men, was dispatched in pursuit of\\nthe enemy, who had fled in two columns by way\\nof Tilly and Grembloux, with orders to proceed to\\nWavres. About seven in the morning, the Emperor\\ngalloped forward with Count Lobau s cavalry towards\\nQuatre-Bras, which place he expected to find in posses-\\nsion of Ney the latter, however, had not been able to\\nretrieve his error of the 16th, and remained facing the\\nposition of the British, although now occupied only by\\ntheir rear-guard, which made off as soon as its com-\\nmander perceived the approach of Lobau s horsemen.\\nPursuit was immediately given, Napoleon hoping that\\nhe might yet be able to overtake and defeat the Eng-\\nlish. In consequence of the state of the roads, from\\nthe heavy rains, it was near four o clock before the\\nretreating column reached the plain of Waterloo, and\\nnearly seven before the troops were in position on the\\nrising ground in front of Mount St. Jean.\\nThat night the English bivouacked on the field they\\nwere to maintain in the battle of the morrow. Between\\nsix and seven, Napoleon reached Planchenois; and\\nperceiving the enemy established in position, fixed his\\nhead-quarters at the farm of Cailloux, and posted his\\nfollowers on the heights around La Belle Alliance.\\nThe reinforcements received by the Duke of Welling-\\nton during the 16th and 17th, had raised his army to\\nseventy-five thousand men, who were supported by\\ntwo hundred and fifty pieces of cannon. Napoleon s\\nforces have been estimated at seventy thousand men,\\nand about two hundred and forty pieces of cannon it\\nmust, however, be borne in mind, that the Duke could", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 437\\nnot depend on the Belgian, Nassau, and Hanoverian\\ntroops.\\nNever, says Alison, was a more melancholy\\nnight passed by soldiers than that which followed the\\nhalt of the two armies in then respective positions on\\nthe night of the 17th of June, 1815.\\nThe whole of that day had been wet and cloudy\\nbut towards evening the rain fell in torrents, insomuch\\nthat, in traversing the road from Quartre-Bras to\\nWaterloo, the soldiers were often ankle deep in water.\\nWhen the troops arrived at their ground, the passage\\nof the artillery, horse, and wagons over the drenched\\nsurface had so completely cut it up, that it was almost\\nevery where reduced to a state of mud, interspersed in\\nevery hollow with large pools of water. Cheerless and\\ndripping as was the condition of the soldiers, who had\\nto lie down for the night in such a situation, it was\\npreferable to that of those battalions who were stationed\\nin the rye-fields, where the grain was for the most part\\nthree or four feet high, and soaking wet from top to\\nbottom. The ground occupied by the French soldiers\\nwas not less drenched and uncomfortable. But how\\nmelancholy soever may have been their physical situa-\\ntion, not one feeling of despondency pervaded the\\nbreasts either of the British or French soldiers. Such\\nwas the interest of the moment, the magnitude of the\\nstake at issue, and the intensity of the feelings in\\neither army, that the soldiers were almost insensible to\\nphysical suffering. Every man in both armies was\\naware that the retreat was stopped, and that a decisive\\nbattle would be fought on the following day. The great", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "438 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\ncontest of two-and-twenty years duration was now to\\nbe brought to a final issue retreat after disaster would\\nbe difficult, if not impossible, to the British army,\\nthrough the narrow defile of the forest of Soignies\\noverthrow was ruin to the French. The two great\\ncommanders, who had severally overthrown every\\nantagonist, were now for the first time to be brought\\ninto collision the conqueror of Europe was to measure\\nswords with the deliverer of Spain. Nor were sanguine\\nhopes and the grounds of well-founded confidence\\nwanting to the troops of either army. The French\\nrelied with reason on the extraordinary military talents\\nof their chief, on his long and glorious career, and on\\nthe unbroken series of triumphs which had carried\\ntheir standards to every capital in Europe. Nor had\\nrecent disasters weakened this undoubting trust, for the\\nmen who now stood side by side were almost all vete-\\nrans tried in a hundred combats the English prisons\\nhad restored the conquerors of Continental Europe to\\nhis standard, and for the first time since the Russian\\nretreat, the soldiers of Austerlitz and Wagram were\\nagain assembled round his eagles. The British soldiers\\nhad not all the same mutual dependence from tried\\nexperience, for a large part of them had never seen a\\nshot fired in battle. But they were not on that account\\nthe less confident. They relied on the talent and\\nfirmness of their chief, who they knew, had never been\\nconquered, and whose resources the veterans in their\\nranks told them would prove equal to any emergency.\\nThey looked back with animated pride to the unbroken\\ncareer of victory which had attended the British- arms", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 439\\nsince they first landed in Portugal, and anticipated the\\nkeystone to their arch of fame from the approaching\\nconflict with Napoleon in person. They were sanguine\\nas to the result but, come what may, they were resolute\\nnot to be conquered. Never were two armies of such\\nfame, under leaders of such renown, and animated by\\nsuch heroic feelings, brought into contact in modern\\nEurope, and never were interests so momentous at issue\\nin the strife.\\nThe field of Waterloo, rendered immortal by the battle\\nwhich was fought on the following day, extends about\\ntwo miles in length from the old chateau, walled garden,\\nand inclosures of Hougoumont on the right, to the\\nextremity of the hedge of La Haye Sainte on the left.\\nThe great chaussee from Brussels to Charleroi runs\\nthrough the centre of the position, which is situated\\nsomewhat less than three quarters of a mile to the south\\nof the village of Waterloo, and three hundred yards in\\nfront of the farm-house of Mount St. Jean. This road,\\nafter passing through the centre of the British line, goes\\nthrough La Belle Alliance and the hamlet of Ros-\\nsomme, where Napoleon spent the night. The position\\noccupied by the British army, followed very nearly the\\ncrest of a range of gentle eminences, cutting the high\\nroad at right angles, two hundred yards behind the\\nfarm-house of La Haye Sainte, which adjoins the high-\\nway, and formed the centre of the position. An un-\\npaved country road ran along this great summit, form-\\ning nearly the line occupied by the British troops, and\\nwhich proved of great use in the course of the battle.\\nTheir position had this great advantage, that the", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "440 CAMP-FIKES OF NAPOLEON.\\ninfantry could rest on the reverse of the crest of the\\nridge, in a situation in great measure screened from the\\nfire of the French artillery while their own guns on\\nthe crest swept the whole slope, or natural glacis, which\\ndescended to the valley. in their front. The French\\narmy occupied a corresponding line of ridges, nearly\\nparallel, on the opposite side of the valley, stretching\\non either side of the hamlet of La Belle Alliance. The\\nsummit of these ridges afforded a splendid position for\\nthe French artillery to fire upon the English guns but\\ntheir attacking columns, in descending the one hill and\\nmounting the other, would of necessity be exposed to\\na very severe cannonade from the opposite batteries.\\nThe French army had an open country to retreat over\\nin case of disaster; while the British, if defeated,\\nwould in all probability lose their whole artillery in the\\ndefiles of the forest of Soignies, although the intrica-\\ncies of that wood afforded an admirable defensive posi-\\ntion for a broken array of foot soldiers. The French\\nright rested on the village of Planchenois, which is of\\nconsiderable extent, and afforded a very strong defen-\\nsive position to resist the Prussians, in case they should\\nso far recover from the disaster of the preceding day\\nas to be able to assume offensive operations and menace\\nthe extreme ^French right.\\nThis is an admirable picture of the position and con-\\ndition of the respective armies which were to decide\\nthe fate of Europe. It could not be improved.\\nThe farm-house of Cailloux, in which the Emperor\\nwas busy with his maps and plans, and surrounded by\\nhis celebrated marshals, was surrounded with the meagre", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 4-11\\nfires which the guard had kindled but the rain fre-\\nquently extinguished them and drove many of the\\nveterans to seek the shelter of sheds.\\nNapoleon displayed all his usual activity and dis-\\npatch. He dictated orders to be conveyed to the dif-\\nferent commanders of columns with the rapidity of\\nlightning. Every body near him was kept in a state of\\nfeverish excitement, except the calm and steady Soult,\\nwhom it seemed impossible to move. There, too, was\\nthe stalwart Ney, whom the storms of battle could not\\neven scar ready for any duty, no matter how hopeless\\nthe performance. There also was the brave but reckless\\nJerome, who was destined to earn a high fame on the\\nmorrow. Berthier, who had so long been a fixture by\\nthe side of Napoleon, was not there, he had deserted\\nthe man from whose glory he had borrowed beams\\nBut there was Maret, Bertrand, the steady Drouot, of\\nthe Old Guard, Gorgaud and Labedoyere a galaxy of\\nbravery and talent such as was wont to surround the\\nEmperor. All were busy noting down instructions, and\\nreplying to the swift questions of the tireless man\\nwhom they obeyed. Without, the rain was heard drip-\\nping incessantly. Drouot let fall an expression of\\nopinion that, in consequence of the deluge, the ground\\nwould be impracticable for artillery.\\nWe shall see, it is not yet morning, replied the\\nEmperor. Then he leaned his head upon his hand, and\\nthought\u00e2\u0080\u0094 perhaps in the way of presentiment of dis-\\naster but no expression of apprehension escaped his\\nlips. Grouchy would keep Blucher m check, and\\nWellington would be crushed. Fortune might yet be\\n56", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "442 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nffivorable. But the heavens had quenched the last\\ncamp-fire of Napoleon.\\nAbout ten o clock at night. Napoleon sent a dispatch\\nto Grouchy, to announce that the Anglo-Belgian army\\nhad taken post in advance of the forest of Soignes,\\nwith its left resting on the hamlets of La Haye and\\nOhain, where Wellington seemed determined on the\\nnext day to give battle Grouchy was, therefore,\\nrequired to detach from his corps, about two hours\\nbefore daybreak, a division of seven thousand men, and\\nsixteen pieces of artillery, with orders to proceed to St.\\nLambert and, after putting themselves in communica-\\ntion with the right of the grand army, to operate on the\\nleft of the British.\\nMeanwhile, the Duke of Wellington being in com-\\nmunication with Blucher, was promised by him that the\\nPrussian army should advance to support the British on\\nthe morning of the 18th.\\nThe rain, which had not ceased during the night,\\ncleared off about five o clock in the morning; and at\\neight it was reported by the officers who had been sent\\nto inspect the field, that the ground was practicable\\nfor artillery. The Emperor instantly mounted his\\nhorse, and rode forward towards La Haye Sainte, to\\nreconnoitre the British line.\\nBy half-past ten o clock the two armies were arrayed,\\nand impatient for orders to commence the battle. The\\nEmperor proceeded to the heights of Bosomme, where\\nhe dismounted to obtain a clear view of the whole field\\nand there stationed his guard, as a reserve, to act where\\nemergency might require. Meanwhile, the English", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 443\\nremained silent and steady, waiting the commands of\\ntheir chief; who, with telescope in hand, stood beneath\\na tree, near the cross-road, in front of his position,\\nwatching the movements of his opponents.\\nThe village clock of Nivelles was striking eleven\\nwhen the first gun was fired from the French centre.\\nThen followed a tremendous rattle of musketry, as the\\nbrave Jerome led the column on the left to the attack\\non Hougomont, and drove the Nassau troops before\\nhim. The chateau and gardens, however, were bravely\\ndefended by a division of English guards, who were not\\nto be dislodged. The fight, raged here more or less\\nduring the day, till at length the chateau was set on\\nfire by the shells of the French, and it was found neces-\\nsary to abandon it.\\nNapoleon, who was anxiously watching the first\\nmovement of his troops, was interrupted by an aid-de-\\ncamp, sent by Ney, who had been charged to attack the\\nenemy s centre, arriving at full gallop to announce that\\nevery thing was in readiness, and the marshal only wait-\\ning the signal to attack. For a moment the Emperor\\nglanced round the field, and perceived in the direction\\nof St. Lambert, a moving cloud advancing on the left\\nof the English pointing it out to Soult, he asked\\nwhether he conceived it to be Grouchy or Blucher\\nThe marshal being in doubt, Generals Domont and\\nSubervie were dispatched with their divisions of light\\ncavalry, with orders to clear the way in the event of its\\nbeing Grouchy, and if Blucher, to keep him in check.\\nNey was then ordered to march to the attack of La\\nHaye Sainte after taking that post with the bayonet,", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "144 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nand leaving a division of infantry, he was to proceed to\\nthe farms of Papelotte and La Haye, and place his\\ntroops between those of Wellington and Bulow. With\\nhis usual promptitude, the Prince of the Moskowa had\\nin a few moments opened a battery of eighty cannon\\nupon the left centre of the English line. The havoc\\noccasioned by this deadly fire was so immense, that\\nWellington was obliged to draw back his men to the\\nreverse slope of the hill on which they had stood, in\\norder to screen them from its effects. The Count\\nd Erlon, under cover of the fire, advanced along the\\nGenappe road but as they ascended the position of\\nLa Haye Sainte, the Duke of Wellington directed against\\nthem a charge of cavalry, which speedily drove one\\ncolumn back into the hollow.\\nThe English guards were in turn repulsed by a bri-\\ngade of Milhaucl s cuirassiers, and galloping onwards,\\nattacked the infantry the horsemen not being able to\\nmake an impression on the squares formed for their\\nreception, while they were themselves exposed to an\\nincessant fire of musketry. One of D Erlon s unbroken\\ncolumns pushed forward, meanwhile, beyond La Haye\\nSainte, upon which it made no attack, and charging one\\nBelgian and three Dutch regiments, drove them from\\ntheir posts in disorder, and took possession of the\\nheights. Sir Thomas Picton was now sent to dislodge\\nthe enemy, and being supported by a brigade of heavy\\ncavalry, the French, after firing a volley, paused,\\nwheeled, and fled in confusion. Many were cut down\\nby the guards while seven guns, two eagles, and about\\ntwo thousand prisoners were taken. The British, how-", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.\\nPage 444.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 445\\never, pursued their success too far; and becoming\\ninvolved among the infantry, were attacked by a body\\nof cuirassiers, in their turn broken, and forced to retire\\nwith great loss.\\nAlthough for the time, Ney was deprived of his artil-\\nlery, he continued to advance upon La Haye Sainte.\\nFor three hours, this important position, and the part\\nof the field which it commanded, was hotly contested\\nby both parties, the hill being now held by the English,\\nand now by 7 the French. The contest, which shortly\\nextended itself along the whole front of the British line,\\nbecame of the most desperate character. Whole bat-\\ntalions fell as they stood in line; and the cries and\\ngroans of the wounded and dying were heard even\\nabove the incessant roll of the musketry, and the thun-\\nder of the artillery.\\nNapoleon, who had returned to the rising ground to\\nwatch the progress of the battle, fancying he beheld\\nindications of the enemy s retreat, ordered Kellerman\\nto advance with all his cuirassiers immediately, to sup-\\nport the cavalry between Mount St. Jean and La Haye-\\nSainte. The dragoons galloping forward, drove the\\nEnglish from their guns, and furiously charged the\\nsquares of infantry behind. Notwithstanding the deadly\\nshower which thinned their ranks, the cuirassiers ap-\\npeared determined to succeed in their purpose and re-\\nturned again and again, riding round the squares, and\\npenetrating even to the second British line the infantry,\\nhowever, was immovable and after sustaining frightful\\ncarnage, the cuirassiers were compelled to retire. The\\nconflict now rather abated, until near six o clock, and", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "446 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nthe chiefs of each army were anxiously expecting rein\\nforcements. Domont, Lobau, and Subervic had effec-\\ntually checked Bulow on the French right but there\\nwas no sign of Grouchy making his appearance, and it\\nwas soon discovered that Blucher had come up with\\nthe main body of his army, and that the French opposed\\nto him could not long maintain their ground. News\\nwas received from Grouchy, that instead of leaving\\nGembloux at day-break, according to his previously\\nstated intentions, he had delayed there till half-past nine,\\nand then pursued the road to Wavres, being unacquainted\\nwith the Emperors engagement at Waterloo. The\\ncrisis of the battle now approached, and Napoleon saw\\nthat nothing but the most consummate skill and desperate\\nvalor could save his army from ruin. His preparations\\nwere, therefore, commenced for the final struggle. A\\nseries of movements, changing the whole front of his\\narmy, so as to face both Prussians and English, was the\\nresult of his first orders. Napoleon next formed the\\ninfantry of the Imperial Guard, which had not yet been\\nbrought into action, at the foot of the position of La\\nBelle Alliance, into two columns, and led them forward\\nin person, to a ravine which crossed the Genappe road,\\nin front of the British lines. Here he relinquished the\\ncommand to Ney, at the entreaty of his officers the\\nMarshal, who had had five horses shot under him during\\nthe day, advanced on foot. A heavy discharge of ar-\\ntillery announced that they were in motion; the British\\nguns soon commenced a most destructive firing on the\\ntroops, which committed dreadful havoc. Although\\ntheir numbers were thinned at every step, the- guards", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "WATERLOO. 447\\ncontinued to advance, and soon gained the rising ground\\nof Mount St. Jean, where the English awaited their\\nassault. The French bands played the Imperial march,\\nand the troops ruched on with loud shouts of Vive V\\nEmioereur The Belgian, Dutch, and Brunswick troops\\ngave way instantly, and the Duke of Wellington was\\ncompelled to rally them in person. Before the Imperial\\nGuard could deploy, he gave the word for the British\\ninfantry to advance the men, who had been lying pros-\\ntrate on the hill, or resting on their arms on the slope,\\nsprang forward, and closing around Ney, and his gallant\\nfollowers, poured into their ranks a continuous stream\\nof bullets. The guard attempting to deploy, were thrown\\ninto confusion, and rushed in a crowd to the hollow road\\nin front of La Haye Sainte, whence they were speedily\\ndriven. In this desperate charge, Ney s uniform and\\nhat were riddled with balls. In the meantime, Blucher\\nhad pressed forward, and driven the few French from\\nthe hamlet of La Haye and his advanced guard already\\ncommunicated with the British left. Bulow, who had\\nbeen repulsed from Planchenois, but was now reinforced,\\nwas again advancing. Wellington, having assumed the\\noffensive, was advancing at the head of his whole army.\\nIt already grew dusk; the French had every where\\ngiven way the guard, never before vanquished, had\\nbeen routed by the stern troops of Britain and night\\nbrought with it terror and despair. It having been re-\\nported that the Old Guard had yielded, a panic suddenly\\nspread throughout the French lines, and the fatal cry\\nof Sauve qui pent was raised, and becoming universal\\ndiscipline and courage were forgotten, and a wild flight", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "448 CAMP-FIRES OF NAPOLEON.\\nensued. The cavalry and artillery of the English and\\nPrussians now scattered death on all sides. The ven-\\ngeance of the latter was unsatiated, and these scoured\\nthe field, making fearful- carnage, and giving no quarter.\\nThe Old Guard was yet unbroken, and Napoleon lingered\\non the ground. Prince Jerome, who had fought bravely\\nthroughout the day, urged him to an act of desperation.\\nHere, brother, said he, all who bear the name of\\nBonaparte should fall Napoleon, who was on foot,\\nmounted his horse, but his soldiers would not listen to\\nany proposal involving his death and at length, an\\naid-de-camp seizing his bridle, led him at a gallop from\\nthe field. Tie arrived at Genappe shortly before ten\\no clock at night, where he again attempted to rally but\\nthe confusion was so great as to be utterly irremediable.\\nThe pursuit of the French was continued far into the\\nnight by the Prussians. Nine times, the wearied fugi-\\ntives halted, kindled fires and prepared to bivouac. Nine\\ntimes they were startled by the dreadful sound of the\\nPrussian trumpet, and obliged to continue their flight.\\nThe star that had arisen at Toulon, and shone resplen-\\ndent over Lodi, Marengo, Jena, Wagram, Borodino, and\\na throng of other sanguinary fields had sunk forever.\\nIt is painful to trace the career of fallen greatness. We\\nwill not follow the Emperor, shorn of his purple, to his\\nprison at St. Helena, where a deadly climate did the\\nwork that the leaden storms of a hundred fights had\\nrefused to perform. We will not go to that bed of death,\\nfrom which, while the elements were at terrible war,\\nthat stormy spirit was carried away. Leave Hannibal\\nat Zama, and Napoleon at Waterloo.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF NAPOLEON.\\nPage 448.", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4361", "width": "2633", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4518", "width": "2806", "jp2-path": "campfiresofnapol00wats_0508.jp2"}}