{"1": {"fulltext": "TRACT.\\nBY\\nBENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN.\\nWith a Geological and Topographical Map.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\nSHERMAN CO., PRINTERS.\\n1893.", "height": "4581", "width": "2653", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4389", "width": "2430", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "SHIPPEN AND WETHERILL\\nTRACT.\\nBY\\nBENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN.\\nt\\nw\\nWith a Geological and Topographical Map.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\nSHERMAN CO. PRINTERS.", "height": "4389", "width": "2430", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4389", "width": "2430", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nReport on the Shippen and Wetherill Tract,.5\\n1. Situation, 5\\n2. Lay of the Land,. g\\n3. Geology,.7\\nStructure,..\\nRocks,.7\\n4. Coal Beds, _ _ lh\\nMammoth Coal Bed,.10\\nPalmer Tunnel, ...10\\nOld Air Hole, 10\\nBlew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slopes,.11\\nNear Old Drift,.. .12\\nLog Road,.13\\nWest End of Tract,.13\\nSouthwest,.14\\nAverage Thickness,.15\\nOutcrops,.15\\nQuantity,.10\\nTen Foot Coal Bed, 16\\nNear Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slopes,.. 16\\nOn the Log Road, 17\\nOther Openings,.17\\nAverage Thickness,. 17\\nQuantity,.18\\nBuck Mountain Coal Bed,. .19\\nJust Outside East End of Tract,.19\\nNortheast Hole, .19\\nRoad Forks, 19\\nWestern Hole,.20\\nCrop Boring,.20\\nSouth of the Tract, ..21\\nNeighboring Mines, 21\\nAverage Thickness, 22\\nQuantity,.23\\nOther Coal Beds,.23\\nOrchard Coal Bed, 23\\nPrimrose Coal Bed, 23\\nHolmes Coal Bed,.24\\nTop Split of the Mammoth,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 24\\nDrift Coal Bed, .26\\nSpring Coal Bed, .27\\nLykens Valley Coal Bed,.28\\n5. Summary of the Workable Coal,. .28\\n6. Mining and Shipment,.29\\n7. Map and Sections,.29\\nAn occurrence of Coarse Conglomerate above the Mammoth Anthracite Bed, 32", "height": "4389", "width": "2430", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "REPORT ON THE SHIPPEN AND WETHER1LL TRACT\\nSCHUYLKILL TOWNSHIP, SCHUYLKILL CO., PA.\\nBY BENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN.\\n(With a Geological and Topographical Map.)\\n1. Situation.\\nThe Sliippen and Wetherill Tract, in Schuylkill township, Schuyl\u00c2\u00ac\\nkill county, Pennsylvania, is a mile and a quarter north of the vil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlage of Patterson (at the Brockville station of the Philadelphia and\\nReading Railroad) half a mile north of the old Potts and Sillyman\\ncoal mines, a mile northwest of the old Swift Creek colliery, a mile\\nand a quarter west of the Palmer tunnel of the Kentucky Bank col\u00c2\u00ac\\nliery, two miles west of the village of Tuscarora, three miles north\\nof Middleport, four miles southeast of New Boston, four miles and\\na half southeast of Mahanoy City, five miles southeast of Morea,\\nfive miles and a half west-southwest of Tamaqua, and eight miles\\nnortheast of Pottsville.\\nThe tract is in the shape of a cleaver, with a long handle towards\\nthe northeast, and a broad blade on the southeast side towards the\\nsouthwest. The handle is 900 yards long and 300 yards wide, and\\nthe blade averages about 1200 yards long by 600 yards wide, nar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrower, however, towards the west, making the total length about a\\nmile and a quarter. According to a very accurate survey made last\\nsummer by Mr. Howell T. Fisher, the tract contains 207 acres and\\n140 perches, or 207 J acres.\\n2. Lay of the Land.\\nThe tract lies on the southern edge of Broad Mountain, about\\nhalf a mile north of the Mine Hill ridge formed by the Mine Hill\\nanticlinal. Big Creek flows across the very south westernmost corner\\nof the tract, and is a stream of a dozen feet in width. Little Creek,\\nonly 2 or 3 feet wide, crosses the middle of the broad part of the\\ntract from north to south, and joins Big Creek three-quarters of a\\nmile below the southern boundary.\\nThe general trend of the hills at the northern boundary is nearly\\nparallel to it, and they descend thence rather gently throughout most\\nof the handle-shaped part of the tract, but 40 feet to a compa^ij jy,", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "6\\nlevel bench some 300 yards wide at the blade-end of* the handle, and\\nmuch narrower towards the west. Then, near the middle of the\\nbroad part of the tract, the hills fall off steeply about a hundred feet,\\nwith an east and west trend, to another broad bench that continues\\nto the southern boundary, with a small parallel ridge at the west and\\na continuous gentle slope downwards at the east.\\nThe steep bluff through the middle of the tract is cut square\\nacross by Little Creek, with a bold crag on the eastern bank, but\\nwith gentler slopes on the west. A broad gentle rise in the southern\\nbench separates that small stream from Big Creek, and is in line with\\nthe main course of Big Creek up stream, and seems like a strong\\nbarrier that dammed back the creek from its former straight easterly\\ncourse and forced it to cut its way southward across the probably\\nalready notched Mine Hill anticlinal, where the gap now forms what\\nis called Moss Glen, a narrow ravine encumbered with big blocks of\\nconglomerate.\\nA consideration of the geological structure shows that the broad\\nrise in the lower bench is really such a barrier, and composed of the\\nsame very hard rock beds that appear in the crag and hill east of\\nLittle Creek near the middle of the tract, and in the hill south of\\nthe southern bench to the westward, and that the two broad benches\\nwith the hills bounding them north and south are occasioned by the\\nbasin-like form of the underlying rocks. The topography is not\\nmerely a key to the geological structure, but of itself almost a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete demonstration of it without the numerous additional corrobo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrative observations that have been made.\\nThe land rises at the northern boundary to about 1400 feet above\\nsea-level, on the northern bench to about 1360 feet, on the southern\\nbench to about 1250 feet, and at the lowest point, where Little Creek\\nleaves the tract, to about 1150 feet.\\nThe road from Brockvilie across Locust Valley to Mahanoy City\\nenters the southern edge of the tract 100 yards east of Little Creek\\nand goes out near the northwest corner. The only building on the\\ntract is a small shanty for tools at Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes, two small slopes on\\nthe Mammoth coal bed at the angle formed by the broad part of the\\ntract, or blade, with the handle. An air-hole about 60 yards further\\neast gives access to the old abandoned workings of the Kentucky\\nBank coal mine. On the east bank of Little Creek, at 60 yards\\nnortheast of the great crag already mentioned, there is the mouth of\\na trial drift driven about five years ago for some 84 yards on a small\\nvein of coal. On the west bank of Little Creek, just north of the", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "7\\nMahanoy City road, there is a diamond drill hole that was bored\\na couple of years ago.\\n3. Geology.\\nStructure.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The main feature of the geological structure is a\\ndeep basin running east and west through the southern part of the\\nbroad portion of the tract, sinking eastward, just north of the great\\nMine Hill anticlinal. The basin is followed on the north, almost\\nwithout an intervening saddle, by a basin that is shallow at the east\\nend of the tract, but rises and grows narrower westward, so as to\\nbecome apparently little more than a space of very flat dips at the\\nwestern end of the tract. This shallow basin appears to have a sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nordinate slight roll near the middle. The Mine Hill anticlinal\\naxis is to the south of the tract, and is sinking rapidly eastward, and\\nhas likewise on its northern side a subordinate roll that perhaps\\nbecomes the principal saddle further east, near the mouth of the\\nPalmer tunnel.\\nThe dips on the south side of the main basin are gentle, some 20\u00c2\u00b0\\nor 25\u00c2\u00b0 at most at the western edge of the tract, though 37\u00c2\u00b0 at the\\neastern, but on the northern side, for a short space, are much steeper,\\nup to 70\u00c2\u00b0, or a little more. Thence northward, under the northern\\nbench, the dips are very gentle or quite flat; then, northward, steeper\\nagain, say 30\u00c2\u00b0 or 45\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe openings of coal beds and the exposures of dips are so numer\u00c2\u00ac\\nous both on the tract and adjacent thereto, including several mines,\\nthat the geological structure is now worked out in great detail, and\\nis thereby thoroughly demonstrated, even aside from the very strong\\ncorroboration of the surface topography.\\nRocks. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The rocks just below the surface of the tract belong to\\nthe lower part of the productive coal measures, together with a little\\nof the underlying Pottsville conglomerate.\\nThe highest beds, those in the middle of the main basin at the\\neastern boundarv line, are about 75 feet above the middle of the\\nOrchard (or Grier) coal bed. That bed has never been opened on\\nthe tract, though formerly worked at a small mine a mile to the\\nsouth, and in the Palmer tunnel, where its average thickness of good\\ncoal was 6 feet (H. H. Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Final Report on the Geology of\\nPennsylvania, 1858, vol. ii., p. 414).\\nFrom the middle of the Orchard down to the middle of the Prim\u00c2\u00ac\\nrose, the next lower coal bed, is a thickness here of abjut 115 feet,\\nthe character of which has not been observed on the tract, except", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "8\\nthe lower 34J feet sand-rock, bored through at the diamond drill\\nhole near the middle of the tract; but would appear from the cross-\\nsection in Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Report, vol. ii., p. 106, to be chiefly shaly, with\\nsome sand-rock layers. The Primrose bed, so far as known, on the\\ntract and close to it, has an average thickness there of about 18\\ninches.\\nBelow the middle of the Primrose bed there is a thickness of\\nabout 120 feet down to the middle of the Holmes (or Palmer) coal\\nbed. According to the diamond drill boring, the whole thickness\\nwas alternating beds of sand-rock and conglomerate, except some 17\\nfeet of slate near the middle. The Holmes bed may be taken as\\naveraging 18 inches in thickness.\\nFrom the middle of the Holmes coal bed down to the middle of\\nthe coal bed sometimes called the Top Split of the Mammoth, there\\nis a thickness of about 188 feet, only conglomerate so far as observed\\non the tract in the diamond drill hole, except a little fire clay under\\nthe upper coal and some sand-rock in the upper 30 feet or so, and\\npractically the same is seen on the Mahanoy City or Locust Valley\\nroad up from Brockville; but Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s report mentions two beds of\\ncoal, the upper one 2 feet thick and the lower one 4 feet, in that\\nspace at the Palmer tunnel; and the upper one has there only slate\\nabove it, and below it only sandstone down to the lower one of the\\ntwo. The upper of the two coal-beds seems to occur to the south\\nof the tract in the cross-sections M N and O P and the lower one in\\nM N (see p. 30). That report described the rest of the space down to the\\nso-called Top Split, or Seven-Foot bed, in the Palmer tunnel, as hard\\npebbly rock\u00e2\u0080\u009d (vol. ii., p. 103), and so it is at the place just men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned on the Mahanoy City road, with some pebbles as large as wal\u00c2\u00ac\\nnuts. The coal bed here sometimes called the Top Split of the\\nMammoth, may be taken as averaging about 3J feetjn thickness on\\nthe tract.\\nFrom the middle of the so-called Top Split of the Mammoth down\\nto the middle of the main Mammoth bed is a thickness of about\\n90 feet, both at the Palmer Tunnel and on the tract and at the old\\nmines to the south. Rogers gives the intervening rock beds as\\nhard pebbly rock (vol. ii., p. 103), and so they appear on the road\\nup from Brockville towards Locust Valley and Mahanoy City.\\nThe diamond drill borer near the middle of the tract found them con\u00c2\u00ac\\nglomerate, with a little sandstone towards the bottom. The beds\\nare in great part exposed here and there in the hill eastward from\\nLittle Creek, and are everywhere conglomerate, and for a thickness", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "9\\nof 30 feet at the crag already mentioned just east of that creek are\\nvery coarse, with pebbles up to 3 inches in diameter. The increase\\nin coarseness is only very local but coarse conglomerate at this\\nhorizon is not unusual in the anthracite region, and has been observed\\nfour miles further west, near Silver creek, also on the Riehle tract,\\nnext west of Morea, at the Otto colliery, near Branchdale, and at\\nmany other places (see the paper on An Occurrence of Coarse\\nConglomerate above the Mammoth Anthracite Bed,\u00e2\u0080\u009d read before\\nthe American Institute of Mining Engineers at the Reading meeting,\\nOctober, 1892). The average total thickness of the main Mammoth\\ncoal bed on the tract may be taken as 11 feet.\\nFrom the middle of the Mammoth coal bed down to the middle\\nof the coal bed of the old trial drift is a variable thickness. At\\nBlew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes it amounts to about 50 feet; but at the air hole of the\\nold drift the two beds are only 10 feet 3 inches apart. The whole\\nspace between the beds appears to be filled with hard gray sand-rock,\\nexcept half a dozen feet of fire-clay under the upper coal bed near\\nthe slopes. The drift coal bed may be taken as averaging possibly\\n3 feet on the tract. It is the same as the Skidmore bed of Morea\\nand New Boston and the Wharton bed of the middle and northern\\nanthracite fields. The name, Skidmore, however, is sometimes given\\nin the southern field to the next lower coal bed, if it is at any point\\nthe thicker of the two.\\nFrom the middle of the Drift coal bed down to the middle of the\\nTen Foot coal bed is a thickness of about 50 feet, all apparently\\ncomposed, between the coals, of gray sand-rock. The Ten Foot bed\\nis 10 feet 7 inches thick at the only point where it has been opened\\non the tract.\\nFrom the middle of the Ten Foot coal bed down to the middle of\\nthe Buck Mountain coal bed is a thickness of 70 feet, apparently all\\nfilled, except the coal, with sand-rock. The Buck Mountain coal\\nbed may be taken on the tract as averaging 8 feet in total thickness.\\nFrom the middle of the Buck Mountain coal bed down to the\\nmiddle of the Spring coal bed is a thickness of about 35 feet; and\\nall between the coals is apparently sand-rock, except a foot or more\\nof fire-clay at the top. The Spring coal bed was opened last sum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer near the northwest corner of the tract, some 20 yards north of\\nthe Buck Mountain coal opening and was 3 feet thick. The bed\\nis known at Morea, and is there about 2 feet thick.\\nFrom the middle of the Spring coal bed down to the middle of\\nthe Lykens Valley coal bed is about 390 feet at New Boston,", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "10\\nMorea and the East Mahanoy tunnel, and the Boston Run tunnel,\\nand not far from that thickness near Tamaqua (see State Geological\\nSurvey Atlas, Southern Coal Field, Pt. I., Cross Section Sheet III.,\\nSection 12), and presumably about the same on this tract; and the\\ninterval between the coals is filled with conglomerate. The Lykens\\nValley coal bed at New Boston is about 2J feet thick. It does\\nnot crop out on this tract and has never been opened anywhere in the\\nimmediate neighborhood, and its thickness hereabouts is quite un\u00c2\u00ac\\nknown. There is no workable coal known below it.\\n4. Coal Beds.\\nMammoth Coal Bed. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Mammoth coal bed has been\\nslightly worked on the tract, and extensively so within a short dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance outside, and has been proved by several trial openings inside\\nas well as by a great number outside.\\nPalmer Tunnel .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Mammoth coal bed was formerly worked\\nin the Kentucky Bank mines from Palmer Tunnel, not only east\u00c2\u00ac\\nward, but westward 2250 yards (Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Final Report, 1858,\\nvol. ii., p. 413); that is, more than a 100 yards into the eastern edge\\nof the tract, a statement that agrees with local tradition. Accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to that report the bed there \u00e2\u0080\u009caverages 20 feet\u00e2\u0080\u009d (p. 103); or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cits normal thickness is 18 feet\u00e2\u0080\u009d (p. 413); but at 850 yards to\\nthe west the part worked, supposed to be only one split, had a\\nthickness of 7J feet. Mr. H. S. Thompson in his report on the tract,\\ncites the original map of the tunnel made in 1853 by Mr. George\\nK. Smith, mining engineer, and shows the Mammoth coal bed to\\nbe 20 feet thick there, and that Mr. Smith\u00e2\u0080\u0099s map shows it after\\nseparating from the top split to be about 9 feet thick with about 8\\nfeet 9 inches of coal (2 feet of it soft coal) at one place, and 7 feet of\\ngood coal at another place.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOld Air Hole .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Near the western end of the Palmer Tunnel work\u00c2\u00ac\\nings and only 60 yards east of the eastern boundary of the broad\\npart of the tract, an air hole still gives admission to the old mine;\\nand it has been entered by Mr. A. D. W. Smith and many others\\nin the past season, as well as in former years. They say that at one\\npoint there the bed is 17 or 18 feet thick, but with an average ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nparently of about 12 feet total thickness. He has found in his\\nrecent elaborate researches for the State Coal Waste Commission that\\n235 sections of various coal beds in the southern anthracite field\\ngive an average of 72 per cent, of coal in the total thickness and that\\n1144 such sections in the middle anthracite field give an average of", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "77 per cent, of coal. A total thickness of 12 feet would therefore\\nhave probably 9 feet of coal. The sections of the Mammoth mea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsured in the trial pits of the past season in the tract itself and close\\nMAMMOTH BED\\nNEAR DRIFT\\nSOUTHWESTERN\\n4,6 S\u00e2\u0080\u0099N DR\u00e2\u0080\u0099CK WESTERN\\n2J5 FIRECLAY\\n1. SLATE\\nZfi FIRECLAY\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u009e COAL\\n2. SLATE P\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n8,6\\nSAND\\nROCK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e11 COAL\\n1,6 SLATE\\n3,4 COAL\\nSL FIRECLAY\\n5,6S ndrx;k\\n1,6 FIRECLAY\\n.4 SLATE\\n,1114 COAL\\n,1 COAL\\n.7 COAL\\n3 COAL\\n4^COAL\\nLOG ROAD\\n2, S NDRC K\\nfi k COAL\\nlllggggLlP2. SLATE\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e1 COAL\\nS 5\u00e2\u0080\u009e9 SLATE\\n9,9 COAL\\nSLATE\\n34 COAL\\n,2 SLATE\\n2p COAL\\n3.6S NDRCK\\nSCALE\\n10 FEET TOAN INCH\\n3,6\\nSAND\\nROCK\\nJ\u00c2\u00a3 SLATE\\nCOAL\\n2.1\\nDRIFT Bt).\\n5 FIRECLAY\\nto it give a slightly larger average percentage of coal in the total\\nthickness.\\nBlew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slopes .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Just inside the eastern boundary of the broad part\\nof the tracts there are two small slopes, within a few yards of each", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12\\nother, sunk in 1886 or 1887, and worked by Mr. William Blew.\\nThe older, eastern one of the two is reported by Mr. H. S. Thomp\u00c2\u00ac\\nson in November, 1886, to be 110 feet deep, but for the lower 40\\nfeet already inaccessible, partially fallen closed and full of water.\\nHe quotes the thickness of the bed at the bottom of that slope as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cfrom 9 to 10 feet,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and it was also reported to us as 10 feet; and\\nfrom his investigations hereabouts he takes it at 10 feet. At about\\n40 feet from the top of the slope, however, the bed measures about\\n5 feet thick, all coal. A total thickness of 10 feet would indicate a\\nthickness probably of 7J feet of coal. The roof here is hard sand-\\nrock with a few inches of black slate under it; and the floor is dark-\\ngray fire-clay about 5 feet, overlying at least 6 feet of sand-rock\\ngrowing harder downwards, and at that depth having pea pebbles.\\nNear Old Drift .\u00e2\u0080\u0094At 1100 feet west of Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes and near the\\nair-hole of the old drift, the Mammoth bed was opened last Octo\u00c2\u00ac\\nber on its outcrop, and the following section was measured, from\\nabove downward\\nBluish-gray fine hard sand-rock, exposed in the shaft, 8 or\\n9 feet, say,.\\nCoaly clay,.\\nCoal, rather soft at present,\\nCoal, bony,\\nCoal, rather soft,\\nCoal, firm and good,\\nBlack carbonaceous slate,\\nCoal, very hard, good,\\nBlack slate,.\\nCoal, soft,.\\nDark-gray shalv sand-rock,\\nCoaly shale, clod,\u00e2\u0080\u009d.\\nCoal, Drift-Bed, 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, but\\njust here, 2 feet to 2 feet 5 inches, say,\\nFire-clay, about,.\\nFt. Ins.\\n8 6\\n0 Of\\n1 2\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e 4\\nO 11\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u009e 4\\n2 1\\n3 4\\n0 2\\n2 6\\n9 6\\n0 9\\n2 2.j\\n5 0\\n43 9f\\nThe lower coal is in the old drift, into which they dug from the\\nbottom of the Mammoth, only 7 feet. It is seen, then, that the\\nMammoth bed here is 17 feet 10 inches thick, with 15 feet 7 inches\\nof coal. The softer portions of the coal will perhaps be firm at a\\nbetter distance from the outcrop. The shaft is about 28 feet deep\\nto the outcrop of the bottom of the bed, and is driven thence hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontally across the bed. The dip near the top of the bed is 37\u00c2\u00b0\\nsoutherly.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "13\\nLog Road .\u00e2\u0080\u0094At 350 yards further west, on the log road, the\\nMammoth bed was opened in December, 1892, by a trial shaft on\\nits outcrop; and the following section was measured, from above\\ndownward\\nGray sand-rock exposed in the shaft, about,\\nCoal, rather soft (so near the outcrop),\\nBlack slate rather decomposed,\\nCoal,\\nBlack slate,\\nCoal,.\\nBlack slate,\\nCoal,\\nCoal, softer,\\nCoal, harder,\\nCoal, softer,\\nBlack slaty fire-clay,\\nGray, hard sand-rock,\\nFt. Ins.\\n2\\nV\\n0\\nV\\n0\\n8\\n9\\nv\\n0\\n0\\n0\\n0\\n2\\n0\\nV\\n1\\n0\\n9\\n3\\n0\\n1\\n1\\n11\\n6\\n10\\n7\\n4\\n0\\n6\\n15 81\\nThe Mammoth bed has here, then, 5 feet 1J inches of coal in a\\ntotal thickness of 8 feet 2J inches. The softer parts are again\\naffected by nearness to the outcrop. The shaft is wholly vertical,\\nand 3(1 feet deep to the bottom of the bed. The dip at the top of\\nthe bed is 70\u00c2\u00b0 and at the bottom 55\u00c2\u00b0, both southerly. The diver\u00c2\u00ac\\ngence shows that it happens to be just at the point of a small local\\nsqueeze.\\nWest End of Trad .\u00e2\u0080\u0094At 325 yards still further west and 90 yards\\nshort of the west boundary, the same bed was opened last July, and\\nthe following section was measured, from above downward\\nFt.\\nIns.\\nLight-gray sand-rock,\\n5\\n6\\nWhite fire-clay,...\\n1\\n6\\nBlack slate,\\n0\\n4\\nCoal, bony,\\n0\\n3\\nCoal, soft,.\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n81\\nBlack slate,\\n0\\nCoal, bony,.\\n0\\n1\\nBlack slate,\\n0\\nf*\\ni\\nCoal, good,\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n7\\nBlack slate,..\\n0\\n3\\nCoal, good,.\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n8\\nBlack slate,.\\no\\n4\\nCoal, 4 feet 5 inches to 5 feet, say,\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n81\\nBlack slate, with some coal specks, growing hard below,\\n5\\n9\\n21\\n101\\nThe lower main bench of coal has at one point an inch of bony", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14\\ncoal at 10 inches above the bottom. It is seen, then, that the Mam\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoth bed here has from 6 feet 8J inches to 7 feet 3J inches, or say\\na mean of 7 feet of coal, within a total thickness of 9 feet 1 inch.\\nThe coal is mostly very firm and good; as the distauce from the\\nvery decomposed outcrop is somewhat better than in the more eastern\\ntrial shafts and the pit is in a drier situation. The depth here is 35\\nfeet; and the surface wash was only about 20 feet deep. The dip\\nat the bottom is 60\u00c2\u00b0 southerly.\\nSouthivest .\u00e2\u0080\u0094At 250 yards easterly from the southwest corner of\\nthe tract and 60 yards south of the southern boundary line, the\\nMammoth bed was opened the past season and the following section\\nmeasured, from above downwards\\nFt\\nIns\\nWhite, tine sand-rock, about,.\\n4\\n6\\nFire-clay, about,\\n2\\n6\\nBlack slate, about,.\\n1\\n0\\nFire-clay, about,.\\n2\\n6\\nCoal, 9 inches to 1 foot 3 inches, say,\\n1\\nO\\nBlack slate,\\n2\\na\\n0\\nCoal, rather soft,\\nO\\n11\\nBlack slate,\\n1\\n6\\nCoal, hard,\\n3\\n4\\nFire-clay,\\n9\\n0\\n28\\n3\\nThe Mammoth coal-bed then, has here a total thickness of 8 feet\\n6 inches or nine feet, say 8 feet 9 inches, with 5 feet or 5 feet 6\\ninches, say 5 feet 3 inches of coal. The trial pit is a vertical shaft\\n11 feet deep prolonged on the coal bed into a slope about 38 feet\\nlong, with some digging into the roof at the face. The dip is 20\u00c2\u00b0\\nnortherly.\\nThe opening is on the south side of the basin, and as the identity\\nof the bed is clear from its very section, as well as from the position\\nof the two other well-identified beds opened above it near by, and\\nfrom its own position on its long southern outcrop, fixed here and\\nthere by numerous trial pits and several extensive mines, it is one\\nlink in the irrefragable chain of evidence that the rocks of the main\\nsouthern body of the tract do lie simply in the form of a basin. The\\noutcrop continues hence eastward around the descending Mine Hill\\nanticlinal, and is found on the Brockville and Mahanoy City road\\nnear the springs, and further to the southeast was formerly opened\\nnear the top of the axis at several trial shafts, and still further south\u00c2\u00ac\\nward and westward was formerly opened with drifts and slopes and", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "15\\nextensively mined, as shown on the map. Westward of the two last-\\ndescribed openings, the same Mammoth bed was formerly opened by\\nthree trial pits on the south side of the basin and by one on the north\\nside near Big Creek, as shown on the map; and there were also two\\nother openings of it further up the creek, 400 yards beyond the\\nwestern limit of the map and near the spoon of the basin of that\\ncoal-bed.\\nAverage Thickness .\u00e2\u0080\u0094From the figures already given some idea of\\nthe average thickness of the bed on the tract may be obtained, as may\\nby the following table:\\nOpening.\\nTotal\\nCoal.\\nft. in.\\nft. in.\\nNear the old drift,\\n17 10\\n15 7\\nOn the log road,\\n8 2\\\\\\n5 1\\nNear western edge of tract,\\n0 1\\n7 0\\nAt the southwest,\\n8 9\\n5 3\\nSum, to be divided by four,\\n43 101\\n32 11\\nAverage,\\n10 Ilf\\nMr*\\nC 1\\nCO\\nor say, eight feet and a quarter of coal in a total thickness of eleven\\nfeet.\\nIf the reported and estimated thickness of the bed at Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes\\nand in the adjacent portion of the Kentucky Bank mine be counted,\\nas given above, the result is identical:\\nOpening.\\nTotal,\\nft. in.\\nCoal,\\nft. in.\\nNear west end of Kentucky Bank mine,\\n12 0\\n9 0\\nBlew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slope bottom,\\n10 0\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u009e6\\nSum, to be divided by two,\\n22 0\\n16 6\\nAverage,\\n11 0\\n8\u00e2\u0080\u009e3\\nThese results may then probably be taken pretty safely as not very\\nfar from correct, but for greater safety, as well as simplicity, we may,\\nin estimating the quantity of coal, take the thickness as only 8 feet.\\nOutcrops .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The outcrop of the Mammoth bed has been carefully\\ndrawn on the map both within and without the tract, taking account\\nof the dips, the strikes, the height of the surface of the ground and\\nthe position of the bed in numerous cross sections (not all of them\\nprinted), according to the new and old trial pits and mine workings.\\nTowards the northeast, however, along the workings of the Ken\u00c2\u00ac\\ntucky Bank mine, the old crop-falls have been taken as the main\\nguide to the places of outcrop. The outcrop has everywhere been", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "16\\nmarked as if 20 feet below the surface of the ground, to allow for the\\nsurface wash that is unusually deep over most of the tract and often\\nnearly or quite that depth. In any case, the coal itself is more or\\nless decomposed almost everywhere to fully that depth, sometimes\\ndeeper, especially where the dip is steep and the circulation of water\\nabundant.\\nQuantity .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Measuring then the portion of the tract underlain by\\nthe Mammoth bed, we find it to be 95 acres. Taking account of\\nthe greater extent of the bed itself by reason of its basin shape, we\\nfind there are 126 acres of the bed. Reckoning 1976.5 tons of coal\\nto the acre for every foot of thickness, according to the average spe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncific gravity of Panther Creek coals, our nearest investigated neigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nbors, as given (more precisely 1976.583 tons) in Report A A, 1883,\\np. 136, of the State Geological Survey, we have for the number of\\ntons of coal in the Mammoth bed, within the tract, 1,990,000 tons.\\nOf that amount, 830,000 tons are above the level of 1000 feet above\\nthe sea that is, about the level of the main gangway of the Ken\u00c2\u00ac\\ntucky Bank mine at the eastern edge of the tract, and a level easily\\naccessible by tunnels from the south or southeast. The position of\\nthe middle of the bed at different levels 100 feet apart, as required\\nby the numerous cross sections drawn, is marked on the map, and\\nclearly shows the basin shape of the bed. The greatest depth of the\\nbed below the surface of the ground, anywhere in the tract, is at the\\neastern edge of the tract, and appears to be less than 700 feet.\\nTen-Foot Coal Bed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Until last October the Ten-Foot bed\\nhad not been opened anywhere on the tract. One trial opening on\\nit was then made, and the place of its outcrop has lately been proved\\nat another place. The bed has been formerly opened at several\\nplaces, more or less distant, outside the tract, but is no longer acces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible at any of them.\\nNear Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slopes .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The only opening of the Ten-Foot bed on\\nthe tract is a trial shaft dug last October behind the shanty and 70\\nyards north of Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes, with the following section from above\\ndownwards:\\nFt. Ins.\\nSand-rock,.17 0\\nCoal dirt, rotten coal, ..O 6\\nCoal,.6 7\\nBlack slate,.0 1^\\nCoal,.3 4\u00c2\u00a3\\nFire clay, exposed.0 3\\n27 10", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "17\\nThe upper 6 inches of rotten coal may prove to he coal that is\\nmerely affected by its nearness to the outcrop, and at a greater depth\\nmay be of passable quality. Leaving it out of account for the pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nent, however, we have 9 feet 11J- inches of coal in a total thickness\\nof 10 feet 1 inch. The dip here is 30\u00c2\u00b0 southerly. The coal is much\\naffected by the nearness of the outcrop, but appears to be in charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nter intermediate between the Mammoth and the Buck Mountain\\ncoals. At 36 feet to the north the wholly-decomposed outcrop of\\nthe bed was found in a trial shaft, with a thickness of 5J feet of\\nblack dirt, at 5J feet below the surface of the ground.\\nOn the log road off from the Mahanoy City road, in the western\\npart of the tract, the outcrop of the bed was bored into in the surface\\nwash a few days ago, as a test of the map, and found exactly as\\nalready laid down. Six feet of coal dirt were found, much as at the\\ntrial shaft just mentioned.\\nOther Openings \u00e2\u0080\u0094The same bed occurs at the Newkirk colliery,\\n4J miles to the east, and has there a thickness of 10 feet 1 inch in\\nthe water-level tunnel and 4 feet 1 inch in a lower-lift tunnel. (See\\nthe State Geol. Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Southern Coal Field Atlas, Part IV., Sheet\\nIV., Columnar Sections 5 and 6.) The bed is called there the Bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom Split of the Mammoth.\\nTwo miles west of the tract, and 400 yards east of Silver Creek\\ndam, there are a couple of old openings on the same bed apparently.\\nThe two holes are 200 yards apart north and south, one on either\\nside of the basin. The northern one had, acccording to the notes of\\nMr. P. W. Sheafer, 12 feet of coal with 6 inches of bony at 2 feet\\n9 inches above the bottom; consequently with a section much re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsembling that of the opening on the tract. The southern of the\\ntwo holes had a total thickness of 9 feet 3 inches, with 8 feet 8\\ninches of coal.\\nSouth of the tract, and not far from the Sillyman and Potts\\nmines, the Ten-Foot bed has been opened at several trial shafts, as\\nshown on the map and in the cross-sections; but they are all long\\nsince fallen shut, and the thickness of the bed is not known. The\\nplace of the bed there, however, corresponds closely with its place\\nas found on the tract, and therefore corroborates well the geology of\\nthe map.\\nAverage Thickness .\u00e2\u0080\u0094It appears, then, that the thickness found in\\nthe only opening of the bed on the tract, and the only one recorded\\nwithin a couple of miles, is not unlike the nearest ones known out\u00c2\u00ac\\nside of that distance. It is, therefore, perhaps not unsafe to take it\\n2", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "18\\nas indicating the thickness of the bed throughout the tract, and to\\nreckon the average thickness there at 10 feet of coal, within a total\\nthickness of 10J feet.\\nTEN FOOT BED\\nTEN FOOT BED\\nAND\\nI4,3S\u00e2\u0080\u0099N0R CK\\nBUCK MTN. BED\\nWESTERN\\nROAD FORKS\\n3J5 COAL\\n5^3 FIRECLAY\\n.4 SLATE\\nI, 10 COAL\\nJO SLATE\\nII, COAL\\nJUST OUTSIDE\\nEASTERN\\n2 SHALE\\n2,9 COAL\\n,2 SLATE\\n3,8 COAL\\nq.6 COAL\\n12, ROCK\\nSCALE\\n10 FEET TO AN INCH\\nQuantity .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The outcrop through the tract was drawn, and the\\narea underlain by the bed was found to be 115 acres. Allowing for\\nthe basin shape, the area of the bed itself was found to be 143J\\nacres. Reckoning a thickness of 10 feet and the same specific\\ngravity as before, the quantity of coal was found to be 2,840,000\\ntons. Of that, 1,400,000 tons are above the level of 1000 feet above", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "19\\nthe sea. That level was drawn on the manuscript map in order to\\nmeasure the area, but to avoid too great complication is not marked\\non the printed one.\\nBuck Mountain Coal Bed. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Buck Mountain coal bed has\\nnever been worked on the tract nor anywhere within at least nearly\\n2 miles of it, but a number of old and now inaccessible trial pits\\nhave been sunk upon it east of the tract and to the south beyond\\nthe Mine Hill anticlinal, and the past season three trial openings of\\nit have been made on the tract itself.\\nJust Outside East End of Trad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A dozen yards east of the north\u00c2\u00ac\\neastern end of the tract there is an old opening on the Buck Moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain coal bed, with a recorded thickness of 9J feet of coal.\\nNortheast Hole. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sixty yards to the southwest of that, and inside\\nof the northeast end of the tract, an old hole on the outcrop of the\\nBuck Mountain bed was reopened the past season, and the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing section was measured from above downward\\nFt. Ins.\\nStrong sand-rock roof.\\nDark gray shale, about ..2 0\\nCoal, rotten,.. 2 9\\nBlack slate, 4 b feet to 0 inches, say,.0 2\\nCoal, rotten,. 3 8\\n8\\nThe bed appears, then, to have here a total thickness of 6 feet 7\\ninches, with 6 feet 5 inches of coal. The coal is mostly decomposed\\nfrom nearness to the outcrop, though small pieces showed it to be of\\ngood quality; but the hole was a wet one and difficult to supply\\nwith air, and was not driven deeper. The abundant circulation of\\nthe water has no doubt aided in the decomposition of the coal. The\\nhole was a shaft 12 feet 6 inches deep, continued by a slope 25 feet\\nlong on the coal bed. The dip was 43\u00c2\u00b0 southeast.\\nRoad Forks. \u00e2\u0080\u0094At the forks of an old road, about 300 yards fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nther west, another opening of the Buck Mountain coal bed was made\\nthe past season, and the following section measured from above\\ndownward:\\nCoal, 2 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 10 inches, say,\\nFt.\\n3\\nIns.\\nGray fire clay,.\\n5\\n3\\nCoaly shale, \u00e2\u0080\u009cclod,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 6 inches to 2 inches, say,\\n0\\n4\\nCoal dirt, rotten coal,.\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n10\\nSlate, decomposed,.\\n0\\n10\\nCoal dirt, rotten coal,\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n0\\nFire clay, exposed about.\\n3\\n6\\n16\\n0", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "20\\nThis was also a very wet hole, and the coal, particularly in the\\nlower part, has been much decomposed by the circulation of the\\nwater. The coal of the upper bench was of good quality, with much\\nof the birdseye texture common in the bed. The total thickness of\\nthe bed is apparently 11 feet 11 inches to 13 feet 1 inch, or, in the\\nmean, 12 feet 6 inches, with coal 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 8 inches,\\nor say 6 feet and 1 inch. The hole was a shaft about 23 feet deep,\\ncontinued by a slope 23 feet long on the lower coal benches, with\\none 25 feet long on the upper bench. The dip was 35\u00c2\u00b0 southerly\\nin the upper bench and 53\u00c2\u00b0 southerly in the lower, with a mean of\\n44\u00c2\u00b0\u00e2\u0080\u0094nearly the same as at the eastern hole.\\nWestern Hole .\u00e2\u0080\u0094At 260 yards easterly from the northwest corner of\\nthe tract, the Buck Mountain coal bed was opened last summer, and\\nthe following section was measured from above downward:\\nFt. Ins.\\n6 0\\n1 2\\n4 2\\n0 6\\n12 0\\n23 10\\nThe bed here is, then, 4 feet 2 inches thick in a single bench,\\nthough it is possible that another coal bed, some feet higher up, ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nparently opened formerly in two holes 100 and 170 yards to the\\neast, but now inaccessible, might be regarded as an upper split of\\nthe Buck Mountain bed. The coal of the present hole is of good\\nquality, though affected and softened by atmospheric influences.\\nThe hole is about 35 feet deep, the lower 15, or so, sloping with the\\ncoal bed. The dip is 66\u00c2\u00b0 southerly.\\nCrop Boring .\u00e2\u0080\u0094On the 14th of January, 1893, after the map was\\nphoto-lithographed, the black coal dirt of the outcrop was bored\\nthrough in the surface wash near the point where the cross-section\\nline A B, of the map, crosses the outcrop of the Buck Mountain\\nbed, about half a mile east of the western trial shaft and about a\\nthird of a mile west of the one at the road forks, and the essential\\naccuracy of the outcrop as laid down was proved. The borings\\nappear to show that the bed is there in two benches some 14 feet\\napart horizontally, confirming the conclusion already arrived at that\\nthere is an upper bench just south of the western trial shaft. The\\nblack coal dirt of the northern, or geologically lower, boring was\\nfound 2 feet thick at 18 feet below the surface, and that of the\\nGray sand-rock,\\nBlackish shale, about\\nCoal, .still rather soft,\\nFire clay, about\\nHard rock, bored,", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "21\\nsouthern, or geologically upper one, 6 feet thick; but the real thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the two benches cannot be known without actual digging,\\nand perhaps even their relative thickness is not indicated by those\\nnumbers. The northern boring was inside the narrow markings of\\nthe outcrop on the map, perhaps slightly south of its centre line;\\nthe southern one was close outside the southern edge of the same\\nmarking. The real outcrop of the lower bench at the boring may\\nbe a few feet further north and thicker there, and the true position\\nof the bench in place, below the wash, may be not only, as already\\nappears, within a very few feet or inches of the point indicated by\\nthe map, but exactly there. Boring here was undertaken, like the\\nTen-Foot crop boring on the log road, as a severe test of the map at\\na somewhat difficult point, but was delayed by rough weather. The\\nresult shows great regularity in the coal measures hereabouts.\\nSouth of the Tract .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Buck Mountain coal bed was formerly\\nopened at a number of holes on the south side of the Mine Hill an\u00c2\u00ac\\nticlinal, not far from Sillyman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slope; but none of them are now\\naccessible, and there is no record of their sections. Their place,\\nhowever, as shown in our map and cross-sections, fully agrees with\\nthe positions of the beds on the tract, and confirms our geological\\ninterpretation of the facts observed.\\nNeighboring Mines .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The State Geological Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Southern\\nCoal Field Columnar Section Sheet IV. gives the thickness of the\\nBuck Mountain coal bed at several neighboring mines as follows:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAt Buckville, 3 miles to the northeast, in two splits, 8 feet 10\\ninches above and 6 feet 3 inches below, separated by 15 feet (slate 3\\nfeet 9 inches; sand-rock, 6 feet 3 inches and slate 5 feet), making 15\\nfeet 1 inch in all of the two splits. At Newkirk, 4J miles to the north\u00c2\u00ac\\neast of the tract, 17 feet in the water-level tunnel, and 12 feet 3 inches\\nin another. In the Northdale tunnel of the Ivaska William colliery,\\n2J miles to the southwest of the tract, 6 feet 4 inches; besides another\\nsplit, 21 feet 6 inches (of hard sandstone) higher up, 3 feet 1 inch\\nthick, shelly coal; and another, 12 feet 8 inches (of slate) still\\nhigher, 6 feet 5 inches, coal dirt and slate. Moreover, in Sharp\\nMountain, where the identity of beds is less certain :\u00e2\u0080\u0094At Gorman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ncolliery water-level tunnel, less than 2 miles southeast of the tract,\\n10 feet 10 inches. At Bell\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tunnel, over 2 miles southeast of the\\ntract, 2 feet 6 inches\u00e2\u0080\u0094perhaps more doubtful in identity than the\\nothers. At Reevesdale, 3f miles east of the tract, 11 feet 11 inches.\\nThe bed is generally, in the whole region, a very important one in\\nthickness as well as in quality.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "22\\nAverage Thickness .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Taking the thickness of the Buck Mountain\\ncoal bed, as given above at only the four openings in the northern\\npart of the tract and just outside, and leaving out of account the\\nrecent very encouraging crop-boring, we have the following table,\\nwith an alternative column for the extreme supposition that the re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorded 9 feet 6 inches may have been intended to mean the total\\nthickness of the bed, and that the coal, as in the case of the Mam\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoth, may be only three-quarters as much\\nOpening.\\nTotal, in feet\\nand inches.\\nCoal, in feet\\nand inches.\\ni\\nOr Coal, in ft.\\nand inches.\\nJust Outside.\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u009eG\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u009e6\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u009eU\\nNortheast.\\n6\u00e2\u0080\u009e7\\n6 5\\nG\u00e2\u0080\u009e 5\\nRoad Forks.\\n12 6\\nG\u00e2\u0080\u009e1\\n6\u00e2\u0080\u009e1\\nWestern.\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u009e2\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u009e2\\n4 2\\nSum to be divided by four.\\n32 9\\n26 2\\n23 9i\\nAverage..\\n8 ,,21:\\n6 6j\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u009e Ilf\\nTaking the thickness as given above for the nearest neighboring\\nmines, and counting in even those of more doubtful identity and\\nleast thickness, we have:\\nMines.\\nBuckville,\\nNewkirk,\\nNewkirk,\\nNorthdale,\\nReevesdale,\\nGorman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s,.\\nBell\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tunnel,\\nFt. Ins.\\n15 1\\n17 0\\n12 3\\n15 10\\n11 11\\n10 10\\n2 6\\nSum to be divided by 7,\\nAverage,\\n85 5\\n12\\nLeaving out the three somewhat doubtful Sharp Mountain beds,\\nwe have:\\nMines. Ft. Ins.\\nBuckville,.. 15 1\\nNewkirk,.17 0\\nNewkirk,.. 12 3\\nNorthdale tunnel,.15 10\\nSum to be divided by 4,.60 2\\nAverage,.15 0\u00c2\u00a3", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "23\\nIt seems then, that, although it is hardly possible, that the four\\nholes on the northern outcrop of the bed, in the tract and close to it,\\nwith their comparatively small thickness, give a fair average for the\\nwide extent southward of this great bed through the tract, it would\\nbe, at any rate, safe to count on 6 feet in thickness as the average for\\nthe whole area.\\nQuantity .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The outcrop of the bed has been drawn, as in the case\\nof the other beds, and the portion of the tract underlain by the\\nbed has been measured, and found to be 148 acres. Allowing for\\nthe basin-shape, the area of the bed itself is found to be 1824 acres.\\nTaking the average thickness at 6 feet, and the specific gravity the\\nsame as given above for the other beds, the coal is seen to amount\\nto 2,170,000 tons; of that amount 850,000 tons are above the level\\nof 1000 feet above the sea. That level, though not on the printed\\nmap, was drawn on the manuscript for purposes of measurement.\\nThe lowest point on the bed in the tract is at the eastern boundary,\\nand is about 850 feet from the surface.\\nOther Coal Beds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The other coal beds are in part workable,\\nand in part very useful in studying out the geology of the tract.\\nOrchard Coal Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Orchard (or Grier) coal bed is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nported by Rogers (vol. ii., p. 414), to have at the Palmer tunnel\\nan average thickness of 6 feet of good coal; and it was formerly\\nworked also at the Swift Creek mines, and half a mile south of the\\ntract. It has never been opened on the tract itself, but would\\nseem to exist there, in the middle of the basin, next to the eastern\\nboundary. Its area, however, would appear to be only 4 acres\\nof the tract and 5 acres of bed surface; and consequently it would\\namount only to about 60,000 tons.\\nPrimrose Coal Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Primrose coal bed is an important\\nbed at the Palmer Tunnel, and Rogers (p. 414) says it has \u00e2\u0080\u009cfrom\\n8 to 16 feet of coarse bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-eye coal.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It has, however, the past\\nseason, been opened on its outcrop a dozen yards outside the\\neastern boundary of the tract and found to have there only a thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of 15 inches, with a dip of 64\u00c2\u00b0 southerly. It is also clearly\\nthe upper bed in the old diamond drill hole near Little Creek, on\\nthe tract, and was found there to have a thickness of only about 21J\\ninches. Though it was formerly mined at the Swift Creek mines\\nand half a mile south of the tract, and though it may possibly be of\\nworkable thickness towards its southern outcrop on the tract, it\\nwould nevertheless not be safe to count upon it as a workable bed\\nhere. It is useful, however, as a guide to the geology of the tract,", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "24\\nand a confirmation of the explanation given by our map and sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions; it was formerly opened by trial pits at several points to the\\nsouthwest near the Potts and Sillyraan mines, and at every place\\ninside and outside of the tract, agrees perfectly in position with its\\nplace in the Palmer Tunnel section.\\nHolmes Coal Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Holmes (or Palmer) coal bed was for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerly worked at the Palmer Tunnel, and Rogers (p. 414) says it\\naverages ten feet of good coal there but at some 630 yards to the\\nwest it could not be traced further, having no doubt grown thin.\\nOn the tract, however, it has been opened the past season on the\\noutcrop at the foot of the hill 300 yards southwest of Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slopes,\\nand found to have only 19 inches of coal with about 4 feet of black\\nslate above and as much below, and with a dip of 74\u00c2\u00b0 southerly.\\nIt was likewise opened at its spoon of the basin 580 yards to the\\nwest, and found to have there a thickness of 17 inches, with a dip\\nof 7\u00c2\u00b0 southerly. Likewise, again, it was opened 35 yards south of\\nthat, and found to have a thickness of 18 inches, with a dip of 6\u00c2\u00b0\\neasterly. Another hole a dozen yards further south, and four other\\nholes in a line northward from the last-described hole towards the\\npreceding one were formerly dug on the same bed, but are now in\u00c2\u00ac\\naccessible. The same bed was also bored through at the old dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmond drill hole, the second coal bed from the top, and found to be\\nabout 11 inches thick. Of course, so thin a bed is not to be counted\\non as workable within the tract, though it is barely possible that the\\nthickness may be better along the southern outcrop towards the\\neastern boundary.\\nThe great use of the bed here is its aid in proving the geology of\\nthe tract. Its course between the eastern opening and the northern\\none at the \u00e2\u0080\u009cspoon of the basin is so closely parallel with that of\\nthe Mammoth bed, well indicated by the numerous trial shafts, and\\nthe steepness of the dip leaves so little room for question, and the\\ncorrespondence in distance apart of the two beds in every cross sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is so exact, and the opening on the Primrose bed comes in so\\nperfectly as confirmation, that no doubt whatever can remain of the\\nidentity of the beds of the diamond drill hole, which by their per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect agreement give still further corroboration. The perfect agree\u00c2\u00ac\\nment again of the same beds in the cross sections half a mile to the\\nsouth makes the identification yet more convincing, if possible. In\\naddition, there is further corroboration in the position at all points\\nof the coal bed next to be described.\\nTop Split of the Mammoth .\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094The bed that is hereabouts, some-", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "25\\ntimes called the Top Split of the Mammoth, and sometimes the Seven\\nFoot bed, seems to be everywhere, from the Palmer tunnel through\\nthe tract to the Potts and Sillyman mines on the southwest, so very\\nclosely at a uniform distance of 90 feet above the main Mammoth\\nbed, center to center, as perhaps hardly to justify calling it a split of\\nthis bed. That uniformity of distance at so many points is a valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable confirmation of the geological explanation of the tract.\\nThe so-called split has the past season been opened on the log\\nroad just off from the Mahanoy City or Locust Valley road, and\\nhad there the following section, from above downward\\nBlack slate,\\nCoal,\\nCoaly black clay, clod,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCoal,\\nBlack slate,\\nCoal,\\nClay,\\nReddish gray sand-rock,\\nFt. Ins.\\n0 1\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e 4\\n1 3\\n1 0\\n0 1\\n2 5\\n1 6\\n2 6\\n9 2\\nThe coal, then, is 3 feet 9 inches thick, within a total thickness\\nof 5 feet 1 inch. The coal is of very good quality, though somewhat\\nunfavorably affected by atmospheric influences. The hole is a shaft\\n19 feet deep prolonged into a slope on the coal bed 23 feet long.\\nThe same coal bed was also opened last summer inside the south\u00c2\u00ac\\nwest corner of the tract, and had the following section from above\\ndownward\\nFt.\\nIns,\\nReddish gray sand-rock, exposed.\\no\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n6\\nBlack dirt, rotten coal,\\n4\\nCoal, hard and good,.\\n2\\n0\\nBlack fire-clay, exposed, about.\\n0\\n6\\n4\\nG\\nThe coal here, then, is at least 2 feet thick; but apparently the\\nblack dirt above it is merely coal, perhaps somewhat slaty, decom\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed by atmospheric influences, and should be added to the rest,\\nmaking a thickness of 3 feet 4 inches, in the same total thickness.\\nAt the old diamond drill hole, a thickness of only about 9 inches\\nwas found for this bed according to the record. It is, of course, not\\nimpossible that the bed should be thinner there but it is also per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps possible that a portion of the bed may have been overlooked.\\nAt the Palmer tunnel, this bed is given by Rogers (vol. ii., p. 103)\\nas 5J feet thick; and by the present State Geological Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0099s South-", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "26\\nern Coal Field Columnar Section Sheet IV., as 5 feet. The same\\nsheet gives it as 5 feet and 5 feet 2 inches in two tunnels at Buck-\\nville, and as 4 feet 10 inches at the Northdale tunnel, and 4 feet at\\nthe Kaska William shaft.\\nIt is certain then, that the bed is of workable thickness and qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nity on the tract at the log road, and on the whole quite probably so\\nall over its area on the tract with an average thickness of 3J feet\\n(the mean of 3 feet 9 inches and 3 feet 4 inches). As the portion\\nof the tract underlain by the bed is 81 acres, and the area of the bed\\nitself (allowing for the basin shape) is 102J acres there would be, at\\na thickness of 3J feet, 710,000 tons.\\nDrift Cool Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Drift coal bed was formerly opened by the\\nold drift, 84 yards long, just east of Little Creek and is of good\\nquality; and had there a thickness of 20 to 30 inches. Its section\\nis shown in the figure of the Mammoth bed columnar sections.\\nThe same bed was the past season opened 52 feet north of Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\neastern slope, at a geological depth of about 45 feet below the Mam-\\nmoth bed and had the following section, from above downward\\nFt. Ins.\\nBlack dirt, 0 to 3 inches, say,\\n0\\nn\\nBlack hard fire-clay,\\n1\\n3\\nCoal, rotten, 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, say,\\n2\\n3\\n1\\n51\\nThe bed, then, has a mean of 2 feet 1 inch of coal, in one bench.\\nAlthough a bed of coal of good quality, as seen in the long drift just\\nmentioned, it shows here the great power of atmospheric influences at\\nthe very bottom of the hole. The hole is about 8 feet deep, prolonged\\n22 feet further in a slope on the bed. The dip is 58\u00c2\u00b0 southerly.\\nThe same bed was opened formerly at the tunnel close by Silly-\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slope, half a mile south of the tract, and was a few years ago\\nstill accessible, and was measured by Mr. F. A. Hill, then in charge\\nof the anthracite survey of the State Geological Survey, as follows,\\nfrom above downward\\nFt. Ins.\\nSlate,\\nCoal, shelly,\\nCoal,\\nCoal, shelly,\\nFire-clay, soft,\\nHard slate,\\nCoal, shelly,\\nCoal,\\nCoal, shelly,\\nSlate bottom.\\n0\\nG\\nO\\n4\\n0\\nV\\n5\\n0\\nyy\\n3\\n1\\nV\\n8\\n1\\nyy\\no\\nAa\\n1\\nV\\n10\\n1\\nyy\\n0\\n1\\ny\\n4\\n8 6", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "27\\nThe bed then, contains here 5 feet 2 inches of coal within a total\\nthickness of 8 feet.\\nThe bed was formerly opened at three holes south of Big Creek\\nwithin a quarter of a mile west of the southwest corner of the tract;\\nbut they are inaccessible and there is no record of the thickness of\\ncoal found.\\nThe bed is no doubt the same as the one called the Skidmore at\\nMorea, with a total thickness of 3 feet G inches, and at New Boston,\\nwith a thickness of 5 feet 4 inches within a total of G feet 4 inches,\\nan average of four well-scattered sections.\\nIt is therefore, by no means improbable that, although the bed is\\nat present not of workable thickness at the old drift and at Blew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nslopes, yet some portions of the extent of the bed within the tract\\nmay hereafter be found to be 3 feet or more in thickness. Even the\\naverage at those two places, 2 feet and 1 inch, with coal of such\\ngood quality may prove to be workable at some not extremely dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant day.\\nIt underlies 98 j- acres of the tract, with 122 acres of the bed\\nitself; and at an average thickness of 3 feet would contain 720,000\\ntons.\\nSpring Coal Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Spring coal bed was opened last summer\\nat a trial shaft 65 feet northerly from the western opening of the\\nBuck Mountain bed, and the following section was measured from\\nabove downward:\\nFt. Ins.\\nConglomerate,.\\nCoal, rotten,.3 0\\nHard rock,.\\nThe coal was still soft and rotten, from the effect of atmospheric\\ninfluences, particularly the percolating water; but at a greater depth\\nwill probably prove to be firm coal. The hole was a vertical shaft\\n20J feet deep. The dip was perhaps 80J\u00c2\u00b0 southerly.\\nNo other opening of the bed is known in the immediate neighbor\u00c2\u00ac\\nhood of the tract; but, as already mentioned, the bed is known at\\nMorea.\\nThe Spring coal bed underlies about 155 acres of the tract; or,\\nallowing for the basin shape, has an area of about 191 acres of bed\\nsurface; and, if its thickness should average three feet, as it was\\nfound at the only opening on the tract, would contain 1,130,000\\ntons.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "28\\nLyJcens Valley Coal Bed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Lykens Valley coal bed has never\\nbeen opened on the tract nor anywhere near it, and its thickness here\\nis quite unknown. At New Boston it has a thickness of about 2\\nfeet 7 inches. Near Tamaqua it was opened by a long drift; but\\nthere appears to be no record of the thickness.\\nIt is then, perhaps safe to count on a thickness of 2J feet for the\\nbed here; and as it underlies the whole tract, there would be,\\nallowing for the basin-shape, about 257J acres of the bed, or 1,270,-\\n000 tons.\\nThe quality of the coal of this bed is reckoned very good, and it\\nmay therefore be found to be workable at no very distant day. Its\\nleast depth below the surface of the ground, in the valley of Little\\nCreek at the northern edge of the tract would be about 250 feet; and\\nits greatest depth at the bottom of the basin on the eastern edge of\\nthe tract would be about 1275 feet.\\n5. Summary of Workable Coal.\\nThe coal of the three principal beds may be summarized in the\\nfollowing table\\nBed.\\nAverage\\nThickness.\\nHorizontal,\\nAcres.\\nBed\\nSurface,\\nAcres.\\nj Tons\\nin all.\\nTons above\\n1000 foot\\nLevel.\\nMammoth\\n8\\n95\\n126\\n1,990,000\\n830,000\\nTen Foot.\\n10\\n115\\n143*\\n2,840,000\\n1,400,000\\nBuck Mountain.\\n6\\n148\\n182J\\n2,170,000\\n850,000\\n24\\n148\\n452\\n7,000,000\\n3,080,000\\nTo that amount might be added the following\\nAcres.\\nAcres.\\nOrchard.\\n6\\n4\\n5\\n60,000\\nProbably.\\nTop Split of Mammoth.\\n3}\\n81\\nim\\n710,000\\nPerhaps.\\nDrift (or Skidmore).\\n3\\n98J\\n122\\n720,000\\nPossibly.\\nSpring.\\n3\\n155\\n191\\n1,130,000\\nPerhaps.\\nLykens Valley.\\n208\\n2571\\n1,270,000\\nPerhaps.\\n15\\n208\\n678\\n3,890,000\\nIf this last more or less doubtful amount should be counted, the\\ntract would have a total of 10,890,000 tons.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "29\\n6. Mining and Shipment.\\nIt is seen from the map, as well as from the foregoing pages, that\\nthe coal of the tract is still practically untouched, as far as mining is\\nconcerned; that the three principal beds lie wholly within 850 feet\\nof the surface and the Mammoth within 700 feet of it; that over\\n3,000,000 tons of the whole amount are above the level of 1000 feet\\nabove the sea; that this level is about that of the old Kentucky\\nBank main drainage gangway at the eastern boundary of the tract,\\nand is also accessible by a tunnel 420 yards long from Little Creek,\\n500 yards long from Big Creek, or 1000 yards long from Swift\\nCreek; that a very large share of each bed has comparatively gentle\\ndips, and no part of them has steeper dips than are common through\u00c2\u00ac\\nout the southern anthracite field, with seldom an approach to verti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally and never an overturning; that the beds are not generally of\\nsuch great thickness as to occasion a large percentage of waste in\\nmining; and that there is no evidence whatever of any faults, none\\neven of small ones.\\nThe nearest existing railroad line is shown at the southern edge of\\nthe map, a siding of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad f of a\\nmile from Brockville station, and f of a mile by Little Creek val\u00c2\u00ac\\nley from the middle of the main basin of the coal-beds. Brockville\\nstation is by rail 9 miles from Mt. Carbon, and 102 miles from\\nPhiladelphia; 6 miles from Tamaqua, 22 miles from Mauch Chunk,\\n143 miles from Jersey City.\\nThe tract might be approached from the Reading Railroad Line\\nby Little Creek or Big Creek or by a line 2f miles long from 750\\nyards above Brockville over the old grading, 1J mile long, past the\\nSwift Creek mines or by a line 2| miles long from 700 yards above\\nTuscarora over the old grading, 1^ miles long, past the Kentucky\\nBank mines, and thence by a nearly level route to the tract.\\nThe central part of the main basin of the tract, is 5 miles from\\nthe Pennsylvania Railroad at the Morea breaker, over a not very\\nuneven country and likewise 4 miles from New Boston Junction.\\nIt is also 3 miles in a straight line from the Central Railroad of\\nNew Jersey at East Mahanoy Tunnel.\\n7. Map and Sections.\\nThe cross-sections printed herewith give additional confirmation\\nof the geological structure shown in the map, and show that all\\nthe important beds have been opened south of the Mine Hill anti-", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "30\\nclinal, and that they almost invariably maintain with remarkable\\nprecision the same distance apart from one another as on the tract\\nand at the Palmer Tunnel.\\nThe outlines of the tract, the important roads and trial pits were\\nlaid down on the map by Mr. Ilowell T. Fisher under the direction\\nof Mr. A. DW. Smith from a very accurate transit survey made\\nby Mr. Fisher last summer, with rectangular co-ordinates computed\\nand closing extremely well; and he also computed the area of the\\ntract from them. Mr. Charles J. Wright, likewise under Mr.\\nSmith\u00e2\u0080\u0099s special guidance, did much surveying of the other features,\\nadding to the work already done by the State Geological Survey.\\nMr. Wright drew the contour lines, copying the topography from\\nthe original note books, with my own supervision and correction.\\nI worked out the final details of the geology and drew the outcrops,\\nthe equidistant strike curves and the cross-sections, aided by Mr.\\nSmith\u00e2\u0080\u0099s very intelligent criticism, and everywhere with our full final\\nagreement.\\nThe map was drawn on a scale of 300 feet to an inch, and in\\nphoto-lithographing was reduced to 800 feet to an inch.\\nWe have a strong personal interest in the tract; but, of course, our\\nprofessional reputation is, still more important to us, and the facts", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "We hold the Shippen and Wetherill tract under an option, with\\nthe expectation of completing the purchase, and anybody desiring\\nto interest himself in operating the tract, or to lease, or buy it, may\\naddress us directly.\\nBenj. Smith Lyman,\\nA. DW. Smith.\\nPhiladelphia, January 18,1893.", "height": "1297", "width": "2542", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "1318", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "-31-\\nhave been set down impartially and correctly, it is believed; and,\\nat any rate, they can readily be verified by any skilled geologist. Any\\nsuch expert will surely admit our deductions from the facts to be in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncontestable, and to give not merely the most natural explanation but\\nthe only possible consistent one. The former bad success of explo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrations on the tract, with so many barren trial pits now clearly seen\\nto be within a few feet of excellent coal beds, has forced us to make\\nthe present exploration much more thorough than is commonly con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered necessary before the actual opening of mines, and has required\\nan unusually complete, irrefutable demonstration in the report and\\nmap.\\nBenj. Smith Lyman.\\n708 Locust Street, Philadelphia, January 18, 1893.\\nI concur fully in the foregoing report,\\nA. I)W. Smith.\\nRoom 18, 4th Floor, Post Office Building, Philadelphia, January 18,1893.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "[FROM TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.]\\nAN OCCURRENCE OF COARSE CONGLOMERATE ABOVE\\nTHE MAMMOTH ANTHRACITE-BED.\\nBY BENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN, PHILADELPHIA, PA.\\n(Schuylkill Valley Meeting, Reading, October, 1892.)\\nIt is a time-honored saying in the anthracite region that u under\\nthe conglomerate there is no coal and the adage is generally\\nreckoned a sure guide in coal-exploration. Yet there are many\\nplaces where conglomerate, even coarse conglomerate, occurs above\\nimportant coal beds, and, among others, above the great Mammoth\\nbed. One of the most striking of such occurrences is on the Shippen\\nand Wetherill tract, half a dozen miles west of Tamaqua; and it\\nillustrates remarkably the disastrous effect of a too unquestioning\\nblind confidence in the sweeping literal truth of a broad generaliza\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nHere there is a conspicuous crag formed by a twenty-foot bed of\\negg-conglomerate, dipping 60 degrees southerly, and jutting out\\nboldly at the western end of a hill, where it is cut through by the\\nsmall stream of Little Creek. The hill runs eastward for half a\\nmile, with occasional exposures of pebbly rock along the western half\\nof the crest. Eastward from the exposures lies the old Kentucky\\nBank mine, abandoned thirty years ago, where the Mammoth bed\\nwas worked down to water-level through a space of a mile and a\\nquarter westward from the Palmer tunnel to the very edge of the\\nShippen and Wetherill tract, apparently just below where the east\u00c2\u00ac\\nern prolongation of the same conglomerate should be, though, in fact,\\nit is not exposed. Indeed, in the Palmer tunnel itself, its place is\\nrecorded in Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Final State Geological Report of 1858, vol ii.,\\np. 108, as filled by hard pebbly rock.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMany, however, doubted whether the Mammoth could continue\\nundisturbed westward under the egg-conglomerate crags. It was\\nbelieved by many that there must be a great fault that had brought\\nup the coarse Pottsville conglomerate of the bottom of the produc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive coal-measures, and had cut off all southern extension of the\\nMammoth and that even the Buck Mountain bed and its compan\u00c2\u00ac\\nions, that should overlie that conglomerate, had been reduced in\\nthickness to the insignificant beds that were found there.\\nA few were more hopeful, and tried to prove the continued exist-", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "33\\nence of the Mammoth by actual opening. About five years ago, it\\nis said, two brothers, who owned a farm, spent their whole substance\\nvainly in persistent efforts with trial-shafts and drifts to open the\\nMammoth bed, just north of the westernmost egg-conglomerate crag,\\nand some 25 feet geologically below it. Their best success was\\nto find a seam of coal there, which they took to be the Mammoth, and\\nupon which they drifted eastward for more than eighty yards; but\\nit was only 20 inches thick, swelling up in places to 30 inches.\\nHad they dug only ten feet higher in the measures, they would\\nhave found the Mammoth bed with a thickness of about 18 feet,\\nwith 15 feet 7 inches of coal, where it was opened last week.\\nTwo or three years after their failure, an unsuccessful attempt was\\nmade by others, at an expense of four or five thousand dollars, they\\nsay, to find the Mammoth by boring with a diamond-drill, 200\\nyards southward from the egg-conglomerate crag. After boring\\nthrough two or three coal beds of trifling thickness, a great mass of\\nconglomerate, and at length a few feet of sandstone, the hole was\\nabandoned in despair at the depth of 470 feet. A comparison of the\\ndrill section with that of the Palmer tunnel shows that less than 30\\nfeet more would have reached the top of the Mammoth bed. The\\nupper beds are, it is true, remarkably reduced in thickness; but they\\nare in their appropriate places, and have now recently been proved\\nof like small thickness, with quite consistent dips, by trial-shafts on\\nthe outcrop.\\nIndeed the geological structure has been fully demonstrated to be\\nessentially what the State Geological Survey map (Mine-Sheet V.),\\npublished two or three years ago, showed it to be, in the face of the\\nconflicting opinions then rife. The crag in question is on the north\\nside of a basin that is bounded on the south by the Mine Hill\\nanticlinal, rapidly sinking to the east. The mere topography shows\\nthat the conglomerate-beds above the Mammoth extend 350 yards\\nwestward from the crag, though less prominent there; then bend\\nround, in shape like the end of a spoon, forming the divide between\\nLittle Creek and Big Creek; then pass eastward again, making a\\ndecided ridge with low cliffs; and soon again bend southward, and\\neven westward, round the Mine Hill anticlinal to the neighborhood\\nof the old Potts and Sillyman slopes, just north of Patterson. On\\nthe Locust Valley road up the hill, past the old Mammoth working\\nof those mines, there are ample exposures of the conglomerate-beds\\nin question; only the pebbles are smaller than at the crag, though\\nin part as large as walnuts. Nowhere is there anything whatever\\n3", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "to indicate the existence of any such great fault as was imagined to\\naccount for the egg-conglomerate of the crag.\\nThis is a case in which the needless resort to a fault to account for\\nappearances, as if a fault were the commonest and easiest thing in\\nthe world, has led to heavy pecuniary loss. For, as the fault ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained so readily the repeated failure to work out the geology of the\\ntract, it very naturally led to a general belief among the (not too\\ngeological) business community that the tract contained but a small\\nfraction of the coal now proved really to exist there; and conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently no capitalist could be found willing to purchase it, even at a\\nvery low price.\\nThere are numerous other places where coarse conglomerate is\\nfound within a short distance above the Mammoth bed. Conspicu\u00c2\u00ac\\nous among them is the Silver Creek district, only four miles west of\\nthe Shippen and Wetherill tract. Rogers\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Final Report, 1858,\\nvol. ii., p. 228, speaks of the egg- and nut-conglomerate which\\noverlies what is now known to be the Mammoth bed. See also his\\nSilver Creek section on Plate 1 of vol. ii. The assistants of the\\nfirst Geological Survey were at first much puzzled by the conglo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerate thereabouts, as they were then tyros; and they too devised\\nfaults to explain the observed facts; but later, with increased experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence, they understood better. Rogers, further on (p. 229), speaks\\nof the corresponding rock beds on Mill creek as \u00e2\u0080\u009ccoarse pebbly\\nsandstone/\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nOn the Rielde tract, next west of Morea, there is exposed a great\\nledge of coarse conglomerate, overlying the Mammoth bed, which\\nwas formerly opened some 20 feet thick at not many yards distance.\\nAt the Otto colliery, near Branchdale, the occurrence of an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntremely coarse conglomerate between two splits of the Mammoth\\nbed gave rise to much controversy as to the identity of the beds and\\nthe question was only settled by actual mining.\\nMany other cases of conglomerate over the Mammoth may be seen\\nmarked on Sheets IV., V., VI., IX., and X., of the State Geo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogical Survey\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Atlas of the Southern Anthracite Coal-Field, as\\nfollow:\\nAt Kaska William colliery, between the middle (or upper\\nand lower splits of the Mammoth \u00e2\u0080\u009cconglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. IV., Sect.\\n15\\nAt St. Clair shaft, over the Seven-Foot (or top split of the Mam\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoth) \u00e2\u0080\u009cconglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. V., Sect. 7.\\nAt Thomaston colliery, over the Daniel bed (or lower split of the", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "35\\nMammoth), in the water-level tunnel, much \u00e2\u0080\u009cconglomerate/\u00e2\u0080\u0099 and\\nhard conglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. VI., Sect. 6, Also at the first lift, much\\nconglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. VI., Sect. 9.\\nAt the Oakdale colliery, over the same bed, at shaft-level, much\\nconglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. VI., Sect. 10.\\nAt Payne\u00e2\u0080\u0099s colliery, over the same bed, much conglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSh. VI., Sect. 13.\\nAt Richardson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s colliery, over the same bed, a little conglom\u00c2\u00ac\\nerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. VI., Sect. 14.\\nAt Greenwood tunnel, over the same bed, very hard conglom\u00c2\u00ac\\nerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. VI., Sect. 17.\\nAt South Pine colliery (near the Otto), over the top split of the\\nMammoth, conglomerate,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 24J feet. Sh. X., Sect. 2.\\nAt the Middle Creek colliery, over the same bed, conglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSh. X., Sect. 3.\\nAt the Colket colliery, over the Four-Foot bed (or top split of the\\nMammoth), fine conglomerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. X., Sect. 6.\\nAt the East Franklin colliery, over the Mammoth, conglom\u00c2\u00ac\\nerate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sh. X., sect. 9 and 10.\\nAlso, at the same colliery, over the Blackheath (or Holmes) bed,\\ncoarse conglomerate,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 18 feet, and fine conglomerate,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 19 feet.\\nSh. X., Sect. 9.\\nAt the Good Spring colliery, over the same bed, coarse conglom\u00c2\u00ac\\nerate,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 7 feet. Sh. X., Sect. 9.\\nThese instances, from the southern field alone, are enough to show\\nthat it is by no means a rare exception for the sand-rock above the\\nMammoth to become pebbly, and even to be a coarse or extremely\\ncoarse conglomerate.\\nIt would be interesting to inquire what might have been the cause\\nof the laying down of beds of such coarse material, that must have\\nbeen moved by violent currents during comparatively short intervals,\\nin the midst of the generally very quiet deposition of the Coal-\\nmeasures. It is, however, imaginable, that the temporary obstruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of a sea-channel in one direction might cause a very rapid cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent in some other direction or, the current might arise from the\\nremoval of some obstruction. It would not be necessary that the\\nobstruction, or its removal, should occur through any especially vio\u00c2\u00ac\\nlent earth movements. A channel might, by degrees, become ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed with silt or sand, or another might, by gradual denudation,\\nbecome sufficiently opened for the passage of currents that would\\nrapidly enlarge it.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nIn any case, the causes of the coarse conglomerates would seem to\\nhave had no influence upon the thickness of the coal beds a few yards\\nbeneath, as is amply seen in the cases just described and none upon\\nbeds equally near above, as is shown by the good thickness of the\\nBuck Mountain coal bed, one of the thickest anthracite coal beds,\\nthough close over the Pottsville conglomerate; the variable thickness\\nof the coal not seeming to correspond in the least with the coarseness\\nor fineness of the pebbles.", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "TEN FEET APART\\nIN LEVEL, COUNT FROM MEAN SEA LEV\\nEL. THE LEVELLING IS BASED ON THE P. a. R. R. R LEVEL AT BROCKVILLE. I\\nTHE UNDERGROUND WORKINGS OF THE ADJOINING TRACTS ARE COP-\\nIED FROM THE MINE MAPS, AS PUBLISHED BY THE STATE GEO- v\\nLOGICAL SURVEY. HOWELL T. FISHER SURVEYED THE BOUN-\\nDARIES;\\nSH ANTYi\\nBLfWS SlyOPESj\\nAND CHAS. J. WRIGHT OTHER FEATURES. AD\u00c2\u00ac\\nDING TO FORMER WORK BY THE STATE SURVEY.\\nIII 1\\nTHE\\nDIAMOND\\nDRILL HOLE,\\nCORRECTED FOR\\nA DIP OF 23 7/8*.\\nI AM\\nPALMER TUNNEL\\nACC G TO H D ROGERS.\\nGEOL OF PA., 185 6,\\nVOL II, P 103\\nprimrose\\nBED 9,. o\\nCOAL 1, 91\\nFIRECLAY 1, 9-^\\nSANORr 1, 4\\nCONCL. 18, ,11\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 5,, 6\\nCONOL 3,, 7\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 7,, 4\\nSLATE 17,, 4\\n109..0\\nTHE PRIMROSE\\nBEO AND THIS\\nINTERVAL ARE\\nFROM VOL. II,\\nP 106\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 5,, 6\\nCONOL 14,, 7\\nSANDP\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 13,, 8\\nCOAL OF WORKABLE BEDS\\nCONCL 9,,2\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 18,, 1\\nCOAL ,,11\\\\\\nFIRE CLAY1, 9\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 15. ,6\\nBE 0 AV. TH K\\nMAMMOTH 8 FT.\\nTEN FOOT 10\\nBUCK MTN. 6\\nALL THREE~2A\\nHORIZONTAL\\n95 ACRES\\n115\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009948\\nTONS.\\n1 990 000\\n2 840 000\\n2 1 70 0 00\\nCONCL. 4, ,7\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 9,, 2\\nV\\\\ SYMBOLS:- TRIAL SHAFT WITH COAL, a TRIAL SHAFT\\nWITHOUT COAL. CROP-FALLS. THE OUTCROPS ARE DRAWN\\nAS IF AT 20 FEET BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND TO ALLOW\\nA ONE-BARBED ARROW SHOWS THE STRIKE, THE BARB\\n7 000 000\\nUNKNOWN AREAS OF OTHER BEDS ARE ALSO OF\\nWORKABLE THICKNESS AND QUALITY; AND SO POSSIBLY\\nIS THE LYKENS VALLEY BED UNDER THE WHOLE TRACT.\\nJ FOR THE WASH\\nSHOWS WHICH SIDE THE DIP iSt AND THE ANGLE THE AMOUNT OF DIP, A BREAK\\nIN EITHER LINE SHOWS ROUGH MEASUREMENT; TWO BREAKS, AN ESTIMATE.\\nCOAL 2.. 0\\nACROSS THE BaSIN\\nSECTION across the Basin and Saddle\\nHARD PEBBLY\\nROCK 58,.\\nCOAL 9.\\nFIRECLAY 2, ,0-\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 14, 7\\nHARO PEBBLY\\nROCK 33, 0\\nCONGL. 33, 9\\nSANDR\u00e2\u0080\u0099K 9, 2\\n42 8, Oi\\ni Q.QJTT A.?,. \u00c2\u00ae\u00c2\u00a3A\\nMAMMOTH\\nBED 20, ,0", "height": "3227", "width": "5657", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4378", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "shippenwetherill00lyma_0044.jp2"}}