{"1": {"fulltext": "Ml\\n/m.Qu^toj\\nS.\\n/m", "height": "3650", "width": "2486", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n0013 744811 7\\npH83", "height": "3723", "width": "2392", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "X\\nSP E EC II\\nHON. JUSTIN S. MORRILL,\\nOK VKWMOXT,\\nSENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,\\nTHE ANNEXATION OF HAWAII,\\nMonday, Junk 20, iSgS.\\nWASHIIMG rON.\\nI89S.", "height": "3614", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "0S4.87", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "SPEECH\\nOK\\nHON. JUSTIN S. MORIULL\\nThe Senate bavins niuler consideration the joint icsolutjoii 01- tits. .V.ti to\\nprovide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to tho United States-\\nMr. MORRILL said:\\nMr. Presidknt: I shall tre-^pass tipon tho time of tho h- enate\\nonly to state why the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in\\ntime of war is more inopportnno than in time of i)i aco, and\\nalso to state some of the reasons why I am unable to concur\\nwith the learned Committee on Foreign Relations in regard to\\nsnch an annexation, whether by treaty, by joint resolution, by\\nflagrant Executive usurpation, or in any manner which leaves\\nan open door for their admission into tho Union as a State.\\nThe undesirable character of the greater part of their ill-gathered\\nraces of population, gathered by contract to long years of semi-\\nslavery by sugar employers, does not warrant and never can en-\\ntitle them to an ecjual representation in the Senate of the United\\nStates with Virginia and Massachusetts, or with Illinois and\\nColorado, nor any otlier State. A new member, as a business\\nmatter, ought not to be pushed into the Union without the con-\\nBent of all the present members. We can be their friend without\\ntaking them into our family.\\nI do not suppose many Senators here will acknowledge that\\nthey favor the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands with the idea\\nthat they can be at once or ever admitted into tho Union as a\\nState. Yet they ought to know that by the terms here presented,\\ncopied as they have been from the moribund treaty, they are\\nto be admitted into some back- door vestibule of the Union\\nand may be then admitted as a State at the pleasure of Con-\\ngress. A square denial and interdiction of this statehood to-day,\\nthough embroidered on the breast of a joint resolution or branded\\non the rump of a treaty, will not bind any future Congress against\\nadmission, but might perhaps induce President Dole to inform\\nns that anything less than as an equal to one of the stars of the\\nUnion would bo unacceptable to him, and it is easy to predict\\nwhat party would yield. If the islands should be annexed, no\\nmatter upon what terms, there would soon be here two men\\nknocking at our doors for admission as Senators. As candidates,\\nthey may even now be weary of waiting.\\nWhether or not we shall at the very next election have to wait\\nuntil the returns are received from Honolulu to diti-rniine who\\nhas been elected President of the United States remains to be seen.\\nThis statehood question was elsewhere recently very jauntily\\ndisposed of by the suggestion that the islands would probably Ix?", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "found some years hence located as a county in one of onr Pacific\\nStates. Years ago children were sometimes told that if they would\\nrun out to the end of the rainbow they would find a sack of\\nmoney. Hawaii County will be found in Oregon or California at\\nabout the same time the sack of money is found at the tail end of\\nsome rainbow.\\nAt my timQ \u00c2\u00a3)f life, having no higher ambition than to be right,\\nI greatly regi-et to find that on the question of the annexation of\\nthe Hawaiian Islands I can not quite agree with some of my as-\\nsociates here with whoso opinions I have rarely differed, and\\nwhile knowing how imijossible it is to change the views of any\\nSenator, I hope they will pardon my desire to present in open ses-\\nsion of the Senate my reasons for opposition to a measure hereto-\\nfore alwaj-s rejected by the United States, and, as it appears to me,\\nnever so much deserving of rejection as now. I am not unwilling\\nthe record should show, if the consistcncj of any person or party\\non this (luestion has been broken, that it will not include any\\nrecord of mine. Let mo add that I am, as ever, in favor of holding\\nexecutive sessions of the Senate with closed doors, but not in\\nfavor of a secret session of the Senate for the admission of a State\\ninto the Union. Thai is too important to be wholly concealed\\nfrom the people.\\nI shall still vote for an increase of the Navy, but I am opposed\\nto a policy of annexing distant islands that might create a neces-\\nsity for doubling our naval force, and lax gely expand the cost of\\nits maintenance, especially when there are no islands worthy of\\nour annexation now unappropriated.\\nThe annexation of the Hawaiian Islands has never been included\\nin any Republican platform. Hawaii was mentioned for the first\\ntime in the i)latform of 1896, and then merely to declare that the\\nHawaiian Islands should be controlled by the United States, and\\nno foreign power should be permitted to interfere with them, but\\nthis was only the aflfirmation of the policy the United States has\\nmaintained for more than one hundred years.\\nThe Hawaiian annexation scheme hardly belongs to the present\\nAdministration, nor to the humanitarian war, and the time may\\ncome when even its present boldest advocates may not be unwill-\\ning to have it more justly known as an untimely seven-months\\noffspring of some previous Administration.\\nThe Hawaiian Islands in early days having been the place of\\nrest and of supplies for our whaling vessels while in pursuit of\\ntheir gigantic game, the American people became interested in\\nthe race and were recently surprised by what they were willing\\nto accept as a sign of an advance in their civilization and politi-\\ncal prosperity. Accordingly the peaceful dethronement of their\\nQueen seemed a step deserving cheerful acquiescence, although\\nher resignation, it can not be denied, appeared to have been a lit-\\ntle too abruptly enticed. When the late President of our Repub-\\nlic, however, with paramount authority, set about the Blount\\nrestoration of her majesty, even witliout any civil-service exam-\\nination, it was so incongruous with any Democratic or Republican\\nideas that our sympathy for Hawaii became very robust and so\\nunduly excited that annexation appeared to some of our hot and\\nimpressible statesmen aa not an exaggerated reparation of an at-\\ntempted great and crovniing wrong.\\nOne prominent objection to the pending measure is that the\\nl eople of neither Hawaii uor of the United States have been cou-", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "sultoil or taken into contidence in relation to the impemlinf? com-\\npact. The promotors have been reluctant to trust the peojile with\\nit. The country is to wake up next week and tind a new but un-\\nwelcome member incorporated, as Mr. Sherman, the Secretary\\nof State, described it, into the body politic of the United States.\\nAt Hawaii something: leaked out about it after its final determina-\\ntion. Here the Senate was informed about it aftei tlie Secretary\\nhad siy:ned the treaty; but even the Senate did not permit itself to\\ndiscuss it excejit in secret session until its jiaucity of votes was\\ndisclosed; and it came orijjinally in the form of a treaty, not to\\nhide the fact that a treaty was not a courageous but a cowardly\\nway to bring a State into the Union, as some people thought, but\\nfor the reason that the Hawaiian promoters of the comjiact could\\nfix up their part cf it in that way with less lubrication. The\\nauthorship of this state paper appears to have been miscellaneous\\nand partly unknown, having been cut and dried in Honolulu, and\\nyet it was to have been consented to by the United States Senate\\nwithout subtraction or addition, as the committee reporting it\\nseem to have regarded it as properly inspired and inerrant.\\nThe late Secretary of State. .John Sherman, who:.e eminent serv-\\nices will not be forgotten, in his Recollections declares:\\nIf my life is prdloncred I will do .all I can to add to the stronpth and pros-\\nl)ority of the Uniti-d States, but nothini; to extend its limits nor to add uew\\ndanRers by aoquisitions of foreign territory.\\nThat was the way he wished his record to stand if his life\\nshould be prolonged. Can anyone believe, if ho were now in the\\nseat he so long honored in the Senate, that he would favor the an-\\nnexation of these islands with all the-ir heterogeneous and vicious\\nincumbrances? I do not. He signed the treaty, but his heart was\\nnot there. Secretary Sherman must also have had his reluctance\\nto sign the treaty for the annexation of Hawaii a good deal stiff-\\nened by the remonstrance against it which was presented to him\\nsigned by 20.0U0 of the natives.\\nOn our part the annexation of the Plawaiian Islands is only an\\noverdone example of the European colonial system. It belongs\\nto and emenates from the aristocratic school of politics. It has\\nno abhorrence of coolie labor, which is the double cousin of\\nslavery. It covets prodigal expenditures and a big display of\\npower. It does not listen to the still, small voice of peace, indus-\\ntry, and economy, but to the blast of the popular trumpet which\\nwould conquer worlds and reign over Hawaii rather than serve in\\nheaven.\\nMy firm conviction, however, is that annexation of distant\\nislands is not in harmony with the Constitution of the United\\nStates, but is conspicuously repugnant thereto; nor is it in har-\\nmony with the history or even with any of the recorded opinions\\nof our earliest and ripest statesmen. Claiming nothing in con-\\nsideration of any words of mine, except for the facts here iire-\\nsented, I have yet to hear any sufficient reasons which should\\ninduce me to break the consistency of my record of many years\\nstanding against the annexation of distant foreign lands. May\\nI not ask. Has the country ever lamented the rejection of Santo\\nDomingo? Manifestly no. Let me hope that I may never part\\nwith ni}- profound reverence for the eminent state.smen who con-\\nstructed the Constitution of our Repiiblic, and I shall also hope\\nto be i)ardoned if I shovdd not turn the pictures of the faces of", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "6\\nthose eminent Amei icans to the wall, and flout their memory,\\nwhose wisdom has guided the great achievements of onr country\\nthrough its first century, although they, rich in saving common\\nsense, flatly refused the doubtful achievement of annexing dis-\\ntant foreign islands.\\nThe title of the i)arties now holding the dominion of the Ha-\\nwaiian Island^ is based on conquest without arms, which is better\\ntlian would have been a title bj usurpation, superior to any bar-\\ngain that might have been made with Liliuokalani, and must now\\nbe treated as a de facto G overnment. It succeeds to the power and\\nestate of its predecessor, and the United States may extend, if it\\nchooses, some favors to Hawaii, as was done long years ago, but\\ncan not afford to even seem to profit by the recent conquest. Nor\\ncan the United States afford to accept the validity of the title of\\nthe present possessors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all they have\u00e2\u0080\u0094 while much of the world\\nand so many Senators hold it open to suspicion and dispute, al-\\nthough held to be excellent by most of those who favor annexation,\\nan anyhow annexation.\\nIt has been very ominously hinted that other nations, more am-\\nbitions, are eager to take these islands in case of our declination,\\nbut this is squarely denied by Great Britain, and, were the island-\\ners to so consent, their ingratitude would diminish my grief were\\nvre called upon to say, Farewell, Hawaii. But Hawaii will\\nnever let go of even our little finger, and the ominous hint is of\\nno more worth than it was when made in the case of Santo Do-\\nmingo, or of St. John, or St. Thomas, or in the case of Hawaii in\\n18. )4. or than any other very cheap theatrical thunder.\\nNo other nation can offer Hawaii an equal market for its sugar\\nto that of the United States, and such a market is their great and\\nabiding necessity. Hawaii has nothing, however, to give in re-\\nturn or no market of the slightest importance to reciprocate.\\nEngland could not renounce and stultify its free-trade policy by\\nimposing duties on sugar, and then, in the same act of Parliament,\\nprovide that all sugar imported from Hawaii should be free of\\nduty. Germany and France are both heavily in the sugar indus-\\ntry, and would be the last to nurse and coddle Hawaii in the same\\nline, as that would only compel them to assume the burden we\\nnow bear. They may not like us, but they have been taught\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHeat not a furnace for your foe so hot\\nThat it do sinsre yourself.\\nThe Republic of Hawaii, with all the world before it where to\\nchoose, would not commit commercial suicide by the blunder of\\ntrying to find a better friend than the United States. No other\\nnation will seek their acquisition so long as we let it be known, as\\nwe have done for more than fifty years, that the United States\\nwould regard it as an unfriendly act and would resist it.\\nThe personnel of the present Hawaiian Government is guided\\nnot only with some skill, but with sufficient iron and blood to\\nmaintain its independence as a State. I see no good reason for a\\nchange. Let us tell them, as we have done for over a half cen-\\ntury, We are your friend, and your independence as a State will\\nhave our continued favor and support. If a trinity of foreign\\npowers move to combine, or to galvanize the carcass of the an-\\ncient Holy Alliance, as some timid people ap])rehend, in order to\\ncurb the United States, the first crack of the European whip will\\nbe the only summons required by Americans for the crisis. Later\\nlet the historian record whether empires or republics in Europe", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "liave been mailo stronf, er ov wcalvor by siuli a coiiHict. It is\\nknown to be perilous to exposo ini]ioviai armies to i)oliti(al con-\\ntagion by contact, even in war, with Kcimblitan soldiers.\\nThe fact, however, that we have been so loni^ held is the fore-\\nmost friend of tho Ilawaiiaiis makes it diffienlt for any of us to\\nlook upon tho ([uestion of their annexation with absolute .i stico\\nto the national interests of our own country. Yet that is what wo\\nare hero for.\\nThe important qiiostion is now presented of the aecjuisition of\\nthis far-away territory not contiguous, but a stragi^ling litter of\\nislands of volcanic birth, which it is proposed shall somehow\\nactually become an inte.i^ral part of the territory of our llepublic.\\nAnnexation, it should be honestly confessed, has not been so much\\nsought after by the natives as by tho dominant and more astute\\naliens, who have been fully acclimated by their very tropical sugar\\ndividends.\\nIt has been wildly asserted by an Eastern attorney that the pos-\\nsession of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States would in\\ntime of war contributo largely to the defensive strength of our\\nPacific coast. How that could bo realized, while over L*,(\u00c2\u00bb00 miles\\naway in the Pacific Ocean, it has not been satisfactorily explained.\\nAt present there are no fortifications there of the slightest impor-\\ntance, and with tho most lavish expenditures the eight islands\\ncould never be made impregnable. Nature has not supplied them\\nwith the foundations of a Gibraltar, nor of a Malta, nor of even\\na Quebec. Major-General Schofield denies that even Honolulu\\ncan be defended by shore batteries.\\nIn a report to the Secretary of War May f^, 187:], he makes the\\nfollowing statement:\\nHonolulu is the only good commercial harl)or in the whole grou\\\\). There\\nare many other so called harbors or places for anchorage, but they are open\\nroadsteads, affording shelter only from certain winds, and they arc all en-\\ntirely iiicai)able of Ix ing defended by shore batteries. Even the harbor of\\nHonolulu itself can not bo defended from the shore.\\nAn enemy could take up his i)osition outside of the entran e to the liarbor\\nand command the entire anchorage, as well as the town of Honolulu itself.\\nThis harbor would, therefore, be of no use to us as a harbor of refuge in time\\nof war.\\nThere is more testimony of this kind, as well as some in con-\\nflict, but none of equal authortiy, as tho testimony of (Teneral\\nSchofield has not become worthless by his becoming a partisan.\\nBut were fortifications possible at Honolulu, of what protection\\nwould they be to our cities and ports on the Pacific coast? In-\\nstead of being any auxiliary defense, tho islands themselves would\\nlargely require both naval and military defense.\\nPerhaps some American statesmen would regard it (piite as\\nprudent to first have our numerous ports and prosperous cities on\\nthe Pacific and Atlantic roasts receive some defensive attention,\\nand also that tho national capital, if not made invulnerable to a long\\nsiege, should at least be jnade safe from a twelve-hours raid up\\nthe Potomac by some Admiral Cockburn, and not be left so gun-\\nless and unprotected as to tempt the puny aggression of second\\nand third rate powers.\\nThe Hawaiian Islands, if annexed, would prove as barren of\\nmilitary importance as of commercial, which is wholly l)ased on\\nour unfortunate grant of a frei market for their sugar, and their\\nannexation would be a source of wi-akiiess, and no more desirable\\nfor thedefense of the Pacilii- coast than the back side of the mooii.", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "8\\nAs owners it would at once require on our part a large and per-\\nmanent naval and military force to be stationed there to main-\\ntain our master) but as an independent state the United States\\ncould shield Hawaii from any hostile attack by merely announc-\\ninp; that we were their ally in the support of their independence.\\nBeyond doubt the islands would be a considerable source of\\nembarrassment and probable discomfiture by multiplying our\\nvulnerable points, as Avell as by a far more exhaustive addition to\\nour national expenditures. I will dismiss this branch of the sub-\\nject, and leave it to the judgment of all Senators whether these\\nislands, if annexed, would not in case of war quickly be in the\\npossession of the commander there of the superior naval fleet?\\nBut without annexation the Hawaiian Islands would not be\\nthreatened. Annexation would alone create the necessity of its\\npreparations for war. If annexation is to be our fate, at least\\ntwo or three of our vessels of war, including one of our best bat-\\ntle ships, should be sent forthwith to Honolulu, unless we intend\\nto leave the islands as an easy prize to some idle Spanish gunboat.\\nThe main source of Hawaiian reveniie is now from duties im-\\npo36 I on imports, which after annexation would be surrendei*ed.\\nBy the proposed treaty the public debt of Hawaii\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not to exceed\\n$4,000,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is to be paid by the United States. The admission of\\nStates into the Union has not often been encumbered with a con-\\ndition that its public debt should be paid by the United States.\\nIn this case the debt is less than half the amount we shall continue\\nannually to surrender by the admission of Hawaiian sugar free of\\nduty.\\nThe details of our import and export trade with Hawaii will\\nshow its pitiful amount and its worse than worthless character.\\nThe total duties remitted by the United States while the reci-\\nprocity treaty has been in force amount to over $65.000.000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a big\\nsum for a little trade. The total imports in 1897 were $13, 687, 787,\\nof which $13,16-4,379 was sugar and only $523,408 for all other\\nimports. The whole gross amount of imports from Hawaii sub-\\nject to any duty in 1897 amounted to less than $25,000. Our ex-\\nports to Hawaii are only remarkable for their slender character,\\nand were, in 1897 only $4,690,075. Of course this adverse bal-\\nance of the sugar trade against us of $8,987,724 we paid some-\\nwhere in specie to sugar-stock owners residing in Honolulu or\\nelsewhere. These oppressive balances occur every year, and an-\\nnexation can not diminish them.\\nThe annual report of the Hutchinson Company, one of the nu-\\nmerous prosperous sugar companies of Hawaii, sets forth the cost\\nof their sugar products to have been $30 per ton. or a little less\\nthan 1^ cents per pound. The price quoted in our market\\nfor their sugar has been 3.7 cents per pound. This would leave\\nthe sugar producers of Hawaii a profit last year of about\\n\u00c2\u00a79,000,000, or twice as much as the gross amount of all the United\\nStates export trade to Hawaii. If this is not paying too dearly\\nfor the whistle, what is it? If any individual were guilty of such\\ndull-witted incapacity, the Government would at once have a\\nguardian appointed. Unfortunately, however, the Senate, it is\\nclaimed, is not unwilling to perpetuate forever this preposterous\\nfree-sugar folly by annexation, simply because it includes as bene-\\nficiaries a small number of former Americans who left their coim-\\ntry, settled in Honolulu, have paid taxes there, and are no longer\\nAmerican citizens. We could still give them our good will, but.", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "expatriatecl as tliey chose to be. it is askinjj too mncli tbat we\\nshall continue forever to support them in this most prodigal and\\nextravagant style.\\nIf any of our people are expecting to profit by finamg or by\\ncreating a market in Hawaii for manufactures, they should at once\\nbe sent to school where Hogging has not become an obsolete\\nmethod for the correction of the pupils. The trade of the uncul-\\ntured inhabitants of tropical countries, like that of Hawaii,\\nmakes no figure in commerce and rarely pays more anywhere\\nthan the cost of its practical protection.\\nThe annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States\\npresents a question of national policy, of constitutional power,\\nand of national honor of the utmost gravity. It is not a new-\\nquestion, but one that has been heretofore always rejected, and by\\nour most eminent statesmen. The islands are not near to the\\nAmerican Continent, but far out in the middle of the Pacific\\nOcean. President Jefferson regarded the question of constitu-\\ntional power to annex even the contiguous territory of Louisiana\\nso doubtful as properly to require an amendment of the Constitu-\\ntion, but the irresistible power of the mouths of the Mississippi\\nsilenced that question.\\nHowever that may be. the Hawaiian question of annexation\\nappeai-3 to have been forever negatively determined by the United\\nStates in 1843. as was then supposed. At that time our Secretary\\nof State, Daniel Webster, announced the established policy of the\\nUnited States in relation to the Sandwich Islands in a communi-\\ncation addressed to George Brown, our commissioner to Hawaii,\\nfrom which I take the following extract:\\nWe ask no control over their Government nor any undue influence what-\\never. Our only wish is tbat the integrity and indejicndence of the Hawaiian\\nterritories may Ix? scrupulously maintained and tlia^ its Government should\\nbe entirely impartial toward foreigners of every nation.\\nWith this declaration from the Department of State, with\\nDaniel Webster speaking for the United States, intended for all\\ntime, and sent to our commissioner at Honolulu, and made known\\nto all the world, it might be hoped that no Senator would require\\na stronger Government pledge to induce him to maintain the good\\nfaith of the United States.\\nPreliminary to this it is known that the ministers of Great Brit-\\nain and of France had proposed to Secretary Webster to unite in\\na treaty to bind the three powers to make and presei-ve the Ha-\\nwaiian Islands as an independent State. To this Mr, Webster did\\nnot consent, as our trade and relations, he thought, made us an\\nexception to other nations: but he was entirely in accord about\\nour consent to the preservation of the full and complete independ-\\nence of the islands.\\nFinally the chief secretary of Great Britain and the ambassadcr\\nof France completed such an agreement in London November 28,\\n1843, as follows:\\nHer Majesty the Queen of the United Kinpdom of Great Britain and Ira-\\nland and His Majestv the King of the French, t:ikinff into consideration the\\nexistence in the Sandwi h Islands of a Govornmcut capable of proyidinR for\\nthe regularity of its relations with foroifjn niitioits. have thoupht it ri^ lit to\\nengage reciprocally to consider the Sandwich Islands iis an independent\\nStat\u00c2\u00a9 and never to take jios-sesfiion, either directly or under tlie title of ijro-\\ntectorate.or under any other form, of any part of the territory i f which they\\nare composed. ABERDEEN.\\nST. AULAIUE.", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "10\\nCan anybody suppose that England and Franco would have\\nbound themselves by such an agreement but for the antecedent\\npledged word and lead of the United States? How can we, tho\\nforemost nation of the New World, while changing our front\\nwithout a blush or apology about annexing Hawaii as an inde-\\nl)endent State, hope to escape the reproach of breaking our\\nrecorded word?\\nIn the summer of 1854 our commissioner to Honolulu, I\\\\lr.\\nGregg, advised Secretary William L. Marcy that the Kingdom of\\nHawaii was on the verge of a revolution and resting on a political\\nvolcano; that four British ships of war and four French war\\nships had just arrived at lloncjlulu. Annexation, therefore, must\\nbe (juickly souglit or Hawaii would be forever lost. A treaty was\\nasked for and obtained from Hawaii, but as it was to Ijo admitted\\nas a State, with Senators and Represenatives, it was not swiftly\\naccepted by Marcy. The King of the islands did not sign an\\namended treaty, and in a short time he died. The Prince Royal\\nhaving ascended the throne, the political volcano disappeared,\\nand so did this embryotic treaty.\\nAfter denouncing as forbidden fruit the acquisition of the dis-\\ntant islands of the sea, as we have often done, for which European\\nempires are still so hungry, it appears strange that a change so\\nradical should suddenly blot our past history and present us to the\\nworld as eager to acquire even what will be impossible for Ameri-\\ncans to assimilate, what will degi ade our republican system of\\ngovernment, and can not elevate the general political character\\nof our people.\\nThe formal annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, under a one-\\nman power, under a republic in name, or whatever form of gov-\\nernmental experiment we may choose or be compelled toi)rescribe,\\nwill advertise the final wreckage of the Morn oe doctrine, so\\nlong held dear by the American people. Self-respect will compel\\nus to discard and seek a divorce from the glory of a connection\\nwith a historic measure to which the public opinion of mankincl\\nwill at once pronounce us unworthy. We can not afford to de-\\nnounce and forbid all acquisitions of territory in the Western\\nHemisphere by European governments, even at the peril of war,\\nand forthwith embark in a thus bedanined enterprise ourselves.\\nIf we would have our yet unstained doctrine i-espected by others,\\nwe must scrupulously practice what we preach.\\nBecause several of tho larger Eastern nations have been in an\\nexpensive and furious catch-as-catch-can naval hunt to seize ports\\nand harbors, or any tidbits of the Chinese Empire, it is not a suf-\\nficient reason why the United States should suddenly blot its\\nrecord by showing how easily we can be seduced by a like beset-\\nting sin.\\nSome tears were shed in the former and confidential part of this\\ndebate for the reason that we, unlike European nations, had no\\ncolonies nov dependencies and were not alert in the seizure of\\nports and harbors of China, ostensibly to build up trade and com-\\nmerce, as all Europe seemed to be doing.\\nYet the monopoly of these ports and harbors, for their own ex-\\nclusive benefit, appeared likely to i)rovoke the hostility of other\\ncommercial nations, and therefore a trio of the China reformers,\\nnow led by Great Britain, at once agreed to make all these ports\\nas free and open to tho whole world as to themselves. The loudly\\nproclaimed overwhelming necessity that the United States should", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "11\\nbogin to snatch by diplomacy or by force some fon ii?ii market\\nplace, or annex some foreij^n islands, or at least twist the tail of\\nthe British lion, lias been, it now appears, overworked, and all of\\nits varied pathos has tied.\\nThe reciprocity treaty witli the Hawaiian Islands of .Tiino 3,\\n1875, was an cnormons blunder, u^reater even than that with Can-\\nada in 18*) 1, on the part ot the United States, as a brief examina-\\ntion of its practical operation will conclusively show. Thus ex-\\nempting their sugar from duty by comjjact we gave to those who\\nwei o unentitled to it by reciprocity or by furnishing our people\\nwith any cheaper sugar the power to annually intercept and take\\naway from us niilHous of revenue on sugar for which no fair\\nequivalent of commerce or of sentiment has ever been even pre-\\ntended. To obtain more revenue wo had just imposed on sugar\\nextraordinary duties, and the remission of such duties on Hawaiian\\nsugar and molasses, as might have been expected, gave enormous\\nprofits to the sugar planters and greatly augmented the Hawaiian\\nproduction of sugar. Much of the most valuable sugar lands\\nthere were immediately largely monopolized, sugar machinery\\nwas swiftly and annually imported, and many thousand cooly\\nlaborers from China and Japan were suddenly brought and jiut\\nat work in Hawaii at the cooly rate of wages.\\nIn 1870 our imports of free sugar from Hawaii were only 20,000,-\\n000 pounds, but in 189Giucreased to 443,000,000 pounds. The treaty\\nought long ago to have been terminated or reasonably modified, so\\nas to have remitted not more than 10 or 20 per cent of the duties on\\nsugar, or no more than we may properly remit on the sugar of\\nBrazil or of Germany, where our trade would reciuire and receive\\nsome reciprocal advantages in retiarn. Some interested parties in\\nHawaii might regret a collapse in their present enormous advan-\\ntages, but our people would not regret tohave this unreciprocated\\nand quixotic boon no longer so extravagantly maintained at their\\ncost.\\nThe people of the United States being the largest consumers in\\nthe world of sugar per capita, as well as in the aggregate, the\\ngreat economy of its home production has by them long been\\nanxiously desired. Its production by the cheapest foreign labor-\\ners and foreign o\\\\\\\\Tiers, 2,100 miles away from our shores, and ad-\\nmitted here free of duty, is now a loss of millions per annum of\\nreveniie, and enriches only a very limited monopoly in Hawaii.\\nBut many people of our States, our own kith and kin, would\\ngladly risk their labor and their capital to establish the sugar-beet\\nculture on their own Western continental homes, and thus we\\nmight escape an annual drain to which we have been long sub-\\njected to the amount of nearly $100,000,000 to pay for our un-\\nequaled sugar consumption. Our homo producers of sugar do\\nnot want to be confronted forever with the competition of free\\nsugar produced by cooly labor which no American can afford to\\ntolerate, much less to i)rotect, as we are doing and as it is now\\nproposed we shall do forever. Uur election of lyiiG was not won\\non a pledge of protection to the sugar production of Hawaii.\\nThe terrible curse of the Haw.iiian Islands appears to be incur-\\nable leprosy, which is communicable by the jiresence of the leper,\\nbiit how or in what manner science has furnished no answer,\\nalthough kissing has been ascertained to be a i)erilous oxi)osure.\\nThere is no disease to whicli any portion of the human race has\\never been afflicted more to be dreaded than leprosy. Its hatet ui,\\nW2", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12\\nloathsome, and contagious features have from the earliest ages\\nstamped its presence with horror. Dr. Morrow has presented a\\nlearned and interesting statement of the subject as it now exists\\nin Hawaii, where the residents of no nationality have entirely es-\\ncaped from the disease, and which he rightly thinks ought not to\\nbe kept out of sight should the annexation of the islands ever be\\nseriously contemplated. It has been attempted to suppress the\\ndisease by segregation of the lepers at Molokai so long as they\\nlive, usually from three to five years, but the number of cases for\\nten years past, it is claimed, has increased. The expenses for\\nLouses, clothing, and food is borne by the Government. The con-\\nstant decrease of the native population indicates their early exter-\\nmination. Dr. Morrow also reports that in addition to the 1,2U0\\nnow segregated at Molokai there are probably two or three times\\nas many at large in whom the disease is latent. Each of these\\ncarries with him the seeds of a deadly contagion, and -in the\\nevent of annexation, the Doctor says, it would be idle to think\\nof confining leprosy to the islands, or rather of excluding it from\\nthis country by quarantine measures. No; wecanonly take them,\\nif we take them at all, in sickness and in health, for better and for\\nworse. Any closer connection should not be coveted by us than\\nthat we now have. The incomputable incumbrances are there to\\nstay forever. Hawaii once annexed, a divorce woiild be impos-\\nBiV)le. Our only security is now to solemnly forbid the bans.\\nHow unfortunate are we that the wonderful value and prodi-\\ngious importance, military and sentimental, of the Hawaiian\\nIslands had not been discovered earlier, and their annexation\\npushed prior to our distinct pledge in favor of their -independence\\nas a state and before we had rejected these and all other like\\ndistant islands, and bj rather grandly proposing instead to estab-\\nlish the Monroe doctrine, which we now find more difficult to\\npractice ourselves than it has been to impose iipou Europe.\\nSurely Hawaiian annexation would have been less repugnant, less\\nunfortunate, had it been proposed before leprosy had destroyed so\\nlarge a part of the native population, and especially before the\\nislands had been invaded and so heavily stocked with the Chinese\\nand Japanese contract laborers. Certainly, could these incurable\\ngrievances now be removed, the objections to annexation would\\nbe less conspicuous, but still formidable, as even then the islands\\nas American dependencies would have had no temptation to the\\nstatesmen of the eras of Washington, nor of Jackson or Lincoln.\\nLess than 3 per cent of the present number of inhabitants in\\nHawaii are of Americaia origin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not enough to dominate or to\\nboss the 07 i)er cent of the other nationalities, which could not\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2without too great risk be trusted to self-government, nor even to\\nloyalty to the United States, yet they expect soon, whatever may\\nbe the terms of annexation, that they will be full-fledged citizens\\nof an integi al part of the t^^nion. entitled to share in governing the\\nUnited States in both Houses of Congress. To this I am irrevo-\\ncably opposed.\\nAn examination of the basis of any possible free government in\\nHawaii, with inhabitants of so many different languagts, religions,\\nhabits, and traditions, mostly monarchists, presents no encoiirage-\\nment for the creation or permanence of a republican form of gov-\\nernment, to which nine out of every ten are theoretically as well\\nas jn-actically opposed. Theobjections apparent there to suffrage,\\nwhether free or limited, seem insuperable. To confine suffrage to\\n347:.", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "13\\ntbo 0.080 Am(-ric-:nis nlon- iiichnliiifj men, woinon. and cliiltli-ii,\\nwould hardly he snbmitt.-d to, vxcrpt at tlu jxiint of the hay..: .t.\\nIf the DiUivos were allowed tu vote, repiosriitin;? rt I (itu-linlmj^\\nlialf-castes and lepersMiiey luiKht restore the deposed yuitii. and\\nit would he (ineer to treat thf natives as no lonK tr oiti/.ons Imt\\nsavages after we Iiavo been their HeluMilnm-^ters and misaionarii ti\\nso many years. What the ,Tapane8\u00c2\u00bb\\\\\u00c2\u00bb numlx rinj? I07. with\\ntheir rights by treaty, would do if allowed ti vote we ran nlv\\nguess that tliey would aiitagoni/e thi\u00c2\u00ab( lnnese, whonnnjlK-r Jl\\nAnd there are lo.j .tl of tho nnreckoned I ortngne ie. C.rt.nhly\\nnone of these eonld ever be safely coTintrd in favor of leaving tii.i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2paramount authority in the hands of the I nited Stat s, and\\nan army of .sufficient strength, with the Stars and Stripes, would\\ntherefore be a permanent necessity to !-bield the islands from in-\\nsurrections and revolutions.\\nIt has been erroneously suggested by a Boston visitor, if the\\nHawaiian Islands were to be annexed, that a largo multitndo of\\nUnited States immigrants would lioclc there for settlement. This,\\nto me, seems most improbable. There will be few or no vacam-ies\\nio be filled by newcomers of any sort. We have no American la-\\nborers who could witlistand the troiiical climato or be tempted\\nfrom home by the average wages now paid in Hawaii. The small\\ntrades and professions are aaiil now to he overer.iwded. The out-\\ndoor laboring men there now are exclusively Chinese, Japanese.\\nPortuguese, or natives, and equal in numbers to any j.rt sent or\\nprobable future demands. The hot sun and low wages are likely\\nto exclude all others. It would be doubtful whether there couUl\\nbe even a platoon of colored laborers recruited f(jr Hawaiian wages\\nin America. OflBcial positions doubtless have been, so to say, aile-\\nquately promised to ximericans who understand the language\\nmade for the natives. The Chinese, Japanese, and Portugtieae\\nwere brought there by the shipload, and there they are likely to\\nremain forever.\\nTho best of the STigar lands in the valleys and on the sides of tho\\nmountains have been monopolized, and after the Spreckels. all\\nother speculators will be gleaners in fields alreaily largely reaped.\\nA considerable amount, however, of sugar lands, only less profit-\\nable, can of course be brought into cultivation. Finally, there\\nare no lands outside of the United States, however bles-sed the cli-\\nmate or however prosperous, even with more industries than one,\\nor however advanced in science and general education or worthy\\nin moral purity, which have ever tempted the American people\\nto emigrate. More than half of our States might have their pop-\\nulation quadrupled and suffer nothing from density. We are\\nmost unlikely to furnish any country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 certainly not Hawaii\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwith any considerable number of immigrants for a hun lred years\\nto come. The only tracks made on our borders are all inward\\nand none outward. Foreign emigrants have come ami will como\\nto us in abundant streams from all quarters of the globe, and each\\none will soon be heard repeating the words of a jiroud and native-\\nborn American: Thank God! I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 also\u00e2\u0080\u0094 am an American.\\nOne gentleman in this debate rests his argument for anne.xation\\non his belief that the Chinese and Japaneso will ho at onc-e driven\\nout of Hawaii by Americans and expatriated. All history will\\nshow that this is impossible. The few Americans there now could\\nLargely increased .since 1800.\\n3472", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14\\nnot tlo without their hibor. No race is ever supplanted except by\\na hardier one\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one that c:ui endure more hours nf labor and be\\ncontent with c-heaper and coarser food. The British troops took\\nQuebec, but the Canadian Frenchmen remained in Canada. They\\nare there now. and so is their language. We have had colonization\\nsocieties for generations, and expended large sums of money m\\nsending away colored immigrants, but wholly without success,\\nbecause their labor is indispensable here, and it can not be super-\\nseded by more acceptable labor. Even the Romans sometmies\\nyielded to the Goths. A small number of the Chinese and Japanese\\nmay return to their former homes, but their places will be filled\\nbv lar -er numbers of these most industrious and hardy workers.\\nThe^Turks got possession of Thessaly. the largest division of\\nancient Greece, in the fourteenth century; but Greece, though\\noften favored bv other powers, has not recovered the largest and\\nmost fertile division of her ancient possessions. Nor will the\\nAsiatics be expelled from Hawaii.\\nIn addition to the American residents, there are 2,2.j0 British\\nand 1,432 German. Most of these respectable people went there\\nonly to seek better professional support as ministers, lawyers,\\nphysicians, merchants, or as speculators in sugar and real estate.\\nThe numbers there now competing in all these learned and skilled\\nprofessions and in trade are reported to largely overlap and exceed\\nwhat can be sumptuously supported as all want to be by their\\ntributary patrons. Annexation would make a little additional\\nroom for a few low-priced, sedentary officials, but might also\\nadd something to the present excessive competition of this hungry\\nIf ever they come under our flag and Constitution their diverse\\npopulation must be subject to our laws as now recorded, and they\\nare not as flexible as some political platforms, and could not mean\\none thing in Hawaii and another in California. The provisions\\nrelating to citizenship, aliens, suffrage, and homesteads, with all\\nthe privileges and penalties in their application, would be likely\\nto get badly tangled. If the islands are ever in the Union as a\\nTerritory, then it should be remembered that thin partitions divide\\nTerritories or even dependencies from States; and any party num-\\nbering one more than half in each House of Congress may admit\\nby resolution these unfortunately leprous islands as a State, with\\neiiual power in the Senate of the oldest States of the Union. It\\nwould require six months for our most learned committee to\\nframe and fit proper laws to hold the Hawaiian infant territory,\\nand yet we have not even a cradle ready for this expected addition\\nto our American family.\\nIt has also been urged that a harbor and coaling station would\\nbo a great convenieme to our commerce across the Pacific Ocean.\\nHow great that would be, however, can be better estimated by\\nthose who know that the Hawaiian Islands lie 18 degrees south\\nand 2,100 miles distant from San Francisco. We now have such\\na harbor under an irrevocable grant. It is not probable that any\\nharbor would ever be denied to us in time of peace; and in case\\nof war the strongest naval power would keep or take whatever it\\nchose to have. Pearl Harbor could be made of immediate use at\\na very inconsiderable expense by the removal of a coral reef which\\nnow obstructs its entrance.\\nThe American whaling fleet, which formerly was in the habit of\\ncalling at Honolulu for supplies and repairs, is now but little\\nmore than a memory of the past. In INTO the number was seventy-", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "15\\none. and in ISO. only six of .such ve3.scls were seen at Honolulu,\\nand in 1800 only two. Under our llajj wo liavo more than ouc-\\nhalf of tlu ir trado, and several forei;, n llaij.s, ineludi!\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab the sub-\\nsidized British, obtain tho reniaimler. But tho whole iniiH)rt\\ntrade is iusi,i:uificant. as I have already shown, and the consuuip-\\ntion of American nianufaetiiros by natives or resident.s of Hawaii\\nwill never make it otherwi.se. Their earnin,u:s are too restricted,\\ncombined with Asiatic habits, to create valuable consumers. No\\ncountry is likely to add much to the value ol domestic or to foni^rn\\ntrade where the native women ;j:o barefoot, eat fish raw. and strivo\\nto witch the world on horseback with each foot in a Ktirrui\\nIt has been the hapi iness of tho Kepublic of the United States\\nthat it has long and very distinctly had the benefit of a contrast\\nwith aristocratic empires and monarcliies in relation to colonial\\ndependencies. These arrogant aristocracies nurse tlieir pride and\\ndazzle their sub.iects with the obedience and enchantments of dis-\\ntant colonies and dependencies, bnt their condition is now. or wa.s\\nrecently, on exhibition by their paternal and maternal w.irs and\\nrumors of wars in India. North and Soiith Africa, ^ladagas.ar,\\nEgypt, China, Philippine Islands, and Cuba.\\nThese perennial colonial flagellations, or life .straggles of colo-\\nnies and dependencies which refuse to stay con(iuered,re(inire tlie\\nincrease of big home armies and bigger navies, which can only bo\\nmaintained by the biggest taxes, Tlie aristocratic ein])ires ])usli\\nthe inexorable demand of three to five j-ears of the life of all their\\nyoung men in military service, and then to be ready for further\\nservice until emancipated by the decrejjitude of old age. The.se\\nlarge standing armies threaten their neighbors, and tlieir neigh-\\nbors threaten everybody else by an increase of their battle ships.\\nBoundless public debts and double and twisted taxes leave their\\npeople poor, with no hope that these grim and stubborn exactions\\nwill ever be less.\\nHitherto the statesmen of our Republic have kept clear of colo-\\nnies and dependencies, for it need not be admitted that Alaska is\\nan exception, nor that it is ever more likely to become one of tho\\nUnited States than any other part of the yet unappropriated\\nNorth Pole. Our young men of the Republic are at scliool, or at\\nwork on the farm, or busy somewhere learning a trado or a i)r()-\\nfession from which they may derive a livelihood or the comforts\\nof an independent home. They are not impressed for the Regu-\\nlar Army, which is so small as to be almost invisible, and wholly\\ncomposed of volunteers. Two-thirds of our rebellion debt has\\nbeen paid, and we fully expect to pay the remainder, and that it\\nwill speedily grow less.\\nThe historic policy of the Republic of tho United States for the\\nhundred years just piv^sed, based as it has been upon tho sound\\ndoctrine promulgated by Washington in his Farewell Address\\nwith words of perennial wisdom against foreign entangling alli-\\nances, has taken root in tho hearts of the American people, where\\nit is treasured up as their political Bible and can not now bo\\nmocked at as merely an ancient tradition. Its accei)tanco has\\nmade the nation great, made it respected. If our fidelity to tho\\nwell-ripened statesmanship of tlio Father of his Country shall bo\\nperpetuated for the next hundred years as in the past, the honor,\\nprosperity, and power of our Republic, it may safely be predicted,\\nwill light and lead all the nations.\\n3t73", "height": "3520", "width": "1924", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "LiBKHKY Ul- CUIMUKtbb\\n013 744 811 7", "height": "3484", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n013 744 811 7\\npeRnulif6\u00c2\u00bb\\npH8^", "height": "3748", "width": "2542", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nM\\n013 744 811 7\\npH8J", "height": "3884", "width": "2209", "jp2-path": "speechofhonjusti00morr_0020.jp2"}}