{"1": {"fulltext": ".hi,\\nill\\nM!\\nIf-\\nlip\\nIm^mmmm", "height": "3664", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nI ^^e.T S .;b.o..(^.. I\\nI -=^^.^_A..^..^. I\\nI UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3518", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "/iT\\nThe People of this Country should insist upon the Continuance\\nOF the Protective Policy, under which all American Industries\\nARE Reviving and the Hard Times are Passing Away.\\nPROCEEDINGS\\nCONVENTION\\nIRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURERS\\nIRON ORE PRODUCERS,\\nAT PITTSBURGH,\\nTUESDAY, MAY 6, 1879.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nTHE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION,\\nNo. 265 South Fourth Street.\\n1879.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nPAGE\\nAddress of the President, Mr. Moeeell, 3\\nPaper BY Joseph Wharton- The American Ironmaster, 15\\nPaper by A. B. Stone- How Protection Protects, 24\\nThe United States Tinplate Industry, 31\\nEeport op the Committee on Resolutions,\\n37\\nc;? ^y^", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PROCEEDINGS.\\nThe meeting was called to order, at 10.30 A. M., in the hall\\nof the Western Iron Association, by Mr, William P. Shinn, upon\\nwhose motion Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, of Johnstown, Pa., the\\nPresident of the American Iron and Steel Association, took the\\nchair as presiding officer. Messrs. James M. Swank and Joseph D.\\nWeeks were appointed Secretaries. The call for the meeting was\\nread, as follows\\nOffice of the American Iron and Steel Association^\\nPhiladelphia, March 26, 1879. J\\nIn accordance with a resolution of the Board of Managers of the American Iron and\\nSteel Association, the undersigned requests all Manufacturers of Iron and Steel and all\\nIron Ore Producers in the United States to meet in convention at Pittsburgh, on Tues-\\nday, the 6th day of May next, at 10 o clock, A. M., in the hall of the Western Iron\\nAssociation and the Western Nail Association, to consider the present condition of our\\nIron and Steel Industries, their wants, and the dangers which threaten them. Many\\nyears have elapsed since a similar convention was held. It is believed that great good\\nmay result from more frequent conferences between representatives of such important\\nindustries, and the American Iron and Steel Association talces the initiative in promot-\\ning a full and free exchange of opinions by all Iron and Steel Manufacturers and Iron\\nOre Producers, whether members of the Association or not. A full attendance at the\\ntime and place above named is most earnestly invited. D. J. MORRELL,\\nPresident of The American Iron and Steel Association.\\nAfter the reading of the call the President delivered the follow-\\ning address\\nADDRESS OF HON. DANIEL J. MORRELL, PRESIDENT OF THE\\nAMERICAN IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION.\\nGentlemen At a meeting of the American Iron and Steel\\nAssociation, held at its rooms in Philadelphia, on the 6th day of\\nMarch last, it was resolved that a general meeting of the members\\nshould be held at least once in each year, at a time and place to be\\ndesignated by the executive committee. Pittsburgh was selected a.s\\nthe place for a meeting to be held in the present month of May,\\nand the president was requested to issue a call inviting the presence\\nand co-operation at this meeting of manufacturers of iron and steel\\nand producers of iron ore throughout the United States. This\\n(3)", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "ZtZt f f Wy is a gratifying response to that\\nZaTL .V, J appreeiation of the labors of the Asso-\\nciation for the eommon welfare, and I sineerely hope will rive it\\nstrength for continued and still greater usefulness.\\nmentTf ritt\u00c2\u00b0 Wul develop-\\na geneial recognition of this faet. Owing to the extent of our\\nt^r ^f ^t-T/ f\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 the ::;ir\\norZizatio wf y^ diti\u00e2\u0080\u009en renders\\nmfkeXen, T y- 0 -g i\u00c2\u00bbn and association\\nmake the managers of an industry personally known to each other-\\njealousies are removed eonfldeuce is promoted a true commnn ty\\nof intereste 13 established and recognized, and tL harsher f^at 2\\nof competition are mitigated. Experience everywhere shows ha\\n^oeiation ,s most effective in securing the respect of powe\u00c2\u00ab\\nwhich ^jj j^^^ P regulatirn on\\nwhich the prosperity or even the existence of industries may de-\\npend; and only through this medium can accurate statistics of pro-\\nTheTislo^fT disseminaL.\\nIhe I St of American mdnstries organized for general and not for\\nspecia purposes is comp.aratively small, yet it fairly includes the\\nof wTo M, f r nT ^l A.,soeiation\\nof Wool Manufacturers. The manufacturing chemists have a most\\nluZTonr^T- ^l owing to the locali-\\nwWeh P 1 \u00c2\u00ab*1 association,\\nPo tt-s a The United State\\nwh te Ld r \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^P^^ 1\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 =at of the\\nwhite 1 ad makers; and there are doubtless other organizations that\\nI do not now remember. An organization of the textile mannfae-\\nturers having its seat at Philadelphia, and one of the flax industry\\nbeen the fate of other associations of the kind.\\nHISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION.\\nOf ^.tlw IT^^ \u00c2\u00b0f United States,\\niLq the 6th day of December\\n1 49, to meet at Philadelphia on the 20th day of the same ZtT\\nto consider the existing depression in the iron industry and to\\nappeal to Congress for relief through a revision of the tariff. The\\nmeetmg, which was held in the chamber of the Board of Trade", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "was largely attended by manufacturers and dealers in iron: after\\nreading the reports of committees and appointing a general commit-\\ntee to further its purposes it adjourned sine die. Its proceedings\\nwere published in book form and were of interest and permanent\\nvalue.\\nFor a period of more than five years no further movement of\\nimportance occurred, but the reasons for organization constantly\\nbecame more urgent, and finally, on the 6th day of March, 1855,\\nthe American Iron Association was organized in Philadelphia.\\nHon. George N. Eckert, of Reading, Pa., was chosen president\\nGen. James Irvin and John H. Towne, vice-presidents Charles E.\\nSmith, treasurer; and J. P. Lesley, secretary. The ofiice of the\\nAssociation was established at Philadelphia, and a constitution was\\nadopted from which I quote the first article, as follows\\nThe general objects of this Association shall be to procure, regularly, the\\nstatistics of the trade both at home and abroad to provide for the mutual\\ninterchange of information and experience, both scientific and practical to\\ncollect and preserve all works relating to iron and steel, and to form a com-\\nplete cabinet of ores, limestones, and coals to encourage the formation of such\\nschools as are designed to give tlie young iron-master a proper and thorough\\nscientific training, preparatory to engaging in practical operations and, gen-\\nerally, to take all proper measures for advancing the interests of the trade in\\nall its branches.\\nThe Association thus organized continued in active existence\\nuntil 1859, having a life of four years, during which time much\\nvaluable work was done by it. The Iron Manufacturers Guide to\\nthe Iron Works and Iron Ore Mines of the United States, com-\\npiled by the secretary. Professor J. P. Lesley, was a work of which\\nthe American iron trade stood in great need and of which it had\\nand still has just reason to be proud. It contained about eight\\nhundred printed pages, and was published in 1859, but the Ameri-\\ncan Iron Association appears to have died in giving it birth, as\\nI find no record of any work being done by it after the annual\\nmeeting held on March 16th of that year. Thenceforward, until\\n1864, the iron and steel manufacturers of the country appear to\\nhave been without a national organization for any purpose.\\nOn the 19th day of October, 1864, a number of iron manufac-\\nturers from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ken-\\ntucky, New Jersey, Missouri, and Maryland met in Philadelphia,\\nand determined to invite the iron and steel makers of the United\\nStates to meet together for the purpose of considering a plan of or-", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "ganizatiou, whereby the whole American iron interest might be\\njjromoted, and each branch known and cared for. A letter of in-\\nvitation was issued on the 1st day of November, calling a meeting\\non the 16th day of that month, at the Board of Trade Rooms\\nin Philadelphia, which assembled accordingly and organized the\\nAmerican Iron and Steel Association, which has ever since main-\\ntained a healthy and active existence, with a history of work done\\nand results accomplished which is known to many of you, and of\\nwhich all have reaped the benefits. Captain Eber B. Ward, of De-\\ntroit, was chosen president of the meeting William B. Ogden, of\\nChicago, vice-president; and E. Y. Townsend, of Philadelphia, and\\nThomas S. Blair, of Pittsburgh, secretaries. The meeting continued\\nits deliberations through the day and evening, and on the morning\\nof the 17th; a constitution was adopted, the first article of which\\nwas a verbatim copy of the first article of the American Iron As-\\nsociation, which I have read to you. The office of the Association\\nwas established at Philadelphia, and a board of thirty managers\\nwas elected, which selected the following permanent officers of the\\nAssociation: President, Captain E. B. Ward; vice-presidents, Sam-\\nuel J. Reeves, Abram S. Hewitt, James M. Cooper, Charles S.\\nWood, and Joseph H. Scranton treasurer, Charles Wheeler; and\\nsecretary, Robert H. Lamborn. Captain Ward remained president\\nuntil 1869, when, at the annual meeting, on February 18th, he de-\\nclined a re-election, and was succeeded by the late and lamented\\npresident, Samuel J. Reeves.\\nCaptain Ward remained an active member and manager of the\\nAssociation until his death, which took place at his home on the 2d\\nday of January, 1875, from an attack of apoplexy. He was born\\nin Canada on Christmas, 1811, his parents being American citizens\\nwho had emigrated from Vermont. Mr. Reeves continued to be\\nthe president of the Association from February 18th, 1869, until\\nDecember 15th, 1878, when his long and honorable career as an\\nAmerican iron-master was terminated by his death at his home in\\nPhoenixville, Pa., caused by a pulmonary complaint. He was born\\nat Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1818, and was the son of David\\nReeves, well known for many years as one of the most progressive\\nand distinguished of American iron-masters. Captain E. B. Ward\\nand Samuel J. Reeves were gentlemen too well and widely known\\nto require any eulogy from me, but, having been favored with their\\nconfidence and friendship for the quarter of a century during which\\nI have been connected with the iron business, I can not refrain from", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "expressing my sincere appreciation of their great merits and of the\\nloss sustained in their death not only by this Association but also\\nby all whose privilege it was to know them.\\nThe American Iron and Steel Association is now a recognized\\nauthority in all matters connected with the trade, and is consulted\\nby Congressmen and Government officials at home, and by persons\\nin all countries who desire accurate information concerning our\\nspecial industries. Its work is properly divisible into five branches,\\nas follows: 1st. Statistical, which takes shape annually in a re-\\nport by the secretary. 2d. The frequent revision and publica-\\ntion of a directory to all the iron and steel works in the United\\nStates. 3d. The publication and free distribution of the Bulletin.\\n4th. Educational and special work, such as watching legislation,\\nand looking after the decisions of the Treasury Department upon\\nquestions affecting the interests of the trade the publication and\\ndistribution of pamphlets and other documents, etc., etc. 5th. The\\nmaintenance of a bureau of general information, and a place of\\ngeneral resort for iron and steel manufacturers. The office of the\\nAssociation is centrally located in Philadelphia, is tastefully but\\nplainly furnished, and is daily open to members and all engaged in\\nthe iron trade. A library of several hundred volumes has been\\naccumulated by purchase and exchange, and all the leading trade\\nand scientific journals of this country and Europe are constantly\\non file these are open to all members and others engaged in the\\nbusiness of making or selling iron and steel. The present mem-\\nbership of the Association is composed of over two hundred firms\\nand individual manufacturers, and of about fifty dealers in iron\\nand steel, iron ore, etc. All dues are payable to the treasurer,\\nCharles Wheeler, Esq., of Philadelphia, and all money of the As-\\nsociation is disbursed by him on the order of the auditing com-\\nmittee, on vouchers presented by the secretary.\\nThe Annual Report of the Association is sent to all members of\\nCongress and to Cabinet officers, and during the sessions of Con-\\ngress the Bulletin, the weekly publication of which was commenced\\nin September, 1866, is frequently sent to the members of both\\nHouses. The Report and the Bulletin and all other publications\\nof the Association are also regularly sent to many of the leading\\nnewspapers of this and foreign countries, and to the officers of\\nscientific associations the world over.\\nThe work of the Association has a broader purpose than merely\\nlooking after the special interests of the iron trade. It is in friendly", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "intercourse and co-operation Avith all other organized industries,\\nespecially upon tariff questions, and it is enabled to interchange\\nstatistics with similar bodies and leading scientists in foreign coun-\\ntries, where its reports, as I have had opportunity to know, are rec-\\nognized as of final authority. It has nothing whatever to do with\\nthe regulation of prices or wages, and its labors are not more for\\nthe benefit of employers than of workingmeu. It has never sought\\na special privilege; never made bargains with hostile powers for\\nrights or immunities of any kind and has asked for no advantage\\nto the iron trade which would not be for the benefit of the whole\\ncountry.\\nWith a hungry, vigilant, and unscrupulous foreign rival opera-\\nting through American brokers and agents upon Congress and\\nrevenue officers, it stands us in hand to be equally watchful and\\nactive, and this work requires money. We use and depend upon\\nfacts and the logic of common sense for the education of the people\\nand of Congress upon the subject of Protection to American Indus-\\ntry, a work which we make as inexpensive as possible.\\nTHE PRESENT BUSINESS SITUATION.\\nIn considering the present business situation I presume that you\\nwill agree wdth me in the opinion that the long continued down-\\nward tendency of prices in our trade has been arrested, and that\\nthere are unmistakable indications, although as yet feeble, of a re-\\nturning tide of business activity and prosperity. We may not\\nanticipate rapid advances in prices, or great gains in business opera-\\ntions, yet if we utilize the experience of the past five years, and\\nadvance with firmness and caution, we may reasonably anticipate\\nemployment for all at living rates. The immense strain to which\\nmanufacturers have been subjected is shown by the fact that a\\nshrinkage in the selling prices of iron and steel rails, which fairly\\nrepresent the general trade in metals, during the five years ending\\nwith 878 has been as follows\\n874 as compared with 1873, decline of 19.75 per cent.\\n1875 1874, 21.40\\n1876 1875, 20.00\\n1877 1876, 20.75\\n1878 1877, 12.75\\nThe actual discount from the average prices of 1873 to the aver-\\nage prices of 1878 is Q-irs^ per cent., or very nearly two-thirds off.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "The successive reductions since the panic have been harassing and\\ndepleting to all, and in cases where materials were held on credit\\nthey were absolutely ruinous. A vast amoviut of invested capital\\nhas been rendered of little value, or wholly lost, the apparent gains\\nof the period of inflation having been swept away and it is very\\ncertain that, taking the ten years just closed, in which we have seen\\nthe highest and lowest prices ever known in our trade, the average\\ngains of iron and steel manufacturers have not exceeded simple\\ninterest on the capital invested.\\nWill the lessons to be drawn from this history soon be forgotten\\nWill there in the future be more caution in prosperity and more\\ncourage in adversity? Who can answer? Above all, will it be\\ntaken seriously to heart, and constantly borne in mind, that all\\ndebt beyond available means on hand at the time of contracting\\nit is always dangerous, whether it be individual, corporate, munici-\\npal, or national\\nThe Report of the secretary of the Association, which will be pre-\\nsented to you, gives the statistics and present condition of the trade,\\nand affords reliable data for the discussion of the prospects, aims,\\nand needs of the future. Special topics have been committed to\\nmembers of the Association with the request that they prepare\\npapers to be read before you, and it may be in place for me to sug-\\ngest other subjects the discussion of which may be profitable.\\nConfusion arises from the use of both the long and short ton in\\nbusiness operations and in statistical reports. Most of us buy and\\nsell by the long ton, but freights are paid on the short ton. The\\nreports of the Association use the short ton, adopted by a resolution\\nof the Association many years ago because of its greater conveni-\\nence, yet the statistics of other countries with which we come in\\ncompetition are in long tons, and all our quotations of prices have\\nto be made in the long ton. It would be a relief if we could\\nmodify the business custom so that all our operations would recog-\\nnize only the American ton of two thousand pounds.\\nThe subject of transportation is of great importance, as its ex-\\npense constitutes about one-third of the whole cost of the less ad-\\nvanced forms of iron and steel. In this respect our country is at a\\ndisadvantage as compared with other industrial nations which have\\na less extent of territory, in which raw materials are found in conti-\\nguity, or which have ocean and inland water transportation. The\\nmanagers of our railroads have generally shown that they under-\\nstand the importance of the traffic thrown upon their lines by man-", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nufacturing industries, but their rivalries for distant traffic and certain\\nkinds of freights, which they compel each other to carry at losing\\nrates, cast an additional burden upon local business, and often ope-\\nrate to the serious detriment of their most reliable customers. We\\nas manufacturers are not so much wronged by- the high freights we\\nare compelled to pay as by the low rates given to importers and to\\nthe manufacturers of competing products who are fortunate enough\\nto be located at points affected by the rivalry of lines of transpoi\\ntation. It is doubtful if this system of railroad competition, which\\ncompels local traffic to pay for the losses incurred in a ruinous strife\\nfor what is called through business, can be much longer maintained\\nand it is certain that any change which will bring about equitable\\ncharges from and to all points will be as beneficial to the owners of\\nrailroad property as to the public at large.\\nGuarantees and tests of articles sold are questions of general in-\\nterest, but may be more profitably considered in the several trade\\norganizations represented in this Association. It is very desirable\\nthat uniform guarantees shall be adopted, which, without imposing\\nunreasonable obligations, will insure a standard of good quality\\nand workmanship to be respected by all manufacturers of similar\\nproducts.\\nYour attention has doubtless been attracted by a large purchase\\nof English Bessemer rails by the New York Central and Hudson\\nRiver Railroad Company, at a price largely in excess of current\\nrates here, and you have seen the reasons put forth as its justifica-\\ntion. Having been appealed to for information, I have not hesi-\\ntated to denounce as false and slanderous the allegation that the\\nutmost endurance of American steel rails is but five years, and that\\nthey are commonly inferior to rails made in England. I allude to\\nthe subject here as the whole trade has a common interest in main-\\ntaining the well-deserved reputation earned by the American manu-\\nfacturers of Bessemer rails; and also for the reason that this assault\\nupon them may be regarded as a part of a scheme to break down\\nthe Protective policy of the countiy, which to-day is the sole guar-\\nantee of the continued existence of the great and growing industry\\nwhich has placed within the reach of American consumers better\\nand cheaper iron and steel than they ever before enjoyed. If duties\\nwere removed, and home production crushed out, how long Avould\\nit be before our foreign competitors would compel our roads to pay\\ndearly for their rails? The answer may be inferred from the history\\nof the past ten years, which is familiar to you all.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "11\\nWhen the cost of living is taken into account, the condition of\\nour workmen, at current wages, is in the main comfortable, and a\\nrapid improvement can not be expected. While the demand for\\nmost products is increasing, prices remain almost at the lowest\\npoint, and there is still a large productive capacity of machinery\\nand works unemployed.\\nFrom personal observation abroad I can say that the suffering\\nfrom industrial stagnation has been generally much greater else-\\nwhere than here, and in England it still continues with unabated\\nintensity. Successive reductions in wages have been enforced upon\\nEnglish workingmen, and strenuous efforts are now being made by\\nmanufacturers to so far cheapen their products as to recover the\\nground they have partially lost in the markets of the world. This\\ncondition of things is a perpetual threat against the industries of\\nall other nations, and especially our own, and we must continue to\\npractice the hard but salutary lesson taught by adversity. Manu-\\nfacturers must be content with small profits; workingmen must\\nstill practice thrift and economy. An advantage we possess is to be\\nfound in the superior intelligence in all ranks of American labor\\nAbroad the workingman holds but a low place in the social scale,\\nand the blind animosity which he sometimes displays in fruitless\\ncontests with his employer can readily be accounted for. In this\\ncountry, fortunately, the conditions are different, and it is the in-\\nterest of all to keep them so. Abroad labor belongs only to a class\\nin this country all are Avorkers. Such wealth as brings exemption\\nfrom the active operations and cares of life is the lot here of but\\nfew it is never a benefit, and is fortunately of but short continu-\\nance. All efforts to organize and array men of any occupation\\nagainst their employers, against society, or against the laws of the\\nland, are grave mistakes, and can never be permanently successful.\\nThey may for a brief time accomplish so much of their injurious\\npurposes as to do away with that mutual respect and confidence\\nwhich should exist between employer and employed, and which\\nwould insure fair dealing and justice on both sides, with the inter-\\nchange of personal kindness which always grows up where men\\nmeet each other without prejudice.\\nThe Iron and Steel Association, as I have before said, has\\nnothing to do with the regulations of prices or wages, yet it exer-\\ncises a wholesome influence by placing within the reach of iron-\\nworkers accurate statistics of their trade at home and abroad, from\\nwhich they may form an intelligent judgment upon all matters", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\naffecting their employment and its rewards. Ignorance causes\\nmost of the troubles which arise in business and society. Manu-\\nfacturers will find it to their interest to provide night schools,\\nlibraries, lectures, and other educational advantages for the youths\\ngrowing up about their works, and the publications of this Associ-\\nation may be distributed among them with great benefit.\\nTHE PROTECTIVE POLICY.\\nRecent advices from Washington and New York admonish us\\nthat agents of our principal trade rival, both in and out of Con-\\ngress, are pressing to renew the struggle for the passage of a bill\\nreducing the tariff* as soon as there is a commencement of the work\\nof general legislation. Indeed, I have reason to know that foreign\\nagents are already here, and that American traders, who care more\\nfor the profits they hope to make in selling foreign iron and steel\\nthan for the interests of their own country, are co-operating with\\nthem to break down the American tariff It is of no consequence\\nto these men that the whole country deprecates the agitation they\\nare starting, that no American interest has asked for it, and that\\nthere has been a general protest against it, in which even professed\\nFree Traders were obliged to join. They appear not to know nor to\\ncare for the fact that under our present system our foreign debt is\\nbeing rapidly paid off that our industries are reviving that the\\nAmerican consumer was never before so well and cheaply served\\nthat American manufactures are making a place in the markets of\\nthe world, while our principal rival, Great Britain, is in the depths\\nof despondency and that, even in England, our comparative pros-\\nperity is attributed to the Protective policy of our Government,\\nwhile England s calamities are admitted to be the result of Free\\nTrade. They appear not to know nor to care for the example of\\nGermany, the English Colonies, Russia, and other countries, which\\nhave recently declared in favor of Protection to Native Industries.\\nThey do not seem to know that the arguments heretofore used\\nagainst the tariff have been confuted by the progress of events, and\\nthat the facts or fictions cited to sustain them no longer exist, even\\nin a healthy imagination and when the subject of a change in our\\ntariff comes up again for discussion we shall have volumes of\\nspeeches asserting that customs duties are a tax upon the consumer,\\nthe duty being invariably added to the price, not only of the im-\\nported article but also of the home product that the tariff is an", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "13\\ninjury to the farmer and to the workiugmau, and that under it the\\ncountry can never acquire an export trade.\\nThese men are like those of okl, of whom it was said that, hav-\\ning eyes they see not, and having ears they hear not. They are\\ndangerous, because behind them is an unscrupulous foreign power,\\nwhich is always ready to use any and every means to break down\\nthe customs barriers of this and other countries, and which power\\nis now or is soon likely to be in the most desperate straits if its\\nefforts for our overthrow are not successful.\\nThe merits of the controversy should be apparent from a glance\\nat the opposing forces. On one side we see a handful of foreign\\nagents and brokers, residing temporarily among us, who deal in\\nthe products of foreign labor, or earn a commission upon their sale,\\nthe proceeds being sent abroad for distribution on the other side\\nwe have a large number of American manufacturers, employing a\\nmultitude of workingmen, citizens and tax-payers, the source of the\\ncountry s prosperity in peace and its arm of defence in time of war.\\nThis Association should in an earnest and dignified manner pro-\\ntest against the method of tariff revision by bills secretly prepared\\nby employes of foreign interests, and demand that the subject\\nshall be entrusted to a commission, not of owl-eyed college pro-\\nfessors, but of business men and statesmen, appointed by the\\nPresident of the United States, with instructions and authority to\\nascertain the condition and wants of all our industries, and to\\nexamine the tariff legislation of this and other countries with\\nreference to its influence upon national welfare and demand also\\nthat Congress shall refrain from legislation upon the subject until\\nthe presentation of the report of this commission. If no other\\ngood results from this, we shall at least have what the country\\nmost needs a little rest.\\nThe importance of presenting a united front against the enemies\\nof our industry was never greater than at the present time, and to\\ndo this the American Iron and Steel Association should be en-\\nlarged and strengthened and rendered more efficient. Every mem-\\nber of the trade should be a member of the Association, and the\\nmining interest, which depends for its success upon our prosperity,\\nshould co-operate with us. The burden, which will be lightened\\nwhen shared by all, should be taken along with the benefit, which\\nhas been and will be great. Statistics asked for by the secretary,\\nthe details of which are seen only by him, should be promptly\\nfurnished, and dues should be promptly paid. Loyalty to the", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14\\nAssociation and a common support of its labors will tend to elevate\\nthe iron and steel trade and improve its members. We will have\\nmore confidence in each other, and our intercourse and communica-\\ntions will be characterized by greater frankness and fairness. The\\nbad faith which has been complained of in the separate trade\\norganizations, the existence or even the suspicion of which injures\\ntheir influence, will no longer be feared, and the strength so often\\nwasted in individual rivalries will be united and employed for the\\ncommon good.\\nI have spoken thus freely because I appreciate the responsibili-\\nties of the office which, without any seeking of mine, you have so\\ngenerously conferred upon me. Conscious that you could have found\\nsome one else who could have served you with greater ability, and\\nsensible of the distinction the office confers, which I regard as the\\nhighest honor I have ever enjoyed, I shall try to do my duty, and\\nto deserve the confidence you have placed in me. I shall rely upon\\nyour generous and active co-operation in the work the Association\\nmay find to do, and trust that our labors may be pleasant, harmo-\\nnious, and profitable to the whole trade.\\nThanking you for your attendance here to-day, and trusting that\\nwe may meet more frequently in the future than in the past, I now\\ndeclare this convention open for the transaction of business.\\nTHE PITTSBURGH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.\\nA communication was then read from the Pittsburgh Chamber\\nof Commerce, as follows\\nPittsburgh, May 5, 1879.\\nHon, D. J. Morrell, President Iron and Steel Association.\\nDear Sir: At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of\\nCommerce, held this day, the follo\\\\ying resolution, offered by Major William\\nFrew, was unanimously adopted\\nResolved, That the Chamber of Commerce extends to the Convention of Iron\\nand Steel Manufacturers and Iron Ore Producers of the United States, to\\nconvene in this city on the 6th day of May, and to the American Institute of\\nMining Engineers, to meet on the 13th inst., a hearty welcome to our city and\\nto the courtesies of the Chamber.\\nVery respectfully yours,\\nS. L. McHexry, Secretary.\\nOn motion the invitation to visit the Chamber of Commerce was\\naccepted, with the understanding that it would be complied with if\\nopportunity permitted.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "15\\nELECTION OF DAVID THOMAS AS VICE-PRESIDENT.\\nOn motion of Mr. J. B. Moorhead, of Philadelphia, Mr. David\\nThomas, of Catasauqua, Pa., the oldest ironmaster in the United\\nStates, was elected a Vice-President. Mr. Thomas made a few\\nremarks, as follows\\nGentlemen: My mother used to tell me that if I had nothing\\nworth saying I had better hold my tongue, and I have tried to re-\\nmember her advice I have nothing at all to-day worth saying. I\\ncame here to listen and learn. I am pretty much out of practice.\\nI have been in the harness for over sixty-seven years, and I have\\nseen a good many ups and downs, but this is about the longest\\ndown I have ever seen. I can remember the iron business back to\\njust after the battle of Waterloo, in 1816 and 1817, and those were\\nperhaps the hardest times I do remember. I suppose there was\\nmore distress then than in any year since. When I came to this\\ncountry, in 1839, the whole amount of iron produced in the United\\nStates was only about 287,000 tons. I have lived to see the busi-\\nness very greatly enlarged. As you are all aware, gentlemen, I\\nstill feel a great interest in the prosperity of my adopted country.\\nI came here with a view of returning in five years, and here I am\\nstill that was forty years ago, and I su^^pose I will die here. You,\\ngentlemen, are young, and I hope you will work well and in har-\\nmony. The United States is a large country, its interests are vari-\\nous, and its resources are past finding out. The iron business is\\nonly one of its interests. Before you young gentlemen are as old\\nas I am you will see the United States supply the world with iron.\\nI have traveled extensively, and I know something of the resources\\nof the country. Our interests being united and having been pro-\\ntected, we have made great progress, but we still need a little\\nlonger Protection. We are a little far from the sea-coast. We have\\nrailroads, it is true, but they have to carry great distances but\\nthe time is coming when this matter will be pretty well regulated.\\nI have nothing more to say, except to thank you for the compli-\\nment conferred upon me.\\nMr. Thomas was then escorted to a seat upon the platform.\\nREADING OF A PAPER BY JOSEPH WHARTON.\\nThe President announced that in the absence of Mr. Joseph\\nWharton, of Philadelphia, First Vice-President of the Association,\\nwho had consented to read a paper, Mr. Cyrus Elder, of Johnstown,\\nwould read it. The following is Mr. Wharton s paper.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16\\nTHE AMERICAN IRONMASTER.\\nGentlemen: Talleyrand remarked that the United States re-\\nsembled a giant without bones, and his simile had a certain aptness.\\nA Frenchman of the old school, accustomed to close coherence,\\nunder one head, of all parts and functions of the State;. to intimate\\nand harmonious interdependence of all branches of the government\\nas well as of the. nation s various industries, and to the immense\\ncapacity for concentrated effort and great achievement which his\\nhighly organized community enjoyed, might naturally enough in-\\ndulge in that polite sneer at the United States of eighty-five years\\nago, when Talleyrand visited this country.\\nOur government was but in the gristle, having much of the plia-\\nbility of youth, yet it had also much of the sturdy toughness of\\nhealthy youth it lacked the accurate and rigid formality of older\\nnationalities, yet had a strong, if not perfectly clear, perception of\\nthe model it was to attain. Our industry was principally a monot-\\nonous agriculture, yet vigorous attempts were not lacking either in\\ncommerce or in manufactures. Our great territory was but little\\nknown and scantily peopled, yet its trackless wildernesses held vast\\nfunds of varied treasure.\\nAbove all, however, and permeating everything, was a resolute\\nspirit of independence and self-defence. The young nation was\\ninspired by buoyant faith in its future and by a fixed resolution to\\nlive out its own life, but the most friendly prophet would hardly\\nhave ventured to predict that it would thus early have attained its\\nactual prodigious magnitude and power, almost before the gristle\\nhad fully become bone.\\nIn the wonderful material development of this country the ad-\\nvance of its manufacturing industries has of course played a most\\nimportant part. They have marched on with dauntless courage,\\nthough to be sure with varied fortune, despite all discouragement\\nand opposition despite New England s by-gone Free Trade and\\nSailors Rights despite the old planters scorn of mudsill mechan-\\nics; despite the horse-leech appetite of New York s foreign traders\\nclamoring in every Congress for the blood of American laborers\\nand despite the incessant competition of foreign rivals. Their\\ngrowth is the nation s great gain and safeguard.\\nBut Talleyrand s simile may very fitly be applied to the indus-\\ntries of this country as they would be without iron all those vast\\nactivities, without an equally vast aud active production and\\nmanufacture of iron and steel in the midst of them, would be but a", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "17\\nboneless giaut. Absolutely devoid of iron one cannot imagine\\ntheni they wonld be simply impossible withont the iron which is\\nindispensable for their shelter, their motive power, their machinery\\nand tools, their transportation in peace, and their defence in war.\\nDependent upon the iron of other countries, they would exist only\\nby sufferance.\\nAgriculture without iron falls back to the wooden ground-scratch-\\ner pulled by an ox or cow fastened to it with thongs to threshing\\nof grain by trampling cattle and fanning it with a sieve in the\\nwind no plow nor hoe, no axe nor scythe, no horse-shoe, ])ridle-\\nbit, nor wagon-tire, no thi-eshing-machine nor grain-mill.\\nSpinning and weaving all making of cloth or string, reverts,\\nwithout iron, from the swift whirring of countless spindles and\\nlooms in a modern factory, capable of making a girdle for the earth\\nin forty minutes, not merely to the domestic spinning-wheel and\\nhand-loom, but to the distaff, and it vanishes into the dim an-\\ntiquity when only skins were worn and clothing of any sort was\\na possession worthy of being reckoned as one of the chief spoils of\\nwar. The familiar lines,\\nA painted vest Prince Vortigern had on,\\nWhicli from a naked Pict his grandsire won,\\nleave us indeed in dou])t whether vestment in those days was so\\nscanty as to leave its wearer naked, or whether the Prince s grand-\\nfather was obliged to skin his conquered foe to procure that trophy.\\nBuilding without iron no axe, hatchet, saw, plane, chisel, nor\\nauger; no nail, screw, nor wire; no hinge, latch, nor lock what is\\nit but piling Mp of stones into a rude wall and covering it with\\nboughs or skins, or merely propping up the skins or boughs upon\\npoles\\nTravel or transportation without iron, other than afoot or upon\\nthe backs of animals, could not go beyond a wooden canoe for the\\nwater, and a clumsy springless wagon or chariot with block wheels\\nfor the land.\\nEven hunting and fishing, and the ancient trade of murder or\\nman-killing, w^ere in a most deplorable condition without iron.\\nCain, having no pistol or other modern convenience, doubtless had\\nno better way to kill his brother than with a stick. Tribes desiring\\nto fight had to content themselves with stone hatchets or arrow-\\nheads, and with clubs. If the dandy was right who said that exist-\\nence without silver forks would be a burden to him, how distressing", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18\\nwould be the life of a frontiersman without the revolver and bowie-\\nknife which iron alone can afford him how pitiable the lot of a\\nnation without a Krupp cannon\\nThe German poet Arndt, in his Lob des Eisens, that is,\\nPraise of Iron, says, in a verse which I freely translate\\nIt sets the plow upon the lea,\\nThe earth for man to conquer.\\nIt guides the ship upon the sea\\nIt holds her safe at anchor.\\nIt builds strongholds and pleasant homes,\\nIt fills the house with art\\nAnd, as a magic wand, it comes\\nTo turn the lightning .s dart.\\nAnd, again, from his Vaterlandslied, I translate\\nThe God whose will made iron grow\\nWilled no man to be slave;\\nTherefore the gleaming lance and sword\\nTo man s right hand He gave.\\nIt might be supposed that the iron and steel producers, whose\\nskill and toil bring to light the ores, extract the iron, make the\\nsteel, and fashion both ii-on and steel into all shapes of use who,\\nfor the better supplying of mankind, draw into their service all\\nscience and art, and who render possible all other arts, would be\\nhighly, perhaps unduly, esteemed and reverenced by their fellow-\\nmen, but candor compels me to state that, in this country at least,\\ncertain of their fellow-citizens arc fond of abusing them as monopo-\\nlists, as rich aristocrats, and as defrauders (with the connivance of\\nthe State) of the public, their customers.\\nNow, monopoly has been defined by a witty American as any\\noccupation in which any one is perfectly free to engage; as, for\\ninstance, chopping wood and shoveling sand are monopolies.\\nSince it is true that a man having no tools and no limbs is de-\\nbarred from chopping or shoveling, and that a man having neither\\nmoney nor brains cannot be an iron-master that is, not until he has\\nsaved money and improved his understanding a real analogy\\nexists between the two cases, and we must admit that the heavy\\ncharge of monopoly fairly lies against the iron makers just as\\n(jlearly as against the wood choppers.\\nBut it is said they are rich! Some years ago a man who had\\namassed a snug fortune elsewhere came to live in Philadelphia,\\nand, wishing to continue in trade, concluded to embark in the coal\\nbusiness, because he observed that everybody in the coal business", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "19\\nwas rich. After a few months he said sadly to a friend that he had\\ndiscovered why all the coal men Avere rich it was because nobody\\nbut a rich man could stand it long in the coal business. How true\\nthis is as to the iron-masters has lately been demonstrated. Many\\nmen and many companies have failed only the rich could stand\\nit, and those solid capitals which laboring men are sometimes\\ntaught to regard as their enemies were the only stay of such es-\\ntablishments as have survived, and the soui ce of bread to thou-\\nsands of working people in a time of distress.\\nThat American iron-masters are aristocrats is sufficiently absurd.\\nMany of them have worked up from the ranks, and know all about\\nhard work they have obeyed, and can now judiciously and right-\\nfully command they have been properly promoted for good be-\\nhavior, and it is for the interest of the State that their promotion\\nis conspicuous, but it is to rank in a campaigning army and not to\\nluxurious ease that they have been lifted. Though many of them\\nhave honorably attained the solid competence which assures to their\\nsubordinates steady employment and fair prospect of rising as they\\nmay merit advancemept, yet all America can show no single par-\\nallel to the princely iron-masters of other countries whose w ealth\\nour Free Traders are so anxious to swell. Whatever good fortune\\nAmerican iron-masters have enjoyed has been fairly shared with\\nthe working people about them.\\nIn prosperous times their wages have so risen that they enjoyed a\\nfair share of the prosperity their employers gains have mostly gone\\nto improving and enlarging the works and adding to the working\\ncapital, thus forming a guarantee of steady future employment.\\nThough in advei se times their wages necessarily fall, and in times of\\ndistress fall to a lower point than is satisfactory to them or to their\\nemployers, yet we all know that some employers have kept their\\nworks running at a loss in order to give work and wages to their\\nmen.\\nDo we cheat our customers No one thinks so but those lofty\\ncreatures, superior alike in morals and intelligence, the Free Traders\\nand Revenue Reformers some formerly paid directly by foreign\\nrivals of American industries, some led by their interest as import-\\ners or as hangers-on of importers, some honest college professors who\\nlike Saul verily think they do God service, and who it may be hoped\\nwill like him be enlightened. Of course our old friend John Bull is\\nat the bottom of this particular piece of flattery he, the liberal\\nfriend of humanity who abused all America because the Southern", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nportion of it held slaves, and who in our civil war took the part of\\nthe South the original Cheap Johnny who charged twice as much\\nfor his rotten iron rails as we now charge for the best steel ones the\\nstern denouncer of monopolies who is content with nothing less for\\nhimself than British monopoly of all the most profitable industries;\\nthe model upholder of law and order who is always ready to sow\\ndissension in his neighbors families the gushing sympathizer with\\nour prosperous Grangers because they are somewhat restrained for\\ntheir own good from dealing in his shop, while so many of his\\nown peasantry are degraded almost to bestiality and have scarcely\\na penny to spend in any shop but the beer shop.\\nIt is matter for constant wonder to many of us, who know how\\nsensible and friendly an English iron-master can be, to find English\\nmanufacturers as a rule persistently abandoning the safe and honest\\nground of caring openly for their own interests in their own way as\\nthey have a right to do, and, instead, preaching to rivals who\\nlaugh at them an absurd and hypocritical cant of philanthropic\\nFree Trade. Who could imagine, on reading John Bright s in-\\ntemperate abuse of our high tarifi that hiB own nation actually\\ncollects a larger amount of customs duties per capita than the\\nUnited States, and that American whisky and tobacco are among\\nthe articles upon which Great Britain levies the heaviest rates!\\nEngland, in pursuance of her favorite idea that no nation should\\nbe complete in itself, but that all others should be her dependents,\\nproviders of raw material for her factories and consumers of her\\nmanufactures, has reached a deformed development that reminds\\none of the caricatures of amateur rowing men, with huge monstrous\\narms and puny shriveled legs. She produces far more manufac-\\ntured goods than she can consume, but far less food and raw mate-\\nrial of all sorts than she requires.\\nHer philosophers recommend to the United States a sort of\\nSiamese twin arrangement with herself, which they feel sure would\\nwork to her benefit and which they protest would suit us also most\\nnicely a commercial band, 3,000 miles long, to unite us so inti-\\nmately and vitally that no one can tell whether either would sur-\\nvive in case the ligament were purposely cut or accidentally torn\\nasunder.\\nBut, thanks! we don t wish to be a Siamese twin. We have\\nboth arms and legs in a remarkably sound and vigorous condition.\\nWe ai-e not cramped nor distorted either by smallness of territory,\\nnarrow range of climate or soil, or by antiquated land laws the", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "21\\nmost magnificeut, unparalleled symmetrical development of all\\nhuman powers and faculties lies open to us if the nation will but\\nfollow the laws of its own being, avoid entangling alliances com-\\nmercial as well as political, and prefer common sense to college\\ntheories.\\nNo doubt England will be sorely tried by the re-arrangement of\\nher labor and of her internal economy which the near future re-\\nquires at her hands, and we may properly sympathize with her\\ntroubles yet we must remember that it is a fox that is in the well,\\nand, though we be but a goat, let her not delude us, as did the fox\\nthe goat in the fable, to jump into the pit in order that she may es-\\ncape over our back.\\nBut, gentlemen, let us look the plain facts of our position in the\\nface, and take counsel together. We are carrying on our business\\nunder conditions comparable to those of the diligent Hollanders^\\nwhose thrifty farms, lower than the surrounding sea, are securely\\nprotected from its destructive ravages by artificial dikes, yet who,\\nin those homes where, but for the dikes, the fish would appear,\\nnot as a meat but as a guest, enjoy from generation to genera-\\ntion as complete comfort and safety as any other people. We are\\nnot the only industrious and inventive people in the world. All the\\nenlightened nations are eagerly pressing on upon the same paths\\nthat we pursue not England alone, but several of them are our\\nkeen and persistent rivals. Not only do they invent, contrive, and\\nsave with ingenuity and pertinacity equal to ours, but they copy\\nall our improvements as we copy theirs. They are fully equipped\\nat every point for the race with us, while in their swarming and un-\\nderpaid populations they have a vast advantage for cheap manufac-\\nturing to which we have no offset it is not for the nation s interest\\nthat we should in that respect be upon a par with our rivals, that\\nthe voting American citizen should have no better lot in point of\\nmaterial comfort and of education, than the sour communist or the\\nhopeless proletary of other countries.\\nWhen the employers of such laborers claim the right to enter\\nour markets freely, and challenge us to open combat of under-sell-\\ning in them, counting upon the ability of their working people to\\nendure more privation than ours, we reply Nay but our people\\nmake our laws and they choose to keep their own markets for their\\nown labor, yet if you will intrude you must pay to our government\\nin return for that privilege a tax which will compensate for that\\ngreater cheapness of labor. Thus by the artificial dike of a tariff", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "^9\\nlaw are the thrifty industries of America enabled to yield to the\\nnation their annual crops of all things needful, and to afford an\\nhonest living to millions of busy working people.\\nThat some theorists should suffer pain because what they imagine\\nto be the laws of nature are thus defied is sad, but we shall not\\nendeavor to console or to convert them. Let them abandon this\\nstiff-necked American people, preach their evangel to the Hol-\\nlanders, and turn them from wickedly flying in the face of Provi-\\ndence by building up their hot-house industry under the sea. It is\\nprobably too much to hope, however, that our lofty American cos-\\nmopolites should quit their flaunting in the blue sky like idle Iwl)-\\ntails fastened to an English kite, and their sneering at the busy\\ntoilers they look down upon without comprehending.\\nWe have quite outlived the times when a stock argument of our\\nadversaries was that no matter how much our industry might, for\\nthe good of the country, be protected by customs duties, we could\\nnot supply the country s wants, and would merely force American\\nbuyers to pay into the government coffers a heavy special tax on\\nforeign goods. We cent supply the country with all the iron and\\nsteel in every form and style that it can possibly consume.\\nWe have demonstrated that steady adherence to a strong protec-\\ntive policy reduces prices to consumers. We and our predecessors\\ndared to contest with British manufacturers in our own markets\\nwhen our tariff was vacillating by slow and painful steps they and\\nwe have built up our establishments, have won from those rivals\\ntheir mastery over American markets, have seen the fires of furnace\\nand forge invade one region after another of this country and dis-\\npel the blind old rancor which those regions had been taught to\\nnurse against our home labor policy; Ave have lived down the preju-\\ndices against ourselves and our calling, to the same extent that we\\nhave given strength and independence to our country, and we have\\nfirmly established the United States as the second iron and steel\\nproducing nation of the world second only to Great Britain.\\nIn this period of universal trial and distress we and our col-\\nleagues in other branches of manufacture have in spite of the\\ngloom and depression mostly continued at work, which except for\\nthe protective policy would have been impossible many thousands\\nof industrious workers have thus, thanks to that beneficent jjolicy,\\nbeen kept steadily employed and in comfort. The old chronic\\ndrain of money and bonds from America to Europe has been\\narrested, and this country is now, thanks I say again to its system", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "of Protectiou to home labor, in souuder and more hopeful com-\\nmercial condition than any other.\\nThen may not we and our brethren in other industries honestly\\nclaim the good-will of all true citizens of these United States of\\nAmerica may we not count with certainty upon a continuance of\\nthe policy which has brought such blessing to the nation?\\nGentlemen, it is useless to blink the unwelcome fact that, though\\na majority of our fellow-citizens support the policy of Protection to\\nHome Industry, it is one of the cherished aims of an aggressive\\nminority to tear down the barriers which protect our establish-\\nments and our employes, the industrial independence of the\\nnation and the self-respecting manhood of American laborers,\\nfrom the assaults of the chea,per labor of foreign lands, directed\\nand sustained by the accumulated skill and the cheaper capital\\nof those lands.\\nIt is meet that we should declare to the country that we will sup-\\nport no party and no candidate who cannot be depended on by\\nsomething better than election-day promises to protect and defend\\nhome labor. It is fitting for us to call hands off to those who\\nare itching to tear our tariff law to shreds to call upon the Presi-\\ndent in advance to refrain from meddling with commercial treaty\\nmaking, and to veto, as he doubtless would, any measure injurious\\nto home industry which a hostile majority in Congress may pass\\nto call upon the representatives of all other American indus-\\ntries to stand by us as we will stand by them in resisting all\\nchanges in the tariff laws and all tariff making by treaty until\\nthose laws can be carefully and prudently revised by a Congress\\nor by a commission known to be devoted to the interests of this\\nnation, and not suspected of desiring to stab those interests to death,\\nor of feeling such cosmopolitan affection for the whole human race\\nas to be unwilling to guard our own people. Our own duty as\\nmanufacturers is to give to the country our best services, demand-\\ning therefor but moderate gains.\\nGentlemen, while feeling the lively solicitude for the future of\\nour great establishments, with all that depend upon them, which I\\nhave thus feebly expressed, I cannot fear that the American giant\\nwill ever henceforth be found unprovided with his proper bones of\\niron and steel I cannot believe that the tariff dikes are to be\\nbroken down, or that we shall fail to defend ourselves and our\\ncountry from slavery to foreign manufactui ers for I share the\\nconviction of Arndt already quoted, who, when inspiring his", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\ncountrymen to throw off the yoke of Bonaparte, said in his\\nVaterlandslied\\nDer Gott der Eisen wachsen liess\\nDer wollte keine Knechte.\\nThe God whose will made iron grow\\nWilled no man to be slave.\\nOn motion of Mr. Shinn, a vote of thanks was tendered Mr.\\nWharton for the ^^aper just read.\\nREADING OF A PAPEK BY A. B. STONE.\\nMr. Joseph D. Weeks then read a paper prepared by Mr. A.\\nB. Stone, of Cleveland, Ohio. The paper was as follows\\nnow PROTECTION PROTECTS.\\nMy endeavor in this paper will be to show briefly the close rela-\\ntions existing between the iron and steel manufactures of the\\nUnited States and all the other branches of our industrial system,\\ninsisting, more particularly, on their relations to the farmiug inter-\\nests of the West and Southwest, and indicating summarily how, by\\nfostering and promotiug such manufactures, the nation is fostering\\nand jiromoting the agricultural concerns of those great and growing\\nsections of the country.\\nFree Traders declare, with a great deal of emphasis and not a\\nlittle heat, that trade between nation and nation ought to be unre-\\nstricted that commerce between country and country should be\\nas untrammeled as traffic between State and State, or county and\\ncounty; that custom houses should be abolished; that tariffs plunder\\nthose who impose them, the many being impoverished for the en-\\nriching of the few; and that, in one word, trade and industry should\\nbe permitted to regulate themselves, unaided by the science or ignor-\\nance of the law -giver.\\nFortunately this ingenious theory has never yet been able to\\nmake converts of anything approaching a majority of the American\\npeople. Their good sense has always repudiated it. To-day we find,\\neven in Eugland itself, the great home of the Free Trade school, its\\ndoctrines discredited and its professors and advocates being rapidly\\ndriven from the aggressive position which they have heretofore held\\ninto an attitude of defense. In Germany there is a sti ong reaction\\nagainst Free Trade doctrines. France has been too wise to ever\\nwholly commit herself to them. Wherever we look we see that a", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "25\\nreaction has set in against Free Trade. The people of this country\\ncan congratulate themselves on the good fortune that they have not\\nnow to be retracing their missteps in economical matters. We have\\nonly to persevere in the same course which has brought us pros-\\nperity in the past and promises to bring us still more abundant\\nprosperity in the future.\\nIn a country in the condition of the United States there might be\\nFree Trade, but there would be a bond people. The foreign manu-\\nfacturer would have the native consumer at his mercy. Theorists\\ncomplain that Protection leads to monopoly. This is an error. But,\\neven if it were true, the monopoly has an object, and the greatest\\nthat can be brought before a people the development of their\\nindustries and resources. On the other hand, perpetual Fi-ee Trade\\nwould really create a monopoly, whose seat was in other lands and\\nwhose object was the development of their resources at the expense\\nof our own. Free Trade would condemn a new country to remain\\nin the subordinate position in the industrial scale to which the supe-\\nrior wealth and long-continued efforts of older countries had con-\\nsigned it. A Free Trade policy would have condemned the people\\nof the United States to remain always dependent upon the na-\\ntions of the Old World for all manufactures of steel and iron,\\nwhile the country was rich beyond comparison in the raw materials\\nout of which such articles are made. And why? Simply because\\nbeing a younger nation we did not begin so early as the great iron\\nand steel producing nations of Europe, and did not have so much\\naccumulated wealth ready to seek new investments as they had and\\nhave. There is still another point of great importance which should\\nnot be forgotten. Wages are higher in this country than in Europe.\\nThe stock of accumulated capital is much less, and yet a larger part\\nof the return upon it goes into the wage-fund and is paid away to\\nthe mechanic and laborer. In this way our industrial classes are\\nenabled to live more comfortably than the industrial classes of any\\nother country ever have lived, and to educate their children better\\nthan the children of the industrial classes have heretofore been edu-\\ncated. Under Free Trade this would have been impossible. If our\\nmanufacturers of iron and steel were to exist at all without a tariiF\\nit could only be by cutting down the wages of the laborers to a\\nfigure far below any that has yet been dreamed of in this country.\\nTo compete with English industry and capital, the tradition and\\naccumulation of centuries, we would have to make paupers of the\\ngreat bulk of our population.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nDuties oti articles of foreign manufacture are then a necessity. If\\nthey are not imposed the manufacture of the articles will not be\\nattempted. The country is comparatively undeveloped, but is now\\nrapidly developing under the fostering care of a protective tarifl!\\nMoney is worth more here than in Europe. This is another disad-\\nvantage under which our manufacturers lie. For the use of the\\nsame amount of money for the same length of time they are com-\\npelled to pay from two to six per cent, more than the manufacturers\\nof the older countries of Europe have to pay. And because they\\nare at this disadvantage now the Free Trader would compel the\\ncountry always to remain without manufactures. Again, capital is\\nnotoriously timid. In its timidity lies a great portion of its strength.\\nBefore judicious capitalists will jDut money into an enterprise there\\nmust be a well-grounded hope of success. In competition with the\\ngreat iron and steel producing nations of Europe, with their estab-\\nlished methods and trade, cheap labor, and cheap money, what hope\\nof success would there have been for the American manufacturer of\\nsuch commodities, compelled to begin afresh, create his methods and\\nhis trade with ])oth money and wages dear, without the protection\\nof wise tariff legislation? The attempt would have failed as often\\nas made.\\nAnd yet the general benefits of diversified industry are universally\\nadmitted. A people condemned to agricultural pursuits alone is\\nalways sure to be a poor people. They will be compelled to ex-\\nchange their raw products at prices to be fixed by the foreign man-\\nufacturers, and these prices will be so fixed that the grower of the\\nraw product will receive the minimum of return for his labor and\\ncapital, while the foreign trader will receive the maximum return\\nfor his labor and capital. The industries of a nation are inter-\\nconnected or, as the scientists say, correlated. One is an aid to the\\nother. The home manufacture of iron and steel fosters the growth\\nof all related industries. Their develojiment is not only of direct\\nbenefit in finding employment for capital and labor, but it indi-\\nrectly results in finding employment for capital and labor in other\\nindustries. The poor, the laborers, are the great consumers, and\\nwhen they are employed at good wages all branches of industry\\nwill be flourishing.\\nPEOTECTION RfeDUCES PRICES TO CONSUMERS.\\nOne of the lallacies connected with and underlying the ordinary\\nFree Trade arsrument is that if tariffs did not exist the consumer", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "27\\nwould obtain his commodities at a lower rate than he obtains them\\nunder Protection. A great deal of eloquence is wasted in knocking\\ndown this man of straw. To begin with, economists need not be\\ntold that competition results in lowering prices. It is plain that a\\nprotective tariff, instead of rooting out competition, actually creates\\nit. The iron and steel producers of Englaud are well aware that\\nour protective tariff has produced competition from which they are\\nto-day suffering. It would be strange indeed if this competition\\nresulted in raising prices. We have at hand the most overwhelm-\\ning proof that it has not, but that it has resulted in a reduction\\nof prices. Let us glance at a few facts which will outweigh tliou-\\nsands of theories. In October, 1877, iron rails fell to $32.50 per\\nton. This is far below the lowest price of rails in this country\\nwhen the tariff was merely nominal. In 1852, during a previous\\nera of low prices, best refined bar iron was sold at Philadelphia at\\nan average price during the year of $58.79 per gross ton. In 1877\\nthe average price of the same quality of iron was $45.55 per gross\\nton. The lowest price obtained in 1852 was from March to July,\\n$52.50 per ton. In August the price ran up to $i )o in September\\nto $60 in October and November it stood at $70 and in Decem-\\nber it rose to $80 and during the first three months of 1853 the\\nprice remained at $90 per ton. This was under a nominal tariff;\\nwe had no manufactures to speak of; we were then following the\\nFree Trader s advice, and hence according to his logic ought to have\\nbeen getting our iron and steel cheap. Twenty-five years after-\\nwards, in 1877, after a long trial of Protection, the bar iron that\\nwas $90 a ton in 1853 was sold, month after month, for $44.80\\nless than one-lialf the price in 1853. This was $7.70 below the\\nlowest figure touched in 1852. And the present low figures are in\\na sense permanent, while twenty-five years ago there was a violent\\nreaction to high piices after bottom figures had been reached. Pig-\\niron at $18 per ton is cheajier than it ever was in this country since\\ncolonial days far cheaper than it ever was under a nominal tarifi!\\nAnd why should not this have been the case? Its production in\\n1858 was 705,000 tons, while in 1877 it was 2,314,000 tons, the pro-\\nduction under Protection being about 3i times what it was under\\na nominal tarifi In face of these facts it is idle to talk of tarifi\\nplundering those who impose them. If the tariff was swept away\\nwe might have cheap iron and steel for a little while, until Ameri\\ncan competition was eftectually stamped out, and then up would\\ngo the prices. We would have to pay high rates for our goods", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nwhile we would have less money to purchase them with, and at the\\nsame time our laborers would be reduced to beggary.\\nHome manufactures have this also in their favor they are suited\\nto the wants, the tastes, and the wishes of our people. This is a\\nmatter of moment. American goods of iron and steel are not only\\ncheaper than foreign goods would be but they are more tasteful in\\ndesign and better in workmanship. They are our own. They are\\nnot forced upon us. And the very fact that other nations are\\nlearning how excellent they are is proof that Protection of Ameri-\\ncan industries has been a direct benefit to the world. But for Pro-\\ntection they would never have been manufactured, and the foreign\\niron and steel producers, in the quiet enjoyment of a monopoly,\\nwould have dropped into routine and made no attempts at improve-\\nment.\\nAMERICAN RAILROADS BENEFITED BY PROTECTION.\\nThe building up of our home industries has been a direct benefit\\nto the railroads of the country. And perhaps it would not be wide\\nof the mark to assert that a considerable portion of the unex-\\nampled railroad prosperity which blessed the country for a number\\nof years was the direct and indirect fruit of Protection, more par-\\nticularly of iron and steel. The railroads obtained an increased ton-\\nnage by ti-ansporting tlic raw materials going into the production\\nof these articles, such as coal, iron ore, limestone, etc. The centres\\nof manufacture and production are also centres of consumption.\\nThe railroads obtain increased tonnage in transporting the food\\nand clothing used by those engaged in manufactures. Even in the\\nmatter of travel manufactures increase the number of passengers,\\nvisitors, and purchasers. Every increase of this kind is a direct\\nsource of revenue. There is, however, still another way in which\\nthe Protection of iron and steel has reacted favorably on the rail-\\nroads. Steel rails are now sold at about SIO per ton less than iron\\nrails were sold for in 1860. Steel rails were sold at $165 per ton in\\n1868 in December, 1877, they were sold at $40 per ton, while the\\naverage price for the current year does not exceed $44. Quantity\\nfor quantity, steel rails outlast iron ones from 15 to 25 times. The\\nlow price of steel rails has enabled our roads to be relaid with\\nthem, and the result has been a great saving in wear and tear.\\nThe operating expenses being reduced, rates for freight have been\\nreduced also. The report of the Chicago and Northwestern Rail-\\nway Company for 1878 shows that, while the movement of freight", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "29\\nhas increased over the precediug year 28 52-100 per cent., there\\nwas a reduction in freight rates of 7 53-100 per cent. In 1876-7\\nthe rate per ton per mile was 1 86-100 cents, while in 1877-8 it\\nfell to 1 72-100 cents. In 1871-2 the rate was 2 61-100 cents,\\nwhile in 1872-3 it fell to 2 ;]5-100 cents. A recent report of the\\nChicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad shows that from 1865 to\\n1878, a period of fourteen years, there has been a progressive reduc-\\ntion in the average price per tcjn per mile received for freights. In\\n1865 the price was 4 11-100 cents, while in 1878 it had fallen to\\n1 80-100 cents; that is, the present rate is less than 44 per cent, of\\nwhat the rate in 1865 was. The report of the Hannibal and St.\\nJoseph Railroad Company for 1878 shows that the rate per ton per\\nmile was 1 295-1000 cents. This is a material and progressive re-\\nduction over pi evious years. All these facts, and they might be\\nmultiplied many times over, show that during the last five or six\\nyears there has been a progressive reduction in freight charges, and\\nthis reduction is due primarily to the substitution of durable steel\\nrails for iron rails not so durable, and at a figure much below what\\nwas at one time thought a very reasonable price for the inferior\\narticle. The effects of these great reductions in rates of transporta-\\ntion are as self-evident as they are advantageous to every class of\\nour people.\\nAMERICAN FARMERS BENEFITED BY PROTECTION.\\nIt is unnecessary to more than glance at the benefits which\\nthe whole people, but more especially the farmers of the West\\nand Southwest, have received from the growth and extension\\nof the domestic manufactures of iron and steel. The cheap-\\nening of the rates of freight is a direct benefit to them. Every\\ncent saved on the cost of transportation is a cent in the pocket of\\nthe farmer. But this is by no means all. All kinds of tools and\\nimplements are now cheaper than they ever were before. The\\nfarmer can to-day buy the most approved plows, harrows,\\nrakes, shovels, wheel tires, springs, etc., at a much lower figure\\nthan he could have purchased the most inferior articles a few\\nyears ago. This directly tends to the improvement of agriculture.\\nGood tools do not make a good workman, but an inferior Avorkman\\nmay be able to turn out better work with good tools than a good\\nworkman could turn out with inferior tools. Fencing is a large\\nitem in the farmer s expenses. By the substitution of durable and\\ntasteful fences of iron wire for the unsightly and perishable board", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nfences this item is reduced to a very low point. Modern ma-\\nchinery has reduced the bulk of hay and straw by compression, and\\nafter they are condensed they are bound up with iron and steel\\nwire or bands. In this way the cost of production is reduced,\\nwhile handling is made easier.\\nAnd just here let me cite an extract from an admirable article in\\nthe May number of the AUantic Monthly, showing to what extent\\nself-binding and the use of steel wire have been carried in the har-\\nvesting of grain The development of the self-binding reaper is\\none of the marvels of the age. It was brought into use in 1874,\\nwhen fifty tons of wire were manufactured for binding sheaves in\\n1875, three hundred tons in 1876, twenty-eight hundred tons in\\n1877, sixty-five hundred tons; in 1878, fourteen thousand tons.\\nThis last amount is quite as much as the total of wire manufactured\\nin this country in 1860. And as the writer points out, without\\nthe aid of machinery it would have l^een impossible for this coun-\\ntry to have harvested more than one quarter or one-third of the\\n360,000,000 Imshels of wheat produced last year.\\nNow these stupendous results marvelous as the creation of\\nAladdin s wonderful lamp are traceable to our judicious patent\\nlaws in alliance with a judidouti tariff system. Skilled labor has\\ntaken the place of poorly paid, and yet, to the farmer, costly un-\\nskilled labor in the harvest fields. The demand for a vast and in-\\ncreasing amount of manufactured ii (m and steel furnishes employ-\\nment to increased numbers of our artisans and laborers the year\\nround and while cheapening to the farmer the cost of producing\\nand marketing his product, yet yields him a larger profit and,\\nbetter than all, gives the blessing of cheaper food to our own\\npeople, as Avell as to the millions across the sea.\\nIf these considerations show anything they demonstrate that\\na protective tariflf has been a direct benefit to the people of this\\ncountry, not in one State, but in all States not in one section, but\\nin all sections. It is easy to cry to the farmers of the West and\\nSouthAvest The tariff plunders you. If there was no duty on\\niron and steel you would have your farming utensils cheaper than\\nyou now get them. I have shown that the price of iron and steel\\nnever was so low under a nominal tariff as it is under a protective\\ntariff But if this does not satisfy the farmers, let them look at\\nany country mthout home manufactures, and tell me if they are\\nnot a poor people, an ignorant people, a people using the most anti-\\nquated tools and implements, and finally point me to one instance", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "81\\nin which they are enabled to buy foreign commodities of inferior\\ngrades as cheap as you can purchase the best class of your home\\nmanufactures. Protection is necessary to our iron and steel indus-\\ntries never more necessary than now. If we desire to follow the\\npath of imjirovenient which we have hitherto pursued, the nation\\nwill continue the protective policy. If this policy is abandoned,\\nthe country will fall back out of the front rank of States she will\\nbecome a hewer of wood and drawer of water for wiser and more\\nenlightened peoples. Education will be at a stand-still, our labor-\\ning classes will be idle on our hands, while the money that would\\nsujjport them and their families in comfort is going to Europe to\\npay for the commodities which we have all the materials and labor\\nnecessary to manufacture, but of which, in obedience to an exploded\\ntheory, we refuse to make use.\\nA vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Stone for his paper.\\nTHE UNITED STATES TINPLATE INDUSTRY.\\nSecretary Weeks then read a communication from the United\\nStates Iron and Tinplate Company, inclosing the following petition,\\nwhich was also read\\nTo the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives\\nWe, the undersigned, respectfully submit that it is our earnest belief that\\nthe present mode of imposing duties on imported iron plates coated with tin\\nor terne metal other than by electric battery is not consistent with the law,\\nand herewith take the liberty to call your attention to the following facts and\\nfigures relating to this subject.\\nThe articles which are commercially known as tin and terne plates are\\niron plates coated with tin or terne (a mixture of lead and tin) otherwise than\\nby electric battery; the main substance (about 95 per cent.) of the same is\\niron, but although the present tariff law provides that iron plates galvanized\\nor coated with any other metal shall pay a duty of 2lc. per pound, and that\\nall manufactures of which iron is the component of chief value shall not pay\\nless than 35 per cent, ad valorem, these tinned iron plates are admitted at a\\nduty of lyVc. per pound, or about 20 per cent, ad valorem., under the name of\\ntin in sheets or plates, and terne. To everybody acquainted with the pro-\\ncess of manufacturing these tin and terne plates it leaves no doubt that the\\noriginators of the present law intended the clause tin in plates or sheets\\nfor the pure tin metal rolled or pressed into sheets or plates and that tin\\nplates (or as they should be more properly called, tinned plates, should\\npay duty under the provision tin plates, and iron galvanized or coated with\\nany other metal otherwise than by electric battery, especially inasmuch also\\nas 2!tC. per pound harmonizes with the rate of duty imposed and collected", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32\\non other shapes and products of Iron, cost considered. [See Heil s Tariff,\\npage 59, provision 335, and page 166, clause 1,052.]\\nWlien ir(jn plates are coated with zinc or spelter otherwise than by electric\\nbattery they are classed under the latter clause, and pay 22C. per pound, but\\nif the same article is coated with tin or terne, by the same process, it is now\\nadmitted at I^ qC- per pound.\\nThis misconstruction of the law has caused for many years an annual loss\\nto the government of about three million dollars, and has prevented the de-\\nvelopment of an industry in which, if protected the same as other branches\\nof the iron trade, at least 40,000 persons would ultimately obtain a livelihood,\\nand through which about thirteen million dollars would be kept circulating\\nat home, which we send abroad annually.\\nThere are at present several firms in this country who have built and now\\noperate tin plate works with great sacrifice. The plates that are manufac-\\ntured in this country have preference with the trade, but under present cir-\\ncumstances it is impossible to manufacture without loss, and, therefore, a very\\nimportant industry will be lost to this country unless justice comes to the aid\\nof those who have invested their capital in the undertaking.\\nThe tin plate business represents an annual consumption of over 150,000\\ntons of pig iron, and about 1,000,000 tons of coal, and about 50 rolling mills\\nwith two trains each are required to supply the demand for this article.\\nHad the tariff acts of 1864 and 1875 been correctly enforced this immense\\nbusiness would now exist as a part of the resources of the United States.\\nAnd in order that an immense loss of revenue may be saved to the govern-\\nment, and a most important branch of the iron business be revived and de-\\nveloped, we most respectfully request your honorable body to at once instruct\\nthe Custom House Department to impose duty on tin plates, or iron plates\\ncoated with tin or terne, under the clause which provides that iron plates gal-\\nvanized or coated with any other metal otherwise than by electric battery\\nshall pay 2. c. per lb.\\nIron manufi .cturers believe that the development of tin plate making in the\\nUnited States would tend quickly and powerfully to revive the whole busi-\\nness by creating a demand for the surplus product of pig iron. It will go far\\ntowards restoring prosperity to all interests, inasmuch as there can be no gene-\\nral prosperity while the iron trade is prostrated.\\nMr. Shinii moved that the matter be referred to the Committee\\non Resolutions hereafter to be appointed.\\nMr. Kennedy, of Philadeljohia, asked whether it would not be\\nproper to have a committee whose special duty Avould be to confer\\nas to ambiguities in the law imposing duties. He said that a great\\ndeal of Free Trade is accomplished through the agency of generali-\\nties and ambiguities in the revenue laws. This Association should\\ntake up the matter and appoint a committee, whose duty should be\\nto confer with every branch of industry, so that it might indorse\\nthe applications of the various branches. These ambiguities in the", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "law, so great that you can drive a four-horse wagon through it,\\nmake the difhculty. Mr. Kennedy was requested to embody his\\nviews in a resolution.\\nThe following resolution was then offered by Mr. Kennedy\\nResolved, That the memorial just read be referred to the Executive Com-\\nmittee of the American Iron and Steel Association, with the direction that\\nit unite with the signers thereto, in behalf of this meeting, in furthering the\\nspecial matter referred to therein and that, in any and every analogous case\\nwhich may be referred to it, at any time, it shall act in like manner.\\nMr. Earnshaw suggested that the words, when in their dis-\\ncretion it may be deemed necessary, be added to the resolution.\\nThis was done, and the resolution was then referred to the Commit-\\ntee on Resolutions.\\nAPPOINTMENT OF A BUSINESS COMMITTEE.\\nOn motion of Mr. Shinn, a business committee of nine was ap-\\npointed by the President, consisting of the following gentlemen\\nWilliam P. Shinn, Pittsburgh S. P. Bowen, Plattsburgh, New\\nYork O. W. Potter, Chicago Oliver Williams, Catasauqua John\\nW. Chalfant, Pittsburgh J. J. Spearman, Sharon, Pennsylvania\\nW. E. C. Coxe, Reading, Pennsylvania Thomas Gogin, Boston\\nJ. D. Dubois, Wheeling.\\nAPPOINTMENT OF A COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.\\nOn motion of Hon. Willard Warner, of Alabama, a committee,\\nconsisting of eleven members, was appointed by the President, to\\nwhich shall be referred all resolutions offered at this meeting:.\\nThe following gentlemen were appointed Hon. Willard Warner,\\nAlabama Hon. C. D. Hubbard, Wheeling William Means, Ohio\\nHon. J. K. Moorhead, Pittsburgh R. N. Gere, New York Henry\\nMcCormick, Harrisburg R. E. Blankenship, Richmond Cyrus\\nElder, Johnstown M. A. Hanna, Cleveland B. F. Jones, Pitts-\\nburgh H. S. Chamberlain, Tennessee.\\nDISTRIBUTION OF STATISTICS.\\nThe Secretary of the American Iron and Steel Association here\\ndistributed pamphlet copies of his Annual Report containing the\\nstatistics of the American iron trade for 1878. and preceding years.\\nADJOURNMENT TO DINNER.\\nThe meeting then adjourned, to meet at 2.30 P. M.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34\\nAFTERNOON SESSION.\\nThe afternoon session was called to order at 3.10. The Business\\nCommittee presented a report, which was read as follows\\nREPORT OF THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE.\\nYour Committee on Business resj)ectful]y recommends the adoption of the\\nfollowing resolutions:\\nResolved, That the convention proceed to discuss the pending question of a\\nmodification and reduction of the tariff, which reduction would be liostile and\\ninjurious to tlie iron and steel interests of tliis country, and to ascertain the\\nbest mode of meeting tlie (juestion and averting dangers.\\nResolved, That, in tiie opinion of your committee, the American Iron and\\nSteel Association should be upheld and its hands strengthened by more gen-\\neral contributions from the manufacturers and other parties interested.\\nResolved, That, in the discussion of tliese questions, speeches be limited to\\nten minutes, except with general consent, and that all formal resolutions be\\nreferred to the Committee on Resolutions without debate.\\nMr. Shinn. Mr. Chairman The committee have considered the\\nduty submitted to them, and have thought proper to set forth\\nonly in very general terms what, in their opinion, should be the\\nbusiness of the convention. The importance of dealing with the\\ntariff question at this time is fully set forth in the President s\\naddress, and it seemed necessary for the committee only to bring\\nthe question formally before the convention. The object of the re-\\nport is simply to present the matter for discussion, and to recom-\\nmend a rule under which it should be discussed. We would, there-\\nfore, be glad to hear from the members of the convention on the\\nsubjects therein presented.\\nThe recommendations of the committee were then read again.\\nMr. Shinn. Mr. Chairman By way of furnishing a further\\nsubject for discussion, I would suggest that the Secretary make the\\nstatement referred to in your address this morning, as to the re-\\nsources and needs of the American Iron and Steel Association.\\nTHE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS ASK FOR INSTRUCTIONS.\\nMr. Elder. Mr. Chairman Before the convention proceeds\\nto other business, it has been suggested that the meeting does not\\ngive the Committee on Resolutions a sufficiently liberal charter. It\\nhas been suggested that it would be well for them to report resolu-\\ntions expressive of the sense of this convention. I move that they\\nbe so instructed. This motion was agreed to.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "35\\nMr. Warner. Mr. Chairman I would ask that the President\\nAvould designate a place of meeting and request our committee to\\nretire immediately. I make this further suggestion, that, if there\\nbe any member of the conveutiou who has prepared any resolution\\nor any other matter, I would be glad if he would submit it to the\\nchairman, or otherwise submit it, that we may have something to\\nact upon from the beginning.\\nFINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE ASSOCIATION.\\nThe Secretary then made the following statement of the financial\\ncondition of the American Iron and Steel Association\\nThe annual receipts of tlie Association have averaged for the past six years\\nabout $10,000, which sum has been derived almost wholly from assessments\\nbased upon tiie production of iron and steel by its members, and from annual\\ndues from merchants and other non-producers in the iron trade. Tlie follow-\\ning schedule shows the rates of assessments for membership as last adopted,\\nwhich are much less than were cheerfully paid for many years by those who\\norganized the Association.\\nOne-half cent per ton of 2,000 lbs. on all Pig Iron produced.\\nThree-fourths of one cent per ton on all Rolled or Wrought Iron produced.\\nTwo cents per ton on all Crucible Steel produced.\\nOne cent per ton on all Blister, German, and Puddled Steel produced.\\nThree-fourths of one cent per ton on all Bessemer Steel produced.\\nThree-fourths of one cent per ton on all Siemens-Martin Steel produced.\\nOne cent per ton on all Steel manipulated.\\nIndividuals, companies, or firms, engaged in mining coal or iron ore, pay\\n$20 per year, and an annual assessment of 1 cent per twenty tons of 2,000\\npounds produced by their mines over 40,000 tons.\\nPersons not included in the above classes may become members by paying\\nan entrance fee of $2-5 and an annual contribution of 1)20.\\nThe weekly BuUelin, being sent free to all American iron and steel manu-\\nfacturers, and necessarily containing but few advertisements, is not a source of\\nmuch revenue, the annual receipts on its account averaging less than $1,000,\\nwhich sum forms part of the gross annual receipts of $10,000 already men-\\ntioned. The annual expenditures of the Association have been for several\\nyears about as follows\\nSalaries of secretary, assistant secretary, and mail clerk, $4,000\\nRent of oflBce and hire of janitress, 900\\nPostage, stationery, fuel, etc., 1*000\\nPublication of the Bulletin, 2,000\\nAnnual Report and Directory, 2,000\\nTraveling expenses, 100\\nPlanting and circulating of pamphlets, and work connected with\\ntariff legislation, 1,500\\n$11,500", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36\\nThe annual expenses, it will be seen, have of late years exceeded the re-\\nceipts about $1,500, the deficit coming from a small surplus fund whicli was\\nin the hands of the treasurer at the beginning of the panic in 1873. This\\nsurplus is now exhausted.\\nSome remarks were made by Mr. Shinn and Mr. Swank concern-\\ning the amount of money that is necessary to continue and extend\\nthe work of the Association, and the best method of raising the\\nrequisite funds.\\nA PAPER BY O. W. POTTER.\\nMr. O. W. Potter. Mr. Chairman As I represent one of the\\ndelinquent firms, and have reduced to writing some criticisms on\\nthe Association, I would like to ask its indulgence while I read\\nthem.\\nPermission being granted, Mr. Potter read his paper, which\\nwe do not print, but which we have not suppressed. The paper\\nwas taken from the hall of the convention by Mr. Potter.\\nDISCURSIVE REMARKS BY SEVERAL GENTLEMEN.\\nMr. David Thomas, of Catasauqua, thought the tariff was not\\ntoo high. He did not like to hear that our workingraen are in dis-\\ntress. He did not know how much money iron manufacturers west\\nof the mountains had made during the last few years, or what the\\nprofits of the steel men had been, but in his locality they had\\nhad nothing from their capital, having divided it all with the\\nworkmen. Some had even given more than the profits, and were\\npoorer than they were five years ago. He did not believe it was\\ntrue that the manufacturers had wronged their workmen.\\nMr. John M. Kennedy, of Philadelphia, thought the meeting\\nhad better get down to some definite proposition. He delivered an\\naddress in advocacy of a liberal currency policy for the country.\\nMr. Jo.seph Corns, of Ohio, followed Mr. Kennedy in an ad-\\ndress in which he took strong ground in favor of additional protec-\\ntion for some of our industries.\\nThe President suggested that the meeting should take up the\\nreport of the Business Committee, and dispose of that, either by\\nadopting it or otherwise. If it was thought best to discuss it, that\\ncould be done; but it seemed to him that this discussion had become\\nmere scolding. He didn t think the members could accomplish *re-\\nform by calling each other hard names. The best way to accom-\\nplish it would be by each one endeavoring to reform himself. Let", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "37\\nevery man take to himself the advice he is giving to his neighbor.\\nLet those who charge others with bad faith examine themselves,\\nand see whether they have ever been similarly guilty. When we\\nhave done that, we will find we have not been betrayed by trusting\\nour neighbors.\\nA discussion followed, which was participated in by Messrs. Will-\\niams, Laughlin, Chalfant, Speer, and Shinn.\\nThe report of the Business Committee was then adopted.\\nREPORT FROM THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.\\nHon. Willard Warner, from the Committee on Resolutions, sub-\\nmitted the report of the Committee, which was read by Mr. Cyrus\\nElder. It is as follows\\nThe manufacturers of iron and steel and miners of iron ore of\\nthe United States, in general convention assembled, express their\\nconviction that the causes of the distress which, during more than\\nfive years past, has prevailed in all the walks of manufacturing in-\\ndustry, and has been especially grievous in the iron and steel trade,\\nhave spent their force that the prolonged and apparently hopeless\\ndepression of business is past, and that there are signs of a return\\nof healthful activity through which the country will again become\\nprosperous.\\nWhile all manufacturing countries have been alike sufferers, the\\ncondition of this country has been more tolerable, mainly because\\nof the policy of Protection, which has preserved the home market\\nfor the products of native industry. It is largely owing to this\\nbeneficent policy that our country is the first to recover from the\\nblow which prostrated all industrial nations, and begins to have\\nconfidence in the future, while our great rival. Free Trade England,\\nis still- paralyzed and despondent.\\nThe policy of Protection has given to the United States an iron\\nand steel industry which ranks as the second of the world. In this\\nart of arts, which constitutes the strength and defense of nations,\\nour country has developed within comparatively few years a pro-\\nficiency which it has cost other countries centuries to attain, and it\\nhas made inventions and improvements which are an honor to its\\nartisans and a benefaction to the world.\\nThe iron and steel industry of the United States can no longer be\\nreproached as local or sectional, for, under the moderate Protection\\nit has received during the past eighteen years, it has become widely", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38\\ndistributed, its processes are conducted in most of the States, and its\\nmaterials are drawn from all parts of the Union. It affords the\\nagriculturist a profitable market, the carrier remunerative traffic,\\nand it creates and sustains a multitude of allied and dependent in-\\ndustries. Realizing the aspirations of Alexander Hamilton, it has\\nmade this country practically independent of foreign sources of sup-\\nply of the principal means of national defense, and is winning for\\nitself a place in the markets of the world. It has cheapened rail-\\nroad materials, and thus promoted commerce throughout the vast\\nextent of our country, and it has so improved these materials that\\ntraffic and travel have been rendered speedy, and there is a prac-\\ntical immunity from accidents. It affi)rds employment to a multi-\\ntude of workingmen, who otherwise would become tillers of the soil\\nand swell the surplus of farm products, or would rust in idleness, a\\nburden to themselves and a menace to society.\\nThe promoters of this industry, under conditions which, when\\nfavorable, have always lacked the quality of permanence, have had\\nto take large risks the labors have been great, and the profits far\\nfrom adequate. While the great fortunes made in commerce are\\ncomparatively numerous, the iron and steel industry can show but\\nfew. Its prospects are not now so promising as to invite new adven-\\nturers, yet to those who have their means invested in it the pres-\\nent situation, if there was assurance that it would be maintained,\\noffers a motive for renewed exertions, and the promise of moderate\\nsuccess. Under the condition of freedom from destructive foreign\\ninterference a home competition has been evolved which reduces\\nprofits to a minimum, and requires the utmost skill and economy\\nand a constant effort to make improvements in machinery and pro-\\ncesses.\\nWhat is thus claimed for the iron and steel industry is also true\\nof the other great manufacturing interests of the country. They\\nalso owe their marvelous development to the policy of Protection\\nthey have endured their full measure of distress during the era of\\ndepression and they are slowly but surely emerging from it,\\nstrengthened by its trials, and preparing to revive and advance\\nthe prosperity of the country.\\nOwing to the tariff, there have been no such scenes of suffering in\\ndestitute communities here as have been witnessed, and may still\\nbe observed, abroad.\\nOwing to the tariff, there has been but a partial suspension of our\\nindustries, which, otherwise, would have been general.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "39\\nOwing to the tariff, our home markets are fully and cheaply sup-\\nplied with all manufactured products.\\nOwing to the tariff, more than any other cause, we are no longer\\na debtor nation the balance of trade has been and is steadily in\\nour favor gold has ceased to bear a premium our bonds are re-\\nturning to us and will not draw away our money for the payment\\nof interest to foreigners and the credit of the government has be-\\ncome so assured that the public debt is readily refunded, at a lower\\nrate of interest, in bonds that are eagerly sought for by our own\\npeople.\\nWe pronounce the situation hopeful. Hard as the conditions of\\nour industry have been, and are still, we believe that we have fairly\\nout-worn the severest stress. We do not claim sympathy, though\\nwe may deserve it we do not ask for aid, for we have the courage\\nto help ourselves and the substance of what we request from our\\ngovernment may be briefly expressed\\nDo not now open our ports to the products of foreign labor, for\\nthe certain result will be to close many American mills and facto-\\nries, and to take away the bread of American workingmen.\\nDo not check the healthful progress of our export trade, and\\ndisturb the wholesome condition of our exchanges with foreign\\ncountries.\\nRefer the subject of tariff revision to a small and carefully\\nchosen commission of legislators and business men, who alone\\nshall be empowered to submit to Congress any proposed alteration\\nin our tariff laws, after consultation with the interests to be affected\\nby them.\\nRefuse to entertain overtures for so-called reciprocity treaties,\\nupon the ground that they invade the right of the lower House of\\nCongress to initiate all financial legislation, that they are adverse to\\nthe interests of the people and of the public revenue, and contrary\\nto the genius of our free government.\\nTHE DUTY ON TINPLATE.\\nThe Committee on Resolutions also submitted the following reso-\\nlution\\nResolved, That the memorial in relation to the duty on tinplate, and the\\nresolution of Mr. Kennedy in regard to it, be referred to the Executive Com-\\nmittee of the American Iron and Steel Association, to take such action as\\nthey may deem advisable.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40\\nDISCUSSION ON THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.\\nMr. Warner, Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, stated\\nthat the Committee had authorized the Secretary of the Association\\nto add a j^aragraph in the address giving certain facts in regard to\\nthe amount of capital in the United States invested in the iron\\ntrade, the number of iron manufactories of all kinds, and the\\nnumber of men employed in all the branches of the iron trade.\\nAfter some discussion the President stated that it was the under-\\nstanding that the Secretary would publish the facts asked for, or\\nsuch of them as he could obtain.\\nMr. Warner. I think these facts are important for the purpose\\nof bringing before Congress and the country the fact that we iron-\\nmasters are not the parties so much interested, but that behind us\\nare thousands and tens of thousands of laboring men who are the\\nreal beneficiaries. We want to get at the number of men and the\\nnumber of mouths dependent on the iron industries of this country,\\nthe number of persons dependent upon it for houses, and homes, and\\nfood, and clothes, and shelter, and employment, and everything that\\nmakes life desirable. I think this is what we need to do in this\\ntariff matter. We are called ironmasters, and are heads and tails\\nof firms, and there are behind us the parties to be benefited. Mr.\\nWarner continued, saying that the duty of the manufacturers was\\nto educate their operatives by showing them where their interests\\nlie, and through their votes reach and influence Congress.\\nThe report of the Committee on Resolutions was adopted.\\nREMARKS BY VARIOUS GENTLEMEN.\\nThere being no particular business before the convention, several\\nmembers were called upon to deliver addresses. Remarks were\\nmade by Messrs. Jones, Earushaw, Potter, Shinn, Spearman, Gen-\\neral Moorhead, Kennedy, Andrews, Chalfant, and Warner.\\nRESOLUTIONS OF THANKS.\\nResolutions of thanks to the reporters of the press, and to the\\nmembers of the Western Iron Association and the Western Nail\\nAssociation for the use of their hall, were passed.\\nOn motion of Mr. Warner, the convention tendered its thanks\\nto the President, Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, for his able address to-\\nday, and for his long service in behalf of the iron trade of the\\ncountry.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "41\\nRESPONSE BY THE PRESIDENT.\\nThe President, I take this occasion to say that I am glad to\\nsee you here, as this is the first general meeting of the Iron and\\nSteel Association that has been held for many years. I presume the\\nreason the Executive Committee has not deemed it expedient to\\ncall the members together has been the depressed condition of the\\ntrade. It seemed hard to get men to give time to general matters\\nwhen worrying over their own private affairs. Many officers of the\\nAssociation found it difficult to give their time, but were willing to\\ngive their money, even though they had but little to give, rather\\nthan spare the time to look after the general interests. I hope this\\nmeeting will have the effect of arousing a more general interest, and\\nbringing together the iron and steel men from all over the country,\\nand also the producers of the materials of which these products are\\nmade. You will find advantages from the social intercourse that will\\nspring up among you. As stated by the gentleman from Chicago,\\nwe have suffered from a feeling of depression and want of general\\nconfidence in each other. The more we are kept apart the more\\nwe are led to suspect that we are trying to undermine each other.\\nThe great difficulty has been that our own troubles have kept us\\naway from each other, and the necessities of business have made us\\nsell our goods cheaper than we ought to. It has been utterly im-\\npossible for one man, or a half dozen men, to pretend to fix prices.\\nThere seemed to be no limit to the downward tendency, except the\\nultimate one the cost of production. I have found as much fault\\nwith the prices some of our manufacturers accepted as did the gen-\\ntleman from Chicago, but I could not blame them when I was told\\nit was a matter of life and death. I think we have passed that\\npoint now, and reached the point where every metal manufacturer,\\nand maker of steel and iron rails, can have something to say in fix-\\ning prices. For nearly five years the seller had no part in the bar-\\ngain. He was compelled to take what the buyer was willing to\\ngive. His interests compelled him to sell he had to sell. That is\\nthe reason some of us feel sore. I hope the time has come when\\nwe will be able to have more confidence in each other. As I said\\nbefore, by each one trying to do exactly right, and trusting his\\nneighbors, and believing they are doing right till we have found\\nthat they are doing otherwise, we shall have a better feeling, and\\ncan meet together more frequently and with greater usefulness to\\neach other and the whole trade.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42\\nCONCLUDING PROCEEDINGS.\\nMr. Kennedy suggested the offering of a resolution in favor of\\nmore frequent meetings of the Association.\\nMr. Warner asked how far west the Association had gone.\\nThe President said the ftirthest western point, at which a meeting\\nhad been held, was Chicago. One meeting had been held at Cleve-\\nland. He did not remember of any west of these places.\\nMr. Weeks, one of the Secretaries, said an attempt had been\\nmade to get the names of members present, and requested, if any\\nhad been missed, that they should hand in their names on cards\\nwhich were distributed for that purpose.\\nOn motion, adjourned sine die.\\nSTATISTICS.\\nIn compliance with the request of the convention, the Secretary\\nof the American Iron and Steel Association submits the following\\nstatement relative to the number of establishments engaged in the\\nmanufacture of iron and steel, the number of iron ore mines, the\\nnumber of hands employed in operating these enterprises, the\\nwages paid to them, the amount of capital invested in the mining\\nof iron ore and in the manufacture of iron and steel, etc., etc.\\nAs no data for most of the information desired have been collected\\nsince the census of 1870, the figures for that year which are ger-\\nmane to the scope of the inquiry are given in sufficient detail, and\\nto these are added such known quantities and estimated values\\nfor 1878 as will, so far as they go, more satisfactorily comply with\\nthe wishes of the convention.\\nThe American Iron and Steel Association collects from year to\\nyear the statistics of the production of all kinds of iron and steel,\\nand it records the prices obtained for leading products; it also\\npublishes from time to time a classified list of the blast furnaces,\\nrolling mills, etc., engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel\\nbut it does not seek to ascertain the amount of capital invested in\\nthese industries, the number of hands employed, nor the wages paid\\nto them. We have found it to be sufficiently difficult to gather the\\nstatistical information for which we are annually willing to be held\\nresponsible, without undertaking for ourselves additional labors and\\nsubjecting our correspo ndents to additional solicitation. This ex-", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "43\\nplanation is given as an excuse, which we hope our friends of the\\nconvention will accept, for the meagreness of the following exhibit\\nPRODUCTS.\\nBlooms\\nPig Iron\\nEolled Iron\\nNails and Tacks\\nSteel\\nIron Ore\\nManufactured Iron\\nand Steel\\nCastings\\nHands\\nEmployed.\\n1870.\\nTotal.\\n2,902\\n27,554\\n44,662\\n7,353\\n2,437\\n15,022\\n203,305\\n51,305\\nCapital\\nInvested.\\n1870.\\nWages Paid.\\n1870.\\nValue of\\nMaterials.\\n1870.\\n$4,506,733\\n56,145,326\\n54,774,615!\\n8,043,112:\\n6,345,400\\n17,773,935\\n202,014,236\\n67,578,961\\n354,540\\n$417,182,318\\n$1,195,964\\n12,475,250\\n25,192,635\\n3,721,099\\n1,651,132\\n6,838,022\\n$5,685,466\\n45,498,017\\n79,176,646\\n17,786,072\\n5,166,003\\n1,279,563\\n92,576,-306 126,917,673\\n28,835,914 48,222,550\\n$329,731,990\\n$172,486,322\\nPRODUCTS.\\nValue of\\nProducts.\\n1870.\\nWeight.\\nNet Tons.\\n1870.\\nWeight.\\nNet Tons.\\n1878.\\nEstimated\\nValue.\\n1878.\\nBlooms\\n$7,647,054\\n69,640,498\\n120,311,158\\n23,101,082\\n9,609,986\\n13,204,138\\n304,120,288\\n99,843,218\\n110,808\\n50,045\\n$2,500,000\\n50,000,000\\nPig Iron\\n2,052,821\\n2.577..361\\nBoiled Iron\\nest. 1,450,000: 1,335,769\\n221,737iNails, 219,807\\n49,757| 819,814\\n62,000,000\\nNails and Tacks\\nSteel\\n10,000,000\\n35.000.000\\nIron Ore\\n4,494,704 5.3riOnoni 21.000.000\\nManufactured Iron\\nand Steel\\nNot given.\\nNot\\nascertained.\\nNot\\nCastines\\nascertained.\\nTotal\\n$647,477,422\\n8,379,827\\n10,352,796\\n$180,500,000\\nThe number of blast furnaces in the United States at the begin-\\nning of 1879 was 692 rolling mills, 340 steel works, 71 forges\\nand bloomaries for the manufacture of iron direct from the ore or\\nfrom pig iron, 122. Total number, 1225. The number of estab-\\nlishments engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel into all\\nforms, including hardware, cutlery, castings, machinery, etc., in\\n1870 was 36,063 the number of similar establishments in 1879\\nis certainly not less than in 1870.\\nNOTE.\\nIron and Steel Manufacturers and Iron Ore Producers who may\\ndesire copies of this pamphlet for distribution to their workmen and\\nothers are requested to advise the Secretary of the American Iron\\nand Steel Association how many copies are required, who will for-\\nward them in a reasonable time.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44\\nMEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION.\\nThe following list contains the names, so far as we were able to\\nobtain them, of the gentlemen who were present at the convention\\nS. p. Burt, Eureka Iron Company, De-\\ntroit, Mich.\\nO. W. Potter and Francis Hinton, North\\nChicago Rolling Mill Company, Chicago.\\nCyrus Elder, Cambria Iron Company,\\nJohnstown, Pa.\\nWillard Warner, Tecumseh Iron Company,\\nTeciimseh, Ala.\\nH. S. Chamberlain, Roane Iron Company,\\nChattanooga, Tenn.\\nJ. D. Dubois, Belmont Nail Works, Wheel-\\ning, W. Va.\\nGeorge D. Kelly, of Pierce, Kelly Co.,\\nSharpsville, Pa.\\nThomas Gogin, Norway Iron and Steel\\nWorks, Boston.\\nSamuel L. Mather, Cleveland Iron Mining\\nCompany and McComber Iron Company,\\nCleveland, Ohio.\\nW. H. Cobb, Aurora Iron and Nail Com-\\npany, Aurora, Ind.\\nC. D. Hubbard, Wheeling Iron and Nail\\nCompany, Wheeling, W. Va.\\nA. B. Cornell, Himrod Furnace Company,\\nYoungstown, Ohio.\\nWm. Means, Cincinnati, representing\\nMeans, Kyle Co., Hanging Rock, Ohio.\\nSamuel Mather, Humboldt Iron Company\\nand Manganese Iron Ore Company, Lake\\nSuperior, Mich.\\nOliver Williams, Catasauqua Manufactur-\\ning Company, Catasauqua, Pa.\\nPercival Roberts and Percival Roberts,\\nJr., Pencoyd Iron Works, Philadelphia.\\nJ.B. Moorhead, of J. B. Moorhead Co.,\\nPhiladelphia.\\nJohn Stambaugh, Brier Hill Iron and\\nCoal Company and Girard Iron Company,\\nYoungstown, Ohio.\\nSamuel Laughlin, Laughlin Nail Com-\\npany, Wheeling, W. Va.\\nS. H. Woodward, La Belle Iron Works,\\nWheeling, W. Va.\\nJ. C. Lewis and Geo. S. Lewis, Ports-\\nmouth Iron and Steel Company, Ports-\\nmouth, Ohio.\\nC. Boggs, Clearfield Fire Brick Company,\\nClearfield, Pa.\\nCleveland Steel Works, Cleveland, Ohio.\\nAlexander Strausz, Irondale Furnace,\\nRaccoon P. O., Preston county, W. Va.\\nJoseph Corns, Corns Iron Company, Gi-\\nrard, Ohio.\\nJohn M. Kennedy, Bessemer Steel Com-\\npany Limited, Philadelphia.\\nJohn M. Hartman, of Taws Hartman,\\nengineers, Philadelphia.\\nSamuel Isett, Mt. Etna Iron Works, Yel-\\nlow Springs, Blair county. Pa.\\nJ. Wesley Pullman, Chester Iron Com-\\npany, ore dealers, and Andover Iron Com-\\npany, pig iron manufacturers, Philadelphia.\\nC. A. Godcharles Co., Milton, Pa.\\nHenry McCormick, of McCorniick Co.,\\nHarrisburg, Pa.\\nR. E. Blankenship and Douglas Baird,\\nOld Dominion Iron and Nail Works, Rich-\\nmond, Va.\\nW. E. C. Coxe, Philadelphia and Reading\\nCoal and Iron Company, Reading, Pa.\\nS. C. Baker, Allegheny Furnace and Al-\\ntoona Iron Company, Altoona, Pa.\\nA. W. Campbell, Ben wood Iron Works,\\nWheeling.\\nGeorge Brooke, of E. G. Brooke, Birds-\\nboro, Berks county, Pa.\\nAlonzo Loring, Benwood Iron Works,\\nWheeling, W. Va.\\nHenry Wick, Youngstown Rolling Mill\\nCompany, Youngstown, Ohio.\\nCharles Douglass, Gautier Steel Company\\nLimited, Johnstown, Pa.\\nS. R. Schmucker, Williamsburg, Blair\\ncounty, Pa., representing John Royer, Cove\\nForge and Springfield Furnace.\\nA. M. Robbins, Falcon Iron and Nail\\nCompany, Niles, Ohio.\\nAbraham S. Patterson, of Harrisburg,\\nPa., representing Charles L. Bailey Co.,\\nChesapeake Nail Works, Central Iron\\nWorks, and Montgomery Iron Company.\\nJ. C. Fuller of Philadelphia, representing\\nthe South Mountain Mining and Iron Com-\\npany, Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland\\ncounty, Pa.\\nJ. King McLanahan, Hollidaysburg, Pa.,\\nproducer of Bloomfield ore.\\nD. C. Bradley, of Rhodes Bradley, deal-\\ners in pig iron and iron ores, Chicago.\\nJohn F. Lowry, of Hileman, Cook Co.,\\nCallie Furnace, Alleghany county, Va.\\nGeorge F. Baer, Reading Iron Works,\\nReading, Pa.\\nCharles I. Wickersham, iron merchant,\\nPhiladelphia and Pittsburgh.", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "45\\nR. N. Gere and Charles E. Hubbell, Sy-\\nracuse Iron Works, Syracuse, N. Y.\\nA. C. Balden, Onondaga Iron Company,\\nGeddes, N. Y.\\nW. A. Sweet, Sweet s Manufacturing Com-\\npany and Sanderson Brothers Steel Com-\\npany, Syracuse, N. Y.\\nE. L. Brown, of Joseph H. Brown Co.,\\nChicago.\\nC. H. Andrews, Youngstown, Ohio, rep-\\nresenting Andrews Hitchcock, Andrews\\nBrothers, and the Westerman Iron Co.\\nFrank S. Witherbee, of Port Henry, N. Y.,\\nrepresenting Witherbees, Sherman Co.,\\niron ore dealers, and Cedar Point Iron\\nCompany, manufacturers of pig iron.\\nH. M. Barry, of New York, representing\\nIrondale Furnace, Preston county, W. Va.\\nNathaniel Ferguson, of Ferguson,White\\nCo., Robesonia Furnaces, Berks county. Pa.\\nC. E. Bingham, of Cleveland, iron ore\\nsales agent.\\nJ. W. Mumper, of Mumper Co., Barree\\nForge, Pa.\\nAlexander Laughlin, Laughlin Nail Com-\\npany, Wheeling, W. Va.\\nJ. J. Spearman, of Sharon, Pa., represent-\\ning Spearman Iron Company, Sharpsville,\\nMercer county. Pa.\\nJames F. Rhodes, of Cleveland, Ohio, rep-\\nresenting the Tuscarawas Coal and Iron\\nCompany, Canal Dover, Ohio.\\nJ. Crowther, of New Castle, Pa.\\nThomas W. Kennedy, Struthers Furnace\\nCompany, Struthers, Ohio.\\nM. A. Hanna, of Rhodes Co., Cleve-\\nland, Ohio, agents for Iron Cliffs Company\\nand Michigamme Company, Lake Superior.\\nBenjamin Fi.sher, of Wheeling, represent-\\ning Star Foundry, of Wheeling, W. Va.,\\nand Belfont Iron Works Company, of Iron-\\nton, Ohio.\\nS. P. Bowen, of Plattsburgh, N. Y., repre-\\nresenting Bowen Signor, Saranac Iron-\\nWorks, Saranac, N. Y.\\nJ. C. Bayles, editor fron Age, New York.\\nA. L. Crawford, of New Castle, Pa., repre-\\nsenting Vigo Iron Company, Terre Haute,\\nInd.\\nJames Denniston, Hollidaysburg and Gap\\nIron Company, Hollidaysburg, Pa.\\nJ. N. Vance, Riverside Iron Works,\\nWheeling, W. Va.\\nD. J. Morrell, Cambria Iron Company,\\nJohnstown, Pa.\\nJames M. Swank, Philadelphia, Pa.\\nDavid Thomas, Catasauqua, Pa.\\nJ. H. McCartney, Bellaire Nail Works,\\nBellaire, Ohio.\\nW. W. HoUoway, ^tna Iron and Nail\\nCompany, Bridgeport, Ohi\\nJas. Cartwright and W. H. McCurdy, of\\nCartwright, McCurdy Co., Youngstown,\\nOhio.\\nRobert G. Bushnell, of New York, repre-\\nsenting Park, Bro. Co.\\nPITTSBURGHERS PRESENT.\\nA. M. Byers, of A. M. Byers Co.\\nM. K. Moorhead, of Moorhead Co., and\\nMoorhead, McCleaue Co.\\nDr. C. G. Hussey, of Hussey, Howe Co.\\nThomas C. Kier, of Kier Bros., fire brick.\\nCalvin Wells, Pittsburgh Forge and Iron\\nCompany.\\nBrown Co.\\nCharles L. Caldwell\\nJames Laughlin, Jr., of Laughlin Co.,\\nEliza Furnaces.\\nJohn Z. Speer, of Shoenberger Co., and\\nShoenberger, Blair Co.\\nA. Laughlin, of Jones Laughlins.\\nC. C. Hussey, of Hussey, Howe Co., and\\nHussey. Binns Co.\\nW. H. Everson, of Everson, Macrum Co.\\nC. L. Fitzhugh, of Shoenberger Co.\\nB. F. Jones, of Jones Laughlins.\\nA. McD. Bailey, of Wilson Bailey, metal\\nbrokers.\\nW. D. Wood, of W. D. Wood Co., Mc-\\nKeesport Iron Works.\\nJ. J. Young, of Hussey, Howe Co.\\nJohn W. Chalfant, Isabella Furnace Co.\\nC. B. Herron, of Spang, Chalfant Co.\\nH. Lloyd, Jr., of Lloyd, Son Co.\\nA. H. Childs, iron merchant.\\nW. C. Croneraeyer, United States Iron\\nand Tinplate Co.\\nWm. P. Shiun, Edgar Thomson Steel\\nCompany Limited.\\nReuben Miller, of Miller, Metcalf Par-\\nkin.\\nJohn S. Slagle, of Nimick Co.\\nA. F. Keating, of Zug Co.\\nJos. D. Weeks, Associate Editor Iron Age.\\nWm. Kent, of the American Manv/acturer.\\nW. H. Singer, of Singer, Nimick Co.\\nD. Borland, of Phillips, Nimick t^o.\\nJohn Moorhead, representing J. J.\\nRogers Iron Company and Red Bank Fur-\\nnace.\\nCharles A. Martin, of Loomis Collord.\\nJ. P. Witherow, of Witherow, Shepard\\nLamond, engineers.\\nJohn A. (aughey, of Caughey Robin-\\nson, furnace agents.\\nJohn I. Williams, Pittsburgh.\\nJames McCutcheon, of Lindsay Mc-\\nCutcheon.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "The People of this Country should insist upon the Continuance\\nOF THE Protective Policy, under which all American Industries\\nare Kevivinct and the Hard Times are Passing Away.\\nPROCEEDINGS\\nCONVENTION\\nRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURERS\\nIRON ORE PRODUCERS,\\nAT PITTSBURGH,\\nTUESDAY, MAY 6, 1879.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nTHE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION,\\nNo. 265 South Fourth Street.\\n1879.", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2040", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3597", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "mii--\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^iMM\\n5iii\\niiliiBii\\na i J. *i lr, 1. I W\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n016 065 593 8\\n*a;y.i?r", "height": "3618", "width": "2145", "jp2-path": "proceedingsofcon00amer_0060.jp2"}}