{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3982", "width": "2755", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class.\\nBook.\\nPRESENTED 15Y", "height": "4064", "width": "2297", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4064", "width": "2297", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4033", "width": "2289", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4033", "width": "2289", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3970", "width": "2297", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN", "height": "3970", "width": "2297", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3898", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3898", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4190", "width": "2385", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN\\n^tit femhtatictt d twmz %mxit ^ptwhihm\\nBy the DUKE OF ARGYLL\\nNEW YORK\\nGEORGE ROUTLEDGE SONS,\\n416, BROOME STREET.\\n1869", "height": "4229", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "1876", "width": "2782", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4229", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "London\\nR. Clay, Softs, and Taylor, Printers.\\nBread Street Hill.\\nP.\\nRoland P. Fallow\\nllja 01", "height": "3990", "width": "2534", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nPAVING now no immediate pros-\\npect of being able to expand or\\nto illustrate the argument contained in the\\nfollowing pages, I republish it with very\\nlittle alteration from the form in which\\nit originally appeared in Good Words/\\nI am well aware how much it requires\\nboth expansion and illustration. But I\\nhope that at least the main lines of that\\nargument are traced with sufficient\\nclearness to enable others with more", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\nleisure to pursue them farther, and to\\ntest the results arrived at by our\\ngrowing knowledge in the sciences\\nwhich bear upon the early condition\\nof Mankind. The distinctions here\\ntaken between different branches of\\nthe subject, have not, so far as I know,\\nbeen elsewhere laid down with adequate\\nprecision. Yet all safe reasoning depends\\nupon such distinctions being carefully\\nobserved. If they are sound, they place\\nan insuperable bar in the way of cer-\\ntain conclusions respecting Primeval Man,\\nwhich have been too hastily assumed\\nas following from recently discovered\\nfacts. At all events these conclusions", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. Vll\\ncan only be reached by new arguments\\nand by new methods of proof.\\nMany of the questions which are in-\\nvolved in the reasoning of this Essay,\\nare questions which touch upon the pro-\\nfoundest problems of our nature and of\\nour history On the connection, seem-\\ningly inseparable, between all mental\\nphenomena and physical organization on\\nthe truthfulness of any system of classifi-\\ncation which does not take equal cogni-\\nzance of both; on the distinction between\\nintellectual powers and moral character\\non the distinction, again, between the\\nmere results of accumulated knowledge,\\nand the working of the original facul-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "Vlll PREFACE.\\nties of Reason on the question how-\\nfar the first use and the first direction\\nof his mental powers may have been\\nas purely instinctive in Man as in the\\nBee or in the Beaver on the relation\\nbetween the two tendencies in Man to\\nadvance and to decline on the causes\\nof degradation which are born with him\\nand seem to be inseparable from his\\nnature on the bearing upon the whole\\nargument of existing facts respecting his\\ndistribution on the globe, and the obvious\\neffects upon him of hardship and of\\nsuffering to produce, or to intensify, a\\nbarbarous condition on each and all of\\nthese questions, which enter into the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. IX\\nreasoning of this Essay, whole volumes\\nmight be written without exhausting\\nwhat is to be said upon them. I shall\\nbe content, in the meantime, if this\\nslight sketch of so great a subject\\nshould be of any use in directing others\\ninto some well-defined paths of thought\\nand of investigation in regard to it.\\nLondon, Dec. 9, 1868.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPART I.\\nPAGE\\nINTRODUCTORY I\\nPART II.\\nTHE ORIGIN OF MAN 38\\nPART III.\\nTHE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 76\\nPART IV.\\nMAN S PRIMITIVE CONDITION 129", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "PART I.\\nINTRODUCTORY.\\nA T the meeting, in 1867, of the British\\nAssociation for the Advancement of\\nScience, a paper was read by Sir J.\\nLubbock upon The Early Condition of\\nMankind. It purports to be a reply to\\na lecture on the Origin of Civilization by\\nDr. Whately, the late Archbishop of Dublin,\\nwhich was published in 1854 The Arch-\\nbishop s position is shortly this, that mere\\nsavages that is to say, men in the lowest\\ndegree, or even anything approaching to the\\nB", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nlowest degree, of barbarism in which they can\\npossibly subsist at all never did and never\\ncan, unaided, raise themselves into a higher\\ncondition that even when they are brought\\ninto contact with superior races, it is ex-\\ntremely difficult to teach them the simplest\\narts that they seem never to invent or\\ndiscover anything, because even necessity\\nis not the mother of invention except to those\\nwho have some degree of thoughtfulness and\\nintelligence; that whatever the natural\\npowers of the human mind may be, they\\nrequire to have some instruction from with-\\nout wherewith to start. He holds it to\\nbe a complete moral certainty that men\\nleft unassisted in what is called a state of\\nnature that is, with the faculties Man is born", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "WHATELY S ARGUMENT.\\nwith not at all unfolded or exercised by-\\neducation never did, and never can, raise\\nthemselves from that condition. Therefore,\\naccording to the present course of things,\\nthe first introducer of civilization among\\nsavages is, and must be, man in a more\\nimproved state. But as in the beginning\\nof the human race there was no man to\\neffect it, this must have been the work of\\nanother Being. There must have been, in\\nshort, something of a revelation made to the\\nfirst or to some subsequent generation of our\\nspecies. The conclusion is that, as Man\\nmust have had a Divine Creator, it seems\\nequally certain that, to some extent also,\\nhe must have had a Divine Instructor.\\nThis is the argument which Sir J. Lubbock\\nB 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nhas undertaken to refute. His conclusion is,\\nthat the primitive condition of mankind was\\none of utter barbarism that from this con-\\ndition certain races have independently raised\\nthemselves and, of course, that, instead of\\nexisting savages being the degenerate descen-\\ndants of ancestors who were more advanced,\\nall races now civilized are the children of\\nmen who were once in the same low con-\\ndition. A further conclusion, though not\\nformally asserted, is plainly indicated, viz. this,\\nthat the utter barbarism of the first man\\nwas itself an advance on the condition of\\nsome progenitor. I infer that this idea is\\nintended to be conveyed when the first\\nmen are explained to mean the first beings\\nworthy to be so called.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SIR JOHN LUBBOCK S PROPOSITIONS. 5\\nThe two main lines of argument pursued\\nby Sir J. Lubbock connect themselves with\\nthe two following propositions which he\\nundertakes to prove: 1st, That there are\\nindications of progress even among savages\\nand 2d, That among the most civilized nations\\nthere are traces of original barbarism.\\nSir J. Lubbock s paper has confirmed an\\nimpression I have long had, that Whately s\\nargument, though strong at some points, is at\\nothers open to assault and that, as a whole,\\nthe subject now requires to be differently\\nhandled, and regarded from a different point\\nof view. On the other hand, the same paper\\nhas convinced me that the argument in favour\\nof what may be called the Savage-theory is\\nvery much the weaker of the two, and rests", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nupon a method of treatment much more in-\\nadequate and incomplete.\\nI propose in this, and in some following\\nchapters, to set forth the reasoning upon\\nwhich these convictions rest.\\nThere are, however, some preliminary con-\\nsiderations which it may be well to deal with\\nbefore proceeding farther.\\nIt will be observed that both arguments\\nare avowedly conducted irrespective of any\\nbelief in the Mosaic narrative of Creation.\\nThey both profess to be purely scientific\\nthat is, founded on natural knowledge, and\\nusing for the discovery of truth such facts\\nand inferences as are ascertainable by reason.\\nWhately expressly says that in his argument\\nhe has not appealed to the Book of Genesis", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. J\\nas an authority, because he thought it impor-\\ntant to show, independently of that authority\\nand from a monument actually before our\\neyes the existence, namely, of civilized man\\nthat there is no escaping such conclusions\\nas agree with the Bible narrative. The\\nopposite argument is, of course, maintained\\nalways from the same basis of scientific in-\\ndependence, and those who urge it do not\\ngenerally profess or care to reconcile the\\nconclusion arrived at, with the Mosaic narra-\\ntive. Sir J. Lubbock at the close of his paper\\nsays emphatically, These views follow, I think,\\nfrom strictly scientific considerations. No\\ndoubt, if the inquiry is to be pursued at all\\nupon this basis, it must be conducted hon-\\nestly, and the conclusions legitimately reached", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nmust be accepted with just so much of\\nconviction as is justified by the nature of\\nthe data, and the nature of the reasoning\\nemployed.\\nThe question may well arise in many minds\\nin reference to this subject, whether it is a\\nlegitimate subject of speculation at all\\nwhether it does not transcend our faculties\\nto ascertain the truth.\\nRespecting this question, there is one answer\\nwhich is obvious, although it may not go far\\nto satisfy those whose scruples are most sin-\\ncere. When men in the position of the late\\nArchbishop of Dublin enter upon this dis-\\ncussion, and declare that, independent of all\\nauthority, certain conclusions can be shown to\\nbe unavoidable by natural reason, we cannot", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "IS THE DISCUSSION LEGITIMATE? 9\\nprohibit others from entering upon the same\\nground, or from producing such arguments as\\nthey may be able to find in support of an\\nopposite conclusion. But there are some\\nbetter arguments than this. This, indeed,\\nis enough to show that the discussion must,\\nas a matter of necessity, be encountered,\\neven though it should be deplored. But other\\nconsiderations may perhaps convince us that\\nit ought not to be avoided. It may be true,\\nand I believe it to be true, that the desire\\nof knowledge is capable of excess. The\\nspirit which in the ordinary concerns of\\nlife is condemned as idle or vicious\\ncuriosity has, surely, its counterpart in the\\nhigher pursuits of intellect. David seems to\\nimply as much when he pleads in favour of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "10 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nhis own character and conduct before God\\nI do not exercise myself in things too high\\nfor me. On the other hand, we must remem-\\nber that in nothing has the human race been\\nmore liable to the delusions of superstition\\nthan in the conception of the matters which\\nwere to be held, or were not to be held, as\\nforbidden to investigation. Those physical\\nlaws of nature which are now so familiar to\\nus as the peculiar field of observation and\\ndiscovery a field on which the march of in-\\ntellect has been so rapid and so triumphant\\nwere once held by the early Greek philo-\\nsophers as belonging to the most secret things\\nof God. They thought, perhaps not un-\\nnaturally, that a region which lay, or seemed\\nto lie, so much nearer to themselves, even", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION. II\\ntheir own mind and spirit its phenomena\\nand its methods of procedure must be the\\nground most open to their search, and must\\nafford results most comprehensible to the\\nunderstanding. And so they plunged into all\\nthe problems of Metaphysics. But there are\\nno mysteries so deep as these none in which\\nthe human mind reaches so soon the limit of\\nits powers none in which the temptation is\\nstronger to strain after knowledge which is\\nshrouded in impenetrable darkness. The\\ngreatest intellects which the world has ever\\nseen have laboured at such problems, and,\\nin respect at least to many of them, have\\nleft them as they found them. The same\\ntendency of metaphysical speculation, blend-\\ning, through the school of Alexandria, with", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "12 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthe mysticism of the East, infected the\\nTheology of the early Church, and heretics\\nwere not seldom divided from the orthodox\\nupon questions which were not only beyond\\nthe reach of reason, but equally beyond the\\nscope of Revelation. In the Confessions of\\nSt. Augustine there is a curious indication of\\nthis transposition of the questions which are\\ndeemed to be the most legitimate, .and the\\nmost accessible, subjects of our research. In\\nearly life he had been, as is well known,\\nled away by the curious and idle specula-\\ntions which pass in ecclesiastical history\\nunder the name of the Manichaean heresy.\\nHe pours out his lamentations over the\\nsubtleties which had once engrossed and\\nperplexed his mind subtleties of which", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "AUGUSTINE S DEFINITION.\\nChristianity had revealed the folly. And\\namong the temptations which he still desires\\nto overcome is the appetite of knowledge\\na vain and curious desire hiding under\\nthe name of science (lib. x. c. 35). This\\nis the desire which pretends, he says, to\\nreach the inmost secrets of nature secrets\\nwhich when discovered could have no value,\\nand of which men desire and expect no-\\nthing except to know. Now, here we have\\nan exact definition of the true scientific spirit\\na spirit which has, indeed, in its results,\\nrichly endowed the human family with new\\nmercies, but which never has had this dower\\nin view as its only, or even as its chief,\\ninducement. It is not perhaps exactly relevant\\nto observe that the glorious facts of Astro-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "14 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nnomy are among the secrets of nature which\\nAugustine rejoices to say he no longer desires\\nto know because, in his mind, Astronomy\\ntook the form of Astrology, to which in his\\nyouth he had been much addicted. But\\nAugustine is right when he detects this same\\nlove of mere knowledge in the instinctive\\narrest of his attention by the commonest\\nworks of nature. He desires to be de-\\nlivered even from this. He has given up\\nmany pleasures of the eye and curiosities of\\nthe mind in which he once delighted, not\\nonly the transits of the heavenly bodies and\\nthe response of oracles, but even the public\\nspectacles of the Roman world. Still, he\\ndeplores that this wretched love of mere\\nknowledge, this lust of the eyes, is ever", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "AUGUSTINE S DESIRE OF KNOWLEDGE. 15\\npursuing him as he walks and lives. Although\\nno longer tempted to go to the Amphitheatre\\nto see the race of hound and hare, he com-\\nplains that the same sight, if seen accidentally\\nin the fields, will divert his attention from\\nsome profound meditation. Even from the\\nwindows of his home his eye is caught by\\nsome little lizard catching flies upon the\\nwall, or by some spider spreading for the\\ncapture her wondrous web. The smallness\\nof these creatures, he confesses, does not\\ndiminish his instinctive curiosity. True it\\nis that he might pass from these creatures\\nto magnify the Creator of them all. But\\nhe is conscious that this was not present to\\nhis thoughts when they were arrested and\\nfixed upon the things he saw.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "l6 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nMost true and equally true was it that\\nthis desire of knowledge was burning in-\\ntensely in him when it wrung from him no\\nconfession or rather, when it was interwoven\\ninto the very tissue of which his immortal\\nConfessions are composed. In them no more\\nsplendid passages occur than those in which\\nhe turns the eye of his curiosity inwards\\nupon the secrets of his own nature, and asks\\na thousand unanswerable questions on the\\nstructure and the power of Memory. What\\nand where are those innumerable chambers,\\nthose vast halls, which hold in perpetual\\nimagery not only all he had ever seen, but\\nall he had ever conceived and known How\\ncan the immensities of Time and Space, of\\nearth, and sky, and ocean, be thus contained", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MEMORY. 17\\nHow can they be recalled into what seemed\\na lost existence What depths and mysteries\\nof being How little can we understand our-\\nselves Does it not seem then as if the mind\\nwere too narrow to comprehend itself? And\\nso, through pages of most subtle and eloquent\\nanalysis, he revels in that faculty of Wonder,\\nwhich is the very root and principle of all\\ncurious inquiry. I do not say that these\\nquestions are wholly vain. But they are use-\\nful only as all knowledge may be useful, in\\nteaching us if it be nothing else how small\\nthat knowledge is. St. Augustine was right\\nin thinking that this wonderful power of\\nMemory lies close to the final secrets on\\nwhich our very being and personality depend.\\nAn eminent philosopher of our own time has\\nc", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "l8 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nfound in Memory the only insuperable diffi-\\nculty in the way of reducing the definition of\\nourselves into that of mere Possibilities of\\nFeeling. But in pursuing these speculations\\ninto the most inscrutable of all subjects, St.\\nAugustine is but following the instincts of the\\nsame restless and curious intellect which had\\nonce struggled with the questions, What\\nMatter is, and How Evil came to be There\\nis no inquiry in which the human mind comes\\nso immediately to the limit of its powers, as\\nin the analysis of itself. Inscrutable questions\\nmay indeed be asked as to what Man once\\nwas. But questions much more inscrutable\\nMr. J. S. Mill. I have discussed elsewhere the logic and\\nTie adequacy of this definition: The Reign of Law. Fifth\\nEdition. Note D.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "IMPOTENCE OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. 19\\nmay be asked, and are habitually asked, as\\nto what Man now is. No conclusions in\\nrespect to the original condition of our race\\ncan be more shocking to reason and common\\nsense, than many conclusions which meta-\\nphysicians have pretended to establish respect-\\ning its condition now.\\nAnother reason against declining this in-\\nquiry, is to be found in the fact that the\\nplea of impotence against the human under-\\nstanding, is a plea which may be urged ift\\nthe service of the most irrational error, as\\neasily as, perhaps more easily than, in the\\nservice of the most certain truths. Men en-\\ngrossed by some particular theory are under\\nimmense temptation to denounce the power\\nof faculties whose function it is to apprehend\\nC 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nideas differing from their own. At the pre-\\nsent moment this is the habitual practice of\\na whole school of thinkers, who have eyes\\nfor nothing but a particular class of facts, and\\nwho therefore very naturally resort to the\\nassertion that all eyes with a wider range of\\nvision are eyes of phantasy. And if this\\nhas been sometimes the result of the anatomy\\nof Mind, what are we to say of the anatomy\\nof the Body We cannot even think of our\\nbodily frames without encountering at once all\\nthe facts which connect the phenomena of\\nMind with the structure and condition of\\nMaterial Organs. And then our Organism\\nas a whole, how close it stands to that of the\\nbeasts that perish Are we to close these\\npaths of investigation also, because some", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "MANY FORMS OF PRIESTCRAFT. 21\\nminds have been led by them to a gross\\nmaterialism It is not on one subject of\\ninquiry, but in all, that we come speedily to\\nquestions which cannot be answered. The\\nresult therefore is, that we should never be\\njealous of research, but always jealous of\\npresumption, that on all subjects Reason\\nshould be warned to keep within the limit\\nof her powers, but from none should Reason\\nbe warned away. Men who denounce any\\nparticular field of thought are always to\\nbe suspected. The presumption is, that\\nvaluable things which these men do not like\\nare to be found there. There are many\\nforms of Priestcraft. The same arts, and the\\nsame delusions, have been practised in many\\ncauses. Sometimes, though perhaps not so", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "22 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\noften as is popularly supposed, men have been\\nwarned off particular branches of physical in-\\nquiry, in the supposed interests of Religion.\\nBut constantly and habitually, men are now\\nwarned from many branches of inquiry, both\\nphysical and psychological, in the interests\\nreal enough of the Positive Philosophy\\nWhatever, says Mr. Lewes, is inaccessible\\nto reason, should be strictly interdicted to\\nresearch. Here we have the true ring of\\nthe old sacerdotal interdicts. Who is to\\ndefine beforehand what is, and what is not,\\ninaccessible to reason? Are we to take\\nsuch a definition on trust from the priests of\\nthis new philosophy? They tell us that all\\nproofs of Mind in the order of the universe,\\nall evidences of purpose, all conceptions of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "RESEARCH DEFENDED. 23\\nplan or of design, in the history of Creation,\\nare the mere product of special infirmities\\nof the human intellect. In opposition to\\nthese attempts come from what quarter they\\nmay to limit arbitrarily the boundaries of\\nknowledge, let us maintain the principle that\\nwe never can certainly know what is\\ninaccessible to reason until the way of\\naccess has been tried. In the highest\\ninterests of truth, we must resist any and\\nevery interdict against research. The strong\\npresumption is that every philosophy which\\nassumes to issue such an interdict, must have\\nreason to fear inquiry.\\nOn these principles it may be affirmed\\ngenerally that all subjects are legitimate sub-\\njects of reasoning in proportion as they are", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "24 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\naccessible to research and that the degree\\nin which any given subject is accessible to\\nresearch cannot be known until research has\\nbeen attempted.\\nWithin certain limits it is not open to dis-\\npute that the early condition of Mankind is\\naccessible to research. Contemporary history\\nreaches back a certain way. Existing monu-\\nments afford their evidence for a considerable\\ndistance farther. Tradition has its own pro-\\nvince still more remote; and latterly Geology\\nand Archaeology have met upon common\\nground ground in which Man and the\\nMammoth have been found together.\\nIt has not, however, been sufficiently ob-\\nserved that the inquiry into the Primitive\\nCondition of Mankind resolves itself into three", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THREE SUBJECTS OF INQUIRY. 25\\nseparate questions, that is to say, three\\nquestions which, though connected with each\\nother, can be, and indeed must be, separately-\\ndealt with\\n1st. The Origin of Man considered simply\\nas a Species, that is to say, the method of\\nhis creation or introduction into the world.\\n2d. The Antiquity of Man, or the time in\\nthe geological history and preparation of the\\nglobe at which this creation or introduction\\ntook place.\\n3d. His Mental, Moral, and Intellectual Con-\\ndition when first created.\\nNo doubt the theory as to the Origin of\\nMan at which Sir J. Lubbock glances when\\nhe speaks of the first being worthy to be\\ncalled a man (which is obviously the theory", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "26 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthat this first man was born from some pre-\\nexisting creature not worthy to be so called),\\nis most naturally connected with the farther\\ntheory that his mental condition was one of\\nutter barbarism. But this is not at all a\\nnecessary consequence. The first man, how-\\never created, may have had special knowledge\\nconveyed to him as well as a special material\\norganization. Special powers of acquiring\\nknowledge he certainly must have had, since\\nwe know that these are inseparably connected\\nwith the organization which made him\\nworthy to be called a man. The two\\nquestions, therefore, of the Origin of Man,\\nand of his Primitive Condition, are clearly\\nseparable. In like manner, as regards Anti-\\nquity, the question of Time has no neces-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MOSAIC ACCOUNT OF CREATION. 27\\nsary connection either with his Origin or his\\nPrimitive Condition.\\nThere is another point connected with this\\ndivision of the whole subject into three sepa-\\nrate questions, which has not perhaps been\\nsufficiently considered, and that is the different\\ndegrees of connection which these questions\\nhave respectively, with the Mosaic narrative.\\nI have already said that the inquiry as con-\\nducted both by Archbishop Whately and Sir\\nJ. Lubbock is avowedly conducted on a purely\\nscientific basis. It is in the same light that\\nit will be considered here. But it may be\\nuseful to observe in passing, that in regard to\\nsome of these questions the Mosaic account of\\nCreation (apart altogether from any suggestions\\nwhich have been raised as to the allegorical", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "28 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nelements it. may contain) leaves room, even\\naccording to its most literal interpretation,\\nfor a much wider latitude of speculation than\\nseems to be generally supposed. As regards\\nthe Origin of Man, undoubtedly, the im-\\npression conveyed is that the Creation of\\nMan was a special act which indeed, what-\\never may have been its method, it must in a\\nsense have been but, as regards the Primitive\\nCondition of Mankind, it must be remembered\\nthat, according to the narrative in Genesis,\\nthere never was any generation of men which\\nlived and walked in the primal light. It was\\nthe first man who fell. The second man was\\na murderer. The causes, therefore, of degra-\\ndation are represented as having begun, so\\nfar as the race is concerned, at once and it", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "DEFINITION OF TERMS NEEDED. 29\\nis a special peculiarity of the account that\\nthose causes are said to have gone on in an\\naccelerating ratio until the Flood. Even after\\nthat event there was no immunity from the ope-\\nration of the same causes, and existing races,\\ntherefore, may have passed through stages of\\nany degree of barbarism since the days of\\nAdam without involving any necessary incon-\\nsistency whatever with the Mosaic account.\\nIt is farther to be observed that writers\\non the Primitive Condition of Man are\\ngenerally guilty of the oversight of forget-\\nting to define the sense in which they use\\nthe words civilized and uncivilized. This\\nis a strange oversight on the part of such a\\nlogician as Dr. Whately. Sir J. Lubbock\\nnaturally enough feels himself relieved from an", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "30 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ninconvenient obligation. But implicitly, if not\\nexplicitly, the Savage-theory and the reasoning\\nin support of it assume that civilization con-\\nsists mainly if not exclusively in a knowledge\\nof the arts. Knowledge, for example, or igno-\\nrance, of the use of metals, are, as we shall\\nsee, characteristics on which great stress is\\nlaid. Now, as regards this point, as Whately\\ntruly says, the narrative of Genesis distinctly\\nstates that this kind of knowledge did not\\nbelong to Mankind at first, but was the fruit\\nof subsequent discovery, through the ordinary\\nagency of those mental gifts with which Man\\nat his creation was endowed. It is assumed\\nin the Savage-theory that the presence or\\nabsence of this knowledge stands in close\\nand natural connection with the presence or", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "MAN DIVINELY TAUGHT. 3I\\nabsence of other and higher kinds of know-\\nledge, of which an acquaintance with the\\nmetals is but a symbol and a type. Within\\ncertain limits this is true, and we may\\nassume, therefore, that in Genesis also, the\\nintimation given on this subject implies that\\nso far as civilization means a command over\\nthe powers of nature, Man was left to make\\nhis own way, through his powers of reason,\\nand through his instincts of research.\\nWhately has indeed inferred, from the de-\\nscription given of Cain as a tiller of the\\nground, and of Abel as a keeper of flocks,\\nthat the great economic principle of the\\ndivision of labour was at the first divinely\\ntaught to Man. But, if we are to understand\\nthis literally, not of tribes tracing their descent", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nfrom Cain and Abel, but of the individual men\\nwho were the third and fourth human beings\\nupon earth, then we must suppose that the pos-\\nsession of domestic animals and acquaintance\\nwith artificial cultivation were either divinely-\\ncommunicated to Man, or instinctively dis-\\ncovered by him, at once. It may have been so,\\nand it may be the intention of the narrative\\nto assert it but, at all events, it is perfectly\\nconceivable, that beyond a knowledge of the\\nsimplest arts which -were necessary for the\\nsustenance of life, Man s primitive condition\\nmay have been a condition of mere childhood.\\nAs regards the third element in the whole\\nquestion the element of Time it is well\\nknown that all calculations in regard to it\\nrest upon data respecting which there has", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE QUESTION OF TIME. 33\\nalways been much doubt and difficulty, and\\nthat similar data taken from the three\\nexisting versions of the Old Testament,\\nthe Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Septua-\\ngint, give results which vary from each\\nother, not by years, or even by tens of\\nyears, but by many centuries. Where differ-\\nences exist of such magnitude, no confidence\\ncan be felt in any of the results. It seems\\nmore than questionable how far the history\\nof Man given in the Old Testament either is,\\nor was intended to be, a complete history, or\\nmore than the history of typical men and of\\ntypical generations. At all events, it would\\nbe worse than idle to deny that this ques-\\ntion of Time comes naturally and necessarily\\nwithin the field of scientific investigation,^ in\\nD", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "34 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nso far as science can find a firm foundation\\nfor any conclusions in regard to it.\\nHaving already quoted St. Augustine upon\\nthe general subject of the desire of knowledge,.\\nI cannot close even this cursory reference to\\nthe relation in which the Mosaic narrative\\nstands to scientific research, without dwelling;\\nfor a moment on the very striking passage in\\nwhich that great man deals with the only\\naccount which the world possesses of the\\nhistory of Creation. St. Augustine was not\\nthe man to be dead to all those curious\\nspeculations and inquiries which that account\\nexcites, and which it does not profess to\\nsatisfy. His Confessions, he says, would not\\nbe the humble confessions he desires them to\\nbe, were he not to confess that as regards", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "AUGUSTINE S DECLARATION. 35\\nmany of those questions, he does not under-\\nstand the sense in which Moses wrote. All\\nthe more does he admire his words, so\\nsublime in their humility, so rich in their\\nreserve (alta hitmiliter, pauca copiose) then\\nfollows (lib. xii. c. 31) a passage which,\\nconsidering the age in which it was written,\\nconsidering also the vague notions entertained\\nby St. Augustine himself, and by all the\\nworld in his time, on the rank and import-\\nance of the natural sciences, is surely one of\\nthe most remarkable passages ever written by\\nTheologian or Philosopher. For myself/ he\\nsays, I declare boldly, and from the bottom\\nof my heart, that if I were called to write\\nsomething which was to be invested with\\nsupreme authority, I should desire most so to\\nD 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "36 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwrite that my words should include the widest\\nrange of meaning, and should not be confined\\nto one sense alone, exclusive of all others, even\\nof some which should be inconsistent with my\\nown. Far from me, O God, be the temerity\\nto suppose that so great a Prophet did not\\nreceive from Thy Grace even such a favour\\nYes he had in view and in his spirit, when\\nhe traced these words, all that we can ever\\ndiscover of the truth even every truth which\\nhas escaped us hitherto, or which escapes us\\nstill, but which nevertheless may yet be dis-\\ncovered in them. Certain it is, that whatever\\nnew views may now be taken of the origin and\\nauthorship of the first chapter of Genesis, it\\nstands alone among the traditions of mankind\\nin the wonderful simplicity and grandeur of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE GROUND CLEARED. 37\\nits words. Specially remarkable miraculous\\nit really seems to be is that character of\\nreserve which leaves open to reason all that\\nreason may be able to attain. The meaning\\nof those words seems always to be a meaning\\na-head of science not because it anticipates\\nthe results of science, but because it is inde-\\npendent of them, and runs, as it were, round\\nthe outer margin of all possible discovery.\\nHaving now cleared the ground of some\\npreliminary difficulties which might otherwise\\nhave impeded us in a proper access to the\\nsubject, I shall proceed in the next Part to\\ndeal with the first of the three questions into\\nwhich that subject is divided viz. the Origin of\\nMan considered as a Species, in so far as this\\nquestion appears to be accessible to reason.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "PART II.\\nTHE ORIGIN OF MAN.\\nHTHE Human Race has no more know-\\nledge or recollection of its own origin\\nthan a child has of its own birth. But a\\nchild drinks in with its mother s milk some\\nknowledge of the relation in which it stands\\nto its own parents, and as it grows up it\\nknows of other children being born around it.\\nIt sees one generation going and another\\ngeneration coming, so that long before the\\nyears of childhood close the ideas of birth", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "IDEAS OF BIRTH AND DEATH. 39\\nand death are alike familiar. Whatever sense\\nof mystery may, in the first dawnings of\\nreflection, have attached to either of these\\nideas, is soon lost in the familiar experience\\nof the world. The same experience extends\\nto the lower animals they, too, are born and\\ndie. But no such experience ever comes to\\nus casting any light on the Origin of our\\nown Race, or of any other. Some varieties of\\nform are effected in the case of a few animals,\\nby domestication, and by constant care in the\\nselection of peculiarities transmissible to the\\nyoung. But these variations are all within\\ncertain limits and wherever human care re-\\nlaxes or is abandoned, the old forms return,\\nand the selected characters disappear. The\\nfounding of new forms by the union of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "40 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ndifferent species, even when standing in close\\nnatural relation to each other, is absolutely-\\nforbidden by the sentence of sterility which\\nNature pronounces and enforces upon all\\nhybrid offspring. And so it results that Man\\nhas never seen the origin of any species.\\nCreation by birth is the only kind of creation\\nhe has ever seen and from this kind of\\ncreation he has never seen a new species\\ncome. And yet he does know (for this the\\nscience of Palaeontology has most certainly\\nrevealed), that the introduction of new species\\nhas been a work carried on constantly and\\ncontinuously during vast but unknown periods\\nof time. The whole face of animated nature\\nhas been changed, not once, but frequently\\nnot suddenly for the most part, perhaps not", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "METHOD OF CREATION. 41\\nsuddenly in any case, but slowly and gradually,\\nand yet completely. When once this fact is\\nclearly apprehended whenever we become\\nfamiliar with the idea that Creation has had\\na History, we are inevitably led to the con-\\nclusion that Creation has also had a Method.\\nAnd then the further question arises, What\\nhas this method been It is perfectly natural\\nthat men who have any hopes of solving this\\nquestion should take that supposition which\\nseems the readiest and the readiest sup-\\nposition is, that the agency by which new\\nspecies are created is the same agency by\\nwhich new individuals are born. The difficulty\\nof conceiving any other compels men, if they\\nare to guess at all, to guess upon this founda-\\ntion. Such is the origin and genesis of all", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "42 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthe theories of Development, of which Mr.\\nDarwin s hypothesis is only the latest form.\\nIt is not in itself inconsistent with the Theistic\\nargument, or with belief in the ultimate\\nagency and directing power of a Creative\\nMind. This is clear, since we never think of\\nany difficulty in reconciling that belief with\\nour knowledge of the ordinary laws of animal\\nand vegetable reproduction. Those laws may\\nbe correctly, and can only be adequately,\\ndescribed in the language of religion and\\ntheology. He who is the alone Author and\\nCreator of all things, says the present Bishop\\nof Salisbury, does not by separate acts of\\ncreation give being and life to those creatures\\nwhich are to be brought forth, but employs\\nHis living creatures thus to give effect to His", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF SPECIES. 43\\nwill and pleasure, and as His agents to be the\\nmeans of communicating life. The same\\nlanguage might be applied, without the altera-\\ntion of a word, to the origin of species, if it\\nwere indeed true that new kinds as well as\\nnew individuals were created by being born.\\nThe truth is, that the argument which has so\\noften been employed to elevate our conception\\nof the wisdom hid in secondary causes, is an\\nargument which only gains increasing strength\\nand force in proportion to the number and\\ninvolution of those causes, and to the extent\\nand scope of their effects. If it does not\\ndiminish, but only augments the wonder of\\nOrganic Life, that it has been so contrived\\nas to be capable of propagating itself, neither\\nCharge, 1867.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "44 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwould it diminish that wonder, but rather\\nenhance it to an infinite degree, that Organ-\\nisms should be gifted with the still more\\nwonderful power of developing Forms of Life\\nother and higher than their own. So far,\\ntherefore, as belief in a Personal Creator is\\nconcerned, the difficulties in the way of\\naccepting this hypothesis are not theological\\nThe difficulties are scientific. The first funda-\\nmental difficulty is simply this, that all the\\ntheories of Development ascribe to known\\ncauses unknown effects unknown as regards\\nthe times in which we now live, and unknown\\nso far as has hitherto been ascertained\\nin all the past times of which there is any\\nrecord. It is true that this record the geo-\\nlogical record is imperfect. But, as Sir", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. 45\\nRoderick Murchison has long ago proved,\\nthere are parts of that record which are\\nsingularly complete, and in those parts we\\nhave the proofs of Creation without any\\nindication of Development, The Silurfeh\\nrocks, as regards Oceanic Life, are perfect\\nand abundant in the forms they have pre-\\nserved, yet there are no Fish. The Devonian\\nAge followed, tranquilly, and without a break\\nand in the Devonian Sea, suddenly, Fish\\nappear appear in shoals, and in forms of the\\nhighest and most perfect type. There is no\\ntrace of links or transitional forms between\\nthe great class of Mollusca and the great\\nclass of Fishes. There is no reason whatever\\nto suppose that such forms, if they had\\nexisted, can have been destroyed in deposits", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "46 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwhich have preserved in wonderful perfection\\nthe minutest organisms. So much for the\\nPast.\\nAs regards the Present, Organisms are\\nknown to reproduce life, but always life which\\nis like their own. And if this likeness admits\\nof degrees of difference, the margin of variety-\\nis not known to be ever broad enough for\\nthe foundation of a new species. This, too,\\nis remarkable, that such margin of variety\\nas does ever exist among the offspring of the\\nsame parents becomes smaller and smaller in\\nproportion as we rise in the scale of Organic\\nLife. That any organism, therefore, can ever\\nproduce another which varies from itself in\\nany truly specific character, is an assumption\\nnot justified by any known fact No organism", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT. 47\\nis ever seen to exert such a power now.\\nThere are many indications which tend to\\nshow that all organisms have been equally\\nincapable of modification since the earliest\\nmonuments of Man. There is no proof that\\nany organism ever did fulfil such functions at\\nany time. The hypothesis is resorted to\\nbecause of the difficulty of conceiving any\\nmethod of creation except creation by birth.\\nBut this is no adequate standing-ground for a\\nscientific theory. It would be well for those\\nwho speculate upon this subject to remember,\\nthat whenever a new species or a new class\\nof animal has begun to be, something must\\nhave happened which is not in the ordinary\\ncourse of nature, as known to us. Some-\\nthing, therefore, must have happened which", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "48 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwe have a difficulty, probably an insuperable\\ndifficulty, in conceiving. If, therefore, the\\ntheory of Development can be shown to\\ninvolve difficulties of conception which are\\nquite as great as those which it professes to\\nremove, then it ceases to have any standing-\\nground at all. An hypothesis which escapes\\nfrom particular difficulties by encountering\\nothers which are smaller, may be tolerated at\\nleast provisionally. But an hypothesis which,\\nto avoid an alternative supposed to be incon-\\nceivable, adopts another alternative encom-\\npassed by many difficulties quite as great,\\nis not entitled even to provisional acceptance.\\nNow, the difficulties attending the theory of\\nDevelopment, or of creation by birth, attain\\ntheir maximum in the case of Man. Some", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING IT. 49\\nof them are referred to in a cursory manner\\nby Dr. Whately. Let us examine them a\\nlittle nearer.\\nMan s place in nature has long been, and\\nstill is, the grand battle-ground of anatomists\\nand physiologists but the points on which\\nthey are disagreed among themselves have\\nnot really any importance corresponding to\\nthe vehemence with which they have been\\ndisputed. The great French anatomist, Cuvier,\\nwas of opinion that the distinctions between\\nMan s organism and the organism of the\\nhighest among the beasts are of such magni-\\ntude and importance, that the human race\\ncannot be classified as belonging to the same\\nOrder with any other creature, but must be\\nheld to constitute an Order by itself. In\\nE", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "50 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nour own time Professor Owen holds the same\\nopinion. Professor Huxley, on the other\\nhand, has undertaken to prove that the\\nanatomical differences between the human\\nframe and the frame of the Gorilla, or Chim-\\npanzee, are not such, either in kind or in\\ndegree, as to justify this wide distinction.\\nBut he specially limits this conclusion to the\\ndifferences of physiology, and confesses that, if\\nin defining Man we are to take into account\\nthe phenomena of Mind, there is between\\nMan and those beasts which stand nearest to\\nhim in anatomy, a difference so wide that it\\ncannot be measured an enormous gulf\\na divergence immeasurable and practically\\ninfinite. But this last conclusion is really\\nincompatible with the first. There is an", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "MIND CORRELATED WITH ORGANIZATION. 51\\ninseparable connection between the phenomena\\nof Mind and the phenomena of Organization.\\nThey must be taken together, and be inter-\\npreted together. The structure of every\\ncreature is correlated with the functions which\\nits several parts aj*e fitted to discharge; and\\nthe mental character, dispositions, and instincts\\nof the creature are again strictly correlated\\nwith these functions. We must accept from\\nanatomists all the facts which anatomy can\\nteach but the value to be placed on these\\nfacts is a very different question. All\\nclassification is ideal, and depends on the\\nrelative value to be placed on facts which are\\nin themselves indisputable. On this question\\nof the comparative value of anatomical facts\\nwe have other facts to go by which do not", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nbelong to the science of Physiology. Nature\\nIs her own interpreter, and her evidence is\\nclear. Whatever may be the anatomical\\ndifference between Man and the Gorilla, that\\ndifference is the equivalent, in physical orga-\\nnization, of the whole mental difference between\\na Gorilla and a Man. This is the measure\\nof value which Nature has set upon the kind\\nand degree of divergence which separates these\\ntwo Material Forms. Any other measure of\\nvalue which may be set on that divergence\\nmust be founded on an arbitrary and partial\\nselection among the facts of which all sound\\nclassification must take account. Imperfect\\nas all existing systems of classification are,\\nthey are not so bad in the case of any group\\nof the lower animals as to separate organs", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "cuvier s classification. 53\\nfrom the functions they discharge, and from\\nthe mental habits which peculiarities of struc-\\nture merely represent, embody, and subserve.\\nAlthough the resemblances which have been\\nseized upon for the purpose of grouping\\ntogether a certain number of animals into\\nClasses, or Families, or Orders, have been\\nfor the most part resemblances arbitrarily\\nselected, and have borne no consistent refer-\\nence to any one standard of comparison\\nthroughout the creatures to be arranged,\\nyet those resemblances have not been so\\narbitrary nor so fallacious as to join\\ntogether in one common Order animals\\nseparated from each other in powers and\\nhabits by an impassable gulf. Of the eight\\nOrders (exclusive of Man) into which Cuvier", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "54 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ndivided all the animals whose young are\\nsuckled (Mammalia), one is distinguished from\\nthe others by the prehensile character of\\nboth feet and hands {Quadrumand)\\\\ another\\nOrder is distinguished by the nature of its,\\nfood {Carnivora)\\\\ the third is distinguished\\nby peculiarities in the production of the young\\n(Marsnpialia)\\\\ the fourth and fifth are distin-\\nguished by the nature of their teeth (Rodentia\\nand Edentata)) the sixth are distinguished by\\nthe texture of their skin (Pachydermatci)\\\\\\nthe seventh by peculiarities of the digestive\\nsystem (Raminantid)\\\\ and the last by the\\nfish-like form and fish-like habitat of the\\nWhales and Dugongs (Cetacea). Now, although\\nit is obvious that no one principle of classifi-\\ncation is consistently adhered to in this system,.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "MAN AND THE CHIMPANZEE. 55\\nalthough there is no common standard\\nto which they are all referred, yet, as a\\nmatter of fact, the peculiarities chosen are not\\nonly the most salient and the most character-*\\nistic peculiarities of the animals as a whole,\\nbut they are connected with others which run\\nthrough the whole organism, and with some\\ncorresponding similarities of instinct and dis-\\nposition. But no such defence can be offered\\nfor the system which groups Man in the same\\nOrder with the Chimpanzee or the Ourang-\\noutang, upon the ground merely that the\\nlimbs of those animals are terminated by\\norgans which are anatomically true feet and\\ntrue hands or because they have the same\\nnumber of teeth or because the same primary\\ndivisions exist in the structure of the brain.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "56 PRIMEVAL MAN,\\nThe difference between the hand of a monkey\\nand the hand of a man may seem small when\\nthey are both placed on the dissecting table\\nbut in that difference, whatever it may be, lies\\nthe whole difference between an organ limited\\nto the climbing of trees or the plucking of\\nfruit, and an organ which is so correlated with\\nman s inventive genius that by its aid the Earth\\nis weighed, and the distance of the Sun is\\nmeasured. In like manner let us assume it\\nto be true that the difference between the\\nbrain of Man and the brain of the Gorilla\\nmay be reduced to a difference of volume,\\nto that visible difference alone, and even as\\nregards volume to a difference in quantity\\ncomparatively small. Cranial capacity is\\nmeasured by the cubic inches of space which", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CRANIAL CAPACITY. 57\\na skull contains. Professor Huxley tells us,*\\non the authority of Professor Schaafhausen,\\nthat some Hindu skulls have as small a\\ncapacity as 46 cubic inches, whilst the largest\\nGorilla yet measured contained upwards of 35\\ncubic inches. This represents a difference of\\nvolume of less than 11 cubic inches. But\\nthe difference between this Hindu skull and\\nthe largest European skull (114 cubic inches)\\namounts, according to the same authority, to\\nno less than 68 cubic inches. Nevertheless\\nthe significance set by the facts of nature\\nupon that difference of 11 cubic inches\\nbetween the Gorilla and the Man, is the\\ndifference between an irrational brute confined\\nto some one climate and to some limited area\\nLyell s Antiquity of Man/ p. 84.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "58 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nof the globe, which no outward conditions can\\nmodify or improve, and a Being equally\\nadapted to the whole habitable world, with\\npowers, however undeveloped, of comparison,\\nof reflection, of judgment, of reason, with a\\nsense of right and wrong, and with all these\\ncapable of accumulated acquisition, and there-\\nfore of indefinite advance. It is not true to\\naffirm that these characteristics stand wholly\\napart separated by an enormous gulf\\nfrom his physical organization. There is an\\nadjustment between these peculiarities of Mind\\nand the special peculiarities of his Frame as\\nnice, and as obvious to sense and reason, as\\nthere is between the ferocious disposition of a\\nTiger and his powerful claws, or between the\\nretractile character of these and his soft and", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "INCONSISTENCY OF ANATOMISTS. 59\\nstealthy tread. When anatomists object to\\nerect a separate Order for Man on the\\nplea that it is an attempt to reconcile two\\ndifferent orders of ideas, namely, ideas of ana-\\ntomical structure, and ideas of mental power,\\nthey are simply refusing to place that value\\non anatomical differences which nature puts\\non them. They find no similar difficulty as\\nregards other animals in co-ordinating ana-\\ntomical structure with mental powers and\\ninstincts. The canine teeth of the Carnivora\\nstand in close and consistent relation with\\ntheir dispositions. The prehensile character\\nof the feet or tail in monkeys is a true and\\nadequate expression of their arboreal habits\\nand the small and simple brains of the\\nMarsupials (Kangaroos, c.) are strictly cor-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "6o PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nrelated with their low intelligence. We may\\nnot and we do not understand how these\\nphenomena of Matter and of Mind are thus\\ndependent on each other; but as a fact we\\nsee that this dependence is universal, and the\\ndistinctions which we found on anatomical\\nstructure have their value corroborated and\\nconfirmed by close and inseparable corre-\\nspondences of instinct and intelligence. Man\\nis no exception whatever to this universal\\nlaw; and any system of classification which\\nplaces a value on his anatomical peculiarities,\\nseparating by an impassable gulf between his\\nBody and his Mind, is a system altogether\\ninconsistent with philosophy. The value set\\nupon any given anatomical peculiarity, or\\ngroup of peculiarities, in a sound system of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "SOUNDNESS OF OWEN S ARGUMENT. 6l\\nclassification, ought evidently to correspond as\\nnearly as possible with the value assigned to\\nthose peculiarities in the system of nature.\\nThe significance of any anatomical feature\\nhinges on the number and variety of other\\npeculiarities to which it stands related. Pro-\\nfessor Owen s argument is therefore clearly\\nsound in principle,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that the consequences\\nof any such peculiarity must be considered in\\nestimating its systematic value. Take the\\ncase of the differences, anatomically small,\\nwhich distinguish the arms of Man from the\\narms of a monkey. The consequences,\\nsays Professor Owen, of the liberation of one\\npair of limbs from all service in station and\\nprogression, due to the extreme modification\\nof the other pair for the exclusive discharge", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "62 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nof those functions, are greater, and involve a\\nsuperior number and quality of powers than\\nthose resulting from the change of an ungu-\\nlate (hoofed, one of Cuvier s sub-class divisions)\\ninto an l unguiculate/ or claw-bearing, condi-\\ntion of limb, and they demand therefore an\\nequivalent value in a zoological system.\\nAccordingly, Professor Owen has attempted\\nto found a system of classification on the\\ndegrees of cerebral development, as being the\\nanatomical feature which on the whole stands\\nin the most governing relation to other\\npeculiarities of structure. This proposal has\\nbeen vehemently contested but the contest\\nseems to have turned on a point not really\\nvital to the question.. Objectors do but aim\\nat proving that all the leading divisions in the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "owen s classification. 6$\\nbrain of Man exist also in the brain of\\nmonkeys and thus, that the difference is\\nreduced to one of volume or quantity alone.\\nBut this difference of quantity, relative to the\\nsize of the organism, even if no other can\\nbe detected by the knife, is correlated with\\na whole host of other anatomical peculiarities\\nwhich span the whole breadth of the chasm\\nthat yawns between the brutes and Man.\\nThese peculiarities must be taken as a whole,\\nin their assemblage, and in their actual\\nconnection. The size of Brain is but the\\nindex of many other differences, all closely\\nrelated to one Purpose, and contributing to\\none result. It is no answer to this argument\\nto say that an equal amount, or even a\\ngreater amount, of difference in mere bulk is", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "64 PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nfound to exist between the lowest and the\\nhighest human brain, because the fact with\\nwhich we have to deal is this, that a certain\\nminimum quantity of that mysterious sub-\\nstance is constantly and uniformly associated\\nwith all the other anatomical peculiarities\\nof Man. Below that minimum the whole\\naccompanying structure undergoes far more\\nthan a corresponding change, even the whole\\nchange between the lowest Savage and the\\nhighest Ape. Above that minimum, all\\nsubsequent variations in quantity are accom-\\npanied by no changes whatever in physical\\nstructure. In placing, therefore, a high value\\na value in classification of Order, or even\\nof Class upon the eleven cubic inches of\\nbrain-space which lie between the Hindu and", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CHASM BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS. 65\\nthe Gorilla, when we place no such value on\\nthe sixty-eight cubic inches which lie between\\nthe Hindu and Sir Isaac Newton, we are but\\naccepting the evidence of Nature following\\nwhere she leads, and classifying according to\\nher award.\\nThe bearing of this conclusion on the\\nOrigin of Man is simply this, that in\\nproportion as the difference between Man\\nand the lower animals is properly appreciated\\nin the light of nature, in the same proportion\\nwill the difficulty increase of conceiving how\\nthe chasm could be passed by any process\\nof Transmutation or Development.\\nThis difficulty is still further increased if\\nwe advert for a moment to the direction in\\nwhich the human frame diverges from the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "66 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nstructure of the brutes. It diverges in the\\ndirection of greater physical helplessness and\\nweakness. That is to say, it is a divergence\\nwhich of all others it is most impossible to\\nascribe to mere Natural Selection. The\\nunclothed and unprotected condition of the\\nhuman body, its comparative slowness of foot,\\nthe absence of teeth adapted for prehension or\\nfor defence, the same want of power for similar\\npurposes in the hands and fingers, the blunt-\\nness of the sense of smell, such as to render\\nit useless for the detection of prey which is\\nconcealed, all these are features which stand\\nin strict and harmonious relation to the mental\\npowers of Man. But, apart from these, they\\nwould place him at an immense disadvantage\\nin the struggle for existence. This, therefore,.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "lubbock s progenitor of man. 67\\nis not the direction in which the blind forces\\nof Natural Selection could ever work. The\\ncreature u not worthy to be called a man/ to\\nwhom Sir J. Lubbock has referred as the pro-\\ngenitor of Man, was, ex hypothesis deficient in\\nthose mental capacities which now distinguish\\nthe lowest of the human race. To exist at\\nall, this creature must have been more animal\\nin its structure it must have had bodily\\npowers and organs more like those of the\\nbeasts. The continual improvement and per-\\nfection of these would be the direction of\\nvariation most favourable to the continuance\\nof the species. These could not be modified\\nin the direction of greater weakness without\\ninevitable destruction, until first by the gift\\nof reason and of mental capacities of con-\\nF 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "68 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntrivance, there had been established an\\nadequate preparation for the change. The\\nloss of speed or of climbing power which is\\ninvolved in the fore-arms becoming useless for\\nlocomotion, could not t e incurred with safety\\nuntil the brain was ready to direct a hand.\\nThe foot could not be allowed to part with\\nits prone or prehensile character until the\\npowers of reason and reflection had been pro-\\nvided to justify, as it now explains, the erect\\nposition and the upward gaze. And so through\\nall the innumerable modifications of form\\nwhich are the peculiarities of Man, and which\\nstand in indissoluble union with his capacities\\nof thought. The lowest degree of intelligence\\nwhich is now possessed by the lowest Savage,\\nis not more than enough to compensate him", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. 69\\nfor the weakness of his frame, or to enable\\nhim to maintain successfully the struggle for\\nexistence. With many Savages it is a hard\\nstruggle, despite senses of sight and hearing\\ntrained by necessity so as almost^ to approach\\nthe instincts of the lower animals despite\\nalso all those powers of reasoning which,\\nhowever low, are yet peculiar to himself, and\\nseparate him, as is confessed, by an impassable\\ngulf from the highest of the beasts. Many\\nof the Aborigines of Australia could do no\\nmore at times than support a precarious\\nexistence by scraping up roots, and eating\\nsnakes and other reptiles. The rotten blubber\\nof a dead whale cast upon the beach was,\\nand is often, not only a luxury and a feast,\\nbut deliverance from actual starvation. Sir", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "70 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nJ. Lubbock s theory is, that in these Savages\\nwe see something rather above than under\\nthe primitive condition of Mankind. But it\\nmay be safely said that a very small\\ndiminution of mental capacity below that of\\nan Australian Savage, would render Man s\\ncharacteristic structure incompatible with the\\nmaintenance of his existence in most, if not\\nin all, of the countries where he is actually\\nfound. If that frame was once more bestial,\\nit may have been better adapted for a bestial\\nexistence. But it is impossible to conceive\\nhow it could ever have emerged from that\\nexistence by virtue of Natural Selection. Man\\nmust have had human proportions of mind\\nbefore he could afford to lose bestial pro-\\nportions of body. If the change in mental", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE THEORY OF TRANSMUTATION. 71\\npower came simultaneously with the change\\nin physical organization, then it was all that\\nwe can ever know or understand of a new\\ncreation. There is no ground whatever for\\nsupposing that ordinary generation has been\\nthe agency employed, seeing that no effects\\nsimilar in kind are ever produced by that\\nagency, so far as is known to us. The theory\\nof Transmutation in all its forms, even as\\napplied to the lower animals, is exposed to\\nmany difficulties greater than those which it\\nprofesses to remove. But as applied to Man,\\nthose difficulties are accumulated to an in-\\ncalculable degree. Most of them, too, are\\naltogether of a special kind, because the\\ndivergence which ordinary generation is sup-\\nposed to have produced in the case of Man is", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "72 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\na divergence, to use Professor Huxley s words,\\nimmeasurable practically infinite.\\nIt needs only to be added to this sketch,\\nthat such as Man now is, Man, so far as we\\nyet know, has always been. Two skeletons\\nat least have been found respecting which\\nthere is strong ground for believing that they\\nbelong to the very earliest human race which\\nlived in Northern Europe. I defer any refer-\\nence to the probable epoch of time when\\nthose skeletons were clothed with flesh and\\nblood. This belongs to the next division of\\nour subject, which is the Antiquity as\\ndistinguished from the Origin of Man.\\nSuffice it here to say that although one of\\nthose skeletons indicates a coarse, perhaps\\neven what we should call as we might fairly", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT SKELETONS. 73\\ncall some living specimens of our race a\\nbrutal man, yet even this skeleton is in all\\nits proportions strictly human. Its cranial\\ncapacity indicates a volume of brain, and\\nsome peculiarities of shape not materially\\ndifferent from many skulls of Savage races\\nnow living. The other skeleton, respecting\\nwhich the evidence of extreme antiquity is\\nthe strongest, is not only perfectly human\\nin all its proportions, but its skull has a\\ncranial capacity not inferior to that of many\\nmodern Europeans. This most ancient of all\\nknown human skulls is so ample in its\\ndimensions that it might have contained the\\nbrains of a philosopher. So conclusive is\\nthis evidence against any change whatever in\\nthe specific characters of Man since the oldest", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "74 PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nHuman Being yet known was born, that\\nProfessor Huxley pronounces it to be clearly\\nindicated that the first traces of the\\nprimordial stock whence Man has proceeded\\nneed no longer be sought, by those who\\nentertain any form of the doctrine of\\nprogressive development, in the newest ter-\\ntiaries, (that is, in the oldest deposit yet\\nknown to contain human remains at all)\\nBut, he adds, they may be looked for in\\nan epoch more distant from the age of those\\ntertiaries than that is from us. So far,\\ntherefore, the evidence is on the side of the\\noriginality of Man as a species, nay, even\\nas a Class by himself, separated by a gulf\\npractically immeasurable from all the crea-\\nLyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 89.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "MAN AN ORIGINAL SPECIES. 75\\ntures that are, or that are known ever to\\nhave been, his contemporaries in the world.\\nIn possession of this ground, we can wait\\nfor such further evidence in favour of Trans-\\nmutation as may be brought to light.\\nMeanwhile at least we are entitled to remain\\nincredulous, remembering, as Professor Phillips\\nhas said, that everywhere we are required\\nby the hypothesis to look somewhere else\\nwhich may fairly be interpreted to signify\\nthat the hypothesis everywhere fails in the\\nfirst and most important step. How is it\\nconceivable that the second stage should be\\neverywhere preserved, but the first nowhere?\\nLife the Origin and Succession, by Professor John\\nPhillips.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "PART III.\\nTHE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.\\nT N passing from the subject of Man s Origin\\nto the subject of his Antiquity, we pass\\nfrom almost total darkness to a question\\nwhich is comparatively accessible to reason\\nand open to research. Evidence bearing upon\\nthis question may be gathered along several\\ndifferent walks of science, and these are all\\nfound tending in one direction, and pointing to\\none general result. First comes the evidence\\nof History, embracing under that name all", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "VARIETY OF THE EVIDENCE. 77\\nliterature, whether it professes to record events,\\nor does no more than allude to them in\\npoetry and song. Then comes Archaeology,\\nthe evidence of Human Monuments, belonging\\nto times or races whose voice, though not\\nsilenced, has become inarticulate to us.\\nPiecing on to this evidence, comes that\\nwhich Geology has recently afforded from\\nhuman remains associated with the latest\\nphysical changes on the surface and in the\\nclimates of the globe. Then comes the evi-\\ndence of Language, founded on the facts of\\nHuman Speech, and the laws which regulate\\nits development and growth. And lastly,\\nthere is the evidence afforded by the existing\\nphysical structure, and the existing geogra-\\nphical distribution of the various Races of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "jS PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nMankind. According as we may have made\\none or other of these great branches of inquiry\\nour favourite pursuit, we may be disposed\\nto place a different estimate on their com-\\nparative value. But perhaps we shall not go\\nfar wrong if we arrange them in the order\\nhere given, as the order in which they stand\\nrelatively to the directness and certainty of\\nthe testimony they afford.\\nOne distinction, however, it is important\\nto bear in mind. Chronology is of two kinds,\\nfirst, Time measurable by years, and\\nsecondly, Time measurable only by an\\nascertained order or succession of events.\\nThe one may be called Time-absolute, the\\nother Time-relative. Now, among all the\\nsciences which afford us evidence on the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "TWO KINDS OF CHRONOLOGY. 79\\nAntiquity of Man, one, and one only, gives\\nus any knowledge of Time-absolute and\\nthat is History. From all the others we can\\ngather only the less definite information of\\nTime-relative. They can tell us of nothing\\nmore than of the order in which certain events\\ntook place. But of the length of interval\\nbetween those events, neither Archaeology, nor\\nGeology, nor Ethnology can tell us anything.\\nEven History, that is, the records of Written\\nDocuments, carries us back to times of which\\nno contemporary account remains, and the\\ndistance of which in years from any known\\nepoch is, and must be, a matter of con-\\njecture. No other history than the Hebrew\\nHistory even professes to go back to the\\nCreation of Man, or to give any account of", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "So PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthe events which connect existing generations\\nwith the first Progenitor of their Race. And\\nof that History, the sole object appears to be,\\nto give in outline the order of such transac-\\ntions as had a special bearing on Religious\\nTruth, and on the course of Spiritual Belief.\\nThe intimations given in the earlier chapters\\nof the Book of Genesis on all matters of\\npurely secular interest, are incidental only,\\nand exceedingly obscure. And yet it is not\\na total silence. Enough is said to indicate\\nhow much there lay beyond and outside of the\\nnarrative which is given. The dividing of the\\nTribes of the Gentiles among the descendants\\nof Japheth,* conveys the idea of movements\\nand operations which probably occupied long\\nGen. x. 2, 5.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "GENEALOGY OF SHEM. 8l\\nintervals of time, and many generations of\\nmen. The same impression must arise from\\nthe condensed abstract given of the origin\\nand growth of communities capable of\\nbuilding such cities as Resen and Calah\\nand Nineveh are described to be.* In the\\ngenealogy of the family of Shem, we have\\na list of names, which are names and nothing\\nmore to us. It is genealogy which neither\\ndoes, nor professes to do, more than to trace\\nthe order of succession among a few families\\nonly out of the millions then already existing\\nin the world. Nothing but this order of\\nsuccession is given, nor is it at all certain\\nthat this order is consecutive or complete.\\nNothing is told us of all that lay behind\\nGen. x. ii, 12.\\nG", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "82 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthat curtain of thick darkness, in front of\\nwhich these names are made to pass. And\\nyet there are, as it were, momentary liftings,\\nthrough which we have glimpses of great\\nmovements which were going on, and had\\nlong been going on, beyond. No shapes are\\ndistinctly seen. Even the direction of those\\nmovements can be only guessed. But voices\\nare heard which are as the voices of many\\nnations. The very first among the descen-\\ndants of Noah whose individuality and\\npersonality is clear to us, the very first\\nwhose doings can be brought into relation\\nwith events otherwise known or recognizable\\nin the History of Man, is introduced in a\\nmanner which reveals the fact that different\\nraces of the human family had then already", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ABRAHAM. 83\\nbeen long established and widely spread.\\nThe memorable and mysterious journey\\nwhich brought Terah into Haran on his\\nway to Canaan,* was a journey beginning\\nin that ancient home, Ur, already known as\\nof the Chaldees. And when the great\\nfigure of his son Abraham appears upon\\nthe scene, we find ourselves already in the\\npresence of the Monarchy of Egypt, and\\nof the advanced civilization of the Pharaohs.\\nIn the same narrative, on another side,\\nwe come into the presence of one of\\nthose great military Kingdoms of the East\\nwhich in succession occupy so large a space\\nin the history of the ancient world. Chedor-\\nlaomer, with his tributary Princes, was then\\nG 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "84 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthe ruler of nations capable of waging wars\\nof conquest at great distances from the seat\\nof their government, and the centre of their\\npower. We see in him therefore the Sovereign\\nof a long-established and powerful race. And\\nyet these migrations and wars of Abraham\\nstand, if not at the very beginning of\\nHistory, at least at the very beginning of\\nHistorical Chronology. They mark the very\\nearliest date in the history of Man, on\\nwhich, within moderate limits of discrepancy,\\nall chronologists are agreed. That date may\\nbe fixed at 2,000 B.C. This is the boundary,\\nin looking backwards, of Time-absolute. All\\nbeyond, is Time-relative. We have, indeed,\\nother evidence of an historical character to\\nshow that the Monarchy of Egypt had been", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY. 85\\nfounded long before the time of Abraham, i\\nBut how long, is a question on which there\\nis the widest discrepancy of opinion. The\\nmost moderate computation, however, carries\\nthe foundation of that Monarchy as far back\\nas 700 years before the visit of the Hebrew\\nPatriarch. Some of the best German\\nscholars hold that there is evidence of a\\nmuch longer chronology. But seven centuries\\nbefore Abraham is the estimate of Mr. R.\\nStuart Poole, of the British Museum, who is\\none of the very highest authorities, and\\ncertainly the most cautious, upon questions\\nof Egyptian chronology. This places the\\nbeginning of the Pharaohs in the twenty-\\neighth century B.C. But according to Ussher s\\ninterpretation of the Hebrew Pentateuch, the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "86 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntwenty-eighth century B.C. would be some\\n400 years before the Flood. On the other\\nhand, a difference of 800 years is allowed\\nby the chronology which is founded on the\\nSeptuagint Version of the Scriptures. But\\nthe fact of this difference tells in two ways.\\nA margin of variation amounting to eight\\ncenturies between two versions of the same\\ndocument, is a variation so enormous, that\\nit seems to cast complete doubt on the\\nwhole system of interpretation on which such\\ncomputations of time are based. And yet\\nit is more than questionable whether it is\\npossible to reconcile the known order of\\nevents with even this larger estimate of the\\nnumber of years. It is true that, according\\nto this larger estimate, the Flood would be", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHEDORLAOMER. 87\\ncarried back about four and a half centuries\\nbeyond the beginning of the Pharaohs. But\\nis this enough The founding of a Monarchy\\nis not the beginning of a race. The people\\namongst whom such Monarchies arose must\\nhave grown and gathered during many\\ngenerations. Nor is it in regard to the\\npeopling of Egypt alone that this difficulty\\nmeets us in the face. The existence in the\\ndays of Abraham of such an organized\\ngovernment as that of Chedorlaomer, shows\\nthat 2,000 years B.C. there flourished in Elam,\\nbeyond Mesopotamia, a nation which even\\nnow would be ranked among the Great\\nPowers. And if nations so great had thus\\narisen, altogether unnoticed in the Hebrew\\nnarrative if we are left to gather as best", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwe may from other sources, all our know-\\nledge of their origin and growth, how much\\nmore is this true of far distant lands over\\nwhich the advancing tide of human population\\nhad rolled, or was then rolling its mysterious\\nwave If the most ancient and the most\\nsacred literature in the world tells us so\\nlittle of the early history of the men who\\nlived and flourished on the banks of the\\nEuphrates, the Tigris, or the Nile, what\\ninformation can we expect to find in it\\nrespecting those who were probably already\\nsettled on the Indus and the Ganges, or\\nwere spreading along the banks of the\\nBrahmaputra and of the Yellow River\\nWhat of those tribes who were following\\nthe Volga and the Oxus, or the Danube", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "LONGER CHRONOLOGY NECESSARY. 89\\nand the Rhine What of that vast Continent\\nwhose secrets are being revealed at last only\\nin our own day the Continent of Africa\\nWhen and how did that Negro Race begin,\\nwhich is both one of the most ancient and\\none of the most strongly marked among the\\nVarieties of Man And what again can we\\nlearn from Genesis of the peopling of the New\\nWorld When did Man first come upon the\\ninland seas of America, and follow the great\\nrivers which fall into the Gulf of Mexico\\nIt is not possible to suppose that some\\n450 years before the foundation of the Egyp-\\ntian Monarchy is a period long enough to\\naccount even for the few facts which are\\nimplied in the Mosaic narrative itself, respect-\\ning the dispersion and geographical distribution", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "90 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nof Mankind. And to those facts must be\\nadded others resting on evidence which is still\\nhistorical. There is another civilization which\\nappears to have been almost as ancient as\\nthat of Egypt, and which has been far more\\nenduring. The authentic records of the\\nChinese Empire are said to begin in the\\ntwenty- fourth century B.C. that is, more\\nthan 300 years before the time of Abraham.*\\nThey begin, too, apparently with a Kingdom\\nalready established, with a capital city, and\\nwith a settled government.^ Yet this civili-\\nzation first appears at the farthest extremity\\nThe Chinese; G. T. T. Meadows, p. 34.\\nSince this passage was published I have been favoured with\\nan interesting letter from the Rev. James Legge, who has spent\\nmany years as a Missionary in China, and has published\\nvaluable editions of the Historical works of the Chinese.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CHINESE HISTORY. f)I\\nof Asia, separated by many thousands of\\nmiles, and by some of the most impassable\\nregions of the world, from the cradle of the\\nHuman Race, and from the country where\\nNoah and his family were saved. Such facts\\nseem to point to one or other of two con-\\nclusions either that the Flood must have\\nhappened at a period in the history of Man\\nvastly earlier than any that has been usually\\nsupposed, or else that the Flood destroyed\\nonly a small portion of the Human Family.\\nThat the Deluge affected only a small portion\\nIt is this gentleman s opinion that the Chinese Tribe was only\\nbeginning to grow into a kingdom about 2,000 B.C. and,\\nthat 1,200 years later, the kingdom did not extend nearly so\\nfar south as the Yang-tsze river. The general conclusion to\\nwhich these dates point, is not, I think, materially affected\\nby this somewhat shortened estimate of Chinese Historical\\nChronology.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "92 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nof the globe which is now habitable is almost\\ncertain. But this is quite a different thing\\nfrom supposing that the Flood affected only\\na small portion of the world which was then\\ninhabited. The wide, if not the universal\\nprevalence among the heathen nations, of a\\ntradition preserving the memory of some\\nsuch great catastrophe, has always been con-\\nsidered to indicate recollection carried by\\ndescent from the surviving few. And this\\ntradition seems to be curiously strong and\\ndefinite among tribes which are now separated\\nby half the circumference of the globe\\nfrom the region affected by the Flood. At\\nall events this is clear, that the difficulty of\\nreconciling the narrative of Genesis with an\\nIndefinitely older date is a very small diffi-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "AREA OF THE FLOOD. 95\\nculty indeed, as compared with the difficulty\\nof reconciling it with a very limited destruc-\\ntion of the Human Race. The evidence for\\na higher antiquity of Man is derived from\\ncountries in comparatively close proximity\\nwith those w T hich, under any possible supposi-\\ntion as to the area of a Deluge, must have\\nbeen then submerged. On the other hand,\\nwe have seen how utterly uncertain and\\nhow r enormously different are the chronologies\\nwhich profess to be founded on the Penta-\\nteuch. They all involve suppositions as to\\nthe principle of interpretation, and as to\\nthe import of words descriptive of descent,\\nwhich arc in the highest degree doubtful,\\nand which it is evident cannot be applied\\nconsistently throughout. Thus, when we", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "94 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nread* of Canaan, the grandson of Noah, that\\nhe st begat Sidon, his firstborn, and Heth, we\\nseem to have the names of individual men\\nbut, when it is immediately added that he\\nalso begat the Jebusite, and the Amorite,\\nand the Girgasite, and the Hivite, and the\\nArkite, and the Sinite, c. c, it is clear that\\nwe are dealing not with single generations, but\\nw r ith a condensed abstract of the origin and\\ngrowth of Tribes. No definite information\\nis given in such abstracts as to the lapse of\\ntime. The chronology of changes not specially\\nincluded in the narrative, can only be gathered\\nfrom the general character of the events\\ndescribed. And that general character is such\\nas fully to corroborate the evidence w r e have\\n\\\\Gen. x. 15\u00e2\u0080\u009418.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "A TWILIGHT TIME. 95\\nfrom other sources\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that long before the Call\\nof Abraham, that is to say, long before the\\ntwentieth century B.C., the Human Race had\\nbeen increasing and multiplying on the earth\\nfrom such ancient days that in many regions,\\nfar removed from the centre of their dis-\\npersion, great nations had arisen, powerful and\\ncivilized governments had been established.\\nSo far, then, we have the light of History\\nshining with comparative clearness over a\\nperiod of 2,000 years before the Christian\\nera. Beyond that we have a twilight tract\\nof time which may be roughly estimated at\\n700 years a period of time lying in the\\ndawn of History, at the very beginning\\nof which we can dimly see that there were\\nalready Kings and Princes on the earth.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "g6 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nBut this is the outer margin of Time-absolute.\\nNo farther, with even an approximation\\nto the truth, can we measure the order of\\nevents by the lapse of years.\\nBut there is a point at which the evidence\\nof Archaeology begins before the evidence of\\nHistory has closed. There is a border-land\\nwhere both kinds of evidence are found to-\\ngether, or rather, where some testimony\\nexists of which it is difficult to say whether\\nit is the testimony of written documents or\\nof the inarticulate monuments of Man. It\\nwas the habit of one of the most ancient\\nnations in the world to record all events in\\nthe form of pictorial representation. Their\\ndomestic habits, their foreign wars, their\\nreligious beliefs, are thus all presented to", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF RACES. 97\\nthe eye. And one of the questions on which\\nthis testimony bears is a question of para-\\nmount importance in determining the anti-\\nquity of the Human Family. That question\\nis not the rise of Kingdoms, but the\\norigin of Races. The varieties of Man\\nare a great mystery. The physical dif-\\nferences which these varieties involve may\\nbe indeed, and often are, much exaggerated.\\nYet, these differences are distinct, and we\\nare naturally impelled to ask When and How\\ndid they begin These are two separate\\nquestions but the one bears upon the other.\\nThe question When stands before the ques-\\ntion How. The fundamental problem to be\\nsolved is this Can such varieties have\\ndescended from a single stock And if\\nH", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "98 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthey can, then must not a vast and indefi-\\nnite lapse of time have been occupied in\\nthe gradual development of divergent types\\nOn this question we have no datum on\\nwhich to reason, unless we can ascertain\\nhow far back in Time-absolute these diver-\\ngences had already become established.\\nNow, this is the datum which Egypt gives\\nus. In one of the most perfect of the\\npaintings which have been preserved to us,\\na great Egyptian monarch is symbolically\\nrepresented as ruling with the power of\\nlife and death over subject races and these\\nare depicted with accurate and characteristic\\nlikeness. Conspicuous in this group is one\\nfigure, painted to the life both in form and\\ncolour, which proves that the race which", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE NEGRO. 99\\ndeparts most widely from the European\\ntype, had then acquired exactly the same\\ncharacters which mark it in the present day.\\nThe Negro kneels at the feet of Sethos I.,\\nin the same attitude of bondage and sub-\\nmission which typifies only too faithfully\\nthe enduring servitude of his race. The\\nblackness of colour, the woolliness of hair,\\nthe flatness of nose, the projection of the.\\nlips, which are so familiar to us, all these\\nhad been fully established and developed\\nthus early in the known history of the\\nworld. And this was about 1,400 years\\nbefore the Christian era that is to say,\\nmore than 3,200 years ago. I am informed\\nby Professor Lepsius (through the kindness\\nof Mr. Poole) that there are some still\\n1\\nH 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "IOO PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nearlier representations of the Negro referable\\nto the Twelfth Dynasty, or to about\\n1,900 B.C. In these it is curious that the\\nNegro colour is strongly marked, but not the\\nNegro feature. This, however, may be due to\\nthe unskilfulness of early art, or to the fact,\\ntoo often forgotten, that some African tribes\\nas, for example, the Nubians have not the\\nlow flat nose or the projecting lips. Nor\\nis this the whole evidence afforded by the\\nEgyptian pictures. At periods not much later\\nin the history, we have elaborate representa-\\ntions of battles with Negro nations, represen-\\ntations which go far to show that the race\\nwas then more able to maintain a contest\\nwith other races than it has ever been in\\nrecent times. And of this a further proof", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "MR. BQNOMTS DRAWINGS.\\nIOI\\nis to be found in the fact, that at a period\\nat least 2,000 years B.C. that is about the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "102 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntime of Abraham mention is made in hiero-\\nglyphic writings of Black or Negro troops\\nbeing raised by an Egyptian king, to assist\\nhim in the prosecution of a great war.\\nSince, then, the Negro race was already,\\nin the days of Abraham, just what it is\\nnow, what is the time we must allow for\\nthe development of this variety of Man,\\nsupposing it to have descended from a\\ncommon stock We have absolutely no\\nmeasurement of time by which to estimate\\nthe growth of such varieties. We know\\nthat changes of climate and of food do\\nDrawings by the skilful hands of Mr. Bonomi are given\\non p. ioi and on the Frontispiece in illustration of the facts stated\\nin the text. They are taken from an Egyptian temple at\\nBeyt-el-Welee, in Nubia, of the reign of Rameses IL son\\nand successor of Sethos I.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE ELEMENT OF COLOUR. IO3\\nproduce upon Mankind some modifications of\\ncolour, and of features. But we know also\\nthat such changes are extremely slow.\\nColour is in all the lower animals one of\\nthe least constant that is to say, one of\\nthe most variable, of external characters\\nand under circumstances of domestication\\nchanges of colour are sometimes sudden,\\nand are connected with causes altogether\\nunknown. But we have no evidence to\\nshow that human colour is liable to changes\\nof a like kind. On the contrary, all ex-\\nperience seems to point to the conclusion\\nthat varieties of complexion can only be\\nestablished very gradually, and we have no\\nabsolute proof that a change from white\\nto negro blackness is possible at all. A", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "104 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nvery able and ingenious writer, whose work\\nis unfortunately anonymous,* but whose\\nopinions are endorsed by the high authority\\nof Mr. Poole, has assumed that this change\\nis not within the compass of any natural\\ncauses, and cannot be accounted for by\\nany lapse of time. On this as well as on\\nother grounds he adopts the theory that\\nAdam was the progenitor of the white\\nraces only and that before the creation of\\nAdam, the Black Race had been established\\nin the Continent of Africa. He maintains\\nthat in the Mosaic narrative, contrary to\\nthe usual interpretation, there are clear indi-\\ncations of the existence of pre -Adamite\\nraces. This theory undoubtedly explains\\nGenesis of the Earth and of Man.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "SONS OF GOD. 105\\none passage in Genesis, which seems other-\\nwise wholly unintelligible, namely, that in\\nwhich mention is made of unions between\\nthe Sons of God and the daughters of\\nmen. Our author affirms that for the Sons\\nof God we ought to substitute as the true\\nmeaning in the original, the servants of\\nthe gods, or in other words the idolatrous\\nraces of the world. In like manner the\\ndaughters of men should be translated, the\\ndaughters of the Adamite/ The passage\\nwould thus refer to intermarriages between\\nthe children of Adam and the pre-existing\\nidolatrous nations of the world. It is true also\\nthat this theory would remove or diminish\\nsome other difficulties attending the received\\ninterpretation. But on the other hand the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "106 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nUnity of Mankind is so deeply interwoven\\nwith the fundamental doctrines of Chris-\\ntianity, as hitherto universally understood,\\nthat the new difficulties raised are far greater\\nthan those which would be thus removed.\\nNo doubt it may be said that the Unity of\\nMankind as a species, does not necessarily\\ndepend upon descent from a single pair; and\\nit is true that this Unity is a matter of fact\\nwhich cannot under any hypothesis be\\ndenied because we know that the barrier\\nof hybrid barrenness which nature sets\\nagainst the mixture of different species\\ndoes not impede the amalgamation of even\\nthe most diverse varieties of Man. It is there-\\nfore certain that in this sense, which involves\\nthe full possession of a common nature, God", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "DESCENT FROM A SINGLE PAIR. ioy\\nhath made of one blood all nations of men\\nfor to dwell on all the face of the earth. It\\nis of course conceivable that this full com-\\nmunity of nature may have been given by the\\nCreator to two or more original pairs. But all\\nthe evidence of science tends to the conclusion\\nthat each well-marked species has spread from\\nsome one centre of creation, and presumably\\nfrom a single pair. There is no clashing\\nbetween this evidence and the testimony\\nof Revelation as that testimony has hitherto\\nbeen interpreted. Strongly marked as the\\nvarieties of Man now are, the variation is\\nstrongest in respect to colour, which in all\\norganisms is notoriously the most liable to\\nmodification and to change. And in this\\nfeature of colour it is remarkable that ^we", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "108 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nhave every possible variety of tint from the\\nfairest to the blackest races, so that the one\\nextreme passes into the other by small and\\ninsensible gradations. As regards structure,\\nthe differences between different varieties\\nof Man are comparatively trifling, and it\\nmay safely be affirmed that all the efforts\\nof anatomists and physiologists who have\\nbeen most determined to magnify every\\npoint of variation, have utterly failed to\\nrender it impossible or improbable that all\\nmen have had a common ancestor. But in\\nexact proportion as we hold to this conclu-\\nsion as the only satisfactory explanation of\\nthe Unity of Man, must we be prepared\\nto accept the high probability, if not the cer-\\ntainty, of the very great antiquity of the Race.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE. IO9\\nNext comes the science of Language, of\\nwhich those who have made it a special study-\\naffirm, that it affords the most conclusive\\nevidence of all, that the articulate voice of\\nMan has been sounding in the world during\\nvast though indefinite periods of time. The\\nevidence of language, says Professor Max\\nMiiller, is irrefragable, and it is the ,only\\nevidence worth listening to with regard to\\nante-historical periods, And what does this\\nevidence go to prove Let us take one\\nexample. There was a time, says the same\\nauthor, when the ancestors of the Celts, the\\nGermans, the Slavonians, the Greeks, and\\nItalians, the Persians and Hindus, were living\\ntogether beneath the same roof separate\\nfrom the ancestors of the Semitic (Hebrew)", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "IIO PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nand Turanian races. The principle on\\nwhich the evidence of language is interpreted\\nis very simple. The sounds or words by\\nwhich men designate things are for the most\\npart arbitrary, and therefore conventional.\\nThe sign and the thing signified have no\\nnatural or necessary connection. The names\\nof a very few animals may be imitations of\\ntheir voice. No argument, for example, could\\nbe founded on the wor^i Cuckoo being used\\nby the most diverse tribes to designate a bird\\nwhich sounds these two syllables in its cry.\\nBut such cases are very rare even in the\\nnames of beasts. Wherever the same thing is\\ndenoted by the same word, and where there\\nis no natural connection between them, there\\nChips from a German Workshop, vol. i. pp. 63, 64.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MAX MULLER S CONCLUSIONS. Ill\\nmust have been once a common under-\\nstanding amongst men who dwelt together, as\\nto the meaning of that sound. And when\\nthis common understanding is found to affect\\nthe nearest relationships of life, and the\\nanimals domesticated in primeval times, the\\nevidence of ancient consanguinity is complete.\\nIn this case the terms for God, for house,\\nfor father, mother, son, daughter, for dog and\\ncow, for heart and tears, for axe and tree,\\nidentical in all the Indo-Germanic words, are\\nlike the watchwords of soldiers. But when\\nwas it that the fathers of nations now so far\\napart as Germans and Hindus were living\\ntogether under one roof? This is a question\\nwhich, in the terms of Time-absolute, no\\nman can answer. Only we know that before", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "112 PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nthe time of Abraham the languages of those\\ngreat leading stocks must have been nearly\\nas far apart as they are now. Professor Max\\nMiiller is of opinion that to the Hymns of\\nthe Vedas a later date cannot be assigned\\nthan 1,200 B.C. Homer and Hesiod are in all\\nprobability referable to a later date, but not\\nso much later as to cast any doubt on the\\nconclusion that both Greek and Sanskrit were\\nthen perfectly developed. Those who have\\nstudied the growth of languages, and the\\nmysterious laws by which that growth is\\nregulated, are lost in conjecture as to the\\nlapse of time which may probably have been\\nrequired to account for the wonderful creations\\nof Human Speech.\\nNext comes the evidence of Geology, which", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "EVIDENCE OF GEOLOGY. 113\\nonly in very recent years has been found to\\nspeak with any distinctness upon the question\\nof Man s Antiquity. Not that there is any\\nchange in the general bearing of that evidence\\nas it stood before. There is none whatever.\\nThe evidence of Geology has always been,\\nthat among all the creatures which have in\\nsuccession been formed to live upon this\\nearth, and to enjoy it, Man is the latest born.\\nThis great fact is still the fundamental truth\\nin the History of Creation that history, as\\nGeology has revealed it, has been a history\\nof successive Creations, and of successive\\nDestructions, Old Forms of Life perishing,\\nand New Forms appearing, so that the whole\\nface of nature has been many times renewed.\\nBut until very lately it was supposed that\\nI", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "114 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthese vast cycles of change had been finally\\ncompleted before Man appeared. And as\\nregards fresh creations this supposition is still\\nsupported by the testimony of science. So\\nfar as we yet know, no New Form of Life\\nhas been created since the Highest Form\\nwas made. But it now appears that since\\nthat event many Old Forms have died. The\\nCycles of Creation had closed, but not the\\nCycles of Destruction. Of itself, it might be\\nsupposed that this fact has little bearing\\nupon the question of Time. The extinction\\nof some noxious animals in particular parts\\nof the globe, as for example in our own\\ncountry, has taken place within the period\\nof history, and some few species of wingless\\nbirds, as the Dodo and the Great Auk, have", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "EXTINCTION OF ANIMALS. IIS\\nbeen destroyed in very recent times. But\\nthese have been extinctions effected through\\nthe agency of Man. What is now proved\\nis that a whole group or fauna of great\\nquadrupeds have utterly perished since Man\\nappeared. And the causes of this destruc-\\ntion seem to have been of the same kind\\nas the causes which in all former ages had\\nproduced similar results viz., great changes\\nin the climates of the globe, and great\\nmovements affecting the configuration of its\\nsurface. In these last circumstances lies the\\nreal stress ol the evidence derived from the\\nnew discoveries. It is conceivable that old\\nkinds of Elephant and Rhinoceros may\\nhave roamed over Northern Europe when\\nits surface and its climate were the same as\\nI 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "Il6 PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nthey now are. It is less probable that the\\nsmall streams which now exist in England\\nshould have harboured herds of Hippopotami.\\nBut the position in which the remains of\\nthese great animals are found indicates that\\nsince they flourished there have been con-\\nsiderable changes in physical geography. It\\nindicates, too, that a great change of climate\\nhas accompanied certain changes in the con-\\nfiguration of land and sea. I know no better\\nexample of the evidence to this effect than\\none which is very easily accessible in our own\\ncountry. We have only to go down to the\\npleasant shores of Devon, and to one of the\\npleasantest spots upon those shores the\\nsouth-western promontory of Torbay. Over-\\nhanging the little harbour of Brixham, where", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "BRIXHAM CAVE. 117\\ntwo hundred years ago William of Orange\\nlanded, there is a steep limestone hill, at\\nthe foot and on the face of which the houses\\nof the town are built. Close to the summit\\na few years ago a cavernous hollow was\\ndiscovered. It extends a considerable distance\\nthrough the limestone rocks, and no one who\\ngoes through it can fail to see that it has\\nonce been the bed of a stream. The smooth\\nsurfaces worn by the long action of running\\nwater are perfectly preserved, and the rounded\\npebbles which were found in the bed of this\\nancient stream are additional evidences of\\nthe fact. Now let any one stand at the\\nentrance, or at the exit of this cavern and\\ncast his eye on the surrounding landscape.\\nWhence can this stream have flowed, and", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "Il8 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwhither The hill is now separated from\\nall higher ground by valleys which are at\\nleast sixty feet below the level of the cave.\\nIt is evident at a glance that the whole\\nphysical geography of the country must have\\nbeen different, when running water channelled\\nthis limestone hill. Yet in this cave the\\nworks of Man, flint arrow-heads and knives,\\nwere found, along with the bones of the\\nElephant, the Rhinoceros, the Bear, the\\nHysena, and the Reindeer. As regards one\\nof these animals, the whole leg was found\\ntogether, showing that the bones had been\\ncovered with flesh when they were carried\\nby the stream. This is only one case out of\\nvery many which have now been discovered\\nin various parts of Europe.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THREE GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 119\\nI need not here go farther into detail as\\nregards this kind of evidence. Suffice it to\\nsay, that all the facts tend to these three\\ngeneral conclusions: 1st, that Man appeared\\nin Northern Europe at a time when it was\\ncovered with great quadrupeds now wholly\\nextinct 2d, that the surface of the Earth\\nhas since that period been subjected to modi-\\nfications, which imply great changes in phy-\\nsical geography and 3d, that the period\\nwhen those animals flourished, and when Man\\nco-existed with them, was one when a colder\\nclimate prevailed. Now no one conclusion of\\ngeological science is more firmly established\\nthan this, that there was a time, compara-\\ntively very recent, when an Arctic climate\\nprevailed far down into latitudes which are", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "120 PRIMEVAL MAX.\\nnow temperate and when a great part of\\nNorthern Europe and of our own islands was\\nsubmerged under a Glacial Sea. This sea\\nwas ploughed by floating icebergs, which as\\nthey melted dropped their rocks and boulders\\nupon the bottom. That bottom has since\\nbeen raised again into dry land, and these\\nboulders now interrupt the drainer in culti-\\nvated fields, and strew the surface of our\\nwildest moors. Many concurring indications\\ngo far to prove that it was when this Glacial\\nPeriod had nearly passed away, when a\\nmilder climate was beginning to prevail over\\nthe land which we now know, that Man also\\nbegan to find his way into Northern Europe.\\nThere he sought his living among herds of\\nanimals, of which the greater number are now", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "ORDER OF EVENTS. 121\\nextinct and a few remain only in those\\nregions which are still Arctic. This is the\\norder of events as we can read it with\\ntolerable certainty in the language of Time-\\nrelative. But we have little means of\\nknowing what relation this order of events\\nbears to Time-absolute. It is still disputed\\namong Geologists how far the causes of geo-\\nlogical change were once more intense in\\ntheir action than they are now. It is quite\\ncertain that during the passing away of a\\nglacial climate, the cutting power of rivers\\nmust have been intensified by the increasing\\nrapidity with which ice and snows were\\nmelted. There are also facts connected with\\nthe position in which remains of the extinct\\nanimals are often found, which cannot, in my", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nopinion, be explained, except by violent and\\nsudden action since or during the period of\\ntheir entombment. Great caves, packed closely\\nfrom floor to roof with the bones of the\\nHippopotamus and Rhinoceros other caves,\\nequally full of the bones of extinct Oxen,\\nare proofs of some diluvial action of which\\nMan has had no experience in historic times.\\nBut, even allowing for the greater activity of\\ngeological causes, the time required for such\\nchanges of climate has in all probability been\\nvery great. And when we consider that\\nmany of these evidences of Geology apply to\\nthe New World as well as to the Old, we can-\\nnot fail to see that the proofs of a very high\\nantiquity for the Human Race are proofs of\\na cumulative character, gathered along several", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "RESULT NECESSARILY INDEFINITE. I23\\ndifferent paths of investigation, and all\\ntending to one general result.\\nThat result, however, is necessarily inde-\\nfinite, and cannot be expressed in years. Of\\nthe evidence from the dispersion of the\\nHuman Race, it may be fairly said that we\\ndo not know how rapidly Man may have\\nspread when the beasts of the chase were yet\\nunacquainted with his destructive powers,\\nwhen they probably swarmed in innumerable\\nherds, and when from their tameness they\\nmust have fallen an easy prey. Of the\\nevidence from Language it may again be said\\nthat we do not know how rapidly the forms\\nof human speech may have altered among\\ntribes wandering and unsettled, rapidly\\nchanging place, and as rapidly accommodating", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "124 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthemselves to new scenes and new necessities.\\nIn like manner, of the evidence from Geology\\nit may be said that we do not know how\\nrapidly changes of climate may have been\\neffected if the agencies which determine the\\ndistribution of Sea and Land were more\\nactive than they have been in historic times.\\nAll these are pleas in mitigation of extreme\\ndemands in point of time, and they are pleas\\nwhich may be fairly urged. But when all\\ndue allowance has been made for the consid-\\nerations to which they point, there remains a\\nweight and concurrence of authority in favour\\nof a long chronology which grows and in-\\ncreases in the minds of all who have studied\\neach one of the separate branches of inquiry.\\nFor my own part I see no reason to be", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGICAL TIME.\\njealous of the conclusions of science in this\\nmatter. The question is, after all, a small\\none. It is a question of a few thousand years\\nmore or less and thousands of years are as\\nless than seconds in the Creative Days. The\\nestimates of Time which have been given us\\nby Geology have been compared with the\\nestimates of Space given us by Astronomy.\\nBut there is an important difference. There\\nis no visible limit to Astronomical Space.\\nThe apparent magnitude of the largest of the\\nHeavenly Bodies shows that millions of miles\\nare quantities inappreciable even to our eyes,\\nand that worlds are scattered like dust through\\nillimitable depths. But it is not so with Geo-\\nlogical Time. Its periods are indeed very\\nlong, but the beginning of them can be seen.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "126 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nIt is not a boundless ocean, it is only a very\\nbroad sea. On the other side of it there rise\\nthe mountains of a Lifeless Land. Successive\\ncreations mark the distance between us and\\nthem, and although we cannot say what that\\ndistance is, we can say that it is a finite\\ndistance that beyond a boundary which we\\ncan see, the world was not a world such\\nas we now live in, but a world com-\\nparatively without form and void. The\\nquestion of Man s Antiquity involves no\\nattempt to measure the breadth of this great\\nspace, but only the breadth of a little bay or\\ncreek, close to the shores on which we are\\nnow standing. Be this breadth greater or\\nsmaller by one, two, or three, or four, or five,\\nor ten thousand years, its relative place in the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CAUTION NECESSARY. 127\\ngreat Tracts of Creative Time undergoes no\\nchange whatever. Man is the latest work.\\nRecent discoveries have thrown no doubt on\\nthis, but, on the contrary, have all tended\\nto confirm it. I know of no one moral or\\nreligious truth which depends on a short\\nestimate of Man s antiquity. On the contrary,\\na high estimate of that antiquity is of great\\nvalue in its bearing upon another question\\nmuch more important than the question of\\ntime can ever be viz., the question of\\nthe Unity of the Human Race. We must\\nindeed be very cautious in identifying the\\ninterests of Religion with any interpretation\\n(however certain we may have hitherto as-\\nsumed it to be) of the language of Scripture\\nupon subjects which a^c accessible to scien-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "128 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntific research. We know from past experience\\nhow foolish and how futile it is to do so.\\nBut unquestionably the Unity of the Human\\nRace, in respect to origin, is not easily separ-\\nated from some principles which are of high\\nvalue in our understanding both of moral\\nduty and of religious truth. And precisely in\\nproportion as we value our belief in that\\nUnity ought we to be ready and willing to\\naccept any evidence on the question of Man s\\nAntiquity. The older the Human Family can\\nbe proved to be, the more possible and pro-\\nbable it is that it has descended from a single\\npair. My own firm belief is that all scientific\\nevidence is in favour of this conclusion and I\\nregard all new proofs of the Antiquity of Man\\nas tending to establish it on a firmer basis.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "PART IV.\\nman s primitive condition.\\nA S the question of Man s Origin is different\\nfrom the question of his Antiquity, and\\nas the Antiquity of Man is a different question\\nfrom his Primitive Condition, so again the last\\nquestion includes within itself several different\\nmatters of inquiry. There is first the question,\\nWhat consciousness had Primeval Man of\\nMoral Obligation, and what communion with\\nhis Creator Next there is the question,\\nWhat were his innate powers of Intellect or\\nK", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "130 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nUnderstanding And, thirdly, there is the\\nquestion, What was his condition in respect\\nto Knowledge, whether as the result of in-\\ntuition, or as the result of teaching It is a\\nfatal fault in the discussion of this subject, as\\nconducted both by Archbishop Whately and\\nby Sir J. Lubbock, that these distinctions are\\neither not seen or not distinctly kept in view.\\nPerhaps, indeed, it may be thought that the\\nSavage-theory is independent of such close\\nanalysis. But this is by no means the case.\\nThe distinction between the possession of\\nFaculties capable of acquiring knowledge, and\\nthe possession of knowledge actually acquired,\\nis a fundamental distinction. Not less funda-\\nmental is the distinction between a creature\\nwho is morally good but intellectually un-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "SIR JOHN LUBBOCK S ARGUMENT. 131\\ninformed, and a creature who is both igno-\\nrant and vicious. Sir J. Lubbock speaks of\\nPrimeval Man as having been in a condition\\nof utter barbarism. But no one, speaking\\nphilosophically, has a right to use such terms\\nas barbarism and civilization without\\nsome definition of their meaning. What were\\nthose Faculties which made the first creature\\nwho possessed them worthy to be called a\\nMan? A Mind capable of reason, disposed\\nto reason, and able to acquire, to accumulate,\\nand to transmit knowledge, this is the dis-\\ntinctive attribute of Man. The first Being\\nworthy to be so called, must have had such\\na mind. But it could not properly be said of\\nsuch a Being, on the ground merely of his\\nignorance of mechanical arts, that he was in", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "132 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\na condition of u utter barbarism/ if he were\\nat the same time conscious of moral obliga-\\ntions and obedient to them. It is, of course,\\nopen to a theorist to assume that the First\\nMan was both ignorant and bad, or that the\\nsense of right and wrong was rudimentary\\nand wholly uninformed. But all I desire to\\npoint out here is, that there is no necessary\\nconnection between a state of mere childhood\\nin respect to knowledge, and a state of utter\\nbarbarism words which, if they have any\\ndefinite meaning at all, imply the lowest\\nmoral, as well as the lowest intellectual con-\\ndition. Consequently no proof, if proof there\\nbe, that Primeval Man was ignorant of the\\nindustrial arts can afford the smallest pre-\\nsumption that he was also ignorant of duty", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIONS TO IT. 133\\nor ignorant of God. This is a fundamental\\nobjection to the whole scope of Sir J. Lubbock s\\nargument. It interposes an impassable gulf\\nbetween his premises and his conclusion.\\nBut there is another objection equally\\nfundamental. Traces or remains of barbarism,\\nproperly so called, that is, traces of customs\\nsavage or immoral, in the usages of civilized\\nnations, may be an indication of the fact that\\nthose nations, or the races from which they\\nsprang, have passed through a stage of\\nbarbarism. But it affords no presumption\\nwhatever that barbarism was the Primeval\\nCondition of Man, any more than the traces\\nof Feudalism in the laws of modern Europe\\nprove that feudal principles were born with\\nthe Human Race. All such customs may", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "134 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nhave been, and as many think, probably h\\nbeen, not Primeval but Medieval, that is tc\\nsay, the result oi time and 01 developm^\\nand that development a development of cor-\\nTo assume that they were or:;;::\\nor that they were even better or less bar-\\nbarous than others which preceded the:::.\\nis to assume the whole quest:::: in dispute.\\nYet this assumption runs through ah Sir J.\\nLubbock s arguments. Wherever a brutal or\\nsavage custom prevails it is at once assumec\\nbe a sample of the original condition of Man-\\nkind. And this in the teeth of facts which\\nprove that many of such customs not only\\nmay have been, but must have been, the result\\nof corruption. Take cannibalism as one t\\nthese. Sir J. Lubbock se^:::s t: ad::::: that", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CANNIBALISM. 135\\nthis loathsome practice was not primeval,\\nprobably because he considers it as un-\\nnatural.* And so it is, that is to say, it\\nis against the better nature of Man but the\\nfact of its existence proves that within the\\nlimits of that nature there are elements liable\\nto perversions even so horrible as this. And\\nso we come upon the fact of the two natures\\nof Man, and of the power of the worst parts\\nof his nature to overcome the best. It is\\nthus that customs the most cruel and\\ndepraved become established. But if this be\\nthe explanation, and the only possible ex-\\nplanation, of cannibalism, is it not evident\\nthat this may also be the explanation of\\nother customs which are violent and horrible\\nPrehistoric Times, p. 371.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "136 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nonly in a less degree Cruel rites of\\nworship, and savage customs as regards\\nmarriage and the relation of the sexes,\\ncome under the same category.* Canni-\\nbalism is only an extreme case of a general\\nlaw, and it is a crucial test of the fallacy\\nof a whole class of arguments commonly\\nassumed by those who support the Savage-\\ntheory respecting the Primeval Condition of\\nMankind.\\nOn the other hand, I think it cannot be\\ndenied that the argument of Whately is\\nequally defective in failing to recognise the\\nessential distinctions to which I have referred.\\nMuch stress is laid on these by Sir J. Lubbock. Yet\\nmany of the customs he refers to, such as Bride -catching,\\nalthough they may have arisen in very early times, cannot\\npossibly have been Primeval in the strict sense of that term.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "whately s argument defective. 137\\nHis assertion, repeated over and over again,\\nis that mere savages never did and never\\ncould raise themselves, unaided, into a higher\\ncondition. Now it may be perfectly true\\nthat Man never could unaided discover\\nreligious truth, or rise to any adequate idea\\nof the nature, or of the demands, of moral\\nobligation and yet it may be wholly untrue\\nthat he is equally incompetent to discover the\\nphysical laws of nature, or to find out by\\nmechanical skill how to adapt them to his\\nown use. Again, Whately admits, that when\\nmen have once reached a certain stage in\\nthe advance towards civilization, it is then\\npossible for them (under favourable circum-\\nstances) to advance further and further in the\\nsame direction. But there is no attempt to", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "I38 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ndefine either what civilization in this sense\\nmeans, or to specify what kind and what\\namount of preliminary instruction is the\\nminimum from which further advance is\\nrendered possible. If by civilization is meant\\na knowledge of the industrial arts, the doc-\\ntrine that Man never did and never could\\nunaided raise himself from one step in\\nmechanical invention to another, is a doctrine\\ninvolving two separate assertions which re-\\nquire to be separately examined. Of these\\nttvo assertions, the first, that Savages never\\nhave raised themselves, is an assertion\\nwhich, from its very nature, it is difficult if\\nnot impossible to prove. Whately defies the\\nsupporter of Development to produce a single\\ncase where this has been actually done. Sir", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "LUBBOCK S REPLY TO IT. 139\\nJ. Lubbock replies by defying his opponent\\nto show that it has not been done and done\\noften. He urges, and urges as it seems to\\nme with truth, that the great difficulty of\\nteaching many savages the arts of civilized\\nlife, is no proof whatever that the various\\ndegrees of advance towards the knowledge\\nof those arts which are actually found among\\nsemi-barbarous nations, may not have been\\nof strictly indigenous growth. Thus it\\nappears that one tribe of Red Indians,\\ncalled Mandans, practised the art of\\nfortifying their towns. Surrounding tribes,\\nalthough they saw the advantages derived\\nfrom this art, yet never practised it, and\\nnever learned it. Whately, fixing his eyes\\non the ruder tribes, says, See how clear it", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "140 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nis that savages are utterly unteachable.\\nHis opponents, fixing their eyes on the\\nmore advanced tribes, say, See how clear\\nit is that men once savage can invent and\\npractise useful arts. Whately says, Prove\\nto me, first, that these Mandans had ever\\nbeen as savage as their neighbours; and\\nsecondly, that they had raised themselves.\\nSir J. Lubbock replies that on the conditions\\nlaid down by Whately no such proof is\\npossible. If any record could be found of\\nthe former condition of the Mandans, the\\nvery existence of such a record would prove\\nformer contact with civilized peoples, and if\\nsuch contact were proved, Whately would\\nattribute to such contact the improvement\\nwhich is observed. On the other hand, if", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF MECHANICAL ARTS. 141\\nthe Mandans had raised themselves from\\na more savage condition, without any teaching\\nfrom more civilized races, there could be no\\nrecord of the fact. The same objection\\napplies to the demand made by Whately as\\nregards all other races among whom different\\nmechanical arts have been found established.\\nIt is impossible by counter assertions to settle\\ndogmatically the origin of such arts, and the\\nabsence of recorded cases of indigenous ad-\\nvance is itself rather favourable than adverse\\nto the theory of those who assert that such\\nadvance is possible, and has actually taken\\nplace. It is precisely when this advance has\\nbeen most strictly indigenous that the pre-\\nservation of the fact by record would become\\nimpossible.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "142 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nI do not agree, therefore, with the late\\nArchbishop of Dublin, that we are entitled\\nto assume it as a fact that, as regards the\\nmechanical arts, no savage race has ever\\nraised itself. The other assertion that no\\nsuch race ever could so raise itself, is\\nconfessedly a theory, and a theory the truth\\nof which is by no means self-evident. In\\nthe first place, when the possibility of\\nprogress is admitted, provided some elemen-\\ntary instruction is supposed as a foundation\\non which to work, it is evident that we are\\ndealing with a proposition altogether hazy,\\nunless there be some clear definition of the\\nnature and amount of this elementary\\ninstruction which is demanded. Whately says\\nthat the earliest generations of mankind", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "FORM OF DIVINE INSTRUCTION. 1 43\\nhad received only very limited, and what\\nmay be called elementary instruction, enough\\nmerely to enable them to make further\\nadvances afterwards by the exercise of their\\nnatural powers. But how much was this\\nenough And what is meant by in-\\nstruction, as distinguished from inborn or\\nintuitive powers of observation and of\\nreasoning May not this have been the\\nform in which the Creator first instructed\\nMan For here it is important to observe\\nthat in direct proportion as we assume Man s\\nPrimitive Condition to have been such as\\nto require elementary teaching, in the same\\nproportion do we suppose that his primitive\\ncondition in respect to intellect was low and\\nweak. Accordingly, Whately assumes as an", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "144 PRIMEVAL MAN,\\nindisputable fact, that Man has no instincts\\nsuch as enable the lower animals to construct\\nnests, and cells, and lairs. My own belief\\nis, that this is an assumption which is not\\nonly unproved, but one which in all pro-\\nbability is false. As Whately himself admits,\\nMan is an animal as well as the creatures\\nthat are below him. It is true that he has\\nnot instincts of the same kind as they have.\\nBut this is no proof whatever that he has\\nnot, and had not originally, instincts which\\nstand in strict correlation with the peculiarities\\nof his higher physical organization. This is\\na department of inquiry which has been far\\ntoo much neglected both by physiologists and\\nby metaphysicians. There are many facts\\nwhich go far to prove that Man has, and", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "IMPLEMENTS PECULIAR TO MAN. 145\\nmust always have had, instincts which afford\\nall that is required as a starting-ground for\\nadvance in the mechanical arts. Few persons\\nhave reflected on how much is involved in\\nthe most purely instinctive acts, such as the\\nthrowing of a stone, or the wielding of a\\nstick as a weapon of offence. Both these\\nsimple acts involve the great principle of the\\nuse of artificial tools. Even in the most\\nrudimentary form, the use of an implement\\nfashioned for a special purpose is absolutely\\npeculiar to Man, and arises necessarily and\\ninstinctively out of the structure of his body.\\nThe bodies of the lower animals are so\\nconstructed that such implements as they\\nare capable of directing are all supplied in\\nthe form of bodily organs. All effects which\\nL", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "146 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nth^y desire to produce, or are capable of\\nproducing, are effected directly by the use\\nof those organs under the guidance of\\nimplanted instincts. There are some very\\ncurious cases among the lower animals of a\\nnear approach to the principle involved in\\nthe use of tools that is to say, the use of\\nnatural force through artificial means. Thus\\nthe common Grey or Hooded Crow is con-\\nstantly in the habit of lifting shell-fish to a\\ncertain height in the air, and then letting\\nthem fall upon the rocks of the shore, in\\norder to break the shells. Some species of\\nMonkey will even use any stone which may\\nbe at hand for the purpose of striking and\\nbreaking a nut The Elephant tears branches\\nfrom the trees and uses them as an artificial", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "GULF BETWEEN MAN AND THE BRUTES. I47\\ntail to fan himself and to keep off the flies.\\nBut between these rudiments of intellectual\\nperception and the next step that of\\nadapting and fashioning an instrument for a\\nparticular purpose, there is a gulf in which\\nlies the whole immeasurable distance between\\nMan and the brutes. In no case whatever\\ndo they ever use an implement made by\\nthemselves as an intermediate agency between\\ntheir bodily organs and the work which they\\ndesire to do. Man, on the contrary, is so\\nconstructed that in almost everything he\\ndesires to do he must employ an agency\\nintermediate between his bodily organs and\\nthe effect which he wishes to produce. But\\nthis necessity, which in one aspect is a\\nphysical disability, is correlated with a mind", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "148 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ncapable of Invention, and with certain\\nimplanted instincts which involve all the\\nrudiments of mechanical skill. The man who\\nfirst lifted a stone and threw it, practised an\\nart which not one of the lower animals is\\ncapable of practising. This is an act which\\nin all probability is as strictly instinctive and\\nnatural to Man as it is to a Dog to bite, or\\nto a Bull to charge. Yet the act involves\\nthe idea and the knowledge of projectile\\nforce, and of the arts by which direction can\\nbe given to that force. The wielding of a\\nstick is, in all probability, an act equally\\nof primitive intuition, and from this to the\\nthrowing of a stick, and the use of javelins,\\nis an easy and natural transition. Simple as\\nthese acts are, they involve both physical", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "INSTINCTIVE IDEAS. 149\\nand mental powers capable of all the\\ndevelopments which we see in the most\\nadvanced industrial arts. These acts involve\\nthe instinctive idea of the constancy of\\nnatural causes, and the capacity of thought\\nwhich gives men the conviction that what\\nhas happened under given conditions will\\nunder the same conditions always happen\\nagain. Did Dr. Whately mean that Man\\nmust have been instructed by God how to\\nthrow a stone, or to wield a stick, or to\\nhurl a javelin, or to build a hut And if so,\\nat what point did such lessons in mechanics\\nstop Is it not evident that the more perfect\\nwe suppose the first man to have been, so far\\nas regards at least his powers of thought,\\nof observation, and of reflection, the less", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "150 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nneedful is it to suppose that the few and\\nsimple arts necessary for the sustenance of\\nhis life were communicated to him in any\\nother form than that of intuitive powers of\\nperception and discovery?\\nAnd here it is important to observe that\\neven if savage races be taken as the type\\nof man s Primeval Condition, the evidence\\nafforded by these races is all in favour of the\\nconclusion that as regards his characteristic\\nmental powers, Man has always been Man,\\nand nothing less. There is quite as much in-\\ngenuity and skill in the manufacture of a\\nknife of flint, as in the manufacture of a\\nknife of iron. And the skill displayed by the\\nmen who used stone implements is not con-\\nfined to that which is involved in the selection", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "INSTANCES OF SAVAGE SKILL. 151\\nof mineral substances suitable for the purpose.\\nThat skill is also eminently displayed in the\\nuse made of those stone implements after\\nthey had been fashioned. The smaller imple-\\nments of bone, or of horn, or of wood, which\\nthe stone knives and hatchets were employed\\nto make, are often highly ingenious, and\\nsometimes eminently beautiful. The truth is\\nthat high qualities of reasoning and ready\\nfaculties of observation are called forth in\\nthe inverse ratio of the acquired knowledge\\nwith which they are provided and from which\\nthey start. The great ingenuity and resource\\nshown by many of the rudest tribes in their\\nweapons, and the sense of beauty evinced by\\nthem in the choice and in the invention of\\nornamental forms, have hardly been suf-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "152 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nficiently appreciated. It is impossible, for\\nexample, to read the description given by Sir\\nJ. Richardson of the bows and arrows of the\\nEskimo without being struck by the admi-\\nrable skill with which their scanty resources,\\nand their limited command of natural mate-\\nrial, are turned to the very best account.\\nThe throwing-stick of the Australian Savage\\nis a most ingenious application of the prin-\\nciple of the lever. The boomerang must have\\nbeen discovered, as so many other discoveries\\nare made among ourselves, by pure accident\\nby some savage throwing a crooked branch,\\nand by his observing its curious and unex-\\npected flight. But every one of these inven-\\ntions and discoveries involves and exhibits in\\nfull operation the peculiar and characteristic", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "GREATNESS OF EARLY INVENTIONS. 153\\ngifts of the human intellect. The same gifts\\nand the same powers start in the case of each\\nnew generation from a higher vantage-ground\\nof inherited, and therefore of accumulated\\nknowledge and it is thus that, without any\\nchange in their own nature, and even without\\nany increase in their own inherent strength,\\nthey attain gradually to higher and more\\ncomplicated results. And if we are to assume\\nwith the supporters of the Savage-theory\\nthat Man has himself invented all he now\\nknows, then the very earliest inventions of\\nour race must have been the most wonderful\\nof all, and the richest in the fruits they bore.\\nThe men who first discovered the use of fire,\\nand the use of those grasses which we now\\nknow under the name of corn, were dis-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "154 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ncoverers compared with whom, as regards the\\nvalue of their ideas to the world, Faraday\\nand Wheatstone are but the inventors of\\ningenious toys.\\nIt may possibly be true, as Whately argues,\\nthat Man never could have discovered these\\nthings without divine instruction. If so, it is\\nfatal to the Savage-theory. But it is equally\\nfatal to that Theory if we assume the opposite\\nposition, and suppose that the noblest dis-\\ncoveries ever made by Man were made by\\nhim in primeval times.\\nOn these, as well as on other grounds, I\\nhave never attached much importance to\\nWhately s argument. I do not mean to say\\nthat the conclusion to which it points may\\nnot possibly be true, but it is a conclusion", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "MAN CAPABLE OF DEGRADATION. 155\\nwhich I look upon as incapable of positive\\nproof.\\nThe question of Man s Primitive Condition\\nmust therefore be approached from another\\nside. We can only hope to reach the Un-\\nknown by reasoning from the Known and,\\nstarting from this ground, we have the\\nindisputable fact that Man is capable of\\nDegradation. This is a subject which, as\\nit appears to me, Sir J. Lubbock deals\\nwith in the most cursory and superficial\\nmanner. In fact, as far as it is possible\\nto do so, he avoids it altogether. In his\\nwork on Prehistoric Man a single page\\nexhausts all he has to say on one of the most\\nprominent facts of History and of Nature, and\\nthis page is headed, No Evidence of Degra-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "L$6 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ndation. Yet nothing in the Natural History\\nof Man can be more certain than that both\\nmorally, and intellectually, and physically he\\ncan, and he often does, sink from a higher\\nto a lower level. This is true of Man both\\ncollectively and individually of men and of\\nsocieties of men. Some regions of the world\\nare strewn with the monuments of civilizations\\nwhich have passed away. Rude and barba-\\nrous tribes stare with wonder on the remains\\nof Temples, of which they cannot conceive\\nthe purpose, and of Cities which are the dens\\nof beasts. It is not necessary to assume, as\\nit has sometimes been assumed, that there\\nis a law of decay affecting communities as\\ncertain in its operation as the law which\\noperates on the individual frame. It is enough", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "MORAL AND MENTAL DEGRADATION. 157\\nto note the indisputable fact that men are lia-\\nble to degradation and decline, and this even\\nas regards the knowledge and the practice of\\nthose industrial arts on which the very exis-\\ntence of large populations may depend. As\\nregards moral character the possibility and the\\nfact of degradation is not less certain. It is a\\nresult only too common and familiar, both as\\nregards individuals and societies of men. In\\ntruth this kind of decline almost always pre-\\ncedes the other. The higher elements of civili-\\nzation depend on qualities of the mind. It is\\nby moral and intellectual force that all the\\ntriumphs of civilization are achieved. When\\nthat force declines, the agencies of degradation\\nestablish their ascendency, and the complete-\\nness with which they have done their work is", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "I58 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\none of the standing wonders of the world.\\nNo doubt, the ancient civilizations which have\\nbeen so utterly destroyed were in many cases\\nbrought to a violent, and as it may be\\nargued, to an accidental end. They were\\noverrun and swept away by the rush of\\nbarbarous hordes. But these are accidents\\nwhich did not happen to civilized nations so\\nlong as their civilization was yet undecayed.\\nI am far, however, from denying the powerful\\ninfluence of external conditions in favouring\\nthe development of the peaceful arts, or, on\\nthe contrary, in arresting that development,\\nor even in destroying it when it had been\\nlong established. Nor am I disposed to keep\\nin the background the effects produced on\\nancient civilizations by the wars and the great", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF DEGRADATION. 159\\nprimeval migrations of our race. On the con-\\ntrary, these are facts which form the next\\nstep in the argument I am now maintaining\\na step which goes far to connect the pos-\\nsibility of degradation with the known causes\\nwhich have operated, and in the very\\nnature of things must have operated, in\\nproducing it.\\nFor it matters not which of the two theories\\nwe adopt in regard to the Origin of the\\nHuman Race, whether we suppose it to have\\nproceeded from one or from two, or even\\nfrom several different centres of creation it\\nmatters not whether we suppose with Sir J.\\nLubbock that the first being worthy to be\\ncalled a Man was born of some inferior\\ncreature, or whether we believe with Whately,", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "l6o PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nthat he was truly human in his powers,\\nbut required some elementary instruction to\\nenable his faculties to begin their work.\\nIn any case we may safely assume that Man\\nmust have begun his course in some one or\\nmore of those portions of the earth which are\\ngenial in climate, rich in natural fruits, and\\ncapable of yielding the most abundant return\\nto the very simplest arts. It is under such\\nconditions that the first establishment of the\\nhuman race can be most easily understood\\nnay, it is under such conditions only that it is\\nconceivable at all. And as these are the con-\\nditions which would favour the first establish-\\nment, and the most rapid increase of Man, so\\nalso are these the conditions under which\\nknowledge would most rapidly accumulate,", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE LAW OF INCREASE. l6l\\nand the earliest possibilities of material civi-\\nlization would arise.\\nNow what are the changes of external cir-\\ncumstance which first, in the natural course\\nof things, would bring an adverse influence to\\nbear upon Mankind Here again we are on\\nfirm ground, because we know one great\\ncause which has been always operating, and\\nwe know its natural and inevitable effects.\\nThis cause is simply the law of increase. It\\nis the consequence of that law that popula-\\ntion is always pressing upon the limits of\\nsubsistence. Hence the necessity of migra-\\ntions, and the force which has propelled suc-\\ncessive generations of men farther and farther,\\nin ever-widening circles round the original\\ncentre or centres of their birth. Then, as it\\nM", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "162 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nwould always be the weaker tribes who would\\nbe driven from the ground which had become\\noverstocked, and as the lands to which they\\nwent forth were less and less hospitable in\\nclimate and productions, the struggle for\\nlife would be always harder. And so it\\nalways happens in the natural and necessary\\ncourse of things, that the races which were\\ndriven farthest would be the rudest the\\nmost engrossed in the pursuits of mere\\nanimal existence.\\nAnd now, does not this key of principle\\nfit into and explain all the facts Do they\\nnot seem in the light of that explanation to\\ntake form and order Is it not true that the\\nlowest and rudest tribes in the population\\nof the globe have been found at the farthest", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE ESKIMO RACE. 163\\nextremities of its great Continents, and in the\\ndistant Islands which would be the last refuge\\nof the victims of violence and misfortune\\nThe New World is the Continent which\\npresents the most uninterrupted stretch of\\nhabitable land from the highest northern to\\nthe lowest southern latitude. On the extreme\\nnorth we have the Eskimo,* or Inuit race,\\nmaintaining human life under conditions of\\nextremest hardship, even amid the perpetual\\nice of the Polar Seas. And what a life it\\nis Watching at the blow-hole of a seal for\\nmany hours, in a temperature of 75 below\\nfreezing point, is the constant work of the\\nI have adopted the form of this name (usually spelt\\nEsquimaux), which is adopted as the most correct by Sir J.\\nRichardson in his work on the Polar Seas. Inuit is the\\nnative Eskimo name for their own race.\\nM 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "t64 primeval man.\\nInuit hunter.* And when at last his prey\\nis struck, it is his luxury to feast upon the\\nraw blood and blubber. To civilized Man it\\nis hardly possible to conceive a life so\\nwretched, and in many respects so brutal\\nas the life led by this race during the long^\\nlasting night of the arctic winter. Not even\\nthe most extravagant theorist as regards\\nthe plurality of Human Origins, can suppose\\nthat there was an Eskimo Adam that any\\nman was originally created or developed in\\nthe icy regions round the Pole. Here then\\nwe have a case beyond all question, of\\nraces driven by wars and migrations, from\\nVery] curious details on Eskimo hunting, feasting, and\\nhabits generally are given in Captain C. F. Hall s most\\ninteresting work, Life with the Esquimaux. (Sampson*\\nLow, Son, MarstoH. 1864.)", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "NATIVES OF ARCTIC REGIONS. 165\\nthe more temperate regions of the globe.\\nSo long as they were still in those\\nregions, the ancestors of the Eskimo must\\nhave lived in another manner, and must have\\nhad wholly different habits. They may\\nhave practised such simple agriculture as\\nwe know was practised among the most\\nancient people who have left their remains\\nin the Swiss Lake Dwellings. They may\\nhave been nomads living on their flocks\\nand herds. But neither an agricultural nor a\\npastoral life is possible on the borders of a\\nfrozen sea. The rigours of the region they\\nnow inhabit have reduced this people to the\\ncondition in which we now see them, and\\nwhatever arts their fathers knew, suited to\\nmore genial climates, have been, and could", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "l66 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nnot fail to be, utterly forgotten. It is a very\\nremarkable fact that this process, by which\\neven the most sterile regions of the globe\\nhave been peopled, is a process which appears\\nto be still in operation. Arctic voyagers have\\nlong known that there are lands nearer the\\nPole than those which they have hitherto been\\nable to reach, and it has been even suspected\\nthat there exists there a somewhat milder\\nclimate and a more open sea. A whaling\\nship, which in 1867 reached a more northern\\npoint than had hitherto been attained, has\\nbrought the curious information that a tribe\\nwandering near Cape Chelagskoi had recently\\ndriven another tribe before them across the\\nFrozen Sea to a land lying so far north that\\nonly its mountain tops could be occasionally", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "NATIVES OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO. 167\\nseen from the Siberian Headlands** This\\nfarther land has never yet been trodden by\\ncivilized Man and if he ever does reach it,\\nhe will thus probably find it occupied by\\nmen who may have forgotten how and\\nwhence their fathers came.\\nAnd now let us pass to the other ex-\\ntremity of the great Continent of America\\nto Cape Horn, and to the Island off it, which\\nprojects its desolate rocks into one of the\\nmost inhospitable climates in the world. The\\ninhabitants of Tierra del Fuego are perhaps\\nthe most degraded among the races of man-\\nkind. How could they be otherwise? Their\\ncountry, says Mr. Darwin, is a broken\\nSee letter in the Times of December 30, 1S67, from\\nCaptain Sherard Osborne.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "l68 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nmass of wild rocks, lofty hills, and useless\\nforests and these are viewed through mists\\nand endless storms. The habitable land is\\nreduced to the stones of the beach. In search\\nof food they are compelled to wander un-\\nceasingly from spot to spot, and so steep is\\nthe coast that they can only move about in\\ntheir wretched canoes. They are habitual\\ncannibals, killing and eating their old women\\nbefore they kill their dogs, for the sufficient\\nreason, as explained by themselves Doggies\\ncatch otters, old women no. Of some of these\\npeople who came round the Beagle in their\\ncanoes, the same author says These were\\nthe most wretched and miserable creatures\\nI anywhere beheld. They were quite naked,\\nand even one full-grown woman was absolutely", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "darwin s question. 169\\nso. It was raining heavily, and the fresh\\nwater, together with the spray, trickled down\\nher body. In another harbour not far dis-\\ntant, a woman, who was suckling a new-born\\nchild, came one day alongside the vessel, and\\nremained there out of mere curiosity, whilst\\nthe sleet fell and thawed on her naked bosom\\nand on the skin of her naked baby. These\\npoor wretches were stunted in their growth,\\ntheir hideous faces bedaubed with white paint,\\ntheir skins filthy and greasy, their hair\\nentangled, their voices discordant, and their\\ngestures violent. Viewing such men, one can\\nhardly make oneself believe that they are\\nfellow-creatures and inhabitants of the same\\nworld. Well might Darwin add, Whilst\\nbeholding these savages one asks, Whence", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "170 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nhave they come? What could have tempted,\\nor what change compelled, a tribe of men\\nto leave the fine regions of the North, to\\ntravel down the Cordillera, or backbone of\\nAmerica, to invent and build canoes which\\nare not used by the tribes of Chili, Peru, and\\nBrazil, and then to enter on one of the most\\ninhospitable countries within the limits of the\\nglobe? There can be but one explanation.\\nQuarrels and wars between tribe and tribe,\\ninduced by the mere increase of numbers\\nand the consequent pressure on the means of\\nsubsistence, have been always, ever since Man\\nexisted, driving the weaker races farther and\\nfarther from the older settlements of man-\\nkind. And when the ultimate points of the\\nDarwin s Naturalist s Yoyage, ed. 1852, p. 216.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "FUEGIANS CAPABLE OF IMPROVEMENT. 171\\nhabitable world are reached, the conditions\\nof existence cause and necessitate a savage\\nand degraded life. Darwin gives the true\\nexplanation of their condition when he says,\\nHow little can the higher powers of the\\nmind be brought into play What is there\\nfor imagination to picture, for reason to com-\\npare, for judgment to decide upon? The\\ncase of the Fuegians is a case in which there\\ncan be no doubt whatever of the causes of\\ntheir degraded condition. On every side\\nof them, and in proportion as we recede\\nfrom their wretched country, the surrounding\\ntribes are less wretched and better acquainted\\nwith the simpler arts. And it is remarkable\\nthat in the case of this people we have proof\\nof another point of great interest and impor-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "IJ2 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntance, viz., this that even the most degraded\\nsavages have all the perfect attributes of\\nhumanity, which can be and are developed,\\nthe moment they are placed under fa-\\nvourable conditions. Captain Fitzroy had in\\n1830 carried off some of these people to\\nEngland, where they were taught tire habits\\nand the arts of civilized life. Of one of\\nthese who was taken back to his own country\\nin the Beagle, Mr. Darwin tells us that his\\nintellect was good, and of another that\\nhe had a nice disposition. We see, there-\\nfore, that every fact and circumstance\\nconnected with the Fuegians agrees with\\nthe supposition that their u utter barbarism\\nwas due entirely to the cruel conditions of\\ntheir life, and the wretched country into", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE POLYNESIAN RACES. 175\\nwhich they had been driven. The Bushmen\\nof South Africa are another case in point.\\nIt seems to be clearly ascertained that they\\nbelong to the same race as other tribes who\\nare far less degraded, and that they are\\nsimply the descendants of outcasts driven to-\\nthe woods and rocks* So, again, among the\\ngreat islands of the Pacific, the natives of\\nVan Diemen s Land were the most utterly-\\ndegraded of all the Polynesian races.\\nWith these facts staring us in the face,\\nconnecting themselves in an obvious order\\nwith causes which w r e know to be all\\noperating in one direction, is it not absurd\\nto argue that the condition of these outcasts\\nof the human family can be assumed as\\nPritchard s Natural History of Man/ vol. ii.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "174 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nrepresenting the aboriginal condition of Man\\nIs it not certain that whatever advances\\ntowards civilization may have been made\\namong their progenitors, such advances must\\nnecessarily have been lost under the conditions\\nto w T hich their children are reduced Sir J.\\nLubbock urges, in reply to Whately, that\\nthe low condition of Australian savages affords\\nno proof whatever that they could not raise\\nthemselves, because the materials of improve-\\nment are wanting in that country, which\\naffords no cereals, nor animals capable of\\nuseful domestication. But Sir J. Lubbock\\ndoes not perceive that the same argument\\nwhich shows how improvement could not\\npossibly be attained, shows also how degra-\\ndation could not possibly be avoided. If", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE AUSTRALIANS. 175\\nwith the few resources of the country it was\\nimpossible for savages to rise, it follows that\\nwith those same resources it would be\\nimpossible for a half-civilized race not to\\nfall. And as in this case again, unless we\\nare to suppose a separate Adam and Eve\\nfor Van Diemen s Land, its natives must\\noriginally have come from one or other of\\nthe great continents where both corn and\\ncattle were to be had, it follows that the\\nlow condition of these natives is much more\\nlikely to have been the result of degradation\\nthan of primeval barbarism. Man as an\\nanimal does not belong to the Fauna of\\nAustralia. The scientific evidence, therefore,\\nis conclusive that he came to it from other\\nlands. But it is highly improbable that the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "176 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ncircumstances of his arrival in the Islands\\nwere such as would have enabled him to bring\\neither corn or cattle with him. Whatever\\nknowledge of these things he had before,\\nmust necessarily have been lost. The present\\ncondition, therefore, of the Australian Savage\\nin respect to these important elements of\\ncivilization, affords no presumption whatever\\nthat it represents the condition of those from\\nwhom he is descended. There is hardly a\\nsingle fact quoted by Sir J. Lubbock in\\nfavour of his own theory, which, when\\nviewed in connection with the same in-\\ndisputable principles, does not tell against\\nthat theory rather than in its favour.\\nThe facts indeed which I have hitherto\\nquoted prove only that forgetfulness of arts", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "lubbock s facts against-his theory. 177\\nonce practised and of knowledge once pos-\\nsessed, must inevitably have arisen among\\ntribes driven into inhospitable regions. But\\nthere are other facts also referred to by Sir\\nJ. Lubbock himself, which show that there\\nare cases in which we have proof of this\\nprocess having actually taken place. Thus,\\nin regard to the Eskimo, he quotes the case\\nof a tribe in Baffin s Bay who could not\\nbe made to understand what was meant by\\nwar, nor had they any warlike weapons.\\nNo wonder, poor people They had been\\ndriven into regions where no stronger race\\ncould desire to follow them. But that their\\nfathers had once known what war and\\nviolence meant, there is no more conclusive\\nPrehistoric Times, p. 410.\\nN", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "178 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nproof than the dwelling-place of their chil-\\ndren. So again, Sir J. Lubbock quotes the\\ntestimony of Cook in respect to the Tasma-\\nnians, that they had no canoes. Yet their\\nancestors could not have reached the island\\nby walking on the sea. Some of the tribes\\ndid not know how fire could be obtained if\\nit were once extinguished.* Again, of the\\nAustralians, Sir J. Lubbock reminds us that\\nin a cave on the north-west coast tolerable\\nfigures of sharks, porpoises, turtles, lizards,\\ncanoes, and some quadrupeds, c, were\\nfound and yet that the present natives .of\\nthe country where they were found were\\nutterly incapable of realizing the most vivid\\nartistic representations, and ascribed the draw-\\nPrehistoric Times, pp. 354-5.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE ARGUMENT FROM IMPLEMENTS. 179\\nings in the cave to diabolical agency* In\\nall these cases we have direct evidences of\\ndegradation or of forgetfulness, even since\\nMan first reached the shores of those distant\\nIslands, and we see how it could not fail to\\nbe so under the known effect of known cause\\nupon the condition of our race.\\nAnd now we can better estimate the value\\nto be set on the arguments which have been\\nfounded on the rude implements found in\\nthe river drifts and in the caves of northern\\nEurope. I, for one, accept the evidence\\nwhich Geology affords that these implements\\nare of very ancient date. I accept too the.\\nevidence which that science affords, that these\\nimplements were in all probability the ice\\nPrehistoric Times, p. 348.\\nN 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "l8o PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nhatchets and rude knives used by tribes\\nwhich towards the close of the Glacial Age\\nhad pushed their way to the farthest limits\\nof the lands which were then habitable. And\\nwhat follows The inevitable conclusion is, that\\nit must be about as safe to argue from those\\nimplements as to the condition of Man at that\\ntime in the countries of his Primeval Home,\\nas it would be in our own day to argue\\nfrom the habits and arts of the Eskimo as to\\nthe state of civilization in London or in Paris.\\nFor here I must observe that Archaeologists\\nare using language on this subject which, if\\nnot positively erroneous, requires, at least,\\nmore rigorous definitions and limitations of\\nmeaning than they are disposed to attend\\nto. They talk of an Old Stone Age (Pateo-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE AGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY. l8l\\nlithic), and of a Newer Stone Age (Neolithic)\\nand of a Bronze Age, and of an Iron Age.\\nNow, there is no proof whatever that such\\nAges ever existed in the world. It may be\\ntrue, and it probably is true, that all\\nnations in the progress of the Arts have\\npassed through the stages of using stone\\nfor implements before they were acquainted\\nwith the use of metals. But knowledge of\\nthe metals must have arisen at very different\\nepochs in different regions of the earth. In\\nSouth Africa flint implements have lately\\nbeen discovered in abundance, but over a\\nlarge portion of that vast continent the\\nknowledge and the use of iron seems to have\\nbeen of very ancient date and I am in-\\nformed by Sir Samuel Baker that iron ore is", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "182 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nso common in Africa, and of a kind so easily\\nreducible by heat, that its use might well be\\ndiscovered by the rudest tribes. As a matter\\nof fact, they are now all excellent workers\\nin iron. Then again, it is to be remembered\\nthat there are some countries in the world\\nwhere stone is as rare and difficult to get as\\nmetals. In them the use of stone imple-\\nments may imply even an extended com-\\nmerce. The great alluvial plains of Meso-\\npotamia are a case in point. Accordingly,\\nwe know from the remains of the First\\nChaldaean Monarchy that a very high civili-\\nzation in the arts of agriculture and of\\ncommerce co-existed with the use of stone\\nimplements of a very rude character.* This\\nRawlinson s Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. pp. 119, 120.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "TWO FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIONS. 183\\nfact proves that rude stone implements are\\nnot necessarily any indication whatever of\\na really barbarous condition. Assuming then\\nthat the use of stone has in all cases pre-\\n-ceded the use of metals, it is quite certain\\nthat the same Age which was an Age\\nof Stone in one part of the world was an\\nAge of Metal in another. As regards the\\nEskimo and the South-Sea Islanders we\\nare now, or were very recently, living in a\\nStone Age. And so it has been in all past\\ntimes of which any record remains. The\\nwhole argument therefore which has been\\nfounded on flint implements, is an argument\\nliable to these two fundamental objections,\\nfirst that flint implements Sre a very un-\\ncertain index of civilization, even among the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "184 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ntribes who used them and secondly that\\nthey are no index at all of the state of\\ncivilization among other tribes who lived at\\nthe same time in other portions of the globe.\\nThe finding of flint implements for example,\\nhowever rude, in England, or in Denmark, or\\nin France, affords no evidence whatever of\\nthe condition of the Industrial Arts in the\\nsame age upon the banks of the Euphrates\\nor the Nile.\\nThere is one argument of Sir J. Lubbock\\nin favour of the Savage-theory, which I\\nobserve with as much astonishment as that\\nwhich he expresses in reference to some of\\nthe arguments of Whately. Sir J. Lubbock\\nsays that some savages have been found who\\nhave no religion at all. Such, he argues*.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE MAY BE LOST. 185\\nwas probably the condition of Primeval Mao r\\nbecause he feels it difficult to believe that\\nany people which once possessed a religion\\nwould ever entirely lose it. Surely, if there\\nis one fact more certain than another in\\nrespect to the nature of Man, it is that he\\nis capable of losing religious knowledge, of\\nceasing to believe in religious truth, and of\\nfalling away from religious duty. If by\\nreligion is meant the existence merely\\nof some impressions of powers invisible and\\nu supernatural even this, we know, can not\\nonly be lost, but be scornfully disavowed by\\nmen who are highly civilized. Nor does Sir\\nJ. Lubbock s comment upon this subject gain\\nby the further explanation which he gives.\\nHe says that Religion appeals so strongly", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "lS6 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nto the hopes and fears of men, it takes so\\ndeep a hold on most minds, it is so great a\\nconsolation in times of sorrow and sickness,\\nthat I can hardly think any nation would\\never abandon it altogether. There are two\\nobvious replies to such reasoning: the first\\nis, that many false religions do not answer\\nto this description so far as regards their\\nself-recommending and consoling power the\\nsecond is, that neither does true religion\\nanswer this description to those who are\\ncorrupt and vicious. Belief in a God who is\\n4 of purer eyes than to behold iniquity is\\na belief which bad men may not have liked\\nto cherish. As regards the first of these\\ntwo replies, Sir J. Lubbock himself bears\\nemphatic testimony to its force. In his work", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "reply to lubbock s argument. 187\\non Prehistoric Man/ speaking of the savage,\\nhe says,* Thus his life is one prolonged\\nscene of selfishness and fear even in his\\nreligion, if he has any, he creates for himself\\na new source of terror, and peoples the world\\nzvith invisible enemies Yes, and this is\\nmildly stated. The most cruel and savage\\ncustoms in the world are the direct effect\\nof its religions. And if men could drop\\nreligions when they would, or if they could\\neven form the wish to get rid of those which\\nsit like a nightmare on their life, there would\\nbe many more nations without a religion\\nthan there are found to be. But religions\\ncan neither be put on nor cast off like\\ngarments, according to their utility, or ac-\\nP. 484-.-", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\ncording to their beauty, or according to their\\npower of comforting. Among the causes\\nwhich have determined their form and cha-\\nracter in different nations we must reckon\\nthe moral corruption of human nature. I\\nam not speaking of this corruption in a\\ndogmatic and theological sense I speak of\\nit as an unquestionable fact, whatever be the\\nhistory of its origin. By the corruption of\\nhuman nature, I mean the undeniable fact\\nthat Man has a constant tendency to abuse his\\npowers, to do what according even to his\\nown standard of right or wrong he knows\\nhe ought not to do to be unjust and\\ncruel towards others, and to fall into horrible\\nand degrading superstitions. Human corrup-\\ntion in this sense is as much a fact in the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HUMAN CORRUPTION A FACT. 189\\nnatural history of Man as that he is a Biped\\nwithout feathers. It is entirely independent\\nof any belief, or any theory as to Man s\\noriginal condition. Sir J. Lubbock s argu-\\nment implies that the tribes, if such there be,\\n(which, by the way, is extremely doubtful)\\nwho are not known to have any ideas\\nat all in respect to spiritual beings or to\\nanother world, are in a lower condition than\\ntribes which have a religion, however cruel\\nand horrible its rites may be. According to\\nthis theory, even devil-worship would be a\\nstep in ascent towards civilization from\\nthe utter barbarism of Primeval Man. But\\nthis is a theory as contrary to reason as it\\nis contrary to all the evidence we have on\\nthe history of Man. The farther we go back", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "190 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nin that history the more clear become the\\ntraces of some pure traditions, and the rays\\nof some primeval light. Such evidence as\\nhistory and philosophy and criticism afford\\non the course of religious knowledge is not\\nin favour of the doctrine of a gradual rise,\\nbut, on the contrary, of continuous corruption\\nand decline. If there is one thing, says\\nProfessor Max Muller, which a comparative\\nstudy of religions places in the clearest light,\\nit is the inevitable decay to which every\\nreligion is exposed Whenever we can\\ntrace back a religion to its first beginnings,\\nwe find it free from many blemishes that\\naffected it in its later stages. One of the\\nmost ancient religions of the world is re-\\nChips from a German Workshop, vol. L, pref., xxiiL", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE SANSKRIT VEDAS. 191\\npresented in its earlier form in the Sanskrit\\nVedas, and the contrast between its doctrines\\nand those of existing Hindooism is but a\\nsample of the working of a great law which\\ncan be traced in every region of the world.\\nThis is no case confined to some little corner\\nof the earth, or to some short period of time,\\nor to some partial and accidental cause. It\\nis the case of a religion which in all its\\nbranches embraces uncounted millions of the\\nhuman race, and the history of which\\nextends over more than 3,000 years. Nor\\nis the sense in which corruption and decay\\nare predicated of this religion at all vague\\nor indefinite. It has become lower, ruder,\\nmore corrupt, in its conceptions of the Divine\\nNature, in its notions of acceptable worship,", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nand in the social institutions which are con-\\nnected with Belief.\\nThe truth is, that Man s capacities of degra-\\ndation stand in close relation, and are pro-\\nportionate, to his capacities of improvement.\\nWhat faculty of the human mind lies nearer\\nto the very centre of its highest life than\\nthe faculty of Imagination? Without it we\\ncould not interpret Nature, or form any\\nconception of its laws, or feel their harmony,\\nor understand their use. Without it we could\\nnot see the Abstract or read the Future.\\nWithout it we should be without motive to\\nresist Impulse, or to maintain Conviction, or\\nto rise to Duty. We could form no idea\\nwhatever of Religion. It would not be possible\\nto desire the Unknown or to hope for the", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "IMAGINATION. 193\\nUnseen. And yet Pascal was not wrong\\nwhen he placed this same faculty of Ima-\\ngination at the very head of the Deceitful\\nPowers/ For it is, in truth, one of the most\\neffective causes and instruments of Degrada^\\ntion. It is its function to give form and\\nexpression to all those vague emotions which\\narise inevitably out of contact between the\\nmind that is in Man and the mind that is\\nin Nature. These emotions are literally\\nwhat the Poet calls them the blank mis-\\ngivings of a creature moving about in worlds\\nnot realized. But without Knowledge given\\nor acquired, to guide the elements in Imagina-\\ntion which are purely intellectual, and with-\\nout virtue to control the elements which are\\nchiefly moral, this Superb Power, as Pascal\\nO", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "194 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nalso most justly calls it, does terrible work\\nindeed. It is the mother and the nurse\\nof all the horrible inventions of Idolatry.\\nThrough its operation have arisen, from time\\nto time, all the diabolical rites which have\\ndegraded, and do still degrade, so many\\ntribes of men far below the level of the\\nbrutes. But irrational as the superstitions\\nof heathen nations may appear to be, and\\neven inconceivable in a Being who is capable\\nof reason, it should never be forgotten that\\nthis is true only of the last developments of\\nIdolatry, and is by no means true of its\\nfirst beginnings. On the contrary, these are\\namong the most natural of all spiritual\\ntemptations, and perhaps the most difficult\\nto resist. The first of the Commandments", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "ROOTS OF IDOLATRY. 195\\nis of all others the most difficult to obey\\nThou shalt have no other Gods before\\nMe. The dependence of the human mind\\non outward symbols, and then its tendency\\nto identify the symbols with the concep-\\ntions they represent these are the roots of all\\nIdolatry. The course of thought, in our own\\nday, even among highly civilized and enlight-\\nened men, may well remind us how easy\\nand how natural it is to lapse into systems\\nof belief, which in their fundamental cha-\\nracter are essentially Creature-worship. The\\nfact is, that so far from there being any\\ndifficulty in understanding how spiritual truth,\\nonce known, could be ever lost, all obser-\\nvation and experience prove that it is the\\nmost difficult of all things to maintain with\\nO 2", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "196 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\neven tolerable purity any high standard of\\nspiritual faith. A thousand tendencies from\\nwithin, and from without, are perpetually at\\nwork to undermine, or to transform it. And\\nthen the awful correlations of Human Thought\\nrender it not only probable but inevitable that\\nthe first departures from the knowledge and\\nthe love of Truth, must end in wider and\\nwider divergence from it. The infinite subtlety\\nand ingenuity of Imagination will, when it\\nis ignorant and corrupt amply account for\\nthe origin and growth of even the most\\ndegraded superstitions. This is a subject too\\nextensive to be pursued here; but it could\\nbe shown that even among the South Sea\\nIslanders, and other tribes who have been\\ndriven farthest from the original settlements", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HUMAN SACRIFICES. 197\\nof Man, there were many religious customs\\nof which those who practised them did not\\nknow the origin or the meaning, and which\\nclearly indicated their derivation from an\\nolder, a more intelligible, but a forgotten\\nfaith.\\nThis is also eminently true of the religious\\nrites and practices of some of the Hill tribes\\nof India. A most curious and interesting\\naccount of human sacrifices by the Khonds,\\none of the Hill Tribes of Orissa, has been\\npublished by my friend, Major-General John\\nCampbell, who has been mainly instrumental,\\nunder the Government of India, in the abolition\\nof this horrid rite. The absolute rule that\\nthe victims must be procured by purchase,\\nstands in unmistakeable relation to the only", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "198 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nintelligible principle in the very idea of sacrifice,\\nnamely, the principle of self-sacrifice.\\nHere for the present I must leave the\\nsubject. My chief object has been to show\\nhow little really depends on some of the\\narguments which have been put forth by\\nboth sides in this controversy, and to indicate\\nwhat seems to me to be the true bearing of\\nthe facts which as yet have been clearly\\nascertained. I set little value on the argu-\\nment of Whately, that as regards the\\nmechanical arts Man can never have risen\\nunaided. The aid which Man had from\\nhis Creator may possibly have been nothing\\nmore than the aid of a Body and of a Mind,\\nso marvellously endowed, that Thought was\\nan instinct, and Contrivance was at once a", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CONCLUSION. 199\\nnecessity and a delight. But I set still less\\nvalue on the arguments of Sir J. Lubbock,\\nthat Primeval Man must have been born in\\na state of utter barbarism, on the ground\\nthat this is the actual condition of the\\noutcasts of our race, or that industrial know-\\nledge has advanced from small beginnings,\\nor that there are traces of rude customs\\namong many nations now highly civilized.\\nNone of these arguments afford any proof\\nwhatever, or even any reasonable presumption,\\nin favour of the conclusion which they are\\nemployed to support first, because along\\nwith a complete ignorance of the Arts it is\\nquite possible that there may have been a\\nhigher knowledge of God, and a closer\\ncommunion with Him secondly, because", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "200 PRIMEVAL MAN.\\nmany cases of existing barbarism can be\\ndistinctly traced to adverse external circum-\\nstances, and because it is at least possible\\nthat all real barbarism has had its origin in\\nlike conditions thirdly, because the known\\ncharacter of Man and the indisputable facts\\nof history prove that he has within him at\\nall times the elements of corruption that\\neven in his most civilized condition, he is\\ncapable of degradation, that his Knowledge\\nmay decay, and that his Religion may be\\nlost.\\nLondon R. Clay, Softs, and Taylor, Printers.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "THE REIGN OF LAW.\\nBY THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.\\nFifth and cheaper Edition, with additions. Crown 8vo. 6s.\\nCONTENTS.\\ni. The Supernatural.\\n2. Law its Definitions.\\n3. Contrivance a Necessity arising out of the Reign\\nof Law Example in the Machinery of Flight.\\n4. Apparent Exceptions to the Supremacy of Purpose.\\n5. Creation by Law.\\n6. Law in the Realm of Mind.\\n7. Law in Politics.\\nNotes and Index.\\nOPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nTimes.\\nA very able book, well adapted to meet that spirit of\\ninquiry which is abroad, and which the increase of our know-\\nledge of natural things stimulates so remarkably. It opens\\nup many new lines of thought, and expresses many deep and\\nsuggestive truths. It is very readable and there are few books\\nin which a thoughtful reader will find more that he will desire\\nto remember.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nPall Mall Gazette.\\nThis is the only formal attempt that we know of to dis-\\nentangle the web of perplexity, suspicion, and doubt in which\\nmany religious minds of the day are involved, through the\\nconfusion of thought and phraseology from which few writings\\non scientific matters are free. The aim is lofty, and requires\\nnot only a thorough familiarity with metaphysical and scientific\\nsubjects, but a breadth of thought, a freedom from prejudice,\\na general versatility and sympathetic quality of mind, and a\\npower of clear exposition rare in all ages and all countries.\\nWe have no hesitation in expressing an opinion that all these\\nqualifications are to be recognised in the Duke of Argyll,\\nand that his book is as unanswerable as it is attractive.\\nSpectator.\\nThis is in its way a masterly book not a book of many\\nideas, but of a few very ably and powerfully put, by a man\\nwho has^ a real and accurate knowledge of many departments\\nof natural history. It is the first from any Cabinet Minister\\nof standing on the philosophy of science, and it shows, we\\nthink, almost as large a power of thought and as strong a\\njudgment within its sphere as any of Sir Cornewall Lewis s\\nbooks, and more than many of Mr. Gladstone s. Nothing can\\nbe abler than the way in which the Duke of Argyll disentangles\\nand illustrates the various uses of the word Law in its scien-\\ntific sense, and shows how much it really means, what false", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nmeanings have been put upon it, and what are the scientific\\nreasons for rejecting those false meanings. The last\\nchapter of all is an exceedingly thoughtful and masterly essay,\\non the extent to which natural law should be accepted as the\\nguiding rule of politics. But the book is strong, sound,\\nmature, able thought from its first page to its last.\\nMorning Post.\\nThe Duke of Argyll has released from the hazy pale of\\nmetaphysics, and placed in the broad light of practical philo-\\nsophy, questions of vital import, which are closely associated\\nwith the progress and welfare of mankind.\\nSaturday Review.\\nThe conflict, real or supposed, of theology with science is\\nindeed, in all its aspects, an urgent topic demanding a more\\ncomplete treatment than it has yet received in this country\\nat the hands of the religious philosopher. That question, with\\nwhich the Duke of Argyll deals, is just the point which pious\\nand practical minds find the most perplexing. Many persons\\nwho are too busy or too little metaphysical to be aware of the\\ndeeper speculative difficulties which beset our conception of\\nGod and Nature, and their mutual relations, will be glad to\\nhave the suggestions of a thoughtful mind on such a practical\\npoint as, e.g., How is the unchangeableness of natural law", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\ncompatible with the religious belief that God hears and answers\\nprayer? The Duke of Argyll takes up the mental position\\nwhich alone can promise usefulness in the treatment of such\\na question. He has no reserves on the side of science. He\\nhas no hesitation on the side of religion. It is extremely rare\\nto find the reconcilement attempted in popular books without\\nan inclination to one side or the other. The religious people\\ntoo often write with a secret disbelief in science, which is\\nin fact imperfect comprehension, but looks like fear of truth.\\nThe man of science, in his contempt for popular and pulpit\\ntheology, often writes with a disregard of those great truths\\nwhich are the indispensable complement of rational thought\\non the system of the universe. In the present writer we miss\\nneither of the required faculties.\\nExaminer.\\nA very remarkable volume, which must certainly have\\nsome good result in clearing the ground for that advance of\\ntruth which, it is evident, the Duke of Argyll desires to pro-\\nmote even to the prejudice of the venerable forms and coverings\\nof truth which are so dear to him.\\nBritish Quarterly Review.\\nThe excellency of the Duke of Argyll s book is that he\\ndoes not present himself as either philosopher or theologian,\\nbut as familiar enough with the lore of both to enable him", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 5\\nfairly to deal with the arguments of both. He is, moreover,\\nperfectly successful in the maintenance of a judicial feeling\\nhe conceals no fact of science, he surrenders no fact of revelation.\\nHe believes in the teachings of science as the true exposition\\nof the material world he accepts the teachings of revela-\\ntion as the true exposition of the moral world and if he has\\nnot always succeeded in establishing the harmony which he\\nseeks, it is because of imperfect demonstration, [and not by\\nunjustifiable surrender on either side. The volume is full of\\nvigorous thinking, and most successfully mediates between\\nscience and theology.\\nWestminster Keview.\\n1 A really valuable contribution to science, and conciliatory\\nin the best sense of the term.\\nThe London Review.\\nThe Reign of Law bears the stamp of original thought,\\nof accurate acquaintance with the most advanced science, and\\nof a not unsuccessful intrepidity in combating the positions of\\nDarwin, Comte, and Mill. Nor is the statesman lost in the\\nphilosopher the closing chapter on Law in Politics entitles its\\nnoble author to a very high place among the philosophical\\npoliticians of the day. Difficult questions such, e.g., as the\\nprinciple of combination of labour, are not only discussed\\nwith more than judicial impartiality, but their functions and", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nuses, their dangers and tendencies, their connection with\\nother principles in the individual mind and the system of\\nSociety are examined and brought out with a profoundness of\\nthought and width of view, which remind us of some of the\\nbest pages in the writings of Sir Cornewall Lewis. We\\nhave said enough, we hope, to recommend this book to all\\nintelligent readers. From many scientific works now-a-days\\nwe rise with something of depression and bewilderment on\\nour mind. The Duke of Argyll s book leaves exactly a contrary\\nimpression.\\nThe Chronicle.\\nThe Duke of Argyll s Reign of Law is written with\\nadmirable clearness. His criticism of Mr. Darwin in the\\nchapter entitled Creation by Law is a model of perspicacity\\nand neatness.\\nThe Illustrated Times.\\nWe have experienced the greatest delight in reading the\\nReign of Law. That part of the work which relates to\\nbirds is as interesting as a fairy tale. The style of his Grace\\n(to say nothing here of his thought, of which others have\\nspoken words of admiration certainly not too strong) often\\nruns into poetry and it has everywhere that indescribable\\nnot-too-much-ness which is always the cachet of high-class work.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nThe Guardian.\\nThe Duke of Argyll has produced a book which would\\ndo credit to the calmest and most disengaged philosopher.\\nHe has set out his views in lucid and eloquent words, and ex-\\nplained and adorned them with a wealth and accuracy of illus-\\ntration which could only be poured forth from the treasures of\\na well- stored and highly cultivated mind. And we think, also,\\nthat he has made a real contribution towards the solution of\\nthe great problem which he undertakes.\\nThe Daily News.\\nThe Duke writes with great ease and power and much\\nmetaphysical acuteness, often with no little eloquence, and\\nalways with evident knowledge of his subject.\\nBlackwood s Magazine.\\nThe Reign of Law is in all respects a remarkable\\nbook. The chapter on the Flight of Birds is among\\nthe happiest of the kind we have ever met with. We shall\\nhenceforth watch the flight of the sea-gull with additional\\ninterest. The essay appeared originally in that very\\nspirited periodical, Good Words, and it is highly creditable to\\nthat magazine that it should give its readers a composition of\\nthis sterling character.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\\nGlasgow Herald.\\nIt is written in a manly, dignified spirit, is never dull, and\\nfrequently rises into true eloquence. Especially is it notable for\\nclearness of definition and exactness of illustration. The author\\nindeed is unsparing in his denunciation of those who, writing\\nor speaking on scientific subjects, use vague terms which may\\nbe understood in more senses than one, and thus lead to uncer-\\ntainty or confusion of mind. With this fault he cannot himself\\nbe charged. The abstruse questions which he takes up are\\npopularised and made interesting by the use of studiously simple\\nlanguage, which must be understood by any one of ordinary\\nintelligence, and in short there is throughout the book a healthy,\\ninvigorating tone of thought which must recommend it to every\\nreader.\\nX Literary Churchman.\\nNothing can be more interesting than the way in which the\\nflight of birds is analysed to show the wondrous play and\\ncounterplay of the contrivances by which the laws of Nature\\nare adjusted to work out the Creator s purpose. Nothing can\\nbe better than the vivid details by which the rich plumage of\\nbirds are described to establish that mere beauty and mere\\nvariety for their own sakes are objects sought as independently\\nin the works of Nature as in the works of Man.\\nSTRAHAN CO., Publishers, 56, Ludgate Hill.", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2320", "jp2-path": "primevalmanexam00argy_0238.jp2"}}