{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3339", "width": "2015", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ".0* ,.v\\ni/J^^\\n\u00c2\u00bb^.^^t%-\\n^iW\\n0^ 1-^** ^i:.;;-.\\n_j;4-\\nv^-^i-\\n!^.-nV\\n.1- A^ 5\\\\\\n.^v\\nV 1*\u00c2\u00b0\\n\u00c2\u00b0%i\u00c2\u00ab^\\nO a\\ntiK.", "height": "3343", "width": "2045", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "x^-n\\n.0\\nI v %A^ :}M^% \\\\,r sm\\nG\\no ..5 A\\n^-Jv\\nV*\\n-^^0^\\noV\\n0^\\nHO,\\n1/^\\nHO,\\n:r^%l%^/\\\\^^ ^^^K -^x. A^ .^a _c3 y^^^-\\nv--^\\ny\\n\u00c2\u00abt.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^o\\nH o\\no V\\n^0^\\n4 O", "height": "3339", "width": "2015", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3343", "width": "2045", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3334", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3343", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "1776. AMERICA:^ ENTERPRISE. 1876.\\nBURLEY S\\nUNITED STATES CENTENNIAL\\nGAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n1876.\\nCOMTAININO\\nPlans of thk Centennial BuiLniNCJS and Grounds of the International Ex-\\nhibition OF THE United States in 1876, and the Classification into Groups\\nAND Departments of the Various Articles for Exhibition; Historical\\nSketch of the United States, General Information relative to\\nTHE Topography, Physical Geography, Resources and Pros-\\npects, Products of the Soil and Climate and the Mines,\\nand Census and Statistics of the United States.\\nSketches of Progress during the Past Century in Arts, Manufactures, Lit-\\nerature, Education, Inventions, Railroad Facilities and Steam Naviga-\\ntion, etc., and Articles on the Press, the Government and Laws, and\\nOTHER Matters of Interest to both Citizens and Visitors from\\nForeign Countries. A General Dpscriptive and Statistical Ac-\\ncount OF THE Business of the United States at the Present\\nTime; together with some of the Principal and Promi-\\nnent Business Houses in the Various Branches of\\nTrade and Manufacture as herein represented.\\nPROPERLY INDEXED, CLASSIFIED AND ARRANGED UNDER THE PERSONAL SUPER-\\nVISION OF THE PROPRIETOR.\\nCHARLES HOLLAND KIDDER, Editor.\\nA OENEBAL ENCYGLOPJEDIA OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\nSy W. BURLEY, PROPRIETOR AND PUBLISHER.\\n1876.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by\\nS. W. BURLEY,\\nIn tlie Office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Washington.\\nx\\nWestcott Thomson, Collins, Pkintek,\\nSlereotyjjers and Electrotypers, Philada. 705 Jayne iU.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nHad the past hundred years been spent in arranging plans for the proper\\ncelebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence,\\nnothing could have been devised more appropriate for the occasion than a\\nCentennial International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products\\nof the Soil and Mine. At the beginning of our existence as a nation the\\ndevelopment of the resources of this country was scarcely begun every\\nspecies of manufacture which would interfere with trade with Great Britain\\nhad been restrained as far as possible by the mother-country, and the min-\\neral wealth which abounds in every portion of this favored land was almost\\nentirely unnoticed or unappreciated. When the colonists, numbering less\\nthan three millions, who occupied a narrow belt of land on the Atlantic\\ncoast, declared themselves free and independent, their attempts at self-\\ngovernment met, of course, Avith little fixvor from the friends of monarchy\\nand of aristocracy, who had no faith in popular sovereignty, and who\\nprophesied the speedy downfall of the infant Republic. Ancient history\\nwas raked over for examples of the incurable evils inherent in every\\nform of republican policy. Free institutions were to be weighed in the\\nbalances, and questions which had been warmly debated by writers upon\\ngovernment were now to be settled by the logic of events. The result\\nof the Revolutionary War and of the War of 1812 that Second War of\\nIndependence the peaceful adoption of a Federal Constitution, the rapid\\nincrease in population and territory of the new Republic during the first\\nfifty years of its existence, encouraged the friends of freedom throughout\\nthe world and now, when the One Hundredth Anniversary of American\\nIndependence is approaching, how could it be more fitly celebrated than\\nby an International Exhibition, in which Columbia (wellnigh the young-\\nest of nations, although she will then be a centenarian) may invite her\\nsisters to participate? This Exhibition has been planned and will be car-\\nried on, not in a spirit of self-adulation, but of honest pride. Pointing to\\n11", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "12 PREFACE.\\nour works of art, to our own manufactures and to the products of our own\\nsoil and mines, it may be said, See what has been accomplished during a\\nhundred years of independence in the development of the resources of a\\nnew country. There can be given a practical, a convincing, a decisive\\nanswer to the arguments of those who are opposed to free institutions. In\\nspite of wars, foreign and domestic, in spite of financial panics (of which\\neven monarchies and empires have had their share), in spite of many\\nhotly-contested presidential campaigns, during which each party knew\\nthat the country would be ruined by the success of their political oppo-\\nnents, the progress of the United States in everything that constitutes the\\ngreatness of a nation has been marvellously rapid. The infant nation has\\ngrown to manhood a manhood so honored and vigorous that it is not\\nafraid to challenge a comparison of its past exploits and its present condi-\\ntion with those of any country on the face of the globe.\\nMillions of visitors, coming from various portions of this country, as well\\nas from every civilized nation in the world, will doubtless attend the Cen-\\ntennial International Exhibition of 1876. It is the dictate not merely of\\nnational pride, but of national self-respect, that we should be prepared to\\nofler, both to the American public and to foreigners, a gazetteer of our\\ncountry and a guide to our public institutions, our commercial interests,\\nour manufocturing industries and our almost unlimited resources. While\\nit is generally admitted that our country is great, wealthy and prosper-\\nous, it is a difficult matter for many even of our most intelligent citizens to\\nanswer specific questions as to matters of detail. It is to be regretted that\\nmore has not been done to keep our statistical literature up with the times,\\nand to give our youth (too often woefully ignorant of these matters) accu-\\nrate notions of the resources and prospects of our country. Our resources\\nare so ample, our progress has been so rapid, our prospects are so full of\\npromise, that we need not fear the test of the most accurate of figures, nor\\ndread to have carefully-prepared statements put in the place of the vague\\ngeneralities which form the staple of oration, lecture and essay. Truth\\nis stranger than fiction and accurate statistics will rather increase than\\ndiminish the satisfaction which every true American feels in the growth\\nand progress of his country. Statistics, however, serve a better purpose\\nthan to foster national pride. By showing with exactness what has been\\naccomplished in the past, they enable those who attentively study them to\\nmake suitable arrangements for the future. In no country are statistics", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. 13\\nmore carefully collected and preserved than in France. This fact has\\ndoubtless had much to do with the careful management which has enabled\\nthe French to recover so rapidly after a disastrous foreign war, followed\\nby the terrible Communist insurrection. Statistics are of especial import-\\nance to an American. Possessing a country of almost unbounded re-\\nsources, it is due to our credit as a nation that the nature of those re-\\nsources should be properly stated. What has been accomplished during\\nthe past century in bringing to light the wealth that had lain hidden for\\nages, and in making the wilderness to blossom as the rose, should also be\\nset forth, as well as what remains to be done. The intelligent foreigner\\nwho remembers that one hundred years ago the greater part of this coun-\\ntry was a wilderness, when he sees, at the Centennial Exhibition, the vast\\nand varied results of the American energy and inventive genius, and the\\nnumerous productions of this favored land, will naturally desire accurate\\ninformation concerning the intermediate period. He will also ask particu-\\nlar questions which can be answered in no other way than by giving relia-\\nble statistics. It is to answer these questions that this work has been at-\\ntempted. It is a gazetteer of the country, not in the ordinary sense of the\\nword i. e., a mere geographical dictionary, naming even every insignifi-\\ncant hamlet but as giving general information upon subjects of import-\\nance both to citizens and foreigners, and depends for its interest upon the\\neagerness felt not only in this country, but in every part of the world, for\\ninstruction upon the very topics of which it treats. These topics are dwelt\\nupon as fully as is possible in a condensed work of this nature and in order\\nto make it a worthy exponent of our national life, the amount of reading\\nmatter has been extended from the five hundred and fifty pages promised\\nin the Prospectus to upward of seven hundred pages, including the Syn-\\nopsis OF Classification of Articles for Exhibition, with the details\\n(pages 853-869) and the Appendix (pages 871-886), without a proportion-\\nate increase in price.\\nThe Historical Sketch gives the principal events in the history of the\\nUnited States, from the first discovery of the mainland by John and Sebas-\\ntian Cabot to the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Bunker Hill\\n(June 17, 1875). The late civil war, which is sometimes passed over in con-\\ndensed sketches with a very brief notice, is treated as fully as any of the pre-\\nceding wars. Impartiality has been aimed at; and if errors have crept in,\\nthey are errors each of which is endorsed by at least one leading authority.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "14 PREFACE.\\nThe article on Physical Geography gives general information with\\nreference to the physical features, the climate, rainfall and storms, and the\\nmineral and metallurgical products of this country. A larger amount of\\nspace has been given to the section devoted to climate, etc., than is usual in\\nworks which promise only general information, and an attempt has been\\nmade to gather the cream of what has been said of the meteorology of the\\nUnited States in special treatises upon the science, also to bring up the\\nscientific portions to the standard demanded by the great advance recently\\nmade in the knowledge of meteorology. At the same time, technical\\nterms have been as far as possible avoided, or if used they have been\\nexplained. To treat such a subject with scientific accuracy, yet with suf-\\nficient clearness to be both intelligible and interesting to the average\\nreader, is a difficult task it is hoped that this fact will be remembered by\\nthose who pass judgment upon this portion of the work.\\nThe Resources and Prospects of the country are dealt with in a\\nspecial article, which is brief, as the setting forth of those resources in\\norder to give the reader an opportunity to estimate the value of the\\nprospects is the leading object in the composition and publication of this\\nwork.\\nThe article on the Topography of the United States contains\\na sketch of eveiy State and Territory in the Union, in which series of\\nsketches the leading topics, Situation and Extent, Physical Features,\\nSoil and Climate, Agricultural Productions, Manufactures, Minerals and\\nMining, Commerce and Navigation, Railroads, Public Institutions and\\nEducation, Cities and Towns, Population, Government and Laws and\\nHistory are distinguished by a different type heading the paragraphs.\\nAs these topics are treated in the same order for each State, and as the\\nheadings in title-letter are so prominent as to be easily caught by the eye,\\nthis portion of the work is, so to speak, an index to itself Every eflfort\\nhas been made to obtain the latest and most trustworthy data and it can\\nbe safely asserted that in no other work which has yet appeared can such\\na variety of information with reference to each State and Territory in the\\nUnion be found.\\nThe article on the Centenniai City contains in small space a very\\nvaluable account of Philadelphia, in which some facts are noted which\\nwill probably be news to not a few even of the residents of the City of\\nBrotherly Love.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. 15\\nIn the article on Coins and Currency a brief sketch is given of the\\ncolonial and Revolutionary currencies, and of the first formation of banks\\nin the modern acceptation of the term, together with information relative\\nto the present coinage and banking system of the country.\\nThirty pages are devoted to the history, progress and present condition\\nof the Commerce and Navigation of the United States. The trials\\nof the early colonists and the effect of the Navigation acts are set forth,\\nand considerable space is given to the republication of Sheffield s gloomy\\nprophecies concerning American commerce, for comparison with the bril-\\nliant success which proved his lordship incorrect in almost every important\\nstatement, and which showed, so to speak, the financial and commercial\\nvalue of free institutions and the superiority of independence to the one-\\nsided colonial system. The article concludes with a rapid sketch of the\\nprogress made during the present century, and notices of the principal arti-\\ncles of export and import, of shipping and of steam navigation.\\nThe three succeeding essays are upon The Press, American Litera-\\nture and American Education. The marvellous progress made in\\nAmerican journalism and in American authorship during the present cen-\\ntury is described as fully as was considered advisable in a work for popular\\ncirculation; and in the third article just mentioned the rise of the free-\\nschool system, the founding of the principal colleges established before the\\nRevolution and the national land-grants to schools, with statistics of the\\nnumber of schools in recent census years, receive due attention also the\\nreturns of illiteracy and the relation of education to pauperism and to\\ncrime.\\nThe Government and Laws of the United States are then described,\\neach cabinet department coming (by the same arrangement of type already\\nmentioned) under the title of its executive head. Statistics of the army\\nare therefore given under the title Secretary of War, and those of the\\nnavy under the title Secretary of the Navy. Congress, the United States\\ncourts, the laws of the United States (so far merely as their sources are\\nconcerned) and the naturalization laws are then noticed, and the article\\nconcludes with the Constitution of the United States, the careful\\nperusal of which needs, or ought to need, no recommendation from us.\\nThe Declaration of Independence, with a brief historical introduc-\\ntion, claims the next place, as its omission in a work of this nature would\\nresemble the play of Hamlet with the part of Hamlet left out.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "16 PREFACE.\\nAmerican Agriculture is the subject of the next extended essay, in\\nthe course of which essay the latest attainable statistics of the cro})s ,and\\nof the number of the leading domestic animals in this country are worked\\nin after the progress of agriculture in the United States has been tracec\\nfrom the earliest settlements to recent times.\\nAmerican Manufactures claim a space equal to that given to the\\nforegoing article (84 pages), the early history being traced in a similar\\nmanner, the progress made during the several decades since 1810 being\\nfollowed up by the aid of the census reports, and statistics of leading\\nbranches being given with increasing fulness up to 1870. The remaining\\nstatistics for the last-named year will be found in the General Descriptive\\nand Statistical Account of the Business of the United States, to which we\\nhave not yet referred, but in which will be found many interesting personal\\nstatistics of the number, nativity and ages (at the time of taking the\\ncensus) of workers not only in manufacturing branches, but in many other\\noccupations. Those who are engaged in any business which employs more\\nthan 20,000 people arc given these personal statistics in some portion of\\nthis department, and the headings are alphabetically arranged, together\\nwith the names of advertisers in those branches, or in a special collection\\nof Additional Statistics, given immediately before the Advertisers\\nIndex, or in the introduction to the article. For the capitalist and the\\ninvestor census statistics are worked in of every leading manufacture, giv-\\ning the number of establishments, of steam-engines and water-wheels, with\\nthe aggregate horse-power; of the hands employed, and the amount of the\\ncapital, wages, materials and products.\\nTen pages have been allotted to the Signal Service Bureau, an organ-\\nization of great value and efficiency, which has not hitherto received its\\ndue meed of commendation in any work similar to the present. It is a\\nservice of which this country may well be proud and a description of its\\nworkings is absolutely essential to complete the plan of an attempt to set\\nforth the progress and present condition of the United States, the only\\nnation in the world in which every leading daily newspaper publishes\\nweather prognostications which are in eight cases out of ten correct.\\nAn article on the Railroads of the United States then follows, in\\nwhich the latest obtainable statistics are given, together with a sketch of\\nthe first attempts at using these now indispensable highways of travel and\\ntransportation.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. 17\\nAmerican Art is treated in a somewhat popular style for the general\\nreader, not for the art critic a fact which we hope may be remembered by\\nany of the latter class into whose hands this work may come. This state-\\nment will account for the almost entire absence of technical terms, and for\\ntheir explanation in the few instances where they are used.\\nAmerican Inventions have been so numerous and so valuable that\\nmany volumes of the size of the one now oifered to the public could be\\nwritten upon this subject alone without exhausting the theme. We have\\ntherefore noted only a few of the principal ones, and have shown the hope-\\nlessness of giving an adequate condensed view of all that has been done\\nin this line by presenting statistics of the number of patents issued each\\nyear for thirty-five years, the total number being upward of one hundred\\nand seventy thousand.\\nThe information with reference to the United States Centennial\\nInternational Exhibition, drawn from official sources, with engrav-\\nings of the various edifices and plans of buildings and the grounds, will\\nserve to render this work of value to all who are interested in the celebra-\\ntion of the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence, and\\nwho desire to preserve a memorial of such celebration.\\nThe previous International Exhibitions of the World have\\nnot been forgotten, brief articles upon them (each accompanied with a\\ncut of the principal building used) being scattered at appropriate intervals\\nthrough the work. Though these articles are short, it is hoped that suf-\\nficient information has been condensed in them to make them worthy of\\nthe perusal of all who are interested in such undertakings.\\nThe statistics given throughout this work have been drawn from the most\\ntrustworthy sources from ofiicial documents and statements wherever these\\nhave been accessible; and the task of combining them in the various gen-\\neral articles so as to be interesting to the average reader has been one of\\nno small difficulty. Too few figures would leave the amount of real infor-\\nmation given comparatively meagre. Too many figures would repel many\\nwho are unaccustomed to the study of statistical returns. The tabular\\nform has therefore been avoided as far as possible; and where it has been\\nused, the table has been usually given in the Appendix (pages 871-886;.\\nWe now come to the pleasing task of acknowledging the assistance which\\nhas been rendered by those who have felt an interest in the spread of", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "18 PREFACE.\\nstatistical information. Mr. Cliarles Holland Kidder, the editor, has been\\nengaged on the book since the summer of 1874. The work throughout\\nwill bear witness to his great carefulness and ability. The preparation of\\nthe articles upon the Topography of the United States (with few excep-\\ntions) and the Centennial City was entrusted by him to the Rev. Moseley\\nH. Williams. The advertisers who have given their support, many of\\nwhom have been connected with the work since the early part of 1873,\\nand several of wdiom have greatly assisted by furnishing the latest statis-\\ntics in their various branches, are worthy of special mention as co-operators\\nin the task which we have just completed. Some of these firms are among\\nthe leading houses in the world in their respective lines of business.\\nThanks are due to the Hon. Lorin Blodget for kindly giving the use of\\nvaluable charts and of public documents which could not elsewhere be ob-\\ntained; also for suggestions and hints which were of great service in work-\\ning up several of the articles.\\nThe Hon. Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, forwarded\\ndocuments and information in advance of the annual reports with a prompt-\\nness and courtesy which added another to the many proofs of his eminent\\nfitness for the laborious and responsible but inadequately compensated oflace\\nwhich he now holds.\\nAcknowledgment should be made to the stereotyping establishment of\\nMessrs. Westcott Thomson, and especially to their proof-readers, Messrs.\\nForbes aiid Peck, whose constant vigilance has helped to secure accuracy.\\nThe care and responsibility attending the publication of a work like\\nthis can be estimated and appreciated only by those having knowledge of\\nthe business. The work was planned and begun in the year 1872 with a\\nview to furnishing useful and valuable information concerning this country\\nat a time when all the world shall assemble here to see what has been\\naccomplished during one hundred years of American energy and inventive\\ngenius, the publisher feeling that an International Exhibition of the United\\nStates would be an occasion of extraordinary interest, which at this date\\npromises to be a more splendid success than was anticipated. The labor\\nof several years is completed with the consciousness that no effort has\\nbeen spared to make the work worthy in every particular.\\nS. W. BURLEY.\\nJanuary, 1876.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nPAGE\\nAdvertisers Index 35\\nAmerican Agriculture 549\\nArt G33\\nEducation 491\\nInventions 641\\nLiterature 481\\nManufactures 583\\nAppendix 871\\nArticles for Exhibition, Classification 853\\nAttorney-General 519\\nBuilding-Stones 179\\nCensus of 1820 607\\nCentennial City 427\\nClimate 161\\nCoal 180\\nCoins and Currency 437\\nCommerce and Navigation 445\\nCongress 519\\nConstitution of the United States 525\\nCopper 191\\nCotton-Gin....r 645\\nCyclones 177\\nDeclaration of Independence 539\\nElectric Telegraph 646\\nExports and Imports 469\\nGeneral Descriptive and Statistical\\nAccount of Business of the U. S... 21\\nGold and Silver 188\\nGovernment and Laws 505\\nHamilton s Report on Manufactures.. 602\\nHistorical Sketch 91\\nInternational Exiiibition, London 425\\nPAGE\\nInternational Exhibition, Lond., 1851. 151\\nNew York, 1853 321\\nParis, 1855 203\\nParis, 1867 547\\nVienna, 1873 689\\nUnited States Centennial, 1876... 651\\nAgricultural Building, 1876 676\\nArt Gallery, 1876 66S\\nHorticultural Building, 1876 674\\nMachinery Building, 1876 671\\nMain Exhibition Building, 1876. 664\\nClassification, etc., Synopsis of... 868\\nGround Plan of Agricultural\\nBuilding 677\\nArt Gallery 669\\nHorticultural Building 675\\nMachinery Building 672\\nMain Exhibition Building... 665\\nPlan of Centennial Grounds 678\\nSystem of Awards 682\\nIron 183\\nLaws of the United States 522\\nLead 193\\nManufactures in 1820 607\\n1830 608\\n1840 608\\n1850 609\\n1860 61(1\\n1870 612\\nMineral and Metallic Products 179\\nNaturalization Laws 523\\nPatents 649\\n19", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "20\\nINDEX.\\nPAGE\\nPetroleum 186\\nPhysical Geography 153\\nPostmaster-General 517\\nPrecious Stones 179\\nQuicksilver 194\\nRailroads of the United States 627\\nRainfall 169\\nResources and Prospects 195\\nSalt 179\\nSecretary of State 506\\nof the Treasury 507\\nof War 507\\nof the Navy 511\\nof the Interior 516\\nSewing-Machine 648\\nSheffield s Observations on American\\nCommerce 456\\nSheffield; Replies to 463\\nShipping 470\\nSignal Service Bureau 617\\nSnow 173\\nSteamboat, The 642\\nSteam Navigation 474\\nStorms 175\\nTench Coxe s Statement of Manufac-\\ntures 604\\nThe Press 475\\nTopography of the States.\\nAlabama 205\\nArkansas 210\\nCalifornia 214\\nConnecticut 220\\nDel aware 224\\nFlorida 228\\nGeorgia 232\\nIllinois 237\\nIndiana 242\\nIowa 246\\nKansas 250\\nKentucky 254\\nLouisiana 258\\nPAGE\\nTopography of the States. Continued.\\nMaine 263\\nMaryland 268\\nMassachusetts 272\\nMichigan 277\\nMinnesota 283\\nMississippi 288\\nMissouri 292\\nNebraska 298\\nNevada 302\\nNcAV Hampshire 307\\nNew Jersey 313\\nNew York 323\\nNorth Carolina 332\\nOhio 337\\nOregon 343\\nPennsylvania 347\\nRhode Island 355\\nSouth Carolina 359\\nTennessee 364\\nTexas 368\\nVermont 373\\nVirginia 378\\nWest Virginia 383\\nWisconsin 387\\nThe District of Columbia 393\\nThe Territories.\\nAlaska 396\\nArizona 399\\nColorado 402\\nDakota 405\\nIdaho 408\\nIndian Territory, Tiie 410\\nMontana 412\\nNew Mexico 415\\nUtah 417\\nWashington 420\\nWyoming 422\\nTornadoes 1 7,5\\nUnited States Courts 521\\nZinc 193", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "GEI^ERAL DESCEIPTIVE AI^D STATISTIC-\\nAL AOGOU]^T OF THE BUSINESS OF THE\\nUNITED STATES.\\nIntrocllictioil. General statistics for the whole country are pro-\\ncured only once in ten years, at the taking of the United States census.\\nIn a few branches later reports are obtainable; but however much the\\ncensus returns are open to criticism, the statistician is obliged in most cases\\nto fall back upon the figures obtained by the census marshals. The census\\nof 1870 was, as we have said elsewhere (page 612), superior to any of its\\npredecessors, but there were local diflferences in the methods of taking the\\nreturns and of filling up the schedules, which caused considerable variation\\nin the value of the figures obtained. Too often the deputy-marshals, when\\nmanufacturers refused to give the desired information, forgot that the census\\nis taken for the benefit of the whole country, and applied the principle of\\nthe directory agent, who thinks a man who refuses to give his name is\\njustly punished by being omitted from the list. In Philadelphia, for in-\\nstance, 2300 establishments, having an average production for the census\\nyear of about fifty thousand dollars each (aggregate ^115,000,000), were\\nomitted from the first returns. The Superintendent of the Census solicited\\nthe fullest aid that could be afforded in making the account complete, and\\nthe Hon. Lorin Blodget of Philadelphia was commissioned by the Depart-\\nment of the Interior with full authority to obtain returns under the census\\nlaws, and to make a complete revision of the schedules already forwarded,\\nas well as to prepare supplemental returns embracing everything not in-\\ncluded in the first canvass. The result of this revision was the discovery\\nof the omission just mentioned, and of the inclusion of about $40,000,000\\nof railroad earnings among the products of the manufactmea of Philadel-\\nphia. The committee of the City Councils on the United States census of\\n1870 published the corrected returns, and say in their report: It is proper\\nto state that the figures given are the result of Mr. Blodget s calculations,\\nnot reviewed by the census office, but believed by both the superintendent\\nand Mr. Blodget to be practically identical, the computations of the census\\noffice not being sufficiently advanced to make exact comparisons, but pre-\\ncisely the same returns in duplicate being used for each. The corrected\\nreturns for Philadelphia were as follows Establishments, 8339 steam-\\n21", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "22 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nengines, 1877 (horse-power, 49,674); hands employed, 137,876 (men,\\n1)2,112; women, 35,478; youths, 10,286); capital, $185,000,357; wages,\\nS61,948,874 materials, $181,261,223 products, $334,852,458. The clas-\\nsification of the various branches was much more minute in the special\\nreport than in the census figures for the whole country. Special statistics\\nwere given of 548 branches and of a group of unclassified establishments,\\nproducing an aggregate of $1,666,564. The regular census report divided\\nthe manufiictures of the country into only 390 classes, several minor\\nbranches being frequently grouped together under one general heading.\\nIn giving special statistics, therefore, for the several businesses represented\\nwe have been obliged occasionally to group together several branches, or\\nrather to jDlace under one branch or general heading the statistics as found\\nin the census, then to refer under the other branches included in the group\\nto the title under which the combined statistics of the group will be found.\\nIn many cases, on account of the minute subdivision in Mr. Blodget s\\nreport, it is possible to give special statistics for Philadelphia in branches\\nwhich were omitted or included under a general heading in the regular\\ncensus report. The manufactures of Philadelphia in 1875 are estimated\\nby Mr. Blodget at $500,000,000. The census return for the manufactures\\nof Alleghany county, Pa., was also about $100,000,000 short, as it gives a\\ntotal of only $88,789,414, while the manufacturers paid tax that year on\\nan aggregate product of about $190,000,000. Personal statistics have also\\nbeen given sometimes in lieu of, and sometimes in connection with, returns\\nof production. These statistics have been obtained from the Table of\\nOccupations in the census report. Though this table is in some respects\\nincomplete, the adult males of the country are as fully accounted for as\\ncould be expected. Of 10,429,150 between the ages of 16 and 59, inclu-\\nsive, 9,486,734 were assigned gainful occupations. The great discrep-\\nancies which will be noticed between the number of hands employed\\nin the factories producing or working over certain articles and the\\nnumber returned in the Table of Occupations as working in these\\nbranches can be easily understood when it is remembered that the\\nestablishments mentioned in the Table of Manufactures are mainly\\nthose conducted on the factory principle, that the number of hands\\nemployed is the average number employed, and that in this number\\nboth unskilled laborers and skilled workmen were frequently returned\\n(a practice which tended, of course, to increase the number credited to this\\nbranch), while, on the other hand, those not in factories, or who were not\\ndirectly engaged in the manufacturing department of their business, were\\nexcluded by the plan of the Table of Manufactures, but included in the\\nreturns of the Table of Occupations. The nature of these personal\\nstatistics can be seen by examining the following return for persons 10\\nyears old and over engaged in all occupations: Number, 12,505,923", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 23\\n(males, 10,669,635; females, 1,836,288); ages, 10 to 15, 739,164; 16 to\\n59, 11,081,517; 60 aud over, 685,242; born in the United States, 9,802,-\\n034; Germany, 836,418 Ireland, 947,234 England and Wales, 301,795;\\nScotland, 71,922; British America, 189,318; Sweden, Norway and Den-\\nmark, 109,658 France, 58,200 China and Japan, 46,274. According to\\nthe leading subdivision, these people are classed as engaged in agriculture,\\nin professional and personal services, in trade and transportation and\\nin manufactures and mining, with the following personal statistics\\n1. Persona engaged in Agriculture, 5,922,471 (males, 5,525,503 females,\\n396,968); ages, 10 to 15, 499,558; 16 to 59, 4,959,890 60 and over, 463,-\\n023 born in the United States, 5,303,363 Germany, 224,531 Ireland,\\n138,425; England and Wales, 77,173 Scotland, 17,850; British America,\\n48,288 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 50,480 France, 16,472 China\\nand Japan, 2861. 2. Persons engaged in Professional and Personal Ser-\\nvices, 2,684,793 (males, 1,618,121; females, 1,066,672); ages, 10 to 15,\\n149,491; 16 to 59, 2,428,147; 60 and over, 107,155; born in the United\\nStates, 1,858,178; Germany, 191,212; Ireland, 425,087; England ami\\nWales, 49,905 Scotland, 12,672 British America, 48,014; Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 29,333; France, 13,102; China and Japan, 19,471.\\n3. Persons engaged in Trade and Transportation, 1,191,238 (males, 1,172,-\\n540; females, 18,698); ages, 10 to 15, 14,472; 16 to 59, 1,149,042; 60\\nand over, 27,724 born in the United States, 862,653; Germany, 112,435;\\nIreland, 119,094; England and Wales, 32,086; Scotland, 8440; British\\nAmerica, 16,565 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 9564 France, 8654\\nChina and Japan, 2250. 4. Persons engaged in Manufactures and Mining,\\n2,707,421 (males, 2,353,471; females, 353,950); ages, 10 to 15, 75,643;\\n16 to 59, 2,544,438 60 and over, 87,340; born in the United States, 1,777,-\\n840; Germany, 308,240 Ireland, 264,628 England and Wales, 142,631\\nScotland, 32,960; British America, 76,451; Sweden, Norway and Den-\\nmark, 20,281; France, 19,972; China and Japan, 21,962. The two lead-\\ning occupations included in the second class just given furnished employ-\\nment to nearly four-fifths (2,007,400) of the whole number engaged in\\npersonal and professional services, the returns being as follows Domestic\\nServants, 975,734 (males, 108,380; females, 867,354); ages, 10 to 15, 109,-\\n503; 16 to 59, 838,400; 60 and over, 27,822; born in the United States,\\n729,180; Germany, 42,866; Ireland, 145,956; England and Wales,\\n12,531; Scotland, 3399; British America, 14,878; Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 11,287; France, 2874; China and Japan, 5420. Laborers (not\\n.-specified), 1,031,666 (males, 1,010,345; females, 21,321); ages, 10 to 15,\\n32,159 16 to 59, 948,404 60 and over, 51,103 born in the United States,\\n602,075; Germany, 96,432 Ireland, 229,199; England and Wales, 21,-\\n932; Scotland, 5723; British America, 25,394; Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 15,459; France, 4832; China and Japan, 9436. The largest", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "24 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsingle entry under the heading persons engaged in trade and transporta-\\ntion was the following Clerks in Stores, 222,504 (males, 216,310 females,\\n6194); ages, 10 to 15, 7085; 16 to 59, 213,588; 60 and over, 1831; born\\nin the United States, 181,478; Germany, 16,886; Ireland, 9532 England\\nand Wales, 5341 Scotland, 1537 British America, 2732 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 1044; France, 1166; China and Japan, 207. There\\nwas also the following separate return Bookkeepers and Accountants in\\nStores, 31,177 (males, 30,884; females, 293); ages, 10 to 15, 63; 16 to 59,\\n30,563 60 and over, 551 born in the United States, 24,494 Germany,\\n2250; Ireland, 1524; England and Wales, 1259; Scotland, 490; British\\nAmerica, 447 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 74 France, 186 China\\nand Japan, 38. In the class engaged in manufactures and mining the\\nnumber of manufacturers returned as such (meaning, of course, pro-\\nprietors of establishments) was 42,877 (males, 42,687 females, 190) 16\\nto 59, 40,898; 60 and over, 1979; born in the United States, 31,962;\\nGermany, 4896 Ireland, 1817; England and Wales, 2189; Scotland, 447\\nBritish America, 506; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 151; France, 308;\\nChina and Japan, 22.\\nThe question of the nativity of the inhabitants of this country (how\\nmany are native- and how many are foreign-born, with the nationalities of\\nthe latter) is so interesting that we feel that no apology is necessary for\\ngiving some facts from the census with reference to this important matter.\\nThe total foreign-born population of the United States in 1870 was 5,567,-\\n229, while the native population was 32,991,142. The foreign-born popu-\\nlation in 1850 was 2,244,602, or 9.68 per cent, of the total population. In\\n1860 it was 4,138,697, or 13.16 per cent, of the total population; and in\\n1870 it was 14.44 per cent, of the total population. This increase in the\\nproportion indicates a greater increase in the foreign-born population than\\nin the native, and the exact figures are as follows Increase of native pop-\\nulation between 1850 and 1860, 31.80 per cent.; increase of foreign-born\\npopulation during the same period, 88.84 per cent. Increase of native\\npopulation between 1860 and 1870, 20.83 per cent. increase of foreign-\\nborn population during the same period, 34.50 per cent. The leading\\nStates in foreign-born population in 1870 were New York (1,138,353),\\nPennsylvania (545,309), Illinois (515,198), Ohio (372,493), Wisconsin\\n(364,499) and Massachusetts (353,319). The following statement from the\\ncensus report gives\\nThe Foreign-born Population, distributed according to Place of Birth among the\\nprincipal Foreign Countries.\\nAustria 30.508\\nBc4gium 12,553\\nBohemia 40,289\\nBritish America 493,464\\nChina 63,042\\nDenmark 30,107\\nFrance 116,402\\nGermany 1,690,533", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n25\\nGreat Britain (not specified)... 4,122\\nEngland 550,922\\nIreland 1,855,827\\nScotland 140,835\\nWales 74,533\\nHungary 3,737\\nItaly 17,157\\nLuxemburg 5,802\\nMexico 42,435\\nNorway 114,246\\nPoland 14,436\\nPortugal 4,542\\nRussia 4,644\\nHolland 4(!,802\\nSpain 3,764\\nSweden 97,332\\nSwitzerland 75,153\\nWest Indies 11,570\\nThe German population came from so many different States that a\\nspecial table was prepared in the census office of the\\nGerman Population distributed according to Place of Birth among the principal\\nStates and Free Cities of Germany.\\nBaden 153,366\\nBavaria 204,119\\nBrunswick 4,876\\nHamburg 7,829\\nHanover 104,365\\nHessen 131,524\\nLiibeck 279\\nMecklenburo; 39,670\\nNassau\\nOldenburg\\nPrussia (not specified)....\\nSaxony\\nWeimar\\nWiirtemberg\\nGermany (not sj^ecified).\\n8,962\\n10,286\\n596,782\\n45,256\\n1,628\\n127,959\\n253,632\\nThe leading States in German population were New York (316,902), Illi-\\nnois (208,758), North Carolina (182,897), Wisconsin (162,314) and Penn-\\nsylvania (160,146), these five States containing 1,026,017 (60.75 per cent.)\\nor more than three-fifths of the total German population. There were\\n151,216 Germans in the city of New York, 59,040 in St. Louis, 52,318 in\\nChicago, 50,746 in Philadelphia and 49,448 in Cincinnati. The leading\\nStates in Irish population were New York (528,806), Pennsylvania (235,-\\n798), Massachusetts (216,120) and Illinois (120,162), making for these\\nfour States 1,100,886 (59.32 per cent.), or nearly three-fifths of the total\\nnumber of natives of Ireland in this country. The leading States in Eng-\\nlish population were New York (110,070), Pennsylvania (69,665), Illinois\\n(53,871), Ohio (36,561), Michigan (35,051) and Massachusetts (34,099),\\nmaking for these six States 339,318 (61.61 per cent.), or more than three-\\nfifths of the total English population in this country. The leading States\\nin Scotch population were New York (27,282), Pennsylvania (16,846),\\nIllinois (15,737), Massachusetts (9003) and Michigan (8552), making for\\nthese five States 77,420 (55 per cent.), or more than one-half of the total\\nScotch population in this country. The leading States in Welsh popula-\\ntion were Pennsylvania (27,282), Ohio (12,939), New York (7857) and\\nWisconsin (6550), making for these four States 54,628 (73.33 per cent.),\\nor nearly three-fourths of the total Welsh population in this country.\\nThere were 234,594 natives of Great Britain and Ireland in the city", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "26 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof New York, 123,408 iu Philadelphia, 97,475 in Brooklyn, 64,787\\nin Boston, 54,800 in Chicago and 38,961 in St. Lonis. The leading\\nStates in British-American population were Michigan (89,590), New\\nYork (79,042), Massachusetts (70,055), Illinois (32,550), Vermont\\n(28,544) and Maine (26,788), making for these six States 326,467\\n(66.15 per cent.), or very nearly two-thirds of the British-American\\npopulation in this country. The leading States in Sivedi^h population\\nwere Illinois (29,979), Minnesota (20,987) and Iowa (10,796), making\\nfor these three States 61,752 (63.46 per cent.), or more than three-fifths\\nof the total Swedish population in this country. The leading States\\nin Nonvegian population were Wisconsin (40,046), Minnesota (35,940),\\nIowa (17,556) and Illinois (11,880), making for these four States 105,422\\n(92.31 per cent.), or more than nine-tenths of the Norwegian population\\nin this country. The leading States in French population were New York\\n(22,302), Ohio (12,781), Louisiana (12,341), Illinois (10,911), Pennsyl-\\nvania (8695) and California (8068), making for these six States 75,098\\n(^64.52 per cent.), or nearly two-thirds of the total French population in\\nthis country. There were 8845 natives of France iu New Orleans, 8265\\nin New York, 3547 in San Francisco, 2788 in St. Louis and 2479 in Phil-\\nadelphia. The returns of the native and foreign-born population of all\\nnationalities for the principal cities were as follows: New York city,\\nnative, 523,198; foreign-born, 419,094; Philadelphia, native, 490,398;\\nforeign-born, 183,624; Brooklyn, native, 251,381; foreign-born, 144,718;\\nSt. Louis, native, 198,615; foreign-born, 112.249; Chicago, native, 154,-\\n420 foreign-born, 144,557 Baltimore, native, 210,870 foreign-born.\\n56,484 Boston, native, 162,540 foreign-born, 87,986 Cincinnati, native.\\n136.627; foreign-born, 79,612; New Orleans, native, 142,943; foreign-\\nborn, 48,475; San Francisco, native, 75,754 foreign-born, 73,719; Buf-\\nfalo, native, 71,477; foreign-born, 46,237; Washington, native, 95,442;\\nforeign-born, 13,757 Newark, native, 69,175 foreign-born, 35,884. In-\\nteresting statistics were also collected of the population (whether native or\\nforeign-born) of foreign parentage, the following being the figures Hav-\\ning one or both parents foreign, 10,892,015; leading States, New York\\n2^225,627), Pennsylvania (1,151,208), Illinois (986,035\\\\ Ohio (849,815),\\nWisconsin (717,832) and Massachusetts (626,211), making for these six\\nStates 6,556,728 (60.20 per cent.), or more than three-fifths of the total\\nnumber having foreign father and native mother, 786,388 having foreign\\nmother and native lather, 370,782; having both parents foreign, 9,734,845;\\nleading States. New York (2,043,112), Pennsylvania (991,851), Illinois\\n(890,823), Ohio (731,345), Wisconsin (670,759) and Massachusetts (590,-\\n352). making for these six States 4,918,242 (50.52 per cent.), or more than\\none-half of the total number.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 27\\nAdditional Statistics from the Table of Occupations and the\\nTable of Manufactures.\\nThough a promise was given of a statistical and descriptive account of\\nthose departments only which are represented in the Advertisers Index,\\nvarious collateral branches have been put in under the proper headings in\\norder to give as full a description as possible of the business of the country.\\nThe following statistics, taken from the two tables upon which we have\\nbeen obliged to place our main reliance, will be of interest to the i-eader,\\nand will tend to make this portion of the work still more complete. Two\\nof the three so-called learned professions are given under Electropathic\\nPhysicians and Patent Lawyers. The number of Clergymen was 43,874\\n(males, 43,807 females, 67) ages, 16 to 59, 39,489 60 and over, 4385;\\nborn in the United States, 35,668; Germany, 2745; Ireland, 1740; Eng-\\nland and Wales, 1566 Scotland, 318 British America, 485 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 198 France, 416 China and Japan, 6. The longevity\\nof clei-gymeu, as shown by this table, is specially noteworthy, the number\\nof those who were 60 and over lacking only three of being ten per cent.\\n(4388) of the total.\\nActors.\\nNumber, 2053 (males, 1361; females, 692); ages, 10 to 15, 25; 16 to\\n59 2002 60 and over, 26 born in the United States, 1328 Germany,\\n153; Ireland, 99; England and Wales, 234 Scotland, 11; British Amer-\\nica, 35 France, 31 China and Japan, 95.\\nAgricultural Laborers.\\nNumber, 2,885,996 (males, 2,512,664; females, 373,332); ages, 10 to\\n15,499,474; 16 to 59, 2,287,708 60 and over, 98,814 born in the United\\nStates, 2,700,268 Germany, 57,261 Ireland, 43,398; England and Wales,\\n19,122; Scotland, 3798; British America, 20,589; Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 19,917; France, 4026; China and Japan, 1766.\\nAuctioneers.\\nNumber, 2266 (males, 2254; females, 12); ages, 16 to 59, 2155; 60 and\\nover. 111; born in the United States, 1907; Germany, 97; Ireland, 96;\\nEngland and Wales, 87 Scotland, 17 British America, 19 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 3 France, 18.\\nBags (paper).\\nEstablishments, 39 steam-engines, 17 (horse-power, 321) water-wheels,\\n6 (horse-power, 127) hands employed, 444 (men, 205 women, 206 youths,\\n33); capital, \u00c2\u00a7473,100; wages, $134,932; materials, $1,053,483; products,\\n$1,483,963.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "28 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nBags (other than paper).\\nEstablishments, 89 steam-engines, 14 (horse-power, 239) water-wheels,\\n4 (horse-power, 125); hands employed, 1097 (men, 486: women, 502;\\nyouths, 109) capital, $1,290,500 wages, $452,517 materials, $3,827,678,\\nproducts, $8,261,679.\\nBankers and Brokers of Money and Stocks.\\nNumber, 10,631 (males, 10,616; females, 15) ages, 10 to 15, 3; 16 to\\n59, 10,137 60 and over, 491 born in the United States, 9004 Germany,\\n684; Ireland, 258 England and Wales, 311 Scotland, 90 British Amer-\\nica, 74 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 15 France, 85 China or Ja-\\npan, 1.\\nBarkeepers.\\nNumber, 14,362 (males, 14,292; females, 70); ages, 10 to 15, 159; 16\\nto 59, 14,043 60 and over, 160 born in the United States, 7330 Ger-\\nmany, 3508; Ireland, 1824; England and Wales, 444; Scotland, 81;\\nBritish America, 221 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 89 France, 341\\nChina and Japan, 4.\\nBoarding- and Lodging-House Keepers.\\nNumber, 12,785 (males, 5725; females, 7060) ages, 16 to 59, 11,772;\\n60 and over, 1013; born in the United States, 7496; Germany, 1336; Ire-\\nlaud, 2173; England and Wales, 572; Scotland, 108; British America,\\n349 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 243 France, 153 China and\\nJapan, 112.\\nBrewers and Maltsters.\\nNumber, 11,246 (males, 11,238 females, 8) ages, 10 to 15, 45 16 to\\n59, 11,037 60 and over, 164; born in the United States, 2715; Germany,\\n6780; Ireland, 520; England and Wales, 389; Scotland, 73; British\\nAmerica, 92 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 44 France, 271 China\\nand Japan, 5.\\nBrooms and Whisk Brushes.\\nEstablishments, 35 steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 178) water-wheels,\\n6 (horse-power, 118) hands employed, 5206 (men, 3056 women, 992\\nyouths, 1158) capital, $2,015,602 wages, $1,268,875 materials, $3,672,.\\n837 products, $6,622,285.\\nCarpet-Makers.\\nNumber, 15,669 (males, 10,292; females, 5377) ages, 10 to 15, 522 KJ\\nto 59, 13,628 60 and over, 1519 born in the United States, 8518 Ger-\\nmany, 1725; Ireland, 2706; England and Wales, 1524; Scotland, 06}\\nBritish America, 362 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 49 France, 70\\nChina or Japan, 1.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 29\\nClerks and Bookkeepers in Banks.\\nNumber, 7103 (males, 7081; females, 22) j ages, 10 to 15, 25; 16 to 59,\\n6994; 60 and over, 84; born in the United States, 6547; Germany, 198;\\nIreland, 91 England and Wales, 104 Scotland, 30 British America, 30;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 28; France, 37.\\nClerks and Bookkeepers in Insurance OflBces.\\nNumber, 1568 (males, 1562; females, 6); ages, 10 to 15, 13; 16 to 59,\\n1527 60 and over, 28 born in the United States, 1437 Germany, 42\\nIreland, 24; England and Wales, 34; Scotland, 5; British America, 12;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 4; France, 4.\\nCoal-Oil (refined).\\nEstablishments, 170 steam-engines, 198 (horse-power, 4214) hands em-\\nployed, 1870 (men, 1834; woman, 1; youths, 35); capital, $6,770,383;\\nwages, $1,184,559; materials, $21,450,189; products, $26,942,287.\\nCotton-Mill Operatives.\\nNumber, 111,606 (males, 47,208 females, 64,398) ages, 10 to 15, 19,946\\n16 to 59, 88,840; 60 and over, 2820; born in the United States, 71,547;\\nGermany, 1214; Ireland, 18,713; England and Wales, 10,091; Scotland,\\n1714 British America, 7683 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 35 France,\\n1 10 China and Japan, 3.\\nDaguerreotypers and Photographers.\\nNumber, 7558 (males, 7330; females, 228); ages, 10 to 15, 32; 16 to\\n59, 7429 60 and over, 97 born in the United States, 6327 Germany,\\n410; Ireland, 146; England and Wales, 287; Scotland, 42; British\\nAmerica, 165 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 54 France, 50 China\\nand Japan, 5.\\nEmployes of Insurance Companies (not clerks).\\nNumber, 11,611 (males, 11,587 females, 24); ages, 10 to 15, 2 16 to\\n59, 11,157; 60 and over, 452 born in the United States, 10,218; Ger-\\nmany, 625; Ireland, 205; England and Wales, 238; Scotland, 55; Brit-\\nish America, 126 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 17 France, 36.\\nEmployes of Telegraph Companies (not clerks).\\nNumber, 8316 (males, 7961 females, 355) ages, 10 to 15, 260 16 to\\n59, 8027 60 and over, 29 born in the United States, 7577 Germany,\\n98 Ireland, 226 England and Wales, 164 Scotland, 31 British Amer-\\nica, 159; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 21; France, 10.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "30 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nFarmers and Planters.\\nNumber, 2,977,711 (males, 5,955,030 females, 22,681); ages, 16 to 59,\\n2,618,000; 60 and over, 359,711; boru in the United States, 2,569,023;\\nGermany, 159,114; Ireland, 88,923; England and Wales, 54,880 Scot-\\nland, 13,050; British America, 27,171; Sweden, Norway and Denmark,\\n30,259; France, 11,459; China and Japan, 366.\\nFishermen and Oystermen.\\nNumber, 27,106 (males, 27,071; females, 35); ages, 10 to 15, 827; 16\\nto 59, 24,882; 60 and over, 1397; born in the United States, 21,551;\\nGermany, 564; Ireland, 872; England and Wales, 443; Scotland, 95;\\nBritish America, 1573; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 345; France,\\n165 China and Japan, 310.\\nGardeners and Nurserymen.\\nNumber, 31,435 (males, 31,202; females, 233); ages, 16 to 59, 27,748;\\n60 and over, 3687; born in the United States, 13,845; Germany, 6259;\\nIreland, 5079 England and Wales, 2378 Scotland, 756 British Amer-\\nica, 318; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 178; France, 679; China and\\nJapan, 676.\\nHucksters.\\nNumber, 17,362 (males, 16,147; females, 1215); ages, 10 to 15, 157 16\\nto 59, 16,297 60 and over, 908; born in the United States, 10,909 Ger-\\nmany, 2296 Ireland, 2214 England and Wales, 455 Scotland, 71 Brit-\\nish America, 138 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 41 France, 295 China\\naind Japan, 55.\\nIron Foundry Operatives.\\nNumber, 34,235 ages, 10 to 15, 646 16 to 59, 33,122 60 and over,\\n477 born in the United States, 18,538 Germany, 4409 Ireland, 6826\\nEngland and Wales, 2196; Scotland, 732; British America, 742; Swe-\\nden, Norway and Denmark, 184; France, 254.\\nIron Furnace Operatives.\\nNumber, 7452 ages, 10 to 15, 158; 16 to 59, 7068 60 and over, 236;\\nborn in the United States, 4294; Germany, 562; Ireland, 1780; England\\nand Wales, 612; Scotland, 48; British America, 61; Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 14 France, 43.\\nIron and Steel Rolling -Mill Operatives.\\nNumber, 17,249 ages, 10 to 15, 566 16 to 59, 16,430 60 and over,\\n253 born in the United States, 8703 Germany, 1793 Ireland, 3451\\nEngland and Wales, 2717 Scotland, 155 British America, 138 Swe-\\nden, Norway and Denmark, 46; France, 75 China or Japan, 2.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 31\\nIron and Steel Works Operatives.\\nNumber, 22,141 (males, 21,646; females, 495); ages, 10 to 15, 864; 16\\nto 59, 20,931 60 aud over, 346 born in the United States, 14,278; Ger-\\nmany, 1410; Ireland, 3775; Eugland and Wales, 1878; Scotland, 222;\\nIJiitisIi America, 291; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 22 France, 100.\\nJournalists.\\nNumber, 5286 (males, 5251 females, 35) ages, 16 to 59, 5180; 60 and\\nover, 106 born in the United States, 4411 Germany, 314 Ireland, 174\\nEngland and Wales, 183; Scotland, 55; British America, 54; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 20; France, 34; China or Japan, 1.\\nLumbermen and Raftsmen.\\nNumber, 17,752 ages, 10 to 15, 48 16 to 59, 17,357 60 and over, 347\\nborn in the United States, 13,550 Germany, 443 Ireland, 567; England\\nand Wales, 263 Scotland, 171 British America, 1908 Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmai k, 356; France, 47 China and Japan, 111.\\nMechanics (branch not specified).\\nNumber, 16,514 (males, 13,955; females, 2559); ages, 10 to 15, 367\\n16 to 59, 15,514; 60 and over, 663; born in the United States, 11,865\\nGermany, 1870 Ireland, 1119 England aud Wales, 777 Scotland, 190\\nBritish America, 264 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 55 France, 166\\nChina or Japan, 1.\\nMill and Factory Operatives (not specified).\\nNumber, 41,619 (males, 33,509 females, 8110); ages, 10 to 15, 3720\\n16 to 59, 37,233 60 and over, 666 born in the United States, 29,392\\nGei many, 3099 Ireland, 3852 England and Wales, 1805 Scotland, 496\\nBritish America, 1597 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 343 France, 154\\nChina and Japan, 203.\\nMillers.\\nNumber, 41,582 (males, 41,343; females, 239); ages, 10 to 15,122; 16\\nto 59, 39,125 60 and over, 2335 born in the United States, 35,290\\nGermany, 2614 Ireland, 867 England and Wales, 1434 Scotland, 323\\nBritish America, 431; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 133 France, 273\\nChina and Japan, 11.\\nMusicians (professional).\\nNumber, 6519 (males, 6346; females, 173) ages, 10 to 15, 46; 16 to 59,\\n6295 60 and over, 178 born in the United States, 2663 Germany, 2401\\nIreland, 351 England and Wales, 273 Scotland, 35 British America, 66\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 50; France, 131; China and Japan, 36.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "32 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nNurses.\\nNumber, 10,976 (males, 806; females, 10,170); ages, 16 to 59, 9636;\\n60 and over, 1340; born in the United States, 8325; Germany, 458 Ire-\\nland, 1346; England and Wales, 387; Scotland, 92; British America,\\n170 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 71 France, 54.\\nOflBcials of Government.\\nNumber, 44,743 (males, 44,329; females, 414) ages, 16 to 59, 42,058;\\n00 and over, 2685 born in the United States, 38,461 Germany, 1800\\nIreland, 2534 England and Wales, 867 Scotland, 226 British America,\\n302; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 116; France, 164; China and Ja-\\npan, 4.\\nPeddlers.\\nNumber, 16,975 (males, 16,697 females, 278) ages, 10 to 15, 187 16 to\\n59, 16,090; 60 and over, 698 born in the United States, 7072 Germany,\\n4799 Ireland, 2180 England and Wales, 571 Scotland, 108 British\\nAmerica, 211 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 78; France, 319; China\\nand Japan, 152.\\nPorters in Stores and Warehouses.\\nNumber, 16,631 ages, 10 to 15, 286; 16 to 59, 15,964; 60 and over,\\n381; born in the United States, 8418; Germany, 2888; Ireland, 4100;\\nEngland and Wales, 377 Scotland, 122 British America, 120 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 79; France, 164; China and Japan, 83.\\nProduce Dealers.\\nNumber, 11,809 (males, 11,746; females, 63); ages, 16 to 59, 11,468;\\n60 and over, 341; born in the United States, 9171; Germany, 1056; Ire-\\nland, 643 England and Wales, 356 Scotland, 78 British America, 155;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 29 France, 69 China and Japan, 27.\\nReal Estate (Traders and Dealers in).\\nNumber, 8933 (males, 8919 females, 14); ages, 16 to 59, 8446; 60 and\\nover, 488 born in the United States, 7391 Germany, 351 Ireland, 425;\\nEngland and Wales, 269; Scotland, 63; British America, 77; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 15 France, 63 China and Japan, 2.\\nSalesmen and Saleswomen.\\nNumber, 14,203 (males, 11,428; females, 2775); ages, 10 to 15, 365\\n16 to 59, 13,692; 60 and over, 146; born in the United States, 11,306\\nGermany, 973 Ireland, 1025 England and Wales, 374 Scotland, 158\\nBritish America, 184 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 10 France, 55.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 33\\nShip-Carpenters.\\nNumber, 15,900 ages, 10 to 15, 10 16 to 59, 15,102 60 aud over, 788;\\nborn in the United States, 11,720 Germany, 644 Ireland, 1176 England\\nand Wales, 545; Scotland, 295; British America, 1072; Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 252 France, 74 China or Japan, 1.\\nSoldiers (United States Army).\\nNumber, 22,081 ages, 6 to 59, 22,059 60 aud over, 22 born in the\\nUnited States, 11,478; Germany, 2997; Ireland, 4964; England and\\nWales, 986 Scotland, 328 British America, 392 Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 171 France, 210.\\nStock Raisers.\\nNumber, 6588 (males, 6558; females, 30); ages, 16 to 59, 6888; 60\\nand over, 200 born in the United States, 5321 Germany, 214 Ireland,\\n222; England and Wales, 178; Scotland, 51 British America, 75 Swe-\\nden, Norway aud Denmark, 26 France, 44.\\nTeachers of Music.\\nNumber, 9491 (males, 3911 females, 5580) ages, 10 to 15, 19 16 to\\n59, 9247 60 aud over, 225 born in the United States, 7246 Germany,\\n1231; Ireland, 162; England and Wales, 339; Scotland, 36; British\\nAmerica, 125 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 38 France, 106.\\nTeachers (not specified).\\nNumber, 126,822 (males, 42,775 females, 84,047); ages, 10 to 15, 336\\n16 to 59, 124,030 60 and over, 2456 born in the United States, 116,606\\nGermany, 3215 Ireland, 2568 England and Wales, 1290 Scotland, 390;\\nBritish America, 1156 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 198 France, 696;\\nChina aud Japan, 6.\\nTobacco Factory Operators.\\nNumber, 11,985 (males, 9695; females, 2290); ages, 10 to 15, 2496;\\n16 to 59, 9369; 60 and over, 170; born in the United States, 10,266;\\nGermany, 936 Ireland, 451 England and Wales, 96 Scotland, 10 Brit-\\nish America, 24 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 6 France, 36 China\\nur Japan, 1.\\nWheelwrighting\\nEstablishments, 3613 steam-engines, 32 (horse-power, 554) water-\\nwheels, 75 (horse-power, 983); hands employed, 6989 (men, 6915; womeu,\\n1 youths, 63) capital, $2,839,316 wages, $1,353,474 materials, $1,907,-\\n418; products, $5,846,943.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "34 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nWheel^wrights.\\nNumber, 20,942; ages, 10 to 15, 15; 16 to 59, 19,153; 60 and over,\\n1774; born in the United States, 14,477 Germany, 1416; Ireland, 652;\\nEngland and Wales, 419 British America, 529 Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 65; France, 130 China and Japan, 3.\\nWood-choppers.\\nNumber, 8338 ages, 10 to 15, 130 16 to 59, 7931 60 and over, 277\\nborn in the United States, 6201 Germany, 322 Ireland, 196 England\\nand Wales, 100; Scotland, 30; British America, 735; Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 88 France, 81 China and Japan, 419.\\nWoollen-Mill Operatives.\\nNumber, 58,836 (males, 36,060; females, 22,776) ages, 10 to 15, 7427\\n16 to 59, 50,212; 60 and over, 1197; born in the United States, 32,083\\nGermany, 2664; Ireland, 12,231; England and Wales, 6609; Scotland,\\n1306 British America, 3175 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 69 France,\\n138; China and Japan, 97.\\nS^^ Too Late for Classification. ^M.\\nDistillers.\\n(For statistics of Distilled Liquors see under Wines and Liquors, p. 89.)\\nThe Hannis Distilling Company, 218 and 220 South Front street, Phil-\\nadelphia, see page 891.\\nDistillers and Rectifiers.\\nNumber, 2874 (males, 2868 females, 6) ages, 16 to 59, 2799 60 and\\nover, 75; born in the United States, 1610; Germany, 692; Ireland, 334\\nEngland and Wales, 79 Scotland, 11; British America, 23 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 7 France, 49.\\nWines and Liquors.\\n(For statistics see under Wines and Liquors, page 89.)\\nThe Hannis Distilling Company, 218 and 220 South Front street, Phil-\\nadelphia, see page 891.\\nTobias Company, Joseph F., 241 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, see\\npage 892.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ADYEETISEES^ CLASSIFIED I^DEX,\\nWITH SPECIAL STATISTICS.\\nNote. The location of the houses mentioned under the various headings throughout this Index,\\nwhere only the address of the street and number is given (except where it is otherwise stated), is\\nin Philadelphia.\\n.6\u00c2\u00ae= The figures immediately following the addresses of the advertisers indicate the pages on which\\ntheir cards appear.\\nAgricultural Implements.\\n(For statistics see American Manufactures, page 614.)\\nBoyer Wm. L. Brother, 2101 Gerraantowu avenue, 749.\\nBuist Robert, Jr., 922 and 924 Market street, 799.\\nDreer Henry A., 714 Chestnut street, 721.\\nJones Wm. H., 1621 Market street, 844.\\nLandreth David Son, 23 South Sixth street, 841 and 842.\\nAlcohols, etc.\\nLocke Z. Co., 1126 Market street, 775.\\nAlcohol. Establishments in 1860, 22; hands employed, 208; capital,\\n^000 wages, $82,068 materials, 13,567,062 products, $4,168,360.\\nNo special statistics for the whole country were given in the census of\\n1870, but the figures for Philadelphia were as follows Alcohol (redistilled).\\nEstablishments, 3 steam engines, 3 horse-power, 80 hands employed,\\n20 wages, $13,236 materials, $515,000 products, $640,250.\\nAquarium and Vivarium Manufacturers.\\nSeal Stephens, 622 Arch street, 780.\\nTaxis E. W., 60 North Sixth street, 730.\\nArtificial Limbs.\\nPalmer B. Frank, M. D., 1609 Chestnut street, 784.\\nDuring the civil war there were 12,000 soldiers in the Northern army,\\nand 10,000 in the Southern army, who lost limbs and survived, and 10,000\\nartificial limbs were put on within one year after the end of the war. The\\nUnited States government paid to the Federal soldiers (and pays every five\\nyears to the survivors) $50 for an arm and $75 for a leg, giving the peu-\\n35", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "36 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nsioner the option of receiving either the limb or the money. The number\\nnow put on is very materially reduced, and the census figures are as\\nfollows Establishments, 24 steam engine, 1 (horse-power, 10) hands\\nemployed, 78 (70 men, 1 woman, 7 youths); capital, $122,300; wages,\\n636,079; materials, $59,894 products, $166,416.\\nArtists.\\nWinner W. E., 146 South Eighth street, 827.\\nThere were 2948 artists (not specified) in the United States in 1870.\\nMales, 2663 females, 285. Ages, 10 to 15 years, 7 16 to 59, 2843 60\\nand over, 98. Born in the United States, 2029 Germany, 420 Ireland,\\n81; England and Wales, 176; Scotland, 24; British America, 48;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 14 France, 68 China and Japan, 2.\\nThe following are the statistics of those specified (as painters or sculptors)\\nPainters. 775 (males, 717; females, 58); ages, 16 to 59, 755 60 and\\nover, 20; born in the United States, 529; Germany, 114; Ireland, 15;\\nEngland and Wales, 52 Scotland, 5 British America, 13 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 12 France, 15. Sculptors. 250 (males, 246 females,\\n4) ages, 16 to 59, 238 60 and over, 12 born in the United States, 130\\nGermany, 47 Ireland, 15 England and Wales, 10 Scotland, 4 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 2 France, 15.\\nArtists Materials.\\nJanentzky Co., 1125 Chestnut street, 739.\\nWinner Co., 146 South Eighth street, 827.\\nEstablishments, 8 steam-engines, 4 (combined horse-power, 40) hands\\nemployed, 50 (men, 38 women, 3; youths, 9) aggregate capital, 843,800\\nannual cost of labor, $20,062, and of materials, $21,680 value of artists\\nmaterials pi oduced in 1870, $94,150.\\nAuger and Bit Manufacturers.\\n(For statistics see Hakdware.)\\nDe Witt, Morrison Kelley, Twenty-second above Market street, 834.\\nPugh Job T., rear 3112 to 3120 Market street, 749.\\nAwnings, Flags, etc.\\nScheible William F., 49 South Third street, 743.\\nEstablishments, 45 hands employed, 219 (men, 162 women, 49\\nyouths, 8); capital, $132,475 annual wages, $87,424; materials, $371,677\\nvalue of product (awnings and tents), $625,269. In 1860 there were only\\n3 establishments; aggregate capital, 35000; hands employed, 25 (men, 9;\\nwomen, 16); materials, $7225; wages, $6840; value of products, $18,500.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. J\\nBakers Bread, etc.\\nCassady C. D., 45 North Thirteeuth street, 704.\\nFisher Michael, 639 North Fifteenth street, 839.\\nHeinold Jno. M., 1432 Parrish street.\\nJaus Johu, 1717 Chestnut street, 735.\\nJohnson Thomas, 302 North Thirteenth street.\\nJunker John, 1233 Locust street.\\nKolb John G., 1407 to 1413 South Tenth street, 713.\\nLanger P. J., 1131 Green street, 730.\\nLipp H. C. Brother, 217 North Ninth street, 717.\\nMosebach H. (Cake), S. E. corner Eleventh and Poplar streets, 839.\\nMills Frank, Nineteenth street, below Spring Garden, 717.\\nMullin Hugh, 3924 Market street, 713.\\nPartridge Thomas, 237 South Tenth street, 826.\\nRupp Thomas, 918 Race street.\\nWood A. W., 609 North Fifth street, 839.\\nYoung George, 3342 Market street, 704.\\nBakers Cracker, etc.\\nCamp W. E. N. H., 625 and 627 North Broad street, 731.\\nCarrick D. Co., 1903 Market street, 742.\\nKeebler Godfrey, 258 to 264 North Twenty-second street, 796.\\nWattson Co., 157 North Front street, 847.\\nWilson Walter G. Co., 212 and 214 North Front street, 742.\\nBakers Pie.\\nHutchison W. D., 806 to 810 South Twelfth street, 839.\\nThumlert Charles, 476 North Fifth street, 758.\\nStatistics of bread, crackers and other bakery products: Establish-\\nments, 3550; steam engines, 187 (combined horse-power, 2370); water-\\nwheels, 2 (combined horse-power, 218) hands employed, 14,126 (men,\\n12,598; women, 842; youths, 686); capital, $10,025,966; annual cost of\\nlabor, $5,353,184, and of materials, $22,211,856 value of products in\\n1870, $36,907,704. This must have included only the larger bakeries, for\\nin the table of occupations are found the following returns Number of\\nbakers in 1870, 27,680 (males, 27,442 females, 238) ages, 10 to 15, 537;\\n16 to 59, 26,592; 60 and over, 551; born in the United States, 11,167;\\nGermany, 10,863 Ireland, 2421 England and Wales, 897 Scotland,\\n487 British America, 377 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 134; France,\\n628 China and Japan, 31. Exports of bread and biscuit during the year\\n1872-3, 11,700,767 pounds, worth $690,832; year ending June 30, 1874,\\n11.142,439 pounds, worth $676,197.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "38 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX.\\nBarbers Supplies.\\nHambieton Job Sou, 221 Spruce street, 735.\\nNumber of barbers and hair-dressers iu the United States iu 1870, 23,935\\n(males, 22,756; females, 1179); ages, 10 to 15, 315 16 to 59, 23,340; 60\\nand over, 280; born in the United States, 16,377; Germany, 4814; Ire-\\nland, 423; England and Wales, 381 Scotland, 71 British America, 350\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 67 France, 433 China and Japan, 243.\\nNumber of apprentices to barbei s, 859 (males, 853 females, 6) ages, 10\\nto 15, 265; 15 to 21, 594 born iu the United States, 685 Germany, 134\\nIreland, 4 England and Wales, 12 Scotland, 1 British America, 7\\nFrance, 3.\\nBath Boilers and Tanks.\\n(For statistics see Tin, Copper and Sheet-Iron Ware.)\\nMyers George, 204 North Broad street, 746.\\nBed Coverlet Manufacturer.\\nSchmidt George F., 1429 and 1431 Franklin street, 739.\\nTable-cloths, quilts and counterpanes (cotton) manufactured iu 1870,\\n493,892 coverlids (woollen), 226,744.\\nBelts and Belting Manufacturers.\\nAlexander Brothers, 410 and 412 North Third street, 721.\\nArny Charles W., 148 North Third street, 836.\\nEckfeldt Richie, 418 North Third street, 720.\\nForepaugh Wm. F., Jr., and Bros., Randolph and Jefferson streets, 747.\\nRorer Thomas J., 112 North Third street, 792.\\nBelting and Hose (leather) Establishments, 91 steam-engines, 13\\n(combined horse-power, 302) water-wheels, 3 (combined horse-power,\\n42); hands employed, 808 (men, 784; women, 8 youths, 16); aggregate\\ncapital, $2,118,577; annual cost of labor, $454,187, and of material,\\n$3,231,204; value of products in 1870, $4,558,043. The India-rubber\\nbelting and hose made in 1870 amounted to 906,000 pounds.\\nBilliard Table Manufacturers.\\nSchaffer J. Brother, 471 and 473 North Third street, 785.\\nEstablishments in 1870, 39 steam-engines, 4 (combined horse-power, 86)\\nhands employed, 505 (men, 493 women, 2 youths, 10) aggregate cap-\\nital, $805,000 annual cost of labor, $383,768, and of materials, $650,864\\nvalue of products, $1,692,943. Value of billiard tables and apparatus ex-\\nported in 1872-3, $25,857, and in 1873-4, $48,799.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 39\\nBlacking Manufacturers.\\nBartlett H. A. Co., 113 to 117 North Front street, 731.\\nCragin I. L. Co., 119 South Fourth street, 741.\\nMason Jas. S. Co., 140 N. Front, 806.\\nEstablishments in 1870, 32 steam-engines, 8 (combined horse-power,\\n91); hands employed, 305 (men, 134 women, 158 youths, 13) aggregate\\ncapital, $266,750 annual cost of labor, $107,450, and of material,\\n$428,716; annual value of products, $817,768. According to the special\\nreport as revised by Mr. Blodget, there were 8 establishments in Phila-\\ndelphia. Steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 40) hands employed, 164 (men,\\n41; women, 113; youths, 10) capital, $140,500; wages, $60,500 mate-\\nrials, $279,137 products, $455,572. Value of blacking exported from\\nthe United States during 1873-4, $67,987.\\nBlacksmiths.\\nBlacksmlthlng Establishments, 26,364 steam-engines, 69 (horse-power,\\n747) water-wheels, 66 (horse-power, 628) hands employed, 52,982 (men,\\n52,527; women, 9; youths, 446) capital, $15,977,992; wages, $9,246,549\\nmaterials, $13,223,907; products, $41,828,296. Blacksmiths, 141,774;\\nages, 10 to 15, 599 16 to 59, 135,186 60 and over, 5989 born in the\\nUnited States, 101,567; Germany, 14,012; Ireland, 12,339; England and\\nWales, 5005; Scotland, 1401; British America, 3712; Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 1236 France, 866 China and Japan, 44.\\nBlank Books and Bookbinders.\\nArnold James, 22 South Fifth street, 825.\\nClark John C. Sons, 230 Dock street, 739.\\nJones John, 712 Sausom street, 732.\\nSouthwick, McCay Co., 38 Hudson street, 762.\\nEstablishments in 1870, 500 steam-engines, 77 (horse-power, 773)\\nhands employed, 7967 (men, 3972; women, 3175; youths, 550); capital,\\n$5,319,410 wages, $3,095,821 materials, $8,026,870 products, $14,077,-\\n309. The returns in the table of occupations are as follows Bookbinders\\nand finishers, 9104 (males, 6375 females, 2729) ages, 10 to 15, 448 16\\nto 59, 8496; 60 and over, 160; born in the United States, 6460; Ger-\\nmany, 944 Ireland, 778 England and Wales, 498 Scotland, 93 British\\nAmerica, 120 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 52 France, 39.\\nBluing-.\\nBartlett H. A. Co., 113 North Front street, 731.\\nWiltberger D. S., 233 North Second street, 739.\\nEstablishments, 11 steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 60) hands employed,.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "40 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n54 (meu, 36; women, 11 youths,?); capital, $52,500; wages, $17,975;\\nmaterials, $37,422 products, $92,100.\\nBobbin and Spool Manufacturers.\\n(For statistics see Wood, Turned and Carved.)\\nCundey E. Brother, 848 North Fourth street, 724.\\nBolts, Nuts, Screws, etc.\\nM. J. Coleman Bolt and Nut Co., Hancock, Mascher and Columbia\\navenue, 728.\\nShields William, Twenty-third above Race street, 838.\\nSykes L. Son, 723, 725 and 727 Richmond street, 779.\\nBolts, Nuts, Washers and Rivets. Establishments, 93 steam-engines, 69\\n(horse-power, 2480) water-wheels, 24 (horse-power, 743) hands employed,\\n4423 (men, 3632 women, 89 youths, 702) capital, $4,263,227 wages,\\n$1,665,426 materials, $4,021,070 products, $7,191,151. S crei\u00c2\u00abs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Estab-\\nlishments, ]8; steam-engines, 11 (horse-pow er, 978); water-wheels, 3\\n(horse-power, 138) hands employed, 1582 (men, 924 women, 476\\nyouths, 182); capital, $9,147,880; wages, $664,408; materials, $1,248,-\\n135 products, $3,425,473.\\nBoiler-Makers.\\n(See Steam-Engines and Boilers.)\\nBoiler (Steam) Cleansing Compound.\\nLord George W., 232 Arch street, 819.\\nBone Work Buttons, Dominoes, Fancy-Work, etc.\\nEmil Wahl, 2342 Marshall street, 747.\\nButtons. Establishments, 64 steam-engines, 31 (horse-power, 281)\\nwater-wheels, 20 (horse-power, 316) hands employed, 1912 (men, 617\\nwomen, 949; youths, 346); capital, $1,013,700; wages, $580,380; mate-\\nrials, $751,183 products, $1,778,893.\\nBookbinders Furnishing-House.\\n(For statistics of bookbinding see Blank Books and Bookbinding.)\\nCopper John C, S. E. corner Sixth and Minor streets, 823.\\nPaquet E. R. (Bookbinders Dies), 24 South Fifth street, 847.\\nBooksellers and Publishers.\\nBaker, Davis Co., 17 South Sixth street, 827.\\nBarnes A. S. Co., New York, 760.\\nBurley S. W., 152 South Fourth street, 793.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 41\\nPrinting and Publishing (not specified). Establishments, 311 steam-\\nengines, 187 (horse-power, 2698) watei -wheel, 1 (horse-power, 20) hands\\nemployed, 10,668 (men, 8718; women, 1231; youths, 719); capital,\\n$16,839,993 wages, $7,156,332 materials, $11,398,131 products, $25,-\\n995,214. Book Printing and Publishing. Establishments, 40 steam-\\nengines, 28 (horse-power, 458) hands employed, 1390 (men, 920 women,\\n352; youths, 118); capital, $2,128,993; wages, $760,275; materials,\\n$1,525,773; products, $3,568,823. Booksellers and Stationers, 3392\\n(males, 3337 females, 55) ages, 16 to 59, 3272 60 and over, 120 born\\nin the United States, 2417 Germany, 324 Ireland, 259 England and\\nWales, 188 Scotland, 65 British America, 29 Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmark, 21 France, 32; China oi- Japan, 1.\\nBoots and Shoes.\\nFunk George F., 633 Arch street, 744.\\nIlelweg Co., 614 Arch street, 721.\\nMeyer C. A. Adolph, 228 South Fourth street, 788.\\nSmith George W., 3508 Market street, 835.\\nBoot and Shoe Upper Manufacturers.\\nGremer J. F., 221 North Fourth street, 738.\\nRyan Joseph, 236 North Fourth street, 749.\\nFor statistics of the manufacture of boots and shoes in 1860 and 1870\\nsee pages 612 and 614. The following statistics with reference to boot- and\\nshoemakers are found in the table of occupations. Number in 1870, 171,-\\n127 (males, 161,485; females, 9642); ages, 10 to 15, 2328; 16 to 59,\\n159,542; 60 and over, 9257; born in the United States, 108,320; Ger-\\nmany, 28,226; Ireland, 16,998; England and Wales, 5082; Scotland,\\n1041 British America, 5506 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 1402\\nFrance, 1520 China and Japan, 489.\\nBoring- Machines.\\nFlanders L. B., Eleventh and Hamilton streets, 829.\\nBottle Moulds.\\nWeidig Yockel, 235 Bread street, 749.\\nBox Makers Cigar.\\nBrecht Fred., Hillsdale street, between Third and Fourth, 836.\\nWemmer N. J. Son, 215 Pear street, 812.\\nBox Makers Packing*.\\nBelz Adam, 312 Cherrv street, 789.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "42 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nMeyer Martin, 217 Quarry street.\\nMyers C, 514 North street, 836.\\nCigar Boxes. Establishments, 104 steam-engines, 17 (horse-power,\\n200) water-wheels, 5 (horse-power, 73) hands employed, 783 (men, 486\\nwomen, 139; youths, 158); capital, $274,610 wages, $242,130 materials,\\n$477,499 products, $960,222. Wooden PacHn^z-io-res.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments,\\n489; steam-engines, 195 (horse-power, 4303); water-wheels, 148 (horse-\\npower, 2642); hands employed, 4509 (men, 4084 women, 195; youths,\\n230); capital, $3,571,972; wages, $1,909,088; materials, $4,236,745;\\nproducts, $8,222,433.\\nBoxwood, Mahogany, etc.\\nWemmer N. J. Son, 215 Pear street, 812.\\nEntered into consumption in the United States in 1872-3 Rosewood\\n(value), $199,859 sandalwood, $266 all other cabinet woods not other-\\nwise specified, $177,657; in 1873-4, rosewood, $208,160; all other cabinet\\nwoods, etc., $194,614.43.\\nBrass Cock Manufacturers and Brass-Work.\\nLehman B. E., Bethlehem, Pa., 756.\\nEverhart James M., Scranton, Pa,, 824.\\nBrass Founders.\\nBradford John, 721 East York street.\\nHalstead Spencer, 1129 Cherry street, 819.\\nReeves Paul S., 760 South Broad street, 789.\\nBrass and Copper Tubing. Establishments, 3 steam-engines, 2 (horse-\\npower, 80); hands employed, 121 (males above 16, 114 youths, 7) capi-\\ntal, $203,600; wages, $60,434; materials, $345,875; products, $500,000.\\nBrass Founding and Finishing. Establishments, 275 steam-engines, 146\\n(horse-power, 1882); water-wheels, 6 (horse-power, 266) hands employed,\\n3377 (men, 3102; women, 39; youths, 236); capital, $4,783,585 wages,\\n$1,731,306 materials, $3,293,629 products, $6,855,756.\\nBrewers,\\n(See Wines and Liquors.)\\nBrick Machines and Presses.\\nCarnell F. L. D. R., 1844 Germantown avenue, 724,\\nChambers, Bro. Co., Fifty-second street and Lancaster avenue, 803.\\nBrick. Establishments, 3114; steam-engines, 372 (horse-power, 10,333);\\nwater-wheels, 19 (horse-power, 218) hands employed, 43,293 (men, 39,541\\nwomen, 258; youths, 3494) capital, $20,504,238 wages, $10,768,853; ma-", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 43\\nterials, ^7,413,097; products, $29,028,359. Brick- and Tile-makers, 26,007\\n(males, 25,996; females, 74); ages, 10 to 15, 1456; 16 to 59, 24,216; 60\\nand over, 398; born in the United States, 15,268 Germany, 3340; Ireland,\\n3443 England and Wales, 731 Scotland, 85 British America, 2269\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 305 France, 159 China and Japan, 62.\\nBridge Builders.\\nBurton A. B., 430 Walnut street, 796.\\nCofrode J. H. Co., 530 Walnut street, 731.\\nContinental Bridge Company, 110 South Fourth street, 706.\\nKeystone Bridge Company, 218 South Fourth street, 807.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851, 852.\\nBridge Building. Establishments, 64 steam-engines, 36 (horse-power,\\n1034); water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 40); hands employed, 2090 (men,\\n2069; youths, 21); capital, 82,973,250; wages, 81,123,353; materials,\\n$3,239,771 products, $5,476,175. Bridge Builders and Contractors, 1029;\\nages, 16 to 59, 1013; 60 and over, 16; born in the United States, 860;\\nGermany, 23 Ireland, 80 England and Wales, 22 Scotland, 9 British\\nAmerica, 7 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 3 France, 3.\\nBronze Ware.\\n(See Hardware.)\\nClamer Francis J. Co., 909 North Ninth street, 740.\\nBronze Work Statuary Bronzes, etc.\\nWood Robert Co., 1136 Ridge avenue, 700.\\nBronze Castings. Establishments, 9 steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 45)\\nhands employed, 187 (men, 156; women, 29; youths, 2); capital, $539,300;\\nwages, $111,714; materials, $63,375; products, $280,400.\\nBuilder Composite and Iron Houses.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851, 852.\\nBuilders Supplies.\\nFrench E. D. W. A., Third and Vine streets, Camden, N. J., 707.\\nBuilders and Contractors, 7511 (males, 7508; females, 3); ages, 16\\nto 59, 7177; 60 and over, 334; born in the United States, 4977; Ger-\\nmany, 483; Ireland, 1263; England and Wales, 404; Scotland, 104;\\nBritish America, 145 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 36 France, 44\\nChina or Japan, 1.\\nButchers Tools.\\nNittiuger August, Jr., 828 North Fourth street, 759.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "44 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nButchers, 44,354; ages, 10 to 15, 838 16 to 59, 42,841 60 and over,\\n1175. Born in the United States, 23,412; Germany, 13,227; Ireland,\\n2646; England and Wales, 2089; Scotland, 247; British America,\\n504; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 123; France, 1076; China and\\nJapan, 85. Butchering Establishments (including only the larger ones),\\n509 steam-engines, 18 (horse-power, 247) water-wheel, 1 (horse-power,\\n6); hands employed, 1881 (men, 1851 women, 11; youths, 19) capital,\\n$2,099,905; wages, $546,346; materials, $11,039,928; products, 113,686,061.\\nCars, Railroad and Repairing.\\n(See Railroads.)\\nCard and Card-Board.\\nBeck Charles, 16 South Sixth street, 720.\\nCollins A. M., Son Co., 18 South Sixth street, 718.\\nRestein Brothers, 1218 South Eighth street, 839.\\nCards. Establishments, 18; steam-engines, 11 (horse-power, 179);\\nhands employed, 653 (men, 235 women, 373 youths, 45) capital, $984,600\\nwages, $247,136 materials, $864,800 products, $1,519,000.\\nCarpentering and Building-.\\nEstablishments, 17,142 steam-engines, 289 (horse-povver, 4654) water-\\nwheels, 73 (horse-power, 1140) hands employed, 67,864 (men, 67,306\\nwomen, 5; youths, 553) capital, $25,110,428 wages, $29,169,588 mate-\\nrials, $65,943,115 products, $132,901,432. Carpenters and Joiners, 344,-\\n596; ages, 10 to 15, 864; 16 to 59, 329,962; 60 and over, 13,770; born\\nin the United States, 264,531 Germany, 29,704 Ireland, 16,566 Eng-\\nland and Wales, 9784; Scotland, 2845; British America, 11,288 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 3500 France, 1796 China and Japan, 155.\\nCarpets.\\nGould Co., Ninth and Market streets. See inside front cover.\\nCarpets (rag). Establishments, 474 steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 60)\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 24) hands employed, 1016 (men, 874\\nwomen, 116; youths, 26); capital, $310,744; wages, $141,148; materials,\\n$498,595; products, $1,005,327. Carpets (other than rag). Establish-\\nments, 215 steam-engines, 45 (horse-power, 3017) water-wheels 18\\n(horse-power, 702) hands employed, 12,098 (men, 6808 women, 4316\\nyouths, 974) capital, $12,540,750 wages, $4,681,718 materials, $13,577,-\\n993 products, $21,761,573.\\nCarriage and Coach Manufacturers.\\nAllgaier John, S. E. corner of Fifth and Buttonwood streets, 819.\\nBeckhaus Joseph, 1204 Frankford avenue, 815.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 45\\nCaffrey Charles S., Caniden, N. J., 794 and 795.\\nCuuningham P. B. Co., Bethlehem, Pa., 827.\\nDuulap Henry, 475 North Fifth street, 834.\\nEaches William, 410 Girard avenue and 1168 North Fourth street, 763.\\nFleming James, S. E. corner of Twelfth and Thompson streets, 721.\\nGardner William D., 214 South Fifth street, 796.\\nLane David M. Son, 3432 Market street, 709.\\nRech Jacob, S. E. corner of Eighth and Girard avenue, 746.\\nRogers William D. Co., 1009 and 1011 Chestnut street, front of book.\\nRodgers, Dean Monteith, 1537 Filbert street, 745.\\nWallis Blackiston, 1541 Ridge avenue, 763.\\nWeaver Lyle, 216 and 218 North Broad street, 818.\\nWenzler G., 329 and 331 North Broad street, 789.\\nCarriage Wood-Work.\\nClymer F. T., Wilmington, Delaware, 779.\\nCarriages and Sleds {children s). Establishments, 53 steam-engines, 22\\n(horse-power, 366) water-wheels, 21 (horse-power, 391) hands employed,\\n913 (men, 780 women, 89 youths, 44) capital, $746,628 wages, 8407,-\\n327 materials, $495,281 products, $1,432,833. Carriages and. Wagons.\\nEstablishments, 11,847; steam-engines, 279 (horse-power, 4169); water-\\nwheels, 363 (horse-power, 4651) hands employed, 54,928 (men, 54,280\\nwomen, 76; youths, 572 capital, $36,563,095; wages,-$21,272,730 ma-\\nterials, $22,787,341 products, $65,362,837. Carriage- and Wagon-makers,\\n42,464 (males, 42,432 females, 32) ages, 10 to 15, 208 16 to 59, 40,738;\\n60 and over, 1518; born in the United States, 32,244; Germany, 5196;\\nIreland, 1590; England and Wales, 1162; Scotland, 222; British Amer-\\nica, 977 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 288 France, 288 China and\\nJapan, 3.\\nCattle Powder.\\nMiller F. A., 129 North Front street, 808.\\nCement.\\nFrench E. D. W. A., Third and Vine streets, Camden, N. J., 707,\\nMitchell J. E., 310 York avenue. Portland Cement, pure as imported.\\nEstablishments, 45 steam-engines, 23 (horse-power, 1190) water-wheels,\\n23 (horse-power, 900); hands employed, 1632 (men, 1508; youths, 124);\\ncapital, $1,521,500; wages, $631,993; materials, $773,192; products,\\n$2,033,893.\\nCemeteries.\\nMount Vernon Cemetery Company, corner of Ridge and Lehigh ave-\\nnues, office, 137 South Fifth street, 801.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "46 ADVEETISEBS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nChemical Stoneware Manufactory.\\nRemmey Richard C, 2363 Frankford avenue, 727.\\niStone and Earthemvare. Establishments, 777 steam-engines, 82 (horse-\\npower, 1586); water-wheels, 8 (horse-power, 122) hands employed, 6116\\n(men, 5059; women, 316; youths, 741); capital, $5,294,398; wages,\\n$2,247,173 materials, $1,702,705 products, $6,045,536.\\nChemists, Manufacturing.\\n(For statistics, see Dritgs and Chemicals.)\\nBrowning Brothers, 42 and 44 North Front street, 719.\\nHauce Brothers White, Philadelphia, 796.\\nHarrison Brothers Co., 105 South Front street, 704.\\nPhillips Moro, Philadelphia, 702.\\nChina Decorators.\\nHaden Thomas, 3633 Market street, 762.\\nPhillips .Joseph W., Jr., 132 North Seventeenth street, 736.\\nEntered into consumption in the United States in 1871-2, China, Por-\\ncelain and Parian Ware, Plain White, $470,749.50; in 1872-3, $479,617.15\\nin 1873-4, $397,729.90. China, Porcelain and Parian Ware, Gilded and\\nOrnamented, in 1871-2, $814,133.52 in 1872-3, $867,205.77 in 1873-4,\\n$676,655.61.\\nChiropodist.\\nBurdict S. P., 1338 Parrish street, 742.\\nChiropodists, 65 (males, 63 females, 2) ages, 16 to 59, 60 60 and\\nover, 5 born in the United States, 47 Germany, 4 Ireland, 3 Eng-\\nland and Wales, 5 Scotland, 1 British America, 1 France, 2.\\nCigar Manufacturers.\\n(For statistics of cigars and tobacco, see pages 571, 615, 616.)\\nBatchelor Brothers, 808 Market street, 783.\\nCigar-makers, 28,286 (males, 26,442 females, 1844) ages, 10 to 15,\\n1209; 16 to 59, 26,893; 60 and over, 184; born in the United States,\\n13,833 Germany, 9292 Ireland, 547 England and Wales, 804 Scotland,\\n51 British America, 177 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 114 France,\\n162 China and Japan, 1727.\\nCivil Engineers.\\n(For statistics, see Engineers, etc.)\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851, 852.\\nClocks, Regulators, etc.\\nCooke B. J., 137 North Third street, 781.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 47\\nEstablishments, 26 steam-engines, 12 (liorse-power, 502) water-wheels,\\n14 (horse-power, 277); hands employed, 1330 (men, 1177; women, 66;\\nyouths, 87); capital, $882,700; wages, $805,340; materials, $808,409;\\nproducts, $2,509,643.\\nClothiers.\\nRockhill Wilson, 603 and 605 Chestnut street, 746.\\nMen s Clothing. Establishments, 7838 steam engines, 37 (horse-power,\\n457); water-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 96); hands employed, 106,679 (men,\\n46,934 women, 58,466 youths, 1279); capital, $49,891,080 wages, $30,-\\n535,879 materials, $86,117,231 products, $147,650,378. Womeiis Cloth-\\ning. Establishments, 1847; steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 35); water-\\nwheels, 2 (horse-power, 125) hands employed, 11,696 (men, 1105; women,\\n10,247 youths, 344) capital, $3,520,218 wages, $2,513,956 materials,\\n86,837,978 products, $12,900,583.\\nCoal Miners and Shippers.\\n(For Iron Coal, Breaker see page 851. For statistics of coal see Physical Geog-\\nraphy, pp. 180, 181, and Pennsylvania, in Topography, pp. 349, 350.)\\nPardee A. Co., 303 Walnut street and Trinity Building, N. York, 768.\\n3Iiners, 152,107 (males, 152,061 females, 46) ages, 10 to 15, 3524\\n16 to 59, 144,420 60 and over, 4163 born in the United States, 57,388\\nGermany, 8579 Ireland, 22,822 England and Wales, 28,877 Scotland,\\n5515 British America, 2489 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 1559\\nFrance, 1731; China and Japan, 17,069.\\nCommercial and Mercantile Ag-ency.\\nDun R. G. Co., 618 Chestnut street, 823.\\nTraders and Dealers {not specified), 100,406 (males, 97,573 females,\\n2883); ages, 10 to 15, 387; 16 to 59, 96,067; 60 and over, 3952; born\\nin the United States, 74,381 Germany, 11,078 Ireland, 5647 Eng-\\nland and Wales, 2992; Scotland, 800; British America, 985; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 376; France, 1308; China and Japan, 604. Com-\\nmercial travellers, 7262 (males, 7230; females, 32); ages, 10 to 15, 4; 16\\nto 59, 7103; 60 and over, 155 born in the United States, 6203; Germany,\\n350 Ireland, 222; England and Wales, 235 Scotland, 51 British Amer-\\nica, 84 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 27 France, 19.\\nConcrete.\\n(For statistics see Cement.)\\nMitchell J. E., 310 York avenue, Philadelphia, Tiles, House Fronts,\\netc., of pure Cement and Silica.", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "48 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nConfectioners Tools and Machines,\\nAndress Thomas J. Co., 229 Vine street, 774.\\nMills Thomas Bro., N. E. cor. Eighth and Thompson streets, 817.\\nConfectioners, Manufacturing.\\nCampbell S. S. Co., 422 Market street, 752.\\nCroft, Wilbur Co., 125 North Second street, 693.\\nGreer G. N., K E. corner Tenth and Walnut streets, 702.\\nHarbach Bros., 36 North Eighth street and 809 Filbert street, 708. j\\nHolt A. W., 1009 Walnut street, 804.\\nWhitman E. G. Co., 812 Chestnut street, 815.\\nWhitman Stephen F. Son, Twelfth and Market streets and 1004\\nChestnut street, 716.\\nConfectionery. Establishments, 949 steam-engines, 41 (horse-power,\\n550) w-ater-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 23) hands employed, 5285 (men,\\n4151; women, 1225; youths, 449); capital, $4,995,293; wages, $2,091,826;\\nmaterials, $8,703,560; products, $15,922,643. Confectioners, 8219 (males,\\n7607; females, 612); ages, 10 to 15, 84; 16 to 59, 7881; 60 and over,\\n254; born in the United States, 4350; Germany, 2185; Ireland, 477;\\nEngland and Wales, 312; Scotland, 101 British America, 114; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 30 France, 225 China and Japan, 6.\\nCooper.\\nWischman Herman, 122 Pegg street and 123 Willow street, 756.\\nCooperage. Establishments, 4961 steam-engines, 153 (horse-power,\\n3653) water-wheels, 147 (horse-power, 2644) hands employed, 23,314\\n(men, 22,764; women, 20; youths, 530); capital, $9,798,847; wages,\\n$7,819,813; materials, $12,831,796; products, $26,863,734. Coopers,\\n41,789; ages, 10 to 15, 349; 16 to 59, 38,830; 60 and over, 2610; born\\niu the United States, 25,903 Germany, 8954 Ireland, 3484 England\\nand Wales, 706 Scotland, 232 British America, 973 Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 272; France, 589 China and Japan, 11.\\nCordage, Rope and Twine.\\nBaumgarduer, Woodward Co., 38 South Delaware avenue, 698, 847.\\nEstablishments, 201 steam-engines, 36 (horse-power, 2381) water-\\nwheels, 30 (horse-power, 664); hands employed, 3698 (men, 2115; women,\\n779; youths, 804); capital, $3,530,470; wages, $1,234,272; materials,\\n$5,739,608 products, $8,978,382.\\nCork Manufacturers and Dealers.\\nButz Alfred L., 829 and 831 North Third street, 835.\\nBrauer Brueckinann, 248 North Front street, 847.", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 49\\nGuimaraes Jose de Bessa, 130 Waluut street, 833.\\nMurphy Mouaghan, 522 South Fifth street, 839.\\nPearsou S. B. Co., Fifty-secoud street and Lancaster avenue, 740.\\nEossell Charles N., 417 North Third street, 729.\\nWilkie Samuel, 842 North Third street, 737.\\nCork wood {alcornoque) or bark (unmanufactured) entered into con-\\nsumption in the United States in 1870-71, $266,644.97 in 1871-2, $484,-\\n348.04 in 1872-3, $645,928 in 1873-4, $435,270. Cork (manufactured),\\nin 1870-71, $144,578; in 1871-2, $125,480; in 1872-3, $159,602; in\\n1873-4, $115,727.\\nCostumer.\\nDesmond W. C, 917 Race street, 835.\\nCotton Bale-ties.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851, 852.\\nCotton and Woollen Machinery.\\n(For statistics of cotton, see Table VI. in Appendix also pages 570, 571, 614 and\\nfor woollen goods, see page 615.)\\nBridesburg Manufacturing Company, 65 North Front street, 822.\\nCotton and Woollen Machinerxj. Establishments, 338 steam-engines,\\n136 (horse-power, 3383) water-wheels, 115 (horse-power, 2543) hands em-\\nployed, 8918 (men, 8438 women, 326 youths, 154) capital, $10,603,424\\nwages, $4,632,913 materials, $5,246,874 products, $13,311,118.\\nCrucible Manufacturers.\\nStrow, Wile Co., 1330 to 1334 CallowhiU street, 837.\\nNewkumet Adam, 1537 North Front street, 704.\\nTaylor Robert Co., corner of Nineteenth and CallowhiU streets, 768.\\nEstablishments, 10; steam-engines, 7 (horse-power, 155); hands era-\\nployed, 119 (men, 112; youths, 7); capital, $699,000; wages, $127,188;\\nmaterials, $538,712; products, $1,117,463. Crucibles of foreign manufac-\\nture entered into consumption in the United States in 1870-1, lead, $85;\\nsand, $2191 in 1871-2, lead, $3983; sand, $4102; in 1872-3, lead, $451\\nsand, $981 in 1873-4, lead, $328 sand, $813.\\nCutlery Manufacturers.\\nHerder L. Son, 606 Arch street, 809.\\nCutlery and Edge Tools (not specified). Establishments, 184; steam-\\nengines, 61 (horse-power, 1405) water-wheels, 87 (horse-power, 2601)\\nhands employed, 4428 (men, 3966 women, 226 youths, 236) capital,\\n$4,127,547 wages, $2,131,758 materials, $1,624,043 products, $5,621,841.\\nCutlery of foreign manufacture entered into consumption in the United\\n4", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "50 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nStates in 1870-1, $1,986,,010.09 in 1871-2, $2,160,886.45; in 1872-3,\\n$2,244,352.41 in 1873-4, $1,615,984.04.\\nDentistry.\\nThomas Dr. J. D., 912 Walnut street, 778.\\nWardle Tliomas, M.D., D.D., 1029 Race street, 694.\\nDentists Gold Foil.\\nAbbey Charles Sous, 230 Pear street.\\nDentistry, Mechanical. Establishments, 650 steam-engines, 2 (horse-\\npower, 6); hands employed, 1020 (men, 991; women, 15; youths, 14);\\ncapital, $621,762; Avages, $184,272; materials, $441,534; products,\\n$1,634,844. Dentists, 7839 (males, 7815; females, 24); ages, 16 to 59,\\n7678 60 and over, 163 born in the United States, 7299 Germany, 146\\nIreland, 58; England and Wales, 116; Scotland, 24; British America,\\n106 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 9 France, 21.\\nGold Leaf and Foil. Establishments, 51 steam-engines, 4 (horse-\\npower, 98); hands employed, 613 (men, 373; women, 189; youths, 51);\\ncapital, $412,905; wages, $264,408; materials, $621,773; products,\\n$1,411,431.\\nDredging.\\nAmerican Dredging Company, 10 South Delaware avenue, 775.\\nDruggists (Retail).\\nBrown Frederick, N. E. corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, 778.\\nDavis G. H., 1050 Germantown avenue, 724.\\nDavis Robert Coulton, S. E. corner of Sixteenth and Vine streets, 834.\\nHufnal J. T., 1900 Green street, 713.\\nKnight William E., S. E. corner of Tenth and Locust streets, 742.\\nKeys Roger, N. W. corner of Twelfth and Pine streets, 736.\\nKunkel E. F., 259 North Ninth street, 729.\\nMarks James N., 3742 Market street, 713.\\nMussou W. A., 2043 Chestnut street, 839.\\nShiun James T., S. W. corner Broad and Spruce streets, 717.\\nVan Buskirk Apple, Second and Dauphin streets, 804.\\nWitnier D. L. Brother, junc. of Fifth and Germantown avenue, 786.\\nWyeth John Brother, 1412 Walnut street, 806.\\nDruggists (Wholesale).\\nMackeown, Bower, Ellis Co., 1000 Market street, 827.\\nShoemaker Robert Co., N. E. corner of Fourth and Race streets, 728.\\nDrugs and Chemicals. Establishments, 292; steam-engines, 114 (horse-\\npower, 3637) water-wheels, 17 (horse-power, 445) hands employed, 4729", "height": "3338", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL Sl ATISTICS. 51\\n(men, 4026; women, 452; youths, 251); capital, $12,750,800; wages,\\n^2,141,238; materials, $11,681,405; products. $19,417,194. Druggists,\\n17,369 (males, 17,335 females, 34) ages, 16 to 59, 16,977 60 and over,\\n392; bora in the United States, 14,273; Germany, 1470; Ireland, 339;\\nEngland and Wales, 607 Scotland, 88 British America, 189 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 64; France, 118; China and Japan, 51.\\nDry Goods (Wholesale and Retail).\\n(For statistics of Cotton and Woollen Goods, see pages 570, 571, 614, 615.)\\nHomer, Colladay Co., 1412 and 1414 Chestnut street, 757.\\nSharpless Sous, N. W. corner of Eighth and Chestnut streets, 812.\\nWilliams-, Yerkes Co. (wholesale), 611 Market street, 887.\\nTraders in Dry Goods in 1870, 39,790 (males, 39,129; females, 661);\\nages, 16 to 59, 38,543 60 and over, 1247 born in the United States,\\n31,180; Germany, 4564; Ireland, 1505; England and Wales, 786; Scot-\\nland, 319; British America, 242; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 122;\\nFrance, 369 China and Japan, 4.\\nDye-Woods, Dye-Stuffs, etc.\\nBrowning Brothers, 42 and 44 North Front street, 719.\\nDye- Woods, Stvffs and Extracts. Establishments, 19 steam-engines, 22\\n(horse-power, 1004) water-wheels, 7 (horse-power, 565) hands employed,\\n548 (men, 517 women, 5 youths, 26) capital, $1,227,500 wages, $300,-\\n755; materials, $1,275,434 products, $2,053,300.\\nDyers and Scourers.\\nKlauder R., Howard, corner of Oxford street, 730.\\nBleaching and Dyeing. Establishments, 250; steam-engines, 101 (horse-\\npower, 4278); water-wheels, 26 (horse-power, 1384); hands employed,\\n4172 (men, 3279 women, 680; youths, 213); capital, $5,006,950 wages,\\n$1,783,449; materials, $53,166,634; products, $58,571,493. Bleachers,\\nDyers and Scourers, 4901 (males, 4582; females, 319); ages, 10 to 15,\\n141 16 to 59, 4552 60 and over, 208 born in the United States, 2013\\nGermany, 705; Ireland, 1091 England and Wales, 614; Scotland, 165;\\nBritish America, 39 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 22; France, 162.\\nElectro-Magnetic Machines.\\nNeff William C, Philadelphia, 758.\\nElectropathic Physician.\\nArmitage Dr. Thomas, N. E. corner Fifteenth and Cherry streets, 736.\\nPhysicians and Surgeons, 62,383 (males, 61,858 females, 525) ages, 16\\nto 59, 57,947; 60 and over, 4436; born in the United States, 55,920;", "height": "3314", "width": "1910", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "52 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nGermany, 2362 Ireland, 918 England and Wales, 983 Scotland, 268;\\nBritish America, 793; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 82; France, 308;\\nChina and Japan, 193.\\nElevators, Hoists, Dumb-waiters.\\nMurtaush s, Isaac Richards, 2217 Chestnut street, 836.\\nStokes Parrish, N. W. corner Thirtieth and Chestnut streets, 756.\\nEncaustic Floor Tiles.\\nSharpless Watts, 1325 Market street, 714.\\nEncaustic Tiles entered into consumption in the United States in 1870-71,\\n(value), S4771 1871-2, $8083; 1872-3, $18,717; 1873-4, $14,193.\\nEngineers, Contractors, etc.\\n(See also Bridge Builders.)\\nStarr Jesse W. Son, 435 and 437 Chestnut street, 726.\\nCivil Engineers, 4703; ages, 10 to 15, 1; 16 to 69, 4574; 60 and over,\\n128 born in the United States, 3959; Germany, 191; Ireland, 167 Eng-\\nland and Wales, 206 Scotland, 39 British America, 42 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 17; France, 31. Engineers and Firemen, 34,233;\\nages, 10 to 15, 33 16 to 59, 33,857 60 and over, 343 born in the Uni-\\nted States, 24,286; Germany, 2098; Ireland, 3317; England and Wales,\\n2550 Scotland, 742 British America, 653 Sweden, Norway and Den-\\nmark, 127; France, 179.\\nEngravers.\\nCrosscup West (wood), 702 Chestnut street, 709.\\nGafney James F., 53 North Seventh street, 788.\\nPaquet E. R. (general), 24 South Fifth street, 847.\\nSartain John (plate), 728 Sansom street, 734.\\nTaylor Smith (wood), 113 South Fourth street, 754.\\nEngravers, 4226 (males, 4197; females, 29); ages, 10 to 15, 48 16 to i\\n59, 4102; 60 and over, 76; born in the United States, 2286; Germany,\\n890; Ireland, 230; England and Wales, 434; Scotland, 103; British\\nAmerica, 49; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 18; France, 113; China\\nor Japan, 1. Engraving. Establishments, 157 steam-engines, 13 (horse-\\npower, 151) hands employed, 1407 (men, 1047 women, 269 youths, 91)\\ncapital, 81,744,795; wages, $1,022,090; materials, $452,072; products,\\n$2,093,482.\\nFancy Cabinet-ware.\\nGoft R. W. P., 625 and 627 Wall street, 844.\\nTraders and Dealers in Cabinet-ware, 4087 (males, 4071 females, 16)\\nages, 16 to 59, 3928 60 and over, 159 born in the United States, 2756", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 53\\nGermany, 673; Irelaud, 258; England and Wales, 179; Scotland, 34;\\nBritish America, 62; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 16; France, 41.\\nCabinet-makers, 42,835 (males, 42,123; females, 712); ages, 10 to 15, 886;\\n16 to 59, 39,854; 60 and over, 2095; born in the United States, 25,293;\\nGermany, 11,798; Ireland, 1595; England and Wales, 1020; Scotland,\\n240; British America, 849 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 632 France,\\n518; China and Japan, 11. See also Furniture Manufacturers, etc.\\nFancy Goods.\\nBinder Mrs. M. A., Eleventh and Chestnut streets, 761.\\nBond Francis, 139 South Eighth street, 766.\\nFancy Articles. Establishments, 13; steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 77);\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 22); hands employed, 191 (men, 82; women,\\n94; youths, 15); capital, $172,650; wages, $65,435; materials, $77,627;\\nproducts, $188,830.\\nFertilizers.\\nJones William H., 1621 Market street, 844.\\nPhillips Moro, Philadelphia, 702.\\nFertilizers (not plaster, ground). Establishments, 126; steam-engines,\\n69 (horse-power, 2307) water-wheels, 33 (horse-power, 644) hands em-\\nployed, 2501 (men, 2470; women, 19 youths, 12); capital, $4,395,948;\\nwages, $766,712; materials, $3,808,025; products, 85,815,118. Special\\nstatistics for Philadelphia: Fertilizers, Phosphate, Poudretie. Establish-\\nments, 8; steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 325); hands employed, 246;\\ncapital, $1,105,000; wages, $137,744; materials, $509,660; products,\\n$1,035,952.\\nFiles and Rasps.\\nBarnett G. H., 41 Richmond street, 730.\\nDisstou H. Sons, Front and Laurel streets, 750.\\nFiles. Establishments, 121; steam-engines, 30 (horse-power, 780);\\nwater-wheels, 18 (horse-power, 216); hands employed, 1581 (men, 1356;\\nwomen, 59 youths, 166) capital, $1,659,370; wages, $638,982 materials,\\n$468,303 products, $1,649,394.\\nFire-brick Manufacturers.\\n(For general stcatistics of Bricks, see Brick Machines and Presses.)\\nNeukumet Philip, Twenty-third and Vine streets, 828.\\nRemmey Richard C, 1100 East Cumberland street, 727.\\nNo special statistics for Fire-bricks were given for the whole country, but\\nfor Philadelphia the statistics were as follows Establishments, 8 using\\nsteam, 6 (horse-power, 117); hands employed, 209 (men, 188; youths,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "54 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n21); capital, $530,000 Avages, $108,686; materials, $228,250 products,\\n$501,850.\\nFire Extinguishers.\\nPiatt W. K. Co., 212 Market street, 826.\\nFire Hydrants.\\nStarr Jesse W. Son, 435 and 437 Chestnut street, 726.\\nFlorist.\\nMackenzie Thos. J., Broad street and Columbia avenue, 778.\\nFlorids, 1085 (males, 1046; females, 39); ages, 16 to 59, 1044; 60 and\\nover, 41 born in the United States, 522 Germany, 183 Ireland, 104\\nEngland and Wales, 135; Scotland, 63; British America, 9; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 6 France, 48.\\nForwarding and Transportation.\\n(See Railroads also, American Railroads, pages 627-632.)\\nClyde W. P. Co., 12 South Delaware avenue, front of book.\\nThe following personal statistics, taken in connection with those of rail-\\nroads, will give some idea of the number and nationality of persons whose\\noccujjations are connected with the business of forwarding and transporting\\nboth freight and passengers. Boatmen and Watermen, 21,332 (males, 21,302;\\nfemales, 30); ages, 10 to 15, 408; 16 to 59, 20,484; 60 and over, 440;\\nborn in the United States, 17,499; Germany, 737; Ireland, 2019; Eng-\\nland and Wales, 312; Scotland, 91 British America, 326; Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 131 France, 63. Draymen, Hachnen, Teamsters, etc.,\\n120,756 (males, 120,560; females, 196); ages, 10 to 15, 1427; 16 to 59,\\n116,815 60 and over, 2514; born in the United States, 83,078; Germany,\\n11,261; Ireland, 17,925; England and Wales, 2616 Scotland, 630; Brit-\\nish America, 2613 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 457 France, 549\\nChina and Japan, 26. Sailors, 5Q,QQo; ages, 10 to 15,312; 16 to 59,\\n54,()18 60 and over, 1733 born in the United States, 42,064 Germany,\\n2247 Ireland, 4087; England and Wales, 2170; Scotland, 704; British\\nAmerica, 1656; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 1710; France, 265 Chi-\\nna and Japan, 86.\\nFrames (Looking-glass and Picture).\\nReukauff Geo. C, 1312 Chestnut street, 788.\\nThiery A., N. E. corner Fourth and Branch streets, 725.\\nLooking-glass and Picture Frames. Establishments, 320 steam-engines,\\n49 (horse-power, 1107); water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 93); hands em-\\nployed, 3587 (men, 2976; women, 196; youths, 415); capital, $2,590,020;\\nwages, $1,623,653 materials, $2,466,313; products, $5,962,235.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 55\\nFruit Butter Manufacturers.\\nScliimmel J, O. Co., Pliihulelphia, Chicago and New York, 722.\\nFruits, Canned, etc.\\nAnderson Campbell, Camden, N. J., 791.\\nFruits and Vegetables, Canned and Preserved. Establishments, 97; steam-\\nengines, 45 (horse-power, 742) hands employed, 5869 (men, 1658 women,\\n3434; youths, 777); capital, $2,335,925; wages, $771,643; materials,\\n$3,094,846 products, $5,425,677.\\nFur Dealers and Furriers.\\nKeinath W., 812 Arch street, 737.\\nReisky Nav. C, 237 Arch street, 789 and 806.\\nFurs, Dressed. Establishments, 182 steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 76)\\nwater-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 10); hands employed, 2903 (men, 1306;\\nwomen, 1525; youths, 72); capital, $3,472,267; wages, $1,042,305 ma-\\nterials, $4,816,122; products, $8,903,052. Fur Workers, 1191 (males,\\n836 females, 355) ages, 10 to 15, 33 16 to 59, 1127 60 and over, 31\\nborn in the United States, 435 Germany, 372 Ireland, 183 England\\nand Wales, 111 Scotland, 8; British America, 17 Sweden, Norway and\\nDenmariv, 5 France, 17.\\nFurniture Manufacturers and Dealers.\\nGould Co., Ninth and Market streets, 37 and 39 North Second street\\nand 272 South Second street, inside front cover.\\nHeacock William, 18 North Ninth street, 776.\\nLoth Henry, 645 North Broad street, 769.\\nMauger I. B., 349 North Second street, 789.\\nRichardson W. T., corner Sixth and Oxford streets, 840.\\nFurniture. Establishments, 5423; steam-engines, 764 (horse-power,\\n14,811); water-wheels, 406 (horse-power, 6920) hands employed, 40,554\\n(men, 38,023; women, 657; youths, 1874) capital, $35,740,029 wages,\\n$17,901,379; materials, $21,669,837; products, $57,926,547, Chairs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEstablishments, 529; steam-engines, 117 (horse-power, 3203); water-\\nwheels, 184 (horse-power, 4740); hands employed, 12,462 (men, 6975;\\nwomen, 3168; youths, 2319); capital, $7,643,884. For personal statistics\\nof cabinet-makers see Fancy Cabinet-ware.\\nGas Apparatus.\\nStarr Jesse W. Son, 435 and 437 Chestnut street, 726.\\nGas-burners and Gas-heating Apparatus.\\nGefrorer C, 248 N. Eighth street, 742.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "56 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nGas- and Lamp-shades, etc.\\nV. Quarre Co., 832 and 834 Arch street, 827.\\nGas Machines.\\nHuhne George W., 12 North Seventh street, 705.\\nGas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 390; steam-engines, 160 (horse-power, 2747);\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 21); hands employed, 8723 (men, 8705;\\nyouths, 18); capital, 871,773,694; wages, $6,546,734 materials, $10,869,-\\n373 products, $32,048,851. Gaso?\u00c2\u00abe/ers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 2 steam-en-\\ngines, 2 (horse-power, 7); hands employed, 30 capital, $35,000; wages,\\n$15,000; materials, $74,000; products, $140,000. Gas i?e orfe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Estab-\\nlishments, $5; steam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 22); hands employed, 177\\n(men, 176 youth, 1) capital, $863,000 wages, $142,280 materials,\\n$356,846 products, $665,225. Gas- and Lamp-fixtures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BstahWshments,\\n39; steam-engines, 27 (horse-power, 661); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power,\\n50); hands employed, 2469 (men, 2089; women, 257; youths, 123); cap-\\nital, $2,723,194; wages, $1,232,124; materials, $1,626,579; products,\\n$4,061,778. For gasfitters see Plumbers and Gasfitters.\\nGents Furnishing Goods.\\nLaing C, Sixth and Chestnut streets, 831.\\nRichelderfer J. H., S. E. corner Eleventh and Chestnut streets, 752.\\nNeckties (special statistics for Philadelphia). Establishments, 5 hands\\nemployed, 187 (men, 7 women, 180); capital, $61,000; wages, $46,268;\\nmaterials, $124,100 products, $214,500. For further statistics see Shirts\\nalso Hosiery, etc.\\nGlass Cutters.\\nLaird H. J., 205 Quarry street, 754.\\nMagee John A., 1235 Vine street, 835.\\nGlass-house Pots.\\nNewkumet Adam, 1537 North Front street, 704.\\nGlass Shades.\\nGalbraith A., 209 North Ninth street, 745.\\nMaxwell John, 226 North Ninth, 814.\\nCut G7as\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 29 steam-engines, 21 (horse-power, 180)\\nhands employed, 285 (men, 257; women, 2 youths, 26) capital, $136,700;\\nwages, $157,576; materials, $178,526 products, $470,875. Plate Glass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEstablishments, 5; steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 52); water-wheel, 1\\n(horse-power, 4); hands employed, 200 (men, 195; youths, 5); capital,\\n$195,700; wages, $132,410; materials, $86,708; products, $355,250.\\nbtained GVass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 18; steam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 44);", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 57\\nhands employed, 170 (men, 156 women, 10 youths, 4) capital, $148,-\\n800 wages, $99,739 materials, $90,277 products, $297,480. Glassware\\n{not specified). ^Establishments, 114 steam-engines, 55 (horse-power,\\n1044); water-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 42); hands employed, 12,308 (men,\\n8494; women, 666; youths, 3148); capital, $10,385,882; wages, $5,953,-\\n423 materials, $4,376,897 products, $14,300,949.\\nGold Pen Manufacturers.\\nBenton Bro., 409 Chestnut street, 730.\\nGold Pens and Pencils. Establishments, 21 steam-engines, 3 (horse-\\npower, 56); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 5); hands employed, 242 (men,\\n199; women, 30; youths, 13); capital, $268,250 wages, $133,556 mate-\\nrials, $181,740; products, $467,380.\\nGrindstones.\\nMitchell J. E., 310 York avenue, Philadelphia. 2000 tons on hand.\\nFounded in 1810.\\nGrindstone Fixtures.\\nMitchell J. Henry, 602 Beach street, Phila., Shafts, Cast-iron Boxes, etc.\\nGrindstones. Establishments, 10; steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 136);\\nhands employed, 236 (men, 226; youths, 10); capital, $83,800; wages,\\n$59,600 materials, $33,853 products, $163,700.\\nGrocers (Wholesale).\\nConrow T. Co., 5 North Water street, 725.\\nThe term groceries comprehends such a variety of articles that it is\\nimpossible to give in our limited space full details of the business. The\\nimports of sugar and molasses, coffee and tea for 1872-3 and 1873-4 will\\nbe found in the article on Commerce and Navigation, page 470. The\\nfollowing personal statistics are found in the census Traders and Dealers\\nin Groceries, 74,410 (males, 73,213 females, 1197) ages, 16 to 59, 71,676;\\n60 and over, 2734 born in the United States, 46,226 Germany, 13,456\\nIreland, 8879 England and Wales, 2075 Scotland, 444 British Amer-\\nica, 690 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 232 France, 999 China and\\nJapan, 124.\\nGuns, Pistols, etc.\\nGrubb Joseph C. Co., 712 Market street, 753.\\nFirearms. Establishments, 46 steam-engines, 27 (horse-power, 1323);\\nwater-wheels, 17 (horse-power, 365) hands employed, 3297 (men, 3152;\\nwomen, 33; youths, 112); capital, $4,016,902; wages, $2,490,774; ma-\\nterials, $1,100,999; products, $5,582,258. Gun- and Locksmiths, 8184\\n(males, 8151; women, 33); ages, 10 to 15, 77; 16 to 59, 7709; 60 and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "58 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nover 398 born in the United States, 4703 Germany, 2091 Ireland, 453\\nEnoland and Wales, 452; Scotland, 51; British America, 6b Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 49; France, 141; China and Japan, 2.\\nHair Jewelry and Hair-Work.\\nNeher Charles, 612 Arch street, 748.\\nSchmitt Madam K., 222 North Eighth street,^788.\\nAVunpfheimer Mrs. C, 320 Market street, 835.\\nSpecial statistics of hair jewelry for the whole country were not given in\\n1870. For Philadelphia the figures were as follows Establishments, 3\\nhands employed, 7 (women); capital, $12,500 wages, 31800; materials,\\n$3400; products, $7625. ITair- TFor^ Establishments in the United\\nStates in 1870, 230; steam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 55); water-wheel, 1\\n(horse-power, 7); hands employed, 1651 (men, 597; women, 940; youths,\\n114); capital, $766,875; wages, $416,294; materials, $883,421 products,\\n$1,971,839.\\nHardware.\\nClamcr Francis J. Co., 909 North Ninth street, 740.\\nCraft Edwin Co., 905 Market street, 827.\\nEnterprise Manufacturing Company of Pennsylvania, Henry Asbury,\\npresident, American and Dauphin streets, 711.\\nHaase John A., 116 Van Horn, 743.\\nRose W. Brothers, Thirty-sixth and Filbert streets, 714.\\nYanhoru James S. Co., Ridge and Girard avenues, 810.\\nHardware. Establishments, 580 steam-engines, 243 (horse-power,\\n5616) water-wheels, 155 (horse-power, 3398) hands employed, 14,236\\n(men. 11,713; women, 1179; youths, 1344) capital, $13,869,315 wages,\\n$6,845,640 materials, $9,188,044 products, $22,237,329.\\nHarness and Saddlery.\\nSage B. v., 3142 Market street, 724.\\nYoung J. H., 35i North Ninth street, 762.\\nSaddlery and Harness. Establisliments, 7607; steam-engines, 12 (horse-\\npower, 172); water-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 43) hands employed, 23,557\\n(men, 22,716; women, 375; youths, 466); capital, $13,935,961; wages,\\n$7,046,207; materials, $16,068,310; products, $32,709,981. Saddlery\\nHardware. Establishments, 155 steam-engines, 29 (horse-power, 689)\\nwater-wheels, 13 (horse-power, 260); hands employed, 2566 (men, 2129;\\nwomen, 184; youths, 253); capital, $1,482,225; Avages, $1,062,059; ma-\\nterials, $1,257,947; products, $3,227,123. Harness- and Saddle-makers,\\n32,817 (males, 32,767 females, 50) ages, 10 to 15, 287 16 to 59, 31,543\\nGO and over, 987 burn in the United States, 24,568 Germany, 8868", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 59\\nIreland, 1747 England and Wales, 811 Scotland, 161; British Amer-\\nica, 715 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 161 France, 226 China or\\nJapan, 1.\\nHat-Block Manufacturers.\\nCimdey E. Brother, 848 North Fourth street, 724.\\nNonnenberger Christian, 323 Race street, 732.\\nHat Materials. Establishments, 62; steam-engiues, 11 (horse-power,\\n433) water-wheels, 8 (horse-power, 138) hands employed, 1014 (men,\\n722; women, 146; youths, 146); capital, ^1,168,635; wages, $537,287;\\nmaterials, S2,074,959 products, $3,225,763.\\nHats and Caps, etc.\\nBrylawski M., manufacturer, 16 North Third street, 835.\\nDamai E. (retail), 143 Arch street, 834.\\nLaing C, Sixth and Chestnut streets, 831.\\nHats and Caps. Establishments, 483; steam-engines, 64 (horse-pow er,\\n2112); water-wheels, 10 (horse-power, 186); hands employed, 16,173\\n(men, 8847; women, 6301 youths, 1025); capital, $6,489,571; wages,\\n$6,574,490; materials, $12,262,107; products, $24,848,167. Hat- and\\nCap-makers, 12,625 (males, 9275 females, 3350) ages, 10 to 15, 450\\n16 to 59,11,815; 60 and over, 360 born in the United States, 8829;\\nGermany, 1154; Ireland, 1727; England and Wales, 518; Scotland, 74;\\nBritish America, 87; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 17; France, 93;\\nChina and Japan, 2. Traders and Dealers in Hats and Caps, 3375 (males,\\n3360 females, 15) ages, 16 to 59, 3161 60 and over, 214 born in the\\nUnited States, 2355 Germany, 523 Ireland, 231 England and Wales,\\n124 Scotland, 20 British America, 16 Sweden, Norway and Denmark,\\n7 France, 46 China or Japan, 1.\\nHeaters, Ranges, Furnaces, etc.\\nBorden J. Brother, 637 North Nineteenth street, 732.\\nHarrison William H. Brother, 1435 Chestnut street, 783.\\nMcCoy Roberts, 1208 and 1210 Market street, 837.\\nMoseley Thos. W. H. (Radiators), 147 South Fourth street, 851 and 852.\\nNixon George Son, N. E. corner of Sixteenth and Vine streets.\\nRand A. W., 124 North Sixth street, 797.\\nReynolds J. Son, N. W. corner of Thirteenth and Filbert streets, 770-\\nHeating Apparatus. Establishments, 59 steam-engines, 18 (horse-\\npower, 239); hands employed, 1141 (men, 1121; youths, 20); capital,\\n$1,605,830; wages, $853,516 materials, $1,424,345 products, $3,425,150,\\nSee also Stoves, Ranges, etc.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "60\\nADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nHides and Tallow.\\n(For statistics of Leather, tanned and curried, see page 615.)\\nPchollenberger William Sons, Mascher and Oxford streets, 778.\\nEstablishments, 12 steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 84); hands employed,\\n138 (men, 135; woman, 1 youths, 2) capital, $164,000 wages, 139,000\\nmaterials, \u00c2\u00a7520,754 products, $743,040. _\\nGrease and ra//oio.-Establishments, 62; steam-engmes, lo (horse-\\npower, 233) hands employed, 442 (men, 359 women, 62; youths, 21)\\ncapital, $841,980; wages, $184,787; materials, $5,114,868; products,\\n$6,035,845.\\nHides and Skins, Sumac, etc.\\nKeen James S., 115 Margaretta street, 847.\\nTraders and Dealers in Leather, Hides and Skins, 2261 (males, 2257\\nfemales, 4) ages, 16 to 59, 2171 60 and over, 90 born in the United\\nStates, 1542 Germany, 433 Ireland, 109 England and Wales, 86\\nScotland, 17; British America, 17; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 3;\\nFrance, 29.\\nHose Manufacturers (Leather).\\n(For statistics see Belting and Hose.)\\nEckfeldt Kichie, 418 North Third street, 720.\\nHosiery.\\n(See Shawls, Hosiery and Knit Goods.)\\nHotel and House Enunciators.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851 and 852.\\nHotel-keepers, 26,394 (males, 25,529; females, 865); ages, 16 to 59,\\n24,901; 60 and over, 1493; born in the United States, 19,416; Germany,\\n3037; Ireland, 1915; England and Wales, 831; Scotland, 118; British\\nAmerica, 384 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 104 France, 239\\nChina and Japan, 19. Clerks in Hotels and Restaurants, 5243 (males,\\n5166 females, 77) ages, 10 to 15, 49 16 to 59, 5147 60 and over, 47\\nborn in the United States, 4467 Germany, 260 Ireland, 210 England\\nand Wales, 101 Scotland, 14; British America, 83; Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 17 France, 27. Employes of Hotels and Restaurants,\\n(iiot clerks), 2li,i^S (males, 17,139; females, 6299) ages, 10 to 15,921\\n16 to 59, 22,263; 60 and over, 254; born in the United States, 15,598\\nGermany, 2145 Ireland, 3762; England and Wales, 504; Scotland, 121\\nBritish America, 305 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 197 France, 254\\nChina and Japan, 98.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 61\\nHouse-Furnishing- Goods.\\nChrist J. H. Brothers, 824 Arch street, 745.\\nCraft Edwin Co., 905 Market street, 827.\\nAVilliaras Isaac S. Co., 728 Market street, 744.\\nWooden Ware. Establishments, 269 steam-engines, 76 (horse-power^\\n2293) water-wheels, 165 (horse-power, 3366) hands employed, 3169\\n(men, 2708 women, 67 youths, 394) capital, $2,814,592 wages,\\n\u00c2\u00a71.210,268; materials, $1,623,694 products, $4,142,124.\\n(For the remaining statistics, see Cutlery Tin, Copper and Sheet-iron Ware\\nand the appropriate lieadings of other leading articles in this somewhat comprehen-\\nsive business.)\\nIce Cream Freezers.\\nBlatchley Charles G., 506 Commerce street, 721.\\nIce Cream Restaurants.\\nBurns Son, 133 South Fifteenth street, 756.\\nLipp H. C. Brother, 217 North Ninth street, 717.\\nMosebach H., Eleventh and Poplar streets, 839.\\nThough ice cream is an American invention, special statistics were not\\ngiven in the census, and the only figures obtainable are the following per-\\nsonal statistics, which include proprietors of eating-houses. Restaurant-\\nkeepers, 35,185 (males, 34,542; females, 643) ages, 16 to 59, 34,457;\\n60 and over, 728 born in the United States, 14,020 Germany, 11,877\\nIreland, 4220 England and Wales, 1241 Scotland, 201 British America,\\n628 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 328 France, 973 China and Ja-\\npan, 66.\\nIndia-rubber and Elastic Goods.\\nEstablishments, 56; steam-engines, 49 (horse-power, 4412); watei -wheels,\\n35 (horse-power, 1864); hands employed, 6025 (men, 3030; women, 2649;\\nyouths, 346) capital, $7,486,600 wages, $2,559,877 materials, $7,434,742\\nproducts, $14,566,374.\\nInk Manufacturers.\\nWright J. K. Co. (printing). Twenty-sixth and Hare streets, 729.\\nBush I. A. (writing), 214 South Tenth street, 826.\\nKnapp C. F. Son (writing), 510J Arch street, 789.\\nStump F. Co., 140 South Third street, 792.\\nPrinting-ink. Establishments, 16; steam-engiues, 13 (horse-power, 248);\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 55) hands employed, 155 (men, 152; youths,\\n3); capital, $343,300; wages, $100,187; materials, $353,711; products,\\n$600,329. Writing-ink. Establishments, 25 steam-engine, 1 (horse-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "62 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\npower, 8); hands employed, IGO (men, 101 women, 32 youths, 27); cap-\\nital, \u00c2\u00a7270,230 wvages, ^45,962 materials, $176,399 products, $366,473.\\nInsurance Companies (Fire).\\nPennsylvania Insurance Co., 510 Walnut street, 798.\\nNumber of Fire Insurance Companies in 1875, 87; gross assets, $69,-\\n469,397 fire risks written in 1874, $2,416,963,130 marine and inland\\nrisks, 8421,584,527 amount at risk January 1, 1875, $2,527,020,865; total\\nincome in 1874, $38,243,986 foreign companies doing business in the\\nUnited States, 14 risks in 1874, $827,520,160 total amount at risk Jan-\\nuary 1, 1875, $3,354,541,025.\\nInsurance Companies (Life).\\nAmerican Life Insurance Co., Fourth and Walnut streets, 703.\\nPenu ]\\\\Iutual Life Insurance Co., 921 Chestnut street, 755.\\nNumber of Life Insurance Companies in 1875, 59 number of policies\\nin force, 866,690 amount insured, $2,140,565,481 average amount of\\neach policy in force, $2469 gross assets January 1, 1875, $401,706,301.\\nIron Broker.\\nEtting Edward J., 230 South Third street, 846.\\nIron Founders.\\n(For statistics of Iron see pages 186, 613, 614.)\\nStarr Jesse W. Son, 435 and 437 Chestnut street, 726.\\nWharton Joseph S. Lovering, Fifteenth and Wood streets, 731.\\nIron Galvanizing and Corrugating.\\nChase Frederic, 2425 and 2427 South street, 740.\\nMcCullough Iron Co., Sixteenth and Washington avenue, 730.\\nMarshall Bros. Co., 24 Girard avenue, 847.\\nMoseley Thos. W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851 and 852.\\nThe Philadelphia Galvanizing Co., 2130 Race street, 735.\\nGahanizliKj. Establishments, 9; steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 48);\\nhands employed, 146 (men, 141; youths, 5); capital, $206,000 wagesi\\n$88,650 materials, $584,996 products, $796,326. Special statistics of\\nGalvanized and Corrugated iron for Philadelphia, in 1870 Establishments\\n5; using steam, 5 (horse-power, 88); hands employed, 136 (men, 131;\\nyouths, 5); capital, $279,000; wages, $82,950 materials, $448,796 prod-\\nucts, $794,526.\\nIron Manufacturers.\\nMcCullough Iron Co., Sixteenth and Washington avenue, 730.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 63\\nMoseley Thos. W. H. (Iron Screw Piles), 147 South Fourth street, 851.\\nMusconetcoug Iron Works, A. Pardee Co., 303 Walnut street, 768.\\nStarr Jesse W. Son, 435 and 437 Chestnut street, 726.\\nIron Pipe Manufacturers.\\nGirard Tube Works and Iron Co., 42 North Fifth street, 828.\\nIron Pipe (wrought). Establishments, 22 steam-engines, 26 (horse-\\npower, 1715); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 5); hands employed, 2129\\n(men, 1988; youths, 141); capital, $5,311,095; wages, $1,155,910; ma-\\nterials, $4,872,907 products, $7,369,194.\\nIron Railing, Fences, Doors, Vases.\\nWatson Kelso, 46 and 48 North Front street, 798.\\nWood Robert Co., 1136 Ridge avenue, 700.\\nIron Railing (^wrought). Establishments, 74 steam-engines, 27 (horse-\\npower, 197); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 3); hands employed, 630 (men,\\n605 youths, 25); capital, $405,200; wages, $321,101 materials, $533,116;\\nproducts, $1,268,756.\\nIron Railing (cast). Number of feet made in 1870, 1,530,581.\\nJewellers.\\n(See Watches, Jewelry, etc.)\\nLampblack Manufacturers.\\nMartin L. Co., 118 Walnut street, 703.\\nEstablishments in 1870, 9 steam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 43) hands\\nemployed, 56; capital, $93,000; wages, $20,734; materials, $107,565;\\nproducts, $193,800. Corrected statistics of Philadelphia in 1870 Estab-\\nlishments, 4 hands employed, 36 (men, 27 youths, 9); capital, $183,000\\nwages, $30,900 materials, $65,350 products, $117,700.\\nLamp and Lantern Manufacturers.\\nWilhelm Neumann, 919 and 921 Race street, 734.\\nLamps, Lanterns and Locomotive Head-lights. Establishments, 40\\nsteam-engines, 16 (horse-power, 164); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 10);\\nhands employed, 558 (men, 490 women, 36; youths, 32) capital, $689,-\\n300 wages, $286,843 materials, $403,295 products, $995,289.\\nLapidary.\\nBohrer William, Fourth and Chestnut streets, 779.\\nLapidary Work. Establishments, 13; steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, lOj;\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 22); hands employed, 88 (men, 81; women,\\n5; youths, 2); capital, $34,400; wages, $38,800; materials, $37,184;\\nproducts, $107,300.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "64 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nLast Manufacturer.\\nDewees Peter, 113 and 115 Callowhill street, 739.\\nXaste.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 60; steam-engines, 32 (horse-power, 465);\\nwater-wheels, 10 (horse-power, 180); hands employed, 510 (men, 484;\\nwomen, 2; youths, 24); capital, $330,800; wages, $262,212; materials,\\n$137,657 products, $665,703.\\nLaundry.\\nTardif William, Jr., 220 North Second street, 826.\\nLaunder ers and Laundresses, 60,906 (males, 5297 females, 55,609) ages,\\n10 to 15, 548 16 to 59, 57,964 60 and over, 2394 born in the United\\nStates, 40,814; Germany, 2761; Ireland, 11,530; England and Wales,\\n601 Scotland, 205 British America, 331 Sweden, Norway and Denmark,\\n170 France, 327 China aiad Japan, 3653.\\nLeather and Findings.\\n(For statistics of Leather Dealers see Hides and Skins, and for those of Leather\\nsee American Manufactures, page 615.)\\nGreiner J. F., 221 North Fourth street, 738.\\nRyan Joseph, 236 North Fourth street, 749.\\nSchmidt John G., 1234 and 1236 Poplar street, 732.\\nBoot- and Shoe-findings. Establishments, 271 steam-engines, 32 (horse-\\npower, 310); water-wheels, 14 (horse-power, 223); hands employed, 2773\\n(men, 1045 women, 1442 youths, 286) capital, $858,560 wages, $792,-\\n957; materials, $1,817,028; products, $3,389,091.\\nLime Dealers and Manufacturers.\\nIrvine Carty, Twenty-third and Spring Garden streets, 736.\\nLime. Establishments, 1001 steam-engines, 17 (horse-power, 425)\\nwater-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 56); hands employed, 6450 (men, 6402;\\nwomen, 3; youths, 45); capital, $5,344,154; wages, $1,936,158; mate-\\nrials, $4,458,542 products, $8,917,405.\\nLithographers.\\nCitti Lewis F. Co., Seventh and Market streets, 844.\\nTaylor Smith, 113 South Fourth street, 754.\\nToudy H. J. Co., 623 Commerce street, 790.\\nStatistics of lithography were not given for the whole country in 1870.\\nThe figures for Philadelphia in 1870 were as follows Establishments, 30\\nusing steam, 3 (horse-power, 31) hands employed, 279 (men, 243 women[\\n22 youths, 14) capital, $509,200 wages, $201,495 materials, $138,058\\nproducts, $628,135.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 65\\nLivery Stables.\\nDelaplaine James L., Seventeenth and Cherry streets, 824.\\nDoble W. H. Son, 1424 South Peuu square, 772.\\nLivery Stable Keepers, 8504 (males, 8493; women, 11); ages, 16 to 59,\\n8278 60 and over, 226 boi-n in the United States, 7087 Germany, 427\\nIreland, 545 England and Wales, 182 Scotland, 34 British America,\\n126; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 32; France, 28. For statistics of\\nhorses, see pages 572, 573, 574, 576.\\nMachinists.\\nCarnell F. L. D. R., 1844 Germantown avenue, 724.\\nChambers, Bro. Co., Fifty-secoud street and Lancaster avenue, 803.\\nDienelt Eisenhardt, Seventeenth street and Fairmount avenue, 811.\\nFerrell and Jones, 2218 and 2220 Race street, 832.\\nFlanders L. B., Eleventh and Hamilton streets, 829.\\nMills Thos. Bro., Eighth and Thompson streets, 817.\\nNittinger A., Jr., 828 North Fourth street, 759.\\nRiehle Brothers, Philadelphia, 798.\\nQuimby B. F., fine machinery, 224 South Fifth street, 743.\\nShearman Hilles, 309 and 311 Arch street, 824,\\nSmith Charles H., 135 North Third street, 744.\\nTeal C. A. W. L., 3029 Chestnut street, 694.\\nWalker Joseph, 915 Market street, 888.\\nWharton J. S. Lovering, Fifteenth Wood streets, 731.\\nSnyder Henry Co., 43 South Fourth street, 777.\\nMachinists Tools.\\nVan Haagen C. Co., 2341 and 2343 Callowhill street, 745.\\nMachinery (not specified). Establishments, 1737; steam-engines, 981\\n(horse-power, 17,429) water-wheels, 356 (horse-power, 6707) hands em-\\nployed, 30,780 (men, 30,183; women, 93 youths, 505); capital, $40,383,-\\n960; wages, 117,812,493; materials, $22,575,692; products, 854,429,634.\\nMachinists, 54,755; ages, 10 to 15, 209; 16 to 59, 53,215; 60 and over,\\n1331 born in the United States, 35,432; Germany, 5016; Ireland, 4833;\\nEngland and Wales, 5175; Scotland, 1741 British America, 1097; Swe-\\nden, Norway and Denmark, 299 France, 499 China and Japan, 6.\\nMarble Columns and Pedestals.\\nAllen James T. Co., 25 North Seventeenth street, 831.\\nMarble Dealers and Workers.\\nPrince S. F., 2214 Chestnut street, 839.\\nRightmire W. H., Camden, N. J., 772, 773.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "QG ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nStruthers Sons, 1022 Market street, 715.\\nVan Giiuden Young, 1221 Spring Garden street, 712.\\nWaterhouse John, 1817 Arch street, 808.\\nMarbleized Slate Mantels.\\nFrench E. D. W. A., Third and Vine streets, Camden, N. J., 707.\\nKimes J. B. Co., 1215 Race street, 734.\\nWilson Miller, 1210 Ridge avenue, 706.\\nMarble- and Stone-work {not specified). Establishments, 923 steam-en-\\ngines, 141 (horse-power, 4231); water-wheels, 34 (horse-power, 1406);\\nhands employed, 13,190 (men, 12,974; women, 12; youths, 204); capital,\\n811,287,677 wages, $7,601,471 materials, $8,034,858 products, $21,-\\n316,860. Marble Monuments and Tombstones. Establishments, 1049\\nsteam-engines, 43 (horse-power, 853); water-wheels, 13 (horse-power, 135);\\nhands employed, 5719 (men, 5650; women, 8; youths, 61); capital,\\n$4,942,063; wages, $2,490,296 materials, $3,709,518; products, $8,916,-\\n654. Marble- and Stone-cutters, 25,831 ages, 10 to 15, 84 16 to 59, 25,-\\n155 60 and over, 592 born in the United States, 11,923 Germany,\\n3491 Ireland, 6237 England and Wales, 1709 Scotland, 966 British\\nAmerica, 766; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 114; France, 212.\\nMasons, Brick and Stone.\\nNumber in 1870, 89,710 ages, 10 to 15, 251 16 to 59, 85,521 60 and\\nover, 3938; born in the United States, 55,147; Germany, 11,606; Ireland,\\n13,537; England and Wales, 4480; Scotland, 989; British America,\\n1500; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 703; France, 475; China and\\nJapan, 23. Masonry, Brick and /Stone.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 2264; steam-\\nengines, 4 (horse-power, 32); hands employed, 11,043 (men, 10,931;\\nyouths, 112); capital, $2,546,425; wages, $4,271,700; materials, $7,01 5,-\\n782 products, $14,587,185.\\nMasonic and Society Marks, etc.\\n(For statistics see under Military Goods and Eegalia.)\\nBedichimer I., 160 North Second street, 762 and 800.\\nSomerset Jacob, 722 Chestnut street, 832.\\nMatch Manufacturers.\\nSmith Ephraira K., 919 St. John street, 736.\\n.l/\u00e2\u0080\u009e^;/,e,._Establishments, 75; steam-engines, 29 (horse-power, 359);\\nwater-wheels, 19 (horse-power, 449) hands employed, 2556 (men 609-\\nwomen, 1089; youths, 858) capital, $1,521,802 wages, $616,714\\ntenals, 81,179,(166; products, $3,540,008.\\nma-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 67\\nMathematical and Philosophical Instruments.\\nEdgerton N. H., 924 Chestnut street, 830.\\nMcAllister William Y., 728 Chestnut street, front of book.\\nQueen Jas. W. Co., 924 Chestnut street, 818.\\nYoung W. J. Sons, 43 North Seventh street, 778.\\nInstniments, Professional and Scientific. Establishments, 135 steam-\\nengines, 32 (horse-power, 207) water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 125) hands\\nemployed, 1173 (men, 1049 women, 58; youths, 66); capital, $1,838,391\\nwages, 8649,921 materials, $417,165 products, $1,724,257.\\nMetallic Cap Manufacturers and Tin Foil Dealers.\\nHilgert s John Sons, 1009 and 1011 North Fifth street, 739.\\nMetallic Sign Manufacturers,\\nThe Wells Hope Co., 918, 920 and 922 Vine street, 786.\\nMilitary and Regalia Goods.\\nHorstmann Brothers Co., Philadelphia, New York and Paris, 802.\\nMigeod J. M. Son, 510 Race street, 818.\\nNaylor Charles, 54 North Fifth street, 816.\\nMilitary Goods. ^Establishments, 6 steam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 24)\\nhands employed, 91 (jaea, 69; women, 12; youths, 10); capital, $98,200;\\nwages, $66,426 materials, $141,550 products, $282,630. Regalia and\\nSociety Banners and Emblems. Establishments, 29 steam-engines, 5\\n(horse-power, 31); hands employed, 410 (men, 150; women, 237; youths,\\n23); capital, $251,650; wages, $114,702 materials, $307,296 products,\\n$626,476. Military Goods and Regalia (corrected statistics for Philadel-\\nphia). Establishments, 8 using steam, 4 (hoi se-power, 22) hands em-\\nployed, 172 (men, 37; women, 130; youths, 5); capital, $241,200; wages,\\n$53,400; materials, $99,410 products, $259,800.\\nMilk Dealers.\\nJones Jos. L., 603 North Eighth street, 717.\\nWoolman Edward W., 44 North Thirty-eighth street, 713.\\nNumber of gallons of milk sold in 1870, 235,500,599. Leading States\\nNew York, 135,775,919 gallons; Ohio, 22,275,344; Massachusetts, 15,284,-\\n057 Pennsylvania, 14,411 ,729. Pounds of cheese made in 1870, 53,492,153.\\nLeading States New York, 22,769,964 Ohio, 8,169,486. Pounds of cheese\\nmade in 1860, 103,663,927, and in 1850, 105,535,893. For exports of\\n.cheese in various years, showing the recent progress in its manufacture,\\nsee page 200. Pounds of butter made in 1870,514,092,683; in 1860,\\n459,681,372; and in 1850, 313,345,306. Leading States in 1870: New\\nYork, 107,147.526 pounds Pennsylvania, 60,834,644 Ohio, 50,206,372.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "68 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nMillinery and Fancy Goods.\\n(Statistks of Women s Clothing will be found under Clothiers.)\\nBinder Mrs. M. A., 1101 Chestnut street, 761.\\niW///ie/-i/.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 1668; steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 18);\\nhands employed, 7205 (men, 864; women, 6106 youths, 235) capital,\\n$2,425,926; wages, 81,156,531 materials, $3,365,132; products, $6,513,222.\\nMilliners, Dre.^s- and Mantua-Makers, 92,084 (males, 1604 females, 90,480)\\nages, 10 to 15, 1759; 16 to 59, 89,509; 60 and over, 816; born in the\\nUnited States, 72,505; (Germany, 3541; Ireland, 8578; England and\\nWales, 2894 Scotland, 687 British America, 2468 Sweden, Norway\\nand Denmark, 197 France, 526 China and Japan, 20.\\nMince Meat.\\nAtmore Son, 136 South Front street, 695.\\nAnderson Campbell, Camden, N. J., 791.\\nCourow T. Co., 5 North Water street, 725.\\nFood Preparations [animal). Establishments, 85; steam-engines, 32\\n(horse-power, 426); water-wheels, 5 (horse-power, 87); hands employed,\\n582 (men, 512; Avomen, 55; youths, 15); capital, $672,656; wages, $276,-\\n437; materials, $1,548,480; products, $2,328,790. il//\u00c2\u00bbce J/eoi (corrected\\nstatistics for Pliiladelphia in 1870). Establishments, 3 using steam, 2\\n(horse-power, 12) hands employed, 52 (men, 31 women 21) capital,\\n$50,000; wages, $19,250 materials, $116,840; products, $161,000.\\nMorocco Manufacturers.\\nAdams Keen, 934 St. John street, 725.\\nBockiiis C, S. E. corner of St. John and Willow streets, 783.\\nDcemcr s John Sons, 147 and 149 Margaretta street, 714.\\nEveland D., 215 Willow street, 705.\\nFrank Gottlieb, 149 Willow street, 747 and 831.\\nPlumnu l Cr. W. Co., 125 Margaretta, 756.\\nHummel J. M. Sons, 955 North Third and 970 Canal streets, 720.\\nNevil Joseph Sons, 144 Margaretta street, 712.\\nSchoUcnberger William Sons, Oxford corner of Mascher, 778.\\nSchumann Charles, 1724 North Fifth street, 786.\\nSchumann F. Son, 1810 North Eighth street, 814.\\nSchumann L. A., 1027 Canal street, 747.\\nStewart William R. Brother, 435 and 437 York avenue, 712.\\nJ/orocco.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 113; steam-engines, 48 (horse-power, 683);\\nwater-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 16) hands emploved, 3006 (men, 2740\\nwomen, 182 youths, 84) capital, $3,854,072 wages, $1,678,226 mate-\\nrials, $6,623,066 products, $9,997,460. Patent and Enamelled Leather", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "WFTH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 69\\nEstablishments, 26 steam-engines, 14 (horse-power, 354); water-wheel, 1\\n(horse-power, 45) hands employed, 528 (men, 509; youths, 19); capital,\\n$90:5,000; wages, $341,445; materials, $3,211,749 products, $4,018,115.\\nMusical Boxes, Magic Lanterns, etc.\\nEdgerton N. H., 924 Chestnut street, 830.\\nHarbach Theodore J., 809 Filbert street, 708.\\nMcAllister William Y., 728 Chestnut street, front of book.\\nMusical Listntmenls (not specified). Establishments, 83 steam-engines,\\n10 (horse-power, 207) water-wheels, 19 (horse-power, 355) hands era-\\nployed, 1059 (men, 1019; women, 21; youths, 19); capital, $1,351,600\\nwages, $631,634; materials, $932,637 products, 82,019,464.\\nNails and Spikes.\\nNails and Spikes, Cut and Wrought. -Establishments, 142 steam-en-\\ngines, 101 (horse-power, 10,775) water-wheels, 65 (horse-power, 2503)\\nhands employed, 7770 (men, 6062; women, 381 youths, 1327); capital,\\n$9,091,912; wages, $3,961,172; materials, $18,792,383; products, $24,-\\n823,996.\\nNewspapers.\\nThe Daily Graphic, New York and Philadelphia, 870.\\nNeiospafpers. Establishments, 1199 steam-engines, 302 (horse-power,\\n3135) water-wheels, 9 (horse-power, 74) hands employed, 13,130 (men,\\n11,343; women, 718; youths, 1069) capital, $14,947,887 wages, $8,1 68,-\\n515; materials, $8,709,632; products, $25,393,029. Corrected statistics\\nfor Philadelphia in 1870. Establishments, 43; using steam, 28 (horse-\\npower, 399); number of presses, 121 hands employed, 1254 (men, 1199;\\nwomen, 20; youths, 35); capital, $3,472,000; wages, $1,142,959; mate-\\nrials, $1,375,333 products, $4,297,173. See also article on The Press,\\npages 475-480.\\nNotions, Trimming s, White Goods and Hosiery.\\nLanning J. P., Fourth and Spruce streets and 1637 Chestnut street, 705.\\nOil Manufacturers.\\n(For Petkoleum pee pages 186-188.)\\nHulburt Co., 137 Arch street, 735.\\nLocke Z. Co., 1126 Market street, 775.\\nOil {animal). Establishments, 58 steam-engines, 24 (horse-power, 396)\\nhands employed, 543 (men, 464; women, 45; youths, 34) capital, $2,072,-\\n532 wages, $298,975 materials, $7,582,576 products, $9,728,667. Oil\\n(fish). Establishments, 101 steam-engines, 57 (hoise-power, 1081)\\nwater-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 30) hands employed, 1487 (men, 1468", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "70 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n^vomen,12; youths, 7); capital, $1,490,131; wages, $277,895 materials,\\n\u00c2\u00a79 782 361 products, $3,993,139. Cottonseed Oi^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 26\\nsteani-engiiies, 21 (horse-power, 1142); water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 65);\\nhands employed, 664 (men, 639 women, 10 youths, 15) capital, $1,225,-\\n350; wages, $292,032; materials, $1,333,631 products, $2,205,610.\\nOrgans (Cottage).\\nBruce E. M. Co., 1308 Chestnut street, 699.\\nMelocleons, House Organs and ilfafenafe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 22 steam-\\nengines, 7 (horse-power, 135) water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 23) hands em-\\nployed, 401 (men, 393 women, 8) capital, $408,000 wages, $264,485\\nmaterials, $233,767 products, $596,685.\\nOrgan Builders.\\nBuffington Joseph, 131 South Eleventh street, 844.\\nNicholls Reuben, 78 and 80 Laurel, 814.\\nOrgans and Materials. Establishments, 76 steam-engines, 19 (horse-\\npower, 328); water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 58); hands employed, 1566\\n(men, 1535; women, 20; youths, 11) capital, $1,775,850; wages, $1,139,-\\n780; materials, $743,351 products, $2,960,165.\\nOpticians.\\nMcAllister \\\\Ym. Y., 728 Chestnut street, front of book.\\nQueen Jas. W. Co., 924 Chestnut street, 818.\\nSpectacles and Eye-glasses. Establishments, 31 steam-engines, 9 (horse-\\npower, 51); hands employed, 258 (men, 237; women, 10; youths, 11);\\ncapital, $183,825; wages, $133,555; materials, $183,830; products,\\n$429,859.\\nPacking Steam and Hydraulic.\\nGlanding Jas. Co., 113 and 115 Queen street, 746.\\nPainters House and Sign.\\nAlburger Son, 1249 North Second street, 740.\\nBevan D., 1725 Chestnut street, 838.\\nChapman Joseph, 530 North Tenth street, 708.\\nHuneker Brant, 219 Arch street, 734.\\nMaxwell John, 421 North Second street, 743.\\nPainters and Varnishers, 85,123 (males, 85,070 females, 53) ages, 10\\nto 15, 837 16 to 59, 82,703 60 and over, 1583 born in the United States,\\n65,226; Germany, 6736 Ireland, 4383 England and Wales, 4200 Scot-\\nland, 745 British America, 1408 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 829\\nFrance, 481; China and Japan, 8. Pamim*;.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 3040;", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 71\\nsteam-engines, 3 (horse-power, 19); hands employed, 10,964 (men, 10,728;\\nwomen, 28 youths, 8) capital, 82,797,306 wages, 64,169,839 materials,\\nH990,475; products, \u00c2\u00a713,244,498.\\nPaints, Oils, etc.\\nFrench E. D. W. A., Third and Vine streets, Camden, K J., 707.\\nFelton, Rau Sibley, 138 and 140 North Fourth street, 754.\\nHarrison Brothers Co., 105 South Front street, 704.\\nLewis John T. Brothers, 231 South Front street, 781.\\nMartin L, Co., 118 Walnut street, 703.\\nShoemaker Robert Co., N. E. corner Fourth and Race streets, 728.\\nWetherill Bro., Thirty-first street below Chestnut, 797.\\nWitraer D. L. Bro., Fifth and Germantown avenue, 786.\\nPaints (not specified). Establishments, 68 steam-engines, 57 (horse-\\npower, 1731); water-wheels, 9 (horse-power, 365); hands employed, 1008\\n(men, 968; women, 9; youths, 31); capital, $3,742,150; wages, $550,463;\\nmaterials, $3,988,106; products, $5,720,758. Paints, Lead and Zinc.\\nEstablishments, 75 steam-engines, 83 (horse-power, 5054) water-wheels,\\n10 (horse-power, 242) hands employed, 1932 (men, 1865 women, 29\\nyouths, 38); capital, $7,414,250; wages, $1,016,574; materials, $7,480,-\\n622; products, $11,211,647.\\nPaper-Box Manufacturers.\\nAmerican Paper-Box Company, 213-17 North Fourth street, 771.\\nKerr N. M. Co., Philadelphia, New York and Chicago, 765.\\nSchoettle F., 312 and 314 Branch street, 736.\\nPaper Boxes. Establishments, 234 steam-engines, 16 (horse-power,\\n122); Avater-wheels, 9 (horse-power, 177); hands employed, 4486 (men,\\n1104; women, 3062; youths, 320); capital, $1,148,025 wages, $1,222,-\\n338; materials, $1,553,777; products, $3,917,159.\\nPaper-Cutting- Machines.\\nBrown Carver, 614 Filbert, 804, 805.\\nRiehl M. Sous, 1246 to 1250 North Sixteenth street, 820.\\nPaper-Folding Machines.\\n(For statistics see Machinery.)\\nChambers, Bro. Co., Fifty-second street and Lancaster avenue, 803.\\nPaper Hangings.\\nNewland Son, 52 North Ninth street, 743.\\nThompson George, 259 South Fourth street, 705.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "72 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nPaper-Hanging Manufacturers.\\nWilson Fenimores, Eighteenth street and Washington avenue, 749.\\nPaper m\u00c2\u00ab,mr,s.-Establishmeots, 15 steam-engines (horse-power,\\nS48Twater-wheel 1 (horse-power, 40) hands employed, 869 (men, 558;\\nwot:U5;tutLs, 166); capi^ SM15,500; wages, 1329,267; mate-\\nrials, $1,315,106; products, $2,165,510.\\nPaper Manufacturers (Fancy Colored, Glazed, etc.).\\nBeck Charles, 16 South Sixth street, 720.\\nRestein Brothers, 1218 South Eighth street, 839.\\nPaper (not speclficcD.-EsMhhmenW 8; steam-engines 57 (horse-\\npower, 1731); water-wheels, 9 (horse-power, 365); hands n^loyed 1008;\\nLn, 968 w^men, 9 youths, 31) capital, $3,742,150 wages, $550,463\\nmaterials, 63,988,106; products, $5,720,758.\\nPaper Manufacturers and Dealers.\\nMagarge Charles Co., 32 South Sixth street, 727.\\nPaper, Pruifi^.^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 235; steam-engines, 144 (horse-power,\\n5269)- water-wheels, 454 (horse-power, 17,354); hands employed, 8167\\n(men 5107; women, 2553; youths, 507); capital, $16,771,920; wages,\\n$3,400,038; materials, $16,120,363 products, $25,200,417. Paper,Wrap-\\n^/\u00e2\u0080\u009e^._Establishments, 225; steam-engines, 67 (horse-power, 5572) water-\\nwheels 352 (horse-power, 11,652); hands employed, 3111 (men, 2462;\\nwomen, 475; youths, 174); capital, $6,276,600; wages, $1,249,821; mate-\\nrials, $4,420,240 products, $7,706,317. Paper, Fri^/xt/.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments,\\n46; steam-engines, 10 (horse-power, 731); water-wheels, 146 (horse-power,\\n6144); hands employed, 3862 (men, 1450; women, 2384; youths, 28);\\ncapital, $6,314,674; wages, $1,470,446; materials, $6,009,751; products,\\n$9,363,384.\\nPatent Attorneys.\\nHowson H. Son, 119 South Fourth street, and Washington, 737.\\nLawyer.% 40,736 (males, 40,731 females, 5) ages, 16 to 59, 38,948; 60\\nand over, 1788; born in the United States, 38,412 Germany, 513; Ire-\\nland, 730 England and Wales, 443 Scotland, 122 British America,\\n258 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 31 France, 58.\\nPattern Makers.\\nHaslam Wm., 812 Race street, 740.\\nKile J. Co., 450 and 452 North Twelfth, 755.\\nPatterns and Models. Establishments, 165 steam-engines, 58 (horse-\\npower, 398); water-wheels, 5 (horse-power, 25); hands employed, 867 (men,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 73\\n705; women, 132; youths, 30) capital, $634,715 wages, $408,248 ma-\\nterials, $235,933; products, $1,211,191.\\nPatent Medicines.\\nScheetz Jacob, corner Fifth and Race streets, 834.\\nSchneyer Charles, 154 and 156 Fairmount avenue, 746.\\nWardle Thos., M. D., D. D., 1029 Race street, 694.\\nPatent Medicines and Compounds. Establishments, 319 steam-engines,\\n24 (horse-powei*, 477); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 20); hands employed,\\n2436 (men, 1667 women, 63^1 youths, 138) capital, $6,667,684; wages,\\n$1,017,795; materials, $7,319,752; products, $16,257,720.\\nPavements (Artificial Stone).\\nWehn Geo. H., 911 Filbert street, 758.\\nPaving Materials. Establishments, 8 steam-engines, 5 (horse-power,\\n145); hands employed, 189 (men, 174; youths, 15); capital, $139,500;\\nwages, $119,400; nuiterials, $219,075; products, $447,080.\\nPerfumers.\\nDavis Co., G. H., 1050 Germautown avenue, 724.\\nHambleton Job Son, 221 Spruce street, 735.\\nKnapp C. F. Son, 510 and 510^ Arch street, 789.\\nVogelbach H. A., 1716 Frankford avenue, 754.\\nPerfumery, Cosmetics and Fan6y Soaps. Establishments, 64 steam-en-\\ngines, 8 (horse-power, 122); hands employed, 727 (men, 320 women, 371\\nyouths, 36); capital, $1,172,900 wages, $260,415; materials, $892,219;\\nproducts, $2,029,582.\\nPhotographers.\\nPhotographs. Establishments, 1090; hands employed, 2800 (men, 2260;\\nwomen, 452 youths, 88) capital, $1,995,280 wages, $786,702 materials,\\n$1,094,491 products, $3,643,887.\\nPhysicians.\\n(See under Electropathic Physicians.)\\nPianos and Musical Instruments.\\n(See Musical Boxes also, Organs.)\\nAlbrecht Co., 610 Arch street, 814.\\nBruce E. M. Co., 1308 Chestnut street, 699.\\nFaas A., 152 North Ninth street, 723.\\nMeyer C. Sons, 722 Arch street, 710.\\nPiajios and Materials. Establishments, 156 steam-engines, 36 (horse-\\npower, 889); water-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 23); hands employed, 4141", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "74 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n(men, 4054; women, 19 youths, 68) capital, $6,019,311 wages, $3,071,-\\n392 materials, $2,924,777 products, $8,329,594.\\nPipe Manufacturers.\\nNax Kiihn, 146 Noble street, 720.\\nPipes, Tobacco. Establishments, 31 steam-engines, 15 (horse-power,\\n323); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 15); hands employed, 481 (men, 360\\nwomen, 31; youths, 86) capital, $178,600 wages, $214,924 materials,\\n$93,899 products, $447,330.\\nPlane Maker.\\nColton Alfred J., S. E. corner of Fourth and Callowhill streets.\\nPlaning Mills, Sash, Doors, etc.\\nSmith J. W. Co., 2106 to 2110 Filbert street, 705.\\nMustard Hunter, 24 to 28 South Fifteenth street, 824.\\nLuviber, Planed. Establishments, 1113; steam-engines, 848 (horse-\\npower, 25,668) water-wheels, 193 (horse-power, 3651) hands employed,\\n13,640 (men, 13,064 women, 52; youths, 624; capital, $18,007,041 wages,\\n$6,222,076 materials, $28,728,348 products, $42,179,702. Sash, Boors\\nand Blinds. Establishments, 1605 steam-engines, 999 (horse-power,\\n27,061) water-wheels, 367 (horse-power, 7758) hands employed, 20,379\\n(men, 19,496; Avomen, 43; youths, 840); capital, $21,239,809; wages,\\n$10,059,812; materials, $17,581,814 products, $36,625,806.\\nPlaster Paris Ornaments.\\nFrench William H., 1735 Chestnut street, 797.\\nHeath Thomas, 42 North Eleventh, 843.\\nPlasterers.\\nAllen James T., 25 North Seventeenth street, 831.\\nReeves Joel, 705 North Eighth street, 762.\\nReeves J. W. C. H., 920 and 922 North Eighth street, 729.\\n77as/eri\u00c2\u00bbi7.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 691; steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 54)\\nwater-wheels, 6 (liorse-power, 80); hands employed, 2464 (men, 2404\\nyouths, 60); capital, $353,462; wages, $900,395; materials, $907,524\\nproducts, $2,659,025.\\nPlasterers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Total, 23,577; ages, 10 to 15, 109; 16 to 59, 23,025; 60\\nand over, 443 born in the United States, 16,811 Germany, 1580; Ire-\\nland, 3041 England and Wales, 1031 Scotland, 216 British America,\\n365 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 190 France, 70 China or Ja-\\npan, 1.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 75\\nPlumbers and Gas-Pitters.\\nMcFetrLch John H., S. W. corner of Ninth and Walnut streets, 887.\\nPlumbing and Gas-fitting. Establishments, 705 steam-engines, 36\\n(horse-power, 356); water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 12); hands employed,\\n4783 (men, 4582; woman, 1; youths, 200); capital, $3,731,667; wages,\\n$2,277,644; materials, $5,167,323 products, $10,394,471. Plumbers and\\nGas-fitters, 11,143; ages, 10 to 15, 72; 16 to 59, 10,974; 60 and over,\\n97; born in the United States, 6655; Germany, 621; Ireland, 2274;\\nEngland and Wales, 876; Scotland, 412 British America, 181 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 34 France, 34.\\nPocket-Books, Portmonnaies, etc.\\nBrieger Charles, 339 North Fourth street, 742.\\nKumpp Charles, 47 North Sixth street, 739.\\nPocket-Books. Establishments, 60; steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 1)\\nhands employed, 733 (men, 394 women, 293 youths, 46) capital, $351,-\\n225; wage^, $293,258 materials, $467,922 products, $1,108,380.\\nPrinters (Book and Job).\\nClark John C. Sons, 230 Dock street, 739.\\nGeorge S. A. Co. (book), 15 North Seventh street, 744.\\nGoodman S. W. Co., 116 North Third street, 782.\\nMerrihew Sou, 135 North Third street, 764.\\nJob Printing. Establishments, 609 steam-engines, 174 (^horse-power,\\n1440) water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 15) hands employed, 5555 (men,\\n4458; women, 499; youths, 598); capital, $6,007,354; wages, $2,710,234\\nmaterials, $2,966,709; products, $8,511,934. Printers, 39,860 (males,\\n38,365; females, 1495); ages, 10 to 15, 1570; 16 to 59, 37,813; 60 and\\nover, 477; born in the United States, 31,208 Germany, 2249 Ireland,\\n2856; England and Wales, 1652 Scotland, 409 British America, 803;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 122 France, 161 China and Japan, 23.\\nPrinters (Plate).\\nSartain Henry, 202 South Ninth street, 734.\\nPlate Printers, 231 (males, 226 females, 5) ages, 10 to 15, 2 16 to\\n59, 225 60 and over, 4 born in the United States, 172 Germany,\\n28 Ireland, 9 England and Wales, 12 Scotland, 6 British America, 1\\nFrance, 1.\\nPrinting- Presses.\\nNo special statistics were given in this branch for 1870. The returns were in-\\ncluded in those of Machinery (not specified).\\nThe Bullock Printing Press Co., 738 Sansom street, 715.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "76 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nProvision Dealers.\\nBower John Co., Twenty-fourth and Brown streets, 733.\\nGreen John, S. E. corner of Norris and Howard streets 814.\\nMeat, Cured and Packed (not specified).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Estahlkhments, 17; steam-en-\\ngines, 6 (horse-power, 128) hands employed, 499 (men, 257; women, 165\\nyouths, 77); capital, $1,549,100; wages, $173,180 materials, $2,531,552;\\nproducts, $3,760,802. Beef, PacA;ed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 36 steam-engines,\\n15 (horse-power, 225) hands employed, 435 (men, 423 women, 4 youths,\\n8); capital, $496,700; wages, $111,595 materials, $1,524,680 products,\\n$1,950,306. Pork, Paci-ed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 206; steam-engines, 86\\n(horse-power, 1861); hands employed, 5551 (men, 5375; women, 22;\\nyouths, 154); capital, $20,078,987; wages, $1,722,326; materials, $46,-\\n577,864; products, $56,429,331.\\nPublishers.\\nBaker, Davis Co., 17 and 19 South Sixth street, 827.\\nBarnes A. S. Co., New York, 760.\\nBurley S. W., 152 South Fourth street, 793.\\nPublishers {Book, Map and Newspaper), 1577 ages, 16 to 59, 1537\\n60 and over, 40 born in the United States, 1353 Germany, 59; Ireland,\\n47 England and Wales, 69 Scotland, 13 British America, 17 Swe-\\nden, Norway and Denmark, 2 France, 7. Additional statistics will be\\nfound under Booksellers and Publishers.\\nPump Manufacturers (Steam-power and Hand).\\nCharles G. Blatchley (hand), 506 Commerce street, 721.\\nEnterprise Hydraulic Works, 2218 and 2220 Race street, 832.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851 and 852.\\nPumps. Establishments, 465 steam-engines, 102 (horse-power, 1379);\\nwater-wheels, 52 (horse-power, 958); hands employed, 1905 (men, 1817;\\nwomen, 7; youths, 81); capital, $1,755,894; wages, $663,594; materials,\\n$970,547 products, $2,818,457. Pump-makers, 1672; ages, 10 to 15, 14;\\n16 to 59, 1564; 60 and over, 94; born in the United States, 1465; Ger-\\nmany, 66 Ireland, 39 England and Wales, 44 Scotland, 10 British\\nAmerica, 31 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 4 France, 4.\\nBailroads.\\nNorth Pennsylvania Railroad, P erks and American streets, 821.\\nCars, Railroad and Repairs. Establishments, 170 steam-engines, 134\\n(horse-power, 5609) water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 163); hands employed,\\n15,931 (men, 15,690; women, 20; youths, 221); capital, $16,632,792;\\nwages, $9,659,992; materials, $18,117,707; products, $31,070,734. Rail-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 77\\nroad Repairing Machinery. Establishments, 150; steam-engines, 160\\n(horse-power, 5760) water-wheels, 5 (horse-power, 282) hands employed,\\n20,015 (men, 19,886 women, 6 youths, 123) capital, $23,222,761 wages,\\n$12,541,818; materials, $11,952,840 products, $27,565,650. Clerks and\\nBookkeepers in Railroad Offices, 7374 (males, 7364 females, 10) ages,\\n10 to 15, 28 16 to 59, 7300 60 and over, 46 born in the United States,\\n6387 Germany, 139 Ireland, 368 England and Wales, 257 Scotland,\\n74; British America, 76 Sweden; Norway and Denmark, 11 France, 16.\\nEmployes of Street Railways {not Clerks), 5103 (males, 5102; female, 1);\\nages, 10 to 15, 26 16 to 59, 5054 60 and over, 23 born in the United\\nStates, 3481; Germany, 577; Ireland, 763; England and Wales, 125;\\nScotland, 23; British America, 66; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 13;\\nFrance, 29. Employes of Railroad Companies (not Clerks),- 15-i,027 (males,\\n153,965; females, 62); ages, 10 to 15, 874; 16 to 59, 151,589; 60 and\\nover, 1564 born in the United States, 94,505 Germany, 7855 Ireland,\\n37,822 England and Wales, 3860; Scotland, 913; British America, 2857;\\nSweden, Norway and Denmark, 3930; France, 381 China and Japan, 568.\\nFor additional statistics see American Railroads, pp. 627-632.\\nRazor-Strop Manufacturers.\\nEvans W. D. Co., 117 South Second street, 816.\\nHunt W. Co., 605 and 607 Arch street, 705.\\nReeds and Harnesses.\\nMiller James, Twenty-second and Hamilton streets, 702.\\nReed- and Shuttle-makers, 200 (males, 194; females, 6); ages, 10 to 15,\\n4; 16 to 59, 189; 60 and over, 7; born in the United States, 156; Ger-\\nmany, 5 Ireland, 9 England and Wales, 21 Scotland, 6 British\\nAmerica, 1.\\nRoofers,\\nEhret Michael, Jr., 404 Walnut street and Broad and Cumberland\\nstreets, 707.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851, 852.\\nThomason William J. Bro., 108 Arch street, 844.\\nRoofers and Slaters, 2750 ages, 10 to 15, 27 16 to 59, 2669 60 and\\nover, 54; born in the United States, 1707 Germany, 219; Ireland, 483;\\nEngland and Wales, 193; Scotland, 75; British America, 38; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 5 France, 10. Roofing Materials. Establish-\\nments, 198 steam-engines, 27 (horse-power, 442) water-wheels, 15 (horse-\\npower, 274); hands employed, 1919 (men, 1884; women, 13; youths, 22);\\ncapital, $2,448,680; wages, $883,341; materials, $1,293,116; products,\\n$3,257,403.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "78 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nSafe Manufacturers.\\nFarrel Co., 807 Chestnut street, 799.\\nSafes, Doors and Vaults (fireproof ^.-Est^hWshments, 65; steam-engines,\\n35 (horse-power, 659); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 10); hands employed,\\n1639 (men, 1599; woman, 1; youths, 39); capital, $2,075,200; wages,\\n^917,263 materials, $967,810 products, $2,728,336.\\nSailors.\\n(For personal statistics see Forwarding and Transportation.)\\nSalve Manufacturers.\\nPowell W. F., 412 South Second street, 838.\\nRichelderfer J. H., 1032 Chestnut street, 752.\\nNo special statistics were given for this branch, the returns being in-\\ncluded in those of patent medicines and compounds.\\nSand Dealer.\\nWalter B. R., 611 Beach street, 736.\\nSash, Doors and Blinds.\\n(See also Planing Mills.)\\nEstablishments, 1605 steam-engines, 999 (horse-power, 27,061) water-\\nwheels, 367 (horse-power, 7758); hands employed, 20,379 (men, 19,496\\nwomen, 43; youths, 840); capital, $21,239,809 wages, $10,059,812 ma-\\nterials, 817,581,814; products, $36,625,806.\\nSaw Manufacturers.\\nDisston H. Sons, Front and Laurel streets, 750.\\nMcNiece William, 515 Cherry street, 838.\\nSaivs. Establishments, 72 steam-engines, 40 (horse-power, 1303)\\nwater-wheels, 13 (horse-power, 246); hands employed, 1595 (men, 1457;\\nwomen, 8; youths, 130); capital, $2,883,-391 wages, $995,609 materials,\\n$1,332,891; products, $3,175,289.\\nSaw-mill Operatives.\\nXumber, 47,298 (males, 47,263; females, 35); ages, 10 to 15, 797; 16 to\\n59, 45,969 60 and over, 532; born in the United States, 33,527; Germany,\\n3404; Ireland, 1793; England and Wales, 689 Scotland, 304 British\\nAmerica, 4894; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 117; France, 135 China\\nand Japan, 40.\\nScales, Balances, etc.\\nRiehle Bros., Philadelphia, 798.\\nTroemner II., 710 Market street, 763.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 79\\nScales and Balances. Establishments, 49 steam-engines, 16 (horse-\\npower, 508) water-wheels, 10 (horse-power, 205) hands employed, 1003\\n(men, 955; women,?; youths, 41) capital, $1,019,500 wages, $668,451\\nmaterials, $920,870 products, $2,823,816.\\nSeeds.\\nBuist Robert, Jr., 922 and 924 Market street, 799.\\nDreer Henry A., 714 Chestnut street, 721.\\nJones Wm. H., 1621 Market street, 844.\\nLandreth David Son, 23 South Sixth street, 841, 842.\\nSewing-Machine Cases, etc.\\nLoth Heury, 645 North Broad street, 769.\\nSewing-Machine Manufacturers.\\nAmerican Sewing-Machine Co., 1318 Chestnut street, 715.\\nSewing-Machines. Establishments, 49 steam-engines, 37 (horse-power,\\n1688) water-wheels, 6 (horse-power, 145) hands emjjloyed, 7291 (men,\\n6709; women, 384; youths, 248) capital, $8,759,431 wages, $5,142,248\\nmaterials, $3,055,786 products, $14,097,446. Sewing-Machine Fixtures.\\nEstablishments, 20 steam-engines, 13 (horse-power, 490) Avater-wheel,\\n1 (horse-power, 75); hands employed, 1130 (men, 1075; women, 11; youths,\\n44); capital, $761,800 wages, $638,973 materials, $585,909 products,\\n$1,749,858. Sewing-Machine Factory Operatives, 3881 (males, 2015; fe-\\nmales, 1866) ages, 10 to 15, 150 16 to 59, 3710 60 and over, 21 born in\\nthe United States, 2614 Germany, 195 Ireland, 742 England and Wales,\\n190 Scotland, 28 British America, 44 Sweden, Norway and Denmark,\\n4; France, 22. Sewing-Machine Operators, 3042 (males, 182; females,\\n2860) ages, 10 to 15, 176 16 to 59, 2856 60 and over, 10 born in the\\nUnited States, 2337 Germany, 77 Ireland, 470 England and Wales,\\n71 Scotland, 17 British America, 52; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 5;\\nFrance, 6.\\nSewing Silks and Twists.\\nAub, Hackenburg Co., 20 North Third street, 836.\\nHooley B. Son, 226 Market street, 704.\\nHovey F. S., 248 Chestnut street, 752.\\nSewing Silk and Twist. Establishments, 35 steam-engines, 20 (horse-\\npower, 450) water-wheels, 21 (horse-power, 332) hands employed, 2523\\n(men, 465; women, 1368; youths, 690); capital, $2,223,500; wages,\\n$624,917; materials, $4,197,752; products, $5,672,875.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "80 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nShafting- Manufacturer,\\n(No special statistics in tliis branch were given, the returns being included under\\nthose of Machinery (not specified).)\\nCresson George V., S. E. coruer of Eighteenth and Hamilton, 697.\\nShawls, Hosiery, Knit Goods.\\nLandenberger s M. Sous, Frankford avenue and Wildey street, 767.\\nMurphy James S., 1024 Lombard street, 755.\\nSteffiiu F. Co., 1344 and 1346 North Front street, 709.\\nHosiery (including Knit Goods). Establishments, 248 steam-enghies.\\n81 (horse-power, 2223); water-wheels, 124 (horse-power, 4275) hands em-\\nployed, 14,788 (men, 4252 women, 7991 youths, 2545); capital, $10,931,-\\n260; wages, $4,429,085; materials, $9,835,823; products, $18,411,564.\\nNumber of shawls made in 1870, 2,312,761.\\nShip-building-.\\nShip Materials and. Repairs. Establishments, 762 steam-engines, 119\\n(horse-power, 3311); water-wheels, 6 (horse-power, 109); hands employed,\\n11,063 (men, 10,978; women, 2; youths, 83); capital, $9,102,335; wages,\\n85,594,686 materials, $8,252,394 products, $17,910,328.\\nShirt Manufacturers.\\nEshleman Craig, 821 Chestnut street, 789.\\nNo special statistics for the whole country were given. The figures for\\nPhiladelphia were as follows Establishments, 25; steam-engines, 2 (horse-\\npower, 20); hands employed, 685 (men, 77; women, 602; youths, 6);\\ncapital, $255,000; wages, $204,050; materials, $349,400; products, $929,510.\\nShoe Manufacturers Goods.\\nEveland Charles S. Co., 138 North Third street, 705.\\nLaing Magiunis, 30 North Third street, 725.\\n5/\u00c2\u00aboe-pe(7s.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 26; steam-engines, 10 (horse-power, 257);\\nwater-wheels, 8 (horse-power, 365); hands employed, 279 (men. 175;\\nwomen, 98 youths, 6) capital, $169,900 wages, $78,051 materials, $63,-\\n736; products, $264,847. See also Boot and Shoe Manufacturers,\\nLasts, Leather, etc.\\nShovels, Spades, etc.\\nHalfnian k Co., 211 to 215 Quarry street, 737.\\nLeliigh Shovel Works, Bethlehem, Pa, 703.\\nShovels and ^/)arfe\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 13; steam-engines, 11 (horse-\\npower, 614); water-wheels, 21 (horse-power, 540); hands employed, 849", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 81\\n(men, 837 women, 2 youths, 10) capital, $757,100 wages, $489,100\\nmaterials, $1,424,944 products, $2,445,526.\\nShow-Cards.\\nTallman s Superior Show-Cards, 708 Market street, 816.\\nSho-w-Cases.\\nIrons James, 132 North Fourth street, 735.\\nShow-cases. Establishments, 47 steam-engines, 2 (horse-power, 9) hands\\nemployed, 353 (men, 340; woman, 1; youths, 12); capital, $178,300;\\nwages, $219,834 materials, $419,466 products, $838,699.\\nSilicate of Soda.\\nPhiladelphia Quartz Company, 9 North Front street, 783.\\nSilk Goods (not specified).\\nEstablishments, 53 steam-engines, 28 (horse-power, 672) water-wheels,\\n26 (horse-power, 457); hands employed, 4176 (men, 1269; women, 2203;\\nyouths, 704); capital, $4,019,630 wages, $1,328,389; materials, $4,126,-\\n821 products, $7,066,487.\\nSkivers, Mantifacturers of.\\nHummel J. M. Sons, 955 North Third street, 720.\\nSlate Quarries.\\nKimes J. B. Co., 1215 Race street, 734.\\nThe Locke Slate Company, 1126 Market street, 775.\\nQuarrying {including Marble and Slate). Establishments, 1120 steam-\\nengines, 118 (horse-power, 2445); water-wheels, 28 (horse-power, 599);\\nhands employed, 15,117 (men, 15,001; youths, 116); capital, $11,207,-\\n693 wages, $6,580,134 materials, $1,135,541 products, $12,086,892.\\nSoap Manufacturers.\\nDobbins Electric Soap, I. L. Cragin Co., Philadelphia, New York\\nand Boston, 741.\\nSoap and Candles. Establishments, 614 steam-engines, 158 (horse-\\npower, 3909); water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 20); hands employed, 4422\\n(men, 3828; women, 309; youths, 285); capital, $10,454,860; wages,\\n$1,925,951; materials, $15,232,587 products, $22,535,337.\\nSoapstone.\\nPratt E., 521 Cresson street, 737.\\nPrince S. F., 2214 Chestnut street, 839.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "82 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nSoapstone Stoves, Fire-places, Sinh and a sierns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 9;\\nsteam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 50); water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 87);\\nhands employed, 74; capital, $127,500 wages, 838,944; materials, $98,-\\n325 products, $189,115.\\nSoda-Water Apparatus Manufacturers.\\nHindermyer Jos. Son, 911 and 913 Vine street, 799.\\nLippincott Charles Co., 916 and 925 Filbert, 849.\\nSoda-water Apparatus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Estahlishments, 13; steam-engines, 9 (horse-\\npower, 97); hands employed, 307 (men, 300; woman, 1; youths, 6); cap-\\nital, $424,150 wages, $140,751 materials, $304,246 products, $813,075.\\nSpice and Mustard Manufacturers.\\nFell C. J. Bro., 120 South Front street, 787.\\nSpices and Mustard entered into consumption in the United States in\\n1870-71 (value), $1,893,244.94; in 1871-2, $1,682,493.58; in 1872-3,\\n$1,957,596.39; in 1873-4, $2,087,261.65.\\nSpool Cotton.\\nBates Coates, 209 Church street, for J. P. Coats, of Paisley, Scot-\\nland, 701.\\nSpool Thread manufactured in the United States in 1870, 11,560,241\\ndozens; Connecticut, 3,397,130 Rhode Island, 3,341,200 Massachusetts,\\n2,595,358 New Jersey, 1,650,000 Tennessee, 466,829 Alabama, 105,-\\n724; Louisiana, 4000. Cotton-thread Tndne and Yarns. Establishments,\\n123; steam-engines, 40 (horse-power, 2093); water-wheels, 122 (horse-\\npower, 4820) hands employed, 6077 (men, 2052 women, 2938 youths,\\n1087); capital, $7,392,295; wages, $1,743,651; materials, $5,135,303;\\nproducts, $8,726,217.\\nStained Glass Works.\\nGibson J. G. H., 123 and 125 South Eleventh street, 739.\\nSmith H. J. Co., 617 South Broad street and 1727 Chestnut street, 713.\\nStained Glass. Establishments, 18 steam-engines, 8 (horse-power, 44)\\nhands employed, 170 (men, 156; women, 10; youths, 4); capital, $148,-\\n800 wages, $99,739 materials, $90,277 products, $297,480.\\nStationers.\\n(For personal statistics, see Booksellers and Stationers, and for additional\\nfigures, see Gold Pens, Paper, Ink, etc.)\\nBush I. A., 114 South Tenth street, 826.\\nClark John C. Sons, 230 Dock street, 739.\\nLead Pe)ia7*\\\\\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 7 steam-engines, 6 (horse-power, 265)", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 83\\nhands employed, 156 (men, 61; women, 95); capital, $241,150; wages,\\n$48,150 materials, $44,510 products, $160,800. Wooden Penholders.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEstablishments, 4 steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 2) water-wheels, 2\\n(horse-power, 60) hands employed, 24 (men, 19 women, 5) capital,\\n$32,500; wages, $7700; materials, $11,591 products, $34,096.\\nSteamship Companies.\\n(For statistics, see Table III, in Appendix, and Commerce and Navigation,\\npage 474. For personal statistics of SAiiiORS, see Forwarding and Transporta-\\ntion.)\\nClyde W. P. Co., 12 South Delaware avenue, front of book.\\nInman Line, O Donnell Faulk, 402 Chestnut street, 833.\\nSteam-Engines, Boilers, etc.\\nMoseley Thomas W. H., 147 South Fourth street, 851 and 852.\\nSteam- Engines and Boilers. Establishments, 663; steam-engines, 515\\n(horse-power, 11,076); water-wheels, 33 (horse-power, 764); hands em-\\nployd, 22,962 (men, 22,444 women, 8 youths, 510) capital, $25,987,-\\n452; wages, $12,572,244; materials, $19,734,404 products, $41,576,264.\\nPersonal statistics of engineers and firemen are given under Engineers.\\nSteel Manufacturers (Steel Rails and Axles).\\nPennsylvania Steel Company, 216 South Fourth street, 704.\\nSteel {including Steel Springs). Establishments, 71 steam-engines. 111\\n(horse-power, 12,533) water-wheels, 12 (horse-power, 457) hands em-\\nployed, 3458 (men, 3374; women, 4; youths, 80); capital, $8,771,900;\\nwages, $2,252,838 materials, $6,828,923 products, $12,538,979.\\nStencil-Cutters.\\nQuaker City Stencil Works, 234 Arch street, 835.\\nScheible William F., 49 South Third street, 743.\\nEngraving and Stencil- Cutting. Establishments, 136; steam-engines, 4\\n(horse-power, 13) water-wheel, 1 (horse-power, 10) hands employed,\\n431 (men, 381; women, 5; youths, 35); capital, $244,000; wages, $155,-\\n968 materials, $103,035 products, $509,644.\\nStereotypers, Electrotypers, etc.\\nFagan J. Son, 621 Commerce street, 732.\\nGeorge S. A. Co., 15 North Seventh street, 744.\\nHears, Dill Hears, Electrotypers, 323 Harmony street, 804.\\nWestcott Thomson, 710 Filbert street, 751.\\nStereotyping and Electrotyping. Establishments, 36 steam-engines, 8\\n(horse-power, 91); hands employed, 766 (men, 659; women, 15; youths,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "84 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n92); capital, $1,033,200; wages, $446,532; materials, $220,774; pro-\\nducts, $1,075,080.\\nStone-Cutters Tools.\\nBeck William P., Twenty-second and Barker streets, 834.\\nNo special statistics for this branch were given. The following were\\nthe figures for Edge Tools and Axes Establishments, 97 steam-engines, 36\\n(horse-hower, 1292); water-wheels, 119 (horse-power, 4431); hands em-\\nployed, 3520 (men, 3470; women, 11; youths, 39); capital, $4,219,205;\\nwages, $1,997,795; materials, $2,413,555 products, $5,482,539. See also\\nCutlery and Edge Tools, and the personal statistics of Stone-Cutters,\\nare combined with those of Marble- and Stone-Cutters, which see.\\nStove Manufacturers.\\nSheppard Isaac A. Co,, Fourth and Montgomery avenue, Phila., and\\nEastern avenue and Chester, Baltimore, 696.\\nThe Leibrandt McDowell Stove Company, 133 North Second street,\\n703.\\nStoves, Heaters, Ranges, etc.\\n(See also Heaters, etc.)\\nBorden J. Brother, 637 North Nineteenth street, 732.\\nDickson James, 1116 Market street, 762.\\nKershaw John, 1840 Market street, 788.\\nMcCoy Eoberts, 1208 and 1210 Market street, 837.\\nStoves, Heaters and Hollow Ware. Establishments, 326 steam-engines,\\n248 (horse-power, 5733) water-wheels, 34 (horse-power, 491) hands em-\\nployed, 13,325 (men, 12,740; youths, 585) capital, $19,833,720; wages,\\n$8,156,121 materials, $9,044,069 products, $23,389,665.\\nStove Polish.\\nBartlett II. A. Co., 113 and 117 North Front street, 731.\\nStrow, Wile Co., 1330 to 1334 Callowhill street, 837.\\nPolishinrj Preparations.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 21; steam-engines, 4 (horse-\\npower, 85) water-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 33) hands employed, 98 (men,\\n73 women, 16 youths, 9); capital, $370,800 wages, $37,087; materials,\\n$214,696 products, $323,015.\\nTailors Measures and Fashions.\\nWard A. F., 138 South Third street; res. 618 South Ninth st., Phila.\\nTailors.\\nAschenbach Hahn, 170 North Fourth street, 732.\\nMattson Dilkes, 1346 Chestnut street, 732.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 85\\nTailors, Tailoresses and Seamstresses, 161,820 (males, 64,613 females,\\n97,207); ages, 10 to 15, 2718 16 to 59, 153,977; 60 and over, 5125; bom\\nin the United States, 94,875 Germany, 33,200 Ireland, 18,009 Eng-\\nland and Wales, 4785; Scotland, 1196; British America, 2795; Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 1961 France, 1496 China and Japan, 145,\\nTanners.\\nForepaugh Wm. F., Jr., Bros., Randolph and Jefferson streets, 747.\\nCurriers, Tanners and Finishers of Leather, 28,702 (males, 28,642\\nfemales, 60); ages, 10 to 15, 257; 16 to 59, 26,425; 60 and over, 2020;\\nborn in the United States, 18,005 Germany, 3458; Ireland, 4764; Eng-\\nland and Wales, 756 Scotland, 256 British America, 893 Sweden, Nor-\\nway and Denmark, 165 France, 169. For statistics of leather tanned\\nand curried see American Manufactures, page 615.\\nTaxidermists.\\nGalbraith A., 209 North Ninth street, 745.\\nTaylor James, 1916 Callowhill street, 838.\\nTaxidermy. Establishments, 8; hands employed, 18; capital, $20,200;\\nwages, $5700; materials, $11,464; products, $26,650.\\nTeas, Coffees and East India Goods.\\n(For imports of Teas and Coffees see Commerce and Navigation, page 470, and\\nfor personal statistics of Grocers see under Groceries.)\\nBond Francis, 139 South Eighth street, 766.\\nFell C. J. Bro. (Tea dealers and importers), 787.\\nTerra Cotta.\\nFrench E. D. W. A., Third and Vine streets, Camden, N. J., 707.\\nGalloway Graff, 1723-5 Market street, 845.\\nMitchell J. E., 310 York avenue, Philadelphia.\\nDrain-pipe. Establishments, 68; steam-engines, 15 (horse-power, 339);\\nwater-wheels, 3 (horse-power, 110); hands employed, 758 (men, 733;\\nwomen, 2; youths, 23); capital, $977,375; wages, $316,521; materials,\\n$415,360 products, $1,294,256.\\nTinsmiths, Tin-roofers, etc.\\nPowell W. F., 412 South Second street, 838.\\nThomason Wm. J. Bro., 108 Arch street, 844.\\nTin-, Copper- and Sheet-iron-ware. Establishments, 6646 steam-engines,\\n68 (horse-power, 1236); water-wheels, 6 (horse-power, 270); hands em-\\nployed, 25,823 (men, 24,201; women, 631; youths, 991). Traders and\\nDealers in Iron-, Tin- and Copper-wares, 9003 (males, 8981 females, 22)", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "86 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\nages, 16 to 59, 8766 60 and over, 237 born in the United States, 7313\\nGermany, 794 Ireland, 316 England and Wales, 250 Scotland, 83\\nBritish America, 95; Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 24; France, 46;\\nChina or Japan, 1. Tinners, 30,524 (males, 30,507; females, 17); ages,\\n10 to 15, 449 16 to 59, 29,581 60 and over, 494 born in the United\\nStates, 22,337 Germany, 3835 Ireland, 1732 England and Wales, 1019\\nScotland, 241 British America, 529 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 155\\nFrance, 264 China and Japan, 13.\\nToy Manufacturers.\\nGreiner A. C. H. G. (Doll Heads), 414 North Fourth street, 834.\\nLacmanu J. Sons (Doll Bodies, etc.), 809 Race street, 717.\\nToys and Games. Establishments, 49 steam-engines, 7 (horse-power,\\n57); water-wheels, 16 (horse-power, 270); hands employed, 615 (men, 357;\\nwomen, 184; youths, 74); capital, $312,800; wages, $182,255; materials,\\n$159,946 products, $579,865.\\nTrunks, Valises, etc.\\nTrunks, Valises and Satchels. Establishments, 222 steam-engines, 15\\n(horse-power, 358) water-wheels, 4 (horse-power, 55) hands employed\\n3479 (men, 2798; women, 457; youths, 224); capital, $2,185,964; wages,\\n$1,810,798 materials, $3,315,038 products, $7,725,488.\\nTrusses, Bandages, etc.\\nEverett B. C, 14 North Ninth street, 717.\\nTrusses, Bandages and Supporters. Establishments, 36 steam-engines,\\n4 (horse-power, 31) water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 9) hands employed, 275\\n(men, 154; women, 110; youths, 11); capital, $154,305 wages, $101,070\\nmaterials, $108,512; products, $363,205.\\nUndertakers General Supplies.\\nPaxson, Comfort Co., 231 Market street, 819.\\nUndertakers.\\nHome Cyrus, 23 North Eleventh street, 783.\\nRulon John C, 1313 Vine street, 814.\\nUndertakers, 1996 (males, 1976 females, 20) ages, 16 to 59, 1853 60\\nand over, 143 born in the United States, 1480 Germany, 173 Ireland,\\n216 England and Wales, 74 Scotland, 9 British America, 13 Sweden,\\nNorway and Denmark, 6; France, 15. a#u.s.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 642;\\nsteam-engines, 19 (horse-power, 359) water-wheels, 13 (horse-power, 183);", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 87\\nhands employed, 2365 (men, 2292; women, 42; youths, 31); capital, $2,-\\n592,862 wages, $1,011,397 materials, $1,412,078 products, $4,026,989.\\nVarnish Manufacturers.\\nFelton, Rau Sibley, 138 and 140 North Fourth street, 754.\\nVarnish. Establishments, 59 steam-engines, 5 (horse-power, 95) hands\\nemployed, 415 (men, 410; women, 2; youths, 3); capital, $2,168,740;\\nwages, $252,059 materials, $3,311,097 products, $4,991,405. Personal\\nstatistics of Varnishes are combined with those of Painters, under Paint-\\ners and Varnishers.\\nVat- and Tank-Makers.\\nBurkhardt George J. Co., 1341 Buttonwood street, 813.\\nFisher Hall, 1143 to 1147 North Front street, 833.\\nNo special statistics for this branch were given for the whole country, but\\nthe following were the figures for Philadelphia Vats (ivoodeii). Estab-\\nlishments, 4 steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 19) hands employed, 29\\ncapital, $30,000 wages, $19,584; materials, $29,530 products, $88,800.\\nWadding Manufacturer.\\nGorgas Matthias, 17 North Front street, 732.\\nCotton Batting and Wadding. Establishments, 27 steam-engines, 14\\n(horse-power, 240); water-wheels, 11 (horse-power, 161); hands employed,\\n244 (men, 159 women, 31 youths, 54) capital, $276,800; wages, $78,876;\\nmaterials, $533,451; products, $720,117.\\nWatches, Jewelry, etc.\\nConover David F. Co., Seventh and Chestnut street, 699.\\nKretzmar E., 1311 Chestnut street, 836.\\nPhiladelphia Watch Company, 618 Chestnut street, 836.\\nWatches. Establishments, 37 steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 145) hands\\nemployed, 1816 (men, 1202 women, 592 youths, 22); capital, $2,666,133;\\nwages, $1,304,304 materials, $412,783 products, $2,819,080. Jeivelry (not\\nspecified). Establishments, 681 steam-engines, 78 (horse-power, 805) wa-\\nter-wheels, 13 (horse-power. 111); hands employed, 10,091 (men, 8141; wo-\\nmen, 1545 youths, 405); capital, $11,787,956 wages, $4,433,235 mate-\\nrials, $9,187,364 products, $22,104,032. Traders and Dealers in Gold and\\nSilver Ware and Jewelrij, 6402 (males, 6382; females, 20) ages, 16 to 59,\\n6208 60 and over, 194 born in the United States, 4315 Germany, 1084\\nIreland, 139 England and Wales, 272 Scotland, 52 British America,\\n81 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 96 France, 100 China and Japan,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "88 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX,\\n48; Gold and Silver Workers,18,rm(ma\\\\es,17, 279 females, 1229) ages,\\n10 to 15, 357 16 to 59, 17,621 60 and over, 530; born in the United\\nStates, 11,690 Germany, 3088 Ireland, 1021 England and Wales, 1135\\nScotland, 190 British America, 239 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 238\\nFrance, 312 China and Japan, 16.\\nWax Fruit and Flowers.\\nMaxwell John, 226 North Ninth street, 814.\\nArtificial Feathers, Flowers and i^nafs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 54 hands em-\\nployed, 1451 (men, 400; women, 842 youths, 209); capital, $418,650;\\nwages, $276,331 materials, $369,004 products, $986,125.\\nWeather Vane Manufacturer.\\nHenis William G., 641 and 643 North Ninth street, 745.\\nWhips and Canes.\\nGlendinning Truitt, 9 North Fourth street, 831.\\nWhips and Canes. Establishments, 103 steam-engines, 7 (horse-power,\\n142); water-wheels, 9 (horse-power, 125); hands employed, 961 (men, 621\\nwomen, 301 youths, 39) capital, $883,561 wages, 384,544 materials,\\n$503,502; products, $1,243,118.\\nWhite Lead Manufacturers.\\nHarrison Brothers Co., 105 South Front street, 704.\\nLewis John T. Brothers, 231 South Front street, 781.\\nWetherill Brother, Thirty-first street below Chestnut, 797.\\nNo special statistics of this branch were given for the whole country, the\\nreturns being included in those of Paints, Lead and Zinc. The figures for\\nPhiladelphia were as follows White Lead. Establishments, 3 steam-\\nengines, 3 (horse-power, 120); hands employed, 106; capital, $525,000;\\nwages, $64,800 materials, $750,100 products, $1,108,000.\\nWhiting Manufacturers.\\nPhiladelphia and Boston Whiting Company, York and Almond sts., 792.\\nWindow-Glass.\\nMagee John A., 1235 Vine street, 835.\\nSharp J. E., 707 and 709 Filbert street, 848.\\nWitmer D. L. Bro., Fifth street and Germantown avenue, 786.\\nWindow-Glass. Establishments, 35; steam-engines, 20 (horse-power,\\n381); water-wheels, 2 (horse-power, 110); hands employed, 2859 (men,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "WITH SPECIAL STATISTICS. 89\\n2403; women, 37; youths, 419); capital, $3,244,560; wages, $1,503,277;\\nmaterials, $1,400,760; products, $3,811,308.\\nWindow-Shade Manufacturers.\\nFree Martin, 956 North Second street, 763.\\nLouderbach Edwin, 222 North Fifth street, 745.\\nNo special statistics of this branch were given for the whole country.\\nThe figures for Philadelphia were as follows Windoio- Blinds and Shades.\\nEstablishments, 25 steam-engine, 1 (horse-power, 3) hands employed,\\n130 (men, 80; women, 36; youths, 14); capital, $94,050; wages, 54,980\\nmaterials, $63,605; products, $201,311.\\nWines and Liquors.\\nDaly H. M., 222 South Front street, 890.\\nDaly Philip, 128 South Ninth street, 889.\\nHartley W. H., 52 North Fifth street, 754.\\nLeith Syl. A. Co., 210 South Front street, 772.\\nSchneyer Charles, 154 and 156 Fairmount avenue, 746.\\nLiquors, Distilled. Establishments, 719; steam-engines, 411 (horse-\\npower, 12,853); water-wheels, 82 (horse-power, 811); hands employed,\\n5131 (men, 5068; women, 6 youths, 57); capital, $15,545,116; wages,\\n$2,019,810; materials, $19,729,432; products, $36,191,133. Liquors,\\nMalt. Establishments, 1972; steam-engines, 726 (horse-power, 10,438);\\nwater-wheels, 30 (horse-power, 324); hands employed, 12,443 (men, 12,320;\\nwomen, 29; youths, 94) capital, $48,779,435; wages, $6,758,602; mate-\\nrials, $28,177,684; products, $55,706,643. Liquors, Vinous. Establish-\\nments, 398 steam-engines, 4 (horse-power, 39) hands employed, 1486\\n(men, 1426; women, 32; youths, 28); capital, $2,334,394; wages, $230,-\\n650; materials, $1,203,172 products, $2,225,238. Traders and Dealers in\\nLiquors and Wines, 11,718 (males, 11,612; females, 106); ages, 16 to 59,\\n11,504; 60 and over, 214; born in the United States, 4559; Germany,\\n2672; Ireland, 3211; England and Wales, 387; Scotland, 99; British\\nAmerica, 102 Sweden, Norway and Denmark, 45 France, 357 China\\nand Japan, 4.\\nWire-Work, Sieves, Screens.\\nBayliss Darby Manufacturing Co., 231 Arch and 114 North Sixth\\nstreet, 808.\\nMacready J. W., 1411 and 1413 Vine street, 747.\\nNeedles Joseph A., 54 North Front street, 717.\\nWatson Kelso, 46 and 48 North Front street, 798.\\nWire-Wo7-k. Establishments, 141 steam-engines, 22 (horse-power, 470)\\nwater-wheels, 20 (horse-power, 422) hands employed, 2526 (men, 1316;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "90 ADVERTISERS CLASSIFIED INDEX.\\nwomen, 1053; youths, 157); capital, $1,667,900; wages, $719,633; ma-\\nterials, $1,548,006; products, $2,959,227. Fire.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 32;\\nsteam-engines, 23 (horse-power, 2082); water-wheels, 25 (horse-power,\\n745) hands employed, 1733 (men, 1475 women, 226 youths, 32) cap-\\nital, $2,520,800; wages, $1,078,184; materials, $2,955,925; products,\\n$5,030,581.\\nWood-Turners.\\nCundey E. Brother, 848 North Fourth street, 724.\\nKue J., 805 Master street, 747.\\nWood, Turned and Carved. Establishments, 733; steam-engines, 221\\n(horse-power, 3830) water-wheels, 235 (horse-power, 4323) hands em-\\nployed, 4103 (men, 3777; women, 103; youths, 223); capital, $2,751,544;\\nwages, $1,499,565; materials, $1,648,008 products, $4,959,191.\\nWool, Cotton and Woollen Yarns.\\nWhilldin Alexander Sons, 20 and 22 South Front street, 850.\\nStatistics of Cotton and Woollen Goods are given on pages 614, 615, and\\nthose of Wool produced and imported are found on page 576.\\nAdvertisements will be received for the second and all succeeding\\neditions of this book, and the names of those who avail themselves of these\\nopportunities will also be incorporated in the index to each successive edi-\\ntion. Apply either by letter or personally at the office, 152 South Fourth\\nstreet, Philadelphia.\\nS. W. BURLEY, Publisher.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "BURLEY S\\nUnited States\\nCentennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nHISTORICAL SKETCH\\nUI^ITED STATES OF AMEEIOA.\\nDISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS [1497-1733].\\nFOURTEEN months before Columbus had seen the mam land of the\\nNew World, and two years before Americus Vespucius had sailed\\nwest of the Canaries, John and Sebastian Cabot, sailing under a commis-\\nsion from Henry VII. of England, discovered the American continent\\n(June 24, 1497). In the following year Sebastian returned and coasted\\nthe present territory of the United States for more than seven hundred\\nmiles, landing at various points, and planting on the soil the banner of\\nEngland. By that act he took possession of the country in the name of\\nhis royal master. The memory of Columbus, the pioneer in Western dis-\\ncovery, is held in deserved honor. That of Americus Vespucius is per-\\npetuated in the name of the continent which he was the first to describe.\\nIt is generally thought that he bought the honor too cheaply by merely\\nhappening to be the first reporter in the field. His description of the\\ncountry was published at Strasburg in 1505, by a German map-publisher.\\nIn a letter written to the duke of Lorraine (September 4, 1504) he\\nfalsely claimed that he had discovered the main land in 1497. On account\\nof the letter and the description his name was given to the New World.\\nHow different the fate of Sebastian Cabot Though he made a subsequent\\nvoyage in 1517, entering Hudson s Bay ninety years before the great\\nDutch navigator whose name it bears though for sixty years his advice\\nwas sought concerning every important maritime enterprise undertaken by\\n91", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "92 SUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nmore tliau one nation though he ga^e to England such a claim for the\\npossession of this country as discovery and the formalities above men-\\ntioned could procure though even when the navigator was seventy-five\\nyears old the emperor Charles V. sent, through his ambassador to Eng-\\nland, a special request that Cabot should be sent back to his service,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\ndate of his death and even his burial-place are not known. The remains\\nof Columbus, who died in poverty and neglect, rest in the cathedral at\\nHavana.* Those of Cabot, who was honored all his lifetime, are covered,\\nso far as is known, by not even a simple memorial stone.\\nThe voyages of CalDot were of more immediate importance to the destinies\\nof the United States than any others undertaken during the fifteenth and\\nsixteenth centuries, excepting, of course, the first voyage of Columbus, upon\\nwhich all the rest depended. The banners planted upon the coast became\\nthe prey of the elements or were carried away by the Indians, but the\\nclaim which they symbolized was never forgotten in England. Not count-\\ning the effort of Hore and his companions, w^ho were starved out of\\nNewfoundland in 1536, eighty years elapsed before the first attempt was\\nmade by Englishmen to plant settlements in their new possessions, and\\nmore than a century before they obtained a i^ermanent footing. During\\nthis long interval, however, their right to the coast was generally respected,\\neven by their inveterate enemies the French, who planted most of their\\ncolonies in the inclement climate of Canada. Spain, it is true, laid claim\\nto the whole coast, even as far as Newfoundland, under the name of\\nFlorida; but the failure of De Soto s expedition, and the death of De\\nSoto himself on the bank of the Mississippi, discouraged Spanish efforts at\\ncolonization. What the Spanish wished were plenty of gold and as little\\nwork as possible. These they had obtained in both Mexico and Peru, but\\nwhen they went farther north the gold they did not find, and the Indians\\nwhom they met in their travels seemed very poor material for slaves.\\nIt remained for the great Anglo-Saxon race to reclaim these fertile\\nregions, uncultivated, or mis-cultivated, by people well-nigh as wild as the\\nNearly every history of any size gives his first epitaph, which was ordered to\\nbe put upon his tomb by the ungrateful Ferdinand of Spain To Castile and Leon\\nColumbus gave a new world. We translate the following description of his present\\nresting-place from a Spanish work. La Ma de Cuba, by Don Jose G. de Arbolena:\\nA modest stone, with a bust in bas-relief and a thoroughly prosaical inscription,\\ncovers the remains of the immortal navigator who bore to these regions the torch\\nof faith, and gave to civilization the conquest of a new world. Here is the inscrip-\\ntion\\nO remains and image of tlie great Columbus\\nRemain for a tliousand centuries kept in this urn\\nAnd in the remembrance of this nation\\nArbolena very pertinently asks, Where were the Muses when these lines were\\ncomposed", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 93\\nbeasts of chase upon which they mainly subsisted. That race, after con-\\nquering the ancient Britons, though conquered in war by the Normans,\\ngained a substantial and durable victory over the latter in language, in\\nliterature, and, if legal antiquarians are to be believed, in the more im-\\nportant matter of legal principles. Composed of men who were able and\\nwilling to work, who despised danger, who bore imprinted on their heart\\nof hearts a reverence for law combined with an ardent love of liberty\\nthe Anglo-Saxon race possesses so strong an element of vitality that it\\nhas assimilated the various nationalities which enter into the composition\\nof American society, and has made the United States an English-speaking\\nnation.\\nUnder a patent from Queen Elizabeth, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to\\nplant a settlement on the island of Roanoke in 1585. The colonists were\\nreduced to such straits by the want of provisions that they were obliged\\nto kill two mastiffs which they had with them, and make dogge s por-\\nridge. They were taken off a year after their arrival by the fleet of Sir\\nFi-ancis Drake, just two weeks before Sir Richard Grenville arrived with\\nreinforcements and ample supplies. Fifty men left as a garrison by Gren-\\nville were murdered by the Indians. A colony sent out in the following\\nyear probably met with the same fate. Raleigh had spent nearly \u00c2\u00a340,000\\n($200,000), yet had accomplished nothing.\\nThese successive failures made it evident that it was not in the power of\\nany one man, however wealthy, to plant a permanent colony in the terri-\\ntory then claimed by England, which extended from Cape Fear in North\\nCarolina to Halifax in Nova Scotia, and westward to the Pacific. Two\\ncompanies were therefore formed the London Company, of noblemen,\\ngentlemen and merchants, to colonize South Virginia, extending from\\nthe thirty-fourth to the thirty-eighth degrees of north latitude, and the\\nPlymouth Company, to colonize North Virginia, extending from the forty-\\nfirst to the forty-fifth degrees of north latitude. The name of the latter\\ndivision was changed to New England by Captain John Smith, who\\nexplored the coast and made a map of it in 1614. The strip of territory,\\ntwo hundred miles broad, between these divisions, was left free to both\\ncompanies, to prevent disputes about boundaries.\\nThe first settlement was made by the London Company at Jamestown,\\non the James River, in Virginia, in 1607. The first colonists were not\\nvery good material for the formation of a commonwealth, being afllicted\\nwith the gold fever. Farming was so much neglected that for several\\nyears the main supply of food was purchased from the Indians with goods\\nsent over by the company. When the Indians were hostile a starving\\ntime ensued. The wise management of the famous Captain John Smith\\nthe gradual cure of the gold fever by the failure of all attempts to find\\nany of that precious metal the abandonment of the community-of-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "94 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ngoods system, which resembled that of the International Association\\nof Workiugmen, and the stern enforcement of the scriptural rule that\\nif any would not work, neither should he eat, placed the colony on a\\nfirm basis. The progress made was not steady and regular, as the follow-\\ning statements of the population at different dates will show. In October,\\n1609, when Smith left the colony, it contained 490 settlers. In April,\\n1610, fhe number was reduced to 60. In 1619 the number had increased\\nto 600. In 1624, 9000 immigrants had been brought over, counting from\\nthe first planting of the colony, out of which only 1800 remained. In the\\nfollowing year Virginia was made a royal province, but the House of\\nBurgesses was left in existence, and the government was really freer than\\nthat of England under Charles I. In 1649 the colonists numbered 15,000,\\nand the little commonwealth was in a very prosperous condition. The dif-\\nficulties which caused so great a fluctuation in the number of inhabitants\\nwere sickness, famine, massacres by the Indians, and desertions from the\\ncolony through fear of the savages. The fact that a permanent state was\\nfounded, in spite of so many and so great obstacles, is a proof that we\\nhave not been too lavish in our praises of Anglo-Saxon energy and per-\\nseverance.\\nFor thirteen years the Plymouth Company existed, but it accomplished\\nlittle more than one unsuccessful attempt at settlement in Maine and\\nsome explorations of the coast. In 1620 it was superseded by the Coun-\\ncil OF Plymouth, composed of forty of the wealthiest and most powerful\\nmen in England. The very names of these two corporations bring to\\nmind the first successful attempt to settle in New England. The landing\\nof the Pilgrim Fathers on Plymouth Rock in 1620 the bravery and\\nsteadfastness with which they struggled against all the difiiculties which\\nbeset the Virginian settlers, together with a climate comparatively bleak\\nand a soil comparatively barren their ardent religious zeal, which fre-\\nquently carried them beyond the bounds of that toleration which it was\\nthe professed object of their self-imposed exile to secure for themselves\\nthese and kindred themes have served so frequently as subjects for poet\\nand painter, for orator and lecturer, for historian and novelist, that the\\nwayfariug man, though a stranger, cannot be wholly ignorant of them.\\nWe shall, therefore, iustead of attempting to tell a story which has been\\ntold so often and so well, condense a report of the results of thirty years\\ncolonization, from a pamphlet entitled Wonder-ivorking Providences of\\nZion s Saviour in New England published by Captain Edward Johnson\\nin 1650, as quoted by Hildreth The wigwams, huts and hovels the\\nEnglish dwelt in at their first coming are turned into orderly, fair and\\nwell-built houses, well furnished, many of them, with goodly fruit trees and\\ngarden flowers. Many laboring men who had not enough to bring them\\nover were now worth scores, and some hundreds, of pounds. Those who", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 95\\nwere formerly forced to fetch most of the bread they ate and the beer they\\ndrank a thousand leagues by sea, are so increased that they have not only\\nfed their elder sisters, Virginia, Barbadoes and the Summer Islands, but\\nalso the grandmother of us all, even the fertile isle of Great Britain,\\nbesides Portugal, that hath had many a mouthful of bread and fish from\\nus in exchange for their Madeira liquors, and also Spain. Good white\\nand wheaten bread is no dainty, but every ordinary man hath his choice.\\nFlesh is now no rare food, beef, pork and mutton being frequent in many\\nhouses, so that this poor wildei*ness hath equalized England in food. As\\nmany as thirty-two trades were carried on in the colony, those of coopers,\\ntanners and shoemakers being the most successful, and shoes were already\\nmanufactured for exportation.\\nAs this description gives a fair idea of the results attained by nearly every\\nattempt at settlement, we shall devote the remainder of our limited space to\\ngiving the dates of the settlements of the remaining eleven of the thirteen\\noriginal colonies. The first loermanent settlement in New York was made\\nby the Dutch in 1623, the colony being named New Netheriand, and the\\npresent city of New York was called New Amsterdam. In 1664 the prov-\\nince was seized by the English, and received its present name. New\\nJersey was settled in 1623 by the Dutch, passing into English hands at\\nthe same time with New York. New Hampshire was settled in 1623 by\\nEnglish settlers Connecticut in 1633 by English and Dutch, but the\\nnumber of the latter was so small that even that fierce old warrior, Peter\\nStuyvesant, was glad to give up the claim by treaty in 1650. Maryland\\nwas settled in 1631 by William Claiborne, and in 1634 by a colony under\\nLeonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, Lord Baltimore. Rhode Island\\nwas settled in 1636 by Roger Williams; Delaware in 1638 by Swedes,\\nwho named the colony New Sweden. In 1655, New Sweden was conquered\\nby the Dutch, and in 1664 it followed the fortunes of New Netheriand,\\nfalling into the power of the English. The first permanent settlement was\\nmade in North Carolina in 1665, and in South Carolina in 1670. In these\\ntwo colonies, which were not politically separated until 1729, an attempt\\nwas made to carry out a scheme of government devised by the celebrated\\nphilosopher John Locke. This scheme provided for two orders of nobility,\\nand contained various other features which rendered it totally unsuit^d\\nfor the management of a free colony. The result showed that however\\nable Locke was in writing upon the theory of government, concerning the\\npractice he possessed no innate ideas, and those procured by sensation\\nand reflection possessed little value. Although scattering parties of\\nSwedes and Finns had reached the western bank of the Delaware as early\\nas 1627, 1682 is given as the date of the permanent settlement of Penn-\\nsylvania. The peace policy toward the Indians, inaugui-ated by William\\nPenn at the famous elm of Shackamaxon, preserved the Pennsylvania", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "96 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsettlers for many years from the horrors of Indian warfare. Georgia was\\nsettled in 1733 by a party of colonists under the command of General\\nJames Oglethorpe.\\nIn 1689 the population of the colonies was about 200,000. In 1715 it\\nhad more than doubled, being 434,600. In 1733 the number of inhab-\\nitants in the twelve colonies first settled was not far from 750,000. For\\nmore than a thousand miles the coast was occupied, but the settlements\\ndid not extend very far inland. The nature of the country in the interior\\nwas not known, nor was there any accurate notion even of the breadth of\\nthe continent.\\nCOLONIAL HISTORY [1733-1776].\\nWhile the English were busily engaged in settling the coast, the French\\nwere exploring the interior of the country, and building forts along the\\ngreat lakes and down the Mississippi, from Montreal to New Orleans.\\nThese French posts finally amounted to more than sixty in number, and\\ntheir positions were selected with great care. In 1688 the French in\\nAmerica numbered only 11,249, little more than one-twentieth part of the\\nnumber of the English. Their strength lay in their skill in managing the\\nIndians. Count Fronteuac, the French governor of Canada, when he\\nhad nearly completed his allotted span of threescore years and ten, was\\nstill young enough to sing the war-song and dance the war-dance with his\\nIndian allies. By such condescensions as these the good-will of the sav-\\nages was conciliated, and an auxiliary force was secured which for a long\\ntune fully compensated for the lack of regular troops.\\nThe Avars in America between the French and English were generally\\nexcited by those between the mother-countries, and were therefore named\\nby the English colonists after the reigning monarch of England. King\\nWilliam s War (1689-1697) consisted of plundering and massacring raids\\non the part of the French, and ineffectual expeditions against Quebec and\\nMontreal on the part of the English. The main result of Queen Anne s\\nWar (1702-1713) was the permanent acquisition by the English of the\\nFrench province of Acadie, the name of which was changed to Nova\\nScotia. During King George s War (1744-1748), Louisburg, on Cape\\nBreton Island, then one of the strongest fortresses in America, was cap-\\ntured, after a six weeks siege, by a force commanded by a colonial gene-\\nral (William Pepperell) and almost entirely composed of colonists. The\\nlatter were much disgusted when their conquest was restored to the French\\nin 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Still, the exploit was not with-\\nout its fruits. It revealed the strength of the colonists both to themselves\\nand to the home government. A contest was approaching which was not\\nentirely dependent upon the position of the mother-countries, as it was\\ncommenced a year and a half before the beginning of the Seven Years", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 97\\nWar, and was practically ended, ,so far as the French and English in\\nAmerica were concerned, two years and a half before the treaty of Paris.\\nWe allude, of course, to the well-known French and Indian War.\\nIn 1754 the free and slave poj)ulation of the colonies amounted to\\nabout 1,425,000. Then, as now, the surplus population was poured out\\ntoward the great West, and the English pioneers soon came in contact\\nwith the French, who held the line of forts above mentioned. In 1753,\\nGeorge Washington, then not yet twenty-two years of age, was sent to\\nremonstrate with the French commandant on the Ohio. The only result\\nof his mission Avas the discovery that the French intended to hold their\\nground. The war began May 28, 1754, with an insignificant skirmish at\\nGreat Meadows, in the south-eastern part of Fayette county, Pa. Not\\nmore than fifty men were engaged on each side, and the advantage lay\\nwith the English detachment, which was led by Washington. Little was\\naccomplished during this year, but in 1755 several expeditions were\\nplanned by the English. One against Fort Duquesne (upon the present\\nsite of Pittsburg) resulted in Braddock s defeat. Another against\\nCrown Point, under Generals Johnson and Lyman, suffered a partial\\ndefeat, then gained a complete victory at Fort Edward ou the same day\\n(Sept. 8), but failed in its main object. In 1756 the home governments\\ntook up the quarrel. The earl of Loudoun was appointed commander-in-\\nchief, with General Abercrombie as his lieutenant. The latter was unwill-\\ning to make any forward movement in the absence of his chief, who was\\ndaily expected, but who did not arrive until late in the summer. In the\\nmean time the vigilant and active Montcalm had taken Oswego, with one\\nhundred and thirty-five pieces of artillery and an immense quantity of\\nmilitary stores. In 1757 Lord Loudoun left New York with the inten-\\ntion of taking Louisburg. Uj)on learning that the garrison was larger\\nthan had been supposed, he stopped to deliberate. The arrival of seven-\\nteen French ships of the line in Louisburg harbor put a speedy end to\\nhis cogitations, by making an attack wholly out of the question. In the\\nmean time Montcalm had taken and dismantled Fort William Henry.\\nSuch glaring exhibitions of inefficiency naturally awakened the con-\\ntempt and disgust of the colonists, as well as of the people of England.\\nWilliam Pitt was called to the head of afluirs in the home government,\\nand in 1758 vigorous measures were taken. Pitt promised that the\\nexpenses incurred by the colonies during the campaign should be reim-\\nbursed a promise which was fixithfully kept. Upward of thirty thousand\\nmen were raised by the colonists, and the regulars made up the number\\nto fifty thousand. Abercrombie, the commander-in-chief, showed at Ticon-\\nderoga, in the first part of the camjiaign, bungling rashness, then relapsed\\ninto masterly inactivity but Louisburg was taken by Amherst and\\nWolfe, Froutenac (now Kingston, Out.) by Colonel Bradstreet, and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "98 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nFort Duquesne by au expedition in which Washington had a command.\\nIn 1759 the unsuccessful and feeble Abercrombie was superseded by the\\nsuccessful and able Amherst, who took Ticonderoga and Crown Point,\\nwhile Wolfe, being sent against Quebec, fell ou the Plains of Abraham,\\nleaving as a legacy to his country the key of the French dominion in\\nAmerica. In 1760 the war in America was virtually ended by an unsuc-\\ncessful attempt of the French to recapture Quebec, and by the surrender\\nof Montreal (Sept. 8, 1760), with all other French posts in Canada.\\nThe French and Indian War resulted in something more than a mere\\nconquest of territory. It had served as a valuable school for the military\\nmen of the colonies. In that severe school were graduated Washington\\n(as we have seen), Schuyler, Putnam, Stark, and many others who were\\nprominent in the Kevolutionary War. They learned something more\\nthan tactics. They saw that the British regulars were not invincible, and\\nthat the practice of firing point-blank was not superior to the unscientific\\nAmerican habit of taking aim, unless it was the soldier s object to burn as\\nmuch powder as possible. The military knowledge then acquired was to be\\nof use for a purpose which did not then enter into the mind of one of the\\ncolonists, Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, got up a consj)iracy (which broke\\nout in June, 1763) for the purpose of expelling the English from the\\ncountry west of the Alleghanies, which was put down with some diffi-\\nculty, but there was another conspiracy brewing against the liberties of a\\ngrowing nation hitherto uncouscious of its strength.\\nGeorge III. ascended the throne of England Oct. 25, 1760. He found\\nin Pitt an obstacle to the carrying out of his views of government, and\\ngot rid of him as soon as possible. The first move upon the liberties of\\nthe colonies was the authorization of Writs of Assistance or general\\nsearch-warrants, which empowered the king s officers to break open any\\ncitizen s store or dwelling to search for smuggled goods, and ordered that\\nsheriffs and others should assist in this work. Few of these were issued,\\nand those were ineffectual. Then George Grenville, the prime minister,\\nprocured the passage of the Stamp Act (Feb. 27, 1765), declaring that\\nno legal instrument in writing should be valid unless it bore a government\\nstamp. This act received the royal assent on the 22d of March, at the\\nsame time witli the Quartering Act, which obliged the colonists to find\\nquarters, fire-wood, bedding, drink (cider or rum), soap and candles for as\\nmany troops as the home government saw fit to send over to enforce the\\nStamp Act and other tyrannical measures. Kobert Walpole, when prime\\nminister in 1732, had said, I will leave the taxation of America to some\\nof my successors who have more courage than I have. Pitt had said,\\nin 1759, I will never burn my fingers with an American Stamp Act.\\nThe result of Grenville s policy proved the wisdom of these remarks.\\nThe effect of these ill-judged measures was to bring about a feeling of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 99\\nunion among the colonists, which was shown by the assembling of a Co-\\nlonial Congress at New York (Oct. 7, 1765). The king and Parliament\\nwere petitioned, and a Declaration of Rights was adopted. In the\\nmean time associations had been formed which called themselves the Sons\\nof Liberty, leagued with the avowed determination to resist oppression\\nto the uttermost. Many of the stamps which came over were hidden or\\nburned, and on the day when the act was to take effect (Nov. 1, 1765)\\nbells were tolled, flags were placed at half-mast, and newspapers were\\nput in mourning, but there were no officials courageous enough to\\nenforce the obnoxious law. The repeal of the Stamp Act (March 18,\\n1766) caused great joy in America, and was celebrated with bonfires and\\npublic thanksgivings but with that repeal was connected a declaratory\\nact, stating that Parliament possessed the power to bind the colonies in\\nall cases whatsoever.\\nTo carry out this principle, in 1767 an act was passed levying duties on\\ntea, glass, paints, paper and lead. The immediate cause of this act was\\nthe taunting language of George Greuville, who was dissatisfied with his\\nfailure to enforce the Stamp Act. He said in open Parliament, to the\\nministry who succeeded him, You are cowards; you are afraid of the\\nAmericans; you dare not tax America! Townsend, who was in the\\nministry, replied, I dare tax America. I will. The colonists renewed\\nthe non-importation associations which they had formed to resist the Stamp\\nAct. Troops were sent over to overawe the malcontents and to enforce\\nthe collection of the duties, but the trade of England with the colonies\\nsuffered so much from the course pursued by the Americans that in 1770\\nall the duties were taken off, except three pence a pound on tea. This\\nwas retained by the express command of the king, who said that there\\nshould always be one tax at least to keep up the right of taxing. Here\\ncan be seen the fatal error of the British government. It was not the\\namount of the taxes, but the right of taxing, against which the Americans\\nwere contending. Arrangements were made by which they could pay the\\nduty and yet buy their tea nine pence a pound cheaper than the rate at\\nwhich it was sold in England, but they were not to be bribed. On the\\nnight of December 16, 1773, three cargoes of tea were thrown overboard\\nin Boston harbor, and in 1774 the home government retaliated by closing\\nthe port of Boston, by virtually annulling the charter of Massachusetts,\\nand by ordering that all persons charged in the colonies with murder com-\\nmitted in support of the government should be taken to England for trial.\\nOn the 5th of September, 1774, the First Continental Congress\\nassembled in Carpenters Hall, Philadelj^hia. They put forth a Bill of\\nRights, an Address to the People of Great Britain, and various other\\nstate papers, which were marked by such signal ability and wisdom that\\nWilliam Pitt, now earl of Chatham, said in the House of Lords, For", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "100 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsolidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion, no nation\\nor body of men can stand in preference to the general Congress of Phil-\\nadelphia.\\nIt was soon seen that war was inevitable, and preparations were begun\\nby the Americans, but independence was not even thought of until after\\nthe battle of Lexington (April 19, 1775). On the 10th of May, 1775\\n(the very day upon which Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured\\nTiconderoga), the Second Continental Congress convened at Philadel-\\nphia. While that body was in session the citizens of Mecklenburg county,\\nNorth Carolina, in convention assembled, anticipated by more than a year\\nthe acticm of the whole country, and declared themselves a free and\\nindependent people (May 21, 1775). The general Congress, though\\nnot yet prepared to proceed to such extremities as this, voted to raise an\\narmy of twenty thousand men, adopted the troops engaged in the siege of\\nBoston as a Continental army, and elected Washington commander-in-\\nchief (June 15, 1775). Before he could reach his forces the battle of\\nBunker Hill had been fought (June 17). The breach between the colo-\\nnies and the mother-country became daily wider. The siege of Boston\\nwas so vigorously pressed that on the 17th of March, 1776, the British\\ntroops evacuated that city. Within eighty days after that event almost\\nevery provincial Assembly had spoken in favor of Independence. On the\\n4th of July, 1776, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Congress adopted\\nthat Declaration of Independence* which gave to republican institutions an\\noi)portunity for untrammelled development under the genial influence of\\nA CENTUEY OF FREEDOM.\\nTHE FIRST DECADEf [1776-1786].\\nThe joy of the-Americans at hearing of the Declaration was tempered\\nby their thorough appreciation of the magnitude of the struggle in which\\nthey were engaged. The expulsion of the British from Boston and the\\ngallant defence of Fort Moultrie (June 28, 1776) gave them reasonable\\nencouragement, but they knew that seventeen thousand foreign troops had\\nbeen hired by the British government. This had been done because the\\nwar was un^wpular with the people of England, and it was therefore diffi-\\ncult to induce them to enlist. An aggregate land and naval force of\\nfifty-five thousand men had been voted for the American service, and\\nAs this instrument deserves more than a passing notice, it shall be made the\\nsubject of a separate article. [See Declaration op Ikdependence.]\\nt Tlic word decade may mean ten of anything, though it is probably used most\\nfrequently in the sense in which we now employ it, and shall continue to employ it\\nthrougliout this work\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz.. to denote a period of ten years.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 101\\nbefore the first of August thirty thousand British troops, many of them\\nveterans, were ready to fall upon the American army of seventeen thou-\\nsand men, mostly militia. A battle was fought on Long Island (Aug. 27)\\nin which the Americans were defeated with great loss a defeat which\\nobliged Washington to abandon New York and to retreat up the eastern\\nbank of the Hudson. The army daily diminished. When Washington\\ncrossed the Hudson (Nov. 12) he had only four thousand men. When he\\ncrossed the Delaware to Pennsylvania (Dec. 8), after having been closely\\npursued across New Jersey by the British, he had less than three thousand\\nweary, half-starved, dispirited soldiers. The Americans took with them\\nall the boats on the New Jersey side of the river, and General Howe or-\\ndered Cornwallis, who commanded in the 2)ursuit, to wait for the river to\\nfreeze and cross over on the ice. Within three weeks after leaving New\\nJersey, at a time when floating ice made the river almost impassable, Wash-\\nington returned (Dec. 26) with twenty-four hundred men, captured more\\nthan a thousand Hessians at Trenton, stole away from the superior forces\\nof Cornwallis, then defeated the reserve of the latter at Princeton, and so\\nmanaged matters that on the 1st of March, 1777, neither a British nor a\\nHessian soldier could be found in New Jersey, excej^t at New Brunswick\\nand Amboy. Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, certainly a competent\\nand an impartial judge, declared that the achievements of Washington\\nand his little band, between the 25th of December and the 4th of January\\nfollowing, were the most brilliant of any recorded in the annals of military\\nperformances. By ^the 30th of June, 1777, the British were entirely ex-\\npelled from New Jersey, but during the remainder of the year the army\\nunder Washington sufiered great privations and met with several reverses.\\nHowe left General Clinton in command at New York, and sailed with\\n18,000 men to the Delaware. On the Brandywine the Americans were\\ndefeated (Sept. 11), the British entered Philadelphia (Sept. 26), and again\\ndefeated the patriots at Germantown (Oct. 4). Washington went into\\nwinter-quarters at Valley Forge (Dec. 11), leaving the enemy in possession\\nof Philadelphia. The sufferings of the Americans on their march to\\nValley Forge, when their course could be tracked on the snow by bloody\\nfootprints, and their subsequent privations, form, as has been well said,\\nsome of the gloomiest, as well as some of the most brilliant, scenes in the\\nrecord of American patriotism. Their hearts had been cheered, how-\\never, by good news from the North. Burgoyne started in the latter part\\nof June, 1777, from Canada, intending to come down the Hudson and\\nco-operate with Clinton. He took Crown Point and Ticonderoga (July 6),\\nbut Schuyler put so many obstacles in his way, by felling trees, breaking\\ndown bridges, etc., that his march toward New York was very slow. A\\nlarge foraging party which he sent out was defeated at Bennington, Vt.\\n(Aug. 16), he, himself, failed to gain the two battles of Stillwater (Sept.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "102 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n19 aud Oct. 7), and on the ITtli of October his forces, numbering 5791\\nmen, were surrendered to General Gates at Saratoga. He kept his\\npromise to eat his Christmas dinner in Albany, but it was as a captive, not\\nas a conqueror.\\nOn the 6th of February, 1778, a treaty of alliance with France was\\nsigned at Paris. It is now known that Louis XVI. reluctantly gave his\\nconsent to this proceeding, and called his ministers to witness that it was\\ndone contrary to his judgment. Congress did not receive the announce-\\nment of this treaty until the 2d of May, but had refused in the mean\\ntime offers of conciliation made by the British government, being resolved\\nto accept nothing short of independence. A French fleet and army were\\nimmediately sent over to the assistance of the Americans, and the British\\ncommanders received orders to abandon Philadelphia and the Delaware,\\naud to concentrate their forces at New York. The British army under\\nthe command of Clinton, who had superseded Howe, left Philadelphia\\n(June 18), but Washington pursued and intercepted it. A battle was\\nfought at Monmouth (June 28), in which the Americans had the advantage,\\nand which they were prepared to renew on the following day, but dui ing\\nthe night the enemy stole away under cover of the darkness. Clinton\\nsaid in his despatches to England, I took advantage of the moonlight to\\nrejoin General Knyphausen, etc. As the moon was quite new, aud had\\nset two hours before Clinton began his march, this statement caused much\\nmerriment among the patriots. Little more happened during the remain-\\nder of the year except an unsuccessful attempt of the Americans to take\\nNewport, and the massacres perpetrated in the Wyoming, Mohawk, Scho-\\nharie and Cherry Valleys. Almost all our historians, with the exception\\nof Lossing aud Hildreth, have made such grave errors in describing the\\nmassacre of Wyoming that we feel it our duty to give a portion of even\\nour limited space to the correction of a few of the more important misstate-\\nments. For more than twenty years it has been known that Brant was\\nnot present at the battle that Forty Fort was not burned together with\\nits inmates; and that Colonel John Butler did not answer The hatchet!\\nwhen asked what terms he would give the garrison. He granted humane\\nterms by a treaty still in existence, which would have been faithfully car-\\nried out had he been able to restrain the Indians. Horrible as the ex-\\ncesses committed really were, they have been much exaggerated in nearly\\nall the accounts published.\\nDuring the first six months of the following year the combined efforts\\nof the British and Tories accomplished the temporary subjugation of\\nGeorgia. An attempt of the British to take Charleston, S. C, failed (May\\n11), while the Americans and French were equally unsuccessful in an\\nassault upon Savannah, Geo. (Oct. 9). In the North, the principal events\\nwere the capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson (July 16), by Mad", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 103\\nAnthony Wayne (one of the most brilliant exploits of the war), the\\nsurprise and capture of the British garrison at Paulus Hook (now Jersey\\nCity), and a campaign against the Seneca Indians by General Sullivan,\\nin retaliation for the massacres above mentioned. In the West, Major\\nGeorge Rogers Clarke cajitured (Jiily 4, 1778) Kaskaskia, 111., and Ca-\\nhokia. 111. (July 9, 1778), and Vincennes, Ind., the following month. In\\nJanuary, 1779, the British recaptured Vincennes but when Clarke heard\\nof it, with 175 men he waded through the snow-flood of the drowned\\nlands of Illinois and received the surrender of Vincennes from the\\nastonished British garrison, whose amazement could not have been much\\ngreater if Clarke and his force had dropped from the clouds. On the\\n24th of September, 1779, occurred one of the most desperate naval bat-\\ntles on record, which resulted in the capture of the British frigate Serajns\\nby the American frigate Bon Homme Richard, commanded by the famous\\nJohn Paul Jones.\\nSir Henry Clinton sailed from New York for the South (Dec. 25, 1779),\\nand Washington sent Baron De Kalb and others to aid the southern\\npatriots. The two armies were thus so much weakened at their head-\\nquarters that military operations at the North almost ceased during the\\nyear 1780. Clinton took Charleston (May 12), after a warmly-contested\\nsiege of more than six weeks and then the country was overrun, and\\nappeared to be so completely reduced that Clinton sailed for New York\\n(June 5). Cornwallis was left behind in command, and the cruel Tarleton\\nravaged the country with his dragoons, in one instance killing so many\\nwho had surrendered that Tarleton s quarter became a proverbial\\nexpression for faithless cruelty. Gates, the conqueror of Burgoyne, was\\ngiven the chief command in the South but by his defeat in the disastrous\\nbattle of Sanders Creek, and the subsequent flight of the Americans, he\\nexchanged (as General Lee had predicted that he would) his northern\\nlaurels for southern willows. Still, the southern patriots did not despair.\\nThe famous Mai-iou, Pickens, John Clarke and Sumter carried on a par-\\ntisan w^arfare with varying success, and in a severe engagement at King s\\nMountain (Oct. 7), 1500 Tories were defeated by 1800 patriots, with a\\nloss of 300 killed and wounded and 800 prisoners. The very mention of\\nthe name of Benedict Arnold, now a synonym for traitor, will bring to\\nmind his treason, his plan to deliver West Point into the hands of the\\nBritish, the capture of Major Andre (Sept. 22, 1780) by John Paulding,\\nDavid Williams and Isaac Van Wart (who nobly refused all bribes to\\nlet him pass), the execution of Andre and the escape of the arch-traitor.\\nIn noble contrast with the course of Arnold is that of some soldiers of\\nthe Pennsylvania line, who mutinied (Jan. 1, 1781) on account of heavy\\narrearages of pay due them and the belief that their tei-m of service, as\\nthey understood it, had expired. Emissaries sent by Sir Henry Clinton.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "104 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\n(with teniptiug offers of bribes if they would desert, singly or in a body)\\nwere seized and delivered into the hands of General Wayne. By refusing\\nthe reward offered for the apprehension of the British agents, the mutineers\\nproved that their motives were not merely mercenary ones\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that their love\\nof country had not been quenched even by their alleged wrongs. The\\ncause of this and similar troubles was the depreciation of the Continental\\ncurrency [see Coins and Currency], which was owing both to the large\\namount already issued (more than $200,000,000), and to the^ immense\\nquantity of cleverly-executed counterfeits set afloat by the British. To\\none man, Robert Morris, is due the credit of having upheld the national\\nfinances during this trying time. We can indeed say credit, for frequently\\nhis individual credit procured funds when that of Congress was gone.\\nThe year 1781 was practically the last of the war. Greene took the\\ncommand in the South, and the first severe blow was struck at Cowpens\\n(Jan. 17, 1781) by Daniel Morgan, commander of the fiimous rifle-corps,\\nw^ho defeated a superior force of the British under Tarleton. Greene\\nretreated into Virginia from the main army under Cornwallis, being saved\\nthree times from being taken at a disadvantage by the sudden rising of\\nrivers after he had passed over them. As soon as his force was large\\nenough, he returned and fought a severe battle at Guilford Court-house\\n(Mar. 15). The British remained masters of the field, but were so cut up\\nand dispirited that Charles Fox said, in the British House of Commons,\\nAnother such victory will ruin the British army. The subsequent\\noperations of Gi cene met with varying success. At Hobkirk s Hill (near\\nCamden, S. C.) he was surprised and defeated (Apr. 25), but retreated in\\ngood order. At Eutaw Springs (Sept. 8), the British were at fii st driven\\noff the field in confusion, then they suddenly renewed the battle and drove\\nthe Americans back, and finally they retreated in the night. At the close\\nof the year, the British in the South were confined to Charleston and Sa-\\nvannah. In the mean time Cornw allis had been attempting the subjuga-\\ntion of Virginia (leaving Lord Rawdon to contend with Greene), had\\nbeen ordered by Sir Henry Clinton to take post near the sea, and in\\nxVugust had commenced fortifying Yorktown. Washington intended to\\nattack New York but learning that Clinton had been reinforced, he turned\\nhis thoughts toward Virginia, wrote deceptive letters to Greene, wdiich he\\ncaused to be intercepted by Clinton, and long before the stratagem was\\ndiscovered was far on his way to Yorktown\u00e2\u0080\u0094 too far for successful pursuit.\\nThe allied American and French armies reached Yorktown on the 28th\\nof September. They began a regular siege, while the French fleet, under\\nDe Grasse, guarded the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, cutting off all hope\\nof supplies or assistance by sea. The siege was vigorously pressed Clinton\\ncould not relieve the garrison, and on the 19th of October, 1781, Corn-\\nwallis surrendered the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester, with almost", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 105\\n7000 British soldiers and his shipping and seamen, to Washington and\\nDe Grasse.\\nThe surrender of Cornwallis virtually put an end to the war. Amer-\\nican armies were still watching the forces stationed in New York, Charles-\\nton and Savannah, but actual hostilities were at au end before orders went\\nforth from England (March 4, 1782) for their cessation. On the 11th of\\nJuly, 1782, the British evacuated Savannah, and on the 14th of December\\nfollowing they left Charleston. A preliminaiy treaty was signed on the\\n20th of January, 1783, and a definitive treaty on the 3d of September\\nfollowing. On the 25th of November, 1783, the British army sailed from\\nNew York, thereby freeing the United States from the last sign of British\\ndomination.\\nPeace had been secured, independence had been achieved, but the pros-\\npects of the new-fledged nation were, apparently, not very brilliant. A\\nheavy debt encumbered the government, and a similar burden rested upon\\nalmost every confederation within it. The common danger, which had\\ncemented the union of the States much more closely than the Articles of\\nConfederation, was gone, and, so far as could be seen, these victorious\\nStates, after they had fought and won the battle for indei^endence and the\\nrights of man, after they had established their claims to a free and equal\\nposition in the family of nations, were themselves on the very brink of\\nanarchy and political destruction. Under the Articles of Confederation\\nCongress had exclusive power for a number of purposes, but had no ability\\nto execute any of them. They were empowered to make and conclude\\ntreaties, but they could only recommend the observance of them. They\\ncould appoint ambassadors, but they could not defray their ex2:)enses.\\nThey could Ijorrow money in their own name on the faith of the Union,\\nbut they could not pay a dollar. They could coin money, but they could\\nnot import a single ounce of bullion. Thoy could make war and could\\ndetermine upon the number of troops necessaiy, but they could not raise\\na single regiment. In short, they could declare everything, but could do\\nnothing. This was the more unfortunate, as no country ever more required\\na well-ordered government than the United States immediately after the\\nRevolutionary war. Trade and commerce were destroyed agriculture had\\ndecayed manufactures were ruined, and the inhabitants of the country\\nwere so impoverished that many of them were nearly destitute of clothing.\\nAs if to shoot a Parthian shaft when relinquishing this country, imme-\\ndiately after the peace was announced the British sent over a great quan-\\ntity of cloths of an inferior quality, which were sold at an exorbitant\\nprice. In this manner almost all the money of the country was collected\\nand carried abroad. Disordered finance, prostrate commerce and ruined\\ncredit called for a work of organization, the completion of which was\\nreserved for", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "106 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nTHE SECOND DECADE [1786-1796].\\nPresident, George AVashington [1789-1797].\\nIn September, 1786, commissioners from New York, New Jersey, Penn-\\nsylvania, Delaware and Virginia met at Annapolis, Mel, to consider the\\nstate of the trade of the United States, and to digest and report such mea-\\nsures as would enable Congress effectually to provide for the same.\\nNothing was done with reference to the special object of the meeting, for\\nit was seen that the evils which infested the body politic were too deeply\\nseated to yield to mild measures. Kadical constitutional treatment was\\nevidently required. The Annapolis Convention therefore advised a revisal\\nof the constitution of the federal government, to render it adequate to the\\nexigencies of the Union. To secure this revisal a second convention was\\nproposed, to which all the States should be invited to appoint commis-\\nsioners, to meet at Philadelphia in the following May. This invitation\\nwas accepted, and thus originated the government which gave stability and\\nprosperity to the young republic.\\nThe convention was originally called together by a resolution adopted\\nby Congress (Feb. 21, 1787), and met on the appointed day (May 14, 1787),\\nin Independence Hall, Philadelphia, which was thus given another claim\\nto be considered the cradle of the nation but a quorum was not present\\nuntil the 25th of May. George Washington was unanimously chosen to\\npreside over the deliberatioas of this body, in which all of the thirteen\\noriginal States were represented except Rhode Island and New Hamp-\\nshire. The former State did not send any delegation, but commissioners\\nfrom New Hampshire began to attend on the 23d of July. As particular\\nremarks on the Constitution adopted and the subsequent amendments\\nthereto are reserved by our plan for another article [see Government\\nAND Laws], we shall mention some of the propositions which were rejected,\\nsome of them by a small majority: That the president and members of\\nthe senate should hold office during good behavior; that there should be\\nmore than one chief magistrate, to prevent the possibility of the incum-\\nbent s becoming an elective king; that the President should be elected by\\nthe national legislature, because the people would never concur in a\\nmajority, but would generally vote for a citizen of their own State. All\\nof these propositions were successively voted down, though the last\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz.,\\nthe election of the President by the national legislature\u00e2\u0080\u0094 was at first\\nadopted by a vote of seven States to four, while the present method, by\\nmeans of electors, was at first negatived by six votes to five. On the 17th\\nof September, after nearly four months of deliberation and of debates\\nwhich were, at times, so warm that it was doubtful whether the members\\nwould come to any agreement or not, the present federal Constitution was", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 107\\nadopted. Perhaps its best recommendation was that it did not fully sat-\\nisfy any party, but a spirit of mutual forbearance was shown which was\\nworthy of all praise. Mr. Hamilton, for instance, expressed his anxiety\\nthat every member should sign. No man s ideas were more remote from\\nthe plan than his own, but he could not hesitate between anarchy and\\nconvulsion and the chance of good to be expected from the plan. The\\nconventions of the requisite number of States (nine) had ratified the Con-\\nstitution by the 21st of June, 1788, though not without earnest debate.\\nIt is remarkable that a system deemed so imperfect, not only by the mass\\nof its framers, but by many eminent men throughout the country, should\\nhave been found to answer so fully the jKirposes of its formation as to\\nrequire during a period of seventy years no essential alteration. The first\\neleven amendments were mere additions, and the twelfth only changed the\\nmethod of electing the President and Vice-President. The workings of\\nthis instrument have been so beneficial that it has deserved the title given\\nit by an eminent legal authority, who styles it the great charter of our\\nnational renown.\\nAt the first election under the Constitution, George Washington received\\nthe unanimous vote of the electors (sixty-nine in number), which made him\\nPresident. Each elector at that time voted for two persons, without des-\\nignating the ofiice, and the one who received the highest number of votes\\nbecame President and the one standing next on the list, or, rather, whose\\nvote was the greatest after the President was chosen, became Vice-President.\\nJohn Adams, therefore, though he had not received a majority (his vote\\nwas 34), was elected Vice-President. The vote was counted by Congress\\n(April 6, 1789), Washington was officially notified (April 14), and he was\\ninaugurated (April 30) at Federal Hall, New York, which was on the site\\nof the present custom-house. New York had become the federal city in\\nJanuary, 1785, when Congress (which, after leaving Philadelphia in June,\\n1783, had successively tried Princeton, N. J., Annapolis, Md., and Trenton,\\nN. J.) first met there. Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of For-\\neign Affairs (his title was changed to Secretary of State in September, 1789)\\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury and Henry Knox, Secre-\\ntary of War. The offices of Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the\\nInterior were not yet created, and the Postmaster-General and Attorney-\\nGeneral were not members of the cabinet. Though some historians count\\nthe latter official in when giving the first cabinets, he was first considered\\na, cabinet-officer, according to Hildreth, in 1814, but according to another\\nauthority, not before Tyler s administration (1841-1845).\\nDuring the first portion of Washington s administration, the work of\\norganizing under the new Constitution was vigorously jirosecuted, and two\\npolitical parties made their appearance, viz., Federalists, who wished to make\\nthe general government as powerful as was possible without abolishing the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "108 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nState governments; and Eepublicans, who wished the general government\\nto have as little power as W as possible, without rendering it so weak as to\\nbe utterly inefficient. Washington, Adams, Hamilton and Jay were reck-\\noned with the Federalists, and Jefferson, Madison, Gallatin and Edward\\nLivingston were accounted among the Republicans. It is, however, an act\\nof simple justice to state that \\\\yashingtou was never a partisan, and that\\nhe was called a Federalist simply on account of his known views, and not\\nbecause he was a party standard-bearer. The unanimous vote in his favor\\nat two presidential elections is a proof of the truth of this assertion.\\nHamilton s office imposed upon him the difficult task of adjusting the\\nnational finances. The Continental Congress had incurred a debt of fifty-\\nfour millions of dollars, and the debt of the States, incurred in the same\\ncause, amounted to twenty-five millions of dollars. Hamilton advocated\\nthe assumption of both of these debts by the general government a course\\nwhich was adopted by Congress after a spirited debate. On the 28th of\\nJune, 1790, an act of Congress was passed removing the seat of government\\nto Philadelphia, where it was to remain until the year 1800, at which time\\nit was to be permanently fixed at some place on the Potomac, to be selected\\nby the President within certain specified limits. In 1788 Maryland had\\nceded sixty square miles to the United States, and in 1789 Virginia had\\nceded forty square miles, Avithin the limits mentioned. The Virginia por-\\ntion was returned to the State in 1846. Washington performed the duty\\nof selecting the place in the following year, when he was making a tour\\nthrough the South. In 1790 trouble arose with the Indians of the North-\\nwest. General Harmar was defeated near Chillicothe, Ohio, and in the\\nfollowing year (Nov. 4, 1791) General St. Clair was also beaten, with great\\nloss, in a battle fought eighty miles north of the present city of Cincinnati.\\nGeneral Wayne, the Mad Anthony of the Revolution, was given the\\ncommand of all the troops engaged against the north-western Indians, and\\nby his bravery in the field and his skilflil diplomacy, he succeeded in\\nsecuring a peace which lasted many years. In 1791 (March 4) Vermont\\nwas admitted into the Union, and in 1792 (June 1) Kentucky was received\\ninto the confederation, making the number of States fifteen. A new appor-\\ntionment of presidential electors was made in accordance with the first\\ncensus, which had been taken in 1790. Tl^e presidential election of 1792\\nresulted in the unanimous re-election of Washington, and in the re-election\\nof Adams as Vice-President, by a majority of nine electors the whole num-\\nber of electors being 132.\\nIn April, 1793, information was received of the declaration of war by\\nFrance against Great Britain, Spain and Holland. The general sympathy\\nof the American people was in favor of the sister-republic, but Washington\\nhac the wisdom and firmness to issue a neutrality proclamation. In spite\\nof tins decided measure, Citizen Genet, the minister from the French re-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 109\\npublic, begau to fit out privateers iu American ports, aud threatened to\\najipeal to the j^eople. This action was, of course, deemed an insult to\\nour government, and Washington promptly demanded and obtained the\\nrecall of Genet. In 1794 an insurrection broke out in Western Pennsyl-\\nvania, caused by an attempt to collect a tax upon domestic distilled liquors,\\nimposed by an act of Congress passed in 1791. This outbreak, which is\\nknown in history as the Whisky Insurrection, was promptly quelled by a\\nforce of militia ordered out by the President. In 1795 treaties were con-\\ncluded with Great Britain aud Spain. That with Great Britain was not\\nvery satisfactory, and Mr. Jay, the minister who negotiated it, was burned\\niu effigy. The treaty with Spain secured the navigation of the Mississippi\\nto its mouth, and settled the boundary-line between the United States and\\nthe Spanish possessions. On the 1st of June, 1796, Tennessee was admitted\\ninto the Union, making the number of States sixteen.\\nTHE THIRD DECADE [1796-1806].*\\nPresidents, George Washington, John Adams [1797-1801], Thomas\\nJefferson [1801-1809].\\nIn September, 1796, Washington issued a farewell address, iu which he\\nlaid before the nation his views respecting its true policy. This parting\\nadvice, which is full of wisdom and patriotism, has ever been regarded by\\nthe people of the United States as one of the most valuable legacies left\\nthem by the Father of his Country. Had the warnings against party\\nspirit and sectional feeling which are contained in this admirable valedic-\\ntory been heeded, much subsequent trouble might have been avoided. As\\nthe only man upon whom the whole nation could unite was about to retire\\nfrom public life, the presidential election of 1796 gave an opportunity for\\nthe first great struggle between the Federalists and the Republicans. The\\nformer nominated John Adams, and the latter Thomas Jefferson, for the\\npresidency. Of the electoral votes Adams received 71 and Jefferson 69.\\nBy the provisions of the Constitution as it was, Adams therefore became\\nPresident and Jefferson Vice-President; and it was seen that among the\\ninconveniences attendant upon that method of election was the strong\\nprobability that the President and Vice-President would always be opposed\\nto each other in politics a circumstance not calculated to secure harmo-\\nnious action in the administration of the national government.\\nPresident Adams was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1797, aud\\nadopted the cabinet of Washington as his own. The first important\\nmatter requiring the attention of the government was a difficulty with\\nAs the first decade began with the 4th of July, the history of each subsequent\\ndecade will, of course, begin and end with that date but that of the last decade, for\\nobvious reasons, will be incomplete.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "110 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nFrance arising out of the refusal of the United States to act with France\\nagainst Great Britain. C. C. Piuckney, the American minister, was ordered\\nto leave France, and the government of that country authorized depreda-\\ntions upon our commerce. A special session of Congress was therefore\\nconvened (May 15, 1797), and in July, Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry and\\nJohn Marshall were appointed envoys extraordinary to adjust all diffi-\\nculties. They were refused a hearing unless a large sum of money should\\nfirst be paid into the French treasury, and were told that the refusal to\\naccede to this demand would bring on a war. War be it, then! replied\\nPinckney; millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute Marshall\\nand Piuckney were ordered to leave France, Gerry being permitted to\\nremain because he belonged to the Republican party, the members of\\nwhich Avere more favorably disposed toward France than the Federalists\\nwere. Seeing that negotiation was in vain. Congress authorized a large\\narmy (May, 1798), and appointed Washington its commander-in-chief.\\nA naval department was now formed in the government, with Benjamin\\nStoddard, of Maryland, as the first Secretary of the Navy, and hostilities\\nwere actually commenced on the water, several ships being captured on\\neither side. These spirited measures brought the French government to\\nterms the Directory made overtures for peace, but went out of power\\nbefore the American envoys arrived. Napoleon Bonaparte, who held the\\nreins of government as First Consul, readily received the United States\\nambassadors, and a treaty was concluded (Sept. 30, 1800) by which all\\ndisputed matters were satisfactorily adjusted. The army was disbanded;\\nbut before the news of peace had come its revered commander-in-chief had\\ngone to his rest (Dec. 14, 1799). Impressive funeral services were held\\nthroughout the country, eulogies were delivered, and Congress recommended\\nthat the people of the United States should wear a badge of mourning for\\nthirty days.\\nThe presidential election of 1800 was warmly contested. The Alien\\nand Sedition acts (of which one empowered the President to order out of\\nthe country aliens who were conspiring against the peace of the United\\nStates, while the other restrained the liberty of speech and of the press)\\nrendered the Federalist administration unpopular. These acts had been\\npassed at the time when a war with France seemed imminent, and were\\njustified by the Federalists with the plea that the emissaries of the French\\ngovernment were endeavoring to incite an insurrection, and that many of\\nthe newspapers were conducted by refugees and adventurers from Great\\nBritain. President Adams was renominated by the Federalists for the\\npresidency, with C. C. Pinckney as candidate for the vice-presidency.\\nThomas Jefferson and Aarou Burr were the nominees of the Republicans.\\nAs each elector voted for two persons without designating the office, and\\nas Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes, the contest for the presi-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. Ill\\ndency was really between them, although Burr had been nominated as a\\ncandidate for the vice-presidency. Each had a majority of the 138 elec-\\ntoral votes but as Congress was not bound to take any notice of the inten-\\ntion of the party Avho had nominated them, it was considered a tie vote\\nbetween them for the presidency, and the election went, for the first time,\\nto the House of Representatives. A number of the Federalist Congress-\\nmen voted for Burr; but after a close contest, which extended through\\n36 ballots, Jefferson was elected President and Burr Vice-President. This\\ndifficulty caused the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment to the Consti-\\ntution, which obliges the electors to name in their ballots the person\\nvoted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-\\nPresident. This amendment was announced as adopted and ratified\\nSept. 25, 1804, it having been approved by 13 of the 16 States.\\nJefierson s cabinet consisted of James Madison, Secretary of State;\\nHenry Dearborn, Secretary of War; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the\\nTreasury; and Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy. On the 10th of\\nJune, 1801, the bashaw of Tripoli, a petty prince of one of the Barbary\\nStates, in the North of Africa, declared war against the United States.\\nThe insolence of the Mediterranean pirates had been for a long time\\nscarcely endurable. Ships of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Morocco cap-\\ntured American vessels and not satisfied with ordinary piratical plunder-\\ning, they reduced the crew and passengers of the captured vessels to a\\ncondition of servitude. Captain Bainbridge was ordered to cruise in the\\nMediterranean in order to protect American commerce; but no further\\nnotice was taken of the declaration of war until 1803, when Commodore\\nPreble was sent to Tripoli with a large squadron. On the olst of October,\\nCaptain Bainbridge was sent into the harbor of Tripoli to reconnoitre.\\nHis vessel (the Philadelphia, of 44 guns) advanced too far in eager pur-\\nsuit of a small Tripolitan gunboat, and struck on a rock. The officers\\nwere treated as prisoners of war, but the crew were made slaves. In Feb-\\nruary, 1804, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur sailed from Syracuse, Sicily, in\\na small schooner, having on board but 76 men, entered the harbor of\\nTripoli undiscovered, and recaptured the Philadelphia, which was anchored\\nunder the guns of a powerful battery. As it was impossible to take her\\nout, she was set on fire and abandoned. Lieutenant Decatur and his party\\nmaking their escape without the loss of a single man, and with only four\\nwounded. This exploit, one of the most brilliant recorded in the annals\\nof naval warfare, greatly exalted the reputation of the American arms\\nthroughout all the piratical States. Tripoli was bombarded several times,\\na severe action was fought with the Tripolitan gunboats (Aug. 3), but an\\nhonorable conclusion to the war was attained by an enterprise directed\\nfrom another quarter, and conceived with a boldness which was equalled\\nonly by the skill and perseverance displayed in its execution. William", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "112 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nEaton, who liad been a ca})taiu in the army, was at this time the United\\nStates consul at Tunis. He there became acquainted with Hamet Cara-\\nmauly, the elder brother of the bashaw of Tripoli, who had usurped the\\ngovernment and had driven Hamet into exile. With the latter, Captain\\nEaton planned an expedition against the reigning bashaw% then returned\\nto the United States to obtain permission and means to undertake it. With\\nthese secured, he started from Alexandria (March 6, 1805) with seventy\\nAmerican seamen, Hamet and his followers, and a band of mounted Arabs.\\nHis march lay across a thousand miles of desert, yet it was accomplished,\\nwith indescribable fatigue and suiTeriug, in fifty days. On the 25th of\\nApril he arrived before Derne, a Tripolitan city, which he took by assault,\\nthen defended it successfully against an army ten times as numerous as his\\nown. On the 15th of June he again defeated the Tripolitan forces, and\\nthreatened to advance upon the capital; but in the mean time (June 4)\\nl^eace had been made with the reigning bashaw, who was thoroughly\\nfrightened by this unexpected attack. Hamet s claims were disregarded,\\nmuch to his disgust and to that of Eaton, who had hoped to play the part\\nof a king-maker, and who felt that the deposed prince had deserved\\nbetter treatment at the hands of our government.\\nOn the 12th of July, 1804, Hamilton died of a wound received in a duel\\nwith Aaron Burr on the previous day. As Burr was the aggressor, and\\nHamilton, who had accepted the challenge with great reluctance, had fired\\nin the air, the afiivir was justly deemed a murder, and Burr Avas forced into\\nconcealment. At the presidential election which took place in the follownug\\nautumn, George Clinton Avas nominated for the vice-presidency, and Jeffer-\\nson was renominated for the presidency. Since the previous election, Ohio\\nhad been admitted into the Union (1802), and a new allotment of presi-\\ndential electors had been made in accordance with the census of 1800.\\nThe electoral vote Avas 176, of which Jefferson and Clinton received 162,\\nand Pinckney and King, the Federalist candidates, obtained only 14.\\nThe population of the United States by the first census, which Avas taken\\nin 1790, was 3,929,214. At the expiration of ten years, it was found, upon\\ntaking the second census, that the population was 5,318,483, an increase\\nof 35 per cent. In 1806 Aaron Burr began plotting to carry out a plan\\nwhich he had conceived during the previous year, the description of which,\\nas the arrest of Burr took place in 1807, we reserve for the history of\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTHE FOURTH DECADE [1806-1816].\\nPresidents, Thomas Jefferson [1801-1809], Jabies Madison\\n[1809-1817].\\nAs early as the winter of 1805-6, Burr had begun to talk of his designs\\nto Captam William Eaton, the hero of the Tripolitan war, encouraged by", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 113\\nthe latter s well-knowu ill-humor on account of the treatment which he and\\nHamet Caramauly had received. As noted above, the claims of Haraet\\nhad been disregarded when a peace was arranged between the United\\nStates and the usurping bashaw. Burr had come, however, to the wrong\\nman. Satisfied that Burr was a dangerous person, Eaton went to the\\nPresident and suggested the appointment of the conspirator to some foreign\\nmission, giving as a reason that if he were not so disposed of there would\\nbe an insurrection, if not a revolution, in the West. The President did\\nnot think that such a danger was imminent; and as Eaton s relations with\\nthe government were not friendly, he did not px ess the matter further, but\\nrelated Burr s conversations with him to several congressmen, who regarded\\nBurr s projects as too chimerical and his circumstances as too desperate to\\nfurnish any ground for alarm. Burr was arrested at Fort Stoddart, on\\nthe Tombigbee River, in the present State of Alabama (Feb., 1807), when it\\nwas discovered that Eaton s warning had been dictated by fears which were\\nonly too well grounded. During the year 1806 the ex- Vice-President had\\nbeen endeavoring to attract to his cause all who were discontented, for any\\nreason whatever, with the government and though he was acquitted at his\\ntrial on account of the lack of proper legal evidence, there is little doubt\\nthat he contemplated the establishment of an independent government,\\neither in the south-western part of the United States or in one of the rich\\nprovinces of Mexico.\\nIn 1806 the struggle between England and France caused serious trouble\\nto the commercial interests of this country. The British government, by\\nan order in council, declared the whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe\\nRiver in Germany to the port of Brest in France, to be in a state of block-\\nade. Napoleon retaliated by issuing (Nov. 21) the Berlin decree, de-\\nclaring a blockade of all the ports of the British islands. Another British\\noi der in council prohibited all coast trade with France. American vessels\\nwere, therefore, seized by both French and English cruisers by the French\\nfor trading with England, and by the English for trading with France.\\nOur commerce, which had been remarkably prosperous on account of the\\nneutral position of the country, was nearly destroyed. Great Britain also\\nclaimed the right to stop and search American vessels on the high seas,\\nostensibly in order to recover men who had deserted from the British naval\\nservice; but if a British war vessel was short of men, its commander had\\nno scruples against the practice of seizing and impressing American seamen.\\nOn the 22d of June, 1807, the American frigate Chesapeake was chased\\nand attacked by the British frigate Leopard. Barron, the American com-\\nmander, was unprepared for an attack, and after losing three men killed\\nand eighteen wounded, he was brought to, and four men were carried away\\nby the Leoptard, three of whom, as was subsequently discovered, were\\nnative Americans. This outrage caused the issue by the President of a", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "114 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nproclamation prohibiting all British vessels from continuing in or entering\\nthe harbors of the United States until reparation was made. In November,\\n1807, another order in council was issued, forbidding neutral vessels to\\nenter French ports until they had previously stopped at a British port and\\npaid a duty. In December came Napoleon s Milan decree, confiscating\\nevery vessel which should submit to British search or had paid the exacted\\ntribute. Then Congress decreed an embargo which detained in our ports\\nall vessels (Dec. 22, 1807).\\nThe election of 1808 resulted in the choice of James Madison, the\\nRepublican candidate, as President, and in the re-election of George Clin-\\nton as Vice-President. Madison received 122 electoral votes and Clinton\\n113. Pinckney and King, the Federalist candidates, received only 47\\nvotes apiece. Before Jefferson went out of office the embargo was raised\\n(Mar. 1, 1809). It had caused great distress in commercial circles, and it\\nrendered Jefferson s administration unpopular with some people who were\\nmembers of his own party; but his friends claimed that his administration\\nhad accomplished much good, dwelling especially upon his foreign policy,\\nand upon the acquisition of Louisiana, which had been purchased from\\nFrance in 1803 for $15,000,000.\\nMadison s cabinet consisted of James Monroe, Secretary of State Albert\\nGallatin, Secretary of the Treasury; William Eustis, Secretary of War;\\nand Csesar Rodney, Secretary of the Navy. Troublesome complications\\nwith foreign nations gave this administration abundance of work to per-\\nform, which required the most skilful of management. The irritation\\nbetween this country and Great Britain continually increased and Napo-\\nleon issued another decree (Mar. 23, 1810), which declared that all\\nAmerican vessels which had entered French ports since the 1st of March,\\nor which might thereafter enter, were and should be forfeited, together\\nwith their cargoes. American merchant vessels were still captured by\\nBritish cruisers, which were continually hanging around our coasts. By\\nthe census of 1810 the population of the United States was found to be\\n7,239,881, an increase of 36 per cent, since 1800. A free people, increasing\\nso rapidly in population and resources, could no longer endure the insults\\nand injuries of a nation which modestly claimed to rule the waves, and\\nwhich attempted to make good that claim by repeatedly transgressing the\\nplainest precepts of international law. The British cruisers did not always\\nescape. The Little Belt, a sloop-of-war, was overhauled and hailed by the\\nAmerican frigate President, and replied with a shot which struck the main-\\nmast of the latter. The fire was returned, the guns of the sloop were\\nsilencerl, and her captain was obliged to give a civil answer to the inquiry\\nwhich had been made by Commodore Rodgers, the American commander\\n(May 16, 1811).\\nDuring. the summer of 1811 it was discovered that the famous Indian", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 115\\nchief Tecumseh was confederating the tribes of the North-west iu a war\\nagainst the people of the United States, having been incited thereto by\\nBritish emissaries. General Harrison, who was then the governor of\\nIndiana Territory, marched against him, and defeated him in the bloody\\nbattle of Tippecanoe (Nov. 7, 1811). As the British orders in council\\nwere still rigorously enforced, as more than nine hundred American vessels\\nhad been seized and confiscated since 1803, as insult after insult was being\\noffered to the American flag, while the British press insolently boasted that\\nthe United States could not be kicked into a war, forbearance was no\\nlonger a virtue, and on the 18th of June, 1812, an act of Congress was\\npassed declaring war against Great Britain, by a vote of 79 to 49 in the\\nHouse of Representatives, and of 19 to 13 in the Senate. Thus began\\nwhat has been appropriately called the second war for independence,\\nthough it is usually known as the war of 1812. Congress authorized\\nthe President to enlist 25,000 regulars, to accept 50,000 volunteers, and to\\ncall out, if necessary, 100,000 volunteers for the defence of the coast.\\nThe American navy consisted of 8 frigates, 2 sloops, and 5 brigs, while the\\nBritish navy numbered 1060 vessels, with 144,000 men. Henry Dearborn,\\nan officer of the Revolution, was appointed commander-in-chief of the\\narmy, with James Wilkinson, Wade Hampton, William Hull and Joseph\\nBloomfield as his principal brigadiers. As these officers were all veterans,\\nmuch was expected of them, but the results of the militaiy operations of\\nthe first year of the war were not in accordance with these expectations.\\nGeneral Hull, who was also governor of Michigan Territory, crossed, with\\n2000 men, the river dividing the United States and Canada (July 12, 1812),\\nissued a pompous proclamation, tendering to the Canadians the blessings\\nof civil and religious liberty, and wasted a month in ruinous delay. In\\nthe mean time a large force of British and Indians captured Fort jNIacki-\\nnac, and Hull was forced to retire to Detroit, where he surrendered his\\nwhole army (Aug. 16) without standing an assault. Though he was sub-\\nsequently found guilty of cowardice when tried by a court-martial, his\\nmemory has been successfully vindicated. His force had dwindled down\\nto 800 men; and as the British commander had 700 whites and 600 Indians,\\nhe wished to avoid the terrible bloodshed which would have ensued from\\na conflict with a superior detachment containing so many savages. An\\nattempt to invade Canada on the Niagara frontier was equally unsuccessful.\\nThe British government declared all of the American coast except that\\nof the New England States iu a state of blockade (Dec. 12, 1812); but\\nno large naval force ajipeared on our coasts until February, 1813. A\\nnaval battle had been fought, however, which retrieved the national honor,\\nand which had a powerful effect upon the public mind in both countries.\\nOn the 19th of August the United States frigate Constitution, of 44 guns,\\nCaptain Isaac Hull, met the British frigate Guerriere, of 38 guns. Captain", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "116 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nDacres, which was cruising around in search of au American frigate, with\\na flag at her masthead bearing the taunting inscription No Little Belt.\\nThe Little Belt had carried only 18 guns, while the President was a 44 guu\\nfrigate, and the taunt ijnplied that an American frigate might disable a\\nsmall vessel, but that the Gnerriere was not likely to be beaten. Within\\nforty minutes after the beginning of the fight the Guerriere was surren-\\ndered, being so shattered that the victor burned her. The Constitution was\\nso little damaged that she was ready for action on the following day. Her\\nloss in killed and wounded was 14, while her opponent lost at least 79 in\\nkilled and wounded but according to one account the correct number is\\n114. Several other British vessels were soon afterward captured. The\\nUnited States sloop-of-war Wasp, of 18 guns, met the Frolic, of 22 guns, and\\nforced her to surrender (Oct. 18, 1812) after a battle of 45 minutes, with\\na loss of 80 killed and wounded, while that of the victor was only 8. Thf\\nfrigate United States, Captain Decatur, with a loss of only 11 men killed\\nand wounded, captured (Oct. 25) the British frigate Macedonian, the latter\\nlosing 104 killed and wounded. These results showed that the American\\nvessels were better handled and that their guns were better served than\\nthose of the enemy.\\nThe presidential election of 1812 resulted in the re-election of Madison,\\nwith El bridge Gerry as Vice-President. The electoral vote was 217, it\\nhaving been reallotted in accordance with the census of 1810. Madison\\nreceived 128 and Gerry 131 electoral votes, while their opponents, De Witt\\nClinton and Jared Ingersoll, received, respectively, 89 and 86 votes. This\\nresult was i-egarded as an approval of the war by a majority of the people\\nof the United States, and had a perceptible effect upon the vigor with\\nwhich military operations were conducted. Harrison, who deservedly pos-\\nsessed the confidence of the Western people, was appointed to the command\\nof the army of the West Dearborn, with the army of the Centre, was on\\nthe bank of the Niagara River Hampton had the army of the North on\\nthe shore of Lake Champlain. The result of the first action of this year\\nwas not very encouraging to the Americans. Frenchtown, on the Raisin\\nRiver, in Michigan, was captured by the Americans under Colonels Allen\\nand Lewis (Jan. 18, 1813), and the arrival of General Winchester, with\\n300 troops, brought the number of the party up to 800. 1500 British and\\nIndians, under General Proctor, defeated this force, and the greater part\\nof the prisoners \\\\yere massacred by the Indians, though General Proctor\\nhad promised them his protection. Remember the river Raisin! be-\\ncame the war-cry of the Kentuckians, who had lost many friends and\\nrelatives. In April, General Pike, with 1700 men, captured Toronto, but\\nwas himself killed by the explosion of a mine. In May, General Harri-\\nson, having 1200 men, was besieged in Fort Meigs, on the Maumee River,\\nin Ohio, for nearly two weeks, by 2000 British and Indians, under General", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 117\\nProctor and Tecumseh. Colonel Dudley, with 800 men, attempted to\\nrelieve the fort, and his attack was at first successful but while pressing\\non rashly in the pursuit, he fell into an ambush, and the greater part of\\nhis troops were cut off. A sallyiug-party of 300 men from the fort did\\nsomewhat better, spiking the cannon of the principal British batteries and\\nreturning with 42 prisoners. The Indians saw that it would be slow work,\\nso they deserted with Tecumseh, their leader, and the siege was soon after-\\nward raised but on the 21st of July, Proctor and Tecumseh returned with\\n4000 British and Indians. General Clay, who was in command, gave\\nthem a warm reception; and Proctor, leaving Tecumseh to watch the fort,\\nstarted to take Fort Stephenson, on the Lower Sandusky, in Ohio, which\\nwas garrisoned by 150 young men, under Major Croghan, who successfully\\ndefended it against the attack of the 500 regulai s and 800 Indians under\\nProctor. The enemy then gave up all hope of taking the American forts\\nuntil they could gain the ascendency on the lakes. On the 1st of June\\nthe American frigate Chesajjeake was captured by the British frigate\\nShannon, after a desjierate battle of only fifteen minutes. It was then\\nthat Lawrence, the commander of the Chesajyeake, who was mortally\\nwounded, uttered those memorable words, Don t give up the ship\\nwhich served as a motto for Commodore Perry at the battle of Lake Erie,\\nfought on the 10th of September following. The Americans had on this\\noccasion two 20-gun vessels, and seven the combined armament of which\\namounted to only 14 guns, making in all 9 vessels and 54 guns. The\\nBritish had six vessels, with 63 guns. After a battle of three hours, dur-\\ning which the Lawrence, Commodore Perry s flag-ship, was so disabled that\\nhe was obliged to shift his quarters to the Niagara, the victory of the\\nAmericans was complete, and Perry could say, in a despatch to General\\nHarrison, We have met the enemy, and they are ours. On the 5th of\\nOctober, General Harrison defeated Proctor in the battle of the Thames,\\nfought in Canada West, at a Moravian town about 80 miles from Detroit.\\nTecumseh was killed, his Indians were scattered, and nearly all of the\\nBritish were killed or captured. Proctor himself narrowly escaping. This\\nended the war in the North-west. A plan to invade Canada with the\\narmies of the Centre and of the North, the former numbering 7000 men\\nand the latter 4000, was defeated by a lack of concert between their\\nrespective generals (Wilkinson and Wade Hampton), and the military\\noperations of the year were ended by the abandonment of Fort George, in\\nCanada, and the burning of Newark (Dec. 10) by the American general\\nMcClure, which latter severity ^vas retaliated by the massacre of the gar-\\nrison of Fort Niagara, which the British surprised on the 19th of Decem-\\nber, and the burning of Lewistown, Manchester, Youngstown, Black Rock\\nand Buffalo.\\nIn March, 1814, General Wilkinson, with 4000 men, attacked La Colle", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "lis BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n^UU, a IbrtiHed stone building situated within the Canadian boundary,\\nthree miles below Kouse s Point. The garrison, consisting of 2000 men,\\nsuccessfully defended the post; and this failure (which was not the first\\nmade by General Wilkinson) caused the suspension of the unsuccessful\\nleader from command. The Peace of Paris now enabled Great Britain to\\nsend 14,000 of Wellington s veterans to America. They were not made\\nuse of to any great extent until August. On the od of July, Fort Erie,\\non the Canadian side of the Niagara River, was taken by General Brown,\\nand two days afterward the enemy were met and defeated in the open field\\nat Chippewa. On the 25th of July, 3000 men, under General Scott, de-\\nfeated 5000 British troops at Bridgewater, or Lundy s Lane. The main\\nresult of these battles was the increase of the confidence of the Americans\\niu their ability to meet the enemy in the field; but during the months of\\nAugust and September occurred events of greater importance. The British\\nbad been for several months making descents at various points on the\\ncoast, and on the 19th of August General Ross landed at Benedict, on the\\nPatuxent, and marched on the city of Washington with 5000 men. The\\nlittle American army of 1500 seamen and marines, and about as many un-\\ndisciplined militia, was easily disposed of (Aug. 24), the capital was taken\\nand the Capitol was burned, together with the President s house and various\\nother public and private buildings. Elated by these magnificent exploits,\\nRoss now approached Baltimore, and landed (Sept. 12) within fourteen\\nmiles of that city, while a portion of the fleet went to bombard Fort\\nMcHcnry. The city and fort were successfully defended. The British\\narmy lost its commander, and the British fleet rendered to the country a\\nreal service by the bombardment, which drew from Francis S. Key that\\nbeautiful lyric. The Star-spangled Banner.\\nOn the 3d of September, Sir George Prevost, with 10,000 men, almost\\nall of them being Wellington s veterans, crossed the boundary-line between\\nthe United States and Canada, and laid siege (Sept. 6) to Plattsburg, on\\nLake Cham plain. He was supported by a squadron of 17 vessels, with\\n95 guns and 1050 men. The American squadron, which was commanded\\nby the gallant McDonough, consisted of 14 vessels, carrying 86 guns and\\n826 men. Brigadier-General Macomb, who was in command at Plattsburg,\\ncalled to his aid the militia of New York and Vermont. Between the 6th\\nand the 11th of September the British made several attempts to cross the\\nriver Saranac, but they were constantly driven back, and on the 11th of\\nSeptember a battle was fought upon land and lake. In two hours and\\ntwenty minutes irom the first attack the whole British fleet was surrendered.\\nThe land forces fought until dark, but during the night Prevost hastily re-\\ntreated, having lost 2000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, and 500 men\\nwho deserted with the intention of settling in a country the love of which\\nmspirited its inhabitants to such deeds of valor. The loss of the Ameri-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 119\\ncaus in the land-battle was only 121, and in the naval battle the Americans\\nlost 110 killed and wounded, the British 194 killed and wounded and 856\\nprisoners. Negotiations for a peace, which had been slowly dragging along\\nat Ghent, were hastened by the news of this victory, and a treaty was\\nsigned (Dec. 24, 1814); but before the news of it could cross the ocean,\\nGeneral Pakenham, with 12,000 British soldiers, attacked N ew Orleans\\n(Jan. 8, 1815), which was defended by General Jackson, who had 6000\\ntroops, strongly entrenched, 3000 of them being Kentucky riflemen. The\\nBritish were defeated, with a loss of 2000 killed and wounded, while the\\nAmerican loss was only seven killed and six tvounded. It is a remarkable\\nfact that by the Treaty of Ghent the United States did not obtain a single\\nconcession upon the two jDrinciples for which they began the war that the\\nflag covers the merchandise, and that the right of search for deserters is\\ninadmissible. Still, the moral effect of the war, and especially of the\\nvictory of New Orleans, secured both points, for British commanders dis-\\ncontinued the practices which had given rise to the second struggle for\\nindependence. During the year 1815 a war was carried on with Algiers,\\nto which country the United States had paid an annual tribute for twenty\\nyears, without securing that freedom from injury which had been guaran-\\nteed in return. The Dey of Algiers was humbled, and forced to make a\\nnew treaty without the tribute. Tunis and Tripoli were also brought to\\nterms and Commodore Decatur accomplished in a single cruise what the\\ncombined powers of Eui ope had not dared to attempt.\\nTHE FIFTH DECADE [1816-1826].\\nPresidents, James Madison [1809-1817], John Quincy Adams\\n[1825-1829].\\nThe presidential election of 1816 resulted in the choice of James Monroe,\\nof Virginia, as President, and Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, as Vice-\\nPresident. They were nominated by the Republican party, and received\\n183 of the 217 electoral votes, the remaining 34 being given to Rufus\\nKing, the nominee of the Federalist party. Indiana was admitted into\\nthe Union this year, being the nineteenth State (Dec. 11). The cabinet\\nof President Monroe consisted of John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State\\nWilliam H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Sec-\\nretary of War; Benjamin Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy; and\\nWilliam Wirt, Attorney-General. This administration had to perform the\\ndiflScult task of restoring order after such confusion and disorganization as\\nis attendant upon the continuance and conclusion of any war. Manufac-\\ntures had been stimulated to an extraordinary degree by the war-prices\\nand the almost entire cessation of the import trade; but when peace was\\ndeclared, and the overloaded wai-ehouses of England flooded the market.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "120 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nwith cheap goods, widespread ruin ensued, and thousands of men were\\nthrown out of employment. This was, however, a hlessing in disguise; a\\nsteady stream of emigration was forced toward the West and South, and\\nbefore the close of Monroe s second term four flourishing Western or\\nSouthern States were admitted into the Union, viz., Mississippi (Dec. 10,\\n1817), Illinois (Dec. 3, 1818), Alabama (Dec. 14, 1819), and Missouri\\n(March 2, 1821).\\nIn 1818 the Seminole Indians of Florida, who were attacking settlers on\\nthe frontiers of Georgia, were temporarily subdued by General Jackson,\\nso that they abstained from any serious outrage until 1835. The leading\\nevent during Monroe s first term was the debate concerning the admission\\nto the Union of Missouri. One party wished the prohibition of slavery to\\nbe made a condition of admission, while the other opposed any such re-\\nstriction. On the 21st of February, 1821, the famous Missouri Compromise\\nwas adopted, which permitted slavery in Missouri, and in all territory south\\nof thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude, and for ever pro-\\nhibited it north of that line. At the presidential election of 1820 Monroe\\nreceived all but 1 of the 231 electoral votes; and Tompkins was also re-elect-\\ned, by a vote of 218. In Februaiy, 1821, a treaty with Spain was ratified by\\nwhich Florida was ceded to the United States for $5,000,000, and General\\nJackson took possession (July 1) as the first territorial governor. In 1822\\nthe United States recognized the independence of the republics of Mexico,\\nChili, Buenos Ayres and Colombia. In the following year the President\\npromulgated the famous Monroe doctrine, declaring in his annual mes-\\nsage that, as a principle, the American continents, by the free and inde-\\npendent position which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth\\nnot to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European\\npower. ^In August, 1824, La Fayette revisited America and spent eleven\\nmonths in this country, during which he took a tour of more than 5000\\nmiles, receiving everywhere an enthusiastic welcome. Congress voted to\\nhim $200,000 and a township of land in Florida and when he returned to\\nFrance, a United States vessel was placed at his disposal.\\nThe presidential election of 1824 was warmly contested. The Federalist\\nparty as an organization was extinct, and the candidates represented dif-\\nferent sections of the country, being John Quincy Adams in the East,\\nWilliam H. Crawford in the South, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay in\\nthe West. The electoral vote was now 261, making 131 votes necessary\\nfor a choice. Jackson received 99 votes; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41; and\\nClay, 37. As no one had received the requisite vote, the election went to\\nthe House of Representatives. The vote was taken by States, the number\\nof States being 24; and 13 States voted for Adams, 7 for Jackson and\\n4 for Crawford. Clay had withdrawn in Adams favor; and when he\\nafterward accepted from the successful candidate the position of Secretary", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUIDE. VH\\nof State, his enemies made charges of bargain and corruption, which were\\nprobably unfounded. The remaining members of Adams cabinet were\\nRichard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury; James Barbour, Secretary of\\nWar; Samuel L. Southard, Secretary of the Navy; and William Wirt,\\nAttorney-General. The most exciting topic, at the beginning of the ad-\\nministration, was a difficulty between the national government and the\\ngovernor of Georgia concerning the removal of the Creek and Cherokee\\nIndians from that State. The United States had made a treaty with the\\nIndians, by the terms of which the latter agreed to go west of the Missis-\\nsippi. Thinking that this stipulation was not quickly enough enforced,\\nGovernor Troup assumed the right to attend to the matter himself, and\\nbegan to have the lands of the Indians surveyed and to take measures for\\nremoving the savages. The national government resented this inter-\\nference, and took the attitude of defenders of the Indians. A civil\\nwar was threatened; but better counsels prevailed, and the controversy\\nwas settled by the gradual removal of the Indians and the purchase,\\nat a reasonable rate, of the lands in dispute. In October, 1825, the\\nErie Canal was completed. This was one of the grandest works of\\ninternal improvement which had, up to that time, been anywhere pro-\\njected. Constructed by the State of New York alone, at an expense\\nof seven millions of dollars, its revenues soon extinguished its debt, and\\nit did much to assist in the development of the West by affording facil-\\nities for transporting agricultural and other productions to the sea-\\nboard. De Witt Clinton, who was the prime mover in this great enter-\\nprise, consulted ex-President Jefferson beforehand, wishing to obtain his\\nweighty opinion in its favor. Jefferson replied Your plan is a noble\\none magnificent and may be carried into effect a hundred years hence.\\nStill, Clinton persevered; and his failures as a politician were nobly re-\\ndeemed by this work, which proved that he was a far-seeing statesman.\\nOn the 4th of July, 1826, the semi-centennial anniversary of American\\nindependence, occurred a remarkable coincidence Thomas Jefferson, the\\nauthor of the Declaration of Independence, and John Adams, its principal\\nsupporter in the Continental Congress, died on that day, and at almost the\\nsame hour. They had both been members of the committee which framed\\nthe Declaration both had signed it, both had heen foreign ministers, both\\nhad been Vice-Presidents and then Presidents of the United States, and\\nboth had lived to a great age, the age of Jefferson, at the time of his\\ndeath, being 83 years, that of Adams, nearly 91. These numerous coinci-\\ndences, which were dwelt upon in the eulogies and funeral orations which\\nwere pronounced in many places throughout the Union, struck to the\\nhearts of the American people an indescribable feeling of awe and\\nastonishment.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "122 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nTHE SIXTH DECADE [1826-1836].\\nPresidents, John Quincy Adams [1825-1829], Andrew Jackson\\n[1829-1837].\\nDuring the latter part of the year 1826 and the whole of 1827 affairs\\nmoved along so quietly that the period mentioned is conspicuous, says a\\nhistorian, in the chronological tables for its absence In 1827, how-\\never, a national convention was held at Harrisburg to discuss the tariff\\nquestion. Only four of the Southern States were represented. The result\\nof the convention was a memorial to Congress asking for an increase of\\nduties on several articles then manufactured in the United States. Con-\\ngress took the matter in hand during the following session, and on the 15th\\nof iMay, 1828, a tariff law was passed which laid heavy protective duties\\non woolen and cotton fabrics. This law was very distasteful to the\\nSouthern people, who denounced it as oppressive and unconstitutional, and\\nit was afterward the cause of serious difficulties between the North and\\nthe South. The presidential election of 1828 was warmly contested.\\nJohn Quincy Adams and Kichard Rush ran against Andrew Jackson\\nand John C. Calhoun. Jackson received 178 of the 261 electoral votes,\\nand Adams the remaining 83. Jackson s cabinet consisted of Martin Van\\nBuren, Secretary of State Samuel D. Ingham, Secretary of the Treasury\\nJohn H. Eaton, Secretary of War; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy;\\nJohn McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General and William T. Barry,\\nPostmaster-General. The Postmaster-General was at this time made a\\ncabinet officer. President Jackson s first term was a stormy one. In\\nhis annual message he took strong ground against the reneAval of the\\ncharter of the United States Bank [see Coins and Currency], and the\\nwholesale removal of officials and reappointment of political friends, which\\nhe introduced, gave rise to a great deal of hostile criticism at the time, and\\nserved as an example which succeeding Presidents have been only too\\nready to follow. The first six Presidents, during their combined term of\\nforty years, removed only seventy-four oflScials, and most of them for suffi-\\ncient cause, while President Jackson, in one year, removed four hundred\\nand ninety postmasters and one hundred and sixty-seven who filled other\\npositions under the government.\\nOn the 29th of January, 1829, Senator Foot introduced a resolution\\nwith reference to the sale of the public lands, of which more than a hun-\\ndred millions of acres which had been surveyed remained unsold. As the\\naverage annual sales were only about a million of acres, it was thought by\\nthe supporters of the resolution that the land-market was abundantly\\nstocked, and that the office of surveyor-general might be abolished without\\ndetrnnent to the public interest. Mr. Hayue, of South Carolina, made", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 123\\nupon this occasion the celebrated speech which brought about his debate\\nwith Webster upon the much more important question of State-rights. A\\nchiim of the State of Georgia to lands held by the Cherokee Indians caused\\nthe promulgation by the President of a remarkable peace policy toward\\nthe savages. He said that regard to the national honor brought forward\\nthe question whether something could not be done to preserve the race. He\\nsuggested that an ample district should be set apart and guaranteed to the\\nIndian tribes, each to have distinct control of the part designated for its\\nuse, free from any interference of the United States, except for the purpose\\nof preserving peace on the frontier. The grand difficulty of the project\\none which w ould have caused almost any one else to give it up in despair\\nPresident Jackson met in a characteristic manner. He said The emi-\\ngration should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel\\nthe aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and to seek a home\\nin a distant land. The undertaking was sanctioned by Congress, the\\nPresident was empowered to carry it out, and thenceforth it was his settled\\njjolicy to cause the Indians to emigrate voluntarily for their own good.\\nIn January, 1831, the disputed northern boundary-line between the United\\nStates and British America was settled by the King of the Netherlands.\\nIn April the whole cabinet, with the exception of the Postmaster-General,\\nresigned, and the President selected as their successors, during the following\\nsummer, Edward Livingston, Secretary of State Louis McLane, Secretary\\nof the Treasury Lewis Cass, Secretary of War Levi Woodbury, Secretary\\nof the Navy; Roger B. Taney, Attorney-General. On the 4th of July\\nex-President Monroe died. It is considered (and with reason) a remarkable\\ncoincidence that no less than three ex -Presidents have died on the same\\nday, and that day the anniversary of our national independence. On the\\n1st of October a free-trade convention met in Philadelphia, and on the 26th\\nof the same month a tariff convention met in New York. Both adopted\\nmemorials to Congress requesting legislation favoring their resj^ective views.\\nIn April, 1832, the Black Hawk War broke out between the United\\nStates and the Winnebago Indians, the latter being led by the chief Black\\nHawk, his son, and the Prophet, a brother of Tecumseh, who was\\nalways engaged in inciting the massacres and plots of the savages. The\\nleader last named was a shrewd impostor, and it is said that, having learned\\nfrom a white man s almanac the time of an eclipse of the sun, he told his\\npeople that he could darken the sun by his enchantments and selecting the\\ntime given in the almanac, his apparent success greatly increased his in-\\nfluence among his red brethren. After committing many ravages, the\\nIndians were defeated in several battles, Black Hawk and other chiefs\\nwere captured (Aug. 27), and after being detained for a few mouths they\\nwere carried through the principal cities of the United States, and were\\nthen sent home to their people, fully convinced of the folly of attempting", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "124 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nto contend against the power and discipline of the whites. During this\\nyear Asiatic cholera paid its first visit to America. It first broke out in\\nCanada (Juue 9), and it seemed to follow the great highways of travel,\\nreaching New York on the 26th of June, and many hundreds of victims\\nfell before its force was exhausted. In the presidential election of 1832\\nJackson and Van Bureu ran against Clay and Sergeant, and were elected,\\nreceiving 219 of the 286 electoral votes. On the 19th of November, just\\ntwo weeks after the election, a convention met at Columbia, S. C, and\\nissued the famous Nullification Ordinance, which declared that the\\ntariff acts were unconstitutional, and therefore null and void. They made\\npreparations for military resistance to the enforcement of the obnoxious\\nlaws, and civil war appeared inevitable. President Jackson immediately\\ntook measures to meet the crisis. He caused Castle Pinckney and Fort\\nMoultrie to be strongly garrisoned; he issued a proclamation (Dec. 10)\\ndenying the right of a State to nullify any acts of the federal government\\nand it is said that he privately sent word to the leaders of the nullifiers\\nthat if they did not desist from their rash course he was ready to take the\\nfield in person, and to appear in South Carolina at the head of a large\\narray. The efiect of these decided measures was soon seen. The authori-\\nties of South Carolina agreed not to oppose the collection of the duties\\nbefore the 1st of March, 1833; and v/hen that day arrived, Mr. Clay s\\ncompromise bill (which provided for a gradual reduction of the duties, and\\ntheir total extinction by the 30th of September, 1842) had passed both\\nbranches of the national legislature, and soon afterward it received (March\\n3) the signature of the President. In his annual message of 1832 Presi-\\ndent Jackson recommended the removal of the public funds deposited in\\nthe United States Bank, and the sale of the stock which the United States\\nheld in that institution. Congress refused to authorize the measure, so the\\nPresident took the responsibility, after the adjournment of that body, of\\nrequesting William J. Duane, the Secretary of the Treasury, to withdraw\\nfrom the bank, and to deposit in certain State banks, the government\\ndeposits, amounting to $10,000,000. Duane refused, and was dismissed\\nfrom ofiice (they had no Tenure-of-oftice Act then), and Roger B. Taney,\\nthen Attorney-General and afterward Chief-Justice of the United States.\\nwas appointed in his place. Mr. Taney removed the deposits, as directed\\nby the President, and the result was sudden and widespread commercial\\ndistress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a result which confirmed the President in his opinion that the\\nbank was a dangerous institution. Intense excitement prevailed through-\\nout the country. The Senate, by a vote of 26 to 20, passed a resolution\\ncensuring the administration but the House of Representatives supported\\nthe President, who persevered and triumphed. The resolution of censure\\nwas afterward (March 28, 1837) expunged from the journal of the Senate;\\nand the wisdom of Jackson s course has since been almost universally", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 125\\nacknowledged. The leader of the few who disseut from this opiuion is\\nMr. James Parton, who even in his lectures still pursues the memory of\\nOld Hickory with unrelenting severity. At the time the course of the\\nPresident produced a perceptible diminution in the strength of the admin-\\nistration. A number of his suj)porters joined the opposition party, and\\nthe combined force assumed the name of Whigs, while the administra-\\ntion party retained the name of Democrats. In 1834 the Seminole\\nIndians of Florida showed an unwillingness to be compelled to voluntarily\\nleave their homes in accordance with the peace policy which had been\\nsketched out by the President. When General Thompson, the government\\nagent, reported this state of affairs to the War Department, he was told\\nthat the Semiuoles were to be removed for their own benefit, and could not\\nbe suffered to remain. Two chiefs who were willing to submit were killed\\nthe famous half-breed chieftain Osceola took command of the Seminoles\\nand their allies, and a war was inaugurated which lasted seven years and\\ncost 1466 lives and $10,000,000,* which was twice as much as Florida\\noriginally cost. The wife of Osceola was the daughter of a fugitive slave-\\nwoman, and was claimed as a slave and carried off by the owner of her\\nmother. Osceola was heard uttering some threatening expressions, and\\nwas seized by order of the Indian agent. General Thompson, and put in\\nirons. Being released soon afterward, he dissembled his wrath, and was\\neven entrusted by Thompson with several pieces of service; but six months\\nafter his release he surprised General Thompson and several friends who\\nwere having a convivial jDarty at a house which was a short distance from\\nCamp King (Dec. 28, 1835). Osceola was afterward captured by treachery,\\nafter having kept up the war for nearly three years, and died at Fort Moul-\\ntrie (Jan. 31, 1838); but he had infused so much of his indomitable s})irit\\ninto the savages that the war continued for four years after his death, with\\nthe results above given. On the 15th of June, 1836, Michigan and Arkan-\\nsas were admitted into the Union, making the number of the States twenty-\\nsix and on the 23d of the same month the course of President Jackson\\nwith reference to the United States Bank was fully endorsed by the passage\\nof an act of Congress making State banks the depositories of the govern-\\nment funds.\\nWe have given the lowest estimate of the cost of this war. Another estimate\\nmakes it $15,000,000; and still another, which is contained in the same work from\\nwhich the one given in the text is taken, fixes the cost of this contest at the enormous\\nsum of $40,000,000. The two chiefs whose murder is mentioned were killed by their\\nown people, because they were in favor of compliance with the wishes of President\\nJackson.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "126 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nTHE SEVENTH DECADE [1836-1846].\\nPresidents, Andrew Jacksox [1829-1837], Martik Van Buken [1837-\\n1841], WiLEiAM Henry Harrison [March 4-April 4, 1841], John\\nTyler [1841-1845], James K. Polk [1845-1849].\\nOn the 11th of July, 1836, a circular was issued from the treasury\\ndepartment, by order of the President, instructing the receivers of\\npublic money to take nothing but gold and silver (with the exception of\\nVirginia land-scrip in certain cases) in payment for the public lands.\\nLarge purchases of public lands had been made on speculation with money\\nwhich had been borrowed out of State banks, which institutions now held\\non deposit a lai\u00c2\u00bbge amount of the public funds. The specie circular, as\\nit was called, cut short the opei-atious of the speculators; but as every-\\nthing was going at high pressure, it caused great distress among our\\nmerchants and manufacturers. Congress partially repealed it, but Presi-\\ndent Jackson was as firm as usual, and practically vetoed the bill which\\nmodified the circular by keeping the former in his hands, without signing\\nit, until after Congress adjourned. The presidential election of 1836\\nresulted in the election of Martin Van Buren as President, he having\\nreceived 170 of the 294 electoral votes. The remaining 124 votes were\\ndivided as follows W. H. Harrison, 73 Hugh L. White, 26 Daniel\\nWebster, 14; W. P. Mangum, 11. Richard M. Johnson, who had run\\nfor the vice-presidency in company with Van Buren, received only 147\\nvotes (just half of the whole tiumber) Francis Granger, 77 John Tyler,\\n47 William Smith, 23. The election for Vice-President went, of course,\\nto the Senate, and Johnson was elected by that body. President Van\\nBuren s cabinet consisted of John Forsyth, Secretary of State Levi Wood-\\nbury, Secretary of the Treasury Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War Mah-\\nlon Dickinson, Secretary of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-Gene-\\nral; Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General. The first important event\\nduring this administration was the panic of 1837. The speculation\\nmentioned in the history of the preceding decade had reached its climax.\\nCity lots were the rage. The old cities were extended on paper to limits\\nwhich were far beyond any immediate requirements either for business\\npurposes or for residences, and new cities were mapped out which pre-\\nsented a fine appearance on paper, but which did not appear so attractive\\nto the unfortunate purchaser, who frequently discovered, when he Avent to\\nview his possessions, that they were situated in the wild howling wilder-\\nness. Fortunes were made in an hour and by a single bargain. There\\nwas only one result to be expected from the abandonment of the regular\\nchannels of trade. At first every kind of business was stimulated to an\\nextraordinary degree; then came the reaction. The failures in the city of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 127\\nNew York duriug this panic amouuted to more tliau $100,000,000. In\\nNew Orleans, during a period of two days, houses stopped payment which\\nowed an aggregate of $27,000,000. On the 10th of May all the banks of\\nNew York stopped specie payments an example which was speedily fol-\\nlowed throughout the country. Widespread distress ensued, and the\\nadministration was appealed to for aid. An extra session of Congress was\\ncalled, and met (Sept. 4) to consider measures for relief Treasury-notes\\nwere issued to the amount of $10,000,000, and the financial atmosphere,\\ncleared up to some extent by this storm, gradually approached a healthier\\ncondition. One of the most important results of this monetary crisis was\\nthe recommendation by President Van Bureu (in his message at the open-\\ning of the special session of Congress) that the government should for the\\nfuture keep its money in its own hands by means of a sub-treasury, or, as\\nit was called by its supporters, an independent treasury; so that there\\nwould be an entii e sepai ation of the business and funds of the government\\nfrom those of the banks. This scheme met with vehement opposition.\\nBoth at this session and at the subsequent session of Congress the bill was\\npassed in the Senate, but lost in the House of Representatives. Its oppo-\\nnents regarded it as putting the public treasure entirely in the power of\\nthe executive, and its unpopularity was probably the principal cause of\\nMr. Van Buren s losing the next presidential election. Still, the adminis-\\ntration persevered this important question was debated at several subse-\\nquent sessions, and the bill finally became a law on the 4th of July, 1840.\\nIji December, 1837, a revolt in Canada caused the organization of a fili-\\nbustering expedition, designed to assist the insurgents in achieving the\\nindependence of the Canadas. A party of 700 men, well provisioned and\\nprovided with 20 pieces of cannon, took possession of Navy Island, on the\\nBritish side of Niagara River, two miles above the Falls. They fortified\\ntheir position so strongly that they were able to defend it against the attack\\nof Sir Francis Head, the British commander. They had hired a small\\nsteamer (the Caroline) to bring them supplies from the American side, and\\nseemed to be on the high road to success but a party of Canadian loyalists\\ncaptured the steamer, set her on fire and sent her over the Falls wdiile in\\nfull blaze; and the neutrality proclamations, which were at once issued\\nboth by the President of the United States and by the governor of New\\nYork, were more effectual than had been expected. Navy Island was\\nevacuated, Van Rensselaer of New York, who had commanded the garri-\\nson, was arrested, and though many people went across the frontier and\\njoined the insurgents, no movement was again attempted by awj organized\\nband as large as that which captured Navy Island. Yet secret revolu-\\ntionary societies, called Hunters Lodges, continued to be formed for\\nseveral years, with the design of assisting Canadian insurrections; and it\\nwas four vears before the death or exile of the leaders of the revolt and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "128 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe firm stand taken by the United States government put an end for a\\ntime to these breaches of international law. Another difficulty arose,\\nhowever, between the government of the United States and that of Great\\nBritain, which threatened more serious consequences. We refer to the\\nNorth-eastern Boundary question, which involved the ownership of a\\ntract of land containing seven millions of acres, or about twice the area\\nof the State of Connecticut; also a right of way across from the province\\nof New Brunswick (either by, or south of, the St. John s River) to Quebec,\\non the St. Lawrence. This dispute, which had once been partially decided\\nby the King of the Netherlands, in 1831, broke out afresh, and waxed so\\nwarm that in March, 1839, an act of Congress was passed empowering the\\nPresident to call out 50,000 volunteers; authorizing the equipment and\\nreinforcement of the navy appropriating $10,000,000 for the purpose of\\nexecuting the provisions of the act and finally, in the interest of peace,\\nmaking an additional appropriation of $18,000 for the salary and outfit\\nof a special minister to Great Britain, should the President deem it expe-\\ndient to appoint the same. At the time when this act was passed the\\ntroops of Maine were already assembled, and were iiastening to the dis-\\nputed territory, when the discussion took a peaceful turn. General Scott\\nwas ordered to take command of all military operations and to preserve\\npeace; and some of the subsequent proceedings seem, at the present day,\\nalmost ludicrous. Engineers were sent over by the British government,\\nwho made a survey, working for full three months, and then returning to\\nEngland, leaving their task unfinished. They had learned enough, how-*\\never, to make a report occupying, in print, fifty folio pages, in which\\nreport the right of Great Britain to all of the disputed territory was, in\\ntheir opinion, conclusively proved. Thereupon Lord Palmerston commu-\\nnicated this valuable decision of the engineers to the American government\\nin a courteous but decided note. The effect of said note was just the\\nreverse of what the writer desired. It excited the ambition of the Amer-\\nican government to equal or surpass, if possible, the wonderful exploit just\\nnarrated. Two engineers conducted the British survey Jive were entrusted\\nwith the task of going over the ground and searching for the boundary-\\nline with American spectacles. The search was, of course, successful, and\\nthe United States engineers reported that all of the disputed land certainly\\nbelonged to the United States; and their report was so satisfactory that it\\nwas toasted, together with its authors, at a public dinner given in their\\nhonor. Finally, the question was settled, in the beginning of the year\\n1842, by Daniel Webster, who was then Secretary of State, and Lord\\nAshburton, the British ambassador. Both sides made concessions, and the\\ndecision was satisfactory to all reasonable men on either side of the Atlantic.\\nThe presidential election of 1840 was warmly contested. The Whigs\\nconcentrated all their strength on AVilliam Henry Harrison for President", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 129\\naud John Tyler for Vice-President. The Democrats renominated Van\\nBuren for the presidency, leaving the question of the vice-presidency open.\\nHarrison and Tyler each received 234 of the 294 electoral votes. Van\\nBuren received 60 votes, and James K. Polk, R. M. Johnson and L. W.\\nTazewell received 20 votes apiece for the vice-presidency. President Har-\\nrison s cabinet consisted of Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas\\nEwiug, Secretary of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George\\nE. Badger, Secretary of the Navy Francis Granger, Postmaster-General\\nand J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. The President s inaugural speech\\nwas well received by all parties. Everything promised an administration\\nhonorable to the executive aud useful to the country; but just one month\\nafter taking the oath of office the President died, and for the first time\\nsince the formation of the Constitution the duties of the chief magistracy\\ndevolved upon the Vice-President. The only important official act per-\\nformed by the deceased President had been the issuing of a proclamation\\ncalling an extraordinary session of Congress, which commenced its session\\non the ajipointed day (May 31, 1841), aud took up the subjects of finance\\nand revenue, upon which it had been convened to legislate. The sub-\\ntreasury act was repealed, and a bankrupt act was passed to relieve the\\nvictims of the recent panic. An attempt was made to secure a charter for\\nanother United States Bank (a favorite Whig measure), but two bills for\\nthat purpose were vetoed by President Tyler, who thereby secured the ill-\\nwill of the party which had elected him, aud furnished the American vocabu-\\nlary with a uew word Tylerize wherewith to describe the course of a\\nVice-President who, having been raised to the jDresidency by the death of\\nthe incumbent of that office, forthwith refuses to support the pet schemes\\nof those to whom he is indebted for his election. The second veto was the\\ncause of the resignation of the whole cabinet, with the exception of the\\nSecretary of State. Mr. Webster was severely criticised for remaining in\\noffice but as he was then engaged in settling the boundary question, the\\nnegotiations concei uing which would certainly have fallen through for the\\ntime being had he resigned, the sober judgment of posterity has awarded\\nhim praise rather than blame, as it is now known that his motive was\\nl^atriotism aud not a love of office. The vacancies were filled as follows:\\nWalter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury John C. Spencer, Secretary\\nof War Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of the Navy Charles A. Wickliffe,\\nPostmaster-General; and Hugh S. Legare, Attorney-General. On the 3d\\nof March, 1843, Congress made an appropriation of S30,000 to enable\\nProfessor Morse to erect an experimental telegraph between Washington\\nand Baltimore. This was the first electric telegraph in the world which\\nwas of practical use and not a scientific toy. The claims of America for\\nthe honor of having been in advance of Europe in this important matter\\nare discussed in another article [see American Inventions]. Iu June,\\n9", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "130 SUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n1843, an insurrection broke out in Rhode Island, caused by a movement\\nto adopt a new State constitution. The State government had been carried\\non for 180 years under the old charter granted by Charles II. Disputes\\narose as to the manner of making the change, and two parties were formed\\nthe suffrage party and the law-and-order party. Each faction formed\\na constitution and elected a governor and legislature, then armed in defence\\nof their respective claims. Each party rebelled against the authority of\\ntheir opponents but as the suffrage party were defeated, and the governor\\nwhom they had elected (Thomas W. Dorr) was arrested, tried for and con-\\nvicted of treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, history, with great\\nimpartiality, has deemed them the rebels, and has given to the contest the\\nname of Dorr s Rebellion, which name is, however, possibly correct, as\\nDorr was the first to appeal to arms. In 184-4 the Democrats nominated\\nJames K. Polk for the presidency, and George M. Dallas for the vice-\\npresidency. The Whig nominees were Henry Clay and Theodore Fre-\\nlinghuyseu. The chief questions at issue were the annexation of Texas\\nand the claim for the parallel of 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 for the northern boundary of\\nOregon, The Democrats favored the former measure and their opinion\\non the boundary question can be learned from their party watchword\\n54-40 or fight. Polk and Dallas received 170 electoral votes; their\\nopponents, 105. Mr. Calhoun, who was the last Secretary of State in\\nPresident Tyler s changeable cabinet (the six offices of which were occupied\\nby no less than twenty men during thi-ee years and eleven mouths), had\\nnegotiated with Texas a treaty of annexation in April, 1844, which was\\nrejected by the Senate by a vote of 35 to 16. On the 25th of January,\\n1845, joint resolutions for annexing Texas were adopted by the House of\\nRepresentatives by a vote of 120 to 98. They passed the Senate three\\ndays before President Polk s inauguration, and were immediately signed\\nby President Tyler. President Polk s cabinet consisted of James Buchanan,\\nSecretary of State; Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury; William\\nL. Marcy, Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy;\\nCave Johnson, Postmaster-General and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General.\\nTexas assented to the annexation resolutions (July 4, 1845), General Tay-\\nlor was sent to the Rio Grande, and a collision with the Mexicans occurred\\n(April 24, 1846). As soon as Congress learned that hostilities were actually\\ncommenced, the sum of S10,000,000 was appropriated for war purposes, and\\nthe President was authorized to call out 50,000 volunteers, these measures\\nreceiving a vote of 142 to 14 in the House, and of 40 to 2 in the Senate\\n(May 11, 1846). The brilliant victories of Palo Alto (May 8) and Resaca\\nde la Palma (May 9) had been in the mean time gained by General Tay-\\nlor; and thus the country was fairly launched into the Mexican war, the\\naccount of which belongs to", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 131\\nTHE EIGHTH DECADE [1846-1856].\\nPresidents, James K. Polk [1845-1849], Zachary Taylor [March 4,\\n1849- July 9, 1850], Millard Fillmore [July 9, 1850-March 4,\\n1853], Franklin Pierce [1853-1857].\\nThe Secretary of War, assisted by General Scott, devised a plan of\\ninvasion which was greater in the territorial extent of its operations than\\nany other recorded in history. The Pacific coast of America was to be\\nattacked by a fleet, which was obliged, of course, to go around Cape Horn.\\nAn array of the West was to invade New Mexico and California,\\nco-operating with the fleet. An army of the Centre was to march iuto\\nthe heart of Mexico and co-operate with General Taylor s forces, which\\nwere known as the army of occupation. Volunteers were not lacking.\\nBefore the close of July, 1846, 12,000 men wei*e received into the service,\\n9000 of whom were despatched to the aid of General Taylor. An effort\\nwas also made to secure a powerful friend in the enemy s camp. Santa\\nAnna was, at the beginning of the war, an exile at Havana. The Ameri-\\ncan commodore commanding the gulf squadron was instructed to connive\\nat his return to his native land, as it was thought that he would immediately\\nform a peace party which would, perhaps, bring about a close of the war\\nupon terms advantageous to our government. The Mexicans were in want\\nof an able leader, so they deposed Paredes and elected Santa Anna Presi-\\ndent. He showed his gratitude to the United States by raising and equip-\\nping an army of 20,000 men and taking all other measures required for a\\nvigorous prosecution of the war. His array was not ready until December\\nand in the mean time Taylor had taken Monterey (Sept. 23), after several\\ndays of hard fighting, having previously effected a junction with General\\nWool. The latter brought 3000 men whom he had been disciplining at San\\nAntonio, Texas. General Worth, with 900 men, had taken Saltillo (Nov.\\n15, 1846), and Taylor was making preparations for a vigorous winter cam-\\npaign, when he received an order from General Scott to send him a large\\nportion of his best officers and troops to assist against Vera Cruz, and he\\nwas also directed to act thereafter only on the defensive. Having shown\\nat Monterey that he could take a city, General Taylor displayed at Vic-\\ntoria, upon receiving the above order, his ability to rule his spirit bv\\npromptly obeying the command. He was speedily rewarded. His whole\\nforce, including the troops of General Wool, did not amount to 5000 men.\\nSanta Anna advanced upon him with four times that number of well-\\nequipped troops. Taylor determined to fight the Mexicans, and selected\\n(Feb. 21, 1847) a mountain defile near Buena Vista for his battle-field.\\nOn the following day the Mexicans arrived, and Taylor Avas summoned to\\nsurrender within an hour. This request met with a courteous but firm", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "132 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nrefusal. Both armies slept ou their arms, and early next moruiiig began\\na desperate and bloody conflict, which continued until sunset. The Mexi-\\ncans were defeated, and lost in killed, wounded and missing nearly 2000\\nmen, while the American loss was 746. Taylor soon after returned to the\\nUnited States, where he was received with well-deserved honors. General\\nScott invested Vera Cruz on the loth of March, 1847, with an army of\\nabout 13,000 men, assisted by a powerful squadron undel- Commodore\\nConnor. On the 18th his arrangements were completed, and he sum-\\nmoned the town and fortress, for the last time, to surrender. Upon the\\nrefusal of this demand, a bombardment was opened from his batteries and\\nthe fleet, and in nine days Vera Cruz, the strong fortress of San Juan\\nde Ulloa, 5000 prisoners and 500 pieces of artillery were surrendered to\\nthe Americans (March 27, 1847). On the 8th of April, Scott s advanced\\nguard, under General Twiggs, was sent forward on the Jalapa road, toward\\nthe city of Mexico. He found Santa Anna posted at the mountain pass\\nof Cerro Gordo w ith more than 12,000 men, and was therefore obliged to\\nawait the arrival of General Scott, who soon followed with the main body\\nof the army, having left a very strong garrison in Vera Cruz. The Amer-\\nican forces, now numbering 8500 men, attacked the enemy on the 18th of\\nApril, and gained a complete victory, with a loss of 431 in killed and\\nwounded, while the Mexican loss in killed and wounded was more than\\n1000, besides 3000 prisoners. Every important detail of the battle and\\nthe subsequent pursuit had been so carefully arranged in the celebrated\\norder which General Scott had issued on the previous day that no time\\nwas lost in securing the fruits of this victory. Santa Anna narrowly\\nescaped capture by fleeing upon a mule taken from his carriage. He had\\nhad for some time one foot in the grave, and his retreat was so hasty that\\nhe left behind him his wooden leg to serve as a trophy of the battle.\\nBefore the conflict he had said, I will die fighting rather than permit the\\nAmericans to proudly tread the imperial city of Azteca. Several battles\\nwere doubtless saved by the admirable arrangements which General Scott\\nhad made for the immediate advance of his army, as the Mexicans were\\ndriven so rapidly before him that they were unable to concentrate in force\\nat many places which were well suited for making another stand. On the\\n22d of April, Perote, the strongest fortress in America, next to San Juan\\nde Ulloa, was taken without a blow, together with 54 cannon and a large\\nquantity of munitions of war. On the 15th of May the Americans en-\\ntered, without resistance, Puebla, the second city in Mexico, situated only\\n76 miles from the capital. At this place the army rested for nearly three\\nmonths while N. P. Trist, an agent sent by the government, attempted to\\nnegotiate a peace. His efforts were unsuccessful and the Mexicans replied\\nto his offers by boasting of their patriotism, valor and strength, while they\\nwere abandoning post after post in their retreat toward the capital. Ou", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 133\\nthe 7th of August, General Scott, having been reinforced during this\\ninterval, commenced his march on the city of Mexico. As the direct road\\n-was barred by very strong fortifications, another route was selected, and a\\nroad was made under the direction of skilful engineers. On the 18th of\\nAugust, Scott had his whole army of 10,000 men at St. Augustine, within\\n10 miles of Mexico. The city was strongly fortified Santa Anna had\\nmore than 30,000 soldiers at his disposal, thoroughly acquainted with the\\nrocky and mountainous country with which their capital is surrounded.\\nThe fortified camp at Coutreras, the strongly-garrisoned village of huru-\\nbusco, the fort of San Antonio and the redoubtable Santa Anna himself,\\nwith a powerful reserve,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 such were the obstacles in the path of the victor\\nof Cerro Gordo. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the camp at Cou-\\ntreras was taken by an assault which lasted only seventeen minutes. Before\\nthe day was over, San Antonio and Churubusco were also captured, and\\nSanta Anna had fled to the imperial city of Azteca, again remembering\\nthe adage,\\nHe that fights and runs away\\nWill live to fight another day.\\nThe Americans lost nearly 1100 killed and wounded during the day, while\\nthe Mexicans lost 3000 killed and wounded, 4000 prisoners and 37 cannon.\\nTheir capital was filled with consternation, and Mexico might have been\\nimmediately entered in triumph, but Santa Anna asked for a truce, which\\nwas granted with the hope that a lasting peace might be negotiated. Mr.\\nTrist, the agent of the United States government, went into the city (Aug.\\n24) to treat with the Mexican authorities, but returned in twelve days\\nwith the intelligence that his propositions had been insolently rejected, and\\nthat Santa Anna was violating the truce by strengthening the defences of\\nthe capital. Hostilities recommenced with an attack made by 4000 Amer-\\nicans upon 14,000 Mexicans under Santa Anna at El Molinos del Reij (_the\\nKing s Mills). The assailants were at first repulsed with great slaughter,\\nbut returned to the charge, and drove the Mexicans from their position.\\nThe American loss in killed and wounded was 800 that of the Mexicans\\nwas never fully ascertained, but they left nearly a thousand dead on the\\nfield. On the 12th of September the castle of Chapultepec was bom-\\nbarded, and on the 13th it was taken by assault. That night Santa Anna,\\nhis army and the officers of the Mexican government departed in haste,\\nleaving the imperial city of Azteca to take care of itself. On the fol-\\nlowing day the American flag was raised on the National Palace, and the\\nvictorious generals took formal possession of the Mexican empire. Santa\\nAnna made several feeble efforts to retrieve his disasters but in six weeks\\nhe had lost everything, and was obliged to live in concealment for several\\nmonths, when permissiou was given him by our government (March, 1848)\\nto seek an asylum on a foreign soil.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "13-1 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe army of the West (2000 strong), under General Kearney, left\\nFort Leavenworth in June, 1846, marched 900 miles across the plains, and\\nreached 8anta Fe on the 18th of August. Kearney took peaceable posses-\\nsion of New ^Mexico, and was two hundred miles on his way to Califoi nia,\\nwhen Kit Carson, the famous scout, met him with the intelligence that\\nCommodore Stockton and Lieut.-Col. Fremont had already nearly com-\\npleted the conquest of California. He passed rapidly on with 100 men,\\nsending the remainder of his force back to Santa Fe, and arrived in time\\nto share in the honor of the final battle of San Gabriel (Jan. 8, 1847).\\nOn the 2d of February a treaty was signed at Guadalupe-Hidalgo (a\\nsmall village near the city of Mexico), by which the United States paid\\n815,000,000 for New Mexico and California, boundaries were fixed, and\\nother matters in dispute were adjusted. The bargain with reference to\\nCalifornia was made just in time; for in February, 1848, the very month\\nin which the treaty was made, gold was discovered in the Sacramento val-\\nley and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of the precious metal have\\nsince been taken from the apparently inexhaustible stores of this genuine\\nEl Dorado. Had the existence of this wealth been known to the Mexicans,\\nit is jjrobablc that their patriotic zeal would have been much more ardent\\nwhen Fremont and Stockton invaded their country. The presidential elec-\\ntion of 1848 was a ti iangular contest. The Whigs, remembering the suc-\\ncess with which they had employed in 1840 the watchword Tippecanoe, and\\nTyler too! were attracted by General Taylor s sobriquet of Old Rough\\nand Ready, and fairly forced upon him the nomination for the presidency,\\nin company with Millard Fillmore as candidate for the vice-presidency.\\nThe Democrats nominated General Lewis Cass and General William O.\\nButler and Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams were the\\nnominees of the Free-soil Democrats. Taylor and Fillmore received 193\\nelectoral votes and a popular vote of 1,362,024. Cass and Butler received\\n127 electoral votes and a popular vote of 1,222,419. The Free-soil can-\\ndidates received no electoral votes. Their popular vote was 291,678.\\nPresident Taylor s cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of\\nState; AVilliam M. Meredith, Secretary of the Treasury^ George W. Craw-\\nford, Secretary of War; William B. Preston, Secretary of the Navy;\\nThomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior (an oflice recently established)\\nJacob Collamer, Postmaster-General; Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General.\\nThe first important question which this adniinistratiou had to deal with\\nwas tlie admission of California into the Union. The discovery of gold\\nsoon attracted sufticient population to the Pacific coast to form a Stkte.\\nThe would-be State was almost equally divided by the parallel of north\\nlatitude (36\u00c2\u00b0 30 which was the line of the Missouri Compromise [see The\\nFifth Decade]; and it was new territory, acquired long after that act\\nliad been passed. The inhabitants of California adopted a constitution", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 135\\n(Sej)t. 1, 1849) which contaiued a, clause jirohibitiug slavery. On this\\naccount the pro-slavery party, led by Mr. Calhoun, were opposed to the\\nadmission of the State. Those opposed to the extension of slavery (a class\\nwhich contained many who w ere not abolitionists) w^ere in favor of the\\nimmediate admission of California with her constitution unaltered. The\\nquestion was debated with great warmth a dissolution of the Union was\\nthreatened; but the matter Avas temiwrarily settled by a series of com-\\npromise measures introduced by Henry Clay, which provided, 1st. That\\nCalifornia should be admitted into the Union with its anti-slavery consti-\\ntution 2d. That Utah and New Mexico should become territories without\\nany mention of slavery, and that $10,000,000 should be paid to Texas out\\nof the Federal treasury in purchase of her claim to a portion of New\\nMexico 3d. That the slave-trade in the District of Columbia should be\\nabolished 4th. That slaves who escaped to the free States should be\\narrested and returned to their owners. The last measure produced much\\ndissatisfaction at the North and the Fugitive-slave Act, as it was called,\\ncaused by its execution, its evasion, and its violation in several instances,\\nserious disturbances and a bitter sectional feeling, which eventually led to\\nthe civil war which put an end to the very institution which this law was\\nenacted to defend.\\nOn the od of March, 1851, the postage on prepaid letters to all parts of\\nthe United States was reduced to three cents; and in the following year\\npostage-stamps and stamped envelopes were ordered. In August, 1851,\\nGeneral Lopez took a party of 480 filibusters to Cuba, where he was\\nspeedily attacked, defeated, captured and executed, with a number of his\\nfollowers. In December, 1851, Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot,\\nvisited this country. His eloquence, which his thorough acquaintance with\\nthe English language enabled him to display to full advantage, gained him\\nadmiring hearers w^herever he went but the main object of his visit, viz.,\\nto obtain aid for Hungary, was defeated by the change of the French gov-\\nernment brought about by Louis Napoleon a change which rendered the\\nachievement of Hungarian independence impossible. In 1852 difficulties\\narose between the United States and Great Britain concerning the fisheries\\non the coast of British America. It had been stijiulated by the treaty of\\n1818 that American fishermen should not cast lines or nets in British bays,\\nexcept at a distance of three miles or more from the shore. Now the British\\ngovernment claimed the right to draw a line from headland to headland of\\nthese bays, and to exclude the Americans from the waters within that line.\\nArmed vessels were s^t by both governments to the disputed waters but\\nthe matter was settled in the following year by mutual concessions. In the\\nlatter part of the year 1852 France and England modestly requested the\\nUnited States to enter with them into a treaty whereby they would agree\\nto disclaim now- and for ever all intention to obtain possession of the Lsl-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "r.){j BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nami of Cuba, and to (liscounteuancc all attempts to that cflbct on the\\npart of any power or individual whatever. Edward Everett, who was\\ntlien Seeretaryof State, politely replied that the question was an American,\\nnot a European one, and not properly within the scope of their interference;\\nand added other remarks, in which thelNIonroe doctrine was set forth more\\nstrongly, if possible, than by Monroe himself, or by J. Q. Adams, the real\\nauthor of the doctrine. In the election of 1852 Franklin Pierce, of New\\nHampshire, and William R. King, of Alabama, the Democratic nominees\\nfor the presidency and the vice-presidency, were elected, receiving I- A elec-\\ntoral votes and a popular vote of l,587,2r)(i; while their AVhig competitors,\\nGeneral Wiutield Scott and William A. Gndiam, received an electoral vote\\nof 42 and a popular vote of 1,384,577. President Pierce s cabinet consisted\\nof William L. ]\\\\Iarcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of the\\nTreasury Jetlerson Davis, Secretary of War James C. Dobbin, Secretary\\nof the Navy Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior James Camp-\\nbell, Postmaster-General; and Caleb Cushing, Attorney-General. During\\nthis administration several im})ortant treaties were made, by one of which\\nArizona was purchased of INIexico; and by another, obtained by Perry s\\nExpedition, several Japanese ports were thrown open to American com-\\nmerce. In ^Nlay, 1854, the IMissouri Compromise was repealed, by a vote\\nin the Senate of 37 to 14, and in the House of 113 to 100. In October,\\n1854, took place the famous Ostend Conference, at which three Ameri-\\ncan ministers, ^Messrs. Buchanan, Mason and Soulc, recommended their\\ngovernment to purchase Cuba, if possible; at the same time asserting the\\nright of the United States to take the island by force should Spain refuse\\nto sell. In 1855 a filibustering expedition, under the famous William\\nWalker, invaded Nicaragua, obtained a temiiorary footln ld, and established\\na government, which was recognized by that of the United States. In the\\nsame year a civil war broke out in Kansas between the free-State party\\nand the pro-slavery men. Two constitutions had been adopted and two\\nlegislatures elected. The anti-slavery party finally prevailed after a long\\nand tedious struggle.\\nTHE NINTH DECADE.\\nPresidents, Franklin Pierce [1858-1857], James Buchanan [1857-\\n1861], Abraham Lincoln [1861-April 15, 1865], Andrew John-\\nson [April 15, 1865-:March 4, 1869].\\nThree presidential candidates were before the people in the autumn of\\n1856. James Buchanan was nominated by the Democrats, J. C. Fremont\\nby the Republicans, and Millard Fillmore by the Native Americans, or\\nKuow-Nothings, as they were called. Buchanan received 174 electoral\\nvotes and a popular vote of 1,838,169, the same vote being given to John", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 137\\nC Breckenriclge for Vice-President. Fremont received 114 electoral votes\\nand a popular vote of 1,341,264. Fillmore received 8 electoral votes and\\na popular vote of 874,534. President Buchanan s cabinet consisted of\\nLewis Cass, Secretary of State Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury\\nJohn B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy;\\nJacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-\\nGeneral; and Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. The agitation of the\\n-lavery question continued throughout this administration. The growing\\nstrength of the Republican party was shown by the election of their can-\\ndidate, Nathaniel P. Banks, as speaker of the House of Representatives,\\nafter 133 ballots, which occupied the attention of that body from the 3d\\nof December, 1856, to the 2d of February, 1857. The Mormons, who\\nwere angry because their territory was not admitted as a State, commenced\\nrevolutionary proceedings in the early part of 1857; but the arrival of\\nUnited States troops in the following year made them glad to accept a\\npardon for all the seditions and treasons which they had committed. In\\n1859 John Brown, a man w ho had suffered severely in the Kansas civil\\nwar, attempterl, with only twenty-one followers, to excite an insurrection\\namong the slaves of Virginia, and to establish their freedom by force of\\narms. He seized the arsenal at Harper s Ferry (Oct. 16, 1859), but on\\nthe second day the insurrection was quelled by United States marines; and\\nBrown, who was captured, was delivered over to the authorities of Virginia,\\ntried for insurrection and treason, and hanged. This greatly increased the\\nbitterness of feeling between the North and the South, and the presidential\\nelection of 1860 was contested with great spirit. Four candidates were\\nbefore the people. One wing of the Democratic party nominated Stephen A.\\nDouglas, of Illinois while John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was nomi-\\nnated by the other. The Republicans supported Abraham Lincoln, of Illi-\\nnois; and John Bell, of Tennessee, was the nominee of a new party calling\\nthemselves the Constitutional Unionists. Lincoln received an electoral\\nvote of 180 and a popular vote of 1,857,610. Douglas received 12 electoral\\nvotes and a popular vote of 1,365,976. Breckenridge received an electoral\\nvote of 72 and a popular vote of 847,952; leaving to Bell the remaining\\n39 electoral votes (those of the border States Virginia, Kentucky and\\nTennessee), with a popular vote of 590,631. When the result of the elec-\\ntion was known, a convention was called in South Carolina to consider the\\nquestion of secession, which met TDec. 17, 1860), and passed an ordinance\\nof secession. The example of South Carolina was followed by Mississippi\\n(Jan. 8, 1861) Florida (Jan. 10; Alabama Man. 11) Georgia (Jan. 19)\\nLouisiana (Jan, 26); Texas (Feb. 1;; Virginia (xVpr. 25j; Arkansas (May\\n6); North Carolina (May 20); Tennessee (June 8). The reasons given\\nfor this course were the refusal of fourteen of the States, for years past,\\nto fulfil their constitutional obligations, and the election of a man to the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "mS BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nhii-h office of Presideut of the Uuited States whose opinions and purposes\\nare hostile to slavery. Kentucky and INIissouri were divided, and had\\nrepresentatives in the governments and armies of hoth sections. On the\\n4th of February, 1861, a convention met at Montgomery, Alabama, in\\nwhich all the States whicli had seceded previous to that date were repre-\\nsented. A constitution was formed and adopted, and the title of Cou-\\niederate States of America was given to the new organization. Jefiersou\\nDavis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens,\\nof Georgia, was elected Vice-President of the confederacy. Hostilities\\ncommenced with the bombardment of Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), which\\nwas held for the Federal government by Major Anderson, with 70 men.\\nThe fort was several times set on fire, and on the 14th of April the garrison\\nsurrendered and marched out with the honors of war. On the following\\nday President Lincoln issued a jn-oclamation calling out 75,000 volunteers\\nibr three months, which was speedily followed (May 3) by a call for 64,000\\nmen for the army and 18,000 for the navy, to serve during the war.\\nThe President also declared the ports of the seceded States blockaded\\n(April 19). In the South preparations for war were vigorously carried\\non. General Robert E. Lee was appointed commander of the Confederate\\ntroops in Virginia (May 10), and the Mississippi River was blockaded at\\nINIemphis (May 23). A Union force numbering 6000 men was repulsed\\nat Big Bethel, Va. (June 10) and the main body of the Confederates,\\nabout 30,000 strong, which was concentrated at Mauasses Junction, defeated\\nan equal number of Federal troops, under General McDowell, in the famous\\nbattle of Bull Run (July 21). On the following day General George B.\\n]\\\\IcClellan was appointed commander of the army of the Potomac. He\\nhad been successful in wresting the western part of Virginia out of the\\nhands of the Confederates, and in the following year (Dec. 31, 1862) that\\nsection was admitted into the Union under the name of West Virginia.\\nWhen the Federal Congress met (July 5, 1861), the President had asked\\nfor 400,000 men and \u00c2\u00a7400,000,000. The result of the battle of Bull Run\\nshowed that the war was likely to be protracted, and Congress voted 500,000\\nmen and 6500,000,000. The Confederate Congress authorized the enlist-\\nment of 400,000 men. During the remainder of this year (1861), however,\\nthe military operations were not very decisive, both sides being fully occu-\\npied in arming and disciplining troops. The Union force, 1900 strong,\\ncommanded by General Stone, which was sent across the Potomac at Ball s\\nBIuH; and left without support, was attacked by a superior force of Con-\\nfederates and nearly annihilated. On the 7th of November a Union force\\nunder General Grant, after capturing the Confederate camp at Belmont,\\n]\\\\I()., was finally repulsed with loss. On the same day a naval force under\\nAihniral Dn Pont made its way into Port Royal entrance, on the coast of\\nSoutli Carolina, and captured Forts Walker and Beauregard. On the day", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 139\\nafter this victory, Captain Wilkes, commanding the United States frigate\\nSan Jacinto, overhauled the British mail steamer Trent, and took from her\\nMessrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate ambassadors to England and France.\\nThis act caused great excitement in Great Britain and in the United States;\\nanother war seemed inevitable; but the disavowal of the act by the Federal\\ngovernment and the surrender of the envoys averted the threatened danger.\\nAt the beginning of the year 1862 the entire Union force in the field\\nwas about 450,000 men, 200,000 of whom were in the vicinity of Wash-\\nington, under McClellan. The whole Ctmfederate force was not far from\\n350,000 men, occupying about half of the States of Kentucky, Missoui i\\nand Virginia, and the whole of the remaining Southern States. During\\nthe month of January, Kentucky was the sole field of military operations.\\nColonel Humphrey Marshall was defeated near Prestonburg (Jan. 10) by\\na Union force under Colonel Garfield, and driven into Virginia, and Gen-\\neral Thomas defeated the Confederates under Generals Crittenden and\\nZollicoffer, in the battle of Mill Spring (Jan. 19). General Grant, assisted\\nby Commodore Foote with liis flotilla of gunboats, took Fort Henry, on\\nthe Tennessee River (Feb. 6). The greater part of the garrison escaped\\nto Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, which General Grant cap-\\ntured, together with 12,000 prisoners and 40 cannon, ten days later. An\\nexpedition under General Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough, which\\nsailed from Fortress Monroe (Jan. 12, 1862), captured Roanoke Island\\n(Feb. 8), Newberu, N. C. (March 14), and Beaufort (April 25). On the\\n9th of March occurred one of the most remarkable naval battles on record.\\nThe Confederate iron-clad Virginia, formerly the United States frigate\\nMerrimac, had made a descent upon the Union fleet, near Fortress Mon-\\nroe, on the preceding day, and had destroyed the wooden vessels Cumber-\\nland and Congrefss. During the night the floating battery Monitor arrived\\nand when the Virginia returned to the attack, she was beaten off, after an\\naction of five hours, and forced to return to Norfolk. This was the trial\\ntrip of the Monitor, and the result was so satisfactory to the Federal\\ngovernment that a fleet of monitors was built with all possible despatch.\\nOn the 8th of March an important battle was finished at Pea Ridge, in\\nthe western part of Arkansas, between Union troops under General S. R.\\nCurtis and Confederates under General Earl Van Dorn. The conflict had\\nlasted for three days, and the Union forces were finally victorious. The\\ngreat activity now displayed at so many different points was owing to an\\norder issued by President Lincoln commanding all the Union armies to\\nadvance on the 22d of February, 1862. On the 6th of April, General\\nGrant was defeated and driven back to the Tennessee River, in the battle\\nof Shiloh, losing 2500 prisoners, including General Prentiss. On the fol-\\nlowing day reinforcements arrived under General Buell the battle was\\nrenewed, and the Confederates were forced to retreat. On the same day", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "140 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n(April 7), Island No. 10, in the Mississippi River, a short distance below\\nits junction with the Ohio, was taken from the Confederates by General\\nPope and Commodore Foote, who had been acting together, the one with\\nland-forces, the other with a flotilla of gunboats. The prisoners numbered\\n8000. Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Ga., was captured, after a bombard-\\nment of 30 hours, by Captain (afterward Major-General) Gillmore (April\\n11), and during the same mouth Farragut and Porter, with a gunboat and\\nmortar fleet, began (April 24) to bombard Fort St. Philip, on the eastern\\nbank, and Fort Jackson, on the western bank, of the Mississippi, below\\nNew Orleans. On the 24th the fleet ran past the forts and fought a ter-\\nrific battle with a Confederate fleet. On the 26th NeAV Orleans was taken,\\nand it remained from that time in the possession of the Union forces.\\nAVe have reserved the most important movements, or at least those of the\\nlargest army, for the last. The army of the Potomac, having been taken\\nin transports to Fortress Monroe, commenced (April 3d) its march toward\\nRichmond, under the command of General McClellan. The siege of York-\\ntown consumed a month and when that place was evacuated (May 4), the\\nConfederates had greatly strengthened the defences of their capital. On\\nthe 23d of May, McClellan reached a point within 7 miles of Richmond,\\nbut his efficient force was very much diminished, while that of the Con-\\nfederates was constantly increasing. Stonewall Jackson and Ewell\\nhad forced General Banks out of the Shenandoah valley, and threatened\\nWashington. Not only the forces intended for McClellan, but militia\\ncalled from the Northern States, were required for the defence of the Fed-\\neral capital. McClellan gained (May 31) the battle of Fair Oaks, or\\nSeven Pines; but Jackson now moved rapidly southward to co-operate\\nwith Lee. McClellan was obliged to change his base of supplies from the\\nYork River to the James. This hazardous movement was accomplished\\nat the expen-se of a succession of the most desperate battles ever fought\\nupon this continent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., those of Oak Grove (June 25), Mechanicsville\\n(June 26), Gaines Mill (June 27), Savage s Station (June 29), White Oak\\nSwamp (June 30) and Malvern Hill (July 1). Both armies fought with\\ndesperate valor, the advantage finally remaining with the Confederates\\nfor though the Union forces reached the James Elver, the peninsular cam-\\npaign was a failure so far as its object (the taking of Richmond) was con-\\ncerned, and the Confederates were so encouraged that they assumed the\\noffensive during the month of August. McClellan was recalled and placed\\n(Sept. 1) in command of all the troops about Washington. Lee pushed\\nacross the Potomac into Maryland, and occupied Frederick (Sept. 6) and\\nHagerstown (Sept. 10), but was defeated at South Mountain (Sept. 14) and\\nat Antietam (Sept. 17), the latter battle lasting from early dawn nntil twi-\\nlight. Lee was forced to recross the Potomac. The campaign in Mary-\\nland had cost the Confederates 30,000 men; but between the battles of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 1-il\\nSouth Mouutaiu aud Autietam Stonewall Jacksou had taken Harper s\\nFerry (Sept. 15), with 11,583 men and an immense quantity of munitions\\nof war. On the 7th of November, McClellan was superseded by General\\nBurnside, who led the army against the Confederates massed at Freder-\\nicksburg, Va., and there met (Nov. 13) with a disastrous defeat, losing\\n12,000 men. During the year 1862, President Lincoln had issued a call\\nfor 300,000 volunteers for the war, and on the 9th of August another for\\n300,000 men for nine months, who were to be drafted unless they volun-\\nteered promptly. On the 2d of September was issued the notice of the\\nmemorable emancipation proclamation, declaring that all the slaves in the\\nStates and p)ortious of States which should be in rebellion against the\\nUnited States on the 1st of January, 1863, should be thenceforward\\nand for ever free. The proclamation itself was issued on the day just\\nnamed. This measure gave rise to much excited discussion. On the 25th\\nof January, 1863, General Burnside was relieved, at his own request, and\\nsucceeded by General Joseph Hooker. The latter led his army across\\nthe Rappahannock (April 28), and six days afterward fought the battle\\nof Chancellorsville, in which, on the 2d of May, the Union troops were\\ndisastrously defeated. On the 3d they recovered all that they had lost;\\nbut on the 4th they were forced to retire, having lost more than 11,000\\nmen. In the following month, Lee, emboldened by his success, invaded\\nMaryland (June 14), and moved on toward Pennsylvania. The army of\\nthe Potomac, the command of which was transferred (June 28) from Gen-\\neral Hooker to General George G. Meade, followed on the right flank of\\nthe Confederates, and General Lee was forced to concentrate his forces at\\nGettysburg, Pa., aud to give battle (July 1). The struggle was contested\\nfor three days with the most desperate courage on both sides, and Lee was\\nfinally defeated, with the loss of thirty thousand killed and wounded, 14,000\\nprisoners and 25,000 stand of small arms. The Federal loss was nearly\\n23,000 in killed, wounded and missing. The Confederates recrossed the\\nPotomac and retreated slowly through Virginia to a good position on the\\nRapidan. Meade followed closely but cautiously, and by the middle of\\nAugust he also was beyond the Rappahannock, and there the armies lay\\nfor a long time confronting each other. On the 5th of October, Lee again\\nadvanced northward and compelled Meade to fall back upon the line of\\nBull s Run. After destroying the railroad from Manassas Junction to the\\nRapidan River, he established a strongly-fortified camp between that\\nstream and Orange Court-House. During these manoeuvres, from the 8th\\nto the 23d of October, there was heavy skirmishing. On the 7th of No-\\nvember, 2000 Confederates were captured by Generals Sedgwick and\\nFrench, and on the 20th the army of the Potomac advanced against Lee;\\nbut his position was found to be too strong, and the Federals returned to\\ntheir previous camps on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. Daring", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "142 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe spriug of this year (1863) important events were taking place on the\\nMississippi. After the iall of Memphis, Vicksburg was the only remain-\\ning Confederate stronghold on that river; and several naval and laud\\nattacks were made upon this important post, beginning in June, 1862, and\\nextending over a period of more than a year. The first effort to take the\\nplace being unsuccessful, an attempt was made to change the course of the\\nMissi^:sippi River by digging a canal, with the design of making Vicksburg\\nan inland town. Various endeavors to reach the rear of the place were\\nmade, in one of which General Sherman was repulsed with heavy loss\\n(Dec. 27, 1862). During the following month, Avith the assistance of\\nAdmiral Porter, he captured Arkansas Post, with 5000 prisoners. On the\\n2d of February, General Grant assumed the command of the army of\u00c2\u00bb\\nthe Mississippi, which he moved down the west side of the river, while\\nPorter boldly ran by Vicksburg with his fleet and met Farragut coming\\nup. On the 30th of April, Grant recrossed the river at Bruinsburg,\\nand marched inland to the rear of Vicksburg, which place he regularly\\ninvested on the 18th of May, after fighting the battles of Port Gibson\\n(May 1), Raymond (May 12), Jackson (May 14), Champion Hills\\n(May 16) and Black River Bridge (May 17). Attempts were made to\\ntake the town by assault (May 21 and 22), but the assailants were\\nrepulsed with heavy loss, and it was therefore resolved to resort to a reg-\\nular siege. The approaches and parallels were daily pushed nearer and\\nnearer, the city was exposed to an almost constant bombardment from the\\narmy and from the gunboats on the river. The garrison held out as long\\nas possible, in the hope that General Johnston, who was straining every\\nnerve to raise a sufficieut army for the purpose, would come to their relief.\\nThis hope was vain, as the reinforcements were driven back. Provisions\\ngrew scarce even the flesh of mules began to fail. On the 4th of July^\\nthe day after the battle of Gettysburg, General Pemberton surrendered\\nthe place with 30,000 prisoners, arms and munitions of war for an army\\nof 60,000 men, together with steamboats, cotton aud other property of\\nimmense value. During June and July, 1863, a raid was made by Gen-\\neral Morgan, a famous Confederate leader, with about 3000 cavalry and\\nsix cannon. They crossed the Ohio River into Indiana, and moved rapidly\\neastward, plundering as they went. Home-troops killed or captured nearly\\nall of this force, and General Morgan, with a remnant of 400 men, sur-\\nrendered to General Shackleford, in Morgan county, Ohio, on the 26th of\\nJuly. During this same period. General Rosecrans, by a series of vigor-\\nous movements, had driven the Confederates under General Bragg out of\\n:Middle Tennessee, and in August the Federals followed them over the\\nCumberland Mountains, and by a flank movement compelled them to\\nmarch on in the direction of Georgia. Bragg was afterward reinforced\\nby Longstreet and his corps, from Lee s army, and turned suddenly upon", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL OAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 143\\nlii.^ pursuer. They fought until night the battle was renewed on the fol-\\nlowing day, and the Federals were compelled to fall back to Chattanooga.\\nGeneral Grant, a large portion of whose army had been ordered from\\nVicksburg to Chattanooga, now superseded Rosecrans, and was not long\\nin assuming the offensive. Lookout Mountain was brilliantly carried\\n(Nov. 24) by Hooker s men, who fought much of the time above the\\nclouds, and were thus hidden from the view of the anxious spectators\\nbelow. On the 25th the Confederates were driven from Missionary\\nRidge, and Bragg and his army were retreating toward Georgia. The\\nFederal army had made great progress during the year 1863. They held\\nMissouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, a large portion of Louisiana,\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Mississippi and Florida, and the Rio Grande frontier of Texas, and had\\nthe control of the Mississippi River. Some of these districts were great\\nfood-producing regions, which made their loss a serious matter for the\\nConfederates. Early in May, 1863, a draft for 300,000 men was ordered\\nby President Lincoln, in accordance with an act of Congress j^reviously\\npassed (March 8); but as exemption could be purchased for $300, this\\nmeasure had resulted at the end of the year, in the twelve States in which\\nit had been enforced, in adding 50,000 men to the army and in the accu-\\nmulating of a fund of $10,518,000, to be used for bounties, etc.\\nThe opening military events of the year 1864 were, on the whole, favor-\\nable to the Confederates. On the 10th of March General A. J. Smith left\\nVicksburg with a large body of troops and went up the Red River, accom-\\npanied by the fleet of Admiral Porter. On the 13th he captured Fort de\\nRussey from the Confederates; and on the 16th he entered Alexandria,\\nwhere he was joined by General Banks with a large force from New Orleans.\\nThe fleet and a portion of Smith s army advanced toward Shreveport. At\\nCane River they met and defeated the Confederates (March 26) but near\\nMansfield they were drawn into an ambuscade, and were attacked in front\\nand on both flanks by the whole force of the Confederates. The Federals\\nwere driven back to Pleasant Hill, where, on the following day, they re-\\npulsed another attack, and finally reached the river with the loss of 3000\\nmen and 20 pieces of artillery. Banks now directed Porter, who had gone\\non toward Shreveport, to return, as he could afford him no suj)port. The\\nfleet started back, annoyed all the way by Confederate batteries and sharp-\\nshooters. The water had fallen very low, and the fleet would have been\\nlost had not Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey, of Wisconsin, proposed and super-\\nintended the construction of a dam across the river, by means of which the\\nfleet was extricated (May 11). The Federal armies met with disasters\\nelsewhere. On the 5th of February General Seymour left Port Royal for\\na campaign in Florida but on the 20th he was met by a superior force at\\nOlustee, 50 miles south-west of Jacksonville, and defeated with the loss of\\n1200 killed, wounded and missing. On the 3d of February General Sher-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "14-i BVRLEY S UNITED STATES\\nman started from Vicksburg and penetrated tlie State of Mississippi as far\\neast as IMerjdian, where lie expected a cavalry force from MemiDliis to join\\nhim but this force having been driven back, General Sherman was forced\\nto retrace his steps to Vicksburg. On the 12th of April Fort Pillow, on\\ntlie ^lississippi, 70 miles above Memphis, was taken by the Confederates\\nand a few days later they captured Fort Williams, near Plymouth, N. C,\\ntogether with 1600 men. These and other successes on the part of the Con-\\nfederates showed the necessity of abandoning the desultory mode of warfare\\nwhich had caused the loss of so many lives upon both sides, yet had not,\\napparently, brought about the beginning of the end. General Grant was\\naccordingly promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general (Mar, 3, 1864),\\nand given the powers of commander-in-chief (Mar. 14). Turning over thee\\narmy of 100,000 men at Chattanooga to General Sherman, and making his\\nheadquarters in the field, with the army of the Potomac, Grant ordered a\\nsimultaneous advance to be made by both bodies early in May by the\\nformer upon Atlanta, Ga., and by the latter against Richmond. Sherman s\\nmen were in motion on the 7th of May. The Confederate general John-\\nston, with 60,000 men, was posted at Dalton, which place he was forced\\nfrom by a flank movement. He fell back to Resaca, where a desperate\\nbattle was fought (May 13, 14), in which he was defeated. The Confed-\\nerates continued their retreat, occasionally stopping to give battle; but they\\nwere finally (July 10) driven into their strong fortifications before Atlanta.\\nJohnston was severely censured by the Confederates for retreating, and was\\nsuperseded by General Hood, who made three furious attacks on Sherman s\\narmy before Atlanta (July 20, 22, 28), but was defeated in all with very\\nheavy loss. After a siege of nearly two months, Sherman at last (Sept. 2)\\ngained possession of the city. In the mean time, the army of the Potomac\\nwas not idle, but broke camp (May 3) under the immediate command of\\nGeneral Meade, crossed the Rapidan, and soon reached the Wilderness.\\nHere the advance was met on the 5th, and a battle began Avhich raged furi-\\nously all day. At sunrise on the 6th the conflict was renewed, and it did\\nnot close until darkness set in. On the 7th Lee fell back to Spottsylvania,\\nwhere six days of continuous fighting ensued, the advantage remaining\\nwith the Federals. Lee again fell back; and by flanking and fighting he\\nwas forced back early in June to a point within a few miles of Richmond.\\nFinding the defences upon the north and east of Richmond too strong to\\nbe at that time successfully attacked, General Grant abandoned his northern\\nline of advance, and with little opposition, between the 12th and 15th of\\nJune, removed his army to the south side of the James River. He did\\nthis with the view of taking Petersburg, 22 miles south of Richmond, and\\nthus necessitating the evacuation of the latter city. During this campaign\\nof 43 days more than 100,000 men upon each side, each receiving frequent\\nreinforcements, had been engaged in almost one continual battle, resulting", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 145\\nin heavy but nearly equal losses to both. Lee at once threw a large por-\\ntion of his army into the defences of Petersburg, the siege of which was\\nvigorously pushed. On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one\\nof the Confederate forts but the assault that followed through the breach\\nthus made was repulsed, with a loss to the Federal army of 5000 men. On\\nthe 18th of August the Federals seized and held the Weldou Railroad,\\ndespite the most desperate efforts of the Confederates to recover it. Nothing\\nfurther of a decisive nature occurred before Petersburg during the re-\\nmainder of the year. On the 15th of November Sherman left Atlanta and\\nstarted to Savannah, in the neighborhood of which city he arrived on the\\n10th of December. On the loth Fort McAllister was carried by assault,\\nand on the 20th Savannah was evacuated by the Confederates and occupied\\nby the Federal troops. While Sherman was thus engaged, the Confederate\\ngeneral Hood invaded Tennessee and drove back the Federal forces under\\nGeneral Thomas from point to point; but was finally defeated near Nash-\\nville (Dec. 15), with a loss of over 13,000 prisoners and 72 pieces of artil-\\nlery. During the year 1864, 1,200,000 men were called for by President\\nLincoln. The first call (Feb. 1) was for 500,000 men but it was interpreted\\nto mean the deficiency under the previous call and 200,000 additional men.\\nThe second (March 14) was for 200,000 men; the third (July 18), for\\n500,000 volunteers; the fourth (Dec. 20), for 300,000.\\nAt the presidential election of 1864 two candidates were presented\\nAbraham Lincoln by the Republicans, for re-election, and General McClel-\\nlan by the Democrats. Twenty-five States took part in this election, and\\nthe electoral vote cast was 233, of which Lincoln received 212, and\\nMcClellan 21, being the votes of New Jersey, Delaware and Kentucky.\\nThe popular vote of Lincoln and Johnson was 2,223,035, and that of\\nMcClellan and Pendleton was 1,811,714.\\nAfter Sherman had allowed his army a short rest at Savannah, he again\\ntook the field (Feb. 1, 1865). He marched through South Carolina, took\\npossession of Columbia (Feb. 17), and on the following day the force under\\nGillmore, which had been besieging Charleston, entered that city, which\\nhad been under bombardment 542 days. Sherman pushed on toward\\nNorth Carolina while Schofield, from Newbern, and Terry, from Wilming-\\nton, were co-operating with him. After some fighting, the three armies\\nmet at Goldsborough (Mar. 22); while General J. E. Johnston, with the\\nmain army of the Confederates in that region, was held at bay at Raleigh.\\nAt last, on the 24th of March, General Grant issued orders for a general\\nmovement of the armies operating against Richmond, to be made on the\\n29th. On the 25th, however, Lee made a desj)erate effort to break through\\nthe Federal lines on the Appomattox River, and Fort Steedman was taken\\nby the Confederates, but was soon recaptured. Sheridan, after a partial\\nrepulse on the 31st of March, the next day defeated the Confederates at\\n10", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "146 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nBig Five Forks, and took 6000 prisoners. Immediately afterward (Apr,\\n2) Grant made an attack along the whole line in front of Petersburg, and\\nwas everywhere successful. Petersburg was evacuated that evening Rich-\\nmond also was abandoned, and Lee retreated toward Lynchburg, but was\\nintercepted by Sheridan, and finally (Apr. 9) surrendered his army, now\\nreduced to 25,000 men. Johnston surrendered his army of 30,000 men\\non the 26th of April. Between these two events, on the evening of the\\n14th of April, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, and died\\nat 22 minutes past 7 the following morning. In less than six hours after\\nhis death Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, had taken the oath of office\\nas President of the United States, and the government went steadily on in\\nits course. The war, which for four years had been consuming milliQUS of\\ntreasure and hundreds of thousands of human lives, was now at an end\\nbut there were difficult problems to solve before the question of Recon-\\nstruction could be settled. Early in 1865 Congress passed a resolution\\nproposing an amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery throughout\\nthe United States. Three-fourths of the States having ratified this amend-\\nment, it was announced on the 18th of December, 1865, that it had become\\na part of the Constitution and slavery in the United States ceased to exist.\\nIn June, 1866, great excitement was caused by the invasion of Canada by\\nbodies of Fenians, an Irish organization, formed for the purpose of wresting\\nIreland from the British government and establishing the independence of\\nthe Emerald Isle. President Johnson issued a proclamation cautioning\\nall against the enterprise as a violation of neutrality; and the vigorous\\nmeasures of General Meade, who was sent to the frontier, put a stop to the\\nmovement.\\nTHE TENTH DECADE [1866-187-6].*\\nPresidents, Andrew Johnson [April 15, 1865-March 4, 1869],\\nUlysses S. Grant [1869\u00e2\u0080\u0094].\\nDuring 1866 and 1867 the country was deeply agitated by the question\\nof Reconstruction\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that is, of readmitting the seceded States to their former\\nposition in the Union. The difficulty was greatly increased by a diflTerence\\nof opinion between the President and Congress. The President recognized\\nloyal governments as existing in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisi-\\nana. He appointed provisional governors for the other seceded States,\\n*.For obvious reasons, the history of this decade will be incomplete, as this por-\\ntion of the work is devoted to history and not to prophecy and we do not possess the\\npecnliar ability of certain journalists who, knowing that a banquet was going to take\\nplace to which they could not obtain admission, published a full report, with cha-\\nracteristic speeches by prominent guests, only to learn on the following day that the\\nbanquet had been postponed, and to see their ruse de guerre thoroughly exposed.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 147\\nwith the power to call conventions for the purpose of establishing perma-\\nnent governments and his policy was to recognize such governments, and\\nto restore the States to their former I ights as soon as they should repeal\\ntheir ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debt, and ratify\\nthe Thirteenth Amendment, which Congress had proposed for the abolition\\nof slavei-y. Most of the States in question complied with these conditions\\nbut Congress would not recognize them as reconstructed without further\\nguarantees, A Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed,\\nfor which the reader is referred to that instrument [see Government and\\nLaws], and the ratification of both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amend-\\nments was required by Congress of States desiring readmission. Tennessee,\\nhaving promptly complied with this last requirement, was in July, 1866,\\nrestored to her position in the Union. Two years later, after a long and\\nbitter struggle between the President and Congress on this and other ques-\\ntions, Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, North and South Carolina, Georgia\\nand Louisiana were also readmitted. Their senators and representatives\\nhad been absent from their seats in Congress for more than seven years.\\nThe difficulties between the President and Congress were aggravated by\\nthe attempt of the former to remove *Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War,\\nfrom his position. The Tenure-of-office Act, ]3assed shortly before, made\\nthe consent of the Senate necessary to such removals (Feb., 1868). On\\nthe 24th of February the House of Representatives passed a resolution to\\nimpeach the President of high crimes and misdemeanors, on account of\\nhis violation of the Tenure-of-office Act.* He was tried by the Senate, in\\naccordance with the provision made by the Constitution for such cases. A\\nvote was taken on three of the articles of impeachment and as two-thirds\\nof the Senate had not pronounced the President guilty, he was acquitted\\non those articles, and the impeachment trial came to an end. In the sum-\\nmer of 1868 an embassy from China came to the United States, under the\\ncharge of Mr. Burliugame, who had been United States minister to China.\\nA treaty was negotiated at Washington and ratified by the United States\\nSenate (July 16), which guaranteed liberty of conscience to citizens of the\\nUnited States in China, and permission to attend all public educational\\ninstitutions, without being subjected to any political or religious test, to the\\nChinese residing in the United States.\\nAt the Presidential election of 1868 the Republicans nominated for the\\npresidency General U. S. Grant, of Illinois, and for the vice-presidency\\nSchuyler Colfax, of Indiana. Horatio Seymour, of New York, was nomi-\\nThere is a great deal of confusion with reference to the meaning of the word\\nimpeach, many persons thinking that it carries with it the lAe^ oi conviction of the\\ncrimes charged. So far as President Johnson s case is concerned, this definition will\\nsuffice: To cite before a tribunal for judgment of official misconduct; as, to impeach\\na judge. President Johnson was impeached, but was acquitted of the charges.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "148 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nuated by the Democrats for the presidency, aud General Francis P. Blair,\\nJr., of Missouri, for the vice-presidency. The Republican candidates\\nwere successful, and General Grant was inaugurated on the 4th of March,\\n1869. On the 25th of the previous mouth the Fifteenth Amendment to\\nthe Constitution was proposed by a joint resolution of Congress; aud the\\nratification of this amendment was afterward (April 10) made one of the\\nconditions for the readmission of the three States which were still unrep-\\nresented in Congress. Virginia ratified the amendment in 1869, Missis-\\nsippi and Texas in 1870, aud in the latter year the States named were\\nrestored to their position in the Union. The census of 1870 showed an\\naggregate population of 38,558,371, an increase during ten years of 22^^\\nper cent. In 1871 the governments of the United States and of Great\\nBritain appointed a joint high commission, which met at Washington and\\nconcluded a treaty (May 8, 1871), which was ratified by the Senate (May\\n24). This treaty (known as the Treaty of Washington provided that\\na tribunal of arbitration should be constituted, consisting of one member\\nfrom Great Britain, one from the United States and three from foreign\\ncountries (Switzerland, Italy and Brazil). This tribunal was to decide\\nupon the amount of the Alabama Claims i. e., the claims of the United\\nStates against the British government for damages on account of the injury\\ndone to the American commerce by certain Confederate cruisers which were\\nfitted out in British ports. The first formal meeting of the Geneva Tri-\\nbunal of Arbitration was held on the 15th of December, 1871. The\\nprinted cases of the respective governments were presented, another\\nformal meeting was held on the following day, and the tribunal then ad-\\njourned to meet at Geneva on the 15th of June, 1872. At this date its\\nsessions were renewed, aud at the thirty-second conference, held on the 14th\\nof September, a decision was announced, which states that The tribunal,\\nby a majority of four voices to one, awards to the United States a sum of\\n$15,500,000 in gold, as the indemnity to be paid by Great Britain to the\\nUnited States for the satisfaction of all the claims referred to the consid-\\neration of the tribunal. The dissenting voice was, of course, that of the\\nBritish member of the tribunal. Sir Alexander Cockburn, who verbally\\nstated the grounds of his own decision, which the tribunal ordered to be\\nrecorded. Sir Alexander recorded his reasons by publishing them in\\nthe London Gazette for Sept, 24, 1872, and he annexed them to the ofii-\\ncial protocol by sending a copy of the paper containing them to the agent\\nof the United States. Such is the statement which we have seen appended\\nto a report of the proceedings of this conference in the Annual Cydojxedia\\nfor 1872. It is on\\\\j fair, however, to give the account of Mr. Cushing,\\nwho certainly cannot be accused of an exhibition of favoritism when speak-\\ning of the British arbitrator. He withheld his argument from the tri-\\nbunal at the proper time for its presentation as the reasons of au arbi-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 149\\ntrator. At the last moment, without its beiug read by the tribunal or\\nprinted for the information of agents or counsel, as a resolution of the\\ntribunal, adopted on his own motion, required, he presents this argument\\nas his Reasons for Dissenting from the Decision of the Tribunal of Arbi-\\ntration. The publication of all of the Beasons, etc., could not have been\\nmade in the London Gazette, if, as Mr. Gushing says, they filled 296 pages\\nof folio letter-press, 180 of which were devoted to opinions on the various\\nvessels, and the remaining 116 partly to the discussion of the special\\nquestions, says Mr. Gushing, with great courtesy, in all of which he is\\ninordinately prolix, and partly (here Mr. Gushiug s courtesy is overpow-\\nering) to a general outpouring of all the bile which had been accumu-\\nlating on his stomach during the progress of the arbitration.\\nIn the latter part of 1872 and in the beginning of 1873 was fought the\\nfamous Modoc War. The Modoc Indians took possession of the Lava\\nBeds, near Fort Klamath, in Oregon. Under their chief, Gaptain Jack,\\nthey kept concealed in the caverns which abound in that locality, and it\\nwas exceedingly difficult to force them into action. They were armed with\\nrifles equal, if not superior, to those of our soldiers. They were holding\\npositions which gave them a decided advantage over any attacking party.\\nThey were commanded, moreover, by a skilful and unscrupulous leader,\\nand their flexible system of tactics enabled them to take the fullest advan-\\ntage of their thorough acquaintance with the seat of the war, while the\\nroutine methods of attack and defence which are preserved in the regular\\narmy left our soldiers to a certain extent at the mercy of their wary foes.\\nNor was there perfect freedom on the part of some of the officers from the\\ncareless spirit displayed by Braddock more than a century before, if, as we\\nhave been informed by a soldier who passed through the whole campaign,\\na detachment of twenty or thirty men was permitted to halt for dinner\\nwithout having a single sentry posted whereupon the savages stole upon\\ntheir unwary foes and killed nearly every man of them. After a number\\nof almost fruitless skirmishes, General Gauby, who commanded the De-\\npartment of the Golumbia, together with the peace-commissioners, Thomas\\nand Meacham, attempted negotiations for a peace, were met by Gaptain\\nJack and several of his warriors under a flag of truce, and were treacher-\\nously fired upon (Apr. 11). Gen. Gauby and Mr. Thomas were killed, and\\nMr. Meacham was wounded. Gol. JeflTerson G. Davis was immediately\\nassigned to the command of the department, and by the 1st of June his\\nvigorous measures had resulted in the capture of the whole tribe, includ-\\ning Gaptain Jack, Sconchin, Hooker Jim, Black Jim, Bogus Gharley,\\nBoston Gharley and Steamboat Frank. The seven just named were tried\\nby a military court-martial, and found guilty of murder. Gaptain Jack,\\nSconchin and Black Jim were hanged (Oct. 3), but the others were spared\\nand transported to Dakota with the rest of the tribe.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "150 BURLETS CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nOn the 31st of October, 1873, the Virginim, a ship sailing under the\\nAmerican flag, was captured on the high seas, near Jamaica, by the Span-\\nish steamer Tornado. It was alleged that the captured vessel was laden\\nwith men and arms for the Cuban insurgent army. She had 170 men on\\nboard, including the crew, and these were all held as prisoners. On the\\nmorning of the 4th of November four prominent Cubans who were among\\nthe passengers were shot. On the 7th and 8th, Captain Fry was shot,\\ntoo-ether with 86 of the crew, and a few days later seventeen British subjects\\nwere disposed of in the same manner. Further executions were stopped\\nby orders from Madrid. Prompt action Avas taken by the United States\\ngovernment. War with Spain seemed at one time inevitable, but a peace-\\nful settlement was brought about by negotiation. Spain stipulated to\\nrestore forthwith the vessel referred to, and the survivors of her passengers\\nand crew, and on the 25th day of December (1873) to salute the flag of\\nthe United States but the salute was to be dispensed with if before the\\ntime specified Spain should prove that the Virginius was not entitled at\\nthe time of her capture to carry the American flag. This was not a very\\ndifficult task; the Spanish minister easily obtained the required evidence\\nwithin the stipulated time so the Virginius was delivered up without the\\nsalute, on the 16th of December. She sailed for New York, but sank\\nbefore reaching her destination. It was, however, a great satisfaction to\\nthe country that when she sank she was under the American flag.\\nOn the 5th of September, 1874, the centennial anniversary of the meet-\\ning of the First Continental Congress [see Historical Sketch, p.\\n99] was celebrated by a meeting held in Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia,\\nin the very building and room where that historic body had assembled.\\nOn the 19th of April, 1875, the centennial of the opening scenes of the\\nRevolution was celebrated at Lexington and Concord. At Concord\\nFrench s statue of The Minute-Man was unveiled. An address was\\ndelivered by Ralph Waldo Emerson and an oration by George William\\nCurtis, while the poem was read by James Russell Lowell. At Lexington\\nthe oration was delivered by Richard H. Dana, Jun., and the poem was\\nread by John G. Whittier. On the 17th of June the celebration of the\\ncentennial of the battle of Bunker Hill took place at Boston. The lead-\\ning feature was the enthusiastic reception of the Southern soldiers who\\ncame to participate in the ceremonies.\\nHere, then, our record closes, with the expression of the hope that the\\ngreater Centennial, now near at hand, may be the occasion of still kinder\\nand more brotherly feelings between those who in the past contending\\nhave stood apart, until in fact as well as in name, in heart and sentiment\\nas well as in outward form of government, this country may deserve the\\nname of The United States of America.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Engraved expressly for Burley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nTHE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, 1851.\\nrilHE Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, which was\\nX given in the buildiDg above represented, was the first of all interna-\\ntional exhibitions. It was fancifully resolved that the length of the\\nbuilding should indicate its date. It therefore extended 1851 feet, with a\\nbreadth of 450 feet and a height of 66 feet. It was situated in Hyde\\nPark, and covered an area of 13 acres. It was constructed of iron and\\nglass, and the contractors agreed to have it completed within four months.\\nThe glass-maker was to be I eady within that time with 900,000 square feet\\nof glass, weighing 400 tons and composed of the largest panes of sheet-\\nglass which had ever been made, each being 49 inches long. The iron-\\nmaster was to furnish 3300 columns, vaa-ying from 14J to 20 feet in length,\\n34 miles of guttering-tube to connect every individual column under ground,\\n2224 girders and 1128 bearers for supporting galleries. The carpenter\\nwas to provide 205 miles of sash-bar, flooring for an area of more than\\n3,300,000 square feet (one account says 33,000,000 cicbic feet besides a\\nvast amount of wooden walling, louvre-work and partition. These extra-\\nordinary engagements were interfered with by no important accident, and\\nall went on with admirable regularity toward completion. Sir Joseph\\nPaxton was the architect. A royal commission had the management of\\n151", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "152 BURLETS CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nthe wliole affiiir, and a guarantee-fund was subscribed, the queen heading\\nthe list with \u00c2\u00a31000.\\nThe exhibition was oj^eued by the queen on the 1st of May, 1851, was\\nopen 144 days, and was closed October 11. The number of exhibitors is\\nvariously stated, the lowest figures given being 13,937, and the highest\\n17,000. The entire number of visitors was 6,201,856, averaging 43,068\\nper day. The largest attendance was on Tuesday, the 7th of October, when\\n109,915 persons were admitted. Between eleven and twelve o clock on\\nthat day 28,853 persons entered the building. Pecuniarily, this exhi-\\nbition was a decided success. The gross receipts w ere \u00c2\u00a3505,107 5s. 7d.,\\nwdiile the expenses were \u00c2\u00a3330,000, so that there was no call on those who\\nhad subscribed to the guarantee-fund. The surplus was expended in pur-\\nchasing a site for a National Gallery.\\nOnly 600 articles were sent to this exhibition from the United States,\\nyet the Americans carried off five grand-council medals and ninety-five\\nprize medals. One article (a reaper), exhibited by a citizen of the United\\nStates, was considered by the London Times so important that it would\\nrepay England if the exhibition had done nothing else than make that\\ninvention known.\\nThe closing scene of the exhibition was very impressive. At five o clock\\np. M. on the 11th of October, Mr. Belshaw, one of the managers, appeared\\nat the west corner of the transept gallery, on the north side, bearing in his\\nhand a large red flag, which he displayed just as the clock struck. In-\\nstantly all the organs in the building sent forth the notes of the well-known\\nnational anthem, God save the Queen. These were continued for seve-\\nral minutes then ensued a silence to be broken by a tremendous rolling\\nsound like that of thunder, caused by thousands of feet stamping their\\nloyalty (or their courtesy) upon the boarded floors. This demonstration\\ncaused every portion of the edifice to tremble, and as it swept from west\\nto east many an eye was raised with anxiety to the girders and pillars\\nand now the time had arrived for the death-knell of the exhibition to be\\nrung out. It came, and a perfect storm of bell-peals broke over the build-\\ning. Immediately before this closing signal some one hung out from the\\ngallery of the transept the following lines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a well-selected epilogue from\\nShakespeare s Tempest\\nOur revels now are ended. These our actors.\\nAs I foretold you, were all spirits, and\\nAre melted into air, into thin air;\\nAnd, like the baseless fabric of this vision.\\nThe cloud-capiied towers, the gorgeous palaces,\\nThe solemn temples, the great globe itself,\\nYea, all wliich it inherit, shall dissolve,\\nAnd, like this insubstantial pageant faded,\\nLeave not a rack behind.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY, EESOUECES AISTD\\nPEOSPECTS AND TOPOGEAPHY OF THE\\nUNITED STATES.\\nGENERAL DESCRIPTION.\\nTHE United States of America occupy the central portion of North\\nAmerica. They extend from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the\\nPacific on the west, from the chain of great lakes in the north to the Gulf\\nof Mexico on the south. The area of the territory thus bounded is\\n3,026,494 square miles. In addition to this they possess the Territory of\\niVlaska, purchased of the Russian government, and formerly known as\\nRussian America, with an area of 577,390 square miles. This brings the\\ntotal area of the land-surface up to 3,603,884 square miles.\\nAs Alaska is detached, we shall omit it for the present, and confine our\\nremarks to the main body of the territory contained within the limits\\nabove mentioned. The greatest length of this region is 2650 miles, and\\nits greatest breadth 1600 miles. It possesses a geographical position\\neminently fitted for the growth and rapid development of a great and\\npowerful people. It is happily situated between the extremes of heat and\\ncold, its flora is abundant and varied, and its climate is such as conduces\\nto physical and intellectual vigor. Its eastern coast, washed by the\\nAtlantic, is filled with numerous bays and roadsteads, which present every\\nfacility for commercial intercourse with Europe while its western shores,\\nbounded by the Pacific, open their harbors and inlets to the rich traffic of\\nAsia and Oceanica. The extent of the coast-line has been estimated by\\ngeographers at figures ranging from 6200 miles up to 12,000 miles; but\\nProfessor Brocklesby, by counting in many of the smaller bays, obtains\\nthe following figures, which are much more accurate: The length of the\\neastern coast-line is 7000 miles, that of the southern 3400 miles, while that\\nof the Pacific is 3700, giving a total length of 14,100 miles. The prin\\ncipal branches of the sea extending into the land are the Chesapeake,\\nDelaware and Massachusetts Bays and Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds\\non the Atlantic coast, and the Bay of San Francisco on the Pacific coast.\\nThe principal bodies of land projecting into the sea are the peninsulas of\\nFlorida on the south-east and Cape Cod on the east, both extending into\\nth\u00c2\u00a7 Atlantic Ocean, Numerous islands are scattered along the various\\ncoasts of the United States, nearly all of which give evidence, both by their\\n153", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "154 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ngeological structure and their iDositiou, that they were once a part of the\\nmaiii land, and have been separated from it by a convulsion of nature or\\nby the action of the waters of rivers and of the ocean. The islands of\\nthe Atlantic coast, north of Cape Cod, are mostly high and rocky, being\\nof granite formation. Those south of Cape Cod on the same coast are\\ngenerally low and sandy. Long Island, east of New York, is the largest,\\nand contains an area of 1682 square miles. On the Pacific coast the prin-\\ncipal islands are the Santa Barbara Islands, which are barren and rocky,\\nbut contain several good harbors.\\nThe mountain-chains of the United States are the Alleghany or Appa-\\nlachian systems in the east, and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific systems\\nin the west. That last named is also called the California system, and is\\nsometimes, but incorrectly, considered a part of the Rocky Mountain system.\\nThe Alleghany Mountains extend from the St. Lawrence through Western\\nNew England, the Middle States and the Southern States to Alabama, in\\na line nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. In some parts of its extent\\nthis system consists of a single chain, but it is generally composed of\\nseveral parallel ranges, with valleys between. The White Mountains of\\nNew Hampshire, noted for their grand and beautiful scenery, the Green\\nMountains of Vermont and the Highlands of Maine, are also portions of\\nthis range. The Alleghanies proper are about 1300 miles long, with an\\naverage width of about 70 miles. North of the 40th parallel of latitude\\nthey are known as the Blue Mountains, and south of that parallel as\\nthe Blue Ridge. Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina, 6732 feet high,\\nwas long thought to be the highest peak of the range, but it is now known\\nthat that pre-eminence belongs to Mount Clingman, in the same State,\\nwhich rises to the height of 6941 feet. The remainiug principal mountains\\nof this chain and its spurs and outlines are, with their respective heights,\\nin the White Mountains, Mount Washington, 6234 feet, and Mount Adams,\\n5960 feet; in the Adiroudacks, Mount Marcy, 5402 feet; and in the Maine\\nHighlands, Mount Katahdin, 5385 feet.\\nThe Rocky Mountain system is a part of the great American chain\\nwhich extends ii-om the Arctic Ocean to the most southern point of South\\nAmerica. The main chain of this system extends in a southerly direction\\nentirely across the United States, forming the water-shed between the\\nAtlantic and Pacific Oceans. From the boundary of British America to\\nthe 38th parallel of latitude this chain is known as the Rocky Mountains,\\nand thence to the southern boundary of the United States it is called the\\nSierra Madre, a Spanish name signifying Mother Range. A spur called\\nthe Black Hills branches ofi at the 40th parallel, and extends north-\\neast nearly to the Missouri River. An expedition under the command of\\nGeneral Custer penetrated this region during the months of July tind\\nAugust, 1874, and it was reported that large quantities of gold were then", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 155\\ndiscovered upon one of the Indian reservations, but the truth of this report\\nwas denied by Professor Winchell, the chief geologist of the party. The\\nprincipal peaks of the Rocky Mountains, with their respective heights, are\\nFremont s Peak, 13,750 feet; Long s Peak, 14,270 feet, and Pike s Peak,\\n14,147 feet.\\nThe California or Pacific system consists of the Coast Mountains, the\\nSierra Nevada (Spanish for Snowy Range, the word Nevada mean-\\ning literally white as snow and the Cascade Range. The Coast Moun-\\ntains extend along the Pacific coast from the southern boundary of Cali-\\nfornia to Vancouver s Island. They are covered with vegetation to their\\nsummits, but the loftier heights of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada\\nare barren and inaccessible, many of the peaks being perpetually covered\\nwith snow. The Sierra Nevada branches off from the Coast Mountains\\nat the 35th parallel of latitude, and extends in a northerly direction to\\nabout the 43d parallel, where it is merged into the Cascade Range, which\\nis the loftiest chain of mountains in the United States. The principal\\npeaks of the Pacific system are, with their respective heights. Mount St.\\nElias, in Alaska, 17,900 feet; Mount Fairweather, also in Alaska, 14,700\\nfeet; and south of Vancouver s Island, Mount Hood, 14,000 feet; Mount\\nShasta, 14,000 feet, and Mouut St. Helens, 13,300 feet. Several of these\\nare volcanoes, and Mount Hood, in Oregon, and Mount St. Helens, iu\\nWashington, have both been seen in a state of eruption.\\nThe great lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario, com-\\nprising together an area of 92,000 square miles, contain most of the lake\\nwaters in the United States. The boundary-line between Canada and the\\nUnited States passes through the middle of all except Lake Michigan, which\\nlies entirely within the territory of the latter. The area of Lake Superior\\nis 31,500 square miles, its length is 480 miles, and its average depth 1000\\nfeet. The area of Lake Huron is 23,100 square miles, its length is 252\\nmiles, and its average depth 1000 feet. The area of Lake Michigan is\\n23,150 square miles, its length is 320 miles, and its average depth 1000\\nfeet. By accurate observations it has been ascertained that this lake has\\na lunar tidal wave of about three inches. The area of Lake Erie is 7800\\nsquare miles, its length 250 miles, and its average de2:)th 120 feet. The\\narea of Lake Ontai io is 6900 square miles, its length is 190 miles, and its\\naverage depth 500 feet. The value of these lakes to the commerce of the\\nUnited States can scarcely be over-estimated, as they form, in connection\\nwith the St. Lawrence River, a natural outlet for one of the i-ichest grain-\\nproducing countries in the world. A vessel of six hundred tons burden\\ncan be loaded with grain at Chicago and taken to Liverpool, getting\\naround Niagara Falls by the use of the Welland Canal.\\nIn describing in a general way the surface of the United States, all\\ngeographers have freely used the principle of hydrodynamics, upon which", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "156 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nrests the assertion that water will not run up hill. In other words,\\nthey have divided the country into regions answering to the great river\\nsystems, considering as one division all the country drained by any one\\nsystem. They have not, however, arrived at the same results, but for our\\njiurpose the following divisions will suffice 1st. The St. Lawrence Basin,\\nincluding the country drained by rivers flowing into the St. Lawrence, or\\ninto the chain of great lakes of which that river is the outlet. 2d. The\\nAtlantic Slope, drained by rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, or into\\nthe Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi. 3d. The Mississippi Valley,\\ndrained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. 4th. The Texas Slope,\\ndrained by rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico west of the Mississipj)i.\\n5th. The Pacific Slope, the rivers of which flow into the Pacific Ocean.\\n6th. The Great Inland Basin, in which the rivers are lost in the sand or\\nby evaporation, or flow into some lake which has no outlet. 7th, The\\nbasin of the Red River of the North, including a small tract of about\\n20,000 square miles, the waters of which make their way to Hudson s Bay\\nthrough the river above mentioned, Lake Winnipeg and Nelson s River.\\nThe boundary which separates one basin or slope from another is called\\nthe water-shed, because the waters on different sides of that line go in\\ndifferent directions. Sometimes this consists of a lofty chain of mountains,\\nbut more often it is a less elevated ridge. A mythical account has been\\npublished of a house so accurately placed upon the line between the Mis-\\nsissippi Valley and the Atlantic Slope that the water from one side of the\\nroof ran off to the Atlantic, while that from the other side made its way\\nto the Mississippi.\\nThe St. Lawrence Basin embraces a part of Vermont, New York, Penn-\\nsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and all of\\nMichigan. The entire region is a well-watered, fertile plain, varying in\\nelevation above the level of the sea from 300 to 1500 feet. The rivers of\\nthis system within the United States are insignificant. The Atlantic Slope\\nembraces all the New England States except Vermont, all of New Jersey,\\nDelaware, the District of Columbia, South Carolina and Florida, and a\\npart of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland,\\nNorth Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. It consists of a sea-\\nboard plain and an upper belt, which constitutes the true slope. Its\\nrivers generally flow through a mountainous or hilly country, and are\\nobstructed by rapids not far from the sea. On this account they are not\\nusually navigable for any great distance, but large vessels can ascend the\\nHudson River to Hudson, the Delaware to Philadelphia, and the Potomac\\nto Washington. The passage of these rivers through mountain-gorges and\\nover steep descents is often marked by the most striking scenes of natural\\nbeauty, and the water-power furnished by their rapids and falls is immense,\\ngiving rise to large manufacturing cities. The soil of the Atlantic Slope", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 157\\nis varied in its character. In the northern portion, which has been longest\\nunder cultivation, it has been so thoroughly worked as to require the use\\nof fertilizers to a much greater extent than the fresh soil of the Western\\nprairies, but the nearness to large city markets and the great wealth of this\\nsection of country amply compensate for the requisite outlay. South of\\nthe Roanoke the plain near the coast abounds in swamps, but there are\\nalso extended sandy tracts covered with pine forests, and a large extent of\\nrich alluvial soil. The upper belt or true slope is a well-watered, beau-\\ntiful and fertile section one of the richest districts of the United States.\\nThe Mississippi Valley embraces portions of New York, Pennsylvania,\\nMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis-\\niana, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota, Montana,\\nWyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas, and all of Kentucky, Ten-\\nnessee, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian Terri-\\ntory. It covers more than 1,300,000 square miles, more than one-third\\nof the entire area of the United States, including Alaska, and is for the\\nmost part a region of unrivalled fertility. That portion which is east\\nof the Mississippi River has a very gradual ascent to the base of the\\nAlleghany Mountains, the average elevation being about 500 feet. This\\nis a magnificent, undulating country, well watered, and blessed with a rich\\nsoil and a favorable climate. Formerly it was almost covered with dense\\nforests, but the woods have now to a great extent disappeared, to give\\nplace to crops adapted to its varying climatic conditions. West of the\\nMississippi the character of the surface changes, and it spreads out into\\nslightly-rolling or perfectly-level prairies, covered with long grass, with\\nscarcely a tree or shrub except on the banks of streams. From the Missis-\\nsippi to the Rocky Mountains the land has a gradual ascent of about six\\nfeet to the mile.\\nThe principal rivers of this valley are the Mississippi, the Missouri and\\nthe Ohio. The source of the Mississippi River is Itasca Lake, in Min-\\nnesota, which is not more than fifteen miles from Elbow Lake, the source\\nof the Red River of the North. Its length is 2900 miles, and it is navi-\\ngable for steamboats from the Gulf of Mexico to the Falls of St. Anthony,\\na distance of 2200 miles. The uniformity of its width is remarkable, as\\nit is about half a mile wide at New Orleans, and does not matei ially vary\\nfrom that width, except at the bends, for more than 2000 miles. Even\\nwhen the Missouri, with a stream more than half a mile wide, joins it, the\\nriver below is not so broad as either one above. It contains many islands,\\nwhich have been numbered below the mouth of the Ohio, but as many\\nhave been washed away, while others are continually forming, the numbers\\nare now very irregular. The Missouri River is really the main stream, as\\nit is somewhat larger at the point of junction, and the combined stream\\nreceives from it its most distinguishing characteristics. It rises in the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "158 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nRocky Mountains, and the springs which form its source are not more\\nthan a mile from the head-waters of the Columbia. Its waters are turbid\\nand muddy, while those of the Mississippi above the junction of the rivers\\nare comparatively clear; hence the name, Missouri, which means Smoky\\nRiver, or, by another interpretation, Mud River. Its length to the\\njunction is 3096 miles, more than twice that of the Upper Mississippi to\\nthe same point, and this gives the Missouri another very strong claim to\\nbe considered the parent stream. It is navigable for more than 2500\\nmiles, and when this distance is added to the length of the lower Mis-\\nsissippi (1410 miles) the sum-total shows a continuous navigable river\\nnearly 4000 miles long. Its entire length, taken in connection with the\\nsame addition, is 4506 miles, making the longest river in the world. We\\nhave given so much space to these details in order to explain the various\\ncalculations of the length of the Mississippi. As that name has been\\ngiven to, and clings to, the lower stream, some geographers, owing to\\ntheir anxiety to give this country proper credit for the possession of the\\nmightiest of rivers, have stated the combined length of the Missouri and\\nthe lower. part of the Mississippi in connection with the name of the latter\\nstrearn. Their figures then vary from 4100 miles to the number which we\\nhave given. Others have stated, in connection with the same name, the\\nlength of the Mississippi proper, making it 2800 or 2900 miles, hence a\\nconfusion has arisen with reference to this matter in the minds of many\\npeople, of whom it is our hope that some, at least, may see and be bene-\\nfited by this explanation. The Ohio River is formed in the western\\npart of Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg, by the junction of the Monongahela\\nand Alleghany Rivers. By the latter the drainage-valley of the Mississippi\\nis extended into New York, and in Potter county. Pa., it reaches a point\\nwhere the Mississippi Valley, the St. Lawrence Basin and the Atlantic\\nSlope are so near to one another that over an extent of a few acres it is a\\nmere chance whether the water which falls upon the surface reaches the\\nocean by the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of St. Lawrence or Chesapeake\\nBay. The length of the Ohio is about 1000 miles, and it is navigable for\\nsteamboats throughout its whole course, with the exception of a rocky\\nrapid at Louisville, which is avoided by the use of a canal two and a half\\nmiles long. Its current is generally uniform, smooth and placid, but it is\\nsubject to sudden elevations and depressions, having been known to rise\\ntwelve feet in a single night. Other large rivers of this system, with their\\nrespective lengths, are\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Yellowstone, 550 miles the Platte, 2000\\nmiles; the Kansas, 1200 miles; the Arkansas, 2000 miles, and the Red\\nRiver, 1500 miles. All of these are navigable for long distances, and\\nthis great river system is as valuable to the country as 10,000 additional\\nmiles of sea-coast would be.\\nThe Texas Slope embraces nearly all of Texas and New Mexico, and", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 159\\npart of Colorado aud Louisiana. It consists of, 1st. A low plain border-\\ning immediately upon the gulf, which is an extremely fertile region 2d.\\nA gently-undulating prairie-country, gradually rising toward the north-east\\nto the elevation of a thousand feet, which is also fertile and admirably\\nadapted for grazing; 3d. A lofty table-laud, traversed in the western part\\nby several ranges of mountains; while the eastern part is a barren plain,\\nnearly as large as the State of Pennsylvania, called by the Mexicans the\\nLlano Estacado, or Staked Plain, because they drove stakes into the\\nground to mark out their route across it. The principal rivers are the\\nRio Grande (Spanish for Great River), which is 1800 miles long, aud the\\nTexan Colorado River (there is another river of the same name on the\\nPacific Slope), the length of which is 900 miles.\\nThe Pacific Slope embraces the greater part of California, all of Ore-\\ngon, and a part of Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming,\\nNew Mexico and Arizona Territories. It forms three separate divisions,\\nthe northern, southern and Avestern. The northern division embraces the\\nsection north of the Great Inland Basin, between the Rocky Mountains\\naud the Cascade Range. This entire region is a table-land with an aver-\\nage elevation of from 2500 to 3000 feet above the sea, and it is traversed\\nby many broken mountain-ridges. It is a region of general sterility, with\\nthe exception of some valleys where the soil is better constituted for fer-\\ntility and the rains are more abundant but even these oases are better\\nadapted for grazing than for agriculture. The southern division includes\\nthe country lying between the Wahsatch and Rocky Mountains, which is\\ndrained by rivers flowing into the Gulf of California. It is in general a\\ntable-land, with an average elevation of about 4000 feet above the level\\nof the sea, and it is traversed, like the northern division, by many broken\\nmountain-ranges. The western division embraces the country between the\\nCoast Mountains and the Pacific, and the valleys between this chain and\\nthe Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. This is a region 1200 miles in\\nlength by 120 miles in breadth, containing an area of about 144,000\\nsquare miles. It is well watered aud exceedingly fertile, and is the only\\nextensive section of the Pacific Slope which is naturally capable of sup-\\njwrting a dense population. In the southern part of this division, so\\nextraordinary are the prolific influences of the soil and climate, that the\\ngrasses, trees, fruit and grains attain a very remarkable development.\\nThe soil of other portions of the Pacific Slope is not hopelessly barren, for\\nit has been discovered that in many places where it was deemed almost\\nirreclaimable it could be made to produce excellent crops by the use of\\nartificial irrigation.\\nThe principal rivers of the Pacific Slope are the Colorado, the Columbia\\nand the Sacramento. The Colorado is one of the most remarkable rivers\\nin the world. Rising from numerous sources ten or twelve thousand feet", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "160 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nabove the level of the sea, ou the western side of the Rocky Mountains,\\nthis great river descends into the plateau of the same name, through which\\nit has worn its present wondrous channel, the walls of which sink down\\nperpendicularly from the edge of the table-land for a distance of more\\nthan 300 miles. The distance from the top of the bank to the surface of\\nthe river varies from 1000 to 6000 feet. The most remarkable part of its\\ncourse is the Big Canon, canon (pronounced can-yone being a Spanish\\nword meaning the place of passage of a river between perpendicular rocky\\nwalls of great height. The Big Canon is in the north-western corner of\\nArizona Territory, and begins at the mouth of the Diamond River, about\\n35 miles from Yamais Village. At this point its walls have an altitude of\\n3000 feet, but a few miles farther eastward the table-land rises to the alti-\\ntude of more than 7000 feet above the sea, and the vast cliffs of the canon\\ntower to the height of more than a mile above the stream. The length of\\nthe Colorado is about 1100 miles. The Columbia has its sources in the\\nRocky Mountaius, and plunging from these lofty ranges in cataracts and\\nrapids through canons more than 1000 feet in height enters the Pacific\\nafter a course of 1200 miles. The passage of the Columbia River through\\nthe Cascade Mountains, which is known as The Cascades, is a scene of\\ngreat grandeur and beauty. The Sacramento and its tributary, the San\\nJoaquin, drain one of the richest countries in the world, viz., the famous\\ngold-producing valleys of California.\\nThe Great Inland Basin, sometimes called Fremont s Basin, embraces\\nnearly all of Nevada and parts of Oregon, California, Idaho and Utah.\\nThis singular region is a plateau with an average elevation of 5000 feet\\nabove the level of the sea, surrounded by rugged mountains. It is a\\ndreary, desolate country, abounding in salt lakes and alkaline springs\\ni. e., springs strongly impregnated with carbonate of soda and other alka-\\nline ingredients and it has a system of lakes and rivers of its own, having\\nno connection with the ocean. Great Salt Lake is 291 miles in circum-\\nference, and has an area of 1875 square miles. Its water is almost satu-\\nrated with salt, the amount of saline matter being so large that no living\\nthing can exist in it. It contains about 22 per cent, of chloride of sodium,\\nand forms one of the purest and most concentrated brines known. Utah\\nLake, a beautiful sheet of pure fresh water, thirty miles long and about\\nten miles broad, communicates with Great Salt Lake through the River\\nJordan, which is fifty miles long.\\nThe longest river in the Great Inland Basin is the Humboldt River,\\nwhich empties into Humboldt Lake, called its sink, because there is no\\noutlet. This river is 350 miles long, but is in no place larger than a mill-\\nstream.\\nThe basin of the Red River of the North embraces a part of Minnesota\\nand Dakota. It is a plain elevated about 1500 feet above the level of the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 161\\nsea, and is similar in all respects to the adjoining regions which are drained\\nby the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence. We have already noted how-\\nnear the source of the principal river of this system is to that of the Mis-\\nsissippi. The elevation of the water-shed between them is so slight that\\nduring high water, caused by heavy rains, boats can pass from one basin\\ninto the other.\\nCLIMATE, RAINFALL AND STORMS.\\nClimate.^- We use the word climate in its popular sense, as applying\\nmainly to the temperature; but technically the climate of a country sig-\\nnifies its condition relative to all those atmospheric phenomena which\\ninfluence organized beings. The degree of heat, the winds, the rainfall,\\nthe changes in atmospheric weight as indicated by the barometer, are all\\ncomprehended under this term when correctly applied, although popular\\nusage is satisfied with describing a climate as warm or cold. Taking the\\nword in its correct sense, as given above, the climate of a country is a\\nsubject of the greatest importance. The great variety of climate to be\\nfound within the limits of the United States has doubtless been one of the\\nleading reasons for the rapid development of their resources of every de-\\nscription. It seems to indicate that a bountiful Providence designed this\\nlaud for the home of the oppressed of every land and clime.\\nThe first subject claiming our attention, then, is the temperature; and\\nas this article does not claim to be a treatise on the science of physical\\ngeography, we shall deal mainly with the average annual temperature,\\nunless some other average is specified. Some definitions are requisite,\\nhowever, for those who have not made physical geography the subject of\\nspecial study. The very name indicates that the average annual tempera-\\nture of a place is the result obtained by daily taking observations of the\\nthermometer for a year at that place (usually three times a day), adding\\nup the sum of the degrees of all the observations taken, then dividing that\\nsum by the number of these observations. The quotient will be the av-\\nerage for one year but it is thought necessary to take the averages for\\nseveral years, ten if possible, add them together and divide by the number\\nof years, thus obtaining a new general average, the correctness of which\\nwill, of course, depend upon the number of years taken. Now, it is true\\nthat the equator is warmer than the poles, and that generally the climate\\nis colder on approaching the poles, and warmer on approaching the equator.\\nIt was, however, very soon discovered by those of modern times who first\\ngave attention to this subject that the latitude of a place does not deter-\\nmine its climate, any more than the length of its longest day a mode of\\nestimating which was handed down from the second century of our era,\\nand which amounts, of course, to the same thing as reckoning by the lati-\\ntude. The wider the range of geographical knowledge was extended, the\\n11", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "162 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmore plainly it became evident that countries in the same latitude did not\\nnecessarily have the same temperature; nay, more, the thoughtful student\\nof history detected the fact that in the course of a century or more a de-\\ncided change might take place in the temperature of a whole country.\\nSome interesting remarks of this nature are made in Observations on the\\nClimate in different Parts of America, by Dr. Hugh Williamson, published\\nin 1811. He says It is well known that in the Atlantic States the cold\\nof our winters is greatly moderated. As the surface of the country is\\ncleared, a greater quantity of heat is reflected the air becomes warmer,\\nand the north-west winds are checked in their progress. It is generally\\nadmitted that in Massachusetts and New Hampshire the quantity of snow\\nthat fell during the winter fifty years ago was more than [the] double of\\nwhat has fallen in any .winter for several years past. The river Delaware,\\nin the latitude of forty degrees, used to be frozen by the middle of No-\\nvember, but of late it has seldom been frozen before Christmas and there\\nare winters in which it is never frozen across. As the westerly winds\\ndecrease the easterly winds prevail. They have become more frequent\\nand they extend to a greater distance across the country than before. It\\nis well known that ships from Europe make their passages now in less time\\nby one-third than they required about fifty years ago for the north-west-\\nerly winds that formerly prevailed on the coast frequently kept oflT the\\nshipping for several weeks. They are now favored by easterly winds,\\nwhich have increased so much of late that they are likely to be our pre-\\nvailing winds during the summer. These remarks, which we have given\\nat length, as being specially appropriate in a work of historical and sta-\\ntistical information, were written six years before Humboldt placed the\\nscience of climatology upon a comparatively firm basis by publishing his\\nIsothermal Lines, and the Distribution of Heat on the Surface of the Globe.\\nAn isothermal line is a line passing through all those places where the\\naverage annual temperature is the same. Now, if the latitude of a place\\ndetermined its climate, the isothermal lines would all run in the same\\ndirection as the parallels of latitude every place, for instance, where the\\naverage annual temperature is 59\u00c2\u00b0 F. would be in the same latitude, and\\nthe line connecting those places would consequently pass directly around\\nthe earth without altering its distance from the equator or from the nearest\\npole. This, however, is not the case. While in Europe this isothermal\\nline of 59\u00c2\u00b0 goes as high as the 42d parallel of north latitude, in America\\nit descends as low as the 35th parallel, so that the mean annual temperature\\nat Beaufort, N. C, is nearly the same as that of Rome, although the dif-\\nference in latitude is more than seven degrees. It is not necessary to go\\nto Europe for examples. The isothermal line of 50\u00c2\u00b0 F. passes through New\\nHaven, Conn., Pittsburg, Pa., and Burlington, Iowa, then near Fort Lar-\\namie, Wyoming Territory, in latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0 12 N., it turns due south and", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 163\\nnearly touches the 35th parallel of latitude, then, after crossiag the Rocky\\nMountains, it turns sharply to the north and crosses the 50th parallel of\\nlatitude in the neighborhood of Vancouver s Island. Fort Vancouver, W.\\nT., and the city of New York have, therefore, nearly the same mean annual\\ntemperature. We have given so much upon this subject, and shall give\\nmore, because this important matter is not generally understood, and great\\ninjustice is thereby done to a large section of this country. The following\\nremarks from the Agriculturist for May, 1872, are worthy of considera-\\ntion: On April 10 we received by mail a cluster o/ peach blossoms,\\nplucked on March 18 at Olyrapia, Washington Territory. Coming at a\\ndate when our own peach trees were still enjoying their winter s rest, it\\noccui red to us to say a word about the climate of the North-west. There\\nis a general impression that Oregon, Washington Tei-ritory and Montana\\nmust be very cold, as they are so far north, forgetting that isothermal lines\\n(lines of the same temperature) do not correspond with parallels of lati-\\ntude. The mean temperature for four cold mouths (December, 1871, and\\nJanuary, February and March, 1872) is then given for the following\\nplaces: Louisville, Ky., 34\u00c2\u00b0; St. Louis, Mo., 31|\u00c2\u00b0; Chicago, 26\u00c2\u00b0; Balti-\\nmore, 33P; Philadelphia, 30\u00c2\u00b0; Washington, 33\u00c2\u00b0; New York, 29|; He-\\nlena, Montana, 30\u00c2\u00b0 Kalama, W. T., 36\u00c2\u00b0. The editor of the Agriculturist\\nthen continues The temperature at Helena, Montana, may properly be\\ntaken as a fair average for the territory. It is on the general route of the\\nNorthern Pacific Railroad, directly in the mountains, and but a few hun-\\ndred feet below the highest point on the line. Notwithstanding the past\\nwinter has been the coldest ever known in Montana, it will be observed\\nthat the average temperature at Helena (latitude 46 i\u00c2\u00b0) for the four months\\nwas the same as that of Philadelphia, although the latter city is 4200 feet\\nlower and 450 miles farther south. Similar comparisons may be made\\nwith Chicago and other cities. The average winter temperature at Kal-\\nama, Washington Territory, on the finished portion of the Northern Pacific\\nroad (in latitude 46\u00c2\u00b0), was several degrees warmer than at Louisville or\\nBaltimore, in latitude 39\u00c2\u00b0. The gx-eatest cold of the past winter at Kalama\\nwas 14\u00c2\u00b0 above zero.\\nAn examination of a map upon which the isothermal lines are marked\\nwill show the great difference made in the climate by the Rocky Mount-\\nains and the warm winds from the Pacific Ocean, though some of the\\nwindings baffle all ordinary eflTorts to give their causes. The reader will\\nplease remember that (unless otherwise specified) the lines referred to in\\nwhat follows are those divisible by five, as 45\u00c2\u00b0, 50\u00c2\u00b0, etc. The coui se of\\nthe line of 50\u00c2\u00b0 has already been described. The other lines, from 50\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n65\u00c2\u00b0, inclusive, are also comparatively straight east of the RockyMount-\\nains, running nearly parallel with the equator, but the line of 45\u00c2\u00b0 seems\\nto have struck out an independent course. It passes near Dover, N. H.,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "164 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nthen turns north, traversing nearly the whole State of Vermont, and pay-\\ning a visit to the British possessions. Its course is then nearly due west,\\npassing nearKingston (Ontario) and Toronto, and through St. Paul, Minn.;\\nthen it slants off to the north-west and takes another dip into British\\nAmerica, crossing the 50th parallel of latitude; then it sweeps around\\ntoward the south and comes down to a point within a hundred miles of\\nSanta Fe then it crosses the Kocky Mountains, after which, with a course\\nnearly due north, it makes again for British America, crossing the bound-\\nary at a point a few miles west of the Rocky Mountains. The way in\\nwhich these lines approach each other near Santa Fe is one of the most\\npuzzling phenomena of climatology. Five of them pass so near to the\\ncapital of New Mexico that any one who is at Santa Fe can have his\\nchoice of climate varying in average temperature from 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 65\u00c2\u00b0, without\\ngoing more than three hundred miles to the south or one hundred miles\\nto the north.\\nWe hope that the reader will pardon us for the length to which we have\\ndrawn these remarks, for it is impossible to treat this important subject\\nproperly without entering somewhat into detail. Many who have not\\nmade the science of climatology a subject of special study are still under\\nthe thraldom of the old climatic division of the earth into the Torrid,\\nNorth Temperate, South Temperate, North Frigid and South Frigid zones.\\nTo such it may seem to be a species of treason to break loose from that\\nthraldom. We offer for their consideration the following remarks of the\\nHon. Lorin Blodget, the highest authority with reference to the climate\\nof the United States, whose work elicited an expression of strong approval\\nfrom the illustrious Baron Humboldt The definition of zones, which\\nwas so long in vogue, has really no place in nature, and the actual mea-\\nsures of heat alone constitute the various belts of climate. With the\\nvariable surface and continental position of the temperate latitudes, no\\ndefinition is possible except from actual measurement, and belts actually\\nvary much more than could be inferred from any theory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 at the Pacific\\ncoast of this continent in a manner incredible, if the statistics were not so\\nabundant and conclusive. A summer heat of the fiercest character, as at\\nFort Miller, San Joaquin Valley, California, is but a few miles removed\\nfrom a summer of even more extreme refrigeration, cold enough to require\\nwinter clothing at the midday of the summer. Both of these points are\\nconstant or fixed, and not less important as physical facts than the pres-\\nence of the mountains of the vicinity. To give these measures of heat a\\npermanent form for temperate latitudes requires an actual survey, as it\\nmay be called, of every considerable district and the accumulation of the\\nstatistical elements of thermometric observation. Though the isothermal\\nlines may appear an arbitrary or artificial mode of representation, they\\nare; in truth, less artificial than the measures of temperature, since the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 165\\nnomenclature of the thermometer is wholly artificial. If anything could\\nbe added to strengthen these remarks, it may be the statement that no\\nmode of representing climates could be found more arbitrary, artificial or\\nwide of the truth than the old division into zones. The reader will now\\nbe enabled to understand why it is that the United States, though not pos-\\nsessing a square mile of land within the tropics, contain some regions in\\nwhich the climate is what is called tropical. Professor Guyot says:\\nThe true torrid zone may be regarded as terminating, on each side of the\\nequator, at the isothermal of 70\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit, beyond which the character-\\nistic plants and animals of tropical regions disappear. Portions of Flor-\\nida, of Texas and of California which lie south of the isothermal of 70\u00c2\u00b0\\nare, therefore, in the true torrid zone. Professor Guyot makes another\\nstatement, upon which, as its acceptance would discredit a great part of\\nwhat we have just written, we feel obliged to put a large grain of salt fur-\\nnished by the highest scientific authority. He says In tracing the\\nisothermals, according to Humboldt s example, the local influence of alti-\\ntude is usually eliminated. This is done, as in the accompanying map, by\\nadding to the observed temperature of a place 1\u00c2\u00b0 for every 333 feet of its\\nelevation, thus reducing the temperature to that which the place would\\nhave if situated at the level of the sea. While this statement is strictly\\ntrue with reference to European physicists, among whom Professor Guyot,\\nby his method, may be classed, in America the nature of the country is\\nsuch that a series of isothermal lines drawn upon the plan mentioned by\\nProfessor Guyot would be, for all practical purposes, worse than worthless.\\nSuppose, for instance, that the average annual temperature at a station\\nsituated 7000 feet above the level of the sea is ascertained by actual obser-\\nvation to be 49\u00c2\u00b0 above zero. This statement would give its true tempera-\\nture; but if the rule be applied, twenty-one degrees must be added to the\\nnumber given, and the station which has a very temperate climate would\\nthen belong on the isothermal line of 70\u00c2\u00b0, which, as Guyot has just informed\\nus, is at the edge of the true torrid zone. Of what practical value is a\\npurely theoretical climate which can only be found by burrowing down to\\nthe sea-level The very influence which modifies the climate is thus made\\nuse of to vitiate the statement of the temperature, and the greater the\\naltitude of the stations, the more unreliable are the isothermal lines drawn\\nthrough them. We have been assured by the Hon. Lorin Blodget that\\nthe isothermal lines drawn on the charts accompanying his Climatology of\\nthe United States represent actual climates, no such allowance as that sug-\\ngested by Professor Guyot having been made. As Mr. Blodget s lines\\nhave been followed in nearly all of the published charts (those of Warren,\\nProfessor Brocklesby and others), the reader will understand that the\\nremarks of Guyot refer almost exclusively to his own charts and to those\\nof European savans. One eminent American scientist attempted to use", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "166 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthis foreign method, and presented a chart drawn in accordance with its\\nrequirements for the inspection of one of our learned societies, but the\\nexperiment was not deemed a success by his associates.\\nTlie climate of America was so misrepresented during the eighteenth\\ncentury by European writers that the book by Dr. Williamson from Avhich\\nwe have quoted was written in its defence. How great an injustice was\\ndone will appear from Williamson s complaint: America is described by\\nwriters of great celebrity [Buffon, Reynolds, Robertson and Kames] as a\\nworld lately risen from the ocean as a country in which the frigid tem-\\nperature of the air seems to be impressed upon its animal productions as\\na country in which some vice of the climate, or some combination of the\\nelements, prevents the expansion of animated nature, and causes man and\\nbeast to degenerate; a country for which a new and inferior race of men\\nhas been created. Dr. Williamson combats these assertions with great\\nzeal and vigor. He enters into an elaborate argument to disprove the\\nassertion of Kames that Indians have no beards, and, like a skilful advo-\\ncate, he grudges neither labor nor pains to find materials for his plea.\\nWe have given elsewhere in this article some of his statements with refer-\\nence to the changes in the climate of America caused by settlement and\\ncultivation. He says in another place: When our ancestors came to\\nNew England, the seasons and weather were uniform and regular. Au-\\ntumn began with September, and the winter set in about the end of\\nNovember, continuing until the end of February, when the spring began,\\nand advanced without sudden fluctuations in temperature. The summer\\nlasted but six weeks, and was insufferably hot. Now the seasons are totally\\naltered, and the weather is far more changeable: the autumn begins and\\nends later, and the winter does not set in, in its severity, before the first of\\nDecember. It was Dr. Williamson s object to compare the present state\\nof the climate in these parts with observations that were made fifty or sixty\\nyears ago. If it will appear that the climate of the United States is mate-\\nrially altered in the memory of man, it will then be proper to consider what\\nhas been the cause of that alteration whether the cause is capable of pro-\\nducing great effects, and how long it may be expected to operate. In\\nestimating the power of the cause of that alteration, the patriotism of\\nDr. Williamson carries him to great lengths. He says, for instance, Cold\\nclimates are greatly improved by cultivation. When a considerable part\\nof our mountains shall be subjected to the plough, and the Atlantic States\\nshall be fully peopled, I deem it probable that cotton will be produced in\\nPennsylvania and oranges in Maryland. While it is true that changes\\nare caused by cultivation and the clearing away of forests, there is a limit\\nto the power of such causes. Professor Brocklesby says: In countries\\ncovered by dense forests the winters are longer and more uniform in tem-\\nperature than in dry cultivated regions, and in summer the mean tempera-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 167\\nture of the latter is higher than that of the former. When the woods are\\nlevelled and the surface of the earth is exposed to the light of the sun, the\\nsummer becomes longer and the winter less uniform in temperature. The\\nclimate of New England has been changed in this manner (as is shown\\nabove) within the past two hundred and fifty years but the causes men-\\ntioned have by this time exhausted their force, and no one expects the\\nintroduction of a tropical or semi-tropical climate into the land of hasty\\npudding.\\nThere is another important fact the statement of which will explain why\\nit is that Helena, Montana, and other places which are situated at a con-\\nsiderable distance above the level of the sea and in comparatively high\\nlatitudes, can have so mild a climate as that which they certainly possess.\\nIt is the general impression that the greater the elevation of a place above\\nthe level of the sea, the colder is its climate. This is in the main true,\\nbut there is an important exception to this rule which some of the earlier\\nphysical geographers have not sufficiently dwelt upon viz., that upon\\nlofty plateaus or table-lands, where large areas of surface are raised above\\nthe level of the sea, the effect of the altitude seems to be counteracted by\\nthe extent of land exposed to the action of the sun. Denver, Colorado,\\nis 6000 feet above the level of the sea, and yet it is as warm as Baltimore,\\nwhich is in the same latitude. At Fort Benton, Montana (latitude 47\u00c2\u00b0 50),\\nwhich is nearly 2700 feet above the level of the sea, the average tempera-\\nture is 10\u00c2\u00b0 warmer than at St. John s, Newfoundland, which is one-third of a\\ndegree further south and (at the point where the observations were taken)\\n140 feet above the sea-level.\\nThe important question now arises, How does the climate of the United\\nStates compare with that of various parts of Europe and of Asia There\\nare, perhaps, few questions which have received so many conflicting and\\nirreconcilable answers as the one which we have just stated. Williamson\\nsays (writing in 1811): The medium temperature of our winters in the\\nNorthern States of America has been marked at twenty-eight degrees\\nbelow the temperature of corresponding latitudes in Europe, and the me-\\ndium temperature of our summers at eight degrees above the temperature\\nof similar latitudes. He was not, however, prepared to receive this state-\\nment as a positive truth, for he continues Hasty conclusions have been\\ndrawn from observations of this kind without considering the climate in\\nother parts of America, the changes which cultivation has produced in the\\nclimate of the old continent, or the changes which the same cause has\\nalready produced in some parts of America. We have frequently heard\\nthe general statement that, As a rule, the climate at every place in Amer-\\nica is the same as that at a point in Europe ten degrees farther north.\\nWe have already shown that the average annual temperature at Beaufort,\\nN. C, is the same as that at Rome, though the difference in latitude is", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "168 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nnearly seven degrees. New York and Dublin have about the same mean\\ntemperature, though the difference in latitude is 13\u00c2\u00b0 and near Lake Su-\\nperior, in latitude 50, the same mean temperature is found as at the North\\nCape, in latitude 72\u00c2\u00b0. There is evidently a difference, but ten degrees of\\nlatitude do not fit in at every point as the proper number. The eastern\\nportion of America is colder than the western portion of Europe, and the\\ndifference in temperature increases on approaching the north pole.\\nAnother point which is certain is that the climate in the eastern portion\\nof America is changeable. We once heard an Englishman say with great\\nemphasis, while shivering under the influence of one of the coldest days\\nof a winter on the Atlantic Slope, This is a terrible climate. In the\\nsummer the weather is intolerably hot, and the winter is worse. This is\\nsomething which the average annual temperature does not indicate. Pro-\\nfessor Loomis says, in his excellent Treatise on Meteorologxj The mean\\ntemperature of New York is the same as that of Liverpool, yet the differ-\\nence between the mean temperature of the three summer months and that\\nof the three winter months is twice as great in New York as in Liverpool.\\nThroughout England the heat of summer is insufficient to ripen Indian\\ncorn, while the ivy which grows luxuriantly in England can scarcely sur-\\nvive the severe winters of New York. In New York (latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0 33\\nthe thermometer has risen to 104\u00c2\u00b0, while in Singapore, Malacca (latitude\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 17 N. i.e., it is nearly under the equator), the thermometer has never\\nbeen known to rise above 95\u00c2\u00b0. On the other hand, in New York, the\\nthermometer has fallen as low as 10\u00c2\u00b0 below zero, while at Singapore it has\\nnever, so far as is known, gone below 66\u00c2\u00b0 above zero. The range of the\\nthermometer at New York is therefore 114\u00c2\u00b0, while at Singapore it is only\\n29\u00c2\u00b0. This is not the largest range known in the United States. At Al-\\nbany, N. Y., the range is 131\u00c2\u00b0; at Kinderhook, N. Y., and Chicago, 111.,\\nit is 132\u00c2\u00b0; at Montgomery, N. Y., and Fort Snelling, Wis., it is 137\u00c2\u00b0; at\\nFort Howard, Wis., it is 138\u00c2\u00b0; and at Lowville, N. Y., it is 140\u00c2\u00b0. More\\nthan twice the range at Singapore during the entire year has been passed\\nover in a single day in the north-eastern part of the United States. Pro-\\nfessor Loomis says In Hanover, N. H., Feb. 7, 1861, at noon, the ther-\\nmometer stood at 40 degrees above zero; the next morning it stood at 32\\ndegrees below, making a range of severity two degrees in eighteen hours\\nAt Hartford, Conn., at the same time, the thermometer fell sixty degrees in\\nsixteen hours. Such sudden changes (at least through so great a range of tem-\\nperature) are not known in Western Europe. The greater severity of the\\nwind here during the colder months also renders the actual difference to the\\nsenses much more decided than is apparent from examining the thermom-\\neter. Dr. Kane, while in the Arctic regions, found that the temperature of\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 below zero without a wind was more endurable than 10 below zero with\\none. The piercing and violent winds which follow a storm, or a period of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 169\\nwarm weather, appear colder, or are felt to the senses as colder, than the\\nthermometer would indicate, and the intense cold of the winter in the inte-\\nrior is not so uncomfortable as it is at Boston, though the thermometer\\nmay fall many degrees lower. The remark of Mr. Blodget which we\\nhave just quoted ajDplies mainly to the north-eastern part of the United\\nStates, and what we have said of a changeable climate does not refer to the\\ncountry west of the Rocky Mountains.\\nWhen the climate of the Pacific coast is compared with that of the At-\\nlantic coast and of the interior, it is found that the former is much more\\nuniform. San Francisco, St. Louis and Fortress Monroe are in about the\\nsame latitude. The difference between the mean summer and winter tem-\\nperature of San Francisco is less than seven degrees, of St. Jjowi^, forty-four\\ndegrees, and of Fortress Monroe, thirty-six degrees. The Pacific coast has\\na climate very similar to that of Western Europe. The atmosphere is\\ndry and invigorating as far north as the Columbia River. The summers\\nare comparatively cool and the winters warm and equable. These\\npeculiar climatic features, says Professor Brocklesby, are attributed to\\nthe combined influence of the heated regions of the interior and the pres-\\nence of masses of cold water off the coast, which appear to flow down\\nfrom the Arctic Sea.\\nThe climate of that portion of the United States which lies within the\\ntrue torrid zone is also much more uniform than on the North Atlantic\\ncoast and in the interior. The mean annual temperature of eighteen dif-\\nferent places, as reported in the Army Meteorological Register, is 12A^\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe mean summer temperature of the same places is 82.73\u00c2\u00b0, and that of\\nthe winter, 60.31\u00c2\u00b0. The mean annual temperature of Key West, Fla., is\\n76.4\u00c2\u00b0; that of the summer is 82.3\u00c2\u00b0, and that of the winter 69.7\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nmean annual temperature of New Orleans is 67.6\u00c2\u00b0 that of the summer\\nis 79.6\u00c2\u00b0, and that of the winter is 55\u00c2\u00b0. The difference between the mean\\ntemperature of the summer and that of the winter is therefore, at Key\\nWest, less than thirteen degrees, and at New Orleans, twenty-four degrees,\\nwhile at Cambridge, Mass., it is forty-two degrees, at Hanover, N. H.., forty-\\nsix degrees, and at Fort Kent, Maine, it is fifty degrees. Further remarks\\nupon the climate are reserved for the articles on the separate States [see\\nTopography].\\nRainfall. In giving the rainfall, the amount of melted snow is, of\\ncourse, included in the reckoning. Even with this included, the rain of\\nsummer is, in that section which lies east of the Rocky Mountains, every-\\nwhere somewhat greater than the rain of winter. In New England,\\nsays Professor Loomis, the difference between the rain for these two sea-\\nsons is less than 10 per cent. in the State of New York it is nearly 50 per\\ncent.; in Virginia and the Carolinas, 100 per cent.; in Florida, 200 per\\ncent.; in Texas, 75 per cent.; in Ohio, 25 per cent.; in Michigan and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "170 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nWisconsin, 140 per cent. while in Iowa and Kansas it is 300 per cent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthat is, the fall of rain in summer is four times as great as it is in winter.\\nOn the Pacific coast this law is reversed. In California the rain of winter\\nis more than twenty times as great as the rain of summer, and in Oregon\\nit is seven times as great.\\nMuch greater care is required in collecting materials for giving the av-\\nerage yearly rainfall than is requisite for reckoning the average tempera-\\nture. The average temperature of one year at a given point differs very\\nslightly from that of another year at the same place; but rain is the most\\ncapricious of all the meteorological phenomena, both as regards its fre-\\nquency and the amount that falls within a given time. To obtain the\\nmean fall of rain at any place requires the continuance of observations for\\na considerable number of years, for it not unfrequently happens that the\\nrain of one year is double that of some other year at the same place. It\\nis interesting and amusing to notice that so important an observation as\\nthat of the quantity of water falling in rain had its origin, some two hun-\\ndred years ago, in bold doubts of the prevailing theory that fountains and\\nrivers were supplied from internal masses of water arteries and veins of\\nthe sea, circulating the life-blood of the earth. A French author, Denys\\nPapin, printed a work at Paris, in 1674, to prove that the supply of rain\\nand snow-water was sufficient to keep the fountains and rivers constantly\\nrunning. He had taken observations for three years, the result showing\\nan annual fall, respectively, of 18.7 inches, 8J inches and 27J inches. He\\nthen struck the average, making it eighteen inches and two and one-third\\nlines (or tenths). His conclusion was that but a sixth part of the fall was\\nnecessary to keep the rivers and fountains running continuously through\\nthe whole year.\\nThe average annual fall of rain for various States is thus given by Pro-\\nfessor Loomis Alabama and Louisiana, 56 inches Oregon, 49 Florida,\\nVirginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Kentucky, 48 Georgia, 44 Ar-\\nkansas and Missouri, 42 Maryland and Pennsylvania, 41 Ohio and New\\nEngland, 40 New York, 37 Michigan and Wisconsin, 32 Iowa and\\nKansas, 31; Texas, 29; California, 18; New Mexico, 13. This claims,\\nof course, to be only an approximation. An instance of the difficulty of\\npositive statement, and of the necessity of continuing the observations for\\na long time, is found in the reports of the rainfall at Key West, Fla. Six\\nyears observations at one tim^ gave an average of 30.78 inches six years\\nobservations, taken somewhat later, gave an average of 47.65 inches.*\\nThe reader will now be able to estimate the difficulty of the task of Mr. Blodget,\\nwho, wiien constructing his hyetal, or rain-chart, of the United States, had not a\\nsingle reliable station in the North-west to assist him in his estimates, and was there-\\nfore obliged to trust entirely to his accurate and extensive acquaintance with the\\ngeneral principles of climatology and with the nature of the country in question.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 171\\nPerhaps as convenient a division of the country as could be devised is\\nthat adopted by Warren, into the region of frequent rains, the region of\\nperiodical rains and the region of scanty rains. The region of frequent\\nrains extends from the Atlantic coast westward to about the 100th merid-\\nian of longitude. This region, considered as a whole, is exceedingly well\\nwatered, and the rain is quite equally distributed throughout the year.\\nAlong the Atlantic coast, as far south as Washington, very nearly the\\nsame annual quantity of rain falls. In the Gulf States, and along the\\nAtlantic Slope south of AVashington, the annual amount of rain is much\\ngreater than in the other sections, and the summer rains (as we haye shown\\nabove) are much more abundant than those of the winter. In the interior\\nthe annual quantity is less, and generally much less rain falls in the winter\\nthan in the other seasons. The annual rainfall on the Atlantic coast from\\nFlorida to Maine varies from 63 to 40 inches, and from the Gulf of Mexico\\nto Wisconsin, from 63 to 32 inches.\\nThe region of periodical rains comprises the western division of the Pa-\\ncific Slope. Throughout most of California but little rain falls except\\nduring the six colder months, and during the four mouths from June to\\nSeptember rain is almost unknown. The quantity in winter somewhat\\nexceeds that which falls in the spring. Thus, at Fort Humboldt, Cal.\\n(latitude 40\u00c2\u00b0 46 the annual rainfall is 34.59 inches, of which amount\\n13.51 inches descend in the spring, 1.18 in the summer, 4.87 in the autumn\\nand 15.03 in the winter. There is so little rain during the summer months,\\nwhen the wind blows almost uninterruptedly from the south-west, because\\nthis air comes from a colder ocean and passing over a heated land, its\\nvapor is not condensed until it meets the Sierra Nevada Range, on the\\neastern border of California. Along the shores of the Pacific the annual\\namount of rain increases with the increase of latitude; for while the\\nannual rainfall of San Francisco, in latitude 37\u00c2\u00b0 38 N., is only 22.18\\ninches, that of Astoria, latitude 46\u00c2\u00b0 11 is 53.49 inches, and that of Sitka,\\nin Alaska, is 89.94 inches. In this particular the Atlantic coast differs\\nfrom the Pacific, for the rainfall there decreases with the latitude. The\\nThe figures given on the chart for the North-west and for the Great Interior Basin\\nare purely hypothetical, yet subsequent extensive and reliable observations, both by\\namateurs and by the Signal Service Bureau, have served only to confirm these\\nremarkable calculations of Mr. Blodget. His work, published in 1857, is still con-\\nsidered the authority, with reference to all the topics upon which it treats, both in\\nthis country and in Europe. The only error of any importance on the chart in ques-\\ntion one which we confess that we could not have detected if he had not himself\\ncalled our attention to it arose from a geographical uncertainty for which Mr.\\nBlodget is not responsible. On all previous maps the now famous Black Hills [see\\npage 154] had been located by guess, and had been placed many miles out of their\\ntrue position. This led to a corresponding error in determining the limit of the\\nArid Plains.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "172 SUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsoutheru portion of the Great Inland Basin, with much of New Mexico\\nand Arizona, is also a region of periodic rains; but the summer and\\nautumn are rainy and the other portions of the year dry. Mr. Blodget\\nsays that the district of periodic rains extends eastward in a modified\\nibrm to embrace a part of Texas.\\nThe region of scanty rains embraces the country between the 100th\\nmeridian of west longitude and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mount-\\nains. It includes the northern and southern divisions of the Pacific\\nSlope, the northern and central portions of the Inland Basin of Utah,\\nthe table-lands of the Texas Slope, and the sterile region east of the\\nRocky Mountains. Among the mountains of this region a considerable\\nquantity of rain falls, and violent showers are experienced at all seasons\\nof the year. Some of the mountain valleys are also comparatively\\nwell watered, but the annual rainfall in the regions most favored with\\nmoisture is seldom more thau twenty inches. Thus, at Santa Fe, sit-\\nuated on a plateau enclosed by mountains, the annual rainfall is 19.83\\ninches, and that of Fort Laramie is 19.98 inches. In the desert region\\nthrough which the Colorado River passes, it is three inches; in the Great\\nInland Basin, five inches; in the Great Plain south of the Columbia\\nRiver, ten inches; iu,the Llano Estacado [see page 159], ten inches; and\\nin the sterile region east of the Rocky Mountains, from fifteen to twenty\\ninches. The causes of the dryness of this section are to be sought, says\\nProfessor Brocklesby, in the high mean temperature it possesses, notwith-\\nstanding its elevation and the fact that the lofty mountain-ranges on the\\nwest arrest the constant and humid current which flows easterly over the\\nPacific Ocean. The greatest amount of rain reported for any given year\\nat any place within limits of the United States (excluding Alaska, see\\npage 153) is probably the fall in 1846, at Baton Rouge, of 116.6 inches\\nand the smallest, the fall at Fort Yuma (at the southern extremity of Cal-\\nifornia), in 1853, of 1.78 inches. The average annual rainfall at the latter\\nplace is only 3.24 inches.\\nThe average annual number of rainy or snowy days i. e., days upon\\nwhich rain or snow falls at all in various States and Territories, is thus\\ngiven in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Maine, 93 days\\nNew Hampshire, 76 Vermont, 89 Massachusetts and Connecticut, 98\\nRhode Island, 96 New York, 109 New Jersey, 118 Pennsylvania, 119\\nDelaware, Maryland and District of Columbia, 83 Virginia, 85 North\\nand South Caroliua, 89 Georgia, 83 Florida, 91 Alabama, 98 Mis-\\nsissippi and Louisiana, 92 Texas, 58 Arkansas, 75 Kentucky, 89\\nOhio, 116; Michigan, 117; Indiana and Illinois, 107; Wisconsin and\\nMinnesota, 89 Iowa, 98 Missouri, 70 Indian Territory, 73 Kansas,\\n77 Arizona and Nebraska, 75 Wyoming, 72 New Mexico, 56 Cali-\\nfornia, 50 Oregon, 131 Washington Territory, 132 Alaska, 235. The", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 173\\naverage for New Mexico is very uncertain, varying between 31 and 93\\nand depending in a great measure upon the elevation of the place above\\nthe level of the sea and other causes. The extremes in California Fort\\nYuma, 11 days; Fort Humboldt, 82 days; and Fort Crook, 83 days\\nwere not included in the calculation and in this State, as well as in Oregon\\nand Washington Territory, local causes render it difficult to give an average\\nfor the whole extent of the district.\\nSome foreign figures will now be given for comparison with the above\\ndata. At the Stye, in the lake district of England, being, so far as is\\nknown, the wettest spot in Great Britain, 38.9 inches of rain fell in the\\n;month of January, 1831. The average annual rainfall at that place is\\n206 inches, and in 1866 the fall was 224J inches. In the West of Great\\nBritain and Ireland, in the immediate neighborhood of high hills, the\\naverage rainfall is from 80 to 150 inches, and in some years it is higher.\\nThus, at Seathwaite, in Cumberland, it was 183J inches in 1861. Away\\nfrom the hills, however, in the West of Great Britain, it is from 30 to 45\\ninches, while in the east of the island it is only from 20 to 28 inches.\\nLima, Peru, Thebes, Egypt, and Tatta, North Africa, according to\\nLoomis tables, have no rain. Cairo, Egypt, has 1.31 inches; Kurrachee,\\nHindostan, 1.5 inches. On the other hand, Aracan, Hiudostan, has an\\nannual rainfall of 200 inches Maranhao, Brazil, 280 inches Matouba,\\nGuadeloupe, 290 inches and Cherapoonjee, Hindostan, 592 inches.\\nSnow. It is to be regretted that greater care has not been exercised\\nby observers of meteorological phenomena in obtaining and retaining\\nstatistics of the average annual fall of snow as such. As we have already\\nnoted, it appears in the above figures, included in the rainfall. Snow,\\nwhen melted, makes a very small quantity of water, as compared with its\\ndepth in its previous condition. It requires at least ten inches of snow to\\ngive one inch of water, and some w^ iters place the proportion as high as\\ntwelve to one. When the snow has drifted to any great extent, it is obvi-\\nous that the difiiculty of obtaining correct figures is greatly increased.\\nProfessor Loomis, with his usual fulness, gives some figures for various\\nlocalities. In the State of Maine the average annual fall of snow is seven\\nand a half feet, and the amount in a single year has been known to exceed\\ntwelve feet but this amount is not all seen at the same time. In Vermont\\nand New Hampshire the annual fall is six feet. In Central Massachusetts\\nthe annual fall is four and a half feet, and the snow has been known to lie\\nfive feet on a level. In Connecticut the average annual fall is three and\\na half feet; in New Jersey, two and a half feet; in Southern Ohio, one\\nfoot and a half; and in Iowa, (me foot. A slight fall of snow occasionally\\noccurs at San Francisco, Cal., at New Orleans, and at Galveston, Texas.\\nSnow sufiicient for sleighing has been known at Charleston, S. C. The\\nfrequent occurrence of snows in April, and even in May, in the latitude of", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "174 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nWasbingtou is a striking phenomenon of the climate. In recent years a\\nquantity of snow has sometimes fallen in April in the interior valleys of\\nVirginia in several instances a foot or more in depth. It has been well\\nsaid that It is the most decisive proof, perhaps, of the extreme character\\nof the American climate, in comparison with the European, that the snows\\nof winter are thrown so far south, and into latitudes where the summer\\nheats are tropical. On January 10, 1800, there fell at Savannah the\\ndeepest snow, accompanied by the greatest cold, ever remembered in lower\\nGeorgia. The snow was three feet deep on a level. On March 6, 1843,\\nsnow fell for fifteen hours at Augusta, Ga., covering the ground fifteen\\ninches deep. IVIr. Blodget sums up the snow question, as to the amount\\nremaining on the ground in winter, with his usual clearness, as follows:\\nThe quantity of snow is always large in the New England States, the\\nelevated and northern districts having an average of perhaps two feet con-\\nstantly remaining on the ground in winter. In Northern New York it is\\nthe same, and as much or more is found in Canada at all points north of\\nLake Ontario. In the elevated portions of Southern and Eastern New\\nYork the average persistent quantity does not reach a foot in depth except\\non mountains. In the basin of Lake Ontario, as it is sometimes called,\\nthere is no regular quantity on the ground in winter, and for half the\\ntime, on an average, none remaining. The winter snows are often ex-\\ncessive from Buffalo eastward, and they are much more likely to be so [in\\nthat section] than at points west of Lake Erie. In the Lake Superior\\nregion there are snows which may be called profuse in comparison with\\nthose of the plains, yet none equal to the extremes in New York. The\\nsouthern part of the lake district including the south end of Lake Mich-\\nigan, the State of Michigan bordering on Detroit, and the whole country\\nbordering Lake Erie on the south is one in which the snows melt almost\\nimmediately as they fall, and rarely lie on the ground as a winter covering.\\nAt Cincinnati the careful observations of Dr. Ray show an average of\\nnineteen inches annually for sixteen years, most of this melting immedi-\\nately after falling. Farther west the quantity is less, and is not more\\nregular in remaining on the ground, though the temperature is much\\nlower. It is small over the upper plains of the Missouri and the Sas-\\nkatchawan. Some minor inundations of the rivers of the plain are caused\\nby the melting of the snows, but they are never equal to those caused by\\nthe rains of early summer. Below or south of the 41st parallel the snows\\nare extremely irregular, and yet often profuse and excessive. They are\\nmore likely to occur in February and the spring months as extraordinary\\nphenomena than in the early part of the winter, and instances are frequent\\nof profuse April snows.\\nIlaiL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the United States large hail falls chiefly in summer and the\\nlatter part of spring. On the 13th of August, 1851, hailstones fell in New", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 175\\nHampshire weighing eighteen ounces. In 1850 a very destructive hail-\\nstorm occurred at Pittsburg, Pa. Many of the stones weighed from eight\\nounces to a pound and over, and measured from nine to fourteen inches in\\ncircumference. So great was the force with which the hail descended that\\nthe roofs of warehouses covered with sheets of iron were completely riddled\\nwith holes, some of them so large that a man s arm could be thrust through\\nthem. Hailstones weighing half a pound have fallen in several places in\\nthis country.\\nStorms. The storms of America seem to take their rise in the vast\\nplain which lies immediately to the east of the Rocky Mountains, and then\\ngenerally advance in an east-north-easterly direction across the country.\\nThe direction has been observed to vary from about due east to north 54\u00c2\u00b0\\neast. When a great storm springs up near the Mississippi, the wind at\\nSt. Louis is generally easterly, while throughout New York and Ohio the\\nwind is from the west. Subsequently this easterly wind is felt at Cincin-\\nnati, then at Pittsburg, and afterward at New York, while the entire storm\\nis travelling steadily eastward\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that is, the easterly wind is propagated\\nfrom St. Louis to New York in a direction opposite to that in which the\\nwind in the district over which it passes is blowing before its arrival. The\\nrate at which a storm thus travels varies from zero to 4-1 miles per hour.\\nIt generally makes the distance from St. Louis to New York in about 24\\nhours, and from New York to Newfoundland in another 24 hours. When\\na storm in North America is stationary, or nearly so, its form that is, the\\narea occupied by it is nearly circular; but when it travels rapidly, it takes\\nan oval form, with the longest axis at right angles to its onward course.\\nThe winter storms of the United States are therefore said to move side-\\nways. As rain and snow are produced under circumstances exactly alike,\\nwith the exception of temperature, the same storm frequently furnishes\\nsnow in the northern part of the United States and rain in the southern\\npart. After the centre of the storm has passed, a west wind springs up at\\nSt. Louis, and is felt successively at Cincinnati, Pittsburg, and finally at\\nNew York, having been propagated in the same direction as that in which\\nthe wind was blowing in the district passed over by the storm before the\\nlatter arrived.\\nTornadoes. Tornadoes have been classed by some writers among\\ntropical storms. They occur more frequently in the tropics than elsewhere,\\nbut this country has its full share of them. They should not be confounded\\nwith hurricanes, but have been correctly defined as whirlwinds of limited\\nextent and duration, though not inferior to hurricanes in power. They\\nvary in diameter from a few feet to several hundred yards, and continue\\nbut a short time at any one place. They advance at a velocity of from\\nthirty to fifty miles an hour, and leave tracks marked out only too plainly\\nby the evidences of their terrible power. The wind revolves with such", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "176 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nviolence as to prostrate the largest trees, demolish buildings and transport\\nheavy bodies to a great distance. Fowls are often entirely stripped of their\\nfeathers, and light bodies have been carried as much as twenty miles by\\nthese violent visitors. In one which occurred in Northern Ohio, February\\n4, 1842, large buildings were lifted entire from their foundations, carried\\na distance of several rods and then dashed to pieces. The fragments were\\nstrewn all along the track, and some of the pieces were carried a distance\\nof seven or eight miles. Large oak trees two feet in diameter were\\nsnapped off like reeds, and others were so twisted as to be reduced to a\\nmass of splinters not much thicker than a man s finger. The breadth of\\nthe track did not much exceed half a mile, and the most destructive por-\\ntion was still more limited. The duration of this tornado at one place did\\nnot much exceed one minute. In one which passed over Maysville, Ohio,\\nin the same year, a barn containing three tons of hay and fo^ir horses was\\nlifted entirely from its foundations. In another, at Natchez, Miss., May\\n7, 1840, houses were burst outward, being drawn into the vacuum\\nformed at the centre of the whirlwind. Three hundred and seventeen\\npersons were killed in the city and on the river. Sheet-tin was carried\\ntwenty miles; windows were taken thirty miles from their point of depart-\\nure. The leaves and buds of plants were in a measure seared, so that those\\nwhich did not die outright were so crisped that their growth was suspended,\\nand it was more than ten days before they recovered sufficient life to begin\\ngrowing again. In May, 1855, a tremendous tornado passed over Cook\\ncounty, Illinois. The trunks of trees of the largest dimensions were twisted\\noff, and a heavy frame house, containing nine persons, was carried up into\\nthe air; the building was torn to pieces, three persons were killed and the\\nrest severely injured. During the same year, a tornado that swept over\\nCass county, Missouri, moved from their places large rocks weighing more\\nthan a ton, which were imbedded in the earth. On the 23d of February,\\n1875, a similar visitant passed over Pettis county, Missouri. The principal\\ndamage was done at Housatonia, a village on the prairie of three hundred\\ninhabitants. A train of thirteen freight-cars was hurled from the track,\\nand some of the cars were carried a distance of from 50 to 90 yards.\\nNineteen residences and business houses were totally demolished, two of\\nthe latter burning, with their contents. Several persons were mortally\\nwounded. Half of the depot building was torn off, and, according to one\\naccount, a man on the platform was lifted 200 feet and somewhat\\ninjured. The width of the track of this storm is stated at from 150 to\\n300 yards, and just out of its path was a school-house containing forty\\npupils. The duration at any one point was only thirty seconds. These\\ntornadoes generally appear in summer or in the warmer months, but in\\nrare instances they occur in the cold months as the nucleus of a widely-\\nextended and violent general storm. The length of their track rarely", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 177\\nexceeds fifty miles. One which occurred at New Harmony, Ind. (April\\n30, 1852), was traced for a distance of more than 200 miles, and the rate\\nof progress was calculated at nearly 60 miles per hour but this was an\\nexception to the general rule. The frequency and distribution of these\\ntornadoes is a subject of great practical interest. TJiey occur over every\\npart of the United States where the rain falls in abundance, and at the\\nseasons when the rainfall is largest. There are none on the great plains,\\nso far as is known, at a distance from the Mississippi sufficient to reach\\nthe dry regions. They are most numerous m the Mississippi Valley, and\\nthence eastward they are quite equally distributed from Canada to Georgia.\\nIn the old forests, particularly those of New York and Pennsylvania, the\\ntracks of the tornadoes which prostrated the older growth a century since\\nare still traceable by the belt of trees of uniform size and of peculiar aspect\\nwhich have grown up subsequently. Judging of their frequency by the\\nnumber of such tracks, these storms must be placed at very remote inter-\\nvals for any one locality. Such traces would be visible for several hun-\\ndred years, and they now exist in only a few conspicuous lines, averaging\\nabout fifty miles apart, and lying in threads of from thirty to two hundred\\nrods in width and ten to fifty miles in length.\\nCyclones. We have purposely reserved for the last the mention of\\nthe cyclones, which are those tremendous rotaiy tempests which, under\\nthe various names of hurricanes, storms and typhoons, prevail for\\nthe most part within or near the tropics, near the equatorial limits of the\\ntrade-winds, but extend likewise into the higher latitudes. They are called\\ncyclones, a name derived from the Greek word kuklos, meaning circle or\\nwhirl, because the wind revolves around an axis, while the body of the\\nstorm has at the same time a progressive motion. In the Southern Hem-\\nisphere the cyclone rotates in the same direction as that of the hands of a\\nwatch, while in the Northern Hemisphere its rotation is in the contrary\\ndirection. The direction and velocity of the wind are, however, entirely\\ndistinct from those of the storm s progress. While the storm advances at\\nthe rate of from 10 to 40 miles per hour, the velocity of the wind may\\nexceed 100 miles per hour. These terrible storms extend over a circle\\nfrom 100 to 500 miles in diameter, and sometimes 1000 miles. In the\\nWest Indies their diameter is occasionally the smallest just given, but on\\nreaching the Atlantic it is increased from 600 to 1000 miles. Sometimes,\\non the contrary, they contract in their progress, and while contracting\\nincrease terribly in violence. The vehemence of the wind increases from\\nthe margin to the centre, with the exception of a limited space exactly at\\nthe centre, where the atmosphere is frequently quite calm. The distances\\ntraversed by these desolating tempests is immense. The gale of August,\\n1830, which fell upon St. Thomas, in the West Indies, on the 12th, reached\\nthe Banks of Newfoundland on the 19th, having travelled more than three\\n12", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "178 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nthousand nautical miles in seven days; and the observed track of the Cuba\\nhurricane of 1844 was but little inferior in length. The area over which\\nthe latter prevailed throughout its whole length was computed by Mr.\\nRedfield to be 2,400,000 miles, an extent of surface equal to two-thirds of\\nthat of all Europe.\\nThe West India cyclones generally originate between latitude 10\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n20\u00c2\u00b0 North, and longitude 50\u00c2\u00b0 and 60\u00c2\u00b0 West\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that is, in the Eastern An-\\ntilles or in their vicinity and move north-westwardly to the coast of Flor-\\nida. Near the parallel of 30\u00c2\u00b0 their course is almost exactly north, and\\nsoon they begin to veer to the east, after which their course is nearly par-\\nallel to the coast of the United States, over the eastern shore of which and\\nthe adjacent ocean they sweep along; then, crossing the ocean, they reach\\nWestern Europe, beyond which they finally expire. They occur most\\nfrequently from July to October, inclusive. Of 127 West India cyclones,\\nrecorded in 354 years, from 1493 to 1847, 15 occurred in July, 36 in\\nAugust, 25 in September and 27 in October, making a total for the four\\nmonths of 103, and leaving only 24 to distribute through the remaining\\neight months, of which January, April and May are the only ones which,\\naccording to this record, are entirely free from these destructive storms.\\nSome idea of the immense force of these tempests may be derived from\\nthe description of the hurricane at Barbadoes, August 10, 1831 By this\\nawful visitation the whole face of the country was laid waste, 2500 persons\\nperished and 5000 were wounded. The force of the wind may be esti-\\nmated from the fact that a piece of lead weighing 400 pounds was lifted\\nand carried to a distance of 1800 feet. The Gulf States and those on\\nthe southern portion of the Atlantic coast are the only portions of the\\nUnited States which are exposed to these terrible visitors. When a\\nstorm has encountered the Gulf Stream, it continues to follow its progress\\neastward, so that most of the storms which prevail on the coast of the\\nUnited States have their centre over the Gulf Stream and follow the path\\nof the stream in its eastward course. It is doubtless this well-established\\nfact which saves the northern portion of the United States from the worst\\neffects of the cyclones, which generally leave the immediate vicinity of the\\ncoast long before reaching the latitude of New York. Even upon that\\nportion of the Atlantic coast which is exposed to cyclones, many of them\\nare so far out at sea as to be felt but moderately on the coast, and some\\nnot at all but the more common line is very near the coast-line for the\\ncentre of the storm or its track of greatest violence. We shall now give\\nsome notes of the effects of some of these cyclones, taken for the most part\\nfrom the list compiled by Mr. Blodget. At Charleston, S. C, September\\n15, 1752, all wooden houses above one story in height were either beaten\\ndown or shattered. Trees which were stripped of their leaves again blos-\\nsomed and bore fruit in the late autumn which followed. This remark-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 179\\nable pbenomeaon has been noted several times in connection with these\\nstorms. After the hurricane of September, 1804, fruit trees flowered and\\nbore fruit a second time; and this was also the case with the mulberry-\\ntrees of the Gulf States after the cyclone of September, 1772. In 1780\\na hurricane which swept over the province of Louisiana destroyed all\\ncrops, tore down buildings and sunk every vessel or boat which was afloat\\non the Mississippi River, The town of Brazos Santiago, Cameron county,\\nTexas, must possess a great deal of vitality, for it was destroyed by the\\nhurricane of October 2, 1837, and we read that within seven years, when\\nthe hurricane of August 4-6, 1844, passed over the southern portion of\\nTexas, after its departure not a vestige of a single house remained at\\nBrazos Santiago yet it still exists as a port of entry, with a commerce\\nworth about $1,500,000 per year.\\nMINERAL AND METALLIC PRODUCTS.\\nPrecious Stoiies. Scarcely any precious stones have been found\\nin the United States. A single diamond has been discovered in Rutherford\\ncounty. North Carolina, and it is said that some of these gems have been\\nfound in California. Topaz occurs at Monroe, in Connecticut, chalcedony\\nin many localities, and agates and carnelians are numerous along the banks\\nof the Upper Mississippi and the shores of Lake Superior. The more\\nvaluable precious stones, however, the ruby, the emerald, etc., have not yet\\nbeen found in this country.\\nBuiltliiig -stoiies. Granite, marble, limestone and sandstone are\\nthe principal building-stones of the United States. Granite is abundant\\nin New England, and especially in New Hampshire, where it forms one of\\nthe principal articles of export, as it is extensively employed for building\\npurposes throughout the country. Buildings constructed of this material\\nmay be found in all the principal towns and cities along the Atlantic coast\\nfrom Maine to Texas. Immense deposits of sandstone, of an excellent\\nquality, occur throughout the Connecticut Valley and many other regions.\\nMarble is also very widely distributed, being found in New England, in\\nthe Middle, Southern and Western States, and also in California. The\\nwhite marble of Vermont is of a very superior quality. Variegated or\\nclouded marbles also occur in this State, and likewise in Pennsylvania,\\nMaryland, Tennessee and California. The marbles of the two last-named\\nStates are extremely beautiful. Both sandstone and marble are much used\\nfor the construction of buildings in the chief cities of the Atlantic Slope.\\nLimestone abounds in the Mississippi Valley, and is there the principal\\nbuilding-stone.\\nSalt. No beds of rock-salt, such as are mined in Europe, have yet\\nbeen discovered in the United States, though vast quantities of this com-\\nmodity cover the saline plains of the Great Inland Basin. The salt of", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "180 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncommerce is obtained in this country by the evaporation of the water\\nobtained from saline springs. Among the most productive of these are the\\nsalt springs of Syracuse, N. Y. (where from four to five millions of bushels\\nare manufactured annually), the salt springs of Western Pennsylvania,\\nand those of the Kanawha Valley in Virginia. The salt springs of Ken-\\ntucky and of Southern Ohio are also very productive; and springs of this\\nkind occur in many localities, being found in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico,\\nTexas, and in other parts of the country.\\nCoal. The coal-beds of the United States are more extensive than\\nthose of any other part of the world. The coal is of two kinds, viz., an-\\nthracite and bituminous. Great advances have been made during the past\\nthirty years in the knowledge of the precise extent of these coal-fields.\\nIn 1845 it was stated at 145,000 miles. In 1866 it was known to ex-\\nceed 200,000 square miles. In 1873 it was estimated by Mr. Daddow at\\n291,485 square miles as certain, with the strong probability of the exist-\\nence of 333,000 square miles in addition in the West. If Ave admit the\\ncorrectness of this last estimate and judging by previous experience, it\\nwill be exceeded rather than diminished by the reality the coal-fields of\\nthe United States cover the immense area of 624,485 square miles, or\\nmore than one-third of the largest estimate made for the coal-producing\\nfields of the Avhole world. The 291,485 square miles which Mr. Daddow\\nregards as certain are thus divided by him New England anthracite field,\\nin Vermont and Massachusetts, 500 square miles Pennsylvania anthracite\\nfields, 470; Southern Jurassic coal-fields (in Virginia and North Carolina),\\n220 Alleghany coal-field (extending from Lake Erie to Tuscaloosa, Ala.,\\nand occupying portions of Penusylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia,\\nKentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama), 53,895; Central coal-field\\n(extending through Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky), 40,000 square miles,\\nof which of 6700 are in Indiana, 30,000 in Illinois, and 3700 in Ken-\\ntucky; Northern coal-field, 13,000; Western coal-field (outside the Per-\\nmian), 134,000; Rocky Mountain and fiir west Tertiary coals, 50,000.\\nWhen this area is compared with that of the productive coal-fields of the\\nrest of the world, it gives a result very flattering to this country until the\\namount produced is examined. The productive coal region of the United\\nStates is, as given above, nearly 300,000 square miles in extent, while that\\nof other countries is less than 100,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 so far, that is, as is certainly\\nknown but the annual production of coal in the United States is less than\\n50,000,000 tons, while Great Britain alone, with a coal-field covering only\\n9000 square miles, produces annually more than 100,000,000 tons. The\\ndecided diff erence in this relative product of coal in the two countries was\\nnoted by Sir Morton Peto, who, writing in 1866, says, I have been rather\\nsurprised at the small quantity of coal raised\u00e2\u0080\u0094 only 14,000,000 tons [the\\nfigures in the census of I860]. The best authorities in England gave the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 181\\nAmericaus credit for raising at least one- third more 21,000,000 tons.\\nUndoubtedly the supply of 1860 exhibited a very considerable increase\\nan increase, it is said, of as much as 182 per cent. upon the produce of\\n1850; but still 14,000,000 tons of coal, looking at the population and man-\\nufactures of America, appears singularly small. If Sir Morton had had\\nmore recent statistics, he would have discovered that the best authorities\\nin England had a more correct idea of the situation than himself, for\\nthe production of coal in the United States during the year 1865 was\\n22,500,000 tons. According to the census of 1870, the statistics of coal\\nproduction for the year ending June 1, 1870, are as follows Number of\\ncollieries, 1566; hands employed under ground, 65,000; hands employed\\nabove ground, 29,854; total, 94,854; capital employed, $110,008,029;\\nwages paid, $44,316,491. Bituminous coal mined, 17,199,415; value,\\n$35,029,247. Anthracite coal mined, 15,664,275 tons; value, $38,495,745.\\nTotal coal mined, 32,863,690 tons; value, $73,524,994. The production\\nof the whole country for the year 1872 is given by Mr. Daddow as\\n44,156,253, of which nearly one-half 22,030,263 tons was anthracite;\\nand of the remaining 22,126,000 tons, which consisted of bituminous coal,\\nPennsylvania contributed 10,817,864 tons, so that this one State produced\\nnearly three-fourths of the whole amount. It is a remarkable fact that\\nthe anthracite coal which forms so important an item in this account comes\\nfrom one of the smallest of the coal-fields, the area of which is not more\\nthan the 470 square miles given above. The State geologist computed its\\narea at 410 square miles; and the Broad Top semi-anthracite (or semi-\\nbituminous as some call it) amounts to only 24 square miles more, which\\nwould bring the sum-total up to 434. The limited extent of this area\\nrenders it a comparatively easy matter to obtain reliable statistics con-\\ncerning anthracite coal, some of which will be given in the article on the\\nState of Pennsylvania [see Topography]. It is to be hoped that the\\nproduction of coal may increase in the future even more rapidly than it\\nhas in the past. As an instance of the change effected in two years, we\\nmay note that in Wyoming Territory in 1870 there was only one colliery,\\nwhich produced during the year ending June 1, 1870, 50,000 tons; while\\nat the end of the year 1872 there were at least six collieries (belonging to\\ntwo companies), which produced during that year 221,728 tons. We say\\nai least six, because this is only the return of the two principal mining\\ncompanies. One reason why the demand for coal has not been so great\\nin this country as in England is that the supply of wood in many of the\\nStates, and especially in the North-west, is so abundant and cheap that\\nthe want of coal has not been much felt. Water-power has also been\\nemployed in working a great deal of the stationary machinery, and thus a\\ngreat saving of fuel has been effected.\\nAs the first use of anthracite coal as a common fuel is comparatively", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "182 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nrecent, and was made in this country, we shall give some account of it.\\nAs early as 1769, Obadiah Gore, a blacksmith who had come from Con-\\nnecticut to Wyoming Valley as one of the first settlers, succeeded in using\\nanthracite coal in his forge. Other blacksmiths, upon learning this, began\\nto employ the new fuel and in 1776 coal was taken in arks from the\\nWyoming mines down the Susquehanna to the government arsenal at Car-\\nlisle, Pa., where stone-coal continued to be used throughout the Revo-\\nlutionary war. This trade on the Susquehanna was continued after the\\nclose of the war, but only for the supply of smiths or forges. It was not\\nuntil nearly forty years had elapsed from the time of Gore s first success-\\nful experiment that it was known that anthracite coal was fit for any other\\nuse. In 1808, Jesse Fell, whose nephew had been using the coal in his\\nforge for many years, tried to burn it in a wooden grate. His grate was\\nburned through, and he was thereby justified in making an iron grate,\\nusing which, he found that his experiment was equally successful, though\\nnot so destructive, as the first attempt. Judge Fell was a good Freemason.\\nHe realized the importance of his discovery and wishing to record the\\nevent in the most solemn place and manner possible, short of the page and\\nstyle of holy writ, he made the following entry upon the fly-leaf of his\\nFreemason s Monitor\\nFeb. 11, of Masonry 5808. Made the experiment of burning the\\ncommon stone-coal of the valley in a grate, in a common fireplace in my\\nhouse, and find it will answer the purpose of fuel, making a clearer and\\nbetter fire, at less expense, than burning wood in the common way.\\nBorough of Wilkes-Barre,*\\nFebruary 11, 1808.\\n(Signed,) Jesse Fell.\\nThis experiment established the reputation of the new fuel in Wyoming\\nValley, but its progress elsewhere was slow. In 1812, Col. George Shoe-\\nmaker took nine wagon-loads of coal from his mine near Pottsville to\\nTlie present city of Wilkes-Barr^, although by a clerical error its name appears\\nin its ciiarter of incorporation as a borougli as Wilksburg, was originally named\\nafter John Wilkes and Col. Isaac Barrd. Both were friendly to this country during\\nthe Revolutionary war, but the characters of the two were essentially different.\\nThat of Wilkes, who possessed suflBcient courage combined with impudence to call\\nthe king a liar, was so bad that a conviction for immorality could not blacken it.\\nBarre was physically, morally and intellectually Wilkes superior. Upon what prin-\\nciple, then, have English dictionaries of every description obscured the derivation\\nof the name, which is unique, by giving it as W^ilkesbarre If a town were\\nnamed after Smith and Jones, would the name be written Smithjones f The Free-\\nmason s Monitor, containing the above entry, is in the collection of the Wyoming\\nHistorical and Geological Society at Wilkes-Barre, which society originated in a\\nmeeting held upon an anniversary of the event recorded, and in the very room where\\nthe stone-coal was thus first burned.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 183\\nPhiladelphia. With great difficulty he sold two loads for the cost of trans-\\nportation, and it was almost equally difficult to induce blacksmiths and\\nothers to take the remainder eitlier as a gift or for a trifle bearing no\\ncomparison with the expense and trouble to which he had been subjected.\\nThe latter class of customers did not know how to use their gift or pur-\\nchase, and obtained a writ from the city authorities for his arrest as an\\nimpostor and swindler. He was obliged to beat a hasty retreat, and nar-\\nrowly escaped capture and the penalty of his crime of attempting to impose\\nToclcs upon his customers as coal. In the mean time one of his first cus-\\ntomers, who was a proprietor of a nail and wire factory, was attempting\\nto give a fair trial to the newly-acquired combustible. With several of\\nhis men, he worked a whole morning over one of his furnaces. They\\nraked their fire, poked it, stirred it up and blew upon the surface through\\nopen furnace-doors with great energy, but in vain. When dinner-time\\ncame they shut the furnace-doors and went away, wearied and disgusted\\nwith their futile efibrts to make use of what is, at present, the main de-\\npendence of the furnaces of Eastern Pennsylvania. When they returned\\nthey found the furnace-doors red-hot and the whole furnace in danger of\\nbeing melted by a heat which it had not as yet experienced. The anthra-\\ncite problem was solved\\nIron. The ore of this metal is found in one or more of its species in\\nthe States of Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois,\\nIndiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mis-\\nsouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,\\nTennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin, and in the\\nTerritory of Colorado. The fi)llowing particulars with reference to the\\nmost important of these regions are mainly condensed from Wiley s Iron\\nTrade Manual. The leading State in the possession of ore is Missouri.\\nIron Mountain [see Missouri, in Topography] is thought to be the largest\\nsingle deposit of ore in the known world. The ores of Pilot Knob, Shep-\\nherd Mountain, Cedar Hill and Buford Mountain are next in interest, and\\npresent curious features to the geologist. Ore lands in newer regions could\\nstill be purchased in 1874 for from $5 to $50 per acre, according to local-\\nity, contiguity to a railroad and amount of development. The Iron Moun-\\ntain ore may be taken as a type of all the Missouri specular ores. It is\\nnearly pure peroxide, containing about 70 per cent, of metallic ore, and is\\nnearly free from mechanical admixture of foreign matter; color, bluish\\nblack to steel gray. No ore with active magnetism, constituting a natural\\nmagnet and attracting iron filings, is found on the mountain. The Pilot\\nKnob ore is slightly peculiar; color, steel gray to pearl gray, with a marked\\ntint of sky-blue. Its structure is crystalline to granular, with a very fine\\ngrain. None of these ores affect a compass-needle, though all are slightly\\nattracted by a magnet when ground fine. The ore from Shepherd Moun-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "184 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntail! is a little more like a magnetite than any other ore found in Missouri,\\nbut in the main it is a specular ore, very similar to that of Iron Mountain.\\nIts magnetic qualities are much more pronounced than those of either of\\nthe ores above described, many specimens being strong natural magnets.\\nThe ore is very uniform in chemical composition, very rich in metallic iron\\nand almost entirely free from phosphorus and sulphur. The ores from\\nPilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain and Cedar Mountain are mixed for fur-\\nnace uses and make a nearly neutral iron, with a slightly redshort tend-\\nency, that from Shepherd Mountain being a black oxide and that of Pilot\\nKnob a blue specular. In 1872, 11,000 tons of this ore mixture made\\n6300 tons of pig-iron, showing its richness in metallic iron. The devel-\\nopment of these ores has been going on for some years, and the total ship-\\nments from the State have reached some 400,000 tons annually. Unfor-\\ntunately, Missouri does not possess the large coal-fields of some regions,\\nbut the coal found in Illinois is now successfully coked and furnishes good\\nfuel for blast-furnace purposes. Charcoal timber, in sufficient quantity for\\nthe necessities of many years to come, is found in the State. Though Mas-\\nsachusetts is not one of the leading States in iron mining, the following ex-\\ntract from Dr. James Thatcher s Observations on Iron Ores, published in\\n1804, may prove of interest There are in the county of Plymouth sev-\\neral ponds in which are found copious beds of iron ore. The generating\\nprinciple and pi ocess of nature in producing iron ore in these ponds affords\\na phenomenon which will probably elude the assiduity of philosophical\\nresearch. The period of its growth is supposed to be about twenty-five\\nyears, and it is found in various depths of water from 2 to 20 feet. A man\\naccustomed to the employment, being in a small boat with an instrument\\nsimilar to a pair of oj^ster tongs, can raise from its watery bed about half\\na ton of this ore in a day. Ore had been taken from these ponds for sixty\\nyears, and from another similar deposit, discovered in 1751, 3000 tons were\\ntaken in a few years, which yielded the not very large proportion of 25\\nper cent, of excellent iron, furnishing materials for a considerable quan-\\ntity of the cannon-shot used during the Revolutionary war. Michigan\\ncontains the Lake Superior Iron Region, which, though probably not\\nso rich as the deposits in Missouri, is being more extensively worked and\\nis giving a larger annual yield. The Lake Superior ore was first submit-\\nted to a thorough test in a blast-furnace in 1854, since which time the ship-\\nments of ore from this quarter have grown from nothing to 1,000,000 tons\\nannually. Only two general classes of ores have as yet been found in this\\nregion the hematites or sesquioxides, containing two equivalents of iron\\nto three of oxygen, and yielding when absolutely pure seventy per cent, of\\nmetallic iron, and the magnetic ores, or proto-sesquioxides, consisting of\\nthree equivalents of iron to four of oxygen, which yield 72.41 per cent,\\nof metallic iron when equally pure. There are, however, a number of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 185\\nvarieties belonging to each class thus, under the general name of hema-\\ntite are found the specular, specular slate, slate, massive and\\nother forms also the soft red and brown ores containing water, to which\\nalone the name of hematite is technically applied in this region. Among\\nthe magnetic ores the difference is chiefly one of structure; thus there are\\ncoarse- and fine-grained and steely ores, differing merely in hardness and\\nfusibility. New York has been celebrated for the variety and quality of\\nvarious ores in very numerous localities, but especially for the magnetic\\nand specular ores of the Lake Champlain region, which have supplied not\\nonly her own furnaces, but those of other States, and have furnished to all\\nthe rolling-mills east of the Alleghanies the requisite materials for fettling\\nor lining the plates of the puddling-furnaces. So important have these\\nores become to the rolling-mill owners of the East that they are contracted\\nfor at the opening of each year, and orders not in the hands of the ore-bed\\nowners by a certain date receive no attention. The shipments in 1872 from\\nthis quarter amounted to 375,000 tons. It is a remarkable instance of the\\nslowness with which the value of mineral deposits is sometimes realized\\nthat in one place in this region where the ore is mixed with phosphate of\\nlime works were once built for the manufacture of this fertilizer, to the\\nneglect of the iron ore. Of Pennsylvania it has been said Pennsylva-\\nnia has been frequently spoken of as the greatest iron-producing State of\\nthe Union, and in figures of iron manufacture she is pre-eminent; but this\\nis due rather to the wealth in fuel of this State and to the patient industry\\nof her people than to any mineral abundance. Indeed, there is scarcely\\none of the States noted for iron ores which does not surpass Pennsylvania\\nin ore wealth, and, be it added, not one of them that has made the use of\\nwhat she possesses that Pennsylvania has. In magnetic ores New York,\\nNew Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, Missouri and Michigan far surpass\\nher. Massachusetts, Vermont, Virginia and Tennessee far exceed her in\\nbrown hematites. The fossiliferous ores of Pennsylvania are not to be\\nmentioned with those of Alabama; the carbonates cannot compare with\\nthose of Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia and yet Pennsylvania pro-\\nduces more pig-iron than all the other States conjoined. It has been patient\\nindustry, hard work, frugality and plenty of coal that have made Pennsyl-\\nvania the great iron-making State she is. The magnetic ores of New\\nYork and New Jersey almost disappear in Pennsylvania, but some mag-\\nnetites were formerly worked near Eastou, mixed with quartz and felspar.\\nAt Bethlehem are small quantities of magnetites, and also just south of\\nAllentown; and south of this region, in Colebrookdale, they are found in\\nthe Mount Pleasant mines. The great Cornwall mine of Lebanon county is\\nto the furnaces of Pennsylvania what the Lake Champlain deposits are to\\nthose of New York, though in a lesser degree. Brown hematite ores are\\nfound much more generally in Pennsylvania than magnetic ores, and form", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "186 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe principal dependence of the very numerous furnaces of their location,\\nwhich is general throughout Eastern, South-eastern and Middle Pennsyl-\\nvania. In Montgomery county, at Spring Mill, the belt of ore, about a\\nmile wide, runs north of Barren Hill, on the east side of the ScTiuylkill, and\\nft-om here toward Norristown is considerably worked. In Eastern Penn-\\nsylvania brown hematites are worked in Berks, Lehigh and Northampton\\ncounties, near Bethlehem, Alleutown, Emaus and Millerstown. Between\\nthe Lehigh and Schuylkill Rivers are the ores which furnish the Catasauqua,\\nHokendauqua and Easton group of furnaces with hematites. These beds\\nare numerous, the quality is good and the supply is abundant, and with\\ntheir contiguity to the anthracite coal-field and the neighboring magnetites\\nof New Jersey have made the Lehigh Valley the great iron-producing\\nregion it is. Mr. Dunlap thus sums up the situation While Pennsylva-\\nnia cannot boast of the extremely rich ores of Northern New York, or of\\nMichigan, Missouri or the South-west, there is abundance of good workable\\nore, sufficient in quality and abundance to thoroughly sustain the very exten-\\nsive iron industry conducted. Constant discoveries of ores are made in all sec-\\ntions of the State, and the increasing population and demand for ores clearly\\nindicate the necessity of a new geological survey. The production of iron\\nand steel in the United States, in 1872, was, in tons, as follows Iron and\\nsteel rails, 941,922; other rolled and hammered iron, 1,100,000; forges\\nand bloomeries, 58,000; cast-steel, 32,000; Bessemer steel, 110,500; Mar-\\ntin steel, 3000 pig-iron, 2,830,070. Though a panic caused a stagnation\\nof business during the last quarter of 1873, which bore with special weight\\nupon this industry, a few of the figures for the whole year show an increase\\nupon the amounts just given. The quantity of Bessemer steel produced\\nrose to 140,000 tons, a portion of which was converted into 120,000 tons\\nof rails. If this is not included in the return of 850,000 tons of railroad\\niron, the quantity of iron and steel rails for 1873 was 970,000 tons. Other\\nrolled iron amounted to 980,000 tons. The quantity of pig-iron fell to\\n2,695,434 tons, and that of cast-steel to 28,000 tons. The importation of\\nrailroad bai-s or rails has been decreasing during the past four years, as\\nis shown by the following figures: 1871, 512,277 tons (of 2000 pounds);\\n1872, 472,760 tons; 1873, 240,505 tons; 1874, 20,380 tons. The imports\\nof pig-iron for the same years were: 1871, 171,627 tons (of 2000 pounds)\\n1872, 204,517 tons; 1873, 277,283 tons; 1874, 103,087 tons.\\nPetroleiun.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rock oil (popularly but incorrectly termed coal oil\\nis found in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. The production of this\\nvaluable commodity in large quantities is a business of recent origin and\\ngrowth. The ancient method of obtaining it is thus given by Eaton A\\npoint was selected where the oil appeared to bubble up most freely, when\\na pit was excavated to the depth of two or three feet. Sometimes this pit\\nwas rudely walled up, sometimes not. Sometimes it was near the edge of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUTDE. 187\\nthe water, on the bank of the stream, sometimes in the bed of the stream\\nitself, advantage being taken of a time of low water. In these pits the oil\\nand water would collect together until a stratum of the former would form\\nupon the surfiice of the latter, when a coarse blanket or piece of flannel\\nwas thrown in. This blanket soon became saturated with oil, but rejected\\nthe water. The blanket was then taken out, wrung into a tub or barrel,\\nand the operation was repeated. The product was figuratively a drug\\nin the market, and literally was used only as a drug. Most families\\nthrough the country kept a supply for their own use, yet for all ordinary\\npurposes a pint bottle was sufficient for a year s consumption. Evei y good\\nhousewife was supposed to have a small store of Seneca Oil, as it was popu-\\nlarly called, laid by in case of accident, for the medication of cuts, bruises\\nand burns. It was carried abroad in small bottles to distant neighborhoods,\\nuiitil eventually it was purchased by the druggists, put up in small vials\\nand labelled sometimes British Oil, sometimes American Oil, or Rock\\nOil, according to the popularity of the terms at the time or place. The\\nfirst shipment of petroleum to Pittsburg was made at some time near the\\nbeginning of the present century by a Mr. Gary, whose cargo consisted of\\ntwo five-gallon kegs, slung one on each side of a horse. In 1865 more\\nthan fifty thousand times this quantity was the average shipment for a\\nsingle day during the busiest part of the season. The oil trade of that day\\nwas liable to suffer terrible fluctuations. A flatboatman or raftsman would\\noccasionally glut the market with a barrel or two, brought down at once.\\nThe demand would then entirely cease until this large surplus was con-\\nsumed. At a later period the business became a monopoly. Gen. Samuel\\nHays purchased all the oil produced in the country (the highest annual\\nyield being sixteen barrels) and sold it at Pittsburg for about one dollar\\nper gallon. The gross receipts of this pioneer among American monopo-\\nlists during that best year were nearly six hundred and forty dollars. Even\\nthis immense sum (from which, to ascertain his profits, the prime cost and\\nexpenses should be deducted) was not sufficient to awaken either envy or\\ncompetition. The presence of large quantities of petroleum was frequently\\nmade evident when wells for salt water were bored, and even when ordi-\\nnary wells were dug but the value of the fluid was not known until the man-\\nufacture of genuine coal oil out of cannel coal began and it was discovered\\nthat the artificial oil thus produced was almost identical with the natural\\noil which had hitherto served as a mere liniment. In 1854 several barrels\\nof petroleum were sent to Professor Silliman of Yale Callege for analysis.\\nHe made a report which Eveleth Bissel (who had purchased the ter-\\nritory where the principal oil-springs were found) published in 1855. In\\nthis year the first oil company, The Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company,\\nwas organized, with Professor Silliman as president. Until 1857 oil was\\nobtained by digging pits and ditches and pumjjing the oil and water into", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "188 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nvats. The substitutiou of artesian wells for this tedious process was then\\ndecided upon. The first efforts were unsuccessful, but Col. E. L. Drake,\\nwho acted as agent and superintendent, was unremitting in his attempts,\\nand on the 28th of August, 1859, the first oil well in America was struck,\\nnear Titusville, Pa. It yielded ten barrels per day with a hand-pump, and\\nwhen a larger pump, worked by an engine, was attached, the yield rose to\\nforty barrels. As oil was then worth one dollar per gallon, or forty dol-\\nlars per barrel, this yield was of considerable value. Speculators were\\nattracted, other wells were bored and many were fin- a while flowing\\nwells. One well yielded for a time more than 3000 barrels per day; and\\nin this case and others the oil came up more rapidly than it could be pro-\\nvided for, so that much of it ran away and was wasted. The oil excite-\\nment culminated in 1864-5, when 1100 companies were formed, with a\\nnominal aggregate capital of $600,000,000, though only about 15 per cent,\\nof this amount, or S90,000,000, was really paid in, and even this sum so\\nfar exceeded the quantity of capital required that some of it received but\\na poor return. Since that time, though local excitements occasionally\\noccur, the oil business has settled down upon a comparatively legitimate\\nand solid basis. The use of powerful torpedoes (the main ingredient in\\nthe explosive material of which is nitro-glycerine) has greatly improved\\nthe chances of obtaining oil and of retaining the productive power of a\\nw ell. These valuable auxiliaries are put down into the wells and exploded,\\nthe result frequently being the tapping of hitherto inaccessible deposits of\\noil. Statistics of the production of petroleum in Western Pennsylvania\\nand of the exports of this article from the United States in various years\\nare as follows: 1859, production, 82,000 barrels; 1860, 500,000; 1861,\\n2,113,000; 1862, 3,056,000; 1863, 2,611,000; 1864, 2,116,000; 1865,\\n2,497,000; 1866, 3,597,000; 1867, 3,347,000; 1868,3,583,186; daily av-\\nerage, 9811 barrels; 1869,4,210,720; daily average, 11,528; 1870,5,673,-\\n198; daily average, 15,543; 1871, 5,715,900; daily average, 15,660; 1872,\\n6,531,675; daily average, 17,895 1873,7,878,029; daily average, 21,568.\\nThese figures have been given in barrels (containing 40 gallons), but the\\nexports are reckoned by gallons, and since 1863 have been as follows:\\n1863,28,250,721; 1864,31,872,972; 1865,29,805,563; 1866,67,430,451;\\n1867, 67,052,029; 1868, 99,281,750; 1869, 102,808,604; 1870,140,761,-\\n931; 1871,156,475,469; 1872,154,064,904; 1873,238,008,187; year end-\\ning June 30, 1874, 245,978,684. The greater part of these exports con-\\nsisted of refined oil, the proportions during the last year mentioned being\\nas follows Mineral oil, crude (including all natural oils without regard to\\ngravity), 17,776,419; mineral oil (refined or manufactured), naphthas\\n(benzine, gasoline, etc.), 9,737,457; illuminating oil, 217,220,504; lubri-\\ncating (heavy, paraffine, etc.), 1,244,305 gallons.\\nGold and Silver.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Xjold has been obtained for many years from a", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 189\\nmetalliferous belt which extends along the eastern base of the Alleghany\\nMountains from Northern New England to Georgia, the southern portion\\nbeing the most productive. In North Carolina the gold-fields extend over\\nan area of more than 100 square miles. Native gold began to appear in\\nthe mint at Philadelphia in 1824, and the receipts increased rapidly, so\\nthat in a few years it eonstituted the principal supjily of this metal. The\\nfirst mint deposits from South Carolina were $3500, in 1829; from Vir-\\nginia, $2500 in the same year; and from Georgia, $212,000 in 1830. The\\nproduction soon became so great that branch mints were established at\\nCharlotte, N. C, and at Dahlonega, Ga. [see CoiKs and Currency]. The\\ntotal amount of Southern gold deposited at the mints and assay-offices of\\nthe United States from the opening of the mines to June 30, 1874, was\\n$1,633,776.66 from Virginia, $10,090,655.98 from North Carolina, $1,379,-\\n077.47 from South Carolina, $7,298,746.92 from Georgia, $79,173.56 from\\nTennessee and $212,087.12 from Alabama total, $20,503,617.71. Only\\na small portion of this, however, has been deposited in recent times, as the\\nplacer deposits and many of the veins in the South were abandoned\\nwhen the discovery of gold in California was announced. The deposits\\nfrom the Southern States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, amounted\\nto only $141,507.04, divided as follows: Virginia, $2163.88; North Caro-\\nlina, $107,070.10; South Carolina, $896.70 Georgia, $30,962.16 Tennes-.\\nsee, $154.87; Alabama, $259.33. The main source of the supply of this\\nprecious metal is found west of the Rocky Mountains, especially in Cali-\\nfornia. On the 21st of December, 1846, Mr. L. W. Sloat read a paper\\nbefore the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, entitled The Mines\\nof Upper California. In this essay he says At San Fernando, near San\\nPedro, by washing the sand in a plate any person can obtain from one to\\nfive dollars per day of gold, which brings seventeen dollars per ounce.\\nThe gold has been gathered for two or three years, although but few, at least\\nof the native Californians, have the patience to look for it. There is not the\\nleast doubt in my mind that gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, lead, sulphur,\\nasphaltum and coal are to be found in that region. The Indians have\\nalways said that there are mines, but refused to give their locality, and the\\nCalifornians [of Spanish descent] did not choose, or have been too lazy, to\\nlook for them. It was more than a year after the date just given when\\nthe discovery of gold in its abundance was made. James W. Marshall,\\nwho was at the time superintending the construction of a saw-mill for Capt.\\nSutter (on the American Fork of the Sacramento, near the town of Co-\\nloma, in El Dorado county), saw some glittering particles in a heap of\\nmud and sand which had been washed together by the river (Feb. 9, 1848).\\nAnother account attributes the discovery to his little daughter, who picked\\nup in the race a lump of gold, and showed it to her father as a pretty\\nstone. Tremljling with excitement, Marshall hurried to his employer and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "190 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntold his story. Capt. Sutter at first thought that it was a fiction and that\\nthe narrator was insane. He therefore, as he afterward confessed, kept a\\nsharp eye upon his loaded rifle while this astouuding disclosure was made\\nbut when Marshall threw an ounce or two of the shining dust upon the\\ntable before him, his doubts were dispelled. The two agreed to keep the\\nmatter secret and quietly share the golden harvest between them but\\nThe best-laid plans of mice and men\\nGang aft aglee.\\nAs they went carefully over the ground, gloating with eager gestures and\\nejaculations of delight over their new-found treasures, they awakened the\\nsuspicious of a Mormon laborer employed in the neighborhood, who closely\\nwatched them, appointed himself a committee of one to investigate the\\ncause of their excitement, and speedily became as wise as the unwary\\nSutter and Marshall. Having slight motive for secresy, he spread the\\nintelligence. The result is elsewhere given [see California in Topogra-\\nphy, p. 217]. Down to 1874, inclusive i. e., during a period of 27 years\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the gold mines of California yielded more than $1,000,000,000. The\\nCalifornia gold-field, which extends almost continuously over seven degrees\\nof latitude, covering with its longest axis a distance of five hundred miles,\\nincludes an area larger than the State of New York. In no portion of\\nthis territory have mines been completely exhausted. The sands of the\\nsea-beach from Coos Bay for 200 miles south are worked with profit, and\\nmay be termed the gold coast of the United States. The total amount\\nof gold deposited at the United States mints and assay-ofiices up to June\\n30, 1874, from California, was $648,411,230.56. The gold deposits from\\nColorado up to the same date amounted to $21,741,203.66, while those\\nfrom Montana were worth $36,640,618.66; from Idaho, $19,417,494.53;\\nfrom Oregon, $12,314,071.10; and from Nevada, $3,551,751.63. Total\\ndeposits of domestic gold since the organization of the mints, $871,265,-\\n517.05. The existence of gold in the Black Hills is no longer doubted\\n[see General Description, page 154]. An Associated Press despatch\\nof Aug. 2, 1875, says: The gold region of the Black Hills comprises\\nabout 1000 square miles, and Professor Jennings defines its northern limit\\nas lying between Rapid and Box Elder Creeks. The new diggiufrs on\\nbprmg Creek have attracted hundreds of miners from other gulches and\\nfrom outside the Black Hills. Arrangements are being made by the gov-\\nernment to purchase the auriferous district from the Indians, and pending\\nthe negotiation many miners entered the lands in question but active\\nmeasures being taken by the government to protect this region from intru-\\nsion, it was decided to abandon it for the present. A despatch of August\\n10 says that there were fifteen hundred miners in the region who were\\npreparing to leave. Silver.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This metal is found in comparatively pure", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 191\\nores, also in combination with copper, lead and other metals, in various\\nparts of the United States. The deposits at the mints and assay-offices up\\nto June 30, 1874, amounted to $43,381,419.40. An idea of the increase\\nin the production of this precious metal can be gathered from the fact that\\nvery nearly one-fourth of this total amount ($10,822,658.16) was deposited\\nduring the year ending June 30, 1874, this quantity being divided, accord-\\ning to source, as follows: California, $44,345.89; Colorado, $1,391,856.32;\\nIdaho, $17,323.49 Montana, $16,898.10; Nebraska, $50,455.37 Nevada,\\n$4,230,765.36; New Mexico, $77,880.70; North Carolina, $46.67; Utah,\\n$1,764,937.86 Lake Superior, $353,766.19. The remainder of this amount\\ncame under the heads of refined silver, contained in gold, parted\\nfrom gold and other sources. The receipts of American silver at the\\nmints, etc., during the year ending June 30, 1861, amounted to only $600,-\\n000. As a much larger proportion of silver is used for plate and other\\nmanufactured articles than that of gold, the deposits at the mint give only\\nan approximation (and sometimes a poor one) to the amount actually pro-\\nduced. In Califoi uia, for instance, many veins of lead ore combined with\\nsilver were discovered. The proportion of silver was in some cases very\\nlarge but as the ores were in some places very complex, and the requisite\\nmetallurgical works and skill for reducing them were lacking in this coun-\\ntry, they were transported to the Pacific coast and shipped to England via\\nNew York. As many of them contained silver to the amount of $2000\\nper ton, the cost of transportation was not a large item in comparison with\\ntheir value. In 1840 the Washington mine, Davidson county, N. C, which\\nhad attracted attention on account of its being the only lead mine which\\nup to that time had produced much silver, excited expectations of great\\nrichness at lower depths by a display of native silver in arborescent forms,\\nand disseminated through the magnesian limestone in a very striking man-\\nner. This expectation was not realized so far as the discovery of pure\\nsilver ore was concerned, though the lead was found so rich that in 1 844\\n$24,009 of silver and $7253 of gold were separated from 160,000 pounds\\nof lead, an average of 240 ounces of auriferous silver to 2000 pounds. In\\n1851 the proportion of auriferous silver ran as high as 279 ounces to 2000\\npounds. This was, however, but little more than one-third of the proportion\\nfound in the California ore above mentioned.\\nCopper. The number of copper mines in the United States in 1870 is\\ngiven at 40, divided as follows: Michigan, 27; Arizona, 2; Maryland, 2;\\nPennsylvania, 2 Vermont, 2 Tennessee, 2 Nevada, 1 North Carolina,\\n1 Virginia, 1. The number of hands employed was 5404; invested capital,\\n$7,789,374; value of product, $5,201,302, of which Michigan produced\\n82.91 per cent. Vermont, 6.89 per cent. and Tennessee, 5.96 per cent.,\\nmaking for the three States 95.76 per cent., or more than nineteen-twen-\\ntieths of the total value. The leading copper mines in this country are", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "192\\nBURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthose ou the southern shore of Lake Superior. These mines were worked\\nin some places by the predecessors of the Indians on this continent. A\\nlarge mass of ore, detached, and some stone tools were found by the first\\nwhite visitors to one of the mines, and these were not left there by the In-\\ndians, who were ignorant of the art of mining. The working of these\\ndeposits by white people began in 1845, and it is stated that between that\\ntime and 1858 the entire production of this region was 18,954 tons of ore,\\nproducing 13,955 tons of ingots, worth $9,000,000. From that date there\\nhas been a marked increase in the production, as is shown by the follow-\\ning table of the products of copper mining in the UiDper Peninsula of\\nINIichifran\\nYear.\\nOre, Tons.\\nIngots, Tons.\\nValue.\\nTo 1858\\n18,954\\n4,100\\n4,200\\n6,000\\n7,500\\n9,962\\n8,548\\n8,472\\n10,791\\n10,376\\n11,735\\n13,049\\n15,288\\n16,183\\n16,071\\n15,166\\n18,688\\n21,729\\n13,955\\n3,500\\n3,500\\n4,800\\n6,000\\n8,000\\n6,500\\n6,500\\n7,000\\n7,000\\n8 00\\n$9,000,000\\n1,886,000\\n1,890,000\\n2,610,000\\n3,337,500\\n3,402,000\\n4,420,000\\n6,110,000\\n5,145,000\\n4,760,000\\nA ^^c\\\\ c\\\\c\\\\c\\\\\\n1858\\n1859\\n1860\\n1861\\n1862\\n1863\\n1864\\n1865\\n1866\\n1867\\n1868\\n9 985 4 ^Q (^t\\\\c\\\\\\n1869\\n1870\\n12,200\\n12,946\\n12,857\\n12,132\\n14,910\\n17,383\\n5,368,000\\n5,696,240\\n6,171,360\\n7,774,720\\n8,200,500\\n7,996,180\\n1871\\n1872\\n1873\\n1874\\nTotal\\n206,761\\n167,368\\n$92,500,000\\nIt will be seen, upon examining this table, that the production in 1874\\nexceeded that of the whole twelve years preceding 1858; also that the\\nprocesses for extracting pure copper have been so much improved that in\\n1873 18,688 tons of ore gave 955 tons more of pure copper than were\\nafforded by 18,954 tons of ore during the twelve years mentioned. In 1872\\nthe Calumet and Hecla mine alone yielded 8000 tons of fine copper, about\\none-tenth of the entire product of the globe. A single sheet of copper was\\nfound in the IMinnesota mine which was computed to weigh at least 250\\ntons. There is a copper region of great importance in adjacent parts of\\nVirginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia, in which there are nu-\\nmerous mines which have been worked in an imperfect manner. Professor\\nHunt says of it With the present augmented price of copper and with\\nthe aid of improved processes for the extraction of the metal from its ores,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 193\\nthis region may become a second Cornwall. Deposits of copper ore were\\nformerly worked to a considerable extent in New Jersey and Connecticut,\\nand recently rich veins of this ore have been opened in Chester county, Pa.\\nLead. The ore of this metal is found iu Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois,\\nMissouri, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Vir-\\nginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Kentucky. The most important lead\\ndeposits in the United States are in the Mississippi Valley. The Upper\\nMines are within the adjoining States of Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa.\\nThe area of this region is 4000 square miles, of which 2200 square miles,\\nor 55 per cent., lie in Wisconsin but the most productive portion is in\\nIowa and Illinois. The first extensive mining began iu 1826. In 1829\\nthe annual production was 6000 tons in 1839 it had risen to 10,000\\ntous; and in 1845 it reached its maximum, amounting to nearly 25,000\\ntons. Since that time it has greatly fallen oflT, and it is difficult, or\\nrather impossible, to obtain trustworthy figures with relation to it. The\\nlead deposits of Missouri have been divided by mineralogists into three\\ndistricts, the south-west, the middle and the south-east, the last being\\nthe most important, covering an area of about 500 square miles. In\\n1811 Mine Shibboleth, in this region, produced 15621 tons of lead from\\n2500 tous of ore. In 1816 the average annual product of Mine a Burton\\nand the Potosi diggings for the preceding eighteen years was estimated at\\nover 250 tons. From 1834 to 1837 the yearly production of Mine La\\nMotte was 518 tons. The State geologist makes the annual product of\\nall the lead mines in Missouri for the 14 years ending with 1854, inclusive,\\nmore than 1916 tons. There are numerous deposits of lead ore in the\\nAtlantic States, but they have not been very extensively worked. Some\\nof them are highly argentiferous ore from the Shelburne Mine, in New\\nHampshire, giving 84 ounces of pure silver to the ton of lead, and some\\nfrom the Warren Mine, in the same State, yielding 60 to 70 ounces per ton.\\nShipments of ore made in colonial times to England from the neighbor-\\nhood of Middletown, Conn., yielded from 25 to 75 ounces per ton, and\\ncontrary to the usual rule, that portion of the ore which was fine grained,\\nand was consequently expected to give the largest amount of silver, fur-\\nnished the 25 ounces, while the 75 ounces per ton was obtained from the\\ncoarsely cubical ore. The imports of lead into the United States during\\nthe fiscal year ending June 30, 1873, were 71,371,692 pounds (35,685 tons\\nof 2000 pounds), and for the year ending June 30, 1874, 43,513,017\\npounds (21,755 tons), showing a decrease of nearly 40 per cent.\\nZinc. Zinc ores have been found in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mis-\\nsouri, North Carolina, Arkansas, Wisconsin, Tennessee and in several other\\nStates. The first zinc was made in this country iu 1838, for the brass\\nstandard weights and measures ordered by Congress. A block from New\\nJersey weighing 16,400 pounds was exhibited at the World s Fair iu Lon-\\n13", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "194 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\ndon, iu 1851. It was estimated, several years since, that of tlie entire\\nproduct of the world Prussia yields 58 per cent., Belgium 27, Russia 7\\nand the United States 3. The proportion to be credited to this country is\\nnow undoubtedly larger. Franklinite, or the red oxide, is obtained near\\nFranklin and Sparta, in New Jersey and both calamine and blende are\\nworked at Friedensville, near Bethlehem, Pa., the works of the Lehigh Zinc\\nCompany being at the latter place. This company manufactured about\\n1700 tons of white oxide of zinc, an equal quantity of spelter, and rolled\\nabout 1000 tons of sheet zinc, during the year ending April 1, 1874. The\\nsheet-zinc made from Pennsylvania ores is deemed fully equal to the famous\\nbrand La Vielle Montugne, of France, some considering it even better, on\\naccount of its freedom from arsenic and iron. The great difficulty in com-\\npeting with French sheet-zinc arose from an ignorance of the secret of the\\npolishing process. The very simplicity of this operation baffled research,\\nas it is performed by passing several heated sheets through iron rollers,\\nwhen by mutual friction they polish each other. The purity, smoothness\\nof surface and durability of this zinc have led to its adoption as the mate-\\nrial for the cartridge-cases used by the Russian and Turkish governments.\\nQuicksilver. The quicksilver mines of California are elsewhere\\nmentioned [see California, in Topography]. According to the reports\\nof the Paris Exposition, California yielded, iu 1867, 3,960,000 pounds out\\nof a total for all countries of 7,083,120 pounds. The product of the New\\nAlmaden mine for 21^ years, ending with December 31, 1873, was 573,-\\n150 flasks (containing 762 pounds each), or 43,845,975 pounds. It is said\\nthat the Old Almaden mine in Spain controlled the Chinese market until\\na few years ago, when the manager of the New Almaden shipped 10,000\\nflasks to Hong Kong, and sold tliem so far below cost as to drive the Eu-\\nropean quicksilver back to Spain. California then supplied China but\\nSpain, by the same tactics, obtained the control of the London market.\\nIn 1869, for instance, the exports of quicksilver from the United States to\\nEngland amounted to only 152,924 pounds, while those to China amounted\\nto 824,052 pounds. The total exports for the year 1869 were 2,152,499\\npounds, Mexico taking even more than China (834,776 pounds). Since\\nthat time the production has fallen away, the yield for 1873 being little\\nmore than 2,000,000 pounds and during the year ending June 30, 1873,\\nforeign countries took only 714,783 pounds of American quicksilver, none\\nof this amount going to England. In the year ending June 30, 1874, the\\nquantity exported was 501,389 pounds.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlie agricultural i)rodiicts are treated elsewhere [see American Agricul-\\nTURe], and the retiiaining niiiior topics, which usually come under tlie head of Phys-\\nical Geography, are treated in the articles on the several States [see Topography,\\np. 205 \u00e2\u0082\u00act seg.] as fully as space will allow.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed. U. S. Centennial Gazetteer and\\nGuide.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "EESOUROES AjSTD PROSPECTS OF THE\\nu:n^ited states.\\nBEFORE treating of the several States separately, it seems proper, as\\nwe have just been takiug a general view of the physical features of this\\ncountry, to say a few words concerning the resources and prospects of the\\nUnited States. A work upon this subject was written by Sir Morton Peto,\\nand published in 1866. The kindly spirit in which he wrote, the special\\nfacilities afforded him while he was in America collecting information, the\\nskill with which he has arranged his materials, combine to render the work\\nof Sir Morton very valuable, even at the present day, when his statistics\\n(a few of which were somewhat superannuated when he wrote) have become\\nalmost too stale for reproduction, except for comparison with the later\\nfigures of the years which have elapsed since his visit to America, in 1865.\\nAmericans are so busy, so thorouglily occupied with the interests which\\ndemand immediate attention, so little given to day-dreaming, that it is\\nprobable that few among them have any adequate conception of the vast-\\nness of the resources of their favored land. Vague general statements,\\nwhich form the staple of the Fourth of July oration or the popular lecture,\\nare couched in language so stereotyped that a great part of their effect is\\nlost and though they are acknowledged as truisms, the frequency with\\nwhich they are heard, in nearly the same form of words, makes them seem\\nalmost like vain repetitions. The more specific, however, the inforniatiou\\nobtained, the more evident becomes the fact that statements apparently\\nl)ombastic assertions which seemed at first to be the offspring of an over-\\nweening national pride have been below rather than above the mark.\\nA comparison of some of the figures given for the United States with those\\nfor Europe, or for separate countries of the latter, gives a very favorable\\nshowing for the young republic. In the matter of territory, for instance,\\nthe area of Europe is 3,600,000 square miles, while that of the United\\nStates is 3,603,884 square miles. The area of the United Kingdom of\\nGreat Britain (83,827) and Ireland (28,800) is 112,627 square miles; that\\nof France (including Corsica), 204,711 square miles. A larger amount of\\nland (140,000,000 acres, or 218,750 square miles) than either of these lias\\nbeen given away to the States and Territories by the various national land-\\ngrants for the establishnient and maintenance of public schools [see Amer-\\n195", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "196 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nICAN Education, page 498]. Texas (area 274,356 square miles) is larger\\nthan Spain (area 196,031 square miles); California (a rea 188,981 square\\nmiles) contains more territory than the kingdom of Italy (area 114,409\\nsquare miles) our States match in size the countries of Europe our country\\nis larger than that grand division of the globe. Sir Morton Peto* awards\\nthe United States this superiority even when (by including lakes and rivers\\nhe made the area of this country 3,250,000 square miles and the addition\\nof Alaska puts it beyond question, even if the larger estimate of 3,600,000\\nsquare miles be the area of Europe. This territory, with the exception of\\nAlaska, is compact and contiguous. For the most part it is united by lines\\nof communication which consist of lakes, rivers, canals and telegraphs.\\nBy the settlement of California and Oregon the country has the great ad-\\nvantage of fronting the two great oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific. Of\\nthis territory the public lands embrace an area of nearly 3,000,000 square\\nmiles. The exact figures on the 30th of June, 1874, were 2,867,185 square\\nmiles, or 1,834,998,400 acres, of which 649,393,052 had been surveyed up\\nto June 30, 1874, leaving 1,185,605,348. In 1867 the aggregate area,\\naccording to Hawes, was 1,446,716,072 acres, of which 485,311,778 acres,\\nor about one-third, had been surveyed up to July 1st of that year. The\\nincrease is owing to the addition of Alaska to the public domain an addi-\\ntion amounting to 577,390 square miles, or 369,529,600 acres. The lands\\nare surveyed by the government and divided into uniform rectangular\\ntracts, six miles square, called townships, each township being subdivided\\ninto thirty-six sections one mile square, containing 640 acres each, and\\neach section into quarter sections of 160 acres each, which are set apart\\nfor homesteads. By the system of squares every section and quarter\\nsection is bounded by lines running due north and south (as far as the\\nconvergency of the meridians, or their coming nearer together as they are\\nextended northward, will permit), crossed by other lines running east and\\nwest. As the country is filled up and settled new surveys are made, and\\nit is doubtless one of the greatest attractions of the United States that they\\npossess so great an expanse of territory that it will be many years before\\nthe price of land in the West is raised by immigration, however great may\\nbe the influx of population. The application of industry to the cultivation\\nof the soil will be for a long time the principal reason for an increase in\\nthe value of land, and such increase will be the certain and just reward for\\nthe labor of the industrious immigrant. There is no description of prod-\\nuce, European or tropical, which may not be raised in some part of this\\nterritory. Every part of the country produces wealth. The Western and\\nPacific States aflford abundant crops of the two great cereals, wheat and\\nWe acknowledge here, once for all, onr indebtedness to this author, and shall con-\\ntinue to borrow freely from his work without further reference.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed. U. S. Centennial\\nGazetteer and Guide.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 197\\nIndian corn, with the additional advantage that the first of these is gath-\\nered in the summet and the other in the fall, thus affording a double har-\\nvest to the fanner. The Southern States grow sugar, rice, tobacco and\\ncorn. The agricultural resources have been fully dwelt upon elsewhere,\\nboth generally [see American Agriculture] and particularly, in connec-\\ntion with the separate articles on the several States and Territories [see\\nTopography]. The mineral resources have also been treated both gen-\\nerally [see Physical Geography] and in detail [see Topography].\\nEvery portion of this territory possesses some special advantage. Even\\nin many places where the soil is barren that soil consists of valuable chem-\\nicals, prepared (iu a nearlj^ pure form) in Nature s laboratory, or it covers\\nmetals worth more than the aggregate crops for many years gathered from\\nan equal extent of the most fertile soil, or it affords some other yield which\\nmakes it of value to the man who intelligently endeavors to ascertain and\\nto develop its capabilities. This leads us to speak of another resource of\\nthis country viz., the intelligent industry of the people. The vast increase\\nmade during the past thirty years in the annual value of manufactured\\narticles [see American Manufactures] is a proof that this resource is\\none to be relied upon as an important auxiliary to the advance of this\\nnation in wealth, in comfort and iu the ability to sustain a large popula-\\ntion. The opinion of Sir Morton Peto (and of other writers who could\\nnot possibly look upon the question disinterestedly) that it would be the\\nbest policy for the people of the United States to devote their attention\\nexclusively to agriculture, and to entirely depend upon England and other\\nforeign countries for supplies of manuflictured articles, this opinion, we\\nsay, however pleasant and plausible it may appear to those who desire to\\nfurnish this country with all the necessaries of life except food, will not\\nmeet with the approval of the true American who desires his country to\\ntake a leading position among the nations of the world. To follow out\\nthis policy, to permit our almost boundless resources of coal, of iron, of\\nwater-power, of the industry of a free people, to slumber unused, would\\nbe to scorn the gifts of a bountiful Providence which has richly showered\\nupon this favored nation not only the blessings pronounced by the patri-\\narchs upon their posterity the dew of heaven, the fatness of the earth\\nand plenty of corn and wine but has also given a land whose stones\\nare iron and out of whose hills may be dug not only brass (or its ingre-\\ndients, copper and zinc), but more gold and silver than the famed Ophir\\never produced. Nor is it any kindness to the American farmer to sup])ort\\na doctrine which would make all men farmers, would cause an overpro-\\nduction of all agricultural products, and would leave the unfortunate agri-\\nculturist entirely at the mercy of foreign markets for the disposal of the-\\nimmense surplus which would be left were every man to become a firmer.\\nIt would, doubtless, be a comfortable state of affairs for all the foreign.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "198 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nnations requiring our breadstuffs or other products of the farm. They\\nwould be able to take their choice of the best, to name their own price and\\nto repay the American farmer Avith a small portion of the raw material\\ntaken from this country to be worked up, and to have its value thereby\\nenhanced, for the benefit of the foreign nation or nations above mentioned.\\nA true friend of the farmer (if the zeal and energy with which he has col-\\nlected statistics may be considered a proof of his right to this title), the\\nStatistician of the Department of Agriculture, expresses the hope (in an\\naddress the eoncludiug words of which may be found at the end of the\\narticle on American Agriculture) that the day may be hastened when\\n25 per cent, of our people shall furnish a better and more varied agricul-\\ntural supply than is now obtained by the 47 per cent, engaged in agricul-\\nture, and when the 21 per cent, now engaged in mining, manufacturing\\nand the mechanic arts may become 42. This is a hope the fulfilment of\\nwhich would be a benefit to the agriculturist as well as to the miner, the\\nmanufixcturer and the mechanic.\\nThe resources of the United States have always been found equal to their\\nnecessities. There came a time not long since when those resources were\\nsorely tried, when brother warred against brother, when a land which had\\nfor a time been rent with civil feud was drenched with fraternal blood. An-\\nother country under such circumstances might have been irreparably ruined.\\nA monarchy so situated would have probably become a prey to anarchy and\\nconfusion. We have, however, to deal with the important question. How\\ndid the resources of the country bear the drain put upon them by the de-\\nmands of the four years of war? The answer is one so flattering to national\\npride that we prefer to give it in the words of one whose opinion with ref-\\nerence to American manufactures we have just opposed, but whose position\\nas a foreigner will give considerable weight to his statement with reference\\nto the question just proposed. Sir Morton Peto says Although a million\\nof the population had been withdrawn from their industrial occupations to\\nassume arms, the progress of peaceful industry had not been arrested.\\nTo this may be added the most remarkable feature of the civil war in the\\nUnited States namely, the marvellous sustentation of credit in the North.\\nOn the European side of the Atlantic the inquiry was constantly repeated,\\nWhen will the finances of America collapse? Speculations were made\\nin the money markets on the assumption that the American resources must\\ninevitably fail. Yet on the American side not only was there no idea of\\nfailure, but, despite the increase of debt, which accumulated with a rapidity\\nabsolutely unknown in any previous history, the pressure of taxation was\\nunflinchingly borne and the payment of interest was regularly made. Nor\\nwas this all. Although the country might have been expected to be drained\\nboth of men and stores to supply the immense armies which were sustained,\\nthe requirements of the entire population were met without any increase", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 199\\nof prices beyond that which resulted from a depreciation of the currency.\\nThroughout the war the nation gave evidence of rapidly-increasing wealth.\\nProbably the parallel of this is not to be found in the world s history. All\\nrecords, of whatsoever period, show that during fierce and desolating strug-\\ngles the populations engaged in them have suffered fearful privations and\\nmiseries, and that protracted periods have elapsed before they have been\\nable to recover from their effects. America, which in so many respects\\nhas shown herself superior to ordinary rules, has, in regard to the effects\\nof war, shown that the heaviest and most costly conflict can be borne not\\nonly without exhaustion, but even with an increase of national prosperity.\\nIf I am asked to account for this, I can only do so by attributing it to the\\nwonderful elasticity of the resources of the United States. In my\\ntravels through the United States during the autumn of last year the\\nabundant resources of the country was the feature which struck me most\\nforcibly. It appeared to be the key to everything else. I saw wild terri-\\ntories, both of forest and prairie, being cleared up and populated I saw-\\nvillages springing into towns and towns into cities with a rapidity so mar-\\nvellous that one s first idea was to attribute it all to the work of some pow-\\nerful magician I passed through whole regions where every description\\nof grain seemed to spring up spontaneously; I went over lines of railway\\nseemingly constructed for the express purpose of conveying this produce\\nto ports from which it could be shipped to countries where there was a\\nsuiDerabundant population to consume it; I passed down immense rivers\\nsw\\\\arming with steamboats and other vessels filled with produce; I was\\nbrought into communication with the merchants who conducted the varied\\ncommerce to which all this gave rise; and looking at all that I met with,\\nI could not fail to be struck, as a practical man, with the extraordinary\\nand wonderful character of American resources, surpassing by far any-\\nthing of which we have the slightest experience in the Old World, great\\nas are our own products and remarkable as is the industry of our teeming\\npopulation.\\nIt is by looking at the way in which this country passed through that\\nmost trying of ordeals, a civil war, that we are able to form some idea as\\nto the prospects of the republic. If that which usually cripples a nation\\nserved only to show the magnitude of the resources which had been suffered\\nto lie idle; if the development of these resources continued and increased,\\neven at the time when more than a million of men were drawn away\\nfrom industrial pursuits and employed in destroying one another, what\\nmay not be expected from a united land, from a people whose swords have\\nbeen beaten into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks? Peace\\nand unity, twin blessings, are the earnests of a still greater advance in agri-\\nculture, in commerce, in manufactures, in all that makes a nation wealthy\\nand prosperous at home and respected abroad. The public spirit of the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "200 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nl^eople, which leads them to lend their aid, frequently with only too great\\nreadiness, to any scheme which promises to assist in the improvement of\\nthe natural advantages of their country, will every year have a better op-\\nportunity to impel its possessors to works of national utility. It is this\\nvery public spirit which specially strikes foreigners, who frequently have\\ndifficulty in appreciating at its full value the influence of a free govern-\\nment in developing a love of country which leads its possessor to feel how\\nthoroughly his country s interests are his own. Sir Morton Peto says:\\nIn a recent article on Cheese as a Staple Article of Export, written by\\nthe secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture, I find the following\\ncurious facts adduced to support an argument that ^cheese is as good as\\ngold: The export demand governs the price of cheese. In June, 1862,\\nprime cheese was bringing in Herkimer county, N. Y., 8 cents per pound\\nbut as soon as specie payments were suspended and gold bore a premium\\nthe price of cheese advanced with even step. When gold fell, the price of\\ncheese receded when gold rose, the price of cheese advanced and all the\\nwhile just in proportion to the current rate of exchange. This proves con-\\nclusively that to cancel indebtedness or to pay for goods purchased in Eng-\\nland cheese was as good as gold, and answered the same purpose exactly.\\nWith a market of such great capacity open to us, it. seems as certain as\\nanything in this uncertain world can be that the manufacture of cheese\\nwill increase annually; and I see no reason why all farmers who possess\\nreally good grazing-land may not share in the profits. I quote this pas-\\nsage the more readily because it illustrates the sort of enthusiastic feeling\\nwhich appears to enter into every enterprise an American embarks in.\\nOn this side of the Atlantic it is difficult to realize the sort of feeling\\nwhich induces an American to treat such a product as cheese as a substi-\\ntute for gold in commercial transactions. Yet it is this sort of enterprising\\ncalculation which drives forward the United States. They try to make\\neverything even cheese as good as gold. The prediction of the\\nAmerican author quoted by Sir Morton is being verified. In 1867 the\\nexports of cheese amounted to 52,352,127 pounds; in 1868 to 51,097,203\\npounds; in 1869 the quantity exported fell to 39,960,367 pounds, but\\nduring the year ending June 30, 1873, it had risen to 80,366,540 pounds,\\nand the quantity exported during the year ending June 30, 1874, was\\n90,611,077 pounds. There is another article of export which promises\\nto be as good as gold viz., bacon and hams, the exports of which,\\nduring the year just named, were as follows: 25,648,226 pounds in 1867;\\n43,659,064 pounds in 1868; 49,228,165 pounds in 1869; 395,381,737\\npounds in 1873 and 347,405,405 pounds in 1874. It is by the aggregate\\nof such articles as these that the balance of trade is being turned in\\nfavor of the United States and knowing how great the resources of Amer-\\nica are, her citizens can look hopefully toward the future with the feeling", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 201\\nthat there is sufRcieut energy aud enterprise in the country to make the\\nmost of the gifts of a beneficent Providence.\\nOne of the most important facts upon which to rest bright hopes with\\nreference to the future of America is tlie feeling of unity which is per-\\nvading the country, and which will doubtless be greatly increased by the\\nremembrances of the past awakened by the celebration of the one hun-\\ndredth anniversary of American independence. The descendants of those\\nwho fought shoulder to shoulder the battles of freedom who laid the foun-\\ndations of a national edifice which still exists will surely lay aside then,\\nif ever, animosities of recent origin, and remember that they are brethren.\\nThe scenes at the celebration (June 17, 1875) of the centennial of the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill, elsewhere alluded to [see Historical Sketch,\\npage 150], were a proof that the feeling of brotherhood is stronger than\\nthe bitter feeling awakened by the civil war. It will be remembered that\\nthe United States has a mission, that the eyes of the Avorld are upon this\\nrepublic, that dissension and strife among her citizens would cause joy to\\ntyrants only, but unutterable grief to the oppressed of every land and\\nclime. It is the mission o% the United States to prove that the free gov-\\nernment which has stood for a hundred years is stronger to-day than ever,\\nnot only in armies and armaments, but in the affectionate regard which\\nevery citizen feels for a national unity of which he is not a mere append-\\nage, but a part. In order to fulfil his share in this mission, each citizen\\nof the republic will endeavor to forget the time of internecine strife, and\\nto look forward to a future when in peace or in war there will be no\\nNorth, no South, no East, no West when civil war will be impossible,\\nand the united front presented to every foreign foe will cause the latter to\\ndeem a conflict with this country undesirable. Toward such a state this\\nnation is rapidly hastening nay, it has in part attained it. Were a just\\nwar to be declared to-morrow, were an invading foe to appear upon our\\nshores, it would soon become evident that E pluribus unum is still the\\nnational motto in fiict as well as upon shields and banners, in Fourth-of-\\nJuly orations and stump speeches.\\nAdmitting, then, that this country will preserve the republican form of\\ngovernment v*hich distinguishes it among the nations of the earth, there is\\nanother resource which is no small item in the inventory of our national\\nwealth. We allude to the constant flow of immigration into this country,\\nand to the rapidity with which the fertile lauds of the West are being\\npeopled. It may seem strange to the reader at first sight that this should\\nbe mentioned as a resource yet when he remembers that (although there\\nis considerable fluctuation in the annual number of immigrants) the num-\\nber of the foreigners who have come to reside in this country since 1846\\nhas exceeded five and a half millions, he will at once see that this is no\\ninconsiderable item on the credit side of our national account. Men who", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "202 BURLETS CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nin Europe would have dragged out a miserable existence without any hope\\nof rising, have come to this country and become the possessors of com-\\nfortable homes, earned by the honest labor of their own hands. Every\\nsuch man (and they could be counted by hundreds of thousands) is an\\naddition to the national wealth. For such immigrants there is abundance\\nof room. Proof of this statement can be found elsewhere [see Table\\nVIII. in Appendix]. If Texas were as densely peopled as Massachusetts,\\nit would hold all of the present population of the United States. Because,\\ntherefore, this country offers special advantages for the industrious immi-\\ngrant because the offer of a home is yearly accej^ted by many tens of\\nthousands because the resources of the United States are so ample that\\nevery such addition to their population is an addition to their wealth be-\\ncause the progress made in the past has exceeded the most sanguine expec-\\ntations of the friends of the great republic, for these and for many\\nother reasons equally valid, but which we have not space even to mention\\nit is not too much to hope that the progress of the future will not belie\\nthe promise of the present will not make void the record of the past\\nbut will prove beyond controversy the superiority of a republic to every\\nother form of government, and the value (not the theoretical but the prac-\\ntical value) of free institutions to assist and to direct the development of\\nthe resources of a continent.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "Engraved expressly for Barley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nPARIS EXPOSITION, 1855.\\nTHE Paris Exposition of 1855 was held in tlie building above repre-\\nsented, which is still standing on the Avenue des Chamios Elysee, and\\nwhich was named the Palace of Industry. The Art Department was\\nin another building, situated a short distance to the east of this edifice on\\nthe Avenue de Matignon, and named the Palace of the Fine Arts. The\\nExposition was opened on the 15th of May by the emperor in person, and\\nlasted six months. The arrangements for it were made and the whole\\naffair was managed by an Imperial Commission, of which the prince Napo-\\nleon was appointed president. When it is remembered that it was carried\\non during the Crimean war, it must be acknowledged that it had a large\\ndegree of success. The number of exhibitors, according to the official\\nreport, was 21,779, and the number of visitors to the Industrial Depart-\\nment was 4,180,117, to the Art Department 935,601, and to the Chinese\\nMuseum, in the same building with the latter, 46,612, making a grand\\ntotal of 5,162,330. Every assistance was rendered to the exhibitors by\\nthe French government. Articles which were prohibited or partially pro-\\nhibited by the existing customs regulations were admitted for the Exposi-\\ntion on a special tariff of twenty per cent, ad valorem, and the authorities\\n203", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "204 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nwinked at the admission of large quantities of goods not very necessary\\nfor the occasion, such as pottery, alpacas, woolen and cotton goods, etc.\\nThis was done to oblige exhibitors and to gratify the desires of French\\npurchasers, especially these of the poorer class. An instance of the extent\\nto which this complaisance was carried is the fact that 296 crates of pottery,\\nweighing 58 tons, were introduced under this tariff after the Exposition\\nwas opened, and even after its close 100 crates, weighing 15 tons, were\\nadmitted in the same manner. Another circumstance shows still more\\nstrikingly the good-will of the government toward those who took part in\\nthe display. All the taxes and customs were increased two-tenths after\\nthis special tariff had been granted. As no exceptions were made, this\\nduty was, of course, increased to twenty-four per cent. The official report\\nof the Exposition, however, says The question having been examined by\\nthe Imperial Commission and by competent authorities, it was decided that\\nArticle 48 should be interpreted in the sense which was most favorable to\\nforeign exhibitors, and that the duty of twenty per cent, should be collected\\nwithout the addition of the tenths. The care and consideration of the\\nmanagement extended to the smallest details. Even the packing-cases of\\nthe exhibitors were received, stored away, and delivered again in good\\norder at the close of the Exposition, all for the moderate fee of one franc\\nseventy-five centimes, or about thirty-five cents apiece for a single one or\\nfor a number of them. For foreigners 10,387 cases were thus stored, and\\nfor natives 5457. The official report of this Exposition, to which we have\\nseveral times referred, is rendered doubly interesting by details which are\\nnot usually given, and some of which could be procured only in a country\\nwith a police service like that of France. Some of these details show that\\nthe effect of the Exposition upon the number of travellers arriving in\\nParis, and upon other matters likely to be affected by this enterprise, was\\nnot so transient as one would suppose. The number of travellers coming\\ninto Paris by the railroads in 1854 was 3,328,386, in 1855 it was 4,081,121,\\nand in 1856 it was 3,923,360. The number of travellers admitted into\\nthe hotels, etc., in 1854 was 358,719, in 1855 it was 497,285, and in 1856\\nit was 438,005. The receipts of the theatres, museums, balls and concerts\\nin 1854 amounted to 12,401,264 francs ($2,480,252), in 1855 to 16,149,476\\nfrancs ($3,229,895), and in 1856 to 14,130,039 francs ($2,826,007). ^An\\nexamination of these figures will show that, though the figures for the\\nyear of the Exposition are the largest, those for the year 1856 are much\\nlarger than those of the year 1854, showing that the effect of the enter-\\nprise still continued. The American exhibitors numbered only 131, but\\ncarried off a goodly number of prizes. Fourteen States were represented\\nby commissioners, among whom were Maunsell B. Field and T. H. Wales\\nfrom New York, James Swaim from Pennsylvania, and other well-known\\ncitizens; California had no less than four couiraissioners.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "TOPOGEAPHY OF THE UITITED STATES,\\nrPHE United States of America comprise 37 States, 11 Territories and 1\\nJ- Federal District. They are classified in five geographical divisions\\nviz., the Eastern or New England States, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,\\nMassachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut Middle States, New York,\\nNew Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware Southern States, Maryland, Vir-\\nginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis-\\nsissippi, Louisiana and Texas Western States, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ken-\\ntucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa,\\nWisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska Pacific States, California, Oregon\\nand Nevada. The Territories are the Indian Country, New Mexico, Col-\\norado, Wyoming, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Washington\\nand Alaska (which is unorganized). The District of Columbia, being\\nunder the immediate government of Congress, is also classed as a Territory.\\nThe original thirteen States which declared their independence of Great\\nBritain were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,\\nNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,\\nNorth Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The area of the United\\nStates at the close of the Revolutionary war, in 1783, was 841,107 square\\nmiles. By successive accretions the territory of the great republic has grown\\nto 3,603,884 square miles. The additions have been as follows Louisiana\\nTerritory, purchased from Fi-auce in 1803, 930,928 square miles Florida,\\nacquired from Spain in 1821, 59,268 square miles Texas, annexed to the\\nUnion in 1845, 237,504 square miles Oregon, as settled by treaty in 1846,\\n280,425 square miles California, New Mexico and other territory acquired\\nfrom Mexico in 1847 and 1854, 677,262 square miles Alaska, purchased\\nfrom Russia in 1867, 577,390 square miles. The aggregate population in\\n1870 was 38,925,598, of whom 33,592,245 were white, 4,886,387 colored,\\n63,254 Chinese and 383,712 Indian. There were 10.70 persons to a square\\nmile.\\nALABAMA.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alabama is bounded on the N. by Ten-\\nnessee, E. by Georgia and Florida, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico\\nand W. by Mississippi. It is situated between latitudes 30\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 35\u00c2\u00b0\\nN. and longitudes 8\u00c2\u00b0 05 and 11\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Washington, or 85\u00c2\u00b0 5 and\\n205", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "206 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n88\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length of the State is 335\\nmiles; extreme breadth, 200 miles area, 50,722 square miles, or 32,462,080\\nacres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /S u?/ace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Alleghany Mountains enter\\nAlabama at the north-east corner, and have a breadth of about 50 miles.\\nOne range extends in a westerly direction almost to the Georgia line an-\\nother range stretches south-west as far as Tuscaloosa. The ridges gradu-\\nally sink away into hills and then into a vast plain, broken by gentle\\nswells and interspersed with pine barrens and rich alluvial river-bottoms.\\nFivers and Bays. The Tennessee River makes a sweep of nearly 300\\nmiles through Alabama, and drains the water-shed north of the Allegha-\\nnies. Steamboats ascend as far as Knoxville, Tenn., but the Muscle Shoals,\\nat Florence, are a serious impediment to navigation. The enlargement of\\nthe old canal is projected, together with otlier improvements, which the\\nUnited States engineer estimates will require an appropriation of $750,000\\nfor the year ending June 30, 1876. The Mobile River, which drains the\\nwhole water-shed south of the mountains, is formed by the confluence of\\nthe Alabama and the Tombigbee Rivers, 50 miles above Mobile Bay. The\\nAlabama, formed by the union of the Tallapoosa and the Coosa, is 600 miles\\nlong and navigable to Montgomery, 320 miles. The Tombigbee, 450 miles\\nlong, is navigable to Columbus, Miss., 420 miles above Mobile. The main\\nbranch of the Tombigbee is the Black Warrior, navigable for large steam-\\nboats to Tuscaloosa, 300 miles north of Mobile. Along the eastern bound-\\nary of the State runs the Chattahoochee River, navigable 300 miles to\\nColumbus, Georgia. Alabama has a coast-line of 60 miles on the Gulf of\\nMexico. Mobile Bay, 35 miles in length, has a depth of 21 feet in its\\nmain channels, but vessels drawing more than nine feet of water cannot\\nreach the docks at Mobile. Extensive improvements were begun in 1870;\\nCongress has made five annual appropriations, amounting in the aggregate\\nto 8375,000. Dog River Bar has been widened through its whole length\\n(7 J miles) to 120 feet, with a depth of 13 feet of water at low tide. Choc-\\ntaw Bar Channel has been enlarged to the same dimensions. The estimated\\ncost of the work will be half a million of dollars. Forests. The low,\\nsandy country near the coast produces immense quantities of yellow pine,\\nwhich yields lumber, turpentine, tar and pitch. The other principal trees\\nare the cypress, cottonwood, magnolia, oak, hickory, cedar, poplar, elm,\\nash, walnut, locust, gum, chestnut, dogwood, maple, etc. Bea,rs, wolves,\\nfoxes, deer, raccoons*, opossums and many other wild animals still range\\nthe forests.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Among the hills of the northern counties the\\nsoil is only moderately fertile. The valley of the Tennessee, from 5 to 25\\nmiles in width, is very rich, as are also the large prairies and river-bottoms\\nof the central region, which produce from 800 to 1000 pounds of cotton to", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 207\\nthe acre. lu the south are extensive forests and pine-barrens, with many\\nfertile alluvial lauds. The summer climate, tempered by the mountains\\nin the north and by the sea-breezes in the south, is in the main healthful,\\nalthough there are malarious districts along the rivers. Cattle thrive in\\nthe woods all winter, and the streams are never frozen. The isothermal\\nlines for the northern aud southern portions are respectively: Spring,\\n60\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 77\u00c2\u00b0-82\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 60\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 40\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 yearly\\nmean, 60\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0. The annual rainfall at Mobile was 76.68 inches at Mont-\\ngomery, 65.80 inches. Warden says that peach trees are in blossom Febru-\\nary 15; green peas and strawberries fit for the table May 2; blackberries,\\nmulberries aud whortleberries ripe May 16; sweet corn large enough for\\nroasting June 29.\\nAg-ricviltviral Productions. Alabama is distinctively an agri-\\ncultural State. Only Mississippi and Arkansas have a larger percentage\\nof the working population engaged in tilling the soil. According to the\\ncensus of 1870, the value of the farms, farm implements and live-stock\\nwas $97,716,055 value of all farm products, $67,522,335 number of\\nfarms, 67,392 average size, 222 acres. Among the productions were\\n429,482 bales of cotton (of 400 pounds each), 31 hhds. of cane-sugar,\\n433,281 gallons of molasses, 5156 of domestic wine, 381,253 pounds of\\nwool, 222,945 of rice, 320,674 of houey, 1,871,360 bushels of sweet pota-\\ntoes, 156,574 of peas and beans. Alabama stood third in the production\\nof cotton (next to Mississippi and Georgia) and sixth in rice. In 1873\\nthere were grown 21,751,000 bushels of Indian corn, 884,000 of wheat,\\n200,000 of rye, 813,000 of oats, 170,000 of Irish potatoes, 200,000 pounds\\nof tobacco and 17,000 tons of hay. The number of animals in Jauuaiy,\\n1874, was 106,600 horses, 102,500 mules (only Tennessee had a larger\\nnumber), 334,100 oxen and other cattle, 173,400 milch cows, 189,900\\nsheep, 990,100 swine. The value of farms in Alabama was diminished by\\n$108,000,000 in the decade from 1860 to 1870, which shows the destructive\\neffects of the civil war.\\nManilfactvires. The census of 1870 reported 2118 establishments;\\nhands employed, 8248 value of annual product, $13,040,644. Among\\nthe establishments there were for the manufacture of firearms 16, furniture\\n21, iron 22, leather 141, liquors 2, paper 1, printing and publishing 15,\\ntobacco 14, agricultural implements 3, boots and shoes 6, cotton 13, wool-\\nlen 14, flour 613. There were 284 mills for sawing lumbei employing\\n1428 hands; value of ];aw material used, $520,513; value of products,\\n$1,359,083. Of resin the production was 53,175 barrels, value $112,150;\\nof turpentine, 409,950 barrels, value $168,053.\\nMinerals and Mining-. Extensive beds of bituminous coal, from\\none to eight feet thick, cover an area twice as large as that of the State of\\nDelaware. Iron, lead, ochres, manganese, marbles (white, black, clouded", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "208 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand buff-eolored), limestone and granite are found in considerable quanti-\\nties. Three raining establishments were reported by the last census, pro-\\nducing to the value of $52,500.\\nCommerce and Navigation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A river navigation of 2000 miles\\ncentres at Mobile, which is also the chief port for foreign commerce. In\\n1874 the amount of revenue collected was $96,765 vessels arrived, 188\\ncleared, 164; value of imports, $833,644; of exports, $10,235,293. Among\\nthe articles exported were 170 barrels of flour, 130,880 bales of cotton,\\n2172 barrels of resin and turpentine, 4,670,008 feet of lumber. Four\\nsailing vessels and two steamers were built. 132 vessels are registered in\\nthe customs district, of which 30 are steamers, 80 sailing vessels, 22 barges.\\nRailroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State had 46 miles of railroad in 1844. In 1873\\nthe statistics were: Miles of railroad, 1722; total capital account, $61,-\\n001,839; cost per mile, $37,016 receipts, $4,957,941 receipts per mile,\\n$3008; receipts per inhabitant, $4.84; net earnings, $1,155,811; number\\nf locomotives, 201 passenger-cars, 141 freight-cars, 2421.\\nPnblic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary is at Wetumpka, the Hospital for the Insane at Tuscaloosa, the Asy-\\nlum for the Blind at Mobile, the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Tal-\\nladega. There were 611 blind, 401 deaf and dumb and 555 insane\\nreported by the last census. The Constitution prescribes that all children\\nbetween the ages of five and twenty-one shall be educated free of charge.\\nThe latest school statistics accessible are as follows School population,\\n403,735; children enrolled, white, 61,942, colored, 41,673; schools, 2561\\nteachers, 2650; expenditures, $606,517. The University of Alabama,\\nfounded in 1831, has an endowment of $300,000. Its buildings were\\nburned during the w^ar, but have been replaced. An annual appropria-\\ntion of $24,000 is made by the State. The academic department has six\\ncourses of study. Howard College has ten departments. The Agricultu-\\nral and Mechanical College, at Auburn, owns a property valued at $327,-\\n000, and has 102 students. Talladega College affords to its pupils pre-\\nparatory, normal, collegiate and theological departments. The Medical\\nCollege of Alabama, at Mobile, was attended by 84 students in 1873-4,\\nand graduated a class of 29. It has 12 professors $75,000 have been\\nexpended on the medical museum. The 8 colleges of the State report 63\\nteachers, 1026 pupils and an income of $108,800. There were 1430 libra-\\nries in Alabama in 1870, 89 newspapers and periodicals, and 2095 church\\norganizations, having 1958 edifices.\\nCities and Towns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mobile, the chief city, and next to New Or-\\nleans the greatest cotton mart in the United States, is situated on the Mobile\\nKiver, 30 miles above the Gulf of Mexico. Mention has already been made\\nof its commerce. The city is the centre of 4 railroads. There are several\\nmanufactories, 2 daily newspapers and 30 churches. Population in 1870,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 209\\n32,034, of whom 13,913 were colored. Montgomery, the capital and second\\ncity of the State, stands on a high bluff on the Alabama River, 330 miles\\nabove Mobile. Large steamers navigate the river and four railroads enter\\nthe city. The State-house is an imposing structure, and there are other\\nfine public buildings. It has 14 churches and 3 daily newspapers. Pop-\\nulation, 10,588, of whom the colored people numbered 5183. The other\\ncities are Selma, on the Alabama River (population 6487), Huntsville\\n(4907), Talladega (1933), Tuscaloosa, the former capital (1689), Eufala\\n(3185) and Tuscumbia (1214).\\nPoj) Illation. Alabama was peopled largely by immigration from\\nthe other Southern States. Virginians and Tennesseeans settled the north-\\nern part, Georgians the eastern, North Carolinians the western and southern.\\nAbout Montgomery the Georgians predominated. Some French refugees\\nmade a home here after the downfall of Napoleon. The number of inhab-\\nitants in 1820 was 127,901 (slaves, 41,879); 1830, 309,527 (slaves, 117,-\\n549); 1840, 590,753 (slaves, 253,536); 1850,771,623 (slaves, 342,844);\\n1860, 964,201 (slaves, 435,080); 1870, 996,864 (free colored, 475,510).\\nOnly 9962, less than one per cent., were of foreign birth. There were born\\nin the United States 987,030, in Alabama 744,146, in Georgia 93,028, in\\nNorth Carolina 30,290, in Virginia 29,636. Of natives of Alabama\\n129,554 were residing in other parts of the Union.\\nGrOVenimeilt and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 33 members, elected for four years, and a house of represent-\\natives of 100 members, elected for two years. The executive authority is\\nvested in a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of State, auditor,\\ntreasurer and attorney-general. The judicial authority is vested in a\\nsupreme court (of three judges), twelve circuit courts, five courts of chan-\\ncery, and sixty-five probate courts, one for each county. The judiciary is\\nelective. The civil divisions of a county are called beats instead of\\ndistricts, as in Georgia and the neighboring States.\\nHistory. The territory now called Alabama, which signifies in the\\nIndian tongue here we rest, was entered by Ferdinand de Soto in 1540.\\nComing in from Georgia, near the headwaters of the Coosa River, he jour-\\nneyed southward as far as Mavilla (Mobile). The Indians, who resisted\\nhis entrance into the town, were defeated, and many hundreds of them\\nslain. In the burning of the settlement the baggage of the Spaniards was\\nconsumed. De Soto retreated toward the north and passed over into Mis-\\nsissippi. Bienville, the French governor of Louisiana, built a trading-post\\nand fort on Mobile Bay in 1702. By the treaty of Paris, in 1763, the\\nFrench possessions were ceded to Great Britain. The territory of Missis-\\nsippi, which included the present State of Alabama, was organized in 1798.\\nIn 1819 Alabama was admitted into the Union as a State. January 11,\\n1861, it passed an ordinance of secession, and March 13 united with the\\n14", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "210 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nSouthern Confederacy. The first battalion for the Confederate army started\\nfor Virginia May 1. Huutsville was taken by Gen. O. M. Mitchell, April\\n9, 1862, and the Union forces held possession of the territory north of the\\nTennessee River. Rear- Admiral Farragut reduced Fort Morgan and Fort\\nGaines, in Mobile Bay, August, 1864. Major-General Wilson occupied\\nSelma April 3, 1865, and Montgomery April 12. On the same day Mo-\\nbile was taken, and the last gun was fired for the Confederacy [see\\nHistorical Sketch, page 146]. A new State Constitution was ratified\\nFebruary 4, 1868.\\nARKANSAS.\\nSituation and Extent. Arkansas is bounded on the N. by Mis-\\nsouri, E. by Tennessee and Mississippi (separated by the Mississippi River),\\nS. by Louisiana and W. by Texas and the Indian Territory. It is situated\\nbetween latitudes 33\u00c2\u00b0 and 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 N., and longitudes 12\u00c2\u00b0 45 and 17\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nW. from Washington, or 89\u00c2\u00b0 45 and 94\u00c2\u00b0 40 W. from Greenwich. The\\nState is 250 miles long from north to south and from 160 to 270 miles\\nwide from east to west. The area is 52,198 square miles, or 33,406,720\\nacres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. The eastern part is swampy and\\nlow. Near Little Rock the hill-country begins, with summits from 400 to\\n500 feet high. In the west and north-west are many mountain-peaks and\\nranges, none of them of very great elevation. The Mamelle is a conical\\npeak 1000 feet high. A Sugar- Loaf mountain is found in each of the\\nfour counties of Izard, Searcy, Marion and Van Bui en. The Boston\\nRange attains an elevation of more than 1000 feet above the general\\ndrainage of the country. Boat Mountain (1527 feet above the Little Red\\nRiver), the Pilot and Stack Mountains are a conspicuous group. All these\\npeaks have sandstone summits. In Perry and Yell counties are the Fourche\\nla Fave (probably a corruption of Fourche de la Fauve deer s fork) and\\nthe Petite Jean. In Polk county is a complicated range called the Cossi-\\ntott Mountains. Along the southern flunk of a ridge in Hot Spring county\\nare the famous hot springs of the Washita, more than a hurdred in\\nnumber. Forty-two are of sufficient size to be located upon the geological\\nchart. Their temperature ranges from 100\u00c2\u00b0 to 154\u00c2\u00b0, and eggs have been\\ncooked in them. The Mammoth Spring of Fulton county discharges\\n8000 barrels of water per minute. It never freezes, and the mean annual\\ntemperature is 60\u00c2\u00b0. In the north-west is a natural dam formed by a solid\\nbed of limestone from six to eight feet thick. Rivers. The Mississippi\\nRiver washes the eastern boundary for 230 miles in a direct line and 400\\nby its windings. The Arkansas, 2000 miles long, flows across the State in\\na tortuous channel of 500 miles. At high water steamboats ascend as far\\nas Fort Gibson, in the Indian Territory. The St. Francis, 450 miles long,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 211\\nforms the eastern boundary between Arkansas and South-eastern Missouri.\\nIt is navigable for 150 miles, but there is danger from snags. The snag-\\nboat operations for the year ending June 30, 1876, will require an appro-\\npriation from the general government of $194,000. A great earthquake\\nin 1811 widened the river channel from five to twenty miles, producing\\nLake St. Francis. White River is navigable since the snag-boat opera-\\ntions of 1874 as far as Jacksonport, 340 miles. The Washita, a branch\\nof the Red River, can be ascended by steamboats for 350 miles. Water\\ncommunication is afforded to the south-western counties by the Red River,\\nwhich makes a detour into the State. Arkansas has altogether more than\\na thousand miles of steamboat navigation upon its rivers. Forests. A\\ngreat variety of trees grow in the woods, among the most common of which\\nare the cottonwood (which attains to a greater size than any other tree),\\nblack walnut, white poplar, honey locust, swamp, red and scarlet oak, box,\\nhickory, elm, prickly ash, sweet-gum, sycamore, cypress, hackberry, maple,\\npecan, buckeye, yellow pine and beech, together with a very large under-\\ngrowth of papaw, cane and spice-wood. The bear, wolf, deer, raccoon,\\nwildcat, etc., are frequently seen.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the Mississippi River is the gum-\\nswamp, or bayou, laud and the black-wax land, formerly overflowed\\nby the back-water. Since the construction of levees the land has been\\nreclaimed, and sometimes produces two bales of cotton to the acre. The\\ncotton plant sends its roots down from four to six feet into the alluvial\\nsediment. There are vast alluvial meadows along the Arkansas River\\nwhich produce from 1000 to 1100 pounds of cotton and from 80 to 100\\nbushels of corn to the acre. The black-sand land along tlie Red River\\nis also remarkable for its fertility. In some sections of the north-west the\\nsoil is gravelly and almost worthless, but large tracts are well suited for\\ngrazing and produce cereal grains and apples of the finest quality. The\\nclimate is subject to very sudden changes from the cold north winds. A\\ntraveller records in his diary that in the latter part of January he found\\nthe fields of a vivid green, the flowers blooming, the birds singing and the\\nthermometer at 67\u00c2\u00b0. Nearly two months later (March 21) ice formed and\\nthe mercury sank to 22\u00c2\u00b0. The isothermal lines for the several seasons\\nare as follows Spring, 60\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 77\u00c2\u00b0-80\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 60\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0 winter,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 60\u00c2\u00b0. The mercury has been known to reach 90\u00c2\u00b0\\non as many as 50 days during a single summer. T^e range for the year\\nis from 8\u00c2\u00b0 to 99.5\u00c2\u00b0. At Little Rock the mean for 1874 was 62.6\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productions. The census of 1870 reported the\\nnumber of acres in farms as 7,597,296, of which 1,714,466 acres (24.5\\nper cent.) were improved. The total value of all farms, farm imple-\\nments and live-stock was $59,489,613 value of firm productions, $40,-\\n701,699 per acre of improved land, $21.88. There were produced 247,-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "212 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\n968 bales of cotton, 214,784 pounds of wool, 73,021 of rice, 92 hhds. of\\ncane-sugar, 72,008 gallons of cane-molasses, 147,203 of sorghum, 75 of\\nmaple molasses, 890,631 bushels of sweet potatoes, 47,376 bushels of peas\\nand beans, 276,824 pounds of honey, 3743 gallons of wine. In 1873 there\\nwere raised 16,208,000 bushels of Indian corn, 785,000 of wheat, 39,700\\nof rye, 780,000 of oats, 408,000 of potatoes, 945,000 pounds of tobacco,\\n12,800 tons of hay. The total value of these seven staple crops, grown on\\n822,293 acres, was $15,510,090, an average of $18.74 per acre. In 1874\\nthe State had 162,500 horses, 83,600 mules, 256,000 cattle, 151,800 milch\\ncows, 176,300 sheep, 960,500 swine. There were 49,359 farms, averaging\\n154 acres each.\\nManufactures. But little attention has been given to manufac-\\nturing. The last census gives 1079 establishments; hands employed, 3206;\\nvalue of products, $4,629,234. For the manufacture of firearms there\\nAvere 8 establishments, iron 2, leather 35, tobacco 4, boots and shoes 2, cot-\\nton goods 2, ginning cotton 283, Avool-carding 13, flour and meal 272.\\nThere were 211 saw-mills, cutting 78,692,000 feet of lumber; value of\\ntimber, staves, shingles, etc., cut, $1,344,403.\\nMinerals and Mining. The State geologist expresses the opinion\\nthat Arkansas is destined to take the lead of all the Western States in her\\nresources of zinc and manganese. Anthracite, bituminous and caunel coal\\nis found in considerable quantities limestone is abundant; iron, lead, cop-\\nper, gypsum, nitre-earths, kaoline (porcelain clay), granite, freestone, mar-\\nble and slate exist in many localities. Near the hot springs is a quarry\\nof oil-stone or Arkansas whetstone, said to be equal to any in the world.\\nThe saline springs yield an excellent quality of salt.\\nThis State has no direct foreign commerce, but large quantities of cotton,\\ncorn, hides, wool, lumber, etc. are exported through ISTew Orleans.\\nllailroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1860 Arkansas had 38 miles of railroad. In 1873\\nthis had increased to 700 miles cost per mile, $63,296 receipts per mile,\\n$1591 receipts per inhabitaht, $1.73; total receipts, $927,609; total cap-\\nital account, $36,901,408; cost of railroad and equipment, $35,721,095.\\nIn the adoption of the new Constitution provision was made for aiding, by\\nan issue of bonds, five railroads to a length not exceeding 800 miles, at the\\nrate of $10,000 and $15,000 per mile. The amount of these bonds will\\nbe about six millions of dollars.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Penitentiary, the\\nInstitute for the Blind and the Deaf Mute Institute are all located at Little\\nRock. The Industrial University, at Fayetteville, founded on the basis\\nof the Congressional land grant, is to embrace four colleges and thirteen\\nsubordinate schools. A fine building, to accommodate 700 students, was\\nerected in 1875. The entire property of the university is $300,000 num-\\nber of students, 241. St. John s College, at Little Rock, has 102 students", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 213\\nand 6 iustriictors. Cane Hill College, at Boonsboro has also a prepara-\\ntory department. The last statistics attainable report a school popula-\\ntion of 196,237 school-houses erected during the year, 187 whole num-\\nber of school-houses, 1292; teachers, 2641 amount of permanent school-\\nfund, $95,501 total expenditures for two years, ^970,307. The number\\nof libraries was 1181; newspapers and periodicals, 56 church organiza-\\ntions, 1371; edifices, 1141.\\nCities and Towns. Little Rock, laid out in 1820 as the capital,\\nand the principal city of the State, is built upon a low bed of rocks (whence\\nits name), 250 miles from the mouth of the Arkansas River. Steamboats\\ncan ascend to it, even at the lowest water. Three railroads centre here.\\nIt has several manufactories, founderies and flouring-mills. There are\\nnine churches and six newspapers, three of them issued daily. Population\\nin 1870, 12,380 (5274 colored). Helena, on the Mississippi River, is the\\nsecond city in the State. It is the terminus of two railroads. There are\\ntwo daily and three weekly newspapers, and seven churches. It is the\\ncapital of Phillips county. Population, 2249. Camden, the head of steam-\\nboat navigation on the Washita, is a place of considerable trade. It has\\none daily and three weekly newspapers. Population, 1612 (612 colored).\\nHot Springs is a place of resort for invalids on account of the medicinal\\nquality of its springs. It has five churches and two newspapers. Popu-\\nlation, 1276 (296 colored). Fort Smith, on the Arkansas River, near the\\nIndian Territory, is at the head of steamboat navigation and the terminus\\nof a railroad. The city has four newspapers and nine churches. Popula-\\ntion, 2227. Pine Blufl[* (population 2081) has an extensive trade with the\\ncotton regions.\\nPopulation. The whole territory had but 1052 inhabitants in 1800,\\nalthough the first settlement was made 115 years before. The population\\nin successive decades was as follows: 1820, 14,273 (slaves, 1615); 1830,\\n30,388 (slaves, 4576); 1840, 97,554 (slaves, 19,935); 1850, 209,897 (slaves,\\n47,100); 1860, 435,450 (slaves, 111,115); 1870, 484,471 (free colored,\\n122,169). There were also 89 Indians. The number born in the United\\nStates was 479,445, of whom 232,881 were natives of Arkansas and 246,-\\n564 (51.43 per cent.) were immigrants from other parts of the Union.\\nAlabama contributed 28,318, Georgia 25,234, Mississippi 22,088. The\\nnumber of inhabitants of foreign birth was 5026 (1.04 per cent.). 54,951\\npeople born in Arkansas were residing outside of their native State. Pop-\\nulation to a square mile, 9.28.\\nGrOVernment and Laws. The legislature, which meets bien-\\nnially, consists of a senate of 26 members, elected for four years, and a\\nhouse of representatives of 82 members, elected for two years. The\\ngovernor receives a salary of $5000 a year. The supreme court consists\\nof a chief-justice appointed by the govei-nor and four judges elected by the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "214 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\npeople. There are ten circuit courts. A registration of voters is required.\\nPolitical disabilities may be removed from those who have returned to\\ntheir allegiance to the Federal Government, by special act of the general\\nassembly.\\nHistory. Arkansas takes its name from an Indian tribe, said to be\\nthe tallest and most finely formed of all the savages of the continent. In\\n1685, the Chevalier de Touti, failing in his efforts to reach La Salle, en-\\ntered the Arkansas River and left ten of his men to settle with the Indians\\nnear the present town of Arkansas Post. Several families of Canadians\\nsoon joined them, and the descendants of those hardy pioneers are still\\noccupying that region. This State was a part of the domain of Louisiana\\npurchased from France in 1803. It was made a separate territory on the\\nadmission of Missouri, and was admitted into the Union as a sovereign\\nState in 1836. An ordinance of secession was passed May 6, 1861. The\\nState authorities bad previously taken possession of the arsenal at Little\\nRock and Fort Smith. Helena was occupied by the Federal forces after\\nthe battle of Pea Ridge, March 6, 1862, and a military governor was ap-\\npointed for the State. Little Rock was occupied by the Army of Arkansas\\nSept. 10, 1863. The surrender of Lieut.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith, command-\\ning the trans-Mississippi department of the Confederate States, ended\\nactive hostilities. More than 10,000 men from Arkansas fought on the\\nFederal side. A new Constitution was ratified by the people in March,\\n1868, and on the 22d of June the administration of afiairs was transferred\\nto the civil authorities.\\nCALIFORNIA.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 California is bounded IST. by Oregon,\\nE. by Nevada aud Arizona, S. by Lower California, a province of Mexico,\\nand W. by the Pacific Ocean. Its length is 775 miles and its greatest\\n])readth 350 miles area, 188,981 square miles, or 120,947,840 acres. It\\nlies between latitude 32\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 N., and longitude 37\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 47\u00c2\u00b0\\n25 W. from Washington, or 114\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 124\u00c2\u00b0 25 W. from Greenwich.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 r/ace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State may be divided into five\\nbelts (1) The Coast Range of mountains, 30 miles wide and from 500 to\\n8500 feet high. The principal peaks are Mount Hamilton (4440 feet),\\nMonte Diabolo (3856 feet). Mount San Bernardino (8500 feet). (2) The\\nGreat Valley of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, once a lake and\\nnow a level plain, 500 miles long and 50 wide. (3) The western slope of\\nthe Sierra Nevadas, extending to the foot-hills of the gold region. This\\nl)elt is from 40 to 50 miles wide, and has an average rise of 180 feet to the\\nmile. (4) The Sierra Nevada Mountains, their summits, of bare granite\\nrock, covered with snow for most of the year. Mount Shasta, 14,440 feet\\nhigh, shows a line of perpetual snow. Mount Whitney reaches an alti-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 215\\ntude of 15,000 feet. (5) The eastern slope of the Sierra, falling away\\ntoward the Great Plains. Water-courses furrow the mouutaius and have\\ncut caiious, in some cases half a mile deep. The Yosemite Valley, eight\\nmiles long and two miles wide, is walled in by mountain-peaks, of which\\nthe most prominent are the South Dome, 4737 feet high, and the Sentinel\\nDome, 4500 feet. Down the Sentinel Falls the water plunges for 3000\\nfeet, which is more than seventeen times the fall at Niagara. In the\\nSacramento Valley is an extinct Volcano called the Buttes. Rivers and\\nBays. The basin between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Mountains is\\ndrained by two great rivers. The Sacramento rises at the base of Mount\\nShasta, near the northern boundary, and runs a southerly course for 400\\nmiles. It is navigable to Red Bluffs, 300 miles. The San Joaquin, 350\\nmiles long and navigable for 150 miles, flows toward the north-west until\\nit unites with the Sacramento and empties into San Francisco Bay. The\\nKlamath flows through the north-west corner, and the Colorado forms a\\nportion of the south-eastern boundary. There are many other streams of\\nsmall size. Lake Tulare is 34 miles long and 21 wide. Mono Lake, so\\nstrongly impregnated with mineral salts that no living thing inhabits it,\\nconstitutes a sort of American Dead Sea. There are many bays along the\\n700 miles of sea-coast. San Francisco Bay affords the best harbor on the\\nPacific. It is 50 miles long, 9 wide and deep enough to float the navies\\nof the world. Forests. The forest products are relatively small. In many\\nsections timber is scarce, though some counties are rich in forests of beau-\\ntiful and stately sugar-pine (from 18 to 25 feet in circumference), yellow,\\ndigger, or scrub pine, tamarack, white and red fir, live, white and black\\noak, chestnut, cottonwood, spruce, ash and red-wood (250 feet high). The\\nfoot-hills of the Sierras have an extensive growth of pines, cedars and other\\nevergreens. The Big Trees are in eight separate groves the most noted\\nis the Calaveras group, discovered in 1852. The tallest tree is 385 feet\\nhigh; the Grizzly Giant is 93 J feet in circumference. One cut down\\nhad a diameter of 24 feet, and from the number of its rings must have\\nbeen 1300 years old. It is supposed that some have been growing more\\nthan 2000 years. Many wild animals still infest the forests. Of these\\nthe grizzly bear is the most formidable; it sometimes weighs 1800 pounds.\\nThe first explorers found also large herds of elk, deer, antelopes, wild\\ncattle and wild horses. In the early days lumber was worth \u00c2\u00a7400 per\\nthousand feet, and it was imported even from Maine by the tedious passage\\naround Cape Horn.\\nSoil and Climate. No richer land can be found in the world than\\nin the valleys of California, where the soil is a deep black alluvial. A\\ndiluvial drift of sand and loamy matter covers the foot-hills. In the\\nsouth-east is a section of the Colorado Desert, having a very scanty veg-\\netation. Every variety of climate is found in California. From Novem-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "216 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nber to March is the rainy season, corresponding to the winter of the East.\\nGeraniums, oleanders and camellias are left out of doors, and a bouquet\\ncan be gathered from the gardens of San Francisco upon any winter s day,\\nwhile upon the Sierra summits the snow is from ten to twenty feet deep\\nand the winds are blowing with violence enough to polish the faces of the\\nrocks. Farmers plough in December, and sow wheat, barley and oats\\nuntil March. At the end of January the grass is a foot high in the river-\\nbottoms and peach-orchards are in bloom. February is the June of the\\nPacific. In summer the trade-wind, chilled by the waters of the Northern\\nPacific Ocean, blows directly inward, often bringing heavy fogs. The ther-\\nmometer at San Francisco rarely rises above 80\u00c2\u00b0, and overcoats are often\\nneeded, while the Great Valley, not fifty miles away, glows with a furnace-\\nheat of 100\u00c2\u00b0 to 115\u00c2\u00b0 whence the name California (caleo-furnan). How-\\never, the thermometer always goes down with the sun, and blankets are\\nneeded at night. Thunder-storms are almost unknown, and during the\\ndry season there is hardly a drop of rain. Irrigation is extensively prac-\\nticed. Southern California affords a climate for invalids surpassing that\\nof Italy. The mean temperature at Santa Barbara is 60.2\u00c2\u00b0, at San Diego\\n62\u00c2\u00b0, at San Francisco 56.6\u00c2\u00b0, and at Fort Yuma (in the Colorado Desert)\\n73.5\u00c2\u00b0. The isothermal lines present a curious tangle, in many cases run-\\nning almost due north and south through the whole length of the State.\\nThe isothermals of spring are 52\u00c2\u00b0 in the north-west and 70\u00c2\u00b0 at Fort Yuma;\\nsummer, 57\u00c2\u00b0 to 90; autumn, 57\u00c2\u00b0 to 75\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean,\\n52\u00c2\u00b0 to 70\u00c2\u00b0. The annual rain-fiill varies from 3.15 inches at Fort Yuma\\nto 34.56 at Humboldt Bay.\\nAgricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All the varied products of the\\nUnited States, from apples and potatoes to oranges and sugar-cane, are\\ngrown in California. Fruits are abundant, and of great size. Among\\nthem are apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, oranges, lemons, limes,\\nfigs, prunes, almonds, mulberries, apricots, pomegranates, nectarines, etc.\\nThe olive is produced in great perfection. Wheat, oats, rye and flax are\\nindigenous. Cotton, tobacco, rice, hops, hemp, jute, tea, coffee and chicory\\nare successfully cultivated. The grapes and wines are celebrated. Mul-\\nberry trees thrive better than in France, and the production of silk cocoons\\nis annually increasing. California fruits are now sold in all the large\\nEastern markets. Pears have been sent through to New York at a freight\\nof $1075 per car load. In 1870 the State contained 23,707 farms, aver-\\naging 482 acres each, which is larger by 150 acres than the average of any\\nother State. The value of the farms, farm implements and live-stock was\\n8184,521,470 of farm productions, $49,856,024. The production of do-\\nmestic wine was 1,814,656 gallons, which was more than five times that of\\n:any other State, and nearly three-fifths of the whole quantity produced in\\nthe United States. Nearly one-third of the whole barley crop was grown", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 217\\nin California. This State stood next to Ohio in the number of sheep and\\nfifth in the wheat crop in 1874 it ranked first in sheep.\\nMines and Mining. The El Dorado of the nineteenth century\\nis no misnomer for California, which has the most wonderful gold-fields of\\nthe world. They were discovered in the middle of the last century by the\\nJesuits, who kept the knowledge a secret. In February, 1848, Captain\\nSutter, while digging the tail-race for a saw-mill, found gold, and the news\\nof the discovery at once spread. The excitement extended throughout\\nthe Union, and the Argonauts of 49 came swarming to the gold-fields.\\nPeople ran about the country picking up the precious lumps, as hogs in\\na forest root for ground-nuts. One man employed 60 Indians and made\\na dollar a minute; another gathered 21 pounds in 15 minutes. When the\\nminer, with his basket or pan, could not gather from $30 to $40 a day, he\\nmoved to a new place. The first deposit of gold from California was re-\\nceived at the United States Mint in Philadelphia Dec. 8, 1848. After\\nmelting, the average value of the bullion was $18.50 per ounce. The\\nproduct of 1848 was $10,000,000; 1849, $40,000,000; 1853, $65,000,000.\\nSince the last-named year the annual product has fallen off, and the num-\\nber engaged in mining is much smaller. Organized companies, with cap-\\nital and machinery, have to a large extent displaced the individual gold-\\nhunter with his simple pan. In no other part of the world has cinnabar,\\nthe common ore of quicksilver, been found so widely disseminated as in\\nCalifornia, says the United States Commissioner of Mines. The old Al-\\nmaden mine of Spain has been worked for 2500 years, and is still the most\\nproductive. The New Alraaden of California, within twenty years, yielded\\n537,176 flasks of 76? pounds each. The New Idria is but slightly inferior,\\nand more than twenty other mines have been successfully worked. There\\nare also valuable deposits of iron ore, coal, copper, tin, platinum, manga-\\nnese, asphaltum, petroleum, lead, zinc, bismuth, gypsum, marble, granite,\\nlimestone, borax, sulphur, salt, etc.\\nManuflictnres.; Although a new State, and furnishing such won-\\nderful advantages for agriculture and mining, California has some exten-\\nsive manufactures. The census of 1870 reported 3984 establishments, em-\\nploying 25,392 hands, and producing to the value of $66,595,556. The\\nvalue of the molasses and syrup refined was nearly four millions of dol-\\nlars; value of lumber sawed and planed, $6,279,064.\\nCommerce and IVavig-ation. For the quarter ending Dec. 31,\\n1847, the value of the exports was $49,597.53 imports, $53,589.73. Hides\\nand tallow were almost the exclusive exports. In June, 1849, there wei-e\\n300 sea-going vessels in the port of San Francisco, and since that time the\\ncommerce has increased with a rapidity to which the world s history affords\\nno parallel. For the year ending June 30, 1873, the value of imports was\\n$39,422,604; value of exports, $38,716,497. The value of a few leading", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "218 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\narticles exported was, wheat, $17,358,543; copper, $96,756; gold (bullion\\naud coin), $7,126,759 silver, $3,071,553 machinery, $218,761 leather,\\n$181,324; fish, $283,142; quicksilver, $614,940; number of vessels en-\\ntered, 580 cleared, 675. The shipments from New York to San Fran-\\ncisco, via the Isthmus of Panama, were valued at $3,042,618 shipments\\nfrom San Francisco to New York, by the same route, $3,667,107.\\nRailroads. In 1873 the number of miles of railroad was 1208\\ntotal capital account, $154,090,809 cost per mile, $95,590 receipts,\\n$15,276,749; receipts per mile, $9477; receipts per inhabitant, $23.68.\\nIn 1860 the State had but 23 miles of railroad.\\nPublic Institiitions and Education. The State Prison, at\\nSan Quentin, has 453 cells. The State Lunatic Asylum, at Stockton,\\nestablislied in 1853, has extensive grounds and accommodations for more\\nthan 1000 patients. There is an institution for the deaf, dumb aud blind\\nat Oakland, and a Keform School for boys and girls at San Francisco.\\nThe school-fund consists of State bonds to the amount of $1,417,500, bear-\\ning legal interest. March 1, 1874, there was subject to apportionment for\\nschool purposes $316,631 whole number of schools, 1868; teachers, 2436;\\npupils, 110,188 total receipts for school purposes, $2,551,800. The Uni-\\nversity of California was opened in 1869. It is designed to include a\\ndepartment of letters, of science and the arts, of mining and engineering,\\nof medicine and of law. The entire property of the university is esti-\\nmated at $1,586,000. Among the other colleges are the College of St.\\nAugustine (Episcopal), at Benicia, Franciscan College, at Santa Barbara\\nand the University of the Pacific, at San Jose. There are reported 2 uni-\\nversities, 17 colleges, 5 academies, 1 school of medicine and 3 schools of\\ntheology. In 1875, Col. James Lick presented $700,000 to the University\\nof California for an observatory. The number of libraries was 1617\\nnewspapers, 201 church edifices, 532 church organizations, 643.\\nGrowth in Population.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Humboldt, iu his essay on New Spain,\\nestimates the population of Upper California in 1802 to have been: Con-\\nverted Indians (Roman Catholic missions), 15,562; other classes, 1300;\\ntotal, 16,862. In 1831 the estimated population was 23,025. At the close\\nof the Mexican war there were 15,000 Americans and Californians. The\\nimmigration up to the close of 1849 was estimated at 60,000 Americans and\\n20,000 foreigners. The United States census in 1850 (with the returns\\npartially destroyed) reported a population of 97,574 1860, 379,994 1870,\\n560,247. Of the 350,416 natives of the United States, 169,904 were born\\nin California; 11,931 persons of Californian birth were residing in other\\nStates. The number of the foreign born was 209,831, of whom 48,826\\nwere Chinese. Every State and Territory of the Union and 40 foreign\\ncountries have contributed to make up the cosmopolitan population of the\\nGolden State.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 219\\nCities and Towns. Sacrameuto, the State capital, on the river of\\nthe same name, 120 miles from San Francisco, has a large river trade and\\nis a centre of distribution for the mining districts. Population, 16,283.\\nSan Francisco, having a population of 175,000, contained but 150 inhab-\\nitants thirty years ago, although it has been settled for a century. The\\nSpaniai ds built a mission there in 1776. The early buildings were of sun-\\ndried bricks, with walls four feet thick. In 1849 the jjopulation reached\\n5000, and the city was incorporated in 1850. The succeeding years have\\ndeveloped it into a metropolis which astonishes alike the London cockney\\nand the miner, whose visits to Frisco are the great events of his life.\\nThe early shanties have given place to public and private buildings of the\\nmost substantial and elegant character. Six times the city has been swept\\nby fire, and earthquakes now and then give the buildings a shaking.\\nThere are very extensive manufactories for woollen goods, machinery, etc.\\nDirect lines of steamers run to China and Japan. The commerce of this\\nport is now surpassed only by that of New York and Boston, and the City\\nof the Golden Gate is destined to be one of the greatest cities of the world.\\nOakland is built in a magnificent grove of oaks on the main shore of the\\nbay, directly opposite to San Francisco. It is the seat of the Asylum for\\nthe Deaf and Dumb, the State University and other important educational\\ninstitutions. Population, 10,500. The other important towns are Stockton\\n(population 10,066), San Jose (9089), Los Angeles (5728) and Marysville\\n(4738).\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For a time after the territory was\\npurchased justice (or injustice) was administered by the alcaldes according\\nto the laws of Mexico. Congress failed to organize a territorial govern-\\nment with sufficient promptness, and June 3, 1849, a proclamation was\\nissued calling a convention to organize a State constitution. The conven-\\ntion met Sept. 1 the constitution was adopted Nov. 13. State officers are\\nelected biennially. The legislature is composed of 40 senators and 80\\nassemblymen. There are a supreme court with 5 judges, elected by the\\npeople, 17 district courts, and a county court for each county.\\nHistory. Upper California was discovered in 1538 by Castillo, a\\nSpanish navigator. In 1578 Sir Francis Drake visited it, and gave it the\\nname of New Albion. The Spaniards planted the first colony in 1768,\\nand the first mission at San Diego was established by the Franciscan\\nmonks. In 1822 the Spanish power was overthrown during one of the\\nnumei ous Mexican revolutions. The territory was purchased from Mexico\\nby the United States in 1847 for $15,000,000. On the 9th of September,\\n1850, California, without ever having been under a territorial government,\\nwas admitted into the Union as a State.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "220 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nSituation and Extent. Connecticut is bounded on the N. by\\nMas.sachusetts, E. by Ehode Island, S. by Long Island Sound and W. by\\nNew York. It is situated between latitudes 41\u00c2\u00b0 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 3 N. and longi-\\ntudes 3\u00c2\u00b0 15 and 5\u00c2\u00b0 10 E. from Washington, or 71\u00c2\u00b0 50 and 73\u00c2\u00b0 45 W.\\nfrom Greenwich. The extreme length is 100 miles and the breadth 70\\nmiles area, 4750 square miles, or 3,040,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The mountain chains of the States\\nto the north are continued through Connecticut in four ranges of high hills.\\nOn the west is the Housatonic range, which stretches across Litchfield and\\nFairfield counties. Mount Tom is one of its most noted peaks. The Green\\nMountains, extending from Vermont, terminate in West Rock, a bold bluflJ\\n400 feet high, near New Haven. Mount Carmel, 800 feet high, and called\\nThe Sleeping Giant, is a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering New\\nHaven harbor. Farther east is the Mount Tom range, which includes the\\nTalcott Mountains (890 feet high), Farmington and Meriden mountains\\n(the latter 1000 feet high), and terminates at East Rock, which has an\\nelevation of 370 feet. The Lyme range, east of the Connecticut River,\\nseparates its water-shed from that of the Thames. Bald Mountain is the\\nhighest peak. Rivers and Harbors. The Connecticut, which in the Indian\\ntongue signifies Long River, rises in the mountains on the Canadian\\nborder, separates New Hampshire and Vermont, flows the whole width\\nof Massachusetts and Connecticut and empties into Long Island Sound.\\nIt is more than 400 miles long, sometimes attains a width of 1000 feet, and\\nis navigable for steamboats to Hartford. Steep and rocky hills bound this\\nwater-course from its mouth to Middletown, 30 miles. From thence to\\nMount Holyoke, 53 miles, is a wide and level basin, which is overflowed\\nby the spring freshets and presents the appearance of an inland sea. The\\nwater has been known to rise 30 feet at Hartford. \u00c2\u00bbThe Housatonic River,\\nwhich drains AVestern Massachusetts and Connecticut, is navigable for\\nsloops from its junction with the Naugatuck, at Derby, 10 miles above its\\nmouth. The Thames, formed by the union of the Quinnebaug, the She-\\ntucket and the Yantic, can be ascended by large vessels to Norwich, 14\\nmiles. It empties into New London harbor, which is wide, deep and\\nnever frozen. New Haven bay is shallow a channel 15 feet deep has\\nbeen dredged through the bar. This harbor boasts the longest wharf in\\nthe United States (3943 feet). The channel of Stonington harbor has a\\ndepth of 12 feet.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The valley of the Connecticut is the richest\\nagricultural section of New England. The alluvial deposit left by the\\nspring overflow is a fertilizer producing the largest crops. The predomi-\\nnant soil is a strong and fertile argillaceous loam. Back of the alluvial", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 221\\nmeadows are river-terraces. Professor Hitchcock noted one in Glasten-\\nbury 174 feet high, with a soil ranging through loam, fine sand, sand and\\ncoarse gravel. Along the coast much of the land is sandy and unproduct-\\nive, but there are some flats of marine alluvial very fertile and deep. In\\nthe north-west is an elevated and broken region, with a soil cold and sterile,\\nbut well adapted for grazing. Large quantities of milk are sent down\\ndaily for the New York market. The climate of the sea-coast and the\\nConnecticut Valley is mild and salubrious. In the hill-country of the\\nnorth-west the winters are much more severe and the quantity of snow\\ngreater. The mean temperature at New London is 47.07\u00c2\u00b0; at Litchfield,\\n44.68\u00c2\u00b0; at New Haven, 50.82\u00c2\u00b0; for the whole State, 49.62\u00c2\u00b0. The iso-\\nthermal lines are: For the spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 50\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0\\nwinter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0; mean, 47\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAg-riciiltural Productions. There were at the last census\\n25,423 farms, averaging 93 acres. Value of fiirms, farm implements and\\nlive-stock, $145,033,019; value of farm productions, $26,482,150; forest\\nproducts, $1,224,107; orchard products, 535,594; value of the nine staple\\ncrops, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco\\nand hay, in 1873, $19,230,255.\\nManufactures. The many small streams furnish abundant water-\\npower, which the proverbial thrift and ingenuity of the people early turned\\nto good account. The first iron-furnace was built in 1779, at Stafibrd, for\\nthe manufacture of hollow-ware, cannon, cannon-shot, etc. The value of\\nmanufactured products in 1810 was $7,771,928; in 1850, $47,114,585;\\n1860, $81,924,555 1870, $161,065,474. The number of establishments\\nin the last named year was 5128; hands employed, 89,523. No other State\\nhas taken out so many patents in proportion to population. Connecticut\\nmakes 89.45 per cent, of all the clocks in the Union. It ranks first also in\\nhardware (value of product, $12,111,034) and in India-rubber ($4,239,329).\\nIt takes the second place in sewing-machines ($3,619,000) and in silk\\ngoods ($3,314,845); the third place in woollen goods ($17,365,148) and in\\nedge-tools and axes ($939,911). In cotton goods it ranks fifth ($14,026,334)\\nand in the total of manufactures eighth.\\nMinerals and Mining-. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in\\nSalisbury, Canaan, Cornwall and other parts of Litchfield county. The\\ncopper mines of Simbury were worked prior to the Revolutionary war,\\nand later the abandoned shafts were used for the State-prison. Bristol\\ncopper mine has also produced largely. Lead has been found near Mid-\\ndletown, antimony in Glastenbury, plumbago in Cornwall, cobalt at Chat-\\nham. The freestone quarries furnish the brown-stone fronts of New York\\ncity. There are immense limestone quarries in the Housatonic Valley.\\nPure white marble is quarried in Washington and a clouded marble at\\nMilford. The number of mining establishments in 1870 was 20 hands", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "222 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nemployed, 1507; value of products, 81,227,400. Two mineral springs in\\nStattbrd were places of resort for persons afflicted with nervous diseases as\\nearly as 1765.\\nCoiiiinerce and Navijj; iitioii. Connecticut has five customs\\ndistricts, to which 807 vessels belonged at the last report. Value of ex-\\nports, 6417,355 imports, \u00c2\u00a71,203,898 vessels cleared for the foreign trade,\\n1002 entered, 1477 for the coastwise trade, cleared, 494 entered, 1092\\nnumber of vessels built, 41. The cod and mackerel fisheries are carried\\non extensively; 1128 persons were employed in fishing, and the catch\\nwas valued at \u00c2\u00a71,227,400.\\nKailroads. The State has 897 miles of railroad, which is one mile\\nfor every 5.4 square miles of territory and for every 632 inhabitants. Cost\\nof railroads and equipment, \u00c2\u00a774,074,037 cost per mile, \u00c2\u00a755,448 receipts,\\n$10,544,810 receipts per mile, \u00c2\u00a711,755 receipts to each inhabitant, \u00c2\u00a718.59\\nnet earnings, \u00c2\u00a73,691,685 number of railroad companies, 22.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Prison at\\nWethersfield contains 232 cells. The labor of the convicts more than\\ndefrays the expenses of the institution. There is a State Reform School\\nfor boys at Meriden and an Industrial School for girls at Middletown.\\nThe American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, founded in\\n1816, is the oldest of the kind in the country. Pupils from all New Eng-\\nland are supported in it by their respective States. The Retreat for the\\nInsane, at Hartford, founded in 1822, has received more than 5000 patients.\\nThe General Hospital for the Insane, at Middletown, incorporated in 1866,\\nwill accommodate 450 patients. It cost, exclusive of laud, more than half\\na million of dollars. A School for Imbeciles has been opened at Lake-\\nville. There are hospitals, in part supported by the State, at Hartford\\nand New Haven. The early school system of Connecticut was the best in\\nthe country, A. school fund was established by the sale of lands in the\\nWestern Reserve of Ohio. This fund now amounts to more than two mil-\\nlions of dollars. The amount received during the last school-year from\\nall sources was \u00c2\u00a71,503,617; number of children of school age (4 to 16 years),\\n131,748; teachers, 2477; public schools, 1638. In no other State is the\\nproportion of college students to the total number of inhabitants so large.\\nOn the catalogues of the three colleges were the names of pupils coming\\nfrom 30 States of the American Union and from 6 foreign countries.\\nYale College is a great university, with the faculties of arts, science, theol-\\nogy, medicine and law. It has 82 instructors and more than 1000 students.\\nThe funds of the institution are \u00c2\u00a71,312,244 (for the undergraduate depart-\\nment). The Sheffield Scientific School, which received the land-scrip from\\nCongress for an agricultural college, has a property valued at $614,000.\\nThere were 248 students in 1874-5. The Yale Divinity School (Congre-\\ngationan has buildings valued at \u00c2\u00a7320,000, and its whole endowment is", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CEXTEXXIAL GAZETTEER AXD GUTDE. 2 2o\\nmore than $600,000. The law and medical departments have also largely\\nincreased their fnnds. Trinity College, at Hartford, having sold its former\\nsite for a State capitol, is about to lay out the finest college park and to\\nerect the finest college buildings in America. Wesleyan University, at\\nMiddletown, established in 1831, has already more than 1000 alunmi.\\nIn the same city is the Berkeley Divinity School (.Episcopal). The The-\\nological Institute of Connecticut (CongregationaD has been removed from\\nEast Windsor to Hartford. The State Xormal School at Xew Britain\\naffords to teachers of both sexes an excellent professional training. There\\nwere 71 newspapers and periodicals in 1870, and 902 church edifices.\\nP )X ulation. The early population was of pure English origin, but\\nthe demand tor labor in the tacto ries has brought in a large percentage of\\nforeigners. In 1670 the number of inhabitants was 15,000 in 1756,\\n131,805; at the beginning of the Revolutionary war, about 200,000.\\nEven before that period the tide of emigration had begun to set toward\\nDutchess and Columbia counties, on the east bank of the Hudson Eiver,\\nwhich were then the West. People from Connecticut also settled Ver-\\nmont and ]!^ew Hampshire along the line of the Connecticut River. The\\npopulation at successive decades has been In 1790, 237,946 in 1800,\\n251,002: in 1810, 261,942; in 1820, 275,148; in 1830, 297,675; in 1840,\\n309,978 in 1850, 370,792 in 1860, 460,147 in 1870, 537,454. Of the\\nlast number, 423,815 were native and 113,639 foreign born of the resi-\\ndents, 350,498 were born in the State; 136.630 natives of Connecticut\\nwere residing in other parts of the Union. The density of the population\\n(^113.15 to the square mile) is greater than in any otlier of the States, with\\nthe exception of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\\nCities and Toatiis. There are nine incorporated cities. Xew\\nHaven, on the bay of the same name, 74 miles from Xew York, is a rap-\\nidly-growing city. It has a considerable coasting trade. The manufac-\\ntures are very various. There were formerly more than fifty carriage\\nlactones. Besides Yale College, there are several thriving educational\\ninstitutions. Five railroads centre here. Four daily newspapers are pub-\\nlished. The number and magnificence of its shade-trees has given to Xew\\nHaven the title of the Elm City. Population, 50,840. Hartford, the\\nsole capital of the State since 1873, is at the head of steamboat navigation\\non the Connecticut River. The stream is crossed by a bridge 1000 feet\\nlong. An immense tobacco trade is carried on. The insurance and book-\\npublishing interests are very large. Among the famous manufiictures are\\nColt s pistols. Sharp s rifies and Cheney Brothers silks. There are 4 rail-\\nroads, 3 daily newspapers and 40 religious societies. A new State-House,\\nto cost \u00c2\u00a71,500,000, will be completed in time for the Centennial. Popula-\\ntion, 37,180. Bridgeport (population 18,969) is the third city of the State.\\nIt has grown tip almost entirely on the manufacture of sewing-machines,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "224 \u00c2\u00a3UBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncarriages, iron, etc. Norwich (population 16,653) is beautifully situated\\non the Thames, and is the steamboat terminus of one of the great Boston\\nand New York lines. Waterbury (population 10,826), on the Naugatuck\\nRiver, makes clocks, buttons, and a great variety of brass-ware. New\\nLondon is again reviving the whale-fishery, which was once so important.\\nMiddletown, on the Connecticut River, which has here 10 feet depth of\\nwater, is a place of considerable river trade. The public and literary\\ninstitutions located here have been mentioned. Meriden (population\\n10,495) claims to have the largest Britannia ware factory in the world.\\nNew Britain (population 9480) has very extensive hardware and hosiery\\nestablishments.\\nGoveriiiiieiit and Laws. The legislature consists of a senate of\\n21 members and a house of representatives of 247 members. The gov-\\nernor (salary $2000) and other executive officers are chosen annually.\\nThe supreme court of errors consists of five judges. The superior court\\nconsists of the five supreme court judges and six other judges. Each has\\nS3500 salary. There are courts of common pleas in the four most popu-\\nlous counties. Justices of the peace are elected in every town.\\nHistory. The Dutch of the New Netherlands first explored the\\nConnecticut River. They erected a fort in 1633. In 1636 colonists from\\nMassachusetts settled along the river. Two years later, New Haven was\\nsettled under Davenport, who was the leading minister of this colony, as\\nwas the Rev. Thomas Hooker of the colony at Hartford. The royal\\ncharter was saved by being hid in the charter oak when Sir Edmund\\nAndros tried to get possession of it, in 1687. Connecticut did efficient ser-\\nvice in the Revolution under Governor Brother Jonathan Trumbull.\\nDELAWARE.\\nSituation and Extent. Delaware is bouuded on the N. by\\nPennsylvania, on the N. E. and E. by Delaware River and Bay and the\\nAtlantic Ocean, on the S. and W. by Maryland. It is situated between\\nlatitudes 38\u00c2\u00b0 28 and 39\u00c2\u00b0 50 N. and longitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 1\u00c2\u00b0 55 E. from\\nWashington, or 75\u00c2\u00b0 5 and 75\u00c2\u00b0 50 W. from Gi-eenwich. It is 93 miles\\nlong from north to south, and varies in width from 12 to 38 miles the\\narea is 2120 square miles, or 1,356,800 acres. The boundary-line between\\nPennsylvania and Delaware is the segment of a circle, with a radius of 12\\nmiles, the centre of which is at New Castle. This boundary was deter-\\nmined by Mason and Dixon in 1763 [see Maryland], and the name of\\nMason and Dixon s line is still retained.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /Sw/ace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The northern section is of a pri-\\nmary rocky formation. Hills of a beautifully-rounded outline rise to a\\nheight of several hundred feet above tide-water. The creeks run through\\ndeeply-cleft valleys with rounded or abrupt rocky sides. Below this pri-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 225\\nmaiy region is a compamtively level coimtry. A table-land not more\\nthan 75 feet high extends through the peninsula and slopes gently toward\\nthe east and west. In the swamps and morasses several small streams\\nhave their rise, which empty into the Delaware and the Chesapeake.\\nAlong the Maryland line is a cypress swamp containing 50,000 acres and\\nfurnishing valuable timber it is infested with poisonous reptiles. Rivers.\\nThe Delaware River, navigable for the lai gest vessels, washes the eastern\\nshore. Brandywine Creek rises in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and\\nunites with Christiana Creek near Wilmington. It is forty miles long and\\nnavigable 13 miles for vessels drawing six feet of water. Duck Creek\\nforms the boundary between Kent and New Castle counties, and the Mis-\\njDilion River the boundary between Kent and Sussex. The Murderkill,\\nIndian and Broadkill Rivers flow into Delaware Bay; the Rocomoke,\\nNanticoke and Choptank run through Maryland into the Chesapeake.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the Delaware River are rich clay lands.\\nNewcastle county contains almost every variety of soil to be found east of\\nthe Alleghany Mountains -jagged hills, broad plains, extensive meadows,\\nswamps and marshes. A green sand stratum, averaging 21 feet in thick-\\nness, furnishes an abundance of marl for fertilization. In the northern\\npart is a clayey soil, and a vegetable mould in the marsh-lands. Sandy\\nsoils prevail extensively in Kent and Sussex. Hundreds of acres of the\\nswamp and submerged lands along the Delaware River have been re-\\nclaimed by drainage. More than 1100 distinct species of flora have been\\nenumerated in New Castle county. The climate is modified by the sea-\\nbreezes which sweep across the whole peninsula. The isothermal lines\\nwhich cross Delaware are Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0 win-\\nter, 35\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 55\u00c2\u00b0. Observations at Newark show a mean annual\\ntemperature of 53\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There were in 1870 1,052,322\\nacres of farm laud, of which 698,115 acres were improved; average size\\nof farms, 138 acres. Value of farms, farm implements and live-stock,\\n$52,171,837 value of farm productions, $8,171,667. The value of the\\nIndian corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes and hay-crops of 1873 was\\n83,727,930. In 1874 there were 20,000 horses, 4000 mules, 31,700 oxen\\nand other cattle, 24,900 milch coavs, 32,200 sheep, 48,200 hogs. Immense\\nquantities of fruits are sent to the Northern markets. From three to four\\nmillion baskets of peaches are shipped annually. The shipment of straw-\\n])erries in 1874 was 7,470,400 quarts.\\nManufactures. The first cotton factory was built in 1795. As\\nearly as 1814, Dupont s powder-mills made 15,000 pounds of powder per\\nweek. In 1817 the Messrs. Gilpin established the first manufactory in\\nAmerica for making paper by machinery in continuous rolls. There were\\n800 manufacturing establishments in 1870, employing 9710 hands and\\n15", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "226 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nproducing a value of $16,791,382. Among these were 26 iron-mills, 6\\ncotton-factories, 103 flour-mills (annual product, $2,067,401), 10 tanneries,\\n80 saw-mills (annual product, .^405,041).\\nCommerce and Navigation. The ocean shore of Delaware\\nconsists of long sandy beaches, affording no good harbors or offings. The\\nDelaware Breakwater was constructed by the United States government\\nas a shelter for vessels. It consists of a surf-breaker 2748 feet long and\\n15 feet above low-water mark, and an ice-breaker, toward the Delaware\\nRiver, 1710 feet long. The cost was more than $3,000,000. A ship-canal\\nconnects the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. It was completed in 1829,\\nat a cost of two and a quarter millions of dollars. The length is 16 miles,\\nwidth 66 feet, depth 10 feet. For four miles the channel is cut through a\\nhill 90 feet high, A new company was chartered in 1873, to construct a\\ntidal canal, navigable for the largest class of vessels that now enter Balti-\\nmore harbor. The distance is 32 miles, which can be traversed in 5 hours,\\nthus bringing Baltimore by water 225 miles nearer New York and the\\nEastern markets. A million and a half tons of coal were shipped from\\nBaltimore to the East in 1873, and the amount would be largely increased\\nby a canal. The number of sailing-vessels is 170 steamboats, 15 total\\nvessels of all kinds, 196 tonnage, 15,633 vessels cleared in 1873, 9\\nvessels entered, 3; imports, $12,516. Seven steam-vessels, having a ton-\\nnage of 9550 tons, were built at Wilmington in 1873. The State has but\\none customs district. The number of national banks is 17.\\nRailroads. In 1844 Delaware had 39 miles of railroad. In 1873\\nthere were reported 264 miles (being one mile to every 500 inhabitants and\\nto every 80 square miles of territory); cost per mile, $18,815; receipts,\\n$666,801 ($3299 to each mile and $5.04 to each inhabitant) total capital\\naccount, $3,819,479 cost of railroads and equipment, $3,487,140.\\nEdncation. The State is divided into school districts, and the voters\\nof each district decide all questions relating to the schools. There is no\\nsuperintendent of public instruction, and the county superintendents, ap-\\npointed by the governor, have no pay, and consequently few duties. In\\n1873 the number of schools was 349 pupils, 18,790 school population,\\n47,825. There is no provision by law for the education of the colored\\npeople, but a voluntary association has organized 25 schools to supply the\\ndeficiency in part. Delaware College, at Newark, has classical, scientific\\nand agricultural departments. St. Mary s and the Wesleyan Female Col-\\nlege, at Wilmington, and Brandywine College, at Brandywine, are flourish-\\ning institutions. Delaware has 17 newspapers, of which 3 are daily, 1 tri-\\nweekly and 1 semi-weekly. There are 252 church edifices, with 87,899\\nsittings.\\nCities and Towns. Wilmington, the chief city, stands on a rising\\n.ground commanding an extensive view. The Old Swedes Church was", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 227\\nfounded in 1698. A stone meeting-house was built by the new light\\nconverts of George Whitefield. The mills have been run for the greater\\npart of a century. Extensive new structures have replaced the quaint old\\nbuildings. In 1873 the number of new buildings erected was 448 capital\\nemployed in manufactures, $12,625,000. Population in 1870, 30,841, of\\nwhom 25,689 were born in the United States; 3211 were colored. Dover,\\nthe capital, situated on Jones Creek, has a fine State-house fronting an\\nopen public square. Population, 1906 (501 colored). The fruit-canning\\ntrade centres here. Smyrna, near Duck Creek, is a place of considerable\\nbusiness. Population, 2110. Other leading towns are New Castle popu-\\nlation 1766), Delaware City (population 1545), Seaford, on the Nanticoke\\nRiver (population 1308), Lewes, opposite the Breakwater (population\\n1090), North Milford (population 1150), Georgetown (population 710).\\nGro^wth in Population.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1790 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 59,094 (slaves, 8887); 1800, 64,273 (slaves, 6153); 1810, 72,674\\n(slaves, 4177); 1820,72,749 (slaves, 4509) 1830,76,748 (slaves, 3292)\\n1840, 78,085 (slaves, 2605); 1850, 91,532 (slaves, 2290); 1860, 112,216\\n(slaves, 1798) 1870, 125,015 (free colored, 22,794). Population to a square\\nmile, 58.97. The number born in foreign countries was 9136; in the United\\nStates, 115,879; in Delaware, 94,754.\\nGrovernment and Laivs. ^The legislative authority is vested in\\na general assembly, which consists of a senate, having 9 members, and\\na house of representatives, having 21 members. The legislature holds\\nbiennial sessions. The governor serves for four years. There are five\\njudges. Ministers of the gospel are not allowed to hold any civil office.\\nThere is no State-prison criminals are confined in the county jails. The\\nwhipping-post and the pillory are still in vogue. The State debt, January\\n1, 1875, was $1,250,000.\\nHistory. Delaware was one of the original thirteen States, and the\\nfirst to ratify the Federal Constitution, which it did by a unanimous vote,\\nDecember 7, 1787. On the 28th of August, 1609, Henry Hudson discov-\\nered the Delaware River, which, however, afterward took its name from\\nLord Delaware, who entered it in 1610. Colonists from Holland settled\\nnear Lewes in 1630, but the Indians destroyed them. In 1638 the Swedes\\nbuilt a fort at the mouth of Christiana Creek. The Dutch of the New\\nNetherlands took possession of the country in 1655, and the English\\nwrested it from them in 1664. These were all bloodless wars. It is be-\\nlieved that not a single life was lost in hostile contests during the whole\\nperiod of the Swedish dominion. The Indians were friendly, and called\\nthe Swedes their own people. In 1682 William Penn obtained a grant\\nof the territory, and governed it as a part of Pennsylvania. It was\\nallowed a separate general assembly in 1703. The amended Constitution\\nof 1831 is still the fundamental law of the State.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "228 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nFLORIDA.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Florida, the most southern State of the\\nUnion, approaches within one degree of the torrid zone. It lies between\\nlatitudes 24\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 31\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 3\u00c2\u00b0 and 10\u00c2\u00b0 45 W. from Wash-\\nington, or 80\u00c2\u00b0 and 87\u00c2\u00b0 45 W. from Greenwich. In shape it bears some\\nresemblance to a boot sole upward, with a foot 350 miles long from east to\\nwest, and a leg 400 miles long from north to south. The area is 59,268\\nsquare miles or 37,931,520 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Western Florida is a rolling and\\nhilly country, but there are no mountains. On the northern border is the\\nOkefinokee Swamp. The eastern section is level and sandy, the central\\ncontains vast prairies interspersed with lakes and swamps. The Ever-\\nglades, in the south, are a vast shallow lake containing innumerable\\nislands, covered with a growth of live-oak and water-oak. Rivers. The\\nSt. John s River, 400 miles long, is one of the widest in America. For\\n150 miles it has an average breadth of 1^ miles, and sometimes expands\\nto 6 and 10 miles. It is said to discharge more water than the Rio Grande.\\nSteamboats ascend to Enterprise, 205 miles. The Appalachicola, navigable\\nfor 75 miles, is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and the Flint,\\nrising in Northern Georgia. Other rivers are the Suwauee, Ockloconee,\\nChoctawhatchee, Perdido and St. Mary s. There are many beautiful lakes.\\nThree central counties have a lake surface of 200 square miles, with an\\naverage depth of 15 feet. Lake Okeechobee, in the Everglades, is 40 miles\\nloug and 30 broad.\\nSoil and Climate. The lands have been divided into three\\nclasses, swamp, hummock and pine. The swamps, when drained, make ex-\\nceedingly rich land, which retains its fertility longer than any other soil in\\nthe United States. The sugar-cane matures here, and produces four hogs-\\nheads of sugar to the acre. Upon the hummock lands there is a growth\\nof underbrush and hard wood. After clearing and ditching, the low hum-\\nmocks are adapted for the growth of the sugar-cane. The high hummocks\\nyield all the various crops of the country. The pine lands, when cleared,\\nyield 400 pounds of cotton to the acre in many places, where beneath the\\nsandy soil is a subsoil of mould or marl, with fragments of marine shells.\\nThe peninsula rests upon a coral formation. Florida boasts of having the\\nfinest climate in the world. The average temperature of 1874 was, at\\nJacksonville, 69.3\u00c2\u00b0; Key West, 76.8\u00c2\u00b0; Lake City, 67.7\u00c2\u00b0; PuntaRassa,\\n73.5\u00c2\u00b0. In Southern Florida frost is unknown, but the northern section is\\nnot safe from it. Jan. 3, 1776, the mercury fell to 26\u00c2\u00b0, and the lime,\\ncitron and banana trees about St. Augustine were destroyed. In 1774\\nthere was a snow-storm. In February, 1835, the St. John s River was\\nfrozen, and most of the fruit trees were killed. Usually, in the latter part", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 229\\nof January the calla-lily, rose-geranium, camellia and yellow jessamine are\\nin bloom. Green peas and new potatoes are ready for the market by the\\nfirst of April. May brings the fruits and vegetables of August at the\\nNorth. The isothermal lines are for the spring, 70\u00c2\u00b0 at St. Augustine,\\n75.8\u00c2\u00b0 at Key West summer, 82\u00c2\u00b0 at both places autumn, 70\u00c2\u00b0 and 78\u00c2\u00b0\\nwinter, 55\u00c2\u00b0 and 70\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 70\u00c2\u00b0 and 75\u00c2\u00b0. Florida reverses the\\norder of wet and dry times which prevails in California, and has its rainy\\nseason in the summer. Trees, Animals and Birds. Rene Laudonniere,\\nwho visited Florida in 1652, wrote There groweth in those parts great\\nquantity of pine trees which have no kernels in the apples which they bear.\\nTheir woods are full of oaks, walnuts, black-cherry trees, mulberry trees,\\nlentisks, and chestnut trees, which are more wild than those in France.\\nThere is great store of cedars, cypresses, bays, palm trees, hollies, and wild\\nvines which climb up along the trees and bear good grapes. There are\\nalso plum trees which bear very fair fruit, but such as is not very good.\\nThe beasts best known in this country are stags, hinds, goats, deer, leopards,\\ndivers sorts of wolves, wild dogs, hares and a certain sort of beast that dif-\\nfereth little from the lion of Africa. The fowls are: turkey-cocks, par-\\ntridges, parrots, pigeons, ring-doves, turtles, blackbirds, crows, falcons,\\nherons, cranes, storks, wild geese and an infinite sort of wild fowl. To\\nhis list of trees may be added the palmetto, oleander, pomegranate, ba-\\nnana, cocoa-nut, lemon and orange. The orange grows spontaneously, but\\nthe better varieties are obtained only by cultivation. They can be raised\\nfrom the seed so as to bear in six years. Blossoms and green and ripe\\nfruit may be seen upon the branch together. A single tree sometimes\\nproduces 8000 to 10,000 oranges.\\nAgricultural Productions. Market-gardening is very profit-\\nable. Early tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, peas, beans, cabbages, turnips,\\nbeets, onions, squashes, sweet-potatoes, etc., are sent to the New York and\\nPhiladelphia markets. Cotton is the leading staple. Wheat is grown in\\nthe northern part. The ramie, or jute, has been introduced. Indigo,\\ncastor-beans, rice, arrow-root, tobacco and hemp are successfully cultivated.\\nFlorida is the best-timbered State on the continent. It has 30,000,000\\nacres of forest. According to the census of 1870, there were 2,373,351\\nacres in farms, of which 736,172 acres were improved number of farms,\\n10,241 average size, 232 acres value of farms, implements and live-\\nstock, $15,664,521 value of farm productions, including betterments,\\norchards, market-gardens, etc., more than nine millions of dollars. The\\nquantity of Indian corn produced in 1873 was 2,112,000 bushels, value\\nS2,344,320; oats, 109,000 bushels, value $111,180; tobacco, 80,000\\npounds, value $26,400. In January, 1874, the number of horses was\\n16,600 mules, 10,000 oxen and other cattle, 383,600 milch cows,\\n69,000 sheep, 31,900 swine, 183,400. About 70 per cent, of the popu-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "230 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nlation are engaged in agriculture. The State Agricultural College has\\na fund of $100,000.\\nManufactures. Florida has few manufacturing establishments,\\nand those are of small capacity. The number reported by the last census\\nwas 659, employing 2749 hands and producing a value of ^4,685,403.\\nThe fisheries are not largely developed. There were 43 establishments,\\nemploying 150 hands and producing to the value of $101,528.\\nCommerce and Navigation. The sea-coast of this State is\\nmore than 1100 miles long. In 1772 the export of indigo was 40,000\\npounds turpentine, 20,000 barrels. In 1778 the exports were valued at\\n\u00c2\u00a348,000. There are 7 customs districts, having 229 vessels enrolled 17\\nwere built in 1873. The number of vessels entered was, foreign, 750, coast-\\nwise, 1546; total entered, 2296; vessels cleared, foreign, 770, coastwise,\\n1546 total cleared, 2316 value of imports, $505,751 value of exports,\\n$2,984,975.\\nRailroads. In 1873 the number of miles was 466 cost per mile,\\n$18,455; total capital account, $7,142,000; receipts, $479,000; receipts\\nper mile of railroad, $1267 receipts to each inhabitant, $2.18.\\nCities and Towns. St. Augustine is the oldest town on the West-\\nern Continent. It was founded in 1565, earlier than Jamestown, Va., by\\n42 years, and 55 years before the pilgrim settlers of Massachusetts landed\\non Plymouth Rock. The quaint old town has known more of battles\\nand of sieges than any other in America. In 1586 it was bombarded by\\nSir Francis Drake in 1611 it was pillaged by the Indians English buc-\\ncaneers sacked it in 1665; Gov. Moore of South Carolina captured and\\nburnt it in 1702 Gov. Oglethorpe of Georgia bombarded its fort for 38\\ndays in 1740 the fort and arsenal were seized by the Confederates Jan.\\n7, 1861 and St. Augustine was retaken by the Federal forces in 1862.\\nThe city lies upon low ground, and is protected from the surf by a sea-wall\\nbuilt by the United States government. A sea-wall is put down on a map\\npublished in 1665. The Roman Catholic church has a bell cast in 1682.\\nFort Marion was begun in 1620. In 1648 St. Augustine had 300 house-\\nholders. The population in 1740 was 2143; in 1870, 1717; estimated\\npopulation at present, 3500. A writer in 1696 says The houses are most\\nof them old buildings, and not half of them inhabited. Jacksonville\\n(named after President Jackson) is the largest city below Savannah. It\\nis situated on the St. John s River, 25 miles from its mouth. There are\\n12 churches, 2 tri- weekly newspapers and a United States court. Fifty\\nmillion feet of lumber are shipped yearly. Population in 1870, 6912.\\nTallahassee, the capital, has 2 newspapers. Population, 2023. Feruan-\\ndina, founded by the Spaniards, has a capacious land-locked harbor.\\nThere are 7 churches and 2 newspapers. Population, 1722. Pensacola,\\nfounded by the Spaniards in 1698, has a fine harbor, with 24 feet of water", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 231\\nou the bar. Fort Pickens guards the entrance. Population, 3343. Key\\nWest is situated on an island of the same name, 11 feet above the sea-level.\\nIt has 5 churches and 2 newspapers. Here is a United States naval sta-\\ntion. Other leading towns are Gainesville (1500), Lake City (2000),\\nPalatka and Appalachicola (1000 each).\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants in 1830 was 34,370\\n(slaves, 15,501); 1840, 54,477 (slaves, 25,717); 1850, 87,445 (slaves,\\n39,310); 1860, 140,424 (slaves, 61,745); 1870, 187,748 (free colored,\\n91,689); natives of Florida, 109,554; of other parts of the United States,\\n73,227 of foreign countries, 4967 population to a square mile, 3.17.\\nThere were 14,594 natives of Florida residing in other parts of the Amer-\\nican Union.\\nEducation. A uniform system of free schools is provided for by\\nlaw for all children between the ages of 4 and 21. In 1874 the value of\\nschool-houses was $250,000 receipts for school purposes, $160,000; pupils\\nenrolled, 27,000 number of teachers, 500. Flourishing seminaries are in\\noperation at Tallahassee and Gainesville. Florida has 75 libraries (other\\nthan private), 23 newspapers, 390 churches.\\nGovernment ant? Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 24 members, elected for 4 years, and an assembly of 53 mem-\\nbers, elected for 2 years. The legislature meets annually. The governor\\nand lieutenant-governor are elected by the people for a term of 4 years.\\nOther executive officers are appointed by the governor and confirmed by\\nthe senate. The salary of the governor is $5000 and that of the lieutenant-\\ngovernor $2500. The supreme court has three judges, holding office for life\\nor good behavior. There are seven circuits, with judges appointed for eight\\nyears, and a county court for each county, the judges of which hold office\\nfor a term of four years. The State debt, Jan. 1, 1875, was $1,599,479.\\nHistory. Florida was the first part of the United States occupied\\nby Europeans, and is associated with some of the most thrilling and ro-\\nmantic events in American history. Sebastian Cabot discovered the coast\\nin 1497. Juan Ponce de Leon, who had the Spanish love for gold and\\nlong life, hoj)ed to secure both in the region which was fabled to contain\\nall the treasures of El Dorado and the Fountain of Youth. On Easter\\nSunday Pascua Florida meaning feast of flowers in Spanish (not on\\nPalm Sunday, as many authorities ha\\\\e it), he planted a cross and took\\npossession of The Land of Flowers in the name of the Spanish monarch.\\nOn a second visit, in 1521, De Leon was severely wounded, and soon after\\ndied. He found in Florida the w^aters of Lethe instead of the foun-\\ntain of life. An attempt at Spanish colonization, in 1528, was defeated\\nby the Indians. Ferdinand de Soto passed through Florida in 1539.\\nSome French Huguenots sought refuge there, and 850 of them were mas-\\nsacred at the bloody river of Matanzas by a Spanish officer whose re-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "232 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nligious zeal impelled liim to refuse a proffered ransom of 200,000 ducats.\\nThe Spanish supremacy lasted for 250 years. In 1763 the country was\\nceded to Great Britain. After a twenty years occupation it was re-ceded\\nto Spain in 1784. After holding it for thirty-five years, Spain ceded the\\nwhole to the United States for five millions of dollars, and on the 10th\\nday of July, 1821, the standard of Spain, which had been first raised 309\\nyead-s before, gave place to the star-spangled banner. The Seminole\\nwar broke out in 1835 [see Historical Sketch, p. 125, note]. General\\nJackson was the first territorial governor. The State was admitted to the\\nUnion March 3, 1845, passed an ordinance of secession Jan. 10, 1861, and\\nrepealed the ordinance Oct. 28, 1865. A new Constitution was ratified in\\nMay, 1868.\\nGEORGIA.\\nSituation and Extent. Georgia is bounded on the N, by Ten-\\nnessee and North Carolina, on the N. E. by South Carolina, on the S. E.\\nby the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Florida, and on the W. by Florida and\\nAlabama. It is situated between latitudes 30\u00c2\u00b0 21 and 35\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longi-\\ntudes 3\u00c2\u00b0 48 and 8\u00c2\u00b0 40 W. from Washington, \u00c2\u00abr 80\u00c2\u00b0 48 and 85\u00c2\u00b0 40 W.\\nfrom Greenwich. The area is 68,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 acres.\\nPliysiCcll Features. Surface. An extensive plain, of tertiary\\nformation, extends from the Atlantic coast inward for more than a hun-\\ndred miles, with a gradually ascending slope of from ten to twenty feet.\\nThen there is an abrupt rise of seventy feet, and after twenty miles an-\\nother similar elevation. The geologists infer that these are old sea-mar-\\ngins. At the head of navigation on the Savannah and Oconee Rivers the\\nswells attain a height of 500 feet. A series of undulating hills rise to the\\nsummits of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are from 1200 to 4000 feet\\nhigh. Toward the west the descent is precipitous. Between the ranges\\nof liills are fertile valleys, abundantly supplied with water. The southern\\nsections are level and sandy. In the south-east is .the Okefinokee Swamp,\\n180 miles in circumference, which is the haunt of a great variety of noxious\\nand venomous reptiles. Rivers. The Savannah River, 500 miles long,\\nwhich forms the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina, rises in\\nthe Blue Ridge, and is navigable for steamboats to Augusta, 248 miles.\\nToccoa Falls, on a small tributary, are 186 feet high. The Altamaha\\nRiver is formed by the union of the Oconee, navigable to Milledgeville,\\n200 miles, and the Ocmulgee, navigable to Macon, 300 miles. On the\\nwestern boundary is the Chattahoochee River, 350 miles long, and naviga-\\nble to Columbus. The Flint River, which unites with the Chattahoochee\\nto form the Appalachicola, is 200 miles in length. The St. Mary s River,\\nrising in the Okefinokee Swamp, separates Georgia from Eastern Florida.\\nThe whole State is most abundantly watered, having more than fifty streams,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 233\\ndesignated as rivers, which belong to the three great water-sheds of the\\nAthiDtic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi Valley.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the sea-coast are many islands, having\\na light sandy soil which is especially suited to the production of the\\nfliraous sea-island cotton. Rice plantations occupy the tide-swamps.\\nGeorgia is surpassed only by South Carolina in the amount of its rice\\nproduction. Along the rivers are alluvial lands, growing enormous crops\\nof cotton, rice, sugar-cane, corn, etc. The soil is a blue clay mixed with\\nfine sand and vegetable mould. Fossil bones of extinct mammalia are\\nfound in this formation. Portions of the extensive plain back from the\\ncoast are of little value for cultivation, but the pine-barrens yield timber,\\npitch, tar and turpentine. The lands in the western counties, formerly\\noccupied by the Cherokee Indians, are of great fertility. Concerning the\\nclimate of Georgia, an English traveller wrote, in 1784 I think it is the\\nfinest climate in the world, for it is neither too warm in the summer nor\\ntoo cold in the winter. They have certainly the finest water in the world,\\nand the land is extraordinary good this may certainly be called the land\\nof Canaan. Gov. Ellis, who w rote on the 7th of July, 1757, when the\\nthermometer was 102\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade, exj)ressed a different opinion: I\\nthink it highly probable, he says, that the inhabitants of this place\\n[Savannah] breathe a hotter air than any other people on the face of the\\nearth. The same writer tells us that on the 10th of December the mer-\\ncury rose to 86\u00c2\u00b0, and on the following day sank to 38\u00c2\u00b0, a range of 48\\ndegrees. Nov. 25, 1775, snow fell to the depth of 18 inches. In May\\n1837, hail-stones lay upon the ground for twelve days after the great storm.\\nMost of the whites withdraw to the uplands during the warm season to\\nescape the malaria of the rice plantations. The climate of the interior is\\ncooler and very healthful. The mean annual temperature for 1874 was\\n65.9\u00c2\u00b0 at Savannah and 64.1\u00c2\u00b0 at Augusta. The mean distribution of\\nheat, as indicated by the isothermal lines of the chart, is, spring, 60\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n70\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0 to 82\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 60\u00c2\u00b0 to 70\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 40\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0 annual\\nmean, 60\u00c2\u00b0 to 67\u00c2\u00b0. The japonica, narcissus, rose and wild jasmine bloom\\nabout the middle of February. Forests. In the forests are found the oak,\\nhickory, catali)a, sycamore, birch, walnut, chestnut, cedar, poplar, cypress,\\ngum, ash, tulip, elm, fir, spruce, palmetto, pine, beech, cottonwood, live-oak\\nof the finest quality for ship-building, and ilex trees which Fanny Kemble\\nsays ai e like those of the Roman Campagua. Animals. Among the\\nanimals may be mentioned the black bear, raccoon, weasel, mink, otter,\\nwolf (black and gray), fox (gray and red), panther, wildcat, squirrels\\n(gray, ground, fox, cat and flying), ground-hog, rabbit, opossum and deer.\\nBirds. Audubon noted 508 species of birds in the United States, of which\\n273 have been found in Georgia. A few of the most common are the bald\\neagle, hawk, turkey-buzzard, kite, owl, wren, mocking-bird, thrush, gold-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "234 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nfiuch, crossbill, bob-o-liuk, oriole, lark, bluejay, cuckoo, paroquet, ibis,\\nheron, curlew, grouse, plover, flaniiugo, swan and canvas-back duck.\\nReptiles.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The gopher, terrapin, alligator, lizard, scorpion, viper and rat-\\ntlesnake are frequently seen. Fish.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UocMsh, trout, bass, mackerel, stur-\\ngeon, shark, devil-fish, crab, etc., are plenty. Nearly 250 varieties of sea-\\nshells have been noted.\\nAgTiciiltviral Productions. The great staples are cotton (in\\nwhich only Mississippi surpasses Georgia) and rice. In 1873 the produc-\\ntion of Indian corn was 24,014,000 bushels; wheat, 2,176,000 bushels;\\noats, 4,800,000 bushels tobacco, 343,000 pounds. In 1870 the number\\nof acres in farms was 23,647,941 acres improved, 6,831,856 value of\\nfarms, implements and live-stock, $129,330,486 value of farm, orchard\\nand market-garden products (including betterments and additions to stock),\\n$80,936,420. Jan. 1, 1874, the number of horses was 116,100; mules,\\n92,700; oxen and other cattle, 405,300; milch cows, 257,400; sheep,\\n235,700 swine, 1,497,000. A single acre of Bermuda grass, in 1873,\\nproduced nearly 5 if tons, valued at $20 per ton. The early settlers told\\nmarvellous stories about the fertility of their new domain. In 1739 a\\nwoman found three grains of rye in a quantity of Indian corn. One of\\nthese grains, on the third year, produced 170 stalks and ears, and the three\\ntogether yielded to her a bag of corn as large as a coat-pocket. Another\\nwoman had a like bag of beans, all grown out of one bean.\\nManufactures. There were 3836 manufacturing establishments in\\n1870, employing 17,871 hands; value of products, $31,196,115. The\\nnumber of establishments for making agricultural implements was 10;\\nboots and shoes, 244; carriages and wagons, 178; cotton, 34; iron, 30;\\nleather, 186; lumber, 539; printing and publishing, 45; wool-carding and\\nwoollen goods, 46.\\nCommerce and Navigation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Georgia has a sea-coast of 100\\nmiles in a direct line, and more than 400 miles with all its windings. In\\n1750 the exports were valued at $8897.76; in 1756 they had increased\\nto $74,485.44; in 1759 the export of raw silk amounted to 10,000 pounds.\\nThe exports of the colonial period were almost exclusively rice, indigo,\\nraw silk, skins, furs, lumber and provisions. The Indians then gave\\n(according to a fixed schedule of prices) ten buckskins for a gun, five for\\na blanket, two for a white shirt, two for an axe. For the year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, the value of exports was $31,848,402 value of imports,\\n$751,104. Cotton and lumber are almost the only articles exported.\\nThe total number of vessels and steamers entered (foreign and coastwise)\\nwas 1106; number cleared, 1149. A union has beenformed to secure\\na direct line to Liverpool. When the dredging operations now in\\nprogress are completed, it is expected that vessels drawing 22 feet of water\\ncan reach the Savannah wharves at all stages of the tide without ground-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 235\\niug. The estimated amount needed for this work for the fiscal year end-\\ning June 30, 1876, is $175,000.\\nMineral Resources. Previous to the discovery of the wonderful\\ngold treasures of California, Georgia was the principal source of the pre-\\ncious metal in the United States. The gold-field stretches along the eastern\\nslope of the Blue Ridge for a width of from 15 to 20 miles. The first\\nnugget discovered weighed three ounces. It was found near Duke s Creek,\\nin 1829. A branch-mint was for a time maintained at Dahlouega [see\\nCoins and Cukrency, p. 442]. The total gold product has been about\\n7 J millions of dollars. Iron, copper and kaolin have been discovered in\\nsmall quantities. There are quarries of white marble. The product of\\nthe mines and quarries for 1870 was valued at $49,280.\\nKailroatls. In 1844 Georgia had 452 miles of railroad. In 1873\\nthe number of miles was 2260 inhabitants to a mile of railroad, 547\\nsquare miles to a mile of railroad, 25.7 total capital account, $41,143,172\\ncost per mile, $23,457 receipts, $7,695,955 receipts to a mile, $4393\\nreceipts to each inhabitant, $6.23 net earnings, $2,265,472.\\nEducation and Public Institutions. A general school law\\nwas passed in 1870. The governor and his council constitute the State\\nBoard of Education, in conjunction with the school commissioner, whose\\nsalary is $2500 per annum. There are separate schools for white and\\ncolored children. The returns for 1874 report 1974 schools (412 for colored\\nchildren) and 85,184 scholars (colored, 20,786). The University of Geor-\\ngia, at Athens, chartered in 1795, graduated a class of 9 at its first com-\\nmencement. May 31, 1804. It has preparatory, academic, law and agri-\\ncultural departments. The last named has a fund of $243,000, derived\\nfrom the Congressional land-grant. The North Georgia Agricultural Col-\\nlege, at Dahlonega, opened Jan. 1, 1873, is a part and parcel of the\\nUniversity of Georgia. Other colleges are, Atlanta University (Congre-\\ngational), Bowdon College, Emory College (Methodist Episcopal, South),\\nHamilton Female College, Le Vert College, Mercer University (Baptist)\\nat Macon, Monroe and Wesleyan Female Colleges, and the Augusta and\\nSavannah Medical Colleges. The census of 1870 reports 3 universities,\\n28 colleges, 1 law and 2 medical schools, 1735 libraries, 110 newspapers\\nand 2873 churches. The State Penitentiary, at Milledgeville, has 664\\nconvicts (571 colored). It was established in 1811. The State Lunatic\\nAsylum, at the same place, was opened Dec. 15, 1842. There is an insti-\\ntution for the blind at Macon, and one at Cave Spring for the deaf and\\ndumb.\\nGrowth in Population. In 1790 the population was 82,548\\n(slave, 29,264); 1800, 162,101 (slave, 59,404); 1810, 258,433 (slave,\\n105,218); 1820, 340,433 (slave, 149,656); 1830, 576,823 (slave, 217,531),\\n1840, 691,392 (slave, 280,944); 1850, 906,185 (slave, 381,682); 1860,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "236 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\n1,057,286 (slave, 462,198); 1870, 1,184,109 (free colored, 545,154). In\\ncolored population Georgia ranks first, and in total number of inhabitants\\ntwelfth; population to a square mile, 20.42; number of native born,\\n1,172,982 (933,962 born in the State); foreign born, 11,127; number of\\nnative Georgians residing in other parts of the Union, 374,142.\\nCities and Towns. Savannah, the oldest, largest and most\\nwealthy city of the State, is beautifully situated, on a plain 40 feet above\\nthe Savannah Eiver, 18 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It was founded\\nin 1733, and the following year contained 40 houses. In 1820 a fire de-\\nstroyed 463 buildings, inflicting a loss of more than four millions of dol-\\nlars. The numerous fine shade-trees have given it the title of The Forest\\nCity. Regular lines of steamers run to Boston, New York, Philadelphia\\nand other ports. Population, 28,235. Atlanta, the capital of Georgia\\nsince 1868, is situated 1100 feet above the sea. It has 5 railroads, 3 daily\\npapers, 2 banks, several large manufectories and 28 churches. The city\\nwas burned during the civil war. Population, 21,789. Augusta, at the\\nhead of navigation on the Savannah River, 230 miles above its mouth,\\nwas settled in 1735. It has 4 railroads, 2 daily papers, 6 banks, 21\\nchurches, 4 founderies, and is the centre of a large trade. Population,\\n15,386. Macon has extensive founderies and machine-shops. It is well\\nbuilt, the houses being mostly of brick. Five railroads centre here.\\nPopulation, 10,810. The other principal towns are Columbus, at the\\nhead of navigation on the Chattahoochee River, population 7401, and\\nMilledgeville, the former capital, population 2750.\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na general assembly, consisting of a senate of 44 members, and a house of\\nrepresentatives of 175 members. The legislature meets annually. The\\nexecutive officers are a governor, secretary of State, comptroller-general,\\ntreasurer, surveyor-general, attorney-general and State school commission-\\ners, each holding office for a term of four years. The judicial authority is\\nvested in a supreme court of three judges, 19 circuit courts, and county\\ncourts for the most populous counties.\\nHistory.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sir Walter Raleigh was the first European who trod the\\nsoil of Georgia. It appears from his diary that he visited the present site\\nof Savannah in 1584 or 1585. In 1717 all that tract of land which lies\\nbetween the rivers Altamaha and Savannah was granted to Sir Robert\\nMontgomery. In July, 1732, a meeting was held in London with a view\\nto establishing a colony in Georgia. Gov. Oglethorpe selected the present\\nsite of Savannah for his new town. The colonists spent their first night\\non shore Feb. 1, 1733. John Wesley preached here in 1736. Whitefield\\narrived in May, 1738, and established his famous orphan house in\\nMarch, 1740, under the patronage of Lady Huntington. The first general\\nassembly met in Savannah, Jan. 15, 1751. Slavery was at first prohibited", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 237\\nbut the restrictiou was removed iu 1750, aud in 1773 the uumber of skves\\nwas 14,000. Although Georgia was the youngest of the thirteen colonies\\nwhich declared their independence in 1776, she yielded to none of them in\\n})atriotic service during that heroic age of American history. When\\ntidings came of the first blood shed at Lexington, a few bold patriots broke\\nopen the king s magazine and took 500 pounds of powder, of which a part\\nwas forwarded to Boston aud used by the Americans in the battle of Bunker\\nHill. Pulaski, Sergeant Jasper, Mcintosh, D Estaing, were among those\\nwho sealed their devotion to their country with their life s blood. Savannah\\nwas captured by the British, Dec. 29, 1778. For many years there were\\nserious difficulties with the Creek Indians. In 1838 the remnant of the\\ntribe was removed beyond the Mississippi River. An ordinance of seces-\\nsion was passed Jan. 19, 1861. Fort Pulaski, Fort Jackson and the arsenal\\nat Augusta were seized. Gen. Sherman made his march through Georgia\\nin 1864. In July, 1867, an act was passed for the readmission of the\\nState into the Union.\\nILLINOIS.\\nSituation and Extent. Illinois is bounded on the N. by Wis-\\nconsin, E. by Lake Michigan and Indiana, S. by the Ohio River, separating\\nit from Kentucky, and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from\\nMissouri and Iowa. It is situated between latitudes 36\u00c2\u00b0 59 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 30\\nN., and longitudes 10\u00c2\u00b0 35 and 14\u00c2\u00b0 40 W. from Washington, or 83\u00c2\u00b0 35\\nand 91\u00c2\u00b0 40 W. from Greenwich. The area is 55,410 square miles, or\\n35,462,400 acres. The length from north to south is 378 miles, the greatest\\nbreadth 210 miles.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. Illinois is more nearly level than\\nany of the other States, with the exception of Louisiana and Delaware.\\nIn the north-west there are mounds rising 250 feet above the level of\\nthe surrounding country aud 1150 feet above the ocean. The lead region\\nis the most elevated part of the State. There is a gradual descent toward\\nthe south as far as the valley of the Big Muddy River, in Jackson county.\\nFrom this point there is a rapid rise to a range of hills 600 feet high, which\\ncross the southern portion of the State. Along the rivers are bluffs from\\n100 to 150 feet high. The prairies (French for meadows), which cover\\nmost of the State, are immense level tracts, with occasional mounds, like\\nislands in the ocean, rising to a height of 50 or 100 feet aud covered with\\na heavy growth of timber. In the centre and the north-east there is a\\ndeficiency of wood. Ford county has only six acres of timber to the\\nsquare mile, which is less than 1 per cent. Randolph county, in the south-\\nwest, has 44 per cent, of woodland (280 acres to the square mile), aud the\\nwhole State has 5,061,578 acres (14 per cent, of its area) in timber.\\nAmong the principal trees are the oak (black, white, swamp and scarlet),", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "238 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nhickory, maple, linden, black gum, persimmon, elm (red, white and slip-\\npery), ash (black and white), dogwood, birch, beech, sycamore, Cottonwood,\\nlocust, hackberry, walnut, pecan, willow, cypress, cedar, poplar, pine, etc.\\nElvers. Illinois is bounded by rivers on three sides. The Mississippi\\nwashes its western border for 700 miles. The Ohio and the Wabash afford\\nnavigation for the southern and eastern sections. The Illinois is the largest\\nriver within the State. It is 500 miles long and navigable for 250 miles.\\nRock River is 300 miles long. The other principal streams are the\\nKaskaskia, Little Wabash, Vermilion and Embarras.\\nSoil and Climate. Prof. Voelcker says I have never before\\nanalyzed soils which contain so much nitrogen. The prairies have a\\nblack, soft, vegetable mould, sometimes more than four feet thick, and of\\ninexhaustible fertility. In the south-west are small prairies, with a choco-\\nlate-brown loam on a subsoil of yellow clay. The alluvial valleys of the\\nMississippi and the Illinois Rivers are from 5 to 10 miles wide, and pro-\\nduce abundant crops. The State geologist says of Illinois It embraces\\na climatic range of five and a half degrees of latitude, and consequently\\ncomprises a greater variety in its zoological and botanical productions than\\ncan be found within the area of any other State in the Union. The great-\\nness of the difference will appear when we consider that Cairo, in Southern\\nIllinois, is on the same parallel of latitude as Fortress Monroe, in Virginia,\\nwhile the northern State line is above the parallel of Boston, in Massachu-\\nsetts. The mean temperature at Cairo for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874,\\nwas 58.4\u00c2\u00b0 at Chicago, 49.5\u00c2\u00b0. The extremes at Chicago, during two years,\\nwere 23\u00c2\u00b0 helow zero and 99\u00c2\u00b0 above, a range of 122\u00c2\u00b0. The extremes at\\nCairo were 8\u00c2\u00b0 below zero and 101\u00c2\u00b0 above; range, 109\u00c2\u00b0. The above tem-\\nperatures were taken from the report of the chief signal officer for 1873\\nand 1874. Observations at Peoria for 16 years gave a minimum of 22\u00c2\u00b0\\nand a maximum of 104\u00c2\u00b0 range, 126\u00c2\u00b0. At Sandwich, during 20 years,\\nthe minimum was 30\u00c2\u00b0, the maximum 105\u00c2\u00b0 range, 135\u00c2\u00b0. The extensive\\nprairies give free scope to the winds, which blow with great violence. The\\nisothermal lines crossing Northern and Southern Illinois are as follows\\nSpring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 50\u00c2\u00b0-57\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-37\u00c2\u00b0;\\nmean for the year, 47\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAg-ricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Illinois claims to be the Empire\\nState of the West in agriculture. She had, in 1870, 19,329,952 acres\\n(53 per cent, of her area) in improved farm lands. New York, which\\nranks next, has less than 16 millions of acres improved. The total value\\nof farms, farm implements and live-stock was $1,104,839,639 value of\\nfarm productions, $210,860,585. In 1873 Illinois stood first in the pro-\\nduction of corn (56 bushels to every inhabitant) and in oats, Iowa took\\nthe precedence in wheat and in hogs, which Illinois had formerly held.\\nIn rye, Illinois was next to Pennsylvania in hay, next to New York in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 239\\nbarley, next to California and New York in honey, first of all the States\\nin wine and in orchard products, fourth. She had the largest number of\\nhorses (3 for every 7 inhabitants), and only Texas surpassed her in cattle.\\nThe very abundance of the crops is sometimes a disadvantage to the\\nfarmer. In 1873 corn sold for 20 to 25 cents per bushel, and oats for 15\\nto 18 cents. It took four bushels of corn to pay the freight of the fifth\\nbushel to New York. A single county could load a train of 40 cars every\\nday in the year. The i^roduction might be indefinitely increased were\\nthere sufficient facilities for transportation. In 1872 a premium offered\\nfor the largest production of corn was awai ded to a farmer who raised\\n1313 bushels from a field of 10 acres. Sweet-potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco\\nand broom-corn are largely produced. The average size of the fiirms is\\n12S acres. One farm in Ford county contains 40,000 acres.\\nManufactures. Illinois ranks sixth among the States in manufac-\\ntures. In 1870 there were 12,597 establishments, employing 58,852 hands;\\nvalue of annual products, $205,620,672. The leading articles were agri-\\ncultural implements, boots and shoes, carriages and wagons, saddlery and\\nharness, doors, sashes and blinds, clothing, etc. The product of the flour-\\nand grist-mills was $43,876,775 (next to New York and Pennsylvania).\\nIn pork-packing Illinois leads all the rest. The number of hogs packed\\nin 1873-4 was 1,887,328 (more than twice as many as in Ohio, which ranks\\nnext); average net weight, 219 pounds.\\nMines and Mining. Mining began at the famous lead mines of\\nGalena about 1821, and the product for the first two decades was 58,694,-\\n488 pounds. The yield of 1870 was 159,050 pounds of ore, valued at\\nS182,280. Coal formations underlie 30,000 square miles of Illinois, and\\nthe annual product of coal is two millions of tons. There were 356 min-\\ning establishments; hands employed, 7504; annual product, $6,968,201.\\nCommerce and IVavig-ation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The river and lake system of\\nIllinois gives the State ample fiicilities for navigation. Chicago has direct\\ncommercial relations with foreign nations. The number of vessels clear-\\ning to foreign ports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, was 476,\\ntonnage, 139,515; vessels arrived, 212, tonnage, 61,300; number of vessels\\narriving coastwise, 11,632, tonnage, 3,231,793; number clearing, 11,305,\\ntonnage, 3,142,292; number of crew of foreign vessels, 8210; of coastwise\\nvessels, 207,224. The amount of revenue collected was $1,377,896.03.\\nOne-third of the entire commerce of Chicago is in its grain trade. In\\n1873 the receipt of grain and flour (reduced to grain-bushels) was 98,935,-\\n418 bushels, valued at $63,500,000. The receipt of flour was 2,487,376\\nbarrels. For the improvement of Chicago harbor Congress appropriated,\\nfrom 1870 to 1874, $455,000. The original estimate of the amount needed\\nfor the work in hand was $900,000. The number of vessels belonging to\\nthis customs district is 743. There are four other ports, Alton, Cairo, Ga-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "240 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nlena and Quincy, having in the aggregate 124 vessels enrolled. Twenty-\\none vessels were built in 1873.\\nRailroads and Canals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1848 Illinois had 22 miles of rail-\\nroad. In 1874 it surpassed every other State in railroad mileage, leading\\nPennsylvania, which stands second, by more than a thousand miles. The\\nnumber of companies was 48; length of railroad, 6759 miles; total amount\\nof stock and debt, $636,458,641 gross receipts, $96,816,868 average re-\\nceipts per mile of road, $5095; per train mile, $1.32; operating and cur-\\nrent expenses, $64,869,979 excess of receipts, $30,570,433. There are\\nnearly ten thousand miles of telegraph lines. A canal from Chicago to\\nLa Salle, 96 miles, connects Lake Michigan with the Illinois Kiver, and\\nthrough that with the Mississippi. Eight million bushels of grain and 50\\niiiillion feet of lumber have passed through this canal in a single year.\\nPublic Institntions and Education. The State Penitentiary,\\nat Joliet, has 1300 prisoners. The labor of the convicts makes it self-sus-\\ntaining. At Jacksonville is an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, an Asylum\\nfor the Blind, a Hospital for the Insane and an institution for the education\\nof feeble-minded children. The Northern Asylum for the Insane is at El-\\ngin, the Southern Asylum at Anna. The first school in Illinois was opened\\nat Bellefoutaine, in 1783. A general law establishing free schools was\\npassed in 1823. The present school system was adopted in 1872 and\\namended in 1874. White and colored children have equal privileges.\\nThe superintendent of public instruction gives the following statistics for\\nthe year 1874: Number of schools (public and private), 13,001; teachers.\\n22,484; pupils, 722,177; expenditures, $7,865,682. The State Normal\\nSchool had 764 scholars. Attached to it is a museum of natural history,\\ncontaining 132,200 specimens, valued at $95,000. The Southern Illinois\\nNormal University, at Carboudale, was opened July 1, 1874, in a building\\nwhich cost $265,000. The Illinois Industrial University, at Urbana, opened\\nin 1868, has 623 acres of ground and a property valued at $760,000. This\\ninstitution, which comprises separate colleges of agriculture, engineering,\\nnatural science, literature, military science and commerce, had 406 stu-\\ndents in 1874. The State has 26 colleges, 10 schools of theology, 6 schools\\nof medicine, 2 schools of law, 9 normal schools and 9 seminaries for the\\nhigher education of women. The census of 1870 reports 13,570 libraries,\\n505 newspapers and periodicals, 3459 church edifices.\\nPoi)ulation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Illinois is the fourth State in the Union in the num-\\nber of inhabitants. The population in 1800 was 2458; 1810, 12,282\\n(slaves, 168); 1820, 55,211 (slaves, 917); 1830, 157,445 (slaves, 747);\\n1840, 476,183 (slaves, 331); 1850, 851,470 (free colored, 5436); 1860,\\n1,711,951 (free colored, 7628); 1870, 2,539,891 (free colored, 28,762).\\nOf the decade between 1850 and 1860 Superintendent Kennedy says, So\\nlarge a population more than doubling itself in ten years by the regular", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 241\\ncourse of settlement is without a pai allel. The increase between 1860\\nand 1870 was 48.36 per cent.; population to a square mile, 45.84. The\\nnumber of native birth was 2,024,693; born in Illinois, 1,189,503; born\\nin foreign countries, 515,198. Of natives of Illinois, 289,907 were\\nresiding iu other States. The school census of 1874 reports the number\\nof persons under twenty-one years of age as 1,444,141.\\nCities Jllicl Towns. Chicago, the metropolis of the North-west, has\\nhad a growth altogether unprecedented in the history of modern cities.\\nIn 1831 four vessels arrived; in 1832 there were five small stores and\\nabout 250 inhabitants in 1836 the number of vessels entering the port\\nwas 436; in 1837 the census showed a population of 4170. The popula-\\ntion in successive decades has been 1840, 4853 1850, 29,963 1860,\\n112,172; 1870,298,281. Local authorities estimate the present number\\nof inhabitants at 400,000. The Chicago River affords 25 miles of good\\nwater frontage, and the lake shore is made available for docks by the j)ro-\\ntectiou of immense breakwaters. The trade of the city is worth more than\\n$500,000,000 annually. The capacity of its grain elevators Oct. 31, 1874,\\nwas 15,250,000 bushels. The receipts for the year 1873-4 were 153,540\\ncar-loads and 1053 boat-loads. The amount of grain received into public\\nwarehouses was 65,251,188 bushels; number of hogs packed, 1,520,024;\\nnumber of cattle packed, 21,712. To accommodate the immense trade in\\nlive-stock, union stock-yards have been constructed, at a cost of $1,675,000,\\nwhich cover 350 acres and have a capacity for 118,000 animals. Chicago\\nhas been supplied with water from the lake by a tunnel, at an expenditure\\nof upwards of five millions of dollars. In October, 1871, occurred tlie\\never memorable fire, which burned over 2100 acres, destroyed 17,450\\nbuildings (including 32 hotels, 10 theatres and halls and 41 churches),\\nmade a hundred thousand people homeless and inflicted a loss of two hun-\\ndred millions of dollars. However, its citizens find some consolation in-\\nasserting that the new Chicago rising out of the ashes of the conflagration\\nis the finest-built city upon the American continent. Springfield, the cap-\\nital since 1837, w^as settled in 1819; it has been called The City of\\nFlowers. The new State-House, begun in 1868, is one of the finest public\\nbuildings in America. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln, and\\na fine monument has been erected to his memory. Population, 17,364.\\nQuincy, on an elevated bluff* of the Mississippi River, is the centre of eight\\nrailroads. Population, 24,052. Jacksonville is the seat of several State\\ninstitutions, Illinois College and three female seminaries. Population, 9203.\\nAmong the other principal towns are Alton, three miles above the mouth\\nof the Missouri River; Galesburg, the seat of Knox College and Lombard\\nUniversity; Galena, the centre of the lead-mining district; and Peoria, on\\nthe Illinois River.\\nGoveriiineut and Laws. The legislative power is vested iu a\\n16", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "242 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsenate of 51 members and a house of representatives of 153 members.\\nThe sessions are biennial. The governor and other executive officers are\\nelected for four years. There is an elective judiciary. The supreme court\\nconsists of seven judges, receiving a salary of $4000 per annum and chosen\\nfor a term of nine years. The circuit judges are elected for a term of six\\nyears. There is a county court for every one of the 102 counties.\\nHistory. Father Marquette, a French Jesuit, visited the Illinois\\nIndians in 1673. Mission stations were established at Kaskaskia and\\nPeoria in 1693, and glowing descriptions were sent home of the beauty of\\nthe new country. All the French possessions east of the Mississippi River\\nwere ceded to Great Britain in 1763. During the Revolutionary war the\\nBritish posts were captured by Major Rogers Clark [see Historical\\nSketch, p. 103]. The settlers suffered much from the Indians, who were\\non the British side in the war of J 81 2. Illinois was admitted as a State\\nDec. 3, 1818. The Black Hawk AVar broke out in 1832. Joseph Smith,\\nthe founder of Mormouism, and his brother were murdered by a mob in\\n1844. Soon after, the Mormons left Nauvoo for a new home beyond the\\nMississippi, and ultimately settled in Utah. The present Constitution was\\nadopted July 2, 1869.\\nINDIANA.\\nSituation and Extent. Indiana, the smallest of the Western\\nStates, is bounded on the N. by Lake Michigan and the State of Michigan\\n(the boundary line being ten miles north of the southern extreme of the\\nlake), on the E. by Ohio, on the S. by the Ohio River, which separates it\\nfrom Kentucky, on the W. by the Wabash River, and then by a due north\\nline from the town of Vincennes, separating it from Illinois. It is situated\\nbetween latitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 47 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 46 N. and longitudes 7\u00c2\u00b0 45 and 11\u00c2\u00b0 2\\nW. from Washington, or 84\u00c2\u00b0 49 and 88\u00c2\u00b0 2 W. from Greenwich. The\\nState is in the form of a parallelogram, 276 miles long and 140 miles wide,\\nhaving an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /Sm/ace. Most of the State is level or gently\\nrolling. Along the Ohio River are ranges of hills, or knobs, from 400\\nto 500 feet high. The Ohio Valley, containing as many square miles as\\nthe State of Connecticut, is hilly and broken, and was originally covered\\nwith heavy timber. The valleys of the White and Wabash Rivers are\\nlevel, heavily timbered and abundantly watered. In the north there are\\nmany swamps. Near Lake Michigan are sand mounds covered with\\nstunted pines. A terrace topography shows the action of water in the\\ngeological formation. Rivers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Ohio River washes the State on the\\nsouth from the Miami to the Wabash, 380 miles by the river Avindings.\\nThe Wabash River, which, with its branches, drains three-fourths of the\\nState, rises near the eastern boundary and runs in a westerly and southerly", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 243\\ncourse, forming the western boundary for a hundred miles. It is 500 miles\\nlong. White River, the principal tributary of the Wabash, is formed by\\nthe union of the two streams called the East and West Forks. Forests.\\nThe forests afford a great variety of trees, among the most common of which\\nare the oak (white, red, black and burr), hickory, ash, beech, butternut,\\nmaple, basswood, locust, elm, mulberry, cedar, poplar, sycamore aud Cot-\\ntonwood. Black-walnut trees, from three to five feet in diameter, are\\nfound. Birds. Some of the most noteworthy birds are the eagle, turkey-\\nbuzzard, hawk, owl, cuckoo, thrush, wren, mocking-bird, cross-bill, red-\\nbird, oriole, meadow-lark, bluejay, pheasant, heron, wood-ibis, snipe, loon\\nand woodcock.\\nSoil and Climate. Along all the rivers, except the Ohio, there\\nare rich alluvial deposits from two to thi ee feet deep. Gen. Harrison, the\\nfirst territorial governor of Indiana, said that the laud of the Miami\\nIndians was the finest country in all the western world. Large crops of\\ncorn have been produced for fifty years in succession. Portions of the\\nOhio Valley are hilly and sterile, but India,na has an unusually small pro-\\nportion of waste laud. The level country gives free access to the winds,\\nand there are very sudden changes of temperature. Fine weather lasts\\nuntil near Christmas, and the peach trees blossom in March. The mean\\ntemperature at Indianapolis for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was 54.4\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe isothermal lines traversing the northern and southern portions of the\\nState respectively are Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0 to 75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn,\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0 to 35\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 50\u00c2\u00b0 to 55\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Proclvictions. In agriculture Indiana takes a\\nleading place, ranking fifth among the States in the value of farm prop-\\nerty, and also in the production of Indian corn and wheat. It had, in\\n1870, 161,289 farms, averaging 112 acres each, aud valued, with their im-\\nplements and live-stock, at $736,257,562. The value of all farm produc-\\ntions was $122,914,302. lu 1873 the value of the Indian corn and wheat\\ncrops was $52,551,080. Other leading articles of production are rye, oats,\\nbarley, buckwheat, peas, beans, potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco, etc. The\\nnumber of horses, Jan, 1, 1874, was 649,500; mules, 58,500; oxen and\\nother cattle, 780,300; milch cows, 448,400; sheep, 1,722,500; hogs, 2,496,-\\n700. In view of present facts, it is curious to read a remark of a writer\\nin 1819: In many places the land is too rich for this grain (wheat),\\nwhich, though it does not become smutty, is not so good as in the State of\\nNew York. Fruit is produced to the value of nearly three and a half\\nmillions of dollars annually.\\nManufactures. The manufactured products in 1810 were valued\\nat $159,029. Sixty years multiplied this amount 685 times. In 1870\\nthere were 11,847 manufacturing establishments, employing 58,852 hands\\nand producing articles valued at $108,617,278. A few of the leading", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "244 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nindustries were Lumber, 613,698,859; flour, $25,371,322; woollen goods,\\n84,212,737; iron, $6,629,747; machinery, $3,871,024; furniture, $3,463,-\\n270; cars, freight and passenger, $3,616,068; boots and shoes, $2,699,114.\\nMinerals and Mining-.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A part of the great Illinois coal-field\\nextends into Indiana, covering an area of 6500 square miles. The block\\ncoal is of very great value for iron smelting 5000 tons a day are mined.\\nBog-iron ore exists in large quantities, and excellent limestone and sand-\\nstone are quarried. Salt springs are found, yielding a good quality of salt.\\nThere are no precious metals. The number of hands employed in mining,\\nin 1870, was 1723; value of products, $1,137,172.\\nCommerce and IVavigation. Lake Michigan on the north\\nand the Ohio Eiver on the south give to Indiana fine facilities for water\\ncommunication. The State is traversed also by the Wabash and Erie\\nCanal (340 miles in length, and, next to the Erie Canal, the longest in the\\nUnited States), which connects Lake Erie with the Ohio River. There is\\nno direct commerce with foreign countries. The State contains 7000 miles\\nof telegraph.\\nRailroads. In 1873 there were 3714 miles of railroad inhabitants\\nto a mile of railroad, 474; total capital account, $193,541,002; cost per\\nmile, $44,274 receipts, $54,279,062 receipts per mile, $6432 receipts per\\ninhabitant, $13.79. In 1844 the State contained only 22 miles of railroad.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. There are two State-\\nPrisons, the northern at Michigan City and the southern at Jeffersonville,\\neach having accommodations for about 400 prisoners. The State Institute\\nfor the Blind, the Asylum for the Insane, the Institute for the Deaf and\\nDumb and the Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls are at In-\\ndianapolis. There is also a Soldiers Home at Knightsville and a House\\nof Refuge at Plainfield. All the above institutions are supported by the\\nState. A general system of free instruction extends from the primary\\nschool to the State University, under the direction of a State superintend-\\nent and a State Board of Education. The school fund amounts to\\n$8,618,931. In 1873-4 the number of school-houses was 9202 (465 built\\nduring the year); teachers, 12,056; scholars, 465,154. The State Univer-\\nsity at Bloomington is open to pupils of both sexes. It has departments\\nof law, medicine, military science and civil engineering, in addition to the\\nregular collegiate course. Purdue University received the land-scrip\\ngranted by Congress for an agricultural college. This fund amounts to\\n$340,000, and the entire property of the institution is valued at $510,000.\\nIndiana lias 6 universities, 16 colleges, 1 school of theology, 3 schools of\\nlaw, 2 medical and 2 normal schools. There were, in 1870, 5301 libraries,\\n293 newspapers and periodicals, and 3106 church edifices.\\nGrowth in Population.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The population has multiplied with\\ngreat rapidity. The per cent, of increase in the decade from 1800 to 1810", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 245\\nwas 402.9 from 1810 to 1820, 502.2. In 1800 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 5641 (slaves, 135); 1810, 24,520; 1820, 147,178; 1830, 343,031;\\n1840, 685,866; 1850, 988,416; 1860, 1,350,428; 1870, 1,680,637 (free\\ncolored, 24,560); 1,539,163 were of native birth, of whom 1,048,575 were\\nborn in the State 320,836 natives of Indiana were residing in the other\\nStates and territories. .There were 49.71 persons to a square mile.\\nCities and Towns. Indianapolis, the capital, is situated on an\\nextensive plain almost at the exact centre of the State. In 1820 a dense\\nforest stood where is now the site of this bustling city. It is the seat of\\nseveral educational and State institutions and the centre of ten railroads.\\nA new State-house is in the process of erection, at a cost of $4,000,000.\\nThere are 64 churches and 6 daily newspapers. Population in 1870,\\n48,244 estimated population in 1875, 80,000. Evansville, the second\\ncity of the State, is on the Ohio River. It has extensive manufactories\\nand a large river trade. There are 24 churches and 4 daily newspapers.\\nPopulation, 21,830. Fort Wayne, named after General Anthony Wayne\\nin 1794, is on the Maumee River and the Wabash and Erie Canal. There\\nare large founderies and machine-shops. Five railroads intersect at this\\nplace. Population, 17,718. Viucennes, formerly St. Vincent, on the\\nWabash River, contained 100 houses in 1816. It was the centre of a\\nlarge trade with the Indians in furs and skins. The inhabitants were\\nprincipally of French extraction. Population, 5440 in 1870. Terre\\nHaute, on the Wabash River and the Wabash and Erie Canal, has exten-\\nsive foctories. Population, 16,103. Among the other leading places (In-\\ndiana has 27 cities) are Lafayette (population, 13,506), Logansport (8950),\\nNew Albany (15,396) and Madison (10,709).\\nGovernment and Laws. The general assembly consists of a\\nsenate of 50 members, elected for four years, and a house of representa-\\ntives of 100 members, elected for two years. They receive $8 per day\\nduring the biennial sessions. The governor s salary is $8000 per annum.\\nThe supreme court consists of five judges, chosen by popular election and\\npaid a salary of 84000 each. There are 38 circuit judges, also elected by\\nthe people, and receiving a salary of S2500. The divorce laws have been\\nso modified that an Indiana divorce will be a less frequent j)anacea for\\ndomestic woes hereafter.\\nHistory. The Indiana territory, which was originally the property\\nof the Miami confederacy of Indians, was claimed by France on account\\nof La Salle s discovery of the Mississippi, in 1682. As early as 1702 a\\nmission was established at Vincennes. In 1763 the territory was ceded to\\nthe British. The early settlers suffered greatly from the Indians. Gen.\\nHarrison broke the power of the savages by defeating Tecumseh at the\\nbattle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811. The State was admitted into the\\nUnion Dec, 11, 1816. A new Constitution was adopted in 1851.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "246 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nIOWA.\\nPosition and Extent. Iowa (meaning, in the Indian tongue,\\nthe beautiful land is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, on the E. by\\nthe Mississippi River, separating it from Wisconsin and Illinois, on the S,\\nby Missouri, and on the W. by the Missouri River, separating it from\\nNebraska and Dakota. It is situated between latitudes 40\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 43\u00c2\u00b0\\n30 K, and between longitudes 13\u00c2\u00b0 12 and 19\u00c2\u00b0 38 W. from Washington,\\nor 90\u00c2\u00b0 12 and 96\u00c2\u00b0 38 W. from Greenwich. The State has nearly the\\nfigure of a rectangular parallelogram, 300 miles long from east to west\\nand a little over 200 miles in breadth from north to south. Its area is\\n55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The whole State is remarkably\\nlevel and contains no mountains. Starting from the Mississippi River, the\\nground gradually rises toward the water-shed between the two great river\\nsystems of the Mississippi and Missouri, where the elevation is 967 feet\\nabove the level of the Mississippi. The latter river is 444 feet above the\\nsea-level at the mouth of the Des Moines, and the Missouri at Council\\nBluffs is 1023 feet above the sea. The highest land in the State, at Spirit\\nLake, near the Minnesota line, has an elevation of 1694 feet. The north-\\neast section is broken and irregular, and the channels of the rivers are cut\\ndeep in the rocks. Bluffs from 300 to 400 feet high extend along the Iowa\\nRiver. Isolated mounds in the lead region attain a height of nearly\\n500 feet. Rivers. The Mississippi River winds along the eastern border\\nfor 450 miles, and the Missouri along the western border for two-thirds the\\nbreadth of the State. The principal river flowing within the State is the\\nDes Moines, which rises in a group of lakes near the border of Minnesota\\nand runs in a south-easterly direction for 450 miles, forming the southern\\nboundary of Iowa for 25 miles. It is navigable for about half its length.\\nThe Iowa River, 300 miles long, is navigable for 80 miles. Its main\\nbranch is the Cedar River. About three-fourths of the State is drained\\nby the tributaries of the Mississippi and one-fourth by those of the Mis-\\nsouri. There are many beautiful lakes in the northern counties. Forests.\\nThe bottom lands along the rivers are heavily timbered with elm, black-\\nwalnut, white and burr oak, poplar, ash, maple, hickory, locust, sycamore,\\nlinden, cottonwood, etc. Twenty-five different kinds of forest trees are\\nindigenous to Iowa. About 3,552,880 acres are in timber, giving one acre\\nof woodland to ten acres of prairie. Trees grow with great rapidity when\\nplanted on thfe prairies, and there is said to be more wood in the State now\\nthan when it was first settled.\\nSoil and Climate. Iowa has a less acreage of barren land than\\nany other State. Nine-tenths of the surface is prairie of a somewhat more\\nrolling and diversified character than that of Illinois. Sandy, gravelly", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 247\\nand clayey soils are fouud, but a black vegetable mould, from one to two\\nfeet thick, is the most common. The summers are usually warmer aud the\\nwinters colder in the upper part of the Mississippi Valley than in the same\\nlatitude along the Atlantic seaboard. A country so largely level, and\\nwithout trees, is exposed to the full power of the sun in the one season and\\nthe wind in the other. Observations continued for 30 years at Muscatine\\nand Iowa City give the highest temperature as 100\u00c2\u00b0 and the lowest as 30\u00c2\u00b0\\nbelow zero, a range of 130 degrees. The mean temperature of spring was\\n47.44\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 70.37\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 44.52\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 23.37\u00c2\u00b0; yearly mean,\\n47.57\u00c2\u00b0. The average rainfall was 44.27 inches; snowfall, 33.23 inches;\\nearliest snow, Oct. 17, 1859; latest snow, April 29, 1851. For the year\\nending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at Davenport was 49.5\u00c2\u00b0; at\\nDubuque, 48.6\u00c2\u00b0. Peach trees blossom from the middle of April to May.\\nUpon the isothermal chart the lines passing through Iowa are Spring,\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0-74\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 42\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 20\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean,\\n47\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productions. In 1873 Iowa stood first in the\\nproduction of wheat, second in Indian corn (but emphatically j^/ s^ in pro-\\nportion to population, as Iowa produced 88 bushels for each inhabitant to\\n56 bushels per inhabitant in Illinois third in barley and in cattle, fourth\\nin horses and milch cows and fifth in oats. In raising pork, also, Iowa had\\ntaken the precedence from Illinois, having more than three hogs for each\\ninhabitant. In 1870 there were in the State 116,292 farms, averaging 134\\nacres each; value of farms, implements and live-stock, $496,159,156; value\\nof farm productions, 8114,386,341 value of orchard products, $1,075,169.\\nCorn was so abundant that it was burned for fuel, as cheaper than coal,\\nand that, too, in a State which has a coal area of 20,000 square miles.\\nIowa suffers, like the other Western States, for want of cheap transporta-\\ntion. King Corn is made bankrupt by excessive travelling expenses.\\nManufactures. The last census reports the number of manufac-\\nturing establishments as 6566, employing 25,032 hands. The value of the\\nannual product was $46,534,322. Among the leading industries were\\nAgricultural implements, 55 establishments, value of products, $829,965\\n(the value of agricultural implements sold in the State was nearly ten rail-\\nlions of dollars); boots and shoes, 530 establishments, $1,218,480; car-\\nriages aud wagons, 449 establishments, $1,952,143; flouring- and grist-\\nmills, 502, $15,635,345; lumber, 566 mills, \u00c2\u00a76,671,700; woollen goods, 68\\nmills, 61,561,341.\\nMines and Mining*. Bituminous coal of an excellent quality is\\nmined in more than 30 counties. The lead mines near Dubuque cover an area\\nof 12 or 15 square miles, and are the most productive of any in the Upper\\nMississippi Valley. As many as 6,000,000 pounds of ore have been smelted\\nin a year, but the production is falling off. Most of it is consumed in the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "248 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nWest. Iron ore is fouud, and there are inexhaustible stores of the finest\\nbuilding-stone. The number of persons employed in mining in 1870 was\\n1628; value of products, $1,063,484.\\nCoiiiiiierce and Navig-ation. Iowa is an interior State and\\nhas no direct foreign commerce, but its river trade is large. There are\\nthree United States ports of delivery, Keokuk, Burlington and Du-\\nbuque, in which 30 vessels were owned and 3 were built during the year\\nending June 30, 1874. Navigation upon the Upper Mississippi is impeded\\nby the upper and lower rapids at Rock Island and the mouth of the Des\\nMoines. Extensive improvements are in progress, under the direction of\\nthe United States government. The amount expended dui ing the fiscal\\nyear ending June 30, 1874, was $396,681.21; amount required for the\\nfiscal year ending June 30, 1876, $560,000.\\nRailroads. The first locomotive crossed the Mississippi River into\\nIowa in 1855. There were 68 miles of railroad in that year, which in-\\ncreased to 2683 miles in the decade ending with 1865. Five great trunk-\\nlines cross the State from east to west. Three of these lines connect with\\nthe Union Pacific Railroad at Omaha. The statistics for 1873 were as\\nfollows Miles of railroad, 3728 inhabitants to a mile of railroad, 375\\ntotal capital account, $84,174,115 cost per mile, $35,471 receipts,\\n87,983,988 receipts per mile, $3411 receipts per inhabitant, $5.83.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The Penitentiary is\\nat Madison. It had 18 convicts in 1854, 160 in 1867 and 276 at the be-\\nginning of 1874. The earnings of the convicts pay all the expenses of the\\ninstitution. There are hospitals for the insane at Mt. Pleasant and at In-\\ndependence which have about 650 inmates. At Vinton there is an insti-\\ntution for the free instruction of the blind, and at Council Bluffs one for\\nthe deaf and dumb. Three soldiers orphans homef are supported by\\nthe State. A Reform School for girls has been established at Salem,\\nand one for boys at Eldora, near the centre of the State. Free instruc-\\ntion is provided by law for all between the ages of 5 and 21. The ex-\\npenditure for schools during the year ending Sept. 15, 1873, was $4,429,-\\n455; amount per capita for each person of school age, $6.24; number,\\nof schools, 8937; pupils enrolled, 347,572; teachers, 16,648; permanent\\nschool fund, $3,294,742. The State University, at Iowa City, founded in\\n1860, has academical, medical, law and normal departments. It had 620\\nstudents in 1875. The State Agricultural College, at Ames, is open for\\nboth sexes, and provides instruction in agriculture, horticulture, forestry,\\nstock-breeding, engineering, military science, bee-keeping and general\\nscience for ladies. It has 16 instructors and 263 students. The entire\\nproperty of the college is valued at $968,899. Iowa College (Congrega-\\ntional) is tlie oldest in the State. Iowa has 1 university, 21 colleges, 4\\nBc-hools of theology, 2 schools of law, 3 medical schools and 3 normal", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 249\\nschools. There were, in 1870, 1153 libruries, 233 newspapers and period-\\nicals, 2768 religious organizations, of which 1446 had edific s.\\nGrowth ill Population. The population in 1840 was 43,112;\\n1850, 192,214 (increase, 345.8 per cent.); 1860, 674,913 (increase, 303.2);\\n1870, 1,194,020 (increase, 43.5 per cent.). Of the 989,328 of native birth,\\n428,620 (only 43.3 per cent.) were born in Iowa. The principal immigra-\\ntion was, from Ohio, 126,285 Illinois, 65,391; Indiana, 64,083; Michi-\\ngan, 13,831; Pennsylvania, 73,435; Virginia, 19,558; Vermont, 12,204;\\nNew York, 79,143 Massachusetts, 8929 Wisconsin, 24,309 all foreign\\ncountries, 204,692. More than 89,000 natives of Iowa were residing in\\nother parts of the Republic. A State census, taken in 1873, gave the\\nnumber of inhabitants as 1,251,333. Population to a square mile, 22.7.\\nCities and Toaviis. Des Moines, the capital, is situated near the\\ncentre of the State, at the bead of navigation on the river of the same\\nname. It was incorporated as a city in 1857, and has very fine public\\nbuildings. The post-office, erected by the general government, cost S200,-\\n000, and the county court-house cost $100,000. A new State Capitol is in\\nprocess of erection, at a cost of a million and a half of dollars. The\\ncity has 15 churches, 3 daily newspapers, a law library of 15,000 volumes\\nand a public library of 3000 volumes. Population, 15,061. Dubuque,\\nthe largest city and the oldest town in the State, was founded by Dubuque,\\na French Canadian, in 1788. It has a large trade and is the principal\\npoint for the shipment of lead. Five railroads centre here. There are\\n18 churches and 3 daily papers. Population, 22,151. Davenjaort, oj)po-\\nsite Rock Island, with which it is connected by a bridge built at an expense\\nof a million dollars, is an important grain depot. It has several large\\nmanufactories, 4 daily papers and 25 churches. Population, 20,550. Bur-\\nlington, also on the west bank of the Mississippi, has large founderies, mills\\nand pork-packing houses. It is the centre of 4 railroads. There are 15\\nchurches and 2 daily papers. Population, 20,156. Keokuk, the gate\\ncity of Iowa, is the southernmost town of the State. It is situated at the\\nconfluence of the Des Moines River with the Mississippi. The rapids\\nabove make this the head of navigation for large steamboats. There are\\n17 churches and 2 daily papers. Six railroads intersect at this point. The\\nCollege of Physicians and Surgeons is a flourishing institution. Keokuk\\nsignifies the watchful fox, and was the name of a chief of the Sacs and\\nFoxes. Population, 12,766. Council Bluffs is an important town on the\\nMissouri River, opposite Omaha, the terminus of the three rival railroad\\nlines leading from Chicago westward to connect with the Union Pacific.\\nThe river io crossed by a railroad bridge 2750 feet long and having eleven\\nspans, which are elevated 50 feet above high-water mark. Besides the\\nrailroads mentioned, 3 others centre at Council Bluffs. Population, 10,525.\\nOther important towns are Muscatine (population 6718), Cedar Rapids", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "250 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n(5940), Iowa City, the former capital (5914), Ottumwa (5214), Lyons\\n(4088), Fort Madisv^n (4011).\\nGovernment and La\\\\%^s. The legislative authority is vested\\niu a senate of 50 members, elected for four years, and a house of repre-\\nsentatives of 100 members, elected for two years. There are biennial ses-\\nsions. The governor (salary $3000) and most of the State officers are\\nchosen for two years. The supreme court consists of four judges (salary\\nS4000), chosen by popular election for a term of six years. There are 13\\ndistrict courts, the judges of which are elected for four years. Capital\\npunishment was abolished iu 1872.\\nHistory. The first white man who visited this region was Father Hen-\\nnepin, a Roman Catholic priest. He came down the Mississippi River about\\nthe year 1680. Moi e than a century elapsed before the first settlement. Du-\\nbuque obtained a grant of land about the city now called by his name in 1788.\\nUntil 1833 there were no white men but Indian traders and hunters resid-\\ning within the limits of the great State which 40 yea.rs later contained a\\nmillion and a quarter of souls. This section was first a part of Michigan,\\nand then of Wisconsin, Territory. The separate Territory of Iowa, which\\nalso included Minnesota and Dakota, was organized June 12, 1838. Iowa\\nwas admitted into the Union, as the twenty-ninth State, Dec. 28, 1846.\\nThe present Constitution was ratified August 3, 1857.\\nKANSAS.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kansas is bounded on the N. by Ne-\\nbraska, E. by Missouri, S. by the Indian Territory and W. by Colorado.\\nIt is situated between latitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 and 40\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 17\u00c2\u00b0 40 and\\n25\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 94\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 102 W. from Greenwich. The\\nState has the form of a rectangular parallelogram, 410 miles long from\\neast to west and 210 miles wide from north to south. The area is 81,318\\nsquare miles, or 52,043,520 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Kansas has no mountains or high\\nhills. The country is a rolling prairie, with a continual succession of\\ngently undulating hills and valleys. There is an average rise of 3 feet to\\nthe mile toward the west. The eastern border is 900 feet above the sea.\\nAt Fort Atkinson the elevation is 2330 feet, and on the western boundary\\n3500 feet. Blufis, in some cases rising to the height of 300 feet, skirt the\\nriver bottoms. There are no lakes or swamps. Eivers. The Kansas\\nRiver, with its principal branch, the Smoky Hilt Fork, runs across the\\nwhole State and empties into the Missouri at Kansas City. Its other prin-\\ncipal tributary, the Republican Fork, 400 miles long, flows in from Ne-\\nbraska. The total fall is 2000 feet in 400 miles, an average of 5 feet to\\nthe mile. The Missouri River washes the north-eastern border of Kansas\\nfor 150 miles. Rising among the Rocky Mountains, the Arkansas River", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 251\\nwinds through this State for 500 miles. There are numerous other small\\nstreams, affording abundance of water for every section. Timber. The\\nalluvial lands along the rivers sustain heavy growths of forest trees, among\\nwhich are the cottouwood, sycamore, maple, elm, birch, ash, honey locust,\\nwillow, oak, hickory, black-walnut, linden, cedar, pecan, pawpaw, mul-\\nberry, etc. Trees grow with great rapidity when the prairie fires cease.\\nSoil and Climate. Most of the soil is of very great fertility, and\\nhas a depth of from 1 to 6 feet. A black vegetable mould, mingled with\\nsand, predominates in the east in the west the soil is lighter, and contains\\na larger admixture of sand. Prairie grasses sometimes grow to such a\\nheight as to conceal a man on horseback. The buffalo grass is short,\\nand especially good for the fattening of stock. The summers are long and\\ntemperate the winters short, mild and dry but the changes of tempera-\\nture are very sudden and very great. The winds from the Rocky Moun-\\ntains, the Great Plains and the Gulf of Mexico all have their turn, and\\nsometimes take it the same day. The hot breath of the south-west wind\\nsends the mercury up to 108\u00c2\u00b0. Observations continued at Fort Leaven-\\nworth for thirty years show a mean temperature of 52.81\u00c2\u00b0 maximum,\\n108\u00c2\u00b0; minimum, 30\u00c2\u00b0 below zero; range of variation, 138\u00c2\u00b0 average rain-\\nfall, 31.34 inches. At Fort Riley the annual mean was 53.47\u00c2\u00b0 maximum,\\n106\u00c2\u00b0; minimum, 23\u00c2\u00b0; range, 129\u00c2\u00b0. The monthly increase of heat from\\nMarch to May is 10\u00c2\u00b0 the monthly deci ease from September to November\\nis 12\u00c2\u00b0. The isothermal lines which cross the State are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0;\\nsummer, 75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 55\\ndegrees.\\nAgricultural Productions. The staple crops are corn, wheat,\\nrye, oats, barley, sorghum, potatoes, hemp, flax, tobacco and hay. In 1873\\nthe average yield of corn per acre (39.1 bushels) was greater than that of\\nany other State except California (41 bushels). Ohio, which ranked third,\\naveraged 35 bushels. The average yield of hay per acre was 1.5 tons\\nTexas produced the same amount Oregon and Nebraska stood next, with\\nan average of 1.4 tons. According to the census of 1870, the number of\\nfarms was 38,202, averaging 148 acres each. There were 13 containing\\nover 1000 acres. The value of farms, farm implements and live-stock was\\n$117,553,537 value of productions, $28,286,567. On the 1st of Jan.,\\n1874, the number of horses was 220,700; mules, 19,100; oxen and other\\ncattle, 507,200; milch cows, 231,100; sheep, 141,000; hogs, 484,600;\\ntotal value of live-stock, $31,163,058; an increase of $7,989,873 since\\nthe Federal census of 1870. The number of acres under cultivation in\\n1874 was 3,669,769.\\nManufactures. The numerous water-courses of Kansas afford an\\nabundance of power; but as in all new States, the people have devoted\\nthemselves chiefly to the development of the land. The number of man-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "252 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nufacturiug establishments in 1870 was 1477 hands employed, 6844; value\\nof products, Sll,775,838.\\nMinerals and Mining. The coal-formations underlie 17,000\\nsquare miles 22 separate beds have been noted, 10 of which are from 1 to\\n7 feet thick. Salt is found in large quantities. Sandstones crop out in\\nmany localities, and limestones are abundant. Among the other minerals\\nare lead, alum, iron ore, etc. Mining gave employment to 351 men, and\\nthe annual product was valued at $174,278, in 1870.\\nKailroatls. Kansas had 40 miles of railroad in 1865. Nearly a\\nmile of additional track was constructed for every working day of the\\nensuing eight years. The statistics of 1873 were as follows Miles of rail-\\nroad, 2379 inhabitants to a mile of railroad, 236 total capital account,\\n8131,802,443; cost per mile, 850,744; receipts, $10,062,437; receipts per\\nmile, 63833; receipts per inhabitant, $17.97; net earnings, $4,123,438.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Leavenworth, had 425 convicts at the close of 1874. There is\\nan Asylum for the Insane at Ossawatomie, containing 115 patients in 1874,\\nan Institution for the Blind at Wyandotte and an Asylum for the Deaf and\\nDumb at Olathe. A Reform School is also projected. A compulsory edu-\\ncation act was passed in 1874, compelling parents and guardians to send\\nchildren to school for at least twelve weeks of every year. School-directors\\nmust see that this law is enforced, under penalty of a fine. According to\\nthe latest statistics, the amount of the permanent school fund was $3,017,-\\n589; receipts for school purposes, $1,863,101; number of persons of school\\nage, 184,957; number enrolled in public schools, 121,690; number of\\nschools, 4395 teachers, 5000; school-houses, 3133 (703 in 1867); value,\\n$3,408,956. The State University at Lawrence is designed to crown and\\ncomplete the educational system of the State. There is already a classical\\nand a scientific course, and other departments will soon be added. Tbjp\\nKansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, has three principal de-\\npartments, literary, agricultural and mechanical. It is designed to give\\nan industrial as di.stinguished from a professional education. The nursery\\ncontains 45,000 fruit and forest trees. Each student is required to work\\none hour daily. The entire property of the institution amounts to $458,782,\\nand the income is $20,000 a year. Other colleges are Baker University,\\nCollege of the Sisters of Bethany, St. Benedict s, St. Mary s, Washburne\\nCollege, at Topeka, and Highland University. There are four normal\\nschools, of which the one at Quindaro is for the training of colored teach-\\ners. The last Federal census reported 574 libraries, 97 periodicals, 530\\nreligious organizations, with 301 church edifices.\\nGrowth in Poi ulation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At the beginning of the year 1854\\nthere was not a town or village of whites in all Kansas or Nebraska.\\nWith the exceptions of the United States forte and a few missionary sta-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 253\\ntious, the Iiidiaus held full possession. The Territories we^e organized in\\n]\\\\Iay, 1854, and immigrants began to pour in. The settler selected the best\\nspot he could find unoccupied, and squatter sovereignty ensured him the\\ntitle to the best land in the world on the payment to the government\\nof $1.25 per acre. In 1855 the population was 8501 in 1860, 107,206\\n(an increase in 5 years of 1261.09 per cent.); in 1870, 364,690 (a gain in\\nthe decade of 239.91 per cent.); in 1873, by the State census, 610,863 (a\\ngain in three years of 67.63 per cent.). The native born in 1870 were\\n316,007, of whom 63,321 were born in Kansas. Among the immigrants\\nfrom other States, there were born in Alabama, 718; Arkansas, 2087;\\nCalifornia, 207 Connecticut, 1402 Delaware, 307 Florida, 28; Georgia,\\n789; Illinois, 35,558 Indiana, 30,953 Iowa, 13,073; Kentucky, 15,918;\\nLouisiana, 408; Maine, 1837; Maryland, 2067; Massachusetts, 2894;\\nMichigan, 4466; Minnesota, 708; Mississippi, 529; Missouri, 29,775;\\nNebraska, 639; Nevada, 32; New Hampshire, 1158; New Jersey, 1845;\\nNew York, 18,558; North Carolina, 3612; Ohio, 38,205; Oregon, 99;\\nPennsylvania, 19,287; Rhode Island, 364; South Carolina, 404; Tennes-\\nsee, 6209; Texas, 975; Vermont, 2370; Virginia, 9906 Wisconsin, 4128;\\nthe Territories, 1048 all foreign countries, 48,392.\\nCities and Towns. Topeka, situated on the south side of the\\nKansas River, 25 miles above Lawrence, is the State capital. It was first\\nsettled in December, 1854. The State-house, of which the eastern wing\\ncost \u00c2\u00a7450,000, is one of the finest buildings west of the Mississippi. The\\nnumber of inhabitants in 1870 was 5790. Lawrence, so named from the\\nHon. Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts, was settled in July, 1854. It is\\nsituated on both banks of the Kansas River, which has been dammed and\\naffords an extensive water-power. There are several large factories. Five\\nrailroads centre at this city. The State University has a beautiful location\\nupon a hill near the river. There are 13 churches and 3 daily papers.\\nThere are graded public schools (including a high-school department)\\nattended by about 1200 pupils, and a library containing 3500 volumes.\\nPopulation, 8320. Leavenworth, on the west bank of the Missouri\\nRiver, has 6 lines of railroad, 6 daily newspapers and 26 churches.\\nPopulation, 17,873. The other leading towns are Atchison (popu-\\nlation, 7054), Fort Scott (4174), Ottawa (2941) and AVyaudotte\\n(2940).\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 33 members and a house of representatives numbering 105\\nmembers. There are annual sessions, and the comiDensation is $3 per day\\nduring actual service. The governor (salary, $3000) and other executive\\nofficers are chosen for a term of two years. The supreme court consists\\nof three judges, elected by the people, and there are 15 district courts.\\nKansas is entitled to three representatives in Congress. Twelve per cent.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "254 HURLEY S UXITED STATES\\nintorost is tlic; lojral rato. T .io voivipts of the tivasurv during tho last\\ntist-al yoar woiv 895 JO; amount ot bouilod debt. Jan. 1. 1875, Sl.o4lJ75.\\nHistory. Tho valley of the Kansas was disoovorod in 171l by M.\\nDutisno, a Fronoh oftioor sent out by Bionvillo, tho giwornor of I^niisiana.\\nTins was a part ot tho territory ceded to the United States by Franco in\\n180o. A bill organizino; the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska was\\npassed by Congress ^lay. 18o4, in which the Missouri Coniproiuise [see\\nHistorical Skktoh. p. 1-0] was declared inoperative and void. The\\nquestion of freedom or slavery was left to the decision of the inhabitants.\\nKach party strove to obtain the majority. Settlei-s poured in from the\\nNorth and the South. Two separate governments were organized. A\\nstatf oi civil war onsueil. Tho motto ou the seal of the State of Kjiusas\\nJ(f a. tra per a, pcra was justifieii At length the Wyandotte Consti-\\ntution, prohibiting slavery, was adopted, and Kansas was admitted to the\\nUnion, as the thirty-fourth State, Jan. 29, 1861. The eastern counties\\nsntlered severely from jay-hawking, which was the term applied to the\\nirregular warfare carried on by the raiders across the border. Tho summer\\nof 1874 was rendered memorable by the ravages of the grasshoppers. In\\n17 counties not a bushel of corn was harvested from the 158.000 acres\\nplanted. In 12 frontier counties, where settlements wei^e not more than\\nthree veai-s old, 2;\\\\000 people were left without sutBcient food. Large\\ncontributions were made in the Eastern States for the sutl erers, and it was\\ncontidently expected that bountiful crops in 1875 would supply all former\\ndeticiencies.\\nKENTUCKY.\\nSituation and Ext out. Kentucky is bounded ou theN. W. and\\nN. by the Ohio River, separating it from Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, E.\\nby Big Sandy River, separating it from West Virginia, and the Cumber-\\nlatid Mountains, separating it from Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. by\\nthe Mississippi River, separating it from Missouri, It is situateii between\\nlatitudes 36^ 30 and oJV 10 N. and longitudes 4\u00c2\u00b0 55 and 12 30 W. from\\nWashington, or 81 55 and 80 30 W. from Greenwich. Its greatest\\nlength is 400 miles and its greatest bi eadth 177 miles. The area is 37.680\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2square miles, or 24,115.200 acres.\\nl*hysit*al Features. Surface. The south-eastern section is broken\\nby tho Cuntberland. tho Owsley and the Laurel ^fountains, whose highest\\nelevations are less than 3000 feet. The Bald Hills, which skirt the Ohio\\nRiver, rise 325 feet above the level of the stream. From the Big Sandy\\nRiver west to the 86th parallel of longitude is a rolling upland. Between\\nthe tureen and the Cumberland Rivei-s are sivcalled barrens. JRiirrs.\\nThe Mississijipi borders Kentucky for 80 miles ou the west, and the Ohio\\nconstitutes its northern boundary for 600 miles. Among the large affluents\\nof the Ohio are the Big Sandv: the Lickiuir. 200 miles Ions: and uavi^iible", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CEXrKXXrAL OAZKrTKKR AXD liUlDK. -5o\\ntor 70 milos. \\\\vhi\u00c2\u00ab. l\\\\ oniptios into tlio Ohio oppiv^ito Cinoiuuiui tlio Kon-\\ntuoky. 2l 0 iuiU\\\\ loui and largo ouough tor sto:inilHnitj to asooud 8() miloj?:\\nGrovMi l\\\\ivor, oOO iuiU\\\\ s lone: :uul uavigablo tor two-thirds of it^ oxtout;\\nthe Oiuuborland, 000 mili\\\\ long and navigable to Na.^hvillo, Tonn., Jt)0\\nniiU\\\\ The Toiuu\\\\ v i.v, whioh stoainboat*; a^^oond to Floronoo, Alabama.\\noOO niilcj!. has a ooiuvo of 70 niilos! aoros?; Kontnokv. Those rivei-s abonnd\\nin ti$h. 8;vhnon weighing oO ponnds and oartish oxoeoiiing 100 ponnds in\\nweight have Kvn oanght. Keel Foot Lake, 17 nulos long, was tornied\\nover the low tlats along the [ississippi. in 1811. by an eartlu|nake.\\n./\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ort\\\\ ,vv\\\\ The primitive torests have not yet been entirely eleared away,\\nand Kentneky has an abnndanee of the best quality o\\\\ timber. -Vmong\\nthe tnvs are the walnut, ash, oak. hiekory. elm, gum. poplar, ehestnnt.\\nsug;vr-maple, magnolia, oottonwood. peean. redbud, loeust, walnut, etc.\\nThe Mammoth Cove. This is one of the wonders of the world. It has\\nbvvn mappoii out like the plot of a city underground. There are 2 JO avt.^\\nlines, 47 domes, 2o pits. 8 oataraets and a largo nun\\\\ber of rivers and lakes,\\namong the nu^st noteworthy of whioh uiv the river Styx, 15 to 40 feet wide\\nand oO to 40 foot deep: Echo River, 200 feet wide and three quarters of a\\nmile long: Lake Linhe, 4o0 feet in length and 40 feet in width. Boats\\nnavigj\\\\te these streams and eyeless tish are drawn up out ot the blaok\\ndepths. There are erystiUlizatious of gyi ksum of suowy whiteness and stal-\\naetites and stalagmites oi marvellous beauty. The temperature, whioh\\ndoes not vary winter or sun\\\\n\\\\er. is o9\\\\ A hunter discovered the Mam-\\nmoth Cave ix\\\\ 1809 while following a bear which had taken refuge in it.\\nThe cave, with *200 acres of laud, was bought for S40. Saltpetre was\\nmade in large quantities during the war of 181*2. There are four other\\ncaverns near, which are a mile in length.\\nSoil and Oliiuate. The g-ardeu of Kentucky is in the blue lime-\\nstone or blue grass region, stretching fron\\\\ the Ohio as tar south as Lex-\\nington. The Kentuckians say the sun never shone upon a fairer country.\\nIts soil is loose, friable and of a deep black or nuilatto color. l ^pou a\\nsingle acre 1400 pounds of tobacco have been grown. The barrens.\\nwhicli were formerly considered of little value, and given to seitlei-s by the\\nState, have been found quite productive. The temperature of Kentucky\\nis a pleas:\\\\nt mean between the extremes of the North and South. The\\nrange of the thermometer at Ix uisville, as reporteii by the chief signal\\noihcer for the yeai^ l87o and 1874, was from 4 below zero to 102 above.\\nThere is an annual mean of 00.20 which is 1.5 warmer than the city\\nof Washington, and about one-tifth of a degivo cooler than San Francisco.\\nSnow does not remain long, and cattle range the fields all winter. The\\nisothermal lines which cross the State are. for the spring. o5 ^-l 0 sum-\\nmer. 74 -77 autumn, oo winter, oo mean for the year. o5 degrees.\\nAgfrioultiiral Productions. The great staple is tobacco, of", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "25G BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nxvhich Kentucky produced 152,000,000 pounds in 1873, valued at $10,944,-\\n000. This was 47.72 per cent, of the wliole crop of the United States\\n(372,810,000 pounds), and more than three times the product of Virginia,\\nwhich ranks second in tobacco culture. Of hemp Kentucky produced\\n7777 tons in 1870, Avhich was 61.01 per cent, of the whole amount grown\\nin the country (12,746 tons). The hemp crop of 1860 in this State was\\n39,409 tons. There were, in 1870, 118,422 farms in the State, averaging\\n158 acres each; total value of ftirms, implements and live-stock, $383,099,-\\n155; value of farm productions, $87,477,374; per capita for farming pop-\\nulation, $335; value of orchard products, $1,231,385; forest products,\\n$574,994. The number of horses, in 1874, was 343,900 mules, 83,600\\ncattle, 380,400; milch cows, 229,400; sheep, 808,100; hogs, 2,008,000.\\nFor thoroughbred horses Kentucky is famous. Au average price of $955.30\\neach was obtained for 17 colts at a sale in 1873 one colt brought $5550.\\nManufactures. The census of 1870 reported 5390 manufacturing\\nestablishments hands employed, 30,636 value of products, $54,625,891.\\nThe value of some of the leading industries was Flour, $7,886,734 all\\niron products, $7,990,013 liquors, $4,532,730 lumber, $4,245,759.\\nMinerals and Mining. Twenty of the eastern counties of Ken-\\ntucky are included in the great Appalachian coal-field, and twelve of the\\nsouth-westeru counties in the middle coal-field of the Mississippi Valley.\\nVery valuable iron ores, and also limestone, clay and salt, are found.\\nThe annual production of 925 men employed in mining, in 1870, Avas\\n$509,245.\\nCommerce and Navigation. There are two United States\\ncustoms districts, Louisville and Paducah. On the 30th of June, 1874,\\nthere were belonging to these districts 67 vessels, of which 50 were steamers\\ntonnage, 13,368 vessels built, 31 tonnage, 8288. There is no direct for-\\neign commerce, but the products of the State find their way to foreign\\nmarkets down the Mississippi River or by the Atlantic sea-ports.\\nRailroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -There were 44 miles of railroad in 1844, and 242 miles\\nin 1854. In 1873 the number of miles was 1320; total capital account,\\n$53,210,579; cost per mile, $40,464; receipts, $7,199,993; receipts per\\nmile, $5475 receipts per inhabitant, $5.21 net earnings, $2,019,795.\\nPviblic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary at Frankfort has over 600 convicts. There is a school for the blind\\nat Louisville, an Institution for Deaf Mutes at Danville, an Institution for\\nFeeble-minded Children at Frankfort, an Asylum for the Insane at Lex-\\nington and another at Hopkinsville. Three of the institutions mentioned\\nabove are not asylums, but schools. The whole school system of the\\nState was reorganized in 1873. The estimated receipts for the year ending\\nJuly 1, 1873, were $912,426; number of school children, 416,763. A\\nuuiform system of schools for colored children was provided for by an act", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 257\\npassed ou the last day of the legislative, session of 1874. There were, iu\\n1870, 11 universities and colleges, 11 colleges exclusively for women, 5\\nschools of theology, 3 of medicine, 1 of law and 1 of science. The Ken-\\ntucky University had, in 1874, five departments, 30 instructors, 558\\nstudents and a property valued at $802,254. There were, in 1870, 89\\nnewspapers and periodicals, 5546 libraries and 29(59 religious organizations,\\nhaving 2696 edifices.\\nPoi^ulatioil. In 1784 the number of inhabitants was 30,000. Dur-\\ning 1787 there were 20,000 immigrants, coming chiefly from North Carolina\\nand Virginia. The population in 1790 was 73,077; in 1800, 220,595 (an\\nincrease of 203.3 per cent.); 1810, 406,511 (84 per cent, increase); 1820,\\n564,317 (38.8 per cent, increase); 1830, 687,917 (increase 21.9 per cent.);\\n1840, 779,828 (13.3 per cent, increase); 1850, 982,405 (25.9 per cent, in-\\ncrease); 1860, 1,155,684 (17.63 per cent, increase); 1870, 1,321,011 (14.3\\nper cent, increase) population to a square mile, 35.33 number of families,\\n232,797, averaging 5.67 persons each native born, 1,257,613 foreign born,\\n63,398 colored, 222,210 born in Kentucky, 1,081,081 in Indiana, 11,687\\nMassachusetts, 792; North Carolina, 12,877; Ohio, 19,533; South Carolina,\\n2204; Tennessee, 49,952 Virginia, 44,121 natives of Kentucky residing\\nin other parts of the United States, 403,126. There were 1080 clergymen,\\n1552 lawyers, 2414 physicians.\\nCities and To^viis. Frankfort, the State capital, laid out in 1787,\\nis situated on both sides of the Kentucky River. It has a large lumber\\ntrade. The capitol is a fine building, 300 feet long, 225 feet in height to\\nthe dome, and costing $800,000. Daniel Boone is buried in the cemetery.\\nLouisville, at the Falls of the Ohio, 150 miles below Cincinnati, is the chief\\ncity of the State and the fourteenth city of the Union in population. It has\\n95 churches, 7 railroads, and 5 daily newspapers. There are two medical\\nschools and a law school. The Couit-house and City Hall are handsome\\nstructures. A bridge, 5218 feet long and costing two millions of dollars,\\nspans the Ohio. Louisville is a gi eat tobacco, pork and whisky market.\\nThe value of the hogs packed in 1873-4 was $226,947. The whole trade\\nof the city is $250,000,000. In population there has been a rapid growth.\\nThe number of inhabitants in 1810 was 1357 in 1870, 100,753 an\\nincrease of 7327.7 per cent, in six decades. Lexington, the former capital,\\nwas founded in 1 775. When the news of the battle of Lexington reached\\nthe settlers, they gave the name to their new town. It contains a State\\nHospital for the Insane and the Kentucky University, the grounds of which\\ninclude Ashland, the home of Henry Clay. Population in 1870, 14,801.\\nCovington is connected with Cincinnati by a wire siispeusion-bridge, and\\nis really a suburb of that city. It has many large factories and 25\\nchurches. Population, 24,505. Newport, on the opposite side of the\\nLicking River, is also a suburb of Cinciunati, and contains many fine res-\\n17", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "258 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nidences. Population, 15,087. Paducah, with 6866 inhabitants, has a very\\nlarge river trade.\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislative authority is vested iu\\na senate of 38 members and a house of representatives of 100 members.\\nThe governor (salary, $5000) and other executive officers are elected for\\na term of four years. Four judges, having a salary of $5000 each, con-\\nstitute the court of appeals. The circuit judges receive $3000 salary.\\nCounty courts are also established there are 102 counties. For the first\\ntime a general law regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors was passed\\nin 1874.\\nHistory. The honor of being the first white men to visit Kentucky\\nwas claimed by a party under the leadership of James McBride, who\\nlanded at the mouth of the Kentucky Kiver in 1754 and carved their\\nnames with the date upon a tree which was standing 30 years later. They\\nreturned, saying that they had discovered the best tract in North Amer-\\nica, and probably in the world. In 1769 Daniel Boone and John Finley,\\nwith four others, explored this new region. In 1773 Boone s family re-\\nmoved thither. His wife and daughter were the first white women who\\never stood on the banks of the Kentucky. The name signifies the dark\\nand bloody ground, from the continual wars which the Indians waged\\nwith one another upon this middle ground. They received the whites with\\nthe bitterest hostility. Many were the victims of the savage tomahawk\\nand scalping-knife. Col. Boone, who styles himself an instrument or-\\ndained to settle the wilderness, wrote, We passed through a scene of suf-\\nfering that exceeds description. June 1, 1792, Kentucky was admitted\\ninto the Union as the fifteenth State. Aaron Burr attempted to enlist its\\ncitizens in his scheme for a Western republic [see Historical Sketch,\\npp. 112, 113]. The Kentucky volunteers won distinction in the war of\\n1812 and the Mexican war. During the civil war the State remained in\\nthe Union, and was the scene of several battles, of which the most import-\\nant were the battle of Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862, and the battle of Perry-\\nville, Oct. 8, 1862.\\nLOUISIANA.\\nSituation and Extent. Louisiana is bounded on the N. by Ar-\\nkansas and Mississippi, E. by Mississippi, S. E. and S. by the Gulf of\\nMexico, and W. by Texas. The Mississippi River forms the eastern\\nboundary for 450 miles by its windings; the coast-line on the Gulf of\\nMexico is 1250 miles, and the Sabine River constitutes the western bound-\\nary for 200 miles. The State is situated between latitudes 29\u00c2\u00b0 and 33\u00c2\u00b0 N.\\nand longitudes 12\u00c2\u00b0 5 and 17\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 89\u00c2\u00b0 5 and 94\u00c2\u00b0 W.\\nfrom Greenwich. The area is 41,346 square miles, or 26,461,440 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. No other State in the Union is so\\nnearly level. The highest elevations do not rise above 200 feet. One-fifth", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 259\\nof the whole surface lies below the high-water mark of the rivers, and was\\nperiodically overflowed before the construction of levees. The southern\\nportion is a vast morass. When the French first entered the Mississippi,\\nthere were but two trees for a distance of eleven leagues from its mouth,\\nif we are to credit the early chroniclers. Baton Rouge is the first elevated\\nland. Above it the ground is somewhat undulating, and blufts 100 feet\\nhigh skirt the river. Toward the west are prairies, and north of these\\npine barrens. Extensive marshes stretch through the Red River country.\\nThere are numerous lakes, of which the largest is Lake Pontchartrain, 40\\nmiles long and 24 miles wide. Along the coast are many bays, which are\\nusually too shallow for the entrance of large vessels. Rivers. The Missis-\\nsippi Hows by and through Louisiana for 800 miles. It has many outlets\\nin flood-time, the most considerable of which are the Atchafalaya, Bayou\\nPJaquemine, La Fourche and Grand River. The Red River, flowing in\\nfrom Arkansas, is navigable to Shreveport, above which is the great raft,\\nan immense mass of fallen trees and driftwood. A channel was cut through\\nthis raft 40 years ago at an expense of $300,000, but it closed again. An-\\nother channel was cut in 1873, involving an outlay of $230,000. The\\nwork of destroying raft material and guarding against jams will require\\nan annual expense of from $10,000 to $25,000. The Sabine River is\\nnavigable for small steamboats.\\nSoil and Climate. The delta of the Mississippi, 200 miles long\\nand 100 miles wide, is the best land in the United States for the production\\nof sugar; the wild cane sometimes grows to the height of 30 feet. In the\\nupland region are prairies, destitute of trees and yielding only moderate\\ncrops. The pine barrens have a thin and poor soil. The winters are mild,\\nbut the northers sometimes produce very sudden changes of tempera-\\nture. In 1811 the Mississippi River was frozen over. About the first of\\nFebruary the peach and plum trees, peas and strawberries are usually in\\nbloom. The isothermal lines for the several seasons are Spring, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0\\nsummer, 82\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70.\u00c2\u00b0\\nThe mean temperature at New Orleans, as reported by the chief signal\\nofficer for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was 69.5; at Shreveport, 66.2\\ndegrees. Trees. Among the forest trees are the ash, beech, birch, catalpa,\\ncypress, elm, gum, oak, hickory, black-walnut, locust, laurel, linden, mag-\\nnolia, maple, mistletoe, mulberry, myrtle, palmetto, poplar, pine, sycamore,\\nCottonwood, buckeye, pecan, persimmon, etc. The fruit trees are the orange,\\nlemon, lime, fig, pine-apple, olive, pomegranate, peach, plum, apple, etc.\\nBirds. Louisiana is the winter home of may wild fowl that frequent the\\nnorthern lakes during the summer. Among those specially belonging to\\nthe State may be mentioned the eagle, wild turkey, paroquet, swan, hal-\\ncyon, pelican (with a pouch holding five gallons), flamingo, owl, etc.\\nAgricultural Productions. There were, in 1870, 28,481", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "I\\n260 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nforms, containing 7,025,817 acres; average size of farms, 248 acres; total\\nvalue, $91,303,942; value of farm production, $52,006,622. Sugar, cotton\\nand rice are the great staples. The sugar production of the United States\\nwas reported as 87,043 hogsheads, of which 80,706 hogsheads (92.72 per\\ncent.) were credited to Louisiana. This State ranked fourth in the pro-\\nduction of cotton and third in rice. Wheat, rye, barley and buckwheat\\nare so little cultivated that there are no returns of those crops in the agri-\\ncultural report of 1873, although they have a place in the census of 1870.\\nThe potatoes are less farinaceous than those grown farther north. In\\nJanuary, 1874, the live-stock consisted of 75,700 horses, 78,400 mules,\\n173,900 oxen and other cattle, 90,700 milch cows, 64,600 sheep, 247,100\\nhog.-!.\\nManufactures. There were 2557 manufacturing establishments\\nhands employed, 30,071; value of products, $24,161,905. Among the\\narticles manufactured were boots and shoes, bricks, carriages and wagons,\\ncars, cotton goods, drugs and chemicals, iron, liquors, lumber, machinery,\\ntobacco and segars. Only two men were engaged in mining, and the value\\nof the annual product was $1200. No other State, with the single excep-\\ntion of Texas, has such small mineral resources as Louisiana.\\nCommerce aii\u00e2\u0082\u00acl Navigation. The products of the great States\\nof the Mississippi Valley along 17,000 miles of navigable waters pass\\nthrough Louisiana on their way to foreign ports. New Orleans ranks\\nsixth among the cities in the value of its imports, but its domestic exports\\nsurpass in value those of Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore combined.\\nDuring the year ending June 30, 1874, the value of imports was $14,533,-\\n864; of exports, $93,259,299. Among the articles exported were 1,170,-\\n270 bales of cotton (value, $84,467,155), 1,192,597 bushels of corn, 56,081\\nl)ushels of oats, 262,959 bushels of wheat, 369,392 barrels of flour, 44,100.-\\n293 pounds of oil-cake, 504,034 pounds of beef, 1,350,626 pounds of lard,\\n38,159,868 pounds of tobacco. The number of vessels belonging to the\\ntwo customs districts of New Orleans and Teche was 572, of which 162\\nwere steamers number of vessels entered, 851 (547 foreign) vessels\\ncleared, 855 (558 foreign) vessels built, 35, of which 11 were steamers.\\nWhen the United States purchased Louisiana, the exports and imports\\nwere valued at less than five millions of dollars, and the revenue accruing\\nto the king s treasury was $120,000. Only 268 vessels of all descriptions\\nentered the Mississippi River, and 265 passed out,, during the year 1802.\\nRailroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State had 40 miles of railroad in 1841 and 80\\nmiles in 1851. In 1873 the number of miles was 539; total capital ac-\\ncount, $34,440,020; cost per mile, $62,962; receipts, $2,740,489; receipts\\nper mile, $5010; receipfs to an inhabitant, $3.65 net earnings, $1,083,260.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Baton Rouge, contained 410 convicts in 1874. The Insane Asv-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 261\\nlum, at Jacksou, had 186 inmates. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb\\nhas been very much crowded, as a portion of its buildings are occupied by\\nthe State University. There is also an Asylum for the Blind at Baton\\nRouge. The Charity Hospital at New Orleans, founded in 1786, receives\\nfrom 5000 to 6000 patients every year. Free schools are established by\\nlaw, open to all children from 6 to 21 years of age, without distinction of\\ncolor. There is a State superintendent of education elected for a term of\\nfour years, with a salary of $5000 per annum. In 1873-4 the statistics\\nwere School districts, 483; school-houses erected during the year, 101;\\npupils enrolled, 57,433 teachers employed, 524 number of illiterate\\nchildren, 92,105; amount of State school fund, $1,050,000. The Univer-\\nsity of Louisiana, at Baton Rouge, has a classical, scientific and com-\\nmercial course. Other institutions for higher education are Centenary\\nCollege, College of the Immaculate Conception, Leland University; New\\nOrleans University, mainly intended for coloi;.ed people; St. Charles Col-\\nlege Straight University, with classical, agricultural, normal, theological,\\nlaw and medical departments, open to both sexes and all races St. Mary s,\\nJefferson College and the Silliman Female Collegiate Institute. An agri-\\ncultural college was established in 1874 upon the basis of the land- grant\\nof Congress, the value of which, with accumulated interest, was $327,000.\\nThe last census reports 2332 libraries, 92 newspapers and periodicals, 638\\nchurch organizations, with 599 edifices.\\nPoi)Ulatioil. The number of inhabitants, in 1712, was 420, of whom\\n20 were slaves; in 1769, when the Spaniards took possession, about 14,000;\\nin 1803, when purchased by the United States, 60,000; in 1810, 76,556\\n(slaves, 34,660); 1820, 153,407 (slaves, 69,064); 1830, 215,739 (slaves,\\n109,588 1840, 352,411 (slaves, 168,452) 1850, 517,762 (slaves, 244,809)\\n1860, 708,002 (slaves, 331,726); 1870, 726,915 (free colored, 364,210).\\nOf the population, 665,088 were born in the United States, 501,864 in\\nLouisiana, and 61,827 in foreign countries; 63,139 natives of this State\\nwere living in other parts of the Union. The density of population was\\n17.58 persons to a square mile population in 1875, 854,490.\\nCities and Towns. Baton Rouge, the former capital (population,\\n6498) is situated on the Mississippi River, 130 miles above New Orleans.\\nIt is the seat of the Louisiana State University and has two daily news-\\npapers. New Orleans is situated on a bend of the Mississippi River (whence\\nthe name of the Crescent City 100 miles above its mouth. At high\\nwater the river is above the level of the city, which is protected by a levee\\nfrom 5 to 30 feet high. The limits of the old city under the French and\\nSpanish rule were defined by Canal, Rampart and Esplanade Streets, which\\nare each 200 feet wide. Among the finest public buildings are the Custom-\\nhouse, United States Mint, the St. Charles and St., Louis Hotels, Municipal\\nHall and the Church of St. Louis. The Charity Hospital has received", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "262 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nnearly 20,000 patients in a single year. As already noted, New Orleans\\nranks as the second city of the Union in the value of its exports. The\\nreceipts of flour and grain during the year ending Aug. 31, 1874, showed\\na grand total of 12,295,333 bushels. The population in 1810 was 24,552\\n1820, 41,350; 1830, 49,826; 1840, 102,191 1850, 126,375 1860, 168,675;\\n1870, 191,322, The growth is retarded by frequent visitations of the yel-\\nlow fever during the mouths of July, August, September and October.\\nThe first settlement was made in 1817; a conflagration in 1778 destroyed\\n900 houses a city charter was obtained in 1805. The famous battle of\\nNew Orleans was fought Jan. 8, 1815 [see Historical Sketch, page 119].\\nAlgiers is a flourishing suburb on the opposite side of the river. Carroll-\\nton, 7 miles above New Orleans, is a popular place of resort and residence.\\nOther leading towns are Shreveport, the centre of the Red River country\\ntrade (population, 4607), Monroe and Nachitoches.\\nGrOVeriliueilt and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The code of Louisiana is made up\\nof materials drawn from the old Spanish laws, promulgated by Don\\nO Reilly, the Roman civil law, the English common law and the Code\\nNapoleon, modified by local enactments. The legislature consists of 36\\nsenators and 170 representatives. The governor (salary, $8000) and other\\nState officers are elected for a term of four years. Five judges constitute\\nthe supreme court. The chief-justice receives a salary of $10,000 per\\nannum, and his associates $9500 each. There also district and parish\\ncourts. The civil divisions which are called counties in other States take\\nthe name of pai ishes in Louisiana.\\nHistory. Robert Cavelier de la Salle first discovered the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi River, April 7, 1682. New Orleans was founded in 1718.\\nThe territoiy was ceded to Spain by a secret treaty in 1762. Spain re-ceded\\nit to France in 1800. Napoleon thought it unwise to retain his new pos-\\nsession. To his ministers he said: The English have despoiled France\\nof all her northern possessions in America, and now they covet those of\\nthe south. I am determined that they shall not have the Mississippi.\\n1 am inclined, in order to deprive them of all prospect of ever possessing\\nit, to cede it to the United States. Furthermore, the emperor needed\\nmoney. A treaty was signed, April 30, 1803, by which the whole of the\\nvast region stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the lakes, and from the\\nMississippi to the Rocky Mountains was conveyed to the United States for\\nthe sum of $15,000,000. Napoleon, pleased with his bargain, said By\\nthis cession of territory I have secured the power of the United States and\\ngiven to England a maritime rival who at some future time will humble\\nher pride. Little more than a decade had passed before his prediction\\nwas fulfilled by the naval victories of the last war with England and by\\nthe battle of New Orleans. Louisiana was admitted into the Union as the\\neighteenth State, April 8, 1812. An ordinance of secession was passed", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 263\\nJan. 26, 1861. New Orleans was captured by a combined naval and land\\nforce of Federals, and May 1, 1862, Maj.-Gen. Benjamin F. Butler took\\npossession of the city. The Red River expedition, in 1864, proved disas-\\ntrous to the Federals. After the cessation of hostilities the State was gov-\\nerned for a time by martial law, but finally was given over to the civil\\nauthorities, the task of reconstruction, however, being more difficult in\\nthis State than in any other.\\nMAINE.\\nSituation and Extent. Maine, the most easterly State of the\\nUnion, is situated between latitudes 43\u00c2\u00b0 6 and 47\u00c2\u00b0 28 N. and longitudes\\n10\u00c2\u00b0 3 and 14\u00c2\u00b0 13 E. from Washington, or 62\u00c2\u00b0 47 and 66\u00c2\u00b0 57 W. from\\nGreenwich. It is bounded on the N. W. by Canada East, N. E. by New\\nBrunswick, S. E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean and W. by New Hamp-\\nshire. The extreme length is 302 miles and the extreme width 224 miles.\\nIts outline boundaries are 946 miles in length. The area is 35,000 square\\nmiles, or 22,400,000 acres, which is more than the area of all the other\\nNew England States combined.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The whole surface is moderately\\nhilly, with the exception of the tide-water marshes. In the north-west are\\nhigh mountain ridges (a continuation of the White Mountains of New\\nHampshire), with bald rock-summits and heavily-wooded bases. The\\nbasin of the Penobscot is irregular and mountainous until it blends with\\nthe more level lands of the Aroostook, in the north-east. Mount Katah-\\ndin (an Indian name signifying highest land is, next to Mount Wash-\\nington, the most elevated peak in New England; its height is 5385 feet.\\nMounts Carrael, Saddleback, Haystack, Abraham, Bigelow and Mars Hill\\nare noted landmarks. Forests. The northern part of Maine is an un-\\nbroken forest, just as nature made it, says Thoreau. The woods are so\\ndense that a squirrel could travel the whole length of the country on the\\ntops of the trees. Those primeval woods are seven times the size of the\\nfamous Black Forest of Germany. Massachusetts or New Jersey might\\nbe lost in the woods of Maine so that it would need a compass to find\\nthem. More than 21,000 square miles are in woodland. Among the\\ntrees are the fir, black and white spruce, maple, birch, larch, aspen, cedar,\\nhemlock, elm, black ash, beech, Norway, red and white pine. The forests\\nare the home of the moose (sometimes taller than a horse and weisrhino-\\n1000 pounds), bear, caribou, wolf, catamount, wolverine, beaver, hedgehog,\\nraccoon, deer, etc. The birds are the bald eagle, fish-hawk, owl, pewee,\\nthrush, sparrow, cuckoo, kingfisher, black duck, blue heron, grouse, loon\\nand many others. Lakes, Rivers, Bays and Islands. No other State has\\nso many natural reservoirs and water-courses. There are 1620 lakes and\\n5151 streams represented on the State map of Maine. The water-surface", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "2G4 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nis 3200 square miles. Moosehead Lake, 1071 feet above tide-water, is 38\\nmiles long and 12 wide. Eangley Lake is almost as high (1511 feet) as\\nItasca, at the head of the Mississippi. Other lakes are Umbagog, Moose-\\ntocmaguntic, Chesuncook, Schoodic and Sebago, 50 miles square, which\\nsupplies the city of Portland with water. The principal rivers, beginning\\nat the west, are the Saco, rising in the White Mountain region, 95 miles\\nlong and 600 feet wide near the falls the Androscoggin, 157 miles long\\nand draining an area of 2750 square miles the Kennebec, 155 miles long,\\ndraining 5800 square miles, descending 9.1 feet to the mile, navigable to\\nAugusta, 50 miles, where it is 750 feet wide the Penobscot, draining 8200\\nsquare miles, 800 feet wide at Bangor, which is 55 miles from its mouth\\nand at the head of steamboat navigation the St. Croix, 97 miles long, 500\\nfeet wide, and forming the boundary lin^ between Maine and New Bruns-\\nwick. The river St. John, which is mainly in New Brunswick, drains 7400\\nsquare miles of Northern Maine. The sea-coast is nearly 3000 miles in\\nlength, by the windings of the shore, although only about 225 miles in a\\ndirect line. The coast is rock-bound and furnishes land-locked harbors,\\ndeep enough to float the largest vessels. Casco Bay, on which Portland is\\nsituated, is said to contain 365 islands between 200 and 300 are laid dowii\\nupon the chart of the coast survey. Mount Desert Island, 15 miles long\\nand 12 miles wide, contains several mountain peaks from 1500 to 2000 feet\\nhigh, with beautiful lakes near their summits. Hundreds of other islands\\nare scattered along the coast, some just large enough for a loon s nest and\\nothers containing thousands of acres.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Aroostook Valley claims to have the\\nmost fertile lands in the New England States, with the possible exception\\nof the valley of the Connecticut. The soil is a deep yellow and very\\nporous loam upon a stratum of limestone. This region is almost unset-\\ntled, and lands have been sold for half a dollar an acre. A farmer reports\\nraising per acre 85 bushels of corn, 75 of oats, 400 of potatoes and 980\\nof carrots. There are alluvial soils along the rivers which are very fertile.\\nMuch of the upland is stony and barren. The winters are very long and\\nsevere. In the north the ground is covered with snow from the middle of\\nNovember to the middle of April. There is hardly any spring; summer\\ncomes as soon as the snows are melted. Bangor is shut off from naviga-\\ntion for 125 days. The earliest opening of the Penobscot for 50 years was\\nMarch 21st. There is exemption from frost usually for about three and a\\nhalf months, from May 31 to Sept. 14. The mean annual temperature at\\nPortland is 43.51\u00c2\u00b0. For the whole State the mean of the thermometer is\\n41.65\u00c2\u00b0 rainfall, 43.24 inches snow-fall, 83.02. The isothermal lines are\\nSpring, 35\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 60\u00c2\u00b0-67\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 40\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 10\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0;\\nannual mean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0. More than 25 per cent, of the deaths are from\\nconsumption. Malarious diseases are almost unknown.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 265\\nAg ricultural Productions. Maine ranks seventh among the\\nStates in the amount and fifth in the value of its hay crop. In 1873 the\\nvalue of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley and buckwheat grown\\nwas $4,176,888 value of the hay crop, $14,691,240 (three and one-half\\ntime s as much as the other six staples). Other leading productions are\\npeas, beans, flax, wool, hops, butter, cheese, maple-sugar, honey, etc. One\\nexhibitor showed 30 varieties of apples at an agricultural lair. Many\\nhorses are reared for the city markets. The last census reported the num-\\nber of acres in farms as 5,838,058 average size of farms 98 acres value\\nof farms, farm implements and live-stock, $131,128,193; value of produc-\\ntions, 133,470,000. In 1874 there were 78,000 horses, 198,000 oxen and\\nother cattle, 153,500 milch cows, 446,900 sheep and 60,800 swine. The\\nincrease in the value of farms during the decade from 1860 to 1870 was\\n$24,273,426. The State laud office has been closed, only 146,000 acres of\\npublic laud being still set apart for settlement.\\nManufactures. This State has more available water-power than\\nany other portion of the earth s surface of equal extent. There have been\\nenumerated 3100 water-privileges, which together afford a power greater\\nthan is used by all the manufacturing establishments of Great Britain.\\nAs early as 1837, 250 saw-mills were in operation on the Penobscot and\\nits tributaries above Bangor, and two million feet of lumber was the annual\\nproduct. One tree cut 4500 feet and was worth $90 in the log. The last\\ncensus reported 1099 establishments for sawing lumber hands employed,\\n8506; value of products, $11,395,747. The number of manufacturing\\nestablishments of all kinds was 5550, employing 49,180 hands, and pro-\\nducing an annual value of $79,497,521. Cotton has taken the place of\\nlumber as the leading industry. Tlie value of cotton goods was $11,739,-\\n781, giving Maine the sixth rank among the States. Manufactures have\\nvery largely increased within the last decade. The legislature of 1874\\ngranted charters to 23 manufacturing companies with a capital of $7,130,-\\n000. The State law allows any town to exempt from taxation for a term\\nof ten years all manufacturing establishments. Capitalists from other\\nStates have taken advantage of this liberal offer. The industrial statistics\\nfor 1873, although incomplete, reported 6072 establishments, employing\\n55,614 hands and producing an annual value of $96,209,136. Among the\\nleading industries were: Boots and shoes, $8,820,986 (more than doubled\\nin three years); cotton goods, $12,151,750; iron, 1,649,630; leather,\\n$3,187,000; paper, $3,041,600; woollen goods, $6,605,292. Ship-huUding,\\nwhich ceased almost entirely during the. civil war, has revived again.\\nMaine was surpassed only by New York in the number of vessels built\\nduring 1873-4. From her ship-yards were launched 10 ships, 25 barks,\\n12 brigs, 206 schooners, 12 sloops, and 9 steamers and 2 barges; total, 276\\nvessels, of 89,817 tons. Quarrying. Everywhere there is an abundant", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "266 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsupply of l)uilding-stone. The Maine granite has no superior in the world.\\nDressed stone from the quarries of Knox and Lincoln counties is used in\\nthe construction of the finest public buildings. The product of 57 estab-\\nlishments, with 733 workmen, was valued at $621,738. Ice was cut for\\nexportation to the value of more than half a million of dollars.\\nCommerce and Navigation. There are 14 United States cus-\\ntoms districts on the Maine coast: The value of exports for the fiscal year\\nending June 30, 1874, was $5,372,102; value of imports, $3,628,425.\\nAmong the articles exported were 2257 bales of cotton, 32,460 bushels of\\napples, 6,777,502 pounds of lard, 76,200 pounds of sugar, 7,476,000 feet\\nof lumber. The number of vessels registered was 3221 vessels entered,\\n3041 (of which 750 were from foreign countries); vessels cleared, 3015\\n(1489 for foreign countries). Cod- and mackerel-fishing employ 861 ves-\\nsels and 2000 men. Maine ranks next to Massachusetts in the product of\\nfisheries value in 1870, $979,610. Lobsters are caught in great numbers.\\nThe tide rises 18 feet at Eastport and 8.9 feet at Portland.\\nRailroads. A tax is assessed on all railroads whose stock has a\\nmarket value the amount of this assessment for the year 1874 was $105,-\\n069. The number of miles of railroad in 1873 was 905; inhabitants to a\\nmile of railroad, 702; total capital account, $38,195,948; cost per mile,\\n$40,249 receipts, $4,363,741 receipts per mile, $4822 receipts to each\\ninhabitant, $6.86 net earnings, $1,388,855. The completion of the Eu-\\nropean and North American Railroad opened an all-rail route from St.\\nJohn s, New Brunswick, to San Francisco, California. The completion of\\nthe railroad to Halifax will materially shorten the length of ocean-travel\\nrequired for a trip to Europe.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State-prison, at\\nThomaston, has its expenses nearly defrayed by the labor of the convicts.\\nThe Reform School, near Portland, receives boys from 8 to 16 years of age;\\nits expenses were $14,000 in excess of earnings during 1874. There is an\\nIndustrial School for girls at Hallowell and there are Orphans Asylums\\nat Bath and Bangor. The Hospital for the Insane at Augusta usually con-\\ntains about 400 patients the receipts for the last fiscal year were $105,192.\\nThe United States Marine Hospital and the Maine General Hospital are\\nat Portland. In 1873-4 the number of children registered in schools was\\n128,134; number of school-houses, 4083; teachers, 5998; amount of per-\\nmanent school fund, $561,893; expenditure for school purposes, $1,147,-\\n242. There are normal schools at Farmington and Castine. Bowdoin\\nCollege has classical, medical and scientific departments. It numbers\\nLongfellow and Hawthorne among its alumni. Bates College, at Lewis-\\nton, educates both sexes. It has a theological department (Free-Will\\nBaptist). Colby University was formerly known as Waterville College.\\nBangor Theological Seminary is a Congregational institution. The Maine", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL OAZETTEEB AND GUIDE. 267\\nState College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, at Orouo, possesses a\\nproperty valued at $258,620; it had 121 students in 1874. The census\\nof 1870 reported 3334 libraries, 65 newspapers and periodicals and 1326\\nreligious organizations, having 1102 edifices.\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants at successive decennial\\nperiods has been as follows: 1790, 96,540 (colored, 538); 1800, 151,719\\n(colored, 818); 1810, 228,705 (colored, 969) 1820, 298,269 (colored, 929);\\n1830, 399,455 (colored, 1192); 1840, 501,793 (colored, 1355); 1850, 583,-\\n169 (colored, 1356); 1860, 628,279 (colored, 1327); 1870, 626,915 (col-\\nored, 1606). The number of foreign born was 48,881; native born, 578,-\\n034; born in Maine, 550,629; natives of Maine residing in other States,\\n149,205.\\nCities and To\\\\vns. Portland, the largest city on the Atlantic\\ncoast east of Boston, has an extensive foreign and domestic trade. It is\\nthe terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and lines of first-\\nclass steamers run to Liverpool and Glasgow daring the winter. Five\\nother lines of railroad and eight steamboat lines centre at this city. The\\nPost-Office, Custom-house and City Hall are fine edifices. A great fire, on\\nthe 4th of July, 1866, burned 1500 buildings, destroyed nearly ten million\\ndollars worth of property and made 10,000 people homeless. The burnt\\ndistrict has been rebuilt. Population in 1870, 31,413. Augusta is the\\nState capital (population, 7808). Bangor (18,289), on the Penobscot, is a\\ngreat lumber port. Lewiston (13,600) and Auburn (6168) have large\\ncotton-mills and boot- and shoe-factories. Biddeford (10,282) and Saco\\n(5755), on opj)osite sides of the Saco River, are largely engaged in the\\nmanufacture of cotton goods. Other leading towns are Bath, Gardiner,\\nRockland, Calais, Belfast, Ellsworth and Brunswick. Kittery has a\\nUnited States navy-yard.\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 31 members and a house of representatives of 151 members.\\nThe govei-nor is elected annually. His council consists of seven members\\nchosen by the legislature. The supreme court consists of eight judges,\\nhaving a salary of $3000 each. An annual session is held in each of the\\nthree judicial districts. There are trial-terms of court in each county.\\nThe prohibitory liquor law has made Maine famous in the temperance\\nreform. During the year 1874 there were 276 convictions under this law,\\n41 sent to jail and $30,898 dollars in fines collected. White persons are\\nprohibited from marrying Indians or negroes 487 divorces were granted\\nin 1874. The estimated receipts for State purposes, in 1875, were\\n$1,753,202.\\nHistory. It is asserted that a settlement was made on the St. Croix\\nRiver in 1604, thus antedating Jamestown and Plymouth. A fort was\\nbuilt on the Penobscot in 1626, and a trading-house at Machias in 1633.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "268 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe French cousidered the region above Kennebec a part of Acadia.\\nIndian attacks gave the early settlers great annoyance. A part of the\\ncountry was held by the British during the war of 1812. Maine separated\\nfrom Massachusetts in 1820, and was admitted into the Union as a State.\\nThe disputed boundary-line between the United States and British territory\\nwas settled by ti-eaty in 1842.\\nMARYLAND.\\nSituatiou and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Maryland is bounded on the N. by\\nPennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, S. and W. by Vir-\\nginia and West Virginia. It lies between latitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 53 and 39\u00c2\u00b0 44 K\\nand longitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 56 E. and 2\u00c2\u00b0 33 W. from Washington, or 75\u00c2\u00b0 4 and\\n79\u00c2\u00b0 83 W. from Greenwich. The length from east to west is 196 miles,\\nand the breadth varies from 5 to 120 miles. The whole periphery of the\\nState is 766 miles and the area 11,124 square miles, or 7,119,360 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Between the Chesapeake and the\\nDelaware Bays and the Atlantic Ocean is a })eninsula containing 5980 square\\nmiles. Of this the part belonging to Maryland, comprising 3386 square\\nmiles, divided into eight counties, is called the Eastern Shore. The\\nWestern Shore comprises another peninsula, lying between the Chesa-\\npeake and the Potomac River, and containing 3698 square miles. It\\nincludes the whole of six counties and parts of three others. Both the\\nabove sections are alluvial. To the north and west is a third district,\\nwhich is crossed by the ranges of the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany\\nMountains. Some of the most conspicuous summits are South Mountain,\\nSugar Loaf, Catoctin, Kittatinny, Rugged and Will Mountains. Rivers\\nand Bays. The Susquehanna, which empties into the head of Chesapeake\\nBay, is navigable beyond the State line. On the Eastern Shore are the\\nElk, Chester, Sassafras, Choptauk and Nanticoke, of which only the latter\\ntwo are navigable. On the Western Shore are the Patapsco, navigable for\\n22 miles, and the Patuxent, navigable for 50 miles. The Potomac, which\\nborders Maryland for 320 miles, is 7-} miles wide at its mouth. Vessels\\nascend it to a distance of 125 miles. There are falls in the upper waters\\nand the descent is very rapid, being 1117 feet in 213 miles, an average of\\n51 feet to the mile. Chesapeake Bay is 200 miles long, from 7 to 30 wide,\\ncovers an area of 2835 square miles and, with its tributaries, drains 70,000\\nsquare miles of territory. It is navigable for the largest vessels. Canvas-\\nback ducks are very numerous about the Chesapeake. Sinepuxent Bay,\\n30 miles long and from 1 to 5 wide, is very shallow, and the 30 miles of\\nAtlantic coast afford not a single good harbor.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Eastern and Western Shores are low and\\nsandy, with occasional stagnant marshes, which are malarious. Warden\\nsays Of oats and barley it is stated that an English wagon could carry", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 269\\naway the produce of 10 acres. In the northern part there is a mixture\\nof chiy and loam which produces a soil very profitable for tillage. Among\\nthe mountains are beautiful valleys, in which luxurious crops are grown.\\nThe rainfall is copious (average annual fall for the two years ending Sept.\\n80, 1874, 44.22 inches). The mean temperature at Baltimore during 1873-4\\nwas 54.3\u00c2\u00b0 extremes (for two years), 2\u00c2\u00b0 and 97.5\u00c2\u00b0. The isothermal lines\\nare for the spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter,\\n30\u00c2\u00b0-35\u00c2\u00b0 mean for the year, 55 degrees.\\nA\u00c2\u00ab^ricultural Productions. Maryland contained, in 1870,\\n27,000 farms, averaging 167 acres each value of farms, farm implements\\nand live-stock, $194,072,058; value of productions, $85,343,927; of or-\\nchard products, $1,319,405; of market-gardens, $1,039,782. The value\\nof Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco and\\nhay, in 1873, was $22,382,390. Other leading crops are sweet potatoes,\\nflax, hops and sorghum. Maryland ranks fifth in its tobacco crop. In\\nJanuary, 1874, there were 104,500 horses, 10,700 mules, 125,600 oxen and\\nother cattle, 96,900 milch cows, 1 33,200 sheep, 256,200 swine.\\nMaiiufactvires. Before the Avar for independence there was but\\none factory in the State; that was for the manufacture of woollen goods.\\nThe last census reported 5812 manufacturing establishments; hands em-\\nployed, 44,860; value of products, $76,593,613. Among the leading\\narticles in value were Molasses and sugar, refined, $7,007,857 flouring-\\nand grist-mill products, $6,786,459; clothing, $5,970,713; iron, $6,725,395;\\ncotton goods, $4,852,808; boots and shoes, $3,111,076; copper, milled and\\nsmelted, $1,016,500.\\nMinerals and Mining*. The Cumberland coal is semi-bitumin-\\nous. Twenty-two mines yielded 1,819,824 tons, valued at nearly two and\\na half millions of dollars. There were 43 iron mines; value of product,\\n$600,246; 2 copper mines, $71,500; 2 marble quarries, $275,000; total\\nnumber of establishments for mining, 80 hands employed, 3801 value\\nof products, $3,444,183.\\nCommerce and IVavig-ation. In 1790 the exports from Bal-\\ntimore were, valued at $2,027,777. The value of imports in the year 1874\\nwas $29,302,138 exports, $27,692,709. The leading articles of export\\nwere tobacco ($5,868,405), Indian corn ($5,287,444), flour ($3,240,967),\\ncotton ($2,669,219), lard ($1,325,636); 1973 vessels entered, 2217 cleared\\nand 104 were built, including six steamers. There are 3 customs districts.\\nOnlj- 5 States surpass Maryland in the amount of foreign commerce. The\\noyster trade of the Chesapeake supplies most of the markets of the United\\nStates.\\nCanals and Railroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It was a favorite idea of Wasliington\\nthat there might be a canal from tide-water to the Ohio River by way of\\nthe Potomac. Surveys were made by order of Congress with a view to", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "270 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthis more thau fifty years ago. Tlie canal lias been built as fiir as Cum-\\nberland, at a cost of $7,000,000. The estimated expense for continuing it\\nto Connollsville (127^ miles) is $20,268,085, averaging $158,887 per mile.\\nA shii)-canal connects the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, and a larger\\none is projected [see Delaware]. Maryland (including the District of\\nColumbia) had, in 1873, 1046 miles of railroad, cost per mile, $54,833\\nreceipts, $15,310,942; receipts per mile, $14,403 receipts per inhabitant,\\n$15.78; net earnings, $5,756,550; total capital account, $58,295,517. By\\na State law passed in 1874 railroad companies are taxed one half of one\\nper cent, of their gross receipts.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Baltimore, usually contains between 700 and 800 prisoners. The\\nearnings in 1873 were $71,105, a surplus of $5000 over all expenditures.\\nThe Hospital for the Insane, established at Baltimore in 1828, was removed\\nto Spring Grove in 1872. An Asylum for the Blind was opened in 1854;\\n238 patients were treated during the year 1873. The Institution for the\\nEducation of the Deaf and Dumb, at Frederick, receives pupils between\\nthe ages of 9 and 21 years it was opened in 1868. Youthful criminals\\nare sent to the House of Refuge, near BaUimore; 411 were received dur-\\ning the year 1873. A House of Correction has been provided for the con-\\nfinement of those sentenced to brief terms of imprisonment the new\\nbuildings are at Jessup s Station, 14 miles from Baltimore. Free schools\\nare established by law. The number of schools in operation in 1874 was\\n1742; scholars enrolled, 99,258 teachers, 2555; expenditures for school\\npurposes, $1,354,067. There are 19 colleges, 1 law, 2 medical and 4 theo-\\nlogical schools. The Agricultural College has 6 insti uctors, 130 students\\nand property valued at $210,000. The Medical Department of the Uni-\\nversity of Maryland was established in 1807. The oldest dental college in\\nthe world, it is said, is that at Baltimore, chartered in 1840. There were,\\nin 1870, 3353 libraries, 88 newspapers and 1389 church edifices.\\nPoi)Ulation. The number of inhabitants in 1665 was estimated at\\n16,000; in 1755, 153,564; in 1790, 319,728 (slaves, 106,036); 1800, 341,-\\n548 (slaves, 105,635); 1810, 380,546 (slaves, 111,502); 1820, 407,350\\n(slaves, 107,397); 1830, 447,040 (slaves, 102,994); 1840, 470,019 (slaves,\\n89,737); 1850,583,034 (slaves, 90,368) 1860,687,049 (slaves, 87,189);\\n1870, 780,894 (free colored, 175,391). Of the population in 1870, there\\nwere born in the State, 629,882 in the United States, 697,482 in foreign\\ncountries, 83,412 natives of Maryland residing in other States, 175,666.\\nPersons to a square mile, 70.20, giving to Maryland the sixth rank in\\ndensity of population.\\nCities and Towns. Baltimore, the seventh city of the Union in\\nsize, had a population of 267,354 in 1870. The city is situated on an arm\\nof the Patapsco, 14 miles from Chesapeake Bay. The harbor is 3 miles", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 271\\nlong, and its channel is dredged so as to afford a depth of 24 feet at meau\\nlow tide. It is defended by Fort McHenry, which was attacked by the\\nBritish fleet in 1814. Druid Park contains 600 acres, and there are 12\\npublic squares. There are many fine public buildings, among which are\\nthe Exchange, Athenseum, Maryland Institute, Court-House and the new\\nCity Hall, to cost $3,000,000. The Monumental City contains a mon-\\nument to Washington 180 feet high, and the Battle Monument, erected to\\nthe memory of those who fell in the defence of the city in 1814. Two\\nlines of foreign steamers connect Baltimore with the Old World. The\\nreceipt of grain in 1873 was 19,099,517 bushels. The Baltimore and Ohio\\nRailroad is an immense trunk-line connecting with all parts of the West.\\nThe value of articles manufactured is more than $50,000,000 a year.\\nThere are nearly 200 churches and 123 public schools, with 40,183 pupils.\\nIn 1775 the town contained 564 houses and 5934 inhabitants. Annapolis,\\nthe State capital, 80 miles south of Baltimore, on the Chesapeake Bay,\\nwas founded iu 1649. The United States Naval Academy is located on\\nthe bank of the Severn River. Population of the city, 5744. Frederick\\n(population, 8526) is the second city in the State. Cumberland (8036) is\\nthe depot of the mining regions and has an important trade along the\\ncanal. Hagerstown (5779) is an important railroad centre. Among the\\nother leading towns are Chesapeake City, Eastou, Havre de Grace, Port\\nDe]Dosit, Sharpsburg and Westminster.\\nGoverilinent and Laws. The general assembly consists of a\\nsenate of 26 members elected for 4 years and a house of delegates of 85\\nmembers elected for 2 years. Biennial meetings are held, and the members\\nare paid \u00c2\u00a75 a dgiy during the session. No minister of the gospel is eligible\\nto the legislature. The governor (salary, $4500) is chosen for a term of\\nfour years. The State is divided into eight judicial districts. The court\\nof appeals consists of the chief-justices of the first seven circuits, together\\nwith a judge elected by the people of Baltimore. Justices of the peace\\nare appointed by the governor. Maryland has six representatives in\\nCongress. The public debt of the State was $11,095,019 on the 30tli of\\nSeptember, 1874,\\nHistory. William Claiborne (not Clayborne, as many histories give\\nit) settled on Kent s Island, in the Chesapeake, in the year 1631. The\\npilgrims of Maryland, led by Leonard Calvert, lauded at St. Mary s in\\n1634. They were a Roman Catholic colony. Liberty of religious oj)inion\\nwas proclaimed to all who acknowledged Jesus Christ as Lord. The law\\nsaid that any person denying the Holy Trinity shall be punished with\\ndeath. Baltimore was laid out in 1730 and Georgetown in 1751. The\\nboundary-line between Pennsylvania and Maryland was long disputed.\\nMason and Dixon, the London surveyors, landed at Philadelphia Nov\\n15, 1763, for the purpose of determining the conflicting claims by an accU", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "272 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nrate survey. They ran the line westward for 244 miles from the Delaware,\\nwhen their Indian escort told them, It is the will of the Six Nations that\\nthe surveys be stayed. That authority was not to be resisted, and the\\nwork was stayed. Maryland suffered much in the French and Indian wars.\\nHer troops were active and efficient in the contest for independence. Con-\\ngress met at Annapolis in 1783, and Washington resigned his commission.\\nSeveral towns on the Chesapeake were plundered and burned during the\\nlast war with Great Britain. The State contributed 50,000 men to the\\nFederal army during the civil war. The battle of Antietam, September,\\n1862, was the most bloody engagement fought on the Maryland soil. Gen.\\nLee invaded the State, on his way to Pennsylvania, in June, 1863, and\\nGen. Early s troops made another invasion in July, 1864. The present\\nConstitution was adopted Sept. 18, 1867.\\nMASSACHUSETTS.\\nSituation and Extent. Massachusetts is bounded ou the N. by\\nVermont and New Hampshire, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the At-\\nlantic Ocean and the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut and W. by\\nNew York. It is situated between latitudes 41\u00c2\u00b0 15 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 53 N. and\\nlongitudes 3\u00c2\u00b0 28 and 7\u00c2\u00b0 5 E. from Washington, or 69\u00c2\u00b0 55 and 73\u00c2\u00b0 32\\nW. from Greenwich. The length is 160 miles, from east to west, and the\\nbreadth 90 miles on the east and 48 miles ou the west area, 7800 square\\nmiles, or 4,992,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The south-east section is low and\\nsandy, the northern and central hilly and rolling, the western broken and\\nmountainous. The Hoosac and Taconic Mountains are extensions of the\\nGreen Mountains. Greylock, or Saddle Mountain, in the north-west\\ncorner, attains an altitude of 3600 feet, and is the highest land in Massa-\\nchusetts. Upon one side of it is the Hopper, a chasm 1000 feet deep.\\nMount Washington, in the south-west corner, is 2624 feet high, and has a\\nvillage upon its slope more than 2000 feet above the sea. In the Connec-\\nticut Valley are several peaks, of which the highest are Mettawampe (1200\\nfeet). Mount Tom (1300 feet) and Mount Holyoke (1120 feet). From the\\nsummit of the latter East and West llock, near New Haven, can be seen.\\nWachusett (2018 feet high) is an isolated peak in the northern part of\\nWorcester county. Cape Cod is a low and barren sand-waste stretching\\nout into the ocean in the shape of a bent arm. Rivers. The Connecticut\\nflows across the whole breadth of the State. Its principal tributaries are\\nthe Deerfield, Chicopee and Westfield Rivers. The Merrimac, which rises\\namong the White Mountains, has a course of 40 miles parallel with the\\nnorth-east boundary of Massachusetts it is navigable to Haverhill, 18\\nmiles. No other river in the world turns so many spindles. The mean\\nannual flow at Lowell is 5400 cubic feet per second, and in freshets the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 273\\nvolume swells to 90,000 cubic feet per second. The Housatonic drains\\nBerksliire county west of the Hoosac Mountains. Other small rivers are\\nthe Blackstone, Charles, Concord and Taunton. Bays, Sounds mid Islands.\\nMassachusetts and Cape Cod Bays extend along the whole eastern coast\\nas far north as Cape Ann. Buzzards Bay, on the south, is 30 miles long and\\n7 miles wide. Nantucket Sound lies between the island of the same name\\nand the main land. Vineyard Sound separates the Elizabeth Islands, 16\\nin number, from Martha s Vineyard, which is an island 21 miles long and\\nfrom 3 to 9 wide. On its north side is Vineyard Haven, or Holmes s Hole,\\na favorite shelter for eastward bound vessels when the weather is too stormy\\nfor doubling Cape Cod. Nantucket Island, 15 miles long and from 3 to\\n4 miles wide, is very sandy and almost destitute of trees. It has been\\ninhabited since 1659. Forests. Among the principal trees are the ash,\\naspen, beech, birch, butternut, cedar, chestnut, elm, hickory, larch, bass-\\nwood, maple, oak, pine, spruce, sycamore and tupelo. A catalogue has\\nbeen published which enumerated 802 genera and 3153 species of animals\\nand 594 genera and 1737 species of plants.\\nSoil and Climate. A rich alluvial soil is found in the valleys of\\nthe Connecticut and of tlie Housatonic. Much of the land is sterile, but by\\ncareful tillage it is made to produce good crops. The average yield per acre,\\nin 1873, was as follows Indian corn, 35 bushels wheat, 19 rye, 17 oats,\\n33.3; barley, 22; buckwheat, 15.6; potatoes, 125; tobacco, 1459 pounds;\\nhay, 1.04 tons. The climate is one of extremes. On the 6th of June,\\n1816, snow fell to the depth of several inches in Berkshire county. In\\nJuly, 1825, the mercury at Williamstown stood above 90\u00c2\u00b0 on every day from\\nthe 10th to the 23d on the latter date it reached 98\u00c2\u00b0, while the recorded\\ntemperature at Boston was 100\u00c2\u00b0. The mean at Boston for the year 1873-4\\nwas 48.2\u00c2\u00b0 minimum, 0\u00c2\u00b0 maximum, 98\u00c2\u00b0 the wind was east on 127 days.\\nDuring a period of twenty years, at Roxbury (now a part of Boston), the\\nearliest flowering of the peach tree was April 16th, and the latest May 27th.\\nUpon the isothermal charts the lines crossing Massachusetts are: Spring,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 67\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 47\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the rainfall was 56.47 inches.\\nAgricultural Productions. There were, in 1870, 26,500 farms,\\ncontaining 2,730,283 acres (an average of 103 acres for each farm), of which\\n1,736,211 acres (63.6 per cent.) were improved. The value of farms, farm\\nimplements and live-stock was $138,482,891 value of farm productions,\\n$32,192,378 value of productions per acre of improved land, $18.54 value\\nof orchard products, $939,854 of market-garden produce, $1,980,321 of\\nforest products, $1,618,818. The product of the principal crops, in 1873,\\nwas 1,446,000 bushels of Indian corn, 31,000 of wheat, 246,000 of rye,\\n665,000 of oats, 110,000 of barley, 50,000 of buckwheat, 2,425,000 of\\npotatoes, 8,200,000 pounds of tobacco, 409,200 tons of hay; total valua-\\nis", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "271 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\ntiiin of (he jihove nine staple crops, $15,433,010. The cstinuited total\\nminiher of live-stock in Jan., 1874, was 102,800 horses, 122,000 oxen and\\nother cattle, 136,300 milch cows, 76,300 sheep, 78,000 hogs. Only 72,810\\nwere em|)loyed in agriculture of the 579,844 reported as engaged in all\\nclasses of occupation.\\nIailutJU*tliri S. jMassachusetts is the greatest manufacturing State\\nof the l^nion in proportion to its population it is surpassed only by the\\nvery nnich larger States of New York and Peiuisylvania in the amount\\nof capital invested and in the value of the annual products. In the man-\\nufacture of boots and shoes, cotton goods, woollen goods, cutlery and chairs\\nMassachusetts ranks first. In a few of the leading industries the value of\\nthe products was reported iu 1870 as follows: Boots and shoes, $88,399,583;\\ncotton goods, $56,257,580; woollen goods, $39,489,242 bleaching and dye-\\ning, $22,252,429; men s clothing, $20,212,407; leather, tanned and curried,\\n$29,195,827; printing (cotton and woollen goods), $17,325,150; paper,\\n$12,696,491 printing and publishing, $8,391,976; worsted goods, $8,280,-\\n541; lumber, planed and sawed, $6,551,690; ilouring- and grist-mill pro-\\nducts, $9,720,374; machinery, $11,554,416; molasses and sugar, refined,\\n$7,665,485 straw goods, $4,869,514. The total number of manufactur-\\ning establishments reported was 13,312; hands employed, 279,380, of whom\\n86,229 were females above the age of 15 years; wages paid, $118,051,886;\\nvalue of materials, $334,113,982; value of products, $553,912,568.\\nMiiiiiij\u00c2\u00bb: and IJuarryinj*-. The State is not rich in minerals, but\\nthere is an abundance of building-stone of the finest quality. From the\\nextensive marble quarries of Berkshire county the stone was cut for the\\nCapitol at Washington, the City Hall of New York, Girard College and\\nmany of the marble fronts of riiiladelphia. Quincy granite was used in\\nthe construction of Bunker Hill IMonument and the Astor House. There\\nare large i^uarries in Monson and Pelhain. The number of mining estab-\\nlishments was 65; hands employed, 1595 value of products, $1,493,522,\\nof which $1,294,148 was for quarried stone.\\nConiinoroc and lVavij a(ioii.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For the fiscal year ending June\\n30, 1874, the value of exports (domestic and foreign) from the 11 customs\\ndistricts was $30,736,287 value of imports, $52,737,280 vessels entered,\\n5721 (3066 in the foreign trade); cleared, 5682 (2982 for foreign ports).\\nFive steamers and 72 other vessels were built during the year. Fisheries.\\nMore than half the product of all the fisheries iu the United States at the\\ntime of the last census was credited to Massachusetts, which had employed\\nin cod- and mackerel-fishing 1026 vessels, 8993 men and a capital of\\n$4,287,871; value of the annual product, $6,215,325. The vessels are\\nfrom 40 to 120 tons each, carry from 12 to 20 men as a crew and are en-\\ngaged in fishing from May to October. The whale-fisheries employ 170\\nvessels.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 275\\nRailroads. The railroad statistics for 1874 were as follows Miles\\nof railroad, 2418; average cost per mile, $50,884; amount invested,\\n$165,624,136; number of passengers carried, 42,480,494 total earnings,\\n$34,632,483. There are 45 distinct railroads, some of them having sev-\\neral branches. Cheap trains have been run on the Eastern road, which,\\nat a fare of five cents, afforded a fair profit to the corporation. The\\nreceipts per trip were $19.28 and the cost of running $14.14. The Hoosac\\nTunnel, 41 miles in length and, next to the Mt. Cenis Tunnel, the longest\\nin the world, was completed in 1875, at a total cost, up to Jan. 1st, of\\n$12,973,822.31.\\nPublic Institutions and Edut^ation. The State Prison, in\\nCharlestown, has from 600 to 700 convicts a new prison is to be erected\\nat Concord. A sepai ate reformatory prison for women will soon be com-\\npleted. There are three reformatory schools viz., a Reform School for\\nboys at Westboro an Industrial School for girls at Lancaster and a\\nNautical School in Boston harbor. The average number confined in all\\nprisons was 3483. The State Almshouse is at Tewksbury. Pauper chil-\\ndren are provided for at the Monson institution. The Bridgewater Alms-\\nhouse has been changed into a workhouse. Liberal provisions have been\\nmade for the insane, of whom there are 4000 in the State, distributed at\\nWorcester, Taunton and Northampton (State hospitals), Tewksbury (alms-\\nhouse), Somerville, South Boston and Ipswich. Other institutions which\\ncare for State beneficiaries are the Eye and Ear Infirmary, School for\\nIdiots, Asylum for the Blind, 2 schools for Deaf Mutes and an Infant Asy-\\nlum. The Massachusetts General Hospital affords free treatment to the\\npoor. The system of public schools is very excellent. In 1874 the num-\\nber of public schools was 5435 pupils, 297,025 teachers, 8715; total paid\\nfor public instruction, $6,180,848. There are five State normal schools,\\nhaving 47 instructors and 902 pupils. The number of colleges is seven\\nviz., Amherst, Boston College (Roman Catholic), Boston University (Meth-\\nodist), College of the Holy Cross, Harvard University [see American\\nEducation], Tufts College and Williams College number of instructors,\\n278 students, 2529. For professional instruction there are 7 schools of\\ntheology (Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, Protestant Episcopal, New\\nJerusalem, Unitarian and Universalist), 2 schools of law, 2 schools of\\njnedicine, 2 dental colleges and 1 college of pharmacy. A university of\\nmodern languages has been organized at Newburyport. The State Agri-\\ncultural College is at Amherst. Among the leading institutions for the\\ninstruction of women are ^Mount Holyoke Seminary and Smith College at\\nNorthampton. Phillips Academy at Andover and Willistou Seminary at\\nEasthampton are famous boys schools. The number of libraries in 1870\\nwas 3169, containing 3,017,183 volumes. The Boston public library con-\\ntains about 270,000 volumes, and the library of Harvard College more", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "276 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthan 200,000. There were 259 newspapers and periodicals (increased to\\n321 in 1874) and 1848 religious organizations, having 1764 edifices.\\nPopulation. The original Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth num-\\nhered about 100. The population was estimated at 40,000 in 1692, 120,000\\nin 1731 and 220,000 in 1755. The national census reported in 1790, 378,-\\n787; 1800,422,845; 1810,472,040; 1820,523,159; 1830,610,408; 1840,\\n737,699; 1850, 994,514; 1860, 1,231,066; 1870, 1,457,351. Of the\\n1,104,032 persons of native birth, 903,297 were born in Massachusetts,\\n55,571 in Maine, 47,773 in New Hampshire, 22,110 in Vermont, 14,356\\nin Rhode Island, 17,313 in Connecticut; 353,319 were of foreign birth;\\n243,784 natives of Massachusetts were residing in other States. The num-\\nber of inhabitants to a square mile was 186.84; no other State in the Union\\nis so densely populated.\\nCities and Towns. Nearly half the people of the commonwealth\\n(48.7 per cent.) reside in cities. Boston, the metropolis of New England,\\nwas originally comprised within the limits of a peninsula 3 miles long and\\n1 mile wide. Several of the adjacent towns and cities have been annexed,\\nof which the most populous were Charlestown, Roxbury, Dorchester and\\nBrighton. The population in 1764 was 15,520; in 1870, 250,526; and in\\n1874, with the new towns added, 360,000. Boston ranks next to New York\\nin foreign commerce. Its jobbing trade in boots and shoes, woollen and\\ncotton goods, leather, etc., is immense. Among the noted public buildings\\nare Faneuil Hall, the cradle of Liberty, built in 1742; the old State-\\nhouse (1748), the present State-house (1793), the City Hall, Masonic Tem-\\nple, Quincy Market, etc. The Cochituate Avater was introduced in 1848.\\nBoston Common and the Public Garden occupy 75 acres in the heart of\\nthe city. Bunker Hill Monument, 220 feet high, and the Charlestown\\nNavy Yard are now within the city limits. The great fire, in November,\\n1872, burned over 65 acres, destroyed 800 buildings, most of them massive\\nwarehouses, and inflicted a loss of 80 millions of dollars. Cambridge\\n(population, 39,634), the seat of Harvard College, is a place of great lit-\\nerary and historic interest. The poet Longfellow now occupies the house\\nwhich was Washington s head-quarters after he assumed command of\\nthe American army. Lowell (40,928) has 75 mill buildings and 16,000\\noperatives. Lawrence (28,921) has 25 mill buildings and 9000 operatives.\\nHaverhill (13,092) is largely engaged in the manufacture of boots and\\nshoes. Worcester (41,105), the second city of the State, has extensive\\nmachine-shops. Springfield (26,703), on the Connecticut River, is the\\nlocation of the United States Armory. Other important and busy towns\\nare: Fall River (26,766), Salem (24,117), Lynn, famous for its shoe-fac-\\ntories (28,233); New Bedford (21,320), largely engaged in whale-fishery;\\nTaunton (18,629); Gloucester, the head-quarters of the cod and mackerel\\nfishermen (15,389); Newburyport (12,595); and Holyoke, on the Connec-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 277\\nticut River (10,733). A city charter is not granted in Massachusetts to\\nany town having less than 10,000 inhabitants.\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislature consists of 40 senators\\nand 240 representatives. The governor (salary, 85000) and other execu-\\ntive officers, as well as the membei-s of the Legislature, are elected annu-\\nally. The supreme judicial court consists of 7 judges, of whom the chief-\\njustice receives a salary of \u00c2\u00a76500 and the others 86000. The superior\\ncourt has 10 judges salary, $5000, except the chief-justice, who receives\\n$5300. AH judges are appointed by the governor. The funded debt, Jan.\\n1, 1875, was 829,465,204.\\nHistory. In 1602 a company of English colonists landed on the\\nElizabeth Islands, but soon abandoned their settlement. The Pilgrims\\nlanded at Plymouth Dec. 22, 1620. Xearly half their number perished\\nbefore spring. During King Philip s war, in 1676, a dozen towns were\\ndestroyed, 600 houses burned and as many of the settlers killed. The de-\\nstruction of tea in Boston harbor took place in 1773, and the battle of\\nLexington, April 19, 1775, began the war for independence. Maine was\\nseparated from Massachusetts in 1820. Attempts were made to repeal the\\nprohibitory liquor law in 1874, bnt the bill was vetoed by Governor Tal-\\nbot. The law was, however, repealed and a stringent license law was\\nenacted in 1875. May 16, 1874, a reservoir at Williamsburg gave way;\\nthe flood destroyed 200 lives and $1,500,000 worth of property.\\nMICHIGAN.\\nSitnation and Extent. Michigan is bounded on the N. l y Lake\\nSuperior, E. by Lake Superior, St. ^Mary s River, Lake Huron, St. Clair\\nRiver and Lake, the Detroit River and Lake Erie, S. by Ohio and In-\\ndiana and W. by Lake Michigan and Wisconsin. It is situated between\\nlatitudes 41\u00c2\u00b0 45 and 48\u00c2\u00b0 20 N. and longitudes 5\u00c2\u00b0 25 and 13\u00c2\u00b0 34 W.\\nfrom Washington, or 82\u00c2\u00b0 25 and 90\u00c2\u00b0 34 W. from Greenwich. The State\\ncomprises two peninsulas entirely separated from each other. The upper\\npeninsula is 318 miles in length from east to west and from 30 to 160\\nmiles wide the lower peninsula has a length of 280 miles and a breadth\\nof 250 miles. The area of Michigan is 56,451 square miles, or 36,128,640\\nacres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The eastern shore of Lake Erie is\\nlow and swampy, thickly wooded and drained by several small and slug-\\ngish streams. Farther inland the country is rolling and picturesque, with\\nhills from 100 to 200 feet high. Along the water-shed between the lakes\\nthere is an elevation of 600 or 700 feet. Bordering Lake Superior is a\\nrough primary formation, with rugged hills and deep valleys. The Pic-\\ntured Rocks are sandstone bluffs from 200 to 300 feet high, which have\\nbeen worn by the Avaves into curiously fantastic forms. The highest eleva-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "278 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntions of the northern peninsula are from 1500 to 2000 feet above the level\\nof the sea. Lakes. Four great lakes wash the shores of this State, which\\ntogether constitute one half the fresh water on the globe [see Physical\\nGeography, p. 155]. In the northern peninsula there are many small lakes\\ncovering from one to a thousand acres. Fish are very abundant. Among\\nthose most frequently caught are the sturgeon, white-fish, Mackinaw trout\\n(sometimes weighing fifty pounds), herring, pike, pickerel, bass, perch, cat-\\nfish, etc. The value of the lake fisheries in 1870 was -f 567,576. Rivers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMr. Schoolcraft says there are 100 streams which empty into the lakes, but\\nmost of them are of small size. Grand River is 270 miles long, 50 rods\\nwide and navigable for steamboats to Grand Rapids, 40 miles. The St.\\nJoseph is 30 rods wide for 120 miles from its mouth. Other streams which\\nempty into Lake Michigan are the Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Manistee and\\nGrand Traverse. The Saginaw (navigable for 40 miles), Au Sable and\\nCheboygan empty into Lake Huron. Menomonee river forms a part of\\nthe western boundary of Michigan. The Detroit and St. Clair form the\\noutlet of the great lakes and are navigable for the largest vessels. Forests.\\nMuch of the northern peninsula is covered with a dense growth of tim-\\nber, iij which the pine and other soft trees predominate. The southern\\npeninsula has many prairies and oak openings, but the early settlers found\\nmuch of the land covered with forests, which were cleared away at an av-\\nerage expense of $15 per acre, by cutting the trees, rolling them together\\nand burning them. The principal growths are beech, black-walnut, elm,\\nmaple, hickory, oak, basswood, linden, sycamore, hackberry, cottonwood,\\naspen, locust, butternut, poplar, hemlock, spruce, cedar, cypress, chestnut,\\npawpaw, white, yellow and Norway pine.\\nSoil and Climate. The heavily-timbered lands have a consider-\\nable variety of soils, consisting of clay, or muck, or dry sandy loam. A\\nlayer of dark vegetable mould, mingled with sand, clay and yellow loam,\\nis the predominant soil of the white-oak openings. The prairies have a\\nblack vegetable mould from one to five feet deep, based on a stratum of\\nclay, rock or gravel. There are fertile valleys in the Lake Superior region,\\nbut much of the land is cold, broken and barren. In climate the differ-\\nence between the northern and southern peninsulas is very marked. The\\nmean annual temperature at Detroit, for 18 years, was 47.25\u00c2\u00b0, and at Fort\\nBrady, near the southern extremity of Lake Superior, for 21 years, 40.37\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFor the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean at Escauaba was 40.1\u00c2\u00b0; at\\nMarquette, 40.8\u00c2\u00b0; at Grand Haven, 47\u00c2\u00b0; at Detroit, 47.9\u00c2\u00b0 (minimum, 0\u00c2\u00b0,\\nmaximum, 97\u00c2\u00b0). Marquette was colder than Eastport, Me. (40.9\u00c2\u00b0), while\\nDetroit was warmer than New London, Conn. (47.7\u00c2\u00b0). Upon the iso-\\nthermal charts the lines passing through Michigan are: Spring, 40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0;\\nsummer, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0. The amount of rainfall at Marquette was 21.32 inches at De-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 279\\ntroit, 31.31 inches. The Straits of Mackinaw are usually closed by ice\\nfrom the first of December to the fii-st of May.\\nAgTicultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The whole number of farms re-\\nported by the census of 1870 was 98,786; average size of farms, 101 acres;\\nland in farms, 10,019,142 acres, of which 5,096,930 were improved value\\nof farms, farm implements and machinery, $411,952,557 value of farm\\nproductions, betterments and additions to stock, $81,508,623; of orchard\\nproducts, $3,447,985; of market-garden produce, $352,658. A few of the\\nitems reported by the State census of 1874 were as follows Bushels of\\nIndian corn, 20,792,905 wheat, 15,45(^,202 potatoes, 5,618,863 apples,\\n5,928,275 cherries, 66,746 strawberries, 48,922 pears, 40,857 peaches,\\n22,069; butter, 27,972,117 pounds; cheese, 4,101,912; wool, 7,729,011;\\ngrapes, 2,960,100 pounds; wine, 50,871 gallons; hay, 1,134,077 tons. Of\\nlive-stock there were 281,394 horses, 38,901 working oxen, 321,732 milch\\ncows, 307,554 other cattle, 401,720 swine and 1,649,199 sheep.\\nManufactures. In 1810 the value of manufactured articles was\\n$37,018 in 1850, $11,169,002 in 1860, $32,658,356. The whole number\\nof establishments in 1870 was 9455 hands employed, 63,694; wages paid,\\n$21,205,355 value of products, $11 8,894,676. In lumber products Mich-\\nigan ranked first, surpassing Pennsylvania by four millions of dollars and\\nNew York by ten millions. The number of saw-mills was 1571; hands\\nemployed, 20,058; value of products, $31,946,396. The flouring- and\\ngrist-mill business ranks next in importance, the value of its products being\\n$21,174,247. Among the other leading industries in value were: Boots\\nand shoes, $2,552,931 carriages and wagons, $2,393,328 leather, tanned\\nand curried, $2,670,608 machinery, $2,330,564 iron castings, $2,082,532;\\ntobacco and cigars, $2,572,523 clothing, $2,577,154; agricultural imple-\\nments, $1,569,596; printing and publishing, $1,071,528; woollen goods,\\n$996,203.\\nMinerals and 3Iining The upper peninsula is very rich in min-\\nerals, among which have been found agate chalcedony, cornelian, jasper,\\nopal and sardonyx. The copper mines are said to be the richest in the\\nworld, with the exception of those in Chili. In the copper region, which\\nis 135 miles long and from 1 to 6 wide, there were, in 1870, 27 mines, em-\\nploying 4188 hands and yielding a value of $4,312,167, which was 82.95\\nper cent, of the whole product in the United States 194,333 tons of cop-\\nper ore were mined between the years 1845 and 1873. Michigan ranks\\nnext to Pennsylvania in the production of iron. The number of mines\\nwas, in 1870, 11; hands employed, 2005; tons of ore, 690,393; value,\\n$2,677,965. In 1873 the product of iron ore had increased to 1,250,000\\ntons. Coal formations underlie 12,000 square miles of the State. There\\nare salt wells which yielded 1,026,979 barrels in 1874.\\nCommerce and Navigation. For each of the great lakes there", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "280 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nis a customs district\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., Lake Superior, port of entry, Marquette; Lake\\nMichigan, port of entry, Grand Haven Lake Huron, port of entry, Port\\nHuron Lake Erie, port of entry, Detroit. In 1810 the exports from the\\nlatter port were valued at $3615. The first steamer arrived Aug. 28, 1816.\\nDuring the year ending June 30, 1874, the value of exports, domestic and\\nforeign, was $9,526,624; value of imports, $2,353,786; vessels entered in\\nthe foreign trade, 4682; cleared, 4718; vessels entered in the coastwise\\ntrade, 21,769; cleared, 21,484; total of entrances and clearances, 52,658.\\nThere were 110 vessels built (36 steamers), of 32,881 tons.\\nRailroads and .Canals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of miles of railroad, in\\n1873, was 3309; total capital account, $111,373,671 cost per mile, $52,489\\ntotal receipts, $14,295,988; receipts per mile, $6811; receipts to an inhab-\\nitant, $10.77 net earnings, $3,950,624 operating expenses, $10,345,364\\ndividends paid, $899,345. A ship-canal around the falls of St. Mary s\\nallows the passage of the largest vessels between Lake Superior and Lake\\nHuron. The Portage and Lake Superior Canal was completed in 1873,\\nthrough which vessels may avoid Keweenaw Point.\\nPublic Institutions antl Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State-Prison, at\\nJackson, established in 1838, contains 648 cells, and has received more\\nthan 5000 prisoners; the number of convicts, Sept. 30, 1874, was 703.\\nThe Reform School, at Lansing, opened in 1856, has 243 inmates a farm\\nof 225 acres affoi-ds employment for the boys during a few hours of each\\nday. A State Public School for neglected and dependent children was\\nopened at Coldwater, May 22, 1874, and in the following August had 135\\ninmates. The Asylum for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, established in 1859,\\nhas accommodations for 300 females and 260 males number of patients,\\nin 1874, 465. The grounds of the institution contain 195 acres. An ap-\\npropriation of $400,000 has been made for the construction, at Pontiac,\\nof another Asylum for the Insane. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb\\nand Blind, at Flint, was opened in 1854. Michigan contains 50 jails and\\n51 almshouses. The value of the grounds and buildings used for correc-\\ntional and charitable purposes is $3,388,806 number of persons supported\\nat the public charge in 1874, 4099 estimated cost of their maintenance,\\n$631,458. A compulsory school-law is in force, which compels parents\\nand guardians to send all children between the ages of eight and fourteen\\nyears to school for at least twelve weeks in every year. The statistics for\\n1874 were School population, 436,694 number of school-houses, 5702\\nteachers, 12,276; total expenditures, $3,423,922. The University of\\nMichigan, opened in 1842, has departments of law, medicine, literature,\\nscience and the arts. It had, in 1874-5, 44 instructors and 1183 students\\nof both sexes. Other institutions for higher education are Adrian, Albion,\\nHillsdale, Hope, Kalamazoo and Olivet Colleges. The State Agricultural\\nCollege has been in operation since 1857. The institutions for professional", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 281\\niustruction are 2 schools of theology, 1 of law, 3 of niedicme and 1 of\\nscience. There are also 7 business colleges aud a State Normal School.\\nThe last census reported 26,763 libraries, 211 newspapers aud 2239\\nreligious organizations, with 1415 edifices.\\nGrrowtll ill Population. The earliest settlers were mostly from\\nCanada. After the organization of a Territorial government, large com-\\npanies of immigrants came from New England and Neif York. The\\nnumber of inhabitants in 1800 was 555; 1810, 4762; 1820, 8896; 1830,\\n31639 (an increase of 255.6 per cent.); 1840, 212,267 (570.9- per cent,\\nincrease); 1850, 397,654; 1860, 749,113; 1870, 1,184,059 (a gain of 58.06\\nper cent.) 1874 (by the State census), 1,333,861. Of the 916,049 persons\\nof native birth, 507,268 were born in Michigan, 231,509 in New York,\\n62.207 in Ohio, 28,507 in Pennsylvania, 3932 in Maine, 3633 in New\\nHampshire, 14,445 in Vermont, 10,839 in Massachusetts, 1486 in Rhode\\nIsland, 7412 in Connecticut; natives of this State residing in other parts\\nof the Union, 65,720. There were 268,010 persons of foreign birth, 4962\\nIndians, 1 Chinaman and 1 Japanese.\\nCities and Towns. Michigan contains 38 cities. Detroit, on the\\nriver of the same name, was early occupied as a trading-post. So numer-\\nous were the French-speaking inhabitants in 1817 that the leading news-\\npaper divided its matter between the French aud the English lan-\\nguages. The city extends for seven miles along the river front. Among\\nthe fine public edifices are the new City Hall, costing ^600,000, Custom-\\nhouse and Board of Trade building. There are many extensive manufac-\\ntories the value of the iron work is estimated at ten millions of dollars\\nannually. Detroit has 8 lines of railroad, 8 daily newspapers and nearly\\n70 churches. The population was 79,577 in 1870, and 101,255 in 1874.\\nGrand Rapids (population, 25,993), situated on the Grand River, at the\\nhead of steamboat navigation, carries on a large lumber trade. It is at\\nthe intersection of six railroads, and has 3 daily newspapers and 20\\nchurches. Lansing (7445), the capital, has a new State-House in process\\nof erection, 343 feet long, 191 feet deep and estimated to cost $1,200,000.\\nThe State Reform School and Agricultural College are located here. It\\nhas 4 railroads, 2 weekly papers and 15 churches. East Saginaw (17,084)\\nextends for 3 miles along the Saginaw River, which is crossed by 3 bridges.\\nIt contains 5 founderies and machine-shops, 2 daily papers and 10 churches.\\nSaginaw City (10,064), is on the opposite side of the river. These two\\nplaces are the principal depots for the lumber and salt trade of the valley;\\nthe largest steamers can come up to the docks. Jackson (13,859), on the\\nGrand River, is at the intersection of 6 railroads and has large machine-\\nand repair-shops. The manufactures are valued at three millions of dollars\\na year. Two daily papers are published, and there are 13 churches. Bay\\nCity (13,690), at the mouth of the Saginaw River, contains 16 saw-mills", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "282 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nand numerous salt-wells, which produce 100,000 barrels annually. Fish\\nare exported to the amount of 50,000 barrels a year. Six lines of steamers\\nand 3 railroads afford ample freighting facilities. The city supports 9\\nchurches and a daily newspaper. Adrian (8863), the seat of Adrian Col-\\nlege, has 11 churches, 3 newspapers, a car-factory, founderies and flouring-\\nraills. Muskegon (8505) ships 300,000,000 feet of logs a year. It sup-\\nports 3 papei S and 10 churches, and is. at the intersection of 4 railroads.\\nPort Huron. (8240), at the southern extremity of Lake Huron, is the\\nprincipal depot of the Canadian trade. Flint (8197), the seat of the\\nDeaf and Dumb Asylum, has 10 saw-mills, 7 planing-mills, 3 weekly\\npapers and 8 churches. Ann Arbor (6692) is best known as the location\\nof Michigan University. The city extends on both sides of Huron Kiver\\nand contains several woollen- and flour-mills, breweries, tanneries, saw-\\nmills and 10 churches. Marquette (5242), on the southern shore of Lake\\nSuperior, is the supply and shipping depot for the iron mines. It has a\\nweekly newspaper, 3 banks, 6 churches and a number of furnaces. Kal-\\namazoo, on the river of the same name, 60 miles from its mouth, contains\\nan Insane Asylum, a college, a female seminary and 16 churches. Kail-\\nI oads from six directions converge at this place. Among the other prin-\\ncipal towns are Battle Creek, Ypsilanti, Manistee, Niles, Grand Haven,\\nColdwater, Alpena, Pontiac, Lapeer and Almont.\\nGoveriiinent and Laws. The legislature consists of 32 senators\\nand 100 representatives, who, together with the governor and other execu-\\ntive officers, are elected for a term of two years. There are commissioners\\nof insurance, railroads and immigration, and a State board of health, con-\\nsisting of seven members. Appropriations for any religious sect and the\\n.granting of licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors are prohibited.\\nThe supreme court consists of 4 justices (salary, S4000 each), elected by\\nthe people for 8 years. There are 20 judicial circuits, each presided over\\nby a circuit judge. There are circuit and probate courts for each of the\\n77 counties and four justices of the peace for every township. Treason is\\nthe only capital crime; murder is punishable with solitary imprisonment\\nfor life.\\nHistory.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A mission was established at Sault Ste. Marie, by Father\\nMarquette, in 1668; this was the first European settlement. In 1671\\nMichilimackinac fort and chapel were built, at the present site of Macki-\\nnaw. A military post was established at Detroit in 1701. The French\\nremained in possession until 1763, when the territory was ceded to Great\\nBritain. A bloody war was waged by the Indians under the leadership\\nof Pontiac. At the close of the war for independence Michigan came\\nunder the dominion of the United States, but formal possession was not\\ntaken until 1796. The Territory of Michigan was organized Jan. 16, 1805.\\nDetroit was taken by the British in 1812. The public lands were brought", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 283\\ninto market in 1818. The upper peninsula became a part of Michigan in\\n1836, and the State was admitted into the Union Jan. 26, 1837. The name\\nof Michigan is abbreviated from two Chippewa words (mitchi and sawgye-\\ngan) meaning the Great Lake.\\nMINNESOTA.\\nSitutltioii and Extent. Minnesota is bounded on the N. by\\nBritish America, E. by Lakes Superior and Wisconsin, S. by Iowa and\\nW. by Dakota. It is situated between latitudes 43\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 49\u00c2\u00b0 N. and\\nlongitudes 12\u00c2\u00b0 39 and 20\u00c2\u00b0 5 W. from Washington, or 89\u00c2\u00b0 39 and 97\u00c2\u00b0 5\\nW. from Greenwich. The extreme length north and south is 880 miles\\nand the extreme breadth east and west 387 miles area 83,531 square\\nmiles, or 53,459,840 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /S (\u00c2\u00ab;/cYce. The general elevation of the State\\nis 1000 feet above sea level. In the northern part are the Heights of\\nLand, constituting a water-shed between three great river systems viz.,\\nthose of the Mississippi Valley, Hudson s Bay and the St. Lawrence. The\\nmost elevated lands reach a height of nearly 1700 feet about Lake Itasca.\\nOther elevations are: Near Lake Shotek, 1578 feet; Lake Pemidji, 1456\\nfeet; Leech Lake, 1330 feet. The north-eastern section has been charac-\\nterized as the region of swamps and bogs. Westward of the Mississippi\\nthe open rolling prairie begins. A gentle descent of 400 feet leads to the\\nvalley of the Red River of the North. This valley, or plain, is from 30\\nto 35 miles wide, and a more complete dead level cannot be found in the\\nwhole country. The St. Paul and Pacific Railroad crosses it for 40 miles\\nwithout a curve, a fill or a cut, save what is necessary to remove the sod.\\nForests. Nearly one-third of the whole area of the State in the north-east\\nis almost entirely covered with coniferous forests. Twenty-one thousand\\nsquare miles are included in the pine region. The swamps have a growth\\nof tamarac of little value for timber. Deciduous trees predominate west\\nof the Mississippi the oak, elm and ash are most frequent, but every spe-\\ncies of tree known to the Upper Mississippi Valley is found here, with the\\npossible exception of the beech and sycamore. An immense forest, known\\nas the Bois Franc by the early French settlers, and now as the Big\\nWoods, extends over the centre of the State; it is 100 miles long, 40 miles\\nwide and covers an area of 4000 square miles, which is larger than the\\ncombined areas of Rhode Island and Delaware. Lakes and Rivers. Min-\\nnesota has a coast-line of 120 miles on Lake Superior. Along the north-\\nern boundary are the Lake of the Woods, Rainy, Mountain and Arrow\\nLakes. Other lakes are the Red, Vermilion, Leech, Winibigoshish, Swan\\nand Mille Lacs. These bodies of water are from one to thirty miles in\\ndiameter, and some of them cover an area of 400 square miles. Many of\\nthem have no visible outlet. There are said to be 10,000 lakes in the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "284 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nState, most of which abound iu fish aud are surrounded by a heavy growth\\nof timber. The Mississippi River rises iu Lake Itasca and flows through\\nand by the State for 800 miles (for 540 miles of which it is navigable),\\nconstituting the eastern boundary for 135 miles. At the Falls of St. An-\\nthony it is 350 yards wide and has a descent of 58 feet. One of its aflHu-\\nents, the St. Croix, navigable for 60 miles, constitutes the eastern boundary-\\nline for 130 miles farther. The Minnesota River rises in Dakota, flows\\nthrough the State for 450 miles (navigable for 300 miles) and empties into\\nthe Mississippi above St. Paul. Emptying into the head of Lake Superior\\nis the St. Louis River, 135 miles long, which boats ascend for 20 miles.\\nThe Red River of the North, after flowing through a chain of small lakes,\\nturns almost due north and forms the western bouudaiy of Minnesota for\\n380 miles. It is a deep and sluggish sti eam which steamboats traverse for\\n250 miles, carrying on a considerable trade with Fort Garry and other\\nparts of Manitoba.\\nSoil and Clilliate. The north-eastern section may be made pro-\\nductive by drainage when the timber is cleared away. In the central\\ncounties the soil has a considerable mixture of sand. Farther west it is\\nmixed with more of clay and gravel. The prairies have a rich dark loam\\nupon a gravel and clay subsoil. In winter the weather is intensely cold,\\nbut the air is dry and still. Snow covers the ground from November until\\nMarch. In summer there are very frequent thunder-showers. Observa-\\ntions continued for 17 years, from 1844 to 1861, showed that the shortest\\nseason for navigation at St. Paul was in 1857, from May 1 to Nov. 14\\n198 days and the longest season was in 1846, from March 31 to Decem-\\nber 5\u00e2\u0080\u0094245 days. Feb. 18, 1848, the mercury sank to 37\u00c2\u00b0 below zero.\\nFor the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at Breckeuridge\\n(latitude 46\u00c2\u00b0 11 longitude 96\u00c2\u00b0 17 near the western line and about mid-\\nway between the northern and southern boundaries, was 37.2\u00c2\u00b0. This was\\nthe lowest mean temperature at any one of the 89 United States Signal\\nService stations, with the single exception of Pembina, Dakota (34.3\u00c2\u00b0).\\nThe mercury at Breckeuridge was below zero on 78 days viz., 4 days in\\nNovember, 20 in December, 21 in January, 22 in February, 11 in March;\\nthe minimum was \u00e2\u0080\u009433\u00c2\u00b0, on the 24th of January, and the maximum, 96\u00c2\u00b0,\\non the 10th of May; range, 129\u00c2\u00b0. At Duluth the mean was 39.4\u00c2\u00b0; at\\nSt. Paul, 42.6\u00c2\u00b0 minimum, \u00e2\u0080\u009423\u00c2\u00b0, and maximum, 99\u00c2\u00b0 range, 122\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nisothermals are: Spring, 40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 65\u00c2\u00b0-72\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 43\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0;\\nwinter, 5\u00c2\u00b0-15\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 35\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0. The death-rate in 1872 was 1.035\\nper cent, of the whole number of inhabitants. A killing frost, destroying\\ncorn and other unripe crops, was reported along the line of the Lake\\nSuperior Railroad on the night of the 22d of August, 1875.\\nAg-ricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wheat is the great staple of Min-\\nnesota, occupying, in 1873, 63.53 per cent, of the entire acreage of culti-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 285\\nvated land. The quantity produced was 28,056,000 bushels (only Iowa\\nand Illinois produced more); number of acres in wheat, 1,533,115; aver-\\nage yield per acre, 18.3 bushels; value per bushel, 80 cents; total valua-\\ntion, $22,444,800. The enormous increase during two decades will be seen\\nwhen we state that only 1401 bushels of wheat were grown in 1850, 5,001,-\\n432 in 1860 and 18,866,073 in 1870. The value of the Indian corn, wheat,\\nrye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potato and hay crops of 1873 was $37,198,-\\n.350. At the beginning of 1874 there were in the State 152,200 horses,\\n3060 mules, 282,700 oxen and other cattle, 196,900 milch cows, 201,200\\nhogs and 157,400 sheep. According to the last census, the number of acres\\nin farms was 6,483,828, of which 2,322,102 were improved average size\\nof farms, 139 acres; value of farms, farm implements and live-stock,\\n$124,687,403; value of farm productions, $33,446,400. The early at-\\ntempts at fruit culture were discouraging. One farmer reported that of\\nthe 8000 or 10,000 trees he first set out not 40 remained but the hardy\\nvarieties are now thoroughly naturalized. In 1872 the number of apple\\ntrees in the State was reported as 1,734,861; bushels of apples, 39,663;\\nquarts of strawberries, 277,716.\\nManufactures and Mining-. The water-power of Minnesota is\\npractically unlimited. At the Falls of St. Anthony alone 100,000 horse-\\npower daily could be utilized. In 1873, 318,509,285 feet of logs were\\nscaled in the North Mississippi, St. Croix and Duluth districts. The value\\nof the lumber sawed was $4,299,162; grist-mill products, $7,534,575; ma-\\nchinery (railroad repairing), $788,074; cars, freight and passenger, $788,-\\n300; boots and shoes, $653,165; 2270 manufacturing establishments were\\nreported; hands employed, 11,290; total value of products, $23,110,700.\\nValuable deposits of co])per and iron are found in the north-east, salt\\nsprings in the Red River country and large beds of peat in many local-\\nities. Only small attention has been given to mining. The number of\\nestablishments in 1870 was 9; hands employed, 51; value of products,\\n$35,350.\\nCommerce and Navigation. Navigable waters to the extent\\nof 1500 miles afford good facilities for trade. There are two customs dis-\\ntricts, Duluth and Pembina (on the Red River). During the year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, the value of exports, chiefly lumber, flour and oats, was\\n$706,406; value of imports, $194,183; number of vessels entered in the\\nforeign trade, 95 cleared, 93 in the coastwise trade, 259 vessels entered\\nand 264 cleared. Nine vessels were built, of which five were steamers.\\nRailroads. Railroad corporations have received grants of 13,200,-\\n000 acres of land, which is nearly one-fourth the Avhole area of the State,\\nIn return for these grants the companies are required to pay a tax of 1 per\\ncent, on their gross earnings for 3 years, 2 per cent, for the next 7 years\\nand 3 per cent, thereafter. Thirty-one miles of railroad were in operation", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "28G BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\niu 1863. The statistics for 1873 were: Miles of railroad, 1950; cost per\\nmile, $55,036; total capital account, $94,992,253; receipts, $4,212,844;\\nreceipts per mile, $2441 receipts to an inhabitant, $7.53 net earnings,\\n$809,842.\\nGrowth in Population. The number of civilized inhabitants iu\\n1849 was 4857; in 1850, 6077; in 1860, 172,023; in 1870, 439,706. Dur-\\ning the decade from 1850 to 1860 the increase was 2730.72 j;er cent, ivhich is\\naltogether unprecedented. Wisconsin increased 886.2 per cent, between 1840\\nand 1850, but no other State has ever augmented its population 600 per cent,\\nin a decade. The foreign born numbered 160,697 and the native 279,009,\\nof whom 126,491 were born in the State, 2350 in Connecticut, 10,979 in\\nIllinois, 9939 in Maine, 5731 in Massachusetts, 3742 in Michigan, 39,507\\nin New York, 12,651 iu Ohio, 11,966 in Pennsylvania, 24,048 in Wiscon-\\nsin, 385 in the Territories.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Prison at\\nStillwater has cells for 300 convicts 134 were in confinement at the close\\nof 1874. A Reform School for boys and girls under 16 years of age was\\nestablished at St. Paul in 1868, and contained 113 inmates at the last\\nreport. The Hospital for the Insane, at St. Peter, has accommodations\\nfor 450 patients 497 were treated during 1874, with a daily average of\\n341. An Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind has been in operation at\\nFaribault since 1863; 104 deaf and dumb and 22 blind persons were\\ntreated during 1874, at an expense of $30,818. There is a Soldiers Or-\\nplians Home at Winona. The Constitution provides for a general system\\nof public schools in each township. A permanent fund is derived from\\nthe proceeds of the sale of school lands, which had realized more than two\\nand a half millions of dollars up to the year 1872. The educational sta-\\ntistics for 1873-4 were: School districts, 3137; persons between 5 and 21\\nyears of age, 196,065; teachers, 5206; school-houses, 2571, valued at\\n$2,090,001. Carleton College, at Northfield, and St. John s College, at\\nSt. Joseph, are thriving institutions. The University of Minnesota had\\nduring the last collegiate year 15 instructors and 285 students, of whom\\nabout SO were ladies. Connected with it is the College of Agriculture and\\nthe Mechanic Arts, with a property valued at $357,250. There are 3\\nnormal schools and 2 schools of theology (Evangelical Luthei-an and\\nRoman Catholic). The census reported 1412 libraries, 877 religious or-\\nganizations, with 582 edifices, and 95 newspapers, of which 6 were daily.\\nThe number of newspapers had increased to 139 in 1875,\\nCities and Towns. St. Paid, the capital, is situated upon a blufi\\non the east bank of the Mississippi River, 2070 miles above its mouth.\\nThe State liouse, State Arsenal, Opera House and Athenaeum are among\\nthe most prominent buildings. Several lines of steamboats ply upon\\nthe river, and there are immense lumber- aud flouring-mills. The town", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "CEXTEyXIAL GAZETTEER AXD GUIDE. 287\\nwas settled in 1840, and iu July, 1847, contained two small log stores.\\nPopulation iu 1870, 20,130. Fifteen periodicals are published here, of\\nwhich two issue daily, tri-weekly and weekly editions. Jlinneapolis (popu-\\nlation in 1870, 13,066) is situated on both sides of the Mississippi Eiver,\\nat the Falls of St. Anthony. St. Anthony (population, 5013) was united\\nwith it in 1872, and the consolidated city Avas estimated to contain 32,000\\ninhabitants in 1874. Lines of steamboats run up the river to St. Cloud.\\nThere are three railroads, and the wholesale trade is estimated at 15 mil-\\nlions of dollars annually. There were 18 lumber-mills in 1873, which\\nemployed more than 2000 hands, and 18 flouriug-mills, whose products\\nwere valued at five millious of dollars. The State University is located\\non a high bluff overlooking the ^Mississippi Eiver. Minneapolis is also the\\nseat of a Lutherau theological seminary. The city has 48 churches, 2\\ndaily and 9 weekly newspapers. Winona, the third city of the State, con-\\ntained 7172 inhabitants iu 1870, and 10,743 in 1875. It is situated on the\\nMississippi Eiver, 175 miles below St. Paul, and is a large wheat market.\\nA State Normal School and Soldiers Orphans Home are located here.\\nThree newspapers are published, of which one is a daily. Duluth, at the\\nnorth-western extremity of Lake Superior, is an important business cen-\\ntre. It is the terminus of 2 railroad and 6 steamboat lines. There are\\nseveral large saw-mills and factories, 12 churches, 2 daily and 3 weekly\\nnewspapers. The harbor, which is protected by a breakwater, will have\\na frontage of 20 miles on deep water. The population in 1860 was 71; in\\n1870, 3131; iu 1875, upwards of 5000. JJankato (^population in 1870,\\n3482, and in 1875 more than 6000) contains 4 newspapers and 11 churches.\\nIIai:tings ^3458^ and Bochcster (3953) are prosperous towns.\\nGoveriillieut aud Laws. f he legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 41 members aud a house of representatives of 106 members.\\nAnnual sessions are held, which are limited to 60 days. The governor\\n(salary \u00c2\u00a73000) and other executive ofiicers are elected for 2 years. The\\nsupreme court consists of 3 judges (salary $3000 each). There are 9 dis-\\ntrict courts. A court of probate is held in each of the 75 counties. All\\njudges are elected by the people. A State board of health, a commis-\\nsioner of railroads aud a commissiouer of insurance are appointed. On\\nthe 1st of January, 1875, the bonded debt was 8480,000 the revenue for\\nthe preceding year was 81,112,812, and the expenditures 81,148,150.\\nHistory. Minnesota, which in the Sioux language signifies smoky\\nwater, was the name given to the principal river. Father Hennepin vis-\\nited the Falls of St. Anthony in 1680. On the 8th of May, 1689, posses-\\nsion was taken of the country in the name of France. The authority of\\nthe United States was extended over it in 1812. Barracks were erected\\nat Fort Snelling iu 1819. Minnesota Territory was organized March 3,\\n1849, and on the 11th of May, 1858, Minnesota was admitted into the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "288 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nUnion as the thirty-second State. The present Constitution was adopted\\nOct. 13, 1857.\\nMISSISSIPPI.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mississippi is bounded on the N. by\\nTennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana and\\nW. by Louisiana and Arkansas. It is situated between latitudes 80\u00c2\u00b0 13\\nand 35\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 11\u00c2\u00b0 7 and 14\u00c2\u00b0 41 W. from Washington, or\\n88\u00c2\u00b0 7 and 91\u00c2\u00b0 41 W. from Greenwich. Its extreme length from north\\nto south is 331.65 miles and its breadth from east to west 210 miles. The\\narea is 47,156 square miles, or 30,179,840 acres.\\nPhysical Featvires. Surface. Along the Gulf of Mexico the\\ncountry is low and sandy, with frequent cypress swamps and marshes.\\nThe central part of the State is hilly or undulating and interspersed with\\nprairies. A belt of level country, covered with forests and designated as\\nthe flat woods, extends from the northern boundary through the eastern\\ncounties half the length of the State, and terminates in Kemper county.\\nIn the north-east is a carboniferous formation, elevated some 500 or 600\\nfeet above the level of the sea. Bluffs extend along the Mississippi River\\nas far north as Vicksburg. Above that city the bottom lands stretch to\\nthe Tennessee line, with a width of 50 miles. As far east as the Yazoo\\nand Tallahatchie Rivers the ground is low and swampy. Nearly 7000\\nsquare miles are liable to inundation. The levees were neglected during\\nthe war, and large tracts once cultivated have become the prey of the river.\\nThe waters remain stagnant in the morasses, lagoons and slashes, which\\nare the retreats of alligators, snakes, lizards and swarms of venomous\\ninsects. Rivers and Harbors. The Mississippi River forms the western\\nboundary of the State for more than 500 miles. Its principal affluents are\\nthe Yazoo, 280 yards wide at its mouth, 290 miles long, navigable as far\\nas the junction of its two branches, the Tallahatchie and Yalabusha,\\nand draining a basin of 13,850 square miles; the Big Black, 200 miles\\nlong and navigable for 50 miles the Bayou Pierre and the Homochitto.\\nThe Tennessee River forms the north-eastern boundary for 20 miles. The\\nTombigbee rises in this State and is navigable for steamboats to Aberdeen.\\nPearl River, which forms a part of the boundary between Mississippi and\\nLouisiana, empties into Lake Borgne; it is 250 miles in length, and small\\nboats navigate it for 100 miles, but the channel is much obstructed by sand-\\nbars and drift-wood. The Pascagoula, which flows into the Gulf of Mex-\\nico, has a broad bay at its mouth, in which the depth of water is only four\\nfeet. Every part of the State is well watered, and the river system affords\\nmore than 2000 miles of steamboat navigation. The coast-line on the Gulf\\nof Mexico is 90 miles in length. None of the harbors are deep enough for\\nthe admission of large vessels. A chain of low islands extends beyond", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 289\\nMississippi Sound about 10 miles from the main land. Forests. In the\\nsouth-east are extensive and dense groves of pine, principally of the loug-\\nleaved variety. Live-oak and red cedar, for ship-building, are abundant;\\nthe live-oak does not flourish above the olst parallel of latitude. Cypress\\ngrows in swamps which are submerged for half the year and furnishes the\\nmost durable timber. Among other ti ees are the ash, basswood, bay,\\nbeech, cherry, chestnut, cotton wood, elm, gum, holly, hickory, locust, mul-\\nberry, magnolia, poplar, plum, sassafras and black-walnut. Fig and peach\\ntrees are abundant and prolific.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the gulf the soil is sandy. Above the\\n31st parallel the swamps bordering the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers are\\nvery rich. The cane grows to a height of from 20 to 40 feet. When the\\nfloods recede, they leave behind, in the bottom lands, a sediment as fine\\nand fertilizing as the Nile mud. In the Yazoo swamps the alluvial de-\\nposit is sometimes 35 feet thick. Along the Mississippi River there are 4?\\nmillion acres of alluvial land of inexhaustible fertility, producing from 60\\nto 80 bushels of corn and from 1 to 2 bales of cotton to the acre. Around\\nthe Tombigbee River are prairies with a rich, black, adhesive loam. In\\nthe north-east is a poor sandy soil which washes off from the hills. Mis-\\nsissippi stretches through five degrees of latitude and from the low shores\\nof the gulf to the elevated lands of the north, exhibiting a great varietv\\nof climate. Near the gulf is a semi-tropical region, where the extreme\\nheat of summer is tempered by the sea-breeze. Malarial fevers are quite\\nprevalent in autumn. Cattle are not housed, but pick up their living out\\nof doors all winter. Farmers plough in February, plant corn in March\\nand harvest winter wheat in May. The isothermal lines which cross the\\nState are: Spring, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 80\u00c2\u00b0-82\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 winter,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 60\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the\\nmean temperature at Vicksburg was 66.5\u00c2\u00b0 and the maximum 96.5\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nmercury rose to or above 90\u00c2\u00b0 upon 10 days in May, 27 in June, 18 in\\nJuly, 29 in August and 10 in September; total, 94 days. The rainfall\\nwas 65.24 inches.\\nAgricultural Productions. Mississippi is almost exclusively\\nan agricultural State. Of the 318,850 persons engaged in all occupations,\\n259,199 were employed in agriculture. It ranked first in the production\\nof cotton at the last census (564,938 bales), sixth in rice (374,627 pounds)\\nand fifth in sweet potatoes (1,743,432 bushels). The value of the Indian\\ncorn, wheat, rye, oats, potato, tobacco and hay crops of 1873 was S17,-\\n064,320. At the beginning of 1874 there were in the State 88,300 horses,\\n99,100 mules (only Tennessee and Alabama had more), 329,800 oxen and\\nother cattle, 180,100 milch cows, 819,100 hogs, 153,600 sheep. The num-\\nber of farms in 1870 was 68,023, averaging 193 acres each and including\\n13,121,113 acres, of which 4,209,146 acres were improved; value of farms,\\n19", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "290 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\n881,716,576; of farm implements, $4,456,033; of live-stock, $29,940,238;\\nof farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, $73,-\\n137,953. Marl beds, which are sometimes 100 feet thick, underlie 2000\\nsquare miles. There are also immense deposits of porcelain clay, silica for\\nthe finest glassware and valuable building-stones.\\nManufactures. Very little attention has been given to manufac-\\ntures. The Federal census reported 1731 establishments; hands employed,\\n5941 value of products, $8,154,758. Among the leading articles were\\nLumber, $2,229,017; grist-mill products, $2,053,567 carriages and wag-\\nons, $268,031; cotton goods, $234,445; machinery, $223,130; woollen\\ngoods, $122,973.\\nCoinmerce and Navigation. The foreign trade is carried on\\nlargely through New Orleans and Mobile, cottcm and lumber being the\\nchief articles of export. Shieldsborough, the port of entry for the Pearl\\nRiver district, had a foreign commerce, during _the year ending June 30,\\n1874, amounting to $233,406, of which $219,214 was the value of domes-\\ntic exports, mostly lumber, boards and shingles; vessels entered in the\\nforeign trade, 93; vessels cleared, 94; in the coastwise trade, cleared, 96;\\nentered, 68. The number of vessels belonging in the State was 117.\\nVicksburg and Natchez are also ports of entry.\\nKailroads. Twenty-six miles of raih oad were in operation in 1844.\\nThe report for 1873 returned 990 miles of railroad cost per mile, $36,322;\\ntotal capital account, $42,424,194; receipts, $5,424,326; receipts per mile,\\n$4644; receipts to an inhabitant, $6.34; net earnings, $1,936,050. In\\n1874, 1038* miles were in operation.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The Penitentiary con-\\ntains 200 cells, which is an insufficient number; there were 320 convicts in\\n1874. The institutions for the deaf and dumb and for the blind are de-\\nsigned to be training-schools i-ather than asylums. The Asylum for the\\nInsane has upward of 300 inmates. All of the above institutions are\\nlocated at Jackson. Free public schools are required by the Constitution\\nfor all between the ages of 5 and 21 years. Six colleges are reported\\nviz., Jefferson, Madison, Mississippi, Pass Christian, Tougaloo University\\nand the University of Mississippi. There are also 6 colleges for young\\nladies, 2 normal schools, 1 school of law and 2 schools of science. The\\nplan of the University of Mississippi includes a preparatory department\\nand three general departments\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., scientific, literary and professional.\\nThe College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, connected with it,\\nreceived part of the Congressional land grant. The Agricultural and\\nMechanical College, at Rodney, has a property valued at $136,055. Ac-\\ncording to the census of 1870, Mississippi contained 2788 libraries and\\n1829 religious organizations, with 1800 edifices. In 1875, 104 newspapers\\nand periodicals were published.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 291\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants in 1800 was 8850 (shives,\\n3489); 1810,40,352 (slaves, 17,088); 1820, 75,448 (slaves, 32,814); 1830,\\n136,621 (slaves, 65,659); 1840, 375,651 (slaves, 195,211); 1850, 606,526\\n(slaves, 309,878); 1860, 791,305 (slaves, 486,631); 1870, 827,922 (free\\ncolored, 444,201). The ratio of increase between 1800 and 1810 was\\n355.95 per cent.; between 1860 and 1870, 4.63 per cent. Mississippi\\nranked 18th in total population and 4th in the number of colored inhabit-\\nants. The foreign born numbered 11,191 and the native born 816,731, of\\nwhom 564,142 had their birthplace in the State, 59,520 in Alabama, 28,260\\nin Georgia, 9417 in Louisiana, 27,911 in North Carolina, 35,956 in South\\nCarolina, 33,551 in Virginia 252,589 native Mississippians were residing\\nin other parts of the Union. The density of population was 17.56 to a\\nsquare mile.\\nCities and Towns. Jackson, the capital, is situated on the west\\nbank of the Pearl River. It is the seat of the four public institutions\\nbefore mentioned. The State-House is a fine building, which cost more\\nthan $600,000; there is a State library containing 15,000 volumes. Rail-\\nroads extend to the north, south, east and west, dividing the State into four\\nparts. The city has 10 churches and 4 weekly papers. Population, 4234.\\nVicJcsburg (population, 12,443), on the east bank of the Mississippi River,\\n395 miles above New Orleans, has a very extensive river trade. The busi-\\nness, as at Natchez, is conducted under the hill, and the bluffs are cov-\\nered with handsome residences. There is a fine Court-House Four period-\\nicals are published, two of them daily. Natchez (pojiulation, 9057) is\\nsituated upon the Mississippi River, 279 miles above New Orleans. Among\\nthe principal buildings are the Court-House, Masonic Temple and Roman\\nCatholic Cathedral. Several lines of steamboats are employed in the ship-\\nment of cotton. The river has a depth of 118 feet at the docks. The\\ncity was incorporated in 1803. It contains 8 churches and 3 newspapers,\\none of them published every morning. Columbus (4812), on the Tombig-\\nbee River, receives large quantities of cotton for shipment through Mobile.\\nThe other principal towns are Meridian (2709), Holly Springs (2406),\\nCanton (1963), Grenada (1887).\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislature, which meets annually,\\nconsists of 37 senators, elected ibr 4 years, and 115 representatives, elected\\nf )r 2 years. The executive officers are chosen for a term of 4 years. The\\nsupreme court consists of 3 judges, appointed by the governor and con-\\nfirmed by the senate, who hold office for 9 years. A circuit court, presided\\nover by a single judge, is held in each of the 15 judicial circuits. Chan-\\ncery courts are held at least 4 times a year in every one of the 73 counties.\\nNo one who denies the existence of a Supreme Being can hold office. The\\nvalue of the real and personal property in 1860 was $607,324,911, in 1870,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "292 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n$209,197,345, a diminutiou which shows how disastrous were the effects of\\nthe civil war.\\nHistory. De Soto visited this region iu 1540 [see Alabama]. In\\n1682 La Salle took possession of it iu the name of the king of France, and\\ncalled it Louisiana. In 1699 a fort was erected on the bay of Biloxi.\\nThe Choctaws, Chickasaws, Natchez and other Indians Avere bitterly hos-\\ntile, and committed great depredations upon the settlers. Natchez was first\\nsettled in 1716. On the 29th of November, 1729, the Natchez Indians\\nmade an attack upon the town and massacred 200 of the French colonists.\\nMississippi Territory was organized April 7, 1798. It comprised also the\\npresent State of Alabama north of the 31st parallel. The region south\\nof that parallel, between the Pearl and Perdido Rivers, which had been\\nclaimed by Spain, was taken possession of by the United States in 1811, as\\na part of the Louisiana purchase, and added to the territory of Mississipjii.\\nOn the 10th of December, 1817, Mississippi was admitted into the Union\\nas the twentieth State. An ordinance of secession was passed Jan. 9, 1861,\\nand the Constitution of the Confederate States was ratified March 30.\\nBiloxi was captured by the Federal forces Dec. 31, 1861. Several battles\\nwere fought in 1862, among which were the battle of luka, Sept. 19th, and\\nthe battle of Corinth, Oct. od and 4th. Vicksburg, after a long siege, was\\ncaptured by the Federal troops, July 4, 1863. On the 22d of August,\\n1865, the ordinance of secession was repealed. The 14th and 15th Amend-\\nments were ratified in January, 1870; Congress passed an act of readmis-\\nsion Feb. 23, 1870, and the civil authorities assumed control on the 10th\\nof March.\\nMISSOURI.\\nSituation and Extent. Missouri is bounded on the N. by Iowa,\\nE. by Illinois and Kentucky, S. by Arkansas and W. by the Indian Ter-\\nritory, Kansas and Nebraska. It is situated between latitudes 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 and\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 30 N. and longitudes 12\u00c2\u00b0 2 and 18\u00c2\u00b0 42 W. from Washington, or 89\u00c2\u00b0 2\\nand 95\u00c2\u00b0 42 W. from Greenwich. The extent from north to south is 280\\nmiles; from east to west, 20S miles along the northern border and 312\\nmiles along the southern. It is larger than any State east of the Missis-\\nsippi, covering an area of 65,350 square miles, or 41,824,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /S-wr/ace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Along the Mississippi River are\\nbluffs, sometimes reaching a height of 350 feet. The eastern section of the\\nState is broken by irregular ridges and its streams have a rapid descent.\\nIn the south-east are the submerged lands of Missouri, which are low,\\nmarshy and covered with a rank growth of vegetation. These lands oc-\\ncupy the greater part of 9 counties and embrace 1,856,120 acres. The\\ngreat earthquake of 1811, which formed Reel Foot Lake, in Kentucky,\\nalso submerged a large tract on the opposite side of the Mississippi River,\\nin Missouri. In the south-west is a prairie region broken by many knobs,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 293\\nor mounds, with steep sides and flat tops. The Ozark chain, which consti-\\ntutes the water-shed between the Missouri and the Mississippi, has no\\npeaks which deserve the name of mountains. North of the Missouri the\\nface of the country is somewhat rolling and broken. Forests. Along most\\nof the streams there is a heavy growth of timber, and some of the trees\\nreach an immense size. A sycamore measured 43 feet in circumference, a\\ntupelo 30 feet in circumference and 120 feet in height, a cypress 29 feet in\\ncircumference and 125 feet in height. From an extensive catalogue of the\\ntrees and shrubs in Missouri we select a few of the most common viz.,\\nash, basswood, birch, buttonwood, cedar, cherry, cottonwood, elm, gum,\\nhackberry, hickory, locust, maple, mulberry, cypress, oak, pawpaw, per-\\nsimmon, pine, red plum, prickly ash, sycamore, walnut, willow, etc. There\\nis a great variety of animals and birds, among which are the elk, deer,\\nbear, wolf, raccoon, opossum, rabbit, gray and fox squirrel, wild turkey,\\ngrouse, duck, snipe, partridge, plover, pheasant, gray and bald eagle, raven,\\ncrow, buzzard, magpie, paroquet and mocking-bird. Rivers. The Missis-\\nsippi River constitutes the eastern boundary for 470 miles, and the Missouri\\nthe western boundary for 250 miles. The latter river enters the State at\\nKansas City and runs in a southerly and easterly direction for 450 miles,\\ndividing Missouri into two nearly equal parts. Its largest tributary is the\\nOsage, rising in Kansas, which is 400 yards wide and navigable for small\\nsteamers 200 miles above its mouth. The Des Moines River constitutes a\\npart of the north-eastern boundary for 30 miles, separating Missouri from\\nIowa. The river St. Francois runs between Arkansas and Missouri for 60\\nmiles. Navigation is possible at high water on the White, Black, Current,\\nGasconade, Grand and Chariton Rivers. Among the smaller streams,\\nwhich are numerous, clear and well stocked with fish, are the Big Tarkeo,\\nNodaway, Little Platte, Salt, Fabius, Piney, Castor and Whitew^ater.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers\\nthere are two millions of acres of the most productive land in the world,\\nbased upon the alluvial strata of saud, clay, marl and humus, says the\\nState geologist. Next to these are one million acres of savannas, or bot-\\ntom prairies. The alluvium is a light, siliceous soil, porous, rich and deep,\\nand specially adapted to the growth of corn and hemp. A light deep soil,\\nof a brownish ash color, called hemp soil, is characteristic of the blufi\\nregion. Sometimes a predominance of clay makes it inferior, and it is\\ncalled hickory or mulatto soil; but it is well adapted for corn, wheat,\\noats and tobacco. Some of the high prairies and timber ridges in the\\nnorth-east have a thin sandy soil. Observations, continued for 25 years,\\nat St. Louis, show a mean annual temperature of 55.4 degrees. The lowest\\nmonthly mean was 19.3\u00c2\u00b0, in January, and the highest 83.5\u00c2\u00b0, in July. For\\nthe year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean at St. Louis was 56.1\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nmaximum temperature was 101\u00c2\u00b0, and the minimum 1 degree below zero.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "294 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nUpon the isothermal charts the lines crossing Missouri are Spring,\\n55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0-77\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 45\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; annual\\nmean, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productious. Missouri -is a great agricultural\\nState. According to the census of 1870, it ranked next to Texas and Illi-\\nnois in cattle, next to Illinois in swine, next to California in wine, fourth\\nin corn and sixth in tobacco. There were 92,752 farms (averaging 215\\nacres each), which contained 21,707,220 acres; 9,130,615 acres were im-\\nproved. The value of farms, farm implements and live-stock Avas $392,-\\n908,047 of farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock,\\n$103,035,759. The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley,\\nbuckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops in 1873 was $54,105,240. The\\nnumber of live-stock in 1874 was 543,000 horses, 89,200 mules (rank-\\ning next after Tennessee, Alabama and Illinois), 806,300 oxen and other\\ncattle, 421,400 milch cows, 2,603,300 hogs and 1,408,500 sheep. Cotton,\\nflax and hemp thrive in the southern counties. There are a million acres\\nof land adapted to the culture of the vine; the average product of grapes\\nper acre is 6900 pounds, yielding 4833 gallons of wine.\\nManufactures. This State ranked fifth in the value of manufac-\\ntured products and seventh in the amount of capital invested. In 1860\\nthe number of establishments was 3157; hands employed, 19,681; value\\nof products, $41,782,731. In 1870 there were 11,871 establishments;\\nhands emi:\u00c2\u00bbloyed, 65,394 value of products, $206,213,429. The increase\\nduring the decade was nearly 400 per cent. Missouri ranked first in\\nbridge-building, harness, saddlery and paints next to New York in to-\\nbacco and next to Illinois and Ohio in pork-packing. Among the leading\\nindustries in value were: Flouring-mill products, $28,332,160; pork\\npacked, $13,621,995; men s clothing, $7,271,962; malt liquors, $6,519,-\\n548; sawed lumber, $5,838,127; steam-engines and boilers, $3,825,100;\\nbags, other than paper, $5,037,250; pig-iron, $2,991,618; tobacco, $8,356,-\\n511 saddlery and harness, $5,424,635. The number of hogs packed in\\n1873-4 was 746,366; average gross weight, 259 pounds; average net\\nweight, 207.01 pounds average cost per 100 pounds net, $5.37.\\nMinerals and Mining-.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State geologist. Professor Swallow,\\nsays: There is no territory of equal extent on the continent which con-\\ntains so many and such large quantities of the most useful minerals as the\\nState of Missouri. Iron ore of the very best quality can be obtained in\\ninexhaustible quantities. Iron Mountain is 228 feet high, and covers 500\\nacres at the base, which would give 230,187,375 tons above the surface\\nlevel; and it extends down indefinitely, containing three million tons of ore\\nfor every foot of descent. Pilot Knob is 581 feet in height, and covers\\n360 acres. A large part of the immense mass is pure ore. It is estimated\\nthat this region would furnish ore enough for one million tons of mauufac-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 295\\ntiired iron annually during the next 200 years. These mineral treasures\\nwere first discovered in the year 1720. In 1809 the product of the Mis-\\nsouri mines was estimated at a value of $40,100. Iron-smelting began in\\n1823\u00e2\u0080\u00944. According to the authority above mentioned, this is also one\\nof the best lead regions in the world. Forty-five lead mines were worked\\nas early as the year 1819 [see Physical Geogkaphy, p. 193]. Several\\nlarge deposits of copper have been discovered zinc is abundant, and nickel,\\nplatinum, cobalt and manganese occur. Coal formations underlie 26,887\\nsquare miles in the northern and western counties. The veins are some-\\ntimes 15 feet thick, and it is estimated that 100,000,000 tons of coal per\\nannum could be furnished for 1300 years. Marble, granite and limestone\\nare abundant enough to supply all demands. The Federal census reported\\n142 mining establishments, which employed 3423 hands and yielded\\nproducts valued at $3,472,513 annually.\\nCommerce and jVavig ation. There are three United States\\nports of delivery viz., St. Louis, St. Joseph and Kansas City. The num-\\nber of vessels belonging to the j^orts of Missouri, June 30, 1874, was 333,\\nof which 177 were steamers. Twenty-nine vessels, 16 of them steamers,\\nwere built during the year. The imports in bond direct to St. Louis for\\nthe previous year were valued at $1,167,690.\\nKailroads. As early as February, 1836, the mayor of St. Louis, in\\nan ofiicial communication, urged the building of railroads in Missouri.\\nOnly 38 miles were in operation in 1853. Twenty years later the number\\nof miles of railroad was 2858 cost per mile, $60,953 total capital ac-\\ncount, $132,146,499; receipts, $12,188,908; receipts per mile of railroad,\\n$5622; receipts to an inhabitant, $6.42; net earnings, $4,822,694. In\\n1874 the number of miles was 2985. The completion of the great bridge\\nover the Mississippi River has given a great impetus to the development\\nof the railroad system.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Jefferson City, contained 1000 convicts in 1874. By the labor\\nof the inmates the institution is made self-sustaining. The Asylum for the\\nInsane, at Fulton, established in 1851, had 338 patients in 1875. Another\\nasylum was opened at St. Joseph in 1874, and the St. Louis County Asylum\\nreceives State aid. There is an Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at\\nFulton, and an Institution for the Blind at St. Louis. Free schools are\\nestablished by law. The statistics for 1874 were Children between 5 and\\n21 years of age, 485,249; public schools, 7829; school-houses erected dur-\\ning the year, 548; teachers, 9676 receipts for school purposes, $2,117,-\\n662. There are 18 colleges, 4 schools of theology, 2 of law, 7 of medi-\\ncine, 3 of science and 4 normal schools. Nine institutions for the superior-\\ninstruction of women report an aggregate of 1136 pupils, with 97 instruct-\\nors. The University of Missouri comprises seven departments, in which", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "296 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\ninstruction is given by 31 professors; 553 students were in attendance\\nduring the year. Connected with it is the Agricultural and Mechanical\\nCollege, with a property valued at $455,875. The last census reported\\n5645 libraries, 3229 religious organizations, having 2082 edifices, and 279\\nnewspapers, 21 of which were daily. In 1875 there were 401 newspapers\\nand periodicals, including 30 published daily and 314 Aveekly.\\nGrowth ill Population. The number of inhabitants in 1799\\nwas 6028; in 1810, 20,845 (slaves, 3011); 1820, 66,586 (slaves, 10,222);\\n1830, 140,455 (slaves, 25,091) 1840, 383,702 (slaves, 58,240) 1850, 682,-\\n044 (slaves, 87,422); 1860,1,182,012 (slaves, 114,931 1870,1,721,295\\n(free colored, 118,071). The percentage of increase between 1810 and\\n1820 was 219.6; between 1860 and 1870, 45.62. Those of foreign birth\\nnumbered 222,267 natives of the United States, 1,499,028 of whom 874,-\\n006 were born in Missouri, 102,661 in Kentucky, 76,062 in Ohio, 72,623\\nin Illinois, 70,212 in Tennessee, 61,306 in Virginia, 51,303 in Indiana,\\n31,805 in New York; 171,262 natives of Missouri were residing in other\\nStates and Territories. There were 26.34 persons to a square mile, and\\nthe State ranked fifth in total population.\\nCities and Towns. Jefferson City, the State capital, is situated on\\nthe south bank of the Missouri River, 143 miles above its mouth. It con-\\ntains the Penitentiary, a fine State House built of stone, flouriug-mills,\\nfounderies, wooden-ware and carriage-factories, 8 churches, a daily and 2\\nweekly newspapers. The population in 1870 was 4420, and was estimated\\nat 7500 in 1875. St. Louis, the fourth city of the United States in popu-\\nlation, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi River, 1378 miles\\nabove its mouth. It is near the geographical centre of the Mississippi\\nValley, which contains 1,300,000 square miles. The city extends for 12\\nmiles along the river front and is 5 miles in width. The most conspicuous\\nbuildings are the Court House, which cost $1,000,000, City Hall, Custom\\nHouse, United States Arsenal and the Merchants Exchange, which will\\nhave cost, when completed, $5,000,000. St. Louis is the third city of the\\nUnion in manufactures, ranking next to New York and Philadelphia. In\\n1860 the amount of capital invested was $12,733,948; value of raw ma-\\nterial, $16,212,699; products, $27,610,070. The increase was nearly four-\\nfold during the next decade. In 1870 the capital invested was $48,387,150\\nvalue of raw material, $63,427,509; of products, $109,513,950. Among\\nthe leading articles of manufacture are iron, flour, doors, sashes and blinds,\\ntobacco, white-lead and oil-paints. The trade in dry-goods and groceries\\nhas doubled in four years. Crossing the Mississippi is a bridge 2230 feet\\nlong and 54 feet 2 inches wide. It has 3 spans, the centre one 520 feet in\\nlength, and cost 9 millions of dollars, including the tunnel at the west end.\\nThirteen railroads are expected to have their terminus on the Illinois side,\\nand 28 distinct railroads converge toward St. Louis, which is also the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 297\\ncentre of 13,000 miles of river navigatiou. Tlie first settlement was made\\nFeb. 15, 1764. In 1775 there were 800 inhabitants; in 1830, 6694; in\\n1840, 16,469; in 1850, 77,850; in 1860, 160,773; in 1870, 310,864. The\\nsame ratio of increase would give a population of half a million in 1880;\\n425,000 are claimed in 1875. The first steamboat arrived in 1817, and\\nthe city was incorporated Dec. 9, 1822. There are 116 churches. Kansas\\nCity, the second city of the State, is 235 miles west of St. Louis, upon the\\nsouth bank of the Missouri River, which is spanned by a bridge 1387 feet\\nlong and constructed at a cost of a million dollars. Seven railroads centre\\nat a union passenger depot, affording facilities for an extensive freighting\\nbusiness. There is a large trade in hogs and in Texas cattle. The city\\ncontains 30 churches and 2 theatres 4 daily and 8 weekly newspapers are\\npublished. Population in 1860, 4418; in 1870, 32,260; estimated in 1875,\\n40,000. St. Joseph is situated on a great bend of the Missouri, 566 miles\\nfrom St. Louis, with which it is connected by railroad and steamboat lines.\\nIt contains very large steam flouring- and saw-mills, pork-packing houses\\nand manufactories. Three daily newspapers are published. St. Joseph\\nwas formerly the point of departure for emigrant trains across the plains\\nbut this primitive fashion has been mostly done away by the extension of\\nrailroads, of which five now centre at this city. Population, 19,565. Ha7i-\\nnibal, on the Mississippi River, 132 miles north of St. Louis, is the terminus\\nof 4 railroads and a station uj^on a fifth. A bridge adapted for both wagon\\nand railway travel spans the great river. Hannibal ranks next to St. Louis\\nas a lumber mart. It has several large tobacco-houses, founderies, saw-\\nmills, pork-packing houses, car-works, etc. There are 13 churches and a\\ndaily and weekly newspaper. Population, 10,125. Other leading towns\\nare Springfield (5555), Lexington (4373), Sedalia (4560), Louisiana (3679),\\nCape Girardeau (3585), Macon (3678), St. Charles (3479), Independence\\n(3184) and Booneville (3506).\\nGoveriimeilt and Laws. The legislature, which holds biennial\\nsessions, consists of 34 senators and 131 representatives. The governor\\n(salary, $5000) and other State officers are elected for two years. The\\nsupreme court consists of five judges elected by the people for six years.\\nTwenty-nine circuit courts are held, presided over by a single judge. The\\ncircuit court of St. Louis has five judges. County courts are held in the\\n114 counties. Every voter must be able to read and write. Imprisonment\\nfor debt is prohibited by the Constitution. The bonded debt Jan. 1, 1875,\\nwas $20,839,000; receipts into the State treasury for the current year,\\n$3,307,419.\\nHistory. Missouri was visited by Joliet and Marquette in 1673.\\nThe first settlement was made at St. Genevieve, in 1755. Up to 1751 there\\nwere but six settlements within 100 miles of the present site of St. Louis,\\nwhich was founded in 1764. A combined attack upon the town by the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "298 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nBritish and Indians, in 1780, was successfully repulsed. Spain obtained\\nthe jurisdiction of the country from France in 1763. It was again trans-\\nferred to France in 1800, and purchased by the United States in 1803.\\nOn the 9th of March, 1804, the stars and stripes were unfurled over what\\nwas called the Territory of Upper Louisiana. The Territory of Missouri\\nwas organized June 4, 1812. Missouri was admitted into the Union as the\\ntwenty-fourth State, and the proclamation of the President announcing the\\nfact was issued Aug. 10, 1821. Early in the civil war there were conflicts\\nbetween the State militia and the United States troops. Governor Jackson\\nissued a proclamation declaring the State out of the Union. The battle of\\nWilson s Creek, in which Maj.-Gen. Lyon was killed, was fought Aug. 10,\\n1861. Maj.-Gen. Fremont declared martial law throughout the State on\\nthe 31st of August. In the early part of 1862 the Confederate troops\\nheld half of Missouri, until Gen. Price was driven into Arkansas by a\\nstrong Federal force. A distressing guerrilla warfare kept the inhabitants\\nin continual alarm. To the Federal side 108,773 soldiers were furnished\\nduring the war. Gen. Price again invaded Missouri in 1864, and was again\\nforced to retreat. Jan. 6, 1865, a convention assembled to frame a new\\nConstitution, which was ratified by the people in the following June.\\nNEBRASKA.\\nSituation and Extent. Nebraska is bounded on the N. by Da-\\nkota, E. by Iowa and Missouri, S. by Kansas and Colorado and W. by\\nColorado and Wyoming. It is situated between latitudes 40*^ and 43\u00c2\u00b0 N.\\nand longitudes 18\u00c2\u00b0 25 and 27\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 95\u00c2\u00b0 21 and 104\u00c2\u00b0\\nW. from Greenwich. The extreme length from east to west is 412 miles,\\nand the breadth from north to south 208 miles area, 75,995 square miles,\\nor 48,636,800 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 *Sitr/\u00c2\u00abcc. The surface of the country is\\nchiefly an elevated, undulating prairie, without mountains or high hills.\\nAbove the level river-bottoms there is a rise of 30 or 40 feet to the table-\\nlands, or second bottoms, and above these are sometimes bluffs reaching to\\na height of 200 or 300 feet above the river. The prairie resembles the\\nwaves of the ocean suddenly arrested in their swell and changed into soil\\nand rock, says the Report of the General Land Office. In Western Ne-\\nl)raska begin the outlying hills of the Rocky Mountain range. Along the\\nNiobrara and White Rivers, extending into Dakota, are sand-hills, ex-\\nhibiting only a scanty vegetation, and very difficult to traverse on account\\nof the loose sand. Twenty thousand square miles of this formation are\\nunfit for cultivation and almost destitute of timber. Fossil remains of\\ngreat interest to geologists have been discovered in great quantities. The\\nWhite River fauna comprises 35 species of animals now extinct. The\\nBad Land formations extend over into Nebraska [see Dakota]. In-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 299\\ndiau hieroglypliics which antedate the traditions of all living tribes are\\ncut deep in the bluffs along the Missouri River in places now inaccessible.\\nForests. Geologists are of the opinion that the prairies have grown no\\ntrees during the present geological era, but many fossil remains of tropical\\nand subtropical vegetation are found in the tertiary formation. Since the\\nprairie-fires ceased many young trees have been planted, which grow with\\ngreat rapidity. One farmer set out 120,000 trees in a single year. A Cot-\\ntonwood, 7 years old, measured 2 feet 6 inches in circumference a maple,\\n10 years old, 2 feet 8 inches a locust of the same age, 2 feet. The com-\\nmon trees can be raised from the seed as well as corn or beans, says Prof.\\nHaydeu s Report. Peach trees bear in 3 years and apple trees in 4 or 5\\nyears. The indigenous trees, growing chiefly along the watei -courses, are\\nthe Cottonwood, soft maple, elm, butternut, basswood, oak, black-walnut,\\nhoney locust arfd willow. Timber is most abundant in the south-eastern\\ncounties. Rivers. The Missouri River forms the whole of the eastern\\niDoundary of Nebraska. The Platte, or Nebraska, River, from which the\\nState received its name, is formed by the union of two streams viz., the\\nNorth Fork, rising in the mountains of Wyoming, and the South Fork,\\nwhich has its sources among the peaks of Colorado. The Platte is a broad\\nand shallow stream, fordable almost everywhere at low water. Its prin-\\ncipal tributaries are the Coldwater, Loup Fork (made up of the North\\nBranch, South Branch, Calamus and Beaver) and Elkhorn. The southern\\npart of the State is drained by the various branches of the Kansas River,\\nof which the largest are the Republican Fork (its tributaries being White\\nMan s Fork, Medicine Creek and Beaver Creek), Little Blue and Big\\nBlue Rivers. The northern counties are drained by the Niobrara, a rapid\\nstream 400 miles long, which forms a part of the northern boundary and\\nempties into the Missouri.\\nSoil and Climate. Along the streams are wide fertile bottom\\nlauds with a rank vegetation. The soil has a siliceous marl, like the\\nloess along the Rhine. Sometimes the vegetable humus extends to a\\ndepth of from 10 to 20 feet. From 2 to 4 tons of grass or 52 bushels of\\nwheat to the acre is not an uncommon yield. A height of 6 feet is attained\\nby the blue joint grass. The upland soil is 18 or 20 inches thick. It\\nis claimed that there is hardly a foot of land in Eastern Nebraska which\\nis not susceptible of cultivation. The winters are not very long; open\\nweather continues until the end of November and spring weather begins\\nwith March. Corn is planted in April. High winds sweep over the plains,\\nand the storms are sometimes of terrible severity. There is a deficiency\\nof rain in the western part. The average rainfall for 5 years was 31.47\\ninches. In the southern district the average was only 23.21 inches. The\\nmean temperature at Omaha for the year ending September 30, 1874, was\\n49.7\u00c2\u00b0; mean for January, 22.3\u00c2\u00b0; for July, 80\u00c2\u00b0; maximum, 105\u00c2\u00b0 (upou", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "300 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nfive days in Jul) the mercury reached 100^); minimum 9\u00c2\u00b0 (the zero\\nmark was reached upon 6 days in January). The isothermals for the\\nState are: Spring, 50\u00c2\u00b0; summer, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a272\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 50\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0; winter,\\n20\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 47\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0. The rainflxll at Omaha was 25.65\\ninches.\\nAgTicultiiral Productions. During a period of five years the\\naverage yield of several staple crops per acre was as follows Wheat, 17.7\\nbushels; corn, 32.54; rye, 20.66; oats, 36.65; barley, 26.75; buckwheat,\\n26.33 potatoes, 79.80. Of apples 146 vai ieties were on exhibition at an\\nagricultural fair. One hundred and fifty species of grass have been noted.\\nThe various vegetables and fruits, such as turnips, carrots, sweet-potatoes,\\nbeets, pai snips, pumpkins, squashes, melons, grapes, cabbages, rhubarb,\\nonions, radishes, lettuce, grapes, cherries, currants and berries of various\\nkinds, are of the finest quality. Nebraska -wheat brings the highest prices\\nin the St. Louis market. The last census reported 2,073,781 acres in fiirms,\\nof which 647,031 acres were improved; average size of farms, 169 acres;\\nvalue of farms, farm implements and live-stock, $38,343,187; value of\\nfarm productions, $8,604,742. The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye,\\noats, barley, buckwheat, potato and hay crops, in 1873, was $6,848,882.\\nThere were in the State, in 1874, 56,700 horses, 4400 mules, 87,800 oxen\\nand other cattle, 49,900 milch cows, 128,500 hogs, 39,100 sheep.\\nManufactures and. Mining-. Manufactures are as yet very\\nlittle developed. There were i-eported 670 establishments, employing 2558\\nhands; value of products, $5,738,512. Flouring-mill products were valued\\nat $1,072,544, and machinery, railroad repairing, at $797,423, Few im-\\nportant minerals have been discovered. There are excellent quarries of\\nlimestone and large deposits of peat and potters clay. Salt-basins are\\nquite numerous; the Great Basin covers 400 acres, and considerable\\nquantities of salt are made. Coal is found on the eastern slopes of the\\nmountains, between Cheyenne and Denver, In 1870 the mining products\\nwere valued at $30,130, from 7 establishments.\\nRailroads. Nebraska is deficient in navigable waters, except along\\nthe Missouri (Omaha is the only United States port of delivery), and most\\nof the transportation is done by railroads. More than a million and a half\\nbushels of grain were sent to market by a single railroad line in 1874.\\nOnly 122 miles were completed in 1865. In 1873 the number of miles\\nwas 1075; cost per mile, $69,532; total capital account, $115,311,976;\\nreceipts, $11,358,447; receipts per mile, $6541; receipts to an inhabitant,\\n$59.78; net earnings, $5,612,050; the mileage in 1874 was 1120,\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary and the Asylum for the Insane are at Lincoln, An Institute for the\\nDeaf and Dumb was opened at Omaha in 1869, with 12 pupils, Au act\\nwas passed in 1875 providing for an Asylum for the Blind at Nebraska", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 301\\nCity. The school lauds comprise 2,700,000 acres, which, at the estimated\\nvalue of seveu dollars per acre, would afford a school fuud of $18,900,000.\\nJan. 1, 1875, the uumber of school-houses was 1516; children, 72,991;\\nattending school, 47,718; teachers, 2735; value of school-houses and\\ngrounds, $1,546,480; total expenditures for school purposes, $1,004,957.\\nThe State Normal School comprises three departments. There are three\\ncolleges viz., Doane College, at Crete, a Congregational institution; Ne-\\nbraska College, at Nebraska City, which has also a divinity school, under\\nthe auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church and the University of\\nNebraska, at Lincoln, founded in 1871. This is open for both sexes, and\\nis designed to afford instruction in six departments, including law, medi-\\ncine, pi actical science and civil engineering, and the fine arts. The last\\ncensus reported 390 libraries, with 147,040 volumes, 181 religious organ-\\nizations, having 108 edifices, and 42 newspapers, 7 of them dailies. In\\n1875 the number of newspapers and periodicals was 98, of which 10 were\\npublished daily.\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants in 1860 was 28,841 in\\n1870, 122,993, of whom 789 were colored, 30,748 foreign born, and 92,245\\nnatives of the United States. Of the latter number 18,530 were born in\\nNebraska, 9655 in Illinois, 1083 in Maine, 997 in Massachusetts, 4650 in\\nINIissouri, 10,729 iu Ohio, 6991 in Pennsylvania, 2036 in Virginia, 3756 in\\nWisconsin and 633 in the Territories 4704 natives of Nebraska had re-\\nmoved to other jDarts of the Union. There are about 6500 Indians, not\\ntaxed nor included in the census, who reside upon reservations of 892,800\\nacres, allowing 135.7 acres of laud to each Indian man, woman and child.\\nThey belong mostly to the tribes of the Santee Sioux, Pawnees, Winneba-\\ngoes, Omahas, Sacs and Foxes, Otoes and Missouris.\\nCities and Towns. Lincoln, the State capital, was laid out in\\n1867. The State-House is of white limestone, and cost $100,000. The\\nState University has a building erected at an expense of $150,000. A\\nUnited States Post-Office and Custom-House is iu process of erection.\\nThis city is at the intersection of 3 railroads. It is the seat of the State\\nPenitentiary and Asylum for the Insane. There are 10 churches, 5 banks\\nand 7 newspapers, 3 of them published daily. The population iu 1870\\nwas 2441, and in 1875 about 6500. Omaha, ou the Missouri River, oppo-\\nsite Council Bluffs and 490 miles west from Chicago, is the principal city.\\nIts altitude is 1060 feet above sea level. The town was laid out in 1854\\nand the city incorporated in 1857. Among the fine buildings is a United\\nStates Post-Office and Court-House which cost $350,000. Ten millions of\\ndollars a year is the estimated amount of the wholesale trade. Gold and\\nsilver to the value of $1,350,000 and lead to the value of $800,000 were\\nsmelted in 1874. Omaha is the terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad\\nand the site of its extensive repair-shops. Pork-packing is largely carried", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "302 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\non. There are 25 cliurches and 9 periodicals, 3 of them dailies. The Higli\\nSchool was erected at an expense of nearly $250,000. In 1860 the number\\nof inhabitants was 1950; in 1870, 16,083; in 1875, about 20,000. Ne-\\nbraska City, founded in 1855, is situated on the Missouri River, 35 miles\\nbelow Omaha. It is the terminus of the Midland Pacific Railroad, and\\nhas a Court- House, Opera-House, 3 banks, 13 churches, 2 daily newspa-\\npers, a public library and several factories and flouriug-mills. Nebraska Col-\\nlege is located here. The population of the city in 1870 was 6050. Other\\nleading towns are Fort Kearney, Columbus, Fremont, Bellevue, Browu-\\nvillc and Plattsmouth.\\nGovernment and Laws. In 1858 the civil code of Ohio and\\nthe criminal code of Illinois were adopted. Sixty-five counties have been\\nformed, and a large part of the State is as yet unorganized. The legisla-\\nture, which holds biennial sessions, consists of 13 senators and 39 represent-\\natives. All executive ofiicers are elected for a term of 2 years, except the\\nauditor, who serves for 4 years. The supreme court consists of 3 justices,\\nwith a salary of $2000 each, who are elected by the people, for a term of\\n6 years. Two terms of the court are held annually at the State capital.\\nThree judicial districts have been established, in the courts of which the\\nsupreme court judges preside. Probate courts, which also have jurisdic-\\ntion in minor civil cases, are held in each county. The total valuation of\\nthe State in 1874 was $81,218,813, and the tax 6i mills on the dollar.\\nTen per cent, is the legal rate of interest.\\nHistory. This Territory was organized in accordance with the\\nKansas-Nebraska Act, passed May 30, 1854. Parts of Colorado and Da-\\nkota were included within its original boundaries. Indian outrages marked\\nthe early history of Nebraska, as of every other liew State. Many settlers\\nlost their lives and others were compelled to abandon their homes. On the\\n1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the Union as the thirty-\\nseventh State. It is the youngest member of the Republic. The Constitu-\\ntion proposed by the constitutional convention was rejected by the people\\nSept. 19, 1871. Another convention met in 1875. The summer of 1874\\nwas made memorable by the ravages of the locusts, or grasshoppers, which\\nin their flight filled the air as far as the eye could reach and, descending,\\ndevoured every green thing. In many counties the corn and wheat crops\\nwere totally destroyed. Congress appropriated $30,000 for the relief of\\nthe destitute, and nearly $70,000 were contributed by individuals.\\nNEVADA.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Nevada is bounded on the N. by Oregon\\nand Idaho, E. by Utah and Arizona, S. W. and W. by California. It is\\nsituated between latitudes 35\u00c2\u00b0 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 and 43\u00c2\u00b0 W.\\nfrom Washington, or 114\u00c2\u00b0 and 120 W. from Greenwich. The portion", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 303\\nabove the 39th parallel is a rectangular parallelogram and the portion\\nbelow a right-angled triangle, with one angle cut away by the Colorado\\nRiver, which constitutes the extreme south-eastern boundary. The length\\nof the State from north to south is 485 miles and its greatest breadth from\\neast to west 320 miles; area, 104,125 square miles, or 66,640,000 acres.\\nOnly Texas and California are larger.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Most of Nevada belongs to the\\nGreat Basin, a table-land elevated 4500 feet above the sea. This is\\nbroken by successive mountain ranges, running parallel from north to\\nsouth, the highest peaks of which are always covered with snow. Star\\nPeak reaches an altitude of 11,000 feet. Between the mouutaius are deep\\nvalleys and broad basins. The Sierra Nevada, from 7000 to 13,000 feet\\nin height, extends along the western boundary. Marked signs of volcanic\\nagency are shown in the formation of the mountains, rocks, minerals and\\nlakes. Rivers and Lakes. The largest river is the Colorado, navigable for\\n600 miles [see- Arizona]. Humboldt River rises in the mountains and\\nempties into the lake of the same name after a course of 300 miles.\\nWalker River (formed by the union of the East and West forks) and\\nCarson River rise in the Sierras and flow into lakes which have no visible\\noutlet. Many of the streams, among which is Reese River, in the centre\\nof the State, disappear in the porous soil and reappear, or terminate in\\nsloughs called sinks. Lake Tahoe, lying partly in California, is 21 miles\\nlong, 10 miles wide and 1500 feet deep. Although it is elevated 6000 feet\\nabove the sea, the water never freezes, and has a mean temperature of 57\u00c2\u00b0\\nfor the year. The other principal lakes are: Pyramid Lake (33 miles long\\nand 14 miles wide), Walker (30 miles long and 7 wide). Mud, Franklin,\\nGoshute and Preuss Lakes. A large number of sinks, or mud lakes,\\ncontain only a foot or so of alkaline, brackish water, and in summer are\\nentirely dry. Hot Springs. Among the remarkable physical features of\\nNevada are its hot springs, some of which are 100 feet in diameter, 150\\nfeet deep and have a temperature of 200 degrees. The Steamboat Springs,\\nin Washoe county (so called because the steam issues in puffs, as if from\\nan engine), register a temperature of 204 degrees. Chemical analysis\\nshows that the mineral ingredients of these Avaters are the chlorides of mag-\\nnesium and sodium, lime, sulphur and iron. Cold springs are very numer-\\nous in the mountain regions. Forests. A heavy growth of timber, princi-\\npally pine, fir and spruce, covers the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.\\nThe other mountain ranges are but scantily wooded and the trees are usually\\nof the dwarf variety, such as nut-pine, juniper and mountain mahogany.\\nWhite Pine county has. a considerable growth of white pine and white fir;\\nyellow pine grows on the slopes of the Spring Mountains. Large portions\\nof the valleys and plains are entirely destitute of wood. Wild animals\\nare few; those most frequently met with are the wolf, cayote, hare, etc.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "304 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There are fertile valleys in the west. A con-\\nsiderable portion of the plains has but a scanty vegetation, and the great\\nColorado Basin is worthy of the name of desert. Good crops can be\\nprocured by irrigation. Nevada has in general an equable climate. The\\nmercury very frequently rises to 90\u00c2\u00b0 at midday, but sinks to 70\u00c2\u00b0 at night.\\nThere is an excessive heat in the south-east, sometimes reaching to 115\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe isothermal lines are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-85\u00c2\u00b0; autumn,\\n52\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 35\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0. The rainy season in\\nthe north and west extends from January to May.\\nAgriculture. The census of 1870 reported 1036 farms, averaging\\n201 acres each; laud in farms, 208,010 acres; improved, 92,644; value\\nof farms, $1,485,505; of farm implements, $163,718; of live-stock,\\n$1,445,445; total, $3,094,672; value of farm productions, including bet-\\nterments and additions to stock, $1,659,713. Some of the leading produc-\\ntions of 1873 were: 12,000 bushels of corn, 345,000 of wheat, 75,000 of\\noats, 420,000 of barley, 175,000 of potatoes, 55,000 tons of hay. Of live-\\nstock, in 1874, there were 10,100 horses, 1000 mules, 44,000 oxen and\\nother cattle, 9000 milch cows, 4900 hogs, 18,000 sheep. The foot-hills\\nafford most nutritious pasturage for cattle, and Nevada offers great facil-\\nities for the keeping of stock.\\nMinerals and Mining. Since the year 1871 the State of Nevada\\nhas ranked first in the i^rodudion of the precious metals, oidstripjnng even\\nCalifornia. The bullion product from 1861 to 1871 was estimated at\\n$160,854,143, and from 1871 to 1875 at $244,580,000; total product from\\n1861 to 1875, $405,474,143. The Comstock lode is one of the wonders of\\nthe world. In the autumn of 1870 the stock sold for $3 per share; in the\\nfollowing June it was held at $340 per share. The yield of the lode from\\nJuly 1, 1872, to Sept. 1, 1873, was $22,122,666. In the four years from\\n1871 to 1875 the yield was $169,000,000. Between 1859 and 1871 the\\nproduct, as estimated by the United States Commissioner of Mines, was\\n$125,000,000; total yield from 1859 to 1875, $294,000,000. Yet the won-\\nderful riches are by no means exhausted. Recent discoveries give promise\\nof even larger treasure. The Great Bonanza is estimated, in 1875, to\\ncontain silver to the value of $1,500,000,000. The ore yields -$600 per\\nton. A tunnel is in progress which will extend for 20,000 feet. The bul-\\nlion product of the State during 1874 was $35,457,233, surpassing that of\\nany other year. In connection with the precious metals, cinnabar, man-\\nganese, plumbago, magnesia, platinum, zinc, tin, nickel, cobalt and arsenic\\nare found. Copper is quite extensively mined. There are deposits of\\nkaolin, nitre, alum and mineral pigments. Soda aqd salt occur in incred-\\nible quantities. On a lake near the centre of the State soda forms in an\\nalmost pure state. A thousand acres near Sand Springs are covered with\\nthe borates of soda and lime. Salt-beds extend over fifty square miles in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 305\\nEsmeralda county, much of which is covered with incrustations of pure\\nsalt. In the south-east there are salt-bluffs 500 feet high, forming a mass\\nof rock-salt 2 miles long and IJ miles wide. Most of the manufacturing\\nof Nevada is in close connection with its mines. The census reported\\n330 manufacturing establishments, employing 2859 hands and yielding\\nproducts valued at ^15,875,439. Of this last amount, the value of quartz\\nmilled was $12,119,719; gold and silver, reduced and refined, $260,000;\\nlead, pig, $894,600; iron, castings, $641,250; machinery, $273,500; lum-\\nber, $447,500.\\nRailroads. Nevada has fewer miles of water communication than\\nany other State in the Union. Only one navigable river (the Colorado)\\ntouches it, and that but for a few miles. Hence railroads are especially\\nneeded for transportation. Three railroads are now in operation viz., the\\nUnion Pacific, Virginia and Truclcee, and Pioche and Bullionville, having\\nin the aggregate 629 miles of track.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New buildings for the\\nState Prison are now in process of erection at Reno. The blind, deaf and\\ndumb and insane are supported by the State in the institutions of Califor-\\nnia. A uniform system of common schools is required by the Constitution.\\nBy the provisions of an act passed in 1873, parents and guardians are re-\\nquired to send every child between the ages of 8 and 14 years to a public\\nschool for a period of at least six weeks in each school J^ear. The report\\nof the State Superintendent of Public Education for the year ending Aug.\\n31, 1874, gives the following statistics: Children of school age, 6315;\\nschool districts, 71; schools, 108; teachers, 115; pupils enrolled, 4811;\\nreceipts for school purposes, $126,094. By an act passed in March, 1873,\\nthe State University was located at Elko the institution was opened in\\n1874, and $20,000 were appropriated for its support in 1875. The land\\ngranted by Congress for an agricultural college in each State will be ap-\\npropriated to the University of Nevada. There were, in 1870, 314 libra-\\nries, with 158,010 volumes, 32 religious organizations, having 19 edifices,\\nand 12 newspapers, of which 5 were daily. There were 22 papers, 12 of\\nthem daily, in 1875.\\nCities and Towns. Carson City, the capital, is situated in Eagle\\nValley, 190 miles north-east of San Francisco. It has a fine State-House\\nand a United States Branch Mint, at which the deposits of bullion up to\\nJan. 1, 1875, were $14,093,487.86 in gold and $14,109,017.19 in silver;\\ntotal, $28,202,505.05. There are several large quartz-mills. Two daily\\npapers are published. The population, in 1870, was 3042, of whom 697\\nwere Chinese. The other principal towns are: Virginia City (population,\\n7048), Gold Hill (4311), Hamilton (3913), Treasure (1920), Austin\\n(1324), Elko (1160), Pioche City (1144), Reno (1035), Dayton (918) and\\nSilver City (879).\\n20", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "306 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nCirovvtli ill ropiilJitioii.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silver wuH discovered in 1859. The\\nwhole Territory did not then contain more than 1000 inhabitants. In 1860\\nthe population was 6857; in 1870, 42,491, of whom 357 were colored and\\n38,959 white; 32,379 males and 10,112 females; 18,801 foreigners (includ-\\ning 3152 Chinese) and 23,690 natives. Of the latter 3356 were born in\\nNevada, 105 in Alabama, 103 in Arkansas, 2390 in California, 285 in\\nConnecticut, 72 in Delaware, 27 in Florida, 87 in Georgia, 1144 in Illi-\\nnois, 520 in Indiana, 492 in Iowa, 11 in Kansas, 603 in Kentucky, 195 in\\nLouisiana, 1083 in Maine, 298 in Maryland, 997 in Massachusetts, 389 in\\nMichigan, 24 in Minnesota, (57 in Mississippi, 1053 in Missouri, 19 in Ne-\\nbraska, 289 in New Hampshire, 331 in New Jersey, 3256 in New York,\\n109 in North Carolina, 1858 in Ohio, 70 in Oregon, 1458 in Pennsylvania,\\ni;U in Rhode Island, 73 in South Carolina, 324 in Tennessee, 73 in Texas,\\n419 in Vermont, 541 in Virginia, 330 in Wisconsin and 1085 in the Terri-\\ntories 1532 natives of Nevada had removed to other parts of the Union.\\nThere were 9880 families, averaging 4.3 persons each, and 12,970 dwell-\\nings, averaging 3.27 persons each a lower average for both families and\\ndwellings than existed in any other State. Indian reservations of 320,000\\nacres each have been set apart near Lake Walker and Pyi-amid Lake, and\\nthere is a reservation of 2,496,000 acres in tlu; south-east. Upon these\\nlands there were, in 1875, about 5000 tribal Iiulians, including Pah Utes,\\nPi Utes, Goship Utes and Shoshones.\\nOoveriiiiioiit and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 25 mend)ers, chosen for 2 years, and an assembly of 50 mem-\\nbers, chosen for 4 years. Each member receives $8 per day and 40 cents\\na mile for travel between his home and the seat of government. Biennial\\nsessions arc held, which are limited to 60 days. The governor (salary,\\n$6000) and other executive officers are chosen for a term of 4 years. The\\nsupreme court consists of 3 judges, elected for 6 years and receiving an\\nanimal salary of $7000 each. Nine judicial circuits are established, with\\ncourts presided over by a single judge. Justices of the peace are elected\\nin every city and township. In the trial of civil cases three-fourths of a\\njury may render a verdict. Ten per cent, is the legal interest, but any\\nrate may be lawfully agreed upon. The assessed value of property, in\\n1874, was $26,630,279 receipts into the State treasury, $570,277; expend-\\nitures, $641,856, of which $64,090 were approi)riatcd for the State Prison,\\n$50,601 for the new prison at Reno, .0,510 for schools and $15,652 for\\nthe State University. On the 1st of January, 1875, the State debt was\\n$735,528.\\nHistory. Nevada formerly belonged to Mexico, and was ceded to\\ntlie llnitinl States in 1848. Settlements were made by Mormons in the\\nCarson, Eagle and AVashoe Valleys during the same year. Gold was dis-\\ncovered in 1849 and silver in 1859. A Territorial government was organ-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 307\\nized March 2, 1801, and Nevada was admitted to tlie Union as the tliirty-\\nsixth member of the sisterhood of States on the 31st of October, 1804. So\\nlate in the year was the Convention hehl that it was ueoessary to telegraph\\nthe Constitution to Washington in order to secure the aihuissiou of the\\nState before the presidential election.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nSituatiou and Extent. New Hampshire is bouudei.1 ou the N.\\nby the Province of Quebec, E. by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by\\nMassachusetts antl W. by Vermont. It lies between latitudes 42^ 40 and\\n45^ 18 N. and longitudes 4 25 and (y^ 20 E. from Washington, or 70\u00c2\u00b0\\n40 and 72^ 35 W. from Greenwich. The State has somewhat the shape\\nof a rigiit-angled triangle, with a })eri)endicular of 175 miles, a base of 75\\nmiles and a hypotenuse of 190 miles. The uorthern boundary runs for\\n110 miles along the water-shed between the St. Lawrence and the Conuec-\\nticut Rivers. An iron post at a point 2590 feet above the sea-level marks\\nthe north-easteru terminus. The area of New Hampshire is stated at 9280\\nsquare miles iu the United States census report; but the computation of\\nthe State geological survey gives 9392 square miles, or 6,010,880 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Mountains. Along the 18 miles of sea-coast\\nare sandy beaches and salt marshes. The back country is diversilied and\\nr()lling, with many hills and mountain peaks, among the most elevated of\\nwhich {^outside the White Mountain group) are Orand ^lonadnock, in\\nJaffrey, 3180 feet high, Mt. Kearsarge (,2943 feet Tri Pyramid, in Grafton\\n(4080), Mt. Passacouaway (4200), Moosilauke (4811), Chocorua (3358).\\nThe White Mountain District covers an area of 1270 square miles, mostly\\nwooded aud very sparsely inhabited. The Saco River cuts it very nearly\\nin the centre. Ten groups of mountains have been noted. From Gorham\\nto Bartlett, a distance of 22 miles, the main range stretches in a direction\\nfrom north-east to south-west. The principal peaks, taking them in suc-\\ncession from the north, ai e Mt. Madison, 5305 feet in height, Adams\\n(5794), Jefferson (5714), Clay (pb^ i), Washington (0293), Monroe (5384),\\nFranklin (4904), Pleasant (4704), Clinton (4320), Jackson (4100), Web-\\nster (4000). Mt. Washington is the only one of the group which reache-s\\nan altitude of 6000 feet; 8 are jnore than 5000 feet high, 14 more than\\n4500, 20 more than 4000 and 28 equal, or exceed, 3000 I eet. jNIt. Lafay-\\nette, at Franconia Notch, is 5500 feet iu height, and the Twin Mountains\\n5000 feet. In only one other State east of the Rocky Mountains are there\\nsuch elevations [see North Carolina]. No ascent of JNIt. Washington was\\nmade by white men until the year 1042. It is a remarkable fact that while\\nso many of the streams and lakes of New Hampshire are known by Indian\\nnames, the great mountains had no individual designation in the Indian\\nvocabulary. It is said in explanation that the superstitious savages never", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "308 BVBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nvisited the summits, because they feared to expose themselves to the wrath\\nof the spirits with which their imagination j^eopled the heights. The name\\nof Agiocochook was applied to the whole group in one dialect; in another\\nthe designation was AVaumbckket Methna, signifying mountains with\\nsnowy foreheads. An Indian tradition says that the whole country was\\nonce flooded, and all the inhabitants were drowned save one Powaw and\\nhis wife, who fled to the summit of the Agiocochook, and thus survived to\\nrepeople the earth. The White Mountain Notch was discovered in 1771.\\nIt soon became a considerable thoroughfare, and long strings of teams from\\nVermont and Northern New Hampshire found their way to Portland\\nthrough this avenue. The Notch, which is 2 miles long, is onl}^ 22 feet\\nwide at the gate, and through it runs the Saco River. The first horse\\ntaken through the gap, to prove that the route was feasible, was let down\\nover the rocks by ropes. On the 28th of August, 1826, occurred the great\\navalanche which buried tlie Willey family of 9 persons. The house from\\nwhich they fled is still standing. Not more than 10 or 12 persons from a\\ndistance visited the mountains in 1819. August 21, 1820, a party spent\\nthe night upon the summit. The throng of summer visitors now numbers\\n10,000 a year. The elevated railway has a maximum grade of 1980 feet\\nto the mile or 13i inches to the yard. Among the objects of special inter-\\nest to tourists are the Lake of the Clouds and the Old Man of the\\nMountains, wlwse profile, elevated 1200 feet above the lake beneath, mea-\\nsures 36 feet from the chin to the top of the head. In Coos county there\\nare two other mountainous districts, separated from the White Hills by\\ndeep valleys. New Hampshire has an average elevation of 1400 feet above\\nthe sea. Lakes and Rivers. One-sixth of the whole area is covered with\\nwater. No less than 1500 streams are delineated upon the maps. Almost\\nupon the Canada line, elevated 2551 feet above the ocean level and sur-\\nrounded by a dense forest of evergreens, is the lake which is the source of\\nthe Connecticut River. After flowing through two other small ponds and\\nreceiving several little tributaries the stream passes into the Connecticut\\nLake, which is 4 miles long, 2! miles wide and 1619 feet above the sea.\\nLake Magalloway, the source of the river of the same name, covers 320\\nacres and is elevated 2225 feet. Lake Umbagog (1256 feet high) extends\\nover into Maine. Lake Winnipiseogee is 25 miles long, 81 miles wide and\\ncontains 274 islands. A little north-west of this is Squam Lake, 5 miles\\nin length and 4 in breadth. Other considerable bodies of water are Suna-\\npee and Ossipee Lakes. Perched 5009 feet above the sea is the Lake of\\nthe Clouds, the source of the Ammonoosuc River. The State is divided\\ninto five hydrographic districts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., the Connecticut, Merrimack, Piscata-\\nqua, Saco and Androscoggin. (1.) The Connecticut Basin is 185 miles\\nlong, from 5 to 30 wide and covers an area of 3060 square miles in New\\nHampshire. For 211 miles this river constitutes the western boundary of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUIDE. 309\\nthe State. Its priucipal tributaries are the Upper and Lower Ainiiiouoo-\\nsuc, Sugar, Cokl and Ashuclot Rivers, all of them originating; on the west-\\nern side of the Heights of Laud. (2.) The basiu of the Merrimack is\\n98 miles long, from 15 to 60 miles wide and comprises 3825 square miles.\\nThe Peraigewasset and the Winnipiseogce unite to form the Merrimack.\\n(3.) The Piscataqua Basin of 825 square miles is 45 miles in length and\\nfrom 10 to 20 in width. This river is made up of the Cocheco and the\\nSalmon Falls, which come together at Dover. (4.) The basiu of the Saco\\nis 46 miles long by 18 wide ami contains 850 square miles. (5.) The An-\\ndroscoggin Basiu is 71 miles loug, from 10 to 30 miles wide and covers an\\narea of 825 square miles. All of the above streams are subject to sudden\\nfloods; they are abundantly stocked with fish, aud salmon were so plentiful\\nthat laborers in the olden times stipulated that they should not be fed upon\\nsalmon diet more than five days in a week. Off the coast are the Isles of\\nShoals, 8 in number, of which 3 are under the jurisdiction of New Hamp-\\nshire aud 5 belong to Maine. Their total area is only about 600 acres.\\nForests. A dense growth of trees originally extended over most of the\\nState. Clearing land was the first work of the early settler. Coos county\\nis still covered with an almost unbroken primeval forest. Two-thirds of\\nthe Connecticut and one-third of the Piscataqua basins are still in timber\\nlaud. The hills and mountains are covered with a growth of pine, oak (6\\nspecies), walnut, cedar, hemlock, fir, beech, maple, balsam, poplar aud\\nbutternut;- white oak aud chestnut flourish on the hard, stony tracts, and\\nspruce and hemlock ou the thin, cold soils. Other trees are the ash, bass-\\nwood, birch (4 species), buttonwood, larch, locust, etc. Pines sometimes\\ngrow to a height of 200 feet and to a diameter of 40 inches. There is a\\nvery marked diflerence between the vegetation of the northefli and south-\\nern parts. More than 1000 species of plants have been noted. Forest\\ntrees grow ou the White JNIountains below the line of 3000 feet antl in\\nsheltered localities up to 4000 feet. Above that the plants common to\\nGreeuland and Labrador are found. The bear, wolf, moose and other wild\\nanimals are occasionally seen.\\nSoil ailtl Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About oue-twelfth of the area is above the\\nliue of successful cultivation. The alluvial lauds along the Connecticut\\nare the most fertile. In the Merrimack Valley there are no swamps or\\nlow meadows, but elevated sandy plains above the clay banks. The up-\\nlands, though rocky, have a strong and quick soil. In Belknap s history\\nwe read: A storm is always expected in May, and till that is past the\\nchimuey is not closed. We therefore reckon eight months of cold weather\\nin the year. Cattle are housed from the beginning of November;\\ngood husbandmen do not permit them to feed till the twenty-first of May.\\nLight frosts have been known in every month of the year. In 1816 snow\\nfell in Southern New Hampshire ou the 16th of June, and August was the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "310 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nonly month exempt from frost. Observations continued for six years\\nshowed that the earliest closing of Lake Wiunipiseogee by ice was Dec.\\n17, and the latest Jan. 23; the earliest opening April 10, and the latest\\nMay 4 the shortest time during which it remained open was 7 months and\\n13 days, in 1873. Umbagog Lake closes about the middle of November,\\nand was not clear of ice in 1873 until May 11. At Hanover the mean\\ntemperature, for 14 years, was 40.67\u00c2\u00b0 at Concord, for 8 years, 44.5\u00c2\u00b0 (max-\\nimum, 98\u00c2\u00b0, minimum, \u00e2\u0080\u009432\u00c2\u00b0); at Portsmouth, for 29 years, 45.42\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nlowest mean reported (not including the mountains) was at Stratford,\\n39.85\u00c2\u00b0; and the highest at Manchester, 48.72\u00c2\u00b0, and at Wakefield, 52.78\u00c2\u00b0.\\nA scientific party of 5, under the direction of Prof C. H. Hitchcock and\\nJ. H. Huntington, spent the winter of 1870-71 (from November 12 to May\\n12) upon Mt. Washington. The climate for this altitude would correspond\\nwith that of the middle of Greenland, latitude 70\u00c2\u00b0 N. On the 5th of Feb-\\nruary, 1871, the temperature was 59 degrees below zero. Feb. 7 it rose to\\n62\u00c2\u00b0, a change of 121\u00c2\u00b0 between Sunday and Tuesday. A wind velocity of\\n105 miles per hour was measured (the greatest velocity ever noted at the\\nCentral Park, in New York, was 45 miles) but even this was surpassed\\non the 15th of November, 1871, when the anemometer showed that the\\nwind was blowing 151 miles an hour. The annual rainfall on Mt. Wash-\\nington -is 55 inches in the centre of the State, 46 inches along the sea-\\ncoast, 35 inches. The isothermals for New Hampshire are Spring, 40\u00c2\u00b0\\nsummer, 62\u00c2\u00b0-67\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 43\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0; mean, 45\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nclimate, although rigorous, is favorable to longevity. Deaths are recorded\\nat the ages of 120, 116 and 115 years, Belknap s history gives a list of\\n91 persons who lived to the age of a century. Thirteen centenarians were\\nliving in 1850.\\nAgricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of farms in 1870\\nwas 29,642, averaging 169 acres each; 6 contained over 1000 acres. The\\nwhole acreage in farm lands was 3,605,994, of which 2,334,487 acres were\\nimproved and 1,047,090 acres in woodland; value of farms, $80,589,313;\\nof implements, $3,459,943; of live-stock, $15,246,545; of forest products,\\n$1,743,944; of orchard products, $743,562; of market-gardens, $119,997.\\nAmong the products were 1,800,704 pounds of maple-sugar, 16,884 gallons\\nof maple-molasses and 2446 gallons of wine. The value of the Indian\\ncorn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops\\nof 1873 was $14,704,900. In 1874 there were in the State 47,500 horses,\\n118,100 oxen and other cattle, 92,700 milch cows, 37,800 hogs, and 237,700\\nsheep.\\nManufactures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New Hampshire has fine water-power, and ranks\\nfourth in the value of cotton and woollen goods. A canal was built around\\nthe Amoskeag Falls in 1816; but Manchester did not become a manufac-\\nturing town until 25 years later. A blast-furnace was erected at Franconia", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 311\\niu 1811; an ore was obtained from a mountain in Lisbon which yielded\\nfrom 56 to 63 per cent, of pure iron. The number of manufacturing estab-\\nlishments reported at the last census was 3342; hands employed, 40,783;\\nvalue of products, $71,038,249. Among the leading values were: Cotton\\ngoods, $16,999,672; woollen goods, $8,703,307; boots and shoes, $4,780,-\\n020; printing, cotton and woollen goods, $4,670,333; lumber, $3,920,522;\\ntanned leather, $1,965,576; paper, $1,913,595; flouring-mill products,\\n$1,270,226; fire engines, $800,000; etc. There were 36 cotton and 156\\nwoollen mills. In 1874 the number of cotton-mills was 42, having 855,189\\nspindles.\\n3Iiiierals and Mining^. Copper, lead, zinc, tin and arsenic are\\nfound. Gold has been mined in Lisbon to the value of $30,000 mica\\nis quarried soapstone is abundant, and the granite of New Hampshire is\\nextensively used. The product of the mines was $323,805 in 1870, of\\nwhich $309,720 was the value of quarried stone.\\nConiinerce and jVavigation. Before the Eevolution a large\\ntrade in lumber and fish was carried on with the West Indies and Great\\nBritain. This commerce was annihilated by the war, at the close of which,\\nin 1783, there was not a single square-rigged vessel in a seaworthy condi-\\ntion. Commerce gradually revived, and in 1806 the tonnage of Ports-\\nmouth was 22,798, and the total exports were valued at $795,263 123\\nvessels cleared for the West Indies. This bright season of commercial\\nprosperity was closed by the embargo, Dec. 22, 1807 [see Historical\\nSketch, page 114]. During the year ending June 30, 1874, 54 vessels en-\\ntered and 63 cleared in the foreign trade; value of imports, $41,388. Three\\nvessels were built during the year, and there were 74 belonging to the cus-\\ntoms district, of which 26 were employed in the cod- and mackerel-fisheries.\\nRailroads. Ninety-two miles of railroad had been constructed up\\nto 1844. In 1873 the number of miles was 877 cost per mile, $24,009\\ntotal capital account, $13,781,413 receipts, $3,618,460 receipts per mile,\\n$4126; receipts to an inhabitant, $11.24; net earnings, $1,166,274. The\\nmileage in 1874 was 946, under the control of 22 corporations. Rail-\\nroads are taxed at the same rate as other property, the present value\\nof the capital being fixed by the judges of the superior court.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State Prison at\\nConcord, established in 1812, has less than 100 inmates. The surplus\\nearnings of the prisoners amounted to more than ten thousand dollars.\\nThe Asylum for the Insane, also at Concord, was opened in 1842. It had\\nreceived legacies and donations amounting to $244,180 up to 1874; number\\nof inmates about 275. A Reform School for boys and girls has been in\\nsuccessful operation at Manchester since 1855, and receives about 150\\npupils annually. The blind are supported at the Perkins Institute iu\\nBoston, and the deaf and dumb at the American Asylum in Hartford. A", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "312 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncompulsory education law has been in force since 1871. All children be-\\ntween the ages of 8 and 14 years are required to attend school for at least\\n6 weeks in every year. In 1873-4 the State was divided into 2148 school\\ndistricts; value of school-houses, $2,208,025; pupils enrolled, 69,178;\\nteachers, 3812 amount of State school fund, $488,104; total expenditures,\\nS606,846. A normal school was opened at Plymouth in 1871. Five in-\\nstitutions afford to young women the opportunities for higher education,\\nPhillips Academy, at Exeter, established in 1781, and Kimball Union\\nAcademy, at Meriden, are ancient and flourishing schools. Dartmouth is\\nthe only college [see American Education]. The census reported\\n1526 libraries, 633 religious organizations, with 624 edifices, and 51 news-\\npapers, 7 of them dailies. In 1875 there were 9 daily newspapers and 68\\nof all kinds.\\nCities and Towns. Concord, the State capital, situated on the\\nMerrimack River, has a fine State-House, rebuilt in 1866. Water is drawn\\nfrom Long Pond at an expense of $200,000. The city has extensive quar-\\nries, 120 factories, the products of which are valued at $3,616,000 annu-\\nally, 16 churches, 4 railroads, 2 daily newspapers, and the State library\\nof 11,000 volumes. Population, 12,241. Manchester is also on the Merri-\\nmack River, which is spanned by 5 bridges. There are 5 corporations for\\nthe manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, with a capital of $6,650,000\\nnumber of looms, 7654 operatives, 9000, of whom 6300 are females. The\\ncity library contains 18,000 volumes. Two daily and three weekly news-\\npapers are published. Population, 23,535, of whom 7158 were foreign\\nborn. Nashua, at the junction of the Nashua River with the Merrimack,\\nhas extensive cotton- and iron- mills, a library of 6000 volumes, 2 daily\\nand 2 weekly newspapers, 11 churches and 6 railroads. The number of\\ninhabitants was 10,543. Dover (population, 9294) is the oldest town in\\nthe State. It is situated on the Piscataqua River, 12 miles from the ocean,\\nand is engaged very largely in the manufacture of cotton and woollen\\ngoods, boots and shoes, etc. There are three weekly new^spapers, 8\\nchurches and 2 railroads. Portsmouth (9211) is the only sea-port in New\\nHampshire, and its commerce has already been noted. Its situation at\\nthe mouth of the Piscataqua aflPords a deep harbor never impeded by ice.\\nOn the opposite side of the river is the Kittery Navy Yard. The other\\nleading towns of New Hampshire are Keene (5971), Rochester (4103),\\nClaremont (4053), Exeter (3437), Lebanon (3094), Milford (2606), Lit-\\ntleton (2446), Newport (2163), Hanover (2085).\\nPopnlation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 141,885;\\n1800,183,858; 1810,214,460; 1820,244,022; 1830,269,328; 1840,284,-\\n574; 1850, 317,976; 1860, 326,073; 1870, 318,300. The number of for-\\neign birth was 29,611 native birth, 288,689, of whom 242,374 were born\\nin the State. New Hampshire had received 46,495 from other States, while", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 313\\nshe had given to them 124,972 of her children, showing a loss to the Granite\\nState of 78,477. There was a decrease in jiopulation during the last decade\\nof 7773. The number of inhabitants to a square mile was o4.3. The\\noriginal settlers of New Hampshire were principally of Scotch and Irish\\ndescent.\\nGoverilineilt and Laws. The general court, or legislature, con-\\nsists of 12 senators and 341 representatives. Biennial sessions are held.\\nThe governor (salary, $1000) and his council are elected annually. Only\\nProtestants are eligible to the legislative and judicial offices according to\\nthe Constitution. Three justices preside over the superior court, two terms\\nof which are held each year at Concord. The circuit court also has 3\\njudges, and at least 2 trial terms per year are held in each of the 10 coun-\\nties. Judges ai e appointed by the governor and his council. A law has\\nrecently been passed prohibiting marriages between first cousins. On the\\n1st of June, 1874, the State debt was $3,826,590; revenue for the year,\\n$740,062.24.\\nHistory. The Piscataqua River was explored in 1603. Capt. John\\nSmith visited the Isles of Shoals in 1614. A settlement was begun near\\nthe mouth of the Piscataqua in 1623 by a party of Englishmen who came\\nto fish and to trade. Dover was settled the same year. Exeter was settled\\nin 1638 by Wheelwright and his sister, Anne Hutchinson. Dover was\\nattacked by the savages June 27, 1689. Many houses were burned, 23\\npersons were massacred and 29 carried into captivity. Lovewell s fight\\ntook place April 18, 1725. Only 9 out of a band of 34 men returned\\nunhurt. From 1680 to 1775 the seat of government was at Portsmouth.\\nThe sons of New Hampshire bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the\\nstruggle for independence. On the 21st of June, 1788, the Constitution\\nof the United States was ratified, and in 1792 the State Constitution was\\nadopted.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nSituation and Extent. New Jersey is bounded on the N. by\\nNew York, E. by New York and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic\\nOcean and Delaware Bay and W. by the Delaware Bay and River, sepa-\\nrating it from the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania. It lies between\\nlatitudes 38\u00c2\u00b0 56 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 21 N. and longitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 27 and 3\u00c2\u00b0 6 E. from\\nWashington, or 73\u00c2\u00b0 54 and 75\u00c2\u00b0 33 W. from Greenwich. The extreme\\nlength, from Cape May to the northern angle, is 1671 miles, and the great-\\nest breadth 59 miles. At the narrowest point, between Bordentown and\\nSouth Amboy, the State is but 32 miles in width. The geological survey\\nof New Jersey, with scientific accuracy, says: In shape it bears some\\nresemblance to a bean. Its area is 8320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. The southern portion is almost en-\\ntirely alluvial. A strip of marsh girts the sea-shore, with broad tracts of", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "314 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsalt meadow. Next to this is an immense sandy plain, seldom rising to a\\nheight of 60 feet above the sea-level, until it reaches the Nevisjnk Hills,\\nopposite Sandy Hook, which have an elevation of 375 feet. Above Tren-\\nton the country is more rolling and based upon the old red sandstone\\nformation. The north-western section is rugged and mountainous. A\\nrange of hills, beginning at Bergen Point, skirts the Hudson River as the\\nPalisades and passes over into New York. Toward the Hudson the sides\\npresent an almost perpendicular wall from 300 to 400 feet high. On the\\nwest side the slope is very gradual. Rutherford Hill has an elevation of\\n1488 feet. Twenty miles west of the Palisades there is another nearly\\nparallel range of hills. Six miles from Paterson is Sugar Loaf Peak, 1000\\nfeet high. Along the north-west boundary are the Blue Mountains, through\\nwhich the Delaware River breaks at the Water Gap, the sides of which are\\n1600 feet high. At High Point, near the New York line, is the most ele-\\nvated land in the State, having a height of 1800 feet. Rivers, Lakes and\\nBays. The Hudson River runs for 28 miles along the eastern border, re-\\nceiving scarcely a tributary from New Jersey on account of the Palisades,\\nand the Delaware River constitutes the whole of the western boundary.\\nThe three principal rivers within the State are the Hackensack, 80 miles\\nlong and navigable for 15 miles, which joins the Passaic at the head of\\nNewark Bay; the Passaic, which has a fall of 72 feet at Paterson; and\\nthe Raritan, emptying into the bay of the same name, which is navigable\\nto New Brunswick, 17 miles. Little Egg and Great Egg Rivers are the\\nprincipal streams which discharge their waters into the Atlantic Ocean.\\nMaurice River, emptying into Delaware Bay, is the largest stream in\\nSouthern New Jersey. There are several lakes in the northern part, of\\nwhich the best known are Greenwood Lake, on the New York boundary,\\n16 miles in circumference. Lake Hopatcong, 5? miles long, Budd s Lake\\nand Green Pond. Newark Bay is 5 miles long and 2 miles broad. Staten\\nIsland Sound separates Staten Island from the main land. From Sandy\\nHook to Cape May is a long line of sandy beaches, interrupted by salt\\nwater marshes and numerous inlets and bays. Barnegat Bay, 40 miles\\nlong, and Great and Little Egg Harbors afford a safe anchorage for small\\nvessels, but there are no good harbors. Forests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The sandy plains of the\\nsouth were originally covered with a growth of pine and shrub-oak. When\\nthese are cut over, another growth is ready for the axe in from 25 to 40\\nyears. In the hilly district the principal trees are the oak, walnut, beech,\\nbirch, ash, elm, sugar-maple, pine, cedar, hemlock, etc.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sand and clay are blended in the alluvial\\ndistri(3t of the south, forming in many places a fertile loam. Beyond this\\nstrip of loam are the sand-plains, which have been but scantily cultivated.\\nEighty years ago these lands were worth from 6 to 10 cents an acre.\\nBeds of marl underlie large portions of this district, and by its use the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUIDE. 315\\nsandy soil is made to produce abundant crops. The last few years have\\nwitnessed great changes in this portion of the State. Along the Hacken-\\nsack and Passaic Rivers are deposits of alluvium from 12 to 20 feet thick.\\nThe climate is very variable. On the 22d of March, 1789, orchards were\\nin full bloom, but on the 23d snow fell to the depth of two feet, destroying\\nall the fruits for the year. In 1779 peach-blossonjs and dandelions were\\nseen in February. The Delaware was entirely unobstructed by ice during\\nthe winter of 1827-8. Several years of observation gave a mean temper-\\nature of 50.2\u00c2\u00b0 at Newark, 51.2\u00c2\u00b0 at Paterson, 54.4\u00c2\u00b0 at New Brunswick and\\n52.4\u00c2\u00b0 at Cape May. The isothermals for the State are Spring, 50\u00c2\u00b0 sum-\\nmer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0 mean, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0. During\\nthree years the rainfall at Paterson was 57.86 inches, and at Newark 46.82\\ninches.\\nAgTicultural Productions. A considerable part of New Jer-\\nsey is a huge market-garden for New York and Philadelphia. Its fruits\\nand vegetables are of excellent quality. As early as 1680 a settler wrote:\\nI have seen an apple tree from a pipkin kernel yield a barrel of curious\\ncyder, and peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach\\ngathering. They are a very delicate fruit, and hang almost like our onions\\nthat are tied on ropes. My brother Robert had as many cherries this year\\nas would have loaded several carts. The last census reported 30,652\\nfarms, containing an average of 98 acres each cash value of farms, S257,-\\n523,376; of farm implements, $7,887,991; of live-stock, $21,443,463; of\\nfarm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, $42,725,-\\n198; of market-garden produce, $2,978,250; of orchard products, $1,295,-\\n282. The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat,\\npotato and hay crops of 1873 was $24,310,570. In 1874 there were in the\\nState 115,700 horses, 15,000 mules, 83,900 oxen and other cattle, 147,900\\nmilch cows, 163,000 hogs, 125,900 sheep. Cranberries are extensively\\ngrown in The Pines of the southern seaboard counties, a region contain-\\ning 1,200,000 acres, heretofore uncultivated; the yield in 1873 was 125,000\\nbushels, worth from $2.50 to 3.75 per bushel. Farming lauds in New\\nJersey have an average value of $86.14 per acre, which is greater than in\\nany other State.\\nMaiiuftictures. The first saw-mill was built in 1682. Ship-build-\\ning was begun in 1683. The second paper-mill in the country was built\\nin 1728, at Elizabeth. Window-glass was made in 1780. In 1830 the\\nmanufactures of iron were valued at a million of dollars and of glassware\\nat half a million. In 1870 New Jersey ranked seventh in the value of\\nmanufactured products and eighth in the capital invested. It stood next\\nto Pennsylvania in steel, next to New York in hats and caps and next to\\nConnecticut in India-rubber goods. The value of the molasses and sugar\\nrefined was $11,199,740; flouring-mill products, $10,557,070; hats aud", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "316 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\ncaps, 15,007,270 bleaching aud dyeing, $4,889,695 trunks, valises, etc.,\\n$3,793,000 jewelry, $3,315,679 printing, cotton and woollen goods,\\n$5,005,997. There were 17 cotton-mills in 1874, with 150,968 spindles.\\nMinerals and Mining*. Copper mines have been worked for 150\\nyears. The deposits of zinc are very extensive and valuable. Freestone\\nfrom Little Falls built Trinity Church, New York, aud other sandstones\\nof New Jersey are in high repute for building purposes. Marble, slate\\nand the finest porcelain clay are found in large quantities. Iron mines are\\nworked in the north-west counties. The product of the mines, quarries\\naud clay-banks was estimated at five millions of dollars in 1875.\\nCommerce and Navigation. The situation of the State gives\\nit immense facilities for commerce. Hudson county has been styled the\\nland aud ocean gate of America. A network of railways centre at Jer-\\nsey City, bringing produce from every part of the West directly to the\\ndocks, where it is shipped for Europe. But this city belongs to the cus-\\ntoms district of New York, which receives credit for the business trans-\\nacted on the Jersey side. For the year ending June 30, 1874, the exports\\nat Newark were $83,997, at Perth Amboy, $3635 imports at Newark,\\n$19,020, at Perth Amboy, $58,821. Seventy-five vessels were built in the\\nsix customs districts, to which 1196 vessels belong. The State ranks sixth\\nin the value of its fisheries, having 204 establishments, employing 947\\nhands; the value of the product was $383,121, of which $152,352 was\\ncredited to the oyster trade.\\nRailroads and Canals. Nine companies had been chartered to\\nbuild railroads previous to the year 1833, with an authorized capital of\\n$7,140,000. The Camden and Amboy company was incorporated Feb.\\n4, 1830, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. Horses were the motive power\\nin carrying passengers from February until September, 1833; after Sep-\\ntember locomotives were applied to one of the three daily trains. The\\nrailroad statement for 1873 was Miles of railroad, 1418 cost per mile,\\n$115,829; capital account, $151,388,606; receipts, $25,840,923; receipts\\nper mile, $18,224; receipts to an inhabitant, $26.21 net earnings, $9,008,-\\n513. In 1874 there were 1438 miles of railroad. Only Massachusetts and\\nConnecticut surpassed New Jersey in the proportion of railroad mileage to\\nextent of territory (one mile of railroad to every 5.8 square miles of area).\\nA general railroad law was passed in 1873, so that the old stigma of mo-\\nnopoly is removed from New Jersey. Railroad corporations are taxed l-\\nof 1 per cent, on the value of their property. The Morris Caual, 101 miles\\nlong, connects Jersey City with the Delaware River, at Phillipsburg; it\\nwas completed in August, 1831, at a cost of 2 million dollars, which was\\nswelled by subsequent improvements to 3* millions. The Delaware and\\nRaritau Canal connects the Delaware at Trenton with the ocean via Rari-\\ntan River and Bay. This canal is 651 miles long, and cost $4,580,395.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 317\\nPopulation. The early colonists were a mixture of Dutch, Swedes\\nand English. Settlers from New England came in considerable numbers.\\nThe number of inhabitants in 1701 was 15,000; in 1737, 47,402, of whom\\n3981 were slaves; in 1745, 61,383; in 1790, 184,139; in 1800, 211,149;\\nin 1810, 245,562; in 1820, 277,426; in 1830, 320,823; in 1840, 373,306;\\nin 1850, 489,555; in 1860, 672,035; in 1870, 906,096. Of the latter num-\\nber 188,943 were foreign born, and 717,153 native; 575,245 were born in\\nNew Jersey, 5448 in Connecticut, 3359 in Delaware, 1948 in Maine, 6068\\nin Massachusetts, 1202 in New Hampshire, 1390 in Vermont, 1868 in\\nOhio, 3384 in Maryland, 74,750 in New York, 31,947 in Pennsylvania,\\n2810 in Virginia and 434 in the Territories 148,830 native Jersey-\\nmen were residing in other parts of the Union, and 141,908 persons had\\ncome in from other States, showing a loss of only 6922. This deficiency\\nhas been more than made up since the census by the overflow from New\\nYork and Philadelphia. Dr. Franklin said New Jersey is like a cider-\\nbarrel tapped at both ends. The past few years have seen \\\\t filling up at\\nboth ends with great rapidity. In density of population New Jersey ranked\\nfourth among the States. The number of inhabitants to a square mile was\\n108.91, while Massachusetts contained 186.84, Rhode Island, 166.43 and\\nConnecticut 113.15 persons to a square mile.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State-Prison at\\nTrenton contained 653 prisoners on the 31st of October, 1874 receipts for\\nthe year, $104,041, leaving a surplus over all expenditures of ^45,234.\\nPrior to 1870 the prison was a tax upon the State, receiving an appropria-\\ntion of about $60,000 annually. An Industrial School for girls has been\\nestablished at Trenton. The State Reform School for Juveniles, at James-\\nburg, received nearly 300 pupils during 1874. An Asylum for the Insane\\nwas opened at Trenton in 1868, which received 4588 patients within six\\nyears; 655 remained at the close of 1874. Another institution for the\\ninsane will be opened at Morristown in 1876. The building in process of\\nerection, at a cost of $2,000,000, is 1243 feet long and 542 feet in depth,\\nand will accommodate 1000 patients. The grounds comprise 416 acres.\\nAbout 840,000 is expended annually for the support of the deaf and dumb,\\nblind and feeble minded in the institutions of other States. All the j^ublic\\nschools were made free by an act passed in 1871. A compulsory education\\nlaw was passed in 1873. Corporal punishment is forbidden. No religious\\nservice or ceremony whatsoever is allowed in the public schools of this State\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2except reading the Bible and repeating the Lord s Prayer. At the close\\nof the school year, August 31, 1874, there were 1493 school-buildings, 186,-\\n392 pupils enrolled in the public schools and 3216 teachers; $2,304,398\\nwere appropriated for educational purposes the valuation of school prop-\\nerty was $6,000,732. Twenty-five of the buildings are worth from $50,000\\nto $80,000 each. A large and flourishing Normal School is located at", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "318 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nTrenton. The College of New Jersey, at Princeton, ranks among the oldest\\ninstitutions of the country [see American Education]. Rutgers College,\\nat New Brunswick, was chartered by King George III., and called Queen s\\nCollege after his consort. Its scientific school constitutes the State College\\nof Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, with a property valued at $292,200.\\nBurlington College is a Protestant Episcopal institution, and Seton Hall, at\\nSouth Orange, is under the control of the Roman Catholics. The Stevens\\nInstitute of Technology, at Hoboken, has an endowment of $650,000.\\nFour schools of theology are in successful operation viz., the Theological\\nSeminary of the Presbyterian Church, at Princeton Theological Seminary\\nof the Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, at New Brunswick; Drew\\nTheological Seminary (Methodist Episcopal), at Madison; and a German\\n(Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, at Newark. New Jersey has no law\\nor medical schools. There were, in 1870, 2413 libraries, 1402 religious\\norganizations, having 1384 edifices, and 122 newspapers, 20 of which were\\npublished daily. In 1875 the whole number of newspapei-s and periodicals\\nwas 177, of which 23 were dailies.\\nCities and Towns. Trenton, the State capital, situated on the\\neast bank of the Delaware River, is the seat of several State institutions\\nalready mentioned. It has very extensive potteries and iron mills and 5\\ndaily papers. Population, 22,874. Newark, settled in May, 1666, by fam-\\nilies from New Haven and Milford, Conn., had 4838 inhabitants in 1811,\\nand 105,542 in 1870; the estimate for 1875 is not less than 125,000. It\\ncontains more than a thousand manufacturing establishments, employing\\nnearly 30,000 hands and producing an annual value of $75,000,000.\\nThere are about 100 churches and 6 daily and 11 weekly newspapers.\\nNewark is connected with New York by 3 railroads, over which are 215\\ntrains daily. Jersey City had a population of 6856 in 1850, and 85,335\\nin 1870 (including Greenville, which was subsequently consolidated with\\nit). It is the terminus of 6 great railway lines, and 300 passenger trains\\narrive and depart daily. The Cunard steamers have their docks at Jersey\\nCity. Five lines of steam-ferries connect it with New York. It has 60\\nchurches and 3 daily newspapers. Paterson (population, 33,579), 17 miles\\nfrom New York, at the falls of the Passaic, has 60 factories, 25 churches\\nand 2 daily newspapers. Camden (population, 20,045 in 1870, and 33,966\\nin 1875), is on the east side of the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia,\\nwith which it is connected by 5 steam-ferries. It is the terminus of 4 rail-\\nroads and has large iron founderies and glassworks. Elizabeth (20,832)\\nis the home of many New York business men. There are 123 passenger\\ntrains a day to and from the metropolis. Elizabethport is a great coal-\\ndistributing point and the location of the Singer sewing-machine works,\\nwhich have 4^ acres under roof. The city contains 75 miles of ave-\\nnues; 400 dwellings have been erected in a single year. Orange, which", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 319\\nreceived a city charter in 1872, is situated at the base of Orauge Mouutaiu,\\n12 miles from New York. Within the limits of the original township there\\nare 6 railroad stations and 22 churches. Llewellyn Park contains 750\\nacres, and there are 10 miles of carriage roads. Population of the city,\\nabout 10,000. Rahway (6258 j contains 10 churches; 47 passenger trains\\nstop at its depots. Morristown (5674) has the house still standing which\\nwas General Washington s head-quarters. New Brunswick (15,058), on\\nthe banks of the Raritan, is the seat of Rutgers College. Other leading-\\ntowns are Hoboken (20,297), Viueland (7029), Bridgeton (6830), Borden-\\ntown (6041), Burlington (5817), Plaiufield (5095) and Princeton (3986).\\nLong Branch, Cape May and Atlantic City are popular seaside resorts.\\nIt has been proposed to unite Jersey City, Newark, Elizabeth, etc., into a\\nsingle city, containing 122 square miles (less than the area of Philadel-\\nphia), which would form a metropolis of 400,000 inhabitants. Between\\n1860 and 1870 New York city increased 14 per cent, and New Jersey 40\\nper cent.\\nGoveriiineut and Laws. The legislature is composed of 21 sen-\\nators (one from each couuty)_and a house of representatives, which cannot\\nexceed 60. Members are paid S3 per day. The legislature is forbidden to\\ngrant divorces or to authorize lotteries. A salary of $5000 per annum is\\npaid to the governor, who continues in office for three years. The chan-\\ncellor, who presides over the court of errors and appeals, is elected for a\\nterm of 7 years, and receives a salary of $5500, besides fees. Aliens may\\nhold real estate. This law was originally passed for the benefit of Joseph\\nBonaparte, the eldest brother of Napoleon, who had been made king of\\nSpain in 1808. After the downfall of Napoleon I., Joseph Bonaparte\\nsought an asylum in the United States, accompanied by his nephew Prince\\nMurat, the son of Caroline Bonaparte and of the king of the Two Sicilies.\\nPopular opinion credited them with the possession of enormous wealth. To\\nenable aliens to hold real estate required a special act of the legislature.\\nPennsylvania refused to pass such an act, but New Jersey yielded, and the\\ndistinguished exiles made that State their home. They purchased a large\\ntract of land at Bordentown, commanding a fine view of the Delaware\\nRiver, and erected a magnificent mansion. Joseph assumed the title of\\nCount de Survilliers, and lived in retirement until the year 1830, dispensing\\nhis money with a lavish hand. The Pennsylvanians, regretting when it\\nwas too late that they had not allowed the two foreigners to possess an\\nestate within their own boundaries, charged the Jerseymen with importing\\na king from Spain to rule over them. Such is said to be the origin of the\\nhumorous taunt that New Jersey is out of the Union.\\nHistory.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 3d of September, 1609, the Half Moon, com-\\nmanded by Henry Hudson, cast anchor near Sandy Hook. On the 6th a\\nboat sailed through a narrow river (the Kills) and saw an open sea", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "320 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n(Newark Bay). There were no permanent settlements during the contin-\\nuance of the Dutch dominion, although in 1661 New Jersey was spoken\\nof thus It is under the best clyraate in the whole world seed may bee\\nthrown into the ground, except six weeks, all the yere long. Settlers from\\nLong Island began a town near Newark in 1664. Lord Berkeley and Sir\\nGeorge Carteret purchased the claim of the Duke of York to these lands,\\nand, as Sir George had been governor of the Island of Jersey, the name\\nof New Jersey was given to his new possessions. His brother Philip Car-\\nteret was sent out from England as governor in 1665 and established him-\\nself at Elizabethtown, now Elizabeth. lu July, 1673, the Dutch recap-\\ntured New York and claimed the whole province of New Jersey, to which\\nthey gave the name of Achter Kol. The following year Great Britain\\nagain obtained possession of it. In 1682 the whole territory was purchased\\nby William Penn and other Quakers. William Temple Franklin, son of\\nBenjamin Franklin, was the last royal governor. On the 2d day of July,\\n1776, New Jersey declared all civil authority under the king to be at an\\nend in this colony, and adopted a form of government by the people.\\nWilliam Livingston was elected governor. The first legislature met at\\nPrinceton in August, 1776. Several battles were fought on the soil of this\\nState during the war for independence, of which the most noted were the\\nbattles of Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776 [see Historical Sketch, page 101],\\nPrinceton, Jan. 3, 1777, and Monmouth Court-House, June 28, 1778.\\nBy a unanimous vote the Federal Constitution was ratified Dec. 18, 1787.\\nThe present State Constitution was adopted on the 13th of August, 1844.\\nVarious amendments to the Constitution proposed by the constitutional\\nconvention were approved by the legislature in 1875. By the provisions\\nof these amendments the word white was stricken out of the article on\\nsuffrage and the word male was restored, thus disposing of the question\\nof woman suffrage. Members of the legislature shall receive $500 annu-\\nally, and no other allowance or emolument whatsoever. The legislature\\nshall provide for an efficient system of free public schools for the instruc-\\ntion of all children in the State between the ages of five and eighteen years.\\nProperty shall be assessed for taxes under general laws and by uniform\\nrules, according to its real value. Judges of the inferior courts shall be\\nappointed by the governor. The amendments were submitted to the people\\nat a general election held on Tuesday, Sept. 7, 1875. Considerable oppo-\\nsition was manifested in the eastern counties to the Five County Act,\\ntaxing mortgages which had been heretofore exempt; but all of the\\namendments were adopted by a majority of from 10,000 to 30,000 votes.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Engraved exprt-s^ly for Barley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nNEW YOEK EXHIBITION, 1853.\\nTHE New York Crystal Palace, in which this exhibition was held, was\\nsituated in Reservoir Square, and was designed, by Messrs. Carstensen\\nand Gildemeister. The main building was two stories high, the first story\\nbeing in the form of an octagon, and the second in that of a Greek cross.\\nIn the centre was a dome 148 feet in height and 100 feet in diameter.\\nThe corners of the octagon were furnished with towers 70 feet high, each\\nsurmounted by a flag-staff, which added greatly to the lightness of their\\nappearance. The area of the main building, including that of the galler-\\nies, Avas 173,000 square feet, and there was an additional building with an\\narea of 33,000 square feet. The whole structure was composed of 45,000\\nsquare feet of glass, in panes of 16 by 38 inches, 1200 tons of cast iron\\nand 300 tons of wrought iron. It was destroyed by fire on the 5th of\\nOctober, 1858. The exhibition was suggested, planned, pursued, com-\\npleted and sustained by private enterprise. All that the government ever\\ndid for it was to say that the building should be considered as a bonded\\nwarehouse, and to write a few letters to foreign countries where the sanc-\\ntion and co-operation of governments are thought to be indispensably\\nnecessary to such an undertaking. There was much delay in the opening\\nof the exhibition, the proposed time being the 2d of May, while the cere-\\nmony did not take place until the 14th of July. The capital of the stock\\ncompany which undertook the affiiir, and which sustained the pecuniary\\n21\\n321", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "322 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nloss which ensued, was limited by its charter to S300,000, and the cost of\\nthe building was restricted by the same instrument to $200,000. When\\nthe smalluess of the amount invested is considered, the wonder is that so\\nmuch was accomplished by the managers of the enterprise. Both the\\ndelay in opening the exhibition and the failure to realize the expenses are\\neasily accounted for when all attendant circumstances are taken into con-\\nsideration. The number of miles of railroad in operation in the whole\\ncountry was not equal to the number of miles which can now be found in\\nfour or five of the Atlantic States. Visitors and articles from the Pacific\\ncoast had to undergo the tedious journey across the plains, or the still\\nmore tedious voyage around the Horn, or the trip across the Isthmus of\\nPanama, two years before the completion of the Panama railroad. San\\nFrancisco is now practically much nearer to the Atlantic coast than any\\nportion of the State of Illinois Avas in the year 1853. Communication by\\nmail was slow, and the mail service not very widely extended, the rate of\\nthree cents for a half ounce for any distance under 3000 miles, and the\\nuse of postage stamps having been but recently introduced. This was the\\nfirst attempt to hold an international exhibition in the United States. The\\nwork was a new one, and it was difficult for the managers, the exhibitors\\nor the general public to realize the magnitude of the undertaking and the\\ngreat necessity of promptness in all the preparations. Still, it had its\\nmeasure of success. The juries were selected with great care, and con-\\ntained many men who had distinguished themselves by their attainments\\nin the several branches in which they were called upon to exercise their\\ndiscrimination, and some whose re2Dutation for general culture was deserv.\\nedly high. Profs. Sillimau, Dana and Porter of Yale College, Prof Agas-\\nsiz of Harvard, Profs. James C. Booth and Henry D. Rogers of Phil-\\nadelphia, Profs. John W. Draper, James Renwick and E. Felix Foresti\\nof New York, Profs. Joseph Henry and A. D. Bache of Washington in\\nthe department of printing, stationery, etc., Messrs. Conger Sherman of\\nPhiladelphia, William H. Appleton and Robert Hoe of New York, also\\nRichard Grant White; in the class of Fine Arts, etc.. Prof S. F. B.\\nMorse, Charles A. Dana, then of the Neiv York Tribune, now of the Stin,\\nand the Hon. Edward Everett in the department of tapestry, decorative\\nfurniture, marble ornaments, etc., John Sartain of Philadelphia and Prof\\nVan der Weyde of New York, such were some of the men to whom\\nwas entrusted the delicate and difficult task of deciding upon the merits\\nof the various articles exhibited. This work was thoroughly performed.\\nThe members of the juries spent a great part of the day in taking copious\\nnotes concerning the hundreds of things in their bailiwicks then a secret\\nsession was hekl, sometimes lasting for three hours or more, where the\\nutmost latitude of debate was indulged in, every one being given a full\\nopportunity for equal discussion.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 323\\nNEW YORK.\\nSituation and Extent. New York, the Empire State, is\\nbounded on the N. W. and N. by Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the River\\nSaint Lawrence and the province of Quebec E. by Lake Chaniplaiu,\\nVermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and the Atlantic Ocean S. and S. W.\\nby the Athuitic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It is situated be-\\ntween latitudes 40\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 45\u00c2\u00b0 N., and longitudes 5\u00c2\u00b0 9 E. and 2\u00c2\u00b0 46\\nW. from Washington, or 71\u00c2\u00b0 51 and 79\u00c2\u00b0 46 W. from Greenwich. The\\nextreme length from east to west is 412 miles, and the width from north\\nto south 311 miles. Portions of Long Island are only 8 or 10 miles wide,\\nand the south-western boundary-line, below Lake Erie, is not more than 19\\nmiles long. The State has a water boundary of 880 miles (of which the\\nocean constitutes 250 miles, the rivers 280 and the lakes 350) and a land\\nboundary of 540 miles. It ranks nineteenth among the States in area,\\nand contains 47,000 square miles, or 30,080,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Long Island is flat and sandy.\\nOn both sides of the Hudson River are the Highlands, which finally pass\\nover into Western Connecticut. A few of the summits reach an elevation\\nof 1700 feet. North of these are the Catskill Mountains, situated princi-\\npally in Greene county. The most conspicuous peaks are Round Top and\\nHigh Peak, which are about 3800 feet in height and aflbrd a magnificent\\nview. Beyond the water-shed which turns the drainage toward the north,\\nthe country is rolling and diversified. Extending over a considerable\\npart of the 4 north-eastern counties, Clinton, Franklin, Hamilton and Es-\\nsex, is the Adirondack wilderness. It contains the most lofty summits of\\nthe northern spur of the Appalachian range, with the exception of the\\nWhite Mountains of New Hampshire. The late survey of the Adiron-\\ndacks made under the direction of Mr. Verplanck Colvin reports the\\nheight of the most elevated peaks as follows Mt. Marcy, 5402 feet Mc-\\nIntyre, 5106; Haystack, 5006; Skylight, 4997; Clinton, 4937; Gothic\\nMountain, 4744 Giant of the Valley, 4530. Snow and ice linger in the\\nIndian Pass through the whole summer, and even until fresh snows begin\\nto fall. A dense forest extends over this region, in which the bear, panther,\\nwolf, moose, deer and other wild animals are sometimes seen. There are\\nnumerous lakes, ponds and streams, affording an extensive water communi-\\ncation. In this elevated table-land are the sources of the Hudson River.\\nThe Saranac and Ausable empty into Lake Champlain, and other small\\nstreams flow toward the St. Lawrence. It has been proposed to set apart\\na large tract in the Adirondacks for a State park. Rivers and. Lakes.\\nThe Hudson River, having its sources 4000 feet above the sea, is 300 miles\\nlong. Large steamboats ascend as far as Troy, 150 miles. As early as\\n1682 it was called the North River to distinguish it (not from the East", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "Kivor. as nianv suppa-io, but t lvin tho Dolawaiv, which was known bv the\\nDutch as tl o South Kivor. Tlio Pohv Yaiv rUt\\\\\u00c2\u00ab; on tl\\\\o wostoru doolivity\\n(^t tl\\\\o atskill Mouutaius. an\u00c2\u00abl fornvs tho houuvhirv Wtwtvu Now York\\nand ronusvlvauia tor TO \\\\nilos. \u00e2\u0080\u00a2tsogv^ Unko is tho sour^v of tho north\\nbranch o( tho Susquehanna. Mohawk Kivor. ll?0 mih^ long, runs tluvugJi\\ntho contiv of tho State in an easterly tliroction. a\u00c2\u00bb\\\\vl empties into tho Ihul-\\nson 10 miU\\\\s above Tivy. Tho Krio Canal toUows tho Mv ha\\\\vk tVom\\nKvMuo to its n\\\\outh. Oswog\\\\ Kivor dmins n\\\\any ot tho lakes ot the inte-\\nrior ami dischariivs into l*ako Ontario. Gonestv Kivor has its sounvs in\\nrennsvlvania. and tlowing north empties into lijiko Ontario. The Alle-\\nghany \u00c2\u00abuakes a ciivnit into Kow York, and then jvissos into Pennsylvania\\nto mingle its watoi-s with the system ot tho Missis^sippi Valley. The St.\\nl.awrvnvv Kivor. which drains the tivo givat lakes, issues t tvm I^ako Onta-\\nrio and soivtnites Now York ti\\\\ ni Canada West. The Knjpiro State con-\\ntains a largv number of lakes. I pon its northern boundary are Lake\\nOntario and Lake Krio [seo l^iYSUWi. CvxxnjAiniw j^:\\\\gt^ 147 J. Lake\\nhamplain. upon tho east, was disiwoiwl Only 4. U 01\\\\ by San\\\\nel Chan\u00c2\u00bb-\\nplaiii. a Fivnch navig~5itor. It is KiO n\\\\iles long. i\\\\vn\\\\ i to 10 miles wide,\\nand from oO to 280 tWH deep, l^ake (.uvrgv, ot? miles long and 400 foot\\ndtvp, ivntains nearly oOO little islands, and is famous for its picturesque\\nsivnery. In the ivntiv and western jnvrt of the State is a chain of lakes\\nof ciwsiden^blo siio, among the princijwl of which aro Otsego, Oneida,\\nSkaneateles. Cayugj*. S nuva, Cnx^keil. Canandaigua. Chautauqua and\\nt. atumingus. (\\\\\\\\tcimcL The waters of 4 great lakes have no other outlet\\nthan the Niag-:\\\\ra Kivor, and plungv over the Givat Falls, which aiv ItU\\nftvt high and 1 100 t tvt wide on the American side, a\u00c2\u00abd 2000 tVvt wide on\\nthe Canadian side. The total desanu of the river is ooo ftvt. and its\\nwivlth below the falls 1000 tVvt, Tho Genestv Kivor has a descent cvi 2t?0\\ntVvt in r\u00c2\u00bb falls within the spjitv of 2 miles near its sonrvv, and theiv are\\ni^her tails nojir Koohester with a dt^cout of 200 foot. Tivntou Falls aiv\\na sni\\\\\\\\ ssion of o cas\u00c2\u00bb. jides. having 200 ttvt of fall in a ivui-so of tw^vthinls\\nof a mile. Cohot^s and Little Falls, in the Mohawk, fonu grand caianicts\\nin tinus of freshet. In the Catskills a small stivam is prtvipitatoil down a\\nItHlgx^ 180 tWn high. hlamU, i \\\\iyv s, ffc\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New York R^y. which atlorvls a\\nharlvr t\\\\|ual to any in the world. ci ntains a numWr i i small islands\\namong which aiv Governor s. W^xxl s, Kllis\\\\ etc. Stateu Island. 14 miU^\\nloug and frvnu 4 to 8 miU^ wide, ivnstitutt^ Kichmond wunty. In the Ejist\\nKiver art^ Blackwell s, Kamlalls and Ward s Islands, which an^ iXYupitxi\\nby the city institutions. Long Island. 140 miles in length and 20 in its\\ngivatest bivadth. has a rvx-ky ridg^^ or back-binio running thrv ngh tho\\nivntr\\\\^ and terminating in Brvx^klyn Heights, Ou its east side are Ganli-\\nner s and Givat Pmniic Ixays. I^nke Champlain ivntains many small\\nKxlit s of huul. and the Thous;ind Islands of the St, Lawivnoo aW ot^lo-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "CKNTKNMAL A/Jri TKIH! .\\\\M il IIU\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^25\\nhriitcd roillii ir |iicl iirc^^iiuc ItcMiily. I )trfsh. A iii(iii;.f lie Irccs ciniiiicr-\\nillcd in :i Ion;:,- ciiImIipviH jiic I lif wliilf ;iiiil iid (liir, while, pilcli ;iri(|\\nyellow pine, lureli, lieniloeU, wliile :iiiil lihicU spiiiee, (ir, (iiniiiiiic, while,\\nred :in l l\u00c2\u00bbhiel (imL, cheslnnl, i e(| nml while heeeh, hiekiiry, hliicK wiilnnl,\\nl\u00c2\u00bbiill( |-iinl, l)ii(l(inw(M\u00c2\u00bb(l, siie iir, I ed and while niiiple, while, hhieic and\\nprickly ash, liireh, elm, hasswood, lidip, linden, loeii^^l, lanrel, Has.saJVas,\\nasp n, halsani, willow, pawpaw, ihorii, Hpieewood, .spriiee, e|e.\\nSoil :ill l *lilli:il( Lon^ Island has a. Handy and in many places\\nharren soil. I he weslern pari, is carcCidly tilled as a, niarkel, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0arden Cor\\nIJrooklyn and New ork. In Ihe rollin; eonnlr-y of Ihe norlhern ami\\nsoiilhern eonnlies dairyliirniinL!; is niosi, proiilahle. The soil in the norlli-\\ncasl, is barren and cold. The ccniral oiirdics, alon^; Uic Mohawk and I ho\\n(Jcncscc Flats, lire ol ;^r( at, I ertiliry. ThtMUi is u wide ran;j;e of lenipera-\\ntnre and there are t^rval varialioiis in the (diinatc Helween the lenvlh of\\nthe sununer season on L((n}.;; Island and in Si. Lawrence eonni y there is a\\ndillerenc(\\\\ of nearly T) weeks. In i.SOti the Hudson Iviver froze ov r dan\\nnary and was open auain I ^ehrnary 10. Navi^^ ition was ohstrncled fur-\\noid\\\\ I J days, which is the shorlesl, period recorded. In JHIKl rivci\\nopened April I, havinLi; heeif closed 2,^) days. The mean ieni^th of ihe\\nsummer season, from the |jm(^ of fruit-Mossomin^- to t,h(^ (irst, frost, is 171\\ndays, and the mean temperalnre of lh whole Stat-c l(!. 11) The rainfall\\nis 10.!):; inches. Upon the isolhermal charts the lines crossiii;r JS(5W York\\nare as follows: Sprini;-, lO -ir) summer, ()7\u00c2\u00b0-72 anfiimn, ify ^-fyf)\\nwinter, iO ~-l aiuiual mean, 4f \u00c2\u00b0-h0 Aecordin^^ to the icpoi ls of the\\nUnited Slates Signal Service Bureau for tli year ending S(;pl. I.H71,\\nthe mean temperature at liulliilo was \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ir).7 ((^xtniuuis 2 and ^7\\nluichestcr, U tfi (tsxtnwiiOH f) and 90 Ortwej,^), Myf) ((ixtrcmes,\\nand New York, 51.4 (extremes T^ iind !)1\u00c2\u00b0). The- iinumil aimaint\\nof the raiid all at linlfalo was )7 inches; Osvveijjo, 11.22; ItochcHler,\\n47.17; N. w V..rk, iL .d:! inches.\\nA^l*i llll IIImI ri odiMM ioilM. New York occupies a, liu cmost\\nplace in agriculture. A nundxr of the particulars in which it must\\n\\\\n writien JirsI arc i^iveu elsewhen! [see Am i;iM(!AN Aoitlcill/riMM;\\nThe valu of the Indian corn, wheat, ry(!, oats, harley, buckwheat, [xttato,\\ntobacc. and hay crops, in 1H7:{, wn,s .1|;i;{r),212,()()(). New York contained\\nat the last census 21(t,2r\u00c2\u00bb;{ fai uis, avei ajfin^i; l(). acres each; farms con-\\nlained each more than lOOU acres. The value of farms was 272,857,-\\n2 of farm implcnu iits, $ir),!)!)7,7 ll^ live-stock, |l7r),\u00c2\u00abH2,7r2 total\\nvalue, J)?! 1!)1,7. S,II)(); value p(M capita, of persons enj^af^ed in aj^ri(!ulture,\\n.1f; 9i);i; value of fai-rn pr-oduction.-^, inclndin^^ betternu UtH, etc., .1ii253,^)20,-\\nl 5;?. At the be-,dnnin^r,,f 1\u00c2\u00ab71 the; State contained (IfjD.IJOO horses, 18,f)()0\\nmules, (W:{,(;()() oxen and other cattle, 1 ,1 lO.COO milch (;ows, (55 1, 500 hogH\\nand 2,0;;7,200 sheep.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "326 BURLETS UNITED STATES\\nMauufactures. New York occupies the first place in the value of\\nmanufactured articles, although Pennsylvauia surpasses her iu the amount\\nof capital invested and in the number of establishments. In 1870 there\\nwere in New York 36,206 manufacturing establishments; hands employed,\\n351,800, of whom 63,795 were females above the age of 15; capital, $366,-\\n994,320; wages, $142,466,758; materials, $452,065,432 products, $785,-\\n194,651. Among the leading industries were: Flouring-mill products,\\n$52,636,861 men s clothing, $44,718,491 molasses and sugar, refined,\\n$42,837,184; leather, tanned, $26,988,320; lumber, sawed, $18,778,406;\\nboots and shoes, $17,813,048 (next to Massachusetts); iron, forged and\\nrolled, $16,834,480; furniture, $16,275,111; malt liquors, $15,818,863;\\nwoollen goods, $14,152,645; cheese (factory), $12,164,064; agricultural\\nimplements, $11,847,037; cotton goods, $11,178,211; lead pipe, $10,732,-\\n800. One-sixth of all the manufactures of the United States were credited\\nto New York.\\nMinerals and Mining Iron is mined extensively in the 4 coun-\\nties of Orange, Clinton, Dutchess and Essex. Marble quarries are worked\\nin Westchester county, and other fine building-stones are found in Ulster.\\nThere were, in 1870, 454 mining establishments hands employed, 5177\\nvalue of products, $4,324,651. In Onondaga county are the most exten-\\nsive salt-works in the Union. They are under the control of the State,\\nand yielded in 1874 6,594,191 bushels.\\nCommerce and IVavig-ation. The State has 10 customs dis-\\ntricts. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, the imports were valued\\nat $414,947,941; exports, $359,948,084; vessels entered in the foreign\\ntrade, 13,861; cleared, 9587; entered, in the coastwise trade, 8729;\\ncleared, 11,777. The number of vessels belonging to the two Atlantic\\nports. New York and Sag Harbor, was 6861 (791 steamers), with a ton-\\nnage of 1,331,759; the eight lake ports owned 2957 vessels (212 steamers),\\nhaving a tonnage of 379,742; total, 9818 vessels, of 1,711,501 tons. There\\nwere built in the Atlantic ports 403 vessels, of which 60 were steamers,\\nand in the lake ports 224, 40 of them steamers; total number of vessels\\nbuilt during the year, 627, of 93,576 tons. The value of the fisheries\\nreported was $235,750. Belonging to Sag Harbor are 133 vessels em-\\nployed in cod- and mackerel-fishing.\\nRailroads and Canals The first railroad was opened for travel\\nin 1831. In 1873 New York ranked next to Illinois and Pennsylvania in\\nrailroad mileage. The figures were: Miles of railroad, 5165; cost per\\nmile, $83,391; total capital account, $441,887,961; receipts, $68,825,007;\\nreceipts per mile, $13,326; receipts to an inhabitant, $15.12; net earnings,\\n$23,782,428. New York has a very extensive system of canals under the\\ncontrol of the State. The Erie Canal, which connects Lake Erie at Buf-\\nfalo with the Hudson River at Albany, was completed in 1825, at a cost", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 327\\nof $7,143,789. Subsequent expenditures have swelled the cost of construc-\\ntion and repairs to more than fifty millions of dollars. This canal is 70\\nfeet bi-oad at the water-line, 56 feet at the bottom and 7 feet deep. It has\\n71 locks which will admit boats 96j feet in length and 17i feet in width.\\nThe maximum burden of boats is 240 tons. The canals of the State have\\na lineal length of 900 miles, of which the Erie comprises 352 miles. Of\\nthe others, which are feeders to the trunk line, the principal are the Cham-\\nplain, Oswego, Ca}aiga and Seneca, Chemung, Chenango, Black River and\\nGenesee Valley. For the construction and maintenance of canals there\\nhas been an expenditure of nearly 90 millions of dollars. Property to the\\nvalue of seven thousand millions of dollars has been transported. Be-\\ntween the years 1836 and 1874 the amount of tolls collected was $115,-\\n318,504. Six million tons of freight were transported in 1874, the value\\nof which was 8196,674,322.\\nPublic Iiistitutious and Education. A State Board of\\nCharities has general supervision over the public institutions, with the ex-\\nception of prisons. New York has three State-Prisons viz., Auburn,\\nwith 1292 cells; Clinton, with 548 cells; and Sing Sing, with 1200 cells\\nand 1306 prisoners. There are 6 county penitentiaries, located respect-\\nively at New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Syracuse, Rochester and BuiFalo.\\nThe. population of all the prisons, in 1874, was 5940. Asylums for the\\nInsane have been opened at Utica (with accommodations for 600 patients),\\nat Ovid, where 1000 can be provided for, at Poughkeepsie, Buffalo and\\nMiddletown. Insane immigrants are taken care of by the State at the\\nhospital on Blackwell s Island. Besides the six institutions above men-\\ntioned, there are several incorporated and private asylums, of which the\\none at Bloomingdale is most widely known. For the blind there are State\\ninstitutions at Batavia and New York city. In the latter city also is the\\nSchool for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, Avhich accommodates\\n550 pupils. At Binghamton is an Asylum for Inebriates, having 200\\npatients. An Asylum for Idiots has been established at Syracuse. The\\nHouse of Refuge for boys, on Randall s Island, will contain 1000, and the\\nWestern Institution, at Rochester, 600. Free schools are established for\\nall between the ages of 5 and 21 years. A compulsory education law went\\ninto effect Jan. 1, 1875, which requires all children between the ages of\\n8 and 14 to attend school for at least 14 weeks in every year. In 1874\\nthe number of school districts was 11,995; teachers, 18,295; children of\\nschool age, 1,560,820; school-houses, 11,739; total expenditures for school\\npurposes, $12,088,763. There are Normal Schools located at Albany,\\nBrockport, Buffalo, Cortland, Fredonia, Geneseo, Oswego and Potsdam.\\nThese schools had, in 1874, 121 instructors and 2875 pupils. A new Nor-\\nmal College was opened in New York city in 1873 which will accommo-\\ndate 1600 pupils. Twenty-six colleges and universities are reported, among", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "328 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nwhich are Columbia, Cornell, Harailtou, Union and Vassar. Thirteen\\ninstitutions for the higher education of young ladies report an attendance\\nof 2132 pupils. Professional instruction is afforded by 14 schools of the-\\nology (among which are Auburn, the General Theological Seminary of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church, Hamilton, Rochester and Union Theological\\nSemhiaries, Dr. Talmage s Lay College and Dr. Tyng s House of the\\nEvangelists!, 4 schools of law (Albany, Hamilton, Columbia and the Uni-\\nversity of New York), 14 schools of medicine and 6 schools of science.\\nThe Industrial College of Cornell University has received the land-grants\\nof Congress for agricultural education. All departments of the univer-\\nsity have a property estimated at $3,627,200. Located within the limits\\nof New York State, although not belonging to it, is the United States Mil-\\nitary Academy at West Point [see Government and Laws]. In 1870\\nthe State contained 20,929 libraries, 5627 religious organizations, with 5474\\nedifices, valued at $66,073,755, and 835 newspapers and periodicals, of\\nwhich 87 were published daily; 1086 periodicals (100 of them daily news-\\npapers) were enumerated in 1875.\\nCities and Towns. New York has 24 chartered cities, which con-\\ntained in 1870 1,965,660 inhabitants, or 43.25 per cent, of the total popu-\\nlation of the State. In 1825 the entire city populatiou was 279,031.\\nAlbany, the capital, is situated on the Hudson River, 1 45 miles above New\\nYork, at the terminus of the Erie and Champlain Canals. A bridge 1953\\nfeet long and costing $1,100,000 spans the Hudson. Among the most\\nprominent buildings are the City Hall, Merchants Exchange, Dudley\\nObservatory, Penitentiary and the new Capitol building, begun in 1871\\nand designed to surpass any building in America. The city contains 60\\nchurches and supports 8 daily newspapers. Population in 1870, 69,422,\\nand in 1875, 85,584. New York, the metropolis of America and the third\\ncity of the civilized world, occupies the whole of the island of Manhattan,\\n132 miles long and 2\\\\ miles in extreme breadth, and 20 square miles of\\nWestchester county, which was annexed in 1873. The principal public\\nbuildings are the City Hall, new Court-House, new Post-Office, costing\\n$7,000,000, sub-Treasury building, Custom-House, Grand Central depot, 692\\nfeet long, 240 feet wide and costing 21 millions of dollars. Masonic Tem-\\nple, Academy of Design, Booth s theatre and the Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation building. Trinity church, with a spire 284 feet high, is one of\\nthe most conspicuous objects in the lower part of the city. St. Patrick s\\nCathedral (beguu in 1858), on Fifth Avenue, is 322 feet long. Many\\nof the business edifices rival the public buildings in cost and magnificence.\\nAmong the most conspicuous of these are the Western Union, Drexel,\\nTribune, Evening Post and Herald buildings. There are about a hun-\\ndred hotels, of which 20 are first class. The poor and vicious classes are\\nprovided for on the most liberal scale. Blackwell s Island is entirely oc-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 329\\ncupied by public institutions, including several hospitals, woi khouses, a\\npenitentiary, almshouse, insane hospitals, etc. The number received into\\nall these institutions during the year 1874 was 195,438. More than 2500\\nmen are employed upon the police force. The registrar of vital statistics\\nreported 28,597 deaths, 25,663 births and 8397 marriages during the last\\nyear. New York has 25 miles of water-front available for docks. At\\nlow tide there is a depth of 32 feet of water over the bar at Sandy Hook,\\nso that the largest vessels in the world can pass unimpeded. Six lines of\\nsteamers run to South America and the West Indies, and 18 lines, with\\n175 steamships, to Europe. During the fiscal year ending June 30,\\n1874, $109,549,798 in duties were collected; .the value of imports was\\n$395,133,622; of exports, $340,360,269; total foreign commerce,\\n$750,127,354, which was 57 per cent, of the whole foreign trade of the\\nUnited States. There were 19,640 vessels entered and cleared 6630 ves-\\nsels belonged to the port, and 396, including 60 steamers, were built during\\nthe year. For the month of July, 1875, the value of imports was\\n$26,189,364; of domestic exports, $23,671,774. More than 140,000 im-\\nmigrants arrived during the year. In manufactures, also, New York ranks\\nas the leading city. It contained at the time of the last census 7624\\nmanufacturing establishments, which employed 129,577 hands and pro-\\nduced articles valued at $332,951,520. The city valuation in 1875 was\\n$1,154,029,176, and the taxation, $34,620,874 the receipts into the trea-\\nsury for the year ending Aug. 1, 1875, were $40,133,614. During 1874\\n1357 new buildings were erected. The number of schools reported was\\n249 teachers, 2679 pupils, 236,543 number of colleges, 6 medical\\nschools, 6 theological schools, 2. There are 380 churches and 398 news-\\npapers and periodicals, of which 28 are published daily. An abundance\\nof pure water is supplied by the Crotou aqueduct, 40 miles long and\\ncompleted at a cost of $25,000,000. Central Park, which contains 2 Cro-\\nton reservoirs covering 142 acres, is 21 miles long and embraces an area\\nof 843 acres. The number of inhabitants in 1656 was 1000 in 1673,\\n2500; in 1773, 21,876; in 1800, 60,489; in 1870, 942,292; and in 1875\\n(State census), 1,064,272. Brookhjn, the third city of the republic in\\nsize, is really a part of the commercial metropolis, with which it is con-\\nnected by 13 steam ferries. The union is to be made still closer by the\\nconstruction of a bridge 6000 feet in length, having a central span 1595\\nfeet long and 135 feet above high water. Ten millions of dollars was the\\nearly estimate of its cost. Later developments indicate that the utmost\\nresources of the calculus are inadequate to determine the amount of\\nmoney that will be required to finish the structure. The city is 71 miles\\nlong and 5 miles in its greatest breadth, and covers an area of 21 square\\nmiles. Its water frontage extends for 8-2 miles, along which are immense\\nwarehouses receiving goods to the amount of $260,000,000 annually.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "330 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThree railroads terminate at the water-frout, and most of the 25 street\\nrailways run to the New York ferries. Brooklyn is noted as the City\\nof Churches (it contains 240), among the most prominent of which are\\nPlymouth Church (Rev. Henry Ward Beecher s), St. Ann s and Holy\\nTrinity, the Church of the Pilgrims, the Roman Catholic Cathedral and\\nTalmase s Tabernacle, Most of the dead of New York are interred in\\nthe cemeteries of Brooklyn. Greenwood Cemetery, containing 413 acres.\\nCypress Hills, Evergreen and the Cemetery of the Holy Cross are among\\nthe most beautiful. Prospect Park, begun in 1866, contains 550 acres,\\nand commands a magnificent view of the great cities and the bay. In\\n1706 the town contained 64 freeholders in 1802, almost a century after,\\nthe number had increased to 86. There were only 56 buildings at the\\nclose of the Revolutionary war. In 1820 the number of inhabitants was\\n7475 in 1870, 396,099 in 1875, 483,252. During the year 1874, 1470\\nnew buildings were erected. Williamsburg constitutes the eastern divis-\\nion of Brooklyn. It contains a United States navy yard, with a dry-dock\\nconstructed at a cost of 2 million dollars. The value of the manufactured\\nproducts from 1043 establishments, employing 18,545 hands, was\\n$60,848,673. Water is supplied from the Ridgewood works. Buffalo, the\\neleventh city of the Union in size, is situated on Lake Erie at the head of\\nNiagara River, 295 miles from New York. It is the western terminus of\\nthe Erie Canal, and is an important shipping-point for cattle, grain and\\ncoal. There are very large iron-mills ship-building is an important in-\\ndustry. The city has 80 churches and 9 daily newspapers. Population\\nin 1870, 117,714, and in 1875, 134,238. Rochester, which contained\\n63,522 inhabitants in 1870 and 81,813 in 1875, is situated at the Falls\\nof the Genesee (96 feet in height), 7 miles from Lake Ontario. An al-\\nmost unlimited water-power is afforded for the huge flouring-mills, ma-\\nchine-shops and other factories. Five daily newspapers are published,\\ntwo of them in the German language. Tro]), situated at the head of tide-\\nwater on the Hudson River, has extensive manufactories of iron. All the\\nrailroads are concentrated at a union railroad depot 400 feet long. Pop-\\nulation in 1870, 46,465, and in 1875, 48,708. Syracuse, at the head of\\nOnondaga Lake, is the depot for immense salt-works, and contains numer-\\nous furnaces, machine-shops, breweries, etc. The number of inhabitants\\nin 1870 was 43,051 in 1875, 49,808. The other leading cities with their\\npopulations in 1870 and 1875 respectively are Utica (28,804 and 32,689),\\nKingston (21,943), Oswego (20,910 and 22,280), Poughkeepsie (20,080\\nand 20,097), Yonkers (18,357 and 17,742, a decrease), Auburn (17,225\\nand 19,616), Newburgh (17,014 and 17,433), Elmira (15,833 and 20,093),\\nCohoes (15,357 and 25,677), Lockport (12,426 and 14,323), Sclienectady\\n(11,026 and 12,807), Rome (11,000 and 12,511), Ogdensburg (10,076", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND O UIDE. 331\\nand 10,503), Watertown (9336 aud 10,005), Long Island City (20,287\\nand 26,351) and Flushing (14,673 and 16,045).\\nGrowth ill Populatioil. The number of inhabitants in 1701\\nwas about 30,000; in 1731, 50,000; in 1771, 163,388. According to the\\nFederal census, the population at successive decennial periods has been as\\nfollows: 1790, 340,120; 1800, 589,051; 1810, 959,049; 1820,1,372,111;\\n1830, 1,918,608; 1840, 2,428,921; 1850, 3,097,394; 1860, 3,880,735;\\n1870, 4,382,759. Of the latter number, 1,138,353 were born in foreign\\ncountries and 3,244,406 in the United States 2,987,776 had their birth-\\nplace in New York. While New York had received 256,630 from other\\nStates, 1,073,573 of her own children were residing in other parts of the\\nUnion, showing a loss to her, in native population, of 816,942. This State\\nranked fifth in 1790, third in 1800 and second in 1810; the first place was\\nsecured in 1820, and has since been held. The density of population is\\n93.25 to a square mile. Over 5000 Indians, belonging to the Six Nations\\nand settled upon seven reservations, are not included in the census.\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislature consists of 32 sena-\\ntors aud 128 assemblymen. Sessions are held annually, and each member\\nreceives a salary of S1500 a year. Executive ofiicers are elected for a\\nterm of two years, with the exception of the governor and lieutenant-gov-\\nernor, who serve for three years. Ten thousand dollars a year aud a house\\nare the governor s remuneration. Seven judges constitute the court of\\nappeals, of whom the chief-justice receives $9500 annually and his asso-\\nciates $9000 each. There are 8 judicial districts, of which the- New York\\ndistrict has 5 judges and the others 4 each. County courts are held in all\\nof the 60 counties except New York. The two cities of New York aud\\nBrooklyn have special courts. All judges are elected by the people. The\\nvalue of taxable property in 1874 was $2,169,307,873. New York is\\nentitled to 33 representatives in Congress.\\nHistory. As early as the spring of 1524 John de Veri azzano, a\\nFlorentine in command of a French vessel, landed upon the soil of New\\nYork. Henry Hudson sailed up the river which now bears his name in\\nSeptember, 1609. A tradiug-post and fort were built near Albany in 1614.\\nIn May, 1626, Peter Minuit bought the island of Manhattan for 60 guil-\\nders (about 24 dollars). The Swedish territory to the south was annexed\\nby Governor Stuyvesant in 1655. In August, 1664, the Dutch dominions\\nwere surrendered to the English. Numerous battles were fought upon the\\nsoil of New York during the .French and Indian wars. The part which\\nNew York took in the Revolutionary war is described elsewhere [see\\nHistorical Sketch, p. 101]. During the war of 1812 the towns along\\nthe Canadian frontier were much exposed to British depredations. Several\\namendments have been made to the State Constitution, the last in 1874.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "332 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nSituation and. Extent. North Carolina is bounded on the N. W.\\nby Tennessee, N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. W.\\nand S. by South Carolina and Georgia. It is situated between latitudes\\n33\u00c2\u00b0 53 and 36\u00c2\u00b0 33 N. and longitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 35 E. and 7\u00c2\u00b0 30 W. from Wash-\\nington, or 75\u00c2\u00b0 25 and 84\u00c2\u00b0 30 W. from Greenwich. From east to west the\\nextreme length is 490 miles and the extreme breadth from north to south\\n185 miles. The area is 50,704 square miles, or 32,450,560 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Near the sea-coast are extensive\\nswamps and salt marshes. Between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds is a\\ntract 75 miles in length and 45 miles in breadth and extending over four\\ncounties, which is called Alligator, or Little Dismal, Swamp. Back of\\nthe submerged lands, a low and nearly level sandy plain, with an average\\nslope of one foot to the mile, extends inland for 150 miles to the falls of\\nthe Roanoke, the Yadkin and the Cape Fear. These falls mark the begin-\\nning of the hill country, which rises in a series of steps, at the average\\nrate of ten feet per mile, toward the Blue Ridge. In this section there are\\nelevations from 200 to 1200 feet high. Mountains. At the foot of the\\nBlue Ridge the ground rises from 1200 to 1500 feet, within a distance of\\nfive or six miles, to a mountainous plateau elevated some 2500 feet above\\nthe sea. The highest elevations east of the Rocky Mountains are in the\\nspurs of the Alleghany Mountains, which extend through the western part\\nof North Carolina. More than 20 peaks reach an altitude of 6000 feet,\\nwhile of the White Mountains [see New Hampshire] only Mount AVash-\\ningtou attains that height. The principal summits are Clingman s Peak\\n(6941 feet high), Buckley s Peak (6775 feet). Mount Mitchell (6732 feet)\\nand Roan Mountain (6306 feet), all of which overtop the monarch of the\\nWhite Hills. Of inferior height are the Richard Balsam (6225 feet),\\nGrandfather s Peak (5897 feet) and Sugar Loaf (5312 feet). West of the\\nBlue Ridge 14 counties which belong to North Carolina are drained through\\nthe Tennessee Valley. Rivers. Seven rivers of considerable size, all flow-\\ning toward the Atlantic Ocean, have a part or the whole of their course\\nin North Carolina. Beginning on the north, the first river is the Chowan,\\nnavigable for 75 miles, which rises in Virginia and empties into Albemarle\\nSound. Roanoke River is formed by the union of the Dan and the Staun-\\nton, which have their sources in Southern Virginia. The length of the\\nmain stream is 250 miles. Steamboats ascend as far as the falls, at Wel-\\ndon, 150 miles. The Tar, navigable for 100 miles, and the Neuse, which\\nis a broad lagoon for 40 miles and navigable for 120 miles, empty into\\nPamlico Sound. Cape Fear River, formed by the confluence of the Haw\\nand Deep Rivers, has a suflicient depth of water for sloops to ascend as far\\nas Fayetteville, 120 miles. The Yadkin rises in the flanks of the Blue\\nRidge, and after a course of 350 miles passes over into Sf)uth Carolina,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "CEiSTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 333\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0where it becomes the Great Pedee. The Catawba also flows into South\\nCarolina. West of the Blue Ridge are several small streams, which run\\ninto the Ohio and Mississippi system. Sea-coast. Sandy and barren islands\\nstretch along the 400 miles of coast, and shoals extend far out to sea, mak-\\ning the North Carolina coast a terror to all mariners. Cape Hatteras is\\nthe extreme headland. Cape Lookout and Cape Fear are less extended;\\nbut their names do no injustice to their dangerous character. Back of the\\nsandy islands are extensive sounds and deep bays. Pamlico Sound is 80\\nmiles long, from 10 to 30 wide, and 20 feet deep. Albemarle Sound is 60\\nmiles in length and from 4 to 15 in breadth. Currituck Sound, running\\nparallel with the ocean, is separated from it by a low sand-beach from 2 to\\n10 miles in width. Forests. More than two millions of acres of swamp\\nland in the east are covered with a growth of cedar and cypress, very val-\\nuable for timber. The piney woods extend across the State in a belt\\nfrom 30 to 80 miles wide. Here grows to its perfection the long-leaved\\nyellow pine, or turpentine tree. Hard woods predominate in the western\\nsection. Among the trees are tlie oak, hickory, walnut, maple, pojilar,\\nbay, mistletoe, chestnut, tulip, aspen, ash, sycamore, beech, elm, mulberry,\\nblack-walnut, live-oak, black thorn, myrtle, hawthorn, palmetto, etc.\\nGame is very abundant canvas-back ducks and wild geese are so numer-\\nous that shooting them is a regular and profitable business for gunners\\nduring the winter. The bear, deer and other wild animals are sometimes\\nseen.\\nSoil and Climate. The swamp lands have a soil from 5 to 10 feet\\ndeep, of which nine-tenths is a vegetable mould with a small admixture of\\nfine sand and clay. When drained, these lands produce very abundant\\ncrops. Some of them have been under cultivation for a century and still\\nshow no signs of diminished fertility. Much worn-out laud is seen in the\\ngreat midland district, comprising 30 counties but with sufficient fertiliza-\\ntion it can be profitably cultivated. The mountain region is well adapted\\nfor grazing. A semi-tropical climate is indicated in the vegetation of the\\nsouth-east. Palmetto trees are found as far north as Cape Hatteras. The\\nfig and pomegranate attain the dimensions of large trees. Vegetation is\\ngreen all the year round in swamps and savannas, where cattle range with-\\nout need of any artificial shelter. Potatoes, cabbages and other vegetables\\nare planted in December to be ready for use in February and the early\\nspring months. In the hill-country the climate is cooler, but at Raleigh\\npeach trees blossom in March and the fruit ripens in June. In the valleys\\nof the mountain district exemption from frost can be expected only be-\\ntween April 25th and October 10th. The isothermal lines crossing North\\nCarolina are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0-80\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0;\\nwinter, 35\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 60\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0. Observations continued for a\\nseries of years give the mean annual temperature at Smithville (near Cape", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "334 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nFear) as 65.7\u00c2\u00b0; Beaufort, 62.2\u00c2\u00b0; Ealeigh, 60\u00c2\u00b0; Chapel Hill, 59.7\u00c2\u00b0; Ashe-\\nville (among the mountains), 54.45\u00c2\u00b0. The auuual raiufall is 45.65 inches.\\nAgTiciiltiiral Productions. Cotton is grown over nearly half\\nthe State. There were 42 counties which produced over 400 bales each in\\n1860. In 1870 the production of cotton was 144,935 bales; flax, 59,552\\npounds; wool, 799,667 pounds; rice, 2,059,281 pounds; tobacco, 11,150,-\\n087 pounds; cane-molasses, 33,888 gallons; sorghum, 621,855 gallons;\\nsweet-potatoes, 3,071,870 bushels (outstripping Texas, which ranked next,\\nby more than 900,000 bushels). Rice is grown very largely in BrunsAvick,\\nthe most south-eastern county. In the production of peas and beans North\\nCarolina is surpassed only by New York. Pea-nuts, or ground-nuts, are\\nraised for exportation in immense quantities. The last census returns re-\\nported the number of farms as 93,565, of which 116 contained more than\\n1000 acres each, while the average size was 212 acres; value of farms, farm\\nimplements and live-stock, $104,287,161 value of productions, including\\nbetterments, etc., $57,845,940; value of the Indian corn, wheat, lye, oats,\\nbarley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops, in 1873, $22,964,647.\\nIn January, 1873, the State contained 131,800 horses, 48,400 mules, 316,-\\n100 oxen and other cattle, 199,100 milch cows, 823,300 hogs and 278,500\\nsheep.\\nManufactures. One of the most prosperous industries is the man-\\nufacture of tar, turpentine and resin from the long-leaved pine (Pimis jmIus-\\ntris). In 1870 there were 147 establishments, affording employment to 959\\nhands. The productiou was 3,779,449 barrels of turpentine (total for all\\nthe States, 6,004,887 barrels), 456,131 barrels of resin (all the States, 646,-\\n243 barrels) and 300 barrels of tar; value of all these products, $2,338,-\\n309. Lumber was sawed to the value of $2,000,243. The value of flour-\\niug-mill products was $2,232,404; cotton goods, $1,345,052; tobacco, $717,-\\n765; carriages and wagons, $340,284; total number of manufacturing\\nestablishments, 3642; hands employed, 13,622; value of products,\\n$19,021,327.\\nMinerals and Mining.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold has been obtained in moderate\\nquantities for many years. A branch mint was established at Charlotte\\n[see Coins and Currency, page 106], where $5,118,645 in gold had been\\ndeposited previous to its discontinuance, while $4,666,026 were sent to the\\nPhiladelphia Mint from North Carolina. The total gold product up to\\nJune 30, 1874, was $10,090,656. A nugget weighing 28 pounds was once\\nfound in Cabarrus county. Silver to the value of nearly $50,000 has also\\nbeen sent to the mint. There is an important zinc mine in Davidson\\ncounty. Copper, lead, plumbago, limestone, marble, manganese, porcelain\\nclay, etc., are found, and marl is abundant. Bituminous coal exists\\nin large beds on the Cape Fear and Dan Rivers. The Shocco and White\\nSulphur Springs are places of considerable resort.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 335\\nCommerce and Navig-atioil. There are 4 customs districts\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nviz., Albemarle, Beaufort, Pamlico and Wilmington, to which 279 vessels\\nbelong. For the year ending June 30, 1874, the value of exports was\\n^3,581,618; imports, $144,017. In the foreign trade 219 vessels entered\\nand 289 cleared; in the coastwise trade, 682 entered and 300 cleared,\\nmaking a total of 1490 vessels. Twenty-five vessels were built during the\\nyear. The fisheries are of considerable importance. Herring, shad, rock\\n,and bluefish, mullet, etc., are caught in large quantities. A hundred thou-\\nsand barrels annually are packed on Albemarle Sound. Only Massachu-\\nsetts and Maine employ more men in fisheries. The number engaged in\\nthis business in 1870 was 1606; value of products, $265,839.\\nRailroads and Canals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eighty-seven miles of railroad had been\\ncompleted up to the year 1842. In 1873 the number of miles was 1265;\\ncost per mile, $29,399 total capital account, $35,425,096 receipts,\\n$2,897,488 receipts per mile, $2405 receipts to an inhabitant, $2.61 net\\nearnings, $1,312,062; 1447 miles were in operation in 1874. Dismal\\nSwamp C-anal connects Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake Bay.\\nPnblic Institntions and Education. The State Peniten-\\ntiary contained 445 convicts, November 1, 1874. A State Insane Asylum\\nwas opened in 1856, which has treated over 1100 patients; 247 remained\\nat the close of 1874, The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the\\nBlind contained 208 pupils, of whom 64 were colored an annual appro-\\npriation of $40,000 is made for its support by the State. The above three\\ninstitutions are all located at Raleigh, the capital. The Constitution pro-\\nvides for a permanent school fund for the maintenance of free public\\nschools. This fund in 1874 amounted to $2,190,564. The number of\\nchildren between the ages of 6 and 21 years was 348,603; public schools,\\n3311; teachers, 2690. Separate schools are provided for colored children.\\nThe Ellensdale Teachers Institute, aided by the Peabody fund, and the\\nNormal School at Wilmington, supported by the American Missionary\\nAssociation, give instruction to teachers. There are five colleges\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz.,\\nDavidson, North Carolina, Rutherford Male and Female, Trinity, Univer-\\nsity of North Carolina and Wake Forest College. The University of\\nNorth Carolina, at Chapel Hill, chartered in 1789, was temporarily sus-\\npended in 1871. A College of Physicians and Surgeons has been organ-\\nized. Instruction in theology and law is afforded by Trinity College. The\\ncensus reported 1746 libraries, 64 newspapers and periodicals (increased\\nin 1875 to 106, 9 of which were published daily) and 2683 religious\\norganizations, having 2497 edifices.\\nCities and Towns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i?a/e/(//t, the State capital (population, 7790),\\nsituated near the Neuse River, contains a State-House, built of granite,\\nwhich cost $500,000, and was, at the time of its erection, one of the finest\\nCapitols in the Union. Three of the State institutions before mentioned", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "336 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nare located at this city. It is connected with all quarters of the State by\\nrailroads. Ten periodicals were published in 1875, two of them daily.\\nWilmington (population, 13,446), the largest city and principal sea-port,\\nis situated on the Cape Fear River, 34 miles from the sea. During the\\ncivil war this was the favorite port of the blockade runners. Nearly 400\\nvessels ran the blockade between October, 1863, and December, 1864.\\nThe export and import trade during the year ending June 30, 1864, was\\n$65,185,000. Ten years later, June 30, 1874, the total was $3,677,822\\n(less than one-seventeenth as much). Wilmington has steam saw- and\\nplaning-mills, machine-shops and turpentine distilleries and three daily\\nnewspapers. Newbern, on the River Neuse, 40 miles above its entrance\\ninto Pamlico Sound, has direct steamboat communication with Norfolk,\\nBaltimore and New York, and carries on a large trade in cotton, lumber,\\nfish and naval stores. It is also a place of considerable manufactures,\\nhaving founderies, machine-shops, turpentine-works, grist- and saw-mills,\\netc. There are 6 churches and 4 neAvspapers, one of which is puljlished\\ndaily. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was 5849, of whom 3829 were\\ncolored. Fayetteville (population, 4660), 100 miles above Wilmington, on\\nthe Cape Fear River, has a large trade in lumber, tar, turpentine, etc.\\nCharlotte (population, 4473) is the centre of the gold-mining district, and\\nnow has an assay-ofiice, which was formerly a United States mint. It\\nis at the intersection of 3 railroads, and has 6 newspapers, 3 of which are\\npublished daily. The other jirincipal towns are Beaufort, Asheville,\\nWashington, Plymouth, Goldsboro Tarboro and Edenton.\\nPopvilatioil. The original settlers were Irish and French. Some\\nScotch refugees came in after the battle of Culloden. A few Germans\\nhave made their home in North Carolina; but the number of persons of\\nforeign birth in 1870 was only 3029, which is less than one-third (.2827) of\\n1 per cent, of the entire population. The number of inhabitants at succes-\\nsive decennial periods has been as follows: 1790, 393,751 (slaves, 100,572);\\n1800, 487,103 (slaves, 133,296); 1810, 555,500 (slaves, 168,824); 1820,\\n638,829 (slaves, 204,917); 1830, 737,987 (slaves, 245,601); 1840, 753,-\\n419 (slaves, 245,817); 1850, 869,039 (slaves, 288,540); 1860, 992,622\\n(slaves, 331,059); 1870, 1,071,361 (free colored, 391,650). The native\\npopulation was 1,068,322, of whom 1,028,678 were born in North Caro-\\nlina and 39,644 were immigrants from other States, while 307,362\\nnative North Carolinians were residing in other parts of the Union,\\nshowing a loss to this Commonwealth of 267,718. The Old North\\nState ranked third in population in 1790, held the fourth place until\\n1820, and in 1870 ranked fourteenth. There were 21.13 inhabitants to\\na square mile.\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislature consists of a senate\\nof 50 members and a house of representatives of 120 members, elected for", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 337\\ntwo years and paid $5 per day besides mileage during the sessions, which\\nare held biennially. The governor (salary, $4000) and other executive\\nofficers are chosen for a term of four years. Appellate jurisdiction is ex-\\nercised by the supreme court, which consists of 6 judges. There are 12\\njudicial districts, in each of which terms of the superior court are held,\\npresided over by a single judge. All judges are elected by the people\\nfor a term of 8 years. Persons who deny the being of Almighty God\\nare ineligible to office. The State debt on the 1st of October, 1874,\\nwas $38,921,848. North Carolina is entitled to 8 representatives in\\nCongress.\\nHistory. In 1584 Queen Elizabeth granted letters patent to Sir\\nWalter Raleigh for the discovering and planting of new lands and coun-\\ntries. The first explorers landed on Roanoke Island July 4 (0. S.) of\\nthat year. Charles II. granted Carolina to 8 noblemen in 1668. Six years\\nlater the population was about 4000. The division between North and\\nSouth Carolina was made in 1697. War was waged with the Tuscaroras\\nuntil 1713. The first blood for liberty was shed at Alamance, in May,\\n1771, and the first declaration of independence in the United States was\\nmade at Charlotte, Mecklenburg county [see Historical Sketch, page\\n100]. The battle of Guilford Court-House, March 15, 1781, drove the\\ninvading British army under Cornwallis from North Carolina. In 1789\\nthe Constitution of the United States, which had been rejected in 1788, was\\nadopted. In February, 1861, the people voted against calling a conven-\\ntion to consider the question of secession. After the attack upon Fort\\nSumter the governor of North Carolina seized possession of the forts at\\nWilmington and Beaufort, the Mint at Charlotte and the United States\\nArsenal at Fayetteville. An ordinance of secession was passed, and the\\nConstitution of the Confederate States was adopted May 21. Fort Hat-\\nteras and Fort Clark were taken by the Federal forces Aug. 29. Gen.\\nBurnside and Commodore Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8,\\n1862, and the city of Newborn March 14. Wilmington was taken on the\\n22d of February, 1865. Hostilities were closed by the surrender of Gen.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Johnston s army April 26. The present Constitution was ratified in 1868.\\nOHIO.\\nSituation and Extent. Ohio is bounded on the N. by Michigan\\nand Lake Erie, E. by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, S. by West Vir-\\nginia and Kentucky and W. by Indiana. It is situated between latitudes\\n38\u00c2\u00b0 27 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 57 N. and longitudes 3\u00c2\u00b0 34 and 7\u00c2\u00b0 49 W. from Wash-\\nington, or 80\u00c2\u00b0 34 and 84\u00c2\u00b0 49 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length\\nis 228 miles, the breadth 220 miles and the area 39,964 square miles, or\\n25,576,960 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /Siw/aee. The general surface of Ohio is\\n22", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "338 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthat of a great plain, descending from the foot of the Alleghanies toward\\nthe Mississippi Valley. The lowest point is 425 feet above the sea level\\nand the highest 1540 feet, on the summit between the Scioto and Miami.\\nAmong the principal elevations are Round Knob (1409 feet). Bald Moun-\\ntain (1391 feet), Mount Tabor (1365 feet), Little Mountain (1340 feet),\\nStultz s Mountain (1301 feet) and Fort Hill (1286 feet). Cincinnati is\\n523 feet above tide-water, Cleveland 685 feet, Urbana 1044 feet and Hud-\\nson 1137 feet. A chain of low hills, which constitutes the water-shed be-\\ntween Lake Erie and the Ohio River, extends along the 41st parallel of\\nlatitude. Along the lake are cliffs, sometimes attaining a height of 750 feet\\nabove the water surface. The south-east section of the State is undulating,\\nand precipitous hills, 600 and 700 feet in height, extend along the banks\\nof the Ohio. Numerous mounds, supposed to be the work of a race\\nnow extinct, still exist, together with the remains of very extensive fortifi-\\ncations. Rivers and Lakes. The Ohio River winds along the southern\\nboundary with a gentle current for 435 miles. It is subject to great fresh-\\nets. In the spring of 1832 the stream rose to a height of 63 feet above\\nlow-water mark. The width opposite Cincinnati is about 1600 feet. Flow-\\ning into the Ohio are the Muskingum, navigable to Dresden, 95 miles; the\\nScioto, 200 miles in length; the Great Miami, 150 miles long, and the\\nLittle Miami. The principal streams emptying into Lake Erie are the\\nMaumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga and Chagrin Rivers. Fish are abundant,\\nincluding the catfish (sometimes weighing 90 pounds), sturgeon, pike, perch,\\nshad, etc. Lake Erie affords a navigable water frontage of 230 miles on\\nthe north. There are many small lakes and basins along the water-shed\\nmore than one hundred have been noted in Summit county within a radius\\nof 20 miles. Forests. Forty-five species of trees have been noticed which\\ngrow to a height of more than 40 feet. When the whites first came to the\\nState, in 1810, they found in the primitive forests the buttonwood, butter-\\nnut, dogwood, slippery and white elm, buckeye, sassafras, spice wood, red-\\nbud, coffee tree, linden, pawpaw, poplar, locust, mulberry, birch, beech,\\nchestnut, hornbeam, black-walnut, hickory, hemlock, sycamore, oak (white,\\nblack, Spanish and red), arbor vitse, mistletoe, ash, aspen, yew, red cedar,\\nmaple, spruce, gum, pine, willow, hackberry, persimmon and many others.\\nSeven species of maple, 11 of walnut and 26 of oak are catalogued. It\\nhas been observed that the timber of the Western country is softer and\\nweaker than in the Atlantic States, owing probably to its more rapid\\ngrowth. Birds. Among the native birds are the turkey-buzzard, hawk\\n(3 species), pheasant, partridge, bluejay, wood duck, sparrow, redbird,\\nwoodpecker (5 species), eagle, raven, crow, kingfisher, wren, owl,\\ngrouse, etc.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Over more than half the State the soil is of\\ndiluvial origin. In the north the drift deposit is principally clay. The", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 339\\nsouthern counties of the Reserve have more of gravel and sand. This\\nis a line grazing country. The river bottoms contain an alluvium of very\\ngreat fertility. The climate is subject to great variations. On the morn-\\ning of June 5, 1859, there was a remarkable frost, which killed much\\nof the wheat and fruit in the State. There were frosts on 8 days of May\\nin 1861, and light ones on the 27th of June and 3d of July (Bureau of\\nStatistics). The extremes of temperature at Marietta during 28 years\\nwere 22\u00c2\u00b0 below zero and 99\u00c2\u00b0 above. During a series of years the mean\\ntemperature at Cleveland was 49.77\u00c2\u00b0; at Marietta, 51.86\u00c2\u00b0; at Cincinnati,\\n54.67\u00c2\u00b0. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the minimum temperature\\nnoted by the Signal Service Bureau for Ohio was 2\u00c2\u00b0 at Toledo, and the\\nmaximum 103\u00c2\u00b0 at Cincinnati. The isothermal lines for the State are:\\nSpring, 50\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-74\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0 annual\\nmean, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0. Cincinnati is on the same isothermal lines with Lyons,\\nMilan and Constantinople. The annual rainfall is 33.38 inches at Cincin-\\nnati and 38.43 inches iit Cleveland.\\nAgTiculturill Productions. Ohio at one time ranked first in\\nthe production of grain. It 1873 it occupied the third rank in the pro-\\nduction of Indian corn, fourth in oats, fifth in barley and seventh in wheat.\\nThe number of farms reported in 1870 was 195,953, of which 69 contained\\nmore than 1000 acres each, while the average size was 111 acres. The\\nacreage of improved land was 14,469,133 (only Illinois and J^ew York had\\nmore); value of farms, farm implements and live-stock, $1,200,458,541\\n(next to New York) value of farm productions, including betterments, etc.\\n\u00c2\u00a7198,256,907 (next to New York and Illinois). In 1874 Ohio contained\\n738,600 horses (only Illinois had more), 22,300 mules, 882,900 oxen and\\nother cattle (next to Texas and Illinois), 778,500 cows (next to New York),\\n4,639,000 sheep (next to California) and 2,017,400 hogs. Fruits grow in\\ngreat abundance, and nearly 350,000 acres are devoted to orchards. In\\n1872, which was an exceptionally good year, the apple crop was 23,000,000\\nbushels and the peach crop 405,619 bushels.\\nManufactures. This State ranks third in the number of manufac-\\nturing establishments and fourth in the value of products. It stood first\\nin the fabrication of agricultural implements, and next to Illinois and Mis-\\nsouri in pork-packing. The total number of manufacturing establishments\\nreported at the last census was 22,773; hands employed, 137,202; value\\nof products, $269,713,610. The principal industries in value were: Flour-\\ning-mill products, $24,965,629; clothing, $13,194,998; iron, rolled and\\nforged, $13,033,169; agricultural implements, 611,907,366; iron, pig, $10,-\\n956,938 pork packed, $10,655,950. The number of hogs packed in the\\nwinter of 1874-5 was 871,736; value, $16,597,490.\\nMinerals and Mining*. Fields of bituminous coal extend over\\n10,000 square miles of area. There are 30 counties in which it is profit-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "340 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nably mined. The production of 1873 was 87,794,240 bushels. Iron is\\nmined in 20 counties to the amount of nearly 350,000 tons per year.\\nMore than 4 million bushels of salt and 1,315,000 gallons of petroleum\\nwere produced in 1873. Gypsum, lime, potter s clay and the finest quality\\nof building-stone are found in abundance. The mining product of 1870\\nwas $7,751,544, from 535 establishments.\\nConiinerce and IVavigation. The 200 miles of coast on Lake\\nErie afford direct communication with the Atlantic Ocean through the\\nRiver St. Lawrence, and the 435 miles of Ohio River navigation are con-\\nnected, through the Mississippi, with the Gulf of Mexico, so that vessels\\nbuilt in Ohio can sail direct to foreign ports. The customs districts on the\\nlake have their ports of entry at Cleveland, Sandusky and Toledo. During\\nthe fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, the value of imports was $554,376,\\nand the value of exports $3,528,729 1362 vessels entered and 1388 cleared,\\nin the foreign trade; 8417 entered and 8460 cleared, in the coastwise trade;\\n219 vessels belonged to Cincinnati and 609 to the lake ports. Twenty-\\neight vessels were built upon the lake and 40, of which 19 were steamers,\\nupon the Ohio. Cincinnati is a port \u00c2\u00a9f entry and delivery. The value\\nof fisheries in 1870 was $383,121, givhig to Ohio the fifth rank among the\\nStates.\\nRailroads and Canals. The four great trunk-lines from the At-\\nlantic cities to the Mississippi cross this State. In 1842 the first mile of\\nrailroad was completed; in 1874 the statistics were: Miles of railroad,\\n4378; cost per mile, $74,254; total stock and debt, $298,931,461; gross\\nearnings, $37,177,129; net earnings, $10,182,894. Of navigable canals\\nthe State has 796 miles, including feeders and side-cuts. These were con-\\nstructed between the years 1825 and 1844, at a total cost of $14,688,667;\\naverage cost per mile, $18,453. The Ohio and Erie Canal, connecting the\\nriver at Portsmouth with the lake at Cleveland, is 309 miles in length and\\ncost $4,695,204. The Miami and Erie, connecting Toledo with Cincinnati,\\nextends for 250 miles, and was constructed at a cost (with improvements\\nand repairs of $7,463,694. The State also contains more than 6000 miles\\nof turnpikes and plank roads.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-\\ntiary, erected in 1813, contained 1005 prisoners Nov. 1, 1874. The Deaf\\nand Dumb Asylum, opened Feb. 11, 1869, was constructed at a cost of\\n$625,000. Both the above institutions, together with the Asylums for the\\nDeaf and Dumb, the Blind and the Idiotic, and the Central Ohio Lunatic\\nAsylum, are located at Columbus. Other Asylums for the Insane have\\nbeen opened at Newburg, Dayton, Athens, Longview and Toledo, of\\nwhich the first three are wholly, and the last two partially, supported by\\nthe State. Upwards of 1000 patients were sent to these hospitals for the\\ninsane during the year 1874. An Industrial School for girls has been", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 341\\nestablished at White Sulphur Springs, and a Reform School for boys was\\nopened near Lancaster in 1857. The latter institution has a farm of 1170\\nacres; nearly 2000 boys have been already admitted. The school statistics\\nfor 1873-4 were: Schooldiouses, 11,688; value, $18,829,586; teachers,\\n22,375; children of school age (6 to 21 years), 985,947; revenue for\\nschool purposes, $8,300,594. There are 32 colleges (of which Oberlin had\\n1330 students), 12 schools of theology, 3 of law, 11 of medicine and 4\\nof science. Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Columbus, pos-\\nsesses a property valued at $904,000. A building has been erected which\\nwill accommodate 500 students. The last census reported 17,790 libraries,\\n395 newspapers and periodicals, 26 of them daily, and 6488 religious\\norganizations, having 6284 edifices. In 1875 the number of newspapers\\nhad increased to 537, of which 35 were published daily.\\nCities and Towns. Ohio contains 31 cities. Columbus was made\\nthe State capital by an act passed Feb. 14, 1812. It occupies a central\\nposition on the Scioto River, at the intersection of eight railroads, 110 miles\\nnorth-east of Cincinnati. The principal State institutions are concentrated\\nhere, including the Penitentiary and the several asylums for the insane,\\nblind, deaf and dumb and idiotic; there are also State and United States\\nArsenals. The Capitol was completed in 1861, 15 years after its commence-\\nment, at a cost of $1,365,171. Eight periodicals are issued, 2 of them\\ndaily, and there are 45 churches. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was\\n31,274. Cincinnati, the Queen City of the West, is situated upon the\\nOhio River, 500 miles above its mouth. A suspension bridge, 2252 feet\\nlong, spans the river. There are 8 lines of river packets steamboats 300\\nfeet long and 90 feet wide come up to the docks. The city has a water\\nfrontage of 10 miles. A line of hills from 400 to 450 feet high extends in\\nsemicircular form some distance back from the river, affording the finest\\nsites for residences. Among the principal public edifices are the Court-\\nHouse, Hospital, Public Librarj^ Opera-House, St. Peter s Cathedral and\\nthe United States government buildings. The manufactures are very ex-\\ntensive; there are 4000 establishments, employing 58,000 hands and pro-\\nducing au annual value of $145,000,000. Pork-packing is a leading\\nindustry, although Chicago has taken the first place, which was once held\\nby Cincinnati. During the season of 1873-4, 581,253 hogs were packed.\\nThe city contains 25,000 dwellings, 160 churches and 11 public libraries.\\nSixty-two periodicals are published, 9 of them daily. The population in\\n1800 was 750; in 1810, 2540; in 1820, 9602; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840,\\n46,338; in 1850, 115,436; in 1860, 161,044; and in 1870, 216,239, of\\nwhom 136,627 were natives of the United States. The valuation of prop-\\nerty in 1873 was $185,645,740. Thirteen railroads enter 4 depots. Cleve-\\nland (population, 92,829), situated on the shore of Lake Erie, is called the\\nForest City. The Court-House, City Hall and United States buildings", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "342 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nare fine stone edifices. The Ohio aud Erie Caual brings a large business\\nto the city. Five railroads centre in a mammoth union depot. There are\\nnearly 1000 manufacturing establishments, 90 churches and 6 daily news-\\npapers. Toledo (population, 31,584), on the Mauraee River, near the\\nwestern extremity of Lake Erie, has a fine harbor, aud is connected with\\nCincinnati and Evansville, Indiana, by canals. Six railroads meet in one\\ndepot. Five daily newspapers are published. The other principal towns\\nare Dayton (30,743), Sandusky (13,000), Springfield (12,652), Hamilton\\n(11,081), Zanesville (10,011), Akron (10,006), Chillicothe (8920), Canton\\n(8660), Steubenville (8107), Youugstown (8075), Mansfield (8029) and\\nNewark (6698). In 1873, 19,750 new buildings were erected in the State,\\nof which 15,172 were dwellings and 145 factories.\\nGrowth in Population. At the beginning of the present cen-\\ntury Ohio ranked eighteenth in population among the 20 States then com-\\nposing the American Union. She took the third place in 1840, and has\\nsince retained it. The number of inhabitants at successive decennial\\nperiods has been as follows: In 1800, 43,365; 1810, 230,760; 1820, 581,-\\n295; 1830, 937,903; 1840, 1,519,467; 1850, 1,980,329; 1860, 2,339,511;\\n1870, 2,665,260. Between 1800 and 1810 the increase was 408.7 per cent.\\nduring the last decade, 13.92 per cent. The number of inhabitants to a\\nsquare mile was 66.69. A stream of emigration has been pouring from\\nOhio westward. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa were settled to a considerable\\nextent by people from this State 70,000 went to Iowa in 7 years. The\\nreturns of 1870 showed that 806,983 of the children of Ohio Avere residing\\nin other parts of the Union, while it contained 450,454 natives of other\\nStates and 372,493 persons of foreign birth, making a total of 822,947\\nresidents who were not native to the soil. It has been computed that the\\ncentre of population for the republic is at Wilmington, Clinton county,\\nOhio, 45 miles north-east of Cincinnati.\\nGovernment and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na general assembly, consisting of 36 senators and 105 representatives.\\nBiennial sessions are held. Executive officers are elected for a term of\\ntwo years. Four thousand dollars salary is paid to the governor. The\\nsupreme court consists of 5 judges, who receive $3000 salary each. Courts\\nof common pleas and also probate courts are held in each of the 88 coun-\\nties. All judges are elected by the people. The value of taxable property\\nin 1874 was $1,580,379,324; 168 national banks were in operation, having\\na capital of .$28,883,000. The State debt was $7,988,205 on the 15th of\\nNovember in the above-mentioned year.\\nHistory.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Salle sailed along the Ohio River in 1680. In March,\\n1786, a plan was formed in Connecticut for the planting of a colony upon\\nthe banks of the Ohio. A company of 47 emigrants reached the site of\\nMarietta on the 7th of April, 1787, and began the first settlement. About", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 343\\nthe same time Cougress began to exercise jurisdiction over the territory\\nnorth-west of the Ohio. The old story of Indian outrages was repeated.\\nGeneral St. Clair was defeated by the Miamis in 1791. In 1794 Gen.\\nWayne achieved a brilliant victory over the savages, and hostilities were\\nsoon suspended. Ohio was admitted to the Union as the seventeenth State\\non the 19th of February, 1803. Conflicting claims to the laud were urged\\nby several States, and most of it was ceded to the General Government.\\nConnecticut reserved 3,666,921 acres in the north-east, along Lake Erie,\\nwhich has since been known as the Western Reserve.\\nOREGOK\\nSituation and *Extent. Oregon is bounded on the N. by Wash-\\nington Territory, E. by Idaho, S. by Nevada and California and W. by the\\nPacific Ocean. It is situated between latitudes 42\u00c2\u00b0 and 46\u00c2\u00b0 20 N. and\\nlongitudes 39\u00c2\u00b0 44 and 47\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Washington, or 116\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 124\u00c2\u00b0\\n35 W. from Greenwich. The length from east to west is 360 miles, the\\nbreadth from north to south 275 miles and the area 95,274 square miles,\\nor 60,975,360 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Along the Pacific coast the ground\\nis very much broken and the mountain spurs jut out in bold headlands and\\ncapes, among the most prominent of which are Capes Orford, Arago, Per-\\npetua, Foulweather and Lookout. Some twenty-five miles back are the\\nCoast Mountains, from 1000 to 5000 feet high. East of this range is the\\nWillamette Valley, having a width of from 50 to 100 miles. The valley\\nof the Umpqua and the valley of the Rogue Rivers, separated from each\\nother by the Umpqua Mountains, occupy the territory to the south. The\\nregions above described belong to Western Oregon, which covers an area\\nof 31,000 square miles and extends from the Pacific coast inland for 130\\nmiles to the Cascade Mountains. These mountains, which are a continua-\\ntion of the Sierra Nevada, extend in a direction almost due north and\\nsouth across the State. The altitude of the highest peaks has been some-\\nwhat exaggerated. Late measurements give the following results Mount\\nHood, 11,225 feet; Mount Pitt, 11,000 feet; Mount Jeflfersou, 10,500 feet;\\nthe Three Sisters, 9420 feet; and Diamond Peak, about the same. Exten-\\nsions of the Cascade Range, under the general name of the Blue Moun-\\ntains, stretch toward the east and north-east, sometimes attaining an eleva-\\ntion of 7000 feet. Eastern Oregon is in general an elevated country,\\nbroken by hills, mountains and deep canons. These gradually give place\\nto prairies and level plains, which fall away toward the Great Interior\\nBasin. Rivers. The Columbia River forms the boundary between Oregon\\nand Washington Territory for 300 miles. It has a width of from 3 to 7\\nmiles for 40 miles above its mouth. Large steamboats can ascend 140\\nmiles to the rapids where the river breaks through the Cascade Mountains.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "344 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nAround these rapids is a railroad portage, above which navigation is pos-\\nsible to White Bluffs, a distance of 205 miles. The largest tributary of\\nthe Columbia is the Lewis, or Snake, River, which rises in the mountains\\nof Idaho and constitutes the boundary between that Territory and Oregon\\nfor 150 \u00c2\u00a9liles. Steamboats sail into Southern Idaho, within 200 miles of\\nSalt Lake City. The Deschutes, 250 miles long, John Day s River, about\\nthe same length, and the Walla Walla discharge their waters into the Co-\\nlumbia east of the Cascade Mountains. Draining the valley to the west\\nof the mountains is the Willamette River, navigable for 130 miles, which\\nruns due north and empties into the Columbia, 110 miles above its mouth.\\nThe Umpqua and Rogue Rivers, which are about 200 miles long, flow\\ndirectly into the Pacific. Klamath River runs through the lakes of the\\nsame name and passes into California. Forests. All of Western Oregon,\\nwith the exception of the river valleys, is covered with a dense growth of\\ntimber. Toward the California boundary are said to be some of the most\\nmagnificent forests in the world. It is estimated that they would yield a\\nmillion feet of timber to the acre. Upon the mountains the principal\\ngrowths are the yellow, white and sugar pine, the red, black, yellow and\\nbalsam fir, and the Oregon cedar, which sometimes attains the dimensions\\nof 300 feet in height and 20 feet in diameter, the yew, juniper, oak,\\nash, hemlock, myrtle and spruce. In Eastern Oregon the timber supply\\nis deficient. The forests are still inhabited by the black and grizzly\\nbear, panther, wolf, wildcat, cayote, elk, deer, antelope and other wild\\nanimals.\\nSoil and Climate. The valleys of the Willamette, the Umpqua\\nand Rogue Rivers have a dark porous soil, formed by the mixture of vege-\\ntable mould with clayey loam, and are exceedingly fertile. Above the\\nalluvial bottoms are open and slightly rolling prairies, whose soil is a gray,\\ncalcareous, sandy loam, admirably adapted for wheat and other cereals.\\nAlong the spurs of the mountains are good grazing lands, based upon a\\nbrown, clayey loam. Eastern Oregon is especially adapted for dairying\\nand stock-raising. The nutritious bunch grass grows to a height of\\nfrom 6 to 18 inches. Parts of the Great Basin ai-e totally unfit for culti-\\nvation. Very great climatic variations are shown in different parts of the\\nState. In portions of Eastern Oregon frosts come in October, winter lasts\\nfor three months and snow falls to the depth of 12 inches. West of the\\nCascade Mountains the climate is mild and uniform. The seasons are the\\nrainy, lasting from November to April, and the dry; very little snow falls,\\nand thunder and lightning are almost unknown. Upon the isothermal\\ncharts the lines passing across Oregon are: Spring, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; summer,\\n57\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 50\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe average temperature at Port Orford is 53.5\u00c2\u00b0 at Astoria, 52\u00c2\u00b0, and at\\nPortland, 52.8\u00c2\u00b0. Astoria has an annual rainlall of 60 inches and Port-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 345\\nland of 43.69 inches. The rainfall in some of the eastern districts does not\\nexceed 15 or 20 inches.\\nAgricultural Productions. There were 7587 farms reported\\nby the last census, of which 88 contained more than. 1000 acres each, while\\nthe average size was 315 acres 2,389,252 acres were included in farms,\\nof which 1,116,290 acres were improved. The total value of farms, farm\\nimplements and live-stock Avas $30,475,381 value of farm productions,\\n67,122,790. In 1873 the production of Indian corn was 94,000 bushels,\\nan average of 30 bushels to the acre. Only Nevada produced less in total\\namount; but the yield to the acre was greater in Oregon than in 21 other\\nStates. The wheat crop was 3,127,000 bushels; 16 States produced less,\\nand the average yield to the acre (19 bushels) was only surpassed by Ne-\\nvada (20 bushels). The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley,\\nbuckwheat, potato and hay crops was $5,571,866. At the beginning of\\n1874 the State contained 86,400 horses, 3700 mules, 123,700 oxen and\\nother cattle, 73,500 milch cows, 171,200 hogs and 561,500 sheep, an aver-\\nage of more than 6 sheep to every inhabitant.\\nManufactures. Oregon possesses a large water-power, but manu-\\nfacturing is yet in its infancy. In 1870 there were 969 establishments,\\nwhich employed 2884 hands; the value of the annual product was $6,877,-\\n387, of which the principal items were Flouring-mill products, $1,530,229\\nlumber, $922,576 woollen goods, $492,857.\\nMinerals and Mining.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold was discovered in 1852, and silver\\nis also found. The bullion product of the State up to 1875 has been esti-\\nmated at more than 25 millions of dollars. Coal has been mined in con-\\nsiderable quantities. Granite, sandstone, slate, limestone, soapstone, etc.,\\nare abundant. The product of the 168 mining establishments reported in\\n1870 was $417,797.\\nCommerce and Navigation. A harbor 5 miles wide, and with\\na depth of 20 and 25 feet in its two channels, is afforded by the Columbia\\nRiver. Coos Bay, 10 miles long and 2 miles wide, has a depth of from 3\\nto 4 fathoms. Oregon contains 3 customs districts, at which, during the\\nfiscal year ending June 30, 1874, the value of imports was $490,480, and\\nthe value of exports $2,659,510. In the foreign trade the entrances were\\n50 and the clearances 96 (of which 43 were American vessels) in the\\ncoastwise trade there were 309 entrances and 218 clearances. Sixty steam-\\ners and 48 other vessels belong to the customs districts, and 12 were built\\nduring the year. Fisheries. The Columbia River salmon fisheries are\\nvery profitable; 3500 barrels of salted salmon and 150,000 cases, valued\\nat $6 per case, were put up during the season of 1873. Cod, sturgeon,\\nhalibut, lobsters, etc., are caught in large quantities.\\nKailroads. At the last report 257J miles of railroad had been\\nopened for travel. The principal line extends from Portland south", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "346 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthrougli the Willamette Valley for 200 miles, and is to be extended so as\\nto form a connection with the Central Pacific Railroad.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Penitentiary was\\nestablished in 1854, and contained in 1874 about 100 prisoners. The Hos-\\npital for the Insane, opened at East Portland in 1862, has 200 inmates.\\nInstitutions for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb are in successful opera-\\ntion. The school statistics for 1874 were as follows: Public schools, 530;\\nteachers, 860; school-houses, 555; value, $332,764; receipts for school\\npurposes, $204,760; number of children of school age (4 to 20 years),\\n40,898. The institutions for higher education are: Christian College, at\\nMonmouth, which has classic, scientific and prepai-atory departments; Cor-\\nvallis College, connected with which is the State Agricultural School, hav-\\ning a property valued at $239,000; McMinnville College; Pacific Uni-\\nversity, having classical, scientific and normal departments Willamette\\nUniversity, which embraces a school of medicine and a school of science;\\nand the University of Oregon, at Eugene City. The State contained, in\\n1870, 2361 libraries, 220 religious organizations, having 135 edifices, and\\n35 newspapers and periodicals, of which 4 were published daily. Six\\ndailies, 36 weeklies and 1 semi-monthly were published in 1875.\\nCities and Towns. Salem (population, 1139), the State capital,\\nis situated on the Willamette River, 50 miles south of Portland. Two\\ndaily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Portland, on the Wil-\\nlamette River, 12 miles above its entrance into the Columbia, is the chief\\ncity of Oregon. It contains the State Penitentiary. The other principal\\ntowns are Astoria (named after John Jacob Astor), Oi*egon City, Forest\\nGrove, Corvallis, Eugene City, Harrisburg, Baker City, Roseburg and\\nJacksonville.\\nPopulation. In 1850 the number of inhabitants was 13,294; in\\n1860, 52,465; and in 1870, 90,923, which is less than one person to a square\\nmile; 11,600 were born in foreign lands and 79,323 in the United States,\\nof whom 37,135 were natives of Oregon, 1710 of California, 4722 of Illi-\\nnois, 3451 of Indiana, 3695 of Iowa, 2387 of Kentucky, 7061 of Missouri,\\n3092 of New York, 4031 of Ohio, 1930 of Pennsylvania, 996 of the Ter-\\nritories, etc. 6225 natives of Oregon were residing elsewhere. Only Ne-\\nvada had a smaller population. There are about 8000 tribal Indians, who\\noccupy 7 reservations.\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislature consists of 30 senators,\\nelected for 4 years, and 60 representatives, elected for 2 years. Biennial\\nsessions are held, during which the members are paid $3 per day. Exec-\\nutive oflScers are chosen for a term of 4 years. A salary of $1500 per\\nannum is paid to the governor. The supreme court, which has only appel-\\nlate jurisdiction, consists of 5 judges. Circuit courts are held at least twice\\na year in every county. Probate matters and inferior civil and criminal", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 347\\ncases are under the jurisdictiou of a county court, the presiding judge of\\nwhich is elected by the j^eople of the county. Ten per cent, is the legal\\nrate of interest.\\nHistory.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 7th day of May, 1792, Capt. Robert Gray, of Bos-\\nton, entered the Columbia River. In 1805 Lewis and Clarke visited this\\nregion. In 1810 John Jacob Astor organized the Pacific Fur Company.\\nA party sent out by this company reached the Columbia on thd- 24th of\\nMarch, 1811, and founded Astoria. The Hndson s Bay Company claimed\\njurisdictiou over the whole country. In 1846 the 49th parallel of latitude\\nwas made the boundary between British America and the United States.\\nImmigrants began to enter Oregon by the overland route as early as 1833.\\nFrom 3 to 5 months were consumed in the journey from the Missouri River.\\nThe passage around Cape Horn required six months. Congress passed a\\ndonation law in 1850, giving 320 acres of land to each actual settler\\naud 320 acres more to the wife. Oregon, which had been organized as a\\nTerritory by an act passed Aug. 14, 1848, was admitted into the Union ou\\nthe 4th day of February, 1859. Indian hostilities have been a source of\\nvery great trouble to the settlers. An account of the recent Modoc war is\\ngiven elsewhere [see Historical Sketch, page 149].\\nPENNSYLVANIA.\\nSituation and Extent. Pennsylvania is bounded on the N. by\\nLake Erie aud New York, E. by New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryland\\nand West Virginia, and W. by West Virginia and Ohio. It is situated\\nbetween latitudes 39\u00c2\u00b0 43 aud ^42\u00c2\u00b0 15 N. and longitudes 2\u00c2\u00b0 18 E. aud 3\u00c2\u00b0\\n36 W. from Washington, or 74\u00c2\u00b0 42 and 80\u00c2\u00b0 36 W. from Greenwich.\\nThe State is 310 miles long, 175 miles in extreme breadth and contains an\\narea of 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres. Its southern boundary is\\nMason and Dixon s line [see Maryland, page 171].\\nPhysical Features. Surface. There are three natural divisions\\nwhich are quite distinctly marked. (1.) The eastern slope extends from\\nthe Delaware River westward, from 75 to 80 miles to the Blue Mountains,\\nexhibiting a surface slightly rolling aud diversified. (2.) The mountain\\nregion of Central Pennsylvania includes a belt of country more than a\\nhundred miles in width. Several chains of hills belonging to the Great\\nAppalachian range extend in a parallel direction from north-east to south-\\nwest across the State. These are known by various local names, as Kitta-\\ntinny, Broad Mountain, Tiiscarora, Sideling Hill, Bald Eagle Ridge, etc.\\nThe Alleghanies constitute the water-shed between the Atlantic Ocean and\\nthe valley of the Ohio. Still farther west are the Laurel and Chestnut\\nRidges, sometimes attaining an altitude of 3000 feet. (3.) The western,\\nor Ohio River, slope sinks away gradually from the mountain summits\\ntoward the great interior valley. Rivers. The Delaware River, 320 miles", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "348 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nlong, constitutes the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania. Ocean steamers\\nof the largest size ascend as far as Philadelphia, and small steamboats can\\nreach Trenton. Its principal tributaries are the Lehigh, 90 miles long and\\nan important channel for the coal and lumber trade, which enters the Del-\\naware at Easton; and the Schuylkill, taking its rise among the mountains\\nof the coal region, which supplies Philadelphia with water and unites with\\nthe Delaware below that city after a course of 130 miles. The Susque-\\nhanna River rises in Otsego Lake, New York, flows across Pennsylvania\\nand, passing into Maryland, discharges its waters into Chesapeake Bay.\\nIt is a broad stream, haviug a width of a mile and a quarter at Harris-\\nburg, but is too shallow for navigation. The chief aflluents of the Sus-\\nquehanna are the West Branch, the Tioga and the blue Juniata,\\nfamous among tourists for its beauty. Draining Western Pennsylvania\\nare the two rivers which united form the Ohio viz., the Alleghany and\\nthe Monougahela. The former rises in Potter county, sweeps into the State\\nof New York, affording water communication as far as Olean, 240 miles\\nabove its mouth, and then, flowing southward, unites at Pittsburg with the\\nMonongahela, which has its sources in the highlands of West Virginia.\\nLake Erie extends for 40 miles along the north-western boundary, thus\\naffording to Pennsylvania a connection with the great system of lake navi-\\ngation. Forests. Large tracts of mountain land are covered with a dense\\ngrowth of timber. Around the headwaters of the West Branch of the\\nSusquehanna are primeval forests from which immense quantities of lum-\\nber are cut evei-y year. Among the forest trees are the pine, cedar, spruce,\\nhemlock, larch, ash, elm, linden, beech, mulberry, hornbeam, chestnut,\\naspen, persimmon, locust, sassafras, birch, gum, catalpa, sycamore, poplar,\\npawpaw, magnolia, maple, oak, hickory, walnut, etc. The bear, panther,\\nwildcat, wolf, fox, raccoon, otter, opossum, deer and other wild animals\\nare met with in the parts remote from civilization.\\nSoil and Climate. The eastern counties have a fertile loam, which\\nis brought to a high state of cultivation and produces large crops. In the\\ncounties along the Maryland line there is a strong and quick soil, resting\\nupon a limestone formation, and well adapted for wheat and other grains.\\nThe mountain region is generally unproductive, the soil being cold and\\nthin, but there are warm and deep alluvial lands in the valleys. West of\\nthe Alleghanies the soil has the fertility characteristic of the great valley\\nof the Ohio. The isothermal lines crossing the State are Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0\\nsummer, 67\u00c2\u00b0-72\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 47\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0. According to the report of the United States Signal Service\\nBureau, the average tempei-ature for the three years ending Sept. 30, 1874,\\nwas 51.92\u00c2\u00b0 at Philadelphia and 51.33\u00c2\u00b0 at Pittsburg. The mean for the\\nthree summer months was 71\u00c2\u00b0, and the maximum 97\u00c2\u00b0, at the former city.\\nDuring the month of August, 1875, the maximum temperature was 85\u00c2\u00b0,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 349\\non the 6tb, and the minimnm 58\u00c2\u00b0, on the 2d. The annual rauifiill for two\\nyears was 40.17 inches at Pittsburg and 51.81 inches at Philadelphia.\\nAgricultural Productions. Pennsylvania ranked first in the\\nproduction of rye in 1873, being credited with 3,283,000 bushels, which\\nwas one-fifth of the whole production of the United States. It was first\\nalso in oats (31,229,000 bushels), and ranked next to New York in buck-\\nwheat, potatoes and hay. The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats,\\nbarley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops was $115,965,700 (next\\nto New York and Illinois). In 1874 the State contained 557,000 horses,\\n24,900 mules, 722,600 oxen and other cattle, 812,600 milch cows (next to\\nNew York), 1,034,400 hogs and 1,674,000 sheep. The last Federal census\\nreported 17,994,200 acres in farms, of which 11,115,965 acres were im-\\nproved; value of farms, implements and live-stock, $1,194,786,853; value\\nof productions, $183,946,027; average size of farms, 103 acres. About\\n252 per cent, of the population were employed in agriculture.\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments at\\nthe time of the last census was 37,200; hands employed, 319,487; value\\nof materials, $421,197,673; value of products, $711,894,344. Pennsyl-\\nvania ranked first among the States in the number of establishments, but\\nwas surpassed by New York in the number of hands employed and in the\\nvalue of the products. Among the leading industries in value w ere iron,\\n$122,605,296 (moi e than twice as much as in New York); textiles, $63,-\\n436,186 (next to Massachusetts) building materials, $55,630,364 (first)\\nbuilding, not marine, $38,348,344 (first); lumber, $35,262,590 (first);\\nflouring-mill products, $31,124,017; molasses and sugar, refined, $26,731,-\\n016; men s clothing, $21,850,319; leather, tanned, $19,828,323; coal oil,\\nrectified, $15,251,223; printing and publishing, $13,651,396 (next to New\\nYork) drugs and chemicals, $8,451,991 (first) paper, $6,511,446 (third)\\nbrass and brassware, $2,144,055 (next to Connecticut).\\nMineral Resources and Mining. Nearly one-half the value\\nof all the mining products of the United States was credited to Pennsyl-\\nvania by the Federal census. The number of mining establishments was\\n3086; hands employed, 81,215; capital, $84,660,276; wages, $38,815,276;\\nvalue of products, $76,208,390. In her resources of coal and petro-\\nleum this State has no rival. Full and specific information concerning\\nthese sources of wealth and prosperity will be found in tlie article upon\\nPhysical Geography, pp. 180-189 [see also American Manufac-\\ntures]. Coal-mining is attended with no inconsiderable peril. During a\\nsingle year (1872) 223 persons were killed and 609 w ere maimed in the\\nanthracite region; 109 wives were made widows and 381 children were\\nmade orphans. One life was lost for every 100,660 tons of coal mined.\\nAt Avondale, on the 6th day of December, 1869, 108 men were suffocated\\nby the smoke from a burning coal-breaker at the mouth of the only", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "350 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nentrance to the mine. Not a single one was brought out alive. The in-\\ncrease of the coal-caiTying trade has been enormous. In the year 1820\\nthe whole amount sent out from the Lehigh region was 365 tons In 1874,\\naccording to the Report of the Auditor- General, there were transported by\\nrailroad 29,201,029 tons of anthracite, 10,444,657 tons of bituminous and\\n4,036,080 tons of serai-autliracite and semi-bituminous, making a total of\\n43,681,786 tons 3,703,143 tons of anthracite and 3,047,089 tons of bitu-\\nminous coal were transported upon the canals, making the total amount\\nfor the year 50,532,018 tons. A part of the above amount, however, was\\ntransferred from one line to anotlier, and so reckoned two or three times\\nover. The actual production of anthracite coal for the year ending Dec. 31,\\n1874, was 21,667,386 tons, and of bituminous,ll,053,615 tons; total,32,721,-\\n001 tons. The long strike in 1875 caused a five months suspension of the\\nanthracite trade. Up to September 11, the total production of all kinds for\\nthe coal year was 15,455,200 tons. Copper, zinc, plumbago and lead are also\\nmined in considerable quantities. Marble is quarried in Chester and Mont-\\ngomery counties; and limestone, sandstone, slate and other building-stones\\nare abundant. Salt is manufactured extensively in Western Pennsylvania.\\nCommerce and Navigation. Pennsylvania is favorably sit-\\nuated for commerce, being connected with the three great systems of water\\ncommunication of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi and the lakes, through\\nthe ports of Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie. During the year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, the value of imports was $26,676,712, and of exports, $33,-\\n169,060. In the foreign trade 511 American and 682 foreign vessels\\nentered at Philadelphia, and 481 American and 741 foreign vessels cleared.\\nAt Eiie the entries were 29 American and 41 foreign vessels, and the clear-\\nances 11 American and 37 foreign, making the total number entering and\\nclearing in the foreign trade at the ports of the State 2533 vessels. Be-\\nlonging to the customs districts there were 3586 vessels, of which 449 were\\nsteamers. Ship-building. The construction of iron steamships has been\\nbrought to great perfection at the shipyards of John Roach, upon the Del-\\naware. Twenty-four vessels, representing an aggregate of 47,000 tons,\\nhave been built since 1871, involving an annual expenditure of three mil-\\nlions of dollars; and Philadelphia has an American line of iron steamships\\nof the largest class running to Liverpool. In all the shipyards of Penn-\\nsylvania there were built during the year ending June 30, 1874, 281\\nvessels, of which 57 were steamers.\\nRailroads and Canals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From the comprehensive report of the\\nauditor-general of Pennsylvania for the year 1874 we have gleaned the\\nfollowing facts. The whole number of railroad corporations whose lines\\nare wholly or partly within the limits of the State is 146; capital stock\\nauthorized by law, $603,311,814; amount paid in, $482,931,393.50; total\\namount of funded and floating debt, $471,633,998.02; cost of railroads", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "CESTEyyiAL GAZETTEER A XL GUILE. 351\\nand equipment?, $744,701,826.99; length of main line.? in Pennsylvania,\\n4392.91 miles; double track, 1806.28 miles; number of locomotive.-^, 4100;\\npa.ssenger-cars, 1859 freight-cars, 53,193 coal-, stone- and tank-cars,\\n79,839; depots or stations, 3018; miles run by passenger-trains, 21,907,-\\n390; by freight-trains, 68,036,173; total number of miles run, 89,943,563:\\npassengers carried, 42,297,158 gross receipts, \u00c2\u00a7137,446,345.16 (a diminu-\\ntion of 010,561,687.67 from the previous year); expenses, $82,940,105.49.\\nThe gross amount of freight carried was 78,992,785 tons, among the lead-\\ning items of which were 43,681,786 tons of coal, 1,653,226 oX pig iron,\\n354,633 of railroad iron, 1,104,588 of other iron or castings, 4,160,295 of\\niron and other ores, 2,381,111 of lime, limestone, sandstone and slate,\\n6,027,360 of agricultural products, 4,434,775 of merchandise and manu-\\nfactured articles, 1,827,967 of live-stock and 5,946,142 tons of lumber.\\nBy railroad accidents 540 persons were killed and 1142 injured. The sta-\\ntistics of street railways were: Length of roads, 311.51 miles co-st of roads\\nand equipments, $9,695,843.57; passengers carried, 91,036,500; receipts,\\n$5,828,690.27. Thirteen persons were killed and 26 maimed by street-cars\\nduring the vear. There are nine canals in the State, having an aggregate\\nlength of 8691 miles, and constructed at a cost, including equipments, of\\n$36,816,728.14. The amount of the funded and floating debt was $46,-\\n239,173.12 in 1874; receipts, $2,289,824.55; expenses, $1,179,890.75;\\namount of freight transported, 7,925,883 tons. Ten telegraph companies\\nhave lines in Penn.=ylvania, extending for 6586 miles. The expenses in\\nthe State were $237,228.72, and the receipts $253,838.67; 586,275 mes-\\nsages were .sent and 515,252 were received.\\nPublic In.stitutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There are two Peni-\\ntentiaries, of which the Ea.stern, at Philadelphia, is conducted on the\\nseparate system, and the Western, at Pittsburg, upon the combined\\nsystem. About one thousand prisoners are confined in the two institution.?.\\nThe House of Refiige, at Philadelphia, will accommodate 820 inmates, and\\nthe Keform School at Pittsburg provides for 228 pupils. Almshouses to\\nthe number of fifty-eight have been established, with real estate and build-\\nings valued at $5,427,800, in which 13,207 paupers can be cared for.\\nThere are four State Hospitals for the Insane, located at Harrisburg, Dix-\\nmont, Danville and Warren. A department for the insane is connected\\nwith the Philadelphia AJmshouse, and the Pennsylvania Hospital for the\\nInsane (Kirkbride s} and the Friends Asylum are in the same city. Up\\nto the year 1873, 9843 males and 9143 females had been received into\\nth^e various asylums for lunatics. The Pennsylvania Institutions for the\\nDeaf and Dumb and for the Blind are schools rather than asylums.\\nPupils are received from Xew Jersey and Delaware at the expense of\\nthose States. By the new Constitution the legislature is required to pro-\\nvide for the maintenance and support of an efficient system oi public schooh,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "352 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand to appropriate at least one million dollars every year for that purpose.\\nNo public money shall be used for the support of any sectarian school.\\nWomen are eligible to any office in connection with the common-school\\nsystem. The latest accessible educational statistics are Number of schools,\\n16,305; pupils, 834,020; teachers, 19,089; total sum expended for school\\npurposes under the direction of the school department, $8,812,969.25.\\nEight normal schools are in successful operation, with more than 100 in-\\nstructors and 3000 pupils. Six universities and 33 colleges Avere credited\\nto Pennsylvania by the last Federal census but several of them do not\\npossess full collegiate rank. The University of Pennsylvania has recently\\nerected at West Philadelphia one of the finest structures for educational\\npurposes to be found in America. Girard College has under its care\\nbetween 500 and 600 orphans. The Peunsylvania State College (Agricul-\\ntural), in Centre county, possesses a property valued at $897,589. Tuition\\nis free to all twenty-five young ladies were in attendance last year. Six-\\nteen institutions exclusively for women report an aggregate of 1267 pupils.\\nFor professional instruction there are 14 schools of theology, 2 of law, 8\\nof medicine (including dentistry and pharmacy) and 7 of science. The\\nFederal census reported 14,849 libraries, 5984 religious organizations, hav-\\ning 5668 edifices, and 540 newspapers and periodicals, of which 55 were\\npublished daily. In 1875 the periodicals had increased to 707 (New York\\nalone had more), of which 78 were published daily and 511 weekly.\\nCities and Towns. Philadelphia, the metropolis of Pennsylvania\\nand the second city of the United States, in which more new buildings were\\nerected during the past year than in both New York and Brooklyn com-\\nbined, is described elsewhere [see Centennial City]. Harrisburg, which\\nwas made the State capital in 1812, is situated upou the east bank of the\\nSusquehanna River, 95 miles west of Philadelphia. The State-House was\\ncompleted in 1822. Five diverging railroads afford easy communication\\nwith all parts of the commonwealth. The city contains large fouuderies,\\nmachine-shops and rolling-mills. Water is supplied from the Susquehanna\\nRiver by works constructed at a cost of two millions of dollars. There\\nare 32 churches and 13 newspapers, of which 4 are published daily. The\\nState library contains 30,000 volumes. John Harris, in honor of whom\\nthe place was named Harrisburg, settled in this neighborhood as early as\\n1726. The number of inhabitants in 1850 was 7834; in 1860, 13,405; in\\n1870, 23,104; in 1875, 26,000. Pittsburg, the second city of Pennsylvania\\nin importance, is situated at the junction of the Alleghany and Monouga-\\nhela Rivers, 354 miles west of Philadelphia. The principal public build-\\nings are the Court-House, Custom-House, Western Penitentiary, House of\\nRefuge, United States Arsenal and Roman Catholic Cathedral. For all\\nkinds of heavy manufactures Pittsburg possesses the largest facilities.\\nIron ore in abundance is near at hand; coal is brought from the neighbor-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 353\\niDg hills directly to the factory doors the rivers and canals and seven\\nrailroads afford cheap and quick transportation. Even to catalogue the\\nleading industries would require too much space. There are rolling-mills,\\nfurnaces, iron- and brass-founderies, machine- and boiler-shops, steel-works,\\nflouring-raills, cotton-factories, chemical-works, tanneries, plauiug-mills, car-\\nriage-factories, glass-works, ropewalks, paper-mills, etc. Ship-building is a\\nleading business; during the year 1874 158 vessels, 23 of them steamers,\\nwere built. Coal, iron, lumber and merchandise are shipped down the\\nOhio in immense quantities. Ten daily newspapers and 35 periodicals of all\\nkinds are issued. Upon the opposite side of the river and connected with\\nit by 4 bridges is Alleghany City, really a part of Pittsburg. The joint\\npopulation of the two cities in 1870 was 149,256 (Pittsburg 86,076 and\\nAlleghany 53,180); in 1875, 2i)8,485 (Pittsburg 138,485 and Alleghany\\n70,000). Scranton has taken the third place among the cities of the State\\nsince 1870. In 1853 the number of inhabitants was 3000; in 1860, 9223;\\nin 1870, 35,092 (an increase of 280.48 per cent, during the decade) and\\nin 1875 it was estimated at 45,000. This rapid growth is explained by the\\nposition of Scranton in the centre of the most northern of the anthracite\\ncoal-basins and in the neighborhood, of immense deposits of iron ore. The\\nDelaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, the Delaware and Hudson\\nCanal Company and the Pennsylvania Coal Company all ship coal, iron\\nore, pig- and railroad-iron largely from this point. There are 9 newspapers,\\n2 of which are issued daily. Reading, on the Schuylkill River, 58 miles\\nabove Philadelphia, is an important railroad and manufacturing centre.\\nIt has 11 periodicals, of which 3 are daily newspapers. The population\\nwas 33,930 in 1870, and is estimated at 40,000 in 1875. Lancaster, the\\ncounty seat of. the county of the same name, is the centre of an extensive\\ncoal and lumber trade. It has a fine Court-House and 14 newspapers, of\\nwhich 4 are issued, daily. The population was 20,233 in 1870, and 22,360\\nin 1875. Erie possesses one of the finest harbors upon the lakes. Belong-\\ning to the port ai e 79 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 25,507. Com-\\nmodore Perry s flagship, the Lawrence, sunk in Erie harbor in 1813, was\\nraised on the 13th of September, 1875. After being submerged for 62\\nyears the bottom was found to be in a good state of ^^reservation, and it\\nwas proposed to exhibit it at the Centennial. Seven newspapers are pub-\\nlished in the town, and the estimated population is about 23,000 (19,646\\nin 1870). Wilkes-Barre [see page 182, note], on the North Branch of the\\nSusquehanna, in the lovely valley of Wyoming, has been incorporated as\\na city since the last census, with extended limits, which contain an esti-\\nmated population of 23,000. It has 4 newspapers, 1 of which is issued\\ndaily, and 3 street railways, and contains one of the finest hotels in the\\nState; also an elegantly furnished Music Hall, which seats 1200 people.\\nThe coal business of the Wyoming Region centres at this flourishing city.\\n23", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "354 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nWilliamsport, on the West Braucli of the Susquehanna, is one of the most\\nimportant lumber depots in the United States. Its population increased\\nfrom 4253 in 1860 to 16,030 in 1870, and is now estimated at 19,000.\\nAmong the other cities and towns of Pennsylvania, with their population\\nby the Federal census, are Allentown (13,884), Pottsville (12,384), York\\n(11,003), Easton (10,987), Norristown (10,753), Altoona (10,610), Chester\\n(9485), Danville (8436), Lebanon (6727), Chambersburg (6308), Bethle-\\nhem (4512), Franklin (3908) and Gettysburg (3074). The last-named\\nplace contains a National Cemetery, dedicated on the 19th of November,\\n1863, wherein 3580 soldiers are buried. By the present law of Pennsyl-\\nvania no place having less than 10,000 inhabitants can obtain a city charter.\\nPoi)lllation. Pennsylvania is surpassed by New York alone in the\\nnumber of its inhabitants. During the pej-iod between 1860 and 1870 the\\nabsolute increase was 615,737, which was 113,722 more than the increase\\nof New York, Fourteen of the sovereign States contained fewer j^eople\\nthan were added to Pennsylvania during the decade. The population at\\neach census has been as follows: 1790, 434,373; 1800, 602,365; 1810,\\n810,091 1820, 1,047,507; 1830,1,348,233; 1840,1,724,033; 1850,2,311,-\\n786; 1860, 2,906,215; 1870, 3,521,951. Of the last number 2,726,712\\nwere natives of Pennsylvania; 249,930 had come in from other parts of\\nthe United States and 545,309 from foreign countries, thus adding to the\\ncommonwealth 795,239 persons, while 674,544 native Pennsylvanians were\\nresiding in other parts of the Union. These figures indicate that the total\\nimmigration had been greater than the emigration by 120,695; but the\\nState had lost 424,614 in native population. There were 76.56 persons to\\na square mile.\\nGoveriimeilt and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislature consists of 50 sena-\\ntors, chosen for four years, and 200 representatives, chosen for two years.\\nBiennial sessions are held, beginning on the first Tuesday of January.\\nThe governor holds ofifice for four years, and is not eligible for re-election\\nat the term next succeeding that for which he was first chosen. The\\nsupreme court consists of 7 judges, elected by the people for a term of 21\\nyears and not eligible to re-election. In Philadelphia there are four sep-\\narate and distinct courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction, composed of three\\njudges each. Alleghany county has two such courts. Each county con-\\ntaining 40,000 inhabitants constitutes a separate judicial district, A sep-\\narate orphans court is established in every city and county having a\\npopulation of 150,000. A registration of legal voters is made by the\\nassessors, and every ballot is numbered in the order in which it is received.\\nThe State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of Novem-\\nber, instead of on the second Tuesday of October, as formerly a provision\\nwhich breaks the force of the old election proverb, As Pennsylvania goes,\\nso goes the Union. Any candidate for office guilty of fraud or bribery shall", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 355\\nbe for evei disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit in the com-\\nmonwealth. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose may\\nconstruct and operate a railroad or canal between any two points in the\\nState. The property of railroad companies shall be for ever subject to taxa-\\ntion, and railroad companies shall not grant free passes to any person not\\nan employe of the company. The above provisions are in accordance with\\nthe new State Constitution, which made many sweeping changes in the old\\norder of administration. Pennsylvania is entitled to 27 representatives in\\nCongress. The public debt on the 30th of November, 1874, was $24,568,836.\\nHistory. AVilliam Penn received from the English Crown a grant\\nof all that tract of land bounded on the east by the river Delaware, ex-\\ntending westward five degrees, and north and south between the 40th and\\n42d parallels, except an area around New Castle (Delaware) circumscribed\\nby a radius of twelve miles. In October, 1682, Penn, accompanied by\\n2000 settlers, arrived at New Castle, and in 1683 Philadelphia was chosen\\nas the site for the new colony. It was declared that none acknow-\\nledging one God and living uprightly shall be molested for his opinion or\\npractice, or compelled to maintain or frequent any ministry whatsoever.\\nVery amicable relations were established wdth the Indians, and Penn s\\npeople were exempt from the horrors of savage warfare which were\\ninflicted upon almost every other colony. The part which Pennsyl-\\nvania took in the American Revolution has been described elsewhere [see\\nHistorical Sketch]. A convention to draft an amended Constitution\\nfor the State was in session at Harrisburg and Philadelphia from Nov.\\n12, 1872, to Nov. 3, 1873. The expenses of the convention were $410,-\\n723.80. On the 16th of December, 1873, the amended Constitution was\\nappi oved by the people by a vote of 253,744 against 108,594. Pennsyl-\\nvania is called the Keystone State, not, as is supposed by many, because\\nit occupied the central position among the thirteen original colonies, but\\nbecause the casting vote of her delegate secured the unanimous adoption\\nof the Declaration of Independence.\\nRHODE ISLAND.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State of Rhode Island (the smallest\\nin the Union) is bounded on the N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by the\\nAtlantic Ocean and W. by Connecticut. It is situated between latitudes\\n41\u00c2\u00b0 8 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 3 N. and longitudes 5\u00c2\u00b0 7 and 5\u00c2\u00b0 52 E. from Washington,\\nor 71\u00c2\u00b0 8 and 71\u00c2\u00b0 53 W. from Greenwich. The greatest length is 48 miles,\\nthe breadth 39 miles and the area 1306 square miles, or 835,840 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Near the sea-coast the ground is\\nlevel; in the interior it is slightly rolling and hilly. Mount Hope, in the\\neast, 300 feet in height, Hopkins Hill, near the centre, and Woonsocket\\nHills, in the north, are the most elevated lands in the \u00c2\u00bbState. Elvers.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "356 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe rivers are mostly too small for navigation, but have a sufficient descent\\nto furuish abundant water-power. Pawtucket Eiver is a continuation of\\nthe Bluckstoue of Massachusetts. It takes the name of the Seekonk below\\nthe falls at Pawtucket, which are 40 feet high. The Providence River\\ndischarges its waters into the northern arm of Narraganset Bay. Large\\nvessels ascend it as far as the city of Providence. The Pawcatuck drains\\nthe south-western part of the State, and marks the boundary between\\nRhode Island and Connecticut. Bays and Islands. Narraganset Bay is\\n30 miles long and from 3 to 12 miles wide. Its north-eastern, northern\\nand western extensions are called respectively Mount Hope, Providence\\nand Greenwich Bays. Rhode Island, 15 miles in length and 4 of a mile\\nin width, divides Narraganset Bay into two unequal parts. For its beauty\\nand salubrity this island has been called the Eden of America. Conau-\\nicut and Prudence are the other principal islands of the bay. Twelve\\nmiles from the coast is Block Island, 7 miles long and 4 miles wide and\\ncontaining a large salt water pond. Forests. There are no large forests\\nin the State. The trees are of the same varieties as in Massachusetts and\\nConnecticut, with the chestnut, walnut and oak predominating.\\nSoil and Climate. The most common soil is a loam, having a\\nlarge admixture of sand and gravel and only moderately fertile. It is\\nbetter adapted for grazing than tillage, but by careful cultivation is made\\nto produce large crops. Both the winter and summer climate are moder-\\nated by proximity to the sea. Careful observations upon meteorology were\\nmade by Professor Caswell, of Brown University, at Providence, during a\\nperiod of 29 years. The mean of February (the coldest month) for the\\nwhole period was 26.73\u00c2\u00b0, and the mean of July (the warmest month),\\n70.69\u00c2\u00b0. The highest annual mean was 49.86\u00c2\u00b0, and the lo^\\\\est, 44.62\u00c2\u00b0;\\n,uiean for the 29 years, 48.19\u00c2\u00b0. Fifteen degrees below zero was the lowest\\ntemperature recorded, and 94 degrees above the highest, giving a range of\\n109 degrees. The largest annual rainfall was 53.27 inches, and the smallest,\\n30.96 inches; mean for the whole period, 40.38 inches. The isothermal\\nlines crossing Rhode Island are: Spring, 47\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 68\u00c2\u00b0; autumn,\\no0\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0 me,an, 47\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAg-ricultiiral Productions. According to the last Federal\\ncensus, the number of acres of land in farms was 502,308, of which 289,-\\n030 were improved; number of farms, 5344; average size, 94 acres; value\\nof farms, farm implements and live-stock, $25,496,346 of farm jDroduc-\\ntions, $4,761,163. In 1873, 103,903 acres were devoted to Indian corn,\\nrye, oats, barley, potatoes and hay (no wheat, tobacco or buckwheat was\\nreported), and the total value of these crops was $2,970,765. At the be-\\nginning of 1874 the State contained 14,700 horses, 16,000 oxen and other\\ncattle, 20,400 milch cows, 17,100 hogs and 25,600 sheep.\\nManufactures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first cotton-mill in the United States was", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 357\\nerected in Ehode Island [see American Manufactures]. The census\\nof 1870 returned 1850 manufacturing establishments, which employed\\n49,417 hands and produced articles to the value of $111,418,354. The\\nleading industries in value were: Cotton goods, $22,139,203 (next to Mas-\\nsachusetts) printing cotton and woollen goods, $17,842,480; bleaching\\nand dyeing, $16,138,723; woollen goods, $12,558,117; machinery, cotton\\nand woollen, $4,316,376; jewelry, $3,043,846; worsted goods, $2,835,950;\\nscrews, $1,882,318; India-rubber and elastic goods, $1,804,868. In 1874\\nthe State contained 115 cotton-mills, having 24,706 looms and 1,336,842\\nspindles, which consumed 125,317 bales of cotton annually.\\nMinerals and Mining*. Anthracite coal exists in veins of con-\\nsiderable thickness, but the mining has not proved profitable. Serpentine\\nis abundant. Marble, freestone and limestone are quarried. The product\\nof mines and quarries in 1870 was $59,000.\\nCommerce and Navigation. There are three customs districts\\nviz.. Providence, Newport and Bristol at which, during the year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, 284 vessels were enrolled, registered and licensed. In the\\nforeign trade 41 American and 120 foreign vessels entered and 27 Ameri-\\ncan and 105 foreign vessels cleared. The value of imports was $379,621,\\nand the value of exports, domestic and foreign, $135,049. One vessel was\\nbuilt. Cod- and mackerel-fishing employed 98 vessels. Bluefish, scup,\\ntautogs, etc., are caught in large quantities.\\nRailroads. From Providence railroads radiate toward Bristol, New\\nLondon, Hartford, Springfield, Worcester and Boston. The number of\\nmiles of railroad in 1873 was 159; total capital account, $5,168,783; cost\\nper mile, $46,989; total receipts, 81,115,672; receipts per mile, $7017;\\nreceipts to an inhabitant, $4.75; net earnings, $424,371.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State Prison is\\nlocated at Providence. A new building is being erected. The deaf and\\ndumb, blind, and idiotic are supported at the expense of the State in the insti-\\ntutions of Massachusetts and Connecticut. The Butler Hospital for the\\nInsane is partially endowed by the State. A Board of State Charities and\\nCorrections was established in 1869, and a farm was purchased at Cranston,\\nupon which a Workhouse and House of Correction, Almshouse and Asy-\\nlum for the Insane are in successful operation. The expense of these insti-\\ntutions for the year 1875 is estimated at 8112,000. A Reform School for\\nboys was opened at Providence in 1850. During the year 1874 the num-\\nber of children in the State between the ages of 5 and 1 5 years was 43,800\\nnumber attending school, 39,401 schools, 732 teachers, 805 expenditures\\nfor school purposes, $690,852. Brown University is the only college. An\\nagricultural and scientific department has been added to it. The boarding-\\nschool of Friends at Providence has a property valued at $850,000. The\\nState contained in 1870, 759 libraries, 295 religious organizations, with 283", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "358 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nchurch edifices, aud 19 newspapers and periodicals. In 1875 there were\\n27 newspapers, 6 of which were published daily.\\nCities and Towns. Rhode Island contains 5 counties, in which\\nare 2 cities aud 34 towns. Providence, the second city of New England\\nin wealth aud population, is situated upon the Providence River, at the\\nhead of Narraganset Bay. The river divides the city into two nearly equal\\nparts, which are connected by several bridges. Vessels of 900 tons burden\\ncan come up to the wharves, aud an extensive coasting trade is carried on.\\nSix railroads centre at Providence. Among the principal buildings are\\nthe State-House, Custom-House, Butler Hospital for the Insane, Dexter\\nAsylum for the Poor, State-Prison, Reform School, Arcade, Athenseum\\nand Brown University. The manufactures are very extensive aud vai ious.\\nJewelry, cotton and woollen goods, screws, hardware, machinery, locomo-\\ntives and steam-engines, stoves, etc., are among the articles most largely\\nproduced. Ten periodicals are published, of which five are issued daily.\\nThe number of inhabitants in 1870 was 68,004. North Providence, with\\na population of 20,495, was annexed iu 1874, making the aggregate popu-\\nlation, by the figures of the Federal census, 88,499. It is estimated that\\nthe consolidated city coutained iu 1875 not less than 100,000 people. New-\\nport, upon the south-west shore of the island of Rhode Island, has one\\nof the finest harbors of the world deep, easily accessible aud sheltered\\nfrom the winds. In former times there was an extensive trade with the\\nWest Indies, but Oldport wharves are now going to decay. Many New\\nYorkers, Philadelphians aud Bostonians make Newport their summer-\\nhome, aud some of its modest cottages cost from a hundred thousand to\\nhalf a million of dollars. Bellevue Avenue afibrds a fine drive for the\\ndistance of two miles. Amoug the objects of interest is the Old Stone\\nMill, the ouly thing on the Atlautic Shore, says Higginson, which has\\nhad time to forget its birthday. The Redwood Library contains 20,000\\nvolumes, aud the People s Library 15,000. One daily and two weekly\\nnewspapers are published. Population, 12,521. Woonsocket (population\\n11,527) includes a cluster of villages upon the Blackstone River, near the\\nMassacliusetts line. It contains large cotton- aud woollen-mills and ma-\\nchine-shops. There are two weekly newspapers, one of which is published\\nin the French language, aud one daily. Warwick (10,453) is a very busy\\nmanufacturing town. The other leading towns of the State are Lincoln\\n(7889), Pawtucket (6619), Bristol (5302), Crauston (4822), Westerly\\n(4709), South Kingstown (4493) and Coventry (4349).\\nPopvilation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1730 the number of inhabitants was 18,000; in\\n1790,68,825; in 1800,69,122; iu 1810,76,931; in 1820,83,015; in 1830,\\n97,199; in 1840, 108,830; in 1850, 147,545; iu 1860, 174,620; in 1870,\\n217,353. Of the latter number, 55,396 were born in foreign countries,\\n125,269 in Rhode Island and 36,688 in the other States and Territories,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUIDE. 359\\nwhile 45,371 natives of Rhode Island were residing iu other parts of the\\nUnion. The number of inhabitants to a square mile (166.43) is greater\\nthan iu any other State except Massachusetts. About a hundred of the\\nonce powerful tribe of Narragauset Indians are still remaining.\\nGoveriinieut autl Laws. The legislature consists of a senate\\nof 34 members (one from each town) and a house of representatives of 72\\nmembers (one for every 2794 inhabitants). The supreme court consists of\\na chief-justice (salary, $3500) and 3 associate justices. The governor and\\nother executive officers are elected annually. Prisoners, when released\\nfrom confinement, are paid a portion of the money earned by their labor\\nduring confinement. A stringent prohibitory liquor law and a constab-\\nulatory act for ensuring its enforcement were passed in 1874. On the\\n1st of December, 1874, the bonded debt was $2,563,500. The amount of\\ndeposits in savings banks was $48,771,502.\\nHistory, It is supposed that the Northmen visited this region as\\nearly as the tenth century. Roger Williams has linked his name indissol-\\nubly with the history of Rhode Island. Driven from Massachusetts on\\naccount of his religious opinions, in 1636, he passed down the Pawtucket\\nRiver and erected a dwelling, calling the place of his new home Provi-\\ndence, as a memorial of God s merciful jDrovidence to him in his distress.\\nLiberty of conscience was the fundamental law of his colony. In 1663\\na charter was obtained from King Charles II. for the Colony of Rhode\\nIsland and Providence Plantations. A long-protracted and bloody Indian\\nwar was terminated by the death of King Philip, who was killed near\\nMount Hope in August, 1676. A British army occupied portions of the\\nState in 1778-9. Rhode Island ratified the Federal Constitution after all\\nthe other States May 29, 1790. The charter of King Charles granted in\\n1663 remained the basis of government until 1841. By it suffrage was\\nlimited to the holders of a certain amount of real estate and to their eldest\\nsons, Not more than one-third of the male population above the age of\\ntwenty-one possessed the franchise. A new Constitution was framed in\\n1841, and the suffrage party, under the leadership of Thomas Dorr,\\nsecured its adoption. The charter 23arty claimed that many of the\\nvotes cast were fraudulent, and that the whole proceeding was seditious.\\nTwo State governments were organized. Civil war was threatened but\\nthe Dorr, or suffrage, party dispersed without resistance when attacked by\\nthe State militia [see Historical Sketch, page 130]. A Constitution\\nextending the suffrage was adopted in May, 1843.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nSituation and Extent. The State of South C/irolina is bounded\\non the N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean and\\nS. W. by Georgia. It is situated between latitudes 32\u00c2\u00b0 and 35\u00c2\u00b0 10 N..", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "360 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nand longitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 35 and 6\u00c2\u00b0 30 W. from Washiugtou, or 78\u00c2\u00b0 So and 83\u00c2\u00b0\\n30 W. from Greenwich. The shape is that of an irregular triangle 240\\nmiles long from east to west, 210 miles wide from north to south and con-\\ntaining an area of 34,000 square miles, or 21,760,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AS \u00c2\u00abT/\u00c2\u00abce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Along the coast the land is low\\nand marshy. Farther inland are the sandy plains and rolling sand hills\\nof the middle country, extending for a hundred miles. Beyond this\\nregion is a rolling and picturesque country, rising by a gradual slope\\ntoward the Blue Ridge Mountains. Table Mountain has an elevation of\\n4000 feet. King s Mountain, upon the North Carolina border, is a con-\\nspicuous landmark. Bivers and Bays. The principal rivers of the State\\ntake their rise in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina and flow\\nin a south-easterly direction toward the ocean. Beginning on the north,\\nthe first important stream is the Great Pedee, called the Yadkin in North\\nCarolina, which empties into Winyaw Bay. Steamboats ascend it for 150\\nmiles. The San tee River, formed by the junction of the Wateree and the\\nCongaree near the centre of the State, discharges its water through two\\nmouths, called the North and South Santee. Both the main branches are\\nnavigable almost to the boundaries of North Carolina for small boats.\\nAshley and Cooper Rivers find their outlet through Charleston Bay. The\\nEdisto is a considerable stream, divided by a large island near its mouth\\ninto two parts, called the North and South Edisto. Savannah River forms\\nthe boundary between South Carolina and Georgia. It is 450 miles long\\nand navigable for large steamers to Augusta, 230 miles. Numerous bays\\nindent the coast, which is 200 miles long in a direct line. Winyaw Bay,\\n14 miles long and 2 miles wide, affords a good harbor. St. Helena s Sound,\\nfrom 3 to 5 miles broad, extends inland for 10 miles. Beaufort harbor\\nwill admit vessels drawing 24 feet of water. Charleston harbor is spa-\\ncious, but the entrance is obstructed by bars. Stretching along the coast\\nand cut off from the main land by narrow channels are many islands.\\nForests. The islands, in their primitive state, were covered with a growth\\nof trees, underbrush and rank weeds so thick as to be almost impenetrable.\\nExtending along the adjacent shores were dense forests of live-oak, pitch\\npine, palmetto, yucca, laurel, hickory, etc. Six millions of acres are in-\\ncluded in the pine woods. Orange trees flourish in the South. The moun-\\ntains of the north-west are covered with a hard-wood growth, comprising\\nmost of the trees which are common to North Carolina and Virginia.\\nSoil and Clilliate. The famous sea-island cotton, which has no\\nsuperior in the world, is grown to perfection upon the deep, rich soil of\\nthe islands. It is estimated that a million acres of the most productive\\nlands can be mdde by draining the swamps, which have an inexhaustible\\nfertility. Rice-fields occupy many of the tide-swamps. Upon the oak and\\nhickory openings large crops of cotton, corn, potatoes and other vegetables", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 361\\nare produced. The pine lands are less fertile, but well repay cultivation.\\nNearly half the soil of the State is of an alluvial formation, having clay\\nas its substratum. The lowlands and swainps are malarious, but most of\\nthe State is healthful. Sea-breezes relieve the coast from excessive heats,\\nand the mountains of the north-west afford cool summer-breezes. The iso-\\nthermal lines crossing the State are Spring, G0\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0-82\u00c2\u00b0\\nAutumn, 60\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 60\u00c2\u00b0-67\u00c2\u00b0. During the\\nyear ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at Charleston was 65.6\u00c2\u00b0.\\nUpon 4 days the mercury fell below the freezing-point, and upon 21 days\\nrose above 90 degrees. The minimum was 23\u00c2\u00b0 and the maximum 96\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe rainfall was 67.70 inches, which was greater than the fall at any other\\nof the Signal Service stations, with the- exception of Mount Washington\\n(82.97 inches) and New Orleans (67.98 inches).\\nAgricultural Productions. The Federal census of 1870 re-\\nported 12,105,280 acres in farms, of which 3,010,539 acres w ere improved;\\naverage size of farms, 233 acres; value of farms and farm implements,\\n847,091,709 (a decrease of $98,712,456 from the valuation of 1860, which\\nwas 6145,804,165); value of productions, including betterments, etc., $41,-\\n909,402. In 1873 the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potato, to-\\nbacco and hay crops occupied 1,140,425 acres, and were valued at $11,167,-\\n150. Cotton was produced to the amount of 224,500 bales in 1870, giving\\nto South Carolina the sixth rank in this staple. In rice she distanced all\\nthe rest, producing 32,304,825 pounds, which was more than three-sevenths\\nof the whole crop of the United States. In 1874 there were in the State\\n56,400 horses, 45.200 mules, 184,900 oxen and other cattle, 157,800 milch\\ncows, 322,600 hogs and 153,400 sheep. Of those whose occupations were\\nreturned 78.48 per cent, w^ere engaged in agriculture.\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments re-\\nported was 1584; hands employed, 8141; value of materials, $5,855,736;\\nvalue of products, $9,858,981. The value of the leading industries was\\nas follows: Cotton goods, $1,529,937; lumber, $1,032,194; flouring-mill\\nproducts, $825,465; tar and turpentine, $774,077; fertilizers, $425,000;\\nmachinery, $286,550; printing and publishing, $257,155.\\nMineral Resources. The gold belt of the Atlantic slope crosses\\nthe western part of South Carolina. As early as 1827 gold was gathered\\nin small quantities, the amount returned for that year being $3500, and the\\naverage annual production afterward for 40 years was more than $30,000.\\nIron, copper, lead, manganese and bismuth are found. Porcelain clav and\\nmarble, granite, limestone and other, building-stones are abundant.\\nCommerce and Navigation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There are three customs dis-\\ntricts viz., Charleston, Beaufort and Georgetown at which 203 vessels,\\n30 of them steamers, belong. During the year ending June 30, 1874, the\\nvalue of imports was $864,758; value of exports, $18,698,527. Cotton is", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "362 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe principal article of commerce 249,478 bales were exported, valued at\\n$17,567,175. Of naval stores (rosin, turpentine, tar and pitch) the exports\\nwere 96,933 barrels, valued at \u00c2\u00a7334,220. In the foreign trade 288 vessels\\nentered and 330 cleared. Twenty-four vessels, six of which were steamers,\\nwere built during the year.\\nKailroatls. There were 204 miles of railroad in 1844 and 1320\\nmiles in 1873; total capital account at the latter date, $30,307,216; cost\\nper mile, $29,597 .total receipts, 83,560,027 receipts per mile, $3477\\nreceipts to an inhabitant, $4.98; net earnings, $1,376,318.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. A new Penitentiary,\\nhaving 500 cells for male and 48 for female convicts, was completed in\\n1868. It is located at Col umbia,- where is also the State Asylum for Lu-\\nnatics. Propositions have been made to remove to the same city the Insti-\\ntution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, which is now at Cedar Springs.\\nThe new Constitution requires the General Assembly to provide for a uni-\\nform system of free public schools, open to all the children and youth of\\nthe State, Avithout regard to race or color. In 1874 the number of school\\ndistricts was 463; school-houses erected during the year, 109; pupils en-\\nrolled in the public schools, 85,594 teachers, 2357 white scholars in the\\nState, 84,975; colored scholars, 145,127; receipts for school purposes,\\n$449,969. The higher institutions for education are: Claflin University,\\nCollege of Charleston, Furman University, Mount Zion College, Newberry\\nCollege, Wofford College and the University of South Carolina. Connect-\\ned with the last named are schools of law and medicine. The South Caro-\\nlina Agricultural College, having a property valued at $200,800, is a part\\nof Claflin University. There are two schools of theology, one under Bap-\\ntist and the other under Presbyterian control. The number of libraries\\nin 1870 was 1663; church organizations, 1457; church edifices, 1308;\\nnewspapers and periodicals, 55. The newspapers had increased to 84 in\\n1875, of which 7 were published daily.\\nCities and To-wns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Columbia, the capital, is situated on the Con-\\ngaree River, very near the centre of the State. The Capitol is a granite\\nedifice, erected at a cost of $4,000,000. Among the principal buildings\\nare the City Hall and Opera House, United States Building, Market-\\nHouse, Penitentiary, Lunatic Asylum, Ursuline Convent and the Gover-\\nnor s house. The State Library contains 3500 volumes. Two theological\\nseminaries and the University of South Carolina are located here. There\\nare large machine-shops, car-shops and other iron-works. Ten newspapers\\nare issued, two of them daily. Four railroads centre at Columbia. The\\nnumber of inhabitants in 1870 was 9298, of whom 5295 were colored.\\nCharleston, the chief city of South Carolina, is built upon a peninsula be-\\ntween the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. The harbor is defended by four\\nforts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., Moultrie, Sumter, Ripley and Castle Pinckney. The ship-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUILE. 363\\nchannel has sixteen feet of water at h)\\\\v tide. Regular lines of steamers\\nrun to Savannah, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Among\\nthe most noteworthy buildings are the new Custom-House, City Hall, Acad-\\nemy of Music and St. Michael s Church, erected in 1752. Manufacturing\\nis carried on extensively. There were, at the last census, 224 factories,\\nemploying 2579 hands; value of products, $2,431,733. The principal\\narticles were fertilizers, machinery, flour, tar, turpentine, etc. The rice-\\nmills are the most extensive in the country. Three railroads have their\\nterminus at Charleston. The city has about 40 churches and 12 period-\\nicals, 4 of which are issued daily. Population in 1870, 48,956, and esti-\\nmated at 55,000 in 1875. Beanj ort (population, 5511), on Port Royal\\nIsland, 16 miles from the ocean, has a fine harbor and is a popular place\\nof summer resort. The other leading towns are Georgetown (3520), Pick-\\nensville (3164), Greenville (3135), which is the seat of several educational\\ninstitutions, Baton Rouge (3098) and Abbeville (3034).\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 249,073\\n(slaves, 107,094); 1800, 345,591 (slaves, 146,151); 1810, 415,115 (slaves,\\n196,365); 1820, 502,741 (slaves, 258,475); 1830, 581,185 (slaves, 315,-\\n401); 1840, 594,398 (slaves, 327,038); 1850,668,507 (slaves, 384,984);\\n1860, 703,708 (slaves, 402,406); 1870, 705,606 (free colored, 415,814).\\nOf the total population 8074 were born in foreign lands, and 697,532 in\\nthe United States, 678,708 of whom were natives of South Carolina and\\n18,824 of other parts of the Union; 246,066 native South Carolinians\\nwere residing in other States and Territories. The density of population\\nwas 20.75 to a square mile.\\nGoveriimeiit and Laws. The legislature consists of 33 sen-\\nators, elected for 4 years, and 124 representatives, elected for 2 years. The\\ngovernor (salary, $3500 and a furnished house) and lieutenant-governor\\nare chosen for a term of two years. Three judges, appointed by the Gen-\\neral Assembly for 6 years each, constitute the supreme court. The chief-\\njustice is paid a salary of $4500, and the others $3500 each. There are\\ntwo circuit courts, of which the court of common pleas has civil jurisdic-\\ntion and the court of general sessions has criminal jurisdiction only. A\\ncourt of probate is established in each county. Ministers of the gospel\\nare ineligible to the legislature or to the office of governor or lieutenant-\\ngovernor. The State debt on the 31st of October, 1874, was $17,017,651.\\nHistory. In 1562 a party of French Huguenots built a fort upon\\nan island in Port Royal Harbor and called it Carolina, in honor of Charles\\nIX. of France. This colony w as soon dispersed. The first permanent\\nsettlement was made by a company of English colonists, at Port Royal, in\\n1670, In 1685 a large company of French Huguenots established them-\\nselves in the State. The model Constitution prepared by John Locke was\\nfor a time the basis of go verumeut [see Historical Sketch, page 95].", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "364 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nSouth Carolina bore an honorable part in the struggle for independence.\\nThe battles of Camden, King s Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs and\\nothers of lesser note were fought upon her soil. An incident from the life\\nof Mrs. Rebecca Motte illustrates the spirit of patriotism which actuated\\nthe breasts of not a few. A British army occupied the mansion of Mrs.\\nMotte. It was necessary that they should be dislodged, and the lady her-\\nself furnished Major-General Lee with the bow and arrows by which he\\nthrew combustibles upon the roof and drove out the enemy at the expense\\nof burning her dwelling. The part which this State took in the beginning\\nof the civil war is described elsewhere [see Historical Sketch, page\\n137]. A new Constitution was ratified hi 1868.\\nTENNESSEE.\\nSituation and. Extent. Tennessee is bounded on the N. by Ken-\\ntucky and Virginia, S. E. by North Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama and\\nMississippi and W. by Arkansas and Missouri. It is situated between lat-\\nitudes 35\u00c2\u00b0 and 36\u00c2\u00b0 35 and longitudes 4\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 13\u00c2\u00b0 28 W. from Wash-\\nington, or 81\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 90\u00c2\u00b0 28 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length\\nfrom east to west is 430 miles, the breadth from north to south 110 miles\\nand the area 45,600 square miles, or 29,384,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The State is divided by its geo-\\ngraphical configuration into three sections, called respectively Eastern,\\nMiddle and Western Tennessee. Eastern Tennessee embraces the moun-\\ntainous district extending from the Alleghanies, upon the North Carolina\\nborder, westward to the Cumberland Mountains. Between these ranges is\\nthe valley of the Tennessee, a region of very great beauty and fertility.\\nMiddle Tennessee extends from the west flank of the Cumberland Moun-\\ntains to the Tennessee River, near the 88th parallel of longitude. This\\ndivision, which includes 35 counties, has no very high mountains or hills,\\nbut is rolling and picturesque. Western Tennessee, comprising the district\\nbetween the Tennessee and the Mississippi Rivers, is more nearly level, and\\ncontains large tracts of alluvial land. Numerous caves exist in Eastern\\nTennessee, some of which have been explored for a distance of several\\nmiles below the surface. Rivers. The Mississippi River constitutes the\\nwestern boundary for 160 miles. The Tennessee River, after its junction\\nwith the Clinch and the Holston, both rising in the mountains of Virginia,\\nflows toward the south-west and makes a detour into Northern Alabama\\nthen, re-entering Tennessee, it runs almost due north across the State, afford-\\ning steamboat navigation for 200 miles. Its principal tributaries are the\\nElk, Duck, Sequatchie and Hiawassee. Discharging their waters into the\\nMississippi are the Wolf, Hatchie, Obion and Reelfoot Rivers, navigable\\nfor a short distance only. Every part of the State is abundantly watered.\\nForests. Heavy growths of timber cover the mountains of the eastern", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 365\\nsection. Among the most common trees are the sugar-maple, black-walnut,\\nred cedar, poplar, juniper, hickory, oak, beech, locust, cypress, sycamore,\\nCottonwood, hacmatac and pawpaw. Pine is very abundant.\\nSoil aiitl Climate. The eastern section rests upon a limestone\\nformation, and the soil is calcareous. Very fertile lands are found in the\\nvalleys, and the mountain slopes admit of cultivation to some extent. As\\na grazing country this has great advantages. Middle Tennessee is a fine\\nagricultural region, showing quite a variety of loamy soils, in which some-\\ntimes clay and sometimes sand predominates. The western section has a\\ndeep, rich, dark mould, producing very large crops of cotton, tobacco and\\nall the leading grains and vegetables. Canebrakes grow to an enormous\\nsize along the rivers. The isothermal lines crossing the State are: Spring,\\n55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0-77\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 35\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0; yearly\\nmean, 60\u00c2\u00b0. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature\\nat Knoxville was 57.5\u00c2\u00b0, and the maximum 99\u00c2\u00b0. At Nashville the mean\\nwas 61.3\u00c2\u00b0, and the maximum 106\u00c2\u00b0; upon 63 days during June, July and\\nAugust the mercury rose to 90\u00c2\u00b0, and upon 7 days it reached 100\u00c2\u00b0. At\\nMemphis the thermometer indicated a temperature of 100\u00c2\u00b0 upon 4 days,\\nand one day rose to 101.5\u00c2\u00b0; the mean was 61.6 degrees. The rainfall at\\nMemphis was 49.39 inches, at Nashville 59.76 inches and at Knoxville\\n63.50 inches.\\nAgricultural Productious. The last Federal census reported\\n19,581,214 acres in farms, of which 6,843,278 acres were improved; aver-\\nage size of farms, 166 acres; value of farms, farm implements and live-\\nstock, $282,027,308; value of productious, $86,472,847. The production\\nof cotton was 181,842 bales; of rice, 3399 pounds; of cane-sugar, 1410\\nhogsheads; of cane-molasses, 3629 gallons. In 1873, 3,385,984 acres were\\ndevoted to Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, to-\\nbacco aud hay, and the value of these crops was $41,372,410. In tobacco,\\nTennessee ranked next to Kentucky, Virginia and Ohio seven States pro-\\nduced more Indian corn. In 1874 there were 302,900 horses, 103,200\\n;nules (more than in any other State), 355,100 oxen and other cattle, 247,-\\n700 milch cows, 1,420,900 hogs and 350,000 sheep. Engaged in all classes\\nof occupations there were 367,987 persons, of whom 267,020 (72.56 per\\ncent.) were employed iu agriculture.\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments was\\n5317; hands employed, 19,412; value of materials, $19,657,027; value\\nof products, $34,362,636. The leading industries in value were: Flouring-\\nmill products, $5,666,698; lumber, sawed, $2,876,946; iron, jjig, $l,147,-\\n707; printing aud publishing, $1,022,600; cotton goods, $941,542; car-\\nriages aud wagons, $938,647 leather, curried, $922,641 leather, tanned,\\n$921,497; clothing, $597,607; lumber, planed, $525,750; copper, milled\\nand smelted, $510,677; wool-carding and cloth-dressing, $491,847. The", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "366 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nuumerous streams furnish abundant water-power for manufacturing jDur-\\nposes, which has been improved only to a small extent.\\nMineral Resources. Iron exists in three extensive belts, which\\nstretch over 28 counties. Some of the ore yields from 40 to 50 per cent,\\nof tough gray iron. Coal measures extend over 5100 square miles. Gold\\nhas been discovered in small quantities. Copper, lead, gypsum and marble\\nare also found. There are sulphur and mineral springs in Eastern Ten-\\nnessee. The value of the product of 22 mines, employing 1239 hands, in\\n1870, was S776,292.\\nCommerce and Navigation. Memphis and Nashville are\\nUnited States ports of delivery, but the foreign commerce is transacted\\nprincipally through Ncav Orleans, Mobile and Charleston. During the\\nyear ending June 30, 1874, eight vessels, all steamboats, were built. Sixty-\\neight vessels, having a tonnage of 10,916, belong to the ports of Tennessee.\\nRailroads. In 1848 there were 28 miles of railroad open for travel.\\nA very extensive system of internal communication has been devised and\\npartly completed by which Nashville, Memphis and Knoxville have rail-\\nroad connections with every quarter of the State and of the Union. The\\nstatistics in 1873 were: Miles of railroad, 1620; cost per mile, $29,372;\\ntotal capital account, $24,966,565; receipts, $4,451,517; receipts per mile,\\n$5237; receipts to an inhabitant, $3.39; net earnings, $1,138,593.\\nPulblic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Penitentiary at\\nNashville, which is conducted on the silent system, contained 963 pris-\\noners at the beginning of 1875. The State Hospital for the Insane and\\nthe Institution for the Blind are also at Nashville. Bills for the establish-\\nment of two additional hospitals for the insane have passed the legislature,\\nand Knoxville has been selected as the site of the institution for Eastern\\nTennessee. A law providing for a general system of public schools was\\npassed in March, 1873. These schools are declared free to all between the\\nages of six and eighteen years, provided that white and colored children\\nshall be taught in separate schools. The permanent fund is $2,512,500,\\nthe interest of which is distributed semi-annually among the counties of\\nthe State, according to school population. In 1874 the number of children\\nwas 418,185; schools organized, 4059; teachers licensed, 4680. Sixteen\\nuniversities and colleges were reported, of which the University of Nash-\\nville, founded in 1785, is the oldest. Fisk University has college-grounds\\ncontaining 25 acres, purchased with the funds obtained by the Jubilee\\nSingers. Vanderbilt University possesses an endowment of $500,000, the\\ngift of Commodore Vanderbilt. For professional instruction there are 2\\nschools of theology, 1 of law, 3 of medicine and 1 of science. The last-\\nnamed school is a department of Tennessee Agricultural College, at Knox-\\nville, which has a property valued at $397,190. There were enumerated, in\\n1870, 3505 libraries, 987 religious organizations, having 918 edifices, and", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 367\\n91 newspapers; in 1875, 141 newspapers and periodicals were pul)lished,\\n9 of them daily.\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 35,791 (slaves,\\n3417) 1800, 105,602 (slaves, 13,584) 1810, 261,727 (slaves, 44,535) 1820,\\n422,813 (slaves, 80,107); 1830, 681,904 (slaves, 141,603); 1840, 829,210\\n(slaves, 183,059); 1850, 1,002,717 (slaves, 239,459); 1860, 1,109,847\\n(slaves, 275,784); 1870, 1,258,520 (free colored, 323,331). The foreign\\nborn numbered 19,316 and the native born, 1,239,204, of whom 1,029,134\\nhad their birthplace in Tennessee and 210,070 in other parts of the Union;\\n402,215 native Tennesseeans were residing in other States and Territories.\\nThe density of population was 27.60 to a square mile.\\nCities and Towns. Nashville, the State capital, is situated on the\\nCumberland River, 200 miles from its confluence with the Ohio. The\\nState-House, on Capitol Hill, which was erected at a cost of $1,000,000,\\nhas a tower 206 feet in height. Other fine edifices are the Court-House,\\nPenitentiary, ]\\\\Iarket-House and the Asylums for the Blind and for the\\nInsane. Nashville takes a high position as an educational centre, since it\\nis the seat of four colleges viz.. Central Tennessee College, Fisk Univer-\\nsity, University of Nashville and Vanderbilt University. Connected with\\nthese also are various professional schools. Nashville is at the intersection\\nof four railroads. The wholesale trade amounts to more than $50,000,000\\na year. Flour-, saw- and planiug-mills, tanneries, fouuderies, m achine-\\nshops, paper-mills, etc., furnish employment to a large number of hands.\\nThirty-five churches represent all the leading denominations. The popula-\\ntion of the city was 25,866 in 1870, and is estimated at 40,000 in 1875.\\nThe Hermitage of Andrew Jackson is about 12 miles distant from\\nNashville. Memphis, the largest city of Tennessee, is built upon the east\\nbank of the Mississippi. Regular lines of steamers ply to the leading ports\\nupon the river, and the wholesale trade is estimated at between 60 and 70\\nmillions of dollars per year. The city contains very large mills for the\\nmanufacture of cotton-seed oil. There are 6 railroads, 5 daily and 9\\nweekly newspapers and about 50 churches. The population was 40,222\\nin 1870, and Avas estimated at from 60,000 to 65,000 in 1875. Knoxville\\ncarries on an extensive wholesale trade with the towns of Eastern Ten-\\nnessee, with which it is connected by railroads radiating in four directions.\\nIt has 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. Population, 8682 in 1870, and\\nnow estimated at 11,000. Chattanooga, upon the Tennessee River, near the\\nGeorgia line, is an important shipping-point. It is not far from the base\\nof Lookout Mountain and at the junction of 4 railroads. Three daily\\nnewspapers are published. Population, 6093 in 1870, and about 10,000 in\\n1875. The other leading towns are Murfreesboro (3502), Clarksville\\n(3200), Pulaski (3041), Columbia (2550), Gallatin (2123), Fayetteville\\n(1206), Greeneville (1039).", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "368 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nGovernmeilt and Laws. The General Assembly of the State\\nof Tennessee consists of a senate and a house of representatives. The\\nnumber of representatives is based upon the number of voters in each\\ncounty, and shall not exceed seventy-five, until the population of the State\\nreaches a million and a half, and shall never be more than ninety-nine.\\nThe senators shall not be niore than one-third as many as the represent-\\natives. Biennial sessions of the legislature are held, during which the\\nmembers are paid $4 per day. The governor and other executive officers\\nare chosen for a term of two years, with the exception of the secretary of\\nState, who continues in office for four years. Five judges, chosen by pop-\\nular election, constitute the supreme court. Circuit and chancery courts\\nhave been established by the legislature. The term of office forjudges is\\neight years. Priests and ministers of the gospel are ineligible to the legis-\\nlature. The State is entitled to ten representatives in Congress. The\\ntaxable property in 1874 was valued at $289,533,560.\\nHistory. It is probable that Ferdinand de Soto visited the present\\nsite of Memphis in 1549. In 1754 a settlement was made by colonists\\nfrom North Carolina, who were soon di-iven away by hostile Indians. The\\nfirst permanent settlement west of the Alleghanies was made on the Ten-\\nnessee River, in the year 1756, when Fort Loudon was erected. Four years\\nlater the Cherokee Indians captured the fort and butchered or reduced to\\ncaptivity all the whites. Until 1789 the territory was regarded as belong-\\ning to North Carolina. In that year it was ceded to the general govern-\\nment. A territorial government was organized in 1794, and Tennessee\\nwas admitted to the Union as the sixteenth State June 1, 1796. On the\\n8th of June, 1861, a majority voted to separate from the United States and\\nto unite with the Southern Confederacy. Fort Henry, upon the Tennessee,\\nand Fort Douelson, upon the Cumberland Rivers, were captured by the\\nUnion forces in February, 1862 [see Historical Sketch, pp. 139, 142].\\nFull relations to the Union were restored July 24, 1866. A new Constitu-\\ntion was ratified by the people March 26, 1870. Tennessee takes its name\\nfrom the Indian designation for its principal river.\\nTEXAS.\\nSituation and Extent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Texas is bounded on the N. W. and N.\\nby New Mexico and the Indian Territory, E. by Arkansas and Louisiana,\\nS. E. by the Gulf of Mexico and S. W. by Mexico. It is situated between\\nlatitudes 25\u00c2\u00b0 50 and 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 N. and longitudes 16\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 30\u00c2\u00b0 W. from\\nWashington, or 93\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 107\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length\\nis 810 miles, the breadth 750 miles and the area 274,356 square miles, or\\n175,587,840 acres. All of the New England and Middle States, together\\nwith Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, have a smaller extent of\\nterritory than this one State of Texas. Were all the inhabitants of the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 369\\nUnited States placed within its boundaries, the population would be less\\ndense than it now is in the State of Massachusetts.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. There are three great divisions of\\nthe State viz., Eastern Texas, extending from the Sabine to Trinity River\\nMiddle Texas, from the Trinity to the Colorado and Western Texas, from\\nthe Colorado to the Rio Grande. Along the coast are many narrow islands\\nand peninsulas of alluvial formation, the configuration of which is some-\\ntimes entirely changed by the terrible West Indian hurricanes. For a\\ndistance of from 30 to 60 miles inland the land is almost monotonously flat.\\nBeyond this is an undulating country, extending for 200 miles, consisting\\nof high rolling prairies, well watered, sufficiently wooded and covered\\nwith luxuriant vegetation. Next is a hilly and mountainous district, and\\nbeyond this is an elevated table-land. The Llano Estacado [see Phts-\\nICAL Geography, page 159], which covers an area of 100,000 square\\nmiles in the north-west, has a general elevation of 2500 feet above\\nthe sea: it is scantily wooded and subject to severe droughts. The prin-\\ncipal elevations above the sea level which have been noted are Leon\\nSpring, 4240 feet; Eagle Spring, 4842 feet; Painted Camp, 5020 feet;\\nProvidence Creek, 5492 feet and Highest Point, 5896 feet. Riven.\\nThe Red River constitutes the boundary between Texas and the\\nIndian Territory for 400 miles. Navigation is obstructed by the great\\nraft above Shreveport [see Louisiaxa, page 259]. The Sabine consti-\\ntutes the boundary between Louisiana and Texas; and the Rio Grande,\\n1800 miles long and navigable for 450 miles, separates Texas and the ter-\\nritory of the United States from Mexico. Within the limits of the State\\nare the Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe and San Antonio, all flowing\\nwith a rapid current in a south-easterly direction and discharging their\\nwaters into the Atlantic. During the rainy season steamboats ascend these\\nstreams to a distance of from 100 to 350 miles. The rivers and bays abound\\nin fish, of which the principal varieties are the redfish (sometimes weighing\\n50 pounds), pike, codfish, trout, flounder, etc. Forests. Eastern Texas is\\nvery heavily timbered. Immense forests of yellow pine extend through\\nthe river valleys, yielding pitch, tar and turpentine. Many motts, or\\nislands, of timber exist in the prairies. Live-oaks are abundant along\\nthe coast. The other most common trees are the ash, beech, cedar, cotton-\\nwood, cypress, elm, gum, hickory, hackberry, mesquit, mulberry, oak,\\npecan, poplar, tapulo, walnut, willow and yapon, or tea tree. Wild Animals\\nand Birds. The black bear, wolf, peccary, moose, deer, antelope, fox, opos-\\nsum, raccoon, etc., are met with in the forests, and vast herds of buffaloes\\nand mustangs range the prairies. Among the many species of birds are\\nthe wild turkey, wild goose, canvas-back duck, pheasant, grouse, plover,\\nwoodcock, swan, pelican, paroquet, oriole and mocking-bird.\\nSoil and Climate. A deposit of alluvial soil, 30 feet deep and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "370 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof inexhaustible fertility, is often found along the river-bottoms. The\\nprairies have a rich, chocolate-colored or black- wax loam, resting upon\\na subsoil of gray clay. A remarkably uniform and pleasant temperature\\nprevails throughout most of the year. Ice seldom forms, and cattle thrive\\nall winter without artificial shelter or food. However, the Northers\\nprevail during November, December and January, and there are sometimes\\nstorms of terrible severity. During the winter of 1855-6 it is said that\\none-quarter of all the neat cattle in the State perished from the effects of\\nthe cold. The lowest temperature observed was 17 degrees. Hurricanes\\nof very great violence prevail upon the coast. The September cyclone,\\nor equinoctial storm, is always looked for with apprehension. An account\\nof the ravages of a cyclone in Texas is given in another article [see Phys-\\nical Geography, page 179]. The isothermal lines crossing the State are:\\nSpring, 55\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0-85\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 35\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0\\nannual mean, 55\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean\\ntemperature at Galveston was 72.8\u00c2\u00b0, and the maximum was 98.5\u00c2\u00b0. Upon\\n57 days during June, July and August the mercury rose above 90\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nmean for the coldest month (January) was 55\u00c2\u00b0, and for the warmest (Au-\\ngust) 84.4\u00c2\u00b0. At Indianola the mean was 70\u00c2\u00b0, the minimum (in February)\\n36\u00c2\u00b0 and the maximum (in August) 100 degrees.\\nAgricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As a cotton State Texas ranked\\nfifth in 1870. The production during the years 1873 and 1874 was 742,-\\n565 bales. Rice and sugar-cane are important crops. Wheat thrives\\nabove the 32d parallel of latitude. The Federal census reported 18,396,-\\n523 acres in farms, of which 2,964,833 acres were improved; average size\\nof farms, 301 acres (those of California and Oregon alone were larger);\\nvalue of farms, farm implements and live-stock, $100,971,937; value of\\nproductions, $49,185,170. In 1873 the number of acres devoted to Indian\\ncorn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes and tobacco was 1,373,895, and the\\nvalue of the crops was $22,356,720. The number of live-stock reported\\nin 1874 was 699,100 horses (next to Illinois and Ohio), 97,900 mules,\\n2,415,800 cattle (more than double the number in Illinois, which ranked\\nsecond, and nearly one-seventh of all the neat cattle in the United States),\\n526,500 milch cows, 1,147,400 hogs and 1,338,700 sheep. Most of the\\nfruits common to the Northern States are grown in Texas, and the orange,\\nlemon, banana, lime, fig, pine-apple, nectarine and olive thrive.\\nManufactures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The census reported 2399 manufacturing estab-\\nlishments hands employed, 7927; value of materials, $6,273,193; value\\nof products, $11,517,302. The leading industries in value were Lumber,\\n$1,736,482; beef, packed, $1,052,106; cotton goods, $374,598; saddlery\\nand harness, $348,307; tin, copper and sheet-iron ware, $334,665; car-\\nriages and wagons, $289,124; hides and tallow, $272,740; flouring-raill\\nproducts, $254,264. Stoves and hollow-ware of excellent quality are", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 371\\nproduced. The numerous rivers afford an abundance of water-power,\\nwhich has been, as yet, very little improved.\\nMineral Resources. Speaking of the mineral wealth of the\\ncountry. Col. Forney says God in his generosity seems to have given a\\nshare of all his best gifts to Texas. Horace Greeley, who made a journey\\nthrough Texas in 1871, wrote As yet the mineral wealth of Texas sleeps\\nundisturbed and useless. She has iron enough to divide the earth by rail-\\nroads into squares ten miles across, but no ton of it was ever smelted. She\\nhas at least five thousand square miles of coal (probably much more), but\\nno ton of it was ever dug for sale. She has gypsum enough to plaster-the\\ncontinent annually for a century, but it lies quiet and valueless a waste of\\nearth-covered stone. Gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, alum, cobalt, man-\\nganese, arsenic and various precious stones, such as the ruby, agate, garnet,\\namethyst and opal, have been found. There are large deposits of potters\\nclay, fire-clay and marl, and extensive quarries of granite, marble, slate,\\nsoap-stone, etc. Salt is very abundant. These mineral resources are almost\\nuntouched. The total value of the mining products of the State, as\\nreported by the census in 1870, was only $900.\\nCoiiiiuerce and Navigation. There are five customs districts\\nviz., Brazos de Santiago, Corpus Christi, Paso del Norte, Saluria and\\nTexas. For the year ending June 30, 1874, the value of imports was\\n$4,366,183; value of exports, $21,639,402; number of vessels entered in\\nthe foreign trade, 250, of which 103 were American and 147 foreign; ves-\\nsels cleared, 284, of which 137 were American. The tonnage of all Texas\\nports Avas 20,008, divided among 335 vessels. Twenty vessels were built\\nduring the year. Cotton was exported to the amount of 274,379 bales.\\nRailroads. There were 32 miles of railroad in 1854. In 1874 the\\nmileage had increased to 1650; total capital account, $64,565,342; cost\\nper mile, $40,079; total receipts, $6,968,886; receipts per mile, $4464;\\nreceipts to an inhabitant, $7.26; net earnings, $2,798,277. The Texas\\nPacific Railroad is designed to extend from Shreveport, Louisiana, across\\nTexas, New Mexico and Arizona to the Pacific Ocean, at San Diego.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Huntsville, contains 278 cells, and a new building has just been\\ncompleted, having 125 cells. Both these buildings are inadequate, as the\\nnumber of prisoners in 1874 was 1453. The number of homicides reported\\nfrom Texas during 1870 was 323. Seven paupers were relieved in 1850\\nand 202 in 1870. An Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb\\nwas opened in 1857. The new Constitution makes it the duty of the legis-\\nlature to provide for the support and maintenance of public schools through-\\nout the State, free to all children between the ages of six and eighteen.\\nIn 1874 the school population was 300,000, of whom 129,542 were enrolled\\nin the public schools. The average daily attendance was 83,082 number", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "372 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nof schools, 1874; teachers, 2236. There are 12 colleges and univer-\\nsities, 1 school of theology, 2 schools of medicine and 1 school of science.\\nThe Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, at Bryan, possesses a\\nproperty valued at $291,240. Five institutions are reported for the higher\\neducation of young ladies. In 1870 the number of libraries was 455, re-\\nligious organizations 843, with 647 edifices, newspapers 112. In 1875 21\\ndaily newspapers and 168 periodicals of all kinds were published.\\nCities and Towns. Austi7i, the State capital, is situated on the\\nColorado River, 160 miles above its mouth. Steamboats ply upon the\\nriver, and there is railroad connection with Houston. Three daily and two\\nweekly papers are published. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was\\n4428, and was estimated at 7500 in 1875. Galveston, upon an island at\\nthe entrance of Galveston Bay, 290 miles west of New Orleans, is the lead-\\ning city of Texas. It is an important port for the shipment of cotton,\\nlumber, cattle and hides. Steamers run regularly to New Orleans, Ha-\\nvana, New York and Liverpool. It is the seat of the Texas Medical Col-\\nlege and the University of St. Mary. The most important buildings are\\nthe Custom-House, Court-House, City Hall, Opera-House and House of\\nRefuge. There are 15 churches and 11 newspapers, of which 5 are issued\\ndaily. The population was 13,815 by the Federal census, and is estimated,\\nin 1875, at 25,000. Houston, on Buffalo Bayou, 45 miles above Galveston,\\nis a rapidly-growing city. It was settled in 1836, and named in honor of\\nGen. Sam. Houston. The City Hall and Market-House was erected at a\\ncost of $400,000. There are extensive machine- and car-shops, iron- and\\nbrass-founderies and lumber-yards. Three daily and six Aveekly news-\\npapers are published, and 12 churches represent the various denominations.\\nRailroads diverge from Houston in six directions. The population is esti-\\nmated at 20,000; it was 13,818 in 1870. San Antonio was settled by the\\nSpaniards in 1694. It has two daily newspapers and is the principal town\\nin Western Texas. Population, 12,256. Other leading towns are Browns-\\nville, Corpus Christi, Jefferson, Sherman, Dallas, Georgetown, Indianola\\nand Matagorda.\\nPopulation. No census of the population of Texas was taken while\\nit was under Mexican rule. The estimated number of inhabitants in 1806\\nwas 7000, and in 1836, 52,000. According to the United States census,\\nthe population in 1850 was 212,592 (slaves, 58,161) 1860, 604,215 (slaves,\\n182,566) 1870, 818,579 (free colored, 253,475). The foreign-born num-\\nbered 62,411, and the natives 756,168, of whom 388,510 were born in\\nTexas and 367,658 in other parts of the United States. Only 26,050\\nnative Texans were residing outside the State of their birth. The density\\nof population was 2.98 to a square mile.\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislature consists of 30 senators\\nand 90 representatives, who meet biennially and are paid eight dollars per", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 373\\nday. The executive officers are a governor, lieuteuant-governor, comp-\\ntroller, treasurer and commissioner of the general land-office. Judicial\\nauthority is vested in a supreme court of three judges, and thirty-five dis-\\ntrict courts, presided over by a single judge, who is required to hold three\\nterms of his court annually in each county of his district. A superintend-\\nent of immigration is appointed by the governor, and holds his office for\\nfour years. General elections are held on the first Tuesday after the first\\nMonday in November of every alternate year, beginning with 1872.\\nHomesteads are exempt from execution for debt. The public debt on the\\n1st of January, 1875, was $4,012,421.\\nHistory. Fort St. Louis was erected near the present site of Mata-\\ngorda by a company of French colonists, in 1687. In 1690 the Spaniards\\nestablished, not far from the same spot, the mission of San Francisco.\\nThe territory was long under the government of Mexico, and shared in\\nthe internal dissensions of that country. The privilege of maintaining a\\nState government of their own was refused to them, and the Texaus took\\nup arms. The first battle was fought Oct. 2, 1835. Hostilities continued\\nat intervals for ten years. On the 1st of March, 1845, Texas became one\\nof the United States. The Mexican loar followed [see Historical Sketch].\\nAn ordinance of secession was passed Feb. 5, 1861. A new Constitution\\nwas adopted in 1869. In the summer of 1874 six companies of soldiers\\nwere organized for service against hostile Indians, and many of the settle-\\nments were thus saved from destruction. A terrible cyclone desolated a\\nbelt of country 40 miles wide on the 16th and 17th of September, 1875.\\nWater stood five feet deep in the streets of Galveston, twenty-five buildings\\nwere blown down, several persons were killed and property was damaged\\nto the amount of $200,000. The town of Velasco was entirely swept away\\nonly two houses remained standing at Matagorda and the word from In-\\ndianola was One-quarter of the people are gone. Dead bodies are strewn\\nfor twenty miles along the bay. Nine-tenths of the houses are destroyed.\\nOnly five out of the three hundred houses in the town were left standing.\\nFour hundred lives were destroyed in the State by this cyclone.\\nVERMONT.\\nSituation aucl Extent. Vermont is bounded on the N. by\\nCanada East, E. by New Hampshire, S. by Massachusetts and W. by New\\nYork. It is situated between latitudes 42\u00c2\u00b0 44 and 45\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes\\n3\u00c2\u00b0 35 and 5\u00c2\u00b0 27 E. from Washington, or 71\u00c2\u00b0 33 and 73\u00c2\u00b0 25 W. from\\nGreenwich. The length from north to south is 158 miles, the breadth be-\\ntween 40 and 90 miles and the area 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. The Green Mountains, called by\\nthe early French travellers Monts Verts, extend through the whole length\\nof Vermont and form the water-shed between the affluents of the Conuec-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "374 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nticut River ou the east and those of Lake Champlain and the Hudson on\\nthe west. The most elevated summits are: Mount Mansfield, 4359 feet;\\nCamel s Hump, 4188 feet; Killington s Peak, 3675 feet; and Ascutney,\\n3320 feet. Most of the hills are smooth and rounded and wooded or cov-\\nered with grass to the very top. Rivers and Lakes. The Connecticut\\nEiver constitutes the eastern boundary, and drains an area of 3750 square\\nmiles in the State. At Bellows Falls the river has a descent of 44 feet in\\nthe course of half a mile. Its principal affluents are the Passumpsic,\\nWhite, Queechy, Black and West Rivers. Flowing westward are the\\nMissisquoi, Lamoille, Onion or Wiuooski and Otter Rivers, which dis-\\ncharge their waters into Lake Champlain. This lake, which constitutes\\nthe boundary betAveen Vermont and New York for 140 miles, has an ex-\\ntreme width of 16 miles and is deep enough to float the largest vessels.\\nIts waters find an outlet through the Richelieu, or Sorel, into the St. Law-\\nrence. Salmon-trout, bass, whitefish, pickerel, etc., are caught in great\\nnumbers from the lake. It contains several islands, of which the largest\\nare North Hero, South Hero and La Motte. Lake Memphremagog, on\\nthe Canada line, lies partly within the limits of Vermont, and receives sev-\\neral small tributaries from that State. Forests. Upon the Green Moun-\\ntains are heavy growths of the various evergreen trees, such as the fir,\\ncedar, spruce, pine and hemlock. Hard wood is also abundant, including\\nthe ash, beech, birch, elm, hickory, basswood, butternut, oak, sugar-maple\\nand most of the trees common to the Northern States.\\nSoil and Climate. A deep, black, alluvial soil, of very great fer-\\ntility, is characteristic of the river valleys. Some of the uplands have a\\nloam which is strong and quick and produces large crops. Excellent pas-\\nturage is afforded on the slopes of the hills and mountains. The valley of\\nLake Champlain, protected from the north-east winds by the mountains\\nand open toward the south, is very favorably situated for agriculture.\\nVery great variations of temperature are experienced. The mercury\\nreached 106\u00c2\u00b0 at Montpelier on the 8th of June, 1871, and on Christmas\\nday, 1872, the mercury congealed, which indicated a temperature of at least\\n40 degrees helow zero. Thus the range of the thermometer was 146 de-\\ngrees. East Calais enjoyed Christmas day, 1873, with the mercury indi-\\ncating \u00e2\u0080\u009438 degrees. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean\\ntemperature at Burlington was 43.6\u00c2\u00b0, the maximum 89\u00c2\u00b0 and the minimum\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009420.5\u00c2\u00b0. Upon eleven days the mercury fell below zero. The isothermal\\nlines crossing Vermont are: Spring, 40\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 62\u00c2\u00b0-67\u00c2\u00b0; autumn,\\n43\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-20\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 45\u00c2\u00b0. Snow falls about the\\nmiddle of November and remains until the end of April.\\nAgricultural Productions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vermont has a smaller proportion\\n(32.1 per cent.) of its farm lands unimproved than any other States except\\nIllinois (25.3 per cent.) and New York (29.6 per cent.). The last census", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 375\\nreported 4,528,804 acres iu farms, of which 3,073,257 acres were improved;\\naverage size of farms, 134 acres; value of forms, farm implements aud\\nlive-stock, 8168,506,189; value of productions, $34,647,027. The forest\\nproducts were valued at $1,238,929, and the orchard pi oducts at $682,241.\\nThis State ranked first in the production of maple-sugar (8,894,302 pounds),\\nand next to New York and Ohio iu cheese (4,830,700 pounds). In 1873\\nthe Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and\\nhay crojis occupied 1,065,334 acres, and were valued at $18,568,796. The\\nnumber of live-stock iu 1874 was 71,000 horses, 128,000 oxen and other\\ncattle, 195,700 milch cows, 53,500 hogs and 543,600 sheep (more than iu\\nany other New England State).\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments\\nreported was 3270; hands employed, 18,686; value of materials, $17,007,-\\n769; of products, $32,184,606. The value of the leading industries was:\\nWoollen goods, $3,550,962; lumber, sawed, $3,142,307; lumber, planed,\\n$2,526,228; flouring-mill products, $2,071,594; leather, tanned, $1,249,-\\n942; carriages and sleds, $839,029; cotton goods, $546,510; scales and\\nbalances, $1,629,000. A firm iu this State, which has been in existence\\nfor forty-five years, manages the largest scale manufactory in the world.\\nIts workshops cover ten acres, and the products are sent to every im-\\njwrtant nation on the globe; the annual sales amount to $2,000,000.\\nMinerals and Mining Numerous deposits of iron ore have been\\nfound among the mountains. Copper, lead and manganese exist iu small\\nquantities. Kaoline, or potters clay, is abundant. The marble quarries\\nare of great extent, and furnish marble both white and variegated. Pro-\\nfessor Collier is of the opinion that there is hardly a farm in the State\\nwhere hidden [mineral] wealth may not exist. The product of 54 min-\\ning establishments, at the last census, was valued at $905,410, and the\\nvalue of the mai ble- and stone-work was $960,984.\\nCommerce and Navig-ation. Burlington is the only port of\\nentry. Quite au extensive commerce is carried on with the Canadas\\nthrough Lake Champlain. During the year ending June 30, 1874, the\\nvalue of imports was $7,282,166, and of exports, $4,076,355; 98 Ameri-\\ncan and 859 foi-eigu vessels entered, and 76 American and 865 foreign\\nvessels cleared. Six steamers and 19 other vessels, with an aggregate\\ncapacity of 5494 tons, belong to the district of Vei raont.\\nRailroads and Canals. The mileage of railroads in 1874 was\\n778; total capital account, $27,755,284; cost per mile, $35,638; receipts,\\n$4,463,678 receipts to an inhabitant, $13.36 receipts per mile of railroad,\\n86002; net earnings, $1,782,571. Real estate belonging to railroads is\\nsubject to taxation. A canal connects Lake Champlain with the Hudson\\nRiver.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. A State-Prison was", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "376 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nestablished at Windsor in 1807. The Asylum for the lusaue, which pos-\\nsesses a property valued at $500,000, is not a State institution, although it\\nhas often received aid from the State. The deaf and dumb are supported\\nat the asylum in Hartford, Connecticut. A Reform School was established\\nat Waterbury in November, 1865. The buildings were burned December\\n12, 1874, and in January, 1875, the legislature appropriated ^30,000 for a\\nnew building to be located at Vergennes. There is a Home for Destitute\\nChildren at Burlington. A compulsory school law was passed in 1867.\\nEvery child of good health, between the ages of 8 and 14 years, is required\\nto attend school for at least three months in each year. From 5 to 20 years\\nis the legal school age. In 1874 the number of school districts was 2754;\\nchildren in the State, 89,541; pupils enrolled, 78,139; teachers, 4406; ex-\\npenditures for schools, $622,227; value of school buildings, $1,334,364.\\nThere are three colleges\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz., Middlebury College, Norwich University\\n(military) and the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College,\\nwhich possesses a property valued at $416,972; it embraces classical, med-\\nical and scientific departments, and admits young women upon the same\\nc(mditious as young men. The last census reported 1792 libraries, 47\\nperiodicals, 3 of which were daily (increased to 6 daily newspapers and 68\\nperiodicals of all kinds in 1875), and 699 religious organizations, having\\n744 edifices.\\nPopulation. The number of inhabitants at successive decennial\\nperiods has been as follows: 1790, 85,425; 1800, 154,465; 1810, 217,895;\\n1820,235,966; 1830,280,652; 1840,291,948; 1850,314,120; 1860,315,-\\n098 (an increase of 978, which is about one-third of one per cent.); 1870,\\n330,551 (an increase of 15,453, which is less than 5 per cent.). The foreign\\nborn numbered 47,155, and the native, 283,396, of whom 243,814 were\\nborn in Vermont and 39,582 had come in from other States; 177,164\\nnatives of Vermont were residing in other parts of the Union, showing a\\nloss of 137,582 in native population. There were 32.37 persons to a square\\nmile.\\nCities and Towns. Montpelier, the capital, occupies a central\\nposition in the State. The Capitol is a fine granite building, erected at a\\ncost of $150,000. More than 15,000 volumes are contained in the State\\nlibrary. The town has several manufactories, seven churches and five\\nnewspapers. Population, 3023. Burlington, the largest city of Vermont,\\nhad a population of 14,387 in 1870. Its harbor, protected by a break-\\nwater, is the finest on Lake Champlain. There is a very extensive lumber\\ntrade. Five periodicals are published. The University of Vermont occu-\\npies a site commanding a fine view. Rutland (population, 9834) has very\\nextensive quarries of marble and slate. It is at the intersection of three\\nrailroads, and supports two daily newspapers. Bennington (5760) is the\\ncentre of a fine agricultural region. Porcelain ware is manufactured in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 377\\nlarge quantities. Brattleborovgh (4933) Avas settled in 1724, aud is the\\noldest town in the State. The Asylum for the Insane is the most prominent\\nbuilding. Six newspapers are published. Middlebury (8086) is the seat\\nof Middlebury College, and contains several factories, large marble quar-\\nries, five churches and a newspaper office. The other leading towns are\\nSt. Albans (7014), which contains the railway-shops of the Vermont Cen-\\ntral, St. Johnsbury (4665), Brandon (3571), Northfield (3410), Castleton\\n(3243), Randolph (2829), Waterbury (2623), Newbury (2241) aud Wind-\\nsor (1699).\\nGoveriinient and Laws. A council of 14 members assembles\\nonce in seven years to propose such amendments to the Constitution as may\\nbe deemed necessary. There was no senate until the year 1836. The Gen-\\neral Assembly, which meets biennially, consists of a senate of 30 members\\nand a house of representatives of 249 members (one from each town and\\ncity). Executive officers are elected for a term of two years. The supreme\\ncourt consists of six judges, chosen by the legislature, and receiving a sal-\\nary of \u00c2\u00a72500 each. There are also county courts for each of the 14 coun-\\nties, courts of chancery and probate courts. Justices of the peace are\\nelected for each town. A prohibitory liquor law is in force, and the liquor-\\nseller is responsible for damages done by an intoxicated person.\\nHistory. Champlain, with two other French officers, traversed a\\nportion of this territory in 1609. The first settlement was made in 1724,\\nat Fort Dummer, within the limits of the present town of Brattleborough.\\nA settlement was begun on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain by the\\nFrench in 1731. New Hampshire claimed jurisdiction over the territory,\\nand Gov. Wentworth made grants of land to settlers in 138 townships.\\nNew York also based a claim upon the grants of King Charles II., and\\ntried to exert her authority. Attemjots to dispossess them of their lands\\nW Cre resisted by the settlers, who applied the beech seal (whipping with\\nbeechen rods) to the New York officers, until none could be found willing\\nto serve writs. The Green Mountain Boys thus defended themselves\\nfor several years. An amicable adjustment was finally made by the pay-\\nment to New York of $30,000 in settlement for all her claims. In Janu-\\nary, 1777, a general convention proclaimed that the territory known as the\\nNew Hampshire Grants was of right a free and independent jurisdiction,\\nto be henceforth called by the name of New Connecticut, alias Vermont.\\nDuring the Revolutionary war the Green Mountain Boys bore an honor-\\nable and conspicuous part. At Bennington, on the 16th of August, 1777,\\nthe British regulars were routed by the undisciplined yeomanry. Vermont\\nwas admitted to the Union on the 4th of March, 1791. During the war\\nof 1812 the frontiers were threatened, but the capture of the British squad-\\nron on Lake Champlain saved Vermont from further molestation from that\\nquarter, until the Confederate raid upon St. Albans (Oct. 19, 1864).", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "378 BURLEY 8 UNITED STATES\\nVIRGINIA.\\nSituation and Extent. The State of Virginia is bounded on the\\nW. and N. W. by Kentucky and West Virginia, N. E. and E. by Mary-\\nland, Cliesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and S. by North Carolina\\nand Tennessee. It is situated between latitudes 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 39\u00c2\u00b0 40 N. and\\nlongitudes 1\u00c2\u00b0 85 E. and 6\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Washington, or 75\u00c2\u00b0 25 and 83\u00c2\u00b0\\n35 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length is 425 miles, the breadth 205\\nmiles and the area 38,348 square miles, or 24,542,720 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. By its natural configuration the\\nState is divided into three districts. (1.) Tide-water Virginia, extending\\nfrom the coast to the falls of the rivers, contains no mountains or high\\nhills, but is an alluvial country, having low and marshy lands along the\\nseaboard, which terminate in the south-east in the Great Dismal Swamp.\\n(2.) Piedmont Virginia, which extends from the river-falls to the Blue\\nRidge, is rolling and picturesque, and in its western part broken by ranges\\nof low hills. (3.) The great valley of Virginia includes all the region\\nbetween the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies. The great Ai^palachian\\nchain of mountains extends over a breadth of 150 miles, in parallel ridges\\nand low summits, with occasional lofty spurs. The Peaks of Otter attain\\nan elevation of 5307 feet above the sea level. John Randolph of Roanoke\\nonce visited this summit, and as he saw the sun rise over the magnificent\\nscene he said to his servant: Never from this time believe any one who\\ntells you that there is no God. Five States can be seen from the top of\\nBald Knob, upon the side of which, 4500 feet above the sea, is Salt Pond\\n(containing fresh water, but called salt from an adjacent salt lick), with a\\ndepth said to be unfathomable. Virginia contains very many objects of\\ninterest to tourists. The Natural Bridge has an arch 215 feet above the\\nstream, with a span of 93 feet and a width of 80 feet. A stage road runs\\nover it. The Natural Tunnel, in Scott county, is said by Pollard to be\\nundoubtedly the greatest wonder in Virginia. It extends for 800 feet\\nthrough the solid rock, and has a height of 80 feet. A remarkable cascade,\\ncalled Puncheon Run Falls, down which the water plunges 2000 feet, has\\nlately been brought into notice. There are many caverns, among the most\\nnoted of wiiich are Weyer s Cave, 1600 feet in length, Madison s Cave and\\nthe Cave of the Unknown. Mineral springs abound along the mountain\\nchain from the borders of North Carolina to the Potomac, making this\\nregion a sufHcient sanitarium for all America. There are white, yellow,\\nblue, red and salt sulphur springs, offering medicines compounded in\\nNature s laboratory for the cure of a multitude of human ailments. A tem-\\nperature of 106 degrees has been noted in the warm springs. Rivers.\\nThe Potomac separates Virginia from Maryland and affords navigation for\\nlarge vessels as far as Alexandria, where it is a mile and a quarter wide.\\nIts principal tributary is the Shenandoah, which drains the great valley of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 379\\nVirginia west of the Blue Eidge and unites with the Potomac at Harper s\\nFerry. The Rappahannock, the York and the James take their rise in the\\nmountains, and flowing nearly parallel to the Potomac in a south-easterly\\ndirection, discharge their waters into Chesapeake Bay. Rapids and falls\\nlimit the navigable course of each to about 100 miles. South-eastern Vir-\\nginia is drained by the Meherrin and the Nottoway, which unite in North\\nCarolina to form the Chowan. The Holston, the Clinch and Powell s\\nRivers drain the south-western counties and afterward combine with the\\nTennessee. Forests. Timber is very abundant. The hickory, white and\\nblack oak, ash, chestnut, beech, maple, cedar, pine, etc., grow to an enor-\\nmous size. When oak lands are cleared a growth of pines springs up, and\\nwhen pines are removed oaks take their places. Fields once cultivated, if\\nleft to themselves, are quickly covered with pines. The last census reported\\n8,294,734 acres of woodland upon farms.\\nSoil and Climate. The soil in the east is composed of a vegetable\\nmould, ]-esting upon an alluvial, clayey sand of great depth. Piedmont\\nVirginia has a limestone basis for its fertile clay and loam. The valleys\\nof the south-west contain the celebrated blue-grass soil, which is impreg-\\nnated with lime and exceedingly productive. A book published in London\\nin 1757 speaks of the Virginia climate as follows: The heats in summer\\nare excessively great, but not without the allay of refreshing sea-breezes.\\nTheir winter frosts come on without the least warning. After a warm day,\\ntoward the setting in of winter, so intense a cold often succeeds as to freeze\\nover the broadest and deepest of their great rivers in one night but these\\nfrosts, as well as their rains, are rather violent than of long continuance.\\nThe writer must have generalized from an exceptional winter, as the rivers\\nare entirely unobstructed by ice throughout many seasons. During the\\nyear ending Sept. 30, 1874, the maximum temperature at Cape Henry was\\n98 degrees; at Lynchburg the maximum was 97\u00c2\u00b0, and the mean for the\\nyear 56.5\u00c2\u00b0 at Wytheville, among the mountains, the maximum was 95\u00c2\u00b0,\\nand the mean 51.3\u00c2\u00b0 (more than a degree lower than the mean for Phila-\\ndelphia); at Norfolk the mean was 58.4\u00c2\u00b0, the minimum 15\u00c2\u00b0 and the max-\\nimum 102\u00c2\u00b0; upon 19 days the mercury sank below 32\u00c2\u00b0, and upon 34 days\\nrose above 90\u00c2\u00b0. The rainfall at Wytheville was 40.66 inches, at Lynch-\\nburg 44.74 inches and at Norfolk 55.27 inches. Upon the isothermal\\ncharts the lines crossing Virginia are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 72\u00c2\u00b0-77\u00c2\u00b0\\nautumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0; mean, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productions. The great staple, from the earliest\\nsettlement, has been tobacco, which grew as tall as an ordinary-sized\\nman [see American Agriculture]. In 1873 the product of 82,200\\nacres devoted to tobacco culture was 50,000,000 pounds (Kentucky grew\\nthree times as much), valued at $4,600,000. The total value of the Indian\\ncorn, Avheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "380 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ngrown upon 2,427,804 acres was $30,768,950. The last Federal census\\nreported 18,145,911 acres in farms, of which 8,165,040 acres were im-\\nproved; value of farms, farm implements and live-stock, $246,132,550;\\nvalue of productions, $51,774,801; average size of farms, 246 acres.\\nSome cotton was grown in the southern counties. In 1874 the State con-\\ntained 189,300 horses, 29,600 mules, 405,700 oxen and other cattle, 234,-\\n000 milch cows, 753,100 hogs and 367,500 sheep. Nearly 60 per cent, of\\nthe workers were employed in agriculture.\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments was\\n5933; hands employed, 26,694; value of materials, $23,832,884; value\\nof products, $38,364,322. Among the leading industries in value were:\\nTobacco, chewing, smoking and snuff, $6,935,249 flouring-mill products,\\n$6,581,396; iron, forged and rolled, $1,994,146; iron, castings, $769,274;\\niron, pig, $619,820; lumber, $1,609,966; cotton goods, $1,435,800; cars,\\nfreight and passenger, $613,036; machinery, $511,485.\\nMinerals and Mining*. Coal formations underlie 21,000 square\\nmiles. Anthracite coal is found between the James and the Potomac the\\nbituminous seams are of great thickness. Iron, lead, gold, copper, man-\\nganese and zinc are found. The deposits of marl, plaster, limestone and\\nmarble are extensive. Salt-wells exist, which yielded 10,000 bushels of\\nsalt per day during the war. South-western Virginia is especially rich in\\nminerals. The product of 27 mines reported at the last census, which era-\\npoyed 997 hands, was $409,914,\\nCommerce and. Navigation. An extensive commerce was car-\\nried on from Virginia during the colonial days. The imjiorts of this State\\nand Maryland during the year 1770 were valued at upward of three mil-\\nlions of dollars, and the exports at nearly two millions. There are now\\nseven customs districts viz., Alexandria, Cherrystone, Norfolk and Ports-\\nmouth, Petersburg, Richmond, Tappahannock and Yorktown. During the\\nfiscal year ending June 30, 1874, 65 American and 45 foreign vessels en-\\ntered and 80 American and 78 foreign vessels cleared in the foreign trade;\\nthe value of imports was $236,566, and of exports, $5,299,670. Belong-\\ning in the State were 1017 vessels, of which 74 were steamers. Fifty\\nvessels, including nine steamers, were built.\\nRailroads and Canals. The railroad statistics for 1874 were:\\nMiles of railroad, 1638; total capital account, $96,324,418; cost per mile,\\n$46,332; receipts, $6,842,633; receipts per mile, $4112; receipts to an in-\\nhabitant, $5.36 net earnings, $2,196,418. The James River and Kanawha\\nCanal was projected to connect the James with the Ohio, but it is estimated\\nthat $40,000,000 would be needed to complete it. A canal 23 miles long\\npasses through the Dismal Swamp, connecting Chesapeake Bay and Albe-\\nmarle Sound.\\nPublic Institutions and Education.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Peniten-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 381\\ntiary, at Richmond, is conducted on the silent system. There are three\\nAsyhims for the Insane, located at \\\\yilliamsburg, Staunton and Richmond.\\nThe Eastern Asylum is the oldest in the United States, having been estab-\\nlished in 1773. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind\\nis at Staunton. A general school law was passed July 11, 1870. In 1874\\nthe number of public schools was 3696; pupils enrolled, 160,859; average\\nattendance, 91,175; teachers, 3757; value of school property, $524,638.\\nThere are eight colleges and universities. William and Mary College was\\nfounded in 1692, and is the oldest collegiate institution in the country, with\\nthe exception of Harvard [see American Education]. At the Univer-\\nsity of Virginia all the studies are elective. Professional instruction is\\nafforded by five schools of theology, three of law, two of medicine and six\\nof science. A school of instruction, under the direction of the United\\nStates Signal Service Bureau, has been established at Fort Whipple. The\\nnumber of libraries in 1870 was 4171 newspapers, 114, of which 16 were\\ndaily; religious organizations, 2582, with 2405 edifices. In 1875 the period-\\nicals had increased to 142, of which 21 were published daily.\\nCities and Towns. Pddimond, the capital, is situated upon the\\nJames River. Large vessels come up to the docks, and railroads radiate\\nfrom the city in five directions, giving facilities for a very extensive whole-\\nsale trade. There are large tobacco warehouses, iron-works, founderies,\\nmachine-shops, etc. Twenty-two periodicals are published, of which seven\\nare issued daily. The number of inhabitants was 51,038 in 1870, and is\\nestimated at 70,000 in 1875. Norfolk, upon the south side of Chesapeake\\nBay, has a harbor open at all seasons of the year, which admits vessels\\ndrawing 30 feet of water. Steamers run regularly to Richmond, Balti-\\nmore, Philadelphia and New York. The shipment of fruits and vegetables\\nduring 1874 was 1,300,000 barrels and crates. For the season of 1874-5\\nthe receipts of cotton were estimated at 500,000 bales. The city has 26\\nchurches and three daily newspapers. Population, 19,229 in 1870, and\\nestimated at 25,000 in 1875. Gosport Navy Yard is near Norfolk.\\nLynchburg, on the James River, carries on a large trade with South-\\nwestern Virginia. It contains nearly 50 tobacco warehouses, and large\\nfounderies and iron-works have been established in the vicinity. There\\nare 10 churches and 6 newspapers. Population, 6825 in 1870, and now\\nabout 13,000. Petersburg (population, 18,950), thirty miles south of Rich-\\nmond, is an important railway centre, having lines extending in five direc-\\ntions. Three daily newspapers are issued. Lexington (population, 2873)\\nhas been called the Athens of Virginia. Washington College was estab-\\nlished at this place, under the name of Liberty Hall, in 1776, and received\\nits endowment from General Washington. The Virginia INIilitary Insti-\\ntute was founded in 1839. Alexandria, on the Potomac River, seven miles\\nbelow Washington, belonged to the District of Columbia until 1846, when", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "382 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nit was ceded back to Virginia, Population, 13,570. Bristol, in the valley,\\nnear the Tennessee line, is the centre of a large trade carried on by wagons,\\nthe white ships of the mountains. Other important towns are Ports-\\nmouth (10,492), Staunton (5120), Winchester (4477), Fredericksburg\\n(4046), Danville (3463) and Charlottesville (2838).\\nPopulation. In 1649 there were 15,000 English inhabitants and\\n300 negroes. During the eighteenth century the population doubled every\\n27 years, and Jefferson computed that if the same ratio of increase con-\\ntinued Virginia would contain upward of four and a half millions of people\\nin 1863. By the Federal census, the number of inhabitants at successive\\ndecennial periods (including West Virginia until 1870) was as follows\\n1790, 747,610 (slaves, 292,627); 1800, 880,200 (slaves, 345,796); 1810,\\n974,600 (slaves, 392,516); 1820,1,065,116 (slaves, 425,148); 1830, 1,211,-\\n405 (slaves, 469,757); 1840, 1,239,797 (slaves, 448,987); 1850, 1,421,661\\n(slaves, 472,528); 1860, 1,596,318 (slaves, 490,865) 1870 (West Virginia\\nexcluded), 1,225,163 (free colored, 512,841). Virginia ranked first in\\npopulation from 1790 to 1810, second in 1820, third in 1830, fourth in\\n1840 and 1850, fifth in 1860 and tenth in 1870. In slave population it\\nranked first during the whole period from 1790 to 1860. In free-colored\\npopulation it ranked next to Georgia in 1870. Of the total number of\\ninhabitants (1,225,163) at the last date, 1,163,822 were born in the orig-\\ninal State, 13,754 wei*e foreign born and 47,587 had come in from other\\nStates, of which number 16,869 were born in North Carolina, 7344 in\\nMaryland, 4908 in -New York, 4046 in Pennsylvania, etc. The density\\nof population was 31.95 persons to a square mile.\\nGoveriiiuent and Laws. The legislature consists of a senate\\nof 43 members and a house of delegates of 138 members. The supreme\\ncourt of appeals has five judges, holding office for twelve years. There\\nare sixteen judges of the circuit court, whose term of service is eight years.\\nThe county and city judges serve for three years. All judges are elected\\nby the legislature. The State election is held on the first Monday in No-\\nvember. A convention met at Richmond, Dec. 3, 1867, for the revision\\nof the Constitution, and the new Constitution was ratified by the people\\nJuly 6, 1869. The State is divided into 99 counties. By a constitutional\\namendment, ratified by a large majority in 1874, the township system was\\nabolished.\\nHistory. Sir Walter Raleigh bestowed the name of Virginia upon\\nthis territory, in honor of the virgin queen Elizabeth. Jamestown, which\\nwas founded May 13, 1607, claims the honor of being the oldest English\\nsettlement in America. Colonists came over in large numbers during a\\nfew succeeding years. Indian hostilities might have proved fatal to the\\nnew colony but for the intervention of Pocahontas, who saved Capt. John\\nSmith from death, and afterward disclosed a plot formed by the savages", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 383\\nfor the massacre of the settlers. In spite of the precautions taken, more\\nthan 350 were killed by the Indians on the 22d of March, 1622. The\\nChurch of England was established by law in 1662. In 1754 hostilities\\nbegan between the French and the English. After the defeat of Braddock,\\nin 1755, George Washington was put in command of the Virginia troops,\\nand gained a military experience which fitted him for the command of the\\nContinental army in the struggle for independence twenty years later.\\nEastern Virginia suffered very severely during the Revolutionary war,\\nwhich was virtually terminated by the surrender, uix)n her soil, of Lord\\nCornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781, An ordinance of secession was passed April 17,\\n1861, and Richmond soon after became the capital of the Southern Con-\\nfederacy. The citizens of the western counties dissented from this action,\\nand withdrawing, formed the new State of West Virginia. On the 27th\\nof January, 1870, the government of the State was transferred to the civil\\nauthorities. On the 27th of April, in the same year, the floor of the cap-\\nitol at Richmond gave way, and 60 persons were killed and 120 wounded,\\nWEST VIRGINIA.\\nSituation and Extent. West Virginia is bounded on the N. W.\\nby Ohio, N, E. by Pennsylvania and Maryland, S, E. and S. by Virginia\\nand S. W. by Kentucky. It is situated between latitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 5 and 40\u00c2\u00b0\\n37 N. and longitudes 0\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 5\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Washington, or 77\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nand 82\u00c2\u00b0 35 W. from Greenwich. The extreme length from N. E. to S. W.\\nis 270 miles and the breadth 125 miles. Between Ohio and Pennsylvania\\nis the Pan Handle, having in some places a width of only 6 miles. The\\narea of the State is 23,000 square miles, or 14,720,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Extending over a breadth of 100\\nmiles in the east are the ridges and spurs of the Alleghany Mountains, the\\npeaks of which have an average elevation of 2500 feet.. The Summit\\nreaches a height of 2650 feet. Although the hillsides are steep, they are\\nseldom rocky, and vegetation clothes them to the very top. Greenbrier\\ncounty has most of its surf\\\\ice from 1800 to 2000 feet above the sea level.\\nThe country gradually falls away toward the Ohio River, where the up-\\nlands have a height of from 600 to 800 feet. Bluffs rise abruptly from the\\nKanawha River, giving an elevation of 1000 feet to the surrounding lands.\\nThe Hawk s Nest, in Fayette county, affords a very extensive view.\\nRivers. The Ohio washes the western boundary for 300 miles, affording\\nsteamboat navigation for the whole distance. Its principal tributaries\\nare the Guyandotte, Little Kanawha and the Great Kanawha River\\nof the Woods, in the Indian dialect), 400 miles long, which rises in North\\nCarolina and drains 10,000 square miles of territory. It is navigable for\\n100 miles to the falls, where the water has a descent of 50 feet. Flowing\\ninto the Great Kanawha are the Greenbrier, Gauley, Elk and Coal Rivers,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "384 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nBig Sandy River and Tug Fork constitute a part of the boundary between\\nWest Virginia and Kentucky. In the mountains of Randolph county are\\nthe sources of the Monongahela, which is navigable as far as Fairmouut.\\nThe Potomac constitutes the north-eastern boundary for 100 miles.\\nForests. Every part of the State is well wooded, while the mountains and\\nthe counties south of the Kanawha are covered with immense primeval\\nforests, affording the finest varieties of timber. Among the trees are found\\nthe oak, curl- and sugar-maple, black-walnut, hickory, locust, ash, chest-\\nnut, butternut, hemlock, white and yew-pine, cherry, etc. Mineral\\nSprings. Many of the sulphur springs which have given celebrity to\\nVirginia since Washington and his compeers congregated at the Berke-\\nley are now within the limits of West Virginia. Twelve thousand gallons\\nof water per minute flow from a single spring. Chemical analysis shows\\nthat these waters are rich in a great number of mineral ingredients which\\nmake them a fountain of health to invalids.\\nSoil and Climate. Soils are found of every grade, A friable\\nloam, i-csting upon a substratum of clay, slate, sandstone or limestone, is\\nvery common upon the hillsides, while a deep and fertile alluvium is cha-\\nracteristic of the river valleys. Even among the mountains there is said\\nto be little land which might not be made productive. The climate has\\nno great extremes either of heat or cold. During a period of five years\\nthe average of the five hottest days was 90 degrees, and of the five coldest\\ndays 6 degrees. The mean for tw^o years at Lewisburg was 54.6\u00c2\u00b0. During\\nthe year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean at Morgantown was 53.5\u00c2\u00b0 mean\\nof the coldest mouth (November), 38.2\u00c2\u00b0; mean of the warmest month\\n(June), 74.2\u00c2\u00b0. The thermometer indicated 1\u00c2\u00b0 below zero January 17, and\\n97\u00c2\u00b0 above zero July 8. Upon 16 days the mercury reached 90\u00c2\u00b0. On the\\nisothermal charts the lines crossing West Virginia are: Spring, 50\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0\\nsummer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-72\u00c2\u00b0;^ autumn, 52\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 50\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgricultural Productions. The last census reported 8,528,-\\n394 acres in farms, of which 2,580,254 acres were improved; average size\\nof fiirms, 214 acres; value of farms, farm implements and live-stock,\\n$120,892,738; value of productions, $23,379,692. The product of 945,-\\n349 acres devoted to Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat,\\npotatoes, tobacco and hay, in 1873, was $14,187,511. In 1874 there were\\nin the State 104,600 horses, 2390 mules, 242,500 oxen and other cattle,\\n124,300 milch cows, 334,000 hogs and 555,900 sheep. Of those whose\\noccupations were reported, 64.19 per cent, were employed in agriculture.\\nManufactures. The number of manufacturing establishments was\\n2444; hands employed, 11,672; value of materials, $14,503,701; value\\nof products, $24,102,201. Products of iron were the leading industries,\\nand were valued as follows Nails and spikes, cut and wrought, $4,665,-\\n000; iron, forged and rolled. $4,025,620; iron, pig, $577,200; iron, cast-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 385\\nings, $291,972; stoves, hoiitcrs und hollow ware, $274,100. Salt was pro-\\nduced to the value of $1,507,005; lumber, $1,344,512; leather, tanned,\\n$527,016, and leather, curried, $313,229; coal oil, rectified, $432,650;\\ncooperage, $488,476; woollen goods, $870,191; carriages aud wagons,\\n$303,690; tobacco, cigars, $268,348.\\nMinerals and Mining West Virginia has mineral treasures of\\nimmense value. Iron ores are abundant, and some of the best yield 83\\nper cent, of pure metal. Coal measures underlie thousands of square\\nmiles, yielding bituminous, splint, ])eacock and cannel coal. Petroleum is\\nplenty enough to have afflicted most of the inhabitants with the oil fever\\n[see Physical Geography, pp. 186-189]. Marble, limestone, flagstones,\\netc., exist in nearly every section. Silver, copper, nickel, lead, antimony,\\narsenic, sulphur, gypsum, borax, sodium, alum and fire-clay have been\\nfound. Salt-wells yield millions of bushels of salt every year. In 1870\\nthere were 185 mining establishments; hands employed, 1527; value of\\nproducts, $2,538,531.\\nCommerce and Navigation. No direct foreign commerce is\\ncarried on from the ports of this State, but 234 vessels, with an aggi-egate\\ntonnage of 23,652, are employed in the river trade. Thirty-five vessels,\\nof which seven were steamers, were built during the fiscal year ending\\nJune 30, 1874.\\nRailroads and Canals. Extending across the State is the Balti-\\nmore and Ohio Railroad, which ascends 1900 feet within a distance of 17\\nmiles. The railroad mileage in 1874 was 576; average cost per mile,\\n$35,322; receipts per mile, $10,240. The Ohio and Chesapeake Canal,\\nextending along the Potomac, has a course of 100 miles across West Vir-\\nginia and the James River Canal is designed to extend through to the\\nGreat Kanawha River.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The State Peniten-\\ntiary, at Watson, contains 224 cells. The Asylum for the Insane, at\\nWeston, is situated upon a farm of 273 acres the original plan provided\\nfor buildings having a frontage of 1200 feet. An Asylum for the Deaf,\\nDumb and Blind has been established at Romney. In 1865 a system of\\nfree schools was established, and the laws were amended in 1873. Educa-\\ntional statistics for 1873-4 were given as follows: Number of schools,\\n2857; teachers, 3082; children, 171,793; pupils, enrolled, 81,100; value\\nof school-houses, $1,216,892; expenditures for schools, $748,064; amount\\nof State school fund, $211,825. Three normal schools are in successful\\noperation. The colleges, three in number, are Bethany College, West Vir-\\nginia College aud West Virginia University. With the last the Agricul-\\ntural College is connected, and the entire property of the University is\\nvalued at $200,000. Theological instruction is given at St. Vincent s Col-\\nlege. The census reported 1728 libraries, 59 periodicals (increased to 75,\\n25", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "386 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof which 6 were published daily, in 1875) and 1529 religious organizations,\\nhaving 1018 edifices.\\nCities and. Towns. Wheeling, the capital of West Virginia and\\nits leading commercial and manufacturing city, -is situated on the Ohio\\nRiver, 95 miles below Pittsburg and 365 miles above Cincinnati. A wire\\nsuspension bridge 1010 feet long spans the river. Railroads radiate in four\\ndirections. The manufactories are very numerous and extensive, including\\nfounderies, stove-works, glass-works, breweries, tanneries, paper-mills, oil-\\ndistilleries, planing-mills, machine-shops, iron-works for the production of\\nbar-, sheet-, plate- and railroad-iron, etc. There are six newspapers, three\\nof which are issued daily. Population in 1870, 19,280, and estimated at\\n27,000 in 1875. Parkersburg, the second city of the State, is situated at\\nthe junction of the Little Kanawha River with the Ohio. This is the geo-\\ngraphical and business centre of the oil region, and has grown with\\nextreme rapidity. A large wholesale trade is carried on, and there are\\nseveral manufacturing establishments, tanneries, oil-refineries, breweries\\nand pork-packing houses. A daily newspaper and six other periodicals\\nare issued. The population numbered 5546 in 1870, and was estimated at\\n8000 in 1875. Charleston, upon the Great Kanawha River, 60 miles above\\nits mouth, was made the capital of West Virginia by an act which took\\neffect April 30, 1870. A State-House was erected at a cost of $60,000\\nbut the citizens of many parts of the State found Charleston difficult of\\naccess, and a bill passed the legislature providing for the removal of the\\ncapital to AVheeling. The constitutionality of the act was questioned and\\nthe matter was brought before the Supreme Court, which, on the loth of\\nSeptember, 1875, declared, with the unanimous concurrence of all the\\njudges, that the capital removal bill was constitutional. The trade of the\\nKanawha valley, which is rich in salt, iron, timber, coal and agricultural\\nproducts, centres at Charleston. There are four newspapei s and eight\\nchurches. Population, 3162 in 1870, and about 5000 in 1875. Martins-\\nhurg, in the north-eastern corner of the State, contains extensive railroad\\nrepair-shops, eleven churches and two newspapers. Population, about 7000,\\nin 1875 in 1870, 4863. The other most populous towns are Bolivar (2892),\\nMill Creek (2821), Moorefield (2676), Morgan (2536) and Blue Sulphur\\n(2148).\\nPopulation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The population of AVest Virginia in 1870 (which was\\nthe first Federal census taken after it became a separate State) was 442,-\\n014, of whom 17,980 were colored; 17,091 were foreign and 424,923\\nnative born; 381,297 were born in Virginia or West Virginia, and 43,626\\nhad come in from other States. There were 19.22 persons to a square mile.\\nTwelve of the States were less densely peopled and ten contained a smaller\\nnumber of inhabitants.\\nGovernment and Laws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The legislature consists of a senate", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 387\\nof 22 members, elected for two years, and a house of delegates of 57 mem-\\nbers, elected for one year. Senators and delegates are paid $3 per day\\nduring the sessions, which are annual and limited to 45 days. The execu-\\ntive officers are a governor (salary, $2000), secretary of State, treasurer,\\nauditor and attorney-general, all of whom hold office for two years. State\\nelections are held on the fourth Thursday in October. The supreme court\\nconsists of three judges, whose term of office is twelve years. There are\\neleven judicial districts, in each of which circuit courts are held. A gen-\\neral law authorizes the formation of corporations, the capital of which\\nmay not exceed one million dollars. The State is divided into 53 coun-\\nties. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the receipts into the treasury\\nwere $695,951 disbursements, $657,183 balance in the treasury, $282,364.\\nHistory. The Blue Ridge Mountains marked the western boundaries\\nof settled Virginia until a century ago. Eastern Virginia possessed half\\na million of population at that time, while West Virginia was yet an almost\\nunbroken wilderness. Settlements were made in Greenbrier and Berkeley\\ncounties before the close of the Revolutionary war. Soon afterward the\\ntide of emigration passed over the mountains and rolled westward. The\\npioneer settlers were of English, Scotch and Irish descent, with a slight\\nintermixture of Pennsylvania German blood. West Virginia began its\\nseparate histor} on the 13th of May, 1861, when delegates from 25 coun-\\nties met in convention at Wheeling and passed resolutions opposing the\\nordinance of secession which Virginia had passed. On the 11th of June\\nrepresentatives from 40 counties assembled, and measures were taken for\\nthe establishment of a provisional government. The first legislature as-\\nsembled at Wheeling July 2. A constitutional convention met Nov. 26,\\nand the Constitution proposed was ratified by the people May 3, 1862.\\nAn act of Congress providing for the admission of West Virginia as a\\nState was approved by the President on the 31st of December, 1862.\\nWISCONSIN.\\nSituation and Extent. Wisconsin is bounded on the N. and\\nN. E. by Lake Superior and the State of Michigan, E. by Lake Michigan,\\nS. by Illinois, S. W. and W. by Iowa and Minnesota. It is situated be-\\ntween latitudes 42\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 46\u00c2\u00b0 58 N. and longitudes 10\u00c2\u00b0 and 15\u00c2\u00b0 30 W.\\nfrom AVashington, or 87\u00c2\u00b0 and 92\u00c2\u00b0 30 W. from Greenwich. The length\\nfrom north to south is 310 miles, the breadth from east to west 285 miles\\nand the area 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The general elevation of the sur-\\nface is from 600 to 1500 feet above the sea level. There are many hills,\\nbut no high mountains. Lake Superior is 627 feet and Lake Michigan\\n583 feet above the ocean. The eastern section of the State, between Lake\\nMichigan and Lake Winnebago, is an undulating plain, elevated 300 feet", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "388 BIJRLEY S UNITED STATES\\nabove the lake. The lead region of the south-west has three general divis-\\nions bottom-lands, bluffs and upland, or prairie. Precipitous slopes rise\\nto a height of 200 or 300 feet, and above these is a gradual ascent of 600\\nor 700 feet. West Blue Mound, the highest summit, is elevated 1151 feet\\nabove Lake Michigan and 1734 feet above the ocean. North of the Wis-\\nconsin River are rolling prairies. The northern region is rough and broken\\nand intersected by ridges of rocks, while the valleys contain many swamps\\nand marshes. This section is drained in three directions south toward\\nthe Mississippi, north toward Lake Superior and east toward Lake Michi-\\ngan. Rivers and Lakes. The Montreal and the Menomonee Rivers con-\\nstitute a part of the boundary between North-eastern Wisconsin and Mich-\\nigan. The former, flowing north-west into Lake Su23crior, has a descent\\nof 800 feet in the course of 30 miles, and the latter falls 1050 feet as it\\nflows south-east to Green Bay. Running through the centre of the State\\nis the Wisconsin River, which rises near the northern boundary, and after\\na course of 600 miles, for 200 of which it is navigable, discharges its waters\\ninto the Mississippi. Other affluents of the Mississippi are the Bad Axe,\\nBlack, Chippewa and the St. Croix, which, with the Mississippi, marks the\\nwestern boundary of Wisconsin and affords steamboat navigation for 350\\nmiles. Emptying into Green Bay is the Fox River, 200 miles long its\\nprincipal tributary, the Wolf, has a length of 150 miles. Lake Michigan\\nwashes the eastern shore for 200 miles, and Lake Superior the northern\\nshore for 100 miles. Within the limits of the State are a great number\\nof lakes, varying in length from one to thirty miles, and abounding in fish.\\nLake Winnebago is 28 miles long and 10 wide. The Four Lakes, in\\nDane county, celebrated for their beautiful scenery, are from ^l to 9l miles\\nlong and navigable for small steamboats. Forests. Immense forests of\\nwhite and Norway pine and of hard wood extend over the central and\\nnorthern districts. The bottom-landa along the rivers are also thickly\\nwooded. Among the forest trees are the ash, aspen, basswood, birch, black-\\nwalnut, cedar, elm, hemlock, hickory, linden, maple, poplar, spruce, syca-\\nmore and tamarac 3,437,442 acres of woodland were contained in farms\\nat the last census.\\nSoil and Climate. The prairie soil is a vegetable mould of a dark-\\nbrown color, from one to eight feet deep and of great fertility. There is\\na large proportion of silex and but little clay. Good crops are raised\\nfrom the cleared timber lands. Oak openings, where the undergrowth has\\nbeen kept down by prairie-fires, afford some of the finest lands already pre-\\npared for the husbandman. The mineral region, in the north-west, is not\\nwell adapted for agriculture. Winter gives bracing weather in Wiscon-\\nsin. The first fall of snow often remains upon the ground until spring.\\nRivers and lakes close about the middle of December and open the last of\\nMarch or the first of April. Upon the isothermal charts the lines crossing", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 389\\nthe Stale for the several seasons are: Spring, 40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 65\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0\\nautumn, 43\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-47\u00c2\u00b0. During the\\nyear ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at La Crosse was 45.9\u00c2\u00b0\\nminimum, 19\u00c2\u00b0 below zero; maximum, 101\u00c2\u00b0; range, 120\u00c2\u00b0; mean of the\\ncoldest month (January), 20.2\u00c2\u00b0; warmest mouth (July), 77.1\u00c2\u00b0. Upon 16\\ndays the mercury fell below zero, and upon 27 days rose above 90\u00c2\u00b0. At\\nMilwaukee the mean for January was 23\u00c2\u00b0, for July 71.5\u00c2\u00b0 and for the year\\n45.8\u00c2\u00b0; the highest observed temperature was 98\u00c2\u00b0. A frost, which badly\\ndamaged corn and other crops, was reported from 13 counties in various\\nparti of the State on the 22d of August, 1875.\\nAgricultural Productions. According to the last Federal\\ncensus, Wisconsin contained 11,715,321 acres in farms, of which 5,899,343\\nacres were improved; average size of farms, 114 acres; value of farms,\\nfarm implements and live-stock, $359,964,310; value of productions, ^78,-\\n027,032. In 1873 the number of acres devoted to Indian corn, wheat, rye,\\noats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco and hay was 3,967,328, and the\\nvalue of the crops $58,814,400. The live-stock in 1874 consisted of 335,-\\n300 horses, 4800 mules, 444,800 oxen and other cattle, 442,700 milch\\ncows, 618,800 hogs and 1,187,600 sheep. Of the working population 54.53\\nper cent, were employed in agriculture.\\nManufactures. Manufacturing establishments were reported to the\\nnumber of 7013; hands employed, 43,910; value of material, $45,851,266\\nvalue of products, $77,214,326. Among the leading industries in value\\nwere: Flouring-mill products, $16,035,734; lumber, planed and sawed,\\n$15,744,989 (but three States produced more); carriages and wagons,\\n$2,596,534; agricultural implements, $2,393,428; leather, curried, $2,360,-\\n347; leather, tanned, $2,013,093; clothing, $2,340,438; sash, doors and\\nblinds, $1,852,370; malt liquors, $1,790,273; furniture, $1,542,356; iron,\\ncastings, $1,137,324; stoves, heaters and hollow-ware, $285,869; pig-iron,\\n$737,268; woollen goods, $1,115,646; pig-lead, $514,402; and brick,\\n$509,606.\\nMinerals and Mining*. The lead region of Wisconsin, contigu-\\nous to that of Illinois and Iowa, extends over 2200 square miles, an area\\nlarger than the State of Delaware. The first mention of lead in this\\nregion was made by Captain Carver, who visited the country in 1766. In\\nthe spring of 1828 lead was discovered at Mineral Point, and before autumn\\nthe district contained 8000 inhabitants. The Lake Superior copper region,\\none of the richest in the world, extends into this State. Iron and zinc\\nhave also been found in large quantities. Marble and limestone furnish\\nan abundance of building material. The product of 80 mines reported\\nby the Federal census was $510,982.\\nCommerce and Navigation. Great advantages for navigation\\nare afforded to Wisconsin by the lakes and rivei s which wash its bounda-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "390 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nries aud penetrate its interior counties. Steamers have loaded their cargoes\\nat the docks of Milwaukee and discharged them at the docks of Liverpool,\\nthus showing the possibility of direct trade with Europe. During the\\nyear ending Juue 30, 1874, the arrivals of steamers and sailing vessels at\\nMilwaukee numbered 8447 and the departures 8331 amount of duty col-\\nlected, $192,443. At Racine there w^ere 1010 arrivals and the same num-\\nber of departures. Belonging to the ports of Wisconsin were 339 vessels,\\nof which 80 were steamers 33 vessels were built during the year. Im-\\nprovements are in progress for the purpose of connecting Lake Michigan\\nwith the Mississippi River through the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Con-\\ngress appropriated $600,000 during 1873 and 1874, aud the report of the\\nchief engineer says that $750,000 can be profitably expended during the\\nyear ending June 30, 1876. Three millions of dollars is the estimated cost\\nof the improvements.\\nRailroads. The mileage of railroads in 1854 was 97; in 1874 it\\nhad increased to 2428 cost per mile, $35,717 total capital account, $97,-\\n417,063; receipts, $11,181,149; receipts per mile, $4255; receipts to au\\ninhabitant, $9.40 net earnings, $3,823,607.\\nPublic Iiistitutioiis and Education. The State Prison at\\nWaupun, in Fond du Lac county, contains about 200 convicts, of whom\\nmore than 30 have been sentenced to imprisonment for life. Connected\\nwith the prison is a school, in which from 40 to 70 of the convicts receive\\ninstruction. A State Hospital for the Insane was established in 1860 on\\nthe banks of Lake Mendota, seven miles from Madison. Another asylum,\\nnear Lake Winnebago, was opened in April, 1873. The Institution for\\nthe Deaf and Dumb is at Delavan, and the Asylum for the Blind at\\nJanesville. An Industrial School for boys is in successful operation at\\nWaukesha. The school statistics for 1873-4 were: Number of children\\nbetween the ages of four and twenty years, 436,001 attending school,\\n283,477 number of schools, 5540 teachers, 8903 school-houses, 4957\\nvaluation of school-houses, $3,995,422; income for school purposes, $2,628,-\\n027 expenditures, $2,093,412 amount of school funds, $2,389,488. Four\\nnormal schools have been established for the training of teachers. There\\nare 10 colleges and universities, of which Beloit ranks, as the oldest. The\\nUniversity of Wisconsin has 26 instructors and more than 500 students\\nits property is valued at upward of $800,000. Professional instruction is\\naffi)rded by three schools of theology, one school of law and one of science.\\nIn 1870 there were 2883 libraries, 190 periodicals (increased to 253, of\\nwhich 19 were published daily, iu 1875) and 1864 religious organizations,\\nhaving 1466 edifices.\\nCities and Towns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3fadlson, the capital, is situated between Lakes\\nMendota and Monona, the largest of the celebrated Four Lakes. The\\nland on which the city stands was purchased for $1500 in 1836. In the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 391\\nsame year the territorial legislature passed an act locating the capital at\\nthis point. The village was staked out in February, 1837, and on the\\n4th day of July the corner-stone of the capitol was laid. The State Insane\\nAsylum, the University of Wisconsin and the Soldiers Orphans Home\\nare located here. Railroads radiate in six directions. Seven periodicals\\nare published, of which two are issued daily. The library of the State\\nHistorical Society contains 60,000 volumes, and there are three other public\\nlibraries. Population, 9176 in 1870, and about 11,000 in 1875. Milwau-\\nkee, the commercial metropolis of the State, is situated on both sides of the\\nMilwaukee River, upon the western shore of Lake Michigan. Its harbor\\nis one of the best upon the lakes, and the shipping business is very exten-\\nsive and constantly increasing. Grain, flour, lumber and pork are the\\nleading articles of shipment. Five I ailroads concentrate the produce of\\nthe surrounding country at the docks of Milwaukee. Among the manu-\\nfactories are iron-works, founderies, machine-shops, flouring-mills, brew-\\neries, tanneries, woollen-mills, boiler-shops, etc. Twenty-nine periodicals\\nare published, of which nine are issued daily; four dailies and four week-\\nlies are printed in the German language. The first settlement was made\\nin 1835. In 1838 the population was 700 in 1846, 9655 in 1870, 71,440,\\nand in 1875 (State census), 101,049. Fond du Lac, at the southern ex-\\ntremity of Lake Winnebago, has steamboat connection with Green Bay,\\nand railroads radiate in five directions. The city contains 45 mills and\\nfactories, 16 churches and 4 newspaper offices. Population estimated at\\n20,000; in 1870 it was 12,764. Oshkosh, upon the western shore of Lake\\nWinnebago, at the mouth of the Fox River, carries on a mercantile and\\nmanufacturing business of $10,000,000 a year. It is the seat of an Asylum\\nfor the Insane, which was erected at an expense of $600,000. There are\\n19 churches and 4 newspapers. Population, 12,663 in 1870, and about\\n15,000 in 1875. Racine has a commodious harbor upon Lake Michigan,\\nand is an important port of shipment for grain and other produce. One\\nmanufacturing establishment carries on a business of $1,500,000 annually.\\nPopulation, 9880 in 1870, and about 15,000 in 1875. La Crosse, at the\\nmouth of the river of the same name, is the most important city of Wis-\\nconsin upon the Mississippi. It has eight newspapers, of which two are\\nissued daily. Population about 10,000; in 1870, 7785. Janesville, on\\nRock River, at the junction of two railroads, is an important and growing\\ntown, having 3 newspapers and 11 churches. Population, 8789. Other\\nleading towns are Watertown (7550), Sheboygan (5310), Mineral Point\\n(4825), Beloit (4396), Kenosha (4309), Ripon (4119), Portage (3945)\\nand Prairie du Chien (3661). The last named is one of the oldest towns\\nin the State, and in 1766 contained about 300 families and houses well\\nbuilt after the Indian fashion.\\nGrowth iu Population. The number of inhabitants in 1840", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "392 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nwas 30,945; in 1850, 305,391; in 1860, 775,881; in 1870, 1,054,670. The\\nrate of increase between 1840 and 1850 was 886.2 per cent., a rajiidity of\\ngrowth which was never equalled in any of the United States, with a single\\nexception [see Minnesota, page 286]. Wisconsin ranked last in popula-\\ntion in 1840, while in 1870 22 of the States contained a smaller number\\nof inhabitants. The foreign-born numbered 364,499 and the natives 690,-\\n171, of whom 450,272 were born in Wisconsin and 239,899 had come in\\nfrom other States. New York supplied 105,697; Ohio, 23,164; Pennsyl-\\nvania, 21,358; Vermont, 16,421; Illinois, 12,234; Massachusetts, 10,403.\\nThe density of population was 19.56 to a square mile.\\nGoveriiment and Laws. The legislative authority is vested in\\na senate of 33 members, elected for two years, and an assembly of 100\\nmembers, chosen annually. The executive and administrative officers are\\na governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of State and an attorney-general,\\nall of whom hold office for a term of two years. The judicial power is\\nvested in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate and justices of\\nthe peace. Three judges constitute the supreme court. Judges of probate\\nare chosen for each county and justices of the peace for each town. Cap-\\nital punishment was abolished in 1852. At the expiration of 20 years, dur-\\ning which time 71 had been sentenced to the Penitentiary for life, of whom\\n36 remained. Gov. Washburn said, No State in the Union can boast\\ngreater exemption from crime than Wisconsin. The State is entitled to 8\\nrepresentatives in Congress. In 1874 the value of taxable property was\\n$346,476,464.\\nHistory. An agent of the Canadian government first visited this\\nregion in the summer of 1639. On the 14th of June, 1671, the French\\ntook formal possession of the countries which are bounded on the one side\\nby the Northern and Western Seas and on the other by the South Sea,\\nincluding all its length and breadth, in the name of the most high, most\\nmighty and most redoubtable monarch Louis the Fourteenth of the Chris-\\ntian name. King of France and Navarre. Marquette and Joliet reached\\nGreen Bay May 13, 1673. They crossed from the Fox to the Wisconsin\\nRiver and sailed down it to the Mississippi, which they discovered June\\n17. The French jurisdiction was surrendered to Great Britain by the\\ntreaty of Paris Feb. 10, 1763. By the ordinance of July 13, 1787, all the\\nterritory north-west of the Ohio was organized. About the year 1809 the\\nfirst saw- and grist-mill was built. Wisconsin became a part of the Terri-\\ntory of Michigan Oct. 16, 1818, was organized as a separate Territory\\nApril 20, 1836, and on the 29th of May, 1848, received admission into the\\nUnion as the twenty-ninth State. The name is derived from the Wisconsin\\nRiver, which near its head is called, in the Chippewa dialect, Wees-kon-\\nsan, signifying gathering of the waters.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 393\\nTHE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.\\nSituation and Extent. The District of Columbia, Avhich con-\\ntains the capital of the United States, is situated upon the north bank of\\nthe Potomac River, 295 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is separated\\nfrom Virginia by the river, and is bounded upon three sides by Maryland.\\nThe Observatory, from which longitude is determined for the United States,\\nis in latitude 38\u00c2\u00b0 53 38 N. and longitude 77\u00c2\u00b0 3 6 W. from Greenwich.\\nThe District is ten miles in length, six miles in average breadth and con-\\ntains an area of 64 square miles, or 40,960 acres. From the Potomac the\\nground rises into low hills, affording fine sites for buildings. Observatory\\nHill is 96 feet and Capitol Hill 90 feet above the river. Rock Creek, the\\nAnacostia, or Eastern Branch, and the Tiber are small streams which dis-\\ncharge their waters into the Potomac.\\nClimate. For a considerable portion of the year the climate is so\\ndelightful as to constitute one of the great attractions of residence. Dur-\\ning the year ending September 30, 1874, the mean temperature was 55.8\u00c2\u00b0,\\nwhich was very nearly the same as at San Francisco (55.5\u00c2\u00b0). The mean\\nfor the coldest mouth (February) was 36.4\u00c2\u00b0, and for the warmest mouth\\n(July) 78.4\u00c2\u00b0 upon the coldest day (January 18) the thermometer indi-\\ncated 9\u00c2\u00b0, and upon the hottest (June 9) 102.5\u00c2\u00b0. The mercury fell to the\\nfreezing point upon 87 days and rose to 90\u00c2\u00b0 upon 34 days, while a temper-\\nature of above 100\u00c2\u00b0 was suffered upon 3 days. The isothermal lines cross-\\ning the District are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0; winter,\\n35\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean, 55\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgriculture and Manufactures. The Federal census re-\\nported 11,677 acres in farms, of which 8266 acres were improved; aver-\\nage size of farms, 56 acres; value of farms and farm implements, $3,839,-\\n680; value of productions, including betterments, etc., $319,517; of\\nmarket-garden products, $112,034; of orchard products, $6781. The\\nDistrict contained 6029 horses and 1801 neat cattle. Manufacturing\\nestablishments were reported to the number of 952; hands employed,\\n4685; value of products, $9,292,173, of which $1,541,886 was credited to\\nthe fiour-mills and $688,603 to printing and publishing.\\nCommerce and Navigation. At the close of the fiscal year\\nJune 30, 1874, there were belonging to the District, of which Georgetown\\nis the port of entry, 472 vessels, of 28,196.5 tons; the value of imports\\nwas $173 and of exports $1610. Twenty-seven vessels were built, includ-\\ning 17 canal-boats. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends to Cumber-\\nland, Md., 180 miles for its construction and repair $13,943,278 have been\\nexpended. Three railroads enter the District, the statistics of which are\\ncombined with those of Maryland.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. Among the leading:", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "394 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncharitable institutions are the Government Hospital for the Insane, Colum-\\nbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, National Soldiers Home, National\\nSoldiers and Sailors Orphans Asylum, Washington City Asylum and\\nColumbia Hospital. Congress passed a compulsory school act in 1864.\\nThe school population in 1873 was 31,671 pupils in public schools, 16,770;\\nin private schools, 6759; teachers, 271; value of public school property,\\n$1,005,407; expenditures, $298,281. There are five colleges (one of which\\nis for deaf mutes), two schools of theology, four of law and four of medi-\\ncine. The Smithsonian Institution, for the increase and diffusion of know-\\nledge among men, was founded by James Smithson, of J^ngland. Its\\ngrounds occupy 522- acres, and the building has a length of 447 feet. The\\nNaval Observatory contains one of the largest equatorial telescopes in the\\nworld, with a lens 26 inches in diameter. At the time of the last census\\nthere were 696 libraries, of which 127 were other than private. The\\nLibrary of Congress contains 270,000 volumes and 55,000 pamphlets.\\nThere were 111 religious organizations, having 112 edifices; and 23 period-\\nicals, of which 3 were issued daily; 5 dailies and 27 periodicals of all kinds\\nwere issued in 1875.\\nPoiJlllatioil. The number of inhabitants at successive decennial\\nperiods has been as follows: In 1800, 14,093; in 1810, 24,023; in 1820,\\n33,039; in 1830, 39,834; in 1840, 43,712; in 1850, 51,687; in 1860, 75,080;\\nand in 1870, 131,700 (an increase of 75.41 per cent.). Four of the States\\nand all of the other Territories contained a smaller population. There\\nwere 2057.81 persons to a square mile. The number of foreign-born was\\n16,254 and of native-born 115,446, of whom 52,340 were natives of the\\nDistrict and 63,106 had come in from other parts of the Union.\\nThe National Capital. Washington is situated 226 miles from\\nNew York and 1203 miles from New Orleans. It is laid out with rectan-\\ngular streets, which are crossed obliquely by avenues bearing the names\\nof the States. These avenues are 21 in number and have a width of from\\n120 to 160 feet. The principal avenues centre at the Capitol, which is the\\nmost imposing building in the United States. It has a length of 751 feet,\\na depth of 324 feet and a height, to the top of the statue upon its dome,\\nof 3072 feet. More than 3 J acres of ground are covered by the structure,\\nwhich was erected at a cost of $13,000,000. The weight of the iron dome\\nis 8,000,000 pounds. The Executive Mansion, or White House, is 170\\nfeet in length and 86 feet in depth. The Treasury Department building\\nis 582 feet long, 300 feet wide and cost $6,000,000. The Patent Office,\\n406 i feet long and 275 feet wide, cost $2,700,000. Other offices of the\\nDepartment of the Interior are in this building. The State, War and\\nNavy Departments have occupied buildings of inferior appearance, but a\\nnew edifice for their accommodation was begun in 1871, which is 567 feet\\nin length and 342 feet in width it is built of Maine granite and designed", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "CENTEXXIAL GAZETTEER AXD G UIDE. 395\\nto be absolutely fireproof. Among the other noteworthy buildings are the\\nGeneral Post-Office, Smithsonian Institution, Cbrcoran Art Gallery, Arse-\\nnal, City Hall and the Xaval Observatory. The population of the city,\\nwhich was 109,199 in 1870, was estimated in 1875 at 150,000. George-\\ntown (population, 11,384^ is separated from Washington by Kock Creek,\\nwhicl^ is spanned by four bridges. Steamers run regularly to Baltimore,\\nN orfolk, Philadelphia, New York and Boston. It is the seat of George-\\ntown College, which was founded in 1791. The city was incorporated Dec.\\n25, 1789. Outside the old limits of Washington and Georgetown are\\nseveral small villages within the county of Washington, which is coexten-\\nsive with the District of Columbia. The number of inhabitants in these\\ndistricts was 11,117.\\nGoTermiieiit and Laws. The District of Columbia is under\\nthe immediate jurisdiction of the Congress of the United States. On the\\n21st of February, 1871, an act was passed establishing a local government\\nfor municipal purposes throughout the District. The city charters of\\nWashington and Georgetown were repealed and their municipal govern-\\nment vested in that of the District. Legislative power is vested in an\\nassembly, which consists of a council of 11 members and a house of dele-\\ngates of 22 members, chosen annually by the people. A governor and\\nsecretary and five judges of the supreme court are appointed by the Pres-\\nident and paid by the United States. Minor administrative officers and\\njustices of the peace are chosen by the local authorities. Between the\\nyears 1797 and 1870 more than \u00c2\u00a742,000,000 was paid by the general\\ngovernment for the expenses of the District. The amount so paid for the\\nyear 1873 was \u00c2\u00a72,864,889.92; for 1874, $1,079,614.76; and for the fiscal\\nyear ending June 30, 1875, 82,044,299.98.\\nHistory. It was not until after long discussion that the site of the\\nnational capital was fixed upon the banks of the Potomac. A tract of ter-\\nritory ten miles square was ceded to the United States by Maryland and\\nYii ginia in 1788 and 1789. The corner-stone of the District was fixed\\nApril 15, 1791, and on the 18th of September, 1793, the corner-stone of\\nthe Capitol was laid by George Washington. Li June, 1800, the execu-\\ntive offices were removed from Philadelphia to the new capital. On the\\n14th of August, 1814, the public buildings were burned by the British.\\nThe Capitol was rebuilt, and completed in 1825. That portion of the Dis-\\ntrict south of the Potomac was ceded back to Virginia July 9, 1846. In\\n1851 the corner-stone of the Capitol extensions was laid, and on the 12th\\nof December, 1863, the new dome was crowned with the statue of Freedom.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "39G BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nTHE TERRITOEIES.\\nALASKA.\\nSituation and Extent. The (unorganized) Territory of Alaska\\nis bounded on the N. b}^ the Polar Sea, E. by British America, S. by tlie\\nPacific Ocean and W. by the Sea of Karatschatka (or Behring Sea) and\\nBehring Strait. Including the Aleutian Islands, it extends from latitude\\n51\u00c2\u00b0 30 to 72\u00c2\u00b0 55 N. and from longitude 53\u00c2\u00b0 2 to 110\u00c2\u00b0 34 W. from Wash-\\nington, or from 130\u00c2\u00b0 2 to 187\u00c2\u00b0 34 W. (172\u00c2\u00b0 26 E.) from Greenwich.\\nThe continental portion is included between the parallels of 130\u00c2\u00b0 2 and\\n169\u00c2\u00b0 59 W. longitude. The area of the Territory is estimated at 577,390\\nsquare miles, or 369,529,600 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Mouniaiiis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The St. Elias range (a contin-\\nuation of the Coast Mountains of Califox nia) stretches along the coast to\\nthe extremity of the peninsula of Alaska. At longitude 142\u00c2\u00b0 W. it blends\\nwith a chain of mountains coming from the north and east, in the Alaskan\\nRange. North of this is a broken and rocky country, beyond which are\\nelevated table-lands of immense extent. Bordering the Arctic Ocean\\nis a low range of hills. Sixty-one volcanic peaks are known, of which\\nonly ten are now active. The most elevated summits are Mount St. Elias\\n(the height of which, by the measurement of the Coast Survey, is 14,970\\nfeet, though formerly reckoned at from 16,000 to 17,900 feet), Fairweather\\n(14,700 feet), Crillon (13,500 feet), Iliamna Volcano (12,066 feet), Go-\\nryalaya (11,270 feet), Mount Calder (9000 feet) and the Peaks of the\\nRoraanzofF (from 5000 to 8000 feet). Rivers and Adjacent Watei^s. The\\nprincipal rivers emptying into the Pacific, beginning at the south, are the\\nChilkaht, the Alsekh, Atna or Copper and the Suchitna, supposed to be\\nseveral hundred miles long. Discharging their waters into the Behring\\nSea are the Kuskoquim, from 500 to 600 miles long, and the Yukon, the\\nMissouri of the north-west, which is 2000 miles long and sometimes has a\\nwidth of 20 miles steamboats drawing four feet of water can ascend it for\\n1513 miles, and for much of the distance the water has a depth of two\\nfathoms or more. There are several large lakes in the interior; Lake\\nIliamna is half the size of Lake Ontario. Prince William Sound has a\\nsurface area of 2500 square miles. Cook s Inlet is 160 miles long and 65\\nmiles in its greatest breadth. Behring Sea extends from the Aleutian\\nIslands northward to Behring Strait Bristol Bay and Norton Sound are\\nits eastern prolongations. Above the strait is the Frozen Sea. On some\\nparts of the coast the tides rise and fall 30 feet the greatest range ob-\\nserved at Sitka is 13 feet. Islands. As many as 1100 islands are con-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 397\\ntained iu the Alexander Archipelago, which includes Sitka and extends\\ndown the coast to British Columbia. South of the peninsula of Alaska is\\nthe Kadiak Archipelago, the largest island of which (Kadiak) has a length\\nof 85 miles. The Catharina Archipelago sweeps westward almost to the\\nSea of Kamtschatka. The most important of its several groups are the\\nAleutian Islands, which extend in a regular curve for 875 miles. In the\\nArctic Ocean a large island, or extent of land, has been discovered, but not\\nyet explored. Forests. The coast region as far north as Prince William\\nSound is densely wooded, and the trees grow to a gigantic size. The Sitka\\nsjiruce attains a height of from 180 to 200 feet. The yellow cedar, which\\nis the most valuable timber, sometimes has a diameter of 8 feet. Willows\\nare very abundant. Other common trees are the hemlock, balsaiu fir,\\nscrub-pine, arbor vitDs, larch, pojilar, red and white alder, etc. Very few\\ntrees grow on the Aleutian Islands. Birch is the only hard wood seen in\\nthe Yukon district.\\nSoil and Climate. Travellers have observed that Alaska is nat-\\nurally divided into three districts, differing greatly from each other in soil\\nand climate. (1.) The Yukon district extends from the Polar Sea as far\\nsouth as the Alaskan Mountains. IMuch of the soil is described by Dall\\nas a rich alluvial, composed of very fine sand, mud and vegetable matter\\nbrought down by the river, and forming deposits of indefinite depth. In\\nsome localities sand and in others clay predominates. Below the depth of\\nthree or four feet there is usually a layer of frozen soil six or eight feet in\\nthickness. In summer the thermometer at Fort Yukon, which is north\\nof the Arctic Circle, has indicated a temperature of 112\u00c2\u00b0; and spirit ther-\\nmometers graduated up to 120\u00c2\u00b0 have burst under the scorching rays of the\\nsun. The lowest temperature noted was 70\u00c2\u00b0 beloiv zero (making a range\\nof 182 degrees), and the annual mean was 16.92\u00c2\u00b0. (2.) The Aleutian dis-\\ntrict has in many localities a rich soil of vegetable mould and dark-colored\\nclay. The climate is moist and warm, and said to be as mild as in the\\nHighlands of Scotland. Observations continued for five years showed a\\nmean temperature of 37.8\u00c2\u00b0 the maximum was 77\u00c2\u00b0 and the minimum zero.\\nThe great warm current of the North Pacific (the Black Stream of the\\nJapanese) washes these coasts, and greatly modifies the climate. (3.) The\\nSitkau district extends southward from the Peninsula of Alaska to the\\nBritish line. The soil is a vegetable mould upon a subsoil of dark clay\\nor gravel. At Sitka the mean temperature for 12 years was 42.9\u00c2\u00b0. For\\nthe winter the average was 33\u00c2\u00b0 (which was warmer than Philadelphia), but\\nthe highest mean for a summer month was 58.3\u00c2\u00b0, in Juh The greatest\\nrainfall was 95 inches, and the average 83.39 inches. Upon 245 days of\\nthe year there was rain, hail, snow or heavy fog.\\nProductions. Agriculture. At Sitka attempts have been made to\\ncultivate fruit, but without success. Turnips attain to a very large size;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "398 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\npotatoes are small and watery. Cranberries grow wild, and berries of\\nmany kinds are very abundant. At Kadiak beans, peas, beets, lettuce,\\nparsnips, cabbages, radishes, carrots and other vegetables have been raised.\\nGrass grows to a height of two feet. Barley has matured at Fort Yukon.\\nOne hundred and eighteen species of indigenous plants have been cata-\\nlogued. Minerals. Of these not much is known. Coal, iron, bismuth and\\npetroleum are among the minerals discovered. Specimens of pure cop-\\nper have been brought in by the Indians from Copper River. Fur-hearing\\nAnimals. Alaska has thus far been valued chiefly for the number of ani-\\nmals whose skins brought a high price in the market. Among these ani-\\nmals are the sea-otter, beaver, fur-seal, fox (black and silver, cross, red,\\nwhite and blue), marten, wolverine, wolf, mink, bear, muskrat, hair-seal\\nand w^ildcat, or lynx. Six million arctic seal-skins have been taken since\\n1841. The length of a full-sized skin of the sea-otter is six feet, and its\\nwidth about four feet. These are the Russian sables, worth $100 or more\\neach. Fisheries. The Report of the Coast Survey says: As the banks\\nof Newfoundland have been to the trade of the Atlantic, so will the greater\\nbanks of Alaska be to the Pacific. The cod and salmon are innumerable.\\nHerring are so plentiful that an Indian will fill his canoe in twenty min-\\nutes. Alaska also furnishes good whaling-ground.\\nCommerce and Navigation. During the fiscal year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, 12 vessels were registered; 36 vessels entered and 33\\ncleared; the value of exports was $9381; of imports, $1167.\\nPopulation and Towns. The number of inhabitants in 1870\\nwas 29,097, of whom 26,843 were born in the Territory, 483 were Russians\\nand 350 natives of the United States and other foreigners not Russians.\\nNot more than 1300 were civilized; 1421 were half-breeds. Sitka, or New\\nArchangel, the capital, is situated on an island 1296 miles north of San\\nFrancisco. It contains about 1000 inhabitants and 150 buildings, of which\\nthe principal are the Governor s House, Hospital, Barracks and Greek\\nChurch. St. Paul, on Kadiak Island, contains about 100 houses. There\\nare many small villages of Aleutians.\\nHistory. Vitus Behring, a Russian navigator, visited the country\\non the 18th of July, 1741. Captain Cook sailed up the inlet called by his\\nname in 1788. In 1799 the Russian American Fur Company was organ-\\nized. Its charter expired in 1862. Before the laying of the Atlantic\\ncable explorations were made to determine the feasibility of a telegraph\\nline over land and across Behriug Strait. On the 28th of May, 1867, a\\ntreaty was ratified by which the whole Territory was transferred to the\\nUnited States for the sum of $7,200,000, and on the 18th of October, in\\nthe same year, it was formally surrendered to the United States commis-\\nsioner. The name Alaska is a corruption of a Russian word, the root-\\nmeaning of which is a great country.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 399\\nARIZONA.\\nSituation and Extent. Arizona is bounded on the N. by Utah,\\nE. by New Mexico, S. by Mexico and W. by California and Nevada, from\\nthe latter of which it is separated by the Colorado River. The Territory\\nis situated between latitudes 31\u00c2\u00b0 and 37\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 32\u00c2\u00b0 and 37\u00c2\u00b0\\n40 W. from Washington, or 109\u00c2\u00b0 and 114\u00c2\u00b0 40 W. from Greenwich. Its\\ngreatest length from north to south is about 400 miles and its greatest\\nbreadth from east to west 325 miles. The area is 113,916 square miles, or\\n72,906,240 acres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. There are four distinctly-marked\\nvarieties of surface. (1.) The river-bottoms, of which the most extensive\\nare in the valleys of the Santa Cruz, San Pedro and Gila Rivers. (2.)\\nDry plains, of vast extent, containing very little vegetation and elevated\\nbut a few hundred feet above the sea-level. The region south of the Gila\\nand east of the San Pedro is of this character. (3.) Elevated plateaus or\\ntable-lands, called mesas, at a height of from 3000 to 8000 feet above the\\nsea, with occasional peaks rising 2500 feet higher. These plateaus cover\\nthe central and north-eastern portions of the territory. (4.) The moun-\\ntain ranges, which run nearly parallel from the north-west to the south-\\neast, with deep valleys between. The highest peaks are Mount San Fran-\\ncisco, more than 11,000 feet high, and Bill Williams Mount. South of\\nthese are the Juniper Mountains, a chain of low, rolling hills. Eastward\\nare the Black Hills, rugged and steep, and a favorite stronghold of the\\nhostile Indians. Forests. The delta of the Colorado and the Gila has a\\ndense growth of timber. Extensive pine woods cover the grand Colorado\\nplateau, alternating with open parks. The Juniper Mountains are thickly\\nwooded, and this region has been styled the Black Forest country.\\nAlong the streams the cottonwood flourishes, and back of this grows the\\nmesquit, palo verde and greasewood. The brown and grizzly bear and\\nother wild animals are sometimes encountered, and there are many herds\\nof deer and antelope. Rivers. The Colorado River, which is more than\\n1100 miles long, is formed by the union in Utah of the Green River, rising\\nin the mountains between Idaho and Wyoming, with the Grand River,\\nrising in the Rocky Mountains near the centre of Colorado. Its principal\\nbranches are the Little Colorado, Bill Williams Creek and the Gila. The\\nriver flows through deep canons, of which one, called the Grand Canon, has\\na perpendicular wall fully 6000 feet in height. Steamers ascend the Col-\\norado to Callville, more than 600 miles above its mouth. The Gila, rising\\nin New Mexico, flows across the southern part of Arizona and empties into\\nthe Colorado 180 miles above its mouth. Flat-bottomed boats are able to\\npass up it for a considerable distance. All of Southern Arizona is drained\\nthrough the tributaries of the Gila, of which the principal are the San", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "400 ^BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nDomingo, San Pedro and Santa Cruz on the south, and the Bonito, San\\nCarlos, Salt and Verde Rivers on the north. Many of the streams run\\nthrough deep ravines, which are called box canons, from the steepness of\\ntheir sides.\\nSoil and Climate. The river valleys contain a considerable quan-\\ntity of fertile, alluvial laud, which by irrigation is made to produce boun-\\ntiful crops. South of the Gila is a sterile waste, with only scant vegetation.\\nOn the plateaus of the central and northern sections grass grows luxuriantly,\\nand the immense herds of cattle need no artificial shelter during the winter,\\nas frosts are rare and snow seldom falls. A United States exploring expe-\\ndition, sent out in 1871, experienced variations of temperature ranging\\nfrom 8\u00c2\u00b0 to 109\u00c2\u00b0. The mercury is said to rise sometimes to a height of 130\u00c2\u00b0\\nFahrenheit. The rainy season extends from June to September, but the\\nquantity of water falling is very small. The rainfall of 1857 in Lower\\nArizona w^as less than one-third of an inch, but in the following year it\\nreached 8.57 inches. Upon the isothermal charts the lines of mean tem-\\nperature for Arizona are: Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 70\u00c2\u00b0-90\u00c2\u00b0 autumn,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0-75\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 30\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 50\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgriculture and Manufactures. The number of acres of\\nland in farms at the last census was 21,807, of which 14,585 acres were\\nimjiroved average size of farms, 127 acres; value of farms, $161,340;\\nof implements, $20,105; of live-stock, $143,996; total value, $325,441;\\nvalue of farm productions, $277,998; value of productions per acre of\\nimproved ground, $19.06, which Avas greater than the production of any\\nof the Atlantic States except New Jersey. Corn yields from 30 to 60\\nbushels per acre, and wheat from 20 to 40 bushels. A crop of wheat and\\nof corn can be raised upon the same gi ound in one season. All the cereals\\nand vegetables of the Northern States may be grown, and in addition figs,\\noranges and lemons thrive well. The number of manufacturing establish-\\nments was 18; hands employed, 84; capital, $150,700; wages, $45,580;\\nmaterials, $110,090; value of products, $185,410.\\nRailroads. The Texas Pacific Company has been chartered, and\\nreceived large grants of land to build a railroad along the 32d parallel\\nof latitude, from Marshall, Texas, to San Diego, California. The Atlantic\\nand Pacific Railroad, running from St. Louis westward, will cross Arizona\\nat about the 35th parallel.\\nMines and Mining-. Arizona shares in the mineral wealth\\nwith which the territory west of the Rocky Mountains is so abundantly\\nendowed. Rich mines were opened by the Mexicans, and abandoned on\\naccount of the enmity of the fierce Apaches. Gold, silver, copper, lead,\\niron, platinum and quicksilver have been found in considerable quantities.\\nThere are very extensive deposits of salt and beds of gypsum and coal.\\nThe bullion product from 1869 to 1873 was estimated at $3,225,000.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 401\\nEducation. The governoi- of the Territory is ex officio superiiiteud-\\neut of public instruction. Many of the children are of Mexican parentage\\nand speak the Spanish language. A general school law was passed in\\n1871, and amended in 1873. In July, 1874, the superintendent wrote:\\nWe now have free schools in every district in the Territory. The edu-\\ncational statistics for 1873-4 were: Number of children between 6 and 21\\nyears of age, 1660; value of school-houses and furniture, $6247; average\\nmonthly salary of teachers, SlOO; receipts for school purposes, $13,832.53.\\nThe number of librai ies at the last census was 6 volumes, 2000 church\\norganizations, 4; newspapers, 1. There were 4 newspapers in 1875.\\nPopulation and Towns. The civilized population in 1870 was\\n9658, of whom 5809 were foreign born and 8849 native. Of the latter,\\n1240 were born in the Territory, and immigrants had come in from every\\nState of the Union except Nevada. There were 20 Chinese and 32,050\\nIndians sustaining tribal relations, making the total number of inhabitants\\n41,710. Tucson is the capital and principal town. It contains a popula-\\ntion of 3224. Arizona City (population, 1144) is admirably situated for\\ntrade, at the junction of the Colorado and Gila Rivers, nearly opposite\\nFort Yuma. Prescott (population, 668) is situated on the great central\\nplateau, 6000 feet above the sea. It was formerly the capital, and is the\\nhead-quarters of the army for Arizona. A daily newspaper is published,\\nfor which the terms of subscription are $20 per year.\\nGovernment and Laws. The governor and other executive\\nofficers and the judges of the supreme court are appointed by the President\\nof the United States, as is the case with all the Territories. A salary of\\n$2500 is paid to the governor and judges. Sessions of the supreme court\\nare held annually at the capital. The people elect members for the legis-\\nlature and a delegate to Congress.\\nHistory. Arizona is a part of the Territory obtained from Mexico\\nby the Gadsden Purchase, in 1853, for ten millions of dollars. As early\\nas 1526 Spanish explorers crossed the country. In 1687 a Jesuit mission-\\nary from Sonora explored the region about the Gila River, and soon after\\nmissions were established. A map drawn in 1757 laid down more than\\n40 towns and villages; the accompanying notes give more than a hun-\\ndred gold and silver mines which were worked by the Spaniards. Solid\\nsilver to the value of $40,000 adorned the altar of the church of San\\nXavier del Bac. Many of the priests and settlers were massacred by the\\nApaches, and the country was finally abandoned. The banks of the Gila\\nshow the ruins of houses and fortifications built of stone in the most sub-\\nstantial manner, and indicating a large population. Arizona was organ-\\nized as a Territory Feb. 24, 1863. Great losses were inflicted upon the\\nearly settlers by the hostile Indians, and the development of the country\\nhas been very seriously retarded.\\n26", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "402 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nCOLORADO.\\nSituation and Extent. Colorado is bounded on the N. by Wy-\\noming Territory and Nebraska, E. by Nebraska and Kansas, S. by the\\nIndian Territory and New Mexico and W. by Utah. It lies between lati-\\ntudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 25\u00c2\u00b0 and 32\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington,\\nor 102\u00c2\u00b0 and 109\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. The Territory is 375 miles long\\nfrom east to west, 275 miles wide from north to south, and contains an area\\nof 104,500 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. There are three natural subdivis-\\nions, of nearly equal size. The eastern section, called the plains, is a\\nhigh, rolling plateau, from 4000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level, well wa-\\ntered by mountain streams and scantily timbered. The western section\\nslopes away toward the Great Interior Basin. Near the centre are the\\nRocky Mountains, about 125 miles broad at the base and consisting of\\njiarallel and cross ranges which enclose four immense natural parks, each\\nof them as large as some of the smaller States. The North Park contains\\n2500 square miles and is elevated 9000 feet above the sea-level. Middle\\nPark, 93 miles long and 60 miles wide, has an area of 5600 square miles.\\nIts drainage is westward into the Colorado. In this park are found hot\\nsulphur springs, the waters of which are considered beneficial to invalids.\\nSurrounding this basin on all sides are lofty mountains. Long s Peak,\\n14,270 feet high, has on one side an almost perpendicular precipice 3000\\nfeet high. Gray s Peak reaches an altitude of 14,340 feet. South Park,\\n40 miles long, contains 1200 square miles. From the summit of Mount Lin-\\ncoln (14,296 feet high) more than 200 peaks upward of 12,000 feet in height\\ncan be seen, while 50 peaks reach an altitude of 14,000 feet. San Luis\\nPark, partly in New Mexico, is larger than all the other three combined,\\nand is better adapted for agriculture on account of its southern exposure\\nand lower altitude. Other conspicuous mountain peaks are Pike s Peak\\n(14,147 feet). Mount Evans (14,330 feet), Torrey s (14,336 feet), Prince-\\nton (14,199 feet). The Mountain of the Holy Cross (13,478 feet) takes\\nits name from huge fissures in the form of a cross, which are filled with\\nsnow and can be seen for 80 miles. Cathedral Rocks are a noteworthy\\nfeature in the Garden of the Gods. Forests and Wild Animals. Hard\\nwoods, such as the oak, maple, elm, birch, etc., are almost unknown. The\\nprincipal trees are the cedar, cottonwood, fir, hemlock, pine, spruce, larch,\\nbox-elder, quaking-aspen, etc. The timber line on the mountains is at\\nan elevation of from 11,500 to 12,080 feet. Fires often sweep through the\\nforests, and trees are prostrated by the heavy winds. Among the wild ani-\\nmals are the antelope, badger, bear, buffalo, cougar, deer, elk, fox, hare,\\nlynx;, mink, marten, prairie-dog and wildcat. Game-birds are plenty.\\n.Mivers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Tha Arkansas River, at its head, in Tennessee Pass, near Mount", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE 403\\nLincoln, has an elevation of 10,176 feet above the ocean. It flows through\\nColorado for 500 miles, and is swelled by numerous tributaries, of which\\nPurgatory River and Sandy Fork are the most irajiortant. The South\\nPlatte, with its branches, drains the north-east section. The Southern\\nBasin is drained by the Rio Grande and the Western by the Colorado,\\nwhich empties into the Gulf of California.\\nSoil and Climate. The plains and parks are fertile along the\\nwater-courses. Irrigation brings good crops even on the arid plains, but\\nlarge sections are unprofitable for cultivation. There is much of excellent\\ngrazing country. Often a heavy snow comes late in Octoljer and closes up\\nthe mountain passes for the winter. Sometimes these storms delay until\\nFebruary. The snowfall on the last of March has been three feet at\\nDenver and five feet among the mountains. Six feet fell during a single\\nstorm on Snake River the latter part of October. A snowfall of three\\ninches was reported September 20, 1875. The average rainfall at Den-\\nver is 12 inches; in Middle Park, 18 inches; on the mountains, 25 inches.\\nDuring two years at Denver the mercury ranged from 18\u00c2\u00b0 below zero\\nto 99\u00c2\u00b0 above; annual mean, 48.19\u00c2\u00b0. The isothermal lines are: Spring,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 60\u00c2\u00b0-72\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 20\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0 an-\\nnual mean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0. The exhilarating mountain air and the magnificent\\nscenery are making Colorado a favorite resort for invalids and summer\\ntourists.\\nAgricultural Productions. Wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, tur-\\nnips, peas and the hardier garden vegetables thrive at an elevation of 7500\\nfeet. Most of them can be raised as high up as 9000 feet, but they are in\\ndanger from frost. At the last census there were 320,346 acres in farms\\nimproved, 95,594 acres average size of farms, 184 acres value of farms,\\nfarm implements and live-stock, 16,529,454; of products, $2,335,106;\\nnumber of persons engaged in agriculture, 6462.\\nManufactures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1870 there were 256 establishments, employing\\n876 hands; value of materials, $1,593,280; of products, $2,852,820. The\\nprincipal industries were: Flour, 17 establishments, products, $593,506;\\nlumber, 29 establishments, products, $380,260; quartz milled, 15 establish-\\nments, products, $769,324.\\nMinerals and Mining.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The geological report catalogues 150\\ndifferent minerals, of which a few are: Agate, amethyst, beryl, chalcedony,\\njasper, onyx, opal, sardonyx, gold, silver, iron, lead, sulphur, zinc and\\npetroleum. Gold-mining began in 1858-9; the gold-hunters flocked to\\nPike s Peak as ten years before they did to California. Colorado Gulch\\nyielded $75 a day to each man. One lode yielded $1000 per day. Four\\nmillions of dollars in gold were taken out of the placers in California\\nGulch. Towns grew up in a day. Then the reaction came. The miners\\nwere all eager to sell out. An embryo city which boasted of 2000 in-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "404 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nhabitants retained but a single family. The yield of gold in 13 years was\\nestimated at $60,000,000. The shipments of gold and silver for the three\\nyears 1870-72 were valued at $12,999,46-5.\\nRailroads. The railroad statistics for 1874 were: Miles of railroad,\\n687; capital stock, $11,014,300; total capital account, $19,543,414; cost\\nper mile, $44,685; receipts, $1,041,063; receipts per mile, $2392; receipts\\nto an inhabitant, $10.4l; net earnings, $523,713.\\nEducation. There was not a public-school building in the Territory\\nin 1869. In 1870 Black Hawk, Central City and Denver each erected\\nfine buildings; the aggregate cost of the three was $115,000. The returns\\nof 1873-4 reported the value of the school-houses as $260,185; receipts\\nfor school purposes, $257,558; teachers, 241; school population, 14,417,\\nof whom 7456 are enrolled in schools. Jarvis Hall, at Golden City, is\\ndesigned as the foundation for a future university. It has a divinity school\\nand a school of mines. The Rocky Mountain University, to be located at\\nDenvei has been chartered.\\nPopulation. Sixteen years ago Colorado was a part of the Great\\nAmerican Desert, which was not supposed to be habitable. The first\\ncabin was put up at Denver in 1858. In 1860 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 34,277; in 1870, 39,864. The subsequent increase has been very\\nrapid.\\nCities and Towns. Denver, the capital, is situated 5197 feet\\nabove the sea-level. Five distinct railroads centre here. Four daily\\nnewspapers are published. Seven millions of dollars in gold have\\nbeen received at the branch mint. There are establishments for the\\nmanufacture of flour, woollen goods, iron, carriages, etc. Population\\nin 1870, 4759; in 1875 (estimated), 15,000. The other leading towns,\\nwith the estimated population in 1875, were: Central City (3000), George-\\ntown (3500), Colorado Springs (2500), Golden City (2000), Black Hawk\\n(1500).\\nGovernment and Laws. The executive and judicial officers\\nare appointed by the President of the United States. The judges receive\\na salary of $4500 each. The supreme court consists of 3 judges, each of\\nwhom also holds terms of the district court. The legislature, which meets\\nbiennially, consists of a council of 13 members and a house of represent-\\natives of 26 members.\\nHistory. Vasquez Coronado, from Mexico, entered the present Terri-\\ntory of Colorado in 1540. United States exploring expeditions were con-\\nducted by Lieut. Pike in 1806, by Col. Long in 1820, and by Col. John\\nC. Fremont in 1842. Only Mexicans and Spaniards, with a few American\\nhunters, trappers and traders, inhabited the Territory previous to the dis-\\ncovery of gold, in 1858. A territorial government was organized Feb. 28,\\n1861. Congress passed an act in 1875 enabling Colorado to form a State", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 405\\ngovernment. An election, to be held Oct. 25, 1875, was ordered by the\\ngovernor, to choose delegates to a constitutional convention, which was to\\nmeet December 20 of the same year. This was preparatory to taking ad-\\nvantage of the opportunity given by the above act for admission into the\\nUnion.\\nDAKOTA.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Dakota is bounded on\\nthe N. by British America, E. by Minnesota and Iowa, S. by Nebraska\\nand W. by Wyoming and Montana. It is situated between latitudes 42\u00c2\u00b0\\n30 and 49\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 19\u00c2\u00b0 40 and 27\u00c2\u00b0 W. from AVashington, or\\n96\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 104\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. The length from north to south is\\n450 miles, the breadth from east to west 350 miles and the area 150,932\\nsquare miles, or 96,596,480 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. In the north-east is the valley of\\nthe Red River of the North, which is a level meadow covered with tall\\ngrass and an occasional fringe of trees. West of this valley treeless plains\\nstretch out in long rolling swells. Gradually the land ascends, and is\\nbroken by rounded ridges and hillocks covered with the short bunch or\\nbutfalo grass, while the streams run through deep, narrow valleys. Two\\nelevated plateaus are noteworthy features of the country (1.) The Coteau\\ndes Prairies extends southward and divides, the eastern arm passing into\\nSouth-western Minnesota and the western stretching to the Dakota or James\\nRiver valley; this plateau, 200 miles long and from 15 to 20 miles wide,\\nhas an elevation of 2000 feet above the sea. (2.) The Coteau du Missouri,\\nwhich stretches along the valley of the Missouri River to the mouth of the\\nYellowstone and passes over into British America, is from 30 to 50 miles\\nwide and from 1500 to 2000 feet above the sea. In the south-west are the\\nBad Lands (Mauvaises Terres), a deep valley 90 miles long, 30 miles broad\\nand 300 feet below the level of the surrounding country. Fossil remains\\nof many species of animals now extinct are found in great abundance. To\\nthe west of the Bad Lands are the Black Hills, extending over into Wyo-\\nming, and occupying an area 100 miles long and from 50 to 60 miles wide.\\nSome of the peaks attain a height of 6750 feet. Timber. We quote from\\nthe report of Prof. Hayden It [Dakota] possesses, probably, the smallest\\namount of timber of any State [or Territory] in the Union, the forests\\nbearing a ratio of not more than 3 to 5 per cent, to the entire area. Cot-\\ntonwood, which is planted extensively by the farmers, affords plenty of\\nfuel in five years from the seed. Pine forests cover large tracts in the\\nBlack Hills. Along the rivers there is a growth of cotton wood, whitewood,\\npoplar, ash, maple, elm, oak, black-walnut, pine and willow. The black\\nbear, wolf, wolverine, otter, marten and mink are common, and immense\\nherds of buffalo, antelope, deer and elk range the vast plains. Rivers and\\nLakes. The Red River of the North forms the eastern boundary of Da-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "406 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nkota for 250 miles [see Minnesota]. Eight rivers of considerable size\\nflow into it from the west viz., the Wild Rice, Cheyenne, Elm, Goose,\\nTurtle, Big Salt, Park and Pembina. The Missouri River traverses the\\nTerritory from the north-west to the south-east and forms a part of the\\nsouthern boundary. It is navigable into Montana, near the boundaries of\\nwhich Territory it receives its principal affluent, the Yellowstone. Other\\ntributaries upon the west are the Little Missouri, Big Knife, Cannon Ball,\\nBig Cheyenne, White and Niobrara. Among the tributaries upon the east\\nare the Dakota, or James River, which flows nearly south for 400 miles\\nand empties into the Missouri below Yankton; the Vermilion, 150 miles\\nlong; and the Big Sioux, which forms a jwrtion of the eastern boundary.\\nDevil s Lake, or Minniwakan, 1467 feet above the sea-level, 40 miles long\\nand 10 miles wide, is the largest of a number of salt lakes. Other lakes\\nand ponds, varying in size from one to ten thousand acres, are scattered\\nover the Territory in vast numbers.\\nSoil and Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Along the Missouri River bottoms the soil is\\na rich, dark, sandy loam, with a large mixture of vegetable mould. Grass\\nyields three tons to the acre. The uplands are especially adapted for wheat,\\n30 bushels to the acre being an ordinary yield and large crops of corn,\\noats and vegetables are produced. Through the Red River valley, 200\\nmiles long and from 40 to 60 wide, the predominant soil is a black, sandy\\nloam, from two to four feet deep, resting upon a subsoil of yellow clay,\\nwhich sometimes extends to a depth of ten feet. All west of the James\\nRiver is a district not sufficiently supplied with rain, says the report\\nbefore quoted. During a period of five years, from 1867 to 1871, the\\naverage rainfall was 14.09 inches, which is less than half the amount fall-\\ning in Minnesota, Iowa or Eastern Nebraska. The average depth of the\\nsnow, which remains from the middle of November to March, is 16 inches.\\nThe variations of temperature are extremely great, as is shown by the\\nreport of the United States Signal Service Bureau for the year ending\\nSeptember 30, 1874. At Yankton the mercury fell below zero upon 21\\ndays and rose to 90\u00c2\u00b0 upon 32 days; minimum, 20\u00c2\u00b0; maximum, 101\u00c2\u00b0;\\nyearly mean, 46.4\u00c2\u00b0. At Fort Sully the yearly mean was 46.2\u00c2\u00b0, the mini-\\nmum 27\u00c2\u00b0 and the maximum 106\u00c2\u00b0. Upon 81 days the temperature was\\nbelow zero, upon 68 days above 90\u00c2\u00b0 and itpoji 19 days above 100 degrees.\\nPembina, in the extreme north-east, near the borders of British America,\\nhad a lower mean temperature (34.40\u00c2\u00b0) than that of any signal station in\\nthe United States [see Minnesota]. The mercury fell to zero upon 94 days\\nviz., 10 in November, 21 in December, 25 in January, 20 in February, 16\\nin INIarch and 2 in April while upon 4 days it rose to 90\u00c2\u00b0. The minimum\\nMas 44 degrees below zero and the maximum 96\u00c2\u00b0, a range of 140 degrees.\\nUpon the isothermal charts the lines crossing Dakota are: Spring,\\n40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 67\u00c2\u00b0-74\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 43\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 10\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0; annual", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 407\\nmean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0. The cold in the north seems less severe because of the\\nabsence of high winds.\\nAg-ricultiire and Manufactures. The census of 1870 reported\\n302,376 acres in farms, of which 42,(345 were imj^roved average size of\\nfarms, 176 acres; value, $2,085,265; value of productions, including bet-\\nterments, etc., $495,657. Seventy bushels of corn, 50 of wheat, 75 of\\noats and 500 of potatoes have been grown to the acre. Little atten-\\ntion had been given to manufactures. The number of establishments re-\\nported was 17; hands employed, 91; cajiital, \u00c2\u00a7^79,200; value of products,\\n$178,570.\\nMinerals and Mining-. The mineral resources of Dakota are\\nyet a subject of investigation and of considerable dispute. Prof. Janney,\\nof the United States Exploring Expedition, in an official report, dated July\\n31, 1875, says: It is remarkable that so few valuable minerals have been\\nfound in the [Black] Hills, although the country is overrun with miners,\\nand everything in the shape of a rock in any way peculiar in its appearance\\nis brought to me for identification but I have not yet seen any mineral\\ncontaining lead, copper or silver; only iron pyrites, iron ores resulting\\nfrom its decomposition, mispickel, graphite, black tourmaline, rose quartz,\\ngarnets and staurotide as mineralogical curiosities.\\nRailroads. The number of miles of railroad reported in 1874 w as\\n275; total capital account, $2,700,000; cost per mile, $43,548; total re-\\nceipts, $158,147; receipts per mile, $2592; receipts to an inhabitant, $6.06\\nnet earnings, $67,946.\\nEducation. -Up to the year 1865 there were no public schools in the\\nTerritory. A school law was passed in 1867 and amended in 1871 and\\n1873. District schools are free to all children between the ages of 5 and\\n21 years. In 1873 there were 200 school districts, 100 teachers and 4006\\nchildren attending the public schools; expenditure for school purposes.\\n$21,748. The Territory contained, when the last census was taken, 19\\nlibraries, 17 religious organizations, having 10 edifices, and 3 newspapers.\\nIn 1875 the newspapers had increased to 14, all of which were published\\nweekly.\\nPopulation and Towns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of inhabitants in 1870\\nwas 14,181, of whom 4815 were of foreign and 9366 of native birth; 2088\\nwere born in the Territory and 7278 in other parts of the Union. There\\nwere 30,200 Indians, mostly Sioux, for whose accommodation 35,000,000\\nof acres had been set apart in various reservations. Seven hundred Rus-\\nsian Mennonites arrived at Castle Garden in September, 1875, on their\\nway to Dakota. Yankton, the capital and chief city of the Territory, is\\nsituated on the north side of the JNIissouri River. The streets cross each,\\nother at right angles. Douglass Avenue and Broadway are 120 feet wide.\\nThree weekly newspapers are published. The city was first settled in 1859..", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "408 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nPopulation 737 in 1870, and estimated at 3000 in 1875. Other leading\\ntowns are Elk Point (775), Jefferson (616), Brule Creek (600; and Civil\\nBend (570).\\nGoveriinieiit and Laws. The executive and judicial officers are\\nappointed by the President of the United States. The legislature, which\\nholds biennial sessions, consists of 13 councillors and 26 representatives.\\nTen per cent, is the legal rate of interest, but 2 per cent, a month, by\\nspecial agreement, is lawful.\\nHistory. Dakota, which formed a part of the Louisiana purchase\\nof 1803, was organized as a Territory March 2, 1861. The first perma-\\nnent settlements were made in 1859. In the summer of 1863 the settlers\\nsuffered greatly from hostile bands of Sioux. Five children of one family\\nwere massacred in the absence of their parents. Every cabin on the\\nfrontier in those days was a small fortress well stocked with guns, revolvers\\nand ammunition. Gen. Sully, with 2000 troops, routed the savages at\\nWhitestoue in June, and since then they have been held in check. The\\nfirst legislature met on the 17th of March, 1862. Large discoveries of\\ngold in the Black Hills were reported during 1874-5, and several expedi-\\ntious were organized for this new El Dorado. Negotiations carried on\\nwith the chiefs who visited Washington in the summer of 1875 were un-\\nsuccessful; but past experience teaches that the extinguishment of the\\nIndian title to the lands is only a question of a little time.\\nIDAHO.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Idaho is bounded on\\nthe N. by British Columbia, N. E. and E. by Montana and Wyoming, S.\\nby Utah and Nevada and W. by Oregon and Washington Territory. It\\nis situated between latitudes 41\u00c2\u00b0 and 49\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 32\u00c2\u00b0 30 and\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 10 W. from Washington, or 109\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 117\u00c2\u00b0 10 W. from Green-\\nwich. Idaho has the general form of a right-angled triangle, w ith a base\\n430 miles long and a perpendicular of 490 miles, while the Rocky and\\nBitter Root Mountains, which constitute the eastern boundary, are the\\nhypotenuse. The area is 86,294 square miles, or 55,628,160 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S ur/aee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spurs from the great Rocky\\nMountain chain extend across the Territory. Between these are broad\\ntable4ands, having an elevation of from 2000 to 8500 feet above the sea-\\nlevel. There are many well-watered valleys, and the streams run through\\ncanons sometimes a thousand feet in depth. Conspicuous among the moun-\\ntain peaks are the shark teeth summits of the Grand Tetous, of which\\nthe most northerly, named Mount Hayden, has an altitude of 13,833 feet.\\nNear its summit is a circular enclosure, supposed to have been built by the\\nIndians. If this supposition is correct, the savages of the West were less\\nsuperstitious than their brethren in the East [see New Hampshire]. A", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 409\\nlake of perpetual ice is found at the height of 10,300 feet. Mount Moran\\n(12,800 feet high). Mount Leidy (11,300 feet), Mount Sheridan (10,343\\nfeet) and the Three Buttes are prominent landmarks. Rivers and Lakes.\\nA small district in the south-east is drained through the Bear River into\\nGreat Salt Lake. The Snake River, or Lewis Fork, and Clarke s Fork\\ndrain all the rest of the Territory into the Columbia. The sources of the\\nSnake River are in the Rocky Mountains, not far from the Yellowstone\\nLake; it receives numerous tributaries, among which are the Malade,\\nBoise, Salmon and Clearwater. Navigation is impeded by rapids and\\nshallows. There are three great falls, over the highest of which the waters\\nare j^recipitated 200 feet. Lakes are numerous, and some of them of large\\nextent; the area covered by these bodies of water is estimated at 575,000\\nacres. Several groups of hot springs, varying in temperature from 88\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n158\u00c2\u00b0, have been discovered. Forests. The northern and eastern sections\\nare well timbered. There are immense forests of pine, cedar and fir. It\\nhas been estimated that 7,500,000 acres are covered with timber. The\\nbasin of the Snake River is destitute of trees. Among the animals are the\\ngrizzly bear, black bear, red squirrel, striped squirrel, yellow-footed marmot,\\nAmerican beaver, yellow-haired porcupine, etc.\\nSoil and Climate. Less than one-third of the total area is suited\\nfor agriculture. One quarter of it is sterile and produces only wild sage\\nand buftalo-grass but much of this might be made fertile by irrigation.\\nThe river basins contain a rich soil, and good grazing-lands are abundant.\\nIt is seldom necessary to use hay for the wintering of cattle in the valleys,\\nwhile the mountains afford a perpetual arctic climate. The isothermal\\nlines crossing the territory are: Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 60\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0; au-\\ntumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 20\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0 year, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgriculture aud Manufactures. The number of acres in\\nfarms, by the last census, was 77,139, of which 26,603 acres were im-\\nproved; average size of farms, 186 acres; value of farms, farm imple-\\nments and live-stock, ^1,072,735; value of farm productions, $687,797.\\nThere were 101 manufacturing establishments, which employed 265 hands;\\nvalue of materials, $691,785; of products, $1,047,624. Milled quartz\\nconstituted more than one-half of the amount ($523,100).\\nMines and Mining;. The bullion product of Idaho for nine years,\\nfrom 1864 to 1873, was $55,275,000. In 1869 the product was $7,000,000,\\nand in 1872, $2,695,870. The diminution has been explained by saying\\nthat mining is less profitable than in the other Territories on account of the\\nhigh price of tools, provisions and labor, resulting from the deficiency\\nof means for transportation. A railroad is the remedy prescribed for\\nthese troubles. Two-thirds of the claims now worked are in the hands\\nof the Chinese. Eight millions of acres are designated as mineral\\nlan,ds. An immense ledge of isinglass was discovered in the fall of 1875.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "410 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nEducation. In 1874 the number of children was 3233; enrolled in\\nschools, 2196 average attendance, 891 school-houses, 41 schools, 51\\nexpenditures, $27,181.60; expenditure per pupil of average attendance,\\n$80.50. Steps were taken in June, 1874, for the organization of a univer-\\nsity. The Federal census reported 43 libraries, containing 10,625 volumes,\\nand 15 religious organizations, with 12 edifices. In 1875 five periodicals\\nwere published, of which one was issued daily at Silver City.\\nPoiJlilatioil and Towns. In 1870 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 14,999, of whom 7885 were foreign born (4274 Chinese) 946 were\\nborn in Idaho, and settlers to the number of 6168 had come in from\\nall of the 49 States and Territories, with the exception of Alaska and\\nArizona. Population to a square mile 0.17. -The principal towns are\\nBoise City, the capital, Idaho City, Malade City, Silver City and Lew-\\niston.\\nGovernment and Laws. A governor and secretary are ap-\\npointed by the President for a term of four years. Other administrative\\nofficers are chosen by the people. The legislature consists of a council of\\n13 meiiibers and a house of representatives of 26 members, elected bien-\\nnially. The supreme court consists of three judges appointed by the\\nPresident. There are three judicial districts, in which courts are held by\\na judge of the supreme court. Probate courts are established for each\\ncounty. The Territory of Idaho, which included parts of Montana and\\nWyoming, was established by act of Congress upon the 3d of March, 1863.\\nTHE INDIAN TERRITORY.\\nSituation and Extent. The Indian Territory (unorganized, and\\nmore properly designated as the Indian Cowitry) is bounded on the N. by\\nColorado and Kansas, E. by Missouri and Arkansas, S. by Texas and W.\\nby Texas and New Mexico. It is situated between latitudes 83\u00c2\u00b0 35 and\\n37\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 17\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 26\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 94\u00c2\u00b0 20\\nand 103\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. The greatest length from east to west is\\n465 miles, the greatest breadth 285 miles and the area 68,991 square miles,\\nor 44,154,240 acres.\\nPhysical Features.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /SW/aee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Ozark and Washita Moun-\\ntains extend from Arkansas into the Territory, and the Witchita Moun-\\ntains give a rugged character to the south-west. Dome Rock and the\\nAntelope Buttes are considerable elevations in the west, but there are no\\nhigh mountains. The mean elevation of the Territory is 1250 feet above\\nthe sea. Rivers. The Arkansas and the Red Rivers, with their numerous\\ntributaries, drain the country. Flowing into the Arkansas are the Neosho,\\nVerdigris, Chicaskia, Big Salt, Red Fork and Canadian Rivers. The Red\\nRiver constitutes the southern boundary. Its principal affluents are the\\nKiumishi, Boggy, False Washita and North Fork. Forests. Along the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 411\\nriver-bottoms there is a plentiful growth of trees, and the north-eastern\\nsection is heavily wooded. An extensive forest, called the Cross Tim-\\nbers, extends over into Texas. The trees most common are the ash, elm,\\nCottonwood, oak, yellow pine, pecan, sycamore and walnut. Game is\\nabundant, and vast herds of bufialo and wild horses roam over the plains.\\nSoil and Climate. In the north-east much of the laud is rocky\\nand unpx oductive, and in the central and western sections the plains are\\nsterile. Fertile soils are found in the valleys. The isothermal lines\\ncrossing the Territory are: Spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 75\u00c2\u00b0-80\u00c2\u00b0; autumn,\\n55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 35\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, .55\u00c2\u00b0-60\u00c2\u00b0. At Fort Gibson, dur-\\ning the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature was 60.3\u00c2\u00b0 mean\\nof the coldest mouth (January), 39.5\u00c2\u00b0 of the warmest month (August),\\n86.1\u00c2\u00b0; minimum, 11\u00c2\u00b0; maximum, 106\u00c2\u00b0. Upon 88 days the mercuiy rose\\nto 90\u00c2\u00b0, and upon 21 days the temperature was at or above 100 degrees.\\nAg riculture. The statistics of the Indian Territory are not given\\nin the United States census, but are reported by the Commissioner of In-\\ndian Affairs. In 1873, 217,790 acres of land were under cultivation.\\nIndian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sorghum, tobacco, beans, rice and cotton\\nwere cultivated, and the value of the crops was more than $4,000,000.\\nThe live-stock numbered 212,155 horses, 322,354 cattle, 13,100 sheep and\\n430,455 swine, having a total value of $9,408,178. Lumber was sawed\\nto the amount of 3,930,468 feet, and the value of furs sold was $193,560.\\nNo statistics of manufactures were given.\\nEducation. Each of the civilized tribes provides by law for the\\nsupport of public schools, which are of three grades primary, intermedi-\\nate and grammar. Two high-school buildings, belonging to the Chero-\\nkees, cost $80,000. The number of schools in the Territory at the last\\nreport was 176; teachers, 216; scholars, 4769; value of school fund (in-\\ncluding the orphan and asylum fund), $2,909,113. There are three\\nweekly newspapers, published in the Cherokee, Choctaw and English lan-\\nguages. More than 7000 communicants are connected with the various\\nreligious denominations.\\nPopulation and Towns. The population in 1873 was 72,468,\\nof whom 17,217 were Cherokees, 16,000 Choctaws, 6000 Chickasaws,\\n13,000 Creeks, 2438 Seminoles, 1219 Quapaws and 16,594 of other tribes.\\nIncluded in the last number were Osages, Pottawattomies, Delawares,\\nShawnees, Kioways, Comanches, Apaches and the representatives of many\\nother tribes. About one-half of the Indians are nomadic and the other\\nhalf settled upon seventeen reservations, which contain 44,154,240 acres.\\nThere are about 2500 whites and 6500 negroes in the Territory. The prin-\\ncipal towns are Talequah, the capital of the Cherokee Nation Tishemingo,\\nthe capital of the Chickasaws; Armstrong Academy, the capital of the\\nChoctaws; Okmulkee, the capital of the Creeks; We-wo-ka, the capital", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "412 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof the Semiuoles; New Boggy and Caddo. About one-fifteenth of the\\nhouses are frame buildings; the rest are built mostly of logs. Twenty-\\neight United States post-offices have been established. The Territory con-\\ntained 279 miles of railroad in 1874.\\nGoveriiineiit and History. An agent is appointed for each\\nof the tribes, under the superintendence of the Commissioner of Indian\\nAffairs. Cases in which a white man is concerned are within the jurisdic-\\ntion of the United States courts for Arkansas. Each of the civilized tribes\\nhas a regularly-constituted government, with a written constitution and\\ncode of laws. The Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation is elected\\nfor a term of four years. Many of the Indians desire an organized terri-\\ntorial government, and a constitution was framed in 1870, but it did not\\nreceive the approval of Congress. By an act passed June 4, 1834, all\\nthat part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the\\nStates of Missouri and Louisiana or the Territory of Arkansas, was in-\\ncluded in the Indian Country. That magnificent domain of the aborigines\\nwas greater than the combined area of all the States then organized. A\\nsingle generation passed, and the census of 1870 enumerated seven States\\nwhose area, taken singly, exceeded all that was left of the Indian Country.\\nMONTANA.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Montana is bounded\\non the N. by British America, E. by Dakota, S. by Wyoming and S. W.\\nand W. by Idaho. It is situated between latitudes 44\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 49\u00c2\u00b0 N. and\\nlongitudes 27\u00c2\u00b0 and 39\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 104\u00c2\u00b0 and 116\u00c2\u00b0 W. from\\nGreenwich. The extreme length from east to west is 550 miles, the breadth\\n280 miles and the area 143,776 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The Territory is naturally divided\\nby its physical conformation into four sections, (1.) The north-western\\ndistrict, between the Rocky and Bitter Root Mountains, is broken and\\nragged, and intersected by many mountain spurs. (2.) The northern dis-\\ntrict, extending for 350 miles along the Milk and Missouri Rivers, is an\\nopen plain, destitute of trees, and descending towaixl the east at the rate\\nof five feet to the mile. (3.) The south-eastern section is more rolling and\\nbetter wooded. (4.) The south-western section, containing 15,000 square\\nmiles, is mountainous and covered with dense forests. Among the highest\\nmountains are Electric Peak (10,992 feet). Emigrant Peak (10,629),\\nMount Delano (10,200) and Mount Blackmore (10,134). Three-fifths of\\nthe Territory is a broad open plain, and the mean elevation is 3950 feet.\\nRivers. Clark s Fork of the Columbia and its tributaries, the Bitter\\nRoot, Hell Gate, Big Blackfoot and Jocko Rivers, drain 30,000 square\\nmiles of North-western Montana into the Pacific, while the remaining four-\\nfifths of the Territory belong to the Great Central Basin of the Mississippi,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 413\\nand are drained through the Missouri and its branches. The head streams\\nof the Missouri River, of which the Gallatin, Madison and Jefferson are\\nthe most important, have their sources in the Rocky Mountains of Mon-\\ntana, near the boundary line of Wyoming and Idaho. Steamboats ascend\\nthe Missouri as far as Fort Benton. Its principal tributaries are the Ma-\\nrias and Milk Rivers, on the north, and the Muscle Shell and Yellowstone\\n(navigable for 400 miles) on the south. There are numerous hot springs\\nand geysers in the south-west, belonging to the general system, which is\\ndescribed more fully elsewhere [see Wyoming]. Forests. Evergreen\\ntrees, such as the pine, fir, spruce, cedar, hemlock, etc., are most common\\nin the dense forests of the mountain district, while the river valleys con-\\ntain the Cottonwood, willow, alder, aspen, etc. The elevation of the timber\\nline is from 8800 to 9600 feet. Large tracts in the east are almost entirely\\ndestitute of wood. The buffalo, antelope, grizzly bear and other wild\\nanimals are often seen.\\nSoil and Climate. The great plains are sterile, owing to a defi-\\nciency of moisture many of the valleys are fertile, and excellent grazing-\\nlaud is found on the lower mountain slopes. Very great and sudden\\nchanges are characteristic of the climate. At Fort Ellis the thermometer\\nhas marked 53 degrees below zero. At Deer Lodge, during the mouth of\\nMarch, 1867, the mercury stood below zero upon 28 out of the 31 morn-\\nings. The lowest temperature observed was 34\u00c2\u00b0. The mean for Janu-\\nary, 1868, was 1.5\u00c2\u00b0, and for January, 1869, 20.4\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean for the\\ntwo years, 40.7\u00c2\u00b0 rainfall, 16.5 inches. Forty-eight snow-storms have been\\ncounted in a season, but the greatest depth of snow was only 12 inches.\\nAt Fort Shaw the mean temperature is 47.33\u00c2\u00b0. During the year ending\\nSept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at Fort Benton was 42.5\u00c2\u00b0. Upon\\n50 days the mercury fell below zero, and the lowest point reached was\\n34\u00c2\u00b0. The interval between frosts was 142 days (from April 22 to Sept.\\n12). At Virginia City the minimum was 18\u00c2\u00b0, and the mercury reached\\n90\u00c2\u00b0 upou only one day. The isothermal lines crossing the Territory are:\\nSpring, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; summer, 65\u00c2\u00b0-73\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 15\u00c2\u00b0-25\u00c2\u00b0;\\nannual mean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgriculture antl Manufactures. The climate is rather cold\\nfor Indian corn, but grain and vegetables, such as beans, beets, carrots, cu-\\ncumbers, melons, onions, potatoes, squashes, tomatoes, turnips, etc., mature\\nwell, and small fruits are very abundant. The census of 1870 reported\\n851 farms, containing 139,537 acres, of which 84,674 acres were improved;\\naverage size of farms, 164 acres; value of farms, fiirm implements and\\nlive-stock, $2,693,324; value of productions, $1,676,660. In 1874 the\\nlive-stock included 19,905 horses, 104,777 cattle, 1606 mules and 10,597\\nsheep. The number of manufacturing establishments was 201 hands em-\\nployed, 701 value of materials, ^1,316,331 value of products, $2,494,511.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "414 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe leading industries in value were: Quartz, milled, $801,87 3; lumber,\\n$428,957; flouring-mill products, $365,859.\\nMines and Mining. Gold was discovered as early as 1852, but\\nmining did not begin until late in 1861. The bullion product in 1862 was\\n$500,000, and in 1866 it reached $16,500,000. For thirteen years, ending\\nwith 1875, the total product was estimated at $120,901,386. Montana\\nranked next to Nevada and California in the production of the precious\\nmetals. Copper is mined in considerable quantities. Iron, lead, antimony,\\nzinc, arsenic and manganese have been discovered. Beds of bituminous\\ncoal exist in several localities; and granite, limestone, slate and other\\nbuilding-stones are abundant.\\nEducation. The territorial superintendent of education is required\\nto keep his office at some place where there is a post-office. The school\\ndistricts are larger than many an eastern county. A general school law\\nwas passed in 1874. In 1873-4 the number of children of school age (5\\nto 21 years) was 3517; attending school, 2030; number of schools, 101;\\nreceipts for educational purposes, $33,162. In 1870 there were in the Ter-\\nritory 141 libraries, containing 19,790 volumes, and 15 religious organiza-\\ntions, having 11 edifices. Seven newspapers, two of which were issued\\ndaily, were published in 1875.\\nPopulation and Towns. The census of 1870 reported 20,595\\ninhabitants, of whom 1693 were born in the Territory, 10,933 had come\\nin from other parts of the Union and 7979 from foreign countries popu-\\nlation to a square mile, 0.14. Helena, which was made the capital in\\n1875, is the principal town. It is situated in the centre of a rich mining\\ndistrict, and contains several factories and churches. One of its two daily\\nnewspapers is mailed to subscribers at $24 a year. The population of the\\ntown in 1870 was 3106; there were 641 Chinese and 3 Indians. Other\\nprincipal towns are Virginia City (867), the former capital. Deer Lodge\\nCity (788), Fort Shaw (473), Diamond City (460), Fort Benton (367) and\\nRadersburg (311). The tribal Indians numbered 22,486 in 1874, includ-\\ning Crows, Blackfeet, Sioux, Piegaus and representatives of ten other\\ntribes.\\nGovernment and History. A governor and secretary and\\nthree judges of the supreme court are appointed by the President. The\\nlegislature consists of a council of 13 members and an assembly of 26\\nmembers, elected for two years. Judicial authority is vested ia a supreme\\ncourt, district courts, probate courts (for each county) and justices of the\\npeace. A territorial Penitentiary has been established at Deer Lodge City.\\nIn the spring of 1863, 18 steamers passed up the Missouri, bearing passen-\\ngers and freight to the mining districts of Montana. The Territory of\\nMontana was established by act of Congress May 26, 1864. On the 17th\\nof February, 1873, 2000 square miles from Dakotah were annexed.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 415\\nNEW MEXICO.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of New Mexico is\\nboimded on the N. by Colorado, on the E. by the ludiau Territory and\\nTexas, S. by Texas and Mexico and W. by Arizona. It is situated be-\\ntween Latitudes 31\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 37\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 26\u00c2\u00b0 and 32\u00c2\u00b0 W. from\\nWashington, or 103\u00c2\u00b0 and 109\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. The greatest length\\nfrom north to south is 395 miles, the greatest breadth 355 miles and the\\narea 121,201 square miles, or 77,568,640 acres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. The mean elevation of the Terri-\\ntory is 5400 feet above the sea. In the south-east is the Llano Estacado,\\nextending from Texas, which is an immense plateau scantily clothed with\\nvegetation, and having an altitude of from 3200 to 4700 feet. Stretching\\nthrough the centre of the Territory from north to south are a series of\\nbroken mountain ranges, with elevations varying from 6000 to 10,000 feet.\\nAbout 150 miles to the westward is the parallel range of the Sierra Madre,\\nwhich constitutes the water-shed between the Atlantic and the Pacific.\\nBetween these mountain chains is the great valley of the Rio Grande,\\nwhich Haydea regards as one great volcanic crater comprehending\\nmany smaller craters. The streams have cut canons sometimes 1000 feet\\nin depth and with almost perjDendicular walls. The sands and marls are\\nfashioned in unique forms resembling the Bad Lands of Dakota.\\nRivers. The north-eastern district is drained by the Canadian River, a\\nbranch of the Arkansas the south-eastern by the Rio Pecos, which unites\\nwith the Rio Grande in Texas the central by the Rio Grande del Norte,\\nwhich rises in the mountains of Colorado the south-western by the Rio\\nde los Mimbres and the Gila and the north-western by the head-streams\\nof the Little Colorado and the San Juan. There are several groups of hot\\nsprings having a temperature of from 80\u00c2\u00b0 to 140\u00c2\u00b0. Forests. Extensive\\nforests of evergreens, such as the pine, fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock, cover\\nthe mountains the piuon or nut pine monopolizes large tracts of the foot-\\nhills Cottonwood, sycamore, oak and walnut trees are abundant along the\\nwater-courses. There is an almost entire absence of timber upon the\\nplains. Among the wild animals are the bear, wolf, coyote, lynx, beaver,\\nhare, deer, antelope, elk, buffalo, etc. Wild turkeys, prairie chickens, ducks\\nand other game-birds are plenty.\\nSoil and Climate. Very fertile soils are found in the valleys and\\nupon some of the table-lands but with the exception of a few favored\\nlocalities, irrigation is necessary for the production of good crops through-\\nout the whole of New Mexico. Excellent grazing-lands are found in al-\\nmost every section, and cattle need no artificial shelter during the winter.\\nThe isothermal lines crossing the territory are Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0 summer,\\n60\u00c2\u00b0-80\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 45\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThose lines indicate an unusual range of temperature [see Physical", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "416 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nGeography]. The mean temperature for a series of years at Santa Fe,\\nwhich has an elevation of 7047 feet, was 50.6\u00c2\u00b0. During the year ending\\nSeptember 30, 1874, the mean was 48.8\u00c2\u00b0 maximum, 89\u00c2\u00b0; minimum, 2\u00c2\u00b0;\\nmean for the warmest month (July), 71.1\u00c2\u00b0 for the coldest month (Decem-\\nber), 25.8\u00c2\u00b0. The first frost of the season (32\u00c2\u00b0) was October 18, 1873, and\\nthe last frost May 10, 1874, an interval of 205 days.\\nAgricviltvire and Manufactures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The valleys of the Rio\\nGrande, Pecos and other rivers are occupied by Mexicans, who raise large\\ncrops even with their very rude methods of cultivation. All the common\\ngrains, vegetables and fruits thrive. The census of 1870 reported 4480\\nfarms, averaging 186 acres each (4 had more than 1000 acres each),\\nand containing in the aggregate 833,549 acres, of which 143,007 acres\\nwere improved; value of farms, $2,260,139; of farm implements,\\n$121,114; of live-stock, $2,389,157; total, $4,770,410; value of pro-\\nductions, $1,905,060. The number of manufacturing establishments was\\n182 hands employed, 427 value of materials, $880,957 value of prod-\\nucts, $1,489,868, of which the most important items were flouring-mill\\nproducts, $581,040, and quartz, milled, $399,712.\\nMineral Resources. Spaniards and Mexicans discovered the\\nmineral treasures of this region at a very early date. The sides of the\\nmountains about Taos are covered with diggings where Mexicans\\nwashed out gold with melted snow. Gold has been found of such purity\\nas to yield $19 per ounce. The value of a single boulder upon Lone\\nMountain was estimated at from $1000 to $2000. The mining interests\\nhave been greatly depressed from Indian hostilities and other causes, and\\nthe bullion product is only about half a million dollars a year. Copper,\\nlead, platinum, zinc, iron, coal, marble, gypsum, etc., exist in considerable\\nquantities.\\nEducation. An act for the establishment of public schools was\\npassed in 1855, but met with such opposition from the people that it was\\nrepealed the following year. In 1871 a new school law was passed, and\\nthe number of schools increased from 44 in 1870 to 164 (of which 26\\nwere private) in 1874, The number of pupils at the latter date was 7102\\nand the number of teachers 196, Of the public schools 111 were taught\\nin the Spanish language. The number of libraries in 1870 was 116\\nreligious organizations, 158, having 152 edifices (of which 149 belonged\\nto the Roman Catholics) periodicals, 5. In 1875 the number of periodi-\\ncals was 12, of which 6 were published in both the Spanish and English\\nlanguages, and 1 was issued daily.\\nPopulation and Towns.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of inhabitants in 1850\\nwas 61,547; in 1860, 93,516; in 1870, 91,874 (a decrease due to the set-\\nting off of portions of the Territory to Arizona and Colorado); 83,175\\nwere born in the Ten-itory 3079 had come in from other parts of the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 417\\nUnion, 3913 from Mexico and 1707 from other foreign countries. The\\ndensity of population was 0.76 to a square mile. The tribal Indians (not\\nincluded in the above enumeration) numbered 25,268 in 1874, belonging\\nprincipally to the Apaches, Utes and Pueblos. The principal towns are\\nSanta Fe, the capital population in 1870, 4765), Las Vegas (1730), Al-\\nbuquerque (1307), Mora (1083), Embudo (576), San Jose (492) and Sil-\\nver City (estimated at 1000 in 1875). No railroads have yet entered the\\nTerritory, although several have been projected.\\nGovernmeilt and Laws. As in other Territories, the governor,\\nsecretary and judges of the supreme court are appointed by the President,\\nwith the consent of the Senate, for a term of four years. Other adminis-\\ntrative officers are chosen by the territorial legislature, which consists of a\\ncouncil of 12 members and a house of representatives of 26 members.\\nThe supreme court consists of three judges, who also preside singly over\\ntiie district courts. Probate courts are established for each county.\\nHistory. As early as the year 1537 Spanish explorers had entered\\nNew Mexico, and before the close of the century formal possession was\\ntaken of the country in the name of Spain. Humboldt thought that New\\nMexico was the first abiding-place of the Aztecs, as they migrated south-\\nward. Remarkable ruins testify to the advancement in civilization of the\\nearly inhabitants. On the Rio Chaco are the remains of a structure 700\\nfeet in circumference and with solid walls of gray sandstone, four stories\\nhigh, yet standing. The country was ceded to the United States by Mexico\\nin 1848, and the Gadsden pui-chase (which also included parts of Ari-\\nzona, Colorado and Nevada) was added in 1854. A territorial govern-\\nment was organized September 9, 1850.\\nUTAH.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Utah is bounded on\\nthe N. and N. E. by Idaho and Wyoming, E. by Colorado, S. by Arizona\\nand W. by Nevada. It is situated between latitudes 37\u00c2\u00b0 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 N. and\\nlongitudes 32\u00c2\u00b0 and 37\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington, or 109\u00c2\u00b0 and 114\u00c2\u00b0 W. from\\nGreenwich. The length from north to south is about 350 miles, the breadth\\n280 miles, and the area 84,476 square miles, or 53,264,640 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. Utah is in the Great Interior\\nBasin, and its surface has a mean elevation of 5100 feet above the sea-\\nlevel. Upon the north-eastern border are the Uintah Mountains, 7000 feet\\nabove the table-lands. The Wasatch Mountains extend through the centre\\nof the Territory from north to south in a series of ridges and spurs with\\nsmall valleys between. The principal mountain summits, with their ele-\\nvations, are Mount Tohkwano (13,500 feet), Hayden Peak (13,500),\\nDawes Peak (13,300), Gilbert s Peak (13,250), the Twin Peaks (12,000),\\nBelknap (11,894), Mount Baldy (11,730) and Lone Peak (10,713). The\\n27", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "418 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nSalt Lake Valley is a level basin, from 4200 to 4500 feet above tide-water\\nand surrounded by mountains, of which the highest peaks are covered with\\nperpetual snow. Lakes and Rivers. Great Salt Lake, 100 miles long and\\n50 miles wide, is so salt that no fish can live in it. Flowing into it from\\nthe south is the River Joi dan, which drains Lake Utah. Upon the north\\nthe Bear River from Idaho and other smaller streams discharge their\\nwaters into the lake, which has no visible outlet. The district east of the\\nmountains is drained by the Green and Grand Rivers, which unite to form\\nthe Colorado. None of the streams of the Territory are navigable. There\\nare several groups of hot springs, with a temperature ranging from 90\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n136\u00c2\u00b0. Forests. Upon the Uintah and Wasatch Mountains are heavy\\nforests; the timber line is at the height of 11,000 feet. Among the trees\\nmost abundant are the fir, spruce, pine, cedar, maple, oak, mountain ma-\\nhogany, quaking ash, etc. The Great Basin is almost destitute of wood,\\nbut trees planted upon the irrigated lands grow rapidly. The wild animals\\nmost common are the wolf, catamount, cougar, fox, mink, wolverine, beaver,\\nhare, antelope. Rocky Mountain sheep, elk and deer.\\nSoil and Climate. Much of the soil of the plains is alkaline and\\nbarren, producing nothing but the wild sage bush. Hardly one acre in\\nfifty in its natural state will pay for cultivation, but an extensive system\\nof irrigation has made the desert about Salt Lake City a garden. For-\\nmerly little rain fell from April to November, but summer showers are\\nnow said to be more frequent. Snow accumulates on the mountains to a\\ndepth of from 6 to 20 feet, and remains in sheltered places all the year\\nround. The isothermal lines crossing the Territory are Spring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0\\nsummer, 65\u00c2\u00b0-80\u00c2\u00b0; autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-55\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-45\u00c2\u00b0; annual mean,\\n45\u00c2\u00b0-65\u00c2\u00b0. At Salt Lake City the mean for July, 1874, was 78.2\u00c2\u00b0; upon\\n31 days of the season the mercury reached 90\u00c2\u00b0, and the maximum was\\n98\u00c2\u00b0. The mean for December, at Corinne City, was 21.4 degrees.\\nAgriculture and Manufactures. According to the census of\\n1870, the number of acres in farms was 148,361, of which 118,755 acres\\nwere improved average size of farms, 30 acres value of farms, farm im-\\nplements and live-stock, $4,739,126; value of productions, $1,973,142.\\nThere were 533 manufacturing establishments, which employed 1534\\nhands, used materials valued at $1,238,252 and produced articles to the\\nvalue of $2,343,019. Lumber and flour were among the leading items.\\nManufactures have increased very rapidly in the period since the census,\\nand the above figures very inadequately represent the agricultural and\\nmanufacturing industries at that date.\\nMines and Mining. -^Metalliferous deposits were discovered as\\nearly as 1863, but the Mormon authorities discouraged mining, as being\\nlikely to bring in a Gentile population. The bullion product in 1871\\nwas $2,300,000; in 1872, $2,445,284; in 1873, $3,055,444; and in 1874", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 419\\nabout the same amount. The value of the lead product for two years was\\n$1,205,203. Chemical analysis of ores taken from the Emma mine showed\\nthe presence of lead, sulphur, antimony, copper, zinc, manganese, iron,\\nsilver, alumina and magnesia. Belts of bituminous coal and large deposits\\nof iron ore have been discovered.\\nRailroads. In 1869 the first railroad was opened for travel. The\\nUnion Pacific railroad extends across the breadth of the Territory. In\\n1874 the mileage of railroads was 459; cost per mile, $31,947; total cap-\\nital account, $9,165,000; receipts, $1,543,859; receipts per mile, $6831;\\nreceipts per inhabitant, $13.42; net earnings, $733,893.\\nEducation. The school statistics for 1873 were: School population\\n(from 4 to 16 years of age), 27,725; scholars enrolled, 16,070; average\\nattendance, 11,842; teachers, 355. A general school law was approved\\nFeb. 20, 1874. The higher institutions of learning are the Deseret Uni-\\nversity, having 300 pupils in its primary and intermediate departments\\nSt. Mark s School (Protestant Episcopal), with about the same number;\\nthe Rocky Mountain Conference Seminary and Morgan College. The\\nFederal census returned 133 libraries, containing 39,177 volumes, and 164\\nchurches. In 1875 there were 9 periodicals, of which 5 were issued daily.\\nPoiJUlation and Towns. In 1850 the number of inhabitants\\nwas 11,380; in 1860, 40,273; and in 1870, 86,786, of whom 41,426 were\\nborn in the Territory, 14,658 had come in from other parts of the Union\\nand 30,702 from foreign countries. Great Britain and Ireland contributed\\n20,772, Denmark 4957, Sweden 1790, China 445 and all Germany 358.\\nIt is a Mormon boast that 50 nationalities are represented among them.\\nIt would be a difiicult problem in sociology to estimate the ratio of future\\nincrease, since for a man to have twenty boys and girls in his house is a\\ncommon fact. There were 1.03 persons to a square mile. About 130\\ntowns and villages are contained in the Territory. Salt Lake City, the capital,\\nis regularly laid out, with streets 100 feet wide and 4 miles long, crossing\\neach other at right angles. Each square contains 10 acres, and is divided\\ninto 8 smaller squares. Streams of water, brought down from the moun-\\ntains for irrigation, run through every street. The principal buildings are\\nthe Temple, Theatre and City Hall. Three daily and several weekly news-\\npapers are published. Two railroads terminate at the city. The popula-\\ntion in 1870 was 12,854. Among the other leading towns are Ogden\\n(3127), Spanish Fork (1450), Brigham City (1315), Beaver City (1207)\\nand Corinne City (783).\\nGovernment and History. A governor, secretary and supreme\\ncourt judges are appointed by the President; and there is a legislative\\nbody, consisting of 13 councillors and 26 representatives. The actual\\ngovernment has been very much in the hands of the Mormon hierarchy,\\nwhose members exercise authority in things temporal as well as spiritual.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "420 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe chief prophet is assisted by three councillors, twelve apostles and\\na large number of bishops. In July, 1847, the advance guard of Mor-\\nmons, who had been driven from Nauvoo, Illinois, reached the Salt Lake\\nBasin and founded the City of the Saints. The journey across the\\nplains proved a hard one; every day there was a funeral, and eighty\\ndied out of a single train. Mexico then owned the territory, which was\\nceded to the United States in 1848. The revelation of polygamy was\\nnot adopted until Aug. 29, 1852. A territorial government was estab-\\nlished for Utah Sept. 9, 1850. Application was made for admission into\\nthe Union as the State of Deseret in 1862, and again in 1872, but\\nCongress refused the request.\\nWASHINGTON.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Washington is bounded\\non the N. by British Columbia, E. by Idaho, S. by Oregon and W. and\\nN. W. by the Pacific Ocean, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of\\nGeorgia. It is situated between latitudes 45\u00c2\u00b0 30 and 49\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longi-\\ntudes 40\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 47\u00c2\u00b0 50 W. from Washington, or 117\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 124\u00c2\u00b0 50\\nW. from Greenwich. The length from east to west is 350 miles, the\\nbreadth 230 miles and the area 69,944 square miles, or 44,796,160 acres.\\nPliysical Features. Surface. The Cascade Mountains, extending\\nnorth and south at the distance of 100 miles from the coast, separate the\\nTerritory into two unequal parts, known as Eastern and Western Wash-\\nington. Eastern Washington is an immense rolling table-land, elevated\\nfrom 1000 to 2000 feet above the sea-level and intersected by the Colum-\\nbia River. The Blue Mountains extend across the south-eastern district.\\nWestern Washington contains three great basins viz., those of the Co-\\nlumbia River, the Chehalis and Puget Sound. The latest measurements\\nof the principal mountain peaks (which vary greatly from the former esti-\\nmates) give the following results: Mount St. Helen s, 15,500 feet; Mount\\nRainier, 14,444; Chuchulum, 11,700; Mount Hood, 11,225; and Mount\\nBaker, 10,760. Many of these peaks are extinct volcanoes. The mean\\nelevation of the Territory is 1800 feet. Rivers. The Columbia River\\nenters near the north-east corner, takes a wide sweep to the west and con-\\nstitutes the southern boundary of the Territory for 300 miles. Vessels\\nascend as far as Kettle Falls, but navigation is interrupted by frequent\\ncascades. Lewis Fork, Clarke s Fork, the Okinagan and the Yakima are\\nthe principal affluents of the Columbia. Several small streams empty into\\nthe Gulf of Georgia and the Pacific. ForesU. About 20,000,000 acres\\nare reckoned as timber land. The finest forest growth in the world\\nextends from the Cascade Range to the coast. Trees are found 400 feet\\nhigh and 14 feet in diameter. The yellow fir furnishes the strongest\\ntimber. Among other very common trees are the hemlock, spruce, white", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 421\\ncedar, tamai-ack, maple, white oak and ash. Eastern Washington contains\\nlittle timber, except in the river valleys.\\nSoil and Climate. An area of more than 40,000 square miles\\nin Eastern Washington is sterile on account of the scanty rainfall. The\\nWalla Walla district is favorable for grain and stock-raising. The Che-\\nhalis Valley has been called the garden spot of Washington. There\\nare large tracts of arable land in the valley of the Columbia and about\\nPuget Sound. West of the Cascades there are but two seasons, the wet\\n(lasting from November to May) and the dry; the average annual rainfall\\nis 53 inches. East of the Cascade Range the climate resembles that of the\\ninterior of Pennsylvania. The isothermal lines crossing the Territory are\\nSpring, 45\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 60\u00c2\u00b0-70\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 25\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0\\nannual mean, 45\u00c2\u00b0-52\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgTiculture and Manufactures. The number of acres of\\nfarm land in 1870 was 649,139, of which 192,016 acres were improved;\\naverage size of farms, 208 acres; value of farms, farm implements and\\nlive-stock, $6,371,235; value of productions, $2,111,902. There were 269\\nmanufacturing establishments, which employed 1026 hands; value of ma-\\nterials used, $1,435,128; value of products, $2,851,052. Lumber was\\nplaned and sawed to the value of $1,872,310. The value of the bullion\\nproduct is about $200,000 per year.\\nCommerce and Navigation. During the year ending June\\n30, 1874, the value of imports through Puget Sound (the only customs\\ndistrict) was $24,566; value of domestic exports, $604,339; vessels en-\\ntered, 336; cleared, 387; vessels belonging to the district, 101, of which\\n25 were steamers; vessels built during the year, 17. Several vessels were\\nemployed in the cod-, mackerel-, salmon- and oyster-fisheries. Up to 1875,\\n110 miles of railroad had been completed.\\nEducation. A compulsory school law is in force. The number of\\nschools in 1873-4 was 196; pupils, 5928; persons of school age, 9949.\\nThe University of Washington Territory was incorporated in January,\\n1862, and located at Seattle. The general government gave 46,080 acres\\nof land for its endowment. The Federal census reported 102 libraries, con-\\ntaining 33,362 volumes, 47 religious organizations, with 36 edifices, and 14\\nnewspapers. In 1875 there were 16 periodicals, of which 2 were dailies.\\nPopulation and Towns. The number of inhabitants in 1860\\nwas 11,594; in 1870, 23,955, of whom 6932 were born in the Territory,\\n11,999 had come in from other parts of the Union and 5024 from foreign\\ncountries. In addition to those enumerated above, there were 234 Chinese\\nand 14,796 Indians, making the aggregate population 37,432. The den-\\nsity of population was 0.34 to a square mile. Olympia, the capital, is sit-\\nuated at the head of Puget Sound, 645 miles north of San Francisco. It\\nhas 6 churches and 5 newspaper offices. Population 1203 in 1870, and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "422 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nestimated at 1600 in 1875. Other leading towns are Walla Walla (1394),\\nSeattle (1107), Fort Colville (587), Port Gamble (326), Steilacoom (314)\\nand Vancouver.\\nGovernment and History.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The President appoints a governor,\\nsecretary and supreme court judges, as in the other Territories. Legisla-\\ntive authority is vested in a council of 9 members and a house of repre-\\nsentatives of 30 members. Ten per cent, is the legal rate of interest\\nWashington Territory was organized from a part of Oregon, March 2, 1853.\\nWYOMING.\\nSituation and Extent. The Territory of Wyoming is bounded\\non the N. by Montana, E. by Dakota and Nebraska, S. by Colorado and\\nUtah and W. by Utah, Idaho and Montana. It is situated between lati-\\ntudes 41\u00c2\u00b0 and 45\u00c2\u00b0 N. and longitudes 27\u00c2\u00b0 and 34\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Washington,\\nor 104\u00c2\u00b0 and 111\u00c2\u00b0 W. from Greenwich. In form it is a rectangular paral-\\nlelogram, 350 miles long from east to west, 280 miles broad and contain-\\ning an area of 97,883 square miles, or 62,645,120 acres.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The surface is in general an im-\\nmense plateau, having a mean elevation of 6500 feet above the sea-level.\\nFrom this plateau the Rocky Mountains rise in ridges and groups which\\nare designated by various local names. In the south-east are the Black\\nHills (Rocky Mountain group), terminating in Laramie Peak, which has an\\nelevation of 10,000 feet, and the Medicine Bow Mountains. In the north-\\neast are the Black Hills (Dakota group), of which luyan Kara is 6600 feet\\nhigh. The Big Horn Mountains occupy the northern district and in the\\nwest and north-west are the Wind River Range and the Snow Mountains,\\nor Sierra Shoshone. Among the most elevated summits are Fremont s\\nPeak (13,570 feet), Washakee Needles (12,253), Mount Slieridan (10,420),\\nMount Doane (10,118), Mount Washburne (10,105) and Sailor Mountain\\n(10,046). Rivers. In the snow-covered mountains of North-western Wyo-\\nming, within a radius of ten miles, the head-streams of three of the great\\nrivers of America take their rise viz., the Yellowstone, flowing into the\\nMissouri, the Snake, into the Columbia, and the Green, into the Colorado.\\nThe Green River drains a basin in the south-west 223 miles long and 75\\nmiles wide, which was formerly the bed of a lake. The Yellowstone Basin\\nhas an area of 5000 square miles. The Wind and Big Horn Rivers (which\\nempty into the Yellowstone in Montana) drain a district 176 miles long\\nand 126 miles wide in the north. The south-eastern section, 204 miles loug\\nand 173 miles wide, belongs to the North Platte Basin. All of these rivers\\nhave numerous tributaries, affording abundant water power, but Wyoming\\ncontains no navigable streams. Forests. A dense growth of coniferous\\ntrees clothes the mountains; the timber line is at an elevation of from 9400\\nto 9900 feet. From the mountain pines is obtained the finest timber in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 423\\nthe world. Cottouvvood flourishes along the streams. The Big Horn\\nBasin is scantily wooded. Game is plentiful, including the antelope, bear,\\nbison, big horn or mountain sheep, beaver, deer, elk, grouse, etc. Yellow-\\nstone National Park. -A tract larger than the State of Delaware has been\\nset apart by Congress for a National Park, which surpasses Niagara and\\nYosemite, says Professor Langford., It will in time become the most popu-\\nlar summer resort in the country, perhaps in the world, says Captain Jones\\nof the United States Exploring Expedition. High mountains wall in the\\ngreat basin on every side. The Yellowstone Lake lies in a broad, rolling\\nplateau, at an elevation of 7564 feet above the sea. Issuing from it is the\\nYellowstone River, which plunges down the great fall 328.7 feet (more\\nthan twice the height of Niagara). The grand geyser throws up a column\\nof dark blue liquid to a height of 200 feet. There are many groups of\\nhot springs, in one of which a temperature of 194\u00c2\u00b0 has been observed.\\nProf Hayden s party caught trout from the lake, and found the waters of\\na spring near by warm enough to cook them. Chimney Rock has an alti-\\ntude of 11,853 feet, and is covered with trees to the height of 10,760 feet.\\nFrom the summit of Red Mountain 407 distinct mountain peaks have\\nbeen counted, together with 10 large lakes and many smaller ones. The\\nview extends over 50,000 square miles, including parts of Montana, Idaho\\nand Utah as well as Wyoming. An act was approved by Congress April\\n6, 1874, providing for the construction of a military road from Green River\\nto the Yellowstone Park.\\nSoil and Climate. The soil of the great plateau, produced by\\nthe decomposition of volcanic rocks, is naturally fertile. The Laramie\\nplain is covered with nutritious grasses, but irrigation is needed for the\\nproduction of good crops. In the Big Horn Basin the land is generally\\nrugged and barren. A rich black loam was found in the Yellowstone\\nBasin; summer frosts may prevent its cultivation. On 13 days during\\nthe month of August, 1873, the temperature was below freezing; on the\\n28th the mercury fell to 13.5\u00c2\u00b0; June 15th, 1874, it rose to 115\u00c2\u00b0; and the\\ntemperature of the sand, two days previous, w^as 126\u00c2\u00b0. At Cheyenne the\\nmean for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was 45.6\u00c2\u00b0; maximum, 98\u00c2\u00b0; min-\\nimum, 24\u00c2\u00b0. Upon 9 days the mercury fell below zero, and upon 28 days\\nrose above 90\u00c2\u00b0. The interval between frosts (32\u00c2\u00b0) was from May 15 to\\nSept. 3, 110 days. The isothermal lines crossing the Territory are:\\nSpring, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 60\u00c2\u00b0-72\u00c2\u00b0 autumn, 45\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0; winter, 20\u00c2\u00b0-30\u00c2\u00b0;\\nannual mean, 40\u00c2\u00b0-50\u00c2\u00b0.\\nAgriculture, Manufactures and Mining-.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1870 the\\nnumber of acres in fiirras was 4341, of which 338 acres were improved;\\naverage size of farms, 25 acres value of farms, farm implements and live-\\nstock, $465,705 value of productions, $42,760. There were 32 manufac-\\nturing establishments, which employed 502 hands, used materials to the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "424 BUELEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nvalue of $280,156 and produced articles valued at $7Go,424. Coal is\\nmined at several points. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron and petroleum\\nhave been found in considerable quantities. The value of mining products\\nreported by the census was $850,000.\\nEdlioation. A compulsory school law is in force. In 1874 the\\nnumber of school districts was 27; teachers, 28; pupils enrolled, 1200;\\nvalue of school-houses, $40,000; receipts for school purposes, $50,000.\\nThe average salary of male teachers was $1500 and of female teachers\\n$900. There were, in 1870, 31 libraries, containing 2603 volumes, 12\\nreligious organizations, with as many edifices, and 6 periodicals, of which\\n2 were dailies; 4 daily and 4 weekly papers were published in 1875.\\nPopulation and Towns. The total number of inhabitants at\\nthe last census was 11,518 (least of all the States and Territories), of whom\\n8720 were white, 183 colored, 143 Chinese and 2466 Indians 293 (exclu-\\nsive of Indians) were born in the Territory, 5312 had come in from other\\nparts of the Union and 3513 from foreign countries. There were .009\\npersons to a square mile. Chei/enne City, the capital, is situated in the\\nsouth-eastern corner of Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad. It is\\nconnected with Denver City, Colorado, 106 miles to the south, by the\\nDenver Pacific Railroad. Extensive machine- and railroad repair-shops\\nare located at Cheyenne. The city is an important distributing-point for\\nthe United States forts and Indian agencies. There are five churches and\\ntwo newspaper offices, from which both daily and weekly editions are\\nissued. The population in 1870 was 1450, and in 1875 about 3000. Lar-\\namie City, 57 miles west of Cheyenne, also contains large machine-shops\\nfor railroad work. It has 5 churches and 2 daily papers. Population\\nin 1870, 828, and in 1875 about 2500. Other growing towns are South\\nPass City, Rawlins Springs, Atlantic City and Fort Bridger. The Union\\nPacific Railroad extends across the southern part of the Territory. The\\nrailroad mileage in 1874 was 459.\\nGovernment and History. The President, with the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, appoints the leading executive and judicial officers.\\nLegislative authority is vested in a council of 9 members and a house of\\nrepresentatives of 13 members. A bill was passed by the first territorial\\nlegislature giving to women the right to vote, hold office and serve upon\\njuries. Attempts have been made to repeal this act; but the governor\\nvetoed the bill to that effect which passed the legislature, and said in his\\nmessage, Our system of impartial suft rage is an unqualified success.\\nWyoming was organized as a Territory, from parts of Dakota, by act of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Congress passed July 25, 1868, and is the youngest member of the Union.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "Engraved expressly for Burley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nLONDON INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862.\\nTHIS exhibition was held in a vast brick building, lighted by a roof\\nand two immense cupolas of glass, and erected on a large space of\\nland acquired by the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition of\\n1851, adjoining the beautiful garden of the Horticultural Society at South\\nKensington. It was designed by Captain Fowke, R. E., and it was evi-\\ndently the intention of the projectors of this building that it should be\\nretained and devoted to other purposes after the exhibition, but neither\\nthe project nor the edifice itself found favor with the public. The space\\ncovered about seventeen acres, including some portions of the buildings\\nof the garden let by the Horticultural Society for refreshment room, etc.\\nOf this space 391,146 square feet were occupied by objects exhibited,\\nbesides 284,670 square feet of wall and other vertical space made by inter-\\nnal partition, etc., to which must be added 93,220 square feet of horizontal\\nand vertical space occupied by works of art arranged in one of the most\\nadmirably-constructed galleries ever designed for such a purpose. The\\nerection of this building occupied about one year. There were 7,000,000\\nbricks used, also 4000 tons of east iron and 12,000 tons of wrought iron.\\nThere were 820 columns of 25 feet, equal in their combined length to 4\\nmiles, together with 6 miles of iron girders, 1266 in number. More than\\n1,000,000 square feet of floor were laid. To cover the roof 486,386 square\\nfeet of felt were used, equal to 11 acres, and the glazing required 353,000\\nsquare feet of glass, which weighed 247 tons and would cover more than\\n8 acres. Every precaution was employed to make sure of the strength of\\n425", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "426 BURLETS CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nthe floors and staircases in view of the severe strain to which they would be\\nsubjected during the exhibition. A body of men, about 400 in number,\\nclosely packed upon a space 25 feet by 25 feet on one floor, moved in step,\\nand afterward ran over the different galleries and down each staircase.\\nAt the same time the effect of this strain upon the girders, etc., was care-\\nfully noted. The iron girders were bent only one-eighth of an inch at the\\ncentre, and the timber-trussed beams of the same bearing were deflected\\nhalf an inch at the centre, and both the girders and the trusses immediately\\nrecovered their original position on the removal of the load.\\nThe exhibition was opened on the 1st of May, 1862, by the duke of\\nCambridge, the queen being prevented from performing the ceremony in\\nperson by the recent death of her husband, Prince Albert. The latter, we\\nmay note in passing, was the first to suggest the idea of an international\\nexliibition when plans were being made for the London Exhibition of 1851,\\nelsewhere described. He had taken a lively interest in all the prepara-\\ntions for the present display, and his death, when those preparations were\\nabout half completed, was brought vividly to mind by the absence of the\\nqueen. In the ode which was sung (written for the occasion by the poet-\\nlaureate Tennyson) he is alluded to as the\\nSilent fatlier of our kings to be.\\nMourned in this golden hour of jubilee.\\nThis ode was sung by 2000 singers, accompanied by 400 instruments. The\\nkey of the Exhibition (a master-key which really opened every lock on\\nthe doors of the buildings) was presented to the duke and after various\\nmusical selections were rendered, including the national anthem, he form-\\nally declared the Exhibition open.\\nThis Exhibition was open 171 days. The aggregate number of visitors\\nwas 6,211,003 average number of visitors per day 36,328. The exhibit-\\nors numbered 28,653, there being 26,348 in the Industrial Division, whose\\narticles were arranged in 36 classes, and 2305 artists in the Fine Arts\\nDivision, whose works were arranged in 4 classes. There were 8487\\nBritish manufacturers and 17,861 foreign manufacturers, 990 British\\nartists and 1305 foreign artists. The extent of the Fine Art collection\\nsurpassed all expectations. It consisted of 3370 paintings in oil and water\\ncolors, 901 pieces of sculpture, 1275 engravings and etchings, and 983\\narchitectural designs. The entire cost of this gigantic enterprise was\\n\u00c2\u00a3321,000. The money received for admission amounted to \u00c2\u00a3328,858. A\\nguarantee-fund, amounting in the aggregate to \u00c2\u00a3450,000, had been pledged\\nin various sums by 1152 subscribers, so that there was no such word as\\nfail. The whole number of awards was 13,423, of which 8141 were in\\nthe form of medals and 5282 were diplomas. Fifty-six of the former\\nand twenty-nine of the latter were awarded to Americans.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "THE OENTEIvT^IAL CITY.\\nPulchra duos inter sita stat Philadelphia rivos;\\nInter quos duo sunt millia longa vise.\\nDelawar his major, Sculkil minor ille vocatur;\\nIndis et Suevis notus uterque diu.\\nHie plateas mensor spntiis delineat aequis\\nEt doraui recto est ordine juncta domus.\\nT. Makin (1728), Master of Friends Grammar School.\\nBeautiful Philadelphia is situated between two rivers separated from each other\\nby a distance of two miles. The greater of these is the Delaware; the lesser, the\\nSchuylkill, both having been for a long time known to the Indians and the Swedes.\\nHere the surveyor lays out the streets with equal spaces between, and house is joined\\nto house in a straight row.\\nSituation and Extent. The city of Philadelphia is situated on\\nthe Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, 96 miles from the Atlantic Ocean\\nand 85 miles from New York. It is bounded on the N. E. by Bucks\\ncounty, E. and S. E. by the Delaware River, S. by Delaware county and\\nW. and N. W. by Montgomery county. The extreme length is 232 miles,\\nthe breadth from 5 to 10 miles and the area 129i square miles, or 82,640\\nacres. Independence Hall is iu latitude 39\u00c2\u00b0 57 N. and longitude 1\u00c2\u00b0 50\\nE. from Washington, or 75\u00c2\u00b0 10 W. from Greenwich.\\nPhysical Features. Surface. The southern district, at the inter-\\nsection of the rivers, is low and marshy the central part is level, but suffi-\\nciently elevated to secure good drainage. Along the Delaware are gravel-\\nbanks from 10 to 50 feet iu height. In the west and north-west the land\\nis rolling and picturesque, affording fine sites for suburban residences.\\nRivers and Islands. The Delaware has a width of 4086 feet opposite the\\ncity, and its greatest depth is 56 feet. The Schuylkill (which signifies in\\nthe Low Dutch dialect hidden river is 1264 feet wide at Vine street\\nand 2040 feet wide at South street. It is spanned by ten bridges within\\nthe city limits. The Report of the Board of Trade says: One-third of\\nthe exports of Philadelphia pass out of this river. Poquessiuk Creek\\nconstitutes the north-eastern boundary of the city. Tacouy and Wingo-\\nhocking Creeks unite to form Frankford Creek, which empties into the\\nDelaware above Bridesburg. Cobb s, Darby and Bow Creeks constitute\\n427", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "428 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe south-western boundary. Wissahickon Creek enters Philadelphia at\\nthe north-east corner, and discharges its waters into the Schuylkill at the\\nFalls. At the junction of the Schuylkill and the Delaware is League\\nIsland, which contains 600 acres and is separated from the main land by\\nBack Channel. A little below are Hog Island and Mud Island (upon\\nwhich Fort Mifflin is built); above are Windmill Island and Smith s\\nIsland (opposite Spruce and Walnut streets) and Treaty Island (opposite\\nRichmond).\\nSoil and Climate. The soil is a sandy loam of great natural fer-\\ntility. Much attention is paid to the cultivation of flowers and fruits\\nabout the suburban residences, and market-gardening is extensively car-\\nried on in the rural wards. Concerning the climate, William Penn wrote\\nto Lord North, on the 24th of May, 1683, The weather often changeth\\nwithout notice, and is constant almost in its inconstancy. An old record\\nsays that the first settlers found a sky as clear in winter as in summer,\\nnot foul, thick or black, and the air, though cold and piercing, yet did\\nnot require more clothes than in England. A prevalent saying in the\\nearly part of the eighteenth century was, We have always grass at\\nEaster. In the year 1704 snow fell one yard deep, and in the winter\\nof 1779-80 the Delaware remained frozen for three months. Loaded\\nwagons have crossed the river on the ice during some seasons, and during\\nothers navigation was not at all obstructed. In August, 1789, fires be-\\ncame agreeable. On the 8th of May, 1803, there was a snow which\\nbroke down the poplars and other trees in leaf, and June 10, 1816, a\\nfrost so severe as to kill beans. April 12, 1841, snow fell to a depth of\\n15 inches. The recorded range of the thermometer is from 7\u00c2\u00b0 below zero\\nto 103\u00c2\u00b0 above. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the maximum was\\n97\u00c2\u00b0; minimum, 10.5\u00c2\u00b0; mean, 52\u00c2\u00b0; mean of the coldest month (February),\\n33.2\u00c2\u00b0 mean of the warmest month (July), 74.4\u00c2\u00b0. Upon 9 days the mer-\\ncury rose above 90\u00c2\u00b0. Rain or snow fell upon 136 days in 1874; the total\\nrainfall was 46.31 inches, and the mean of the barometer 30.080 inches. A\\nrecord of the annual rainfall has been kept at the Pennsylvania Hospital\\nfor 50 years the greatest fall was 61.187 inches, in 1867, and the least 29.57\\ninches, in 1872. The isothermal lines passing through Philadelphia are:\\nAutumn, 55\u00c2\u00b0 winter, 32\u00c2\u00b0 spring, 55\u00c2\u00b0 summer, 72.5\u00c2\u00b0 annual mean, 52.5\u00c2\u00b0.\\nStreets and Parks.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dean Prideaux says Penn had the cele-\\nbrated city of Babylon in view as a model for his American town. In\\nthe original plan of 1683 the city extended from the Delaware to the\\nSchuylkill, a distance of two miles, and from Vine street on the north to\\nCedar (now South) street, a distance of one mile; its area was about 1300\\nacres. There were nine streets running east and west, of which High\\nstreet (now Market) was 100 feet wide and designed to be the principal\\navenue. The streets to the north and south were named, from the native", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 429\\nshrubs and trees, Vine, Sassafras (later called Race, as leading to the race-\\nground), Mulberry (changed to Arch, from the arch over a creek). Chest-\\nnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine and Cedar. There were twenty streets extend-\\ning north and south, of which the fourteenth from the Delaware was laid\\nout 100 feet wide (since increased to 113 feet) and called Broad street.\\nThis street now stretches from League Island northward to the city limits,\\na distance of twelve miles, without once deviating from a direct line. It\\nis claimed to be the longest, straightest and widest street in the world. The\\nnorth and south streets are designated as 1st (Front) street, 2d street and\\nso on, beginning at the Delaware; 2od street reaches the Schuylkill; west\\nof that river the first street is oOth, and the designation by numbers ex-\\ntends to the city line. Each square is reckoned as having 100 numbers,\\nwhether it contains many or few buildings. These numbers extend from\\nthe Delaware west, and from Market street north and south. Strangers\\nwho have been perplexed by the blocks of New York and the trian-\\ngles of Boston will find the squares of Philadelphia very easy of com-\\nprehension. Most of the original squares are now subdivided by cross-\\nstreets. From the old city country roads extended diagonally toward the\\nneighboring towns. These roads are now lined with buildings for many\\nmiles, and have taken the more pretentious names of avenues; but old\\nPhiladelphians still speak of the Ridge Road and Germantown Road\\n(extending toward the north-west), Old York Road (to New York) and\\nFrankford Road (extending north-east) and Darby Road (toward the\\nsouth-west). The suburban towns now comprehended within the city\\nlimits have been conformed to the same general system of numbering\\nfrom the Delaware and Market street, and the numbers run up as high as\\nfrom 5000 to 9000. Philadelphia contains nearly 600 miles of paved\\nstreets. The extension has been mainly within the present century. In\\n1768 the improved parts of the city reached no farther west than 8th\\nstreet. Spatterdock Pond (4th and Market streets) was the best game-\\npond anywhere to be found. A public square of eight acres was provided\\nin the original plan for each of the four districts into which the city was\\ndivided by Broad and Market streets. These squares were designed for\\nthe like uses as the Moorfields in London. In the north-eastern district\\nwas Franklin Square, and in the north-western Logan Square, both ex-\\ntending from Race to Vine street in the south-east was Washington Square,\\nand in the south-west Rittenhouse Square, both having Walnut street as\\ntheir northern boundary. At the intersection of Market and Broad sti-eets\\nwas Penu Square, containing ten acres, which is the site of the new City\\nBuilding. About the State-House also there was a public square. Ex-\\ntensive grounds are now connected with Girard College, the United States\\nArsenal, the Naval Hospital, the Hospital for the Insane and the Alms-\\nhouse. Fairmount Park. In 1819 a dam was built across the Schuylkill", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "-loO ^rJLLTl rSITED STATSS\\nMte extec: ._ :::iaxwd\\nF^irk Oeg.r.iisgi ,^tyr^. c^aeafes katti Iwes e\u00c2\u00abaft-\\n1,,, -f\\nr:~r b^ pv.,- -_-.v-\u00c2\u00bbJ5 panaei-\\nV ._. rf ufe? T^jftr\\nrc ~\u00c2\u00abi lailes^ aad 3ilca^ ta? Wk-\\n$;x Bailor: is\u00c2\u00a7^ grrettfiess ko^:^ r^.^\u00c2\u00abx Faai twiwH 1k Cbes^SiiK\\nH T^ fe Bftwe Aata tkr^\\naf-.-r^ smI Iwtr sad a\\nsr^ e?: v -^rr: I.-.-. _^.: ?!rak5ec\\nc-j:\u00c2\u00a31- ^_ ._. -w...^ ^_ Tinriwniti iif.il\\nFt: -2S\u00c2\u00bb 1?TO. P Sb-\\ni^r^rcii xcraij^i r i lliL?f 7 I-v-rllviirN -^iica wae^ afoee das Ae wnnlwF m\\niaa? 2iCK :2ii2^ TUJse ~c\u00c2\u00ab7^ aLf^ae. Hb? tSsfttmr s; erea ;i.TtaiCK\\nr^ s^ T^aLT? ?r baaSsSigs -fere\\nF o\u00c2\u00a3vUA4309\\n^i.- J- _ .^^_- ri^?sp\u00c2\u00ab e yew.\\nOn life? ccttuTiry. ::i!ere was^ aC t tw? rfeTa^o^ reaurs m\\naaree y :vr\\niwelliaa:* W is^::uig w ^fce dsy cr Kcaaiscnsi^ YirxawaL aiaeoe^Sag: Ae\\nF3^rv~\\nsifccj^r It", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 431\\nwooden shutters painted white. Brownstone fronts, Venetian blinds and\\nMansard roof s are innovations now meeting with great favor. The ante-\\nrevohitionary houses of tlie suburbs were construeted of concrete which\\nstill remains firm. The elegant numsious of Gcrmantown, Chestnut Hill\\nand West Philadelphia are mostly of pointed stone. Costly structures of\\ngranite, nuirble, sandstone and iron adorn the principal thoroughfares.\\nIndependence JLt/f should be mentioned first among noteworthy buildings.\\nThis was the old State-House, begun in 1729 and completed in ITo-i; the\\nwings were added in 1740. In the east room the Declaration of Independ-\\nence was adopted by the second Continental Congress. This hall is now\\nembellished with tln^ portraits of many of the original sigiun s of the Dec-\\nlaration, and contains many historical relics, among which is the old bell\\nwith the insrription, Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all\\nthe inhabitants thereof. In the west buikling the first Congress assem-\\nbled; and there George Washington and John Adams were inaugurated\\nas Presidents of the United States. The new City Building was begun\\nAug. 10, 1871. The expenditures up to May 15, 1875, were $1,999,841.01.\\nIt was originally estimated that the structure could be completed in six\\nyears, at a cost of $10,000,000; but both of these estimates will probably\\nneed a considerable enlargement. Four and a half acres are covered by\\nthe edifice, which is 48(5 2 feet long from north to south, 470 feet wide\\nfrom east to west; and contains 520 rooms. The ajjcx of the dome will\\nbe at the height of nearly 300 feet. The new Pod- Office, on the former\\nsite of the University of Pennsylvania, at 9th and Chestnut streets, is to\\nbe built of granite from Dix Island, Maine. Its dimensions are, length\\n428 feet, depth 152 feet, height of dome 184 feet. Congress limited the\\ncost to 14,000,000. The United States Custom-Honse was built in 1819-24\\nfor the second United States Bank, at an expenditure of $600,000. It is\\nin tlu! Doric style, and has a front of 87 feet and a depth of ICl feet. The\\nUnited States 3Iint was completed in 1833. The Academy of Music, which\\nwill seat 3000 persons, has a fiont of 140 feet on Broad street and a depth\\nof 283 feet on Locust street the stage is 90 feet wide and 100 feet deep\\nestimated valuation of the property, $800,000. Near by is the Union\\nLeague Club House, finished in May, 1865, at a cost of $200,000. At the\\ncorner of Broad and Sansom streets is the building of the Academy of Nat-\\nural Sciences, containing ;)00,0()() specimens and a library of 25,000 vol-\\numes. A magnificent new structure, fronting on Logan Square, will soon\\nbe ready for occupancy. The Masonic Temple was five ycai s in building,\\nand cost $1,300,000. The Academy of Fine Arts, founded in 1805, are\\nerecting, at a cost of $300,000, a new building having a frontage of 100\\nfeet on Broad street and a depth of 258 feet on Cherry street. Their col-\\nlection contains the finest paintings of Benjamin West, Allston, Stuart and\\nothers. The Ridgway Library Building, on South Broad street, to cost", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "432 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\n$1,500,000, was erected by the munificence of Dr. James Rush. Among\\nother noticeable buildings are Horticultural Hall, the Reform Club House,\\nContinental Hotel, Girard House, Ledger Building, Carpenters Hall, Com-\\nmercial Exchange, Merchants Exchange, the United States Navy Yard\\nand the Arsenal, Christ Church and the Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul,\\ncompleted in 1864, at a cost of more than a million dollars. Several fine\\nmarket-houses have been erected in various parts of the city.\\nManufactures. Philadelphia, at the last census, ranked first among\\nthe cities of the Union in the number of manufacturing establishments,\\ncapital invested, hands employed, wages paid and materials used. New\\nYork excelled in the value of manufactured articles, perhaps from a greater\\nfacility in putting up prices. The number of manufacturing establish-\\nments in Philadelphia was 8184; hands employed, 137,496, of whom\\n95,421 were males above the age of 16 years, 32,687 females above the\\nage of 15, and 9388 youth; capital invested, ^174,016,674; wages paid,\\n$58,780,130; value of materials used, $180,325,713; value of products,\\n$322,004,517. Among the principal industries in value were: Molasses\\nand sugar, refined, $25,949,876; woollen goods, $17,943,826; clothing,\\n$17,757,932; printing and publishing, $10,107,451; carpets, $9,798,019;\\nboots and shoes, $9,231,348; cotton goods, $8,272,698; worsted goods,\\n$7,762,369; paper, $7,487,911; patent medicines, $6,101,592; printing of\\ncloths, $5,713,584; machinery, not specified, $5,841,886; locomotives,\\n$3,490,279 (one establishment employs 3000 hands and turns out a loco-\\nmotive every eight hours); engines and boilers, $2,450,224; iron, forged\\nand rolled, $2,970,492; stoves, heaters, etc., $1,678,532; hosiery, $5,164,-\\n405, etc. The coal-oil refineries have a capacity of 6400 barrels per day.\\nCoiiimerce and Navigation. The largest ocean steamers can\\ncome up to the docks, and by means of the three city ice-boats the\\nchannel is kept open during the winter. In 1804 the number of arri-\\nvals was 1799 and of clearances 1764; in 1873 there were 10,734 arrivals,\\nfoi-eign and coastwise. The value of exports in 1790 was $7,953,418 in\\n1872, $21,016,750; 1873, $24,239,357; 1874, $33,121,337. There was an\\nincrease of 36.6 per cent, during the last year, and Philadelphia ranked\\nnext to New York and New Orleans in the value of exports. Among the\\nprincipal articles in value were petroleum (refined), $9,366,517; wheat,\\n$4,740,796, and cotton, $2,107,981. The value of imports in 1872 was\\n$20,383,858; in 1873, $25,393,150; in 1874, $26,447,037. While the\\ndecrease for the United States was 11.3 per cent., the increase at Philadel-\\nphia was 4.15 per cent. This port ranked next to New York, Boston and\\nBaltimore in the value of imports. Packages to the number of 13,080\\nwere received by the American and Red Star lines to be sent in bond to\\nother cities of these 6802 were destined for New York 10,878 passen-\\ngers arrived during the year (of whom 8869 were immigrants), against", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUIDE. 433\\n3681 in 1873 in the foreign trade 1008 vessels entered and 1105 cleared.\\nThrough the kindness of the deputy-collector of the port we are enabled\\nto present the following statistics for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875\\nValue of imports, $24,236,387 value of exports, $28,588,019 duties\\nreceived, $8,285,814.59 foreign entrances, 562 vessels, with a tonnage of\\n326,287; clearances (American 474, foreign 590), 1064 vessels, of 623,-\\n892 tons. The number of vessels in the district was 153 registered; 2732\\nenrolled and licensed (above 20 tons) and 170 licensed (under 20 tons);\\ntotal, 3055 vessels, of 407,584 tons. The produce receipts at Philadelphia\\nin 1874 were 1,401,636 barrels of flour, 5,471,700 bushels of wheat,\\n5,954,700 of corn and 4,705,000 of oats. Elevators have been built at\\nthe junction of the two rivers having a capacity for 1,000,000 bushels,\\nwhich can be increased to 4,000,000. Vessels drawing 24 feet of water\\ncan lie at the dock without grounding at low tide. Twelve vessels can be\\nloaded at one time. The increase of grain shipments in 1874 was 44.25\\nper cent., without the above improvements. The number of cattle received\\nwas 167,130 beeves, 18,010 cows, 339,590 hogs and 757,040 sheep. Coal\\nwas shipped from Port Richmond to the amount of 2,051,127 tons.\\nRailroads. In 1755 Benjamin Franklin, then Postmaster-General,\\ngave notice that the mail from Philadelphia to New England shall start\\nonce a week, whereby answers may be obtained to letters between Phila-\\ndelphia and Boston in three weeks, which used to require six weeks.\\nThree days was the time required for reaching New York by the regular\\nstage. The railroad to Germantowu was one of the first completed in the\\nUnited States. Horses were used for a time; the first locomotive, Old\\nIronsides, was put on in 1833. In 1875, 106 regular passenger trains\\npassed over the Germantown and Norristown Railroad every day. The\\nReading Railroad was opened Jan. 1, 1842, and the Pennsylvania Rail-\\nroad, commenced in 1847, was completed Feb. 15, 1854. The railroads\\nnow centring at Philadelphia are the Pennsylvania, which has a perpetual\\nlease of the united companies of New Jersey and the Philadelphia and\\nTrenton Railroad, thus controlling a through line from New York as well\\nas from the West; the Philadelphia and Reading, which, besides its main\\nline and its coal-road to Richmond, also operates the Germantown and\\nNorristown road; the North Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia, Wilmington\\nand Baltimore, and the West Chester Railroads. Three railroads which\\nterminate at Camden, on the New Jersey side, also belong to the Philadel-\\nphia system. From the Report of the Auditor- General for 1874 we have\\ncompiled the following statistics concerning the street railways of the city:\\nNumber of separate companies reporting, 17; length of main tracks,\\n233.81 miles; cost of roads and equipments, $7,737,459.78; number of\\ncars, 883; horses, 5196; passengers carried during the year, 75,498,652.\\nThese lines have been very largely extended during the year 1875, in order\\n28", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "434 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nto supply the present needs of local travel as well as to accommodate the\\nvisitors to the International Exhibition in 1876.\\nPublic Institutions and Education. The City Prison (Moy-\\namensing) was opened in October, 1835. The greatest number of commit-\\nments in any one year during the last two decades was 20,801, in 1860.\\nThere were 18,706 commitments in 1875, and the expenses of the institu-\\ntion were $117,694.55. The Eastern Penitentiary (a State institution)\\noccupies a whole square on Fairmount avenue. A House of Correction\\nwas opened at Holmesburg, near the Delaware, Jan. 15, 1874, and up to\\nJan. 1, 1875, 3734 prisoners had been received. At a special meeting of\\nthe commissioners, held Oct. 25, 1875, a report was presented showing that\\nthe cost of the ground was $25,000; building, $999,300; architects, etc.,\\n$19,311; total, $1,043,611; expenses of managers, $478,352; estimated\\namount needed for 1876, $313,020 number of inmates, 1177. The House\\nof Refuge, for boys and girls, opposite Girard College, has about 600\\ninmates. The Blockley Almshouse, in West Philadelphia, on the 23d of\\nOctober, 1875, at noon, contained 3511 persons, of whom 1810 were males\\n(105 colored) and 1701 females (148 colored); number of deaths during\\nthe year, 799; expenditures, $529,513.26. On the 28th of May, 1755, the\\ncorner-stone of the Pennsylvania Hosj^ital was laid, and upward of 100,-\\n000 patients have received the benefits of the institution. There is a\\nseparate department for the insane, located in West Philadelphia. The\\nAsylum for the Deaf and Dumb was incorporated in 1821. A new\\nbuilding, with accommodations for 400 persons, was opened Oct. 21, 1875.\\nThe Institution for the Blind, founded in 1833, is located on Race street,\\nat the corner of 20th. On Gray s Ferry road is the United States Naval\\nAsylum, where superannuated sailors find a comfortable home. The hos-\\npitals, asylums and dispensaries of Philadelphia are upward of forty in\\nnumber. Among the leading institutions, besides the Pennsylvania, are the\\nPresbyterian, Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Jewish and German Hospitals,\\nand the hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania, the Hahnemann\\nMedical College and the Woman s Medical College. For educational pur-\\nposes the city of Philadelphia constitutes the first school district of Penn-\\nsylvania. A system of public-school instruction was established in 1818.\\nDuring the year ending Dec. 31, 1874, the number of schools under the\\nsupervision of the Board of Public Education was 467, divided as follows\\n212 primary, 121 secondary, 29 consolidated, 60 grammar, 41 night\\nschools, and, at the head of the public-school system, the Central High\\nSchool (for boys), with 611 pupils, and the Girls Normal School, with 605\\npupils. The number attending the day schools was 91,950 night schools,\\n16,681; total number of scholars, 108,631; teachers of day schools, 1776;\\nof night schools, 215; total number of teachers, 1991; expenditures for\\nschool purposes, $1,607,736,81 net value of school-houses, lots and furni-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 435\\nture, Jan. 1, 1875, 84, So7,336. The University of Pennsylvania was\\nincorporated in 1755; a medical department was added in 1764, and a law\\ndepartment in 1789. The buildings recently erected in West Philadelphia\\nare among the finest in America. Girard College was opened in 1848 for\\nthe admission of poor white fatherless boys, not under six nor over ten\\nyears of age. The average number of pupils is 550, and the expenditures\\nwere $174,073.40 during the last year. Philadelphia has long been famous\\nfor its medical schools. There are now four medical colleges viz., the Med-\\nical College of the University of Pennsylvania (the oldest in America),\\nJefferson Medical College (founded in 1825), Hahnemann Medical Col-\\nlege (1848) and the Woman s Medical College (1850). In addition to\\nthese there are two dental colleges and a college of pharmacy. A divinity\\nschool of the Protestant Episcopal Church was established in 1862, and an\\nEvangelical Lutheran theological seminary in 1864. Scientific instruction\\nis given by the Franklin Institute, the Academy of Natural Science and\\nthe Wagner Free Institute. The Federal census reported 3700 libraries\\nin Philadelphia, containing 2,985,770 volumes. The Philadelphia Library\\nwas founded in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin and others; the present edi-\\nfice, first occupied in 1790, contains 110,000 volumes. The Mercantile\\nLibrary occupies a building 300 feet long and 80 feet wide, on 10th street\\nnear Chestnut. It contains 125,000 volumes (but five libraries in Amer-\\nica have more), and 503 periodicals are regularly received, of which 390\\nare American and 113 foreign; 120 are dailies, 215 weeklies, 126 month-\\nlies and 30 quarterlies; 17,004 volumes were added during 1874; the\\nnumber of visitors to the rooms in 1873 was 507,742, and in 1874, 501,621\\ntotal for two years, 1,009,363. Other extensive and choice collections of\\nbooks belong to the Academy of Natural Sciences (27,000 volumes), Athe-\\nnjeum (22,000), Apprentices Library (21,000), American Philosophical\\nSociety (16,000), Historical Society (15,500), German Society (15,000),\\nPennsylvania Hospital (14,000). Several other libraries contain between\\n5000 and 10,000 volumes. At Germantown is the Friends Library (free),\\nwith 6000 books and many pamphlets. The city contains 488 churches\\nand missions, among which are 99 Presbyterian (General Assembly, United\\nand Reformed), 91 Methodist Episcopal, 90 Protestant Episcopal, 61 Bap-\\ntist, 42 Roman Catholic, 26 Lutheran, 14 Friends (Orthodox and Hicks-\\nite), 15 Reformed (German), 11 Jewish, 4 Reformed (Dutch), 3 Congre-\\ngational, 3 Swedenborgian, 3 Universalist, 2 Unitarian, etc. The number\\nof newspapers and periodicals in 1875 was 151, of which 19 (4 of them\\nGerman) were issued daily.\\nGoveriiinent and Departments. A city charter was obtained\\nOct. 25, 1701. The area remained as in the plan of 1683 (about 2 square\\nmiles) until 1854. On the 2d of February in that year the Consolidation\\nAct received the govei-nor s signature; and ten municipal corporations, six", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "436 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nboroughs and thirteen townships were inchided within the limits of the city\\nof Phihidelphia, which was made coextensive with the county of the same\\nname. The mayor is elected for a term of three years. Legislative au-\\nthority is vested in a select council, consisting of one member from each\\nof the 31 wards, and a common council, consisting of one member for\\nevery 1200 taxable inhabitants. There are departments of law, health,\\nprison inspection, the poor, police, highways, water, fire, surveys, education\\nand taxes. The police force consists of 1292 men; expenditures of the de-\\npartment for 1874, $1,184,066.53 number of arrests, 32,472 persons lodged\\nin station-houses, 40,857 messages transmitted over police and fire-alarm\\ntelegraph, 117,215. The fire department consists of 32 companies, with\\n27 engines and 123 horses; expenditures for 1874, $519,291.53; number\\nof fires, 626; loss, $754,688. Of gas 1,766,268,000 cubic feet were manu-\\nfactured during the last year; number of consumers, 81,712; number of\\nlights, 1,124,205; street lamps, 9905; extent of street mains, 612 miles.\\nThe line of street lights extends for 13 miles in a direct line from Darby\\nroad to Holinesburg. On Christmas Eve the consumption of gas was\\n7,826,000 cubic feet. Water was first thrown into the city from Fairmount\\nJan. 21, 1801. The city is now supplied from both the Delaware and the\\nSchuylkill through seven separate works. During 1874 the number of\\ngallons pumped was 14,533,425,097; average per day, 42,111,780 gal-\\nlons; expenditures, $1,225,102; receipts, $1,229,881. The expenditures of\\nthe highway department were $2,771,554. Vital Statistics. Deaths were\\nreported to the number of 15,238, of which 621 (including 19 homicides\\nand 59 suicides) were by violence; average number of deaths per day,\\n41.74. There were 19,387 births (more than 50 per day) and 6639 mar-\\nriages (18.18 per day). In the 14 years from 1861 to 1875, 216,545 per-\\nsons died and 229,683 were born within the city limits. Finances. The\\nmunicipal expenditures during 1874 were $16,148,099.50; value of real and\\npersonal estate (city tax), $548,243,535 valuation in 1875, $575,283,968,\\nshowing an increase during the year of $27,040,433. On the 1st of Jan-\\nuary, 1875, the funded debt was $55,272,132.40; assets of city property at\\nmarket value, $77,624,025.10.\\nGrowth ill Population.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The number of inhabitants in 1684\\nwas 2500; in 1753, 14,563; in 1800, 81,005; in 1810, 111,210; in 1820,\\n137,097; in 1830, 188,961; in 1840, 258,037; in 1850, 409,045; in 1860,\\n565,529; in 1870, 674,022; and in 1875 (by per centage estimate of\\nBoard of Health), 800,000. Of the population in 1870, 183,624 were\\nnatives of foreign countries and 490,398 of the United States. Philadelphia\\nwas the capital of Pennsylvania until the beginning of the present century,\\nand the seat of government of the United States from .1790 to 1800.\\nNote. For corrected statistics of the manufactures of Pliiiadelpliia, see introduc-\\ntion to General Descriptive and Statistical Account of the Business of the United States.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "OOII^S AND OUERENOr.\\nWHEN this country was first settled the colonists brought very little\\nmoney with them. In Virginia tobacco was very early used as a\\ncurrency, but, as it was not very portable in large quantities, as soon as\\nthe settlement was well established the tobacco was deposited in ware-\\nhouses, and then the receipts for it passed from hand to hand as money.\\nIn Massachusetts the currency already in use among the Indians was, to\\na certain extent, adopted by the white settlers. This was the famous\\nwampum, consisting of two kinds of beads white ones made out of the\\nend of a periwinkle shell, and black ones made out of the black part of a\\nclam shell. When arranged in strings or belts these beads were used as\\narticles of jewelry. One black bead was worth two white, and the full\\nname of this money was wampwnpeag, usually shortened for conveilience\\ninto wampum or peag. At first it was made a legal tender for only\\ntwelve pence in Massachusetts, six white beads or three black ones being\\nworth one penny. A fathom, or belt, consisted of 360 beads therefore\\nwhen these were white the value of that quantity was five shillings, and\\nwhen they were black its value was ten shillings. The Avhite man showed\\nhis superiority to the savages by skilfully counterfeiting their rude but\\nconvenient money.\\nThe use of such a currency was, of course, limited, as it would not\\nsatisfy foreign debts, and was liable to deterioration by wear and use.\\nWhen the colonists got gold and silver they hoarded it up to pay for\\nforeign commodities, and to supply its place they began to use a barter-\\ncurrency. Corn, beaver, cattle and almost everything that possessed value\\nwere made legal tender, at values which were fixed from time to time by\\nthe rate at which they would be received for taxes. In 1635 even musket-\\nbullets were used for change at a farthing apiece, being legal tender for\\nsums under twelve pence. The result of such a plan is well stated by a\\nwriter on finance If a cow will pay taxes, the leanest cow will be given.\\nIf corn will pay a debt, the corn which is of the poorest quality or\\ndamaged to a certain extent will be given. The more barter-currency\\nwas used because money was scarce, the scarcer money became. Prices\\nrose to fit the worst form of payment which the seller might expect.\\n437", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "438 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe first coins coiued in the colonies were shillings, sixpences and three-\\npences of the pine tree currency, so called from their having a pine\\ntree on one side. These were first made in 1652, and as the coining of\\nthem was not permitted by the mother-country, being a breach of the\\nking s prerogative, all that were subsequently coined bore the same date,\\nprobably with the design of concealing the fact that the Boston mint was\\nstill at work. This artifice did not succeed, for Charles II. learned, soon\\nafter liis restoration to the throne in 1660, that money was being coined\\nin Massachusetts, and threatened to Sir Thomas Temple that the colonial\\nauthorities should be severely punished. Upon this Sir Thomas took\\nsome of the pieces out of his pocket to show the king. The latter, seeing\\nthe pine tree, asked what tree that was, and Temple replied that it was the\\nRoyal Oak which had preserved His Majesty s life; whereupon the king\\nsaid no more about punishment, but laughed, and called the coiners\\nhonest dogs. These coins were made 22 per cent, worse than sterling\\nmoney, and were taken in England only at 25 per cent, discount. The\\nbarter currency was still continued, for in 1658 it was necessary to order\\nthat no man should ])ay taxes in lank cattle. Silver came from the\\nWest Indies, but it was straightway either smuggled out of the country or\\nclij)ped down at least to the rate of the inferior currency, but generally\\nbelow it. This silver was mostly Spanish, the dollar being worth four\\nshillings sixpence sterling, or six shillings New England currency.\\nIn 1690 an expedition against Canada caused the issue of the first paper\\nmoney. Though the amount was small, being limited to only \u00c2\u00a340,000,\\nand one-fourth of that sum which remained in the treasury was burned\\nin the following year, the soldiers to Avhom it was paid disj)osed of it at\\none-third discount. Still, as the amount out was so small, and the notes\\nwere received for taxes at 5 per cent, advance over coin, they were kept\\nat par for more than twenty years. In Connecticut at this time there were\\nfour prices for goods. They were called, respectively, pay, pay as\\nmoney, money, and trusting. The merchant asked the customer\\nhow he would pay before fixing the price. Pay was barter-currency\\nat the govei-nmeut rates. Pay as money was barter-currency at one-\\nthird less than the government rates. Money was Spanish or New\\nEngland coin, also wampum for change. Trusting was an enhanced\\nprice, depending upon tlie time allowed, and affected, of course (as it is at\\nthis day throughout the world), by the credit and solvency of the pur-\\nchaser. A sixpenny knife cost twelve pence in pay, eight pence in\\npay as money, and six pence in coin.\\nLittle could be gained by following out the tedious details of the various\\ncolonial issues of paper money. Begun originally as war measures, they\\nwere continued, from time to time, to relieve the money market. The\\nplan of the man who jumped into a bramble-bush and scratched out both", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 439\\nhis eyes, was tried again and again, but not with the same success. To\\nrelieve the distress caused by the depreciation of one issue, new tenor\\nbills would be put forth, with fresh guarantees, but these would soon be\\nworth little more than their predecessors. In 1740, New England paper\\ncurrency was worth twenty cents on the dollar. In 1748 its value had\\nsunk to ten per cent, of its face. One would think that such lessons should\\nhave checked the over-issue of Continental currency, but the temptation to\\nmake money with the printing-press was too strong when the wealth of\\nGreat Britain was remembered.\\nThe first issue of Continental currency was for 300,000 Spanish dollars,\\nredeemable in three years in gold or silver. This was ordered in May\\nand issued in August, 1775. Further issues were ordered as needed, but\\nthe paper did not begin to depreciate before the amount was $9,000,000.\\nThen ensued a race between the depreciation of the currency and the\\nprinting-press. The lower the paper went, the greater was the quantity of\\nit needed to purchase anything. On the other hand, the immense amount\\nset afloat hastened the depreciation, and the British, as we have already\\nnoted (see Historical Sketch), lent a helping hand by printing and cir-\\nculating counterfeits. Over $350,000,000 of genuine notes were issued in\\nall, but it is doubtful if more than $200,000,000 were out at any one time.\\nOne man, Pelatiah Webster, insisted on taxation instead of this wholesale\\nmoney-making, but a member of Congress indignantly asked if he was to\\nhelp tax the people when they (Congress) could go to the printing-office\\nand get a cartload of money.\\nVolumes could be filled with the details of the sufferings caused by this\\ncurrency. Never was the patriotism of a people so thoroughly tried as\\nwas that of the Americans by the losses caused them by the bursting of\\nthis financial bubble. In May, 1781, the paper fell in a week from 175\\ndollars for 1 in specie to 525 for 1. In Rivington s Gazette, a royalist\\npaper published in New York, appeared, at about this time, the following\\nannouncement: The Congress is finally bankrupt. Last Saturday a large\\nbody of the inhabitants, with paper dollars in their hats by way of cock-\\nades, paraded the streets of Philadelphia, carrying colors flying, with a\\ndog tarred, and instead of the usual ornament and appendage of feathers\\nhis back was covered with the Congress paper dollars. This example of\\ndisaffection was immediately followed by the jailer, who refused accepting\\nthe bills in purchase of a glass of rum, and afterward by the traders of\\nthe city, who shut up their shops, declining to sell any more goods but for\\ngold or silver. Barber-shyps were papered in jest with bills, and sailors,,\\nwho had been paid off in bundles of this worthless money, had suits of\\nclothes made of it, and paraded through the streets in decayed finerr\\nwhich in its better days had passed for thousands of dollars. Webster,\\nafter giving some of these details, says Thus fell, ended and died the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "440 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nContiueutal currency, aged 6 years the most powerful state engine, and\\nthe greatest prodigy of revenue, and of the most mysterious, uncontrollable\\nand almost magical operation, ever known or heard of in the political or\\ncommercial world. It seemed to retain a vigorous constitution to the very\\nlast, for its circulation was never so brisk and quick as when its exchange\\nwas 500 to 1, yet it expired without one groan or struggle; and of all\\nthings which have suffered dissolution since life was first given to the\\ncreation, this mighty monster died the least lamented.\\nIn one State the Continental money was buried with all the honors of\\nwar. Its remains were deposited in an elegant cofl n, and followed to the\\ngrave by a numerous concourse. An eloquent oration was delivered, nar-\\nrating its services as tliose of a former friend and benefactor. When the\\nobsequies were concluded the orator held in view a specimen of a new\\nemission, authorized by the State to replace the old Continental money,\\nand exclaimed, Be thou also ready, for thou shalt surely die! This\\nprophecy was soon afterward fulfilled.\\nIn 1786 a decimal currency was adopted by Congress, in accordance\\nwith a plan presented by Thomas Jeflerson. As colonial notes were still\\nin circulation, the depreciation of which was greater in some States than\\nin others, and as the dollar had a fixed value, the currency in the difierent\\nStates had to be valued with reference to that. The difllculty was still\\nfurther increased by the fact that the reckoning had formerly been made\\nin pounds, shillings and pence, while now it must be changed into dollars\\nand cents. Some plan must be contrived by which there would still be\\ntwenty shillings in the pound, for convenience in changing old accounts\\ninto the new style, and yet the difierence in the value of the various cur-\\nrencies would be preserved. The value of the dollar being fixed, that of\\nthe pound was varied in accordance with the following\\nTable.\\nr New Eng. States,\\nJ Virginia, =6s. =x%\u00c2\u00a3, called New Eng. currency;\\ni Kentucky, of which 1\u00c2\u00a3 $3J Is. 16f cts.\\n$1 in\\nV Tennessee,\\nr New York,\\nJ Ohio, f 8s. called New York currency\\n1 Michigan, of which 1\u00c2\u00a3 $2^ Is. 12J cts.\\nL North Carolina, J\\nr. Pennsylvania,\\n1 J New Jersey, =7s. 6d. called Pennsylvania cur-\\nI Delaware, frency; of which 1\u00c2\u00a3 $21; ls. 13Jcts.\\nMaryland, J\\nj( Georgia, 1 4s. 8d. 5 called Georgia currency\\nSouth Carolina, j of which 1\u00c2\u00a3 S4f Is. 21f cts.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUWE. 441\\nIt will be noticed that the table contains the names of several States\\nwhich were not admitted into the Union until long after the decimal sys-\\ntem was adopted. This will show how long a time was required to intro-\\nduce a uniform method of reckoning. Fines for offences and bounties for\\nkilling wild beasts were down in the statute laws in the old reckoning by\\npounds, shillings and pence. The bounty for killing a panther in New\\n-.York State, for instance, was \u00c2\u00a38. This reduced to decimal currency was\\n$20. Modes of reckoning and the names of towns and streets are very dif-\\nficult things to change, requiring sometimes a whole generation. The\\naccounts of the treasury of Great Britain were still kept on notched\\nsticks at the beginning of the present century.\\nThere is one foreign gold coin which deserves mention before proceeding\\nto the coinage of the United States. This is the half joe, or Johannes,\\nso called from bearing the figure of King John of Portugal. It is a\\nPortuguese or Brazilian coin, worth about eight dollars, a value which\\nthe dictionaries of both Webster and Worcester erroneously give to the\\nwhole joe. This had an extensive circulation in the colonies, and when our\\nfrugal ancestors wished to criticise the high price of an article of food,\\nthey said that to eat it was like swallowing half joes.\\nThe United States Mint at Philadelphia was established by act of Con-\\ngress in 1792, but did not get fairly into operation until 1795. In 1787 a\\ncontract had been made with Mr. James Jarvis to furnish three hundred\\ntons of copper coins, but they were struck at tlie New Haven Mint, an in-\\nstitution of the State of Connecticut established in 1785. This and similar\\nState establishments were abolished by the adoption of the Federal Con-\\nstitution, which prohibited coinage by the State governments. The coins\\nordered by the law establishing the mint were in gold, fine, the eagle\\nof ten dollars, weighing 270 grains, the half eagle and quarter eagle in\\nproportion; in silver, 892.4 thousandths fine, the dollar, weighing 416\\ngrains the half dollar, quarter dollar, dime and half dime in proportion\\nin copper, the cent, weighing 264 grains, the half cent in proportion. In\\n1796 the weight of the cent was reduced to 168 grains. Various changes\\nwere made in the weight and fineness of the gold and silver coins, but in\\n1837 the standard of fineness of .900 or j was adopted for both gold and\\nsilver coins, and has been retained with one or two exceptions to the pres-\\nent day. Gold dollars and double eagles ($20) were first made in 1849,\\nthree-dollar pieces in 1853. The copper cent was replaced in 1857 by a\\ncopper-and-uickel cent, containing 88 per cent, of copper and 12 per cent,\\nof nickel, and weighing 72 grains. This was abandoned in 1864 for the\\npresent bronze cent. All the various acts concerning this subject were\\nconsolidated or amended by the Coinage act of Feb. 12, 1873, in accord-\\nance with which the gold coins are a one-dollar piece, which, at the\\nstandard weight of 25.8 grains, shall be the unit of value a quarter", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "442 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\neagle or two-and-a-half-dollar piece, weighing 64.5 grains a three-dollar\\npiece, weighing 77.4 grains; a half eagle or five-dollar jDiece, weighing 129\\ngrains an eagle or ten-dollar piece, Aveighing 258 grains a double eagle\\nor twenty-dollar piece, weighing 516 grains. These coins are a legal ten-\\nder to any amount. The silver coins are a trade dollar, weighing 420\\ngrains a half dollar, weighing 192.9 grains a quarter dollar, and a dime,\\nrespectively one-half and one-fifth the weight of the half dollar. These\\nsilver coins are a legal tender at their nominal value for any amount not\\nexceeding five dollars in any one payment. The trade dollar is in-\\ntended for the convenience of commerce with China and Japan. It is\\nreally worth in gold $1.03. Professor Sumner states that these dollars\\nwere clipped upon coming into circulation in Nevada. This was a natural\\nresult of making the coins worth more than their nominal value. The\\nhalf dol]ar,*being half the weight of the five-franc coin of France, Bel-\\ngium and Switzerland, of the five-lire silver coin of Italy, and having the\\nsame weight as the new silver florin of Austria, is a step in the direction\\nof an international system of coinage. The minor coins are a five-cent\\nand three-cent piece, weighing respectively 77.16 and 30 grains, containing\\n4 copper aud i nickel, and a one-cent piece, weighing 48 grains, and con-\\ntaining 95 per cent, coj^per and 5 per cent, tin and zinc. These are legal\\ntender at their nominal value for an amount not exceeding 25 cents at any\\none time of payment. It is provided that upon the coins of the United\\nStates there shall be the following devices and legends Upon one side an\\nimpression emblematic of liberty, with an inscription of the word Lib-\\nerty, and the year of the coinage and upon the reverse the figure of an\\neagle with the inscription United States of America, and E Pluribus\\nUnum, and a designation of the value of the coin; but upon the gold dol-\\nlar aud the three-dollar piece the figure of the eagle shall be omitted, and\\non the reverse of the silver trade dollar the weight and fineness of the coin\\nshall be inscribed, and the motto In God we trust may be added, if\\npracticable.\\nBranch mints were established by the act of March 3, 1835, in New\\nOrleans, Charlotte, N. C, and Dahlonega, Ga., commencing operations in\\n1838, and by the act of March 4, 1853, another branch was established\\nat San Francisco, commencing operations in 1854. The initials O, D, C,\\nand S, were used to distinguish the coinage of the branches, that of the\\nPhiladelphia Mint having no mark but since the civil war no coinage\\nhas been executed at Charlotte, Dahlonega aud New Orleans, aud by the\\nCoinage act of 1873 the mints at the last two places have been discon-\\ntinued, that at Charlotte being retained as an assay-office. At present\\nthere are three branch mints one at San Francisco, one at Carson City,\\nNev., established in 1870, and one at Denver City, Col., established as\\nan assay-office in 1864, but styled a mint in the Coinage act of 1873.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 443\\nThere are also three assay-offices oue at Charlotte, already meutioued,\\ncue in New York, established at the same time as the San Francisco\\nbranch mint, and one at Boise City, Idaho, established in 1S72. The\\nfunctions of the assay-offices are the same as those of the branch mints,\\nwith the single exception of coinage. Gold and silver bullion is received\\non deposit, weighed, melted, assayed and refined, and returns arc made\\neither in coins or stamped bars, at the option of the depositor. The fol-\\nlowing statement was published on the 6tli of October, 1875: It appears\\nfrom statistics gathered in August that the mint in San Francisco is doing\\nabout four-fifths of all the coinage of the United States. Bullion concen-\\ntrates in that city, and there it is largely worked into coin. The mint,\\nwhich has recently been reconstructed, is in perfect order for the large\\nmonthly business demanded.\\nThe word bank was used before the Revolution simply to denote a\\nbatch of paper money, issued either by the government or a corporation.\\nThe first bank in the United States, in the modern acceptation of the\\nterm, was the Bank of North America, established in Philadelphia in 1782\\n(the act of Congress chartering it was passed Dec. 31, 1781), under charters\\nboth from Congress and from the State of Pennsylvania. This bank is\\nstill in existence, having been rechartered from time to time. It was orig-\\ninally intended to be an assistant to the government in financial matters,\\nits plan having been devised by Robert Morj is, and it rendered valuable\\nservices during the closing months of the Revolutionary war. The first\\nBank of the United States w\\\\as established in 1791, with a capital stock\\nof $10,000,000, of which one-fifth was taken by the government. It paid\\ndividends of from 8 to 10 per cent, per annum; and when an attempt to\\nrenew its charter was lost in the Senate (Feb. 20, 1811) by the casting-vote\\nof Vice-President Clinton, its affairs were settled up without loss to its\\nstockholders. The second Bank of the United States was established by\\nlaw in 1816, and went into operation the following year. The full capital\\nwas $35,000,000, of which (as in the former United States Bank) one-fifth\\nwas subscribed by the government. In 1832 President Jackson vetoed a\\nbill for its recharter, and in 1836, its twenty years charter from the Federal\\ngovernment having expired, it was rechartered by the State of Pennsyl-\\nvania. In 1837 and 1839 it suspended specie payments, and Feb. 4, 1840,\\nit finally suspended, the stockholders losing everything.\\nBanks under State charters began to be established in 1784. In 1857\\nthere were 1416 of such banks, most of them issuing notes, all of different\\ndesigns, which rendered the detection of counterfeits an intricate art. This\\nart is now greatly simplified by the comparative uniformity of the present\\npaper currency, which consists of 1st. United States treasury-notes, or\\ngreenbacks 2d. Fractional currency (notes for fractions of a dollar)\\n3d. National bank-notes. Of the greenbacks, or legal tenders, more", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "444 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nthan $428,000,000 were iu circulation at one time, during the war, but\\nsubsequent contraction brought down the amount to -^356,000,000, at which\\nfigure it stood just before the panic of September, 1873. The Secretary of\\nthe Treasury then reissued $26,000,000, and Congress endorsed his action by\\npassing the Currency act of June 22, 1874, which provides that the amount\\nof United States notes outstanding, and to be used as a part of the circulat-^\\ning medium, shall not exceed the sum of $382,000,000, and no part thereof\\nshall be held or used as a reserve. The amount of legal tender notes\\noutstanding on the 1st of October, 1875, was $374,010,956. The author-\\nized amount of fractional currency is $50,000,000, but the actual issue has\\nnever gone above $47,000,000, and for many years it was only $30,000,000.\\nThe amount of fractional currency outstanding on the 1st of October, 1875,\\nwas $40,783,575.53. Of National Bank notes, which are secured by the\\ndeposit at Washington of $100,000 in United States bonds for every\\n$90,000 issued, $300,000,000 were authorized by the Banking act of June\\n3, 1864, and $54,000,000 by the Banking act of July 12, 1870. Nov. 1,\\n1874, 2200 National Banks had been authorized, of which 35 had failed\\nand 127 had gone into voluntary liquidation by a vote of two-thirds of the\\nstockholders, leaving 2028 in existence at that time. The aggregate capi-\\ntal was $493,765,121 (Nov. 1, 1870, it was $430,399,301). The deposits\\nwere $669,068,996 ($501,407,587 in 1870). The loans were $949,870,628\\n($712,767,453 in 1870). The amount of the notes issued was $333,225,-\\n298 ($291,798,640 in 1870). The number of National Banks authorized\\nup to September 23, 1875, was 2299. The amount of the National Bank\\nnotes outstanding on the 1st of October, 1875, was $347,863,742.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE a:^d :n^ayigatiok of the\\nUJSriTED STATES.\\nIntrocluction. The people of the United States derive a great\\nadvantage from the extent and nature of their seaboard. The whole\\nAtlantic coast-line, from Maine to Georgia, presents an infinite variety of\\nbays, inlets, river-entrances and harbors. Many of them are capable of\\naccommodating the largest class of vessels. There are comparatively few\\nports in this whole world which a ship with so great a draught as that of\\nthe Great Eastern is able to enter or in which she can lie securely; but\\nshe can not only enter the harbor of New York, but can lie close up to\\nthe very shore of the city. On the South there are several fine harbors\\nin the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific coast-line, though not so well\\nindented as the Atlantic, has the Bay of San Francisco, Puget s Sound\\nand other excellent resorts for shipping. There is even a sort of coast-line\\non the northern boundary, for the great lakes forming that boundary are\\nalmost equal to an, ocean, and have a trade of their own. In addition to\\ncoast-lines, lakes and shores, this country has the great advantage of pos-\\nsessing a number of navigable rivers. The Mississippi alone aftbrds navi-\\ngation to ten States viz., Minnesota Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri,\\nKentucky, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana. Its tributa-\\nries carry navigation in every direction through the great Mississippi\\nvalley; and there is one peculiarity of these rivers which we failed to\\nmention in the article on Physical Geography, but which it is proper to\\nnote in this place, as it increases their value for commercial purposes.\\nWe refer to the comparatively level nature of the country through which\\nthey flow throughout the greater part of their course. The average fall\\nof the Mississippi is only eight inches to the mile, while that of the Mis-\\nsouri, from Fort Benton to the junction, is ten inches to the mile, and that\\nof the Ohio, from Pittsburg to its mouth, is only five inches to the mile.\\nExcept on its outer rim, the basin drained by the Mississippi and its large\\ntributaries has an average fall of less than six inches to the mile. There\\nare, therefore, no rapids to obstruct navigation, and each river is navigable\\nas far as the depth of its stream will permit. The entire navigable length\\nof these rivers is about 40,000 miles, according to a recent estimate which\\nthe candid reader will acknowledge gives strong support to our assertion,\\n445", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "4iC) BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nelsewhere made, that this great river system is as vakiable to the country\\nas 10,000 additional miles of sea-coast would be. An English writer has\\nsaid The inland navigation of America is indeed quite as important as\\nits coast-line, for by it the very heart of the continent is touched and vast\\nfields of produce are brought into direct communication with the sea-\\nboard and the ports of export.\\nEarly History. Almost as soon as the settlements in America\\nappeared to be firmly established, Great Britain began to pursue toward\\nthe colonies a policy which was called the colonial policy, as if it were the\\nonly one worthy of consideration. This policy had for its object the in-\\nterest and prosperity of the mother-country, without any more regard for\\nthe welfare of the colonies themselves than was consistent with the attain-\\nment of this object. It resembled the course of a father who attempts to\\nkeep his son continually under his control, who is never willing to acknow-\\nledge that said son has reached his majority, or, in common parlance, has\\ncome of age, and who seeks to impress upon that son s mind the idea\\nthat all his labor, even though he may have been driven by harshness\\nfrom the parental roof, is for the sole use, behoof and benefit of his affec-\\ntionate father. Such was the policy which was not shadowed forth, but\\nclearly defined, in the famous Navigation Acts, the odium of which can-\\nnot be thrown entirely upon Charles the Second, for the first was passed in\\n1650, under the auspices of Cromwell, and it was one of the few laws of\\nthe Commonwealth which were re-enacted after the Restoration. Lord\\nSheffield said in his Observations on American Commerce, The only use\\nand advantage of American colonies or West India islands is the monopoly\\nof their consumption and the carriage of their produce. In 1660, there-\\nfore, was passed An act for the encouraging and increasing of Shipping\\nand Navigation [in the mother-country], in which it is enacted, That\\nfrom and after the first day of April, 1661, no sugars, tobacco, cotton-Avool\\n[now called cotton, for short indigo, ginger, fustick or other dying-\\nwoods of the growth, produce or manufacture of any English plantations\\nin America, Asia or Africa shall be shipped, carried, conveyed or trans-\\nported from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, terri-\\ntory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English\\nplantations as do belong to His Majesty, or to the kingdom of England or\\nIreland, or principality of Wales, or town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, there\\nto be laid on shore, under the penalty of the forfeiture of the said goods,\\nor the full value thereof, as also of the ship, with all her guns, tackle,\\napparel, etc. All vessels sailing to the Plantations were to give bonds to\\nbring the commodities above mentioned to England. We have given the\\nwording of this famous act that the reader may see how tightly American\\ncommerce would have been shackled by its stringent enforcement. As\\nthis, however, touched only goods exported from America, to carry out the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 447\\ncolonial policy, in its fullest extent, another act of Parliament was\\npassed in 1663, to prohibit the importation into any of the English colo-\\nnies of any commodities of the growth, production or manufacture of\\nEurope, except they ivere laden or shipped in England, Wales, or the town\\nof Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in English-built shipping, with the exception\\nof salt for the fisheries, wines from Madeira and Azores, and all sorts of\\nvictuals from Scotland and Ireland. This merciful exception was evi-\\ndently similar to the kindness of the man who allows his draught-horse\\nplenty of feed, though the scope of the act is, according to the preamble,\\nto maintain a greater correspondence and kindness between the inhab-\\nitants of His Majesty s plantations and those of the mother-country; but\\nthe real motive crops out in the last clause of this preamble, which reads\\nAnd it being the usage of other nations to keep their plantation trade to\\nthemselves, be it therefore enacted, etc. The effect of such enactments\\nupon the inhabitants of His Majesty s plantations can be easily imagined.\\nNo great amount of reasoning is required to prove that the maintenance\\nof a greater correspondence and kindness between the colonists and the\\nmother-country was not likely to be secured by these fruits of the colo-\\nnial policy. A trade with Portugal and Spain had already sprung up [see\\nHistorical Sketch, pp. 94, 95], and this exhibition of enterprise, while\\nit was doubtless one of the causes of the promulgation of these laws, was\\nalso an indication of an independent spirit which could ill brook such\\nrestraints as were imposed by the Navigation Laws. These laws gave\\nspecial offence to the people of New England, of which section Sir Josiah\\nChild, in his Neiv Discourse on Trade, published in Loudon in 1690, says,\\nNew England is the most prejudicial plantation to this kingdom. The\\nfrugality, industry and temperance of the people, the happiness of\\ntheir law^s and institutions, cause him great alarm by the promise which\\nthey give of prosperity for the colonies, which he cannot sejDarate in his\\nmind from injury to the mother-country. These virtues are commendable\\nin themselves, yet he thinks it the duty of every good man primarily to\\nrespect the welfare of his native country. He then becomes more specific\\nin the statement of his grievances, or rather the grievances of the mother-\\ncountry, complaining that The people of New England, by virtue of their\\nprimitive charter, being not so strictly tied to the observance of the laws\\nof this kingdom, do sometimes assume the liberty of trading, contrary to the\\nact of navigation, by reason of which many of our American commodities\\n(especially tobacco and sugar) are transported in New-English shipping\\n(dc) directly into Spain and other foreign countries without being landed\\nin England or paying any duty to His Majesty, which is not only a loss to\\nthe king and a prejudice to the navigation of Old England, but also a\\ntotal exclusion of the Old-English merchant from the vent of those com-\\nmodities in those ports where the New-English vessels trade; because, there", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "448 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nbeing do custom paid on those commodities in New England, and a great\\ncustom paid upon them in Old England, it must necessarily follow that\\nthe New-English merchant will be able to afford his commodity much\\ncheaper at the market than the Old-English merchant; and those that sell\\ncheapest will infallibly engross the whole trade sooner or later. In an-\\nother account of this terrible indictment he says Of all the American\\nplantations, His Majesty has none so apt for the building of shipping as\\nNew England, nor none comparably so qualified for the breeding of sea-\\nmen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that people, but chiefly\\nby reason of their cod and mackerel fisheries and, in my poor opinion,\\nthere is nothing more prejudicial and in prospect more dangerous to any\\nmother-kingdom than the increase of shipping in her colonies, plantations\\nor provinces.\\nHarsh as this doctrine may sound, it is a legitimate deduction from the\\nprinciple upon which rest the foundations of the colonial policy. How\\nineffectual was the attempt to enforce restrictions upon trade which were\\nso contrary to the principles of natural equity, the above complaint, written\\nthirty years after the passage of the Navigation Act of 1660, gives ample\\nevidence. Fifty years later another English writer shows a delicacy in\\napproaching the subject which is in noteworthy contrast with the positive-\\nness of Sir Josiah Child. The author of The British Empire in America\\n(second edition; published in 1741; p. 242) says: How far the mother-\\ncountry, Old England, ought to oblige her children in trade, which she\\ncan manage herself more for her own interest, though she sent these colo-\\nnies abroad to plant countries to subsist by and make the most of, I will\\nnot here dispute, nor under what obligation the New England people ought\\nto be put [by legal enactment] to prevent their sending their goods to the\\nbest market, and to make use of that in England, good or bad. There s\\na great deal to be said on both sides of the question and since it cannot\\nbe discussed without giving offence in Old England or New England, and\\nperhaps in both, I shall leave it as I found it, unless I had a better call to\\nexplain it, without officiousness, impertinence or whimsy. If the minis-\\nters of George II. and George III. had been as anxious as was the writer\\njust quoted to steer clear of officiousness, impertinence and whimsy,\\nespecially of the last-named article (of their possession of which in abun-\\ndant measure their conduct gave ample proof), perhaps the Eevolution\\nmight have been indefinitely postponed. A cabinet-minister of George IV.,\\nHuskisson, the friend and colleague of Canning, Avas of the opinion that\\nthe real causes of the Revolution are to be found, not merely in the irri-\\ntating measures which followed Mr. Grenville s plan of taxation [see\\nHistorical Sketch, pp. 98, 99], but in the long-cherished discontent of\\nthe colonies at this system of legislative oppression. He said also, in his\\nspeech on the colonial policy of the country delivered in Parliament", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL OAZETTEEB AND GUIDE. 449\\nMarch 21, 1825, From all the experience which we can collect from the\\nconduct of this country in respect to its colonies from all that we witness\\nof what is passing in the colonies of other States I come to this conclu-\\nsion that so far as the colonies themselves are concerned, their progress is\\ncramped and impeded by the old system of exclusion and monopoly, and\\nthat whatever tends to increase the jDrosperity of the colonies cannot fail,\\nin the long run, to advance in an equal degree the general interests of the\\nparent-state. Whence had Mr. Huskisson obtained these enlightened\\nviews? We answer, without hesitation, from the careful study of the his-\\ntory of our Revolution and of the Declaration of Independence. In proof\\nof this assertion we offer the following extract from another portion of the\\nsame speech: At any rate, let us, as the parent-state, fulfil our duties\\nwith all proper kindness and liberality. This is true wisdom, affording us\\non the one hand a solid and lasting connection, and on the other the best\\nhope, if (which God avert!) in the progress of human events that connection\\nis ever to be dissolved, that the sejxiration may not be embittered by acrimony\\nand bloodshed; and the certain consolation that, however brought about,\\nit will not have been hastened or provoked by vexatious interference or\\noppressive pretensions on our part. The portions of this extract which\\nwe have italicised and the concluding clause tell their own story. The\\nopening words of the Declaration of Independence were evidently in his\\nmind, together with the sj^ecifications contained in that terrible indictment\\nbrought in by a free people against a tyrannical king.\\nEach section of the country had its own peculiar sufferings to undergo.\\nIn Virginia, for instance, where the staple product was tobacco, a duty\\nwas imposed which amounted to eight pounds upon a hogshead containing\\nfour hundredweight, which, when the charges are added, brought it up\\nto about sixpence a jjound.* The author of The British Empire in America\\n*Our readers can form some idea of the difficulty in obtaining accurate figures\\nwhen they learn that, although the oppressiveness of this duty is complained of in\\nseveral histories, the precise amount was ascertained only by hours of labor. It is\\ngiven in none of the ordinary authorities, previous writers having probably met with\\nthe same difficulty which we experienced in endeavoring to secure accuracy. After\\na long and tedious search through general and local histories, we met with a work\\nbearing the following promising title An Historical Account of all Taxes, under\\nwhat denomination soever, from the Conquest to the Death of King George the First; Lon-\\ndon, 1733. From this work we learned that to James II., at the time of Monmouth s\\nrebellion, was granted, Upon every pound-weight of tobacco imported into England\\nor Wales, or the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, of the growth and production of any\\nof His Majesty s plantations, islands or territories in America, three pence above\\nwhat it then paid. Now, this would be a very valuable statement, provided only\\nthat we knew how much it then paid but tlie Historical Account nowhere informs\\nus. Having deluded us with false hopes, it leaves us in a condition little if any\\nbetter than that in which we were before consulting its pages. At length, in another\\nold book, we found tlie full amount of the duty, viz., five pence, which, with the\\n29", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "450 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nis somewhat more outspoken in his condemnation of this imposition than\\nin his remarks on the navigation laws. He says: In the year 1685 that\\nsevere duty which has so long loaded tobacco had been the occasion of\\nselling many thousand hogsheads at twelve pence a hogshead, rather than\\npay the custom and charges imposed on this commodity three months after\\nKing James coming to the crown. This imposition is the original cause\\nof all the straits and hindrances in trade and circumstances which the\\nVirginians groaned under above fifty years. Tis amazing to consider that\\na commodity worth, when it grows, a half-penny a pound, should have\\nsubsisted so long, above half a century, under the weight of an imposition\\nmore than ten times the value of the prime cost. This duty has raised\\nabove twenty millions sterling since it was first imposed. It was obtained\\nwhen the Parliament were in a warm fit of loyalty, just on the Duke of Mon-\\nmouth s landing. He says in another place, speaking of the hardships\\ncaused by these heavy duties If it [the article exported] wants in good-\\nness, there is no abatement for it no consideration for high freights and\\npremiums of insurance, for a small crop, the dearuess of hands, and other\\naccidents which may prove the ruin of this plantation [Virginia] for\\nwhen his goods come to market, after custom and the factor s bill for com-\\nmission is paid, the net proceed comes to little. The poor planter is not\\nonly disappointed in the value of his goods, but the bills that he drew\\ncome back protested, and he is forced to pay exorbitant interest to prevent\\nbeing sued, or to sign judgments to the merchant there [in England], Avho,\\nhaving got the least hold ujDon his estate, feeds him insensibly with money\\nuntil the whole follows at a mean rate. If this fate does not attend his\\nbills, he is forced to buy the necessaries at home, at dear rates, which he\\nwrote for to England and if he goes upon trust, it is at such prices that a\\nusurer blushes to extort; custom makes it look like lawful. We have\\ngiven these remarks, written in 1741, to show the results of the colonial\\npolicy, and also to give an idea of the impression made by this system of\\nextortion upon the mind of at least one candid Englishman, whose opinions\\nwere evidently far in advance of those of his contemporaries. The effect\\nupon commerce with the mother-country of the paper currency of New\\nEngland is thus described by the same author As to money, they have\\nnone, gold or silver. About fifty years ago they had some coined at Boston,\\nbut there s not enough now for retailers. All payments are in province-\\nbills, even as low as half a crown thus every man s money is in his pocket-\\nbook. This makes the course of exchange so exorbitant that \u00c2\u00a3100 in\\nLondon made out lately [he writes in 1741] in New England \u00c2\u00a3225; and\\ncharges then made, would easily swell the sum-total to the figures given above.\\nThe eight pounds mentioned by the author of The British Empire in India, as the\\nduty on a hogshead containing four hundredweight, is simply a round number,\\nthe precise amount being (before the charges are added) \u00c2\u00a38 6s. Sd.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n451\\nif a merchant sells his goods from Eugland at \u00c2\u00a3220 upon \u00c2\u00a3100 in the\\ninvoice, he would be a loser by the bargain, considering the incidental\\ncharges upon his invoice.\\nNavigation laws and such heavy impositions as those which we have just\\ndescribed could have but one effect upon a free people jealous of their\\nliberties. The obnoxious enactments were generally resisted by the colo-\\nnists as an encroachment upon their rights. Ineffectual attempts Avere\\nmade for a century to enforce them, and during the struggle the seeds of\\nthe Revolution were sown. It is very difficult to ascertain with accuracy\\nthe trade of the colonies before 1776, on account of the constant evasion\\nof the revenue and navigation laws, which were felt to be both unjust and\\noppressive. When smuggling is both profitable and imtriotic moreover,\\nwhen it can be carried on with comparative impunity it is not difficult to\\nfind people to engage in this fascinating pursuit. The records of the\\ncustom-house, therefore, do not furnish a reliable account of the whole\\ntrade of the colonies but as no registers of the smuggling operations which\\nwere carried on during the colonial period are extant, the custom-house\\nbooks remain as the best source of information. From these the tables\\ngiven by Lord Sheffield are probably taken, and from one of these tables,\\nas given by Pitkin, we learn that the annual average of exports and\\nimports to and from Great Britain for each of the eight decades from\\n1700 to 1780 was as follows\\nAVEKAQE FROM\\nEXPORTS TO GT. BRITAIN.\\nIMPORTS FROM GT. BRITAIN.\\n1700 to 1710\\n1710 to 1720\\n1720 to 1730\\n1730 to 1740\\n1740 to 1750\\n1750 to 1760\\n1760 to 1770\\n1770 to 1780\\n\u00c2\u00a3265,783 10s.\\n($1,328,517)\\n\u00c2\u00a3392,653 17s.\\n($1,963,269)\\n\u00c2\u00a3578,830 16s.\\n($2,894,154)\\n\u00c2\u00a3670,128 16s.\\n($3,350,644)\\n\u00c2\u00a3708,943 9s.\\n($3,544,717)\\n\u00c2\u00a3802,691 6s.\\n($4,013,456)\\n\u00c2\u00a31,044,591 17s.\\n($5,222,959)\\n\u00c2\u00a3743,560 10s.\\n($3,718,802)\\n\u00c2\u00a3267,205 3s.\\n(81,336,025)\\n\u00c2\u00a3365,645 6s.\\n(81,828,226)\\n\u00c2\u00a3471,342 12s.\\n($2,356,713)\\n\u00c2\u00a3660,136 lis.\\n($3,300,683)\\n\u00c2\u00a3812,647 13s.\\n($4,063,238)\\n\u00c2\u00a31,577,419 14s.\\n($7,887,095)\\n\u00c2\u00a31,763,409 10s.\\n($8,817,047)\\n\u00c2\u00a31,331,206 Is.\\n($6,656,030)\\nThe amount of exports or of imports for any one of these decades can\\nbe found, of course, by multiplying the sum given in the above table by\\nten. We have rejected the pence in giving the figures in the English\\ndenomination, as well as fractions of a dollar in reducing the various\\namounts to a shape somewhat more convenient for the ins^jection of an", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "452 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nAmerican reader. It is important to remember that a given sum of money\\nwas worth more in the eighteenth century than at the present day also\\nthat the custom-house valuation is always more likely to be under rather\\nthan over the true value of the goods. Five dollars have been reckoned\\nto the pound a near enough approximation, especially as the table is\\ngiven mainly for the purpose of comparing the amount of exports and im-\\nports with each other, and the amount at one time with that at another.\\nThe imports from Great Britain during the whole eighty years amounted,\\naccording to this record, to \u00c2\u00a372,490,125 ($362,450,625), and the exports\\nto that country during the same period to \u00c2\u00a342,070,835 18s. ($210,354,179).\\nThis shows a heavy balance of trade in favor of the mother-country. The\\nquestion then arises. How was this balance made up? for made up it must\\nhave been, in gold or its equivalent. Materials upon which to base a\\njudgment are meagre; but judging from those within reach, we are inclined\\nto the opinion that the requisite funds to satisfy John Bull s claim were\\nderived from that commerce with the Mediterranean which so grieved the\\npatriotic soul of Sir Josiah Child. In 1769, for instance, there are the\\nfollowing returns of\\nEXPORTS FROM THE COLONIES.\\ns. d.\\nTo Great Britain 1,531,516 8 6\\n($7,657,782)\\nTo tlie West Indies 747,910 3 7\\n($3,739,550)\\nTo the South of Europe 652,736 11 2\\n($2,763,682)\\nTo Africa 20,278 5 1\\n($101,391)\\nTotal \u00c2\u00a32,852,441 8 4\\n($14,262,207)\\nIMPORTS INTO THE COLONIES.\\ns. d.\\nFrom Great Britain 1,604,975 11 11\\n($8,024,877)\\nFrom the West Indies 789,754 4 5\\n($3,948,771)\\nFrom the South of Europe 76,684 9 11\\n($383,422)\\nFrom Africa 151,998\\n($759,990)\\nTotal \u00c2\u00a32,623,412 6 3\\n($13,117,061)\\nFor this year, therefore, when the commerce with the South of Europe is\\nthrown into the scale, the balance of trade is in favor of the colonies.\\nThis was probably the case generally, for the colonies increased in wealth\\nand prosperity, which could not have been the result of years of traffic if\\nthe balance had been continually against them at a time when the home-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 453\\nproduction of the precious metals was unknown. The difference between\\nthe amount of exports to and imports from the South of Europe had to be\\nsettled with hard money, and the natui^e of the coins which were freely\\ncirculated in this country before the Revolution, and, indeed, until a com-\\nj^aratively recent date, is additional proof of the correctness of our theory.\\nMention of the Portuguese half-joe will be found elsewhere [see Coins\\nAND Currency, p. 405]. In The British Empire in Avierica, among the\\ncoins current in the colonies we find Spanish doubloons, pistoles, pieces-\\nof-eight [dollars] and Arabian chequins, which appear in the Arabian\\nNights as sequins. When the Continental Congress promised to pay to\\nthe holders of their money Spanish milled dollars, they promised to pay\\nin a currency well known in America and although much of it may have\\ncome from the West Indies, the commercial statistics just given show an-\\nother route by which some of these coins may have come. It is true that\\na large portion of this profit went into British pockets, but not all and\\nthe extent of this trade is one of many proofs that the Navigation Act\\nthough Sir Josiah Child had said, I am of opinion that in relation to\\ntrade, shipping, profit and power it is one of the choicest and most prudent\\nacts that ever was made in England could not entirely shackle the\\nproper course of legitimate trade i. e., of trade legitimate by the law not\\nof parliaments but of natural equity.\\nSuch, then, was the commerce of the thirteen original colonies during\\nthe first eight decades of the eighteenth century. The value of money\\nhas changed, as we have already observed, but it has probably not more\\nthan doubled. Many imported articles are cheaper than they were eighty\\nor a hundred years ago, and the average price of many others is but\\nslightly increased. Tea, for instance, was quoted at Philadelphia on the\\n5th of November, 1790, at 75 cents a pound for Souchong, and one dollar\\nfor Hyson. If the reader will examine the current price of tea at the\\ntime when he reads these words, he will probably find lower prices than\\nthose given above, rather than higher, though we do not undertake to\\nstate which variety will at that time be preferred by the public, or, at\\nleast, will bear the higher price; for several changes have been made in\\nthat resiJect during the past fifteen years, owing either to the capricious-\\nness of the consumers, or to the relative abundance or scarcity of the\\ncrops, or to a combination of these causes. The total exports or imports\\nof the United. States for one year at the present day will be found to\\nexceed in nominal value the exports or imports of the whole eighty years\\nin the above table; and if we take the sum for two or three years, the real\\nvalue will probably be greater than that of the whole trade of the colonies\\nwith every country during the period named. This wonderful prosperity\\nis not what was expected at the close of the Revolutionary war by the\\nmajority of the people of Great Britain. Gloomy prophecies were freely", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "454 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmade with reference to the future of tlie col nies, based upon the folly\\nwhich they had shown by withdrawing themselves from beneath the pro-\\ntecting care of the navigation acts. It was a natural result of the course\\npursued by the patriots in attaining independence that such prophecies\\nshould be made; for when the colonists desired to make an impression\\nupon the mother-country they first made free use of petition, of remon-\\nstrance and of appeal, but when those measures failed they formed non-\\nimportation associations, knowing that anything which Avould affect the\\ntrade of Great Britain unfavorably wcnild be a severe blow. These were\\nat first local but even a partial adherence to this plan of attack was found\\nto be so beneficial that when the First Continental Congress met at Phila-\\ndelphia their attention was immediately given to this important matter.\\nAs Mr. Everett says, They began with a non-importation agreement\\nnearly two years before the Declaration of Independence. This agree-\\nment, with the exception of the addresses to the people of America and\\nGreat Britain, was the only positive act of the First Congress that met at\\nPhihideli)hia in 1774, and is signed by every member of that body. The\\ndetails to which it descends arc full of instruction. Though we have\\nbeen obliged to give some of these details elsewhere [see American\\nManufactures], we present here a fuller summary, in which some mat-\\nters will be found repeated, and others, which belong properly only to the\\nprovince of manufactures, are omitted. These fourteen articles, under\\nthe sacred ties of virtue, honor and love of country, pledged the members\\nof the Congress and their constituents not to import, after the 1st of\\nDecember, any goods whatever from Great Britain or Ireland, or British\\ngoods from any place not to import or purchase any slave imported after\\nthat time, after which they would wholly discontinue the slave-trade; not\\nto import or purchase East India tea; to request merchants, as soon as\\npossible, to order their factors in Great Britain not to ship any goods to\\nthem on any pretence whatever to discontinue and discourage every spe-\\ncies of extravagance and dissipation, shows, plays, etc.; to use on funeral\\noccasions only a ribbon or piece of crape on the arm for gentlemen, and\\na black ribbon and necklace for ladies, and to discourage the giving of\\ngloves, scarfs, etc., at funerals it recommended vendors of goods not to\\ntake advantage of the scarcity occasioned by the association to ask more\\nthan they were accustomed to do tliat goods imported after the 1st of De-\\ncember ought to be either reshipped or stored at the owner s until after the\\nnon-im})ortation agreements ceased, or be sold and the owner reimbursed\\nthe first cost and charges, the profits to be devoted to the relief of the\\nBoston sufferers; that committees should be chosen in each county, city\\nand town to carry out the resolutions and report violations, and that the\\nCommittees of Correspondence should frequently inspect the custom-house\\nand inform each other of the state thereof; that all manufactures of the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 455\\ncountry should be sold at a reasonable rate, and that no trade, commercial\\ndealings or intercourse should be had with any colony or province which\\ndid not accede to or should afterward violate the agreements, but they\\nshould be held unworthy the rights of freemen, and as inimical to the\\nliberty of their country.\\nThese stringent resolutions met with the unanimous approval of the\\npeople, and committees of vigilance were formed in the several towns and\\ndistricts, who published the names of those who did not carry out these\\nregulations as enemies of public liberty. All business dealings with\\nthem were suspended, and resolutions similar to those of Congress were\\nadopted by twelve out of the thirteen Continental provinces, while all the\\nsuggestions of what might almost be termed the National Assembly were\\nacted upon with strict fidelity to its directions. Ten of the colonies were\\nsoon afterward interdicted by Parliament from all trade except that from\\nwhich they had voluntarily excluded themselves. The remaining prov-\\ninces (New York, North Carolina and Georgia) were excepted from the\\nrestraints which were imposed upon all the rest. The governor of North\\nCarolina had held out to the administration the hope of retaining North\\nCarolina in obedience through a part of her own people the Highlanders\\nof the old forty-seventh regiment who had settled there but the utmost\\nefforts of emissaries sent over to America could not entice them to the\\nroyal standard. The Assembly of New York, by a majority of four, re-\\nfused to forbid importations, and this was accepted as a conclusive proof\\nthat the province would adhere to the king. The royalists were again mis-\\ntaken. The press of the patriots taunted those who had declined to support\\nCongress for taking gifts; and when they would have permitted a ship to\\ndischarge its cargo, the committee which had been appointed to carry out\\nthe resolutions of Congress laughed at their vote and enforced the asso-\\nciation. The New York merchants who furnished supplies to the British\\narmy at Boston were denounced at the liberty-pole as enemies to their\\ncountry. When Rivington s Gazette quoted texts of Scripture in favor of\\npassive obedience, Holt s Journal replied by other texts and examples.\\nIt is difficult for us, at the present day, to realize the sweeping effect of\\nthe measures adopted by Congress upon the commerce of the colonies.\\nCut off from importation, and without an adequate supply of goods from\\nthe products of home manufactures, the American merchant was indeed\\nin a deplorable condition. How long patriotism, unaided by the excite-\\nment of war, would have availed to restrain even those who were on the\\nside of liberty from breaking these rules it is equally difficult to determine,\\nnor is it necessary for our purpose. The battles of Lexington and Bunker\\nHill the Declaration of Independence the hand-to-hand struggle to\\nmake that Declaration valid and to secure for Columbia a place in the\\nfamily of nations, these intervened, and that which had been begun in", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "456 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe interests of patriotism was continued from dire necessity. Add to all\\nother troubles those caused by a depreciated currency, and the outlook of\\nthose engaged in trade in this country during the Revolutionary war\\nseems indeed gloomy. Still, they were not dismayed. Here and there\\none was found who (thinking that the royal rule would be comparatively\\npeaceful and stable) gave aid and comfort to the enemies of freedom, or,\\nworse still, who speculated upon the distresses of his country, and sought\\nto draw from the Continental treasury, never too well replenished, prices\\nthat a usurer blushes to extort; but the majority of the merchants of\\nAmerica were true to themselves and to their country during the time that\\ntried men s souls, and the privations which they endured, if fully chron-\\nicled, would doubtless furnish instances of heroism equal to any recorded\\nof those who went into the field.\\nLord Sheffield s Observations on American Com-\\nmerce. The chief spokesman for those who considered the commerce\\nof America ruined by the achievement of independence was one of those\\nofficious friends who delight in making croaking prophecies, and whose\\ngreatest delight is to see such prophecies fulfilled. We refer to Thomas\\nHolroyd, afterward Lord Sheffield, who published in 1783 a pamphlet\\nentitled Observations on the Commerce of the American States. From this\\nbook, as it is comparatively rare, we shall now make some extracts which\\nwill give the reader an opportunity to judge of the effect of passion and\\nprejudice upon the minds of a jieople whose boast it is that they are lovers\\nof fair play. We say of a people, for Lord Sheffield s work was considered\\nby the British people generally as an unanswerable combination of fiicts\\nand of reasoning. Coxe, at the beginning of his reply, says The facts\\nand observations of this writer have, in the opinion of many of his country-\\nmen, so firmly endured the touchstone of experience that an attempt to\\ndemonstrate errors in both may appear to deserve little attention. He\\nevidently felt that he was addressing a jury whose minds were completely\\nbiassed by the arguments of the prosecuting attorney.\\nIn the very first sentence of his plea. Lord Sheffield complains that the\\nNavigation Act itself, the guardian of the prosperity of Great Britain, had\\nbeen almost abandoned by the levity or ignorance of those who have\\nnever seriously examined the spirit or consequence of ancient rules. By\\nasserting their independence the Americans have renounced the privileges\\nas well as the duties of British subjects. If in some instances, as in the\\nloss of their carrying trade, they feel the inconvenience of their choice,\\nthey can no longer complain. The British merchant alone is able and\\nwilling to grant that liberal credit [to the Americans] which must be ex-\\ntorted from his competitors by the rashness of their early ventures. They\\nwill soon discover that America has neither money nor sufficient produce\\nto send in return, and cannot have for some time; and not intending or", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 457\\nbeing able to give credit, their fimds will be exhausted, their agents will\\nnever return, and the ruin of the first creditors will serve as a lasting warn-\\ning to their countrymen. The solid power of supplying the wants of Amei\\nica, of receiving her produce and of waiting her convenience belongs almost\\nexclusively to our own merchants. Our author then takes up particular\\narticles of export and import, in treating of which he is obliged to make\\nsome humiliating admissions, as, for instance, the following: As to wool-\\nlens, at present, we have lost the clothing of the Russian army by abuses\\niu the manufacture, especially by overstretching the cloth, the consequence of\\nwhich is shrinking extremely when worn. This admission agrees with\\nthe assertion of Bingham, It is well known that many of the coarse kinds\\nof stuff s made at Norwich, Coventry, Spitalsfields and other [British] fac-\\ntories are shamefully deficient in length, whilst the Dutch, Flemish and\\nFrench usually give a generous surplus in their measures. The reader\\nwill also be reminded of the recent developments with reference to the\\nmeasure of spool-cotton at Manchester, England, and the statement of a\\ncorrespondent of a Manchester newsi)aper that it was impossible, on account\\nof the tricks of the trade, for a man to be a consistent Ciiristian and to\\nbe at the same time successful in carrying on any branch of the manufac-\\nture of cotton goods at Manchester. A recent writer cites another case in\\npoint, as follows: The Lancashire cotton manufacturers often used an\\ninferior cotton staple, and worked in large quantities of clay to give body\\nto the goods. Of course the clay came Out with the first washing; and\\nat length the natives of India, learning wisdom from being continually\\ncheated, refused to buy any goods of English make. The loss of the whole\\nEast India trade was threatened. The London Times sounded the note of\\nwarning, not on the ground of pity for the victims who had thus spent their\\nhard earnings for a useless article, but on account of the sacrifice which\\nwould be involved in the loss of the trade.\\nSpeaking of wines, his lordship says Every attempt to make wine in\\nAmerica has failed. The great heat and rains are supposed to cause such\\na luxurious vegetation that the grapes burst before they are ripe. In a\\nnote to the second edition he adds Others say that the trials have not\\nbeen fair; that there have been no attempts to plant vineyards and to\\nmake wines except by private gentlemen for their own consumption and\\nthat the reason why the people have not attemj)ted to make vineyards is\\nbecause the ground with easy cultivation produces an immediate profit, and\\nit takes six or seven years to bring a vineyard t yield any considerable\\nprofit. The italics in the above quotation are ours, and we shall have\\noccasion to refer to this statement hereafter. Speaking of Geneva, he\\nsays This article is in less demand than brandy, and will be imported\\nfrom Holland. It may soon be made in America, being distilled from rye.\\nThe point concerning which Lord Sheffield shows the greatest anxiety", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "458 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nis the credit of the Americans. In the midst of his enumeration of com-\\nmodities he stops to say The American States are in greater want of\\ncredit at this time than at former periods. The French who gave them\\ncredit are all bankrupts, French merchants in general cannot give much\\ncredit many principal commercial houses in France have been ruined by\\nit. The Dutch have not trusted the Americans to any amount, and will\\nnot. It is not their custom to give credit but on the best security. It is\\ntherefore obvious from this and the above state of imports into what chan-\\nnels the commerce of the American States must inevitably flow, and that\\nnearly four-fifths of their importations will be from Great Britain directly.\\nWhere articles are nearly equal, the superior credit given by England will\\nalways give the preference, and it is probable that many foreign articles\\nwill go to America through Great Britain. In other words, this country\\nwas entirely at the mercy of England on account of the lowness of our\\ncredit elsewhere. We should be obliged to thankfully take on trust\\nwhatever the generous British merchant would graciously condescend to\\nsell to us, without examining too closely the quality or (in anything stretch-\\nable, as, for instance, woollens) the quantity of the goods. He then takes\\nup the trade in flour and wheat, stating with evident satisfaction that,\\nexcepting the instance of three or four years, there never was any market\\nin Europe for the wheat and wheat-flour of America, except in Sjjain,\\nPortugal and the ports of the Mediterranean. From Canada, in 1774,\\nvast quantities of both winter and summer^ wheat were exported, not less\\nthan live hundred thousand bushels. Within seven years after the pub-\\nlication of these remarks, in the very first return made after the adoption\\nof the Federal Constitution, appears the item of 1,124,458 bushels of wheat\\nexported from the United States during a period of less than fourteen\\nmonths, extending from some day in August, 1789, to October 1, 1790.\\nHis lordship s attention is now turned to the tobacco-trade. This was a\\nsore subject for the meditation of the British merchant, for before the\\nRevolution this capital article was exported from Virginia and Maryland\\nto Great Britain only, where [after paying to His Majesty a heavy duty]\\nit was sorted and re-exported unmanufactured, except a small quantity.\\nThe exportation now being free to every })art [much to the disgust of the\\nBritisli merchant], it remains to be determined by experience whether it\\nbe more advantageous to transport it to every country where it is con-\\nsumed, or to carry it first to one general market to meet the purchasers.\\nAmerica will not afford her tobacco so cheap to France as the latter got it\\nthrough British contractors before the war. The annoyance which will\\nbe caused to the French by the fulfilment of this prophecy gives the patri-\\notic Shefiield great delight. He adds, in a note France will l)e very\\nmuch disappointed. The cultivation of tobacco has been greatly inter-\\nrupted, and it will never be so great as it has been. There has been and", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 459\\nwill be a considerable emigration from the tobacco country. The lands\\nwear out. Better land beyond the mountains may be got very cheap and\\nfree from taxes. Other kind (sic) of farming is preferred. Having thus\\nsettled the affairs of Maryland and Virginia, he turns his attention to New\\nEngland, manifesting that kindly interest which is apparent in every por-\\ntion of this pamphlet. It is difficult to see what advantage the New\\nEngland States will derive from the independence and separation from this\\ncountry. Such lights as we have point out that it must be ruinous to\\nthem, and that nothing could be more to their advantage than to become\\nagain part of the empire. It is not obvious where they will find a market\\nfor their shipping, lumber and the produce of the whale-fisheries (and they\\nhad no other trade of any consequence except salt fish) in the place of the\\nmarkets of the West Indies, Great Britain and Ireland. A little further\\non, such lights as his lordship possessed are brought to bear upon the\\nmatter of salted meats, butter, etc. Before the Revolution, No quantity\\nof beef was exported from any colony but Connecticut. There is but little\\nin Virginia. The beef in the provinces south of Pennsylvania is not good,\\nConnecticut supplied more than all the other American States. The banks\\nof the Ohio and 31l.ssissippi may in. future supply beef for exportation, and\\nVermont also, but principally through Canada. American beef does not\\nkeep so well as the Irish. Salt hardens it and eats up the fat. As to\\npork, the Caroliuas raise such a j^rodigious quantity of hogs, and can feed\\nthem at so little expense, that pork may be afforded there one-third cheaper\\nthan from England or Ireland. Not long since butter was imported into\\nNew York from Ireland; but before the [Revolutionary] war began\\nNew York exported butter to the West Indies. However extraordinary\\nit may appear, it is, however {sic), true that notwithstanding tallow is the\\nnatural produce of the Northern States of America, it has been and may\\nbe exported from Russia and sold as cheap as that raised in the country,\\nleaving a considerable profit to the importer, Yet, in the return of\\nexports to which we have already had occasion to refer, we find entered,\\nBeef, 44,662 barrels; value, $279,551; butter, 8379 firkins; value,\\n$48,587 tallow, 200,020 pounds value, $20,722. Peas, which may be\\nmade a substitute for rice or Indian corn, are cheaper in Canada than in\\nany part of the American States, where they are only raised in the prov-\\nince of New York and in the Jerseys. Though perhaps there may not be\\na sufficient quantity raised in Canada to supply any great demand at\\npresent, there may be soon. There is no bug in that country but peas\\nplanted in other parts of the continent except about Albany are devoured\\nby bugs or flies. How correct this statement was can be seen by an ex-\\namination of the return of exports from the United States for the year\\nending September 30, 1791. New York exported one-sixth of the whole\\nquantity of peas and beans (which are put together), New Jersey none,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "460 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand Virginia furnished more than twice as much, and North Carolina\\nnearly twice as much, as New York.\\nHis lordship took it for granted that Florida, Louisiana and the country\\nwest of the Mississippi would never belong to us, and says Those who\\nhave been disposed to despond may comfort themselves with the prospect\\nthat if the American States should hereafter be able to manufjxcture for\\nthemselves, as the consumption of the manufactures of England decreases\\nwith them the demand will increase elsewhere. They [the despondent\\nBritish merchants] ivill for ages go up the Mississippi and river St. Law-\\nrence, and by means of a most extraordinary inland navigation supply\\nregions infinitely greater and more fertile [our present Western States]\\nand capable of a greater degree of population than the American States,\\nfull of rivers navigable to their source a country four times as large as\\nthe American States [which has been] most unnecessarily and most\\nillegally given up [by Great Britain], and most unexpectedly by the\\nAmericans themselves, which Congress neither has been nor ivill he capable\\nof controlling, and which, probably, tvill divide into many independent gov-\\nernments. He now speaks of emigration If manufacturers should emi-\\ngrate from Europe to America, at least nine-tenths will become farmers\\nthey will not work at manufactures when they can get double the profit\\nby farming in a country, be it remembered, where the ground with\\neasy cultivation produces an immediate profit; and yet our author says:\\nThe emigrants from Europe to the American States will be miserably\\ndisappointed however, having got into a scrape, they may wish to lead\\nothers after them. When the numberless difficulties of adventurers and\\nstrangers are surmounted, they will find it necessary to pay taxes, to avoid\\nwhich, probably, they left home, and, in the case of Britons, gave up great\\nadvantages. The absolute necessity of great exertions of industry and\\ntoil added to the want of opportunity of dissipation in the solitary life of\\nnew settlers, and the difficulty and shame of returning home, alone support\\nthem there. They find their golden dream ends, at most, in the possession\\nof a tract of wild, uncultivated land, subject, in many cases, to the inroads\\nof the proper and more amiable owners, the Indians. Having thus used\\nhis best efforts to check the tide of emigration, his lordship has a plan or\\ntwo to offer for the benefit of the despondent British merchant If we\\nadopt Russia in place of our revolted colonies, and give her products the\\nadvantages w e allowed to theirs, she can be of infinitely more use to us\\nthan they ever were. She will cost us much less. She will also pay for\\nwhat she takes in half the time. The long credit given in America ruined\\nour trade ivith that country, and made bankru])ts of almost three-fourths of the\\nmerchants of London trading in America. Why, then, should the British\\nmerchant feel despondent at the loss of so risky a trade Why should\\nhis lordship take so much trouble to revive the drooping spirits of his", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 461\\ncountrymen if he could say with truth, as he does elsewhere, Almost\\nevery article of the produce of the American States which is brought into\\nEurope we may have at least as good and as cheap, if not better, else-\\nwhere. Both as a friend and an enemy, America has been burdensome to\\nGreat Britain. It may be some satisfaction to think that by breaking off\\nrather prenjaturely Great Britain may find herself in a better situation\\nwith respect to America than if she had fallen off when more ripe. How\\nkind of his lordship, then, to offer still another plan The fixing on\\ncertain ports in Great Britain where the produce and merchandise of the\\nAmerican States may be stored until a sale can be made of them in Great\\nBritain or in some other ports of Europe. By this the British merchant\\nwill have the first offer in the sales, and the American, without running\\nthe risk or incurring the expense of going from one port to another, will\\nbe at all times sure of the best market to be had in Europe. This project\\ngives great satisfaction to the philanthropic Sheffield, who promises, in case\\nof its adoption, that the American commerce, especially for the most\\nnecessary and the most bulky articles, would in a great measure centre in\\nthis kingdom, and the merchants in America, not being able to make remit-\\ntances in advance, but, on the contrary, obliged to go in great part on\\ncredit, being able thus to deposit their effects at the disposal of their corre-\\nspondents, at the highest market which can be had in Europe, it will be a\\nvery essential advantage to the American merchant and a security and\\ninducement to the British merchant to answer the American orders for\\ngoods. The interests of the British merchant are certainly not neglected\\nin the above scheme\\nSuch were the Observations on Commerce of Thomas Lord Sheffield, in\\nwhich an attempt is made by their noble author to convince both himself\\nand his countrymen that commerce with America was of no great value,\\nand yet that Great Britain would secure the best part of it; that the popu-\\nlation of this country was rapidly decreasing; that the bond of union by\\nwhich the United States were held together was so weak that no treaty\\ncould ever be made except with the separate States. We are forced to\\nmake another extract which signally shows his lordship s weakness when\\nhe attempts to prophesy: It is not probable that the American States\\nwill have a very free trade in the Mediterranean. It will not be the in-\\nterest of any of the great maritime powers to protect them there from the\\nBarbary States. If they knew their interests, they will not encourage the\\nAmericans to be carriers. That the Barbary States are advantageous to\\nthe maritime powers is obvious. The Americans cannot protect them-\\nselves from the latter; they cannot pretend to a navy. It is remarkable\\nhow few good harbors there are for large ships in the American States at\\nleast we have found none except at Rhode Island; and if a navy could be\\nafforded, there would be much difficultv in agreeing that so essential an", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "462 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nestablishment should be at Rhode Island. The remark with reference to\\nthe Barbary States is especially rich. The American States gave the\\npirates of the North African coast their first lesson in international law,\\nabout twenty years after Sheffield wrote these words, by means of those\\nskilful teachers Commodore Preble, Captain Bainbridge, Lieutenant De-\\ncatur and Captain William Eaton, at a time when the great maritime\\npowers paid not one cent for defence, but thousands for tribute. The\\nstrictures upon American harbors require no comment; but we feel sure\\nthat the British soldiers and sailors who had visited the harbors of New\\nYork, Philadelphia and other ports on the Atlantic coast took these state-\\nments with a large grain of salt.\\nWe give from a recent writer a somewhat different account of the value\\nof American commerce during the period to which Sheffield refers, and of\\nthe reputation of American merchants for probity and fair dealing. In\\ndescribing the temporary effects of the Revolutionary war, he says: The\\nflourishing commerce of the colonies was totally ruined. This Mr. Burke\\ncharacterized as out of all proportion beyond the numbers of the people,\\nthat with the mother-land being within less than \u00c2\u00a3500,000 of .equalling\\nwhat England had carried on at the beginning of the century with the\\nwhole world. He cites the case of Pennsylvania, which in 1704 called for\\nonly \u00c2\u00a311,459 worth of British commodities, but in 1772 took nearly fifty\\ntimes as much, or \u00c2\u00a3507,909 worth, nearly equal to the exports to all the\\ncolonies together at the first period. The colony trade of Great Britain\\nhad increased from one-sixteenth to nearly one-third of the whole. The\\nimportations were particularly heavy in 1770 and the three following\\nyears, and amounted, as Mr. Glover stated to the House of Commons in\\n1775, to ten and a half millions sterling in the three years, or three and\\na half millions at the annual medium. He estimated the linen sent from\\nGreat Britain and Ireland to amount to \u00c2\u00a3700,000 per annum. The im-\\nportations in the foregoing years exceeded the wants of the colonies, and\\nthrough the embarrassments thereby created the debts of the American\\nmerchants, who bought largely on credit, were not so promptly paid when\\ndue as they had been in previous years. The indebtedness of New Eng-\\nland was stated at near one million sterling. The colonies were in conse-\\nquence charged in some quarters with a desire to evade payment a charge\\nwhich was refuted by the testimony of merchants in the colonial trade (at\\nthe bar of the House) and by the subsequent good faith of American mer-\\nchants. Of six millions due in December, 1774, four millions ivere paid in\\nthe next twelve months, even when a separation seemed inevitable, although\\nthe restraints upon their trade and fisheries were certainly not calculated\\nto facilitate payment. These facts were doubtless well known to Lord\\nSheffield but as he was writing a special plea, he preferred to disregard\\nthem, knowing well that prejudice and passion would obtain a hearing for", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 463\\nanything which, if believed, would serve to console his country for the loss\\nof the fairest portion of The British Empire in America.\\nWhat induced Lord Sheffield to take so much pains to misrepresent the\\ncondition of the youthful nation It is true that the Revolutionary war\\nhad annihilated, for the time being, the commerce of the former colonies.\\nTheir shipping was nearly destroyed, public credit was impaired, a vast\\ndebt had accumulated but our author is not satisfied with a statement of\\nthese facts. He goes out of his way to make many specific assertions,\\nwhich were not only incorrect, but so utterly wide of the mark that no one\\nwho was at all acquainted with the resources of this country could give\\nthera credence for a single moment. The answer to this question is near\\nat hand. The Right Honorable William Pitt, late Chancellor of the\\nExchequer, had introduced into Parliament a bill for the provisional\\nestablishment and regulation of trade and intercourse between the subjects\\nof Great Britain and those of the United States of America. This bill,\\nif it had become a law, would have given this country the legal assurance\\nof ordinarily fair treatment, which was more than Lord Sheffield, nee\\nThomas Holroyd, could endure. He says: This country has not found\\nitself in a more interesting situation. It is now to be decided whether we\\nare to be ruined by the independence of America or not. The Navigation\\nAct gave us the trade of the world. If we alter that act by permitting\\nany state to trade with our islands, or by suffering any state to carry into\\nthis country any produce but its own, we desert the Navigation Act and\\nsacrifice the marine of England. But if the principle of the Navigation\\nAct is properly understood and well followed, this country may still be\\nsafe and great.\\nReplies to Sheffield. The first reply to this pamphlet appeared\\nin 1783, the same year in which the Observations, etc., were published. Wil-\\nliam Bingham, of Philadelphia, who, during the war, had been the agent\\nof Congress at Martinico, and who was therefore thoroughly conversant\\nwith the West India trade, took up his pen in defence of the newly-eman-\\ncipated colonies. Not satisfied with a masterly refutation of special points,\\nhe attacks the foundation upon which Sheffield s whole superstructure\\nrests viz., the jarring intei ests of the vax ious States, which would make\\na lasting union impossible. Let the reader remember what Bingham wrote\\nat a time when the warmest friends of America were anything but hopeful\\nconcerning her future, and he will appreciate the bravery and the fiir-\\nsighted sagacity of the following prophetic words, written nearly six years\\nbefore the adoption of the Federal Constitution The States, from a sense\\nof common danger and common interest, will more closely unite together\\nand form one general system of exclusive navigation in regard to Great\\nBritain, established on clear, equal and determinate principles of commer-\\ncial retaliation, which will rapidly pervad^ the whole Union. Already", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "464 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nhas a generous competition begun to take place betwixt them which shall\\nmost cheerfully adopt and carry into effect those wise and salutary mea-\\nsures recommended by the grand council of their country in order to make\\ntheir federal union respectable and the United States as prosperous in\\npeace as they have been glorious in war. He reasons as if the trade\\nof America must irresistibly be confined to its former channel, whereas I\\ncan assure him that, freed from the control of your Navigation Act, it will\\nexpand itself as far as seas can carry or winds can waft it. He forgets\\nthe energy of this young country that he is devoting to such humiliating\\nrestrictions he forgets that it exhibited Avhilst in its cradle such marks of\\nfirmness and vigor of constitution as, like young Hercules, to crush the\\nserpent that wantonly attacked it. Another answer was published in\\n1793, written by Tench Coxe, also of Philadelphia, who was then assistant-\\nsecretary of the treasury. The adoption of the Federal Constitution had\\nintervened, and an opportunity had been recently given, for the first time\\nsince the acknowledgment of the independence of the United States, to\\nascertain the amount and nature of the exports and imports of this coun-\\ntry. The returns were necessarily imperfect, and of course, as the collec-\\ntion of customs, etc., was a new thing for the federal government, and the\\nmachinery by means of which a full and correct return could be secured\\nwas not yet in operation, the totals in this return were rather below than\\nabove the real figures. Still, the result was gratifying to all friends of the\\nyoung republic. We have several times referred above to these returns,\\nand can only say at present that the number of the instances in which the\\nsurmises or misrepresentations of Lord Shefl[ield are directly contradicted\\nby the facts is very large indeed. While it is true, as Webster said, that\\nthe Federal Union had its origin in disordered finance, prostrate com-\\nmerce and ruined [national] credit while it is true, as he continues,\\nthat under its benign influence these great interests immediately awoke\\nas from the dead and sprang forth with newness of life the very first\\nreturn, made at a time when the benefits derived from the Union could\\nscarcely be expected to appear, exhibits the recuperative power shown by\\nthe American people during the seven years of peace which were occupied\\nin fusing together the somewhat heterogeneous elements Avhich had previ-\\nously been held together only by their ardent love of liberty and by the\\ncommon danger to which they were exposed during seven years of war.\\nThe value of the exports of the United States during the year ending\\nSeptember 30, 1791, was, according to Coxe, $18,399,202, and according\\nto Pitkin, $19,012,041. This amount exceeds by nearly two millions of\\ndollars the value of the exports of all the British continental colonies in\\n1770, including the islands of Newfoundland, the Bahamas and Bermuda.\\nThe position of Mr. Coxe gave him special facilities for obtaining correct\\ninformation, of which advantage he evidently made ample use. Between", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 40.1\\nthe years 1776 and 1789 the difficulty of obtainiDg correct statistics was\\nincreased by the fact that the foreign articles which one State admitted\\nfree of duty were in many instances dutiable in another State, and smug-\\ngling from one State into another was, of course, an easy matter. Still,\\nthe early history of American commerce is full of interest. We have\\nnow reached a point where jfirmer footing can be found, while tracing the\\nmarvellous development of the commerce of the infant republic. The very\\nfullness, however, of the information at hand renders the task of condens-\\ning it more difficult for each successive year. A tabular statement of the\\ncotton production and trade for 49 years, and of the exports and imports\\nof the United States for each fiscal year from 1790 to the year ending June\\n30, 1875, will be found elsewhere [see Appendix, Tables VI., VII.].\\nThe exports and imports of leading agricultural products have been noted\\nin the special article upon American Agriculture. Sir Morton Peto,\\ntaking the returns of exports and imports from 1844 to 1860, seems espe-\\ncially struck with the facts that the trade of the United States has been\\nsteadily and regularly progressive, and that the nation has uniformly paid\\nits way, the exports in almost every year having exceeded the imports and\\nthe general balance being in favor of America. Going back of this year\\nand bringing into the account the tonnage of the mercantile marine [see\\nTables I., II., III.], a remarkable advance is seen in the registered ton-\\nnage between 1789 and 1800. During the period mentioned it rose from\\n123,893 to 669,921. The total tonnage, which in 1789 was 201,562, was\\n972,492 in 1800. The imports, which in 1790 were $23,000,000, were\\n$91,252,768 in 1800, and $111,363,511 in 1801. The exports rose during\\nthe same period from $20,205,156 to $70,970,780 in 1800, and $94,115,925\\nin 1801. This remarkable advance was due partly to the industry and en-\\nergy of our citizens and partly to favorable circumstances. The troubled\\nstate of affairs in Europe exerted a very favorable influence upon American\\ncommerce. The mercantile marine of the United States was built up by\\nthe great wars which followed the French Revolution, at the close of the last\\nand beginning of the present century. Those wars created a demand for\\nour exports; and as the great powers of Europe were preying upon each\\nother s shipping, there was a large cai rying trade ready for the vessels of a\\nneutral power. The United States, by establishing their independence, had\\nbecome a neutral nation, sufficiently remote to have no direct interest in the\\nquarrels of the combatants, sufficiently near to furnish the requisite trans-\\nportation. American shipping soon became of necessity the preferable\\nmedium for carrying on the commerce of the world, for the Americans\\nalone could carry with safety the valuable commodities of the nations\\nwhich were at war. Having every advantage for ship-building and navi-\\ngation, this country began a career which soon became extraordinarily\\nextended and unusually successful. Not only did American ships carry\\n30", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "466 BVBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe colonial productious to the several parent states our merchants, em-\\nboldened by the opportunities thrown in their way, became purchasers of\\nthose productions in the French, Spanish and Dutch colonies. A new era\\nwas established in the commercial history of America. Many embarked\\nin mercantile enterprises who had no special training, who were even unac-\\nquainted with the general principles of trade, yet so favorable were the\\ncircumstances which we have mentioned that the most adventurous became\\nthe most wealthy. Few confined themselves to a single branch of the\\nbusiness, the same person frequently being concerned in voyages to the four\\nquarters of the globe. Our tonnage, as will be seen by the table, increased\\nwith a rapidity adequate to the demand in proportion to our population\\nwe were the most commercial nation in the world in the value of our com-\\nmerce we stood next to Great Britain. The declaration of the Peace of\\nAmiens, in 1802, had an unfavorable effect, causing the registered tonnage\\nto sink to 560,381, but the recommencement of the war speedily brought\\nit up to and beyond its former proportions (672,530 tons in 1804, 749,341\\nin 1805, 808,285 in 1806 and 848,307 in 1807). The carrying trade, or\\nfreight, of the commercial world, nearly all of which now again came to\\nAmerica until the war of 1812, was valued at ten per cent, of the capital;\\nand it is stated by Warden that the United States also gained five per\\ncent, by exchange, so that the annual profits of commerce and foreign nav-\\nigation have been estimated at fifteen per cent, upon the capital. The\\nsame author gives a glowing description of the commercial activity of this\\nperiod. Youths of sixteen are sent abroad as factors or supercargoes to\\nevery commercial country, entrusted with the management of great con-\\ncerns. Stimulated by the prospect of independence, they study the manu-\\nfactures and markets of foreign states, the quality, value and profits of\\nevery commercial article, while the youth of other countries of the same\\nage and rank have not formed a thought of a provision fo;- future life.\\nMaritime and commercial business is executed [in the United States] with\\nmore celerity and less expense than in any other country. Vessels in the\\nports of this country are laden and unladen in the course of a few days,\\nwhilst in those of other countries as many months are required for the\\nsame purposes, owing to tedious regulations and less enterprise. The sue*\\ncess of the United States excited the jealousy of foreign countries, and\\nbetween 1804 and 1807, inclusive, no less than 1000 American vessels were\\ncaptured by nations professedly at peace with this country, for alleged\\nbreaches of blockade or of commercial decrees. The orders in council\\nand the Berlin and Milan decrees [see Historical Sketch, pages 113 and\\n114], together with the embargo declared by our government (both for the\\npurpose of retaliating and to preserve our mercantile navy, according to\\nsome authorities), were equally destructive in their eflfects upon American\\ncommerce. The export trade of the United States, which had increased", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 467\\nto $101,536,963 iu 1806 and $108,343,151 in 1807, was thus reduced by\\nthis succession of blows to $22,430,960 in 1808, but little more than the\\namount ($19,012,041) in 1791, the second year after the adoption of the\\nConstitution. Upon the raising of the embargo in 1809 commerce at once\\nrevived, though, as is seen by the table, it did not reach the previous\\nfigures. The war of 1812 had, of course, a depressing effect upon our\\ncommerce. In 1814 our exports were only $6,937,441 and our imports\\n$12,965,000. There was a slight falling off in the registered tonnage, but\\nit is difficult for us to form any idea as to the source whence Sir Morton\\nPeto obtained materials for the following statement: In the following year\\n[1812] the Americans themselves put an end to their own navigation and\\ncommerce by entering upon war with Great Britain. Our navy swept\\ntheir vessels from the seas, and two years after the outbreak of this war\\nthe Americans had only 59,700 tons of shipping engaged in the foreign\\ntrade, instead of the 1,100,000 tons employed seven years previously.\\nThe Reports on Covimerce and Navigation give the following figures for\\nthe registered tonnage of 1812, 1813 and 1814 respectively: 760,624 tons,\\n674,853 tons and 674.633 tons. As a counterpoise to this assertion of\\nSir INIorton, we give a statement written by Wharton and published iu\\nEdinburgh in 1819: The great injury done to the commerce of Great\\nBritain during that war, notwithstanding her powerful navy, bears strong\\ntestimony to the activity and enterprise of American seamen. More than\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0seventeen hundred of her vessels were captured during the course of the war;\\nand it has been stated that only one out of three American vessels employed\\nin commerce were taken by the English during the same period. It is also\\nto be doubted whether, if America had not gone to war with Great Bri-\\ntain in 1812, it is probable that she would have retained to this day her\\nascendency in general commerce. Open war was not much worse than\\nthe state of affairs which permitted our vessels to be crippled by the im-\\npressment of their best seamen, and a thousand ships to be captured in a\\ntime of nominal peace. The truth is that the downfall of Napoleon and\\nthe consequent peace between England and Fi-ance removed the favor-\\nable circumstances which had given so large a share of the carrying trade\\nto the United States. Our seamen did not lack daring or enterprise or\\nskill. Nantucket sloops of eighty tons, with ten men, doubled Cape Horn\\nto pursue the whale fishery in the Pacific. After visiting the south-western\\ncoast of New Holland, the Malouiu or Falkland and other islands, they\\ntouched for refreshments at the Cape of Good Hope, at the Sandwich\\nIslands or at the ports of Chili. A lucrative commerce with the Feejee\\nIslands was carried on by small vessels, carrying trifling articles of hard-\\nware, which were exchanged for sandal-wood. With the latter commodity\\nthey proceeded to Canton, where tliey sold it at the rate of $400 per ton, it\\nbeing in great demand for use as incense in the Ciiinese temples. With-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "468 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nout any previous knoAvledge of routes, winds, tides or harbors, the Amer-\\nican whalemen and pilot-boat seamen visited every coast, and, to the aston-\\nishment of Europe, made shorter voyages than old and experienced navi-\\ngators. It is scarcely necessary to enter into details as to the progress\\nmade in the value of exports and imports. The tables tell their own story.\\nAfter considerable fluctuation the imports went above one hundred mil-\\nlions during the year 1831, since which time they have not fallen below\\nthat amount, the exports going past this point in 1834. The panic of\\n1837 caused a falling off, but the lost ground was very soon recovered.\\nIn 1851 both exports and imports went above two hundred millions in\\n1856 both exceeded three hundred millions, the imports having passed this\\npoint in one of the previous years (1854, when they were $304,562,381),\\nand in 1860 the exports were $400,122,296. The influence of the civil\\nwar is seen in the small figures for the years 1861-1865 inclusive, and\\nthe beneficent effect of peace is shown by the sum of $550,684,228,\\nas the exports for 1866, overbalancing by more than one hundred mil-\\nlions of dollars the imports ($445,512,158). There was some fluctua-\\ntion during the following four years. In the fifth (1871) both exports\\nand imports passed the bounds of five hundred millions. In 1872\\n(exports, $501,164,971; imports, $640,337,540) and 1873 (exports,\\n$578,938,985 imports, $663,617,147) the balance of trade was against\\nthis country, but for 1873-4 the specific figures are as follows:\\nExcess of total exports over total imports (being the balance in\\nfavor of the United States), $57,052.97 specie and bullion exported,\\n$66,630,405 (domestic, $59,699,886; foreign, $6,930,719); imports,\\n$28,454,906; excess of specie and bullion exported, $38,175,499; total\\nexports of merchandise, $569,433,421 (domestic, $552,583,802 foreign\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n?:.e., re-exports\u00e2\u0080\u0094 $16,849,619); imports of merchandise, $567,407,342; real\\nbalance against the United States, being the excess of imports of merchan-\\ndise over exports of domestic merchandise, which had to be made up by\\nshipmijnts of the precious metals, $14,823,540. For the year ending June\\n30, 1875, the figures (furnished by the chief of the Bureau of Statistics\\nin advance of the publication of the Annual Report on Commerce and\\nNavigation) are as follows Domestic exports, $643,094,767 foreign (re-\\nexports), $22;433,624; exports of merchandise, $573,396,249 (domestic,\\n$559,237,638 foreign (re-exports, $14,158,611); imports of merchandise,\\n$533,005,436; exports of specie and bullion, $92,132,142 (domestic,\\n$83,857,129; foreign, $8,275,013); imports of specie, $20,900,717 specie\\nbalance in favor of the United States, $71,251,425. Balance in favor of\\nthe United States, arising from the excess of exports of domestic merchan-\\ndise over imports of merchandise, $26,232,202. If the exports of foreign\\nmerchandise (re-exports) be thrown into the scale, the balance in favor of\\nthis country is $40,390,813, and the balance to the credit of this country", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 469\\narising from the excess of total exports ($665,528,391) over total imports\\n($553,906,153) was $111,622,238. We have taken it for granted, while\\nmaking our comments upon these figures, that the real balance of trade in\\nfavor of this country arises from the excess of the exports of domestic\\nmerchandise over the imports of foreign merchandise that the drain of\\nthe precious metals required to make up the deficiency when the exports\\nof domestic merchandise fall below the imports of foreign merchandise is\\nhighly undesirable, and an indication of an importation above our real\\nwants, or at least that when the trade of this country is in such a condition\\nthat large shipments of specie and bullion are requisite to keep the balance\\neven, the outlook is not so hopeful as it is when the intrinsically useful\\nproducts of the industry and enterprise of our people suffice, and more\\nthan suffice, to satisfy the debts incurred in foreign lands.\\nArticles of Export and Import. The great variety of the\\nnative productions exported gives assurance of the impossibility of failure\\nin the resources of the nation. If the Americans were limited to a few\\nproducts, it might be argued that such products might not be in demand, or\\nthat their supply might fail, or that other countries might compete success-\\nfully with America by producing them in greater abundance and at lower\\nrates; but here we have the products oj the sea, consisting of oil, whale-\\nbone, spermaceti, and dried, smoked and pickled fish of the forest, consist-\\ning of every description of timber, shingles, staves, lumber, naval stores\\nand furs of agriculture, consisting not only of every description of corn\\nand vegetable food, but of the products of animals, beef, pork, tallow,\\nhides, bacon, cheese, butter, wool, lard, hams, and of horned cattle, horses\\nand other animals of the great staples of the Southern States cotton,\\ntobacco, rice and sugar of manufactures, in very great variety of raw\\nproduce, in increasing quantities and of specie and bullion, to an extent\\nwhich has never been exceeded. The division adopted by Sir Morton\\nPeto in the above statement is partly copied from that which was early\\nadopted at the Treasury and appeared in the annual account of exports\\nafter the year 1802. The exports were classed, according to source, under\\nfour heads viz., 1. The produce of the sea 2. The produce of the forest;\\n3. The jDroduce of agriculture; 4. IVIanufactures and those articles the\\norigin of which was uncertain. In 1830 cotton ($29,674,833), tobacco\\n($5,586,365) and rice ($1,986,824), amounting collectively to $37,248,072,\\nfurnished more than one-half of the total value of the exports of that year.\\nIn the year ending June 30, 1873, unmanufactured cotton ($227,243,279),\\nwheat and wheat flour ($70,833,918), Indian corn ($23,794,694) and illu-\\nminating oils ($37,195,735), amounting collectively to $359,067,626, fur-\\nnished one-half of the exports (total value of domestic exports in currency,\\n$649,132,563). The currency value of domestic exports shipped in cars\\nand other land vehicles during the year just mentioned was $7,785,075;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "470 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nshipped in American vessels, $163,110,634; shipped in foreign vessels,\\n$478,236,854. The principal articles imported were sugar and molasses\\n($92,639,023), 293,284,201 pounds of coffee, worth $44,107,397, and\\n64,815,016 pounds of tea, worth $24,466,094, amounting collectively to\\n$161,212,514, or nearly one-fourth of the total imports. Of the total value\\nof the imports, the following statement is given as to the conveyances in\\nwhich they came: Brought in cars and other land vehicles, $17,070,548;\\nbrought in American vessels, $174,739,834 brought in foreign vessels,\\n$471,806,765. The principal articles exported during the year ending\\nJune 30, 1874, were cotton (value, including that of sea-island cotton,\\n$211,223,580), wheat and wheat flour ($130,679,153), illuminating oils\\n($37,560,955), bacon and hams ($33,283,908) and leaf tobacco ($30,399,-\\n181), amounting collectively to $405,585,822, or nearly two-thirds of the\\ntotal currency value ($693,039,054) of the domestic exports. Of this total\\nvalue there was exported in cars and other land vehicles, $5,645,265; in\\nAmerican vessels, $165,998,880, and in foreign vessels, $521,394,909. The\\nprincipal imports during the same period were sugar and molasses ($92,-\\n949,203), 285,171,512 pounds of coffee ($55,048,9^)7), 72,353,799 square\\nyards of dress-goods ($21,162,635) and 55,811,605 pounds of tea ($21,-\\n112,234), amounting collectively to $190,273,039, or more than one-third\\nof the total imports. Of this total value ($595,861,248) the following state-\\nment as to conveyance is given Brought in cars and other land vehicles,\\n$14,513,335 brought in American vessels, $176,027,778 brought in\\nforeign vessels, $405,320,135.\\nShipping The partial suspension of emigration to America brought\\nabout by the civil wars in England threw the first colonists in New Eng-\\nland upon their own resources, and gave a decided impulse to the business\\nof ship-building. Governor Winthrop says in his journal (Dec. 2, 1640):\\nThe general fear of want of foreign commodities, now our money was\\ngone and things were [not] like to go well in England, set us on work to\\nprovide shipping of our own, for which end Mr. Peter, being a man of\\nvery public spirit and. singular activity for all occasions, procured some to\\njoin for building a ship at Salem of 300 tons and the inhabitants of Bos-\\nton, stirred up by his example, set upon the building another at Boston\\nof 150 tons. These were not, however, the first American vessels. A\\nbark belonging to Governor Winthrop, and named by him The Blessing\\nof the Bay, was launched at Mystic (now Medford), Mass., on the 4th of\\nJuly, 1631. Its burthen was 30 tons. Another vessel, of 60 tons, was\\nbuilt at the same place in 1633, and the people of Salem built at Marble-\\nhead a vessel of 120 tons in 1636. In 1676, just a century before the\\nDeclaration of Independence, there were 730 vessels owned in Boston and\\nits vicinity and built in that neighborhood viz., 30 between 100 and 250\\ntons; 200 between 50 and 100 tons; 200 between 30 and 50 tons; and", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 471\\n300 bet\\\\Veeii 6 aud 30 tons. Ship-building was carried ou in the other\\ncolonies, but not to so great an extent as in New England. The tonnage\\nof the vessels built in all of the colonies during 1769 was 20,001 in 1770\\nit was 20,610 aud in 1771, 24,068, of which amount a little more than\\none half was built in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. It is difficult\\nto obtain any reliable figures for the number of vessels built after the\\nadoption of the Constitution before the year 1815. A table showing the\\nnumber and class of the vessels built, and the tonnage thereof, in the sev-\\neral States and Territories of the United States, from 1815 to 1874, inclu-\\nsive, will be found elsewhere [see Table I., in Appendix]. Warden\\n(writing in 1819) says: Merchant vessels are built and prepared for the\\nsea in the course of four or five mouths, and they sail faster than those\\nof any other country. The schooners constructed at Baltimore and known\\nby the name of pilot-boat schooners have often sailed with a cargo from\\nan American to an English or French port in seventeen or eighteen days.\\nThe American seamen are exceedingly active and enterprising. Sloops of\\nsixty tons and eleven men have sailed from Albany (160 miles up the\\nHudson River) to the coast of China. The first of this description which\\narrived there was believed by the natives of the country to be the long-\\nboat of a large merchant vessel, which (the large vessel) they vainly\\nlooked for during several days. We have seen it announced in an Amer-\\nican newspaper that on the 11th of April, 1814, a ship was launched\\nat Vergennes, on Lake Champlain, of 150 feet keel, and measuring 500\\ntons, the timber of which was cut down in the forest the 2d of March\\npreceding. The Peacock, of 18 guns, was built in New York in 18 days,\\nthe Wasp [see HistoPvICAL Sketch, page 116] at Portsmouth in 20 days,\\nand the Superior, of 64 guns, ou Lake Ontario in 30 days. He says\\nelsewhere, speaking of the inland navigation As early as the year 1793\\na schooner launched on the Monongahela River, between Brownsville and\\nPittsburg, sailed to New Orleans (a distance of 2000 miles), and afterward\\nproceeded by sea to the port of Philadelphia. Since that period numerous\\nvessels of from one hundred to four hundred tons have been built on the\\nOhio at Marietta, Frankfort, Elizabethtown, Louisville, Wheeling and\\nPittsburg, for the purpose of transporting the surplus productions of Ken-\\ntucky, Tennessee aud Louisiana to the Atlantic ports of the United States,\\nto the West Indies and to Europe. From the year 1802 to 1805, at the\\nshipyards of Pittsburg, there were launched four ships, three brigs and\\nthree schooners at Elizabethtown two brigs. In 1808 two ships and a\\nbrig were launched on the same day at Marietta. Several of the gun-\\nboats of the United States have been built at this place. Between the\\nSouthern and the Northern States there is a constant interchange of com-\\nmodities, which in time of war is carried on by land and during peace by\\nsea. The latter furnish rum, molasses, cordials, dried fish, European goods", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "472\\nBUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand articles of small value quaintly styled notions, and take in return\\nthe corn, grain, cotton and tobacco of the South. In this trade the New\\nEngland people are the carriers, and furnish everything for which there is\\ndemand. Even coffins of all dimensions have been offered for sale by\\nthese ingenious trading speculators. In 1810, 23 vessels (ships, brigs and\\nsloops) were employed in the trade of Lake Erie, and 12 in that of Onta-\\nrio. After referring to the proposed canal between Lake Erie and the\\nHudson River, in the success of which he evidently had more faith than\\nJefferson [see Historical Sketch, page 121], he notes the following\\ninteresting circumstance: In 1813 the war gave rise to an internal trade\\ngreater in point of distance than any hitherto known, except that between\\nMoscow and China. Light goods were transported from the town of Bos-\\nton, in Massachusetts, to the province of Mexico by the following channels\\nof conveyance From Boston to Providence by wagons from the latter\\nplace by water to Amboy thence by land and water to Philadelphia\\nthence by wagons to Pittsburg, and down the Ohio and Mississippi to New\\nOrleans thence by land and boats to the country of Mexico. Before the\\nwar there v/ere but two wagons that plied between Boston and the town of\\nProvidence, and soon after its commencement the number increased to 200.\\nIt has been stated that certain light goods have been delivered in Mexico\\nwith the addition of fifteen per cent, on their cost at Boston, when the or-\\ndinary insurance by sea would amount to twenty-five or thirty per cent.\\nOf late there has existed a commerce in mules, which have been brought\\nfrom the country of Texas to the Carolinas (by the way of Natchez and\\nthe country of Tennessee), whei e they are sold for 40, and even 60, dollars\\nper head. The reader will elsewhere find statements of the amount of\\ntonnage of the whole mercantile marine of the United States, also a sepa-\\nrate statement of the steam tonnage for various successive years [see\\nTables II., III., in Appendix]. The increase in the registered tonnage\\nshows the progress made in the number and size of vessels engaged in the\\nforeign trade. The enrolled and licensed tonnage gives a fair idea of\\nthe progress made in inland and coast navigation. In the Report on Com-\\nmerce and Navigation for 1874 is given the following summary for that\\nyear by States and coasts\\nstates.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nStates.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nMaine\\n3221\\n62\\n2563\\n274\\n836\\n1124\\n5051\\n2935\\n197\\n1993\\n565,842.59\\n11,-370.18\\n458,373.10\\n36,265.55\\n96,317.44\\n94,689.34\\n1,026,023.56\\n363,542.18\\n13,533.88\\n142,267.65\\nDistrict of Columbia..\\nVirginia\\n472\\n892\\n279\\n195\\n63\\n237\\n99\\n94\\n572\\n28,196.50\\n22,623.54\\n7,408.91\\n8,142.43\\n9,291.84\\n9,588.76\\n7,909.41\\n3,368.56\\n50 961.71\\nNew Hampshire\\nMassachnseUs\\nRhode Island\\nNorth Carolina\\nSouth Carolina\\nConnecticut\\nGeorgia\\nNew Jersey\\nFlorida\\nA labarna\\nNew York\\nPennsylvania\\nMississippi\\nLouisiana\\n1 Del a wa re\\nMaryland\\nTexas\\n306 in 998 27 i", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 473\\nTotal ou the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 21,465 vessels, aggregating 2,967,-\\n715.30 tons; on the Western rivers, 1564 vessels, aggregating 373,464.59\\ntons; on the Northern lakes, 4833 vessels, aggregating 758,838.84 tons; on\\nthe Pacific coast, 1125 vessels, aggregating 164,418.99 tons. Total, thus\\nfar, 28,987 vessels, with a combined tonnage of 4,264,437.62. Unrigged\\nvessels not reported, 2936, aggregating 331,446 tons. Grand total for 1874,\\n31,923 vessels, aggregating 4,595,883.72 tons. This total of tonnage is not\\nthe same as that given in the table (4,800,652); but as both are found in\\nthe Report on Commerce and Navigation for 1874, one being on page 1053\\nand the other on page xxv. of the introduction, the task of reconciling\\nthem belongs not to us, but to the Treasury Department, whence the Report\\nwas issued. Previous to the passage of the act of April 18, 1874, canal\\nand other boats employed on inland waters or canals were required to be\\nenrolled and licensed under the provisions of the act of February 18, 1793,\\nif they entered navigable waters, and, from the fact of such enrolment and\\nlicense, they were included in the returns of tonnage belonging to the sev-\\neral districts of the United States June 30, 1873. The act of April 18, 1874,\\nexempts this class of boats, with but few exceptions, from enrolment and\\nlicense, hence they do not appear in the returns of tonnage belonging to the\\nseveral customs districts June 30, 1874. On the 30th of June, 1873, 10,739\\nunrigged vessels were reported, having a tonnage of 1,223,303.81, while the\\nnumber reported June 30, 1874, was 7803, with a tonnage of 890,858.07.\\nThe difference between these figures (2936 vessels, with a tonnage of 331,-\\n445.74) is assumed to be the amount dropped on account of the act of April\\n18, 1874. The number of sailing vessels was 17,226, with an aggregate\\ntonnage of 2,257,154.23; steam vessels, 3958, with an aggregate tonnage\\nof 1,116,425.42. The tonnage last given is also different from that in the\\ntable of steam tonnage, but as both figures come from the same source as\\nthe preceding ones, the responsibility rests in the same quarter. We shall\\nconclude this division of our subject by quoting the following appreciative\\nremarks of Sir Morton Peto No people build their ships on better prin-\\nciples. Their skill in cutting sails and in applying them to every descrip-\\ntion of craft has always struck me as peculiarly remarkable. The superior\\ncapacity and very fine character of American merchant ships will be ap-\\npreciated by all who remember the beautiful class of sailing vessels which\\nwere formerly ou the New York and Liverpool stations as what were called\\nliners. Those vessels were the very best vessels of their class, and they\\nno doubt acquired wide celebrity for American shipping. They are now\\nsuperseded by steam-packets, but the fame of these vessels has enabled the\\nAmericans not only to possess themselves of the largest proportion of the\\nemigrant trade, but also to lay on lines of packets between Havre, Mar-\\nseilles, Hamburg, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Panama, the West Indies and\\nvarious points both of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "474 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nSteam Navigation. The first appearance of steam tonnage in the\\ngovernment reports was in 1823 [see Table III.], when the amount was\\n24,879 tons of enrolled and licensed vessels. Steam-vessels were not i*egis-\\ntered in this country for the foreign trade until 1830, when the amount\\nwas 1419 tons. In 1832 the registered steam tonnage was only 181 tons.\\nIt rose to 5149 tons in 1839, but was only 746 in 1842, and did not exceed\\n7000 before 1848, when it amounted to 16,068 tons. At one time, when\\n110 steamers were employed in the trade between Great Britapin and Amer-\\nica, only two were American, while out of 1200 sailing vessels employed\\niu the same trade 960 were American. Sir Morton Peto makes an amus-\\ning mistake when treating of the registered steam tonnage of the United\\nStates. He says In 1865, on the old admeasurement, it amounted to\\n69,500 tons, and on the new admeasurement to 28,400 ton^. He says\\nelsewhere: The tonnage, which under the old admeasurement was com-\\nputed at one figure, is estimated under the neiv admeasurement at another\\nand a smaller total. The correction of this error will be found elsewhere\\n[see the last foot-note to Table IL, iu Appendix]. A portion of the\\nreturns at first the larger portion came in under the old admeasurement,\\nbut every year the new admeasurement gained ground, until, in 1869, it\\ncovered the whole field. It was certainly not very complimentary to the\\nability of either the government ofiicials or the ship-owners to suppose that\\nfor years a system of admeasurement should be used which made 28,400\\ntons read 69,500 tons, thus more than doubling the true amount. The\\nprogress made in steamship building at Chester, Pa., is noted elsewhere\\n[see Pennsylvania, in Topography]. The enrolled and licensed steam\\ntonnage has advanced usually with great steadiness, as is seen by the table.\\nMany of the steamers ou the Western rivers are very handsomely fitted up,\\nso that they have been styled, without much exaggeration, floating pal-\\naces. The increase iu the enrolled and licensed tonnage (which amounted,\\nincluding steamers, sailing vessels and unrigged craft, to 3,371,729 tons on\\nthe 30th of June, 1874) can, it must be acknowledged, be contemplated\\nwith much more satisfaction than is felt when examining the figures of\\nregistered tonnage. The latter has by no means kept pace with the\\nincrease in the foreign commerce of this country, as can be seen by the\\nlarge jiroportiou of both exjDorts and imports carried by foreign vessels.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "THE PRESS.\\nTHE first newspaper printed in the United States appeared on the 25th\\nof September, 1690, and was called Publick Occurrences. Only one\\nnumber appeared, as it ventured to touch upon local and military matters,\\nwhereby umbrage was given to the government, and the incipient enter-\\nprise was forthwith nipped in the bud. With the exception of one issue\\nof a reprint of the London Gazette, no further attempt was made to publish\\na newspaper until 1704, when the Boston Neivs Letter was founded, which\\nwas published weekly, sometimes upon a full sheet, foolscap size, but\\noftener on a half sheet with two columns upon each side. After a struggle\\nof fourteen years the publisher was thirteen months behindhand in giv-\\ning foreign news, and acknowledged that it Avas impossible with half a\\nsheet a week to carry on all the Publick News of Europe. By issuing an\\nextra sheet every other week, eight months of these arrears were paid\\nbetween January and August, 1719, so that the publisher was able to\\nboast with honest pride that his news from Europe was only five months\\nold. On the 21st of December, 1719, appeared the first number of the\\nBoston Gazette, and on the following day the American Weekly Mercury\\nwas established in Philadelphia, being the third newspaper in America.\\nThe fourth was the New England Courant, established in Boston on the\\n7th of August, 1721, by John Franklin, the brother of Benjamin Frank-\\nlin. During the next half century the number of newspapers in the col-\\nonies increased, and at the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775\\nthere were no less than 37 American newspapers. Feeble as specimens\\nof these may appear at the present day when compared with modern\\njournals, they did good service in their day and generation by educating\\nthe people and instilling into their minds those principles of liberty which\\nbore fruit during the struggle between the colonies and the mother-\\ncountry. Almost all of them took up the cause of the patriots. Before\\nthe Revolution the Boston, Gazette had such contributors as John Adams,\\nJames Otis, Joseph Warren and other leading patriots. During the war\\nthe Massachusetts Spy, published at Worcester by Isaiah Thomas, rendered\\nefficient service to the American cause and the satires of Philip Freneau,\\nwhich appeared in the United States Magazine and in the Freeman s Jour-\\nnal, served as an antidote for the Toryism of Rivington s Roijal Gazette, a\\nspecimen of which has been elsewhere given (see Coins and Currency).\\n475", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "476 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nA service still greater, if possible, had been rendered to American liberty,\\nmore than forty years before the Revolution, by John Peter Zenger,\\nassisted by the proverbial acuteness of a Philadelphia lawyer. Zenger\\nestablished the New York Gazette in 1733. During the following year he\\nseverely criticised the corrupt administration of Colonel William Cosby,\\nwho was at that time the governor of the colony. The unfortunate printer\\nwas arrested on the charge of libel, and was imprisoned. The laAvyers\\nwho first took his case in hand were excluded from the bar by Delancy,\\none of Cosby s creatures, who had been illegally appointed judge, and the\\nfear of similar treatment deterred other members of the bar from accepting\\nthe dangerous task of defending the intrepid editor. At this juncture\\nAndrew Hamilton, an aged Quaker lawyer, who was at this time the\\nSpeaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, was called over from Philadelphia\\nto undertake the case. Every effort was made by the judge and the at-\\ntorney-general to secure Zeuger s conviction. When Hamilton offered to\\nprove the truth of the alleged libel, Delancy, following English precedents\\nand suj)ported by the authority of Lord Coke, refused to admit the evi-\\ndence. Hamilton was not dismayed at this rebuff but boldly appealed to\\nthe personal knowledge of the jury. No evidence was necessary; the facts\\nwere notorious the jury knew that the statements complained of were\\ntrue, and they ought to be obliged to Zenger for having published them.\\nThe question before you, he said, is not the cause of a poor printer, nor\\nof New York alone. It is the best cause it is the cause of liberty.\\nEvery man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor\\nyou as men who by an impartial verdict lay a noble foundation for se-\\ncuring to ourselves, our posterity and our neighbors that to which Nature\\nand the honor of our country have given us a right the liberty of op-\\nposing arbitrary power by speaking and writing truth. This eloquent and\\nconvincing appeal was successful. The jury brought in a verdict of Not\\nGuilty, and the triumphant advocate was conducted from the court to a\\npublic entertainment a salute of cannon was fired when he departed for\\nhis own home and the freedom of the city was voted to him for the re-\\nmarkable service done to the inhabitants of this city and colony by his\\ndefence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press. Zenger\\nwas not possessed of great journalistic ability. He was not even a careful\\nprinter, judging by the fact that in so important a matter as the date of\\nhis first paper there is a mistake of a month the true date being No-\\nvember 5, not October 5, 1733. He was, however, a man of dauntless\\nspirit, who rendered by his manly stand a great service both to American\\nliberty and to the greatest safeguard of that liberty the freedom of the\\npress. The view of the law of libel taken by Hamilton was far in advance\\nof his times. Zenger s acquittal took place thirty-five years before Lord\\nMansfield boiled down Coke s dictum for use into the famous maxim, The", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 477\\ngreater the truth, the greater the libeh It was fifty-seven years before\\nthe English statute law constructively permitted the jury to bring in a\\nverdict of Not Guilty, even if tlie defendant had published the words\\nalleged. It was more than a century before that same statute law provided\\nin substance that the truth should be a substantial defence if it had been\\npublished for the public benefit. So slow was the progress of liberty in\\nthe mother-country Gouverneur Morris, instead of dating American lib-\\nerty from the Stamp Act, traced it to the trial of John Peter Zenger,\\nbecause that event revealed the philosophy of freedom, both of thought\\nand speech, as an inborn human right. It was, said Morris to Dr.\\nFrancis, the germ of American freedom the moruing-star of that lib-\\nerty which subsequently revolutionized America.\\nThe first daily newspaper in America was the American Daily Adver-\\ntiser, established in Philadelphia in 1784. The second was the New York\\nDaily Advertiser, established in 1785. The name of the former was\\nchanged to Poidson^s Advertiser in 1802, and in 1839 this journal was\\nmerged in the North American. The Neiv York Daily Advertiser was\\nunited Avith the New York Express in 1836. The number of newspapers\\nrai)idly increased during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and\\nin 1800 there were 27 dailies and 359 newspapers and periodicals of all\\nkinds, having a total annual issue of 22,321,700 copies. In 1828 there\\nwere 852 newspapers and periodicals; copies annually printed, 68,117,796.\\nIn 1835 there were 1258 newspapers and periodicals copies annually\\nprinted, 90,361,000. In 1840 there were 1631 newspapers and period-\\nicals; copies annually printed, 195,838,673. In 1850 there were 2526\\nnewspapers and periodicals copies annually printed, 426,409,978. In\\n1860 there were 4051 newspapers and periodicals; copies annually printed,\\n927,951,548. In 1870 there were 5871 newspapers and periodicals; copies\\nannually printed, 1,508,548,250. The average number of copies annually\\nprinted was\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in 1775, 35,405; in 1810, 62,177; in 1828, 79,950; in 1835,\\n71,431; in 1840, 120,060; in 1850, 168,807; in 1860, 204,384; and in\\n1870, 256,949. As all classes have been mingled in giving these totals\\nand averages, and as the amounts for the later periods have been swelled\\nto somewhat disproportionate limits by the large number of dailies in-\\ncluded (a daily issuing aimually six times as many copies as a weekly of\\nthe same circulation), we shAll now give a few figures with reference to the\\ncircidaiion, that word being taken in its popular sense. In 1850 the circu-\\nlation of newspapers and periodicals published in the United States was\\n5,142,177 copies; in 1860 it was 13,663,409 copies; in 1870 it was\\n20,842,475 copies. The increase in the number of newspapers and period-\\nicals of 1860 over 1850 is 60 per cent. that of 1870 over 1860 is 45 per\\ncent. and that of 1870 over 1850 is 133 per cent. The increase in total\\ncirculation of 1860 over 1850 is 165 per cent. that of 1870 over 1860 is", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "478 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\n52 per cent. and that of 1870 over 1850 is more than three hundred per\\ncent.\\nThe newspapers and periodicals published in the United States in 1870,\\nclassified by their periods of issue were daily, 574 tri-weekly, 107\\nsemi-weekly, 115; weekly, 4295; semi-monthly, 96; monthly, 622; bi-\\nmonthly, 13 quarterly, 49. The average circulation was daily, 4532\\ncopies tri-weekly, 1449 semi-weekly, 2149 weekly, 2466 serai-monthly,\\n14,060; monthly, 9084; bi-monthly, 2434; quarterly, 4302. When clas-\\nsified with reference to their nature there were advertising newspapers\\nand periodicals, 79 agricultural and horticultural, 93 commercial and\\nfinancial, 142 illustrated, literary and miscellaneous, 503 political,\\n4333 religious, 407 sporting, 6 technical and i rofessional, 207 news-\\npapers and periodicals belonging to, or dealing especially with the aflfairs\\nof, benevolent or secret societies, 81 those devoted to nationality, 20. By\\nanother division there were religious newspapers and periodicals, 407,\\nwith an aggregate circulation of 4,764,358 copies, and an average circula-\\ntion of 11,698; and 5464 secular newsimpers and periodicals, with an ag-\\ngregate circulation of 16,078,117 copies, and an average circulation of\\n2942. We shall conclude this array of figures with a few statistics of the\\ndaily and weekly press. In 1850 there w^ere 1902 weekly newspapers,\\nwith an average circulation of 1548 copies; in 1860 there were 3173\\nweekly newspapers, with an average circulation of 2389 copies and in\\n1870 there were 4295, with an average circulation of 2466 copies. In\\n1850 there were 254 daily newspapers, with an average circulation of\\n2986 copies in 1860 there were 387, with an average circulation of 3820\\ncopies; and in 1870 there were 574, with an average circulation of 4532\\ncopies.\\nWe have given these figures, showing the numerical increase both in the\\nnumber of newspapers published in the United States and in their circula-\\ntion, to enable our readers to form some idea of the rapid advance made\\ndui ing the past century and a half by a power which has sprung into ex-\\nistence during that period. We feel how inadequate mere numbers are to\\nserve as a measure for the magnificent development of the art and science\\nof journalism during the period which has intervened since the first feeble\\nefforts of John Campbell, publisher of the Boston Neivs Letter. With\\nequal propriety could a merely numerical com2:)arison be made between\\none Queen Anne s musket, or thirty-seven guns such as were used during\\nthe Revolutionary War, and five thousand rifles of the latest pattern.\\nThe products of thought can be neither weighed nor measured. Their\\nlength, breadth, height and depth cannot be taken and tried upon an exact\\nscale of Bossu s. Still, an approximation may be made, albeit the nearer\\nit approaches the truth the more exaggerated it will seem to ,t.hose who\\nhave not given the matter serious consideration. In the introduction to", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 479\\nHudsou s excellent History of Journalism can be found several estimates\\nof the power of the press, made at different periods by very different peo-\\nple, yet showing a unanimity which gives evidence that there is a basis of\\ntruth upon which these various opinions rest. Napoleon I. says Four\\nhostile newspapers are more to be dreaded than a hundred thousand bay-\\nonets. Carlyle says Great is journalism Is not every able editor a\\nruler of the world, being a persuader of it Thiers says The real\\njudge of the judge is public opinion and the special application of this\\nremark to our subject is given by Jules Favre, who says The j^ress has\\nno powder but that which results from public opinion. David Hume says:\\nIts liberties and the liberties of the people must stand or fall together.\\nThe bishop of Western New York says After all, the press is king. It\\nis the press that creates public opinion. It is the grand fact of the hour\\nthat popular sentiment has been educated by the press up to the point of\\nspurning party-trammels and voting on principle.\\nAll of these expressions of opinion apply with peculiar force to the press\\nof the United States. No grander proof can be offered of the elevating\\nand enlightening influence of freedom than the fact that no nation on the\\nface of the globe possesses a press which can compare with that of this\\ncountry, whether we consider the number of newspapers or their influence.\\nWith the same rate of increase in the next ten years as in the past, there\\nwill be more newspapers and periodicals published in the United States\\nthan in all the rest of the world combined. The number is now between\\n7000 and 8000. Who can estimate the influence upon our national life\\nand growth of this ever-flowing and ever-increasing stream of information,\\nsent forth in such a form and at such a price as places some portion of it\\nat least within the reach of the poorest citizen in the land who is able to\\nread The invention of the electric telegraph, the perfecting of phonog-\\nraphy, the recent wonderful improvements of the printing-press, have in-\\ncreased facilities for obtaining and imparting news but the real secret of\\nthe marvellous influence of the press is to be found in the ability, the sa-\\ngacity and the force (to use a word frequently employed to express this\\nparticular journalistic quality) of the modern editor. The editor is a\\ncreation of the present century. Occasionally among his predecessors was\\nseen a spark of the genuine editorial fire, but the time had not yet come\\nfor the blazing forth of that galaxy of stars which now so brilliantly lights\\nup the journalistic firmament. When the electric telegraph began to put\\nin communication distant points, and made of our nation, in fact as well as\\nin thought, one closely-connected household, each portion daily anxiously\\nlooking for information concerning the rest when phonogi aphy made it\\npossible to transcribe the spoken word, no matter how rapidly it is uttered\\nwhen the more general diffusion of education had caused a thirst for know-\\nledge, and rapid progress in the arts and sciences had created a demand", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "480 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nfor profouud thinkers yet ready teachers, then it was that the editor first\\nlaid claim to his present high position. The Hebrew prophets were not\\nonly religious teachers, but also state moralists and guardians of the repub-\\nlic, uniting the functions of the Roman censors and the tribunes of the\\npeople. What the Hebrew prophet was in the olden time in his civil ca-\\npacity, the editor is, or ought to be, at the present day for to him the\\npeople look for counsel in times of danger and jDerplexity for cheering\\nwords which shall light up the gloom in the day of adversity, and shall\\ngive greater zest to seasons of prosperity.\\nThe teachings of the philosophers of antiquity were the almost peculiar\\nproperty of the few favored disciples who frequented the garden or the\\nporch where the instructor could be found, and the trdmonitions of states-\\nmen were generally given in harangues but the editor speaks at times to\\nan assembly greater than any that ever filled the Roman Colosseum, com-\\nposed not merely of men of leisure, but of all classes, rich and poor, learned\\nand unlearned. A moral priesthood is therefore upon him an obligation\\nto teach what is positively right, as well as to rebuke Avhat is wrong; for\\nhis influence for good or for evil is quickly and powerfully felt, and to\\nhim, if to any one, it may be said By thy words thou shalt be justified,\\nand by thy words thou shalt be condemned. Great, therefore, as is his\\npower, his responsibility is equally great. There are wrongs to right, and\\nrights to be maintained. There is ignorance to be enlightened, error to\\nbe corrected, wickedness to be reproved. To note the signs of the Times\\nto Chronicle the Progress of events to Express sentiments of truth and\\njustice with Argus eye to be like a Sentinel or Watchman at his Post,\\nthe first to Herald the News to all the World to give in his Bulletin the\\nlatest intelligence by Telegraph from all parts of the Globe, taking care\\nthat not a single incorrect Item enters into the Graphic descriptions of his\\nReporter to Press ever on to higher ground, never behind the Age, but\\nbrilliant as the Sun that shines for all to keep the balance in Ledger,\\nJournal and Day-Book on the right side to Appeal to the best impulses\\nof the good, but to fall upon evil-doers with the force of an Avalanche\\nIndependent in thought, to strive to bring about a true Golden Age to\\nkeep an unsullied Record as Patriot and Statesman, caring for the welfare\\nof the whole Nation to be a Tribune of the People, a Defender of the\\nsanctities of Hearth and Home; a promoter of Christian Union; an In-\\nquirer after truth a keen Observer and a correct Recorder, these are the\\neditor s duties and if he fulfil them properly, be he Republican or Demo-\\ncrat, Conservative or Radical, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian or\\nBaptist, he will be a Standard-bearer in his Day and generation, a bril-\\nliant Star in the Galaxy of authors and however meagre- may be the sup-\\nply of so-called sensations, he will have no difficulty in supplying all\\nreasonable demands of the devil.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "AMEEIOAIS LITERATUEE.\\nIT has been said that half a ceutury ago it was usual to sneer in Eugland\\nat the literary pretensions of America. The sneer had not yet gone\\nout of fashion at the time (1852) when Mr. Tuckerman wrote these words;\\nfor more than ten years later than the date given, in a collection of essays\\nwritten by several British aspirants for political honors, the literary pre-\\ntensions of American statesmen were thoroughly sneered at. One of these\\nwriters (Leslie Stephens, M. A.) says Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison and\\nAdams are surrounded by a halo of the most cherished national glory, and\\ntheir character has been estimated accordingly. To any one who will\\nstudy their works it will appear that the two first [meaning the first twol\\nwere the only men who can claim the praise of any original intellectual\\nforce. [Can intellectual force be acquired Jefferson was little more\\nthan a clever retailer of epigrams of the French revolutionary school [the\\nDeclaration of Indejieudence is an example; when the English hate any-\\nthing, their minds are relieved if they call it French^, whose political\\ncareer consisted in feebly drifting with his party. Hamilton was an ener-\\ngetic man of business, with a curious incapacity for seeing beyond the\\nBritish Constitution. To accept them as in any sense great statesmen\\nseems to me a mere concession to national vanity. I think any one Avho\\nwill study the career of General Jackson, or of any of the great trio,\\nClay, Calhoun and Webster, will come to the same conclusion as regards\\nthem. It is useless, however, to complain of the inferiority of Amer-\\nican statesmen, unless it appears that better material is passed over. Now,\\nwith all its excellences, American society has a characteristic defect: it has\\nnot hitherto produced j^oets, or philosophers, or artists any more than great\\nstatesmen up) to the European level. The italics and the remarks in\\nbrackets in the above quotation are our own. The writer is sometimes\\nsufficiently diffident to say I think; but of the assertion contained in\\nthe last sentence he is very positive, and the patronizing manner in which\\nhe makes that statement is highly edifying. He gives, of course, simply\\nhis individual opinion; but it requires no argument to prove that in essays\\nwritten by office-seekers opinions known to be unpopular are seldom suf-\\nfered to appear. An examination of British reviews of American works\\nwill furnish the reader with many similar assertions. Whatever is unde-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25^ 481", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "482 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nniably good the British reviewer frequently attributes to close study of\\nEnglish authors, or even comes out with a direct charge of plagiarism, or\\nof an imitation so close as to virtually constitute that crime. Imitation\\nenough there has certainly been, and how could it be otherwise? The\\nfirst colonists could not forget the mother-country, though to many of them\\nshe had been a stepmother. Their language was English, their education\\nhad been obtained in England, their literature was English. Their ab-\\nsence from their native land made them prize more highly than ever the\\nrich heritage of literary wealth to which they possessed a claim based upon a\\ncommunity of language, of political sentiment and of historical association.\\nThey had, moreover, little time to spend in original literary production\\nthe stern realities of life were upon them. To erect permanent dwellings\\nto bring under cultivation sufficient land to furnish necessary food; to\\nrepel the attacks of a wary and savage foe, such were the tasks which\\ndemanded the time and attention, the physical and mental activity, of the\\nmajority of those who were pioneers in the settlement of the thirteen orig-\\ninal colonies. It was also natural that this ascendency of the mother-\\ncountry should continue for several generations and even at the present\\nday it would be as reasonable to expect from British authors Avorks in\\nwhich the influence of standard English writers cannot be perceived as to\\ndemand such works from their American cousins.\\nThe first book written (some say that it was only finished) in America\\nwas a translation of Ovid s Metamorphoses, executed by George Sandys,\\nthe treasurer of the London Company [see Historical Sketch, page 93].\\nBancroft speaks of Sandys as an idle man, who had been a great trav-\\neller, and who did not remain in America a poet whose verse was toler-\\nated by Dryden and praised by Izaak Walton, etc. When the reader\\nremembers that Sandys was one of the most zealous and influential pro-\\nmoters of emigration to America, having sent to Virginia 1200 emigrants\\nduring the year 1620 (including 90 young women, who became the wives\\nof planters) that while travelling he studied the genius, the tempers, the\\nreligions and the governing principles of the people he visited, and that\\nafter visiting the Turkish Empire, Egypt, the Holy Land, etc., he com-\\nposed the best account of those parts written by any Englishman, and\\nnot inferior to the best of foreigners; that he wrote some of the finest\\nparaphrases of the Psalms, the book of Job and other scriptural poems\\nthat ever appeared in any language and, finally, that the time in which\\nto make the translation from Ovid above mentioned was (says Sandys)\\nsnacht from the bowers (^sic) of night and repose, for the day was not\\nmine when the reader remembers these facts, he will agree with us in\\nthe opinion that Sandys could not, with justice, be termed an idle man.\\nDryden showed his toleration by calling Sandys the ingenious and learned\\nSandys, the best versifier of the former ag6; and his verse was praised by", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 483\\nPope, by Bliss, by Wood and by Godolpliiu, as well as by Izaak Walton.\\nThough he did not remain in America, as the friend of the Pilgrim\\nFathers, as the promoter of emigration to Virginia and as the author of\\nthe first book composed on American soil a work which he himself said\\nwas sprung from the stock of the ancient Romans, but bred in the New\\nWorld his memory deserves to be cherished by every American citizen,\\nand we might add that his name should be mentioned with respect when it\\nap23ears on the page of any American writer. The book was published in\\nLondon in 1621.\\nAs during the strife and carnage and turmoil of the Middle Ages the\\nclergy alone had the requisite learning and leisure to retain and to transmit\\nto posterity the book-knowledge of previous centuries, so during the\\nstruggles of the first settlers to obtain a footing in the New World the\\nclergy were almost the only class who possessed sufficient both of educa-\\ntion and of leisure to enable them to perform literary work. The first\\nbook printed in America was the Bay Psalm Book, a new translation of\\nthe Psalms, made by the chief divines of New England, including Messrs.\\nWelde and Eliot (the fiimous preacher to the Indians), of Roxbury, and\\nMr. Richard Mather (father of Cotton Mather), of Dorchester. The\\nPsalms thus turned into metre were printed at Cambridge, Mass., in the\\nyear 1640. The preface states as a motive of the collection, Because\\nevery good minister hath not a gift of spiritual poetry to compose extem-\\nporary psalmes (.s/c) as he hath of prayer. The book was adopted and\\nalmost exclusively used by the New England churches, and by the year\\n1750 it had passed through at least twenty-seven editions. The transla-\\ntion of the Bible into the Indian language (a Mohegan dialect), com-\\nmenced by John Eliot in 1658 and finished in 1663, deserves mention here,\\nas it was so peculiarly an American work, and was the only edition of the\\nScriptures published in this country during the first century after its settle-\\nment. The first volume of poems published in America was written by\\nAnne Bradstreet, and appeared in 1678. A portion of these effusions had\\nbeen published in London in 1650, with a title beginning thus The Tenth\\nMuse lately sprung up in America. While some of Mrs. Bradstreet s verses\\npossess real merit, others are very matter-of-fact, as, for instance, when we\\nare told, in her account of winter\\nBeef, brawn and pork are now in great st request.\\nAnd solid st meats our stomachs can digest.\\nIt was a natural result of the condition of the colonies, containing as\\nthey did people of every shade of religious belief, that a large portion of\\nthe writings of the clergy should be controversial. One of the earliest of\\nthese polemical writei s was Roger Williams, the founder of the first civil\\ngovernment on earth that gave equal liberty of conscience. That his", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "484 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntoleration was not the result of indifference was amply proved by the zeal\\nwhich he showed in attacking with his pen those whose religious opinions\\ndiffered from his own. All honor, then, to the man who was the first\\nperson in modern Christendom to assert in its plenitude the doctrine of the\\nliberty of conscience, the equality of opinions before the law No fitter\\nplace could have been found for the promulgation of this doctrine than\\nthis favored land in which liberty of conscience is assured by law to\\nevery citizen. The memory of Cotton Mather is not so fortunate. His\\nmain work, Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical History of New\\nEngland (by reading which entirely through Mr. William Tudor immor-\\ntalized himself), is seldom consulted except by the historical student or the\\nantiquarian and in most minds his name is more closely associated with\\nThe Wonders of the Invisible World; being an account of the Tryals of\\n/Several Witches, lately executed in New England, etc., and with the part\\nwhich he took in those tryals. A merchant of Boston, Robert Calef by\\nname, replied to this work of Mather s in a book entitled More Wonders\\nof the Invisible World, wherein the whole matter of Salem witchcraft is\\nexposed with well-merited severity. Mather s book was printed at Boston,\\nand reprinted in London in 1693. Calef s reply was printed in London\\nin 1700, and on its arrival in this country the book was publicly burnt by\\nthe Mather party. Among the various controversial works written by\\nAmerican divines during the eighteenth century, there is on^ which de-\\nserves special mention. We allude to Jonathan Edwards Inquiry into\\nthe Freedom of the Will. Sir James Mackintosh speaks of the author as\\nthis remarkable man, the metaphysician of America, and in another\\nplace as that remarkable man who in a metaphysical age or country\\nwould certainly have been deemed as much the boast of America as his\\ngreat countryman Franklin. The works of Edwards are among the\\nearliest mental productions of native Americans which have obtained a\\npermanent place in English literature. The Inquiry into the Freedom of\\nthe Will was published in 1754. Ten years before, Franklin had printed\\na translation of Cicero de Senectxde, made by James Logan, the founder of\\nthe Loganian Library at Philadelphia. This translation has been pro-\\nnounced by competent authority the best which appeared before that of\\nMelmoth. The preface was written by Franklin, who terms the book The\\nfirst Translation of a Classic in this Western world. He evidently had-\\nnot heard of the work of Sandys. Logan wrote in Latin several scientific\\nmonographs, which were published at Leyden, and one of which was re-\\npublished in London, with an English version by Dr. Fothergill yet the\\nLondon Quarterly Revieu) (with the fairness alluded to near the beginning\\nof this article) could refer to him as a man of the name of Logan, as\\nobscure as Godfrey himself. Godfrey was the father of the author of the\\nfirst dramatic work written in America and as the inventor of the quad-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 485\\nrant known as Hadley s quadrant (the Koyal Society deciding that\\nboth Godfrey and Hadley were original inventors), he could not correctly\\nbe termed obscure. The tragedy written by Thomas Godfrey, the son,\\nwas entitled The Prince of Parthia. It never appeared on the stage, but\\nit was not without merit; and some of his poems show that he possessed\\nthe real poetic fire. A Dlthyrambic on Wine (a beverage of which he had\\nnever partaken) was considered as a refutation of that noted adage that\\nA water-drinker can never be a good dithyrambic poet. The drama\\nwas written while Godfrey, who was a native of Philadelphia, was residing\\nin North Carolina.\\nWhile this sketch would not be complete without mention of Franklin,\\nhis history and his works are so well known to the generality of readers\\nthat they do not require an extended notice. The man who (as Turgot\\nwrote) snatched the lightning from heaven and the sceptre from tyrants\\nperformed, though not an author by profession, more literary labor be-\\ntween the years 1726 and 1790 than many who have worked directly for\\nreputation and the booksellers. While he is remembered as a promoter\\nof science, as a philosopher, as a patriot, as a statesman, and as the\\ngreatest diplomatist of the eighteenth century, it should not be forgotten\\nthat the author of Poor Richard s wise sayings was a writer of whom\\neven Jeflreys has said, He never loses sight of common sense in any of\\nhis speculations and in another place, His style has all the vigor, and\\neven conciseness, of Swift, without any of his harshness. It is in no degree\\nmore flowery, yet both elegant and lively. Franklin was the Nestor of\\nthe Revolution, having reached the allotted span of three score years and\\nten when independence was declared. When the necessity of a separa-\\ntion from the mother-country began to be evident nay, before that time,\\nwhen there was still a hope of a reconciliation there was no lack of lit-\\nerary ability among the friends of freedom. The stand taken by the\\nnewspapers is elsewhere mentioned [see article on The Press, page 395]\\nand we have also noted the opinion of Lord Chatham with reference to\\nthe State papers issued by the First Continental Congress, and which were\\ncomposed by John Jay and William Livingston. That the compliment\\nreferred to literary merit as well as to other qualities is evident from\\nChatham s prefatory remark, I must declare and avow that in all my\\nreading of history (and it has been my favorite study I have read Thucyd-\\nides, and have studied and admired the master-states of the world), but for\\nsolidity of reasoning, etc. [See Historical Sketch, pp. 99, 100.]\\nDuring the stirring events preceding the Revolution, during the war\\nitself, and indeed up to the period of the adoption of the Federal Consti-\\ntution, there was little leisure to cultivate literature for itself. The stern\\nrealities of the hour, the dawning of a general desire for independence,\\nthe hand-to-hand struggle for seven years, the anxiety to settle upon a", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "486 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\npermanent form of government, gave to the writings of the day an in-\\ntensely practical tone. Even the humorous poems of this period are\\ngenerally intended to impress some important truth upon the popular\\nmind, or to hold up to well-merited ridicule the enemies of freedom. It\\nis a noteworthy fact that the clergy and the lawyers, the two classes stand-\\ning highest in the matter of intellectual culture, were generally on the side\\nof liberty. There was a demand for teachers who would bring their fellow-\\ncountrymen up to the ideal of Alcseus of Mitylene, who believed that to\\nconstitute a state there is need of\\nMen who their duties know,\\nBut know their rights, and knowing dare maintain.\\nThis demand was nobly met but a large portion of the instruction of these\\nteachers was in the shape of what might be called (though not in the anti-\\nquarian sense of the term, which confines it mainly to tradition) oral\\nliterature. Phonography Avas not yet invented, and but few specimehs\\nhave been preserved of the eloquence which took so prominent a part in\\nprejDaring the colonists for the approaching crisis, in cheering them during\\nthe struggle for independence, and in bringing about a peaceable solution\\nof the important problem which was finally disposed of by the Convention\\nof 1789. The supposed speeches which have been kindly manufactured\\nin comparatively recent times, though very creditable to the generosity,\\nand occasionally to the intellectual vigor, of their composers, are scarcely\\nadequate to fill up the vacuum left in the sum total of the results of\\nAmerican literary effort by the lack of verbatim reports of orations many\\nof which would doubtless compare favorably with the best productions of\\nancient or of modern times. Still, enough has come down to us to show\\nthat there were giants in those days. The eloquence of Patrick Henry,\\nof James Otis, and of other Revolutionary orators, was of no ordinary\\nkind. Otis also excelled as a writer, and his Vindication of the Conduct\\nof the Souse of Representatives (of Massachusetts) is a masterpiece of con-\\ndensed argument. Of the newspaper essays and pamphlets written by the\\npatriots many fortunately have been preserved. Among the most valuable\\nof these at the present day, and the most effective when they appeared, are\\nthe Common Sense and American Crisis essays of Thomas Payne, written\\nbefore he published his attack upon religion, in disregard of the sage\\nFranklin s w*arning that Among us it is not necessary, as among the\\nHottentots, that a youth, to be raised into the company of men, should\\nprove his manhood by beating his mother.\\nThe settlement of the form of government, and the gradual recovery of\\nthe country from the disastrous effects which are attendant upon even a\\nsuccessful war, when waged not in the enemy s country, but in our own,\\nwere doubtless beneficial to the prospects of literature in the youthful", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 487\\nrepublic; but it was not until the close of the eighteeuth century that the\\nfirst professional literarj^ man of the country (who was at the same\\ntime the first American novelist) came prominently into view in the person\\nof Charles Brockdeu Brown. For full information with reference to his\\nworks the reader is referred to the admirable essay of Prescott. The fate\\nof his first novel, Sky- Walk, or the Man Unknown to Himself, was peculiar\\nand anything but auspicious. The printer, who had made a contract to\\nprint the work and to look to the sale for his pay, died when his task was\\nnearly completed. His executors would neither fulfil the contract nor sell\\nthe printed sheets at the price oflTered by the author s friends. The fate of\\nthe sheets cannot with certainty be stated, but it can be safely asserted that\\nSky- Walk, under that name, remained unknown to the general public.\\nPortions of the unfortunate novel were afterward incorporated by the\\nauthor in Edgar Huntley. Brown s Wieland was the first American\\nnovel published. It appeared in 1798, and was immediately successful;\\nbut the success of a literary venture in those days was not, as at the pres-\\nent day, a sure road to wealth. Brown writes in 1800, Bookmaking is\\nthe dullest of trades, and the most that any American can look for in his\\nnative country is to be reimbursed for his unavoidable expenses. The\\nnovels of Brown were reprinted in England, where they met v/ith a\\nfavorable reception but the author never derived any pecuniary benefit,\\nso far as is known, from his transatlantic reputation. Bookmaking was\\na dull enough trade in England when Brown wrote the above remark.\\nLess than thirty years had then elapsed since Chatterton, wellnigh starved,\\nhad spent his last penny for a dose of arsenic w^herewith to commit suicide;\\nand at the present day, if Robert Browning s subsistence depended upon\\nthe revenue deriyed from his works, his supply of food would be little\\nlarger than was that of poor Chatterton. It would, however, be unfair\\nto leave the impression that the prospects of authors of merit are not im-\\nproved in England as well as in America. If in 16G7 Milton w as glad to\\nsell Paradise Lost for five pounds down and fifteen more to be paid by the\\ntime that 4300 copies had been sold while his widow disposed of her\\nwhole interest in it for eight pounds in 1826 Mrs. Rundle received two\\nthousand pounds for the unexpired term of the copyright of her Domestic\\nCookery. Even a poet, if popular, sometimes is well rewarded and making\\nample allowance for the difference in the value of a given sum of money\\nin 1667 and in 1867, Tennyson has received for any ten lines in some of\\nhis later poems more than the whole amount paid to Milton and to his\\nwidow for one of the grandest poems ever written in any language. In\\nAmerica the progress in the appreciation of literary merit has been even\\nmore marked. In 1850 The \\\\Vide, Wide World was published, a novel\\nwritten by Susan Warner, but bearing on its title-page the nom de plume\\nElizabeth Wetherell. In ten years the sales of this book amounted to", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "488 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\n500,000 copies in this country alone, and it was reprinted in England and\\nti anslated into several foreign languages. VVe have selected this work\\nas an example because it is one which depended for its popularity simply\\nupon its literary merit, and not upon general interest in any political or\\ntheological or metaphysical question. This is, of course, an exceptional\\ncase; but if a novel is at all successful in this country i. e., successful\\nwhen looked at from the publisher s point of view it has a sale of at least\\nfive or ten thousand copies. In the Galaxy for April, 1872, Justin\\nMcCarthy makes the following statement, which we give for the purpose\\nof comparison: The whole system of publishing is so different in Eng-\\nland from that which prevails in America, our fictitious prices and the con-\\ntrol bug monopoly of our great libraries so restrict and limit the sale, that\\na New York reader would perhaps hardly believe how small a number con-\\nstitute a good circulation for an English novelist. I assume that, roughly\\nspeaking, Eeade, Wilkie Collins and Trollope may be said to have about the\\nsame kind of circulation almost immeasurably below Dickens, and below\\nsome such abnormal sale as that of Lothair or of Lady Audley s Secret, but\\nmuch above even the best of the younger novelists. I venture to think\\nthat not one of these three popular and successful authors may be counted\\non to reach a circulation of two thousand copies. Probably about eighteen\\nhundred copies would be a decidedly good thing for one of Charles Reade s\\nnovels. If this be true\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and Mr. McCarthy is certainly in a position to\\nknow any one of these novelists has a larger circulation in this country\\nthan in England. A British writer who has no hesitation in criticising\\nAmericans freely, and who is anything but favorable in many of his criti-\\ncisms, is forced to acknowledge that The Americans are emphatically a\\nreading people. All ranks and classes read; all read the daily paper; all\\nare posted up in current events; most read more or less of light litera-\\nture; not a few read the best standard works in the language. The best\\nwriters of England, it is well knoivn, have more readers in America than at\\nhome. This fact speaks well for the culture of the Americans, and for\\nthe catholicity of their taste. The figures given above show that they\\nare equally appreciative of the merits of American authors.\\nThe first three-fourths of the nineteenth century have indeed been a\\nperiod of progress for American literature. The .practical turn of the\\nAmerican mind is seen in the great number of educational works which\\nhave been issued; but no department of mental production has been en-\\ntirely neglected. Before the century began, the first of Lindley Murray s\\nGrammars had appeared, in which the author (if Goold Brown and\\nGeorge Washington Moon are to believed) furnished another proof of the\\nprinciple set forth in Portia s remark, I can easier teach twenty what\\nwere good to be done than be one of twenty to follow mine own teaching.\\nIf such criticisms are true, the condition of English grammatical science", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 489\\nmust have been miserable; for several millions of copies of Murray s\\nGrammar were sold in England during the first fifty years of the nine-\\nteenth century, and the work has formed the basis of most of those upon\\nthe same subject since published. Since that time each decade has shown\\na marked advance in the number of authors and in the quantity and\\nquality of the works published. The names of authors who have written\\nworks of value crowd upon us so thickly that the shortest mention of them\\nwould swell this article far beyond its proper limits. Near the beginning\\nof the century began the literary life of Irving, who, in his later years,\\ntwined about the brow of his immortal namesake the most beauteous laurel\\nwreath that History united with Biography ever wove; Fenimore Cooper\\nand other novelists Bryant, Halleck, Longfellow, Lowell and other poets\\namong historians, Bancroft and Hildreth and Motley and Prescott whose\\nalmost sightless eyes seem to have left his mental vision clearer and his\\nimagination warmer and brighter), and Kirk, his former secretary, upon\\nwhom his mantle has fallen in shoi-t, in every department of literature\\nAmerica is now represented by men who can be favorably compared with\\ntheir transatlantic brethren.\\nIt was difficult to obtain reliable statistics of the number of books pub-\\nlished annually before the enactment of the present copyright law, which\\nobliges those who wish to copyright books to enter them in the office of\\nthe Librarian of Congress at Washington. Before this provision was\\nmade the entries were made in the clerks offices of the various District\\nCourts of the United States, some States, therefore, having two places\\nwhere books could be copyrighted. The reader will at once see the\\ndifficulty of obtaining information which lay scattered around in so\\nmany different j^laces, to procure which it was necessary to write to the\\nclerk of each and every District Court, and to receive answers from all\\nbefore the total number was secured. At present (1875) the whole\\nmatter can be transacted by mail, at an expense of one dollar and\\ntwo complete copies of the best edition issued, sent, pre-paid, by mail or\\nexpress, to the librarian of Congress. Another very important provision\\nof the law, which is a natural result of the above requirements, is that\\nall records and other things relating to copyrights, and required by law\\nto be preserved, shall be under the control of the Librarian of Congress,\\nand kept and preserved in the library of Congress and the Librarian of\\nCongi ess shall have the immediate care and supervision thereof. The\\nstatistics of copyrights issued must, therefore, form a portion of his report\\nand they are annually given to the public, though not always, at least in\\nthe first reports, with the same fulness and distinctness. The whole\\nnumber of books entered in the office of the Librarian of Congress in\\n1872 was 11,075, classified as follows: Books, 3175; pamphlets, 2728;\\nmusical productions, 2312; dramatic pieces, 18; maps and charts, 221;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "490 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nphotographs, engraviogs, chromos and prints, 2621. Of the report for\\n1873 the Annual Cyclopedia for that year says: The number of pub-\\nlications entered for copyright was 15,352, an increase of about ten per\\ncent, on the entries of the preceding year. This includes not only books\\nand pamphlets, but maps, prints, articles in periodicals, etc., and the\\naggregate gives no clew to the proportions of each. Now, if the number\\ngiven for 1872 be correct, the increase, instead of being about ten per\\ncent., is 38.53 per cent. As the report of the Librarian of Congress\\nfor 1874 gives the number of copyright entries during the year end-\\ning December 1, 1874, as 16,283, being an increase over the entries of\\nthe preceding year of 931, the correctness of the total for 1873 (15,352)\\nis proved, so that either the total given for 1872 or the per centage reck-\\noned by the writer in the Aiinual Cyclopedia is wrong. As the entry of\\nall prints and labels intended for use in connection with any article of man-\\nufacture was transferred (Aug. 1, 1874) from the office of the Librarian\\nof Congress to that of the Commissioner of Patents, the increase in the\\ncopyright business is really greater than is indicated by the figures given\\nabove. The previous reports included several thousand entries annually\\nof mere labels which never had any appropriate relation to copyright pro-\\ntection, and which are now registered in the oflSce of the Commissioner\\nof Patents, to whom shall be paid for recording the title of any print or\\nlabel, not a trade-mark, six dollars, which shall cover the expense of fur-\\nnishing a copy of the record, under the seal of the Commissioner of\\nPatents, to the party entering the same. The increase in the value of\\ncopyright works is not, however, merely numerical. There is a marked\\nimprovement observable in the quality as well as in the quantity of Amer-\\nican publications. Our British cousins would do well if they would recon-\\nsider the unfavorable dicta with which their literary periodicals are replete\\nif they would acknowledge the debt owing from both countries to such\\na work, for instance, as Dr. Allibone s Critical Dictionary of English Lit-\\nerature and British and American Authors if they would realize tlie fact\\nthat this country has advanced intellectually as well as materially that\\nthe language which is the common heritage of Britannia and Columbia\\nhas been honored by the best productions of American Literature.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "AMEEICAN EDUOATIOiN^.\\nIN the year 1867, which, as a brief calculation will enable the reader to\\nrealize, is a date not very much earlier than 1876, there appeared in a\\nbook written and published in England, the following statement: In\\nAmerica it is still possible to win some success with such fixcility that high\\ntraining, like high farming, is there thrown away. As the American\\nfarmer, with abundance of fertile land, only scratches his ground, so the\\nstudent is content with a superficial culture of his mind. The exceptions\\nhave not as yet been sufficiently numerous to form the nucleus of a really\\ncultivated class or to raise the general standard. It is from this cause, I\\nthink, that, whether we study American society or books or history, we are\\nstruck with the same phenomenon the immense number of minds which\\nrise to great practical acuteness and facility compared with the very small\\nnumber which rise to real originality and thorough cultivation. I do not\\ndoubt that this will alter as society comes to a state of equilibrium, but\\nwhilst it lasts there is one excellent reason for the paucity of highly-culti-\\nvated statesmen in Congress namely, that there are none in the country.\\nThe class from which they should be drawn does not exist.\\nWe have given this statement in full in order to show the spirit which\\npervades the writings of many British essayists when touching upon this\\nimportant subject. We are thankful that we are able to state that all\\nEnglish authors have not been so biased in their opinions concerning Amer-\\nican culture; but there is little doubt in the mind of any one who has\\ninvestigated the matter that the ideas contained in the above quotation\\nhave obtained in England almost universal acceptance. The reason for\\nthis is obvious. The people of England, or at least the writers of that\\ncountry, do not realize the wonderful advances that have been made in the\\nUnited States during the past half century in all that pertains to education.\\nHaifa century ago, however, a candid Englishman could say: The effects\\nof the literary institutions of the United States are somewhat peculiar.\\nFew men devote their lives to scholarship. The knowledge that is actually\\nacquired is perhaps quite sufficient for the more practical and useful pur-\\nsuits. I am inclined to believe that a class of American graduates carries\\naway with it quite as much general and diversified knowledge as a class\\nfrom one of our own universities. The excellence in particular branches\\n491", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "492 JBURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmay be wanting, but the deficiency is more than supplied by variety of infor-\\nmation. In another place he says Profound schohirs are not common.\\nThis country possesses neither the population nor the endowments to main-\\ntain a large class of learned idlers in order that one man in a hundred may\\ncontribute a mite to the growing stock of general knowledge. There is a\\nluxury in this expenditure of animal force to which the Americans have\\nnot yet attained. The good is far too problematical and remote to be\\nsought, while the expense of man is certain.\\nWe could not have a better introduction than the foregoing quotation\\nfor a brief notice of the early attempts to provide for the educational wants\\nof this country. The life of the first settlers was intensely practical. They\\nhad no superabundance of force, mental or physical, to expend upon any-\\nthing which did not bring in a speedy return. Still, the interests of the\\nrising generation, where education was concerned, were not entirely neg-\\nlected; for it was less than sixteen years after the landing of the Pil-\\ngrim Fathers, and six years after the settlement of Massachusetts Bay,\\nthat (Oct. 28, 1636) the General Court of Massachusetts agreed to give\\n\u00c2\u00a3400 toward a school or college, whereof \u00c2\u00a3200 to be paid the next year\\nand \u00c2\u00a3200 wheii the work is finished. The bequest of the Rev. John\\nHarvard put the enterprise upon a sure footing probably its only footing\\nat first (as there is doubt whether the \u00c2\u00a3400 voted by the General Court\\nwas ever actually paid) and the first president, Henry Dunster, was\\nelected in 1640. From this beginning has grown the present Harvard\\nUniversity, with nine departments, its 110 instructors, its, 1174 students\\n(in 1874) and its library of more than 200,000 volumes.\\nThe founding of Harvard College was not, however, the first indication\\nof the interest felt by the early settlers in New England in the intellectual\\nwelfare of their youth. As early as 1635, according to the records of the\\ntown of Boston (then not yet five years old), it was unanimously resolved\\nthat our brother Philemon Purmont should be appointed schoolmaster for\\nthe instruction and education of our children. Thirty acres of land were\\ngranted at the same time for the support of the schoolmaster. In the year\\n1642 the General Court e., the House of Representatives of that day)\\nresolved to enjoin the local authorities to keep a watchful eye on their\\nbrothers and neighbors, and above all things to see that there be no fiimily\\nin which so barbarous state of things exists as that the head thereof do not\\nendeavor, either by his own exertions or by the help of others, to impart\\nsufficient instruction to his children and to his servants to enable them to\\nread fluently the English language, and to acquire a knoivledge of the penal\\nlaws, under a penalty of twenty shillings. In 1647, when education had\\nthus been rendered compulsory, the foundation was laid of that system of\\ninstruction which exists to this day in Massachusetts in all its essential fea-\\ntui-es, though it has necessarily undergone some modifications. This law", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 493\\nwas repeated and re-enacted in the code of 1649, which prescribed that,\\nIt being one chief project of thafe old deluder Sathan to keep men from\\nthe knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an\\nunknown tongue, so in these latter times by persuading men from the use\\nof tongues, and that learning may not be buried in the graves of our fathers\\ntherefore every township was required to maintain a school for reading and\\nwriting, and every town of a hundred householders a grammar-school, with\\na teacher qualified to fit youths for the university. The penalty for\\nnon-compliance was at first put at \u00c2\u00a35 per annum, but was I aised, until in\\n1718 it stood at \u00c2\u00a340 for every town containing two hundred families.\\nThese fines were appropriated for the benefit of schools. In the mean time\\nVirginia, the oldest of the colonies, had not been behindhand in providing\\nmeans of instruction, private benevolence having supplied the place of a\\nlegal enactment. In a letter quoted by the author of A Perfect Description\\nof Virginia, and written in that colony in March, 1648, we find the follow-\\ning statement I may not forget to tell you that we have a free school,\\nwith two hundred acres of land, a fine house upon it and other accommo-\\ndations to it. The benefactor deserves perpetual memory. His name, Mr.\\nBenjamin Symes, is worthy to be chronicled. Other petty schools also %ve\\nhave.\\nIn Connecticut a law was passed in 1650 relative to the public schools\\nwhich in its essential features was similar to the one mentioned. The great\\nimportance which was attached to education in this State can be judged\\nfrom the remarkable passage in their penal code, the famous Blue Laws,\\nwhich determines that if any child or children above sixteen years old\\nand of sufficient understanding shall curse or smite their natural father or\\nmother, he or they shall be put to death, unless it shall be sufficiently testi-\\nfied that the jxirents have been very unchristianly negligent in the education of\\nsuch children, or so provoke them by extreme and cruel correction that they\\nhave been forced thereto to preserve themselves from death or maiming.\\nIn June, 1670, the General Court of the Colony of New Plymouth\\ngranted all the profits accruing to the colony for fishing with nets or\\nseines at Cape Cod for mackerel, bass or herrings, to be improved for and\\ntoward a free school in some town of this jurisdiction, /o? the training xip\\nof youth in literature for the good and benefit of posterity, provided a begin-\\nning were made within one year after the said grant.\\nThe reasons assigned for these various measures to establish schools and\\nto encourage home instruction are highly suggestive. We have italicised\\nthem, but repeat them here for comparison and examination That learn-\\ning may not be buried in the graves of our fathers; that the youth might\\nbe enabled to acquire a knowledge of the penal laws; that they might\\nbe trained up in literature for the good and benefit of posterity; these\\nare reasons not unworthy of the most enlightened statesmen living in the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "494 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmost enlightened age. The full value of the second above given will be\\nrealized only when the reader remembers that then was in vogue as now\\nthe legal maxim Ignorance of the law excuses no man. Still more re-\\nmarkable, then, is the exception the only merciful exception found in\\nthose of the Blue Laws which inflicted capital punishment which spared\\nthe cursing or striking child in whose education his parents had been very\\nunchristianly negligent. It is like a ray of light gleaming out from the\\nthick darkness which hangs over that portion of this famous code, which,\\nlike the oft-mentioned laws of Draco, is written in blood. It is an indica-\\ntion of the presence of that spirit which at the present day pervades the\\nentire nation, and which called forth the strong commendation of a distin-\\nguished foreigner, not an Englishman, about a quarter of a century since,\\nexpressed in terms so strong that we feel called upon to transcribe them.\\nWhen, he says, the stranger finds that in reality the public schools are\\none of the most prominent subjects of national pride and satisfaction that\\nthe question of popular education is not of interest only to some few phi-\\nlanthropists and thinkers, is not discussed only in legislative assemblies,\\nbut that it forms part of the national life and is considered an important,\\nnay, the most important, concern of the nation, then he feels that in\\nthe depths of American society there are forces at work which in Europe\\nhave as yet produced very mediocre results. This is, I think, the highest\\npr^aise that can be bestowed on the United States. This constitutes the\\ntrue greatness of the nation and the best guarantee of its stability. The\\nUnited States are the only communities in the world which from their very\\ncommencement ivere prepared to establish popular education as one of the\\nfundamental pillars of the social fabric. They are the only communities\\nin which the highest possible degree of enlightenment among the people\\nhas been practically and universally recognized, not only as a very desira-\\nble object from the philanthropic point of view, but also as constituting the\\nprincipal cog-wheel in the machinery of the state. In effect, national enlight-\\nenment will always, and in every branch of administration, prove the most\\neffective ally of statesmanship.\\nThe progress made was, it must be acknowledged, not always steady or\\nequal. In 1705, for instance, there was no public school at Plymouth but\\nprivate enterprise, as is usual in America, came to the rescue. Sundry\\ninhabitants of Plymouth became bound to pay twenty pounds per annum\\nfor seven years to support a school, provided it be settled within forty rods\\nof the old meeting-house; which was agreed to, and a school-house was\\nbuilt by subscription. As the inhabitants of Plymouth were at this period\\ndispersed over an extensive territory, several towns, since taken from it, not\\nthen being incorpoi ated, there was, at first, some difficulty in arranging\\nmatters, which was finally removed by the following regulations, in which, it\\nwill be noticed, the zeal for learning which brought children from a greater", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 495\\ndistance than a mile was rewarded with a proportionately lower school\\ngate, as the money paid for tuition was called: All children sent to the\\nschool (except those of the subscribers to the fund) that live within one\\nmile of the school to pay four pence the week for being taught Latin, writ-\\ning and ciphering, and two pence the week for reading. All beyond a\\nmile and within two to pay two pence for being taught Latin and one penny\\nfor reading, the poor excepted, ivJio are to co7ne free. In case a country school\\nbe settled by the court before said term of seven years be expired, then\\nthese obligations mutually to be void. By a country school is meant\\na public school established by law. The exception made in favor of the\\npoor is an example of the kindly spirit which lies at the basis of all legis-\\nlation upon this subject, but which is especially noteworthy when shown by\\nthe undertakers of what might be considered a private enterprise.\\nThe second college iu the United States was William and Mary College,\\nfounded at ^yilliamsburg, Va., in 1692. The king and queen after whom\\nthe institution was named gave \u00c2\u00a32000 and 20,000 acres of land, the duty\\nof Id. per pound on all tobacco exported from Virginia and Maryland to\\nthe other colonies, and the Surveyor-General s place, which was then\\nvacant. He also granted it the privilege of sending a member to the\\nassembly. The author of The British Evipire in America says (in 1741):\\nIt proceeded so far that there was a commencement there in the year\\n1700, at which there was a great concourse of people. Several planters\\ncame thither in their coaches and several in sloops from New York, Penn-\\nsylvania and Maryland. It being a new thing in America to hear gradu-\\nates perform their academical exercises, the Indians themselves had the\\ncuriosity to come to Williamsburg on this occasion, and the whole country\\nrejoiced as if they had some relish of learning. The professors were to\\nread on all the liberal sciences on agriculture, architecture, art military,\\nnavigation, gardening, trade and manufactures once a week from Easter\\nto Michaelmas, and twice a week from Michaelmas to Easter. They began\\nupon experiments of plants and minerals, and were assisted by the French\\nof Monachantown. Their own lead, copper and iron mines in the Apal-\\nlean [Appalachian] Mountains were under their consideration, when the\\nfire put an end to their college and their studies. This fire happened in\\n1705, but the building was re-erected in 1706, and liberal contributions\\nwere made toward its restoration by Queen Anne.\\nA school system was devised in Maryland in 1694, which was carried\\ninto effect in 1723, and for the benefit of which certain export and import\\nduties were imposed. Each county had a board of visitors, seven iu num-\\nber, with power to perpetuate themselves by filling vacancies, and with\\nauthority to purchase in each county one hundred acres of land as the site\\nof a boarding-school, and to employ good schoolmasters, members of the\\nChurch of England and of pious and exemplary lives and conversation,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "496 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand capable of teaching well the grammar, good writing and mathematics,\\nif such can be conveniently got. Their salary was to be \u00c2\u00a320 per annum\\nand the use of the tract of land bought. By a subsequent act, passed in\\n1728, these masters were required, under penalty of dismissal, to teach as\\nmany poor children gratis as the visitors should direct. This, though far\\ninferior to the school system of New England, was a far more liberal\\nprovision than Avas elsewhere made at that time for public education.\\nOn the 9th of October, 1701, the General Court of the Colony of Con-\\nnecticut granted full liberty and privilege unto certain undertakers for\\nthe founding, suitably endowing and ordering a collegiate school Avithin\\nHis Majesty s colony of Connecticut, wherein youth may be instructed in\\nthe arts and sciences, who, through the blessing of Almighty God, may be\\nfitted for public employments both in Church and civil State. To the\\nintent, therefore, that all due encouragement be given to such pious resolu-\\ntions, and that so necessary and religious an undertaking may be set for-\\nward, supported and well managed, be it enacted, etc. We have given\\nthis preamble to show the combined piety and patriotism which actuated\\nthese men, and the ceremony which took place in the previous year, and\\nwhich is deemed by many the true beginning of the college, is correctly\\ndescribed by Baldwin as peculiarly characteristic of the simplicity of the\\nage. At some time in 1700 ten of the principal ministers Avere nominated\\nand agreed on by general consent to act as trustees or undertakers to\\nfound, erect and govern a college. They met at Branford, and each\\ntrustee brought a number of books and presented them to the body, and\\nlaying them on the table said these words I give these books for the\\nfounding a college in this colony. The number of volumes thus collected\\nconsisted of forty folios. Such was the humble beginning of what was\\ndestined to be one of the first institutions of learning in the country, not\\nmerely in the order of time, but also in the order of merit, of value and\\nof efiiciency. The first commencement Avas held in 1702, at Saybrook.\\nThe first student who had taken his Avhole course at the institution, or at\\nleast had not been at any other college, was graduated in 1704. For five\\nyears (from 1702 to 1707) the students resided with the rector at Killing-\\nworth, while the commencements Avere held at Saybrook. After that time\\nvarious arrangements Avere made until 1718, Avheu a ncAV building Avas\\nerected at Ncav Haven, and Avas occupied by the school on the 10th of\\nSeptember. In honor of Elihu Yale (a native of Ncav Haven who had\\ngone to England and had become the governor of the East India Com-\\npany), by whose generosity the trustees had been enabled to complete the\\nedifice, the institution noAV received the name of Yale College. During\\nthe scholastic year of 1874-5 there were 88 instructors and 1031 students\\nin the various departments (103 theological, 53 laAv and 50 medical, and\\nin the department of philosophy and the arts, 55 graduate and 7 special", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 497\\nstudents, 537 imdergraduate academical students, 248 in the Slieffield\\nScientific School and 21 in the School of the Fine Arts).\\nThe College of New Jersey, popularly known as Princeton College,\\nwas first incorporated in 1746, and established at Elizabethtown under the\\npresidency of the Rev. Jonathan Dickinson. At first this gentleman and\\nan usher were the only teachers, and the students, about 20 in number,\\nboarded with the president and with other fiimilies in the town. In 1747\\nPresident Dickinson died, and the institution was removed to Newark,\\nwhere it remained for ten years under the presidency of the Rev. Aaron\\nBurr; and in 1757, the number of students being 70, it took a new and\\nfinal departure to Princeton, where during this year Nassau Hall, the first\\ncollege edifice, was erected. The discipline was somewhat strict in those\\ndays, judging by the following extract from the collegiate code of this\\ninstitution in 1765: Every scholar shall keep his hat off* about ten rods\\nto the president and about five to the tutors. Every scholar shall rise up\\nand make his obeisance when the president goes in or out of the hall or\\nenters the pulpit on days of religious worship. When walking with a\\nsupei ior, they shall give him the highest place; and when first coming into\\nhis company they shall show their respect to him by pulling off their hats\\nshall give place to him at any door or entrance, or, meeting him going up\\nand down stairs, shall stop, giving him the banister (sic) side; shall not\\nenter into his room without knocking at the door, or in any way intrude\\nthemselves upon him; and shall never be first and foremost in anv under-\\ntaking in which a superior is engaging or about to engage shall never\\nuse any indecent or rude behavior or action in a superior s presence, such\\nas making a noise, calling loud or speaking at a distance unless spoken to\\nby him if within hearing shall give a direct, pertinent answer, concluding\\nwith Sir! This college had, during the scholastic year of 1874-5, 19\\ninstructors and (including 25 in the school of science) 408 students.\\nDartmouth College in Hanover, N. H.,was chartered in 1769. It grew\\nout of a school for the education of Indian children which had previously\\nbeen established at Lebanon, Conn., by the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D. D.,\\nwho became the first president of the incorporated institution. The char-\\nter gave it all the privileges and immunities of any university within the\\nBritish realm. In the following year the institution with its 24 students\\n(18 whites and 6 Indians) was removed to Hanover. The number of\\ninstructors during the scholastic year of 1874-5 Avas 35, and of students\\n457, divided as follows academical, 265, medical, 78, scientific, 77, agri-\\ncultural, 33, Thayer department, 4. The number of volumes in the li-\\nbrary of Dartmouth is 47,000, and including the collections of the literary\\nsocieties, etc., the sum total is 53,100 volumes. Yale College, with the\\nsame inclusion, has an available magazine of 105,000 volumes, while the\\nlibrary strength of Harvard University is 200,000 volumes, as has\\n32", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "498 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nbeen already stated. There are iu the Uuited States (according to the\\nAmerican Educational Oyclopasdia for 1875) 322 colleges and universi-\\nties, 111 theological seminaries, 37 law schools, 121 normal schools, 39\\nschools of science (mining, engineering, agricultural, etc.) which are en-\\ndowed by the national land-grant, and 28 schools and collegiate de-\\npartments of science (mining, engineering, etc.) Avhich are not endowed\\nwith the national grant of lands. The number of educational and lead-\\ning college periodicals is 114. The national land-grants are a strik-\\ning proof of the interest felt by the whole country in this important\\nmatter. As early as 1785 and 1787 the ordinances passed in these years\\nfor the government of the North-west Territory set apart section 16\\nof every townshij) for the maintenance of public schools, the act of the\\nsecond year named asserting that, religion, morality and knowledge being\\nnecessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and\\nthe means of education shall be for ever encouraged. The States receiv-\\ning the 16th section were Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois,\\nAlabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Texas,\\nWisconsin. The 16th and 36th sections were given to California, Minne-\\nsota, Oregon, Kansas and Nevada. The 36th section was added by the\\nact of 1848. The 16th section was given to all the States admitted into\\nthe Union previous to 1848, and the States admitted and Territories organ-\\nized since that time have received the two sections instead of one. Be-\\nsides these grants, sixteen States (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida,\\nIllinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mis-\\nsouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon and Wisconsin) have received 500.000\\nacres each by the act of 1841, which some of them have added to their\\nschool fund, and fourteen (the same, leaving out Kansas, Nebraska, Ne-\\nvada and Oregon and adding Indiana and Ohio) have received under the\\ndesignation of swamp lands (by the acts of 1849, 1850 and 1860) an\\naggregate of 62,428,413 acres, which has also to some extent been devoted\\nto this purpose. Besides this assistance for common schools, the ordinance\\nof 1787, already mentioned, set apart not more than two complete town-\\nships of land to be given perpetually for the purposes of a university.\\nEvery State organized since the beginning of the century has accordingly\\nreceived the two townships, and it is stated that Ohio was fortunate\\nenough to receive three, one while a territory and two on being admitted\\ninto the Union, while Florida and Wisconsin appear to have received four\\neach, two apiece having been probably given upon their organization as\\nTerritories and two more each when they became States. The aggregate\\nof the lands thus granted to schools amounts to about 140,000,000 acres,\\nand the permanent school funds of the 18 States which have received\\nlauds under one or all of these grants amounts to $43,866,787.55, an aver-\\nage of neai-ly $2,500,000, the greater part of which is supposed to be de-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 499\\nrived from this source. The university lauds granted by the two town-\\nships rule amounted to only 1,119,414 acres. Before 1862 no effective\\ncondition was attached to these grants. No method was indicated by\\nwhich the trust should be fulfilled, nor was any penalty provided against\\na violation of it. A general condition that the lands were granted in\\ntrust for the schools of the State appears to have been the only indica-\\ntion usually given of the purpose or object of the donation. The 9,600,000\\nacres of land granted during and since 1862 have had conditions attached\\nwhich were somewhat more specific than the vague generality which served\\nas a condition to the previous grants. By the act of 1862, for instance,\\nCongress granted to the several States 30,000 acres of the public lands for\\neach senator and representative in Congress. The lands were to be sold,\\nand the proceeds were to be invested as a perpetual fund for the mainte-\\nnance of at least one college in each State where the principal object\\nshould be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and\\nincluding military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are re-\\nlated to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legisla-\\ntures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the\\nliberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pur-\\nsuits and professions of life. It is well stated in the Avieriean Educa-\\ntional Cydopcedia, to which we are indebted for these particulars, that\\nThe broad purpose is to provide for the liberal as well as the practi-\\ncal education of the industrial classes, and that not in any single direction,\\nbut in the several pursuits and professions in life. The leading object\\nis to be the promotion of agriculture and the mechanic arts, not neces-\\nsarily by training a body of apprentices in manual practice, which experi-\\nence in general shows is attended with too many drawbacks in an edu-\\ncational institution, but by teaching siich branches of learning as are re-\\nlated to these subjects that is, in short, the whole range of the mathe-\\nmatical, physical and natural sciences, with special reference to their appli-\\ncations in these great branches of human industry. On this basis 35\\nStates had established institutions at the beginning of 1875 and as four\\nof them had divided the fund, endowing therewith two institutions in each\\nof these States instead of one, the whole number of colleges established\\nunder this endowment at the date referred to was 39. Thirty-six had\\nbeen opened. The average value of the endowment, as far as ascertained,\\nwas 8179,645, the largest being $630,000 and the smallest $50,000. The\\neffect of these endowments has been to awaken the enthusiasm and call\\nforth the benevolence of individuals and communities in behalf of the\\ncolleges endowed, contrary to the assertion made by some writers upon\\nthis subject that governmental aid to education, and especially to higher\\neducation, tends to check individual effort. It has proved that the aid\\nof the government, wisely bestowed, stimulates and encourages private", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "500 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nbenevolence by giving it a central rallying-point and an adequate guaranty\\nof security. Of fifteen of these institutions, 8 liave received contribu-\\ntions or grants from the States in which they are situated amounting to\\n$1,292,550, and fourteen (including seven of the previous class) have re-\\nceived gifts from other sources than their States (such as county or town\\nauthorities, or private individuals) to the amount of $3,630,649.86, mak-\\ning a grand total of $4,923,199.86, of which sum all except $571,545\\nwas given solely in consequence of the Congressional land-grant.\\nAt the beginning of 1875 eleven States had compulsory educational\\nlaws viz., California, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecti-\\ncut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Texas and Nevada.\\nIn New Jersey, New York and California these laws were enacted in\\n1874. While in the leading colleges opportunities are oifered for obtain-\\ning the highest degree of literary culture, and in several of them the stu-\\ndent can, if he so desires, study Sanscrit, or even Chinese and Japanese, the\\nimportance of the common-school system thus supported cannot be over-\\nrated. A comparison of the census report of 1850 with that of 1860 fur-\\nnishes some gratifying results, too pleasing, perhaps, to be accurate, if the\\nreturns in 1870 (which took note of all above ten years of age who could\\nnot read and write) can be brought into the comparison, and be considered\\nin this as in many other respects the most perfect return ever made. In\\n1850 there were in the United States 1,053,420 persons (twenty years of\\nage and upward) who could not read and write native, 858,306 foreign\\nborn, 195,114; males, 389,664; females, 573,234; white, 962,898; free\\ncolored, 90,522. In 1860 the number of persons twenty years of age\\nand upward who could not read and write was 1,218,311 native, 871,418;\\nforeign-born, 346,893; white, 1,126,555; free colored, 90,736. It will be\\nseen at a glance that the greater i^art of this increase was among the for-\\neign-born population, brought about, doubtless, in a great measure by im-\\nmigration from lands less favored than ours in the matter of education. It\\nwill be a difficult matter and will require much explanation to compare\\nthese figures with those of 1870. In the first place, as we have already in-\\ndicated, the number of illiterates from ten years of age and upward was\\ntaken, which, as will be shown, added a considerable number to the sum total.\\nAgain, slaves had not been included in the preceding return. The slight\\nincrease in the number of free colored illiterates will be noticed upon an ex-\\namination of the above figures, though the total free colored population in-\\ncreased during the ten years preceding 1860 from 434,495 to 488,070. The\\naddition of the freedmen brought up the number of colored illiterates to a\\nvery high figure, as will be seen by the following returns Number of per-\\nsons in 1870, ten years of age and upward, who could not read and wi ite,\\n5,658,144 (1,130,060 could read, but could not write^; native, 4,880,271\\nforeign born, 777,873 white, 2,851,911 colored, 2,789,686. It appears,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 501\\nthen, that nearly one-half of the illiterates were colored people, the greater\\npart, of course, being freedmen, of whose illiteracy no notice had been\\ntaken in the previous census. The returns of the census are fuller and\\nmore accurate, as we have already mentioned, but it is to be regretted that\\namong the figures given there are very few that can be fairly compared\\nwith those of the previous returns. A few statistics are given of illiterates\\naged 21 years and upward, but none of the native white population of this\\nage. The very slight increase in the number of illiterates among the na-\\ntive whites between 1850 and 1860 (so small, indeed, as to hQ ix, proportional\\ndecrease) showed the benefits of our common-school system, and it would\\nbe interesting to follow up the special statistics of the native white illiter-\\nates, twenty years of age and upward, which would doubtless give a more\\nfavorable showing than any of the returns given above, or, indeed, obtain-\\nable anywhere.\\nA Department of Education was created by an act of Congress ap-\\nproved March 2, 1867, for the purpose of collecting such statistics and\\nfacts as shall show the condition and progress of education in the several\\nStates and Territories, and of difiilising such information respectiug the\\norganization and management of schools and school systems and methods\\nof teaching as shall aid the people of the United States in the establish-\\nment and maintenance of eflScient school systems, and otherwise aid the\\ncause of education throughout the country. Dr. Henry Barnard was the\\nfirst Commissioner of Education (as the head of this department is\\nstyled a fitting appointment, as it was he who first secured the insertion of\\nsome inquiries respecting the intelligence of the people into the schedules of\\nthe census. The difiiculties attendant upon the proper performance of the\\nduties of this department were very great. Though it was generally admitted\\nthat commerce, industry, legislation and administration would go back\\ntoward barbarism if the care of the young were neglected for a single genera-\\ntion, the lack of specific information with refei-euce to the condition of ed-\\nucational afl!airs in the whole country had for a long period been a stand-\\ning complaint among students of American civilization. No officer could\\nmake satisfactory replies to foreign inquiries. No statesman could find\\nfacts for the formation of his opinions or the guidance of his conduct.\\nThere was much pompous boasting of American intelligence, but nobody\\ncould exactly describe it. The Commissioner of Education says in his\\nReport for 1873 Almost every one who endeavored to understand the\\ndiverse facts in connection with education in this country complained of\\nthe lack of a general summary. Great and noble effl^ ts had been made\\nto supply this desideratum particular features, methods or systems had\\nbeen examined some very valuable special statements had been published,\\nbut there was no report for my guidance. There was not anywhere in ex-\\nistence any complete list of colleges, academies and high schools there was", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "502 JSUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nno summary of the work accomplished by the several States and city sys-\\ntems. In 1870, when engaged on my first Report, I was told by persons of\\ngreat intelligence that they considered the reports of Dr. Fraser and M.\\nHippeau the best to be found on the subject of American education. The\\njjreparation of the Report for 1870 was like cutting a path through an\\nuntrodden forest. Even in the Report of the Commissioner of Education\\nfor 1873 there is not a complete series of statistics for the whole country,\\nso arranged that the total number of schools, teachers, pupils, etc., could be\\ngiven. The latest figures procurable are found, therefore, in the census\\nreturns for 1870, and by going back to 1850 some idea of the progress\\nmade during two decades can be obtained. In 1850 there were 87,257\\nschools of all classes, with 105,858 teachers, 3,642,694 pupils, and a total\\naggregate income of $16,162,000 (from endowment, $923,763; from taxa-\\ntion and public funds, $7,590,117; from other sources, $7,648,120). In\\n1860 there weTe 115,224 schools, with 150,241 teachers, 5,477,037 pupils,\\nand a total aggregate income of $34,718,112 (from endowment, $2,199,631\\nfrom taxation and public funds, $19,929,537 from other sources,\\n$12,588,944). In 1870 there were 141,629 schools, with 221,042 teachers\\n(males, 93,329; females, 127,713), 7,209,938 pupils (males, 3,621,996;\\nfemales, 3,587,942), and a total aggregate income of $95,402,726 (from\\nendowment, 13,663,785 from taxation and public funds, $61,746,039\\nfrom other sources, including tuition, $29,992,902). The number of pu-\\npils to each teacher was, in 1850, 34 in 1860, 36 and in 1870, 33. As\\nan evidence of increased interest in educational matters, we call attention\\nto the fact that while the total population of the country increased 35.58\\nper cent, between 1850 and 1860 and 22.63 per cent, between 1860 and\\n1870, the school population (number of pupils in the schools) increased\\n50.03 i^er cent, during the first decade mentioned and 31.84 per cent,\\nduring the second. Taking another method of comparison, it appears that\\nthe school population formed, in 1850, 15.70 per cent, of the total popula-\\ntion of the country; in 1860, 17.42 per cent., and in 1870, 18.71 per cent.\\nThis is really a fairer way of comparing them than by comparing the\\nschool population with the number of persons of the school ages (from\\n5 to 18, including persons 5 and excluding persons 18 years of age), for\\nmany of the pupils are more than 18 years of age. In America the hope\\nof obtaining an education is not given up by the young man who has ne-\\nglected his opportunities or has been unable to attend school before the\\nage of 18. A common-school education, at least, is still within his reach,\\nwhich he can supplement without very much expense by a course at one\\nof the numerous private academies, even if there is no free high school\\nin his immediate vicinity. In the common schools instruction is given in\\nthe common branches (reading, writing, grammar, orthography, geogra-\\nphy and arithmetic), while in many of them the elements of natural phil-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEEB AND GUIDE. 503\\nlosopliy (physics), of chemistry and of other sciences are taught more or\\nless thoroughly, and in many cases with illustrative experiments. In the\\nhigh schools and academies Latin, frequently Greek, and in some cases\\nFrench and German, are taught, while the leading colleges are, as we have\\nalready indicated, worthy (by the breadth, so to speak, of their course and\\nthe number of their departments) of the title of university. It is, how-\\never, the common schools of this country which make the distinction be-\\ntween the intellectual condition of the mass of the people of the United\\nStates and that of the inhabitants of the most favored countries in Europe.\\nTheir value is incalculable when they are looked at from the most utilita-\\nrian point of view. The body-politic has an interest in everything that\\ntends to increase the productive power of the people. As education has\\nthis effect by sharpening the perceptive and strengthening the reasoning\\nfaculties, as it sets people to observing and thinking, and thereby enlists the\\nquickening and energized mind as a co-operator and aid to muscular action,\\nand enlarges men s capacity of creating value, so it is both the interest\\nand the duty of the government to see that no one be allowed to enter the\\nresponsible period of life without the means of doing the best for himself\\nand for the state. Dr. Jarvis, from whom we quote, substantiates the ital-\\nicized statement by illustrations drawn from a variety of occupations,\\nshowing that the intelligent wood-s^Dlitter, grindstone-turner, coal-heaver,\\nshoveller, scavenger, weaver, carpenter, farmer in short, that the educated\\nand observant workman in any branch of manual labor will always have\\nthe advantage over the man who works with his hands alone, without call-\\ning into requisition the aid of his brains. Another very important point\\nis the relation of pauperism to education, with reference to which subject\\nDr. Mansfield has ascertained some important facts. Among the most\\ninteresting of these are the following: That Scotland, the best-educated\\ncountry in Europe, has in school 1 in 8 of her population, while the State\\nof Ohio has 2 in 7 or 1 in 3.5 that in England and Wales the proportion\\nis less that the percentage of paupers in England and Wales is 4.6, while\\nin Ohio it is .7 therefore, that with double the proportion of education, the\\nproportion of paupers in Ohio is only one-sixth of that in England and\\nWales, and that the totally ignorant among paupers in the Northern, Mid-\\ndle and Western States amount to 60 per cent, of the paupers, while the\\ntotally ignorant among the whole population amount to 4.5 per cent. Dr.\\nMansfield has also turned his attention to the relation of crime to educa-\\ntion. It is frequently asserted by those who have given little attention to\\nthe subject, and who judge by a few notable instances of learned criminals,\\nthat education has not a tendency to decrease the amount of crilne com-\\nmitted, and that its only effect will be to render the criminal more powerful,\\nand consequently more dangerous. If any of our readers hold these opin-\\nions, we recommend for their perusal the following remarks of Dr. Mans-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "504 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEEB AND GUIDE.\\nfield If all the legislators, statesmen aud preachers in the world knew\\nprecisely the state of facts in society, they could legislate and preach with\\nvastly more effect. Hence, in reference to the subject before us, if we had\\nthe exact statistics in regard to the whole prior condition of the criminals,\\nwe should know almost exactly how crime is caused, and what measures\\nwould, if possible, prevent it. In the reports examined by this writer,\\nthe whole number of those who can read only is described as in fact\\nvery ignorant. To have learned to spell out words and read a little gives\\nno real knowledge. The prison reports almost uniformly speak of the\\ngreat number of those who read and write as very deficient in educa-\\ntion. He finds that among the inmates of the State prisons and jails of\\nNew York and Pennsylvania (deducting the metropolitan police reports)\\nthe totally ignorant amounted to 19 per cent. the totally ignorant and very\\nignorant combined, 33 per cent. the very deficient, including the two for-\\nmer classes, 60 per cent. In the central North-west (including the States\\nof Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin) the proportions are,\\ntotally ignorant, 40 per cent. totally and very ignorant, 46 per cent.\\nvery deficient (including, as before, the two former classes), 75 per cent.\\nIf the proportion of ignorant criminals to the whole number should\\nprove greatly above that of the illiterate to the whole population, it will\\nbe a fact conclusive that ignorance is one great cause of crime. In New\\nYork and Pennsylvania, in 1870, 4 per cent, of the population were illit-\\nerate and 33 per cent, of the criminals were totally and very ignorant. In\\nthe central North-west 3^ per cent, of the population were illiterate and\\n46 per cent, of the criminals were totally or very ignorant. In the West-\\nern and Pacific States, 3 per cent, of the population were illiterate aud 31\\nper cent, of the criminals were totally or very ignorant. In the South, 22\\nper cent, of the population were illiterate and 60 per cent, of the criminals\\nwere totally ignorant. These figures require no comment; and the import-\\nance and close connection of the two subjects investigated by Dr. Mans-\\nfield are well set forth in the following extract from the Report of the\\nState Commissioners of Public Charities in Illinois The tendency of ed-\\nucation to prevent pauperism is more apparent than its tendency to pre-\\nvent crime. Estimating the pauper children at one-tenth of the whole\\nnumber, and leaving them out of the calculation, 40 per cent, of the inmates\\nof the almshouses could not write aud 25 per cent, could not even read. Pau-\\nperism and crime are so closely allied that the same individuals belong to\\nboth fraternities. Five per cent, of the county paupers acknowledge that they\\nhave been in jail. The same man is a criminal or a paujDer according to\\ncircumstances. He steals when he cannot beg, aud begs when he cannot\\nsteal. As education is, therefore, the deadly enemy of both poverty and\\ncrime, every friend of this centenarian republic will note with special\\npride aud satisfaction the progress made in American education.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "goyeri^mei^t at^fd laws of the\\nu:n ited states.\\nIntroduction. The government of the United States is, according to\\nsome authorities, a federal, democratic republic, according to others, a\\nrepresentative democracy, definitions which are not necessarily conflict-\\ning, as both denote a government in which the people entrust the adminis-\\ntration of affairs to executive and legislative ofiicers of their choice. The\\npowers of these officers are strictly defined by a written act, the Constitu-\\ntion, which was framed by the people through their delegates, adopted by\\nthem and can be altered only by them. This instrument we append in\\nextenso, nor is it our intention to give a dilution of it in this place, but to\\nfurnish such information as cannot be gathered by a careful perusal of it.\\nWe strongly recommend to our readers such perusal, as the language used\\nis sufficiently clear for ordinary comprehensions, although, as in many\\nother matters, some very acute intellects discover great difficulties therein.\\nThe government is, in treating of it, naturally divided into three depart-\\nments, the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. The executive\\ndepartment consists of the President, Vice-President and the cabinet offi-\\ncers. The duties of the President (salary $50,000) and of the Vice-Presi-\\ndent (salary $10,000) are clearly defined by the Constitution. The cabinet\\nofficers, whose departments were created by special acts of Congress, re-\\nquire a more extended notice. The salary of each is $10,000 per annum,\\nand their titles are respectively Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treas-\\nury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior,\\nPostmastei -general and Attorney-general. These constitute the cabinet,\\na name transferred from the British cabinet, though the functions of the\\ntwo cabinets as such, but especially their respective relations to the execu-\\ntive, are essentially different. The British cabinet is, for the time being,\\nthe government the head and directing body of the administration, al-\\nthough originally only that portion of the privy council supposed to\\npossess more particularly the confidence of the sovereign, and to be con-\\nsulted by him privately on important matters. A vote of want of con-\\nfidence by the House of Commons, or the defeat of any important bill\\nwhich has received cabinet support, obliges the ministry, as it is called, to\\nresign or dissolve Parliament, and appeal to the people in a new election.\\nXhey serve, therefore, as scapegoats upon whom to vent the popular indig-\\n505", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "506 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nnation at any measure whicli meets with public disapproval, for the king\\ncan do no wrong, his advisers deserve all the blame, and political de-\\ncapitation is now the punishment for what, in former times, upon more\\nthan one occasion furnished victims for the headsman s axe. In the\\nUnited States the relation of the cabinet to the executive is of a very\\ndifferent nature. By the Constitution, the President may require the\\nopinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive depart-\\nments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.\\nFollowing out the spirit of this provision, Washington began by consult-\\ning the heads of departments upon all important matters, and his succes-\\nsors adopted the practice of holding cabinet meetings to decide upon the\\ncourse of the administration with reference to all questions of importance.\\nHe is not, however, legally or constitutionally bound to follow their ad-\\nvice, nor can he shift upon them the responsibility if an improper measure\\nhas been adopted. The President is responsible for all the measures of\\ngovernment, and whatever has been done by one of the heads of the\\ndepartments is considered as done by the President through the proper\\nexecutive agent. The first cabinet contained but three members, the\\nSecretaries of State, of the Treasury and of War, the interior and navy\\ndepartments not yet having been created, and the Postmaster-general and\\nAttorney -general not yet being considered cabinet officers. All of these\\nheads of departments are appointed by the President, but the appointment\\nmust be confirmed by the Senate to make it valid. If the Senate is not in\\nsession at the time when the appointment is made, it holds good until that\\nbody has an opportunity to take action thereupon.\\nThe Secretary of State. A department of foreign affiiirs\\nwas created by an act of Congress of July 27, 1789. The name was\\n-afterward changed (Sept. 15, 1789) to department of state, as it was\\nmade to embrace what in other governments are styled the department\\nof foreign affairs and the home department, a duality of powers which\\ncontinued until the creation of the department of the interior. The\\nSecretary of State conducts the making of all treaties between the United\\nStates and foreign powers, and corresponds officially with the public min-\\nisters of the United States at foreign courts, and with the ministers of\\nforeign powers who are resident in the United States. He is entrusted\\nwith the publication and distribution of all the acts and resolutions of\\nCongress, all amendments of the Constitution, and all treaties made and\\nratified between the United States and any foreign state, prince or power,\\nor with any of the Indian tribes. He preserves the originals of all laws\\nand treaties, and of the public correspondence growing out of the inter-\\ncourse between the United States and foreign nations, is required to pro-\\ncure and preserve copies of the statutes of the several States, grant pass-\\nports to American citizens visiting foreign countries, and has charge of the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 507\\nseal of the United States, but cannot affix it to any commission until\\nsigned by the President, nor to any act or instrument without the special\\nauthority of the President. Whei-s there is an extradition treaty between\\nthe United States and any foreign government, it is lawful for the Secre-\\ntary of State, under his hand and seal of office, to issue an order for the\\nrendition of any person who has committed within the jurisdiction of\\nsaid foreign government any crime specified in the treaty, in order that\\nsuch criminal may be taken out of the United States to the country where\\nthe crime has been committed.\\nThe Secretary of the Treasury. The Treasury Department\\nwas created by an act of Congress of Sept. 2, 1789. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the government, and rec-\\nommends to Congress measures for improving the condition of the reve-\\nnue. All the accounts of the government are finally settled at this de-\\npartment, a portion of the printing of the greenbacks and of the frac-\\ntional and national currency is here performed, and to attend to these mul-\\ntifarious duties several hundred clerks are required and the following\\nleading officers or subdivisions The Secretary of the Treasury (who has a\\ngeneral superintendence of the whole), two assistant secretaries and eleven\\nsubordinate bureaus, besides the bureau of statistics (employing thirty-\\nsix clerks), by which ave issued the admirably arranged and ably edited\\nAnmial Reports on Commerce, Immigration and Navigation, the bureau of\\nengraving and printing, three comptrollers (the first, the second and the\\ncomptroller of the currency), six auditors, a commissioner of the internal\\nrevenue, a register of the treasury, and last, though not least, a treasurer\\n(salary $6000), whose well-known signature (for ten years F. E. Spinner\\ngraces the United States treasury notes. The main sources of revenue\\nare customs, internal revenue, the sale of public lauds, and (a\\nlarge amount, generally more than $20,000,000) miscellaneous sources.\\nOn the 1st of August, 1875, the national debt, less cash in the treasury,\\nwas $2,127,393,838.96. A statement of the receipts, expenditures and na-\\ntional debt of this country in various years will be found in the appendix.\\n[See Table IV.]\\nThe Secretary of War. The War Department was created by\\nan act of Congress of Aug. 7, 1789. The Secretary of War (called in\\nthe original act the Secretary for the Department of War, and fre-\\nquently termed in former times the Secretary at War according to the\\nterras of this law shall perform and execute such duties as shall from\\ntime to time be enjoined on or entrusted to him by the President of the\\nUnited States, agreeably to the Constitution, relative to military commis-\\nsions or to the land forces, ships [this part was of course repealed by the\\nact creating the Navy Department] or warlike stores of the United States,\\nor to such other matters as the President of the United States shall assign", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "508 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nto the said department and furthermore, the said principal officer shall\\nconduct the business of the said department in such a manner as the Pres-\\nident of the United States shall direct. It has been said that in times\\nof peace the War Department attracts but little notice. When its para-\\nmount importance in time of war is considered, and is compared with its\\nposition after peace is declared, this statement may be considered as, in a\\ncertain sense, true. There are, however, important duties which are per-\\nformed by this department which are deemed by many not less valuable\\nto the public welfare than its activity in time of war. It has the superin-\\ntendence of the construction of fortifications, of the improvement of rivers\\nand harbors, of the erection of lighthouses, of the making of topographi-\\ncal surveys, and of the exploration of the great West. The duties just\\nenumerated are under the charge of the chief of the engineers, and the\\nextent of these operations, as well as their utility, can be easily gathered\\nby a perusal of the exceedingly valuable Report of the Chief of Engineers,\\nwhich annually forms part of the Report of the Secretary of War. From\\nthis department, and forming a portion of the same Report, is issued the\\nReport of the Chief Signal Officer, whose forecasting of Weather Proba-\\nbilities is within reach of all readers of the daily papers. The efficiency\\nand value of his sub-department entitle it to a separate article. [iSee Sig-\\nnal Service Bureau.]\\nThe regular army of the United States contained on the 9th of Octo-\\nber, 1874, according to the adjutant-general s Report, 2080 commissioned\\nofficers, 25,891 enlisted men, 8 professors and 258 cadets (total, 28,237).\\nThe commissioned officers were 1 general, one lieutenant-general, 3 major-\\ngenerals, 13 brigadier-generals, 69 colonels, 73 lieutenant-colonels, 241\\nmajors, 29 aids-de-camp, 615 captains, 40 adjutants (extra lieutenants),\\n39 regimental quartermastei s (extra lieutenants), 1 battalion-adjutant, 1\\nbattalion quartermaster, 524 first lieutenants and 406 second lieutenants.\\nSmall as this number may seem, it has been made smaller for when, in\\n1874 (June 16), $105,000 was allowed by Congress for recruiting pur-\\nposes, it was provided that no money appropriated by this act shall be\\npaid for recruiting the army above the number of twenty-five thousand\\nenlisted men, including Indian scouts. The general of the army in his\\nReport (dated Oct. 24, 1874) says: I have no doubt that by the 1st of\\nJanuary, 1875, the number of enlisted men will be reduced by the ordi-\\nnary casualties, discharges and deaths to the number limited by law, viz.,\\n25,000 men. He is not, however, pleased with the change, thinking that\\nthis limit forces the companies to so small a standard that the efficiency\\nof the service is greatly impaired thereby. It is. utterly impossible to\\nmaintain the companies on remote stations up to the very small legal\\nstandard, because months must necessarily elapse after discharges and\\ndeaths before recruits can be sent from the general rendezvous. The", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 509\\narmy contains ten regiuients of cavalry (authorized strength, 845), five\\nregiments of artillery (authorized strength, 520), twenty-five regiments of\\ninfantry (authorized strength, from 400 to 500, according to State) and an\\nengineer battalion (authorized strength, 200, though it contained 317 men\\nOct. 15, 1874). The pay per month of the commissioned officers is as\\nfollows General of the army, $886 lieutenant-general, $756 major-\\ngeneral, $481 brigadier-general, $326.50 colonels of engineers, ord-\\nnance, cavalry and light artillery, $227 lieutenant-colonels, $203 majors,\\n$179; captains, $137.50, lieutenants, $120.83; colonels of artillery and\\ninfantry (the preceding five salaries applying only to officers of ordnance,\\nengineers, etc.), $212 lieutenant-colonels, $188 majors, $169 captains,\\n$127.50; first lieutenants, $117.50; second lieutenants, $112.50; chaplains\\n(with subsistence), $118. The pay of the privates is $13 per month (with\\nclothing and subsistence). The paymaster-general reports disbursements\\nfor the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, amounting to $13,262,830.44, di-\\nvided as follows: To the army, $11,782,168.86; to the military academy,\\n$195,928.47; disbursed on treasury certificates, $1,284,733.11. The actual\\nexpenditures of the War Department for the year ending June 30, 1873,\\nincluding river and harbor improvements, were $46,325,308.21 the same\\nfor the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, were $42,326,314.71. The estimates\\nfor the military establishment for the year ending June 30, 187* were\\n$34,410,722.89, and for the year ending June 30, 1876, were $32,488,969.\\nThese last statements and estimates include the exj^enditures of the quar-\\ntermaster-general s department and other matters which were not in charge\\nof the paymaster-general, who has the care of only the pay of the troops.\\nThe estimates of the chief of engineers for fortifications, river and harbor\\nimprovements, public buildings and grounds and the Washington aque-\\nduct for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875, were $20,459,396. His\\nestimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876, were $16,471,610.50,\\ndivided as follows: Fortifications and other works of defence, $2,108,700;\\ngeographical and military surveys, $399,000 improvement of rivers\\nand harbors, $13,285,500 public buildings and grounds and the Wash-\\nington aqueduct, $678,410.50. The appropriations for the quartermaster-\\ngeneral s department for the year ending June 30, 1874, were $5,498,820.61.\\nThis department has charge of transportation and quarters, there being\\nno less than 5000 buildings under its care to be kept in repair, to be re-\\nnewed as they decay, or to be replaced by others in new positions when\\nabandoned in the course of military movements. The army of the United\\nStates may seem very small in numbers when compared with the arma-\\nments of the great powers of Europe, but it is in accordance with the\\ngenius of the American nation to keep as small a standing army as possi-\\nble in time of peace, and to trust to the patriotism of the people for sup-\\nplies of men in time of war. The strength of the United States army", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "510 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nduring various years of the civil war and afterward was as follows Dec.\\n1, 1861, 660,971 (regulars, 20,334) Aug. 1, 1862, regulars, 43,014, volun-\\nteers, 900,000; Oct. 1, 1863, regulars, 40,000, volunteers, 580,000. In\\n1864 the number was about the same, but the absence of official state-\\nments makes it impossible for us to give the number with any approach to\\nexactness. On the 1st of May, 1865, the total number of men in all arms\\nof the service was 1,000,516. The aggregate quotas charged against the\\nseveral States under all the calls made by the President from April 15,\\n1861, to April 15, 1865, amounted to 2,759,049, and the aggregate number\\nof men credited ou the several calls and put into the service during the\\nsame period was 2,656,553. The whole number of colored troops enlisted\\ninto the service during the war was 78,975, and the losses within the\\nsame period from sickness, desertion or casualties incident to military\\nlife amounted to 68,178. By Jan. 9, 1866, the total force of the army,\\nboth regular and volunteer, was already reduced to 152,611. Sept. 30,\\n1867, the total strength of the army was 56,815, including officers and\\nmen. Of the great volunteer army which had been so quietly disbanded,\\nbut 203 officers and no enlisted men remained in the service. The United\\nStates Military Academy at West Point, N. Y., Avas established by law on\\nthe 16,th of March, 1802. Its course occupies four years and in addition\\nto the instructors of artillery, cavalry and infantry tactics, and the pro-\\nfessors and assistant professors of military and civil engineering and of\\nmathematics, the academic staff contains professors and assistant pro-\\nfessors of natural and experimental philosophy, of drawing, of chemistry,\\nmineralogy and geology, of ethics and law, and of the French and Spanish\\nlanguages. The number of military cadets is 342, as by provision of law\\neach congressional (292) and territorial (10) district, including the District\\nof Columbia, is entitled to have one cadet at the military academy, and no\\nmore. This gives 302 and in addition to these, the appointment annually\\nof a number not exceeding ten (ten each year during the four years of the\\ncourse make up the remaining 40) at large i. e., not confined to a selec-\\ntion by congressional districts is authorized. The district and territorial\\nappointments are made upon the nomination of the member of Congress\\nor delegate representing the district or Territory at the date of appoint-\\nment, and the law requires that the person selected shall be an actual res-\\nident of the district. Territory or District of Columbia from which the\\nappointment purports to be made. Every candidate must be over seven-\\nteen and under twenty-two years of age, must be not less than five feet in\\nheight, and must be free from any deformity, disease or infirmity which\\nwould render him unfit for military service. He must also pass a careful\\nand thorough preliminary examination as to his attainments, being re-\\nquired to be able to read and write Avell and perform with facility and\\naccuracy tjie various operations of the four ground rules of arithmetic, of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 511\\nredaction, of simple and compouud proportiou, and of vulgar and decimal\\nfractions. The arithmetic is to be studied uuderstandingly, not merely\\ncommitted to memory a knowledge of the elements of English grammar,\\nof descriptive geography, particularly of our own country, and of the\\nhistory of the United States is also required. During the months of July\\nand August the cadets are engaged in military duties and exercises, living\\nin camp. The academic exercises commence at the beginning of Septem-\\nber. The semi-annual examination takes place in January. At this time\\nthe cadets are rigidly examined in the subjects which they have studied,\\nand the new cadets, if they are found proficient therein (their conduct\\nhaving been correct in all respects), receive the warrant of cadet; but\\nif any have been unable to master the course, they are pronounced de-\\nficient by the academic board, and their connection with the academy\\nceases. This examination, like all subsequent, ones is very thorough, does\\nnot permit any evasion or slighting of the courses, and exacts a very close\\nand persevering attention to study. The examining officers have no op-\\ntion ihej inust reject the deficient. The annual examination is held\\nin June. Cadets who have failed to make the requisite proficiency, and\\nwho are not likely to succeed in the future, are discharged. The pay of a\\ncadet is $41.66 per month ($500 per annum with one ration per day, and\\nit is considered sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.\\nThe Secretary of the Navy. The Naval Department was cre-\\nated by an act of Congress of April 30, 1798, when a war with France\\nwas threatened [see Historical Sketch, page 110]. The department was\\norganized in the following month, and the secretaryship was offered to\\nGeorge Cabot of Massachusetts, who was very well qualified for the posi-\\ntion, but declined the aj^pointment, whereupon it was offered to Benjamin\\nStoddard (Spencer and others spell this name Stoddert who became\\n(May 21) the first Secretary of the Navy. The first vessel launched\\nunder the present organization of the navy was a 44-guu frigate, the\\nUnited States, (July 10, 1798). She was followed on the 7th of Sejitem-\\nber by the Constellation, of 38 guns. The whole force authorized by law\\non the 16th of July, 1798, consisted of twelve frigates, twelve ships of a\\nforce between twenty and twenty-four guns, inclusive, and six smaller\\nsloops, besides galleys and revenue-cutters, making a total of thirty active\\ncruisers. The Secretary of the Navy has the same duties to perform in\\nrelation to the navy as those of the Secretary of War in relation to the\\narmy. It is his duty to execute the President s orders relative to the pro-\\ncurement of naval stores and materials and the construction, armament,\\nequipment and employment of vessels of war, and to superintend all other\\nmatters connected with the naval establishment. There are eight bureaus\\nin this department, viz., the Bureau of Yards, the Bureau of Navigation,\\nthe Bureau of Ordnance, the Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, the Bu-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "512 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nreau of Medicine and Surgery, the Bureau of Construction and Repair,\\nthe Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, and the Bureau of Steam\\nEngineering. There is also the Admiral s Office, the Naval Observatory\\n(in charge of a superintendent, a commander, a secretary, two lieutenants\\nand seven professors) and the Hydrographic Office. On the 4th of July,\\n1861, the total number of vessels of all classes belonging to the navy was\\n90, carrying or designed to carry 2415 guns. Excluding vessels on the\\nstocks, those unfinished, those used as stationary store-ships and receiving-\\nships, and those which it was considered inexpedient to repair, the avail-\\nable foi-ce was only 69 vessels, carrying 1346 guns. It was a navy which\\nranked hardly with that of second-rate European powers. Donald McKay,\\nthe American shipbuilder, wrote from London under date of Dec. 3,\\n1861, a letter concerning the inferiority of the United States navy, and\\nsaid It would be easy for us to build in one year a fleet of 500 to 600\\nmen-of-war ships, from a gunboat to the largest class of iron-cased frigates.\\nIt is a well-known fact that we built in one year (1855) the astonishing\\nnumber of 2034 [2047 according to Report on Coimnerce and Navigation\\nvessels and steamers of all classes, measuring together 583,450 tons. We\\nwould be able in our merchant yards alone to turn out in one year 583\\nships of 1000 tons each. In our navy-yards, where the choicest materials\\nare stocked for building a fleet of 100 ships, sixty more migtit be built in\\none year, making a total of 643 men-of-war ships of all classes, varying in\\narmament from 3 to 60 guns. Though Mr. McKay s suggestions were not\\nfully carried out, on the 1st of November, 1862, the total number of vessels\\nbuilding and in the service was 284, with a combined armament of 2937\\nguns. Several ironclads had been built, among them the famous Monitor\\n[see Historical Sketch, page 139], the specifications for the building of\\nwhich we herewith give: Price, $275,000; length of vessel, 174 feet;\\nbreadth of beam, 41 feet; depth of hold, 11 J feet; time [within which it\\nwas to be completed], 100 days; draught of water, 10 feet; displacement,\\n1245 tons speed per hour, 9 statute miles. The Board of Investigation,\\nfrom whose report the above statement is taken, say It is to be appre-\\nhended that her properties for sea are not such as a sea-going vessel should\\npossess. This opinion was verified by the sinking of the original moni-\\ntor, which occurred off the coast of North Carolina during a violent gale\\n(Dec. 31, 1862). It was claimed, however, that the sea-going qualities of\\nmonitors subsequently built were much improved. A later report than\\nthe preceding one gives as the total number of vessels in the United States\\nNavy at the close of 1862, 427 number of guns, 3268 total tonnage,\\n340,036 navy at the close of 1863, 588 vessels, carrying 4443 guns, with\\na total tonnage of 467,967; increase, exclusive of vessels lost, 161 vessels,\\n1175 guns and 127,931 tons. They were classed as follows: ironclad\\nsteamers, coast service, 46; ironclad steamers, inland service, 29; side-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 513\\nwheel steamers, 203; screw steamers, 198; sailiug vessels, 112. At the\\nclose of 1864 the total number of vessels was 671; number of guus, 4610;\\ntonnage, 510,396. The additions to the navy during 1864 had amounted\\nto 109 vessels, carrying 312 guns, and with a tonnage of 55,513; but as the\\nlosses by shipwreck, battle, etc., during the same period had been 26 ves-\\nsels, carrying 146 guns and with a tonnage of 13,084, the actual increase\\nwas 83 vessels, 167 guus and a tonnage of 42,429. The number in the\\nnaval service was stated at 6000 officers and 45,000 men. After the close\\nof the war the navy was rapidly reduced from the war standard, and at\\nthe close of the year 1866 the number of vessels in commission was only\\n115, carrying 1029 guns. There Avere 163 other vessels, carrying 1322\\nguns and classed as follows Ironclads laid up, 54 ironclads not com-\\npleted, 7 steam vessels not completed, 19 sailing vessels not completed,\\n2; wooden vessels on hand, 81. The number of seamen in the service\\nwas 13,800. During the same year the navy of the United Netherlands\\n(area, 10,909 squai-e miles) consisted of 146 vessels, carrying 2166 guus.\\nAt the end of 1874 the navy of the United States consisted of 163 vessels\\nwith 1254 guns; sailing vessels, 26 steam vessels, 137. The Secretary of\\nthe Navy reported it to be in a better condition of effective and perma-\\nnent strength than it has been for years. He also reported the fighting\\nforce of our navy in good and effective condition. During the preceding\\ntwo years the whole fleet of single-turreted monitors had been thoroughly\\noverhauled and repaired their sides had been raised up, their rotten\\nwooden beams and decks replaced by iron, and their turrets and machi-\\nnery put in complete order, so that they were rendered efficient to their\\nutmost capacity, and were ready to go to sea at any time as soon as crews\\ncould be put on board and organized. These, with the Dictator and Ro-\\nanoke, also in good order, made a fleet of sixteen ironclads, powerful for\\nany naval purpose not requiring long voyages or great speed. Two pow-\\nerful iron torpedo-vessels had also been completed and were ready for ser-\\nvice, fully equipped with this most terrible weapon of modern warfare.\\nFour of the double-turreted monitors (the Terror, the Miantonomoh, the\\nMonadnock and the Amphltriie) were also undergoing repaii s. Fifteen\\nnew and active ships had been added to the cruising navy to take the\\nplace of vessels which were worn out and which had to be relieved. Such\\nis the substance of the statements made by the Secretary of the Navy, but\\nAdmiral Porter, in his report to the secretary under date of Nov. 6, 1874,\\nargues that the navy is in a poor condition for war, being greatly inferior\\nto the navies of other countries. He thinks it imperatively necessary\\nthat we should at once provide for building annually so many tons of\\nmonitors say 5000 tons for the present until we have thirty first-class\\nmonster rams of great speed, armed with monster guns, in addition to our\\npresent force, and at least fifty iron torpedo-boats of not less than 100\\n33", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "514 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntons, of good speed. The latter should be hauled up under cover, fitted\\nwith all the modern improvements and kept for an occasion, while hun-\\ndreds of others could be improvised in a short time after the commence-\\nraeut of a war. This is partly the system pursued by Great Britain. She\\nbuilds 20,000 tons of naval vessels annually, and finds it the cheapest way\\nof averting war and protecting and increasing her commerce. The opin-\\nion of Admiral Porter is of such Aveight, even when it is opposed to that\\nof the Secretary of the Navy, that we thought it proper to transcribe this\\nmuch, at least, of his remarks. The officers of the navy are 1 admiral\\n(salary, $13,000), 1 vice-admiral ($9000), 13 rear-admirals ($6000, rank-\\ning with major-generals), 24 commodores ($5000, ranking with brigadier-\\ngenerals), 50 cajitains ($4500, ranking with colonels), 90 commanders\\n($3500, ranking Avith lieutenant-colonels), 146 lieutenant-commanders\\n($3000, ranking with majors), 218 lieutenants ($2600, ranking with cap-\\ntains), 100 masters ($2000, ranking with first lieutenants), 35 ensigns\\n($1400, ranking with second lieutenants), and 113 midshipmen ($1000).\\nThe salary of the cadet midshipmen at the Naval Academy is $500 per\\nannum. This institution is situated at Annapolis, Md., and was estab-\\nlished in 1845, during the presidency of James K. Polk, when the Hon.\\nGeorge Bancroft was Secretary of the Navy. The number of midship-\\nmen allowed at the academy is one for every member and delegate of the\\nHouse of Representatives, one for the District of Columbia, ten appointed\\nannually at large, and ten selected each year from boys who have been\\nat least one year in the service on board a naval vessel. This makes the\\ntotal number of cadet midshipmen 382. The nomination of candidates\\nfor admission from the District of Columbia, from the enlisted boys and\\nat large, is made by the President. The nomination of any other candi-\\ndate is made on the recommendation of the member or delegate from\\nactual residents of his district or territory. Candidates for appointment\\nas midshipmen must be between 14 and 18 years of age when examined\\nfor admission. All candidates for admission are required to certify on\\nhonor to their precise age previous to examination, and none are examined\\nwho are over or under the prescribed age. They must be of good moral\\ncharacter, satisfactory testimonials of Avhich from persons of good repute\\nin the neighborhood of their respective residences must be presented, and\\nsuch testimonials from clergymen and instructors in high schools and col-\\nleges have special weight. They must also pass a satisfactory examination\\nbefore the academic board in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geog-\\nraphy and English grammar viz., in reading they must read clearly and\\nintelligently from any English narrative work, as, for example, Bancroft s\\nHistory of the United States in writing and spelling they must write from\\ndictation in a legible hand, and spell with correctness both orally and in\\nwriting in arithmetic they are examined in numeration and the addition,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 515\\nsubtraction, multiplication and division of whole numbers and vulgar and\\ndecimal fractions, and in proportion or the rule of three in geography\\nthey are examined as to the leading grand divisions, the continents, oceans\\nand seas, the principal mountains and rivers, and the boundaries and pop-\\nulation of the chief nations, their governments, capitals and leading cities\\nin English grammar they are examined as to the parts of speech and the\\nelementary construction of sentences, and are required to write a short\\noriginal paragraph. Attention is also paid to the stature of the candidate,\\nwho is required to pass a thorough medical examination. No one who is\\nmanifestly undersized for his age is received into the academy. In case of\\ndoubt about the physical condition of the candidate, any marked devia-\\ntion from the usual standard of height adds materially to the considera-\\ntion for rejection. The medical board of 1864 adopted the following stan-\\ndard for the height of candidates 14 years of age, 4 feet 10 inches 15\\nyears, 5 feet; 16 years, 5 feet 2 inches; 17 years, 5 feet 3 inches; 18 years,\\n(nearly) 5 feet 4 inches the candidates to be of proportionate size, espe-\\ncially with regard to cerebral, osseous and muscular develoj)meut the\\nyoungest to weigh not less than 100 pounds and the oldest not less than\\n120 pounds. The board exercises, however, a proper discretion in the\\napplication of the above conditions to each case rejecting no candidate\\nwho is likely to be efficient in the service, who is physically sound, well\\nformed and of robust constitution, and qualified to endure the arduous\\nlabors of an officer in the navy. On the other hand, no one is admitted\\nwho is likely to prove physically inefficient. If both examinations are\\nsatisfactory, the candidate receives an appointment as midshipman, becomes\\nan inmate of the academy, and is allowed his actual and necessary travel-\\nling expenses to that institution. He is required to sign articles by which\\nhe binds himself to serve in the United States navy for eight years (in-\\ncluding his term of probation at the Naval Academy) unless sooner dis-\\ncharged. If, on the contrary, he fail to pass both of the examinations, he\\nreceives neither his appointment nor his travelling expenses, nor can he by\\nlaw have the privilege of another examination for admission to the same\\nclass unless recommended by the board of examiners. A midshipman\\nwho voluntarily resigns his appointment within a year of the time of his\\nadmission to the academy is required to refund the amount paid to him\\nfor travelling expenses. In addition to the cadet midshipmen, fifty cadet\\nengineers are authorized by law. Applications for appointment to this\\ngrade are received by the Navy Department, addressed to the Secretary\\nof the Navy, and can be made by the candidate or by any person for him.\\nHis name is then put upon the register, but this gives no assurance of an\\nappointment, nor is any preference given in the selection to priority\\nof application. The candidate must be not less than eighteen or more\\nthan twenty-two years of age, and his application must be accompanied by", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "516 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsatisfactory evidence of moral character and health, with information re-\\ngarding the date of his birth and the educational advantages which he\\nhas hitherto enjoyed. Candidates who receive permission present them-\\nselves to the superintendent of the Naval Academy between the 20th and\\n30th of September for examination as to their qualifications for admission.\\nThey are examined in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, rudimentary natural\\nphilosophy, the elements of inorganic chemistry, English grammar and\\nEnglish composition, the history of the United States, and a brief outline\\nof ancient and modern history. They are required to exhibit a fair degree\\nof proficiency in pencil-sketching and right-line drawing, and they must\\nbe able to describe all the different parts of ordinary condensing and non-\\ncondensing engines, explaining their uses and operation, also the ordinary\\ntools used for construction purposes. Upon satisfactorily passing these\\nexaminations, the candidate receives an appointment as cadet engineer\\nujDon the same conditions as those required of cadet midshipmen, with the\\nexception of binding himself to serve for six years in the navy instead of\\neight. The academic course of the cadet engineers comprises two years\\nthat of the midshipmen, four. The pay is the same. The cadet engineer\\nupon graduation immediately receives a warrant as a third assistant engi-\\nneer in the navy.\\nThe Secretary of the Interior. The Department of the In-\\nterior was established by an act of Congress of March 3, 1849. In this\\nact it was provided that the Secretary of the Interior should perform all\\nthe duties heretofore devolving upon the Secretary of State in relation to\\nthe office of the Commissioner of Patents i. e., the Patent-OflSce was re-\\nmoved to the Department of the Interior. This office is charged with the\\nperformance of all acts and things touching and respecting the granting\\nand issuing of patents for new and useful discoveries, inventions and im-\\nprovements. The General Land-Office was also transferred hither from\\nthe Treasury Department. This office is charged with the survey, manage-\\nment and sale of the public domain, the revision of Virginia military\\nbounty-land claims and the issuing of scrip in lieu thereof. To the Inte-\\nrior Department was also transferred the office of the Commissioner of\\nIndian Affairs, formerly attached to the War Department. This office has\\ncharge of all matters connected with the poor Indian, whom the news-\\npaper reporters, having in mind the famous lines in Pope s Essay on Man\\nio the poor Indian, whose untutored mind\\nSees God in clouds or hears liim in the wind\\nhave nicknamed Mr. Lo. Besides the commissioner, there are superin-\\ntendents of Indian aflTairs and agents over whom the superintendents ex-\\nercise a directing power. According to Willis, the government has exer-\\ncised parental care ov er the Indians by endeavors to prevent them from", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 517\\nwarriug upon each other and to induce them to adopt the habits of civil-\\nized life. Neither citizens nor foreigners are allowed to reside among\\nthem or to trade with them without a license, and frequently valuable\\npresents are made to them of such articles as they need. Judge Willis is\\nso enthusiastic in his praises of the management of Indian affairs that we\\nadd another of his statements in his own words In order to prevent\\nthem [the Indians, not the agents] from squandering their money for\\nrum or useless trinkets, and to save them from being cheated by dishon-\\nest traders, the United States government has invested the money paid\\nfor their lands in safe and sound stocks, and annually pays them the inter-\\nest through its superintendents and agents. The disbursement of this\\ninterest, called Indian annuities, among the difiereut tribes and individ-\\nuals to whom it belongs is an important part of the duties of these gov-\\nernment agents. The Bureau of Pensions, the duties of which were for-\\nmerly divided between the War and Navy Departments, has also been\\ntransferred to this department. The commissioner of this bureau is\\ncharged with the examination and adjudication of all claims arising under\\nthe various and numerous laws passed by Congress granting bounty-land\\nor pensions for military or naval service in the Revolutionary and subse-\\nquent wars. The Department of the Interior has, besides, the supervision\\nof the accounts of United States marshals and attorneys and of the clerks\\nof the United States courts, the management of the lead and other mines\\nof the United States, the duty of taking and returning the census of the\\nUnited States (a duty formerly performed by the State Department), and\\nthe management of the affairs of public institutions in the District of\\nColumbia.\\nThe Postmaster-Greiieral. To this officer is assigned by the\\nConstitution (art. 1, section 8), or rather by the laws passed by the first\\nCongress in 1789, in accordance with the power thei-ein given to Congress,\\nthe establishment of post-offices and post-roads, and other duties con-\\nnected with the superintendence of the transmission of the mails. There\\nare three assistant postmasters-general. The first assistant postmaster-gen-\\neral has charge of the Appointment Office, which attends to the establish-\\nment and discontinuance of post-offices, the appointment and removal of\\npostmasters (having salaries under SIOOO), the furnishing to offices of\\nmarking and rating stamps and letter balances, the supplying of blanks\\nand stationery for the use of the department, and also has the supervision\\nof the ocean mail steamship lines and of foreign and international postal\\narrangements. The second assistant postmaster-general is over the Contract\\nOffice, which has charge of the mail service, putting it under contract and\\nattending to all the details of the annual and occasional mail-lettings, of\\nthe adjustment and performance of contracts, of applications for the estab-\\nlishment or alteration of mail arrangements, and of the appointment of mail", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "518 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmessengers. The Inspection Division of this office receives and examines\\nthe registers of the arrival and departure of mails, the certificates of the\\nservice of route agents and the reports of mail failures, notes the delin-\\nquencies of mail contractors, provides and sends out mail-bags and mail\\nlocks and keys, and looks after cases of mail depredation, of violation of\\nthe law by private express, and of forging or illegally using postage-\\nstamps. The third assistant postmaster-general is over the Finance Office,\\nwhich supervises all the financial business of the department Avhich is not\\ndevolved by law upon the auditor. It has charge of the dead-letter office,\\nof the issuing of postal cards, postage stamps and stamped envelopes for\\nthe prepayment of postage, and of the accounts connected therewith. The\\nfirst postage act, which was passed in 1792, introduced a highly compli-\\ncated system. The lowest postage was 6 cents to places within 30 miles\\n10 cents to places within 100 miles 12 J cents to places within 150 miles\\n15 cents to places within 200 miles; 17 cents to places within 250 miles;\\n20 cents to places within 850 miles 22 cents to places within 450 miles\\nand 25 cents to places more than 450 miles distant. This was for single\\nletters (those upon one sheet of paper, whether large or small, without\\nreference to weight), a method of rating letters which was easy enough\\nbefore the era of envelopes, when the sheet of paper upon which a letter\\nwas written was folded over and sealed, the address being written on the\\nback. In 1810 the rates were to some extent simplified, there being six\\n(in the place of the nine just given) as follows: Under 40 miles, 8 cents;\\nunder 90, 10 cents; under 150, 12^ cents; under 300, 17 cents under\\n500, 20 cents over 500, 25 cents. In 1816 the following five rates\\nwere adopted A single letter carried under 30 miles, 61 cents under\\n80, 10 cents; under 150, 12} cents; under 400, 18| cents; over 400,\\n25 cents, Avith an additional rate for every additional piece of paper\\nand if a letter weighed an ounce, 4 times these rates. With a single ex-\\nception where the postage was increased, these rates continued until 1845,\\nwhen the half ounce weight was made the standard instead of the number\\nof sheets, and the rate was reduced to 6 cents for letters carried less than\\n300 miles, and 10 cents for all greater distances, with an additional rate\\nfor every additional half ounce or fraction thereof In 1851 the rates were\\nreduced upon prepaid letters to 3 cents for all distances in the United\\nStates under 3000 miles, and 6 cents for greater distances. In 1855 pre-\\npayment was required, the rate still being 3 cents for distances under 3000\\nmiles, but 10 cents for greater distances. The present rate of 3 cents pre-\\npaid by stamp for all distances within the United States was established\\nin 1863. The franking privilege was abolished by an act of Congress of\\nJan. 27, 1873. Special postage stamps are printed and furnished to each\\nof the executive departments for official correspondence and the transmis-\\nsion of public documents.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 519\\nThe Attorney-General. This officer has charge of the Depart-\\nment of Justice, in which there are three assistant attorneys-general, a\\nsolicitor-general and solicitors of the Treasury, Internal Revenue and the\\nNavy. The duties of this department comprise official opinions on the\\ncurrent business of the government as called for by the President or by\\nany head of a departigent examination of the titles of all lands pur-\\nchased as the sites of arsenals, custom-houses, light-houses and all other\\npublic works of the United States applications for pardons in all cases\\nof convictions in the courts of the United States applications for appoint-\\nment in all the judicial and legal business of the government the con-\\nduct and argument of all suits in the Supreme Court of the United States\\nin which the government is concerned the supervision of all other suits\\narising in any of the departments, when referred by the head of such de-\\npartment to the Attorney-General. Occasionally, when a matter of great\\nimportance is in question, a special assistant of known ability is commis-\\nsioned to take charge of the question and give it the minute attention\\nwhich it demands. In December, 1873, for instance, the Hon. Reverdy\\nJohnson was commissioned by the Attorney-General as special assistant in\\nmatters in controversy between the United States and various telegraph\\ncompanies. The grave questions which had arisen as to the rights of the\\nUnited States government and the duties of the companies in reference to\\nthe telegraphic service of the United States government were submitted\\nfor his consideration, and he delivered an opinion thereon and took other\\nofficial action to bring the matters at issue to a settlement.\\nCongress. The powers and duties of Congress are sufficiently set\\nforth in the Constitution (Article I.). The Senate now (1875) consists of\\n74 members. The number of senators is comparatively easy to follow,\\nthere being always two from each State. Both the number of members\\nof the House of Representatives and the number of citizens represented\\nby a member have varied from time to time in a manner which requires a\\nword of explanation. The first apportionment was made in the Constitu-\\ntion itself (Art. I, Section 2). It is the duty of Congress to readjust and\\nreapportion the representatives among the several States every tentli year,\\nor at least after every census, according to the population as shown by the\\nlast preceding census. This duty has been performed nine times. In\\n1792 the apportionment was made upon the ratio of one representative to\\nevery 33,000 of representative population. The representative population\\nthen included all free persons, white or black, and to these were added in the\\nslave States three-fifths of all the slaves. In 1803 the apportionment was\\nmade with the same ratio. In 1811 the ratio was fixed at one representa-\\ntive for every 35,000 of the population in 1822 at one for every 40,000\\nof the population in 1832 at one for every 47,000 of the population\\nand in 1842 at one for every 70,000 of the population. By the law of", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "520 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nMay 23, 1850, the number of members was for the first time limited, it\\nbeing enacted that the number of representatives in Congress sliould be\\n233, that the representative population determined by the census of that\\nyear should be divided by said number 233, and that the quotient so found\\nshould be the ratio of representation for the several States. This quotient\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was, according to Judge Willis, nearly 94,000, or double the number rep-\\nresented by a congressman in 1833. Under the census of 1860 the ratio\\nthus ascertained was 126,823, and the 233 representatives were thus appor-\\ntioned, each State, however, being given at least one representative,\\nalthough it might have less than the full number of representative in-\\nhabitants. As it was thought that a closer approximation to a fair pro-\\nportionate representation of the several States could be obtained by making\\nthe number of members 241, the latter number was adopted by the act of\\nMarch 4, 1862. The admission of Nevada in 1864 and of Nebraska in\\n1867, with one representative each, brought up the number to 243. In\\n1872 the number of members of the House of Representatives Avas fixed\\nat 283, but subsequent amendments, caused by the difficulty in adjusting\\nthe respective claims of the several States, brought the number of repre-\\nsentatives up to 292, with the following apportionment Alabama, 8\\nArkansas, 4 California, 4 Connecticut, 4 Delaware, 1 Florida, 2\\nGeorgia, 9 Illinois, 19 Indiana, 13 Iowa, 9 Kansas, 3 Kentucky,\\n10; Louisiana, 6 Maine, 5 Maryland, 6 Massachusetts, 11 Michigan,\\n9; Minnesota, 3 Mississippi, 6 Missouri, 13; Nebraska, 1; Nevada, 1;\\nNew Hampshire, 3 New Jersey, 7 New York, 33 North Carolina, 8\\nOhio, 20 Oregon, 1 Pennsylvania, 27 Rhode Island, 2 South Caro-\\nlina, 5 Tennessee, 10 Texas, 6 Vermont, 3 Virginia, 9 West Vir-\\nginia, 3; Wisconsin, 8. The increasefrom 283 to 292 was made by giving\\nan additi(mal member to each of the following 9 States Alabama, Flor-\\nida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Ten-\\nnessee and Vermont. The admission of a new State will increase the total\\nnumber of representatives. The Tuesday next after the first Monday in\\nNovember, 1876, is fixed and established as the day in each of the States\\nand Territories for the election of representatives and delegates to the\\nXLVth Congress, and the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Novem-\\nber in every second year thereafter is fixed and established as the day for\\nthe election in each of the said States and Territories of representatives\\nand delegates to the Congress, commencing on the 4th day of March next*\\nthereafter. It is also provided by this act that no State shall- hereafter\\nbe admitted to the Union without having the population necessary to en-\\ntitle it to at least one representative. The average number of constitu-\\nents represented by a member of Congress is 130,533, though the con-\\ngressional districts necessarily vary in size, and in several of the States\\none or more of the congressmen are elected at large that is, by a vote", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 521\\nof the -whole State. This plan obviated the necessity of breaking up dis-\\ntricts where such a course was deemed inexpedient. In addition to the\\nrepresentatives from the States, the House admits a delegate from each\\norganized Territory and from the District of Columbia, who has the right\\nto debate on subjects in Avhich his Territory is interested, but not to vote.\\nThe salaries of senators and representatives (since the passage of the Sal-\\nary-Grab Act) are as follows Speaker of the Senate, 7;? o tern., $10,000\\nSpeaker of the House, $10,000 senators and representatives, 67500\\napiece.\\nUnited States Courts. The Supreme Court of the United States\\nhas original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public\\nministers and consuls, and in those in which a State is a party, and appel-\\nlate jurisdiction in all other cases which can be tried before United States\\ncourts. These comprehend all cases in law and equity arising under the\\nConstitution, the laws of the United States and treaties made under their\\nauthority; all cases of admiralty and mai itime jurisdiction; controversies\\nto which the United States shall be a party controversies between two or\\nmore States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens\\nof different States, between citizens of the same State, claiming laud un-\\nder grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof\\nand foreign States or citizens or subjects of the same. Its decisions are\\nfinal, for there is no superior tribunal upon earth to which an appeal from\\nits dicta can be made and when it has in due form declared how the Con-\\nstitution must be understood, or how the laws must be interpreted and ap-\\nplied, this decision settles the matter and becomes the law of the land as\\nto the questions involved in the case, continuing so to stand unless or until\\nreversed by the same authority which pronounced it. It consists of a\\nchief-justice (salary, $10,500) and eight associate justices (salary, $10,000\\neach), who hold office during good behavior, and at stated times receive\\na compensation which may be increased, but not diminished, during their\\nterm of office! The Circuit Courts are held twice a year for each State\\nwithin the circuit. The circuits are nine in number, containing respect-\\nively the following States 1st circuit, Maine, New Hampshire, Massa-\\nchusetts and Rhode Island 2d circuit, New York, Vermont and Connect-\\nicut 3d circuit, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware; 4th circuit,\\nMaryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina\\n5th circuit, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas\\n6th circuit, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee; 7th circuit, Indi-\\nana, Illinois and Wisconsin Sth circuit, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kan-\\nsas, Arkansas and Nebraska 9th circuit, California, Oregon and Nevada.\\nThe circuit courts in each circuit are held by the justice of the supreme\\ncourt allotted to the circuit, or by the justice of the supreme court and\\nthe circuit judge sitting together, in which case the former presides, or in", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "522 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe abseuce of either of the two judges just named, by the other (who\\npresides) and the district judge. These courts have both original and\\nappellate jurisdiction. Cases may be ajjpealed to them from the district\\ncourts. They have concurrent jurisdiction with the State courts where\\nthe matter in dispute exceeds $500 and the United States are plaintiffs, or\\nwhere an alien is a party, or where the suit is between citizens of different\\nStates. They have exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of crimes against\\nthe laws of the United States, except where the law especially confers this\\npower on other courts. The District Courts have exclusive original juris-\\ndiction in all admiralty and maritime causes. Every State constitutes at\\nleast one district, several of the lai ger States being divided into two dis-\\ntricts, and some into three. The Court of Claims was established by act\\nof Congress in 1855 to hear and determine all claims founded upon any\\nlaw of Congress, or upon any regulation of an executive department, or\\nupon any contract, express or implied, with the government of the United\\nStates (which may be suggested to it by a petition filed therein) also all\\nclaims which may be referred to said court by either house of Congress.\\nThere are five justices of this court (salary, $4500 apiece). The Territo-\\nrial Courts, though not courts upon which judicial power is conferred by\\nthe Constitution, are United States courts, created by special acts of Con-\\ngress for each organized Territory. Each consists of a chief-justice and\\ntwo associate justices, holding office for a term of four years a fact which\\nshows of itself that these courts are not constitutional courts (as Mr.\\nHoward calls those deriving their powers from the Constitution), the\\njudges of which, as the reader will remember, hold office during good\\nbehavior. In all the territorial courts there is an appeal to the supreme\\ncourt of the United States where the value in dispute exceeds one thou-\\nsand dollars. The Senate of the United States as a court to try impeach-\\nments is an extraordinary tribunal, the powers and duties of which are\\ndescribed in Article 1, Section 3, of the Constitution [see also Historical\\nSketch, page 147, note].\\nLaws of the Uliitetl States. The jurisprudence of the several\\nStates, with the exception of Louisiana, is based upon the common law of\\nEngland with reference to matters not provided for by statute i. e., upon\\nthe common law of England as brought over by the first settlers and\\nmodified to suit the wants of the various communities. Wherever statutes\\nhave been made, the common law has been superseded with reference to\\nthe particular matters of which the statutes treat. In the same way, but\\nto a less degree, this same common law underlies the jurisprudence of the\\nUnited States as a collective nation. In the act of 1789, creating the dis-\\ntrict courts, for instance, occur these words Saving to suitors in all cases\\nthe right of a common law remedy where the common law is competent to\\ngive it; also a little further on ^concurrent jurisdiction with the State", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 523\\ncourts is given in all suits at common law where the United States sue,\\nand the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value\\nof one hundred dollars, etc. Back of all, then, and filling up every gap\\nin the legal barrier against wrong and the legal protection of right, is the\\ncommon law. The Constitution of the United States is the fundamental\\nlaw of the land with reference to all matters of which it treats and all\\ninferences which can be fairly drawn from it. It binds not only every\\ncitizen, but Congress itself, the law-making power of the government, and,\\ntaken together with the various decisions of the supreme court expounding\\nit, it furnishes a body of constitutional law. The laws enacted by Congress\\nderive all their force and efficacy from the powers granted to Congress by\\nthe Constitution and if they are not in perfect agreement with the provis-\\nions of said Constitution, they can be set aside by the supreme court as\\nsoon as a test case involving the principles in question is presented. When\\nthey are constitutional they are equally binding in every State and Teri i-\\ntory of the United States and being uniformly applied and executed in\\nall by the United States courts, they form a body of statute laws. Treaties\\nmade between the United States and foreign nations, and with the Indian\\ntribes, are just as binding by the precepts of international law as any con-\\nstitutional provision or act of Congress. The Constitution, and the laws of\\nthe United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties\\nmade, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,\\nshall be the supreme law of the land, and judges in every State shall be\\nbound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the\\ncontrary notwithstanding [see Constitution of the United States,\\nArticle VI.].\\nThe Naturalization Laws. Foreigners are welcomed in this\\ncountry with a kindness which it would be difficult for them to find else-\\nwhere. In England an alien, by taking out letters patent ex donatione\\nregis (by the gift of the king, not ex donatione legis, by the gift of the law,\\nas some Blackstones (but not Sharswood s), and even Bouvier s Law\\nDictionary under the word denizen, have it), a high and incommuni-\\ncable branch of the royal prerogative, can attain a sort of half-and-half\\nstate, which leaves him neither an alien nor fully naturalized. He can\\ntake land by purchase or by devise i. e., left by will but not by inher-\\nitance i. e., as legal heir. An alien can be naturalized only by act of\\nParliament, and even then he cannot hold office. In the United States,\\non the contrary, aliens are better treated in many of the States than den-\\nizens are in England. Their disabilities in respect to holding lands are\\nwholly removed in Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts,\\nINIichigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, without re-\\nquiring even residence. If resident, they can hold lands in California,\\nKentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire and Texas and if they", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "524 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nhave declared their intention of becoming citizens, they have the same\\nprivilege in Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia and South Carolina, In several\\nother States their disabilities are partly removed. For the alien who de-\\nsires to become a citizen of the United States, theoretically the road is\\neasy enough, and practically it is said to be still easier. Theoretically, an\\nalien, in order to become a citizen, must go before some United States court\\nor some court of record of some State at least two years before his admis-\\nsion to citizenship, and then and there declare on oath or affirmation that\\nit is his intention to become a citizen of the United States, renouncing at\\nthe same time all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate,\\nState or sovereignty, and particularly by name the prince, potentate. State\\nor sovereignty whereof such alien may at the time be a citizen or subject.\\nThis declaration is recorded by the clerk, and a certificate bearing the seal\\nof the court and signed by the clerk is given him, which states that he\\nhas made such a declaration. This certificate is what is commonly known\\nas first papers of a foreigner who desires to be naturalized. An appli-\\ncant who has come to this country before the age of 18 is not required to\\ntake out his first papers, and can be naturalized after a residence of five\\nyears, provided that he has reached the age of 21 at the time of making\\napplication. The second papers, or certificate of citizenship, cannot\\n(theoretically) be taken out until the applicant has resided in the United\\nStates at least five years. This residence must be proved by other testimony\\nthan the oath of the applicant, but one witness is sufficient. He must also\\nprove that he has behaved, during the period of his residence, as a man of\\ngood moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of\\nthe United States. He then swears or affirms the same things as before\\n(with the additional declaration, if he has borne any title of nobility, that\\nhe renounces it), also that he will support the Constitution of the United\\nStates. The parties are then taken before the judge for the final exami-\\nnation under oath. If the judge is satisfied that the applicant is a man\\nof good moral character, who has resided in this country for the requisite\\nperiod, he orders, in writing, the admission of the latter to the privileges\\nof citizenship. He is forthwith admitted, and receives a final certificate,\\nbearing the seal of the court and signed by the clerk, which is conclusive\\nevidence thereafter of his citizenship, though it can be set aside if fraudu-\\nlently obtained. The minor children (those under 21 years of age) of\\npersons naturalized, if such children are then residing in the United\\nStates, become citizens by the naturalization of their parents. Such\\n(legally and theoretically) are the length of residence and the legal pro-\\nceedings required of those who wish to become citizens of the United States.\\nA naturalized citizen is put upon the same footing as a native, with the\\nexception that he is not eligible for the presidency or vice-presidency of\\nthe United States.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 525\\nCONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWe, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,\\nestablish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common\\ndefence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty\\nto ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu-\\ntion for the United States of America.\\nARTICLE I.\\nSection 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a\\nCongress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House\\nof Representatives.\\nSection 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members\\nchosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elect-\\nors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the\\nmost numerous branch of the State legislature.\\nNo person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the\\nage of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United\\nStates, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in\\nwhich he shall be chosen.\\nRepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several\\nStates which may be included within this Union, according to their re-\\nspective numbers, Avhich shall be determined by adding to the whole num-\\nber of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years,\\nand excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The\\nactual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting\\nof the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of\\nten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of\\nrepresentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each\\nState shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration\\nshall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose\\nthree, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one,\\nConnecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,\\nDelaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South\\nCarolina five and Georgia three.\\nWhen vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu-\\ntive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.\\nThe House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other\\nofficers: and shall have the sole power of impeachment.\\nSection 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two\\nsenators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years;\\nand each senator shall have one vote.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "526 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nImmediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first\\nelection, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The\\nseats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of\\nthe second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year,\\nand of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one- third\\nmay be chosen every second year and if vacancies happen by resignation,\\nor otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive\\nthereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the\\nlegislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.\\nNo person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of\\nthirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who\\nshall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall\\nbe chosen.\\nThe Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate,\\nbut shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.\\nThe Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro\\ntempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise\\nthe office of President of the United States.\\nThe Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: when\\nsitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the\\nPresident of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside; and\\nno person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the\\nmembers present.\\nJudgments in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to\\nremoval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of\\nhonor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted\\nshall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and\\npunishment according to law.\\nSection 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for sen-\\nators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legis-\\nlature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter\\nsuch regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.\\nThe Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meet-\\ning shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law,\\nappoint a diflferent day.\\nSection 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and\\nqualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute\\na quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to\\nday, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members,\\nin such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.\\nEach house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem-\\nbers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel\\na member.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 527\\nEach house shall keep a jourual of its proceedings, and from time to\\ntime publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment\\nrequire secresy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on\\nany question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered\\non the jourual.\\nNeither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent\\nof the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than\\nthat in which the two houses shall be sitting.\\nSection 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa-\\ntion for their services, to be ascertained by law and jjaid out of the treasury\\nof the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and\\nbreach of the j^eace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at\\nthe session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from\\nthe same; and for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be\\nquestioned in any other place.\\nNo senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was\\nelected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United\\nStates, which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have\\nbeen increased during such time; and no person holding any office under\\nthe United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance\\nin office.\\nSection 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of\\nRepresentatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments\\nas on other bills.\\nEvery bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and\\nthe Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of\\nthe United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return\\nit, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who\\nshall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon-\\nsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree\\nto pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other\\nhouse, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-\\nthirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes\\nof both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of\\nthe persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal\\nof each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Presi-\\ndent within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented\\nto him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it,\\nunless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case\\nit shall not be a law.\\nEvery order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate\\nand House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of\\nadjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "528 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nbefore the same shall take effect, shall be appi oved by him, or, being dis-\\napproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House\\nof Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the\\ncase of a bill.\\nSection 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes,\\nduties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common\\ndefence and general welfare of the United States but all duties, imposts\\nand excises shall be uniform throughout the United States\\nTo borrow money on the credit of the United States\\nTo regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several\\nStates, and with the Indian tribes\\nTo establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the\\nsubject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States\\nTo coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix\\nthe standard of weights and measures\\nTo provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and cur-\\nrent coin of the United States\\nTo establish post-ofiices and post-roads\\nTo promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for lim-\\nited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective\\nwritings and discoveries\\nTo constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court\\nTo define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,\\nand offences against the law of nations\\nTo declare w^ar, gi ant letters of marque and reprisal and make rules\\nconcerning captures on land and water\\nTo raise and support armies but no appropriation of money to that use\\nshall be for a longer term than two years;\\nTo provide and maintain a uavy\\nTo make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval\\nforces\\nTo provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union,\\nsuppress insurrections and repel invasions\\nTo provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for\\ngoverning such part of them as may be employed in the service of the\\nUnited States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the\\nofficers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline\\nprescribed by Congress\\nTo exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such dis-\\ntrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular\\nStates and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government\\nof the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places pur-\\nchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "CENTENNTAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 529\\nshall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other\\nneedful buildings; and\\nTo make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into\\nexecution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti-\\ntution in the government of the United States or in any department or\\nofficer thereof.\\nSection 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the\\nStates now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by\\nthe Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but\\na tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten\\ndollars for each person.\\nThe privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless\\nwhen in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.\\nNo bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.\\nNo capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to\\nthe census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.\\nNo tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.\\nNo preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue\\nto the ports of one State over those of another nor shall vessels bound to\\nor from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.\\nNo money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of ap-\\npropriations made bylaw; and a regular statement and account of the\\nreceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time\\nto time.\\nNo title of nobility shall be granted by the United States and no person\\nholding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent\\nof the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any\\nkind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state.\\nSection 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confedera-\\ntion; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of\\ncredit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in jjaymeut of\\ndebts pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing the\\nobligation of contracts or grant any title of nobility.\\nNo State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or\\nduties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary\\nfor executing its inspection laws and the net produce of all duties and\\nimposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the\\ntreasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the\\nrevision and control of the Congress.\\nNo State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage,\\nkeep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or\\ncompact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless\\nactually invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.\\n34", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "530 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nARTICLE II.\\nSection 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the\\nUnited States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four\\nyears, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be\\nelected as follows\\nEach State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may\\ndirect, a number of electors, equal to the w^hole number of senators and\\nrepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress but no\\nsenator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit\\nunder the United States, shall be appointed an elector.\\n[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for\\ntwo persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same\\nState with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted\\nfor, and of the number of votes for each which list they shall sign and\\ncertify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United\\nStates, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate\\nshall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open\\nall the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav-\\ning the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number\\nbe a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be\\nmore than one who have such majority and have an equal number of votes,\\nthen the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one\\nof them for President and if no person have a majority, then from the\\nfive highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the\\nPresident. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by\\nStates, the representation from each State having one vote a quorum for\\nthis purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the\\nStates, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In\\nevery case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest\\nnumber of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there\\nshould remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose\\nfrom them by ballot the Vice-President.*]\\nThe Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the\\nday on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same\\nthroughout the United States.\\nNo person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States\\nat the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the\\noffice of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who\\nshall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen\\nyears resident within the United States.\\nIn case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, res-\\nSee Twelfth Amendment; also Historical Sketch, p. 111.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 531\\nignatiou or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office,\\nthe same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congi ess may by\\nlaw provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability both\\nof the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act\\nas President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability\\nbe removed or a President shall be elected.\\nThe President shall, at state-d times, receive for his services a compensa-\\ntion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for\\nwhich he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that\\nperiod any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.\\nBefore he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following\\noath or affirmation I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully\\nexecute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best\\nof my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United\\nStates.\\nSection 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and\\nnavy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when\\ncalled into the actual service of the United States; he may require the\\nopinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart-\\nments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices\\nand he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences agairjst\\nthe United States, except in cases of impeachment.\\nHe shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,\\nto make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and\\nhe shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate\\nshall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of\\nthe supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose ap-\\npointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be\\nestablished by law but the Congress may by law vest the appointment\\nof such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the\\ncourts of law, or in the heads of departments.\\nThe President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen\\nduring the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall ex-\\npire at the end of their next session.\\nSection 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information\\nof the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such\\nmeasures as he shall judge necessary and expedient he may on extraordi-\\nnary occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of dis-\\nagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may\\nadjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive\\nambassadors and other public ministers he shall take care that the laws\\nbe faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United\\nStates.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "532 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nSection 4. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the\\nUnited States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and con-\\nviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\\nARTICLE III.\\nSection 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in\\none supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from\\ntime to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and\\ninferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at\\nstated times, receive for their services a compensation ^vhich shall not be\\ndiminished during their continuance in office.\\nSection 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and\\nequity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and\\ntreaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority to all cases\\naffecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of\\nadmiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United\\nStates shall be a party to controversies between two or more States be-\\ntween a State and citizens of another State between citizens of different\\nStates; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of\\ndifferent States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign\\nStates, citizens or subjects.\\nIn all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,\\nand those in which a State shall be party, the supreme court shall have\\noriginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme\\ncourt shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such\\nexceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.\\nThe trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury\\nand such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have\\nbeen committed but when not committed within any State, the trial shall\\nbe at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.\\nSection 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy-\\ning war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and\\ncomfort.\\nNo person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two\\nwitnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.\\nThe Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but\\nno attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except\\nduring the life of the person attainted.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nSection 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the\\npublic acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 533\\nthe Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in -which such\\nacts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.\\nSection 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges\\nand immunities of citizens in the several States.\\nA person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who\\nshall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of\\nthe executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,\\nto be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.\\nNo person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,\\nescaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein,\\nbe discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim\\nof the party to whom such service or labor may be due.\\nSection 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union\\nbut no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of anv\\nother State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States,\\nor 2Darts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States con-\\ncerned as well as of the Congress.\\nThe Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules\\nand regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the\\nUnited States and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to\\nprejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular State.\\nSection 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this\\nUnion a republican form of government, and shall j^i otect each of them\\nagainst invasion, and on application of tlie legislature, or of the executive\\n(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.\\nAETICLE V.\\nThe Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it neces-\\nsary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application\\nof the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a conven-\\ntion for proposing amendments, which, in either case, sliall be valid to all\\nintents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution, when ratified by the\\nlegislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in\\nthree-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be\\nproposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made\\nprior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner\\naffect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article,\\nand that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal\\nsuffrage in the Senate.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "534\\nBURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nARTICLE VI.\\nAll debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption\\nof this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this\\nConstitution as under the confederation.\\nThis Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be\\nmade in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be made\\nunder the authority of the United States, shall be. the supreme law of the\\nland; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in\\nthe constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.\\nThe senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of\\nthe several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of\\nthe United States and of the several States, shall be bound, by oath or affir-\\nmation, to support this Constitution but no religious test shall ever be re-\\nquired as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.\\nARTICLE VII.\\nThe ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the\\nestablishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.\\nDone in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the\\nseventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand\\nseven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United\\nStates of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto\\nsubscribed our names.\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON,\\nPresident, and Deputy from Virginia.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nJohn Langdon,\\nNicholas Gilman.\\nMASSACHUSETTS.\\nNathaniel Gorham,\\nRufus King.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nWilliam Sam l Johnson,\\nRoger Sherman.\\nNEAV YORK.\\nAlexander Hamilton.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nWilliam Livingston,\\nDavid Brearley,\\nWilliam Paterson,\\nJonathan Dayton.\\nPENNSYLVANIA.\\nBenjamin Franklin,\\nThomas Mifflin,\\nRobert Morris,\\nGeorge Clymer,\\nThomas Fitzsimons,\\nJared Ingersoll,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGouverneur Morris,\\nDELAWARE.\\nGeorge Reed,\\nGunning Bedford, Jr.,\\nJohn Dickinson,\\nRichard Bassett,\\nJacob Broom.\\nVIRGINIA.\\nJohn Blair,\\nJames Madison, Jr.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWilliam Blount,\\nRichard Dobbs Spaight,\\nHugh Williamson.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nJohn Rutledge,\\nCharles C. Pinckney,\\nCharles Pinckney,\\nPierce Butler.\\nGEORGIA.\\nWilliam Few,\\nAbraham Baldwin.\\nMARYLAND.\\n.James McHenry,\\nDaniel of St. Thos. Jenifer,\\nDaniel Carroll.\\nAttest: William Jackson, Secretary.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 535\\nAMENDMENTS\\nTo THE Constitution op the United States, ratified according\\nTO THE Provisions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing\\nConstitution.\\nArticle I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of\\nreligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom\\nof speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,\\nand to petition the government for redress of grievances.\\nArticle II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of\\na free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be\\ninfringed.\\nArticle III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any\\nhouse without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a man-\\nner to be prescribed by law.\\nArticle IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,\\nhouses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall\\nnot be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, sup-\\nported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be\\nsearched, and the persons or things to be seized.\\nArticle V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-\\nwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand\\njury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia,\\nwhen in actual service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any\\nperson be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life\\nor limb nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against\\nhimself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process\\nof law; nor shall private propei-ty be taken for public use without just\\ncompensation.\\nArticle VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the\\nright to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and\\ndistrict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall\\nhave been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature\\nand cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against\\nhim to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and\\nto have the assistance of counsel for his defence.\\nArticle VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy\\nshall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved,\\nand no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of\\nthe United States than according to the rules of conuuon law.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "536 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nArticle VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines\\nimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\\nArticle IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall\\nnot be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\\nArticle X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the\\nConstitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States\\nrespectively, or to the people.\\nArticle XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-\\nstrued to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted\\nagainst one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens\\nor subjects of any foreign State.\\nArticle XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States and\\nvote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least,\\nshall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves they shall\\nname in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct\\nballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct\\nlists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-\\nPresident, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign\\nand certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United\\nStates, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate\\nshall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open\\nall the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted the person having\\nthe greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such\\nnumber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if\\nno person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest\\nnumbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President,\\nthe House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the\\nPresident. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by\\nStates, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum\\nfor this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of\\nthe States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.\\nAnd if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, when-\\never the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of\\nMarch next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in\\nthe case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.\\nThe person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall\\nbe the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number\\nof electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the\\ntwo highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President.\\nA quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number\\nof senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a\\nchoice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President\\nshall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 537\\nArticle XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery uor iu voluntary servitude,\\nexcept as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly\\nconvicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to\\ntheir jurisdiction.\\nSection 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro-\\npriate legislation.\\nArticle XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United\\nStates and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United\\nStates and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or en-\\nforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens\\nof the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, lil)erty\\nor proiJerty without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its\\njurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\\nSection 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States\\naccording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per-\\nsons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but when the right to\\nvote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Pres-\\nident of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and\\njudicial officers of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof is\\ndenied to any of the male inhabitants of such State (l)eing twenty-one\\nyears of age and citizens of the United States), or in any way abridged,\\nexcept for participation in rebellion or any other crime, the basis of repre-\\nsentation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of\\nsuch male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-\\none years of age iu said State.\\nSection 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or\\nelector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military,\\nunder the United States or under any State, who, having previously taken\\nan oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or\\nas a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer\\nof any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have\\nengaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com-\\nfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of\\neach House, remove such disabilities.\\nSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author-\\nized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun-\\nties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques-\\ntioned but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay\\nany debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against\\nthe United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any\\nslave, but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and\\nvoid.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "538 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nSection 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate\\nlegislation the provisions of this article.\\nArticle XV. Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to\\nvote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State\\non account of race, color or previous condition of servitude.\\nSection 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by\\nappropriate legislation.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "THE DECLARATIO]^^ OF I^^DEPE:?nDE] ^CE.\\nSO much has been said and written about this famous document it has fur-\\nnished the theme of so many Fourth-of-July orations, and has served as\\nthe subject of so many essays that it seems difficult to say or write anything\\nnew upon what has been already so thoroughly discussed. Still, we ven-\\nture to assert that the topic has not been exhausted, and that, exaggerated\\nas some of the eulogistic statements heretofore made may have seemed, they\\nhave more often been below the mark than above it. When the power of\\nGreat Britain and the weakness of the colonies are considered when the\\nreader remembers that the patriots were Avalking on untried ground, with\\nno example in history, except that of the United Netherlands, sufficiently\\nresembling theirs to be of much value as a means of instruction and en-\\ncouragement the boldness of the step which they took, and the credit\\nwhich their leaders deserved, are so forcibly impressed upon the mind as to\\nexcuse even the spread-eagle flights of oratory, the lavish expenditure\\nof gunpowder and of fireworks, and all other innocent methods by which\\nthe American testifies upon the Fourth of July his approbation of the\\ndecisive action taken by the patriots upon Independence Day.\\nOn the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, at the request of his\\ncolleagues, and with the special authority of Virginia, ofl^ered a series of\\nresolutions, That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free\\nand independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the\\nBritish Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State\\nof Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved that it is expedient\\nforthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances,\\nand that a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the re-\\nspective colonies for their consideration and approbation. John Adams\\nseconded these resolutions; and the members were enjoined to attend\\npunctually the next day at ten o clock, in order to take them into con-\\nsideration. It is a fact suggestive of the lack of sectional feeling in the\\nCongress that these resolutions were moved by a representative man from\\nthe South, and seconded by a representative man from the North. The\\nquestion was debated for several days, and on the 10th of June the decision\\nwas postponed for three weeks, to permit some of the delegates to consult\\ntheir constituents. The resolutions had been opposed, not as bad or im-\\nproper in themselves, but as premature and to prevent loss of time, it was\\n539", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "540 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmade a condition of the postponement that a committee should during the\\ninterval pi-epare a declaration in harmony with the proposed resolutions.\\nThis committee, which was appointed June 11, consisted of Thomas Jef-\\nferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert\\nR. Livingston. It was elected by ballot; and as Jeiferson represented\\nVirginia, from which colony the proposition had gone forth, and as he had\\nbeen elected by the largest number of votes, to him was allotted the mo-\\nmentous task of writing the Declaration.\\nThe three weeks of delay expired on the 1st of July. A large portion\\nof that day was taken up with what would now be called personal expla-\\nnation and on the 2d the resolution was adopted, and the completed work\\nof Jefferson came before Congress for revision. Of Jefferson, Bancroft\\nsays, after giving him full credit for ability: The quality which specially\\nfitted him for the task was the sympathetic character of his nature, by\\nwhich he was able, with instinctive perception, to read the soul of the\\nnation, and having collected in himself its best thoughts and noblest feel-\\nings, to give them out in clear and bold words, mixed with so little of him-\\nself that his country, as it went along with him, found nothing but what\\nit recognized as its own. He had drafted the Declaration from the\\nfulness of his own mind, without consulting a single book, and it was\\nreported to Congress on the 28th of June; but its consideration was neces-\\nsarily postponed until after the adoption of the resolutions. During the\\nremainder of July 2, and upon the two following days, the language, the\\nstatements and the principles of the paper were closely examined. Several\\nomissions were made, the most notable of which was that of the following\\nremarkable passage: He has waged cruel war against human nature\\nitself, violating the most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of\\na distant peopte who never offended him, captivating them and carrying\\nthem into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur a miserable death in\\ntheir transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of\\ninfidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian king of Great Britain. De-\\ntermined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold, he\\nhas prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to\\nprohibit or restrain this execrable commerce. And that this assemblage\\nof horrors might want no fact of distinguished dye, he is now exciting\\nthose very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty\\nof which he has deprived them, by murdering the people upon whom he\\nalso obtruded them, thus paying off former crimes committed against the\\nliberties of one people by crimes which he urges them to commit against\\nthe lives of another. This was struck out because Congress had already\\nmanifested its sentiments by the absolute prohibition of the slave-trade,\\nand that prohibition was then respected in every one of the thirteen States.\\nAll other changes in the language were either very slight or were improve-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 541\\nmeuts, coDclensiug the language or moderating the tone, or correctiuo- slio-ht\\ninaccuracies of statement.\\nUpon the 4th of July thousands of anxious people, who knew that the\\nfinal vote would be taken on that day, were gathered in the streets of\\nPhiladelphia, anxiously awaiting the announcement of the result. The\\nold bellman took his post in the steeple as soon as Congress convened in\\nthe morning, and he had placed a boy at the door below to give him warn-\\ning when his services were required. The historic bell (now invalided in\\nIndependence Hall, but then recently of age, having reached its twenty-\\nthird year) hung ready to obey its prophetic motto, and in a manner and\\nto a degree never dreamed of by its designer or its founder, to Proclaim\\nliberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof Hour\\nafter hour passed in anxious expectation. The bellman grew nervous and\\ndespondent. They will never do it! They will never do it! he said,\\nshaking his head. Suddenly, at nearly two o clock, a loud shout came up\\nfrom below. He looked down, and saw the little boy clapping his hands,\\nand heard him shouting, Ring! Ring! He did ring; and, to use the\\nwords of one who writes as if he had been an eye-witness, the excited\\nmultitude in the streets responded with loud acclamations; and with cannon-\\npeals, bonfires and illuminations the patriots held a glorious carnival that\\nnight in the quiet city of Penn.\\nWithin the hall, when the decision was announced, a deep silence per-\\nvaded the assembly. It is said that Dr. Fi-anklin was the first to break it,\\nby quaintly remarking, Gentlemen, we must now all hang together, or\\nwe shall surely hang separately. In this observation there is a volume\\nof commentary upon the work which had just been accomplished. The\\npledge of their lives and fortunes was no empty form of words. By their\\nassenting votes upon the adoption of the Declaration they iuQ^rred (should\\nthe colonies fail to successfully sustain them) all the penalties of treason\\ninflicted by the English law, confiscation of property, an ignominious\\ndeath, and corruption of blood I. e., their children would be rendered\\nincapable of iidieriting their property, or, in other words, the confiscation\\nwas perpetual.\\nThe Declaration went out to the world with only the signature of John\\nHancock, the president of Congress. It was afterward engrossed on parch-\\nment, and on the 2d of August the fifty-four delegates then present signed\\nit, Thomas McKean, of New Hampshire, and Dr. Thornton, of Maryland,\\nadding their names afterward. An incident which occurred at the time\\nof the signing shows what manner of men they were. Each man, as he\\nafiixed his name to the document, knew that he risked putting his neck\\ninto the halter and when Charles Carroll of Carrollton was writing his\\nname, one of the members, who knew that Mr. Carroll was a man of great\\nwealth, said, There go a few millions. There are several of the name,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "542 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nwas the reply. Mr. Carroll overheard this remark, and he immediately\\ntook up the pen and wrote after his name, of Carrollton, so that there\\ncould be no possible mistake. It is a remarkable fact that this man, who\\nshowed himself so ready to abide by the consequences of this act, was the\\nlast survivor of the signers. He died in 1832, at the age of ninety-five.\\nMany interesting statistics are given in Conrad s introduction to Sander-\\nson s Bio(jraj)]iy of the Signers, from which we shall now condense a few of\\nthe most important. They were all natives of America except eight, who\\nhad immigrated in youth or in early manhood, and among whom were\\nRobert Morris, John Witherspoon and James Wilson. Of these, two were\\nfrom England, three from Ireland, two from Scotland and one from Wales.\\nOf those born in America, taking them by sections, sixteen were natives\\nof the Eastern, fourteen of the Middle and eighteen of the Southern colo-\\nnies. Taking them by States, one was born in Maine, nine in Massachu-\\nsetts, two in Rhode Island, four in Connecticut, three in New York, four in\\nNew Jersey, five in Pennsylvania, two in Delaware, five in Maryland, nine\\nin Virginia and four in South Carolina. Nearly one-half of the number,\\nor twenty-seven, had been regularly graduated in the colleges of Europe\\nor America. The odd seven, or one-fourth of this number, may be credited\\nto Harvard College. Twenty others had educations which, though not\\nregularly collegiate, were at least academic, or by dint of unaided energy,\\nas in the case of Franklin, they had supplied, or more than supplied, the\\nlack of a university course. The condition of life of most of the signers\\nwas such as to relieve them from all imputation of selfish motives. Many\\nof them, as Hancock, Carroll, Morris and others, were among the most\\nwealthy in the countr3^ The majority w^ere possessed of an ample com-\\npetence, and, with very few exceptions, all had, besides life, something to\\nlose, and nothing but liberty to gain, in the conflict which they had invoked.\\nThe pui suits in life of the signers are of interest, as indicating their\\ncharacter and social position and those of the classes and interests which\\nthey represented. Twenty-four, or nearly one-half, were lawyers, of whom\\nit has been well said that they have been the original asserters and most\\nfaithful champions of constitutional liberty in all countries. Thirteen\\nwere planters and farmers, the former being wealthy land-owners rather\\nthan practical agriculturists. Nine were merchants; five, physicians; two,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2mechanics; one was a clergyman, one a mariner and one a surveyor.\\nMany of these were engaged in mingled pursuits, and nearly all were more\\nor less interested in agriculture.\\nThe age of the signers at the date of the Declaration exhibited a singu-\\nlarly just representation of the difi^erent stages of human life. The mass\\nof them were in the most vigorous season of existence, forty-one out of the\\nfifty-six being between the ages of thirty and fifty years, while the youngest\\n(Rutledge) was twenty-seven, and the eldest (Franklin) seventy years of", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 543\\nage. The following statement will give a fair idea of the relative ages\\nof all: From twenty-five to thirty years of age, three; from thirty to\\nthirty-five, eleven from thirty -five to forty, ten from forty to forty-five,\\nten from forty-five to fifty, ten from fifty to fifty-five, three from fifty-\\nfive to sixty, two from sixty to sixty-five, four from sixty-five to seventy,\\ntwo. The average age of the signers in July, 1776, was forty-three years\\nand ten mouths, and their average age at the time of their death was sixty-\\neight years and four mouths. Their lougevity has been made the subject\\nof frequent remark. They lingered into an age beyond their own, and\\nit seemed a portion of their reward that they should witness the peaceful\\ngathering of the rich harvest in sowing which they had risked all their\\nearthly possessions, as well as the reproach and ignominy Avhich would have\\nbeen heaped upon them had their country failed to successfully support them.\\nOf the document itself little need ])e said. It sets forth the causes for\\nseparation in language so firm, yet so moderate so dignified, yet so forcible\\nthat no words of praise from critic or historian can add to the effect pro-\\nduced upon any one who reads it carefully and with a candid mind. We\\ntherefore, without further comment, give the reader an opportunity to pe-\\nruse the\\nDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nA Declaration by the Representatives of the United States\\nOF America, in Congress assembled, adopted July 4, 1776.\\nWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one\\npeople to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with\\nanother, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and\\nequal station to which the laws of nature and of nature s Gred entitle them,\\na decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should\\ndeclare the causes which impel them to the separation.\\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident that all meu are created equal\\nthat they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;\\nthat among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness that to\\nsecure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their\\njust powers from the consent of the governed that whenever any form\\nof government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the\\npeople to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its\\nfoundations on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as\\nto them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru-\\ndence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not\\nbe changed for light and transient causes and, accordingly, all experience\\nhath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suf-\\nferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "544 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\naccustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing\\ninvariably the same object, evinces a desire to reduce them under absolute\\ndespotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government\\nand to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the\\npatient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which\\nconstrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history\\nof the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and\\nusurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute\\ntyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a\\ncandid world.\\nHe has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for\\nthe public good.\\nHe has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing\\nimportance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be ob-\\ntained and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.\\nHe has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis-\\ntricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre-\\nsentation in the Legislature a right inestimable to them and formidable\\nto tyrants only.\\nHe has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort-\\nable and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole\\npurpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.\\nHe has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with\\nmanly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.\\nHe has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others\\nto be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation,\\nhave returned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remain-\\ning, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without\\nand convulsions within.\\nHe has endeavored to prevent the population of these States for that\\npurpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners, refusing\\nto pass others to encourage their migration hither and raising the conditions\\nof new appropriations of lands.\\nHe has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to\\nlaws for establishing judiciary powers.\\nHe has made judges dependent on his Avill alone for the tenure of their\\noffices and the amount and payment of their salaries.\\nHe has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of\\nofficers to harass our people and eat out their substance.\\nHe has kept among us in times of peace standing armies, without the\\nconsent of our Legislatures.\\nHe has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,\\nthe civil power.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 545\\nHe has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to\\nour constitutions and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to\\ntheir acts of jJretended legislation\\nFor quartering large bodies of armed troops among us\\nFor protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders\\nwhich they should commit on the inhabitants of these States\\nFor cutting off our trade with all parts of the world\\nFor imposing taxes on us without our consent\\nFor depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;\\nFor transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences\\nFor abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,\\nestablishing therein an arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries,\\nso as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the\\nsame absolute rule into these colonies\\nFor taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws and\\naltering fundamentally the forms of our governments\\nFor suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested\\nwith power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.\\nHe has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection\\nand waging war against us.\\nHe has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns and\\ndestroyed the lives of our peojDle.\\nHe is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to\\ncomplete the works of death, desolation and tyranny already begun with\\ncircumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar-\\nbarous ages and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.\\nHe has constrained our fellow- citizens taken captive on the high seas to\\nbear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends\\nand brethren or to fall themselves by their hands.\\nHe has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to\\nbring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,\\nwhose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,\\nsexes and conditions.\\nIn every stage of these opj)ressions we have petitioned for redress in the\\nmost humble terms our repeated petitions have been answered only by\\nrepeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act\\nwhich may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.\\nNor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren.\\nWe have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature\\nto extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them\\nof the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here; we have\\nappealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured\\nIhem by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,\\n35", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "546\\nBURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nwhich would iuevitably interrupt our conuectious and correspondence.\\nThey, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguin-\\nity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our\\nseparation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in\\nwar ^in peace, friends.\\nWe, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in\\ngeneral Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world\\nfor the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority\\nof the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that\\nthese united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent\\nStates that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown,\\nand that all political connection between them and the state of Great\\nBritain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and inde-\\npendent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract\\nalliances, establish commerce and do all other acts and things which inde-\\npendent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration,\\nwith a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually\\npledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.\\nSigned by\\nJOHN HANCOCK, of Massachusetts.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nJosiah Bartlett,\\nWilliam Whipple,\\nMatthew Tliornton.\\nMASSACHUSETTS BAY.\\nSamuel Adams,\\nJohn Adams,\\nKobert Treat Paine,\\nElbridge Gerry.\\nEHODE ISLAND, ETC.\\nStephen Hopkins,\\nWilliam Ellery.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nRoger Sherman,\\nSamuel Pluntingdon,\\nWilliam Williams,\\nOliver Wolcott.\\nNEW YORK.\\nWilliam Floyd,\\nPliilip Livingston,\\nFrancis Lewis,\\nLewis Morris.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nRichard Stockton,\\nJohn WitlierspoOTi,\\nFrancis Hopkinson,\\nJohn Hart,\\nAbraham Clark.\\nPENNSYLVANIA.\\nRobert Morris,\\nBenjamin Rush,\\nBenjamin Franklin,\\nJohn Morton,\\nGeorge Clymer,\\nJames Smith,\\nGeorge Taylor,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGeorge Ross.\\nDELAWARE.\\nCaesar Rodney,\\nGeorge Read,\\nThomas McKean.\\nMARYLAND,\\nSamuel Chase,\\nWilliam Paca,\\nThomas Stone,\\nC. Carroll, of Carrollton.\\nVIRGINIA.\\nGeorge Wythe,\\nRichard Henry Lee,\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nBenjamin Harrison,\\nThomas Nelson, Jr.,\\nFrancis Lightfoot Lee,\\nCarter Braxton.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWilliam Hooper,\\nJoseph Hewes,\\nJohn Penn.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nEdward Rutledge,\\nThomas Heyward, Jr.,\\nThomas Lynch, Jr.,\\nArthur Middleton.\\nGEORGIA.\\nButton Gwinnett,\\nLyman Hall,\\nGeorge Walton.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "Kngraved expressly for Burley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nPARIS EXPOSITION, 1867.\\nTHE Paris Exposition of 1867 was held on the Champ rle Mars, the\\ngreat military parade-ground of Paris. It occupied thirty-three acres\\nof space besides the Island of Billancourt, which was devoted to the dis-\\nplay of agricultural implements. It consisted of a large building, oval\\nin shape, with a small open central garden, around which galleries placed\\none within another made the entire circuit of the building. Each gallery\\nwas devoted to a particular class of manufactures or of works of art, and\\ntlie nationalities were divided off by avenues radiating from the centre.\\nThis enabled visitors to compare the articles exhibited in any one class by\\nall the nations represented by simply following the gallery around until\\nhe reached his starting-point. If, on the other hand, he wished to examine\\nall the articles exhibited by any particular nation, he could start from the\\ncentre or from the circumference, and attain his object by traversing from\\nend to end one of the avenues bounding the space allotted to that nation-\\nality. The outer gallery was loftier and broader than any of the others,\\nwas roofed with corrugated iron and lighted with clere-story windows. It\\nwas devoted to machinery of all kinds, and to the processes of manufacture\\nin various branches of industry. Outside this circle were placed practical\\nillustrations of the food department in the form of restaurants of all\\n547", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "548 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nnations, the exhibition of specimens of food-substances being in small\\ncourts within the outer wall, or back to back with the restaurants. There\\nwas also a collection of antiquities showing the rise and progress of indus-\\ntrial art in every country. Another very important feature was the park,\\nor out-of-door portion, in which were shown actual examples of the styles\\nof domestic and palatial architecture of most countries, and even the tents\\nof some of the nomadic tribes, such as the Kirghis Tartars and Samoyeds\\nof the Russian Empire, the Bedouin Arabs, etc. The beasts of burden\\nof different nations, such as horses, camels, etc., were also shown, and all\\nkinds of civil and military erections of general importance.\\nThe number of exhibitors Avas 42,237, and in the quantity, quality and\\nvariety of the articles exhibited the Exposition outstripped all its prede-\\ncessors. The American exhibitors carried oif five grand prizes and nearly\\nfour hundred medals and honorable mentions. One of these grand\\nprizes is worthy of special notice on account of the peculiar nature of the\\nrequirements to be met by the successful competitor. The emperor of\\nthe French proposed ten awards of 10,000 francs each (about S2000 in\\ngold) to ten different persons, establishments or communities who by\\nmeans of special arrangements or institutions have improved the mutual\\ngood understanding between all the different parties who co-operate in the\\nexecution of work, and t^o all those who have succeeded in ameliorating\\nthe material, moral or intellectual condition of the working population.\\nA special jury was appointed from the different countries represented in the\\nExposition. Five hundred applications were received from France and\\nother countries on the continent of Europe, from Great Britain and from\\nthe United States. The recompense awarded consisted of a gold medal\\nwith appropriate emblems, a motto and the name of the successful competi-\\ntor upon it, 9000 francs in money, and a diploma printed on a medallion-\\ncard suitable for framing. Nine of the awards were given to France,\\nGermany and other countries in Europe, one to the United States, and none\\nto Great Britain. The name of the American establishment receiving the\\nprize was placed third on the list of successful candidates. This award\\nwas among the highest made at the Exposition, and was the highest\\nreceived by a citizen of the United States. Reliable statistics of this\\nExposition are difficult to obtain. The figure of 10,000,000 for the num-\\nber of visitors sounds almost too decimal to be correct. Still, it was justly\\nsaid at its close that it was the greatest of all international exhibitions\\nwhich had been held up to that time, both with respect to its extent and to\\nthe scope of its plan. The information obtained by the special prize which\\nwe have described concerning the adjustment of the rights of capital and\\nlabor, was well worth all that was expended upon the whole Exposition.\\nThe amelioration of the condition of the workingman, with the full co-\\noperation of his employer, is a consummation devoutly to be wished.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "AMERIOAJST AGRIOULTUEE.\\nEarly History. As agriculture in America began with the rude\\nefforts of the aborigines, we could have no more fitting introduction than\\nthe following description of the native American system given by an\\nIndian As our ancestors had no art of manufacturing any sort of metal,\\nthey had no implements of husbandry therefore they were able to culti-\\nvate their lands but little, planting skommon, or Indian coi-n, beans and\\nlittle squashes, which work was chiefly left under the management of\\nwomen and old men who were incapable of hunting, and of little boys.\\nThey made use of a bone either a moose s, bear s or deer s shoulder-blade\\ninstead of a hoe, to hoe their corn with, tying it fast to a stick or helve\\nmade for tliat purpose. When they find that their fields will fail, they\\nprepare another piece of land. In the first place, they make a fire around\\nthe foot of every tree on the ground they intend to clear, until the bark\\nof the tree is burnt through. They plant while the trees are standing,\\nafter they are killed. As soon as a tree falls they burn it of such a length\\nthat they can roll the logs together and burn them up to ashes. This they\\ndo till they get the land quite clear. An industrious woman, when a great\\nmany dry logs are fallen, can burn off as many logs iji one day as a smart\\nman can cho]) in two or three days time with an axe. They make use\\nof only an uthonnetmuhlieahiin, or stone axe, with a helve to it like the\\nhelve of the hoe already mentioned, with which they rub the coals of the\\nburning logs. Another writer, however, mentions a clumsy instrument,\\nresembling the axe described, which was made not unfrequently of a large\\nclamshell. With this they were accustomed to dig small holes four feet\\napart. Those living in the vicinity of the sea-shore put into each hole a\\nhorseshoe crab or two, or a fish, upon which they dropped four, and some-\\ntimes six, kernels of corn, and covered it with the implement with which\\nthey had dug the hole. Beans were planted with the corn after it had\\ncome up, and grew up supported by it. The use of the crab for manure\\nis thus described in A Description of Orleans (in Barnstable county, Mass.),\\npublished in 1802 The horse-foot, or king-crab, was formerly much used\\nfor manuring land set with Indian corn and potatoes, and it is still em-\\nployed in Orleans, in the south part of Dennis and in other parts of the\\ncounty. It is chopped into small pieces, and not more than one, sometimes\\n549", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "550 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nnot more than a quarter, is put into a hill. As it contains an abundance\\nof oil, it affords a strong manure, and with it the light lands may be made\\nto yield twenty bushels of corn to an acre (the yield of these lands with-\\nout manure being only ten bushels to the acre). It is, however, too hot a\\nmanure, and it causes the land to exert itself so much that it cannot easily\\nrecover its strength. It is amusing to note that the use of such stimu-\\nlating fertilizers was made a matter of reproach as early as March, 1648,\\nwhen the author of A Perfect Description of Virginia, after acknowledging\\nthat New England is in a good condition for livelihood, said But for\\nmatter of any great hopes but fishing, there is not much in that land for\\nit s as Scotland is to England so much difierence and lies upon the same\\nland northward as Scotland doth to England. There is much cold, frost\\nand snow, and their land is so barren that except a herring he put into the\\nhole that you set the corn or maize in, it will not come up. It was great pity\\nall those people, being now about twenty thousand, did not seat themselves\\nat first to the south of Virginia, in a warm and rich country, where their\\nindustry would have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, cotton and the like\\ncommodities. And it s now reported in Virginia that thousands of them\\nare removing (with many from the Summer Islands also) unto the Bahama\\nIslands, near the Cape of Florida and that s the right way for them to\\ngo and thrive. In both New England and Virginia the supply of food\\nwas at first rather precarious. In the latter province the thirst for gold\\ncaused the difficulties elsewhere described [see Historical Sketch, p. 93],\\nwhile the condition of the Pilgrim Fathers during the first few years of\\ntheir sojourn in the New World is thus depicted by Captain Edward John-\\nson, upon the same page from which we have already quoted [see Histor-\\nical Sketch, pp. 94, 95] You have heard what extreme penury these\\npeople were in, at fifst planting (sic), for want of food. Gold, silver, rai-\\nment, or whatsoever was precious in their eyes, they parted with when ships\\ncame in. For this their beast that died some would stick before they were\\ncold {sic), and sell their poor pined flesh for food at sixpence per pound,\\nand Indian beans at 16s. per bushel. When ships came in, it grieved some\\nmasters to see the urging of them by people of good rank and quality to\\nsell bread unto them. In New England as well as in Virginia the very ex-\\nistence of the settlements depended for a time upon the purchase of supplies\\nof food from the Indians, and the latter were the instructors who initiated\\nthe pioneers into the mysteries of the cultui e of maize, telling them how\\nto select the finest ears of corn for seed, to plant it at a proper time, to\\nweed it and to hill it. Indian corn was one of the first among the agri-\\ncultural productions of the country with which the settlers became ac-\\nquainted. On the 15th of November, more than a month before the dis-\\nembarkation on Plymouth Rock, an exploring party of sixteen men, under\\nthe command of the famous Miles Standish, landed on the coast of Massa-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 551\\nchusetts aPxd penetrated some distance into the country. In the course of\\ntheir investigations, their journal says, We found an heap of sand, which\\nwe digged up, and in it we found a little old basket, full of fair Indian\\ncorn, and we digged further and found a fine great new basket, full of very\\nfair Indian corn of this year, with some six-and-thirty goodly ears of corn,\\nsome yellow and some red, and others mixed with blue, which was a very\\ngoodly sight. We took all the ears, and put a good deal of the loose corn\\ninto the kettle, for two men to bring away on a staff. Besides, they that\\ncould put away into their pockets filled the same. The first attempts of\\nthe settlers to cultivate the soil of New England were attended with many\\nhai dships. Hubbard, in his General History of New England, has some\\njudicious remarks upon the results attained, as compared with the expect-\\nations of the colonists, which we transcribe, preserving his quaint orthog-\\nraphy The generality of the soyle, itt is of a lighter sort of earth, whose\\nfruitefullnesse is more beholding to the influences of the heavens and ad-\\nvantages of the seasonable skill and industry of the husbandmen, then the\\nstrength of its own temper. Such as came hither first on discovery, chanced\\nto bee here in the first part of the summer, when the earth was only adorned\\nwith its best attire of herbs and flowers, flourishing with all such early\\nfruits which weather-beaten travellers are wont to refresh themselves with\\nthe beholding of, as strawberies, goosberies, rasberies, cheries and whorts\\n[whortleberries?] as they observed that first landed about Martha s Vine-\\nyard whence they promised themselves and theire successors a very\\nflourishing country, as they did that first landed on the coast of Florida.\\nMany places do naturally abound with some of those berryes, as other\\nplaces with grapes, which gave great hopes of fruitfull vineyards in after\\ntime, butt as yet either skill is wanting to cultivate and order the roots of\\nthose wild vines, and reduce them to a pleasant sweetnesse, or time is not\\nyet to bee spared to looke after the culture of such fruits as rather tend to\\nthe henh or melius esse [i.e., the welfare or improvement] of a place than\\nto the bare esse [i. e., the bare existence] and subsistence thereof Each\\nseason of the yeare so fast, as it were, treading upon the heels of that which\\nwent before, that but little time is to bee found to spare for that tillage\\nwhich is not of absolute necessity, but for pleasure and delight. Yet are\\nall sorts of grayne found to grow pretty naturally there, that are wont to\\nbe sowne in the spring season, the cold oft times proving so extreme as it\\nkills all that is committed to the earth before winter, especially in the Mas-\\nsachusetts colony. In spite, however, of the many difficulties arising from\\nthe barrenness of the soil and the severity of the climate, much progress\\nwas made during the first thirty years after Miles Standish s expedition\\nabove mentioned. Captain Edward Johnson, to whom we have several\\ntimes had occasion to refer, says, in the twenty-first chapter of his Wonder-\\nworking Providence of Zion s Saviour in New England: All the forraign", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "552 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nplantations that are of forty, fifty or one hundred years standing cannot\\nreport the like this remote, rocky, barren, bushy, wild-woody wilderness,\\na receptacle for lions, wolves, bears, rockoones, bags (sic), bevers, otters\\nand all kind of wild creatures a place that never afibrded the natives\\nbetter than the flesh of a few wild creatures and parch t Indian corn, iuch t\\nout (sic) with chestnuts and bitter acorns, now become a second England\\nfor fertilness, in so short a space that it is indeed the wonder of the world.\\nAgain (in book ii., chapter iv., of the same work) he says Whereas, at\\ntheir first coming, it Avas a rare matter for a man to have four or five acres\\nof corn, now many have four or five score. Then, it was with sore labour that\\na man could plant and tend four acres of Indian s graine, and now, with two\\noxen, he can plant and tend thirty. All kinde of graine growes much\\nbetter than heretofore, inasmuch that marchandizing (sic) being stopped\\nat present, they begin to question what to do with their come. There was,\\nhowever, great variation in the yield per acre, arising from difierences in\\nsoil, thoroughness of culture, etc. In Compton, R. I., for instance, accord-\\ning to an account written during the first decade of the present century,\\nan acre often produced more than forty bushels, while the Description of\\nEastham, Mass., after speaking of some good land yielding, with manure,\\nthirty-five and sometimes forty-five bushels of Indian corn to an acre, says\\nof another portion of the township Several farmers are accustomed to\\nproduce five hundred bushels of grain (meaning corn) annually and not\\nlong since, one of them raised eight hundred bushels on sixty acres (average\\nyield per acre 13 J bushels). This, however, was extraordinary, and may\\nnever be done again. One great drawback to progress in agriculture was\\nthe scarcity of proper implements. In 1632 the farmers around Boston\\nhad no ploughs, and were compelled to break up the bushes and prepare\\nfor cultivation with their hands, and with clumsy hoes and mattocks.\\nFive years later there were only thirty-seven ploughs in the colony of Mas-\\nsachusetts Bay. It was the custom in that part of the country, says\\nFlint, even to a much later period, for any one owning a plough to go\\nabout and do the ploughing for the inhabitants over a considerable extent\\nof territory. A town often paid a bounty to any one who would buy and\\nkeep a plough in repair for the purpose of going about to work in this\\nway. The oflice of public ploughman was no sinecure, for the heavy\\nwooden plough of that period required a strong and well-fed team to\\nmove it through the soil, a heavy, muscular man to press it into the ground,\\nanother to hold and another to drive. There were ploughs in Virginia as\\nearly as 1617, but the governor wrote that the colony suffered for want of\\nskilful husbandmen and means to set their ploughs on work, having as\\ngood ground as any man can desire, and about forty bulls and oxen but\\nthey wanted men to bring them to labor, and iron for the ploughs, and\\nharness for the cattle. Some thirty or forty acres had we sown with one", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 553\\nplough, but it stood so long on the ground before it was reaped that it was\\nmost [i. 6., very much] shaken, and the rest spoiled with the cattle and\\nrats in the barn. In a letter written about thirty years later (March,\\n1648), and appended to the Perfect Descriptmi of Virginia, we find the fol-\\nlowing statement, which shows the rapidity of the pi-ogress made during\\nthe period mentioned We have now many thousand acres of clear\\nland (I mean where the wood is all off it), and we have now going near\\nupon a hundred and fifty ploughs, with many brave yoke of oxen, and we\\nsow excellent wheat, barley, rye, beans, peas, oats, and our increase is\\nwonderful, and better grain not in the world. In the preceding para-\\ngraph of this same letter occurs the oft-quoted account of the introduction\\nof the culture of rice into this country, which we herewith give as origin-\\nally written The governor, Sir William [Berkeley,] caused half a bushel\\nof rice which he had procured to be sown, and it prospered gallantly and\\nhe had fifteen bushels of it, excellent good rice, so that all these fifteen\\nbushels will be sown again this year, and we doubt not in a short time to\\nhave rice so plentiful as to afibrd it at 2d. a pound, if not cheaper, for we\\nperceive the ground and climate is very proper for it, as our negroes\\naffirm, which in their country is most of their food, and very healthful for\\nour bodies. We add some statements found in the Perfect Description,\\nfrom which we learn that [the Virginians have] of kine, oxen, bulls,\\ncalves, twenty thousand, large and good, and they make jjlenty of butter\\nand very good cheese that there are of an excellent race about two hun-\\ndred horses and mares; that of asses for burthen and use there is fifty, but\\ndaily increase; that for sheep they have about three thousand, good wool\\n{sic) that for goats their number is five thousand, [which] thrive well\\nthat for swine, both tame and wild (in the woods), [they are] innumerable,\\nthe flesh pure and good, and bacon none better; that for poultry, hens,\\nturkeys, ducks, geese [they are] without number; that they yearly plough\\nand sow many hundred acres of wheat as good and fair as any in the world,\\nand great increase; that they have plenty of barley and make excellent\\nmalt; that their hops are fair and large and thrive well; that they sell\\ntheir beef at two pence half- penny a pound, pork at three pence a pound\\nplentifully that their cattle are about the prices of England, and most of\\nthe ships that come yearly hither are there victualled; that they have\\nfifteen kinds of fruits, pleasant and good, and with Italy they will com-\\npare for delicate fruits that they have roots of several kinds potatoes,\\nasparagus, carrots, turnips, parsnips, onions and artichokes that of herbs\\nthey have of all kinds for garden, and fhysich flowers [flowering medicinal\\nplants] that their maize or Virginia corn, it yields them five hundred for\\none increase (it s set as we do garden peas), it makes good bread and fur-\\nmity [properly /rH\u00c2\u00bbie?i^?/, an agreeable composition of boiled wheat, milk,\\nspice and sugar it will keep seven years, and malts well for beer, and is", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "554 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nripe in five months; that they have store of Indian peas, better than ours\\n[in England], beans, lupines and the like. Indigo begins to be planted,\\nand thrives wonderfully well. It grows up to a little tree, and rich indigo\\nis made of the leaves of it. All men begin to get some of the seeds, and\\nknow that it will be oftentimes the gain to them, as tobacco is (and gain\\nnow carries the bell). Their hopes are great to gain the trade of it from\\nthe mogul s country, and to supply all Christendom, and this will be many\\nthousands of pounds [sterling] in the year. This expectation was but\\npartially realized. Within a century the production of indigo had in-\\ncreased to such an extent that the amount was reckoned by thousands\\nof pounds [avoirdupois], 100,000 pounds having been exported from\\nCharleston alone in 1741, and in 1747, 134,118 pounds, worth 2s. 6c?. ster-\\nling per pound. In 1756 the amount shipped from the same port was\\n216,924 pounds, and in 1756 North and South Carolina produced 500,000\\npounds, and for a few years before the Revolutionary war the annual\\nexports of this article amounted to 1,000,000 pounds. In 1794 the whole\\nUnion exported 1,550,880 pounds, but its cultivation speedily declined\\nwhen brought into competition with the present great staple commodity of\\nthe South. Indigo is dead, and cotton is king.\\nIt would be tedious to enter into petty detail with reference to the\\nprogress made during a period the results of which are thus summed up\\nby Mr. AVatson It is, indeed, a lamentable truth that for the most part\\nour knowledge and practice of agriculture at the close of the Revolution-\\nary war were in a state of demi-barbarism, with some solitary exceptions.\\nThe labors, I may say, of only three agricultural societies kept alive a\\nspirit of useful inquiry often resulting in useful and practical operations\\nand yet these measures did not reach the doors of j^ractical farmers to any\\nvisible extent. These statements are fully supported by the remarks of\\nMr. Flint, whose position as secretary of the Massachusetts State Board\\nof Agriculture gave him special and ample facilities for collecting infor-\\nmation upon this subject. According to this author, if a man a century\\nago ventured to make experiments, to strike out new paths of practice\\nand adopt new methods of culture; if he did not plant just as many acres\\nof corn as his fathers did, and that too in the old of the moon if he did\\nnot sow just as much rye to the acre, raise the same number of oxen to\\nplough and get in his crops on the same day; if he did not hoe as many\\ntimes as his father did, he was shunned in company by old and young\\nand looked upon as a visionary. The farmer knew nothing of a rotation\\nof crops. The use and value of manures were little regarded. Even so\\nlate as within the memory of men still living, the barn was sometimes\\nremoved to get it out of the way of heaps of manui e by which it was sur-\\nrounded, because the owner would not go to the expense of removing these\\naccumulations and put them upon his fields. The swine were generally", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 555\\nallowed to run at large. The cattle were seldom or uever housed at iiio-ht\\nduring the summer and fiill mouths. The potato-patch often came up to\\nthe very door, and the litter of the yard seldom left much to admire in\\nthe general appearance of things about the barn or the house. Farmers\\nthought it necessary to let their cattle run at large very late in the fall\\nand to stand exposed to the severest colds of a winter s day, to toughen.\\nIt was the common opinion in the Virginia colony that housing and milk-\\ning cows in the winter would kill them. Orchards had been planted in\\nmany parts of the country, but the fruit Avas, as a general thing, of an\\ninferior quality, and it was used chiefly for the purpose of making cider.\\nAgain he says No one branch of farming had made any marked and\\nperceptible progress. It has been said that a good strong man could have\\ncarried all the implements in use on the farm, except the cart and the old\\nclumsy harrow, upon his shoulders fifty years ago, and we know that many\\na year occurred when grain and even hay had to be imported from Eng-\\nland to keep the people and the cattle from starvation. There were many\\ncauses for the slowness of improvement under the colonial system. The\\npopulation of the country was thin and scattered, and the fisheries and\\nnavigation attracted the attention of the colonists who lived near the ocean\\nor its tributary waters. The settler was satisfied if his land produced a\\ncrop large enough to supply the necessaries of life, and was thankful if he\\nsecured, in addition, a scanty surplus for exportation or for colonial traffic.\\nThe slowness and difficulty of intercommunication between the various\\ncolonies was another obstacle to general improvement, and the Revolution,\\nin addition to many other benefits, did great service to the general welfare\\nof the people by making them, so to speak, acquainted with each other,\\nby breaking down the barriers of provincialism to this extent, at least,\\nthat mutual improvement was secured by an interchange of ideas. Soci-\\neties were formed for the promotion of arts, agriculture and manufac-\\ntures, in accordance with recommendations of Congress and of various\\nprovincial assemblies. The leaders of the patriots seemed fully alive to\\nthe importance of improved methods of cultivation, and many of them\\nwere practical agriculturists. General Washington, well named by Byron\\nthe Cincinnatus of the AVest, is a notable example, and his fondness for\\nagricultural pursuits was so great that Sir John Sinclair says, in his Remi-\\nniscences of Distinguished Contemporaries The peculiar predilection\\nwhich General Washington so strongly and so frequently expressed for\\nagricultural improvement, which he preferred to every other pursuit,\\nis a circumstance which I am desirous should be recorded for the benefit\\nboth of present and future times, from a desire that it might make a due\\nimpression on the minds of those who might otherwise be induced to dedi-\\ncate themselves entirely either to the phantoms of military fume or the\\ntortures of political ambition. In a letter to this gentleman, dated July", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "55G BUBLEF S UNITED STATES\\n20, 1794, President Washington says: Commons, tithes, tenantry (of\\nwhich we feel nothing in this country), are in the list of impediments, I\\nperceive, to perfection in English farming, and taxes are heavy deductions\\nfrom the profit thereof Of these we have none, or so light as hardly to\\nbe felt. Your system of agriculture, it must be confessed, is in a style\\nsuperior, and of course much more expensive, than ours, but when the\\nbalance at the end of the year is struck by deducting the taxes, poor rates\\nand incidental charges of every kind, from the produce of the land in the\\ntwo countries, no doubt can remain in which scale it is to be found. It\\nwill be some time, 1 fear, before an agricultural society, with congressional\\naids, will be established in this country. We must walk, as other coun-\\ntries have done, before we can run. Smaller societies must prepare the\\nway for greater but, with the lights before us, I hope we shall not be so\\nslow in maturation as older nations have been. An attempt, as you will\\nsee by the enclosed outline of a plan, is making to establish a State society\\nin Pennsylvania for agricultural improvement. If it succeeds, it will be\\na step in the ladder. At present it is too much in embryo to decide on the\\nresult. Our domestic animals as well as our agriculture are inferior to\\nyours in point of size; but this does not proceed from any defect in the\\nstamina of them, but from deficient care in providing for their support,\\nexperience having abundantly evinced that where our pastures are as well\\nimproved as the soil and climate will admit, where a competent store of\\nwholesome provender is laid up and proper care used in serving it, that\\nour liorses, black cattle, sheep, etc., are not inferior to the best of their\\nrespective kinds which have been imjDorted from England. Nor is the\\nwool of our sheep inferior to that of the common sort with you. As a\\nproof, after the peace of Paris, in 1783, and my return to the occupations\\nof a farmer, I paid particular attention to my breed of sheep (of which I\\nusually kept about seven or eight hundred). By this attention, at the\\nshearing of 1789 the fleeces yielded me the average quantity of 5i\\npounds of wool; a fleece of which, promiscuously taken, I sent to Mr.\\nArthur Young, who put it, for examination, into the hands of manufac-\\nturers. These pronounced it to be equal in quantity to the Kentish wool.\\nIn this same year {i. e., 1789) I was again called from home, and have not\\nhad it in my power since to pay any attention to my farm, the consequence\\nof which is that my sheep, at the last shearing, yielded me not moi e than 2h\\npounds. This is not a single instance of the differences between care and\\nneglect; nor is the difference between good and bad management confined\\nto that species of stock for we find that good pastures and proper atten-\\ntion can and do fill our markets with beef of seven, eight and more hun-\\ndred weight the four quarters, whereas from 450 to 500 (especially in States\\nsouth of this, where less attention has hitherto been paid to grass) may be\\nfound about the average weight. In this market, some bullocks were", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 557\\nkilled in the mouths of March and April last, the weights of which, as\\ntaken from the accounts which were published at the time, you will find in\\na paper inclosed. These were pampered steers, but from 800 to 1000 the\\nfour quarters is no uncommon weight. It must be borne in mind that\\nthe Mr. Young to whom the fleece was sent was not an American. He was\\nthe great authority in England upon all agricultural questions, and the\\nmanufacturers to whom the fleece was shown were British manufacturers,\\nwho certainly had no prejudice in favor of this country. General Wash-\\nington corresponded for many years with Mr. Young upon these and kin-\\ndred subjects, and even after the elevation of the former to the presidency\\nhe still continued to devote as much time as he could spare from the ar-\\nduous duties of his office to the collection of information and statistics with\\nreference to his favorite occupation. Mr. Young made an elaborate calcu-\\nlation which proved to his satisfaction that the net profit from 300 acres\\nof land in England, after the deduction of taxes and all other expenses,\\nwas \u00c2\u00a3323 iOs., or 5.15 per cent, on the combined capital of the landlord\\nand tenant (\u00c2\u00a36240), while in America the net profit after similar deduc-\\ntions had been made was \u00c2\u00a3206 14s., or 10.55 per cent, on the capital of\\n\u00c2\u00a31951, the farmer being his own landlord. The price of labor in America\\nwas considered as double the rates in England, but land (which is ihcluded\\nin both estimates of capital) was so much cheaper in this country that the\\nincreased cost of labor was more than balanced by smallness of the capital\\nrequired.. Another calculation made by Mr. Young was not so favorable,\\nand elicited a spicy reply, which is not signed in the copy of this corre-\\nspondence which is before us, but which, from its style and from allusions\\nto it in Washington s lettei-s, we judge to be the work of Mr. Richard Pe-\\nters (of Belmont, 6 miles from Philadelphia, says the heading to another\\nof his letters). President Washington had written to several gentlemen\\nin various sections of the country for statements of the expenses, produc-\\ntions and net profits of an ordinary farm in their respective neighborhoods,\\nand had then sent these returns to Mr. Young. The reply of the latter is\\nfilled with expressions of astonishment and with criticisms of the various\\naccounts. He says Is it possible that the inhabitants of a great conti-\\nnent, who live only to hunt, to eat and to drink, can carry on farming\\nand planting as a business, and yet never calculate the profit they make\\nby percentage on their capital And yet this seems to be the case. The\\nfarm in Bucks county is such as an Englishman would not accept, for it\\ncarries on the face of the account which I have drawn out a dead loss, and\\nnot an inconsiderable one yet the whole labor of a family of five persons\\nis thrown away in order to arrive at that loss. It is difficult for JNIr.\\nYoung to realize the extraordinary fertility of land in Virginia at this time\\n(1793), and he is therefore unwilling to admit an account rendered by Mr.\\nJefferson. How can Mr. Jefferson produce annually 5000 bushels of wheat,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "558 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nworth \u00c2\u00a3750, by means of a cattle product worth only \u00c2\u00a3125? I do not\\nwant to come to America to know that this is simply impossible at the\\ncommencement of a term it will do, but how long will it last He strongly\\nrecommends the breeding of sheep as much more profitable than the pro-\\nduction of grain, saying Surely, the enormous rise in the price of wool\\nin England and Holland for two years past must affect America and insti-\\ngate an increase in the breed of sheep. The freight when pressed into a\\nsmaller compass is a trifle, and the price is now such that a fleece alone\\nfrom American lands, without reckoning the carcase at anything, must be\\nmore valuable than the 2^^ ofit on a crop of wheat of eight or ten bushels\\nan acre on all lands that will produce white clover spontaneously. To\\nthe criticisms of Mr. Young Jefferson replied with characteristic mildness.\\nHe says Mr. Young has never had an opportunity of seeing how slowly\\nthe fertility of the original soil is exhausted, Avith moderate management\\nof it. I can afiirm that the James River low grounds, with the cultivation\\nof small grain, will never be exhausted, because we know that under that\\ncultivation we must now and then take them down with Indian corn, or\\nthey become, as they ivere originally, too rich to bring wheat. The highlands\\nwhere I live have been cultivated about sixty years. Mr. Young had begun\\nhis criticism with the following sentences Your information has thrown\\nme afloat on the high seas. To analyze your husbandry has the difiiculty\\nof a problem. From the reply of Mr. Peters,* which we have mentioned\\n(that he was the author is rendered certain by a detached note found in\\nanother part of the book), we condense the following statements: I know\\nnot where to land Mr. Young from his sea voyage unless facts well known\\nand felt here, serving as pilots to guide him into a safe and pleasant har-\\nbor, will enable him to arrive on a shore pleasant in its prospects and\\nabundant in its resources, not so much indebted to art as to nature for its\\nbeauties and conveniences. Much land is to be had for little money our\\npolitical arrangements contribute to our happiness and to our moderate but\\ncompetent wealth. We have no princes to indulge the grades more imme-\\ndiately beneath them in their pleasures and tlieir passions, that they may\\nthemselves be supported at the expense of the nation in their schemes of\\nluxury and ambition; no overgrown nobles to wanton on the hard earnings\\nof an oppressed yeomanry. Our laws are generally liberal in their policy.\\nWe have no narrow arrangements which, under false notions of national\\nconvenience or shadowy and miscalculated political restrictions, palsy agri-\\nculture and commerce by preventing those who possess the products of the\\ncountry from disposing of what their labor has created, tvhen, where and\\nThis eminent jurist was equally eminent as an agriculturist. Tiirough his instru-\\nmentality the use of gypsum in agriculture and the cultivation of clover were intro-\\nduced into the United States. He was president of the Philadelphia Society for the\\nImprovement of Agriculture.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 559\\nhow they please. Our farmers are the proprietors of the soil they culti-\\nvate; they gather the honey, shear the sheep and guide the plough for\\nthemselves alone. They increase the value of their capital ivhile they labor for\\ntheir sustenance. They do not, indeed, receive an annual interest or revenue\\non their capital, but they ^a^/ none; yet by their exertions for their own\\nsupport and accommodation, and the growing population and improvement\\nof the country (to which every one, stranger as well as native, contributes),\\nmore than a European percentage is added to their principal, insomuch\\nthat farms will increase, in very many parts of the country, tenfold in their\\nvalue in less than twenty years. Immense tracts of new laud have been\\nrecently sold by the State of Pennsylvania at less than an English shilling\\nper acre. I know valuable tracts of great extent, within a few days ride\\nof Philadelphia, which may be had at from 3 to 95. sterling per aci e.\\nThey are for the most part level, and so luxuriant in pasturage that, maugre\\n\\\\i. e., in spite of] our winters, cattle now pass that season in prime order\\nwithout cover or artificial forage. Mr. Y. s farm, or even his sixty acres\\nand the sheep he summered on it, will buy him a little territory, and his\\ncapital in ten years will be increased 500 per cent. This is not a bad per-\\ncentage, nor is it a visionary calculation. I wish not to throw out falla-\\ncious temptations, but to relate facts, merely to show why our farmers need\\nnot make nice calculations about percentage. They have now, and always\\nhave had, a sure resource for the wear of their seaboffrd farms, etc., in the\\ngrowth of their families. Children, in Europe, are often a burden and an\\nexpense. The wealth of a great part of the American farmers grows with the\\nadditions to their families. The children assist in the labor of the old farm\\nor in the establishment of the new one. This supersedes the necessity of\\ncalculating on hired laborers, the work being chiefly done within them-\\nselves. They are paid by the increased value of the common stock. The\\neasy situation of an industrious, full-handed American farmer is the pleas-\\ning result of a combination produced by all the causes I have mentioned.\\nInstead of calculating, he labors and enjoys. And though I do not pro-\\nfess to have a good opinion of the style of American husbandry, yet even\\nthis shows the happy situation, in other respects, of our countxy. With\\nsuch farming in Europe the farmers would starve, and leave their children\\ncommon laborers or beggars. And yet here they live well and leave their\\ndescendants the means of obtaining the comforts and conveuiencies of life.\\nThis is the problem I have endeavored to solve, and I could not but\\nby this circuitous route arrive at the answer to Mr. Y. s question, Is it\\npossible that the inhabitants of a great continent not new settlers, who, of\\ncourse, live to hunt, to eat and to clrinh, can carry on farming as a business,\\nand yet never calculate the profit they make by percentage on their capital\\nOur hunters are only a few borderers, and not to be counted on as farmers;\\nnor are our farmers, though they have not the best systems, idle. I there-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "560 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nfore think (without meauiug a critique) who eat and drink to live would\\nhave been a more just arrangement of language. We offer no apology\\nfor taking up so much space with this spirited defence of American farm-\\ning, written nearly a hundred years ago, but just as forcible, in many\\npoints, at the present day as it was in 1793. Mr. Peters remarks upon\\nsheep-breeding are equally interesting. Mr. Young had said, in recom-\\nmending this branch, Mountains are no objection on account of wolves,\\nfor the Pyrenees are full of both sheep and wolves. Mr. Peters reply,\\nreferring as it does to what is now one of the most thickly-populated dis-\\ntricts in Pennsylvania, is suggestive of the changes which have taken place\\nsince 1793 in the Atlantic States. He says Wolves are a serious enemy\\nto the sheep-plan in places where there are the largest ranges. AVhere a\\nlarge ridge runs through a country in other respects ever so well peopled\\nthey find retreats and l)reed prodigiously. Unless we can have the Pi/re-\\nnean millennium, in which wolves and sheep, it seems, live together in ivor-\\nshipful society, I know not a speedy remedy. I lay not long ago at the\\nfoot of the South Mountain, in York county [Pennsylvania], in a country\\nvery thickly settled, at the house of a justice of the peace. Through the\\nnight I was kept awake by what I conceived to be a jubilee of dogs assem-\\nbled to bay at the moon but I was told, in the morning, that what dis-\\nturbed me was only the common howling of the wolves, which nobody\\nthere ever regarded*. When I entered the hall of justice, I found the\\nsquire giving judgment for the reward on two wolf-whelps a countryman\\nhad taken. The judgment-seat was shaken by the intelligence that the she-\\nwolf was coming not to give hail, but to devote herself or rescue her\\noffspring. The animal was punished for this daring contempt committed\\nm the face of the court, and was shot within a hundred yards of the tri-\\nbunal. Further on, Mr. Peters suggests that it would be well to send\\nfor some Pyreuean wolves to train our mountaineers \\\\i. e., their American\\nbrethren] to a little more civility.\\nSuch was the condition of American agriculture at the close of the eight-\\neenth century. It was, as Mr. Peters frankly confessed, not so much in-\\ndebted to art as to nature for such success as was achieved. It was the\\nstrongest possible recommendation of free institutions that a method of\\nculture, with the employment of which European farmers would starve,\\nenabled Americans to live well and leave their descendants the comforts\\nand conveniencies of life. Still this state of affairs could not last for ever.\\nAll the land in the Atlantic States was not equal to Mr. Jefferson s Ja-\\nmaica River low grounds. Mr. Peters says Many who have large fam-\\nilies and want room, or are tired of their old farms, think it better to sell\\nand remove to places where Natui e is in her prime, leaving to their suc-\\ncessors the toil, calculation and expense of renovating lands exhausted by\\nbad tillage, This is still done at the present day in the West, but even", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE, 561\\nMr, Peters could see that there was a limit to this method of putting off\\nthe evil day. He says: One day this will have an end, but that day is\\nfar distant. When it arrives the proprietors of old lands will adopt better\\nsystems of agricidture which are noiv fast advancing. These will add to the\\nproducts of their lands and will procure them more wealth, but possibly\\nnot more happiness, in our more ancient settlements. Oar old lands are\\ncapable of renovation, having a good staple, as has been proved in number-\\nless instances. He had correctly discerned the signs of the times when\\nhe noted the advance of better systems of culture. Nine years before\\nhe wrote the South Carolina Agricultural Society was founded (1784).\\nBetween the date just given and the end of the century were founded the\\nPhiladelphia Society for the Improvement of Agriculture (1785), the\\nNew York Society (incorporated 1793) and the Massachusetts Society\\nfor Promoting Agriculture (incorporated 1792), which soon after began\\nthe publication of the Agricultural Repository. In 1796 Mr. Jefferson, in\\na letter to Jonathan Williams (July 3), mentions an improvement which\\nhe had made in the shape of the plough, saying It is in the form of a\\nmould-board of least resistance. I had some years ago conceived the prin-\\nciples of it, and I explained them to Mr. Rittenhouse. I have since re-\\nduced them to practice, and have reason to believe the theory fully con-\\nfirmed. Two years later he composed a treatise upon this subject, with\\ndrawings of his invention, and his continued interest in this matter is\\nshown by the following extract from a letter written in 1808 to M. Syl-\\nvestre, of the Agricultural Society of the Seine (called forth by the arrival\\nof a plough from England, addressed to President Jefferson, but without\\nletter or explanation) I presume it is the one sent by the Society of the\\nSeine, that it has been carried into England under their orders of council\\nand permitted to come on from thence. This I shall know within a short\\ntime. I shall with great pleasure attend to the construction and transmis-\\nsion to the Society of a plough with my mould-board. This is the only\\npart of that useful instrument to which I have paid any particular atten-\\ntion. Presidents Madison and jNIonroe were equally interested in agricul-\\nture. Of the former Sir John Sinclair says Mr. Madison transmitted\\nto me a very able communication on agriculture, fully proving both his\\nknowledge of that art and the ability with which he could explain his sen-\\ntiments regarding it. The Columbian Agricultural Society for the\\nPromotion of Rural and Domestic Economy was, according to Flint,\\nthe first national society established with this specific object in view. It\\nwas organized at a convention held in Georgetown, D. C, Nov. 28, 1809,\\nand in the following year (May 10, 1810), this society held the first agri-\\ncultural exhibition in the United States, at Georgetown, offering large pre-\\nmiums for the encouragement of sheep-raising and for progress in other\\nimportant branches. The first county society was the Kennebec Agricul-\\n36", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "562 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntural Society, incorporated in 1801 within the present limits of Maine,\\nwhich then, as the District of Maine, formed a part of Massachusetts.\\nAinerieaii Agriculture iu the Nineteenth Century.\\nThe rapid increase of population in the older States, and the necessity of\\ngoing to a greater distance to find new land to replace that which had been\\nworn out by bad tillage, made improved methods of culture necessary much\\nearlier than had been auticijiated by Mr. Peters. In 1829 it was said that\\nmen of talents, wealth and enterprise have distinguished themselves by\\ntheir laborious and liberal efforts for the improvement of American hus-\\nbandry. Merino sheep have been imported and are now common in the\\nUnited States. The most celebrated breeds of British cattle have also been\\nimported, and there prevails a general disposition among men of intelli-\\ngence and high standing in the community to promote the prosperity of\\nAmerican agriculture. It was claimed that modern science had already\\nintroduced the following improvements 1. A correct knowledge of the\\nnature and value of manures, mineral, animal and vegetable, and the\\nmethod of using the last two species while fresh, before the sun, air, and\\nrain or other moisture has robbed them of their most valuable properties.\\nIt was formerly the practice to place barn-yard manure in layers and masses\\nfor the purpose of rotting, and to turn it over frequently with a plough or\\nspade till the whole had become destitute of almost all its original fertil-\\nizing substances and deteriorated in quality almost as much as it was re-\\nduced in quantity. 2. The introduction of root husbandry, or the raising\\nof potatoes, turnips, mangel-wurzel, etc., extensively by field-husbandry,\\nfor feeding cattle, by which a given quantity of land may be made to pro-\\nduce much more nutritive matter than if it were occupied by grain or\\ngrass crops, and the health as well as the thriving of the animals in the\\nwinter season is greatly promoted. 3. Laying down lands to grass, either\\nfor pasture or mowing, with a greater variety of grasses and with kinds\\nadapted to a greater variety of soils. 4. The substitution of fallow crops\\n(or such crops as require cultivation and stirring of the ground while the\\nplants are growing) in the place of naked fiillows, iu which the land is\\nallowed to remain without yielding any profitable product, in order to renew\\nits fertility. It is acknowledged, however, that, while fields may be so\\nfoul with weeds as to require a fallow, this operation was not so well car-\\nried out on this side of the Atlantic as in Great Britain. In England,\\nwhen a farmer is compelled to fallow a field, he lets the weeds grow into\\nblossom and then turns them down. In America, a fallow means a field\\nwhere the produce is a crop of weeds running to seed instead of a crop of\\ngrain. It must be admitted that the doctrines upon which were based\\nthe enumerated improvements were by no means generally accepted. They\\nwere too advanced for the majority of farmers. The patronage of suc-\\ncessive Presidents, the efforts of progressive citizens, the emulation excited", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 563\\nby agricultural fairs, were very gradual iu their workiugs upon the general\\nrun of American agriculturists. In some places manure was so little val-\\nued that it was often sold at and under twenty-five cents a ton. An\\nobserver could still say, with truth, The question which the American\\nsettler always puts to himself is whether it will be more expedient for him,\\nin point of expense, to remove to a new soil covered with vegetable mould\\nor to remain on his cleared land and to support its fertility by regular ma-\\nnuring and a systematic rotation of crops. There had, however, been a\\nmarked improvement in agricultural implements, which were made in this\\ncountry as cheaply as iu England, the lower price of wood making up for\\nthe higher price of labor, especially as the carpenters are very expert.\\nThe clumsy wooden plough had been superseded by ploughs of the im-\\nproved kind with cast-iron mould-boards, and the ploughmen had become\\nso expert that at the various agricultural fairs a contest of skill in plough-\\ning: formed one of the most interesting features of the entertainment.\\nThe establishment of agricultural periodicals gave a decided impetus to\\nthe progress of improvement in this branch. The American Farmer, estab-\\nlished in 1819, the New England Farmer (1822), the Genesee Farmer, the\\nAmerican Agriculturist and a host of other periodicals of a similar nature\\ndid yeoman service in the dissemination of information, and to their pow-\\nerful assistance may be ascribed a great portion of the success achieved in\\nthe introduction of better methods of culture and in the invention and\\nmanufacture of improved implements. That influence has been, of course,\\nmore marked iu the older States, where it is most needed. In New Eng-\\nland, for instance, where thirty-five bushels of corn to the acre was once\\nan unusually large yield, that amount has become the general average, and\\ncrops of 50 or 60 bushels per acre are not uncommon, while 80 and 100\\nare sometimes obtained by careful tillage. The importance of improved\\nmethods of culture to the wealth and welfare of the nation made it neces-\\nsary for the government to take some action to meet the growing demand\\nfor information. On the 3d of March, 1839, the sum of $1000 was appro-\\npriated from the patent fund for the collection of agricultural statistics.\\nThese statistics were to be included by the Commissioner of Patents in his\\nannual report, and by 1843 they already occupied more than 200 pages\\nof this document, of which 15,000 copies were printed and distributed.\\nIn 1847 they filled more than 400 pages of the report, and in 1849 they\\nbegan to be published in a separate volume, though still a portion of the\\nPatent Office Beport. A Department of Agriculture was established\\nby act of Congress in 1862 (May 15th), to be under the charge of a\\nCommissioner of Agriculture, with power to employ, as Congress may\\nfrom time to time provide, for such time as their services may be needed,\\nchemists, botanists, entomologists and other persons skilled in the natural\\nsciences pertaining to agriculture, It is the duty of the commissioner", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "564 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nto acquire and preserve in his department all information concerning\\nagriculture which he can obtain by means of books and correspondence\\nand by practical and scientific experiments (accurate records of which ex-\\nperiments shall be kept in his office), by the collection of statistics and by\\nany other appropriate means within his power; to collect, as he may be\\nable, new and valuable seeds and plants; to test, by cultivation, the value\\nof such as may require such tests to propagate such as may be worthy\\nof propagation, and to distribute them among agriculturists. Of the first\\nReport issued by this department (the one for 1862), 120,000 copies were\\nordered to be printed. The first appropriation, made in 1839 ($1000), has\\nbeen somewhat exceeded in more recent times. The appropriation for the\\nexpenses of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June\\n30, 1873, was $202,440; and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, it\\nwas $257,730, exclusive of $20,000 for printing, making the whole amount\\n$277,730. The second item mentioned was employed, of course, in print-\\ning the Report for 1873. The first was, doubtless, judiciously expended\\nfor the purposes mentioned in the act creating the department; but after\\na year of untiring efforts on the part of the zealous and faithful head of\\nthe department efforts ably seconded by his assistants to carry out the\\ndesign of said act, he is forced to reply to the applicant for the printed\\nReport of these labors as follows\\nDepartment of Agriculture, Washington, July 22d, 1875.\\nSir: Congress at its last session made no provision for the printing or\\ngeneral distribution of the Annual Report of this Department for the\\nyear 1874. The Senate ordered 1200 copies for its own use. The volume\\nis therefore in print, but it will require the action of Congress to authorize\\nits distribution by the Department.\\nSuch is the announcement which, printed upon a postal-card, brings to\\nthe notice of the thousands who anxiously look for this report an instance\\nof legislative economy and retrenchment whereby a saving w^as effected\\nof $20,000, the amount of the aggregate increase of the pay of eight Con-\\ngressmen by the Salary Grab Act.\\nA statement of the crops of wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize, or corn\\n(a term which in Europe comprehends all the cereal grains, except in Scot-\\nland, where it is restricted to oats, while in this country it is confined to\\nIndian corn), in various years, will be found elsewhere [see Appendix,\\nTable V.]. The great crop of the United States is maize. The Statis-\\ntician of the Department of Agriculture gives some remarkable proofs of\\nthis assertion in his Report for 1873. He says: The supplies for man\\nand beast are principally found in corn, hay, wheat, oats, potatoes, barley,\\nrye and buckwheat, named in the order of their aggregate money value.\\nShould grass be included with hay, it would, of course, occupy the first", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 565\\nplace. Of these, corn, hay and oats are mainly used in feeding domestic\\nanimals wheat, potatoes, rye, barley and buckwheat are mainly consumed\\nby man. Yet taking only corn and hay, in comparison with these six other\\nfood-products, the values for the past five years [1869-1873, inclusive]\\nmay be thus expressed in the original estimates of value made by this De-\\npartment: Corn, $2,620,979,940 [annual average, $524,195,988]; hay,\\n$1,714,213,880 [annual average, $342,842,775]; six food-products [oats,\\nwheat, potatoes, rye, barley and buckwheat], $2,553,007,440 [annual aver-\\nage, $510,601,488]. The value of corn has therefore been $13,594,500 per\\nannum more than the combined values of the six other crops named, and that\\nof the cured grass more than two-thirds as much as the aggregate of the six\\ncrops. In response to the inquiry as to the comparative value per acre, it is\\neasy to show the superiority of corn, notwithstanding the reduction in price,\\nby the immense quantity produced. The assumed aggregate of the corn acre-\\nage of five years is 184,565,343 acres [average annual acreage, 36,911,068],\\nyielding in corn alone $14.21 per acre; the aggregate for the [hay and the]\\nsix crops, 345,166,063 acres [average annual acreage, 69,030,212], yielding\\n$13.99 per acre.* In 1869 the value of the yield per acre was $17.74 for\\ncorn against $12.76 for wheat, when the latter crop was the largest ever\\nknown. Another and somewhat peculiar test of the value of this crop\\nwas recently applied by the Statistician. Eleven counties were taken in\\nIllinois in which nearly three times as much wheat was produced as in\\neleven other counties, which in turn produced more than three times as\\nmuch corn as was raised in the eleven counties first taken. The first eleven\\ncan therefore be designated as the wheat counties, while with equal pro-\\npriety the term corn counties can be applied to the second eleven. The\\nassessed valuations of lands (including all improvements) in these respect-\\nive groups were then consulted, and it was discovered that the average\\nvalue per acre in the wheat counties was $6.43, while that in the corn\\ncounties was $7.89, or 22 per cent, greater. The Statistician says It is\\nWe have given these last figures just as they stand, though, as there is an obvious\\neiTor, they require a word of exphmation. The portions enclosed in brackets are, of\\ncourse, our own. In the first place, the return for the six crops ($2,553,007,440)\\nwill certainly not give an average yield of $13.99 per acre. If the return for the hay\\ncrop be added, the condition will be improved (the combined value being $4,267,221,-\\n320), but the yield per acre is still only $12.71, and not $13.99. The proper aggre-\\ngate acreage to afford this average yield, witii the value of the hay crop and the six\\ncrops combined, is 305,010,088. The proper aggregate acreage to yield an average\\nof $13.99 with the value of the six food-products ($2,553,007,440) taken alone is\\n183,228,194. It is impossible to say, without tracing out each separate item tiirough\\nthe whole five years, where the difficulty lies. It is probably one of those typograph-\\nical errors or editorial oversights which are likely to occur in the best-regulated offices,\\nor even in the work (usually remarkably accurate) of the Statistician of the Depart-\\nment of Agriculture.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed. U. S. Gazetteer and Guide.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "566 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntrue that these values are not the cash values, the assessment being lower\\nfor purposes of taxation, yet the true proportion between the two is not neces-\\nsarily altered by this fact. Still, to silence cavil as well as to accumu-\\nlate evidence, the census returns of the farm lands were appealed to, and\\nit was ascertained that the average value of farm land in the wheat coun-\\nties was $35.63, while in the corn counties it was $41.70, a difference of 17\\nper cent, in favor of the corn district. The proportion is nearly the same\\nand the results are much more conclusive, for the State valuation first used\\nincluded all taxable lands, whether in farms or not, thus introducing into\\nthe calculation a distui-bing element, while the census return included only\\nfarm lands. The Statistician defends his position with great vigor. An\\nIllinoisan whose views are entitled to respect suggested to him that per-\\nhaps the corn area had the larger proportion of timber, a circumstance\\nwhich would render the valuation higher. The attorney for the plaintiff\\nin the case of Corn vs. Wheat consulted the record, and triumphantly\\nestablished the fact that the corn counties have only 391,037 acres in\\nwoodland of the 4,546,365 acres in farms, or 8.6 per cent., while the wood-\\nland of the wheat counties amounts to 908,756 acres in a total of 3,185,769,\\nor 28.8 per cent. So this advantage enures to the benefit of wheat, and\\nrequires additional profits of corn-growing to offset it in the valuation\\ntables. The sj)ecial j^oint upon which his argument rests is worthy of\\nconsideration viz., that corn, being fed largely on the fixrm, is in a mea-\\nsure restorative, while wheat, being carried away from the farm, without\\nany return worth considering [in the shape of fertilizers], is an exhaustive\\ncrop. These two diametrically opposite practices must produce opposite\\nresults upon the soils, one making the rich richer, the other rendering the\\npoor poorer. As might be expected, the complaint is constant that the\\nwheat average grows less and less and the fiict is that it is only kept from\\nheavy depreciation by a gradual removal of wheat culture westward and\\nfreshlandward, as the wheat farmers fold their tents after the manner of\\nthe Arab and as silently steal away to green prairies undisturbed by the\\nplough. His final deduction is, not that wheat culture is unprofitable,\\nand should be everywhere abandoned, but that feeding crops upon the\\nfarms, which cannot be done in exclusive wheat culture, is the only safe\\nand ultimately profitable system to pursue, and a golden rule of agricul-\\nture. Sir Morton Peto was much impressed with the quantity and the\\nvalue of the maize crop of this country. In his Besources and Prospects\\nof America he says I confess to some surj)rise that this product does not\\nenter more largely into consumption in Great Britain and Ireland. Much\\nof the comparatively small quantity imported is worked up by parties who\\nsell it as farinaceous food for children, for pastry-making, etc. In this form\\nIndian corn is a comparatively costly article. It is in the cheaper forms\\nin which it is used throughout America that it seems to me it might be", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 567\\nmuch more generally introduced into consumption here. As he is writing\\nin Great Britain, he gives some information which is more specific There\\nare various ways of dressing Indian corn. Boiled, in its green state, it is\\na most delicious vegetable. There is no reason why it should not be intro-\\nduced into this country. It is cheap enough in America, and it bears the\\nvoyage here. I have it frequently at ray own table, where it is much ap-\\nproved. He elsewhere expresses great regret at the use of corn as fuel\\nin Iowa, where, the corn crop of a certain year being very large, so that\\nears of corn sold for ten cents per bushel, a cord of corn, containing\\nseventy bushels, cost only seven dollars, yet furnished more heat than a\\ncord of wood, which cost, after sawing, nine dollars and fifty cents. The\\nleading States in the production of maize in 1873 (total crop, 932,274,000\\nbushels) were Illinois (15.40 per cent., or 143,634,000 bushels), Iowa\\nai.28 per cent., or 105,200,000 bushels) and Ohio (9.48 per cent., or\\n88,422,000 bushels), making for these three States 36.36 per cent., or\\nmore than one-third of the entire crop. We give some figures compiled\\nfrom the Reports on Commerce and Navigation for various years, to show\\nthe increase in the exports of maize. In the year ending June 30,* 1866,\\nthe total exports of maize were 13,516,615 bushels; to Great Britain,\\n9,889,232 bushels (England, 7,292,411; Scotland, 708,813; Ireland,\\n1,888,008). In 1866-7, total exports of maize, 14,889,823 bushels; to\\nGreat Britain, 12,197,064 bushels (England, 8,161,346; Scotland, 1,014,-\\n064; Ireland, 3,021,654). In 1867-8, total exports of maize, 11,147,490\\nbushels; to Great Britain, 8,707,998 bushels (England, 5,391,053; Scot-\\nland, 1,243,639; Ireland, 2,073,296). Passing over a few years, we come\\nto 1872-3, for which the figures are as follows: Total exports of maize,\\n38,541,930 bushels; to Great Britain, 29,334,759 bushels (England,\\n11,666,867; Scotland, 1,457,501 Ireland, 16,210,391). In 1873-4, total\\nexports of maize, 34,434,606 bushels to Great Britain, 26,299,320 bush-\\nels (England, 10,299,483; Scotland, 2,335,026; Ireland, 13,764,813).\\nThough there is a decrease in this last year, it is not proportionately so\\ngreat as the decrease in the crop of 1873, which was the one out of which\\nthe exports of the fiscal year 1873-4 came. The reader will see, by con-\\nsulting the table [see Table V. in Appendix], that tlie year 1872 was an\\nexceptionally good year for corn, the crop almost equalling the maximum\\ncrop (that of 1870). The next crop in value among the breadstuflfs is\\nAs the fiscal year ends with June 30, in mentioning tlie exports or imports of any\\nyear since 1843 it is generally understood that the /sea? year ending on June 30 of that\\nyear is meant. The Report on Commerce and Navigation for 1874, for instance, gives\\nstatistics up to June 30, 1874, and the exports for 1874 are generally understood to\\nmean those of the year which began July 1, 1873. To avoid all ambiguity, however^\\nwe shall term such a year 1873-4, as it contains just one half of each year indicated\\nby tliis form.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "568 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nwheat. The rate of increase iu the crop may be gathered from the table\\nto which we have just referred. The exports for several years of wheat\\nand flour are as follows: In 1865-6, total exports of wheat, 5,579,103\\nbushels (value, $7,842,749); wheat flour, 2,183,050 barrels (value,\\n$18,396,686); total value, $26,239,435; to Great Britain, wheat, 1,970,-\\n716 bushels (England, 1,700,902; Scotland, 157,758; Ireland, 112,056);\\nwheat flour, 136,020 barrels (England, 120,347; Scotland, 10,495; Ire-\\nland, 5178). In 1866-7, total exports of wheat, 6,146,411 bushels (value,\\n$7,822,555); wheat flour, 1,300,306 barrels (value, $12,803,775); total\\nvalue, $20,626,330; to Great Britain, wheat, 4,685,615 bushels (England,\\n4,652,389; Scotland, 33,226); wheat flour, 116,299 barrels (England,\\n109,037; Scotland, 6873; Ireland, 389). In 1867-8, total exports of\\nwheat, 15,940,899 bushels (value, $30,247,632); wheat flour, 2,076,423\\nbarrels (value, $20,887,798) total value, $51,135,130; to Great Britain,\\nwheat, 12,368,446 bushels (England, 10,747,798; Scotland, 894,110; Ire-\\nland, 726,538); wheat flour, 484,706 barrels (England, 416,483 Scotland,\\n55,711 Ireland, 12,512). Passing over a few years, we have for 1872-3\\nthe following figures, which show a marked increase Total exports of\\nwheat, 39,204,285 bushels (value, $51,452,254); wheat flour, 2,562,086\\nbarrels (value, $19,381,664) total value, $69,833,918; to Great Britain,\\nwheat, 30,790,876 bushels (England, 25,872,665; Scotland, 2,133,341;\\nIreland, 3,784,870) wheat flour, 531,801 barrels (England, 390,227; Scot-\\nland, 131,321; Ireland, 10,253). The figures for 1873-4 are still more\\nencouraging, being as follows Total exports of wheat, 71,039,928 bushels\\n(value, $101,421,459) wheat flour, 4,094,094 barrels (value, $29,258,094)\\ntotal value, $130,679,153; to Great Britain, wheat, 50,833,278 bushels\\n(England, 30,319,711; Scotland, 3,903,630; Ireland, 17,609,937); wheat\\nflour, 1,703,984 barrels (England, 1,307,286; Scotland, 353,495; Ireland,\\n43,203). An examination of these figures will show that Ireland, which\\nat first took but a small proportion of the Indian corn, came to the front\\nin 1872-3, taking nearly half of the whole amount exported, more than\\nhalf of the portion which went to Great Britain, and a larger quantity\\nthan the whole amount exported in any fiscal year between June 30, 1865,\\nand June 30, 1868, and we might add, more than double the whole quan-\\ntity of maize exported from the United States during the year 1868-9,\\nwhen the amount was unusually small (7,047,197 bushels). In wheat also\\nIreland makes a remarkable leap, taking in 1865-6 but little more than\\nfive per cent, of the quantity going to Great Britain in 1866-7 none at\\nall, according to the official report, while in 1872-3 more than 11 per cent,\\nof the exports of wheat to Great Britain went to Ireland; and in 1873-4\\nshe took more than 34 per cent, of the large amount which went to Great\\nBritain, more than three times the total export of wheat from the United\\nStates iu 1865-6, more than 2a times the same export in 1866-7, nearly", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 569\\ntwo million bushels more tliau the same total iu 1867-8, and more than\\nthe same total in 1868-9, when it had risen to 17,557,836 bushels. The\\nremaining crops of breadstuffs are sufficiently set forth in the table; that\\nof oats is large, but is almost entirely consumed at home, the amount ex-\\nported being insignificant (481,871 bushels in 1868-9, nearly balanced by\\nan import of 326,359 bushels; 714,072 bushels in 1872-3, with an import\\nof 225,555 bushels; 812,873 bushels in 1873-4, with an import of 191,802\\nbushels). The demand for barley for malting purposes has greatly in-\\ncreased the amount raised, as is seen by the table. The increase has not\\nyet come up to the demand, judging by the fact that the imports are heavy\\nwhile the exports are nominal, the following being some of the figures:\\n1868-9, imports of barley, 5,069,880 bushels; exports, 59,077 bushels;\\n1872-3, imports, 4,244,751 bushels; exports, 482,410 bushels; 1873-4,\\nimports, 4,891,189 bushels; exports, 320,399 bushels. The crop of rye\\nshows in later years a decided falling off from the figures of 1867, 1868 and\\n1869. The exports for 1868-9 were 49,501 bushels; imports, 199,543\\nbushels; in 1872-3, exports 562,021 bushels; imports, 214,102 bushels;\\nin 1873-4, exports, 1,564,484 bushels imports, 164,153 bushels. It ap-\\npears, from this decided increase in the exportation of a crop which had\\nfallen off about one-third in the course of four years, that the demand for\\nschwarzbrod has not kept pace with the increase in population. There\\nis another crop, not a breadstufi which stands in the front rank among the\\nagricultural productions of the United States we allude to cotton, statis-\\ntics of which will be found elsewhere [see Table VI. in Appendix]. It\\nis, as Professor McCay says, of prime necessity, and in large demand\\nabroad, because it furnishes the cheapest material for clothing and for other\\npurposes of civilized life, and it is produced here under such favorable cir-\\ncumstances that we can supply this demand at a fair profit to ourselves.\\nThough the favorable circumstances specially intended by Professor\\nMcCay no longer exist (he wrote in 1850), there are advantages enough\\nof soil and climate to make the southern portion of the United States the\\ngreatest cotton-producing country in the world, when quality is considered\\nas well as quantity. The attempt by Great Britain to substitute India to\\nsome extent for America as her cotton-field served only to show the vast\\nsuperiority of the product of this country. Although it is not a native of\\nthe United States, it thrives here better than in its fatherland. Cotton-\\nseed brought here from India, where it is a native, will produce a better\\ncotton than in that country, and the product will be continually tending to\\na longer and better staple. New Orleans cotton-seed planted in India will\\nproduce, the first year, cotton nearly equal to its original, but every year\\nof reproduction from the same seed will show more and more deterioration,\\nuntil the yield is no better than the native India cotton. The best quality\\nof American cotton is the sea-island cotton, the small crop of which is", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "570 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmentioned in a note appended to the table. This is so precious that it is\\nreserved for the finest yarns, for the most delicate fabrics and for a mixture\\nwith silk which is exceedingly difficult to detect. The great bulk of the\\ncrop of the United States consists of upland, or short staple. The\\nvalue of the cotton (exclusive of sea-island cotton) exported from the\\nUnited States during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, was $209,109,-\\n106. This would make the whole crop worth more than $300,000,000.\\nThe average production per acre in 1872 was about half a bale, or 22H\\npounds, per acre, worth about $44.30. There is a constant tendency toward\\nover-production, which is thus rebuked by the Statistician in the Report on\\nAgriculture for 1873 Every intelligent publicist knows that a fixed quan-\\ntity say $300,000,000 may be derived from cotton. If the average\\nquantity is increased, the price diminishes, and vice versa. If fluctuations\\nare frequent, the speculator or manufacturer, and not the producer, derives\\nan advantage. If you choose to produce five million bales, you obtain 10\\ncents per pound, and lose money if you grow but three, you get 20 cents,\\nand obtain a profit. Now, it is better for the world, and, in a series of years,\\nbetter for the grower, to produce regularly enough to supply the current\\nwants of the trade at a medium and remunerative price, or as near a reg-\\nular supply as possible, for the vicissitudes of the season will inevitably\\ncause injurious fluctuations despite the highest efforts of human wisdom\\nand foresight. As the uses of cotton increase and markets are extended\\nthroughout the world, its manufacture will be enlarged and its culture\\nshould obtain corresponding enlargement. To overstep the current demand\\nand glut the market may be pleasing to the speculator and to the manu-\\nfacturer, so far as he combines speculation with weaving, but it is death to\\nthe grower. It is stated in the Annual Cyclopcedia for 1874 that the cost\\nof manufacturing varies from 4j mills to 6 J mills per number per pound*\\nin different mills, according to their organization, condition and manage-\\nment. Few factories reach the rate of 42 mills, which is extremely low,\\nwhile 62 mills is an extravagantly high cost. The mean or average is esti-\\nmated to be 5i or 5j mills per number. Including the cost of cotton and\\n2 per cent, for selling, the cost of printing-cloth is 5.02 cents per yard light\\nsheeting, 7.41; standard sheeting, 8.94. The number of spindles in use in\\nthe United States on the 1st of July, 1874, was 9,415,383, against 7,132,-\\nCotton yarn is numbered according to size, the number increasing as tlie yarn\\nbecomes finer. The finer tl e yarn produced, the greater the quantity in a pound, and,\\nit might be added, the greater the skill and care required in its production. The\\naverage size or number of yarn produced in the United States in 18G9 was 27} 28 in\\nthe North and 12|^ in the South. Applying the rule, and taking number 14 for an\\nexample, the cost of manufacturing a pound of this number would be in mills from\\n14 X 4} to 14 X 62 i.e., from 6.3 cents to 9.1 cents. The statistics which follow are\\nhere given because they reached us too late for incorporation with the article on\\nAmerican Manufactures. Er U. S. Gazetteer and Guide.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 571\\n415 in 1870, though the number of the mills had decreased from 956 to\\n847 number of looms, 186,975 (in 1870, 157,310). This shows very rapid\\nprogress since 1870, being an increase in the number of spindles of 32.05\\nper cent, over the census figures of 1870. The kinds and quantities of\\ncotton goods produced during the year ending July 1, 1874, were as follows:\\nThreads, yarns and twines, 149,000,000 pounds; sheetings, shirtings and\\nsimilar plain goods, 707,000,000 yards; twilled and fancy goods, osnaburgs,\\njeans, etc., 306,000,000 yards; printed cloths, 588,000,000 yards; ging-\\nhams, 33,000,000 yards; ducks, 30,000 yards; and besides these there was\\na production of 6,000,000 bags, more than double the quantity (2,767,060)\\nreported by the census of 1870. Statistics for previous periods will be\\nfound elsewhere [see American Manufactures]. Another very import-\\nant crop, one which, in one shape or another, is dear to almost every Amer-\\nican heart, is the tobacco crop. There is great variation in the size of this\\ncrop. In 1840 it was 219,163,319 pounds; in 1850, 199,752,655 pounds;\\nin 1860, 434,209,461 pounds; in 1870, 262,735,341 pounds; in 1873 (ac-\\ncording to the Report on Agriculture), 372,810,000 pounds; in 1874 (as\\nreported by the Annual Cyclopcedia), 200,000,000 pounds. The exports\\nof tobacco for various years have beeu as follows 1865, 7,294,165 pounds\\n(value, $3,439,979); 1866, leaf, 190,826,248 pounds (value, $29,456,145);\\nmanufoctured, 6,515,709 pounds (value, 81,794,689); 1867, leaf, 184,803,-\\n065 pounds (value, $19,620,159); manuflxctured, 9,601,142 pounds (value,\\n$2,795,008); 1867, leaf, 206,020,504 pounds (value, $22,898,823); manu-\\nfactured, 10,470,024 pounds (value, $3,100,084) 1869, leaf, 181,527,630\\npounds (value, $20,552,943); manufactured (value only being given),\\n$2,759,005; 1873, leaf, 213,995,176 pounds (value, $22,689,135); manu-\\nfactured (value), $2,627,585; 1874, leaf, 318,097,804 pounds (value,\\n$30,399,181); manufactured (value), $2,537,782. The leading States,\\naccording to the returns of 1873, were Kentucky (152,000,000 pounds),\\nVirginia (50,000,000 pounds) and Ohio (32,500,000 pounds), making for\\nthese three States 234,500,000 pounds, being more than two-thirds of the\\ncrop of that year, and a larger quantity than the whole crop of 1874.\\nThe fluctuations in the size of this crop arise from the great care required\\nin its culture, the cultivator being in danger of losing his crop for what\\nwould, with other products, be but a small negligence. The seed must be\\nmixed with plaster or sifted ashes, in the proportion of a gill of the former\\nto a quart of the latter. The greatest care is required to prevent the\\ngrowth of weeds, and every week, after the plants are up, it is recommended\\nto scatter over them a compost of ashes, plaster, soot, salt and pulverized\\nsulphur, to invigorate them and to protect them from the ravages of the\\nfly. They must be transplanted, gone over with the tobacco cultivator,\\ndecapitated (the tops are cut down to the leaves that are six inches long)\\nas soon as the blossoms are fairly formed (with the exce])tion of those that", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "572 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nare reserved for seed), aud it is necessary to go over the whole field every\\nmoruiag aud evening, examining each plant as far as is practicable, in\\norder to kill such worms as are found, or to break their eggs, which have\\nbeen judiciously deposited where the offspring will have a sufficiency of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0palatable food, if the benevolent design of the parent is not frustrated.\\nThe preparation of the crop for the market is also an operation, or rather\\na series of operations, requiring great care and skill, a lack of which dur-\\ning several of the stages may be productive of very injurious effects.\\nThere are two other crops, food crops, which we omitted to mention in\\ntheir proper places, but which should not be passed entirely over; we allude\\nto potatoes and rice. The potato crop amounted, in 1850, to 65,797,896\\nbushels; in 1860, to 111,148,867 bushels of Irish, and 42,095,026 of\\nsweet potatoes, and in 1870, to 143,337,473 bushels of Irish and 21,709,-\\n824 of sweet potatoes. For the years 1873 aud 74 the crop of Irish pota-\\ntoes was about 106,000,000 bushels, while that of sweet potatoes was 48,-\\n000,000 bushels in 1873 and 46,000,000 in 1874. The leading States in\\nthe production of potatoes in 1873 were New York (24,925,000 bushels),\\nPennsylvania (lt ,602,000), Michigan (6,910,000) and Ohio (6,045,000),\\nmaking the total yield for these four States 48,482,000 bushels, or nearly\\nhalf of the total crop. The crop of rice was, in 1840, 80,841,422 pounds\\n(South Carolina, 60,590,861 pounds) in 1850, 215,313,497 pounds (South\\nCarolina, 159,930,613 pounds); in 1860, 187,167,032 pounds (South Caro-\\nlina, 119,100,528 pounds); and in 1870, 73,635,021 pounds (South Caro-\\nlina, 32,304,825 pounds. It will be noticed that in the first two years\\ncited South Carolina produced more than three-fourths, and in the third\\nyear mentioned more than two-thirds, of the total yield. The culture of\\nthe vine has made great progress, especially in California, where the grape\\ncrop is estimated to be worth more than $10,000,000 per annum, and the\\ncapabilities of three counties alone (Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San\\nDiego) have been ascertained to be equal to the yearly production of\\n100,000,000 gallons of wine, if pressed to their fullest extent. The total\\nproduct of wine in the whole country, in 1850, was 221,249 gallons (Cali-\\nfornia, 58,055); in 1860, 1,627,192 gallons (California, 246,518); in 1870,\\n3,092,330 gallons (California, 1,814,656).\\nDecided progress has been recently made in the breeding of live-stock,\\nespecially during the past twenty years. In 1840 the number of horses\\nand mules w as 4,335,669. In 1850 the horses numbered 4,336,719 a thou-\\nsand more than the combined total just given and the nmles and asses\\n559,331. In 1860 the figures were: Horses, 6,249,174 (increase in ten\\nyears, 67.02 per cent.); mules and asses, 1,151,148 (increase, 105.81 per\\ncent.); in 1870, horses, 7,145,370 (increase in ten years, 11.11 per cent.);\\nmules and asses, 1,125,415 (decrease, 2.24 per cent.) in 1874, horses,\\n9,333,800 (increase in three years, 30.63 per cent.); mules, 1,339,350 (in-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 573\\ncrease in three years, 19.01 per cent.). The value of the horses reported in\\n1873 was $666,927,406 (average price, S71.45), and of the mules, $119,-\\n501,859 (average price, $89.22). Previous to 1860 the horses in cities and\\ntowns were not included in the estimates. The present number of horses\\nis about one to every five inhabitants. The horses of the United States\\nhave advanced not only in number, but in quality. The Morgan and\\nBlack Hawk families have preserved, and in many cases improved\\nupon, the good qualities of their sires, that of the former (Justin Mor-\\ngan) having been foaled in West Springfield, Mass., in 1793, and the\\nprogenitor of the latter in Vermont in 1833, to which State, indeed, the\\nformer had been brought in 1795. The extraordinary reproductive fac-\\nulty of Justin Morgan was transmitted to his sons, apd every succeed-\\ning foal, without regard to blood intermixture even of strong types, was\\ndistinctively a Morgan. Nor, says Murray, in The Perfect Horse, did\\nthis power die out in one or two generations, but continued on like a stream\\nhaving a constant source, and might have been prolonged doubtless unto\\nthis day. He complains, however, that the State which had been en-\\nriched and made famous by this animal and his descenclants committed\\nfinancial suicide by allowing the family to be scattered and the family type\\nitself to be brought away from it. Not alone Vermont, but the entire\\ncountry were losers when the Morgan family ceased to have a local hab-\\nitation, although it could never cease to have a name. Among the\\nthoroughbreds are not a few of the descendants of the famous Eclipse, of\\nwhom honest John Lawrence said that he puffed and blowed like an\\notter and galloped as wide as a barn-door. Professor Low, in his Domes-\\nticated Animals of Great Britain, says: The inhabitants of the United\\nStates have a very mixed race of horses, some of which are excellent. It\\nis the character of this people to carry ardor and boldness into every fiivored\\npursuit, and the improvement of their horses at this time [he wrote in 1858]\\noccupies much of their attention. The nature of their country leads them\\nto cultivate useful horses for the road and for their innumerable public and\\nprivate carriages. They prefer the trot to the paces more admired in the\\nOld Continent; and having directed attention to the conformation which\\nconsists with this character, the fastest trotting-horses in the world are to\\nbe found in the United States. The improvement in the speed of trot-\\nting-horses during the past thirty years has been remarkable. Two-forty\\nwas once the proverbial expression for a fast gait, but at the present day\\nthe attainment of this rate of speed would not entitle a horse to a very\\nhigh rank among racers, and the performances of Flora Temple, of Dex-\\nter and, more recently, of Goldsmith Maid, have sent down the minimum\\ntime to a point scarcely dreamed of a quarter of a century ago. At a\\nrecent meeting of the Cleveland Club only two of the forty-four heats were\\nslower than 2.20, and one heat was trotted in 2.18. American Girl has", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "574 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ntrotted a mile in 2.17f and Lulu in 2.15. Goldsmith Maid s record is\\n2.14, and a large number of horses have beaten 2.20. The Conestoga\\nhorse, as a beast of burden, is a very highly-prized animal, combining\\ngreat strength with lightness and agility. It has been well remarked that\\nalthough Young America is said now to require a swifter horse, it is\\nbelieved that there is no surer, safer or more lasting one. Mules and asses\\nare largely bred in the Southern and Pacific States as substitutes for horses.\\nIt is said that the mule is hardier than the horse, subject to fewer dis-\\neases, more patient, better adapted for travelling over rugged and trackless\\nsurfaces, less fastidious as to food, requires less grooming and attention and\\nusually lives and works to double the age of the horse. There are so few\\nin New England, the number reported from that section in the census of\\n1870 being only 358 (only 1 in Rhode Island), that they do not enter into\\nthe report from those States for 1873. Milch cows were first returned sep-\\narately in the census of 1850, when the number was 6,385,094; working-\\noxen, 1,700,744; other cattle (beeves, etc.), 9,693,069; in 1860, milch\\ncows, 8,585,735; working-oxen, 2,254,911; other cattle, 14,779,373; in\\n1870, milch cows, 8,935,332; working-oxen, 1,319,201; other cattle, 13,-\\n566,005; in 1874, milch cows, 10,705,300; average price, $27.99; total\\nvalue, $299,609,309; oxen and other cattle, 16,218,100; average price,\\n$19.15; total value, $310,643,803. The decrease in the number of work-\\ning-oxen is attributable to the fact that as districts become more densely\\npeopled, and consequently. more civilized and more wealthy, horses largely\\nsupersede oxen in agricultural and other operations. The whole increase\\nbetween 1850 and 1860 was only 32 per cent, in the whole country, and\\nin the Eastern and Middle States there was a decrease. The use of im-\\nproved agricultural implements diminishes the force required from work-\\ning-oxen, and consequently diminishes also their use as such implements\\ncome to be introduced. During the epizooty which prevailed in 1872, how-\\never, oxen w^ere at a premium, and many a man who had long been absent\\nfrom the paternal farm was glad to recall the once familiar whoa, haw\\nand whoa, gee of his boyhood, and to drop, in some cases, the pen for\\nthe ox-goad when the lack of facilities for transportation threatened a stag-\\nnation of business. The leading States, in 1873, in the number of horses\\nwere Illinois (1,059,800), Ohio (738,600), Texas (699,100), New York\\n(659,300), Indiana (649,500), Iowa (647,000) and Pennsylvania (557,000),\\nmaking for these seven States 5,007,700 (53.65 per cent.), or more than\\none-half of the total number. The leading States in the number of milch\\ncows were New York (1,410,600), Pennsylvania (812,600), Ohio (778,500),\\nIllinois (725,100), Iowa (569,500) and Texas (526,500), making for these\\nsix States 4,822,800 (45.50 per cent.), or nearly one-half of the total\\nnumber. The increase in the numbers of sheep and of swine during the\\npast thirty years has been very slight, compared with that of other live-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 575\\nstock, the last census showing a decrease in the number of swine from the\\nfigures of 1860. The number of sheep in the United States in 1840 was\\n19,311,374; leading States, New York (5,118,777), Ohio (2,028,401), Penn-\\nsylvania (1,767,620), Vermont (1,681,819), Virginia (1,293,772), Kentucky\\n(1,008,240), making for these six States 11,890,391 (61.57 per cent.), or\\nmore than three-fifths of the whole number. The number of swine in the\\nsame year was 26,301,293; leading States, Tennessee (2,920,607), Ken-\\ntucky (2,310,533), Ohio (2,099,746), Vermont (1,992,155), New York\\n(1,900,065) and Indiana (1,623,608), making for these seven States 12,852,-\\n514 (48.81 per cent.), or nearly one-half of the whole number. The num-\\nber of swine in the United States, in 1850, was 30,354,213 (increase in ten\\nyears, 15.41 per cent.); leading States, Tennessee (3,104,800), Kentucky\\n(2,891,163), Indiana (2,263,776), Georgia (2,168,617), Ohio (1,964,770),\\nIllinois (1,915,907) and Alabama (1,904,540), making for these seven\\nStates 16,213,573 (53.04 per cent.), or more than one-half of the total\\nnumber. Number of sheep, 21,723,220 (increase in ten years, 13.00 per\\ncent.); leading States, Ohio (3,942,929), New York (3,453,241), Pennsyl-\\nvania (1,822,357), Virginia (1,310,004), Indiana (1,122^493) and Ken-\\ntucky (1,102,091), making for these six States 12,753,115 (58.71 j^er cent.),\\nor nearly three-fifths of the total number. Number of sheep in 1860,\\n22,471,275 (increase in ten years, 8.05 per cent.) leading States, Ohio\\n(3,546,767), New York (2,617,855), Pennsylvania (1,631,540), Michigan\\n(1,271,743), California (1,088,002) and Virginia (1,043,269), making for\\nthese six States 11,199,176 (49.80 per cent.), or nearly one-half of the total\\nnumber. Number of swine in 1860, 33,512,867 (increase in ten years,\\n10.43 per cent.); leading States, Indiana (3,099,110), Illinois (2,502,308),\\nMissouri (2,354,425), Tennessee (2,347,321), Kentucky (2,330,595), Ohio\\n(2,251,653) and Georgia (2,036,116), making for these seven States 16,921,-\\n528 (50.49 per cent.), or more than one-half of the w hole number. Num-\\nber of sheep in 1870, 28,477,951 (increase in ten years, 26.72 per cent.);\\nleading States, Ohio (4,928,635), California (2,768,187), New York (2,181,-\\n578), Michigan (1,985,906 Pennsylvania (1,794,301), Indiana (1,612,680)\\nand Illinois (1,568,286), making for these seven States 16,839,573 (59.10\\nper cent.), or nearly three-fifths of the whole number. Number of swine\\nin 1870, 25,134,569 (decrease in ten years, 25 per cent.) leading States,\\nIllinois (2,703,343), Missouri (2,306,430), Indiana (1,872,230), Kentucky\\n(1,838,227), Tennessee (1,828,690) and Ohio (1,728,968), making for these\\nsix States 12,277,888 (48.85 per cent.), or nearly one-half of the whole\\nnumber. Number of sheep in 1874, 33,938,200 (increase in four years\\n19.17 per cent.) leading States, California (4,683,200), Ohio (4,639,000),\\nMichigan (3,486,300), New York (2,037,200), Iowa (1,732,600), Indiana\\n(1,722,500) and Pennsylvania (1,674,000), making for these seven States\\n19,874,800 (58.89 per cent.), or nearly three-fifths of the whole number.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "576 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nNumber of swiue iu 1874, 30,860,900 (increase iu four years 23.18 per\\ncent); leading States, Iowa (3,693,700), Illinois (3,409,700), Missouri\\n(2,603,300), Indiana (2,496,700), Ohio (2,017,400) and Kentucky (2,008,-\\n000), making for these six States 16,228,800 (52.65 per cent.), or more\\nthan one-half of the whole number. The value of all live-stock in\\nthe United States in 1850 was $544,180,516 in 1860, $1,089,329,915\\n(increase in ten years, 100.17 per cent.); in 1870, $1,525,276,457 (in-\\ncrease in ten years, 40.02 per cent.). The figures for 1875 for the\\nleading domestic animals are as follows Number of horses, 9,520,476\\naverage price, $71.05; total value, $675,429,820; mules, 1,392,324; av\\nerage price, $88.10; total value, $122,716,604; milch cows, 10,919,406\\naverage price, $27.01; total value, $294,933,159; other cattle, 16,220,\\n000; average price, $19.00; total value, $308,180,000; sheep, 33,598,818\\naverage price, $2.65; total value, $89,636,868; swine, 28,083,419; aver-\\nage price, $4.30; total value, $120,758,702. The wool produced in 1850\\namounted to 52,516,959 pounds; in 1860, 60,264,913 pounds; in 1870,\\n100,102,387 pounds (increase in ten yeai s, 66 per cent.) in 1873, 146,000,-\\n000 pounds (increase in three years, 45.89 per cent.). The wool manufac-\\nture requires a constantly increasing amount of raw material. The imports\\nfor eleven years, from 1861 to 1871, inclusive, amounted to 572,647,377\\npounds of wool (exclusive of shoddy), an average of 52,058,843 pounds,\\ncosting (in gold at the port of shipment) $89,375,908, or $8,125,082 per\\nannum. The imports of 1871-2 were 122,256,499 pounds, costing $26,-\\n214,195 of 1872-3, 85,496,049 pounds, valued at $20,433,938 of 1873-4,\\n42,939,541 pounds, worth $8,250,306.\\nThe census returns of agriculture for the years 1850, 1860 and 1870\\nshow constant improvement in fullness and accuracy. A portion of them\\nhas already been given, and from the remainder we shall now select the\\nmost interesting, giving as many as our limited space will allow. The\\naverage size of farms in the United States, in 1850, was 203 acres, Cali-\\nfornia giving the enormous average of 4466 acres, and Texas that of 942\\nacres, while the smallest average (51 acres) was found in Utah. The av-^\\nerage size of farms in 1860 was 203 acres, Nevada (617), Texas (591),\\nLouisiana (536) and South Carolina (488) having then an average gi-eater\\nthan that of California, which had fallen to 466 acres. Average for 1870,\\n153 acres, California (482), Georgia (338), Oregon (315) and Texas (301)\\ngiving the highest figures. In nearly all of the States there was a steady\\ndecrease in the average size of farms, though in Alabama (289, 346, 222),\\nArkansas (146, 245, 154), Florida (371, 444, 232), Louisiana (372, 536,\\n247), Maine (97, 103, 98), Mississippi (309, 370, 193), Missouri (179,\\n215, 146), New Hampshire (116, 123, 122) and New Mexico (77, 278,\\n186) there was an increase in the average- between 1850 and 1860 and a\\ndecrease between 1860 and 1870, the figures in parentheses being their aver-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 577\\nages in the successive ceusus years. California (4466, 466, 482) reversed\\nthis order, its average showing a decrease iu 1860 and a slight increase\\nin 1870. The total acreage of farms iu 1850 was, improved, 113,032,614;\\nunimproved, 180,528,000; total, 293,560,614. By improved land is\\nmeant cleared land used for grazing, grass or tillage, or lying fallow.\\nIrreclaimable marshes and considerable bodies of water were excluded iu\\ngiving the area of a farm improved and unimproved. Total acreage in\\nfarms in 1860, 407,212,538; improved, 163,110,720; unimproved, 244,101,-\\n818. Total acreage in 1870, 407,785,041; improved, 188,921,099; unim-\\nproved, 218,813,942. The percentage of improved land in farms as com-\\npared with total land iu farms was, iu 1850, 39.5 per cent.; in 1860, 40.1\\nper cent.; in 1870, 46.3 per cent. The highest percentage of improved\\nland in 1850 was in Connecticut (74.2 per cent.) the lowest, iu California,\\nonly eight-tenths of 1 per cent. (32,354 acres) being improved, while 99.2\\nper cent. (3,861,531 acres) was unimproved. In 1860 the highest percent-\\nage of improved land in any State was still in Connecticut, while the lowest\\n(10.5) was in Texas, which was very nearly matched by New Mexico (10.6\\nper cent.). In 1870 several States had made great advances in improving\\nland, and stood very nearly together, the leading ones being Illinois (74.7\\nper cent.). New York (70.4) and Connecticut (69.6 per cent.). The\\nStates possessing the largest improved acreage in farms in 1850 were\\nNew York (12,408,964), Virginia (10,360,135), Ohio (9,851,493), Penn-\\nsylvania (^8,628,619) and Georgia (6,378,479), making for these five States\\n47,627,690 acres (42.14 per cent.), or more than two-fifths of the total im-\\nproved acreage. The leading States iu this respect, in 1860, were New\\nYork (14,358,403), Illinois (13,096,374), Ohio (12,625,394), Virginia\\n(11,437,821), Pennsylvauia (10,463,296) and Georgia (8,062,758), making\\nfor these six States 70,044,046 acres (42.96 per cent.), or more than two-\\nfifths of the total improved acreage. The leading States in 1870 were\\nIllinois (19,329,952), New York (15,627,206), Ohio (14,469,133), Penn-\\nsylvania (11,515,965), Indiana (10,104,279), Iowa (9,396,467), Missouri\\n(9,130,615), making for these seven States 89,573,617 acres (47.04 per\\ncent.), or nearly one-half of the total improved acreage. The value of\\nfarms iu the whole country iu 1850 was $3,271,575,426 leading States, New\\nYork ($554,546,642), Pennsylvania ($407,876,099), Ohio ($358,758,603),\\nVirginia ($216,401,543), Kentucky ($155,021,262), Indiana ($136,385,-\\n173) and New Jersey ($120,237,511), making for these seven States\\n$1,949,226,833 (59.58 per cent.), or very nearly three-fifths of the total\\nvalue. Value of farming implements and machinery in 1850, $151,587,-\\n638; leading States, New York ($22,084,926), Pennsylvania ($14,722,541),\\nOhio ($12,750,585), Louisiana ($11,576,938), Virginia ($7,021,772), In-\\ndiana ($6,704,444) and Illinois ($6,405,561), making for these seven States\\n$81,266,767 (53.61 per cent.), or more than one-half of the total value.\\n37", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "578 HURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nValue of farms in 1860, $6,645,045,007 (increase in ten years, 103.11 per\\ncent.); leading States, New York ($803,343,593) Ohio ($678,132,991),\\nPennsylvania ($662,050,707), Illinois ($408,944,033 j, Virginia ($371,761,-\\n661), Indiana ($356,712,175) and Kentucky ($291,496,955, making for\\nthese seven States $3,572,442,115 (53.76 per cent.), or more than one-half\\nof the total value. Value of farming implements and machinery in 1860,\\n$246,118,141 (increase in ten years, 62.36 per cent.); leading States, New\\nYork ($29,166,695), Pennsylvania ($22,442,842), Louisiana ($18,648,225),\\nOhio ($17,538,832), Illinois ($17,235,472), Indiana ($10,457,897) and Vir-\\nginia ($9,392,296), making for these seven States $124,882,259 (50.74 per\\ncent.), or more than one-half of the total value. Value of farms in 1870,\\n$9,262,803,861 (increase in ten years, 39.39 per cent.); leading States, New\\nYork ($1,272,857,766), Ohio ($1,054,465,226), Pennsylvania ($1,043,481,-\\n582), Illinois ($920,506,346j, Indiana ($634,804,189), Michigan ($398,-\\n240,578) and Missouri ($392,908,047), making for these seven States\\n$5,737,263,734 (61.93 per cent.), or more than three-fifths of the total\\nvalue. Value of farming implements and machinery in 1870, $336,878,-\\n429 (increase in ten years, 36.87 per cent.); leading States, New York\\n($45,997,712), Pennsylvania ($35,658,196), Illinois ($34,576,587), Ohio\\n($25,692,787), Iowa ($20,509,582), Indiana ($17,676,591) and Missouri\\n($15,596,426), making for these seven States $195,707,881 (58.09 per\\ncent.), or nearly three-fifths of the total value. It is noteworthy, as an\\ninstance of the progress of this country during twenty years, that the ag-\\ngregate value of the farms of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio in 1870\\n($3,370,804,574) was greater than that of all the farms in the country in\\n1850. In the latter year the value of orchard products was $7,723,186;\\nmarket-garden products, $5,280,030; home manufactures, $27,493,644;\\nanimals slaughtered, $111,703,142. Value of orchard products in 1860,\\n$19,991,885 (increase in ten years, 159 per cent.) market-garden products,\\n$16,159,498 (increase in ten years, 203 per cent.); home manufactures,\\n$24,546,876 (decrease, 11.12 per cent.); animals slaughtered or sold for\\nslaughter, $213,618,692 (increase 92 per cent.). Wages paid in 1870, in-\\ncluding the value of board, $310,286,285 value of orchard products, $47,-\\n335,189 (increase in ten years, 137 per cent.); market-garden products,\\n$20,719,229 (increase, 28.22 per cent.); forest products, $36,808,277; home\\nmanufactures, $24,546,876 (decrease 4.79 per cent.); animals slaughtered\\nor sold for slaughtei*, $398,956,376 (increase in ten years, 86.76 per cent.)\\nleading States, Illinois ($56,718,944), Ohio ($40,498,375), Indiana ($30,-\\n246,962), Pennsylvania ($28,412,903), New York ($28,225,720), Iowa\\n($25,781,223), Kentucky ($24,121,861), making for these seven States\\n$234,005,988 (58.68 per cent.), or nearly three-fifths of the total value.\\nValue of all farm productions in 1870, including betterments and additions\\nto stock, $2,447,538,658 leading States, New York ($253,526,153), Illi-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 579\\nnois ($210,860,585), Ohio ($198,256,907), Pennsylvania (6183,946,027),\\nIndiana (6122,914,302), Iowa ($114,386,441) and Missouri ($103,035,759),\\nmaking for these seven States $1,186,925,174 (48.49 per cent.), or nearly\\none-half of the total value. The number of persons engaged in agricul-\\nture in 1860 was 3,305,335; in 1870, 5,922,471 (males, 5,525,503; females,\\n396,968) increase in ten years, 79.18 per cent. Leading States in the\\nnumber of persons engaged in agriculture, Ohio (397,024), Illinois (376,-\\n441), New York (374,323), Georgia (336,145), Alabama (291,628), North\\nCarolina (269,238), Tennessee (267,020) and Missouri (263,918), making\\nfor these eight States 2,575,737 (43.49 per cent.), or more than two-fifths\\nof the total number. The comparative healthiness of farming is shown\\nby the fact that when the census of 1870 was taken the proportion of\\nfarmers who were sixty years of age and over was 7.82 per cent., or nearly\\none-twelfth of the total number, while of those who were engaged in per-\\nsonal and professional occupations the proportion of this age was 4.99 per\\ncent.; of those engaged in manufacturing, mechanical and mining indus-\\ntries it was 3.23 per cent., and of those engaged in trade and transpor-\\ntation it was only 2.33 per cent., or little more than one-fiftieth part of\\nthe total number.\\nStatistics of the manufacture of agricultural implements have been\\nelsewhere given. [See American Manufactures.] Labor- and time-\\nsaving machines are now regarded as indispensable by all who engage in\\nagriculture on a large scale. The reaper and the mower are the types of\\nthe present, the sickle and the flail are types of the past. The horse rake,\\nthe improved horse hoes, the broadcast seed-sower, the improved subsoil\\nand trenching ploughs, straw and root cutters, cultivators, threshing and\\nwinnowing machines, and many others of equal importance have revolu-\\ntionized the operations of agriculture. It has been said that the improve-\\nment in the implements named, made within the last half century, has\\nenabled the farmers of the United States to accomjDlish double the amount\\nof labor with the same number of teams and men. This estimate seems\\nto be low, for according to the same authority, they can plough deeper and\\nmore thoroughly with less power, hoe and spade with less expenditure of\\nmanual labor, thresh hundreds of bushels of grain with the machine\\nwhere only tens could have been threshed with the flail, rake ten acres\\nwith the horse rake more easily than one by hand, and reap from twelve\\nto fifteen acres of grain in less time and with greater ease with the reaper\\nthan one with the sickle or cradle, to say nothing of the infinite variety of\\nother operations in Avhich both time and labor are saved by the use of\\nmachines instead of the slow drudgery of hand labor. The increase in\\nthe number and value of improved implements has another effect which\\ndoes not appear at first sight, but which can be ascertained by a careful\\nexamination of results. The constant flood of emigration to the West", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "580 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsuggests to the dweller on the Atlantic coast the question, What is the ef-\\nfect of this western movement of population on the value of property in\\nthe States first settled Have farming lands in the East depreciated in\\nvalue on account of the immense tracts of country recently reclaimed\\nfrom their native wildness At first examination this would appear to\\nbe the inevitable result of the overstocking, so to speak, of the land\\nmarket. The figures of the census do not, however, bear out this suppo-\\nsition. The value of the farms of the whole country increased between\\n1860 and 1870 only 39.89 per cent., while the value of the farms of Penn-\\nsylvania increased 57 per cent. This superiority was not owing to a greater\\nincrease in the population of the State, for the population of the whole\\ncountry increased 23 per cent., while the increase in that of Pennsylvania\\nwas only 21 per cent. nor was it due to the number of people engaged in\\nagriculture, for the number of farmers in Pennsylvania increased only 26\\nper cent, during the twenty years ending with 1870, while the value of the\\nfarms in that State advanced during the same period 155 per cent.; nor yet\\ncould it be attributed to the increase in the number of acres of improved\\nfarming lands in Pennsylvania, for that increase was 33 per cent, between\\n1850 and 1860, and only 10 per cent, between 1860 and 1870. If the\\nreader is acquainted with the manner of taking the census in this country,\\nhe will remember that the values given are simply the value of these lauds\\nfor agricultural purposes. To what, then, can this decided increase in the\\nvalue of Pennsylvania farms be attributed We unhesitatingly ansAver, to\\nimproved farming implements and machinery, with corresponding improve-\\nments in methods of culture. The increase in the value of farms bears a\\nremarkably close relation to the increase in the amoimt of capital invested\\nin agricultural implements and machinery. In the whole country, for in-\\nstance, between 1860 and 1870, the increase in the value of fiarming\\nimplements and machinery was 37 per cent. In Pennsylvania, during the\\nsame period, the increase was 58 per cent, and between 1850 and 1870 it\\nwas 142 per cent. If the reader will compare these last percentages of\\nincrease with those of the increase in the value of farms in Pennsylvania\\nand in the United States at large, as given above, he cannot fail to see a\\ncoincidence. In New York, also, the increase in the value of farms be-\\ntween 1860 and 1870 was a little more than 58 per cent., while the\\nincrease in the value of farming implements and machinery was 57.66\\nper cent. To prove that this idea is not wholly fanciful, we can give\\nsome figures on the other side. In Arkansas, between 1860 and 1870, the\\nnumber of acres of improved land decreased less than one per cent., but\\nthe value of farms in the State decreased 55 per cent., and the amount of\\ncapital invested in farming implements and machinery decreased 45 per\\ncent. In Alabama the value of implements and machinery decreased\\nduring the same period 55 per cent., and we find a corresponding decrease", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 581\\nin the value of farms of 61 per cent. It may be said that these hast two\\ninstances may be explained as effects of the late civil war. This is true\\nyet it does not militate against our theory; it rather confirms it. The\\npeople of these States were so impoverished by the war that they were not\\nable to replace implements and machinery which had been worn out or\\ndestroyed, and the natural result was a deterioration in methods of culture\\nand a consequent fall in the value of farming lands. The Intel lio-ent\\nreader will have already seen the object of this figuring. It is to show\\nthe great value of improved methods of culture. An increase in the\\namount of money invested in improved machinery is followed by an ad-\\nvance in the value not only of agricultural produce, but of the land itself;\\nand this advance is the well-merited reward of those who employ not only\\ntheir hands, but their brains. Few who have not given attention to this\\nsubject can form any adequate conception of the trials and struggles which\\nwere undergone by those who first attempted to improve the old stereo-\\ntyped methods of semi-cultivation which generally prevailed less than a\\ngeneration ago. Their anxiety about the success of their experiments was\\nfrequently increased by gloomy prophecies uttered by their less progressive\\nneighbors, who were not backward, if an experiment failed, in exhibiting\\na feeling very much akin to satisfaction. Still, as we have shown, they\\nhave their reward. Those who formerly criticised them are now glad to\\nimitate them and progressive agriculturists are genei ally recognized as\\npublic benefactors.\\nThere is one crop which is so dependent for its value upon the amount\\nof capital invested in implements and machinery that we have reserved\\nits consideration for this place. We refer to the sugar crop. The compli-\\ncated processes required in the production of sugar brought Louisiana\\nin 1860 into the third place in the comparative value of farming imple-\\nments and machinery in the leading States, though she stood tenth in the\\nvalue of farms. Her total yield of sugar in 1859 was 221,726 hogsheads,\\nand of molasses 13,439,772 gallons.. In 1869 her yield of sugar was\\n80,706 hogsheads (decrease 63.03 per cent.) and 4,585,150 gallons of mo-\\nlasses (decrease 65.94 per cent.) and when the census was taken in the\\nfollowing year, the value of her farming implements and machinery\\n($7,159,333) showed a decrease of 61.06 per cent., and that of her farms a\\ndecrease of 66.7 per cent, (from $204,789,662 to $68,215,421). The aver-\\nage area annually cultivated in sugar-cane in Louisiana does not exceed\\n(according to the Report on Agriculture for 1873) 150,000 acres, or about\\nhalf of an ordinary county. If, as Mr. Bringier (one of the most intelli-\\ngent planters in Louisiana) thinks, 10* pounds of sugar-cane will easily\\nbe made to yield a pound of sugar and two-thirds of a pound of molasses\\nby the best methods of production, even this small acreage would annu-\\nally give 855,000,000 pounds of sugar and 570,000,000 pounds or", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "582 BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL QAZETTEEB AND GUIDE.\\n52,500,000 gallons of molasses. Our imports of sugar and molasses for\\n1872-3 amounted to 1,454,124,259 pounds of brown sugar, 509,504\\npounds of refined sugar, and 43,533,909 gallons of molasses. In 1873-4\\nthe amount was 1,594,306,354 pounds of brown sugar, 39,279 pounds of\\nrefined sugar and 47,189,837 gallons of molasses. The possible annual\\nyield above indicated is, therefore, more than half of the average amount\\nimported, and if, as is stated in the Report on Agriculture, there is no rea-\\nson why the very small acreage should not be increased fivefold, except a\\nlack of capital and enterprise, there is also no good reason why the United\\nStates should not produce suflEicient sugar not only for home consumption,\\nbut for a large exportation to less favored climes.\\nWe could not more appropriately close this article than by quoting the\\neloquent words of Mr. J. R. Dodge, the Statistician of the Department of\\nAgriculture, to whose labors we have been indebted for many of our state-\\nments. In an address delivered before the National Agricultural Con-\\ngress at Atlanta, Georgia (May 14, 1874), which is published in the Re-\\nport on Agriculture for 1873 (pp. 146-151), he expresses the hope that\\nthe day may be hastened when 25 per cent, of our people shall furnish\\na better and more varied agricultural supply than is now obtained by the\\n47 per cent, employed in agriculture when the 21 per cent, now engaged\\nin mining, manufacturing and the mechanic arts may become 42 when\\ntwo blades of grass shall grow instead of one, twenty-five bushels of\\nwheat instead of twelve, and an acre of cotton shall always bring a bale\\nwhen clover shall appear in the place of broom-sedge, the sun shall cease\\nto smite with barrenness the southern slope, and many fields shall be\\ngreen with mangolds for the fattening of lazy bullocks grazing on a thou-\\nsand hills when superior and more various implements shall, while divid-\\ning, multiply the labor of human muscle, and steam shall supplement\\nand save the costly strength of beasts when a moiety of the farmer s\\nincome may suffice to pay his taxes, his bills for commercial fertilizers\\nand all purchases of farm-produce that he fails to procure from his own\\nfair acres when railroads shall cease to trouble with unscrupulous exac-\\ntions, and unnecessary middlemen are evermore at rest; when the farm-\\ner s home shall be beautiful with flowers, his farm a smiling landscape,\\nand his barn shall groan with the burden of plenty and finally, when\\nthe farmer shall, in every section of a broad and prosperous land, be\\nrecognized as nature s nobleman, an honest man, the noblest work of\\nGod.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "ameeioa:^ manufactures.\\nEarly History. The colonial policy, of which we have elsewhei-e\\ngiven a description [see Commerce and Navigation], was not satisfied\\nwith imposing restrictions ou trade. It was not enough that the colonies\\nshould place at the disposal of the mother-country all of their exports\\nthey must be kept as helpless and as dependent as possible upon the lib-\\nerality of the British merchant by restriction upon their manufactures.\\nIt was the policy of Great Britain to secure to herself the carriage of the\\nproduce of her colonies to monopolize their raw materials, and to furnish\\nher colonists with all the manufactures or other imports consumed by them.\\nWhen the first settlements were made, however, the struggle for existence\\nthe strenuous efforts required to procure sufficient food and to provide for\\nthe defence of their little communities from the treacherous savages by\\nwhom they were surrounded left little leisure for manufactures. Even\\nafter a firm footing had been secured, some time was required to awaken\\nthe desire for home-production of articles which could be obtained of the\\nBritish merchant. In the pamphlet by Captain Edward Johnson, from\\nwhich we have elsewhere quoted [see Historical Sketch, page 94], enti-\\ntled Wonder-worMng Providences of Zion s Saviour in New England, the\\nenthusiastic author says For raiment our cloth hath not been cut short,\\nas but of late years the traders that way have increased to such a number\\nthat their shops have continued full all the year long, all one England (sic)\\nbesides the Lord hath been pleased to increase sheep extraordinarily of\\nlate, hemp and flax here is great plenty. Hides here are more for the\\nnumber of persons than in England; and for cloth, here is and would be\\nmaterial enough to make it, but the fiirmers deem it better for their profit\\nto put away their cattle and corn for clothing than to set upon mukiug of\\ncloth. If the merchant s trade be not kept on foot, they fear greatly their\\ncorn and cattle will lie on their hands. This account was written, or at\\nleast published, in 1650, according to some authorities, and in 1654, accord-\\ning to others. Hubbard s General History of Neiv England (chapter xxxii.,\\nnot xxii. as given, probably by a typogra])hical error, in Everett s Speeches\\nand Orations, vol. ii., p. 80, note) gives a different account. We have men-\\ntioned elsewhere [see Commerce and Navigation] the impetus given to\\nthe business of ship-building by the cessation of immigration caused by the\\n5S3", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "584 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncivil wars in England. Speaking of the same period, Hubbard says: For\\nthe future they [the colonists] were left more to stand upon their own legs\\nand shift for themselves, for now there was a great change in the state of\\nthe country, the inhabitants being put to great straits by reason of the fall\\nof the price of cattle, the breeding and increase of which had been the\\nprincipal means of upholding the country for whereas before all sorts of\\ncattle were usually sold for \u00c2\u00a325 the head, by reason of the continual com-\\ning over of new families to plant the wilderness, now that fountain began\\nto be dried, and there happened a total cessation of any passengers coming\\nover, insomuch that the country of New England was to seek of a way to\\nprovide themselves of clothing, which they could not attain by selling of\\ntheir cattle as before, which were now fallen from that huge price fore-\\nmentioned, first to \u00c2\u00a314 and \u00c2\u00a310 an head, and presently after (at least\\nwithin a year) to \u00c2\u00a35 apiece; nor was there at that rate ready vent for\\nthem neither. Thus, the flood that brought in much wealth to many per-\\nsons, the contrary ebb carried all away out of their reach. To help in\\nthis their exigent, the General Court made several orders for the manufac-\\nture of linen and woollen cloth, which, by God s blessing upon man s en-\\ndeavor, in a little time stopped this gap in part, and soon after another\\ndoor was opened by special providence. For when one hand was shut by\\nway of supply from England, another was opened by way of traffic, first\\nto the West Indies and Wine Islands, whereby, among other goods, much\\ncotton-wool was brought into the country from the Indies, which the inhab-\\nitants learning to spin, and breeding of sheep and by sowing of hemp and\\nflax, they soon found out a way to supply themselves with many necessaries\\nof [cotton] woollen and linen cloth. The author of New England s First\\nFruits, writing in 1642, also speaks of the assistance rendered by Provi-\\ndence in prospering hemp and flax so well that it is frequently sown^\\nspun and woven into linen cloth, and in short time may serve as cordage;\\nso of cotton-wool (which we may have at reasonable rates of the islands),\\nand of our linen yarns we can make dimities and fustians for our summer\\nclothing; and having a matter of 1000 sheep, which prosper well to begin\\nwithal, in a competent time we hope to have woollen cloth there made.\\nAnd great and small cattle being now very frequently killed for food, their\\nskins will afford us leather for boots and shoes and other uses so that God\\nis leading us by the hand into a way of clothing.\\nIn 1645, as we learn from Hubbard, an iron foundery was established\\nat Lynn, Mass., upon a very commodious stream, which was very much\\npromoted and strenuously carried on for some considerable time; but at\\nlength, instead of drawing out bars of iron for their country s use, there\\nwas hammered out nothing but contentions and law-suits, which was but\\na bad return for the undertakers. However, it gave the occasion to others\\nto acquaint themselves with that skill to the great advantage of the colonies,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 585\\nwho have since that time found out many convenient phxces where very\\ngood iron, not much inferior to that of Biiboa, may be produced.\\nThe reasons which we have given above kept back the manufactures of\\nthe colonies to such a degree that there was no material interference with\\nthe importation from England for many years. The necessity for legisla-\\ntion upon this subject was not so apparent as that for the restrictions upon\\nnavigation; but the spirit of that national selfishness which, when carried\\nto an extreme, overreaches itself, was only dormant. In the mean time,\\nthe companies and proprietors to Avhom the colonies were first granted, in\\nmany instances, showed that commendable interest in the furtherance of\\nthe welfare of the colonists which the encouragement of manufactures was\\nsure to bring about. Naturally desirous to receive the largest possible\\nreturn for their outlay, they were zealous in endeavoring to ascertain what\\nnew materials the colonies produced and to make arrangements for their\\nbeing worked up on the spot into conditions or articles in which the greatest\\nvalue could be carried in the smallest possible space, and consequently at\\nthe least possible expense. As early as 1620 one hundred and fifty per-\\nsons had been sent over to Virginia by the London Company [see Histor-\\nical Sketch, p. 93] to set up three iron-works; directions had been\\ngiven for making cordage of hemp as well as of flax, and more especially\\nof silk-grass, which grew there naturally in great abundance, and was\\nfound upon experiment to make the best cordage and line in the world.\\nEach fiiraily was ordered to set out one hundred plants of it, and the gov-\\nernor himself five thousand. None but the council and the heads of\\nhundreds were to wear gold in their clothes or to wear silk until they\\nmade it themselves. They were to put apprentices to trades, and not let\\nthem forsake them for planting tobacco or any such useless, commodity.\\nThey were to make salt, pitch, tar, soap and ashes; to make oil of walnuts,\\nand to employ apothecaries in distilling lees of beer; to make a small\\nquantity of tobacco, and that very good. In accordance with these in-\\nstructions, a salt-work was set up at Cape Charles, on the Eastern Shore,\\nand an iron-work at Falling Creek in James River (sic), where they made\\nproof of good iron ore, and brought the whole work so near a perfection\\nthat they writ word to the comj^any in London that they did not doubt\\nbut to finish the work and have plentiful provision of iron for tiiem by\\nthe next Easter. This promise was not performed. A massacre by\\nthe Indians under Opecancanough intervened, which, as Beverly (from\\nwhom we have just quoted) states, was such a disheartening to several\\ngood projects, then just advancing, that to this day [1722] they have never\\nbeen put in execution namely, the glass-houses in Jamestown and the\\niron-work at Falling Creek. He says elsewhere, however, in the chapter\\nOf the Earth and Soils, The iron proved reasonably good, but before\\nthey got into the body of the mine the people were cut off in that fatal", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "586 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nmassacre, and tlie project has never been set on foot since till of late; but\\nit has not had its full trial. The glass-house referred to by Beverly\\ndeserves special mention, as it was, according to Bishop, doubtless the\\nfirst manufactory ever erected in this country. It stood in the woods,\\nabout a mile from Jamestown. It was erected in 1608, during the gov-\\nerumeut of Capt. John Smith. When the Council in London, being\\nanxious for an immediate return from their venture in gold and silver,\\nwrote an angry letter to President Smith, and threatened that if the sum\\nof \u00c2\u00a32000, which they had expended, was not repaid upon the ship s return,\\nthey would desert the infant colony, Smith returned a plain and schol-\\narly answer by the ship, and sent over trials of pitch, tar, glass, frank-\\nincense and soap-ashes, with what wainscoat and clapboard could be pro-\\nvided. This was the first export made from the British colonies to any\\nforeign country, for the load of sassafras gathered near Cape Cod, in 1608,\\ncould hardly be classed under this head, as it did not come from a settle-\\nment. The first exports from America to England consisted, therefore,\\nalmost entirely of manufactured articles, as Mr. Bishop very justly ob-\\nserves. This same massacre caused the loss of the secret of a lead mine\\nin the neighborhood which was known to the superintendent of the iron-\\nwork, who made use of it to furnish all the neighbors with bullets and\\nshot. The author of A Perfect Desei iption of Virginia, writing in 1648,\\nsays Iron ore and rich mines are in abuadance in the land fit streams\\nand waters to erect iron-mills, woods never to be destroyed to buru coal\\n[charcoal for smelting]. Trial hath been made of this iron ore, and [there\\nis] not better and richer in the world his work erected would be worth as\\nmuch as a silver mine. The same writer has great hopes with reference\\nto the culture of the silk-worm in Virginia and the manufacture of silk.\\nTo aid these industries, acts had been passed by the colonial assembly, as\\nearly as November and December, 1621, for encouraging the planting of\\nmulberry trees and the making of silk but legislative efibrt, proprietary\\nencouragement nay, the personal interest of royalty itself (for James I.\\ntwice sent over silk-worm seed of the best and most expensive kind, paid\\nfor out of his own royal pocket) could not establish these industries upon\\na permanent footing. A law passed in 1656 imposed a fine upon every\\nplanter who did not possess sufficient patriotism to have at least one mul-\\nberry tree to every ten acres of land. The author to whose sanguine\\nexpectations we have referred says For mulberry trees, the natural and\\nproper food for silk-worms, they have abundance in the woods, and some\\nso large that one tree contains as many leaves as will feed silk-worms that\\nwill make as much silk as may be worth five pounds sterling money. This\\nsome Frenchmen afiirm. And now they desire silk-worm s seed, which is\\nsent them, and their hopes are good of the thriving of it a commodity\\nwhich may soon enrich them all with little labor, care or pains all mate-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 587\\nrials so plentiful at hand the food in abundance, the climate warm, and\\nthe work done in five weeks time and within doors, by women and chil-\\ndren as well as men, and at that time of the year (in May) that it hinders\\nnot any other work, as planting, sowing or the like employments. This is\\nsuch an advantage that had the Dutch the like of it in any of their planta-\\ntions they would improve it to their certain gain in the trade of silk from\\nPersia and China, which we fetch with great charge and expense and\\nhazard, and enrich heathen and Mahumetans (sic) greatly. But these\\nthings lack public and state encouragements to begin the work. With\\nall the public and state encouragements that could be brought to bear,\\nin the shape of premiums and assistance for the willing and fines for the\\nrefractory, this country has not yet done sufficiently well in the varied\\nattempts at silk culture and manufacture to prevent large quantities of\\ngold or its equivalent from being yearly transferred from Christian\\npockets into the coffers of heathen and Mahumetans.\\nAs no favor could be obtained for the tobacco trade, the impositions\\nupon which are elsewhere mentioned -[see Commerce and Navigation],\\nand as the British merchant afforded the Virginians, according to Bever-\\nley, but a bare supply of clothing for their crops, strenuous eff()rts were\\nmade in 1666 to apply some legislative stimulant to the manufacture of\\ncloth. The colonial assembly caused looms and workshops to be set up in\\neach county at the county charge. Prizes had been offered in 1662 for\\nthe best linen and woollen cloth, and fifty pounds of tobacco for every\\npound of silk, which latter reward was now renewed. Every neglect of\\nmaking flax or hemp was to be visited with severe penalties. Sir William\\nBerkeley, however feeble his conduct during the Bacon Rebellion may be\\ndeemed, showed great energy at this time, himself engaging in the manu-\\nfacture of potash, flax, hemp and silk. Sir Edmund Andros (who is much\\nbetter known in our colonial history in connection with his unsuccessful\\nattempt to seize the charter of Connecticut) was also a great encourager\\nof manufactures. In his time fulling-mills were set up in Virginia by\\nact of Assembly. He also showed great interest in the propagation of\\ncotton. His successor. Col. Nicholson, when he was lieutenant-governor,\\nhad shown great zeal in fostering colonial manufactures, and had procured\\nthe passage of acts for the encouragement of linen manufacture and to\\npromote the leather trade by tanning, currying and shoemakiug. In\\n1698, however, when he became governor of Virginia, he went not with\\nthat smoothness on his brow he had carried with him when he was ap-\\npointed lieutenant-governor. He talked then no more of improving of\\nmanufactures, towns and trade. Instead of encouraging the manufactures\\nhe sent over inhuman memorials against them, opposite to all reason. In\\none of these he remonstrates that the tobacco of that country often bears\\nso low a price that it would not yield clothes to the people that make it", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "588 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\naud yet presently after, in the same memorial, he recommends it to the\\nParliament to pass an act forbidding the plantations to make their own\\nclothing, which is, in other words, desiring a charitable law that planters\\nshall go naked. Beverly, from whom we have just quoted, ascribes the\\nchange in Nicholson s views to the influence of the British merchant.\\nCampbell asserts that it was thought, at the time, to be not a little owing\\nto a disappointment in love. These causes may have co-operated, but\\nthe selfishness of the colonial policy which cared only for the interests of\\nthe British merchant will account for worse instances of inhumanity\\nthan the one which we have just given.\\nAll efforts to establish the culture of silk in Virginia upon a firm basis\\nwere unsuccessful. The reader will find a reason for these successive fail-\\nures in the following passage from Bancroft, which gives in condensed form\\nthe results derived from the experience of past ages Legislation, though\\nit can favor industry, cannot create it. When soil, men and circumstances\\ncombine to render a manufacture desirable, legislation can protect the\\ninfancy of enterprise against the unequal competition with established\\nskill. The culture of silk, long, earnestly and frequently recommended\\nto the attention of Virginia, is successfully pursued only when a superflu-\\nity of labor exists in a redundant population. In America the first wants\\nof life left no labor without a demand silk-worms could not be cared for\\nwhere every comfort of household existence required to be created. It is\\na law of nature that in a new country, under the temj^erate zone, corn and\\ncattle will be raised rather than silk or wine. It was natural in a coun-\\ntry where tobacco could be produced with comparative ease, and of a\\nsuperior quality, of wdiich A Perfect Descripiion of Virginia said, as early\\nas 1648, A man can plant two thousand weight a year of it, and also\\nsufficient corn and roots and other provisions for himself it was natural\\nthat that occupation should be preferred which afforded the greatest j)rofit.\\nSo far as improvement in manufactures is concerned, the comparatively\\nbarren soil of New England was an advantage, just as the fact that the soil\\nof Great Britain cannot produce sufficient food for the support of her teem-\\ning population has been one cause of the marvellous progress and success\\nof British manufactures. New England was also fixvored by another cir-\\ncumstance, which will appear in this extract from the Accou7it of the Euro-\\npean Settlements in America They are almost the only one of our colonies\\nwhich have much of the woollen and linen manufactures. Of the former\\nthey have nearly as much as suffices for their own clothing. It is a close\\nand strong, but a coarse, stubborn sort of cloth. A number of Presbyte-\\nrians from the North of Ireland, driven thence, as it is said, by the severity\\nof their landlords, from an affinity in religious sentiments, chose New Eng-\\nland as their place of refuge. Those people brought with them their skill\\nin the linen manufacture; and meeting very large encouragement, they", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 589\\nexercised it to the great advantage of this colony. At present (1757) they\\nmake large quantities, and of a very good kind. This author had what\\nmust have been considered in his time advanced views. He says, else-\\nwhere The general plan of our management with regard to the trade\\nof our colonies, methinks, ought to be to encourage in every one of them\\nsome separate and distinct articles, such as not interfering might enable\\nthem to trade with each other and all to trade to advantage with their\\nmother-country. This, and that they should not go largely into manufac-\\ntures interfering with ours, are the only points at which our restrictions\\nshould aim. These purposes ought not to be accomplished by absolute prohi-\\nbitions and penalties which would be unpolitical [i. e., impolitic] and unjust,\\nbut by the way of diversion, by encouraging them to fall into [the produc-\\ntion of] such things as find a demand with ourselves at home. By this\\nmeans Great Britain and all its dependencies will have a common interest.\\nThey will play into each other s hands, and the trade so dispersed will be\\nof infinitely more advantage to us than if all its several articles were pro-\\nduced and manufactured within (sic) ourselves.\\nThis policy was far too liberal and judicious for the narrow-minded men\\nwho controlled the affairs of the colonies during the first three-fourths of\\nthe eighteenth century. The Navigation Act was designed to prevent the\\nsettlers from seeking a foreign market for their productions the first\\ndirect legislative blow at manufactures was struck in 1699, by an act de-\\nsigned to confine the home market for woollen goods wit|iin the narrow\\nlimits of each separate colony. Wool was the great staple of England,\\nand its growers and manufacturers envied the colonies the possession of a\\nflock of sheep, a spindle or a loom. The preamble to the act states that\\ncolonial industry would inevitably sink the value of lands in England\\ntherefore, says the law, After the first day of December, 1699, no wool\\nor manufacture made or mixed with wool, being the produce or manufac-\\nture of any of the English plantations in America, shall be loaden in any\\nship or vessel, upon any pretence whatsoever, nor loaden upon any horse,\\ncart or other carriage to be carried out of the English plantations to any\\nother of the said plantations, or to any other place whatsoever, under penalty\\nof forfeiting ship and cargo, and \u00c2\u00a3500 for each oflTence. The oppressive-\\nness of this law will be better appreciated when the reader is reminded\\nthat not only had the woollen manufacture made considerable progress in\\nseveral of the colonies, but in one, at least (Pennsylvania), the founder\\nhad so successfully encouraged this branch of industiy that the fabrics\\nmade there were highly prized in the most distant provinces. Now the\\nfiibrics of Pennsylvania or Connecticut could not seek a market in Massa-\\nchusetts, nor could they be carried to Albany to traffic with the Indians.\\nAn English mariner was not permitted to purchase in Boston woollens of\\na greater value than forty shillings. The charter-colonies, were, two years", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "590 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nafter the passage of this act, reproached by the lords of trade because they\\npromoted aud propagated woollen aud other manufactures proper for\\nEngland. Canada was considered well worth conquering, because there\\nthe cold is extreme, and snow lies so long on the ground that sheep Avill\\nnever thrive so as to make the woollen manufacture possible, which is the\\nonly thing that can make a plantation unprofitable to the Crown. Even\\nWilliam Pitt, the elder, who opposed the Stamp Act, could say, seventy\\nyears later, Should our sovereign authority of legislative and commercial\\ncontrol be denied, toould not sxiffer even a nail for a horseshoe to be man-\\nufactured in America During the intermediate seventy years the same\\npolicy was continued. In 1719 a resolution of the House of Commons\\ndeclared that the erection of manufactories in the colonies tended to\\nlessen their dependency upon Great Britain. The members of that\\naugust legislative body were assisted in making this wonderful discovery\\nby the complaints of the British merchant and the reports of the colo-\\nnial governors. Lord Cornbury, for instance, in his report upon the state\\nof the province of New York, says I myself have seen serge made upon\\nLong Island that any man may wear. Now, if they begin to make serge,\\nthey will in time make coarse cloth, and then fine. How far this will be\\nfor the service of England, I submit to better judgments. He does not,\\nhowever, wait for better judgments to decide, but anticipates the action of\\nthe House of Commons by giving his opinion that the colonies can never\\nbe kept dependent upon and subservient to England if they are suffered\\nto go on in the notions they have that, as they are Englishmen, so they\\nmay set up the same manufactures here as people do in England. Under\\npretence of encouraging the importation of American naval stores, the\\nBritish iron-masters procured the insertion into the act for regulating the\\nbounties upon that trade of a clause to prohibit the production of iron in\\nthe colonies, which provided that none in the plantations should manu-\\nfacture iron wares of any kind whatsoever. The colonial agents remon-\\nstrated, and the clause was dropped. New England already possessed six\\nfurnaces and nineteen forges. Pennsylvania produced so large a quantity\\nas to furnish a supply for the other colonies.\\nIn 1731 the House of Commons directed the Board of Trade and Planta-\\ntions to make a report with respect to laws made, manufactures set up\\nor trade carried on in the colonies detrimental to the trade, navigation or\\nmanufacture of Great Britain. Some startling discoveries were made.\\nMassachusetts had passed an act for the encouragement of the manufac-\\nture of 2 aper, which law interfered with the profit made by the British\\nmerchant on foreign paper sent thither. In New England and New\\nJersey great quantities of hats are made, of which the company of hat-\\nters in London have complained to us that great quantities {sic) of these\\nhats are exported to Spain, Portugal aud our West India Islands. They", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 591\\nsubmitted it to the wisdom of the honorable House whether it might not\\nbe expedient to give these colonies proper encouragements for turning their\\nindustiy to such manufactures and products as might be of service to Great\\nBritain. The honorable House was not found wanting in this emer-\\ngency, though the reader may question their wisdom in attempting to en-\\ncourage one manufacture in the colonies by prohibiting another. An act\\nwas forthwith passed to prevent the exportation of hats out of any of\\nHis Majesty s colonies or plantations in America, and to restrain the num-\\nber of apprentices taken by the hat-makers in the said colonies, and for\\nthe better encouraging the making of hats in Great Britain. By this act\\nhats could be neither exported to a foreign country nor transported from\\none colony into another. No person was permitted to make hats unless\\nhe had served an apprenticeship for seven years, or to employ more than\\ntwo apprentices at any one time.\\nIn 1750 the manufacture of iron and steel in the colonies had made such\\nprogress that the Avisdom of the House of Commons was called into requi-\\nsition to restrain it. Unwrought American iron was excluded by a duty\\nfrom the English market. The people of the colonies were therefore\\ntempted to acquire such skill as to make spikes, large nails and steel\\ncheaper than they could be imported from England. A special committee,\\nheaded by the famous Charles Townshend [see Historical Sketch, page\\n99], was appointed to devise some method of keeping these misguided men\\nout of temptation. As the production of British iron began to be limited\\nby the decrease of their forests (for their smelting was done with charcoal,\\nfossil coal not being used, as yet, for that purpose), the committee attempted\\nto kill two birds with one stone to provide unwrought iron for England,\\nand to prevent its advancing beyond that stage of production in America.\\nThey therefore brought in a bill To encourage the importation of pig and\\nbar iron from His Majesty s colonies in America, and to prevent the erec-\\ntion of any mill or other engine for the rolling and slitting of iron, or any\\nplating forge to work with a tilt-hammer, or any furnace for making steel\\nin any of said colonies. By this bill, which became a law, pig-iron was\\nadmitted into England duty free, and bar-iron was admitted duty free into\\nthe port of London. The erection or continimnee of any such establish-\\nments as are named in the title of the act was prohibited under penalty of\\n\u00c2\u00a3200. New ones were declared a common nuisance, which the governors\\nof the provinces were bound, upon information, to abate under penalty of\\n\u00c2\u00a3500. There was even a vote upon the proposal that every slittiug-mill\\nthen standing in America should be demolished; but this was too strong\\nfor even a British House of Commons sitting in the year 1750, though it\\nwas rejected by the small majority of kventy-tiuo. However, an immediate\\nreturn was required of every such mill already existing, and the number\\nwas never to be increased. These tyrannical prohibitions could have but", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "/92 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\none effect viz., that of forcing the colonists to consider the great advan-\\ntages of independence of a control which was so openly exercised in utter\\ndisregard of the plainest principles of natural justice. Even before the\\nformation of non-importation associations many j^rivate individuals had\\nbegun a careful retrenchment of their expenditures for foreign goods and\\nwhen the Stamp Act brought about that unity of feeling which made a\\ngeneral revolt possible, the first peaceful blow was struck at the pocket of\\nthe British manufacturer, for whose benefit the various restraining acts\\nhad been designed. Societies were formed in several of the colonies for\\nthe promotion of arts, agriculture and economy. To keep up the supply\\nof wool, many people entered into an agreement not only to abstain from\\neating mutton, but to cease dealing with any butcher who should kill sheep\\nor lambs or should expose the forbidden meat for sale. Families deter-\\nmined to make their own linen, and homespun became fashionable as\\nwell as honorable. In 1765 fourteen new manufactures had been estab-\\nlished in America, and the imports into the colonies from Great Britain\\nhad fallen ofi* nearly twenty per cent. Many ships were withdrawn from\\nthe colonial trade for want of emjjloyment, and many weavers and work-\\nmen were forced to emigrate to America. Upon the anniversary day of\\none of these societies more than three hundred young women met on Boston\\nCommon and devoted the day to spinning flax. The graduating class of\\nHarvard College, in 1770, appeared in homespun, being evidently deter-\\nmined not to be outdone in patriotism. These measures were taken while\\nthere was still some hope of reconciliation with the mother-country, and\\nwith the design of obtaining some degree of justice from the Parliament\\nof Great Britain; so much the more were they necessary when independ-\\nence was the end in view. The first measures of the patriots aimed, there-\\nfore, at establishing their independence upon the basis of the productive\\nindustry of the country, as is shown by the action of the first Continental\\nCongress. They prepared a plan for commercial non-intercourse with\\nGreat Britain consisting of fourteen articles, and called The American As-\\nsociation. By the seventh article they agree to use their utmost endeavors\\nto improve the breed of sheep and to increase their numbers to the\\ngreatest extent, and by the eighth that they will promote agriculture,\\narts and the manufactures of the country, especially those of wool also\\nthat they will wear no other mourning than a piece of crape or ribbon,\\nmourning goods being something which they were absolutely obliged to\\nimport or do without. The selfish policy of Great Britain now recoiled\\nupon her own head. We had been restrained as far as possible from form-\\ning conmiercial connections with other countries we had been kept as far\\nas possible, to use Lord Cornbury s words, dependent upon and subser-\\nvient to Great Britain and while the frontiers of the colonies were\\ndrenched with blood shed in the quarrels of England s king, their inte-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 593\\nrior parts, as Barre has it, yielded all their little saviugs for her emolu-\\nment. Having now broken loose from her thrall, the new-fledged nation\\nwas thrown upon her own resources, and furnished another proof of the\\nadage, Necessity is the mother of invention. The few manufactures\\nwhich existed before the Revolution received a fresh impulse, and new\\nones were undertaken. By a species of poetic justice one of the earliest\\nof these was the manufacture of nails, upon which Lord Chatham had\\nlaid his memorable prohibition. The first attempt to manufacture cut\\nnails in New England was made in the southern part of Massachusetts\\nduring the Revolutionary war, with old iron hoops for the material and a\\npair of shears for the machine. As early as March 27, 1775, according\\nto Bishop, a committee of the Virginia Convention, previously appointed\\nto report a plan for the encouragement of arts and manuftictures, reported\\na series of resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, urging the people\\nto promote the manufacture of cloth, salt, gunpowder, nails, wire, etc., and\\nlargely to encourage the making of steel, as there would be a great demand\\nfor that article. In the following August another resolution was passed,\\nthat in case the British ministry attempts to enforce the act of Parliament\\npreventing the erection of plating- and slitting-mills in America, the Con-\\nvention will recompense to the proprietors of the first two of such mills as\\nshall be finished and set to work in this colony all losses they shall respect-\\nively sustain in consequence of such endeavors of administration. These\\nmeasures, begun before the Declaration of Independence, give a fair idea\\nof what the manufactures of this country were during the Revolutionary\\nwar. The patriots were satisfied if they could secure the bare necessities\\nof life food and clothing for themselves and munitions of war wherewith\\nto achieve their independence. The scarcity of clothing suitable for the\\narmy, for which woollen fabrics were required, was early experienced, and\\ncontinued throughout the war to embarrass the commissariat department,\\nto impair the health and morale of the soldiery, and sometimes to cause an\\ninsubordination which was a source of anxiety to the patriots and of danger\\nto their cause. Congress was therefore obliged to make frequent apjDcals\\nto the people to increase their supplies of wool and of other materials, and\\nto promote the manufacture of cloth for the supply of their destitute coun-\\ntrymen who were fighting the battles of freedom. What was the aggre-\\ngate value of all or of any branch of the colonial manufactures it is\\ndifficult to estimate; and there is a like difficulty in fixing the amount of\\nany given article which they could, upon an emergency, produce. Bishop\\nsays The household industry of the New England provinces and of some\\nparts of the middle colonies was nearly or quite equal to the ordinary\\nwants of the inhabitants for clothing. A writer of this date, in recom-\\nmending an increased use of the spinning-wheel, estimated that out of two\\nmillions of inhabitants in the thirteen colonies, there were at least 450,000\\n38", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "594 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nfemales who could be employed in spinning. If only one-third of them\\nwere so employed, there would be 150,000, each of whom could spin thread\\nfor six yards of linen per week during the five months of the year in which\\nit was customary to use the little wheel. This would give 23,400,000 yards\\nof cloth annually, or twelve yards to each of the two millions of the pop-\\nulation a quantity quite sufficient for that portion of their clothing. He\\nsupposed this number to be 30,000 more than were then so employed. As\\nall the flax produced was already spun, he proposed to employ hemp, of\\nwhich foreign lawns, dowlas, osnaburgs, etc., were made, and which was\\nthen used to advantage in some parts of this country. His own county\\n(in New Jersey) had produced the previous year above 100 tons, and could\\nproduce 500 tons, of hemp, of which each pound would make nearly one\\nyard of linen (sail-cloth excepted). The province (to which the culture\\nwas not confined) could readily produce sufficient hemp to make 4,500,000\\nyards of cloth enough to supply the 30,000 extra spinners. This esti-\\nmate, however, of the correctness of which we have no means at present\\nof judging, only provides for the supply of Imeii goods, and leaves the\\nproblem of procuring woollen clothing for the army unsolved. The solu-\\ntion of that problem formed one of the most arduous tasks which Congress\\nhad to perform. In November, 1775, it was resolved that clothing be\\nprovided for the army by the continent, to be paid for by stopping If dol-\\nlars per mouth out of the soldiers pay that as much as possible of the\\ncloth be dyed brown, the distinction of the regiments to be made in the\\nfacings, and that a man who brought into the camp a good new blanket\\nshould be allowed two dollars therefor, and be at liberty to take it away\\nafter the campaign. In the following March the several assemblies, con-\\nventions, etc., were recommended to use their utmost endeavors to promote\\nthe culture of hemp, flax and cotton, and the growth of wool, in the United\\nStates, to take the earliest means for erecting and establishing in each col-\\nony a society for the improvement of agriculture, arts, manufactures and\\ncommerce, and to maintain a correspondence between such societies, that\\nthe rich and numerous natural advantages of the country for supporting\\nits inhabitants might not be neglected. They were further recommended\\nto consider of ways and means of introducing the manufactures of duck,\\nsail-cloth and steel where they were not already understood, and of encour-\\naging, increasing and improving them where they were. Each colony was\\ncalled upon in June to furnish a suit of clothes (of which the waistcoat\\nand breeches might be of deer-leather, if to be had on reasonable terms),\\na blanket, felt hat, two shirts, two pairs of hose and two pairs of shoes for\\neach soldier in the army [from said colony], to be paid for by Congress.\\nIn July the commissary was granted a quantity of gunpowder, with which\\nto purchase deer-skins for breeches, and the secret committee was directed\\nto fall upon ways and means of procuring a further supply of deer-skins", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 595\\nfrom Georgia and South Carolina. At the same time, John Griffith, an\\nexperienced artificer in mal^:ing and dressing fullers shears, was, on peti-\\ntion of the inhabitants of Chester county, Pa., released from service and\\nordered to return home to follow his trade. A large portion of the cloth-\\ning of the soldiers tvas of linen, which was a poor defence against the rigors\\nof a winter campaign. The somewhat arbitrary seizure of the requisite\\narticles by the government, to be paid for at a stipulated price, and the\\ndepreciation of the Continental currency [see Coins and Currency],\\nincreased, of course, the difficulties of the manufacturers. One of these\\nwas obliged to write to the Board of War that, in consequence of the\\nunexpected rise in the prices of wool and labor, he would not be able to\\nfulfil a contract which he had made to supply cloth for the army at a time\\nwhen he thought that prices had reached the highest possible point. Wool\\nwas at 7s. 6d. a pound, w ith a prospect of rising to 10s. Cloth which he\\nhad engaged to supply at 20^. a yard could not be furnished for less than\\n27s. Qd., as those who had engaged to sell him wool at 7s. Qd. thought\\nit too cheap, and his spinners and weavers in each branch had doubled\\ntheir wages. The privations of the American army while encamped at\\nValley Forge, in the winter of 1778, were greatly aggravated by the scar-\\ncity of clothing among officers as well as men. Upon one occasion the\\naids of Baron Steuben invited a number of young officers to dine at their\\nquarters, for admission to which entertainment torn clothes (as festal gar-\\nments) were an indispensable requisite. Such a set of ragged, and at\\nthe same time merry, fellows, writes the baron s secretary, were never\\nbefore brought together. The baron loved to speak of that dinner and\\nhis sans cidottes, as he called us. Thus this denomination was first invented\\nin America and applied to the brave officers and soldiers of the Revolu-\\ntionary army at a time when it could not have been foreseen that the name\\nwhich honored the followers of Washington would afterward be assumed\\nby the satellites of a Marat and a Robespierre. The etymology of the\\nword suggests to us the idea that the prevailing trouble among the patriots\\nwas such a fracture of the nether garments as made an advance much\\nmore desirable than a retreat. In 1780 the manufacturers for the army\\nrefused to go on with their work or deliver what was completed without\\nimmediate payment. This was owing to the depreciation of the currency,\\nand their case was certainly hard. When Congress could at any time\\nobtain at the printing-office a cart-load of money, of which an adequate\\namount weighed nearly as much as the goods themselves, and yet even that\\namount might shrink to half the value within a week, how could the man-\\nufacturer maintain or retain his workmen, who could not support their\\nfamilies with paper pellets and patriotism He had, then, reason to rejoice\\nwhen the Continental currency, like an aged man expiring by the decays\\nof nature, without a sigh or a groan, fell asleep in the hands of its last", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "596 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\npossessor. Never were the energy, the courage and the perseverance of\\nany people so severely tried by efforts to recover from the effects of even a\\ndisastrous war as were those of the American people by their endeavors\\nto replace the losses which they had incurred during the struggle for inde-\\npendence, and by introducing home production to make that independence\\nsomething more than a mere word. A worse than depreciated paper cur-\\nrency, which before its death had inflicted countless wounds upon the\\nresources of its holders a heavy public debt, a commerce temporarily\\nprostrated and a general government the definition of whose powers con-\\nsisted mainly of such vague generalities that when any vigorous action\\nwas desired it was usually discovered that there was no right reserved to\\ncommand, and that the most important measures could only be recom-\\nmended, such were the attendant circumstances when the United States\\nof America, with their independence acknowledged, attempted first to\\nstart in business for themselves. The British government was, of\\ncourse, ready to throw every obstacle in the way of the progress of the\\ninfant nation. As early as 1774, the exportation to America of any tools\\nused in the cotton or linen manufacture had been prohibited under the\\nheavy penalties of fine and forfeiture. This law was re-enacted and ex-\\ntended in 1781, and it was strictly executed. In 1786, as is stated in\\nWhite s Memoir of Samuel Slater, Tench Coxe entered into a bond with\\na person who engaged to send him from London complete brass models of\\nArkwright s patents. The machinery was completed and packed, but was\\ndetected by the examining officer and forfeited, according to the existing\\nlaws of Great Britain to prevent the exportation of machinery. The\\nexportation of artificers in various branches of manufacture had also\\nbeen prohibited and if this portion of the law had been as easy of exe-\\ncution as that with reference to machinery, this country would probably\\nhave continued to be almost completely at the mercy of the British mer-\\nchant for a long time. The intelligent artisan is not, however, so easily\\nconfined by a paper barrier as machinery. The world is all before him\\nwhere to choose, and he generally prefers to choose for himself. The very\\nattempt to shackle his freedom is a dangerous reminder that his services\\nare desired and would be highly valued elsewhere, for otherwise there\\nwould be no necessity for such enactments. His curiosity is excited he\\nbecomes eager to learn what advantages would accrue if he were to exer-\\ncise a right which he feels and knows to be his viz., the right to go wher-\\never he can use to the greatest advantage the faculties with which he has\\nbeen endowed not by the law, but by Providence, and the acquirements for\\nwhich he is indebted not to the law, but to his own exertions. It is prob-\\nable that the above or a similar course of reasoning passed through the\\nmind of Samuel Slater and led him to pay special attention to a notice in\\nthe newspapers of a grant of \u00c2\u00a3100 by the legislature of Pennsylvania, in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 597\\nOct., 1788, to Johu Hague, for introduciug a machine for carding cotton,\\nand of the establishment of a society, with legislative encouragement, for\\nthe manufacture of cotton. He sailed from London September 13, 1789,\\nand reached New York on the 18th of November. The manner in which\\nMr. Slater came to America is a striking proof of the inefficacy of laws to\\nshackle (if we may be allowed the expression) the course of human indus-\\ntry. The emigration of artisans being restricted, the exportation of models\\nand machinery being prohibited, he did not, when he left Derby, inform\\nhis family of his destination, and he resolved not to take any pattern nor\\nhave any writing or memorandum about him, but trusted wholly to his\\nacquirements in the business and to his excellent memory. He was aware\\nthat there was danger of his being stopped, as the government restrictions\\nwere very severe and very unjust the officers were very scrupulous in\\nsearching every passenger to America. He told me himself that he had\\nnothing about him but his indenture, which he kept concealed and this\\nwas his only introduction and recommendation in the New World. The\\ndesigns and models of the machiner) which was to give a fresh impulse to\\nAmerican manufacturing iudustiy came over, therefore, carefully packed\\nup in the head of an intelligent artisan a place in which they were safe\\neven from the Argus eyes of the British officials. Mr. Slater was first\\nemployed by the New York Manufacturing Company, but the state of\\ntheir business was inferior to what he had been accustomed to in his own\\ncountry, and he writes to Moses Brown, of Providence, R. I. We have\\nbut one card [and] two machines, two spinning-jennies, which I think are\\nnot worth using. My encouragement is pretty good, but should much\\nrather have the care of the perpetual carding and spinning. My intention\\nis to erect a perpetual carding and summing [meaning the Arkwright\\npatents]. Moses Brown furnished the capital for his successors in busi-\\nness, Almy and Brown, the former being his son-in-law and the latter his\\nkinsman. They had attempted water-frame spinning, and had failed, and\\nthe reply of Mr. Brown to Slater s letter is worthy of being put on record\\nas an example of candor, of liberality and of undaunted perseverance\\nAvhich prove that the writer was fully deserving of the success attained.\\nHe says We are destitute of a person acquainted with water-frame\\nspinning. Thy being already engaged in a factory with many able pro-\\nprietors, we hardly suppose we can give thee encouragement adequate to\\nleaving thy present employ. As the frame we have is the first attempt of\\nthe kind that has been made in America, it is too imperfect to afford much\\nencouragement. We hardly know what to say to thee but if thou thought\\nthou couldst perfect and conduct them to profit, if thou wilt come and do\\nit, thou shalt have all the profits made of them over and above the interest\\nof the money they cost and the wear and tear of them. We will find\\nstock and be repaid in yarn, as we may agree, for six months. And this", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "598 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nwe do for the information thou canst give, if fully acquainted with the\\nbusiness. In the concluding portion of the letter, Mr. Brown holds out\\nto Slater the promise of the credit as well as the advantage of perfecting\\nthe first water-mill [for spinning purposes] in America. When Slater\\ncame to Pawtucket and saw the machinery of Almy BroAvn, he said,\\nThese will not do. They are good for nothing in their present condition,\\nnor can they be made to answer. As different persons who had seen\\nthese machines, and Mr. Almy himself, had pronounced them to be worth\\nnothing more than so much old iron, this decision did not surprise the pro-\\nprietors. Mr. Slater used his best efforts to accomplish something with\\nthese wretched materials, but in vain. After various disappointments, it\\nwas proposed that Mr. Slater should erect the series of machines called\\nthe Arkwright patents, which he would not listen to till he was promised\\na man to work on wood who should be put under bonds not to steal the\\npatterns or disclose the nature of the works. Under my proposals, says\\nhe, if I do not make as good yai u as they do in England, I will have\\nnothing for my services, but will throw the whole of what I have atteraj)ted\\nover the bridge. Mr. Slater received by the contract a half interest in\\nthe business, and on the 18th of January, 1790, Mr. Brown took him to\\nPawtucket, where he commenced the machinery chiefly with his own hands.\\nOn the 20th of December he started three cards, drawing and roving\\nframes, and two frames of 72 spindles, which were worked by an old\\nfulling-mill wheel in a clothier s building, where they were used for twenty\\nmonths, at which time several thousand pounds of yarn had accumulated\\non their hands, notwithstanding all attempts to sell or weave it. Early in\\n1793, Almy, Brown Slater built a small factory, where the machinery\\nwas set in motion and increased as occasion served. Thus, after unex-\\npected difficulties, delays and expenses, arising out of the want of patterns,\\nsuitable materials and workmen, was completed and put in operation the\\nfirst successful water-mill for cotton in the United States.\\nSpinning-jennies had been used for some time. Samuel Wetherill, of\\nPhiladelphia, had conducted throughout the war a private manufacture\\nof cotton and woollen goods, and in the Pennsylvania Gazette for April 3,\\n1782, appears his advertisement of Philadelphia Manufactures,\\nsuitable for every season of the year viz., jeans, fustians, everlastings,\\ncoatings, etc. to be sold by the subscriber at his dwelling-house and man-\\nufactory, in South Alley, between Market Street and Arch Street and\\nbetween Fifth and Sixth Streets, on Hudson s Square. In 1786 the Hon.\\nHugh Orr, of East Bridgewater, Mass., employed two brothers, Robert\\nand Alexander Barr, to construct the first spinning-jenny and stock-card\\nmade in the United States. In March, 1787, Thomas Somers, an English\\nmidshipman who had been brought up to the cotton manufacture, also\\nconstructed a model, under the direction of Mr. Orr, which was afterward", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 599\\nknown as the State s model, as Mr. Orr received a compeusati(ni from\\nthe State for exhibiting it and explaining its capabilities. In the same\\nyear the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures\\nand the Useful Arts was instituted, and on the 9th of August of the\\nsame year Tench Coxe delivered an address before this society in the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania, which was afterward published. The speaker\\nmade a vigorous assault upon the various prejudices at that time enter-\\ntained against the introduction of machinery and the establishment of\\nmanufactories. A proper regard for the interests of agriculture was\\nrecommended as the most important in any measures which might be\\nadopted for the advancement of manufactures. The cultivation of cotton\\nin the Southern States was recommended as an article from which the best-\\ninformed manufacturers expected the greatest profits, and upon which some\\nestablished factories depended. It thrived as well there, he said, as in any\\npart of the world, and those States raised it formerly when the price was\\nnot half what it had been for several years past. It was then worth\\ndouble the money which it sold for before the Revolution, European\\nnations having prohibited its exj^ortation from their colonies to foreign\\ncountries. The great progress made in agriculture and manufactures, par-\\nticularly in Pennsylvania, since the year 1762, and still more since the late\\nwar, was adverted to, and a lengthy list of articles then made in the State\\nwas given. These included hosiery, hats and gloves, wearing apparel,\\ncoarse linens and woollens, some cotton goods, wool and cotton cards, etc.\\nThe advantage of America in having the raw materials and market at\\nhome, in exemption from duties, in the ability to sell for cash by the piece\\ninstead of large invoices on long credits, as imported goods were tlieu sold,\\nin the superior strength of American linens, in the better atmosphere for\\nbleaching linen and cotton, were severally urged as so many inducements\\nto undertake manufactures. He recommended the exemption from duties\\nof raw materials, dye-stuffs and certain implements, premiums for useful\\ninventions and processes, the invitation of foreign artists to settle by grants\\nof land, and that every emigrant ship should be visited to ascertain what\\npersons were on board capable of constructing useful machines or of con-\\nducting manufactures. The wasteful use of foreign manufactures was\\nillustrated by the fact that the importation into Philadelphia alone of the\\nfiner kinds of coat, vest and sleeve buttons, buckles and other trinkets was\\nsupposed to amount in a single year to ten thousand pounds, and to cost\\nthe wearers sixty thousand dollars. In urging the benefits to the agricul-\\ntural interests of manufactures in their midst, he ventured the assertion\\nthat the value of American productions annually consumed by the manu-\\nfacturers of the State, exclusive of the makers of flour, lumber and bar-\\niron, was double the aggregate of all its exports in the most plentiful\\nyear. The advantage of the American atmosphere for bleaching pur-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "600 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nposes was so marked that it is said that A company of English merchants\\nwith a large capital was about being formed before the Revolution to\\nimport the broiuu linens of Europe, to be bleached in this country, where\\nthe superior sunshine and plenty of land were inducements. The opera-\\ntions of this society were conducted with great zeal and energy. Though\\nthey met with serious obstacles, such as the difficulty of finding artists and\\nof making machines without models or with imperfect ones, as well as the\\nobstructions caused by foreign agents, who thought that theu craft was\\nendangered by these eflTorts to foster home industry though, owing to these\\ncircumstances, they did not get their first loom started until April 12, 1788,\\nby the 23d of August they had increased the number of looms to twenty-\\nsix, had turned out 11,367 yards of various fabrics, and had already real-\\nized from their sales a net profit which was at the rate of about 30 per\\ncent, per annum upon their capital. In the mean time, flax had fallen\\nfrom nine pence and ten pence a pound to seven pence, with the strong\\nprobability that it would go lower on account of the increased attention\\nnow paid to its cultivation, and cotton had come down from 36 cents per\\npound to 27 and 29 cents per pound. The price of cotton would be kept\\ndown should its cultivation succeed in the Southern States. If a good\\nprofit had been realized by the manufacture on a limited scale of materials\\npurchased at the former high rates, one-half of which the linen yarn\\ncould not be spun by machinery, it was certain that more extensive ma-\\nchines, moved by horses or water, must greatly increase the profit. Carding-\\nmachines for which they had paid \u00c2\u00a3100 could now be obtained for \u00c2\u00a360,\\nand a jenny for which they had paid \u00c2\u00a328, for \u00c2\u00a315, and smaller imple-\\nments were reduced in price in projooi tion. Careful estimates showed\\nthat an American jean better than the British could be produced 25 per\\ncent, cheaper. The American goods were above half an inch wider and\\nmuch heavier than the imported. This exhibit of the operations of the\\nsociety was considered (and with reason) as highly encouraging by the\\ncommittee of the board of managers, which consisted of George Clymer\\nand Tench Coxe. We have already alluded to Mr. Coxe s failure to obtain\\nthe Arkwright machinery. A still more serious difficulty obliged the Legis-\\nlature of Pennsylvania to pass (March 29, 1787) an act styled An Act to\\nencourage and protect the Manufactures of this State, which prohibited\\nunder certain penalties the exportation of manufacturing machines, the\\nscarcity of which was the great obstacle to such undertakings. This act\\nowed its existence to the fact that in the year 1787 two carding- and spin-\\nning-machines in the possession of a citizen of Philadelphia which were\\ncalculated to save the labor of one hundred and twenty persons were pur-\\nchased by the agency of a British artisan, packed up in cases as common\\nmerchandise and shipped to Liverpool. This act, the operation of which\\nwas limited to two years, should not be put upon the same level with the", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 601\\nacts of Parliament of 1774 aud of 1781, prohibiting the exportation of\\nmachinery to America. The British acts were dictated by the selfish\\ndesire to keep the colonies in a state of dependence the American act was\\nan attempt to defend home industry against such underhand machinations\\nas the one which we have just described. The British merchant of that\\nperiod saw that his profits would be seriously affected by the progress of\\nAmerican manufactures. To prevent his misguided American customers\\nfrom pursuing a course which threatened to materially diminish his income,\\nhe was ready to use every means in his power, and the activity exhibited\\nin every section of this country so shocked his nervous system that perhaps\\nsome excuse may be found for even such proceedings as the following,\\nwhich occurred soon after the investment in machinery above mentioned,\\nwhich was made by a British artisan A quantity of cotton seed is stated\\nto have been purchased in Virginia and burned, in order to prevent, if\\npossible, the extension of the cotton manufactures in America and their\\ninjurious effects upon the importation of Manchester goods.\\nSuch were the measures taken to stifle the spirit of enterprise which bid\\nfair to make the American people one of the great powers of the earth.\\nDuring this same year (1787), however, an event occurred which baffled\\nthe calculations of both the British merchant and the British statesman, and\\nw^hich gave an impetus to the manufactures of this country which speedily\\nplaced them upon a firm basis. AVe refer to the meeting of the Federal\\nConvention and the adoption of the Federal Constitution. Capital is said\\nto be timid. No man wishes to risk his money in new enterprises when\\nhe literally does not know what a day may bring forth. The peaceful\\nadoption aud ratification of the Federal Constitution proved that it was\\npossible for the people of this country, however conflicting the interests of\\nthe various sections appeared, to make those mutual concessions which, if\\ncontinued, would ensure the harmonious action requisite for a healthy de-\\nvelopment of the resources of the infiint nation. The convention met just\\nat the proper time to be influenced in favor of manufactures, as the society\\nwhich was formed at Philadelphia during the year 1787 was just beginning\\nactive operations. It is thought that the efforts of that society to introduce\\nthe cotton manufacture, combined with the earnest recommendation of\\nMr. Coxe, had great weight with the members of the convention, especially\\nwith those from the South. Certain it is that the Southern delegates, when\\nthey returned to their homes, generally recommended the culture of cotton,\\nand with such success as to secure increased attention to that crop.\\nThe condition of this country immediately before the framing of the\\nConstitution is thus portrayed by a writer who is well acquainted with the\\nhistory of the first half century of our national existence The state of\\nthe industry of the country was depressed to a point of distress unknown\\nin the midnight of revolution. The shipping had dwindled to nothing;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "602 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe manufacturiug establishments were kept up by bounties and by patri-\\notic associations and subscriptions, and even the common trades were\\nthreatened with ruin. It was plain, for instance, that in the comparative\\ncondition of the United States and Great Britain not a hatter, a boot- or\\nshoemaker, a saddler or a brass-founder could carry on his business, except\\nin the coarsest and most ordinary productions of his trade and under the\\npressure of foreign competition. When the Constitution had been sent\\nto the people for their decision upon its merits, while its fate still hung in\\nthe balance, the influence of the tradesmen and manufacturers of the\\ncountry was generally exerted in its favor, and in more than one locality\\nobtained for it an acceptance which might otherwise have been withheld.\\nThe result proved that they had not overestimated the benefits to be de-\\nrived from a settled form of general government. Not the least valuable\\nof these benefits was the possibility of obtaining oflicial information with\\nreference to important matters of state information which before that\\ntime had been exceedingly difiicult to procure. On the 15th of January,\\n1790, during the second session of the first Congress, the House of Kepre-\\nsentatives ordered, That it be referred to the Secretary of the Treasury\\nto prepare and report to this House a proper plan or plans, conformably to\\nthe recommendation of the President of the United States in his speech to\\nboth Houses of Congress, for the encouragement and promotion of such\\nmanufactories as will tend to render the United States independent of other\\ncountries for essential, particularly for military, supplies.\\nHamilton s Meport on Ifanufaetures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander Ham-\\nilton, who was then the Secretary of the Treasury, applied his attention at\\nas early a period as his other duties would permit to the subject of manu-\\nfactures, and he prepared an elaborate report, which was communicated\\nto the House (Dec. 5, 1791) nearly two years after the date of the above\\nresolution. An exhaustive review of this paper would require far more\\nspace than we have to give to the whole subject, nor would it be advisable\\neven if the requisite space were available, as several of Hamilton s leading\\npositions have been assailed, and have even served as political issues. Its\\nvalue for our purpose consists iu the facts which it contains, but we shall\\nnote in passing an error which is, at the present day, somewhat amusing.\\nIn arguing against a duty on foreign cotton he says Not being, like\\nhemp, a universal production of the country, it affords less assurance of an\\nadequate internal supply; but the chief objection arises from the doubts\\nwhich are entertained concerning the quality of the national cotton. It is\\nalleged that the fibre of it is considerable shorter and weaker than that of\\nsome other places, and that it has been observed, as a general rule, that\\nthe nearer the place of growth to the equator, the better the quality of the\\ncotton. Tlie latest and best authority upon this subject says, The United\\nStates exceed all other countries in the production of cotton, both as to", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 603\\nquautity and quality. The invention of the cotton-gin, within three years\\nafter the publication of this report, had so great an effect upon the culti-\\nvation and manufacture of cotton that its production and consumption\\nincreased with marvellous rapidity.\\nIn the following extract from the report can be found a fair statement\\nof the progress already made by this country up to the year 1791 r To\\nall the arguments which are brought ujd to evince the impracticability of\\nsuccess in manufacturing establishments in the United States, it might have\\nbeen a sufficient answer to have referred to the experience of what has\\nbeen already done. It is certain that several important branches have\\ngrown up and flourished with a rapidity which surprises, affording an en-\\ncouraging assurance of success in future attempts. Of these it may be\\nproper to enumerate the most considerable 1. Of skins. Tanned and\\ntawed leather, dressed skins, shoes, boots and slippers, harness and sad-\\ndler}^ of all kinds, portmanteaus and trunks, leathern breeches, gloves,\\nmuffs and tippets, parchment and glue. 2. Of iron. Bar and sheet-iron,\\nsteel, nail-rods and nails, implements of husbandry, stoves, pots and other\\nhousehold utensils, the steel and iron work of carriages and for ship-build-\\ning, anchors, scale-beams and weights, various tools of artificers and arms\\nof various kinds, though the manufacture of these last has of late dimin-\\nished for want of demand. 3. Of wood. Ships, cabinet-wares and turn-\\nery, wool and cotton cards, and other machinery for manufactures and\\nhusbandry, mathematical instruments, coopers wares of every kind. 4.\\nOf flax and hemp. Cables, sail-cloth, cordage, twine and pack-thread.\\n5-17. Miscellaneoiis. Bricks, coarse tiles and potters wares ardent\\nspirits and malt liquors writing- and printing-paper, sheathing and wrap-\\nping-paper, pasteboard, fullers or press-papers and paj)er-hangings hats\\nof fur and wool and mixtures of both women s stuff and silk shoes re-\\nfined sugars oils of animals and seeds, soap, spermaceti and tallow-can-\\ndles copper and brass wires, particularly utensils for distillers, sugar\\nrefiners and brewers; andirons and other articles for household use; phil-\\nosophical apparatus; tin-wares for most purposes of ordinary use; car-\\nriages of all kinds; snuff, chewing- and smoking-tobacco starch and\\nhair-powder lampblack and other painters colors gunpowder. Besides\\nmanufactories of these articles, which are carried on as regular trades and\\nhave attained to a considerable degree of maturity, there is a vast scene\\nof household manufiicturing, which contributes more largely to the supply\\nof the community than could be imagined Avithout having made it an\\nobject of particular inquiry. This observation is the pleasing result of the\\ninvestigation to which the subject of this report has led, and is applicable\\nas well to the Southern as to the Middle and Northern States. Great\\nquantities of coarse cloths, coatings, serges and flannels, linsey-woolseys,\\nhosiery (of wool, cotton and thread;, coarse fustians, jeans and muslins", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "604 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nchecked and striped cotton and linen goods bed-ticks, coverlets and coun-\\nterpanes tow-linens, coarse shirtings, sheetings, towelling and table-linen,\\nand various mixtures of wool and cotton and of cotton and flax, are made\\nin the household way, and, in many instances, to an extent not only suffi-\\ncient for the supply of the families in which they are made, but for sale,\\nand even, in some cases, for exportation. It is computed in a number of\\ndistricts that two-thirds, three-fourths, and even four-fifths, of all the cloth-\\ning of the inhabitants are made by themselves. Other manufactures,\\nequally well established, not being of equal importance, were omitted.\\nIt is said that the publication of this report in England, in the follow-\\ning year, created so much alarm that meetings were called in many of the\\ntowns. It is also stated that the sum of fifty thousand pounds was sub-\\nscribed at one of these meetings at Manchester, to be expended in over-\\nstocking the American market for the purpose of discouraging American\\nmanufactures. The report was certainly of such a nature as to give great\\nhopes to the friends of home-production and to cause proportionate dismay\\nto those abroad who wished American custom. Leathern breeches and\\nhair-powder may not seem very important items, but the reader must\\nremember that there was a greater demand for these articles in 1791 than\\nat the present day. Even as late as the year 1810 the latter is mentioned\\nin Tench Coxe s Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United States\\namong the manufactures of the United States most frequently exported\\nin 1810.\\nTench Coxe s Statement, etc. The census of 1810 was very\\ndeficient in the returns made upon the subject of manufactures. An\\namendment to the act providing for this important matter made it the\\nduty of the marshals, secretaries and their assistants to take also, under\\nthe directions and instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury, an account\\nof the several manufacturing establishments and manufactures within their\\nseveral districts, territories and divisions, and to return the same to the\\nSecretary of the Treasury. As no formula or instruction was given to\\nsecure uniformity and completeness, and as many persons were reluctant\\nor unable to give correct information, the reports were necessarily very\\nimperfect. Some branches were omitted altogether, and others were only\\npartially represented. Bark-mills were given for only one State car-\\nriage-makers for three; blacksmiths shops for five; hatters for four; tin\\nand coppersmiths shops for two, and these the least considerable in that\\nbranch. The number of tallow-candle factories in Massachusetts was not\\ngiven, although that State was credited with nearly one-half of the product\\nin that branch and the same was the case with the morocco factories.\\nImperfect as was this first systematic statement of American manufac-\\ntures in detail, the results were interesting and encouraging. The total\\nvalue of the several branches, exclusive of doubtful articles, was given", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 605\\nas $127,694,602. This was no unfavorable exhibit for a country contain-\\ning a population of 7,239,881. The goods manufactured by the loom\\namounted to $39,497,057; manufactures of hides and skins, $17,935,477;\\ngrain, fruit and case-liquors distilled and fermented, $16,528,207 manufac-\\ntures of iron, $14,364,526. When the returns were first sent into the trea-\\nsury department, in November, 1811, and were examined, at the request\\nof the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures, by Mr. S. L. Mitchell,\\nhe confessed, after several attempts, his inability to arrange the materials\\nin a compendious or useful form, on account of their heterogeneous cha-\\nracter. Congress, therefore, by a joint resolution approved March 19,\\ndirected That a person be employed to prepare and report at the next\\nsession a digest of the census returns of manufactures and in accordance\\nwith this resolution the Secretary of the Treasury committed the docu-\\nments for that purpose to the charge of Mr. Tench Coxe, of Philadelphia.\\nThe Statement of Mr. Coxe proves that this arduous task could not have\\nbeen placed in better hands. He had been Hamilton s Assistant-Secretary\\nof the Treasury, and had been largely instrumental in obtaining materials\\nfor the report described in the preceding section. He had been one of the\\nmost zealous and energetic friends of home industry, and had contributed\\ngreatly by his writings and his personal exertions, both when in and when\\nout of office, to the success already attained. His Staieynent shows upon\\nevery page that it is the work of a scholar and a man of business.\\nThe interval of nearly twenty years which had elapsed since the publi-\\ncation of Hamilton s report had been productive of great results. Of\\ncotton, for instance, concerning the success of which in this country\\nHamilton had such grave doubts, Coxe could say: This raw material,\\nbeing the only redundant one adapted to the manufacture of cloths for\\napparel and furniture produced in the United States, and being the most sus-\\nceptible of labor-saving operations, the cotton branch will probably nay,\\ncertainly become very soon the most considerable of our manufactures.\\nThe cotton cloths for various uses manufactured in the United States, ex-\\nceeded in measurement, in the year 1810, all other cloths i. e., all the\\ncloths of flax, hemp, wool and silk and the progress of the cotton branch\\nis greater than that of any other indeed, greater than that of all the\\nothers. Capitalists can most easily extend themselves in the cotton manu-\\nfacture, because the raw material is abundant and capable of being conve-\\nniently and promptly increased. Of manufactures of hides and skins he\\nsays: An improvement in making shoes [Bedford s patent] Avhich saves\\nfour-fifths of the workmanship has been discovered. The shoes, boots and\\nslippers manufactured in the United States in 1812 undoubtedly exceeded\\nthe value of all the foreign manufactures imported in the first year of the\\nl)resent government, which, by the actual return of November 30, 1791,\\nwere worth here only $15,295,638. Upon an examination of the number", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "606 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof shoes, boots, slippers, saddles, bridles and other leathern goods, there will\\nappear no reason to doubt that a value of leathern goods is made in the\\nUnited States fully equal to that of half our exports of our own produc-\\ntion and manufacture. It is not doubted that the leathern branch is at\\npresent equal in value to the same branch in any other country, in propor-\\ntion to the population, if the same qualities of goods be estimated at the\\nsame prices. These facts in relation to the leathern branch are of peculiar\\nimportance, as it is geuerally a manufticture by hand, and not by ma-\\nchinery. They unanswerably prove our capacity in the handicraft\\nbranches, and render our capacity for machine operations free from\\ndoubt or question. Of iron he says: The ore is very abundant and\\nwidely diffused. The extraction of the metal in its best condition, the\\nconversion of it into steel and the manufacture of it into all the neces-\\nsaries and conveniences belonging to this extensive and useful branch, are\\nfacilitated by the omnipresence of wood, and consequently of charcoal,\\nand by rich and numerous veins of fossil coal, appearing in many places\\nabove the surface of the earth. These are present magazines and uncom-\\nmonly strong symptoms of immense latent treasures of that fuel. The\\nmanufacturers of iron wares urgently call upon the owners of mines of\\nthat metal to open more of them, and to work the whole upon a far greater\\nscale. Machinery to work up pig-iron and bars has been wonderfully\\ninvented, extended, diversified and multiplied in this country. Every year\\nenlarges and diversifies the iron and steel manuftictures. They are much\\ntoo numerous for a detailed statement. Castings have been made in very\\nincreased quantities. These, for the use of manufacturing machinery alone,\\nhave been computed at 1000 tons per annum. The common blacksmiths\\nwork, though of necessity very imperfectly given in the tables, is a branch\\nof manufacture of great amount and utility. The blacksmiths shops are\\nin effect primary schools of the arts. The cut-nail machinery has been very\\nbeneficially introduced into some of these shops near the iron furnaces,\\nensuring the profitable employment of all the time not otherwise occupied.\\nIt is like the two spinning-wheels and the loom among the women in pri-\\nvate families. Pennsylvania, the greatest nail-making State, produces at\\nthe rate of nine pounds of nails for each person in the State, which is at\\nthe rate of 65,000,000 of pounds for the whole white population of the\\nUnited States, were equal attention paid to this gainful economy of time and\\nlabor. There are many blacksmiths and nail-makers among the people of\\nAfrican birth and descent in the Southern States. The iron branch has\\nbeen very fruitful in inventions and labor-saving devices, both at home\\nand abroad. In the moments when we feared difficulty and injury for the\\nwant of certain things the manufacture has been suddenly attained and\\nestablished. This is remarkably the case as to common steel, iron wire and\\nedge-tools, the manufactures of all which have greatly advanced since 1810", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 607\\n[Mr. Coxe writes in December, 1812]. Since we can make such contrasted\\ngoods as the wire and working-cards and cannon, small nails and anchors,\\nscrews and ploughshares, and as we have raised the price of bar-iron from\\n60 to 110 dollars since our Revolution, our capacity in the iron branch\\ncannot be doubted.\\nMr. Coxe was not satisfied with the sum-total given in the census returns.\\nHis estimate of the value of the manufactures of this country in 1810 was\\n$172,762,676. In a revised edition of his Statement he says, under date\\nof May 1, 1813: In the course of the numerous and diversified opera-\\ntions occasioned by the deliberate execution of this digest and statement,\\nconstant and very close attention has been applied to those facts which\\nhave occurred throughout the Union since the autumn of the year 1810,\\nfrom which the condition of the manufactures of the United States in the\\ncurrent year 1813 might be formed. A sincere and well-reflected final\\nopinion is respectfully oflTered that the whole people of the United States\\nwill actually make, within this year, manufactured goods (exclusively of\\nthe doubtful) to the full value of $200,000,000.\\nThe Census of 1820. The schedules furnished to the census offi-\\ncers in 1820 were much more extensive than on former occasions, includ-\\ning nearly the same objects of inquiry as at present. The returns, how-\\never, were very defective, partly on account of the inadequate compensation\\nallowed to the marshals and their assistants, and partly because many\\nmanufacturers w-ere unable or unwilling to give the details of their busi-\\nness. A resolution of Congress, approved March 30, 1822, requested the\\nSecretary of State to transmit to the Congress the returns of manufac-\\nturing establishments and manufactures taken by the [census] marshals\\nof the several States. The digest of the accounts on this subject was\\nfound to be so meagre and imperfect that the Secretaiy of State would, if\\npossible, have withheld it from publication. The House of Representatives\\nwere strongly inclined to suppress the whole document, and they did go so\\nfar as to lay upon the table a resolution which provided for the distribu-\\ntion of the books. There had certainly been a decrease in the aggregate\\nvalue. Business was embarrassed, and throughout the country machinery\\nand fixed capital were lying idle, or were being employed at a slender\\nprofit, in the hope of a favorable change. The omission of all manufac-\\ntures which were strictly domestic or household, a class which had formed\\na very important part of the former census and of Mr. Coxe s estimates,\\ncontributed to diminish still further the sum-total. The report based upon\\nthese returns was completed in September, 1824, and it contained a State-\\nment of the amount and valye of dutiable articles manufactured annually\\nin the United States and Territories the amount of capital invested and\\nthe amount authorized and incorporated by State laws. The total\\namount and value of dutiable articles, etc., was $32,271,984; capital", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "608 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ninvested, $46,837,266 capital authorized and incorporated, $55,289,500.\\nFurther comment is unnecessary. The number of those who were engaged\\nin agriculture was 2,070,646 persons engaged in manufactures, 349,506.\\nThe cotton annually spun amounted to 9,945,609 pounds, and the spindles\\nnumbered 250,572.\\nManufactures in 1830. Seven leading industries produced, in\\n1830, an aggregate value of $109,829,760. The value of woollen cloth\\nmanufactured was $40,000,000, employment being afforded to 50,000 per-\\nsons. The work of 2140 persons produced $3,000,000 worth of glassware,\\nporcelain, etc. The number of cotton-mills was 795, with 1,246,503 spindles\\nand 33,506 looms, producing annually 230,461,990 yards of cloth, con-\\nsuming 77,757,316 pounds of cotton and employing 18,539 men, 38,927\\nwomen and 4691 children under 12 years of age; annual value of product,\\n$26,000,000. The quantity of cotton goods printed was estimated at\\n40,000,000 yards about one-third of the goods manufactured were\\nbleached, and the number of hand-weavers was not over 5000. The\\nannual value of the paper manufactured was $7,000,000. Hats and caps\\nwere manufactured to the value of $10,500,000, employing 18,000 laborers.\\nThe annual value of cabinet-ware manufactured was $10,000,000, furnish-\\ning occupation for 15,000 workmen. The iron-furnaces numbered 239,\\nand produced, in 1830, 19l;536 tons, converted afterward into 112,866 tons\\nof bar-iron and 28,273 tons of castings, giving an aggregate value of\\n$13,329,760, and employing 29,254 hands. The value of the leather\\nmanufacture was estimated at $35,000,000; and this, together with other\\nbranches not included in the above figures, swell the total annual value of\\nthe manufactures of this country to the comparatively respectable sum of\\n$200,000,000.\\nManufactures in 1840. The census of 1840 gives returns of\\nmanufactures which are so meagre and confused that it is difficult to de-\\ntermine therefrom the progress made during the decade immediately pre-\\nceding. Progress had certainly been made, for even by these figures the\\nvalues of such manufactures as the marshals were pleased to notice foot\\nup a sum-total of $316,442,106. The invested capital was $267,726,579.\\nThe value of the cotton goods manufactured was $46,350,453 number of\\nfactories, 1240; number of spindles, 2,284,631; number of persons em-\\nployed, 72,219. Value of leather manufactures, $33,134,403 number\\nof tanneries, 8229, employing 26,018 persons number of all other man-\\nufactories of leather, saddleries, etc., 17,136. Number of woollen man-\\nufactories, 1420 value of manufactured goods, $20,696,999 number of\\npersons employed, 21,342. The production qf iron amounted to 286,903\\ntons of cast-iron and 197,233 tons of bar-iron, from 804 furnaces and 795\\nbloomeries, forges and rolling-mills. The examination of these figures\\nwill show an improvement since the previous report, and the following", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 609\\nanecdote will give an idea of the enterprise and energy displayed even at\\nthat early day by American manufacturers. On the 1st of February,\\n1840, a new style of mousseline-de-laines arrived in New York from France,\\nand was offered by the importer at 14 cents per yard by the case. The\\nagent of a Rhode Island calico-printing establishment forwarded a piece\\nof these goods to Providence (Feb. 2), and on the 18th of February he\\nhad the same style of print, and of equal fabric, in New York, selling at\\n10 cents per yard. The manufacturer had only twelve days to engrave\\nthe new pattern on a copper cylinder, from which the engraving was raised\\non a steel cylinder, then hardened and made ready for impression, to dis-\\ncover by chemical experiments the ingredients of which the colors were\\ncomposed and to have the cloth printed, dried and cased for the market.\\nIn several branches this country was already far advanced in the use of\\nmachinery. The stocking- or power-weaving loom was used here long\\nbefore its introduction into England. Brass clocks were exported in the\\nfollowing year, and sold at first at an advance of 2000 per cent, on the\\ncost, the invoice price being so low that the first consignments were seized\\nin the British custom-house on the ground that they had been undervalued.\\nFortunately the owner was with them, and he satisfied the authorities that\\nclocks could be made at a profit even when sold as low as $1.50 apiece,\\nriie following announcement, published at about this time, speaks for itself:\\nA manufactory near Darby, Conn., has a contrivance for sticking pins\\non paper which is quite marvellous. It takes in England sixty females to\\nstick in one day ninety packs, consisting of 302,460 pins the same ope-\\nration is performed here in the same time by one woman. Her sole occu-\\npation is to pour them, a gallon at a time, into a hopper, whence they come\\nout all neatly arranged upon their several papers. The mechanism by\\nwhich the labor of fifty-nine persons is daily saved yet remains a mystery\\nto all but the inventor; and no person except the single woman who\\nattends to it is, upon any ^^retext whatever, allowed to enter the room\\nwhere it operates.\\nManufactures in 1850, The seventh census, that for 1850, was\\nthe first in which any attempt was made to ascertain with accuracy the\\nvalue of the productive industry of the country. No establishment was\\ncounted which did not produce at least $500 per year. The total number\\nof such establishments was 123,025; total number of hands employed,\\n957,059 males, 731,137, females, 225,922 capital, $533,245,351 wages\\nannually paid, $236,755,464 value of materials used, $555,123,822 value\\nof products, $1,019,106,616. Of this amount seven of the States produced\\n68.87 per cent., divided as follows New York, 23.31 per cent; Massachu-\\nsetts, 15.57 Pennsylvania, 15.21 Connecticut, 4.72 New Jersey, 3.91\\nMaryland, 3.24; Virginia, 2.91. This leaves only 31.13 per cent, to be\\nproduced by the remaining 29 States and Territories; and of these Maine,\\n39", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "610 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nMissouri, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Kentucky had produced\\namounts varying from 2.41 per cent, for Missouri to 2.13 per cent, for\\nRhode Island. The only manufacture which produced more than one\\nhundred millions of dollars annually was that of flour and meal value\\nof product, $136,056,736. From $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 there were\\nthree branches viz., cotton, $65,501,687 lumber, $58,520,966 boots and\\nshoes, $53,967,408. In the third class, that producing annually from\\n$25,000,000 to $50,000,000, there were four branches\u00e2\u0080\u0094 viz.. Woollens,\\ncarding and fulling, $39,828,557 leather, tanning and currying, $37,702,-\\n333; clothiers and tailors, $48,311,709; machinery, $27,998,344. The\\nmanufactures, says Bishop, were distributed generally among the various\\nStates none, we believe, confined exclusively to any one, though Massa-\\nchusetts made 85 per cent, of the bonnets and straw goods, 46 per cent,\\nof the boots and shoes and one-third of the cottons Connecticut made\\none-third of the hardware, including guns, and 40 per cent, of the india-\\nrubber goods Pennsylvania produced 50 per cent, of the hosiery, more\\nthan one-third of the iron and two-thirds of the perfumery; Delaware\\nproduced one-fourth of the gunpowder Rhode Island, 40 per cent, of the\\ncalicoes Vermont, the same proportion of the scales North Carolina, 90\\nper cent, of the turpentine; Ohio, 60 per cent, of the lard oil; Missouri,\\nthree-fourths of the castor oil and Wisconsin, one half of the lead. The\\nstatistics of pig-, cast- and wrought-iron were as follows 1st. Pig-iron.\\nNumber of establishments, 377 hands employed, 20,448 tons of ore\\nused, 1,579,309; tons of pig-iron made, 564,755; value of entire product,\\n$12,748,777, of which Pennsylvania produced 47.70 per cent. Ohio, 9.85\\nper cent. and Maryland, 8.03 per cent. 2d. Cast-iron. Number of estab-\\nlishments, 1391 hands employed, 23,589; tons of castings made, 322,745\\nvalue of entire product, $25,108,155, of which New York, with 323 estab-\\nlishments, produced 23.58 per cent.; Pennsylvania, with 320 establish-\\nments, 21.32 per cent.; Ohio, with 183 establishments, 12.22 per cent., and\\nMassachusetts, with 68 establishments, 8.90 per cent., making for these\\nfour States a product of 66.02 per cent., or nearly two-thirds of the whole\\namount. 3d. Wroicght-iron. Number of establishments, 422 hands em-\\nployed, 13,257 tons of wrought-iron made, 278,044 value of entire\\nproduct, $16,747,074, of which Pennsylvania, with 131 establishments,\\nproduced 53.16 per cent.; New York, with 60 establishments, produced\\n8.50 per cent.; Virginia, with 39 establishments, 7.49 per cent.; and Ohio,\\nwith 11 establishments, 6.43 per cent., making for these four States 75.58\\nper cent., or more than three-fourths of the whole amount.\\nManufactures in 1860. In 1860 there was a marked increase\\nin very important particulars, the statistics appearing to show that the dif-\\nference in the amount of invested capital, which had nearly doubled, was\\nowing rather to the enlargement or rebuilding upon a larger scale of exist-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 611\\ning establishments, rather than to the construction of entirely new ones.\\nThe number of establishments was 140,433 hands employed, males, 1,040,-\\n349, females, 270,897 total, 1,311,246; invested capital, $1,009,855,715;\\nwages annually paid, $378,878,966 value of materials used, $1,031,605,-\\n092; value of products, $1,885,861,676, an increase of eighty-five per cent,\\nover the amount produced in 1850. Of the gross amount, New York\\nproduced 20.14 per cent., or more than one-fifth; Pennsylvania, 15.38 per\\ncent., or nearly one-sixth; Massachusetts, 13.55 per cent., or nearly one-\\nseventh; and Ohio, 6.39 per cent., or more than one-sixteenth; making for\\nthese four States 54.46 per cent., or more than one-half of the whole\\namount. Cotton goods. There were 1091 establishments engaged in the\\nmanufacture of cotton goods hands employed, males, 46,859, females,\\n75,169; total, 122,028; number of spindles, 5,235,727; value of raw ma-\\nterial, $57,285,534 annual cost of labor, $23,940,108 annual value of\\nproducts, $115,681,774, of which New England produced 68.60 per cent.;\\nthe Middle States, 22.93 per cent. the Southern States, 7.05 per cent. and\\nthe Western States, 1.42 per cent. The five leading States were Massa-\\nchusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and New York,\\nwhich produced, respectively, 33.72 per cent., 11.84 per cent., 11.80 per\\ncent., 10.51 per cent., and 5.77 per cent., making in all 73.74 per cent., or\\nnearly three-fourths of the whole amount. Of these five States, Pennsyl-\\nvania had made the most progress, her increase over the product of 1850\\nbeing 134 per cent., while the slightest advance had been made in New\\nYork, her increase during the same period having been 33 per cent.\\nWoollen goods. 1260 establishments, employing 24,841 males and 16,519\\nfemales (total, 41,360), at an annual cost for raw material of $36,586,887\\nand for labor of $9,808,254 (total, $46,395,141), produced 124,897,862\\nyards of cloth, 6,401,206 pounds of yarn, 616,400 shawls, 296,874 pairs\\nof blankets, and other articles to the total value of $61,895,217. The four\\nleading States were Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Con-\\nnecticut, which produced, respectively, 31.75 per cent., 13.23 per cent., 11.17\\nper cent, and 11.05 per cent., making for these States 67.20 per cent., or\\nmore than two-thirds of the whole product. Pig-iron. The preliminary\\nreport of the superintendent of the census, published in 1862, gives the\\nnumber of tons of pig-iron as 884,474 and the value as $19,487,790. The\\nfull return, published in 1865, makes the number of tons 987,559 and the\\nvalue $20,870,120, or $21.13 per ton, an increase over 1850 of 422,804\\ntons of pig-iron, and of nearly 64 per cent, in value. There were 286\\nestablishments in 18 States hands employed, 15,927 annual cost of labor,\\n$4,545,430. The two leading States were Pennsylvania and Ohio, the former\\nproducing 58.74 per cent, of the quantity and 53.96 per cent, of the value,\\nand the latter 10.92 per cent, of the quantity and 12.92 per cent, of the\\nvalue, making for these two States 69.96 per cent, of the quantity and 66.88", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "612 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nper cent, of the total value. The increase of the product of Pennsylvania\\nin 1860 over that of 1850 was 106.07 per cent., and the quantity produced\\nby that State was 15,294 tons more than that of the whole country in 1850.\\nTwo hundred and fifty-six establishments, employing 19,262 hands, at an\\nannual cost for labor of S6, 514,258, produced 509,084 tons of bar, sheet\\nand railroad iron, worth $31,888,507. The four leading States were Penn-\\nsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts and New York. Pennsylvania produced\\n52.59 per cent, of the quantity and 47.43 per cent, of the value Ohio,\\n7.99 per cent, of the quantity and 8.79 per cent, of the value Massachu-\\nsetts, 8.03 per cent, of the quantity and 8.26 per cent, of the value and\\nNew York, 7.50 per cent of the quantity and 7.06 per cent, of the value,\\nmaking for these four States, 75.81 per cent, of the quantity and 71.54 per\\ncent, of the value. Cast-iron. 1412 establishments, employing 26,029\\nhands, at an annual cost for labor of $9,968,346, produced manufactures\\nof cast-iron worth $36,132,033. The five leading States were New York,\\n25.01 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 18.66 per cent.; Massachusetts, -8.75 per\\ncent.; New Jersey, 8.18 per cent.; and Ohio, 7.70 per cent, of the whole\\namount, making for these five States 68.30 per cent., or more than two-\\nthirds of the entire product. Boots and shoes. 12,487 establishments,\\nemploying 94,515 males and 28,514 females (total, 123,029), at an annual\\ncost for raw material of $42,729,649 and for labor of $30,938,920, pro-\\nduced boots and shoes to the value of $91,891,498. The three leading\\nStates were Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. Massachusetts,\\nwith only 1354 establishments, produced 53.09 per cent., or more than\\none-half of the total, while New York, with 2277 establishments, and\\nPennsylvania, with 2181 establishments, produced respectively 11.88 and\\n9.22 per cent, of the gross amount, making for these three States 74.19\\nper cent., or nearly three-fourths of the entire product. Flour and meal.\\n13,868 flouring- and grist-mills, employing 27,682 hands, at an annual cost\\nfor raw material of $208,497,309 and for labor of $8,721,391 (total, $217,-\\n218,700), produced flour and meal to the value of $248,580,365. The six\\nleading States were New York, producing 13.93 per cent, of the total\\nvalue; Pennsylvania, 12.04 percent.; Ohio, 9.96 per cent. Illinois, 8.31\\nper cent. Indiana, 6.97 per cent. and Virginia producing 6.37 per cent.,\\nmaking for these six States a product of 57.58 per cent., or more than\\none-half of the total annual value of the product.\\nManufactures in 1870. The census of 1870 was taken with a\\nthoroughness, a fidelity and an ability which made it far superior to any\\nof its predecessors. The products of the fisheries and of coal- and copper-\\nmining, which added to the sum-total of manufactures for 1860 the hand-\\nsome sum of $37,889,264, were remanded to their proper place in a sepa-\\nrate department in giving the returns of the ninth census, and still the\\nincrease in the annual value of the product of 1870 over that of the pre-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 613\\nceding census year was 124.43 per cent., or, iu other words, during the\\ndecade between 1860 and 1870 the anmml value of the products oj American\\nmanufactures had more than doubled Two hundred and fifty-two thou-\\nsand one hundred and forty-eight establishments, with an invested capital\\nof $2,118,208,769, employing 1,615,598 males above 16, 323,770 fe-\\nmales above 15, and 114,628 youth (total, 2,053,996), at an annual\\ncost for labor of $775,584,343 and for materials of $2,488,427,242 (total,\\n$3,264,011,585), produced an annual value of $4,232,325,442. The four\\nleading States were New York, producing 18.55 per cent, of this value\\nPennsylvania, 16.79 per cent. Massachusetts, 13.32 per cent. and Ohio,\\nwhich produced 6.37 per cent, of the total value, making for these four\\nStates (which contained 31.19 per cent., or less than one-third of the pop-\\nulation of the country) a product of 55.03, or more than one-half of the\\ntotal annual value of the manufactures. So full are the materials at hand,\\nthe number of industries returned being three hundred and ninety, that it\\nis not possible to give more than the statistics of leading industries, in a\\nvery condensed form, but one which will be readily understood by the\\nattentive reader of the foregoing pages.\\nFlouring- and grist-mill products. Establishments, 22,573 hands em-\\nployed, 58,448 annual cost of labor, $14,577,533 materials, 366,548,969\\nbushels of grain, worth $362,314,526, and $5,077,596 worth of mill sup-\\nplies (total value, $367,392,122); value of products, $444,985,143; six\\nleading States, New York, 13.31 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 11.11 per cent.;\\nIllinois, 9.08 per cent.; Missouri, 7.15 per cent.; Ohio, 7.12 per cent.; In-\\ndiana, 5.70 per cent., making for these States 53.47 per cent., or more than\\none-half of the total product. Increase of total over 1860, 79.06 per cent.\\nIron. 3828 establishments, employing 145,306 hands, at an annual cost\\nfor labor of $76,993,148, produced manufactures of iron to the value of\\n$346,952,694. Pi iVo?i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishments, 386 hands employed, 27,554\\nannual cost of labor, $12,475,250, and of materials, $45,498,017 (total,\\n$57,873,267); tons of pig-iron, 2,052,821 value of all products, $69,640,-\\n498 three leading States, Pennsylvania, 50.33 per cent, of the quantity\\nand 46.86 per cent, of the value Ohio, 14.97 per cent, of the quantity\\nand 15.73 j)er cent, of the value New York, 10.89 per cent, of the quan-\\ntity and 11.37 per cent, of the value, making for these States 76.19 per\\ncent, of the total quantity and 73.96 per cent, of the total value. Increase\\nof totals over 1860, 107.86 per cent, in quantity and 234.33 per cent, in\\nvalue. Cast-iron. Establishments, 2654; hands employed, 51,305; annual\\ncost of labor, $28,835,914, and of materials, including fuel, $48,222,550\\n(total, $77,058,464); products, 535,395 tons of miscellaneous castings,\\n107,791 tons of machine castings, 40,168 tons of agricultural castings,\\n27,845 tons of architectural castings, 1,285,177 stoves, 15,351 hot-air fur-\\nnaces, 5450 cooking-ranges, 1,530,581 feet of railing, 473,108 car-wheels", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "614 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand other products, the total value being $99,843,218. The four leading\\nStates in value of product were New York, 24.03 per cent. Pennsylvania,\\n18.79 per cent.; Ohio, 10.55 per cent.; and Massachusetts, 7.05 per cent.,\\nmaking for these States 60.42 per cent., or more than three-fifths of the\\ntotal product. Increase of total over 1860, 153.13 per cent. Rolled iron.\\nEstablishments, 310; hands employed, 44,662; annual cost of labor, $25,-\\n192,635, and of materials, including fuel, $79,176,646 (total, $104,369,281)\\nannual value of product, $120,311,158 leading States, Pennsylvania, 47.22\\nper cent.; New York, 11.74 per cent.; Ohio, 10.27 per cent.; Massachu-\\nsetts, 5.05 per cent., making for these four States 74.28 per cent., or nearly\\nthree-fourths of the total product. Increase of total value over the com-\\nbined values of forged-, rolled- and wrought-iron in 1860, 229.29 per cent.\\nAgriculMiralimplements. Establishments, 2076; hands employed, 25,249;\\nannual cost of labor, $12,151,504, and of materials, $21,473,925 (total,\\n$33,625,429) annual value of products, $52,066,875 leading States, Ohio,\\n22.86 per cent.; New York, 22.75 per cent.; Indiana, 17.05 j)er cent.;\\nPennsylvania, 7.01 per cent. Total for these States, 69.67 per cent., or\\nnearly seven-tenths of the whole product. Increase of total over that of\\n1860, 195.82 per cent. Boots and shoes. Establishments, 3151; hands\\nemployed, 91,702; annual cost of labor, $42,504,444, and of materials,\\n$80,502,718 (total, $121,007,162); products, 14,318,529 pairs of boots,\\nworth $50,231,470, and 66,308,715 pairs of shoes, worth 193,846,206;\\ntotal value of product, $146,704,055 leading States in value, Massachu-\\nsetts, 59 per cent. New York, 12.14 per cent. Pennsylvania, 7.50 per cent.,\\nmaking for these States 78.64 per cent., or more than three-fourths of the\\nwhole product. Increase of total over that of 1860, 59.76 per cent.\\nCotton (/oorfs. Establishments, 956; looms, 157,310; frame-spindles,\\n3,694,477; mule-spindles, 3,437,938 (total number of spindles, 7,132,415);\\nhands employed, males above 16, 42,790; females above 15, 69,637;\\nyouth, 22,942 (total, 135,369); annual cost of labor, $39,044,132, and\\nof materials, $111,736,936 (total, $150,781,068); products, sheetings,\\nshirtings and twilled goods, 478,204,513 yards lawns and fine muslins,\\n34,533,462 yards cloth, print, 489,250,053 yards yarn, not woven, 30,-\\n801,087 pounds spool-thread, 11,560,241 dozens; warps, 73,018,045 yards;\\nbats, wicking and wadding, 11,118,127 pounds; table-cloths, quilts and\\ncounterpanes, 493,892 seamless bags, 2,767,060 cordage, lines and\\ntwines, 5,057,454 pounds flannel, 8,390,050 yards ginghams and\\nchecks, 39,275,244 yards; cassimeres, cottonades and jeans, 13,940,895\\nyards, and other products, the total value being $177,489,739; leading\\nStates in value, Massachusetts, 33.68 per cent.; Rhode Island, 12.42\\nper cent. Pennsylvania, 9.85 per cent. New Hampshire, 9.57 per cent.\\nConnecticut, 7.95 per cent.; Maine, 6.67 per cent.; New York, 6.29 per\\ncent., making for these States 86.43 per cent., or more than four-fifths", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 615\\nof the whole product. Increase over the total of 1860, 50.96 per cent.\\nLeather, tanned. Establishments, 4237 hands employed, 20,784 annual\\ncost of labor, $7,934,416, and of materials, $63,069,491 (total, $71,003,-\\n907); products, sides of- leather, 17,577,404; number of skins, 9,794,148;\\nvalue of all products, $86,169,883; leading States in value, New York.\\n31.43 percent.; Pennsylvania, 23.01 per cent.; Massachusetts, 11.58 per\\ncent., making for these States 66.02 per cent or very nearly two-thirds\\nof the whole product. Leather curried. Establishments, 3083 hands\\nemployed, 10,027; annual cost of labor, $4,154,114, and of materials,\\n$43,565,593 (total, $47,719,707); value of product, $54,191,167 leading\\nStates in value, Massachusetts, 35.45 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 11.64 per\\ncent. Ohio, 10.02 per cent., making for these States 56.45 per cent., or\\nmore than one-half of the total product. Increase of combined product\\nof tanned and curried leather over that of 1860, 108.53 per cent. Sawed\\nlumber. Establishments, 25,832; saws in use, 63,197; hands employed,\\n149,997 annual cost of labor, $40,009,162, and of materials, $103,343,-\\n430 (total, $143,352,592); products, laths, 1,295,091 thousand; lumber,\\n12,755,543 thousand feet; shingles, 3,265,516 thousand; staves, shooks,\\nheadings, etc., worth $10,473,681 value of all products, $210,159,327\\nleading States, Michigan, 15.20 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 13.78 per cent.;\\nNew York, 10.10 per cent.; Wisconsin, 7.39 per cent.; Indiana, 5.86 per\\ncent. Maine, 5.42 per cent., making for these States, 57.75 per cent., or\\nmore than one half of the product. Increase of total over that of 1860,\\n125.16 per cent. Woollen goods. Establishments, 2891; cards, 8366 sets;\\ndaily capacity in carded wool, 857,392 pounds; broad looms, 14,039; nar-\\nrow looms, 20,144; spindles, 1,845,496 hands employed, males above\\n16, 42,728; females above 15, 27,682; youth, 9643 (total, 80,053);\\nannual cost of labor, $26,877,575, and of materials, $96,432,601 (total,\\n$123,310,176); products, blankets, 2,000,439 pairs; horse-blankets, 58,552;\\nbeavers, 261,208 yards; cloths, cassimeres and doeskins, 63,340,612 yards;\\nfelted cloth, 1,941,865 yards; coverlids, 226,744 flannels, 58,965,286 yards\\njeans, 24,489,985 yards kerseys, 5,506,902 yards linseys, 14,130,274 yards\\nrepellants, 2,663,767 yards; satinets, 14,072,559 yards; shawls, 2,312,761;\\ntweeds and twills, 2,853,458 yards; yarn, 14,156,237 pounds, and other\\nproducts, the total value being $155,405,308. Leading States, INIassachu-\\nsetts, 25.42 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 17.74 per cent.; Connecticut, 11.17\\nper cent. New York, 9.26 per cent. Khode Island, 8.14 per cent., making\\nfor these States 71.74 per cent., or nearly thi-ee-fourths of the whole product.\\nIncrease of total over that of 1860, 156.08 per cent. Cigars. Establish-\\nments, 4631; hands employed, 26,047; annual cost of labor, $9,098,709,\\nand of materials, $12,500,530 (total, $21,599,239); products, 935,865,000\\ncigars and other products, the total value being $33,373,685. Leading\\nStates in value, New York, 27.76 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 15.84 per cent.;", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "616 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nOhio, 8.29 per cent.; Missouri, 6.25 per cent., making for these States 58.1-4\\nper cent., or more than one-half of the whole product. Increase of total\\nover that of 1860, 268.01 per cent. Cheiving- and smoking -tobacco and\\nsnuff. Establishments, 573; hands employed, 21,799; annual cost of labor,\\n$5,216,633, and of materials, $21,609,237 (total, $26,825,870); products,\\nchewing-tobacco, 66,705,709 pounds; smoking-tobacco, 24,762,211 pounds;\\nsnuft; 2,867,191 pounds; value of all products, $38,388,359; leading States\\nin value, New York, 25.26 per cent.; Mi.^ouri, 21.70 per cent.; Virginia,\\n18.06 per cent.; Illinois, 7.70 per cent.; Ohio, 6.62 per cent, making for\\nthese States 79.34 per cent., or nearly four-fifths of the whole product.\\nIncrease of total over that of 1860, 75.93 per cent.\\nWe give, in conclusion, a few percentages of increase in total value of\\nmanufactures during the decade between 1860 and 1870, calculated for\\nseparate States: New York, 107.24 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 145.37 per\\ncent.; Massachusetts, 116.79 per cent.; Ohio, 122.45 per cent.; Rhode\\nIsland, 173.67 per cent.; Indiana, 153.75 per cent; Michigan, 265.90 per\\ncent.; Illinois, 275.46 per cent.; Missouri, 394.10 per cent It will be\\nseen that greater proportionate progress was made in the Western States\\nthan in those portions of the country which are near the Atlantic coast.\\nSir Morton Peto, whose remarks were based upon the returns given in\\nthe census of 1860, says Many branches of manufacturing industry in\\nAmerica are, at the present time, very little developed. The manufactures\\nof which they chiefly speak are those of agricultural implements and sew-\\ning-machines [see American Inventions], of both of which they are\\njustly proud; of cotton and woollen goods (in the production of which\\nthey have been making very rapid advances) of furniture, clocks, jew-\\nelry and musical instruments, Avith which they now mainly supply them-\\nselves; and clothing and boots and shoes, which a quarter of a century\\nago were almost all imported, and which are now almost entirely home-\\nmade. An examination of the figures which we have given will show a\\nmarked advance in many other branches, to which Sir Morton does not\\nrefer, as their statistics would bear heavily against his pet theory that\\nAmerica is essentially agricultural, and by no means essentially commer-\\ncial or manufacturing. To do him justice, however, he could not be\\nexpected to realize the advance made in many of the very little devel-\\noped branches during the decade in which he was writing (1860-1870)\\nan advance which surprised even the most sanguine of our own citizens.\\nEven since the year 1870 progress has been made in some branches (in the\\nproduction of cutlery, for instance), which has made itself felt in advance\\nof published statistics, and the extent of which may be estimated by the\\nanxiety exhibited by those in foreign countries who are engaged in these\\nmanufactures and by the marked decrease in the quantity and value of\\nthe products of these industries, which are imported into this country.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "THE SIG]:^AL SERYIGE BUREAU.\\nON the 9th of February, 1870, a resolution of Congress was approved\\nby the President which provided that the Secretary of War be, and\\nhe hereby is, authorized and required to provide for taking meteorological\\nobservations at the military stations in the interior of the continent and at\\nother points in the States and Territories of the United States, and for\\ngiving notice on the Northern lakes and on the sea-coast, by magnetic tel-\\negraph and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms. The\\nadoption of this resolution marks an era in the history of American\\nscience, being a striking proof of the advance made in this country in the\\nappreciation of the efforts of those pioneers who once incurred ridicule by\\ntheir persevering efforts to learn and to expound the law of storms. For\\nmany years a number of men who loved science for its own sake took\\nobservations day after day, noting the state of thermometer and barome-\\nter, the direction and speed of the wind, the nature of the clouds, etc., and\\ncarefully kept the records for transmission to the Smithsonian Institution\\nat Washington, to the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, or to some other\\nsimilar organization or institution under the auspicies of which their\\nlabors had been undertaken. It must be candidly confessed that these\\nvolunteer meteorologists did not receive the credit which they deserved.\\nToo frequently they were called in derision clerks of the weather, and\\nwere considered harmless enthusiasts who might as well amuse themselves\\nin that way as in any other. We can remember the time when the\\nSmithsonian Institution was ridiculed by some would-be scientists as a place\\nestablished to give the inhabitants of the city of Washington news con-\\ncerning approaching changes of the weather. The clerks of the weather\\ndisregarded this ridicule and steadily worked out problem after problem,\\nuntil the knowledge of the meteorology of this country was placed upon so\\nfirm a basis that Congress was not merely justified in passing the above reso-\\nlution, but was obliged to do so in order to meet the demands of an enlight-\\nened public opinion. It must be admitted, however, that this appreciation\\nof the importance of the measure in question was not universal, and that\\nthe new system, like all reforms, was obliged to work its way gradually into\\npublic favor. At one place the opposition even went so far as an expression\\nof hostility, of which a more specific account will be hereafter given. The\\n6ir", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "618 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nChambers of Commerce and the Boards of Trade of the Atlantic and\\nWestern cities took great interest in the matter, and many of them ap-\\npointed meteorological committees to further by every means in their\\npower the establishment and continuance of signal stations in their respec-\\ntive localities.\\nThe carrying out of the objects of the above resolution was entrusted to\\nBrevet Brigadier-General Albert J. INIyer, the chief signal officer of the\\narmy, whom the newspapers, with their usual facility in constructing\\nnicknames, speedily honored with the sobriquet of Old Probabilities.\\nHe asked for very small appropriations $15,000 for the fiscal year ending\\nJune 30, 1870, and $20,000 for the following fiscal year, ending June 30,\\n1871. Such economy would not have been possible if the observations\\n(or nearly all of them) had not been conducted by army officers. The\\norganization of the corps of observers was not an easy task. No similar\\nbody of men had ever been raised, organized and equipped. Those who\\nwere to perform the actual work were put on duty, according to Captain\\nHowgate, after a hurried course of study, and without, in many cases,\\nany previous knowledge of even ordinary military duty. The energy of\\nthose in charge overcame every obstacle. Thermometers, barometers, hy-\\ngrometers (for measuring the moisture of the atmosphere), rain gauges\\nand anemometers, or wind gauges, were speedily procured, army corre-\\nspondents were selected and installed, and on Nov. 1, 1870, at 7.35 A. M.,\\nthe first systematized synchronous meteoric reports ever taken in the United\\nStates were read from the instruments by the observer-sergeants of the\\nSignal Service at twenty-four stations, and placed upon the telegraphic\\nwires for transmission. With the delivery of these reports at Washington\\nand at the other cities and ports to which it had been arranged that they\\nshould be sent commenced the practical working of the portion of the\\nSignal Service then known as the Division of Telegrams and Reports for\\nthe Benefit of Commerce, to which title the words and Agriculture\\nhave since been added. The bulletin published in Washington on this\\nday is found in the Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1871 (page 64),\\nand it is interesting as one of the first results of a service which has no\\nholidays and can know no rest; the labors of which continue equally\\nthroughout every night as well as every day, and to the vigilance of which\\nhas been entrusted responsibility extending not only to property, but pos-\\nsibly to the life of any citizen of the United States. As soon as the\\nworking of the organization thus tested had proved a success, and there\\nwas no longer any doubt that the reports would be correctly and promptly\\nreceived, it became a duty to provide in some way for giving notice of the\\napproach of storms which the reports often heralded. The need of this\\nduty was especially urgent upon the lakes, along which the first storm-\\nwarning was telegraphed and bulletined on the 8th of November, 1870.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 619\\nUpon the 2d of August, 1871, a pamphlet was issued from the chief sig-\\nnal office at Washington which was designed to put it in the power of\\nthe largest number to make use of and to profit by the laboi s of this\\noffice to enable them to test and to avail themselves of some of the laws\\nand generalizations by which meteorologists are guided and to afford the\\nmeans by which at once to supplement, judge of and aid the work of the\\ndepartment. This pamphlet contains, besides valuable scientific infor-\\nmation, the following important note: In the weather synopses and prob-\\nabilities emanating from the signal office, different parts of the country\\nare thus designated Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut and Rhode Island are alluded to as the Neiv England States\\nor the North-east, or simply as the Eastern States New York, New Jersey,\\nPennsylvania, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia as the\\nMiddle States, or sometimes as the 3Iiddle Atlantic States; North Carolina,\\nSouth Carolina, Georgia and Northern and Eastern Florida as the South\\nAtlantic States; Western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and\\nTexas as the Gidf States. Sometimes the Gulf States, the South Atlantic,\\nVirginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and Arkansas are grouped together as the\\nSoidhern States. The Lower Lakes, when used, means Lakes Erie and\\nOntario. The Upper Lakes are Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan.\\nThe North-west means the country lying between the Mississippi and Mis-\\nsouri Rivers. The Soidh-west means Texas, Indian Territory and New\\nMexico. Pacific Coast or Pacific States includes California, Oregon and\\nWashington Territory. The Ohio Valley includes the belt of country\\nabout two hundred miles broad extending from Pittsburg to Cairo. The\\nMississippi Valley includes a belt of about the same width extending from\\nVicksburg to Davenport. The extensions from Missouri to Ohio, etc.,\\nrefer to areas reaching to and including the central portions of the States\\nnamed. Thus a report, Westerly winds extending from Iowa to Penn-\\nsylvania, would convey that those winds would be felt in the interior of\\nthose States as well as over the territory lying between them of the respec-\\ntive States. In the coasts, etc., is included the laud between the coasts and\\nthe parallel range of coast hills or mountains. In Texas, Louisiana and\\nNorthern Florida a belt of laud extending a hundred miles inward would\\nbe included. Winds are said to blow from the north-east when they are\\ngenerally included in the quadrant from north to east, etc., and similarly\\nfor other directions.\\nThe issue of synopses and probabilities was commenced February 19,\\n1871, and has been made thrice daily since that date. The synopses con-\\nsist of a synoptic view of the meteoric condition of the United States, as\\nhad from the data received at each regular report. The probabilities are\\nthe deductions made by the office from the data in its possession at the\\ntime of each report as to meteoric conditions probably to be for the eight", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "620 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nhours then next ensuing. Copies of these synopses and pi obabilities are\\nfurnished at the moment of their issue to the different press associations of\\nthe United States. During the first six months after the publication of\\nprobabilities was commenced, daily experiments were made in the prepa-\\nration of detailed synopses, upon which were indicated the times and places\\nat which signals of caution or of safety ought to be shown. The results\\nindicated that the office would be justified in displaying cautionary signals\\nat various ports on the Atlantic coast, the gulf coast and the northern\\nlakes. The display of cautionary signals was therefore ordered to be\\nmade at the designated stations of the observer-sergeants on and after\\nWednesday, October 23, 1871, whenever such display should, in view of\\nthe meteoric information in possession of the central office, be deemed\\nnecessary. Each signal must be ordered by telegraph from the chief sig-\\nnal office, and remains displayed until it is ordered down by the same\\nauthority, unless telegraphic communication with the central office is in-\\nterrupted and continues so for some hours after the storm has passed, in\\nwhich case the signal is lowered when the danger is over. Observers are\\nrequired, however, to exercise extreme caution in this respect, in order not\\nto mistake the customary lull in the centre of a storm for an indication\\nthat it has passed over, nor are they under any circumstances permitted to\\nhoist or display cautionary signals without orders from headquarters. The\\nsignal of caution a red flag with a black square in the centre by day and\\na red light by night displayed on the office of the observer and at other\\npromiilent places throughout any city, signifies 1. That from the informa-\\ntion had at the central office in Washington, a probability of stormy or\\ndangerous weather has been deduced for the port or place at which the\\ncautionary signal is displayed, or in that vicinity. 2. That the danger ap-\\npears to be so great as to demand precaution on the part of navigators\\nand others interested, such as an examination of vessels or other structures\\nlikely to be endangered by a storm, the inspection of crews, rigging, etc.,\\nand general preparation for rough weather. 3. It calls for frequent exam-\\nination of local barometers and other instruments, and the study of local\\nsigns of the weather or clouds, etc. By this means those who are expert\\nmay often be confirmed as to the need of the precaution to which the cau-\\ntionary signal calls attention, or may determine that the danger is over-\\nestimated or past. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1871, applications\\nwere made by Boards of Trade of cities in the river valleys to have added\\nto the telegraphed and bulletined reports of the Signal Service a tele-\\ngraphed report of the rise or fall of the greater rivers. An examina-\\ntion of this subject showed that by the addition of two words per day to a\\nsingle one of the cipher reports already had from the river stations the\\nrequisite reports might be given, and that the expense of the necessary ap-\\npax atus would be trivial. It was therefore j)roposed to embody this infor-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 621\\nmation with the reports as having a direct connection with the meteoric\\ninformation which they ah-eady contained. No definite form of water-\\ngauge was adopted, as it is difficult to get one at a reasonable cost which\\nwould be adapted to the essentially different circumstances under which it\\nmust be used at the several river stations. The following simple form of\\ngauge is recommended for localities where it is difficult to get one of more\\nscientific construction, or to be used as a temporary substitute for the latter\\njn case of emergency Take a pine scantling U to 1* inches in thickne ss\\nand from 5 to 6 inches in breadth, the length varying with the depth of\\nater where it is to be used. Having planed the scantling smooth, give it\\nla heavy coat of white zinc pa\\\\nt, and after the paint is dry divide the scant-\\nling into feet and tenths of feet with a rule and lead-pencil. With a small\\nbrush paint the tenths of feet black, except the centre and initial ones,\\nwhich will be painted red and in heavier lines than the intermediate ones.\\nIndicate each foot with its proper number in plain figures on the white\\nsurface just above its mark. Having thus marked the staff up to a suffi-\\ncient height to ensure getting the maximum high water, select a pile or\\nother stationary object in some portion of the levee or wharf where the\\nstaff will be secure from being damaged or defaced by coming into contact\\nwith vessels, and where it will not be left dry by the tide. Lower the staff\\ninto the water, taking care to keep it in a vertical position until it touches\\nthe bed of the river, and then secure it to the pile by spikes. It would be\\nwell in selecting a place for fixing the staff to take the angle of a pier,\\nand having fastened a smooth piece of scantling about the size of the staff\\non the side of the pile secure the staff to this. When the gauge is in an\\nexposed j)lace liable to be washed by the waves, advantage should be taken\\nof the fii st low water to secure it from being displaced by driving in addi-\\ntional spikes or by lashing it with strong cords to the pile. Care must be\\ntaken in reading the staff when the water is rough to get the mean of the\\nrise and fall of the waves. It would be well after securing the staff to\\ndetermine some point of reference, so that in case it should be destroyed\\nanother one could be put up at the same height. This may be done hy\\ntaking and marking any given point in the vicinity, a pile or a rock, at\\nany given height of the water. Thus by driving a spike or drilling a hole,\\nand recording the height of the water as read from the staff at the time,\\nyou have a bench mark or point of reference by which to set up\\nanother staff. It would be necessary in doing this to make a sketch of\\nthe place, giving the location of the staff and of the point of reference,\\nnoting the local names of the surrounding points, so that any other person\\ncould find the place from the description. We have given so much space\\nfor the transcription of these directions with the design of benefiting those\\nwho wish to become amateur observers or to whom the measurement of\\nthe rise and fall of a stream may be a matter of curiosity or of interest.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "622 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nBefore proceeding to further details with reference to the observations\\ntaken, it would be well to state who the observers are and what course of\\npreparation is required for their very important duties. They are all ser-\\ngeants of the United States army, not taken at random, but selected with\\ngreat care; and in order to secure the very best of material, arrangements\\nhave been made whereby those who wish to become observer-sergeants can\\nenlist with that design, with the certainty of promotion to the charge of a\\nstation if they pass the requisite examinations and give evidence of the\\nrequisite steadiness and ability. After an extended course of study and of\\nspecial training at Fort Whipple, Va., in which they become thoroughly con-\\nversant with Loomis Treatise on Meteorology, Buchan s Handy Book, Pid-\\ndington s Horn Book, Espy s Philosophy of Storvis, Fitzroy s Weather Book,\\nLey s Laws of the Winds and kindred works, they must pass two examina-\\ntions, conducted by an army board consisting of leading officers, at the cen-\\ntral office. The first examination is only preliminary, and can be passed by\\nany one who is a good arithmetician, who is able to write good English, and\\nwho is well acquainted with geography, especially with the geography of\\nthe United States. Before passing the final examination the candidate, in\\nmany cases, has served as an assistant on duty at a station. He is required\\nwhen examined to work out a variety of practical problems in instrumental\\nmeteorology, to display a full acquaintance with the instruments, and to\\nprove that he is thoroughly conversant with the laws of storms and the gen-\\neral principles of his science. The observers are also trained at Fort Whip-\\nple in all the duties and drills of the signal corps of the army, so that in time\\nof war they will be ready for field duty. Full and minute directions are\\ngiven to observers who are sent to establish new stations, and all stations\\nare liable to be inspected at any time by an officer from headquarters, who\\nexamines all arrangements made, the shelter for the instruments, the office-\\nrecords of the observer, etc., and ascertains as far as possible how the\\nobserver-sergeant has conducted himself in the performance of his duties,\\nand in his official, and even his personal, intercourse with the public, it\\nbeing of great importance to the service that those who are in charge of\\nstations should gain the respect and good-will of the communities in which\\nthey are located. If the conduct of the observer has not been satisfactory,\\nhe may be assigned to some less important station or reduced to the ranks,\\nor even discharged for the benefit of the service, as his case may require.\\nIt is not often, however, that such stringent measures are required. There\\nis an esprit de corjys among those who have been selected for these honor-\\nable and important positions which leads them by every means in their\\npower to labor for the benefit of a service which has daily become better,\\nmore efficient, more worthy of being a pride and honor to our common\\ncountry and more deserving of consideration by foreign nations, as an evi-\\ndence of which we note with great pleasure that a letter of distinction", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 623\\nwas awarded to the Signal Service Bureau of the United States by the\\ngeographical congress which was in session in Paris in August, 1875.\\nEach station is, or ought to be, and eventually will be, supplied with the\\nfollowing instruments two standard barometers (Green s), two standard\\nthermometers (Green s), one standard hygrometer (Glaisher s model), one\\nmaximum thermometer, one minimum thermometer, one anemometer\\n(Robinson s) for measuring the velocity of the wind, one anemoscope or\\nwind-vane to indicate the direction of the wind, one rain gauge. Seven\\nobservations are taken daily, three for transmission by telegraph to the\\ncentral office and four others for transmission weekly by mail. The instru-\\nments are read in the following order 1. barometer, 2. thermometer, 3.\\nhygrometer, 4. anemometer, 5. anemoscope, 6. rain gauge. The readings\\nof the instruments are entered in a book in lead-pencil, and they indicate\\nthe atmospheric pressure, the temperature, the relative humidity of the\\natmosphere, the velocity and direction of the wind and the amount of\\nrainfall. The observer is also required to note the state of the weather,\\nwhether cloudy, foggy or fair, etc., the amount, kind and direction of the\\nupper clouds and the amount and kind of the lower clouds. An admir-\\nably constructed verbal cipher, one word of which frequently conveys\\ntwo separate pieces of information, permits great condensation in the tele-\\ngraphic reports. Each regular report consists of ten words, arranged\\nwhen written off for transmission in two lines oi five words each. In the\\nfirst line the first word gives the name of the station, the second the date\\nand time of the report, the third the height of the mercury in the barom-\\neter, the fourth the temperature, and the fifth the relative humidity. In\\nthe second line the first word gives the state of the weather and the direc-\\ntion of the wind, the second the velocity of the wind, the third the amount,\\nkind and direction of the upper clouds (provided, of course, that they are\\nin sight; if they are hidden, this word is used), the fourth the amount and\\nkind of the lower clouds (no amount, of course, being given if the atmo-\\nsphere is hazy, foggy or smoky), the fifth the rainfall since last report.\\nThe following is an example of a regular report\\nMount Cake Florida Throng Beast\\nCaspian Relic Hidden Three Abase.\\nTranslation Mount (station). Mount Washington Cake (date and\\ntime), 2d, morning report Florida (barometer), 30.07 Throng (ther-\\nmometer), 19\u00c2\u00b0 Beast (humidity), .35; Caspian (state of the weather and\\ndirection of wind), cloudy, north-west; Relic (velocity of wind), 47 miles;\\nHidden (upper clouds), hidden; Three (lower clouds), foggy; Abase\\n(rainfall), .01. For a river report a sixth word is added to each line, the\\nlast word in the first line being River if the rise or flill has not ex-\\nceeded eight feet, and the last word in the second line indicating the\\nchange in the past twenty-four hours. If this change has exceeded eight", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "624 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nfeet, a word iudicatiug the number of feet takes the place of River, and\\nthe lower word gives the odd inches. Thus River ending the first line\\nand Hang ending the second indicate a rise of 9 inches. Obey end-\\ning the first line and Hamlot ending the second indicate a rise of 10\\nfeet and 7 inches. The amount of condensation secured by this system\\ncan be judged by the fact that during the eleven mouths ending Septem-\\nber 30, 1871, the number of words of weather reports received at Wash-\\niugton was 561,929, while during the year ending September 30, 1874,\\nwith the number of stations sending telegraphic reports largely increased\\nand daily river reports added, the number of words of weather reports\\nhad risen to only 941,860, this system of cipher words having been elab-\\norated and introduced. The hours at which the reports are to be trans-\\nmitted are given to the observers in the local time of their respective\\nstations. They are required to be at the telegraph-office with the reports\\ncarefully and plainly written out in duplicate ten minutes before the hours\\nnamed, in order that the operator may be notified in time to prepare for\\ntheir transmission, and must obtain the signature of the operator to both\\ncopies of each report, with the exact time of receipt by him. Should the\\noperator make a mistake in transmission, the observer is freed from blame\\nby his duplicate fac simile copy vit having been taken on manifold paper\\nat one writing which shows exactly what was handed to the operator.\\nGreat accuracy is thereby secured in telegraphing observations. At each\\nstation an observation is taken at 12 m., Washington mean time; and if a\\nchange equal to or greater than fifteen hundredths of an inch has taken\\nplace since the regular morning telegraphic observation, the fact is imme-\\ndiately reported by telegraph to the central office, with the direction of\\nthe wind, the state of the weather and the velocity of the wind in miles\\nper hour, the whole being sent in the same order as that given for the\\nregular report and in the regular cipher words. At all of the leading\\nstations reports are received from the other principal stations, and at many\\nof them weather-maps are printed during the night, ready for posting up or\\ndistribution during the morning. At some of the stations weather-maps are\\nmade out in manifold i. e.,upon translucent paper, with carbon paper be-\\ntween every two sheets so that several can be made out at the same time.\\nThis map shows the direction of the wind, the state of the weather, the\\nheight of the barometer, the height of the thermometer and the velocity\\nof the wind at each station. The direction of the wind is indicated by an\\narrow which always flies tcith the wind, and not toicard it like a vane.\\nThe state of the weather is shown by a disk which can be readily changed,\\nand the remaining information is given by figures printed or stamped near\\nthe arrow. Observers have strict orders never to allow imperfect or illeg-\\nible maps to leave the office. To ensure accuracy the printed maps before\\nbeing issued are carefully compared with the reports received and if", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 625\\nerrors are found they are corrected on the map if the corrections can be\\nmade without disfiguring it and without rendering it illegible. If they\\ncannot be so corrected, there are standing orders to destroy the whole edi-\\ntion, as it is better not to issue any map than one which is imperfect.\\nFarmers bulletins are also issued at some of the principal stations\\nand mailed to post-offices which can be reached within a reasonable time.\\nAn idea of the number of these publications may be gathered from the fol-\\nlowing reports for the stations in several cities for the year ending Septem-\\nber 30, 1874 Philadelphia number of maps issued, 58,580 number of\\nfarmers bulletins, 89,900 total number of publications, including reports\\ngiven to the newspapers, 162,428. Boston number of farmers bulletins,\\n292,428; number of maps, 9572; total number of publications, 312,757.\\nNew York\u00e2\u0080\u0094 farmers bulletins, 378,900 maps, 87,294 total number of\\npublications, 474,214. St. Louis farmers bulletins, 413,342; maps,\\n53,371 total number of publications, 483,461. Chicago\u00e2\u0080\u0094 maps, 27,420\\nfarmers bulletins, 539,187 total number of publications, 576,576. The\\nnumber of maps issued at all of the stations during the year named was\\n170,622; number of farmers bulletins, 3,491,046; number of regular bul-\\nletins, 281,066; total number of publications, including press reports,\\n4,494,320. The correspondence of the central office is very large. The\\naggregate for the year ending September 30, 1874, was 529,928 letters\\n(52,396 sent and 477,562 received), exclusive of publications and telegrams.\\nThe number of stations was 102, exclusive of British American and Wesu\\nIndian stations from which reports were received. The British American\\nstations exchange reports with the Signal Service of the United States.\\nWest Indian stations have been established at Havana (Cuba), Kingston\\n(Jamaica), Santiago de Cuba, Saint Thomas, Point-a-Pitre (Guadaloupe)\\nand Bridgetown (Barbadoes). The plan kept steadily in view in the occu-\\npation of stations is to so arrange that each might from its point of obser-\\nvation give notice of meteoric changes, and warn against unusual disturb-\\nances for its particular section, while all should be so placed in a series of\\nlines and in such relations each to the other that the reports of any one and\\nthe contiguous stations received at the other stations as they passed by tel-\\negraph to the central oflice at Washington should of themselves give notice\\nof marked approaching meteoric changes. The reports of all, concentrated\\nand charted at the central office, are intended to enable the extent, move-\\nment and course of the disturbance to be defined and observed from report\\nto report, and warnings to be issued by publications or by signals at any\\ntime for the benefit of all. The stations established in the West Indies\\nare extended far southward and eastward to Barbadoes and the Wind-\\nward Islands; thence the long line of guardian points runs with few\\nbreaks (and these each month decreasing) past the capes of Florida, and\\nfollowing the Atlantic coast stretches to the distant north-cast, at Farther\\n40", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "626 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nPoint and Halifax. Near the southern extremity of this line the experi-\\nence of meteorists has located the frequent origin of cyclones which some-\\ntimes sweep in a single course through the islands and over the whole\\neastern portion of the United States in the vicinity of the sea [see Physi-\\ncal Geography, page 177]. Near the northern extremity the indica-\\ntions of the greater number of such storms pass from the study charts of\\nthis office, and are lost over the Atlantic. To give an idea of the rapid-\\nity with which the probabilities are thought out, we need only state\\nthat the observations for the principal publication of probabilities, or at\\nleast the one most read, are taken at 11 p. m., Washington mean time, and\\nthat within two hours the reports are telegraphed and charted on a weather\\nmap, so that the officer in charge (one of the leading assistant signal\\nofficers) can prepare and furnish to the press by 1 A. M. the synopses and\\nprobabilities. The improvement in the correctness of these deductions is\\nshown by the fact that up to November 1, 1871, an average of 69 per\\ncent, was verified; that from Nov. 1, 1871, to October 1, 1872, 76.8 per\\ncent, of these forecasts proved to be correct while a careful analysis of\\nthe statements of the chief signal office made during the year ending Sep-\\ntember 30, 1874, and a comparison with the meteoric conditions occurring\\nwithin the twenty-four hours and within the district to which each state-\\nment had reference, gave an average of eighty-four and four-tenths 2 )er cent\\nas verified. Every year the Signal Service deservedly rises in the public\\nestimation, nor is it likely that any one of the inspecting officers will ever\\nagain find in the most remote district the lack of appreciation of the\\nlabors of an observer which was shown in 1871 in Lake City, Florida.\\nThe Report says Indignation meetings have been held and resolutions\\npassed to drive the observer from the town because it is believed that his\\ninstruments caused the unexampled bad weather and the large amount of\\nrain which has fallen here lately. The station at Lake City still exists,\\nand it is not probable that any observer will hereafter run the risk of\\nmartyrdom or of banishment in a service which has been the means of\\nsaving many lives, and property worth many millions of dollars, by its\\nwarning, which is of equal benefit to the agriculturist in his field and to\\nthe savan in his study; which takes note of the wind that still (as a\\ndaily inspection of the arrows on a weather map would speedily convince\\nthe most skeptical) bloweth where it listeth, of heat and cold, of frost\\nand dew and which to herald the approach of a storm makes use of the\\nsubtle fluid which is frequently the storm s most deadly weapon.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "EAILEOADS OF THE UJSTITED STATES.\\nrpHE first railroad in the United States was that constructed in Quincy\\n-L for the purpose of transporting granite from the quarry at that place.\\nIt extended from the quarry to the Nepouset River, a distance of three\\nmiles. The ties or sleepers were of granite, 7? feet long, and laid 8 feet\\napart. It was a single-track road, with the rails laid 5 feet apart. The\\nrails were of pine a foot deep, covered with oak, the latter being overlaid\\nwith thin plates of wrought-iron. This road was partially built in 1826,\\nand completed in 1827. When it was first in use, the passage from the\\nquarry to the landing of a car carrying ten tons and drawn by a single\\nhorse was performed in an hour. The second was the Mauch Chunk road\\nin Pennsylvania, better known by the name of the Switchback, which\\nnow forms a part of it. This road was commenced and finished during\\nthe first five months of 1827. It extended from the coal-mines near Mauch\\nChunk, along the side of the mountain down an inclined j^lane with a\\nvarying grade, a distance of nine miles, with four and a half miles more\\nof turn-offs or sidings and branches. A portion of the original route\\nhas been abandoned, a better course having been found but the descent\\nis still in some places more than 200 feet to the mile. The cars were\\ndrawn up to the top at first by mules, with which one of the cars was\\nfilled, when the train descended by gravity. Stationary engines are now\\nused. During this same year the Carbondale and Honesdale Railroad\\nwas opened, extending from the Delaware and Hudson C anal to the coal\\nmines of that company. By the end of 1830 fourteen miles of the Balti-\\nmore and Ohio Railroad were completed, but the tables of Poor s Manual\\nof the Railroads of the United States give 23 as the total number of miles\\nin operation in that year. The first locomotive used in this country was\\none built by the famous George Stephenson, and imported into this country\\nby the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company in 1829. The Hudson and\\nMohawk Railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, was begun in 1830. It\\nwas a double-track road, extending about sixteen miles, and was built at a\\ncost of nearly ^700,000. In October, 1831, the average daily number of\\npassengers was stated at 387, and a locomotive with a load of eight tons\\nhad travelled on it at the rate of thirty miles an hour. Tlie Camden and\\nAmboy Railroad was begun in 1831. Fourteen miles of it were completed\\n627", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "628 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nin 1832, and the remainder was finished by the end of 1834. The follow-\\ning statement with reference to this road was published in 1835 It is\\nsixty-one miles in length, passing through a very level country. Being\\ndesigned for steam locomotives, it is to be constructed in the most improved\\nand substantial manner, though at present wooden rails are laid over a\\ngreat portion of the line in order that the embankments may be consoli-\\ndated before laying the permanent track. The most improved and sub-\\nstantial manner of that day is thus described Longitudinal rails were\\npinned down to wooden or stone cross-ties, which were imbedded in the\\nground, and upon these [wooden] rails were fastened by spikes flat bars\\nof iron l or f of an inch thick, and from 2J to 4i inches wide. The\\nheads of the spikes were countersunk in the iron. This method, which\\nwas generally adopted on early American railroads from considerations of\\neconomy, and with the view of extending the lines to the utmost limit of\\nthe capital provided, was soon found to involve great danger and conse-\\nquent expense. The ends of the rails became loose, and starting up Avere\\noccasionally caught by the wheels and thrust up through the bottom of\\nthe cars. It was found necessary to run the trains with great caution on\\nthe roads thus constructed, and the passenger traffic was seriously divei ted\\nfrom those lines that had acquired a notoriety for snake-heads, as the\\nrails were called which, having become loosened, sprung up and penetrated\\na car. In spite of such drawbacks, the American people favored railroad\\nconstruction from the first, and furnished every possible facility for it.\\nThere were no such highways in this country as those of England and\\nWales, upon which the Holyhead mail was able to traverse the whole\\nroad from London to one of the most distant parts of North Wales a*,\\nthe rate of twelve or thirteen miles an hour. The roads of America were\\nmere sloughs or corduroy roads, which were ill adapted for rapid travel.\\nIn such a country the most rudely constructed road on Avhich a locomotive\\ncould be worked was comparatively luxurious and an English gentleman\\nwho travelled over some of the earliest railways in America, soon after\\nthey were opened for passenger traffic, told Sir Morton Peto that he\\nthought them, in those days, very nearly perfect. In England those who\\nattempted to introduce railways had to go through all the difficulties of\\nland-owners oppositions and parliamentary conflicts, which immensely\\nburdened the cost of every line of railroad that was permitted to be con-\\nstructed for the accommodation of the public and the advantage of the\\nlocality it penetrated. It will be remembered that Oxford, Northampton\\nand other large towns forced the railways to take routes at a distance from\\nthem, and now, seeing their former error (in some cases too late), have\\nbeen trying in vain to remedy the very lamentable results of their former\\nmistake. Here we have had to go through all the difficult and expensive\\nordeals of parliamentary notices, oppositions, contentions, claims for resi-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nG29\\ndentiaiy damages, severances of lands and every variety of litigation tliat\\ncould add to the expense of constituting a railroad. In America, on the\\ncontrary, every one in the country has felt from the first, what every Eno--\\nlishraan has experienced at last, that the construction of a railroad through\\nhis property, or to the city, town or village which he inhabited, was a\\nsource of prosperity and wealth not only to the district in which he resided,\\nbut to himself personally. In England, in fact, we have treated railroads\\nas things to be discouraged, whilst in America they have regarded them\\nas sources of wealth and of convenience, and have given every encourage-\\nment and facility for their extension. Before commenting upon these\\nremarks of Sir Morton Peto, we offer for the reader s hispection a\\nStatement showing the Number of Miles of Railroad constructed each Yeru- in the\\nUnited States, from 1830 to 1874, inclusive (from Poor s Manual).\\nMiles\\nAnnual Increase\\nYear.\\nMiles\\nAnnual Increase\\nYear.\\nin Operation.\\nof Mileage.\\nin Operation.\\nof Mileage.\\n1S30\\n23\\n1853\\n15,. 360\\n2452\\n1831\\n95\\n72\\n1854\\n16,720\\n1360\\n1832\\n229\\n134\\n1855\\n18,374\\n1654\\n1833\\n380\\n151\\n1856\\n22,016\\n3642\\n1834\\n633\\n253\\n1857\\n24,503\\n2487\\n1835\\n1,098\\n465\\n1858\\n26,968\\n2465\\n1836\\n1,273\\n175\\n1859\\n28,789\\n1821\\n1837\\n1,497\\n224\\n1860\\n30,635\\n1846\\n1838\\n1,913\\n416\\n1861\\n31,286\\n651\\n1839\\n2,302\\n389\\n1862\\n32,120\\n834\\n1840\\n2,818\\n616\\n1863\\n33,170\\n1050\\n1841\\n3,535\\n717\\n1864\\n33,908\\n738\\n1842\\n4,026\\n491\\n1865\\n35,085\\n1177\\n1843\\n4,185\\n159\\n1866\\n36,827\\n1742\\n1844\\n4,377\\n192\\n1867\\n39,276\\n2449\\n1845\\n4,633\\n256\\n1868\\n42,255\\n2979\\n1846\\n4,930\\n297\\n1869\\n47,208\\n4953\\n1847\\n5,598\\n668\\n1870\\n52,898\\n5690\\n1S48\\n5,996\\n398\\n1871\\n60,568\\n7670\\n1849\\n7,365\\n1369\\n1872\\n66,735\\n6167\\n1850\\n9,021\\n1656\\n1873\\n70,683\\n3948\\n1851\\n10,982\\n1961\\n1874\\n72,623\\n1940\\n1852\\n12,908\\n1926\\nSir Morton Peto visited this country in the autumn of 1865. An ex-\\namination of the foregoing table shows that the railroad mileage of the\\nUnited States was more than doubled during the nine years immediately\\nfollowing his return to England. His assertions as to the interest shown\\nby the American people in the extension of the railway system are, in the\\nmain, correct, and are strongly corroborated by the tabular statement just\\ngiven. Occasionally, however, a case of opposition to the progress of a\\nrailroad has occurred, but such instances have, by their very rarity, proved\\nthe rule to be the other way. Such opposition has sometimes recoiled upon", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "630 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe opposer, as in the case of a man who was determined to prevent the pas-\\nsage of a certain railroad near his house. The charter had been secured,\\nthe route had been surveyed and staked out and the proposed road was to\\npass over a jDortion of his ground, which was the only feasible thorough-\\nfare between his house and a canal. By the advice of an attorney, who\\ntold him that his house was his castle, he built an addition to his resi-\\ndence which extended completely across the proposed line. He was some-\\nwhat astonished when his addition was taken down; and he failed to\\nrecover damages, beyond a fair price /or the laticl occupied. Had the erec-\\ntion of the addition preceded the granting of the charter, or even the\\nselection of the route, the result might have been different. This is, as we\\nhave stated, an exceptional case. Occasionally land is given to the com-\\npanies both for portions of the road and for stations and other buildings,\\nsuch as round-houses (stables for the iron horse car-shops (for\\nbuilding and repairing cars), etc. The object of such gifts is to induce the\\nprojectors of these routes to locate their line or erect their buildings in\\nplaces which will be convenient for the one who conveys the land. In one\\ninstance a tract of thirteen acres was presented to a railroad company for\\na car-shop and other buildings, the amount being made up by the owners\\nof contiguous properties, who looked for their remuneration to the increased\\nvalue of the laud which they retained.\\nThere has been too great a lack of uniformity in the matter of gauge in\\nthe construction of American railroads. The most common is that of 4\\nfeet 8 J inches. It is said that this happened to be the width of the tram-\\nways in the North of England, that it was retained on newer roads, and\\nthat it was adopted in this country in order to permit the use of locomo-\\ntives purchased in England. Independent gauges were afterward intro-\\nduced, as that of 4 feet 10 inches in New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania\\n(on a few short roads); 4 feet 9 J inches on several roads in Pennsylvania\\nand Ohio 5 feet on many of the roads in Virginia, Tennessee, Mississippi\\nand other Southern States; but the gauge of 4 feet 8? inches has been\\nrapidly gaining ground during the past fifteen years. We have before us\\na report of the gauges of various roads in 1873. Almost all the railroads\\nof New York except the Erie Railway and its connections have the gauge\\nof the old English tramways. Fifteen years ago the gauge of 5 J feet was\\nthe gauge established by law in Missouri. By the report which we have\\nmentioned, 20 out of 22 roads have a gauge of 4 feet 82 inches, and the\\nremaining two are 5 feet in width. The broadest gauge yet used has been\\nthat of the Erie Railway (6 feet), but the tendency is toward the use of a\\nnarrower gauge. That of 4 feet 8 1 inches was formerly called narrow\\ngauge, but that term is now frequently used in the same manner to de-\\nscribe a road as having a width of 3 feet. We now give (also from Poor s\\nJIanual) a", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n631\\nStatement of the number of miles of railroad, square males to a mile of railroad\\nand inhabitants to a mile of railroad in each State and Territory in the Union.\\nstate or Territory. S 2\\nMaine\\nNew Platiipshire.\\nVermont\\nMa. ^sac husetts\\nKhode Island\\nConnecticut\\nNew Eng. States\\nNew Yorlc.\\nNew Jersey\\nPennsylvania\\nDelaware\\nMaryland and 1\\nDist. Columbia.. J\\nWest Virarinia\\nMiddle States..\\nOhio\\nMichigan..\\nIndiana\\nIllinois\\nWisconsin.\\nMinnesota.\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nNebraska*\\nMissouri...\\nWyoming\\no P\\n11\\n111\\nMol\\n957\\n669\\n36.6\\n918\\n354\\n10.1\\n778\\n432\\n12.1\\n178G\\n882\\n4.3\\n173\\n1416\\n7.5\\n897\\n641\\n5.3\\n5509\\n671\\n12.4\\n5250\\n876\\n8.9\\n1438\\n707\\n5.8\\n5687\\n664\\n8.0\\n280\\n480\\n8.0\\n1060\\n906\\n10.5\\n576\\n803\\n39.9\\n14,291\\n769\\n9.6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24398\\n644\\n9.0\\n3361\\n408\\n16.9\\n3890\\n462\\n8.7\\n6759\\n429\\n8.2\\n2428\\n490\\n22.2\\n1990\\n307\\n42.0\\n3765\\n378\\n14.6\\n2150\\n280\\n37.8\\n1107\\n203\\n68.7\\n2880\\n677\\n22.7\\n459\\n120\\n214.9\\nState or Territory.\\nUtah\\nDakota....\\nColoitido.\\nWestern States.\\nVirginia\\nNorth Carolina.\\nSouth Carolina.\\nGeorgia\\nFlorida\\nAlabama\\nMississippi\\nIjonisiana\\nTexas\\nKentucky\\nTennessee\\nArkansas\\nSouthern States.\\nCalifornia f..\\nOregon\\nNevada\\nWashington.\\nPacific States...\\nGrand Aggregate.\\nCO O\\nsl\\nInhabitants\\nto mile of\\nrailroad.\\nSq. miles\\nto mile of\\nrailroad.\\n459\\n250\\n184.0\\n275\\n130\\n54.9\\n6S2\\n147\\n153.2\\n34,882\\n1638\\n445\\n29.8\\n757\\n23.4\\n1315\\n851\\n38.5\\n1320\\n550\\n25.8\\n2260\\n550\\n25 7\\n484\\n470\\n126.5\\n1722\\n604\\n29.3\\n1018\\n854\\n46.2\\n5.39\\n1420\\n76.7\\n1650\\n500\\n167.5\\n1326\\n1060\\n28.5\\n1630\\n310\\n28.0\\n700\\n800\\n74.6\\n15,602\\n7.35\\n50.6\\n1.328\\n508\\n142.3\\n250\\n478\\n319.7\\n650\\n115\\n160.2\\n110\\n340\\n666.0\\n2339\\n388\\n196.0\\n72,623\\n581\\n34.4\\nA portion of the rapid progress made in the annual railroad mileage is\\ndoubtless due to the land-grants made to certain railroad companies, with the\\ncondition that their roads should be completed within a given time. The\\nland-grant railroads have a mileage of nearly 12,000. The effect of these\\ngrants was mainly felt, of course, in the Western States, which had 31 2\\nmiles in 1844, 4001 miles in 1854, 12,497 in 1864 and 34,882 in 1874.\\nThe New England States had 865 miles in 1844, 3250 in 1854, 3793 in\\n1864 and 5509 in 1874. The Middle States had 3094 miles in 1844, 5058\\nin 1854, 7941 in 1864 and 14,291 in 1874. The Southern States had\\n1106 in 1844, 4411 in 1854, 9511 in 1864 and 15,602 in 1874. The\\nPacific States first entered into the account in 1855 with 8 miles in Cali-\\nfornia, and 23 miles in that State constituted the only record during the\\nfollowing six years. In 1862 four miles in Oregon brought the number\\nup to 27. In 1864 it was 166 in 1868, 889 in 1872, 1959 and in 1874,\\n2339. The aggregate cost of the railroads of the United States at the\\nIncluding the Union Pacific Enilroad.\\nt Including the Central Pacific Railroad.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "632 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nclose of 1872 was $3,159,423,057 at the close of 1873, $3,784,543,034\\n(increase, $625,119,977); at the close of 1874, $4,221,763,594 (increase,\\n$437,220,560). The average cost per mile for all the roads in 1871 was\\n$59,726; in 1872, $55,116; in 1873, $53,134; in 1874, $60,425. The\\ngross earnings of all the roads for 1873 were $526,419,935, divided as fol-\\nlows Received for the transportation of freight, mails and merchandise,\\n$389,035,508 for the transportation of passengers, $137,384,427, the pro-\\nportion of the former to the latter being as 74 to 26. The current operat-\\ning expenses were $342,609,373, or 65.1 per cent, of the gross earnings.\\nThe net earnings were $183,810,562, or 34.9 per cent, of the gross earn-\\nings. The latter equalled 13.1 per cent, of the cost of the roads the net\\nearnings 4.96 per cent. The amount paid in dividends was $67,120,709,\\nor 3.45 per cent, upon the aggregate amount of the share capital. The\\ngross earnings to an inhabitant were $9.81 in 1871 $11.63 in 1872; and\\n$12.80 in 1873. The gross earnings in 1874 were $520,466,016 (from\\ntransportation of freight, mails, etc., $379,466,935 from passengers,\\n$140,999,081, the proportion of the former to the latter being as 73 to\\n27). The current operating expenses for the year were $330,895,058,\\nbeing 63.6 per cent, of the gross earnings. The net earnings were\\n$189,570,958, being 36.4 per cent, of the gross earnings. The gz oss earnings\\nequalled 12.3 per cent, of the cost of the roads, and the net earnings were\\n4.50 per cent, of the cost. The amount paid in dividends was $67,042,942,\\nor 3.39 per cent, on the capital stock. The gross earnings to an inhabitant\\nwere $12.32. The increase of the net earnings for a year when the gross\\nearnings decreased nearly $6,000,000 was owing to the decrease of nearly\\n$12,000,000 in the current operating expenses a reduction arising from\\nthe decline in the j)rices of all kinds of material as well as of labor. The\\nuse of steel rails, which are being introduced upon many of the leading\\nroads, is also calculated to reduce the operating expenses, as they outlast\\nordinary iron rails a much longer period than would be estimated from\\nthe increased cost.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "AMEEIGA]:^ AET.\\nrpHE progress of the fine arts was necessarily slow in America during\\nJ- the first century after the beginning of the settlement of the colonies.\\nThose arts which had practical reference to the essential comforts of life\\nnaturally took the precedence of pursuits which require leisure, long study\\nand a wealthy and cultivated class to furnish patrons for the successful\\nartist. The first painters in this country were foreigners who came over to\\nfind a patronage which their abilities (frequently not above the average)\\nhad failed to secure them at home. There is one species of painting which\\nis prized even by those who lack general culture in art, and which natu-\\nrally is the first to be sought for in a new country. We refer to portraits\\nof friends and relatives. The first artist-visitors were, therefore, portrait\\npainters, and the earliest (whose name has been preserved) was John Wat-\\nson, a native of Scotland. He crossed the ocean in 1715, painted portraits\\nfor more than fifty years, had, it is said, no lack of sitters, and acquired\\na fortune by his labors, of which, however, not a single specimen (so far\\nas is known) is extant. The next in order of time was John Smybert (or\\nSmibert, as Walpole spells it). It is said of him that he painted no pic-\\ntures to be treasured in our galleries, yet left footprints of good incentive\\nand example which we may clearly trace beneath the subsequent march\\nof greater gifts. Copley, though but thirteen years of age at the time of\\nSmybert s death, confesses indebtedness to him and his works. So also\\ndoes Trumbull, who at one time painted in the apartments which Smybert\\nhad occupied, and in which many of the pictures of the latter still remained\\nwhile Allstou was thankful for the advantages which he enjoyed in the\\npermission to copy a head which Smybert had executed after Vandyke.\\nSmybert accompanied Bishop Berkeley to this country in 1728, and lived\\nat Boston in high favor until 1751, leaving behind him many portraits of\\nthe distinguished characters of his time. Like Watson, he was a Scotch-\\nman, and he also acquired a competence by the practice of his profession,\\nand married in America a rich widow a somewhat better lot than was an-\\nticipated for him by his friends, against whose persuasion he was tempted\\nto embark in the uncertain but amusing scheme of the famous Dean Berke-\\nley, afterward bishop of Cloyne, whose benevolent heart was then warmly\\nset on the erection of a universal college of science and arts in Bermudas,\\n633", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "634 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nfor the instruction of heathen children in Christian duties and knowledge.\\nHorace Walpole, from whose notice of Smybert in his Anecdotes of Paint-\\ning in England we have just quoted, appends the following note, which is\\nthe more remarkable, as the cynic of Strawberry Hill was not given to\\nbursts of enthusiasm. Walpole says: One may conceive how a man so\\ndevoted to his art must have been animated when the dean s enthusiasm\\nand eloquence painted to his imagination a new theatre of prospects, rich,\\nwarm and glowing with scenery, which no pencil had yet made cheap and\\ncommon by a sameness of thinking and imagination. As our disputes in\\npolitics have travelled to America, is it -not probable that poetry and paint-\\ning too will revive amidst those extensive tracts, as they increase in opidence\\nand empire, and where the stores of nature are so various, so magnificent\\nand so new? The volume in which these words occur was published in\\n1780, and within twelve years (March 24, 1792), Benjamin West, a native\\nof America (though it is true he received his art education in Europe),\\ndelivered his inaugural address as the second president of the Royal Acad-\\nemy. How West drew a pen-and-ink picture of a sleeping child before\\nthe would-be artist was seven years of age; how before he reached the age\\nof nine he drew on a sheet of pajier recognizable portraits of a neighbor-\\ning family with colors made of charcoal and chalk mixed with the juice\\nof berries, and with such colors laid on with the hair of a cat drawn\\nthrough a goosequill how he obtained from the Mohawk and Delaware\\nIndians the red and yellow pigments which they used at their toilets (his\\nmother s indigo-pot supplied blue), yet (having never seen an Indian in full\\nwar-costume) forgot the moccasins and painted the Indian warrior as bare-\\nfoot, in his picture of The Death of Wolf; how Allan Cunningham,\\nsubstituting Benjamin for his elder brother, sends the Quaker artist off to\\nthe wars in company with a select body of Indians (a substitution copied\\nby several of his biographers and in the sketch of West in the old edition\\nof Appletons American Cyclopcedia) how he succeeded in reaching Rome,\\nand when he was first shown the famous statue of Apollo Belvedere ex-\\nclaimed, How like a young Mohawk warrior! much to the disgust of\\nblind old Cardinal Albani, who considered it an insult to the representa-\\ntion of the god of the silver bow; how the young lady to whom West\\nwas engaged to be married was unwilling to call him away from England,\\nthereby interrupting his rapid progress, and went over with the father of\\nthe artist to London, where she was married to one whom to the last she\\ndeclared to be without a fault; all this and much more has been dwelt\\nupon with great fulness in works professedly treating in detail what can\\nhere claim but a brief notice. Although the greater part of his art4ife\\nwas spent abroad, America still claims him as one who never forgot the\\nland of his birth, and whose teachings were of great value to other native\\nAmerican artists who were his contemporaries. Many of his works are", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 635\\nnow in America, the most accessible beiug his Death on the Pule Horse,\\nwhich is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts iu\\nPhiladelphia, and Christ Healing the Sick, which is iu the Pennsylvania\\nHospital, in the same city. One of his contemporaries John Singleton\\nCopley, the father of a future Lord Chancellor of England (Lord Lynd-\\nhurst) was another American Avho w ent to Great Britain and proved that\\nthe atmosphere of the New World was not an uncongenial one ibr the\\ngrowth of a love of art. Lord Lyndhurst (who became thoroughly Brit-\\nonized, having left this country when three years old), when written to by\\nProfessor S. F. B. Morse for information respecting his father, remarked\\nin a civil but frigi l note that the latter was entirely self-taught, and\\nnever saw a decent picture except his own until he was nearly thirty years\\nof age. Dunlap, the author of the History of the Arts of Design in Amcr-\\nicd, will not admit that Copley had never seen a decent picture, with the\\nexception of his own, until he saw the treasures of European art. Smy-\\nbert and Blackburn painted in Boston; and even if the young man did not\\nreceive their instruction as a pupil, he saw their pictures, which were more\\nthan decent, and received the instruction which is conveyed by studying\\nthe works of others. He also saw many which were more than decent, if\\nhe saw only the collection of pictures belonging to Governor Hamilton.\\nFollowing the order of Dunlap, who introduces his artists in the order of\\nthe time when each practiced his profession in this country, the next on our\\nlist is Charles Wilson Peale, whose date is fixed by Dunlap (in accordance\\nwith the above rule) in 1769. He was a man of versatile genius. He\\nsuccessively carried on the trades of saddler, harness-maker, silversmith,\\nwatchmaker and carver, and afterward, as a recreation from his seden-\\ntary practice of portrait-painting, he became a sportsman, naturalist and\\npreserver of animals, made himself a violin and guitar, invented and con-\\nstructed a variety of machines, and was the first dentist in this country\\nthat made sets of enamel teeth. He did not take up painting until he was\\ntwenty-five years of age. Seeing at this time some very wretched por-\\ntraits, he thought that he could do as well if he tried. He did try, and\\nsucceeded in painting a portrait of himself which brought him into notice,\\nbut afterward escaped notice itself for forty years, at the end of which\\nperiod it was found tied up as a bag, and containing a pound or two of\\nwhiting. For about fifteen years he was the only portrait-painter iu\\nAmerica, and persons came to him to be painted even from Canada and\\nthe West Indies. He raised a company for service in the Revolutionary\\nwar, during which contest he painted the portraits of many distinguished\\noflacers, some of whom were afterward killed. This collection constituted\\nthe chief interest of a picture-gallery which he established shortly aftet-\\nthe war, at the corner of Third and Lombard streets, Philadelphia. By\\nthe addition from time to time of various curiosities (among others the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "636 BUELEY S UNITED STATES\\nskeleton of a mammoth, the picture of which formerly adorned many-\\nschool-books), he brought the collection once famous as Peale s Museum\\nup to a size and condition which justified a comparison with the most cele-\\nbrated establishments in Europe, but the articles were afterward sold and\\nscattered to the four winds of heaven. He died in 1827 (aged 85), seven\\nyears after West, who died in 1820, in the eighty-second year of his age.\\nOf Colonel John Trumbull, who was also an officer in the Revolutionary\\narmy, a writer in the North American Review for October, 1830, has said:\\nThe general reputation of Trumbull is hardly equal to that of West,\\nalthough the Sortie from Gibraltar is perhaps superior in effect to any\\nproduction of the latter artist. This noble picture may justly be ranked\\nwith the finest productions of the pencil, and would for ever secure to the\\nauthor, had he done nothing else, a rank with the greatest masters of the\\nart. If his success has been, on the whole, inferior to that of his illustrious\\ncontemporary, it is probably because his devotion to his profession has not\\nbeen so exclusive. The four great paintings on subjects connected with\\nthe Revolutionary war which he executed for Congress The Declaration\\nof Independence, Tlie Surrender of Cornwallis, The Surrender of Bur-\\ngoyne and Washington s Resignation have, on the whole, hardly satis-\\nfied the public expectation, and for that reason have perhaps been depre-\\nciated below their real worth. It has been the fashion in this country to\\nspeak disparagingly of these pictures, yet it was immediately after seeing\\nthese very paintings in the Capitol at Washington that Thackeray (surely\\na sufficiently fastidious critic) pronounced a highly eulogistic opinion upon\\nTrumbull s merit as an artist. Other specimens of his skill may be seen\\nin the Trumbull Gallery, in New Haven, on the grounds of Yale Col-\\nlege, to which institution he presented his collected works a few years\\nbefore his death, upon the condition that the paintings should be suitably\\nhoused, and that the artist should receive an annuity of one thousand\\ndollars. The names of the successors of the pioneers whom we have\\nmentioned crowd so thick and fast upon us that we can do little more than\\ngive very brief notices of a few of the most prominent among them. The\\nlongevity of American artists is noteworthy. Trumbull died in 1843, at\\nthe age of eighty-seven years Vanderlyn (who was a blacksmith s appren-\\ntice, but afterward became a leading portrait-painter) in 1852, aged seventy-\\nsix. Another point which we would dwell upon is the number of American\\nartists who have worked themselves up from comparatively humble cir-\\ncumstances, or who have acquired a competence by the pursuit of other\\ncallings before giving their whole attention to art. Chester Harding\\nworked at first on a farm, then at chair-making, then at house-painting,\\nthen at sign-painting, and finally he made his way into the ranks of the\\nportrait-painters, and rose so high in his profession that he numbered\\namong his sitters such men as Madison, Monroe, Marshall, Wirt, Clay,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 637\\nWebster, Calhoim and Allstou in America, and in England painted the\\nportraits of the dukes of Norfolk, Hamilton and Sussex, Lord Aberdeen\\nand Samuel Rogers. Charles Fraser practiced law until he was thirtv-six\\nyears of age, then began in earnest to devote himself to art. He died in\\n1860, aged 78. An exhibition of his collected works, opened in Charleston\\nthree years before his death, contained 313 miniatures and 139 landscapes\\nand other paintings in oil. Washington Allston, poet and painter, was\\nborn on his father s plantation, at Waccamaw, in South Carolina, on the\\n5th of November, 1779. In 1801 he was a student of the Royal Academy\\nin London. In 1810, having visited Europe a second time and exhibited\\nhis famous picture of The Dead Man Revived by touching the Bones of\\nElijah, he received a prize of 200 guineas from the British Institution.\\nHe^ painted many other scriptural subjects, and began in 1818 a composi-\\ntion entitled Belshazzar s Feast. In November of that year Allston\\nwrote of this picture, There still remains about six or eight months more\\nwork to do to it. The writer in the North American Review for October,\\n1830 (whom we have already quoted), says of Allston: We trust that\\nhe will not permit another year to pass over without putting the last hand\\nto the grand heroical composition upon which he has employed so many,\\nand that this will be followed by many of equal merit and of a rather\\nmore rapid growth. Thirteen years after these words were written Allston\\ndied (July 9, 1843), leaving this work, upon which he had been engaged\\nfor twenty-five years, still unfinished. His taste had become more exacting\\nwith his advancing years and though he had completed other productions,\\nthe master-piece, even as far as it was finished, could not satisfy his ideal,\\nbut remains as a warning against that extreme fastidiousness which in\\nearly life may be a virtue, but which must be cast aside by the mature\\nartist for were it to become general not a single work of art would ever\\nbe completed. The last artist of whom our limited space permits us to say\\nmore than a word or two is Gilbert Stuart, of one of whose portraits it\\nwas said by Sully, It is a living man looking directly at you! Of that\\none of Stuart s works which is best known to the American people Duulap\\nsays: This beautiful image of the mind as well as features of Washing-\\nton was ofiered to the State of Massachusetts by the artist for 61000, which\\nthey refused to give. Those entrusted with our national government passed\\nby the opportunity of doing honor to themselves during the life of a man\\nwhom they could not honor, and the only [faithful] portrait of Washing-\\nton was left neglected iu the painter s workshop until the Boston Athe-\\nnaeum purchased it of his widow. Art has made great advances in\\nAmerica during the present century. The progress and present condition\\nof painting is thus summed up by Weyman: About 1825 Thomas Cole\\nfounded what may be called the American school of landscape painting, a\\ndepartment which has since been cultivated by native artists more uuiver-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "638 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nsally than any other. The works of Cole, though not remarkable as lit\\neral transcripts of individual forms, are characterized by a thoughtful\\nmorality and a tendency to allegory. The series of The Course of Em-\\npire and The Voyage of Life are his most elaborate productions. Con-\\ntemporary with Cole and immediately succeeding him were Doughty,\\nDurand [also a remarkably fine engraver on steel], Inmau and Fisher,\\nthe two first named eminent in landscape painting, and the thii d the first\\nAmerican painter who attempted genre [pictures of every-day life and\\nmanners which, for want of a definite character, are classed together as of\\na certain genre or kind] with success Rembrandt Peale [the son of Charles\\nWilson Peale], Weir, Huntington, Rothermel and Page, painters of his-\\ntory, portraits, landscapes and genre, and the last named distinguished as\\na colorist Neagle, Morse [the inventor of the electric telegraph], Ingham,\\nHarding and Fraser, portrait-painters. Since the middle of the century\\nAmerican painters have devoted most of their attention to landscape and\\ngenre, and their efiforts have in a measure reflected the influence of the\\nFrench school. French paintings predominate in the private collectitms\\nof the country, and French types of form, color and design have been\\nreproduced, with such modifications as national tastes and habits of\\nthought have rendered necessary. The influence of other modern schools\\nis almost inappreciable. Landscape has been pursued as a rule from a\\npurely realistic point of view, American painters in this department seldom\\naiming to give more than a literal (if sometimes an exaggerated) tran-\\nscript of nature. Prominent among painters of this class have been\\nChurch and Bierstadt, both remarkable for the production of grand and\\nelaborate pictures on an extensive scale Keusett, whose peculiar manner-\\nism often carried him within the realm of the ideal Inness, a follower of\\nthe French landscapist Rousseau James M. and William Hart, Cropsey,\\nCasilear, R. S. and S. R. Giffbrd, G. L. Brown, Bristol, S. Colman, W. T.\\nRichards, [A. F. Bunner], Tilton, Tiffanay, McEntee, Whittredge, Cranch,\\nLa Farge, Griswold, Smillie, Sonntag, Thomas Hill, Mignot, T. Moran,\\nGay, Giguoux, Wyaut, Gerry, Bellows, Shattuck, Bricher, Hubbard,\\nFitch and Yewell. Among marine painters may be mentioned E. Moran,\\n[Hamilton], De Haas, Dana, Haseltine, Bradford and Dix. Portraiture\\nhas been pursued with success by Elliott, W. M. Hunt, [O. S. Freeland],\\nBaker, Healy, Le Clear, W, O. Stone, Hicks, H. P. Gray, Staigg, Ames,\\nFlagg and others. History and genre are represented by Eastman John-\\nson, [Professor C. Schuessele, a greater name than the majority of those\\nmentioned by Mr. Weyman], Winslow Homer, Lentze, J. F. Weir, E.\\nWhite, Mount, May, Powell, Darley, Guy, Lambdin, Hennessy, G. H.\\nHall, J. G. Brown, Perry, T. W. Wood, Vedder, Terry, C. C. Coleman\\nind Freeman and J. H. and W. H. Beard, Butler, P. Moran, Hays, Tait\\nlud Hinckley are noted as painters of animals.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND OUWE. 639\\nThere are two Academies, the National Academy of Design, founded\\nby Professor S. F. B. Morse, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,\\nboth of which are flourishing and useful institutions, affording all requisite\\nfacilities for the assistance of the intelligent student, providino- for the an-\\nnual display of the productions of our artists, and serving by their very\\nexistence to foster and keep alive an interest in the objects for which they\\nwere founded.\\nThe first native sculptor who gave evidence of talent above mediocrity\\nwas John Frazee, born in 1790, who was a bricklayer s apprentice, and\\nnever used a chisel until he was eighteen years of age, when the demand\\nfor some one to put his master s name on a neat tablet of stone, with the\\ndate of the completion of a bridge which he had built, led Frazee to under-\\ntake this task, which was declined (as being too difficult for them) by sev-\\neral stone-cutters. He succeeded in satisfying tlie ambitious architect, and\\napplied himself afterward to stone-cutting, then began to model the human\\nfigure, and in 1824 chiselled a bust in marble of John Wells, Esq., which\\nis in Grace Church, New York, a work which is described by Duulap as\\nthe first portrait in marljle attempted in the United States. Dunlap\\nalso says (writing in 1834): From this beginning he has progressed to a\\nperfection which leaves him without a rival at present in the country.\\nThere wag, however, a rival and a superior to Frazee among American\\nsculptors, though he was abroad when Dunlap wrote, and said, with cha-\\nracteristic modesty, when he heard that Dunlap wished particulars of his\\nlife A note to Allston s life might tell all of me which is essential.\\nWhat is the use of blowing up bladders for posterity to jump upon for the\\nmere pleasure of hearing them crack? The reputation of Horatio Green-\\nough (for it was he) was not so evanescent as he anticipated that it would\\nbe. The sculptor of the first original group from the chisel of an Amer-\\nican artist The Chanting Cherubs, executed for James Fenimore\\nCooi^er), of the Medora, at Baltimore, of the Venus Victrix, in the\\nBoston Athenseum, and of the colossal statue of Washington which now\\nstands so grandly on the great lawn opposite the east front of the national\\nCapitol; the lecturer upon art, who during the last year of his life was\\noccupied iu instructing his fellow-countrymen in the principles of just art\\ncriticism, would occupy an honored place in the annals of the art-life\\nof this country, even if he had not found a worthy eulogist iu his friend,\\nthe poet Tuckerman. Greenough died on the 18th of December, 1852.\\nHiram Powers (born at Woodstock, Vt., July 29, 1805, died June 27, 1873)\\nis widely known as the sculptor of the famous statue of The Greek Slave,\\na work which won for us the first general and popular acknowledgment\\nat home and abroad of our success in sculpture. His colossal figure of\\nEve, which excited the admiration of Thorwaldsen, and his full-length\\nstatue of Calhoun which sufl ered shipwreck off the coast of Long Island,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "640 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nbut was rescued without injury, are preserved in South Carolina. The\\ngreatest of American sculptors was Thomas Crawford (born March 22,\\n1814, died Oct. 10, 1857), whose statue of Washington, at Richmond, of\\nBeethoven, in Music Hall, at Boston, and of Armed Liberty, executed\\nfor the dome of the Capitol at Washiugton, are the best known of his\\nworks, which numbered 60 completed ones and 50 sketches in plaster and\\ndesigns of various kinds. Brown, Palmer, Thompson, Mills, Mosier,\\nRogers, Story, Akers, Bartholomew, Ball, Hart, Stone and others have all\\nwon honorable distinction, as well as Harriet Hosmer and other American\\nwomen, some of whom have made great progress in this difficult and labo-\\nrious art. The Maud Muller of Blanche Nevin is worthy of special men-\\ntion here as a thoroughly American subject, treated with great spirit and\\nskill.\\nIn engraving great progress has been made in this country, but the only\\ndevelopment which we have space to. enlarge upon is the Graphic Pro-\\ncess, which could be called engraving only upon the etymological prin-\\nciple of hiciis a non lucendo. The illustrations of the Daily Graphic,\\nthe only illustrated daily newspaper in the world (unless one daily carica-\\nture can give the Paris Charivari a claim to that title), are prepared by a\\nphoto-lithographic process, so rapid in its woi kings that a full-page picture\\ncan be made ready for the press in an hour. We have before us a copy\\nof The Death of Priam, executed by this process, which compares favor-\\nably with many expensive engravings. As this method of producing illus-\\ntrations was invented in America a method which makes it possible with\\nthe rapidity of print to pictorially illustrate the events of each day, and\\nto spread broadcast through the land, at the price of an ordinary daily\\nnewspaper, reproductions of the masterpieces of painters of every age and\\ncountry, thus elevating and improving the public taste we could not more\\nappropriately conclude this article than by an acknowledgment of the\\nmerits of this latest fruit of American invention as applied to the devel-\\nopment of American art.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "AMERIOAI^ IKVEKTIONS.\\nIntroduction. It requires no argument to prove that the Anieri-\\ncaus are an inventive people. The mother of invention, necessity, caused\\nthe early settlers to turn their attention to the improvement of their uten-\\nsils and machinery, and in the Body of Liberties, adopted by the General\\nCourt of Massachusetts in 1641, it was declared that there should be no\\nmonopolies but of such new inventions as are profitable to the country, and\\nthat for a short time only. Within five years (May 6, 1646) a patent\\nwas granted by the same legislative body to Joseph Jenckes, giving him\\nliberty to make experience of his abilities and inventions for the making\\nof engines for mills to go with water for the more speedy despatch of work\\nthan formerly, and mills for the making of scythes and other edged tools\\nwith a new-invented saw-mill (sic), that things may be afforded cheaper than\\nformerly, and that for fourteen years ivithout disturbance by any othets set-\\nting up the like inventions, that so his study and cost may not be in vain or\\nlost. The General Court reserved the right to restrain the exportation\\nand to moderate the prices of the articles manufactured under this patent.\\nA patent law was enacted in 1784. By virtue of the powers conferred by\\nthe Constitution (Article I., Section 8), the first patent law was passed by\\nCongress in 1790 (April 10), granting to the inventor or inventors, his,\\nher or their heirs, administrators or assigns, for any term not exceeding\\nfourteen years, the sole and exclusive right and liberty of making, con-\\nstructing, using and vending to others to be used the invention or discov-\\nery for which the patent was granted. The first patent under this law was\\nissued on the 31st of July, 1790, and two others were granted during that\\nyear. The number of patents issued during the year 1812 was 28.5. War-\\nden, in his Account of the United States of America (published in 1819),\\nsays: In mechanics the Americans have been particularly inventive.\\nThe machinery of flour-mills has several ingenious contrivances not\\nknown in Europe. The machines for making cotton-cards and for the\\nmanufacture of nails are no less useful to the country than creditable to\\nthe inventors. Two Americans are candidates for the prize of 1,000,000\\nfrancs offered by the French government for the best machine for spinning\\nflax. The saving of manual labor by one of the American machines is\\n^aid to be four-fifths, but the conditions of the prize require nine-tenths.\\n41 641", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "642 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nThe method employed of lighting the interior of American vessels by\\nmeans of cylinders of glass placed iu the deck is found to be very useful\\nat sea. A new apparatus for the distillation of water on board of vessels\\nat sea (invented by Major Lamb o^ New York) is found so superior to the\\ncontrivances formerly in use that it has been adopted by the English navy\\nboards for the public ships. The American machinery for making boots\\nand shoes by means of iron wire or nails has been lately employed iu Eng-\\nland, and an idea may be formed of its economical advantages from the\\ncircumstance of its being able to furnish a pair of shoes in a quarter of an\\nhour. This same writer, in his articles on the several States, mentions\\noccasionally an invention which, at the j^resent day, is in such general use\\nthat it seems strange to class it as an invention. The inventions\\nclaimed by persons in the State of Maryland, for instance, are repre-\\nsented by the following single entry: Bradley (J. B.) an ice-house\\nwhich consists of a frame of logs of greater or less dimensions, placed\\nabove or below the surface, lined within and without with straw and cov-\\nered with a roof, with a basin to receive the water from the rain or the\\nmelted ice. There were, however, other inventions, which were of such\\nimportance as to influence the progress of the whole nation in a wonderful\\nmanner. Of a few of these, both before and after the time of Warden,\\nwe shall now give brief notices.\\nTlie SteaillbOtlt. Popular opinion has awarded the praise due for\\nthe invention of the steamboat, or rather the successful application of steam\\nas a means of propelling water-craft, to Robert Fulton, and has fixed the\\ndate at 1807. The following facts, which we have drawn mainly from the\\nexcellent Life of John Fitch by Thompson Westcott, and from the bio-\\ngraphical sketch of Fitch by Charles Whittlesey (in Sparks American\\nBiography), will, we hope, be effectual iu leading our readers to give\\nhonor to whom honor is due. John Fitch conceived the idea of a\\nsteamboat in April, 1785, having at that time never seen a steam-eugiue.\\nHis first idea was to construct steam land-carriages, but he abandoned this\\nnotion as impracticable. He fully realized the magnitude of the discov-\\nery, for he says, in a letter to Franklin (Oct. 12, 1785); The subscriber\\nmost humbly begs to trouble you with something further on the subject of\\na steamboat. It is a matter in his opinion of the first magnitude, not\\nonly to the United States, but to every maritime power in the world, as he\\nis full in the belief {sic) that it will answer for sea- voyages as well as for\\ninland navigation, in particular for j^ackets where there should be a great\\nnumber of passengers. He is of opinion that fuel for a short voyage\\nwould not exceed the weight of water for a long one, as it would produce\\na constant supply of fresh water. He also believes that it would be able\\nto make head against the most violent tempests, and thereby escape the\\ndangers of a Jee shore, and that the same force may be applied to a pump", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 643\\nto free a leaky ship of water. What embokleus him to be thus presuming\\nof the good eifects of the machine is the almost omnipotent force by which\\nit is actuated, and the very simple, easy and natural way by which the\\nscrew or paddles are turued to answer the purpose of oars. The first\\nengine (for a small skiff) was made in July, 1786, and had a cylinder of\\nonly one inch diameter. It would not work regularly, not having force\\nenough to overcome the friction. Another engine was constructed with a\\ncylinder of three inches diameter. Attempts to apply this to the propul-\\nsion of the boat by an endless chain, a screw of paddles (akin to the\\nprinciple used to-day in the construction of screw propellers) and various\\nother appliances were unsuccessful; but on the 27th of July, 1786, a speed\\nof seven miles an hour was attained by the use of paddles worked by a\\ncrank. The following description (written by the inventor) of a new and\\nenlarged engine and craft is foiimP in the Columbian Mar/azine for Decem-\\nber, 1786 (vol. i., page 174): It is in several parts similar to the late im-\\nproved steam-engines in Europe, though there are some alterations. Our\\ncylinder is to be horizontal and the steam to work with equal force at each\\nend. The mode by which we obtain (what I may take the liberty of term-\\ning) a vacuum is, we believe, entirely new, as is also the method of letting\\nthe water into it and throwing it off against the atmosphere without fric-\\ntion. It is expected that the engine, which is a 12 inch cylinder, will move\\nwith a clear force of 11 or 12 cwt. after the frictions are deducted. This\\nforce is to act against a wheel of 18 inches diameter. The piston is to\\nmove about three feet, and each vibration of the piston gives the axis\\nabout 40 evolutions (^sic). Each evolution of the axis moves 12 oars or\\npaddles 5=2 feet (which work perpendicularly and are represented by the\\nstroke of the paddle of a canoe). As 6 of the paddles are raised from\\nthe water, 6 more are entered, and the two sets of paddles make their\\nstrokes of about 11 feet in each evolution. The cranks of the axis act\\nupon the paddles about i of their length from the lower end, on which\\npart of the oar the whole force of the axis is applied. Our engine is\\nplaced in the boat about i from the stem, and both the action and reaction\\nturn the wheel the same way. The following account of the performance\\nThis word is italicized to indicate that the quotation as given is actually/oH\u00c2\u00abc^ in\\nthe work referred to, which is more than can be said for several published versions,\\nwhich, when compared, read more like translations from a passage in a foreign lan-\\nguage than copies of the same description, originally printed in tolerably plain Eng-\\nlish. Mr. Whittlesey (following Howe in his Lives of Eminent Mechanics) has, The\\ncrank of the axis ^vorks upon the paddles, etc., although the engraving in the Colum-\\nbian Magazine plainly shows two cranks. We have given the description as it stands,\\npreserving even the figures and abbreviations, and the apology for using the term\\nvacuum, the necessity for which apology is a striking commentary upon the lack of\\ngeneral information with reference to the principles of the steam-engine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ed. U. S.\\nCentennial Gazetteer and Guide.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "644 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nof this boat was written by an eye-witness (Dr, Thornton, afterward Com-\\nmissioner of Patents under the Constitution): The day was appointed,\\nand the experiment was made in the following manner: A mile was mea-\\nsured in Front (Water) street, Philadelphia, and the bounds projected at\\nright angles, as exactly as could be, to the wharf, where a flag was placed at\\neach end, and also a stop-watch. The boat was ordered under way at dead\\nwater, or when the tide was found to be without movement; as the boat\\npassed one flag it struck, and at the same instant the watches were set off!\\nAs the boat reached the other flag it was also struck, and the watches in-\\nstantly stopped. Every precaution was taken before witnesses the time\\nwas shown to all, the experiment declared to be fairly made, and the boat\\nwas found to go at the rate of eight miles on hour, or one mile in seven\\nminutes and a half; on which the shares were signed over with great sat-\\nisfaction l)y the rest of the company [several shareholders who had with-\\nheld their signatures while awaiting the event of this trial]. It afterward\\nwent eighty miles in a day T Exclusive privileges, amounting to a patent,\\nwere granted to Fitch by the legislatures of Pennsylvania, New York, Del-\\naware and Virginia, but the difficulty of raising the large sums of money\\nrequisite to successfully carry through his plans prevented the accomjilish-\\nmeut of his designs, though he also obtained a United States patent, dated\\nAugust 26, 1791, for applying the force of steam to cranks and pad-\\ndles for propelling a boat or vessel through the water. In 1798, the\\ninventor of the steamboat, having saved a dozen opium pills which had\\nbeen given to him from time to time as anodynes, took them all at one\\ndose, and thus put an end to his existence, having been ridiculed for\\nseveral years as a crazy projector of impossibilities. Robert Fulton\\nhad been residing in Philadelphia in 1775 when Fitch was making his\\nscheme known. He had the advantage of examining the papers of Mr.\\nFitch containing the scheme of the latter for steam navigation. The\\nclaims of Fulton for originality are thus disposed of by Mr. Westcott:\\nRobert Fulton had what John Fitch had not a rich, enthusiastic,\\nliberal, influential patron. Chancellor Livingston was willing to put\\nup with a boat going five miles an hour; Fitch s company were dissat-\\nisfied with one which progressed seven and eight miles in the same time.\\nFulton had the very best machinery which could be made in Europe;\\nFitch made his own, by the aid of common blacksmiths, roughly, and had\\nto experiment as he went on to discover the relative positions and influ-\\nences of the various parts of the engine and rowing apparatus upon each\\nother. Fulton began after years wasted by other men in trials by which\\nhe profited; and appropriating to himself the principles made manifest\\nby the results of their toils, disappointments and losses, is now held out to\\nthe world as the original inventor of steamboats. Against such rank\\ninjustice the facts set forth in these pages will continually protest.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 645\\nThe Cotton- Gin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ill the winter of 1792 a party of Revolution-\\nary officers, who wei-e visiting Mrs. Greene (the widow of General Greene),\\nthen residing near Savannah, Georgia, expressed great regret that there\\nwas no method of cleansing the green seed cotton or separating it from the\\nseed, and remarked that until ingenuity could devise some machine which\\nwould greatly facilitate the process of cleansing, it was impossible to profit-\\nably raise cotton for the market. Gentlemen, said Mrs. Greene, applv\\nto my young friend, Mr. Whitney he can make anything. Whitney,\\nwho was a native of Westboro Worcester county, Massachusetts, and a\\ngraduate of Yale College (class of 1792), had never seen either cotton or\\ncotton seed. It was out of the season for cotton in the seed, and it was\\nonly by going to Savannah and searching the warehouses and boats that\\nhe obtained a small parcel of it. He shut himself up in a basement room,\\nand after weeks of intense application the following incident (related in\\nDe Boiv s Eevieiv for November, 1853) gave him a clue to the required\\nmethod AVhile walking for exercise one day after dinner, with a tooth-\\npick in his hand, and being in deep meditation upon the project of con-\\nstructing an instrument for separating cotton from the seed, he picked up\\na boll of cotton which accidentally lay upon the ground before him, and in\\ntrying the tenacity of the fibre to the seed he mechanically separated the\\none from the other with his tooth-pick. The thought flashed upon his mind\\nthat a proper arrangement of vieiallie points, so as to be brought in con-\\ntact with the fibre to the exclusion of the seed, would effect his object.\\nThis was his cue, and the invention of the saw-gin was the result. With\\nsuch rude instruments and materials as he had at hand he went to work,\\nmade his own instruments and drew his own wire, of which the teeth of\\nthe first gins were made, wire being at that time an article which could\\nnot be found in the market of Savannah. Within ten days after his plan\\nwas conceived he had constructed a small model. Encouraged by the result\\nof a trial with this, he proceeded to make a larger one, which was completed\\nand exhibited in April, 1793. Although it has undergone some modifications\\nthe principle has entered into all the most efficient ginning-machines since\\nemployed. Thus was opened to the Southern agriculturist an unbounded\\nsource of wealth in a new staple, but the reward of the inventor consisted\\nmainly in contentions and lawsuits. The news of the invention spread\\nthroughout the State. Multitudes of people came to see the machine and\\nwhen access to it was denied them from motives of prudence, lawless men\\nbroke open the building containing the model and carried it ofi In this\\nway the public became possessed of the invention and before Mr. Whitney\\ncould complete his model and secure his patent, a number of machines\\nwere in operation constructed with some slight deviation from the original,\\nwith the hope of evading the penalty for infringing the patent right. Mr.\\nWhitney and a partner (Mr. Miller, who had married Mrs. Greene) strug-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "646 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\ngled manfully in defence of their rights, but they committed the error of\\nattempting to engross the entire business themselves by erecting machines\\nin every part of the cotton district and ginning the cotton at a royalty of\\none-third of the amount cleansed. By this course they arrayed the cotton\\nproducers against them, whereas, if they had confined their views to the\\nmanufacture of machines and the sale of patent rights, every purchaser\\nof a machine or of a right would have been enlisted on their side, they\\nwould have become stronger every year, and they would have avoided\\nmany of the difficulties with which they afterward had to contend. The\\nState of South Carolina purchased their right for that State for the sum\\nof $50,000, and in the following year the State of North Carolina became\\nalso a purchaser, the legislature laying a tax of two shillings and sixpence\\nupon every saw (and some of the gins had forty saws) employed in ginning\\ncotton, which sum was collected by the sheriff in the same manner as the\\npublic taxes, aud after deducting the expenses of collection the proceeds\\nwere faithfully paid over to the patentees. The money received from these\\nsources was, however, nearly all spent in carrying on fruitless lawsuits in\\nGeorgia. Sixty of these suits were instituted before a single decision on\\nthe merits of Mr. Whitney s claim was obtained and when this decision\\nwas reached, thirteen years of the patent had expired. Says De Boiv s\\nReview It is painful to follow further the history of this great man. Al-\\nthough his invention benefited his country untold millions, yet he received\\nno adequate compensation. Though depressed by pecuniary embarrass-\\nments, no public reward like the English grant to their successful inventors\\nsoothed the evening of his life, yet in the words of his epitaph While\\nprivate aflTection weeps at his tomb, his country honors his memory.\\nThe Electric Teleg rapli. Many hundreds of pages of contro-\\nversial writing have been expended upon the question, Who invented the\\nelectric telegraph It is certain that several scientists were working out\\nsimultaneously, or nearly so, the problem of communicating at a distance\\nby means of an electric current. It is certain that an article by Professor\\nHenry upon the application of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic\\napparatus, and also to the development of great magnetic power in soft\\niron with a small galvanic element (meaning a single pair of galvanic\\nplates), was published in Silliman^s Journal for April, 1831. This article\\narrived too late for insertion in its proper place, but its importance induced\\nProfessor Silliman to give it in an appendix. It is equally certain that\\nnone of the scientists had devised a method of recording a message before\\nSamuel Finley Breese Morse embarked at Havre, on the packet-ship\\nSully that he completed the plan of his alphabet and his mode of writing\\nand printing, and committed them to paper before reaching New York\\naud that he exhibited a working model of his conception in 1835, and a\\nmodel not in action of his relay in 1835 aud 1836. All concede the con-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 647\\nception of the alphabet and the mode of printing to INIorse on hoard the\\nSid/,1/. The dates of the telegraphs of Cooke and Wheatstoue in Eng-\\nland and of Steinheil in Germany are both fixed in 1837, while Morse\\nput up a half mile of wire in coils around a room and exhibited a tele-\\ngraph in operation in 1835. It can scarcely be considered a full state-\\nment of the case to say (as Bright does in his revision of Lardner s Elec-\\ntric Telegraph): Before passing on to the telegrcqihs adualhj in -\u00c2\u00bb.se, it\\nshould be mentioned that Professor Morse of America (whose system was\\nput into a practical shape at a later period has shown that the germ of\\nthe recoi ding apparatus, which has since been so generally adopted, was\\nthe subject of some experiments by him in America at a time slightly an-\\nterior to the telegraph of Messrs. Cooke and Wheatstone. On the 27th\\nof September, 1837, Professor Morse answered a circular which had been\\nissued by the Secretary of the Treasury with the view of obtaining infor-\\nmation in regard to the propriety of establishing a system of telegraphs\\nin the United States. The telegraphs which were in the mind of the\\nauthor of this document were probably systems of semaphores similar to\\nthose in use in Europe, consisting of towers five or ten miles apart, from\\nwhich signals could be transmitted in the daytime and in clear weather,\\nfor another system is requested for communication in fogs, by cannon or\\notherwise, and in the night by the same mode, or by rockets, fires, etc.\\nIn this reply Professor Morse described his invention at some length, and\\nby a petition dated the following day he asked for a cavq^t for a method\\nof recording permanently by electrical signs, which, by means of metallic\\nwires or other good conductors of electricity, convey intelligence between\\ntwo or more places. It was some time, however, before he was able to\\nmake his invention of use to the public. With scanty means he struggled\\nalong, making strenuous efforts to obtain an aiijjropriation from Congress\\nfor the construction of an extended line and in the spring of 1843, when\\nhe had given up all hope, he learned one morning (March 5) that during\\nthe last hour of the session of Congress which had closed at the preceding\\nmidnight an appropriation of $30,000 had been made for the purpose of\\ntesting his invention. A line between Baltimore and Washington (a dis-\\ntance of forty miles) was completed on the 24th of May, 1844. The priv-\\nilege of inditing the first message was promised to JNIiss Ellsworth of\\nWashington (who had been the first to announce to him the i)assagc of\\nthe appropriation bill), and that message was What hath God wrought f\\nThis message was sent to Baltimore and repeated to Washington and it\\nis stated in a letter from Professor Morse to Bishop Stevens that the strip\\nof paper upon which the telegraphic characters are printed was claimed\\nby Governor Seymour of Hartford, Connecticut, then a member of the\\nHouse, on the ground that JNIiss Ellsworth was a native of Connecticut.\\nIt was delivered to him by Miss Ellsworth, and is now preserved in the-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "648 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\narchives of the Hartford Museum or Atheuteum. The successful in-\\nventor probably received duriug the remainder of his life more marks of\\ndistinction than any other American. Violations of his patents and the\\nassumption of his rights by rival companies involved him in a long series\\nof lawsuits, but eventually these were decided in his favor, and he reaped\\nthe benefits to which his invention entitled him. In 1846 Yale College\\nconferred upon him the title of LL.D., and in 1848 he received the dec-\\noration of the Nishan Iftikar in diamonds from the Sultan of Turkey.\\nGold medals of scientific merit Avere awarded him by the king of Prussia,\\nthe king of Wiirtemberg and the emperor of Austria. In 1856 he re-\\nceived from the emperor of the French the cross of chevalier of the legion\\nof honor in 1857 from the king of Denmark the cross of knight com-\\nmander of the first class of the Danebrog; in 1858 from the queen of\\nSpain the cross of knight commander of the order of Isabella the Cath-\\nolic from the king of Italy the cross of the order of SS. Maurice and\\nLazarus, and from the king of Portugal the cross of the order of the\\nTower and Sword. In the same year, at the instance of Napoleon III.,\\nrepresentatives of France, Russia, Sweden, Belgium, Holland, Austria,\\nSardinia, Tuscany, the Holy See and Turkey met in Paris to decide upon\\na collective testimonial to him, and the result was a vote of 400,000 francs\\n[$80,000] as a personal reward for his labors. Banquets were given him\\nin London, Paris and New York, and in June, 1871, a bronze statue of\\nhim, erected by tjie voluntary contributions of telegraphic operators, was\\nformally unveiled in Central Park, New York, by William Cullen Bryant,\\nand in the evening a reception was held in the Academy of Music, at which\\nProfessor Morse telegraphed (using one of the instruments employed on\\nthe original line between Baltimore and Washington) a message of greet-\\ning to the cities of America.\\nThe Sewiiig-Maclliiie. There is one thing for which a claim\\ncannot be maintained by any other nation with any degree of plausibility.\\nThe honor of having given birth to the inventor of the sewing-machine\\ncertainly belongs to the United States. When infringements upon Mr.\\nHowe s patent were begun, the patent records of England, France and\\nthe United States were searched, encyclopaedias were examined, and an\\nattempt was even made to show that the Chinese had possessed a sewing-\\nmachine for ages; yet after all this trouble and after years of litigation,\\nJudge Sprague observed, when pronouncing his decision, There is no\\nevidence in this case which leaves the slightest doubt that for all the\\nbenefit conferred upon the public by the introduction of a sewing-machine\\nthe public are indebted to Mr. Howe. It was in the year 1839, according\\nto Parton, that Elias Howe heard the remark that the invention of a sew-\\ning-machine would ensure an independent fortune to the man who was\\n.able to accomplish the difficult task. Howe was then twenty years old.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 649\\nThe remark was never forgotten, but it required the pressure of poverty\\nto bring him fliirly to work upon the problem, wliich, when solved, o-ave\\nhim eventually an independent fortune ($200,000) as his yearly income.\\nIt was not before the winter of 1844-45 that the idea of using two threads\\nand forming a stitch by the aid of a shuttle and a curved needle with an\\neye near the point occurred to him, but then his success was assured. In\\nApril, 1845, he sewed a seam with his machine. In July he sewed by\\nhis machine all the seams of two suits of woollen clothes, one suit for Mr.\\nFisher [who was at that time his partner and his only convert] and the\\nother for himself, the sewing of both of which outlasted the cloth.\\nIt is agreed by all disinterested persons (Professor Ren wick among others\\nwho have examined this machine, that Elias Howe, in making it, carried\\nhis invention fixrther on toward its complete and final utility than any\\nother inventor has ever brought a first-rate invention at the first trial.\\nThe inventor was not afraid to subject his handy-work to a thorough test.\\nUpon one occasion he challenged five of the swiftest seamstresses in a\\nclothing manufactory to sew a race with him. Ten seams of equal\\nlength were prepared for sewing, of which five were laid by the machine\\nand the other five were given to the girls. The gentleman who held the\\nwatch, and who was to decide the wager, testified upon oath that the five\\ngirls were the fastest sewers that could be found, and that they sewed as\\nfast as they could\u00e2\u0080\u0094 much faster than they were in the habit of sewing\\nfaster than they could have kept on for one hour. Nevertheless, Mr.\\nHowe finished his five seams a little sooner than the girls finished their\\nfive, and the umpire, who was himself a tailor, has sworn that the work\\ndone on the machine was the neatest and the strongest. Even this suc-\\ncessful contest was not the means of introducing the sewing-macliinc into\\ngeneral use. It was only after the lapse of several years that the new in-\\nvention began to be appreciated, and then rival inventors came into the\\nfield who were finally vanquished or conciliated by Mr. Howe. A combi-\\nnation was formed by the leading manufacturers, which before the renewal\\nof the patent in 1860 paid Mr. Howe five dollars for every machine sold\\nin the United States, and after that date one dollar for each machine. So\\ngreat, however, had been the expense of the lawsuits that when Mr. Howe\\ndied, in 1867, his estate was worth less than $500,000, though his receipts\\nup to that time had been 61,700,000.\\nPatents. A glance at the accompanying table will show the number\\nof American inventions patented from 1840 to 1874, inclusive. The fol-\\nlowing note from The American Patent System, by H. and C. Howson, may\\nbe of service to the reader. A caveat is simply a warning notifying the\\npatent office that the caveator has made an invention which he intends to\\nmature, and to apply for a patent therefor within one year. A caveat\\nrefers to an avowedly uncompleted invention, while letters-patent are granted", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "650\\nBURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nonly for one which is complete. It is common to allude to caveats as af-\\nfording a temporary security, thus leading many inventors to a mistaken\\nimpression that a caveat is a sort of temporary patent. This it is not,\\nbeing merely a notice obliging the patent office to grant no patent for the\\ninvention to any other claimant (without giving the caveator an opportu-\\nnity to establish his priority of right) during one year after the filing or\\nthe renewal of a caveat.\\nStatement of the Applications filed, Caveats filed and Patents issued for 35 Years,\\nending December 31, 1874.\\nYear.\\nApplications\\nCaveats\\nPatents\\nYear.\\nApplications\\nCaveats\\nPatents\\nFiled.\\nFiled.\\nIssued.\\nFiled.\\nFiled.\\nIssued.\\n1840\\n765\\n228\\n473\\n1858\\n5,364\\n943\\n3,710\\n1841\\n847\\n312\\n495\\n1859\\n6,225\\n1097\\n4,538\\n1842\\n761\\n391\\n517\\n1860\\n7,653\\n1084\\n4,819\\n1843\\n819\\n315\\n531\\n1861\\n4,643\\n700\\n3,340\\n1844\\n1045\\n380\\n502\\n1862\\n5,038\\n824\\n3,521\\n1845\\n1246\\n452\\n502\\n1863\\n6,014\\n787\\n4,170\\n1846\\n1272\\n448\\n619\\n1864\\n6,972\\n1063\\n5,020\\n1847\\n1531\\n553\\n572\\n1865\\n10,664\\n1937\\n6,616\\n1848\\n1628\\n607\\n660\\n1866\\n15,269\\n2723\\n9,450\\n1849\\n1955\\n595\\n1070\\n1867\\n21,276\\n3597\\n13,015\\n1850\\n2193\\n602\\n995\\n1868\\n20,445\\n3705\\n13,378\\n1851\\n2258\\n760\\n869\\n1869\\n19,271\\n3624\\n13,986\\n1852\\n2639\\n996\\n1020\\n1870\\n19,171\\n3273\\n13,321\\n1853\\n2673\\n901\\n958\\n1871\\n19,472\\n3366\\n13,033\\n1854\\n3324\\n868\\n1902\\n1872\\n18,246\\n3090\\n13,590\\n1855\\n4435\\n906\\n2024\\n1873\\n20,414\\n3248\\n12,864\\n1856\\n4960\\n1024\\n2502\\n1874\\n21,602\\n3181\\n13,599\\n1857\\n4771\\n1010\\n2910\\nThe totals for the period covered by the table were as follows Applica-\\ntions filed, 268,861 caveats filed, 49,588 patents issued, 170,791. The\\nCommissioner of Patents says in the Official Gazette: The business of\\nthe office for 1874 presents several interesting features. From the above\\nstatement it will be seen that, notwithstanding the general prostration of\\nbusiness, a larger number of applications was received during the year\\n1874 than in any preceding year, and a larger number of patents was\\ngranted than in any year before, with the exception of 1869. It also ap-\\npears that 2561 applications were allowed, but patents were not issued\\nbecause the final fee was not paid within six mouths, as the law requires.\\nIf this number be added to the number of patents issued, it will be seen\\nthat of the 21,602 applications filed during the year, 16,160 were allowed,\\nleaving only a little more than one-fourth of the entire number of appli-\\ncations finally rejected. The fact that nearly three-fourths of the appli-\\ncations were decided favorably to the petitioners is a sufficient answer to\\nthe inconsiderate charge sometimes made of illiberality on the part of the\\nofficials of the patent office.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL\\nEXHIBITION,\\nFAIKMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA, 1876.\\nOFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.\\nPresident. Joseph R. Hawley.\\nVice-Presidents. Orestes Cleveland, John D. Creigh, Robert\\nLowRY, Thomas H. Coldwell, John McNeil, William Gurney.\\nDirector- General. Alfred T. Goshorn.\\nSecretary. John L. Campbell.\\nCounsellor and Solicitor. John L. Shoemaker, Esq.\\nOffice of the Commission. -No. 903 Waluut street.\\nExecutive Committee. Daniel J. Morrell, C%a;V?HaM, Philadelphia;\\nAlfred T. Goshoru, Ohio N. ]\\\\I. Beckwith, New York Alexander R.\\nBoteler, West Virginia Richard C. McCormick, Arizona John Lynch,\\nLouisiana Charles P. Kimball, Maine Samuel F, Phillips, North Caro-\\nlina George B. Loriug, Massachusetts Frederick L. Matthews, Illinois\\nWm. Phipps Blake, Connecticut James E. Dexter, District of Columbia\\nJ. T. Bernard, Florida Myer Asch, Secretary, Philadelphia.\\nBUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION.\\nChiefs of Bureaus. Foreign. A. T. Goshorn, Myer Asch. Instal-\\nlation. Henry Pettit. Transportation. Dolphus Torrey. Machinery.\\nJohn S. Albert. Agriculture. Burnet Laudreth. Horticulture. Charles\\nH. Miller. Fine Arts. John Sartain.\\nUNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS.\\nAlabama. James L. Cooper. Arizona. Richard C. McCormick, John\\nWassoD. Arkansas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geo. W. Lawrence, Geo. E. Dodge. California.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nJohn Dunbar Creigh, Benj. P. Kooser. Colorado.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. Marshall Paul, N.\\nC. Meeker. Connecticut.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Joseph. R. Hawley, Wm. Phipps Blake. Da-\\nJcota.\u00e2\u0080\u0094J. A. Burbauk, Solomon L. Spink. Delaware.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry F. Askew,\\nJohn H. Rodney. District of Columbia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James E. Dexter, Lawrence A.\\nGobi-ight. Florida.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John S. Adams, J. T. Bernard. Georgia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 George\\n651", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "652 BUBLEY 8 UNITED STATES\\nHillyer, Richard Peters, Jr. Idaho. Thomas Donaldson, C. W. Moore.\\nIllinois. Frederick L. Matthews, Lawrence Weldon. Indiana. John\\nL. Campbell, Franklin C. Johnson. loiva. Robert Lowry, Coker F.\\nClarkson. Kansas. John A. Martin, George A. Crawford. Kentucky.\\nRobert Mallory, Smith M. Hobbs. Louisiana. John Lynch, Edward\\nPenington. Maine. Joshua Nye. Maryland. James T. Earle, S. M.\\nShoemaker. Massachusetts. George B. Loring, William B. Spooner.\\nMichigan. Jaraes Birney, Claudius B. Grant. Minnesota. J. Fletcher\\nWilliams, William W. Folwell. Mississippi. O. C. French, E. D. Frost.\\nMissouri. John McNeil, Samuel Hays. Montana. J. P. Woolman, Pat-\\nrick A. Largey. Nebraska. Henry S. Moody, R. W. Furnas. Nevada.\\nAVm. Wirt McCoy, James W. Haines. New Hampshire. Ezekiel A.\\nStraw, Asa P. Cate. Neiv Jersey. Orestes Cleveland, John G. Stevens.\\nNeiv Mexico.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eldndge W. Little, Stephen B. Elkins. New York. N.\\nM. Beckwith, Charles P. Kimball. North Carolina. Samuel F. Phillips,\\nJonathan W. Albertson. 0/i\u00c2\u00abo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alfred T. Goshorn, Wilson W. Griffith.\\nOregon. James W. Virtue, Andrew J. Dufur. Pennsylvania. Daniel J.\\nMorrell, Asa Packer. Rhode Island. George H. Corliss, R. C. Taft.\\nSoidh Carolina. William Gurney, Archibald Cameron. Tennessee.\\nThomas H. Coldwell, William F. Prosser. Texas. William Henry Par-\\nsons, John C. Chew. Utah. John H. Wickizer, Wm. Haydon. Vermont.\\nMiddleton Goldsmith, Henry Chase. Virginia. F. W. M. Holliday,\\nEdmund R. Bagwell. Washington Territory. Elwood Evans, Alexander\\nS. Abernethy. West Virginia. Alex. R. Boteler, Andrew J. Sweeney.\\nWisconsin. David Atwood, Edward D. Holton. Wyoming. Jos. M.\\nCarey, Robert H. Lamborn.\\nCENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE.\\nPresident. John Welsh.\\nVice-Presidents. William Sellers, John S. Barbour.\\nDirectors. Samuel M. Felton, Daniel M. Fox, Thomas Cochran, Clem-\\nent M. Biddle, N. Parker Shortridge, James M. Robb, Edward T. Steel,\\nJohn Wanamaker, John Price Wetherill, Henry Winsor, Henry Lewis,\\nAmos R. Little, John Baird, Thos. H. Dudley, A. S. Hewitt, John Cum-\\nmings, John Gorham, Charles W. Cooper, William Bigler, Robert M.\\nPatton, J. B. Drake, George Bain.\\nSecretary and Treasurer. Frederick Fraley.\\nFinancial Agent. Hon. Wm. Bigler,\\nEngineers and Architects. Henry Pettit, Jos. M. Wilson, H. J.\\nSchwarzmann.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 653\\nOFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE WOMEN S CENTENNIAL\\nEXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.\\nPresident. Mrs. E. D. Gillespie.\\nVice-President. Mrs. John Sanders,\\nSecretary. Mrs. Frank M. Ettiug.\\nTreasurer. Mrs. Crawford Arnold.\\nMembers. Mrs. John W. Forney, Mrs. Richard P. White, Afrs. Henry\\nCohen, Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, Mrs. Matthew Simpson, INIrs. Emily R.\\nBuckman, Mrs. A. H. Franciscus, Miss Elizabeth Gratz, Miss McHenry,\\nMrs. L. C. Hughes, Mrs. H. C. Caldwell, Mrs. Fred k MacCrellish, Mrs. m\\nE. P. Bouligny, Mrs. J. M. Washburne, Mrs. Ellen Call Long, Mrs. Jour-\\ndaiu Westmoreland, Mrs. F. R. West, Mrs. W. I. Hill, Mrs. W. T. Rand,\\nMrs. W. L. Challis, Mrs. M. C. Ludeling, Mrs. Bion Bradbury, Mrs. James\\nT. Fields, Mrs. K. S. Minor, Mrs. S. B. Bowen, Mrs. W. L. Dayton, Mrs.\\nEdward F. Noyes, Mrs. F. AV. Goddard, Mrs. M. J. Young, Mrs. C. J.\\nFaulkner, Mrs. J. B. Thorp, JNIrs. Eliza R. Snow.\\nTHE ACT CREATING THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL\\nCOMMISSION.\\nAn Act to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of\\nAmerican Independence by holding an International Exhibition of Arts,\\nManufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine in the City of Phila-\\ndeljDhia and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and\\nseventy-six.\\nWhereas, the Declaration of Independence of the United States of\\nAmerica was prepared, signed and promulgated in the year seventeen hun-\\ndred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadelphia; and whereas it behooves\\nthe people of the United States to celebrate by appropriate ceremonies the\\ncentennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive event, which consti-\\ntuted the fourth day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and .seventy-\\nsix, the birthday of the nation; and whereas it is deemed fitting that the\\ncompletion of the first century of our national existence shall be commem-\\norated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their\\ndevelopment, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in\\ncomparison with those of older nations and whereas no place is so appro-\\npriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred the event it is\\ndesigned to commemorate; and whereas, as the exhibition should be a\\nnational celebration, in which the people of the whole country should par-\\nticipate, it should have the sanction of the Congress of the United States\\ntherefore.\\nSection 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of\\nthe United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of\\nAmerican and foreign arts, products and manufactures shall be held, under", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "654 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe auspices of the government of the United States, in the city of Phila-\\ndelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six.\\nSect. 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate\\nfrom each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose func-\\ntions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be constituted,\\nwhose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan\\nfor holding the exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the\\ncity of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits\\nof the said city, where the exhibition shall be held.\\nSect. 3. That said Commissioners shall be appointed within one year\\nfrom the passage of this act, by the President of the United States, on the\\nnomination of the governors of the States and Territories respectively.\\nSect. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one Commis-\\nsioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall\\nassume the place and perform the duties of such Commissioner and Com-\\nmissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the Commission.\\nSect. 5. That the Commission shall hold its meetings in the city of Phil-\\nadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power to make\\nall needful rules for its government.\\nSect. 6. That the Commission shall report to Congress, at the first session\\nafter its appointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing the exhi-\\nbition a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating the\\nsame a plan or plans of the buildings a complete plan for the reception\\nand classification of articles intended for exhibition the requisite custom-\\nhouse regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from\\nforeign countries intended for exhibition; and such other matters as in\\ntheir judgment may be important.\\nSect. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the Commis-\\nsioners or other officers provided by this act from the Treasury of the\\nUnited States and the United States shall not be liable for any expenses\\nattending such exhibition, or by reason of the same.\\nSect. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the governor\\nof the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection\\nof suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the\\nCommission herein provided for of the proposed exhibition, the President\\nshall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same,\\nsetting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at\\nwhich it will be held and he shall communicate to the diplomatic repre-\\nsentatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations\\nas may be adopted by the Commissioners, for publication in their respective\\ncountries.\\nApproved March 3, 1871.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 655\\nEXTRACTS FROM THE ACT CREATING THE CENTENNIAL\\nBOARD OF FINANCE.\\nAu Act relative to the Ceuteuuial International Exhibition to be held in\\nthe City of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen\\nhundred and seventy-six.\\nBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United\\nStates of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created a\\nbody corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of Fi-\\nnance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the object\\nfor which it is fox-med shall have been accomplished; and it shall be com-\\npetent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended,\\nin all courts of law and equity in the United States and may make and have\\na corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have and hold, and may grant,\\nsell and at pleasure dispose of all such real and personal estate as may be\\nrequired in carrying into effect the provisions of au act of Congress enti-\\ntled, An Act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary\\nof American Independence by holding an International Exhibition of arts\\nand manufactures, and products of the soil and mine, in the City of Phil-\\nadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, iu the year eighteen hundred and\\nseventy-six, approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one,\\nand all acts supplementary thereto; and said Centennial Board of Finance\\nshall consist of the following-named persons, their associates and successors,\\nfrom the States and Territories as herein set forth.\\n[Here follows the list of corporators, two for each Congressional District\\nand four for each State and Territory at large.]\\nSect. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority, and is hereby\\nempowered, to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not ex-\\nceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into shares of ten dollars each,\\nand to issue to the subscribers of said stock certificates therefor under the\\ncorporate seal of said corporation, which certificates shall bear the signa-\\nture of the president and treasurer, and be transferable under such rules\\nand regulations as may be made for the purpose. And it shall be lawful\\nfor any municipal or other corporate body existing by or under the laws\\nof the United States, to subscribe and pay for shares of said capital stock\\nand all holders of said stock shall become associates in said corporation,\\nand shall be entitled to one vote on each share. And it shall be the duty\\nof the United States Centennial Commission to prescribe rules to enable\\nabsent stockholders to vote by proxy. The proceeds of said stock, together\\nwith the receipts from all other sources, shall be used by said corporation\\nfor the erection of suitable buildings, with their appropriate fixtures and\\nappurtenances, and for all other expenditures required in carrying out the\\nobjects of the said act of Congress of March third, eighteen hundred and\\nseventy-one, and which may be incident thereto. And the said corporation", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "656 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nshall keep regular miuutes of its proceedings, and full accounts, with the\\nvouchers thereof, of all the receipts and expenditures, and the same shall\\nbe always open to the inspection of the United States Centennial Commis-\\nsion, or any member thereof\\nSect. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have authority to\\nissue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and secure the payment of\\nthe same, principal and interest, by mortgage upon its property and pros-\\npective income.\\nSect. 9. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury of\\nthe United States, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, to\\ncause to be prepared, in accordance with a design approved by the United\\nStates Centennial Commission and the Secretary of the Treasury, a suffi-\\ncient number of certificates of stock to meet the requirements of this act;\\nand any person found guilty of counterfeiting or attempting to counterfeit,\\nor knowingly circulating false certificates of stock herein authorized, shall\\nbe subject to the same pains and penalties as are or may be provided by\\nlaw for counterfeiting United States currency but nothing in this act shall\\nbe so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or\\nindirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Cen-\\ntennial International Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, for aid\\nor pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States,\\nin support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by the corpo-\\nration herein authorized A^id provided, That nothing in this act shall be\\nso construed as to override or interfere with the laws of any State; and all\\ncontracts made in any State for the purposes of the Centennial Interna-\\ntional Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof: And provided fur-\\nther, That no member of said Centennial Board of Finance assumes any\\npersonal liability for any debt or obligation which may be created or\\nincurred by the corporation authorized by this act.\\nSect. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said exhibition shall have\\nbeen closed, it shall be the duty of said corporation to convert its property\\ninto cash, and after the payment of all its liabilities to divide its remain-\\ning assets among its stockholders, pro rata, in full satisfaction and discharge\\nof its capital stock. And it shall be the duty of the United States Cen-\\ntennial Commission to supervise the closing up of the aflfairs of said corpo-\\nration, to audit its accounts and submit, in a report to the President of the\\nUnited States, the financial results of the Centennial Exhibition.\\nApproved June 1, 1872.\\nPROCLAMATION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES.\\nWhereas, by the act of Congress approved March third, eighteen hun-\\ndred and seventy-one, providing for a national celebration of the one hun-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 657\\ndredth anniversary of the independence of the United States by the hold-\\ning of an International Exhibition of arts, manufactures and products of\\nthe soil and mine in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred\\nand seventy-six, it is provided as follows:\\nThat whenever the President shall be informed by the governor of the\\nState of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of\\nsuitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the\\nCommission herein provided for of the proposed exhibition, the President\\nshall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same,\\nsetting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at\\nwhich it will be held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic repre-\\nsentatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations\\nas may be adopted by the Commissioners, for publication in their respective\\ncountries\\nAnd whereas His Excellency the governor of the said State of Pennsyl-\\nvania did, on the twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-\\nthree, inform me that provision has been made for the erection of said\\nbuildings and for the exclusive control by the Commission provided for in\\nthe said act of the proposed exhibition\\nAnd whereas the president of the United States Centennial Commission\\nhas officially informed me of the dates fixed for the opening and closing\\nof the said exhibition, and the place at which it is to be held\\nNow, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, President of the\\nUnited States, in conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress\\naforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim that there will be held at the\\ncity of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, an International Exhi-\\nbition of arts, manufactures and products of the soil and mine, to be opened\\non the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and seventy-\\nsix, and to be closed on the nineteenth day of October, in the same year.\\nAnd in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and international\\nfriendship and intercourse, I commend the celebration and exhibition to\\nthe people of the United States; and in behalf of this Government and\\npeople, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to\\ntake part therein.\\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto set ray hand and caused the seal\\nof the United States to be affixed.\\nDone at the city of Washington, this third day of July, one\\n[seal] thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, and of the Inde-\\npendence of the United States the ninety-seventh.\\nU. S. GRANT.\\nBy the President\\nHamilton Fish, Secretary of State.\\n42", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "658 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nNOTE TO FOREIGN MINISTERS IN THE UNITED STATES.\\nDepartment of State, Washington, July 5, 1873.\\nSir I have the honor to euclose, for the iuformatiou of the governmeiit\\nof a copy of the President s proclamation, announcing the time\\nand phice of holding an International Exhibition of arts, manufactures\\nand products of the soil and mine, proposed to be held in the year eighteen\\nhundred and seventy-six.\\nThe exhibition is designed to commemorate the declaration of the inde-\\npendence of the United States on the one hundredth anniversary of that\\ninteresting and historic national event, and at the same time present a\\nfitting opportunity for such display of the results of arts and industry of\\nall nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances attained and the\\nsuccesses achieved in the interest of progress and civilization during the\\ncentury which will have then closed.\\nIn the law providing for the holding of the exhibition Congress directed\\nthat copies of the proclamation of the President setting forth the time of\\nits opening and the place at which it was to be held, together with such\\nregulations as might be adopted by the Commissioners of the exhibition,\\nshould be communicated to the diplomatic representatives of all nations.\\nCopies of those regulations are herewith transmitted.\\nThe President indulges the hope that the government of will be\\npleased to notice the subject and may deem it proper to bring the exhibi-\\ntion and its objects to the attention of the people of that country, and thus\\nencourage their co-operation in the proposed celebration. And he further\\nhopes that the opportunity afforded by the exhibition for the interchange\\nof national sentiment and friendly intercourse between the people of both\\nnations may result in new and still greater advantages to science and indus-\\ntry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the bonds of peace and friend-\\nship which already happily subsist between the government and people of\\nand those of the United States.\\nI have the honor to be, sir, with the highest consideration,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nHamilton Fish, Secretary of State.\\nINVITATION TO FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.\\nWhereas, at various international exhibitions which have been held in\\nforeign countries, the United States have been represented in pursuance\\nof invitations given by the governments of those countries and accepted\\nby our government, therefore.\\nBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United\\nStates of America hi Congress assembled, That the President be requested\\nto extend, in the name of the United States, a respectful and cordial invi-\\ntation to the governments of other nations to be represented and take part", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 659\\nin the International Exposition to be held at Philadelphia under the aus-\\npices of the government of the United States, in the year eighteen hundred\\nand seventy-six; Provided, Jimvever, That the United States shall not be\\nliable, directly or indirectly, for any expenses attending such exposition or\\nby reason of the same.\\nApproved June 5, 1874.\\nCxENERAL REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITORS IN THE\\nUNITED STATES.\\n1. The exhibition will be held at Fairraount Park, iu the city of Phila-\\ndelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and closed on\\nthe 10th day of November following. The seven departments of the clas-\\nsification which will determine the relative location of articles in the ex-\\nposition, except in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanc-\\ntion, and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows\\nI. Mining; II. Mamifachires III. Edticcdion and Science IV. Art; V.\\nMachinery; VI. Agriculture; VII. Horticxdiure. 2. Applications for\\nspace and negotiations relative thereto should be addressed to the Director-\\nGeneral, International Exhibition, Philadelphia, Penn. 3. Exhibitors\\nwill not be charged for space. A limited quantity of steam- and water-\\npower will be supplied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled\\ndefinitively at the time of the allotments of space. Any power required\\nby the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be furnished by the Com-\\nmission at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of power must also be\\nsettled at the time of the allotment of space. 4. Exhibitors must provide,\\nat their own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they\\nmay require, and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the\\ntransmission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall. All\\narrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the\\ngeneral plan adopted by the Director-General. Special constructions of\\nany kind, whether in the buildings or gi-ouuds, can only be made upon the\\nwritten approval of the Director-General. 5. The Commission will take\\nprecautions for the safe preservation of all objects in the exhibition, but it\\nwill in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind or for acci-\\ndents by fire or otherwise, however originating. Favorable facilities will\\nbe arranged by which exhibitors may insure their own goods. 6. Exhib-\\nitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods dui-\\ning the hours the exhibition is open to the public. Appointments of such\\nwatchmen will be subject to the approval of the Director-General. 7.\\nExhibitors, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for\\nthe receiving, unpacking and arrangement of objects, as well as for their\\nremoval at the close of the exhibition. 8. The transportation, receiving,\\nunpacking and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "660 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nexpense of the exhibitor. 9. The installation of heavy articles requiring\\nfoundations should, by special arrangement, be begun as soon as the progress\\nof the work upon the buildings will permit. The general reception of arti-\\ncles at the exhibition buildings will be commenced on January 1, 1876, and\\nno articles will be admitted after March 31, 1876. 10. Space not occupied\\non the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General for reassign-\\nment. 11. If products are not intended for competition, it must be so stated\\nby the exhibitor, and they will be excluded from the examination by the\\ninternational juries. 12. If no authorized person is at hand to receive\\ngoods on their arrival at the exhibition building, they will be removed with-\\nout delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern.\\n13. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medi-\\ncines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed,\\nwill not be admitted to the exhibition. 14. The removal of goods will not\\nbe permitted prior to the close of the exhibition. 15. Sketches, drawings,\\nphotographs or other reproductions of articles exhibited will only be al-\\nlowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director-General, but\\nviews of portions of the building may be made upon the Director-General s\\nsanction. 16. Immediately after the close of the exhibition exhibitors\\nshall remove their eflects, and complete such removal before December 31,\\n1876. Goods then remaining will be removed by the Director-General and\\nsold for expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the direction of the Com-\\nmission. 17. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges\\nand undertakes to keep the rules and regulations established for the gov-\\nernment of the exhibition. Special regulations will be issued concerning\\nthe exhibition of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards\\nof prizes, the sale of special articles within the buildings and on other\\npoints not touched upon in these preliminary instructions, and an official\\ncatalogue will be published.\\nGENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS.\\n1. The exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the city of Phil-\\nadelphia,, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and closed on\\nthe 10th day of November following. 2. All governments have been in-\\nvited to appoint commissions for the purpose of organizing their depart-\\nments of the exhibition. The Director-General should be notified of the\\nappointment of such foreign commissions before January 1, 1875. Full\\ndiagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished to the foreign\\ncommissions on or before February 1, 1875, indicating the localities to be\\noccupied by each nation, subject, however, to revision and readjustment.\\n3. Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be con-\\nducted with the commission of the country where the article is produced.\\n4. Foreign commissions are requested to notify the Director-General not", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. G61\\nlater than May 1, 1875, whether they desire any increase or diminution of\\nthe space offered them, and the amount. 5. Before December 1, 1875,\\nthe foreign commissions must furnish the Director-General with approxi-\\nmate plans showing the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and\\nalso with lists of their exhibitoi-s and other information necessary for the\\npreparation of the official catalogue. Products brought into the United\\nStates at the ports of New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt.,\\nSuspension Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago, Philadel-\\nphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and San Francisco, intended for\\ndisplay at the International Exhibition, will be allowed to go forward to\\nthe exhibition buildings, under proper supervision of customs officers,\\nwithout examination at. such ports of original entry, and at the close of\\nthe exhibition will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they\\nare to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods unless\\nentered for consumption in the United States. 6. The transportation,\\nreceiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for exhibiti(m will be\\nat the expense of the exhibitor. 7. The installation of heavy articles\\nrequiring special foundations or adjustments should, by special arrange-\\nment, begin as soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will\\npermit. The general reception of articles at the exhibition buildings will\\ncommence on January 1, 1876, and no articles will be admitted after\\nMarch 31, 1876. 8. Space assigned to foreign commissions and not oc-\\ncupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General for\\nreassignment. 9. If products are not intended for competition, it must\\nbe so stated by the exhibitor, and they will be excluded from the exami-\\nnation by the international juries. 10. The seven departments of the\\nclassification which will determine the relative location of articles in the\\nexhibition, except in such collective exhibitions as may receive special\\nsanction, and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as fol-\\nlows I. Mining. II. Manufactures. III. Education and Science. IV.\\nArt. V. Machinery. VI. Agriculture. VII. Horticulture. 11. Foreign\\ncommissions may publish catalogues of their respective sections. 12. Ex-\\nhibitors will not be charged for space. A limited quantity of steam- and\\nwater-power will be supplied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be\\nsettled definitively at the time of allotment of space. Any power required\\nby the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be furnished by the Centen-\\nnial Commission at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of powei\\nmust also be settled at the time of the allotment of space. 13. Exhib-\\nitors must provide at their own cost all show-cases, shelving, counters,\\nfittings, etc., which they may require, and all countershafts, with their\\npulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power from the main shafts\\nin the Machinery Hall. All arrangements of articles and decorations\\nmust be in conformity with the general plan adopted by the Director-Gen-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "662 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\neral. Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings or\\ngrounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the Director-\\nGeneral. The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the safe\\npreservation of all objects in the exhibition, but it will in no way be re-\\nsponsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or other-\\nwise, however originating. 14. Favorable facilities will be ari anged by\\nwhich exhibitors or foreign commissions may insure their own goods. 15.\\nForeign commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard\\ntheir goods during the hours the exhibition is open to the public. Ap-\\npointments of such watchmen will be subject to the approval of the Di-\\nrector-General. Foreign commissions, or such agents as they may desig-\\nnate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrangement of\\nobjects, as well as for their removal at the close of the exhibition but no\\nperson shall be permitted to act as such agent until he can give to the\\nDirector-General written evidence of his having been approved by the\\nproper commission. 16. Each package must be addressed To the com-\\nmission for [name of country at the International Exhibition of 1876,\\nPhiladelphia, United States of America, and should at least have two\\nlabels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each case, and giving\\nthe following information 17. (1) The country from which it comes (2)\\nname or firm of the exhibitor (3) residence of the exhibitor (4) depart-\\nment to which objects belong (5) total number of packages sent by that\\nexhibitor (6) serial number of that particular package. 18. Within\\neach package should be a list of all objects. 19. If no authorized person\\nis at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the exhibition building, they\\nwill be removed without delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomso-\\never it may concern. 20. Articles that are in any way dangerous or\\noffensive, also patent medicines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose\\ningredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the exhibition. 21.\\nThe removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the close of the ex-\\nhibition. 22. Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions of\\narticles exhibited will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhib-\\nitor and the Director-General but views of portions of the building may\\nbe made upon the Director-General s sanction. 23. Immediately after\\nthe close of the exhibition exhibitors shall remove their effects, and com-\\nplete such removal before December 31, 1876. Goods then remaining\\nwill be removed by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or othoi-\\nwise disposed of under the direction of the Centennial Commission. 24.\\nEach person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and under-\\ntakes to keep the rules and regulations established for the government of\\nthe exhibition. Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibi-\\ntion of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes\\nand sales of special articles within the buildings, and on other points not", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND G VIDE. 663\\ntouched upon in these preliminary instructions. 25. Communications\\nconcerning the Exhibition should be addressed to The Director-general,\\nInternational Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.\\nSPECIAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE EXHIBITION\\nOF FINE ARTS.\\n1. The exhibition will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and\\nclosed on the 10th day of November following. 2. Works of art will be\\nadmitted for exhibition, whether previously exhibited or not. 3. Appli-\\ncations for space and negotiations relative thereto must be conducted with\\nthe commission of the country of which the applicant is a citizen. 4. No\\ncharge will be made for space. 5. The admission of foreign works of art\\nto the exhibition, except those referred to in Rule IX., will be left to the\\ncommissions appointed by the respective governments. 6. Foreign pack-\\nages for this department must be marked Art Department, and addressed\\nto the commission for (name of country). International Exhibition, Phila-\\ndelphia, U. S. A. 7. The works of foreign artists will be placed in the\\ncare of the commission of the country to which they belong. 8. Works\\nof foreign artists belonging to residents of the United States will be ad-\\nmitted on the approval of the Committee of Selection for exhibition in a\\nspecial gallery. 9. Foreign commissions will transmit to the Director-\\nGeneral, prior to March 1, 1876, information concerning the works of art\\nto be exhibited by their citizens that may be necessary for the preparation\\nof the official catalogue. 10. The installation of works of art admitted\\nto the exhibition will be under the supervision of the commissions of the\\ncountry to which they belong. 11. All works of art must be of a high\\norder of merit, and those produced by citizens of the United States will\\nbe admitted to the exhibition only on the approval of the Committee of\\nSelection. 12. Packages forwarded by exhibitors in the United States\\nfor admission to this department must be marked Art Department, Inter-\\nnational Exhibition, Philadelphia. There must be also attached to the\\noutside and inside of each package a label giving the name and address\\nof the exhibitor and the title and number of articles in the package. 13.\\nAll pictures, whether round or oval, should be placed in square frames.\\nExcessive breadth in frames or projecting mouldings should be avoided.\\nShadow boxes will not be allowed to project more than one inch beyond\\nthe frame. Glass over oil paintings will not be permitted. 14. Works\\nof art intended for sale will be so designated in the official catalogue. 15.\\nAll works of art must be in Philadelphia prior to April 1, 1876, and af-\\nter having been admitted under the rules shall not be removed before the\\nclose of the exhibition. 16. Each person presenting works of art for ad-\\nmission thereby agrees to comply with the special rules established for this\\ndepartment and the general rules for the government of the exhibition.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "664\\nBURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nrr*iipiaiiij_LEaatCI^inE\\nMAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING.\\nThis building is in the form of a parallelogram, extending east and west\\n1880 feet in length and north and south 464 feet in width. The larger por-\\ntion of the structure is one story in height, and shows the main cornice upon\\nthe outside at 45 feet above the ground, the interior height being 70 feet.\\nAt the centre of the longer sides are projections 416 feet in length, and in\\nthe centre of the shorter sides or ends of the building are projections 216\\nfeet in length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, are\\nlocated the main entrances, which are provided with arcades upon the\\nground floor and central fayades extending to the height of 90 feet. The\\neast entrance will form the principal approach for carriages, visitors being\\nallowed to alight at the doors of the building under cover of the arcade.\\nThe south entrance will be the principal approach from street cars, the\\nticket offices being located upon the line of Elm avenue, with covered ways\\nprovided for entrance into the building itself The main portal on the\\nnorth side communicates directly with the Art Gallery, and the main portal\\non the west side gives the main passage-way to the Machinery and Agri-\\ncultural Halls. Upon the corners of the building there are four towers\\n75 feet in height, and between the towers and the central projections or en-\\ntrances there is a lower roof introduced showing a cornice at 24 feet above\\nthe ground. In order to obtain a central feature for the building as a\\nwhole, the roof over the central part, for 184 feet square, has been raised\\nabove the surrounding portion, and four towers, 48 feet square, rising to\\n120 feet in height, have been introduced at the corners of the elevated roof.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n665\\nThe areas covered are as follows\\nGround floor, 872,320 square feet,\\nor 20.02 acres upper floors, in\\nprojections, 37,344 square feet,\\nor .85 acres upper floors in tow-\\ners, 26,344 square feet, or .60\\nacres; total, 936,008 square feet,\\nor 21.47 acres.\\nGround Plan. The gen-\\neral arrangement of the ground\\nI)lan shows a central avenue or\\nnave 120 feet in width and ex-\\ntending 1832 feet in length.\\nThis is the longest avenue of\\ntliat width ever introduced into\\nan exhibition building. On either\\nside of this nave there is an av-\\nenue 100 feet by 1832 feet in\\nlength. Between the nave and\\nside avenues are aisles 48 feet\\nwide, and on the outer sides of\\nthe building smaller aisles 24\\nfeet in width. In order to break\\nthe great length of the roof-lines,\\nthree cross avenues or transepts\\nhave been introduced of the same\\nwidths and in the same relative\\nj)ositions to each other as the\\nnave and avenues running length-\\nwise viz., a central transept 120\\nfeet in width by 416 feet in length,\\nwith one on either side of 100 feet\\nby 416 feet, and aisles between\\nof 48 feet. The intersections of\\nthese avenues and transepts in\\nthe central portion of the build-\\ning result in dividing the ground\\nfloor into nine open spaces free\\nfrom supporting columns, and\\ncovering in the aggregate an area\\nof 416 feet square. Four of these\\nspaces are 100 feet square, four\\n100 feet by 120 feet, and the\\n5SSB 55S55I\\niiHilB Biiiii\\nllllllFJil\\nH^BSBBB BiBBB\\nSI\\nDESBBBa\\nBBBBBi\\nBBl BO Hi\\nraBBensBl\\nEAST ENTRANCE.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "666 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ncentral space or pavilion 120 feet square. The intersections of the 48\\nfeet aisles produce four interior courts 48 feet square, one at each corner\\nof the central space. The main promenades through the nave and central\\ntransept are each 30 feet in width, and those through the centre of the side\\navenues and transepts 15 feet each. All other walks are 10 feet wide and\\nlead at either end to exit doors.\\nDimensions. (Measurements taken from centre to centre of sup-\\nporting columns.) Length of building, 1880 feet; width of building, 464\\nfeet. Central Avenue or Nave. Length, 1832 feet; width, 120 feet; height\\nto top of supporting columns, 45 feet height to ridge of roof, 70 feet.\\nCentral Transept. Length, 416 feet; width, 120 feet; height to top of col-\\numns, 45 feet; height to ridge of roof, 70 feet. Side Avenues. Length,\\n1832 feet; width, 100 feet; height to top of columns, 45 feet; height to\\nridge of roof, 65 feet. Side Transepts. Length, 416 feet; width, 100 feet;\\nheight to top of columns, 45 feet; height to ridge of roof, 65 feet. Central\\nAisles. Length at east end, 744 feet; length at west end, 672 feet; width,\\n48 feet height to roof, 30 feet. Side Aisles. Length at east end, 744 feet\\nlength at west end, 672 feet; width, 24 feet; height to roof, 24 feet. Centre\\nSpace or Pavilion. Ground plan, 120 feet square; height to top of sup-\\nporting columns, 72 feet; height to ridge of roof, 96 feet. Towers over\\nCourts. Ground plan, 48 feet square; height to roof, 120 feet. Corner\\nTowers. Ground plan, 24 feet square; height to roof, 75 feet.\\nThe foundations consist of piers of masonry. The superstructure is\\ncomposed of wrought-iron columns which support wrought-iron roof-\\ntrusses. These columns are composed of rolled channel-bars with plates\\nriveted to the flanges. Lengthwise of the building the columns are spaced\\nat the uniform distance apart of 24 feet. In the entire structure there are\\n672 columns, the shortest being 23 feet and the longest 125 feet in length.\\nTheir aggregate weight is 2,200,000 pounds. Th\u00c2\u00bb roof-trusses are similar\\nin form to those in general use for depots and warehouses, and consist of\\nstraight rafters with struts and tie-bars. The aggregate weight of iron in\\nthe roof-trusses and girders is 5,000,000 pounds. This building being a\\ntemporary construction, the columns and trusses are so designed that they\\nmay be easily taken down and erected again at another site. The sides of\\nthe building for the height of seven feet from the ground are finished with\\nbrickwork in panels between the columns. Above the seven feet, with\\nglazed sash. Portions of the sash are movable for ventilation. The roof-\\ncovering is of tin upon sheathing boards. The ground-flooring is of plank\\nupon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space underneath. All\\nthe corners and angles of the building upon the exterior are accentuated\\nby galvanized iron octagonal turrets which extend the full height of the\\nbuilding from the ground level to above the roof These turrets at the\\ncorners of the towers are surmounted with flagstafi*s, at other places with", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 667\\nthe national eagle. The national standard with appropriate emblems is\\nplaced over the centre of each of the four main entrances. Over each of\\nthe side entrances is placed a trophy showing the national colors of the\\ncountry occupying that part of the building. At the vestibules forming\\npart of the four main entrances variegated brick and tile have been intro-\\nduced. The building stands nearly due east and west, and is lighted almost\\nentirely by side light from the north and south sides. Louvre ventilators\\nare introduced over the central nave and each of the avenues. Skylights\\nare introduced over the central aisles. Small balconies or galleries of ob-\\nservation have been provided in the four central towers of the building at\\nthe heights of the different stories. These will form attractive places from\\nwhich excellent views of the whole interior may be obtained. A complete\\nsystem of water supply, with ample provision of fire-cocks, etc., is provided\\nfor protection against fire, and for sanitary purposes. Offices for foreign\\ncommissions are placed along the sides of the building in the side aisles, in\\nclose proximity to the products exhibited, as many of the 24 feet spaces\\nbeing partitioned off for that purpose as may be required. Offices for the\\nadministration may be placed in the ends of the building and on the second\\nfloor. The form of the building is such that all exhibitors will have an\\nequally fair opportunity to exhibit their goods to advantage. There is\\ncomparatively little choice of location necessary, as the light is uniformly\\ndistributed and each of the spaces devoted to products is located upon one\\nof the main thoroughfares. The departments of the classification will be\\nplaced in parallel sections running lengthwise of the building, from east to\\nwest, and will be wider or narrower in proportion to the bulk of the arti-\\ncles exhibited. The countries exhibiting will be located geographically, in\\nsections running crosswise of the building, from north to south.\\nART GALLERY.\\nThis structure, which is one of the affixes to the great exhibition, is\\nlocated on a line parallel with and northward of the Main Exhibition Build-\\ning. It is on the most commanding portion of great Lansdowne plateau,\\nand looks southward over the city. It is elevated on a terrace six feet\\nabove the general level of the plateau, the plateau itself being an eminence\\n116 feet above the surface of the Schuylkill River. The entire structure\\nis in the modern Renaissance. The materials are granite, glass and iron.\\nNo wood is used in the construction, and the building is thoroughly fire-\\nproof. The structure is 365 feet in length, 210 feet in width and 59 feet\\nin height, over a spacious basement 12 feet in height, surmounted by a\\ndome. Exterior\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. The Main Front\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The main front looks southward\\nit displays three distinctive features: 1. A main entrance in the centre of\\nthe structure, consisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimen-\\nsions. 2. A pavilion at each end. 3. Two arcades connecting the pavil-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "668 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nions with the centre; central section, 95 feet long, 72 feet high; pavilions,\\n45 feet long, 60 feet high arcades, each, 90 feet long, 40 feet high. The\\nfront or south face of the central section displays a rise of thirteen steps\\nto the entrance, 70 feet wide. The entrance is by three arched doorways,\\neach 40 feet high and 15 feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches\\nof the doorways are clusters of columns terminating in emblematic designs\\nillustrative of science and art. The doors, which are of iron, are relieved\\nby bronze panels, having the coats-of-arms of all the States and Territo-\\nries. In the centre of the main frieze is the United States coat-of-arms.\\nThe main cornice is surmounted by a balustrade with candelabras. At\\neither end is an allegorical figure representing science and art. The dome\\nrises from the centre of the structure to the height of 150 feet from the\\nground. It is of glass and iron, and of a unique design; it terminates in\\na colossal bell, from which the figure of Columbia rises with protecting\\nhands. A figure of colossal size stands at each corner of the base of the\\ndome. These figures typify the four quarters of the globe. Each pavilion\\ndisplays a window 30 feet high and 12 feet wide; it is also ornamented\\nwith tile-work, wreaths of oak and laurel, 13 stars in the frieze and a\\ncolossal eagle at each of its four corners. The arcades, a general feature\\nin the old Roman villas, but entirely novel here, are intended to screen the\\nlong walls of the gallery. These each consist of five groined arches. These\\narcades form promenades looking outward over the grounds and inward\\nover open gardens, which extend back to the main wall of the building.\\nThese garden-plats are each 90 feet long and 36 feet deep, ornamented in", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "GROUND PLAN OF ART GALLERY.\\nRE FERENCES.\\nWALL SPACE.\\nA South Halls 8680 sq. ft.\\nB Middle Halls 7700\\nC North Halls 85;!4\\n1) End Galleries 824S\\n10 Pavilions 7i;.,8\\nF End Rooms of Corridor 2706\\n(i (.Corridors 7408\\nH Rooms (north).. 8044 sq. ft.\\nI Rooms 5348\\nK Rooms 2612\\nL RL ctption Rooms 4S94\\nFLOOR SPACE.\\nM Reception Hall 495G\\nN Centra 0833\\nE Pavilions 5088\\nHeight of Picture fasteninRS above floor line 23 feet 4 inches.\\nGalleries A, B, 0, D, F, G, N, are lighted from above.\\nRooms E. H, I, K, L, M, are lighled from the side.\\nRooms H, I, K, are repeated in the second story, and are 14 feet from floor to ceiling throughout.\\nHeight of Pavilions and Reception Hall 52 feel.\\nHeight of Centre Hall 77 feet.\\n669", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "670 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nthe centre with fountains and designed for the display of statuary. A\\nstairway from the gardens reaches the upper line of these arcades, forming\\na second promenade, 35 feet above the ground. Its balustrade is orna-\\nmented with vases, and is designed ultimately for statues. The cornices,\\nthe atticas and the erestiugs throughout ai*e highly ornamented. The walls\\nof the east and west sides of the structure display the pavilions and the\\nwalls of the picture-galleries, and are relieved by five niches designed for\\nstatues; the frieze is richly ornamented; above it the central dome shows\\nto great advantage. The rear or north front is of the same general cha-\\nracter as the main front, but in place of the arcade is a series of arched\\nwindows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in all thirteen\\nopenings above, in an unbroken line, extending the entire length of the\\nstructure. Between the pavilions is the grand balcony a promenade 275\\nfeet long and 45 feet wide and elevated 40 feet above the ground, overlook-\\ning northward the whole panorama of the Park grounds. The main en-\\ntrance opens on a hall 82 feet long, 60 feet wide and 53 feet high, decorated\\nin the modern Renaissance style. On the farther side of this hall three door-\\nways, each 16 feet wide and 25 feet high, open into the centre hall; this\\nhall is 83 feet square, the ceiling of the dome rising over it 80 feet in height.\\nFrom its east and west sides extend the galleries, each 98 feet long, 84 feet\\nwide and 35 feet in height. These galleries admit of temporary divisions\\nfor the more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and gal-\\nleries form one grand hall 287 feet long and 85 feet wide, capable of hold-\\ning eight thousand persons nearly twice the dimensions of the largest hall\\nin the country. From the two galleries doorways open into two smaller\\ngalleries 28 feet wide and 89 feet long. These open north and south into\\nprivate apartments which connect with the pavilion-rooms, forming two\\nside galleries 210 feet long. Along the whole length of the north side of\\nthe main galleries and central hall extends a corridor 14 feet wide, which\\nopens on its north line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number,\\ndesigned for studios and smaller exhibition-rooms. All the galleries and\\ncentral hall are lighted from above; the pavilions and studios are lighted\\nfrom the sides. The pavilions and central hall are designed especially for\\nexhibitions of sculpture,\\nMACHINERY BUILDING.\\nThis structure is located west of the intersection of Belmont and Elm\\navenues, at a distance of 542 feet from the west front of the Main Exhibi-\\ntion Building and 274 feet from the north side of Elm avenue. The north\\nfront of the building will be upon the same line as that of the Main Ex-\\nhibition Building, thus presenting a frontage of 3824 feet from the east to\\nthe west end of the exhibition buildings upon the principal avenue within\\nthe grounds. The building consists of the main hall, 360 feet wide by", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 671\\n1402 feet long, and an annex on the south side of 208 feet by 210 feet.\\nThe entire area covered by the main hall and annex is 558,440 square\\nfeet, or 12.82 acres. Including the upper floors, the building provides 14\\nacres of floor space. The principal portion of the structure is one story\\nin height, showing the main cornice upon the outside at 40 feet from the\\nground, the interior height to the top of the ventilators in the avenues\\nbeing 70 feet and in the aisles 40 feet. To break the long lines upon the\\nexterior, projections have been introduced upon the four sides, and the\\nmain entrances finished with fa9ades, extending to 78 feet in height. The\\neast entrance will form the ]irincipal approach from street-cars from the\\nMain Exhibition Building and from the railroad depot. Along the south\\nside will be placed the boilerdiouses and such other buildings for special\\nkinds of machinery as may be required. The west entrance affords the\\nmost direct communication with George s Hill, which point affords the best\\nview of the entire exhibition grounds.\\nGround Plan. The arrangement of the ground plan shows two\\nmain avenues 90 feet wide by 1360 feet long, with a central aisle between\\nand an aisle on either side. Each aisle is GO feet in width the two ave-\\nnues and three aisles making the total width of 360 feet. At the centre\\nof the building is a transept of 90 feet in width, which at the south end is\\nprolonged beyond the main hall. This transept, beginning at 36 feet from\\nthe main hall and extending 208 feet, is flanked on either side by aisles of\\n60 feet in width, and forms the annex for hydraulic machines. The prom-\\nenades in the avenues are 15 feet in width, in the transept 25 feet and in\\nthe aisles 10 feet. All other walks extending across the building are 10\\nfeet in width, and lead at either end to exit doors.\\nConstruction. The foundations consist of piers of masonry. The\\nsuperstructure consists of solid timber columns supporting roof trusses,\\nconstructed with straight wooden principals and wrought-iron ties and\\nstruts. As a general rule, the columns are placed lengthwise of the build-\\ning, at the uniform distance apart of 16* feet. The columns are 40 feet\\nhigh to the heel block of the 90-feet span roof trusses over the avenues,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "IBflBflf^^\\n672", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "BUBLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 673\\naud they support the heel of the 60-feet spans over the aisles, at the height\\nof 20 feet. The outer walls are built of masonry to a height of 5 feet,\\naud above that are composed of glazed sash placed between the columns.\\nPortions of the sash are movable for ventilation. Louvre ventilators are\\nintroduced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles.\\nThe building is lit entirely by side light, and stands lengthwise nearly east\\nand west.\\nShafting. The building admits of the most complete system of\\nshafting, the facilities in this respect being very superior. Eight main\\nlines may be introduced, extending almost the entire length of the struc-\\nture, and counter-shafts introduced into the aisles at any point. The\\nhangers will be attached either to the wooden horizontal ties of the 60-feet\\nspan roof trusses or to brackets especially designed for the purpose, project-\\ning from the columns, iu either case at the height of 20 feet from the\\nfloor.\\nHydraulic Annex. The annex for hydraulic machines contains a\\ntank 60 feet by 160 feet, with depth of water of 10 feet. In connection\\nwith this it is expected that hydraulic machinery will be exhibited in full\\noperation. At the south end of this tank wil] be a waterfall 35 feet high\\nby 40 feet wide, supplied from the tank by the pumps on exhibition.\\nHORTICULTURAL BUILDING.\\nThe liberal appropriations of the city of Philadelphia have provided\\nthe horticultural department of the exhibition with an extremely ornate\\nand commodious building, which is to remain in permanence as an orna-\\nment of Fairmount Park. It is located on the Lansdowne terrace, a short\\ndistance north of the Main Building and Art Gallery, and has a com-\\nmanding view of the Schuylkill River and the north-western portion of\\nthe city. The design is iu the Mauresque style of architecture of the\\ntwelfth century, the principal materials externally being iron and glass.\\nThe length of the building is 383 feet, width 193 feet, and height to the\\ntop of the lantern 72 feet. The main floor is occupied by the central\\nconservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern\\n170 feet long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around\\nthis conservatory at a height of 20 feet from the floor is a gallery 5 feet\\nwide. On the north and south sides of this principal room are four forcing\\nhouses for the propagation of young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet,\\ncovered with curved roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing\\nhouses in each of these sides is a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre\\nof the east and west ends are similar vestibules, on either side of which\\nare the restaurants, reception-room, ofiices, etc. From the vestibules orna-\\nmental stairways lead to the internal galleries of the conservatory as well\\nas to the four external galleries, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which\\n43", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "674 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nsurmount the roof s of the forcing houses. These external galleries are\\nconnected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on\\nthe ground floor, which has a superficial area of 1800 square yards. The\\neast and west entrances are approached by flights of blue marble steps\\nfrom terraces 80 by 20 feet, in the centre of each of which stands an open\\nkiosque 20 feet in diameter. The angles of the main conservatory are\\nadorned with eight ornamental fountains. The corridors which connect\\nthe conservatory with the surrounding rooms open fine vistas iu every di-\\nrection. In the basement, which is of fireproof construction, are the\\nkitchen, store-rooms, coal-houses, ash-pits, heating arrangements, etc.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "675", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "676 BURLEY S CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nAGKICULTURAL BUILDING.\\nThis structure will stand north of the Horticultural Building, and on\\nthe eastern side of Belmont avenue. It will illustrate a novel combination\\nof materials, and is capable of erection in a few mouths. Its materials are\\nwood and glass. It consists of a long nave crossed by three transepts, both\\nnave and transept being composed of Howe truss archfes of a Gothic form.\\nThe nave is 820 feet in length by 125 feet in width, with a height of 75\\nfeet from the floor to the point of the arch. The central transept is of the\\nsame height and a breadth of 100 feet, the two end transepts 70 feet high\\nand 80 feet wide. The four courts enclosed between the nave and transepts,\\nand also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave\\nand end transepts for two of their sides, will be roofed and form valuable\\nspaces for exhibits. Thus the ground plan of the building will be a paral-\\nlelogram of 540 by 820 feet, covering a space of above ten acres. In its\\nimmediate vicinity will be the stock-yards for the exhibition of horses,\\ncattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc.\\nThis comprehensive system of building viz., Main Building, covering\\n21.47 acres; Art Gallery, covering 1.5 acres; Machinery Building, cover-\\ning 14 acres; Horticultural Building, covering 1.5 acres; Agricultural\\nBuilding, covering 10.15 acres provides for the accommodation of the\\nseven departments of the classification.\\nThere will be required, in addition to these buildings, a number of smaller\\nstructures for the administration of the exhibition, all of which are now\\nbeing designed, with a view to their early erection. The preparation of the\\ngrounds allotted to the Commission in Fairraount Park and the construe-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "678\\nBUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nPLAN OF CENTENNIAL GROUNDS.\\ntion of the various buildings are far advanced, and will be vigorously urged\\nforward. Although the erection of the buildings and the grading of the\\nPark were not commenced until July, 1874, the progress made to this date\\nensures their timely completion on a scale and in a manner that will answer\\nthe requirements of the exhibition in every particular.\\nBesides the exhibition buildings proper, numerous applications have been\\nmade by manufacturers and by the commissions of foreign governments for\\npermission to erect pavilions and various ornamental and useful structures\\nwithin the exhibition grounds. A number of fountains, memorial statues and\\nother decorative objects are in preparation under the auspices of local organ-\\nizations. These adjuncts will add essentially to the attractions of the Park,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 679\\nGROUNDS.\\nThe fence-line of 16,000 feet, or over three miles, on which the fence\\nis to be built during the month of May, encloses two hundred and thirty-\\nsix acres, which is exclusive of the stock-yards for the exhibition of horses,\\ncattle, sheep, swine, etc.\\nWithin this enclosure the principal structures have been grouped in the\\nmost economic, suitable and convenient positions. Facilities for transporta-\\ntion from distant points within the grounds will be provided, but the whole\\narea will contain objects of interest throughout its entire length and breadth.\\nThe walks and roads throughout the grounds will have a total length of\\nseven miles, and apart from the main exhibition building and its principal\\nannexes, the entire surfoce intervening will be covered with the pavilions\\nof States and nations, costly buildings (erected by individuals to display\\nspecial exhibits), fountains, statues, vases and shrubbery, which, with a\\nlake of pure water three acres in extent and the parterre of flowers of\\nnative and exotic plants surrounding the Horticultural Building and inter-\\nspersed over the ground, will, with other features presented by the beautiful\\nPark, afford an enchanting scene.\\nA careful survey of the grounds made it apparent that it was indispen-\\nsable for the preservation of uninterrupted intercourse between the build-\\nings, and that access might be obtained from one portion of the enclosure\\nto another by the shortest lines, that the whole of the two ravines known\\nas Lansdowue and Belmont should be included within the exhibition\\nboundaries; and as this line will interrupt the travel on the Park road to\\nBelmont, Chamouni and George s Hill, we have determined, with the assent\\nof the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, to construct two bridges, cross-\\ning the ravines where they open into the Schuylkill, and by these to divert\\nthe road from Sweetbrier Vale along the river, and from thence to continue\\nit on the north side of the exhibition line to a point where it will intersect\\nthe road now travelled.\\nDrainage. A system of drainage for the buildings and grounds ha^\\nbeen devised which will promote the convenience of the occupants and\\nvisitors and serve the purposes of utility and health.\\nTVater. As an abundant supply of water for all the purposes of the\\nexhibition is indispensable, temporary pumping-works have been erected\\nat the river Schuylkill for a supply of not less than 4,000,000 gallons per\\nday for use within the exhibition enclosure, which will render it entirely\\nindependent for a full supply of this indispensable element.\\nOas. The trustees of the City Gas-Works have shown a just appre-\\nciation of the requirements of the exhibition and surrounding avenues for\\na supply of gas by making arrangements to lay their mains to Belmont", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "680 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\nand Elm avenues, from which points it will be supplied in quantities\\ndesired by service-pipe within the enclosure.\\nTransportation, It is a cause of congratulation that, whether as\\nto materials for exhibition or visitors to the exhibition, the arrangements\\nare as perfect for their approach as it is possible to have them. The steam\\nroads which connect with the grounds of the exhibition connect also with\\nthe wharves in Philadelphia and all the railroads entering the city, so that\\nfrom abroad or our own country no transshipments are required, and the\\napproaches from the various parts of our extended city will be made\\nequally convenient by many horse railroads and some of the steam roads,\\nwhich will set down their passengers immediately at the entrance.\\nEXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF\\nFINANCE OF APRIL 23, 1875.\\nBuildings and Grounds. Within the year last past much pro-\\ngress has been made in the work of preparation of suitable buildings for\\nthe exhibition and the preparatory adaptation of the grounds. A con-\\ntract has been made with Richard J. Dobbins for the erection and con-\\nstruction of the permanent Memorial Building, to be used in 1876 as an\\nArt Gallery, and for its final completion on the first day of January, 1876.\\nThis building, 365 feet in length, with a width of 210 feet, requires more\\ntime for its completion than the other structures, because of its per.-\\nraanent and massive character, the materials composing it being granite,\\niron, brick and glass. The first work in the excavation of the cellar\\nwas done on the 4th day of July, 1874, and the building at this time\\nhas assumed such proportions in its progress that all doubts of the\\nability of the contractor to perform the requirements of his agreement\\nwithin the time allotted to him have been dispelled. The design is\\nin the Renaissance style of architecture and as its form rises day by\\nday, enveloped in solid blocks of granite, hewn from the quarries of\\nVirginia, New Hampshire and Maine, it fully meets the expectations of\\nyour Board, and those associated with them in its superintendence, as a\\ngraceful and appropriate memorial building of the great event, the mem-\\nory of which it is intended to perpetuate. The undertaking required more\\nwork to be done in a shorter space of time than was ever accomplished on\\nany building which can be reasonably compared with it. Time, however,\\nin this instance, is of the essence of the contract; and Mr. Dobbins progress\\nthus far in its erection, with the accumulation of wrought material for the\\nportion yet to be done, and facilities for transportation and building, give\\nyour Board, who are familiar with the details, the confidence expressed.\\nThe contract price of the building is $1,199,273, and the appropriation by\\nthe State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia of $1,500,000 will be", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 081\\nsufficient to cover all the expenses for heating, terracing, lighting, extra\\nwork and unforeseen contingencies which may be developed in the progress\\nof structure.\\nMain Building.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Main or Industrial Building, 1880 feet in\\nlength and 464 feet in width, to be constructed with a frame of iron,\\nwas also awarded to Richard J. Dobbins in July, 1874. The foundations\\nfor this building, consisting of 672 stone piers, were built during the\\nlast autumn, and are ready to support the superstructure. The contract\\ntime for the completion of the building is January 1, 1876, and since the\\naward the materials have been prepared in the mills, shops and glass-\\nworks, and quantities are now on the ground ready for use. Some idea of\\nthe large amount of material which enters into the requirements of a struc-\\nture covering twenty acres may be formed from the statement that to com-\\nplete it 3928 tons of iron must be rolled and fitted, 237,646 square feet\\nof glass made and set, 1,075,000 square feet of tin roof sheeting (equal to\\n241 acres) welded and spread. This material has been prepared and made\\nready for use as fast as it could be handled on the ground. The work for\\nerection commences with the present week. The agreement provides that\\nthe west wing of the building shall be erected by the first day of Septem-\\nber, the east wing by the first day of October, the central pavilion and\\ntowers by November 1, 1875, and the whole building by January 1, 1876.\\nIt is possible and probable that the entire framework will be erected before\\nthe first day of September and as the roofing, glazing, painting, flooring\\nand finishing of the part first erected commences with the erection of the\\nfirst spans, we have much confidence that the contractor will be able to an-\\nticipate the time fixed for the delivery of the completed building. The\\nconsideration for this building, enlarged from the original design, is\\n$1,420,000, exclusive of drainage, water-pipe, plumbing, painting and\\ndecoration.\\nMachinery Building. This building, 1402 feet in length and\\n360 in width, with an annex on the south side of 208x210 feet, providing\\n14 acres of -floor space, was contracted for by Philip Quigley, of Wilming-\\nton, Del., January 27 of the present year. The contractor has ivorked out\\nhis material and shown commendable energy in pushing forward the worlt\\nof erection, which he has already commenced. The contract requires its\\ndelivery by October 1, 1875, but he fully expects to entirely complete more\\nthan one-half of it by the fourth day of July next, and the remaining por-\\ntion is of easy accomplishment within the period agreed upon. The con-\\nsideration of this contract is $542,300, including drainage, water-pipe,\\nplumbing, etc., and exclusive of inside painting.\\nHorticultural Building.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This building, beautiful in design and\\nwell adapted for its purpose, and as a permanent ornamental structure, on\\nLansdowne Plateau, has been undertaken by John Rice, with an agree-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "682 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nment to complete and deliver it by the 15th day of September, 1875. The\\ncontract was made January 1, 1875, for the sum of $253,937, exclusive of\\nheating apparatus. No apprehension is felt of delay in the delivery of this\\nstructure, which is now well in hand and in course of erection. The length\\nof the building, with approaches, is 383 feet, width 193 feet, and height, to\\nthe top of the lantern, 72 feet.\\nAgricultural Building. The remaining building of the group\\nof five principal halls is the Agricultural, 820 feet long and 540 feet in\\nwidth, with a floor space of ten acres, to be composed of wood and glass,\\nand to consist of a long nave and three cross- transepts, constructed of\\nHowe truss arches of a gothic form. Its construction is easy and simple,\\nbut will combine adaptability with a pleasing effect. The working draw-\\nings of this building will be ready for contract within a fortnight of this\\ntime, and it will be placed under contract so as to secure its completion by\\nthe month of September next. The construction of one of the two build-\\nings located at Elm and Belmont avenues, which will contain the rooms\\nfor executive officers, as well as for the accommodation of the post-office,\\ncustom-house, telegraph, fire alarm, and police headquarters, etc., has\\nbeen commenced. A portion of it will be ready for occupancy in one\\nweek from this time, and the entire building, containing twenty-five office\\nrooms, completed next month. The contractor is Aaron Doan, and con-\\ntract price il8,801.\\nSYSTEM OF AWARDS.\\nFirst. Awards shall be based upon written reports attested by the sig-\\nnatures of their authors.\\nSecond. Two hundred judges shall be appointed to make such reports,\\none-half of whom shall be foreigners and one-half citizens of the United\\nStates. They will be selected for their known qualifications and character,\\nand will be experts in the departments to which they will be respectively\\nassigned. The foreign members of this body will be appointed by the\\ncommission of each country, and in conformity with the distribution and\\nallotment to each, which will be hereafter announced. The judges from\\nthe United States will be appointed by the Centennial Commission.\\nThird. The sum of one thousand dollars will be paid to each commis-\\nsioned judge for personal expenses.\\nFourth. Reports and awards shall be based upon inherent and com-\\nparative merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considera-\\ntions relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill,\\nworkmanship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants,\\neconomy and cost.\\nFifth. Each report will be delivered to the Centennial Commission as\\nsoon as completed, for final award and publication.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 683\\nSixth. Awards will be finally decreed by the United States Centennial\\nCommission, in compliance with the act of Congress, and will consist of a\\ndiploma with a uniform bronze medal and a special report of the judges\\non the subject of the award.\\nSeventh. Each exhibitor will have the right to reproduce and publish\\nthe report awarded to him, but the United States Centennial Commission\\nreserves the right to publish and dispose of all reports in the manner it\\nthinks best for public information, and also to embody and distribute the\\nreports as records of the exhibition.\\nLEGAL OPINIONS WITH REFERENCE TO THE SEIZURE\\nOF GOODS OF EXHIBITORS FOR DEBT.\\nOpinion of the Counsellor of the Commission.\\nPhiladelphia, October 10, 1874.\\nHon. Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General.\\nSir In answer to your communication enclosing and asking a legal\\nopinion upon the following extract of a letter from His Excellency, the\\nAustrian minister, viz.\\nWhether, in the event of the failure of the exhibition pecuniarily\\nan event which it is hoped and expected will not occur the foreign goods\\nsent to the exhibition will be held free from seizure by the creditors of the\\nCentennial Exhibition Commission and Committee, so that the foreign ex-\\nhibitors may not lose their property or have difficulty in removing the\\nsame.\\nI would state that the Act of Congress, approved June 1, 1872, provides\\nthat all contracts made in any State for the purpose of the Centennial\\nInternational Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof The offices\\nof the Commission and Board of Finance are in the State of Pennsylva-\\nnia there all the applications ibr space and privileges to exhibit are and\\nmust be made, no charge or claim being incurred therefor. The goods\\nwill be delivered to the exhibition in that State neither the Commission\\nnor Board of Finance have any ownership or property in them they re-\\nmain the property of the owner, and are deposited under the regulations\\nof the Commission, to which the owners agree.\\nThe law of Pennsylvania is well settled that goods thus deposited and\\nplaced on exhibition are free from seizure, and are not liable for the debts\\nof the person or corporation thus receiving them.\\nThe buildings are erected upon grounds already belonging to the public.\\nThey are subject to no rent or taxation, and are, therefore, exempt from\\nthat class of superior liens. The buildings, too, will be a United States\\nbonded warehouse, in which all foreign goods for exhibition only will be\\nentered and allowed to be returned free of duty.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "684 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nI cannot imagine the possibility of such a claim being made, and am\\nclearly of the opinion that if made it would be utterly invalid.\\nYours, respectfully,\\n[Signed] John L, Shoemaker,\\nCounsellor and Solicitor for the Centennial Commission.\\nWe concur in the foregoing opinion,\\nBenjamin Harris Brewster.\\n[Signed] Phillips.\\nOctober 13, 1874.\\nOpinion of the Attorney- General of the United States.\\nDepartment of Justice,\\nWashington, November 27, 1874.\\nHon. C. Delano, Secretary of the Interior.\\nSir I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Nov.\\n4. 1874, and the papers transmitted therewith to wit, copies of the fol-\\nlowing documents a letter addressed to the Secretary of State, of date\\nof 16th September, 1874, by Baron Schwartz-Sen born, minister of Austi ia,\\nHungary a letter addressed to the Secretary of the Interior (dated Nov.\\n2, 1874) by Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Interna-\\ntional Exhibition, 1876 and a communication from Hon. John L. Shoe-\\nmaker, Counsellor and Solicitor for the Centennial Commission, addressed\\nto the Director-General of the exhibition. These papers all relate to the\\nsubject of your letter, and to the question upon which you request of me\\nan expression of opinion that question is whether the goods of foreign\\nexhibitors sent to the International Exhibition, to be inaugurated at Phil-\\nadelphia May 10, 1876, will be free from seizure by the creditors of the\\nUnited States Centennial Commission and Centennial Board of Finance,\\nso that they (the foreign exhibitors) may not lose their property or have\\ndifficulty in removing the same. The laws which have been passed con-\\ncerning the International Exhibition are The Acts of Congress ap-\\nproved March 3, 1871 (16 Stats. 470), and June 2, 1872 (17 Stats. 202);\\nalso the Acts of the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, passed June\\n2, 1871 (Laws of Pennsylvania for 1871, p. 1311), and March 27, 1873\\n(Laws of Pennsylvania for 1873, p. 56). Upon a careful reading of these\\nstatutes, I find in them no provision giving to the Centennial Commission\\nor to any corporation or association of persons connected with the man-\\nagement of the exhibition any property interest in the goods of the exhib-\\nitors. These persons and bodies corporate will have no ownership in the\\ngoods. They will be, at most, depositories or bailees, having the temporary\\ncustody of the goods for the purpose of the exhibitors. The relations of\\nall parties to the goods upon their admission to the exhibition will be gov-\\nerned by the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 685\\nlu that State, as everywhere, it is true generally that the property of\\none cannot be taken for the debt or liability of another. There must be\\nin the debtor ownership or an estate in the thing to enable the creditor to\\nexecute his process upon it. s\\nThe law of Pennsylvania is very careful to protect the rights of persons\\nto their property which is in the hands of others, and holds only that\\nwhich the debtor oxons answerable for liis debts. The reports of her\\nhighest tribunal abound with cases which, under a great variety of circum-\\nstances, show the prevalence of this general rule. That court has decided\\nthat a sheriff is liable in damages, as a trespasser at the suit of the real\\nowner, for levying an attachment upon goods in the possession of another\\nand making a return upon the writ that they were attached, although\\nthere was no manual handling of the goods by the sheriff, nor removal\\nof them. Other cases, showing the strictness of the rule, are 8pangler\\nvs. Adams, of Martin 16 Serg. R. 68 Com. vs. Watmough, 6 Whar.\\n116 Bank vs. Jones, 42 Penn. 536; same case, 44 Penn. 253. Under the\\nlaw of Pennsylvania, as shown by these cases, it is very clear that the\\ngoods of the exhibitors will be free from all liability to seizures upon de-\\nmands against the Commission, for which no superior lien can be claimed.\\nThe classes of obligations for the satisfaction of which liens attach to real\\nestate, and sometimes to the personal property found on it, are taxes, rent\\nand the claims of mechanics, material men and laborers upon buildings or\\nstructures to the erection of which they have contributed skill, materials\\nor labor. By the law of Pennsylvania, the personal property of the tenant\\nor occupier of real estate upon which taxes are assessed is liable to be dis-\\ntrained for those taxes, but the goods of others in the possession of the\\ntenant, and found upon the premises, are exempt. 2 Brightly s Purdon s\\nDigest of the Laws of Pennsylvania, 1370, Sec. 90 of the Tax laws see\\nMoore vs. Marsh et al, 60 Penn. 46. As to rent, it is well settled by re-\\npeated decisions of the Supreme Court of that State that the goods of\\nstrangers in the possession of the tenant are privileged from seizure for\\nrent due upon the premises where the course of the tenant s business must\\nof necessity give him such possessions. For the benefit of trade, and for\\nthe public convenience and advantage, the goods of third persons, put in\\nthe way of business upon rented premises, are protected from distress for\\nrent. It would not be less prejudicial to the public than unjust to the\\nowner were his property liable to be seized for the duties of those through\\nwhose hands, in the current of the world s business, it must pass. Brown\\nvs. Sims, 17 Serg. R. 138; Riddle vs. Welden, 5 Watts, 9; Cadwalader\\nvs. Tindall, 20 Penn. 20 Briggs vs. Large, 30 Penn. 287. In Brown vs.\\nSims it was said by Chief-Justice Gibson that the right to distrain the\\nproperty of a stranger rests on no principle of reason or justice, and\\nthat the exceptions would, in the end, eat out the rule. The principle upon", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "686 BURLEY S UNITED STATES\\nwhich he rests these exceptions viz., the public convenience and advan-\\ntage and I will add, for the good name and honor of the whole nation,\\nbut particularly of the city of Philadelphia and the commonwealth of\\nPennsylvania, that the property of all exhibitors, especially those from\\nabroad, should be free from all liability for the debts of those who are to\\ncontrol and manage the exhibition, whether those debts be for taxes, rent\\nor any obligation whatsoever. The claims of mechanics, material men and\\nlaborers who contribute skill, materials and labor in the erection of the\\nbuildings can be made liens on them, but those liens cannot be extended\\nso as to attach the goods placed in the buildings. Sections 1, 2, 18 of the\\nMechanics Lien Act, 2 Brightly s Purd. Dig., p. 1025, as regards liability\\nfor rent and taxes. I have considered the question as if the ground on\\nwhich the buildings are to be erected for the Centennial Exhibition, and\\nthe buildings also, were subject to taxation, and the Commission having\\nthe control of the exhibition a tenant owing rent to the owner of the prem-\\nises; this is, however, far from the fact. The ground is public property,\\nowned by the city of Philadelphia, and is not, as I understand, subject to\\ntaxation. It freely is tendered by that municipality to the use of those\\nwho, by law, will manage and control the exhibition, and they are not\\nconsidered to be in the situation of tenants owing rent to the landlord.\\nFor the reasons above set forth, I am clear in the opinion that the goods\\nof those who shall appear as exhibitors at the International Exhibition\\nwill, under the laws of Pennsylvania, be entirely free from liability to\\nseizure for the debts, claims or demands whatsoever against the Centennial\\nCommission or any other corporate body, person or association of persons\\nhaving to do with said exhibition. I cannot conceive of any risk, from\\nthis source, of the loss of their goods by foreign exhibitors, nor of any\\ndifficulty they will meet with in removing their property.\\nVery respectfully,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nGeo. H. Williams, AUorne//- General.\\nOpinion of the Attorney- Genera I of the State of Peiin-sylvania.\\nCommonwealth of Pennsylvania,\\nOffice of Attorney-General, Harrisburg, March 3, 1875. f\\nTo Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn,\\nDirector- Generai of the United States Centennial International Exhibition.\\nSir In reply to your communication, in which you state in substance\\nthat rumors have been circulated that in the event of financial embarrass-\\nment of the Centennial Exhibition the goods sent by exhibitors thereto\\nwould be liable to seizure by its creditors, and desiring my opinion in\\nrelation thereto. Upon what grounds this rumor is based I am unable to\\ncomprehend.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\n687\\nThe buildings are erected upon public grounds, and I am informed are\\nexempt from taxati m and rent, and no charge is made for space occupied\\nby exhibitors.\\nThere is no law of this State, in my opinion, that would subject the goods\\nof exhibitors to liability for the indebtedness, if any should exist, of the\\nCentennial Exhibition. As this rumor will command little if any consid-\\neration at home, but may excite attention abroad, I deem it proper to say\\nthat the owner of such goods will enjoy the same protection therefor as by\\nthe Constitution and laws of this State is afforded and given to her own\\ncitizens in the protection of like property. The right of property, its\\npossession, enjoyment and protection, is one of the indefeasible rights ex-\\npressly guaranteed by the Constitution of this State to all men. No dis-\\ntinction is made, whether the owner be a citizen or foreigner; the right is\\ncommon to all, and secured by the laws of the State to all. No man s\\nproperty can be invaded or taken except by due process of law by au-\\nthority of law; and there is no law of Pennsylvania whose authority could\\nbe invoked, in my opinion, to authorize the taking of the goods of exhib-\\nitors at the Centennial Exhibition to satisfy the creditors, if any there\\nshould be, of such exhibitors.\\nWith great respect,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nSam l E. Dimmick, Attorney- General.\\nPARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.\\nThe invitation addressed to foreign governments has been generally ac-\\ncepted, and a larger number of nations will participate than in any pre-\\nvious international exhibition. The nations which thus purpose being\\nrepresented, and most of which have appointed commissions to organize\\ntheir exhibits, are as follows\\nArgentine Confeder-\\nation,\\nBelgium,\\nBolivia,\\nBrazil,\\nChili,\\nChina,\\nDenmark,\\nEcuador,\\nEgypt,\\nFrance and Algeria,\\nGermany,\\nGreat Britain, with\\nAustralia and Can-\\nada,\\nGuatemala and Salva-\\ndor,\\nHawaii,\\nHayti,\\nHonduras,\\nItaly,\\nJapan,\\nLiberia,\\nMexico,\\nNetherlands,\\nNicaragua,\\nNorway,\\nOrange Free State,\\nPersia,\\nPeru,\\nPortugal,\\nRussia,\\nSiam,\\nSpain,\\nSweden,\\nTunis,\\nTurkey,\\nU. S. of Colombia,\\nVenezuela.\\nIn addition to these governments, which have formally accepted the in-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "688\\nBURLETS CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE.\\nvitation of the President and notified the State Department to this date,\\npreparations are being made in Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Greece\\nand several other countries to take part in the exhibition.\\nA number of governments have already made liberal appropriations in\\naid of the representation they purpose making of their industries.\\nREVISION OF THE CALENDAR.\\nThe changes which have been announced in the dates of opening and\\nclosing the exhibition were found to be necessary on two accounts. It is\\nunsafe, in the climate of Philadelphia, to depend upon having settled spring\\nweather much before the middle of May. In view of the importance to\\nthe success of the exhibition that exhibitors shall have good weather for\\nthe installation of their goods, and that the first impressions of visitors may\\nbe favorable, it seemed desirable to defer the opening day three weeks.\\nBesides this, representations were made by several of the northerly coun-\\ntries which will participate in the exhibition, to the effect that the opening\\nof navigation was liable to be delayed so nearly up to the announced date\\nas to make it doubtful whether their products could be delivered in Phila-\\ndelphia in season for installation before the exhibition opened. These\\nconsiderations dictated the changes which have been made in the dates\\nheretofore announced. The calendar\\nReception of articles begins\\nends\\nUnoccupied space forfeited\\nExhibition opens\\ncloses\\nGoods to be removed by\\nas thus revised is as follows\\nJan. 5, 1876.\\nApril 19,\\nApril 26,\\nMay 10,\\nNov. 10,\\nDec. 31,\\nBuilding.\\nArea Covered.\\nMain Building,\\n21.47 acres.\\nArt Building,\\n1.50\\nHorticultural Building,\\n1.50\\nMachinery Building,\\n14.00\\nAgricultural Building,\\n10.15\\n48.62 acres.\\nTHE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS.\\nContract Awarded. Date of Completion. Contract Price.\\nJuly, 1874. Jan., 1876. $1,420,000.\\nJuly 4, 1874. Jan. 1, 1876. 1,199,273.\\nJan. 1, 1875. Sept. 5, 1875. 253,937.\\nJan. 27, 1875. Oct. 1, 1875. 542,300.\\nJune 16, 1875. Jan. 1, 1876. 250,000.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "Engraved expressly for Burley s United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.\\nVIENNA EXHIBITION, 1873.\\nTHE International Exhibition at Vienna was opened by the emperor\\nof Austria on the 1st of May, and was closed on the 2d of Novem-\\nber, 1873. Franz Joseph was the prime mover in this enterprise, and to\\nhis efforts was due such success as was achieved. The number of countries\\nrepresented was larger than at any of the preceding exhibitions. Not only\\nthe countries of Europe and America, but the empires of the East, sent\\ncontributions. The Chinese were so condescending as to exhibit some of their\\nproductions in competition with the once-despised Western barbarians.\\nJapan, which nation once punished with death a foreign tour on the part\\nof her natives, but which has since that time been reconstructed, was\\nrepresented by the articles of a number of her citizens, who came with the\\nfull approval of their government. India, Persia, Morocco, Tunis, Tur-\\nkey and Egypt were also contributors. The Dii ector-General was the\\nBaron Von Schwartz-Senborn, who used every effort to have all arrange-\\nments completed in time, but the exhibitors were very slow in getting tlieir\\nportion of the labor accomplished. At the opening of the exposition th;;\\nGerman and English departments were the only ones in which the prep-\\narations were not very much beliindhand. This tardiness was especially\\nnoticeable in the department of the United States, the commissioners\\nof which had been suspended by the President on account of grave\\ncharges which were brought against them. The number of visitors was\\n7,250,000, and on the closing day 139,037 persons entered the building.\\nThe number of American exhibitors was 922, a larger number than had\\ntaken part in any previous international exhibition. They carried off 9\\n44 689", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "690 BUBLEY S UNITED STATES\\ndiplomas of honor, 70 medals for progress, 177 medals of merit,\\n2 medals for Fine Arts, 5 medals for good taste, 23 medals for co-\\noperators, and 145 diplomas of merit or honorable mention, making in\\nall 431 awards. One of the most interesting features of this exposition,\\nand one well worthy of imitation in the future, was a series of international\\ncongresses, which were held in connection with the enterprise. They began\\nwith an International Patent Congress, which declared in favor of efficient\\npatent laws for the protection of inventors, and resolved that only invent-\\nors should obtain patents, that patents should be issued for, or extended to,\\na term of fifteen years, and that a complete publication of patents should\\nbe obligatory. The Congress of Agriculture and Forestry, which was well\\nattended, discussed the protection of useful birds, and passed a resolution\\nrequesting the Austrian government to secure the protection of birds which\\nare useful to agriculture by means of international treaties, also to exert\\nitself to bring about an international agreement among the states for im-\\nproving the statistics of agriculture and forestry. The Congress of Cultivat-\\nors of Flax resolved to establish a standing committee composed of members\\nfrom all the states cultivating flax, which is to act as an international organ\\nfor the mutual communication of information which will lead to the im-\\nprovement of that valuable product. The International Medical Congress\\ndeclared in favor of compulsory vaccination, and of abolishing all land and\\nriver quarantines, together with a thorough revision of the ocean quarantine.\\nIn the Meteorological Congress the states of Europe, the United States\\nand China Avere represented. Resolutions were passed aiming at the im-\\nprovement of meteorological observations, and the establishment of a cen-\\ntral meteorological institution was declared to be desirable. One of the\\nmost interesting and best attended of these congresses was the Private\\nInternational Conference for voluntary aid in time of war. A number of\\nresolutions were adopted relative to improved methods of transporting the\\nwounded from the field of battle and on railroads, and one resolution recom-\\nmended that in war every soldier be supplied with bandages, as in the case\\nof his being wounded the necessary material would then be always at\\nhand. The International Monetary Conference declared in favor of the\\nold standard in preference to the pure silver or the double (gold and sil-\\nver) standard, and recommended the introduction of an international five-\\ndollar chief gold piece of 7 grammes (115.8 grains), refined gold, and as\\nan international monetary unit the metrical dollar of l-l granmies (23.16\\ngrains), divided into 100 cents. As the amount of pure gold in the dollar\\nof the United States is 23.22 grains, and in the half-eagle is 116.1 grains,\\nthe difference in value between the proposed coins and those of the United\\nStates is little more than one-fourth of one per cent. Should this proposed\\nsystem of international coinage ever be adopted, it might with reason be\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0considered a substantial victory for the almighty dollar.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": ".4 D VERTISE.UEXTS.\\n(;i)3\\nPHILADELPHIA STEAM\\n^^^WRY^,\\nz\\nCO\\nCO\\no\\nJ^\\no\\no\\no\\nZJ3\\nCROFT, WILBUR CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF THE FINEST\\nCONFECTIONS,\\nCHOCOLATE and COCOA,\\n122G -^KJ^-SUKL STD STI^/EET,\\nPHIL ADELPHIA-\\n^Ei5-SEND FOR QUOTATIONS.-^!", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "694 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\n1776 0. 4. a W. L f lil, 1876\\nNo. 3029 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADA.,\\nManufacturers of the most Improved\\nSTEAM AND HAND-POWER BOILER ROLLS,\\nCOMBINED PUNCHIUe and SHEAEINa MACHINES,\\nSiogle-Power Punchiop; IVIacliines, wilti Ikm llltactiiiienls,\\nROTARY SHEARING MACHINES,\\nBOILER-PLATE PLANING MACHINES,\\nAND EVEKY DE.SCRIPTON OF\\nMACHINERY FOR BOILER MAKING,\\nALL KINDS OF\\nPiiiicMiig and Mmi MacMiies for Rolling Mills, Bolt and lit Maters, etc.\\nAlso, Manufacturers of their Patent HAIR-PICKING and CLEAN-\\nING MACHINE, for Upholsterers, Mattress Makers, etc.\\n9^\\nSEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS.\\nESTABLISHED 1823, AT PHILADELPHIA.\\nL^i EI S\\nCELEBRATED HERB MEDICINES\\niVieet ihe wants of the afflicted who require safe and reliable Medical or Surgical treatment.\\nAll who try these preparations are soon convinced of their superiority as remedial agents. They\\nowe their present popularity to intrinsic merit, not to printers ink.\\nWhatever disease you have (which your physician fails to cure), send for my Medical\\nPamphlet, for it contains very much on diseases and the proper treatment for them with LYE S\\nRemedies. One Dime, to any address.\\nTHOS. WARDLE, M. D., D. D.,\\n1029 Race Street, Philadelphia.\\nBr. Cijos. SlSiartile,\\nSurgeon Dentist,\\nNo. 1029 Race Street, Philadelphia.\\nIn practice Thirty-six years. Ex-Professor in the Phila-\\ndelphia Dental College.\\nAll operations performed -with judgment and with jus-\\ntice to the patient.\\nREFERENCES,\\nPkof. James McClintock, Rev. K. M. Hatfield, D. D.,\\nDr. Wm. F. Guernsey, Rev. Wm. Cooper, D. D\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nRev. Wm. Suddards, D. D., Rev. Joseph Castle.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n695\\nESTA.I5HSHED 1843.\\nAT\\nCELEBRATED\\nTHE ONLY RELIABLE.\\nA LIBERAL DLSCOU^T TO TEE JOBBIJS G TRADE.\\n^k^ T 31 o n e: s\\niuDDINS.\\nEqual to the imported, at vei) oreatly reduced prices; all of the verj hest materials.\\n136 SOUTH FBOKT STREET,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "(396\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nOANIEL WEAVER,\\nJAMES r. HORN.\\nIHOS. WAMiWOKK,\\nMILLIAM B. WALTON,\\nISAAC A. SHEPPARD. .tonathax s. nnun.!:,\\n.IOII NIIEELEi!.\\n.-^^fli r/Ti^=Nil/-4ul ml 1 lllin llllltll|ldHi ll ll niimn\\nFourtli Street and Montgomery Avenue,\\nJPHILADBLPHIA,\\nAND\\nJSJastern Ave?iue and Chester Street,\\nBALTIMORE.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "A 1) VERTISEilK^ TS.\\n697\\n^^^^lA SHAFn^^,\\nO.\\nyV [ESTABLISHED 1859.] ^4V\\nGeo.V. Cresson,\\nEIGHTEENTH AND HAMILTON STREETS,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nMANUFACTURhR OF\\nSHAFTING\\nAND ALL ITS APPURTENANCES.\\nPATENT INTERNAL CLAMP COUPLING\\nFOR SHAFTING.\\nTHE MOST SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE MODE YET DEVISED FOR COUPLINa\\nSHAFTS. CAN BE APPLIED BY ANY ONE IN A FEW MINUTES. IT HAS\\nAN EQUALLY POWERFUL HOLD ON BOTH SHAFTS. EQUAL TO A FORCING\\nFIT. THERE ARE NO BOLTS TO BREAK OR WORK LOOSE. THERE IS NO\\nSTRAIN ON TUB SCREWS. CANNOT THROW THE SHAFTS OUT OF LINE ON\\nAPPLYING IT.\\nTHIS COUPLING TS NOW BEING MANUFACTURED BY SOME OF THE MOST\\nPROMINENT FIRMS IN ENGLAND. SCOTLAND AND GERMANY, AND HAS\\nRECEIVED THE HIGHEST COMMENDATION FROM THE BEST MECHANICS\\nAT HOME AND ABROAD.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "698\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nD. L. BAOMGARDNER. B. J. WOODWARD. HENRY BAUMGARDNER.\\nBAUMGARDNER, WOODWARD CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nManila, Sisal and American Hemp\\nCORDAGE\\nAND DEALERS IN\\nTAR, PITCH, OARS,\\nAND\\n;IIP CIIIDLEIY.\\n38 South Delaware Avenue,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nFactory, BEVERLY, N. J.\\nTiS^ N. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lowest Rates of Freight secured to all points.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISE3fENTS.\\n699\\nE. M. BRUCE CO.,\\nGeneral Managers for the\\nCOTTAGE ORGANS\\nAND THE\\nAf?/ON PIANOS,\\nFOR\\nPennsylvania. Delaware and New Jersey.\\nSend for CIRCULAR and PRICE LISTS.\\nE. M. BRUCE CO.,\\n1308 Chestnut Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nDAVID F. CONQVER CO.,\\nSuccessors to WM. B. WARNE CO.,\\nAND\\nWHOLESALE DEALERS IN\\nif ITP\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0t3W\\nV%M\\no\\nI\\nSouth-East Cor. Chestnut and Seventh Sts.,\\nFIRST FLOOR,\\ni=i3:inij^r)Ei-.:pH:z^.\\nAmerican Watch Wholesale Salesrooms.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "700\\nA D VEETISEMENTS.\\nHOBERT WOOD.\\nTHOS. S. MOOT.\\nPhiladelphia Ornamental Iron Works.\\nRobert Wood Co.,\\nI!36 RIDGE AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA, PA,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nRailings for Offices, Banks. Connlor Failings, Balconies, Lawn and Farm Fences, etc.\\nBRONZE WORK,\\nSTATUARY BRONZES\\nFB03I ARTISTS MO DELS,\\nCOLOSSAL, HEROIC or LIFE-SIZE,\\nMADE AND FINISHED IN THE HIGHEST STYLE OF ART.\\nRElJ ERRINa- a^o\\nH. K. BKOWN, J. A. BAILKY. J. (J. WARD, L. IV. VOLK. L, THOMPSON, HORATIO STONE,\\nAll Prominent Artists, for the Fidelity and Finish of our Work.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "AD VKRriSEMENTS.\\nTOl\\ntd WHITE, BLACK AND COLORS,\\nH\\n^Aisniouj OOJ \u00c2\u00aef B ^ojj\\nM MMM\\nMI\\nQ\\nCiUl\\nc\\nH", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "702\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nMORO PHILLIPS,\\nManufacturing Chemist,\\nmanufactdrer of acids and other chemicals\\nMORO PHIHIPS SUPER-PHOSPHATE OF I.ISIE.\\nP MIMABELFMIA,\\nJAMES laiLLKR,\\nMANUFACTURER, IMPORTER AND DEALER.\\nLOOM REEDS AND HARNESSES.\\nWire Heddles,\\nMail Eyed Dou-\\nble Knot, and\\nDouble Knot and\\nLoop Harnesses,\\nA large Stock\\nof W e a V e r s\\nEnglish Mails\\nconstantly o n\\nhand,\\ndfes\\nFACTORY AND MILL SUPPLIES, Etc.\\nCORNER TWENTY-SECOND AND HAMILTON STS.\\nPHIL A I) EL I SI A.\\nN.E. Cor. 10th and WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,\\nDEALER IN\\nHOT HOUSE, DOMESTIC AND FOREM FRUITS, and\\nm\\nHaviiiK commenced the manufacturinp of Confectionery in 1843, and studied its various branches\\nwith succeLl have at various times introduced to the public many of the choicest Confectjons of\\nthe day some of which are my celebrated CREAM CARAMELS of all flavors, being ttie first to\\ndiscove the practicability of combininR pure Cream with tl\u00e2\u0080\u009e. juice of the various fruits without\\nimpoverishin Jthe richness or flavor of cither. Greer s Cream Walnuts and Chocolates are well known.\\nSECURE A BOX OF GREER S CONFECTIONS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n703\\nLIFE INSURANCE COMPANY\\nOF PHILADELPHIA,\\nS. E. cor. Fourth and Walnut Streets.\\nAssets $5,000,000.\\nGEO. W. HILL, President.\\nGEO. NUGENT, Vice-Pres t, JOHN S. WILSON. Sec y\\nALEXANDER WHILLDIN, Chairman Finance Committee.\\nJOHN C. SIMS, Actuary, J. G. HAMMER, Ass t Secretary.\\nLargest Lanip-black Works in the World.\\nLAMP^ACK\\nFROM THE LOWEST TO THE HIGHEST GRADES,\\n%/il m\\nW^ iir w Mil \\\\\\\\if^_ ir* fn\\nifififiTIN\\nNo. 118 Walnut Street, Second Floor Front,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nWe particularly caution purchasers against parties who are fraud-\\nulently appropriating- our Tvell-known brands, originated by us, and fa-\\nmiliar to the Trade for nearly a quarter of a century.\\nSilver Medals awarded by the Franklin Institute, 1852 Massachusetts\\nCharitable Mechanic Association, Boston, 1860 American Institute, New\\nYork, 1867 and Franklin Institute, 1874.\\nFoundries: GIRARD AVENUE, ASH STREET AND GUNNER S RUN, PHILADA.\\nOffices, 133 North Seoond St., Pliilada.; 143 West Pratt Kt.. Baltimore.\\nW. L. McDowell, Pres. W. If. Stkax, Vicc-Prcs.\\nF. Leibrandt, Jr., Treas. \\\\V. 1). Bexnaoe, Sec.\\n^A/^. T. PALFREY, Sup t. THOS. VVEISS, Treas\\nLEHIGH SHOVEL COMPANY,\\nM \\\\N lM ACrUKKKS OK\\nSHOVELS, SPADES AND SCOOPS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "704 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nPENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF STANDARD HAMMERED\\nSTEEL RAILS AND AXLES\\nHeavy Shafting, Forgings, Frogs, Crossings and Switches.\\nPrincipal Office, 216 SOUTH FOURTH ST., PHILADA.\\nSAMUEL M. FELTON President.\\nHENRY C. SPACKMAN, Treas. EBEN F. BARKER, Sec.\\no\\nWORKS AT BALDWIN, NEAR HARRISBURG, PENNA.\\nLUTHER S. BENT, Sup t at Works.\\nJohn Harrison, 1793.\\nm\u00c2\u00bb^RIlI.\u00c2\u00ab:^OIV UnOTIiERS^ CO.,\\nProprietors of the Gray s Ferry White Lead, Color and Chemical Works.\\nFactories, at 34th and 35th Streets, Cray s Ferry Road and Schuylkill River, 26th Ward, Philadelphia.\\nConnected by Private Telegraph Wires, tlie sole property of this firm, Avith their Ofh^es,\\n105 SOUTH FROKX ST., PIIIIiA] \u00c2\u00a3l PHIA, and 179 YVATKR ST., IITEW YORK.\\nCj N. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Please Direct Letters to the Philadelphia Office.\\nEstablished 1841.\\nNo. 226 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\n:s tabli.sUed IS aS.\\nBREAD BAKER,\\n43 NORTH THIRTEENTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nISTo. 334.3 IMAnitET STREET, L\u00c2\u00bbIIIL A^DELPHT A,\\nBREAD BAKER.\\nADAM NKWKUmiZT,\\nManufacturer of a Superior Quality of\\nGLASS-HOUSE POTS\\nOf all sizes for Common and Flint Glass Manufacturers, made from the best\\nGerman Clay and of Superior Workmanship.\\nbx^j^ck: i^sj^d CFiXJc;xBi\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a3:s\\nOf a superior quality and all sizes constantly on hand and made to order for\\nSTEEL MELTERS, BRASS FOUNDERS, SMELTERS, JEWELERS, ETC.\\nKEYSTONE CARBURET OF IRON STOVE POLISH.\\n1.537 1339 Worth Front St., heloic Oxford, l*Jnlada,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "ADVEETISEMENTS. 705\\nWEST END PLANING MILL,\\nJ. W. S^II-X^ll CO.,\\n2106, 2108 and 2110 Filbert Street, I^liMadelphia,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nWindow Frames, Doors, Sash, Blinds, Shutters, Mouldings, Brackets, Stair\\nBalusters. Planing, Re-sawing, Turning and Scroll Work.\\nCHAS S. EVEL AND. H. B. CHAMB ERS.\\nCHAS. S. EVELAND COT\\nLeather iiid Shoe Manufacturers Goods,\\nNo. 138 NORTH THIRD ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nDANIEL EVELAND,\\nMOROCCO MANUFACTURER,\\n215 WILLOW STBBET, FHILAI ELPHIA.\\nPHILADELPHIA RAZOR STROP WORKS,\\n605 and 607 Arch Street, Philadelphia.\\nVour attention is requested to oiiiTniproved Patent Combination Strop and Hone, warranted unequalled.\\nGEORG-B THOMPSON,\\n33EA.LER IN\\n259 South Fourth Street,\\nSATISFACTION ALWAYS GUARANTEED.\\nAgent for the Springfield Gas Machine,\\nAND DEALER IN\\nGASOLINE FOR GAS MACHINES, BARKER S PATENT OPEN BURNER FOR GASOLINE GAS.\\n12 North Seventh Street, Philadelp hia.\\nDEALER IN STAPLE /FANCY TRIMMINGS\\nWhite Goods, Hosiery. Gloves. Hdbfs., EnibroiderlM,l,aces. Ribbons, Skirts.\\nCorsets, Travelling Bags. Portnionnaies. BrusUes, Combs.\\nand a general variety or :^otions.\\nN. W. corner Fourth and Spruce and 1637 Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia.\\n45", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "706\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nWROUGHT IRON BRIDGES.\\nContinental Bridge Co.,\\n110 SOUTH FOURTH ST.,\\nISUITjOER\u00c2\u00a9 of\\nHENSZEY S PATENT ARCH,\\nA.lSrr) OTHER, STYLES\\nWROUGHT IRON BRIDGES;\\nALSO,\\nWROUGHT IRON PIVOT BRIDGES.\\nKEYSTONE SLATE MANTELand SLATE WORKS\\nKSTAm^ISHKD 1BC3.\\n5^\\nGO\\nSLATE MANTELS of the LATEST and MOST BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS,\\nAmd other Slate Work on hand or Made to Order.\\nTII IN\u00c2\u00ab AND FI.A\u00c2\u00ab)\u00c2\u00abI9fO, etc.\\n1210 Ridge Avenue and 1211 and 1213 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "ADVEU TISEMENTS. 707\\nE, D. W. A. FRENCH,\\nManttfnctitrers and Importers of\\nPAINTERS and BUILDERS SUPPLIES\\nWHITE LEADS, LINSEED OIL, LUBRICATING OIL, BRUSHES,\\nCOLORS, BOILED OIL, VARNISHES, WINDOW GLASS.\\nSole Manufacturers of Chinese Green.\\nCalcined Plaster, Rosendale Cement, Portland Cement,\\nGarnkirk Chimney Tops, imported from Glasgow, Scotland.\\nSLATE MANTELS.\\nStock and Quality of Work unsurpassed by any in this country.\\nTHIRD AND VINE STS.,\\nCAMDEN, N. J.\\nGIVE US A CALL. SEND FOR CIRCULARS.\\nPKILADBLPHIA\\nPATENT FIRE AND WATER PROOF GRANULATED\\nSLAG ROOFING\\nManufactory, N. Broad and Cumber/and Sts.,\\nOffice, 404 WALNUT STREET.\\nEOOFING MATEEIAL\\nAND ALSO\\nState and County Rights for Sale.\\nM. EHRET, JR.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "JOS\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nHARBACH S ORIGINAL CENTENNIAL NOilGAimES\\n3B Nt\u00c2\u00bb8 St. 807 803 Filbert St-Philada. Pa.\\nESTABLISHED 1843.\\nJOSEPH CHAPMAN,\\nPLAIN AND DECORATIVE\\nHOUSE, SIGN AND FRESCO\\nB30 and 532 North Tenth St.,\\nEstimates furnished and contracts made for every description of work\\nin city or country.\\nChurches, Banking-houses, Halls of Public Buildings and Dwellings\\nFrescoed in any style desired.\\nSpecial attention given to Oiling and Polishing Hard Wood.\\nThe best workmen employed, and all work executed under the per-\\nsonal supervision of the proprietor.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n700\\nJ\u00c2\u00a7stdbU.^hed\\nBtdhlished\\nBUILDERS OF FIRST-CLASS CARRIAGES,\\nManufactory and Warerooms, 3432 to 3438 Market St., Philadelphia.\\nF. STEFFAN CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nwoisfii mnm,\\nNos. 1344 and 1346 NORTH FRONT ST.,\\nand 1343, 1345, 1347 and 1349 HOPE ST.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "710\\nADVERTISEMENTS.\\nKSTjSlBLISHKX) 1833.\\nBEED MEYER. CONRAD MEYER, CHAS. E. MEYER.\\n(Inventor of the Iron -Plate Frame for Pianos.)\\nMBYBR i SONS,\\nPiano Manufacturers\\nMM\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\n:fmiif,\\nIPHZIL^IDEIIjIPHIIA..\\nSWTEYEI^ Sc SOWS F Si^I^OS\\nAfo now and linve for j/cnrn Ix-eii fcroijniziil is tlif hist for toii -li, fine, poiiu-rfiit ntt(t\\nS!i)U} ittli) ti tone and thorotujU u orkiiimi.i/iip, tmil thf. tjri-iitfuf possiblf iltt nihil it i/\\ntill iiri- ii-fioUy iinfivtillcd, and have stood tlie trial l/i/ the masters of tliis coiintri/\\nniid Jiaroj e,\\nThe best proof of tlieir superior (/nnlities is their iiirreasiiif/ J^OfZrLAIilTY after\\nmore than fiftij //ears trial. Thousands in nse. Hit//test I rize Medals trnd Atvurds to\\nI!Y THE\\nWorld s Groat Exhiliition, London; Mecliauics lustitnk. Boston; American Institnto, New York;\\nMaryland Institnte, Baltimore; Franklin Institute. Pliilndelpliia, 5 Silver Medals.\\nSinee receivint/ the HIGHEST ATTAINABLE AirAIil) of the EONDON I RIZE\\nMEDAL, the MEYER RIANO has not been exhibited.\\nSPECIAL ATTENTION IS RESPECTFULLY DIRECTED TO\\nOUR CRESCEITSCllLE mo IMPROVED BRACING mPFES,\\nBy the application of our CRESCENT SCALE, that SINGING QUALITY of tone so desirable in all\\nMusical Instruments has been obtained for OUR PIANOS, which, together with\\ntheir well- known Power, Elastic Touch and Durability, renders\\nthem THE STANDARD OF PERFECTION.\\nMEYER SONS IMPROVED BRACING places theirPIANOS above COMPETITION for STANDING IN TUNE.\\n\u00c2\u00ab~4\u00c2\u00ab*\\nPrices as reasoiiaMe as is cousisteiit witli tlie liest materials and wortaausMi).", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "A D VER TTSEMENTS.\\n711", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "712\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHED 1838.\\nWM. R. STEWART.\\nEDWIN H. STEWART.\\nWM. R. STEWART BRO.,\\nMOROCCO MANUFACTURERS,\\n435 and 437 York Ave., corner Willow St., Philadelphia.\\nC. VAN GUNDEN.\\nE. YOUNG\\nORNAMENTAL MARBLE WORKS.\\nVAN GUNDEN YOUNO\\n(Successors to JOHN BAIRD),\\nNo. 1221 Spring Garden Street,\\nBranch Works, Darby Eoad, opposite Woodland Cemetery,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nMARBLE AND SCOTCH GRANITE MONUMENTS, TOMBS, ETC.\\nGj= Cemetery Liots Enclosed at I oweat Prices.\\nJOSEPH NEVIL SONS,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\n^ND\\nr^\\nFACTORIES, ST. JOHN, above BEAVER ST.,\\nStore, 144 Margaretta St.,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 713\\nI3S^TA^BLI\u00c2\u00bbHED lS4r.\\nJAMES Iff. MARKS;,\\nMarket, below 38tli St., We st Philadelphia.\\nH.J.SMITH. W. B. CARLILE. M JOY\\nPHILADELPHIA STAINED GLASS WORKS,\\n617 S. BROAD ST.; BraiicU Office, 1737 tllESTXlTT ST., I III1.ADA.\\nIT. J. \u00c2\u00ab]VL1TH \u00c2\u00abfe CO.,\\nManufacturers of STAINED, EMBOSSED, ENAMELLED and CUT GLASS.\\nReferences: University of Penna., Masonic Te.mple, Christ Church.\\ntt^\u00c2\u00b0 Designs and Estimates Furnished.\\nPURE MILK\\nEDWARD W. WOOLMAN,\\n44 North S8th St., Philadelphia.\\nBest Uility from Selected Dairies! Unlimited Siiply! Promut Delivery!\\nPARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO SUPPLYING FAMILIES.\\nJOHN G. KOLB S\\nNew York Celebrated Home-M.ade Bread\\nAND\\nBISCUIT BAKERY,\\n1403, 1407 and 1409 South Tenth Street,\\n:fh:iiLj-A_x)eIjI=h:i.a..\\nHUFNALi^\\nW iii Qre\u00c2\u00a7n, qqt.^ gi Nmetmuth SU, FMlada.\\nBREAD AND CAKE BAKER,\\n3924 Market St., West Philadelphia.\\nM^ BREAD SERVED AT RESIDEXLES ElEUY MORXiyG.-^^", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "714 AD VERTTSEMENTS.\\nMINTON S TILES,\\nOF THE FINEST QUALITY, IN\\nGeometric, Encaustic, Majolica, Painted, etc.,\\nFor FLOORS, WALLS, HEARTHS, FIRE-PLACES,\\nESTABLISHED 1S50.\\nNo. 1325 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nED. S. DEEMER. MARSHALL DEEMER. S. A. DEEMER.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nJOHN DEEMER 8 SONS,\\n147 and 148 Margaretta Street^\\nMANUrACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF\\nMorocco I Fancy Leather,\\nBronze Cuirs, Blue and Red Root Skins,\\nFrench Morocco, Brush, Itid, and\\nGrains, Pebbled Grains, etc.\\nSPECIALTY OF BRONZE.\\nWM. ROSE BROS.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nBrick, Plastering I Pointing Trowels\\nMOULO[RS TOOLS, SADDLERS ROUND KNIVES, etc,\\nAddress, THIRTY-SIXTH and FILBERT STS.,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "A T) VKRTISEMENTS.\\n715\\nThe Bullock Printing Press.\\nWILLIAM H. WILLIAMS, Manager.\\nThe BULLOCK SELF-FEEDING AM) I KIJ-\\nFECTING PRESS feeds itself from rolls of\\npaper miles iu length, and prints hoth sides of\\nthe sheet at one operation, thus saving the\\nwhole cost of feeding bv hand.\\nThe BULLOCK is the first invention of lis\\nkind that was brought into j)ractical and sue-\\ncessfal use. It is entirely original in design,\\narrangement and operation, and is not borrowed\\nfrom English or French inventions, as some\\nnew machines are.\\nThe BULLOCK is not only tlie BEST, but the\\nCHEAPEST, Press in tiie world. For further\\ninformation address\\nTHE BULLOCK PRINTING PRESS CO.,\\niV o. 73S SuHHom St., Jfhiladelphifi.\\nWILLIAM STUUTHEBS,\\nJOHN STHLTHEUS,\\nWILLIAM STRUTHERS, JR.\\nSTRUTHERS SONS,\\nMARBLE, GRANITE SANDSTONE WORKS\\nESTABLISHED 1818.\\nJfonuntaital Ijorli and j|arbljt J|antel^\\nCONSTANTLY ON HAND.\\nDESIGNS FURNISHED EROM THE PLAINEST TO THE MOST ELABORATE.\\nBuilding ^ork in Peneral Pontracted For.\\nZissB nina\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIMFQETEMB QF gaQTQM QE AMITE.\\nOFFICE AND WAREROOMS, No. 1022 MARKET STREET.\\nSTEAM WORKS, WALNUT ST. WHARF, SCHUYLKILL.\\nNEW AMERICAN\\nSewing Machine.\\nfi@- SELF-THREADING SHUTTLE.nSffl\\nFor Ease of Opfrafioii, Shnflieili/ of Movftnfut iiinl Tiii-\\nrnltiliti/ it is Uiiequallftt. Siiitril to jCvt-ri/ Kiml of H or/;,\\nfrom i/ie JAffhtest to the Jlenviest. Sold at a Moilerote\\nI rice, with Ijiberal Discount to Cash Customers.\\nOFFICE AND SALESROOMS,\\n1318 Chestnut St., PMladelpliia.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "716\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHED 18-i2.\\nFine Goofls.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF THE\\nfiNEST lONFECTIONERY,\\ni^)\\nIN THE UNITED STATES.\\nS. W. COB. OF TWELFTH AND 3lAItKET STS.,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n717\\nKstablishied. IS^r.\\nCONSHOHOCKEN DAIRIES,\\nOflice, IVo. 003 IV. I^lglitli Street, r\u00c2\u00bblilla,d.elplila.\\nESTABLISHED 1S37.\\nH. G. I^IPP d^ BRO.^\\nEAEEEY AMB EEFEESHME^T ^ALQQN,\\n217 N. NINTH ST., ABOVE BACE, PHILADA.\\nFIRST-CLASS FAMILY BREAD BAKERY,\\nICE O 11 E A M JL IV D F A IV C Y C A It E\\nFRENCH BREAD A SPECIALTY.\\nNINETEENTH ST. BELO^/V SPRING GARDEN, PHILADELPHIA.\\nJESTABLISHED 50 YEAHS.\\nH\\nL_| AND\\ny WOVEN WIRE,\\nSCREENS\\nMANUFACTURED BY\\nJOS, A, NEEDLES,\\nNORTH FRONT ST.\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nJAMES T. SHINN,\\nDREGGIST,\\nManufacturer of LIQUID RENNET, OPAL DENTALLINA, Comp. CHARCOAL\\nBISCUIT, and all Pharmaceutical Preparations.\\nPRESCRIPTIONS and FAMILY SUPPLIES ARE SPECIALTIES.\\nS. W. coil. BROAD AND SPJtUCE STS., rHII.ADET.PHIA.\\nJ. LACMANN SONS,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nDOLL BODIES, ARMS SHOES,\\n809 RA^CTi; STREET, PHIL A^D ELFHI A.\\nESTABIilSHED 1841.\\nPHILADELPHIA SURGEONS BANDAGE INSTITUTE,\\nPATRONIZED BY THE MEDICAL FACULTY.\\naSTo. 14 Nortli Ninth Street, B. C. EVKK^IXT, I riiicipal.\\nB. C. Everett s Improved Plated Grnduiitiu? P;\\nRupture when all others fail; also German\\naiuahlc Elastic Belts for Abdominal Weakness and Corpu-\\npositively\\nHard Rubber and a large variety of cheap Trusses. Everett s Invaluahlc .t^TanrSusDensoA- Bacda\u00c2\u00ab\\nlenev Elastic Stockings- Utefo- Abdominal Supporters: Shoulder Hraces Crutches; Anus and uspensor Bandages\\nSuTue: Bow Lee and Knock-knee Instruments all of which are made in a scientific manner, and skilfully applied. Apart-\\nSpine, Bow-Leg and Knock\\nments for ladiea under the superintendance of a competent lady", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "718\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nA, M. Collins, Son Co.,\\nC\\nMANUFACTUREKS OF\\nFOR\\nPHOTOGRAPHERS, PRINTERS,\\nLithographers and Stationers,\\nALSO,\\nLOCAL RAILROAD TICKETS.\\nWAREHOUSE:\\nNo. 18 S. SIXTH STREET\\nAND\\nNo. 9 DECATUR ST.,\\nHaving all the required appliances and facilities for the manufacture of Cards\\nand Card Boards, we are enabled to offer to purchasers inducements in the import-\\nant requisites of price, uniform quality and promptness in execution of orders.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "A D VER TTSEMENTS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "720 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WM. ECKFELDT, E. B. BICHIE.\\nSGKFCLDT d^ RIGHIB^\\nKo. 41S NORTH THIRD STREET, PHTLADELPHIA,\\nTANNERS\\nAnd Manufacturers of Superior\\nOak X^eatliei* Belting and fire Ho^e.\\nEISTA.BLISHEEO 1811.\\nJ. M. HUMMEL Sc SONS,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nCOLOR[0 ROANS, LININGS, ALUM SHEEP CALE 1,\\nALSO,\\nImporters and Manufacturers of Skivers\\nIN ALL THE FANCY COLORS AND DIFFERENT STYLES OF FINISH,\\nEspecially adapted for Hatters and Bookbinders Use.\\nOFI^ICE ANr FACTOKlir,\\n955 North Third St. mid 970 Canal St.,\\nLEONARD NAX, F. ALBERT KUHN.\\nNAX KtJHN,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nSMOKING PIPES,\\nWMIIiABEEtWMiA,\\nImporter and Manufacturer of Every Variety of\\nFANCY COLORED, LAZEr) A. Pf D ElSTAMiELLKD\\n.u^M.x, RAILROAD,\\n3\\nCHINA, BLANK, RAILROAD, ENAMELLED AND BRISTOL BOARD\\nO -A_ _tri/ J\u00e2\u0080\u0094) ^3 y\\nMANILLA SHIPPING TAGS.\\nOffice and Warehouse, 16 South Sixth Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n721\\nBLATCHLEY S CUCUMBER WOOD PUMPS.\\nBLATCHLEY S HORIZONTAL ICE CREAM FREEZERS.\\n(TINGLEY S PATENT.)\\nCHARLES G. BLATCHLEY, Manufacturer,\\nOfiicc nntf Wmirooms, 506 COMMERCE ST., I ltlLADET.VHTA.\\nJAMES FLE Mi i^^\\n(Late of GARDNER FLKMINlii,\\nNo. 1255 1257 N. Twelfth St., cor. of Thompson,\\nPI1ILA\u00c2\u00bbEI.1\u00c2\u00bbHIA.\\nOFFERS THE LARGEST AND BEST SELECTED STOCK OF\\nVEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS\\nTo be found in America, embracing all the Home grown, as well as New anil Rare Foreign Varieties.\\nThe Amatki r Gardener and Florist will find all the Novelties as they appear, obtained from\\nreliable sources, and otf ered at fair and reasonable rates. The Market Gardener may also obtain\\nevery variety, suited to his wants, at a moderate price.\\nTHE GREEN HOUSE AND ORNAMENTAL DEPARTMENT contains the largest and best se-\\nk ction of Plants in this country, oicupying over sixty tliousand square feet of Glass, for Hot\\nHouses, Green Houses and Pro|iagatiiig l- ranies.\\nBULBOUS FLOWER ROOTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We annually import a large collection of the finest Double and\\nSingle Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Jonquils and other Bulbs for planting in the Autumn,\\na full descriptive catalogue of which is published on the first of August.\\nDreer s Garden Calendar is published annually on the 1st of Dec, and contains select lists of\\nVegetable and Flower Seeds, Plants, Roses, Verbenas, Dahlias, Carnations. Geraniums, etc., with\\nbrief and practical directions for their culture, mailed free. Address, HENRY A. DREER, Philada.\\nmanufacturers ok\\nOAK TANNED\\nLEATHER BELTING,\\n410 and 412 NORTH THIRD STREET, l^HILADELPHIA.\\nMRS. ysr. H. HEL-WEG.\\nP. KESSEL.\\nHELTS^Ea CO.,\\nFINE BOOTS AND SHOES,\\nivo. ei4 Alien !^tjki:et, imiij^vVOI^li iiia-\\nGents and Boys Boots, Shoes and Gaiters always on hand and made to order.\\nJ^-ORDERS FROM ABROAD ALWAYS RECEIVE SPECIAL ATTENTI 0N.-5\u00c2\u00bb\\n46", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "722\\nAD VEBTISEMENTS.\\ni:STA.BLISHEI 1866.\\nSCHIMMELS\\nFruit Butter\\nMANUFACTURED BY\\n1 0. SCIIHIEL\\n431 and 433 Master St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nSCHIMMEL CO.,\\n31 and 33 North Canal Street, CHICAGO;\\n126 Macdougal St., NEW YORK.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS. 723\\nA.. F.A-A-S\\nPATENTED\\nSCREW CLAMP AGRAPP\\nPIANOS.\\nThese PIANOS cannot get out of tune; the\\nCLAMP is screwed down after the Piano is tuned,\\nand all the strain is taken off the length of the strings\\nand the tuning pin the tuning pin cannot turn and\\nget loose in the socket like in all other Pianos, which\\nthe inventor of this has found out.\\nGRAND SQUARE AND UPRIGHT PIANOS.\\n152 North Ninth St,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "724 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nEstablished 18S1.\\nS11DDL[, HARIIESS AND COLLAR MANUFACTURER,\\na. H. DAVIS dS; CO.,\\nMANUFACTURING PERFUMERS,\\n1050 Germantoiirii Ave., Pliiladelpliia.\\nOOBOOieill llIOl 1401111 W0BIS.\\nF. L. D. R. CARNELL,\\nMachinists and Iron Founders,\\nNo. 1844 GERMANTOWN AVENUE,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nSteam Engines, Steam Hammers, Brick Machines, Red and Fire Brick\\nPresses, Clay Tempering Wheels, Pipe and Tile Machines and\\nBrick Machinery of every description for Horse or Steam.\\nCoal Kiln Castings, Heavy and Light Castings of every\\nvariety. Also, Builders of Brooks Patent Steam\\nStone Hammer for Belgian Blocks, etc.,\\nand Machinery for Artificial Stone.\\nOLDEST aM LARGEST ESTABLISHMENT of tie M ill tlie UNITED STATES.\\nELIJAH CUNDEY. FRANCIS CUNDEY.\\nE. CUNDEY BRO.,\\nSTEAM WOOD TURNING MILL\\n848 Nortli Fourtli Street, Philadelpliia.\\n_\\nWOOD TURNING in all its various branches. Mechanical, Architectural, Cabinet and Gymnastic\\nTurning of all kinds. Also, Manufacturers of BOBBINS, SPOOLS and every de-\\nscription of Turning used by the Manufacturers of Textile Fabrics.\\nMallets^ Haadles, Bungs, Taps, Chair Stuff and Turned Wooden Ware constantly on hand.\\nJOBBING rROMl TLT ATTENDED TO.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n725\\nImporters of Shoe Findings,\\nAnd every variety of Shoe Manufacturers Articles, Silk and Cotton Terry\\nElastics, Marshall s and IXL Machine Threads.\\nAgents for The Hamilton Web Company s Celebrated Boot and Gaiter Webs.\\nADAMS KEEN,\\nSpecial Manufacturers of Fine\\niHi??^.. CURACOA KID\\nFOR\\nSLIPPERS AND BOOTS.\\nAI.SO\\nCufap Iampico\\n\\\\\\\\nd\\\\ (iraiiis ami IVIililc Grains.\\nMaroous, Oil IJuot, etc..\\nd\\nSUPERIOR QUALITY AND FINISH.\\nFactory and Salesroom,\\n934 St. John St.,\\nAbove Poplar St..\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nADOLPH THIERY,\\nMANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF\\nLOOKING GLASSES\\nAND\\nPICTURE FRAMES^\\nImitation Gilt, Rosewood and Walnnt Mouldings, Window Cornices, etc.,\\nJV. E. COB. FOTJBTH AND BRANCH STS.,\\nT CONROW; wTRyKEIFF, G. H. BARBER.\\nT. CONRO^V CO,\\nWHOLESALE iB.O::CEB.S,\\n5 Morth yiTater St.^ Philada.\\nPROPRIETORS OF THE FRANKLIN PACKING COMPANY\\n(Fresli Tomatoes, Peaelios, Fie Fruit. Ke\u00c2\u00abliuiK etc.\\nAND MANUFACTURERS OF\\nREIFF CO. S EXTRA FAMILY MINCE MEAT.\\n^-Cranberries and Sweet Potiitoes in Season from our Farms in New Jersey-..^", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "726\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nCAMDEN IRON WORKS,\\nESTABLISHED 1824, CAMDEM, J{.J.\\nJESSE W. STARR SON,\\nAM MAHUFACTURERS OF GAS APPARATUS,\\nAMU ALL THE\\nBuildings, T;mks, Holders, etc.. Required for (he M;inntacturc, Purification and Storage of\\nGas, and Street ILiius Requisite for its Distribution.\\nPLANS DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS PROMPTLY FURNISHED.\\nCAST IRON STREET MAINS,\\nPor Water and Gas, from One and a Half to Forty-Eight Indies in Diameter.\\nSTOP VALVES (all sizes), FIRE HYDRANTS, HEATING PIPES, BRANCHES, BENDS, TEES,\\nCASTINGS OF ANY FORM OR SIZE REQUIRED.\\nSOLE ASSIGNEES AND MANUFACTURERS OF\\nCREGIER S PATENT NON-FREEZING FIRE HYDRANT,\\nWITH ONE, TWO, THREE OR EOLR NOZZLES.\\nPHILADELPHIA OFFICE, 435 437 CHESTNUT ST.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 727\\nCHARLES MAGARGE CO..\\nWHOLESALE DEALERS IN\\nPaper, Rags, Etc.,\\n30, 32 34 S. Sixth St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nEs tablished 1 827. Paten ted Jan. 12 th, 1869.\\nRICHARD C. REMMEY,\\nCHEMICAL STONE WARE MANUFACTORY,\\n2303 FranUfovd Ave. and Amber St., Philadn.\\nManufacturer of all kinds of Chemical Stone Ware for Manufacturing Chemists and others,\\nsuch as Receivers, Acid Coolers, Mixing Pots, Stone Boxes, Worms, Elbow Pipes, Connecting Pipes,\\nSleeves, Pans, Dishes, Tin Crystal Jars with Lids, Still Heads. Ointment Pots, Jugs and Pitchers\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\na general assortment always on hand. Manufacturers can rely on getting a superior article. Ware\\nmade to hold from six to forty gallons.\\njesg=- Second and Third Street Passenger Cars pass the factory going and coming.\\n.Orders by Mail will receive prompt attention.\\nAMERICAN FIRE BRICK WORKS,\\n1100 EAST CUMBEELAHD ST. and GUNNEES ETO,\\n(East or Frankford Road, Nineteenlli Ward.) IiE .SIX\u00c2\u00abTON, riIIl,A\u00c2\u00bbEl.PIII.4.\\nRICHARD C. REMMEY\\nManufactures and keeps constantly on hand a Superior Quality of\\nNo. 1 Fire Bricks and Blocks for Iron, Steel and Blast\\nFurnaces, Gas House and Bakers Tile, Stove\\nand Range Linings, Fire Cement, etc., etc.\\nB^ TILES OF ALL SIZES AND SHAPES MADE TO ORDER.-^^", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "728 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nEAGLE BOLT WORKS OF PHILADELPHIA.\\nHancock and Masclier Streets and Columbia Avenue.\\ni:stj^i5il,iskce:i3 is^s.\\nThe Oldest and Largest Establishment of the kind in the United States.\\nMANDFACTOEEES OF\\nCARRIAGE BOLTS\\nOf every description, made exclusively of the best brands of NORWAY IRON.\\nPointed Tire Bolts, Axle Clips, Forged Nuts, etc.\\nCousumers of and dealers in Bolts attending the Exposition are resj^ectfully invited to\\nvisit our establishment,\\nTHE M. J. COLEMAN BOLT AND NUT CO.,\\nFormerly 2030 ARCH STREET.\\nESTABLISHED 1837.\\nWholesale Druggists,\\nManufackefs and Importers,\\nNos. 201 and 303 North Fourth Street\\n(N, E, cor, Fourth and Kace Sts,),\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nHave constantly in stock, of their own Manufacture or Importation, a full assortmeut\\nof Drugs, Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Druggists Requisites.\\nAnd also in our stores, 331 and 333 RACE STREET (adjoining above), we have a\\nfull and complete stock of\\nWHITE LEAD ZINC WHITE,\\nColored Paints;, Varnishes fSc Putty\\nOf our own Manufacture. Also\\nCamels Hair arid Sable Pencils and Brushes, Paint SrusJies,\\nFine Colors and Artists 3Iaterials Generally.\\nBOBEBT SH0E9IAKER, WILLIASI M. SHOEMAKER, BICHABD M. SHOEMAKER.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "AD YERTISEMBNTS.\\n729\\ni-\\nC. H. i^\u00c2\u00a3^^^^\\ndsterer.^.\\n^a^ a^^ i^r^ll Ei#^^\\nPH IL ADELPH I A.\\nStre\\n,et\u00c2\u00bb\\nFAIRMOUNT PRINTING INK WORKS\\nESTABLISHED 1842.\\nCHARIaKS Iff. ROSSKIiil^;\\nSuccessor to ROSSELL BROTHER,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\n4ia Iii l\\n417 NORTH THIRD STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nE. F. KUNKEL S\\nIHOjST\\nHas never been known to fail in tlie cure of weakness attended with symptoms; indisposition to\\nexertion- loss of memory; difficulty of breathing; weakness: horror of disease; weak, nervous\\nti emblin^; dreadful h\u00c2\u00abrror of death niRht sweats; e.,ld fe,-t ,r.m.i, s of vision languor; univer-\\nsal lassitude of the muscular svstera; enormous appetite, with yspeptic symptoms; hot hands;\\nflushins of the bodv dryness of the skin pallid countenance aiid eruptions on tlie face; purifying\\nthe bloSd; pain in the back; heaviness of the eyelids; frequent black spots flying belore the eyes,\\nwith suffusion and loss of sight; want of attention, etc,\\nSOLD ONLY IN $1.00 BOTTLES. GET THE GENUINE.\\nr^^ A -PT-; W015.M: entirely removed witli purely veKctablo medicine, passing from the\\nsvstemiiilve No fee unless the head passes. Come and refer to patients treated. Advice free.\\nSeat, Pin and Stomach Worms also removed.\\nDR, E. F. KUNKEL,\\nNo. 258 N. NINTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a030\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nMcCULLOUGH IRON COMPANY,\\nGALVANIZED, REFINED AND CHARCOAL BLOOM\\nSHEET IRON MANUFACTURERS,\\nESTABLISHED 184r.\\nR. KLAUDER,\\nQUAKER CITY DYE AND PRINT WORKS,\\nS. E. Cor. Oxford aia\u00c2\u00abl Howard Sts.,\\ni=h:iIj^idei_.:ph:i^.\\nw\\nDyer of Silk, Wool, Worsted and Gennap Yarns and Slubbings,\\nPRINTER OF WOOL AND WORSTED YARNS.\\nBLACK DIAMOND FILE WORKS.\\nG. H, BARNETT,\\nNos. 39, 41 and 43 RICHMOND ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nKDITITARD ITir. TAXIS^\\nAquarium Manufacturer and Dealer In Gold Fish, Etc.,\\n60 North Sixth Street, One Door below Arch,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nESTABLISHED S5 YEARS.\\nSUPERIOR FAMILY BREAD\\nJVo. 1131 GBEEM STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nBi:]^TO]!c bkotiis:r.\\nMANUFACTURERS OP\\nFine Gold Pens, Desk and Pocket Holders,\\nNo. 409 Ckestmit St., Second Story, Philada.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 731\\nMirK BISCUIT. NIC NA.CS. FANCY CAKES.\\nW. E. Iff. H. CAMP,\\nCRACKERS AND STEAM BAKERY,\\n625 S 627 NORTH BBOAD ST., rillLADELFJlIA.\\nJOS. S. LOVElillNTGr AVHA-RTON,\\nMACHINIST, BLACKSMITH AND IRON FOUNDER,\\nS. E. Corner 15th and WOOD STItEETS, I lJILADELl lI lA.\\nIron Fronts, Coltirans, Girders, and all kinds of Building Castinfis. Heavy or Light Machine\\nCastings made in Green Sand, Dry Sand or Loam. .Switches, Curves, I atent Crossings,\\nand every description of Castings for Horse or (Steam Railroads.\\nX Ii.\\\\RCE STOCK OF PATTERNS OX IIAXP.\\nJ. H. COFRODE. J. H. SCHAEFFER. F. H. SAYLOR.\\nJ. H. COFRODE CO.\\nE\\nOffice, No. B30 ^Valnut St.,\\nPHILADKLiPHIA.\\nDESIGN AND CONSTRUCT\\nWood, Iron and Composite Bridges and Roofs,\\nH. A. BARTLETT CO.,\\n113, 115 and 117 N. Front St., Philadelphia.\\n143 CHAMBERS ST., NEW YORK.\\n43 BROAD STREET, BOSTON, MASS.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nBartlett s BlackiiiEr, Crumbs of C \u00c2\u00bbinfor1, Laundr.v Rlno(Siftinp Box atioiiaI\\nBlue, Liquid Bluiug, Soliihio Blno h. Hulk), Inks (A\\\\ntin ,Ytn.l Copying,\\nBlack and Violet), Stove Polish Large and Small Kolls and Squares),\\nImporters of German Black Lead, riiimbasjo, Lto.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "732 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nTHE OLDEST STEREOTYPE FOUNDUY IN AMERICA. ESTABLISHED 1815.\\nJ. FAGAN SON,\\nELECTROTYPE and STEREOTYPE FOUNDERS,\\n621 and 623 Commerce Street, Philadelphia.\\nInvite Estimates for all kinds of Stereotype and Electrotype work in every Langnage.\\nS. H. MATTSON G. DILKES.\\n^m^aricr^ mid ^mlar^,\\nWo. 1346 Chestnut Street, I hiladelphia.\\nNo. 637 North Nineteenth St., below Fairmount Ave., PHILADELPHIA,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF\\nCooMiiE Raiips, House Heaters, Fire-Place Stoves, Batli Boilers, Registers, etc.,\\nOIP THE T^EWICSX AISTD BEST F.A^TTER,NS.\\nALL MAKES OF HEATERS AND RANGES REPAIRED IN THE BEST MANNER. PLUMB-\\nING, GAS FITTING AND UNDERGROUND DRAIN PIPE.\\nAnd Sewing-Machine Trimmings,\\n1234 and 1230 Poplar St., Philadolplna.\\nlASTING,*-\\nMACHINE SILK,\\nTHREAD\\nJOHN JONES,\\niOil-llIDIi km P4PlS-iUIlE,\\nWo. 712 Sansom Street, JPMladelphia,\\nBook-Binding, Paper-Ruling, Pamphlet Work Promptly Executed, Orders by Mail Solicited.\\nCHRISTIAN NONNENBERGER,\\nHat Block Manufacturer,\\nNo. 323 BACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nASGHKIUTBAGH HAHIVT,,\\nTAILORS,\\nNo. 170 North Fourth Street, Philadelphia.\\nWISSAHICKON WADDING MILLS.\\nM. GOIiGAS, Manufact-airer,\\nSTORE, 17 MOBTH FROJ^T ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n733\\nJOHN BO WEK.\\nTEANK BO W ER.\\nWM. ENTENMANN.\\nJOHN BOWER CO.,\\nCUBERS OF\\nSuperior Sugar Cured Hams,\\nBeef, Bacon, Shoulders, Tongues,\\nALSO,\\nMess Pork, Pure Kettle Rendered Lard, Etc.,\\nAND DEALERS IN PROVISIONS GENERALLY.\\nH.^W. Comer 24tli and Brown Streets,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "734\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nHUNEKER BRANT,\\nHOUSE, SIGN AND FRESCO PAINTERS,\\nAND 3IETALLIC SIGW BNGJRAVEBS,\\n]Slo. 219 ARCH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nHALL, HOTEL AND STREET LANTERNS,\\nBrass, Silver-Plated and German Silver Eailrcad Car Trimmings, Brass and German Silver\\nLamps for Ships, Fire Go s, R.R. Cars, Railroad Conductors and Miners,\\nNos. 919 and 921 RACE ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nIi4fi\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nSlate Manlels,\\nSlate Work\\nGenerally,\\nWarerooms and Factory, 1215 RACE STREET, PHILADA.\\nNe^ est styles I Superior Workmansliip I liowest Prices\\nALSO, MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF\\nF- ABEMMB BAME BLWE M FIMQ BEtATM,\\nGuaranteed to retain its color in any climate.\\nSLATE ROOFING ATTENDED TO WITH DESPATCH.\\nJ. B. KIMES CO.\\nOffice Established 1833.\\nMEZZOTINTO AND LINE PLATE PRINTER,\\n30a Sovitlx IVliitli street, JPlUladelphiia,\\nHas ample facilities for the execution of every description of Fine Plate Printing, ranging from the\\nlargest sized Framing Print to that of the usual Book Illustrations. None but the best quality of\\nmaterials used. Having twenty presses, is prepared to promptly fill all orders. N.B. A variety of\\nPlates on hand for use, suitable for the embellishment of Magazines of limited editions.\\nJOHN SARTAIN,\\nEn^C3-:E^j^ V^El I^ OlsT STEEL,\\n728 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nJohn Sartain, who has been established in Philadelphia in the practice of Engraving since 1830,\\nbegs to assure his friends and patrons that his plates are entirely the work of his own hand,\\nand not the productions of assistants. His style of work ranges from the largest size historical\\nframing subject to small book prints, portraits or others.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n735\\nTM\u00c2\u00a7 PMlad\u00c2\u00a7lpMai Qalyanizmg Qgrnpa^ny,/\\nWORKS ESTABLISHED i860.\\nOPFIOE and WOKKS, 2130 KAOE ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nGALVANIZING, WROUGHT AND CAST IRON\\nIN ALL VARIETIES,\\nBAR, PIPE, HOOP, SHEET, COAL HODS, BATH BOILERS, Etc.\\nCHAUNCEY HULBURT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Late U. S. Oil Inspector.\\nMANUFACTCKERS OF\\nFINE MACHINERY AND SIGNAL OILS,\\nAnd Dealers iu Sperui, Whale and Lard Oils, Refmed Tallow I or Cjlinders,\\nNo. 137 ARCH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nlEOHS\\nPATENTEE AND SOLE MANUFACTURER OF\\nThe front and end glasses being bent removes the silver bars back from the line\\nof sight far enough to present a full view of all tlie contents without obstruction,\\nfrom both ends and front, thereby accomplishing the double purpose of displaying\\nthe goods to a customer at a glance and ornamenting the store with the most beau-\\ntiful and strongest show case that has ever been oflered to the public.\\nWABEBOOMS AND FACTORY,\\nNos. 132 AND 134 NORTH FOURTH ST.,\\nA Ml assortment of Hew and Old Styles on hand. Cases carefully and securely pack\u00c2\u00abd for transporUtion.-=Sa\\nJ. HAMBLETON SON,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN\\nNo. 221 SPRUCE STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nESTABLISHED 1830.\\nFRENCH AND AMERICAN\\nNo. 1717 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "736 A D VERTISEMENTS.\\nMANtlFACTUREE OF\\nParlor, True-Blue, Water-Proof, White-Head and Telegraph\\nNo, 919 ST. JOHJV STBBET, above JPoplar, PMlafVa.\\nEMMEEEB 0EMM MIME ^BMBAMT,\\nOffice, Twenty-third St., below Spring Garden, Philada.\\nBEST QUAIilTY OF WOOI -BURIVT LIME always on hand.\\nDEALERS IN ALL KINDS OP CEMENT.\\nWM. B. IRVINE, ANDREW CARTT, rroi rietors.\\nJOSEPH W. PHILLIPS, Jr.,\\nI LAIN A\\\\I) ORNAMENTAT^\\nDecorator on China, Glass and Earthenware,\\nNo. 132 NORTH SEVENTEENTH ST., PHILADA.\\nESTABLISHED SIXTY YEARS.\\nBENJAMIN R. WALTER\\n(Successor to Peter B. Walter),\\nSAND WHARF,\\n611 Beach Street, first Wharf above Green Street,\\n1\u00c2\u00bb M 1 3L. A. r E 3L I* iilJV\\nConstantly on hand, Silver and White Pewter Sand from Egg Island; also, Eough-casting,\\nPolishing, Stone Cutters Painters and Scouring Sand, by the bushel, barrel or larger quantity,\\nAlso, Bhick VVriting Sand of a superior quality.\\nMerchants, Stationers, Plasterers, Lager Beer Saloons, Steel Furnaces and others supplied at the\\nshortest notice. All orders punctually attended to and delivered in any part of the city.\\nEST ABLI SHEX) 1830.\\nDR. THOMAS ARMITAGE S\\n\u00c2\u00a7fubdcl^Jm J\u00c2\u00a7lecfra^iilhir ^mMnk,\\nCOR. FIFTEENTH AND CHERRY STS., PHILADA.\\nIP. SCHIOETTLE S\\nSf 14ii i\\nm:a.]vtjfactory,\\n312 to 314 BRANCH STREET and 317 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nHAT A ND SHELF BOXES A SPECIALTY.\\nKEY S ASTHMA PAPER\\nHas been on trial for sixteen years, and the demand is steadily increasing.\\nIt relieves SPASMODIC ASTHMA, and is a useful adjunct to other remedies when there\\nare organic diseases. Those fearing an attack in the night may burn a strip in the bedroom before\\nretiring. The atmosphere will soon be pleasantly changed by the fumes, which in many cases afford\\na quiet night s sleep. Price US Cents and $1 per Package.\\nPrepared bv R. KEYS, Apothecary, also manufacturer and proprietor of WHITE S HAIR\\nREGENERATOR or AMBKR GLOSS, N. W. cor. Ttvelfth and Pine Sts., P/iilada.\\nMessrs. WELLS ELLIOTT, Agents, 11 Gold Street, New York City.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 737\\nESTABXjISKED 1840.\\nMaMmfa:Qtur\u00c2\u00a7rsi gf /SHOVELS, SPADES, EtQ.f\\n211, 213 and 215 Quarry St., between Arch and Race and Second and Third Sts.,\\nI\u00c2\u00bbMILA.I ELI\u00c2\u00bbIIIA.\\nW. KEIN ATH,\\nIMl OKTEK OF\\nFur Skins and Fashionable Furrier,\\nNo. 812 ARCH ST., Second Story, PHILADELPHIA.\\nOFFICES FOE PEOCUEINa\\n119 south: ifotji^th: st.,\\nphiladelphia,\\nAJ^D 3IAIIBLB BUILDINGS,\\n605 Seventh St. (opp. U.S. Patent Office), Washington, D.C.\\nH. HOWSON, C. HOWSON,\\nSolicitor of Patents. Attorney at Law.\\nV* Communications should be addressed to the Principal\\nOffices, Philadelphia.\\nC A. L E I O TV I A. TV C O It Iv AV 11 IC S\\nSAMUEL WILKIE,\\nManufacturer and Dealer in\\nooi^KS ^isrr) acD-:^!^ -vstoot),\\nJVo. S42 North Third St., below roplar, PniT.ADETA HIA.\\n1!^^= Every variety of Machine-made Corks on liand and furni shed t o ordcn-xt ft\\nPHILADELPHIA SOAP STONE WORKS,\\nNo. 521 Cresson St., bet ween Fifth and Sixth, Philadelphia.\\nMANCFACTUREE OF\\nSoap Stone Fire Places, Sinks, Wash and Bath Tubs. Register Stones,\\nouay ^.tuiic Griddles, Hearths, Mantels, etc.\\nHEATERS, RANGES AND STOVES LINED TO ORDER. AT SHORT NOTICE.\\n47", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "738 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJ. F. O R^S^I ^ULi\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nBOOT. SHOE AND GAITER\\nTJ F 1=\\nIMPORTER AXD DEALER m\\nFrench Calf Skins,\\nMorocco and Patent Leather,\\nNo. 221 NORTH FOURTH STREET.\\nhiUiihl^hiii.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "An VER TISEMENTS. 739\\nKSXABLISHED 1831.\\nJOHN C. CLARK SONS,\\nPRINTERS, STATIONERS AND BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS,\\n230 Dock Street, Philadelphia.\\nPublishers of Commercial and Law Blanks.\\nCHARLES RTJMI^l^\\nPORTE-MONNAIE, POCKET-BOOK AND SATCHEL MANUFACTURER,\\nNo. 47 North 8ixtli Street, below Arch, Philadelphia.\\nPorte- Monnaies, Port Polios, Drenshif/ Cases, liunUers Coses, Cif/nr Cases, Cabas,\\nMonet/ lielts. Parses, Pocket JiooJcs, Satvliels, Work Baskets, ICtah -s, etc., WJIOLP-\\nSALi: AND JtETAlZ.\\nc3-Eioi^OE :f. sosiimiiidt.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nf\\n1414 North Seveutli St. and 1429 and 1431 Franklin St., Philadelphia.\\nsteamers, Sleeping-Cars aiul Hotels Supplied at Short Notice.\\nvj^isrEisrTzicY CO.,\\nM:AT\u00c2\u00bbfXJK A.CTXJKEriS OF OIL \u00c2\u00abfc AV^VU^i::!! COLOllS,\\nIMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN\\nARTISTS^ MATERIALS,\\nEngravings, IK Calcomania and Wax Flower Materials, Clironios, DraHiiig Sfiidies, Mathematical\\nInstruments. Drawing I apers.\\nNo. 1125 CHEST N UT STREE T, PHIIjADELPHIA.\\nBARLO^A^ S INDIG6 BLUE,\\nFOR BLUING CLOTHES.\\nD. S. WILTBERGER, Proprietor,\\nNo. 233 Noi th Second Street l*hiladelphia.\\nPETER DEWEES,\\n113 and 115 Callowhill St.^ Philadelphia,\\nDealers in Tin Foil and Manufacturers of\\nMETALLIC CAPS for BOTTLES, JARS, Etc.\\nEspecially adapted for Wines, Liquors, Drugs, Chemicals, Pickles and all Hermetically Sealed Goods.\\nXos. 1009 and 1011 North Fifth Str^ eUj^hUatlt^phia.\\nSTAINED GLASS~WORKS,\\n123 and 125 South Kleventli St.. I liila.\\nModern and Antique Church Glass, and for Dwellings, etc., in every style.\\nJ. G. H. GIBSON.\\nChurclies and Private Buildings Painted and Decorated. JODIX GIBSOX.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "740\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nFREDERIC CHASE,\\n2425 and 24^7 Soutli St.y FMlada,\\nFRANCIS J. CLAi\u00c2\u00a5IER CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nBuilders asid Oroamental Real Bronze Ware\\n909 NOBTS NINTH ST., T HILAnELrHIA.\\nESTABLISHED 1888.\\nV\\n4f\\nHOUSE I SM PAINTERS\\n1249 North Second Street,\\nF Mil ABEMFMIA,\\nGRAINING, GILDING, CALSOMINING, etc.\\nESXABLISHED 1818.\\nstba-m: cork ^v^orks.\\nGORK MAMUFACTURKRS.\\nEVERY VARIETY OF MACHIIVE-CIJT CORKS\\nCONSTANTLY ON HAND AND MADE TO ORDER.\\nFifty second St. and Lancaster Ave., I*hilada.\\nWILLIAM HASLAM,\\nMachine, Bridge, Ofnamenlal and Afchiteckal Pallern Maker,\\nNo, S12 MACE STBEET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nParticulanattention paLdto Engine Builders Plumbers Gas and Steam Fitters Patterns.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 741\\nJ^ STJO-OESTIOn^.\\nM. Fourcade, of the International Jury, thus speaks of American soaps in\\nhis report of the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867\\nt alt) bodits at tlif prcstiit day can produce no more nor less tlian in the past, and no one\\ncan pretend tliat the addition of forei(, n matters, witli which the soaps from the United States\\narc loaded, is an improvement.\\nTo try to keep salt water in the paste, to introduce into it resin, talc. siil|)Iiate of baryta\\nars-illaceous and oclircous earths, so as to increase the iveisiif or to olil^iin a lallacidiis cliiapness\\nSiviuif the consumer a half pound of pure soap, or, in many cases, even less, made up uith\\nworthless and deleterious substances to appear a full pound\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is a fraud, and not an industrial\\nprocess; and it is (o l)e re:. refted lliat.in any country, such operations should remain uiMiuuished:\\nand \u00c2\u00abe must here express reyref that, in one country at least, the peculiar standard \u00c2\u00abliicli makes\\nthe reputation of all uood soaps beu itis to be an exceplion. The most honest of manufacturers\\nseem to have a tendency to abandon it by addiny to their working mixtures all sorts of ureases\\nand oils\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ivithout doubt under the stimulus of coniijctition and the pressure of necessity\u00e2\u0080\u0094 wliile\\nthere seems to be no article too poor and worthless to be used by the less scrupulous of our\\nAmerican friends.\\nThe one exception to the rule, the one pure soap among the countless\\nadulterated ones, is the well-known DOBBINS ELECTRIC\\nmade by I. L. CRAGIN CO., of PHILADELPHIA, a beautiful\\nwhite soap, FREE FROM ANY ADULTERATION, and possessing cleansing\\nproperties that make it superior to any other soap made. The recipe for the\\nmanufacture oF this very justly celebrated article was brought to this country\\nby a poor Fcenchman who had discovered the secret. Having no means to\\nprosecute its manufacture, he sold for a song the recipe and right to use it to\\nMr. Dobbins, who soon after sold it to Messrs, i. L. Cragin Co. for fifty thou-\\nsand dollars, and by them alone is now made the world-renowned DOBBINS\\nELECTRIC SOAP.\\nits price is necessarily a littie higher than that asked for adulterated soaps,\\nbut its cost of production is still higher in proportion to them and that it is\\ninfinitely cheaper to the consumer the following figures show. There are well-\\nknown brands of yellow soaps made from the following formula by men who\\nbuy refuse pieces of Dobbins Electric Soap from its manufacturers:\\ntoo lbs. Dobbins Kleetrie Soap, at 12 cents, $12 OO\\n200 lbs. resin, at 2 cents, 4 OO\\nlOO lbs. clay, at 2 cents, 2 OO\\nlOO lbs. silicate of soda, at 2 cents, 2 OO\\n500 lbs., $20 OO\\nOr four cents per pound for the compound, each pound of which contains but\\nthree ounces of pure soap, the balance of thirteen ounces being valueless as\\nfar as its presence in soap is concerned.\\nThe three ounces of soap possess all the detergent properties in the pound,\\nand accomplish all the work done with the pound; or, in other words, three\\nounces of Dobbins Electric Soap will do as much washing without this adultera-\\ntion as with it, and, therefore, the three ounces will do all the work done by\\nthe pound of so-called family soap, which is in reality but three ounces of soap.\\nWere the price of the adulterated substance low enough, so that a pound\\nof it would cost no more than three ounces of Dobbins Electric Soap, it would\\nmake no difference to the consumer which she used.\\nLet us see if the prices of the two do agree. Dobbins Electric Soap sells\\nfor thirteen cents per pound in Philadelphia, the other for eight cents per pound;\\nbut as the low-priced compound only contains and will only do the worK of\\nthree ounces of Dobbins Electric, we should have to buy five and one-third\\npounds to get as much soap in that form as from one pound of Dobbins Electric.\\nThis at eight cents per pound, amounts to forty-two and two-thirds cents;\\nthat is, it will cost more than three times as much to use the eight-cent soap as\\nit will to use Dobbins Electric Soap at thirteen cents per pound.\\nOur suggestion is that while in Philadelphia each of our readers procure\\nfor test a sample of DOBBINS ELECTRIC SOAP.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "742 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\ni^All^.9A^.^icK D. CARRICK CO., wm, c, carrick.\\nBTEAM gmAgmmm amb mmG^iT baeeet,\\n1908 and 190S MARKET ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nManufacturers of Superior CRACKERS. BISCUIT, CAKES, PILOT AND SHIP BREAD,\\nCORN HILLS AND NIC NACS.\\nWALTER G. WILSON. JOSEPH L. AMER.\\nHighest Prcmiiiffl Awarded by Franklin Institute Exliiliition, 1874.\\nWALTER G. WILSON CO.,\\nPilot, Ship Bread, Cracker Cake Bakers,\\nNos. 313 and 214 N. Front St., above Race,\\nAnd 100-2-4-6-8-10-12 and 114 Craven St.,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nGAS BUKNEES,\\nfe\u00c2\u00ae M\u00c2\u00a7Mug 8imM \u00c2\u00a7oQkmg Apparmim^f,\\nFITTERS PROVING APPARATUS, Etc.,\\n248 N. Eighth St., Fourth Floor,\\nP HILAnELPHIA.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nPOCKET BOOKS, and all kinds of FAUCI LEATHER GOODS,\\n339 N. FOURTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nS. E, COR. TENTH AJSTD LOCUST STREETS,\\nPROF. S. P. BURDICT, Surgeon Chiropodist,\\nOffice, 1338 PARRISH ST., NEAR BROAD, PHILADELPHIA.\\nCORNS REMOVED IN TEN MINUTES WITHOUT PAIN OR DRAWING BLOOD.\\nSatisfaction Guaranteed in all Cases. Corns, 50 cts. to $1.00 each. Charges Moderate in all Cases. Office Hours:\\n7 to 9 i. M., 12 to 2 and 6 to 8 P. M. Sundays, 2 to 5 P. M.\\nAlso Manuf r of the American Corn Plaster, and Burdict s Grecian Salve, for the Cure of Skin Diseases, Bums, Frostbites, Etc.\\nritlCE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS EACM.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n743\\nRELIANCE MACHINE WORKS,\\n15. 1 Q U J M 15 Y,\\nXos. 224, 226 and 228 SOUTH FIFTH ST., FHILADA.\\nMANUFACTURE\\nLight Machinery, Screws, Taps, Dies, Special Drills, Punches, Models, etc.\\nFIXE ^VORK A SI\u00c2\u00bbE\u00e2\u0082\u00acIA1,TV.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nAwnings and Verandahs\\nFlags, Tents, Eag and Wagon Covers,\\n49 SOUTH THIRD ST.,\\nABOVE CHESTNUT,\\nFLAGS OF ALL SIZES ON HAND and MADE TO ORDER\\nSt IIEIBI.E-S I\u00c2\u00bbATENT AWXIXO.\\nSTENCIL CUTTING and CANVAS PRINTING.\\n1776. JOHN MAX^^^ELL, 1876.\\n\u00c2\u00a7misc ami \u00c2\u00a7hjn \u00c2\u00a7iwitei[ and j\u00c2\u00a7lHzici\\\\\\nNo. 421 North Second Street, corner of Willow,\\nEmmm FMomm fainted and penciled.\\nCHINA GLOSSING, WALX^P AINTING, etc.\\nPAPER HANGINGS\\n52 North Ninth^, Phila da.\\nIm Shield, Floor and Door Clninp, and Eio-lit Sizes Pia(eliet\\nAlso, Haase s Patent Brakesmen s Safety Swinging Step\\nJOHN A. IIAASE\\nKear, 116 Vanhorn St., Philada.\\n[send for circulars.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "44\\nAD VEB TISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHKD 1804.\\nISAAC S. WILLIAMS CO.,\\nManufacturers, Importers and Dealers in\\nHOUSE FXJRISriSHINa aOODS,\\nNo. 728 Market Street, Philadelphia.\\nORDERS FROM ABROAD ALWAYS RECEIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION.\\n:ph:iii.j^x)ei_.:ph:i.a..\\nGents and Boys Boots, Shoes and Gaiters always on hand and made to Order,\\nPHILADELPHIA MACHINERY DEPOT.\\nMachinists Tools Wood-Worl ing IVIdcliinery.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acMAMXiS:{S M. SMITH,\\n135 NORTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nSlifle Latlies,\\nSlapiiiE MacMnes,\\nUpriflt Drills,\\nIrou Planers,\\nSliaftiiiE and Pulleys,\\nBeltii, etc.\\nSteam Pumps,\\nToiipeiug aiifl\\nGrooYliii lacUiies,\\nTenoiiii, Scroll Saws,\\nfood Planers.\\nSole Agent for the Celebrated\\nBAXTER SAFETY ENGINES AND BOILERS,\\nWHICH ARE HON-EXPLOSIVE, SAVE FORTY PER CENT. IN FUEL NO EXTRA INSURANCE.\\nS. A. GEORGE.\\nJAMES M. FERGUSON.\\nS. A. GEORGE CO.,\\nElectrotypers, Stereotypers and Printers,\\nNo. 15 NORTH SEVENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nEstimates given for Eleotrotyping or Stereotyping, and Printing Books in English or German,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n745\\nJ. H. CHRIST BROS.,\\nHOUSE FUMISHING GOODS,\\n824 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nC. VAN HAAGEN CO., J341 and ^343 CaUowhill St., I hiladelphin,\\nManufactureks of C. van HAAGEIV S PATENT MACHINISTS TOOIiS\\nRoiary Shapers, for Shaping, Planing and Milling, Horizontal Boring and Drillinu Iliad Lathf\\nWork, Gear, Slot, Key Seat Cutting, etc. Friction Planers, all Sizes. Horizontal Drill Attach-\\nment, for Upright Power Drills. Portable Self-Feeding Drills, for eitlur hand nr power drilling,\\nwith universal tool post and swivelled counter pulley. Expansion Boring Tools, Five Sizes. Uni-\\nversal Lathe Slide Rest, for taper work. Can be applied to any latlie liaving a eruss-l eed screw.\\nPortable Pneumatic Riveting Machines, for Iron Ship Builders, Boiler Makers, etc. Twist Drill\\nGrinding Machines, adjusiahle and self-acting in every direction grinds both the cutting edges and\\nclearance of drill uniformly and niathematically true, adapted to all sized lrills.\\nEDWIN LOUDERBACK,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nmjjroual ji^iiHtic |lin(toiu %\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\k^,\\nPLAIN AND ORNAMENTED.\\nOffice and Factory, No. 222 NORTH FIFTH STREET,\\nabove rack,\\nfh:i3l,j^i3bl3?h:i^.\\nm\\n\u00c2\u00ab5=SEND FOR PRICE LIST.-=g\u00c2\u00bb\\nPersons visiting the E-xposition, and Dealers in Window Shades,\\nare respectfully invited to call and examine my goods.\\naatim:. a-. nEisTis,\\nMANUFACTUKEK OF\\nWEATHER VASES, PLATINA POINTS, BALLS ADD EMBLEMATIC SIGNS,\\n641 and. 643 N. NINTH STREET, PH I LADEUPHI A.\\nBALLS SPUN FROM THREE TO FIFTEEN INCHES.\\nThese Vanes are made of Copper, in the best workmanlike manu(^r, and gilt with 23^ carat gold-\\nleaf. A large variety of Vanes and Ball s constantly on hand. Designs made to order.\\nRODGERS, DEAN MONTEITH,\\n1327 Filbert St., JPhiladelpJtia,\\nCARRIAGE AND LIGHT WAGON BUILDERS.\\nSpecial attention given to Light Wagons, S ulkies, etc.. etc.. to Order.\\nESTAB LISHED 1848.\\nA. GAIiBRAITII. 309 N. Xinth St.. Pliilndolphia,\\nGREAT CENTRAL STUFFED BIRD AND GLASS SHADE DEPOT.\\nFrench Crystal Glass Shades, of aU Sizes and Shapes.\\nTHE CHEAPEST IN THE CITY.\\nBIRDS AND ANIMALS STUKFKD TO ORDER.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "746\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nPATENTED\\nAPRIL, 1808.\\nW/IJ-\\nHYDRAULIC\\nPACKING,\\nSTEAM\\nAND\\nENGIIMES AND PUMPS,\\nManufactured by JAMES GLANDING CO., Nos. 113 and 115 Queen St., Philada.\\nGEORGE MTERS,\\nMANlTFAVTiriiEH OF\\nBATH BOILERS AND TANKS,\\nNo. 20 4 Nort h Broad Street, PSiiladelpliia.\\nROCKHILL WILSON,\\nj)C 4\\nMEN S AND BOYS WEAR,\\n603 605 CHESTNUT STREET,\\nPmiEABEIjPmiA\\nJACOB RKOH^\\nCarriage and U^agon Builder^\\nCorner G-IMUD AVENUE and EIQHTH ST., PHILADA.\\nCHARLES SCHNEYER,\\nRECTIFIER AND WHOLESALE LIQUOR DEALER,\\nAnd manufacturer of the original AEOMATIO GEEMAN BITTEES,\\n154: and 156 FAIIIMOUNT AVBNUE, PHILADELPIIIA.\\nJamaica Rum and Scotch Whisky Punch Essence and ail Fancy Liquors and Syrups.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS. 747\\nWM. F. FOREPAUGH, Jr., BROTHERS,\\nAlso Manufacturers of SUPERIOR OAK TANNED LEATHER BELTING, Best quality Lace\\nand Strap Leather oa hand. Rivets, Belt Hooks, Dubbing, Etc.\\nN. \\\\V. CORNER RANDOLPH AND JEFFERSON STS., PHILADA.\\n-6\u00c2\u00ae= All Belts warranted. Orders by Post immediately attended to.-=St\u00c2\u00bb\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nBONE BUTTONS, COLLAR BUTTONS, DOMINOES AND COUNTEES,\\no. a:i4=3 IMarsilmll f-iti-cet, T\u00c2\u00bbJ\u00c2\u00bbilu loJi)Iiiji.\\nBONE BUTTONS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, BONE JEWELRY, AFGHAN AND CRO-\\nCHET NEEDLES, BRUSH HANDLES, FANCY BONE WORK.\\nGOTTLIEB FRANK,\\n]\\\\L\\\\XU1 ACTUKKR OF\\nAlso, BOOK-BINDERS LEATHER,\\nNo. 149 WILLOW ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nA CHOICE ASSOHTMEXT AT THE LOWEST CASH PRICES.\\nL. A. SCHUMANN,\\nMANUFACTVREItS OF\\nCALF AND SHEEP KID,\\nl\\\\Io. i027 CAMAIfl STREET^\\nBetween Second and Third, Beaver and George Sts.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nd. I^ TJ E3\\nManufacturer of LADDERS,\\nOF EVERY DESCRIPTION, such as FIREMENS, BRICKLAYERS MACHINISTS GARDEN-\\nur c.viinY^u.^0 -^^lEGrApH and PAINTERS always on hand or made to order.\\nAll kinds of BRICKLAYERS and PLASTERERS TOOLS.\\nJ. W. MACREADY,\\nZSTos. 1411 14.13 Vine Street, Philadelphia,\\nMANL FArTURKIl OP\\nWIRE CLOTH OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.\\nPourdrinier Wires constantly on hand or made to order.\\nCYLINDERS AND DANDY ROLLS COVERED IN THE BEST MANNER. DUSTER, SCREEN and WASHER WIRE FURSISIED.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "748 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nI\\nf\\nJC3LiAnAii \u00c2\u00a3\\\\i\\nJ E fVE LR r.\\nCHAELES NEHER,\\n612 Arch Street,\\nTHE OLDEST AND MOST RELIABLE\\nHAIR JEWELRY ESTABLISHMENT\\nIN THE CITY.\\nTHE LATEST AND MOST APPROYED STYLES MADE TO ORDER,\\nHaving had over 30 years experience in this particular-\\nbranch, it enables me to execute any design in the most\\nsatisfactory manner and at the most reasonable prices.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n749\\nWm. Wilson.\\nEdw. L. Fenimore.\\nF. Fenimore.\\nWILSON TENIMORES,\\nWashington Av. and Eighteenth St., rirdudclphia.\\nReachedhy street Cars l^ Cars on Seventh St. South, or Sevontceutl. St. South, connecting\\nI with any Road ruun nig Last or West.\\ncroB T. zptjg-h:,\\nSOLE PROPRIETOR of the OLD AUGER ESTABLISHMENT,\\nCarried ou from 1790 to 1818 by Brooke Pugh 1818 to 1857 by Benjamin Pugii\\n1857 to 1872 by Pugh Bro.\\n4\u00c2\u00ae= Augers of every description made to Order. All Orders sent to our address will be promptly attended to. =^ai\\nRear of 3112, 3114, 3116, 3118 and 3120 Market St., West Philadelphia.\\nTHE WONDER OF THE AGE!\\nBURT S PATENT\\nUNION HORSE POWER\\nPREMIUM FARM GRIST MILLS.\\nThese unrivalled portable Farm Grist Mills\\nhave now been before the public for eighteen\\nvears, and thousands of Farmers, Pla.nters,\\nLumbermen,StockFeeders and others through-\\nout the United States, South America, Cuba,\\nTexas, California, Canada, etc., have them in use,\\ndemonstrating the fact of their utility and su-\\nperiority.\\nTliis superior Horse Power is rapidly\\ngaining favor. Tt produces much more\\nPOWER than any other railway power, and\\nrequires a very low elevation, which im-\\nportant feature removes the objection that\\nso many liave to railway powers.\\nAlso Manufacturers of the Premium Spike Grain Tliresher, ^\u00c2\u00bb^\u00c2\u00abJ^ InfrHorsT Ra^^^^^^^ Plows\\nBrooms, and every variety of approved Agricultural Implements. Call o a ^r^;^;\\nN. E. Corne r of Diamond St. and G erman town Av., Philadelphia.\\nBoot Shoe and Gaiter Upper Manufacturer,\\nAnd Dealer in LEATHER AND SHOE FINDINGS,\\nNo. 236 N. Fourth St., PMladelpMa.\\nweTdTc^ Ty^oc k e l\\nMANDFACTUBEEa OF\\nBOTTLE k PRESS MOULDS, ALSO PATENT PRESSES,\\n235 Bread St., between Second and Third, below New,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "750\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n751\\nWestcott Thomson,\\nSTEREOTYPERS\\n\\\\f%\\nNo. 710 FILBERT STREET,\\nPhiladelphia.\\nThe attention of Publishers and others is respectfully\\ncalled to the unsurpassed facilities possessed by this estab-\\nlishment for\\nStereotyping and Rlectrotyping\\nBooks, Pamphlets, Magazines,\\nAND\\n^A/\u00e2\u0096\u00a0e have always on hand large and varied Founts of the\\nregular faces of Book Type for the execution of fine work\\n(which we have made a specialty), sfnd are constantly re-\\nceiving the new productions of the principal Type Founders\\nof the country in Fancy and Job Letter.\\nHaving experienced aiid accurate Proof-readers, we are\\nprepared to guarantee the typographical correctness of all\\nwork entrusted to our care.\\nIn every department of our business we have secured\\nthe services of the best and most experienced workmen,\\nand no paixis will be spared to give entire satisfaction as\\nto the quality of work and punctuality in its execution.\\n8\u00c2\u00ae=- Correspondence In reference to Stereotyping is respectfully solicited; and specimen\\npages, showing styles of type and work, with estimates of cost, will be promptly furnished when\\nrequested.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "752 AD VERTISEMENTS.\\nS.S.CAMPBELL. H.BRIGGS. G.W.CAMPBELL\\nS. S. CAMPBELL CO^\\nWHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS OF\\nFINE CONFECTIONERY,\\nIinporters aiifl Dealers in FOREIfiN FRUITS, NUTS, etc,\\n422 3Iarket St. and 417 Merchant St,, Philada.\\nms- FIRE^Ai^ORKS CONSTANTLY ON HAND.\\nESTABLISHED 1843.\\nFRANKLIN S. HOVEY,\\nMANUFACTURER OF THE\\nxm siL\\n^N D\\nMACHINE TWISTS,\\nS-A-XjESIE^OOnyCS,\\n248 Chestnut Street^\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nNo. 1032 Chestnut St., S. E. corner of 11th (formerly 903 Chestnut St.), Philadelphia,\\nG-ents Furnishing Goods of every description. Shirts, Collars, Gloves, Hosiery, Underwear, etc. Shirts\\nmade to order. Gents Patent Spring and Buttoned Over-Gaiters (cloth, leather, linen, etc.),\\nRiding and Hunting Leggings, Ladies Over-Gaiters and Skirt Supporters, Children s\\nCloth and Velvet Leggings, on hand or made to order, wholesale and retail.\\naL.JLr IES\u00c2\u00bb A^TVO OETVTS BEST ItIO OLOVElS.\\nJr\u00c2\u00bbJrtXTJSJSI.A.3Xr ^.AJS-\u00c2\u00a3 \\\\r-3Sl,\\nFor Corns, Bunions, Sprains, In-grown Nails and Warts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CERTAIN CURE.\\nJ. H. RICHBLDEBFER, Sole Proprietor and Manufacturer,\\n1033 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n753", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "754 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nDRUGS, CH EMICA LS, PAINTS, Etc.\\nTHE PHILADELPHIA EMPORIUM FOR RELIABLE\\nA Full Line of the Best Goods at the Lowest possible prices.\\nFELTOrff, RA.XJ 5c SIBLEY,\\nyos. 136, 138 and 140 North Fourth Street, Phil adelphia.\\nHC. J. TmA.T D,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nFor Vestibules, Offices, Skylights, Steamboats and Railroad Cars,\\n205 QUARRY ST., PHILADA.\\nTAYLOR SMITH,\\nWOOD ENGRAVERS\\nLITHOGRAPHERS,\\nPHOTO-LITHOGRAPHERS,\\nAND STEAM-POWER\\nCOLOR PRINTERS,\\n113 South Fourth St., Philadelphia.\\n4\u00c2\u00bb\\nWe have extensive facilities for Printing in all its branches in a frrst-class style, at short\\nnotice and at reasonable rates.\\nSketches elaborated to any degree of art sent with estimates to any part of the United\\nStates on application.\\nWe invite special attention to our method of reproducing Maps, Designs, Drawings, Copies\\nof Old Newspapers needed for preservation, or any Engraving for illustration of books or\\npamphlets, by\\nPHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY,\\nAt an expense less than by any known process with the accuracy of Photography, and not being\\nsubjected to the tedious delay of engraving by hand is consequently almost as expeditious as\\nPhotography.\\nCATALOGUES OF EVERV DESCPIPTIOJSf A SPECIALTY.\\nAMERICAN PERFUMERY,\\nEQUAL IN ODOR AND DURABILITY TO THE BEST IMPORTED.\\nSKND FOR, P FIICE LIST.\\nH..A. VO ELBACH, Perfumer, 1716 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia.\\nCALIFORNIA GRAPE WINES,\\nNo. 52 NORTH FIFTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nm- OLD WHISKIES, Etc. for Medicinal Use.=^", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 755\\nES S. IVIURPHY,\\nMANUFACTURER OP\\nLLEN SHAWLS,\\n1024 1026 Lombard St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nTHE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO.\\nOF PHILADELPHIA.\\nIncorporated May, 1847. Assets, over $5,250,000.\\nThe Penn is entirely Mutual, makes Annual Dividends\\nto its members, and has as large a proportion of assets to\\nliabilities as any mutual life company in the United States.\\nIt issues Policies upon any desirable forms, which are all\\nnon-forfeitable for their value after the third year.\\nEndowment Policies issued at life rates.\\nPRESIDENT,\\nSAMUEL C. HUEY.\\nriCE-PJiESIDENT, SECOND VTCE-PIiESlDENT,\\nSAMUEL E. STOKES. H. S. STEPHENS.\\nACTUARY, SECRETARY.\\nJAMES WEIR MASON. HENRY AUSTIE.\\nJ. KILE CO,,\\nMACHINE, BRIDGE AMD ARCHITECTDRAL\\nj, r\\\\\\n450 North Twelfth St., Philadelphia,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "756\\naD VEBTISEMENTS.\\nSAMUEL E. STOKES, Jr.\\nALFRED PARRISH.\\nN. W. Cor, 30th and Chestnut Streets, PhiladelplUa.\\n(WEST END CHESTNUT ST. BRIDGE.)\\nPassenger and Freight Elevators. Portable and Stationary Hoistting macliines,\\nEngines. Boilers, tjenera l Maeliinery and Kepairins ^____\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nGlobe ValveSiSleam Cocks, Sleam Whistles, Oil Cups, Gauge Cocb\\nKTC, KTC\\nAlso, ihe best Patent Lubricators for Cylinders of Steam Engines and Locomotives, Patent Gauge\\nCocks, Brass and Iron Body Straightway Valves, etc., etc. Brass Castings of every\\ndescription for Rolling Mills, Furnaces, etc., made to order.\\nSEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAUS AND PRICE LIST. ADDRESS,\\nB. E. LEHMAN, BETHLEHEM, PA.\\nG. W. HUMMEL.\\nEDWIN S. WARTMAN.\\nFancy Leather\\nMANUFACTURERS,\\n125 Margaretta St., Philada.\\n_-,\u00c2\u00ab\u00e2\u0096\u00ba\u00e2\u0080\u0094-\\nN.B.-BLACK STOCK OF ALL KINDS.\\nICI CIEIM SIL\\nAND\\nCONFECTIONERY,\\n133 Soutii Fifteentli St., Pfiiladelphia.\\nOj^K: COOIPElIE^aMO^TJa-ElK.\\nAnd Dealer in New and Second-hand CASKS of all descriptions and sizes,\\n122 Pegg St. and 121 and 123 Willow St., Philadelphia.\\nN.B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boxes Strapped. Hoops, Straps, Staves, etc., for Sale. All Jobbing promptly attended to.\\nResidence, 134 Otter Street.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n757\\nHOMER, COLLADAY CO..\\nIPORTERS AND DEALERS IN\\nlilS. B\\nSDl^^C^^ C^\\n[A SHAWLS\\nAND\\nPARIS COSTUMES,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0vs7 h:oi-jES^^I-.e j^isriD i^et^^il.\\nChestnut St., above Broad,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "758\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nOHAILES TH?\\nHOME-MADE PIE BAKERY.\\n474 476 N. Fifth St., below Buttonwood,\\nP\u00c2\u00aeI\u00c2\u00a3)i\u00c2\u00abE3QiH^PHI.l.).\\nHotels, Festivals, Restaurants, Private Families, Steamboats, Excursions,\\nPic-Nics, Balls and Parties supplied.\\nVsTOi^KIS,\\nOFFICE:\\n911 Filbert St., Philadelphia.\\nSPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO THE LAYING OF\\nSIDE-WALKS, GARDEN-WALKS,\\nFloors for Malt Houses, Breweries, Dye and Carriage Houses, Cellars,\\nKitchens, etc., laid in the best manner.\\nB@ THE ONLY ORIGINAL AND RELIABLE PAVEMENT.\\nREFERS BY PERMISSION TO\\nZoological Garden, Mutual Life Ins. Co., lOtli and Chestnut Sts., Hestonville, Mantua Fairniounl\\nPassenger R. R. Co., Reform Club Garden, Lincoln Market, Press Room, Ledger Building. Drexel\\nBuilding, N. Y. Messrs. Bergner t En\u00c2\u00abel and Bergdoll Psotta, Brewers R. J. Dob-\\nbins, Geo. Watson, Oliver Bradin, Builders; 12 pavements, Eighth St., east side,\\nabove Race, laid in 1870; Jos. Harrison, Jr., Henry C. Gibson, Stephen\\nFlanagan, Samuel Cook, Clement M. Biddle, John Bower Co.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nElectro -Magnetic Machines,\\nIPSIir- jft.13 EX-F^ISI Jk.\\nThese Machines are used by our best physicians in their\\npractice, and by many families -without the aid of a physi-\\ncian. They can be managed by follo-wing the directions\\naccompanying the machine, being self-acting in their\\noperation.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0756.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISE3rENTS.\\n759\\nESTABLISHED 18S2.\\nAUGUST NITTINGER, Jr.,\\nMACHINIST.\\nAnd Manufacturer of\\nBUTCHERS Tools,\\n826, 828 and 830 North Fourth Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nWE ALSO MANUFACTURE ALL SIZES OF\\nENG-INBS AND BOILERS.\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2t-\\nEverything in the Butchers Line can be had at this establishment. The\\nlargest and most complete assortment in the world. Depot\\nfor the sale of all kinds of Casings and Spices.\\nSend for Illustrated Catalogue.\\n(gfienfo ftt6rijirctt hiir oUc \u00c2\u00a9rb^cn Don ^o\u00c2\u00abH)f=l!Wof(^iucn miti ^om))f=ilcffcIn.\\n8tKe\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2(rttfcl, Juc(ff)C 111 licm \u00e2\u0096\u00a0)ncl; \\\\ei--fAe\\\\ti]iih nflliirfu, Riitiet man iit Sic[em (vtnlilificiiiciit. 3ic Wrdjjtc\\nauSluaOl in 6cr ilOclt. (lie Siirlcii 3iirnic iiiiti (iiriuurK fordundrritO Uorralliii.i.\\nWuf lierlniigcii luorOeii (f iiculnrr iiiid Vici^liitfii iiUKfiiiiBt.\\nThe Empire Patented Coiuliiiiatioii Power Meat-Cliopiiig Macliiiie.\\n5tcf mptrc paUniixte ^omOination ^-fcifcfi iiarfi-tlSarcfiine fur bampf- obfv pUxteRtaH\\nUJ\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n3=\\nxw\\n0^\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s\\nSi\\nLU\\nOQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2K.\\nQ\\n95\\nC5\\nUJ\\n5^\\nC\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\no\\nLlJ\\n-S\\no\\nt 5\\n?5^\\nor\\n^3", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0757.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "760\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nTHE NATIONAL SERIES\\nOF\\nSTANDARD TEXT-BOOKS,\\nThis series of school-books, numbering between three and four hundred volumes,\\nis known and popularly used in every section of the United States, and by every class of citizens,\\nrepresenting all shades of political opinion and religious belief.\\nThe series is complete, covering every variety and grade of science and literature,\\nfrom the Primer which guides the lisping tongue of the infant to the abstruse and dif-\\nficult West Point Course.\\nThe series is uniformly excellent. Each volume, among so many, maintains its own\\nstandard of merit, and assists, in its place, to round the perfect whole.\\nIt is the pride of the Publishers tliat their imprint appears in not a .single poor or\\neven indifTerent text-book. Its appearance, therefore, upon a title-page is a sort of\\nguarantee which the educational public have learned to respect.\\nFor these reasons, this series has been justly denominated the NATIONAL SERIES\\nOF STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a title which is now universally conceded in its\\nbroadest sense, and which cannot, with equal propriety, be applied to any rival publi-\\ncations whatsoever. The series includes the following well-known and universally\\npopular works\\nNational Readefs and Spellers,\\nPARKER WATSON.\\nOiagfam [nglisti kmm\\\\^\\nS. W. CLARK, A. M.\\nBarnes Brief U. S. History.\\nSmith and Martin s Bookkeeping.\\nJepson s Music Readers.\\nChapman s Drawing Book.\\nCleveland s Compendiums.\\nNorthend s Speakers.\\nGraham s Reasonable Elocution.\\nPeabody s Moral Philosophy.\\nBoyd s Composition, Etc.\\nChamplin s Political Economy,\\nEtc., Etc.\\nNational Course io Geograptif,\\nMONTEITH McNALLY.\\nNational SfslemofMaltiematics\\nCHARLES DAVIES, LL.D.\\nBeers Progressive Penmanship.\\nPeck s Ganot s Natural Philosophy.\\nPorter s Chemistry.\\nJarvis Physiology and Laws of Health.\\nWood s American Botany.\\nChambers Zoology.\\nSteele s 14 Weeks in each Science.\\nPujol s French Course.\\nWorman s German Series.\\nSearing s Classics.\\nEtc., Etc.\\nThe whole crowned by the unique collection of professional manuals known as\\nTIEIE TEJ^O HEIRS XJr^-^^JiJIRrT,\\nIn 30 Volumes.\\nA DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of all A. S. Barnes Co. s publications will be sent\\nfree to the address of any Teacher or School Officer applying for it.\\nTHE NATIONAL TEACHERS MONTHLY commands in its editor and contributors\\nthe best professional talent the country affords. Subscription, $1 per annum.\\nA. S. BARNES COMPANY,\\nEDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS,\\n-111 and 113 William Street,\\nNew York.\\n113 and 115 State Street,\\nChicago.\\n112 Camp Street,\\nNew Orleans.\\nPHILADELPHIA AGENCY, 822 Chestnut Street.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0758.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\nrei\\nMBS. M. A. BINDEE,\\nHOI, N. W. corner Eleventh and Chestnut Sts.,\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nFRENCH MILLINERY GOODS,\\nwers,\\nLADIES DRESS TRIMMINGS,\\nREAL AND IMITATION LACES,\\nFANCY GOODS,\\nFANS, PAPER PATTERNS,\\nTIES, ETC.\\nDRESS AND CLOAK iVIAKING,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0759.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "762 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJOEL REEVES,\\n705 North Eighth 81, Philadelphia.\\nI. BEDIGHIMESR,\\nEngraver and Manufacturer of\\nMASONIC MARKS AND JEWELS\\nAND ALL OTHER\\nMedal Awarded by the Franklin Institute for the Best Display and Originality of Workmanship, 1874.\\nNo. ICO NOKTH SECOND ST., FHILADA.\\nis= Tlie only lioiise in PMladelpMa Uial luaiiufactiires tlie entire worL\\nSTOVES, HEATERS AND RANGES,\\nJVo. 1116 llarAet Street^ JPhiladelphia.\\nCCrSTOVES, HESTERS .A.NX) R.A.N G}-ES K, E F A I R. E D.\\nFINE HARNESS MAKER,\\n35/^ North. Nintb. Street, Philadelpliia.\\nGOOD -WORK AT REASONABLE RATES.\\nWest Philadelphia China Decora ting Establishment\\nNames, Initials and Monograms put on China in the best style.\\nE. SOUTHWICK. K. McCAY. K.A.DENNIS.\\nSOUTHWICK, McCAY CO.,\\nPAMPHLET BINDERS\\n38 Hudson Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0760.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n763\\nCARRIAGE BUILDER,\\n1168 North Fourth St. and 410 Qirard Avenue, Philadelphia.\\n\u00c2\u00abQf- REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 6\\nESTABLISHED EN 1840.\\nNINE PRIZE MEDALS TAKEN.\\nM.^NUFACTURER OF\\nSTANDARD SCALES AND WEIGHTS,\\nStore^ ^o. 7W McwAet Sh^eet^ (Philadeljjhia.\\nC. EDW. HOFiVlANN, Superintendent.\\nlu use at all the United States Mints, United States Treasury, Naval and Hospital Departments.\\nN o. 1. Analyti\\ngrammes ia each pa\\ncase beam divided\\nS(--asible to 1-20 milU;\\niugs, with improved\\nBAIiANCES OF I\u00c2\u00bbRE\u00e2\u0082\u00acISB a :!%f. AXAI.YTE\u00e2\u0082\u00acAIi BAl\\n1 Ealai\\ncnpacity 20i\\nfine poiiilied glas\\n1-10 milliyramiues\\numes; all ai;ate bear\\nSt for paus,\\nfor specific gravity, etc., etc. 3 in.\\npans. Beam, 14 in.\\nPrice, $105 00\\nNo. 2. Analytical Balance, in fine polishftd\\nglass case, capacity 100 grammes in eacb pan\\nbeam divided into half parts of milligrammes\\nsensible to 1-10 milligrammes with apparatus\\nfor specific gravity, all bearings agate. 1%\\nin. pans. 12 iu. beam.\\nPrice, $86 00\\nNo. 3. Analytical Balance, in fine polished\\nglass case, capacity 2000 grains; sensible to\\n1-20 grain fine steel bearings movable 33^\\nin. pans io in, beam.\\nPrice $40 00\\nASSAY BALANCES,\\nIn vtry fine polished glass case, counterpoised\\nsliding door, bea\\nsilver. Set screws and levels i\\nSensible to 1-10 milligrammes\\nPrice\\nof G.\\natepl:ln..^\\nEstablished. 184S.\\nWHOLESALE AND RETAIL\\nWINDOW SHADE au^ RUSTIC BLIND Mauiifacliirer,\\nJ 5\u00c2\u00ab North Second Sti-nt, hitirrt it ]tl ir mid JUmur.\\nFactory, 943 St. JOHN St., PHILADELPHIA.\\n\u00c2\u00ab5- PARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO ORDERED WORK.\\nWALLIS BLACKISTON,\\ni^\\nNo. 1541 Ridge Avenue,\\nAbove Fifteenth St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0761.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "764\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\n0)ri\\n;i:\\nBOOK AND JOB\\ni\\\\ f^\\nU:\\nSHIO ATV V^OIE^IC\\nA- SI^EOIA.LTY.\\nLARGE PRESSES, Wood Type in great variety, and\\nevery facility for the filling of all orders\\npromptly and at reasonable rates.\\nDESCRIPTIVE MATTER ON ALL SUBJECTS WRITTEN\\nUP AND TRANSLATIONS MADE.\\nWO0i\\nNo. 135 North Third Street,\\nBetween Arch and Race,\\nI S-1 1 3L. 15 2- F* M S ja.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0762.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 765\\nN. M. Kerr Co.,\\nThe first to make and introduce Fine Paper Boxes in the United\\nStates, and now claiming to make the best in the world,\\nMANUFACTURE\\nPAPER BOXES\\nAND\\nJEWELERS EI N DINGS.\\nSPECIALTIES:\\nFINE SHOULDERED BOXES FOR\\nJEWELERS, DRUGGISTS,\\nCONFECTIONERS, STATIONERS,\\nIN EVERY GRADE.\\nJEWELERS FINDINGS.\\nCARDS, TAGS, TWINES, COTTONS-a full and complete line.\\nDRUGGISTS BOXES,\\nPILL, POWDER AND PRESCRIPTION.\\nOFFICES:\\n29 and 31 North Fourth Street.\\nNEW YORK,\\n712 Broadway.\\n146 State Street.\\nFactory, 777. 779, 781, 783, 785 and 787 SOUTH SECOND ST.\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0763.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "766\\nA D VERTISEMENTS.\\nCIS lo^\\n(Formerly with ALLEN OUTHBERT),\\n(Formerly with ALLEN OUTHBERT), W\\ninyni^^oiE^TEi^ OIF\\nEast India Goods\\nNo. 139 South Eighth Street,\\nOf guaranteed quality, by the pound or original package,\\nsupplied to families at reduced prices when taking FIVE\\nPOUNDS OR MORE. Samples sent by Mail Free, and Orders by Postal Card\\nparticularly attended to with dispatch.\\nPure, Old and Unadulterated, Green or Roasted, in large\\nor small quantity, at reasonable prices.\\nMOCHA, JAVA, MARACAIBO, LAGUAYRA and RIO\\nAlways on hand and Freshly Roasted.\\nBlue Canton China Dinner Ware, Fancy Painted Chinese and Japanese\\nPorcelain Vases, Dinner, Tea and Toilet Sets, Lacquered Fruit\\nPlates, Tea Poys, Trays, Cabinets, Tea Caddies, Glove\\nBoxes, Checker-Boards, Bamboo Chains, Silk,\\nPaper, Feather, Ivory and Sandal-wood\\nFans, and a great variety of\\nother goods suitable for\\nHOLIDAY AND OTHER GIFTS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0764.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 767\\nMARTIN LANDENBERGER S SONS.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nSHAWLS,\\nFIICY HIT eoois\\nIN EVERY VARIETY,\\nAND\\n6-4 WORSTED COATfflGS\\nOOI^nSTEI^ OIF\\nFrankford Ave. and Wildey St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0765.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "7G8\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nA. PARDEE, Hazleton, Pa.\\nJ. GILLINGHAM FELL, Phila.\\nA. PARDEK CO.,\\nMINERS AND SHIPPERS OF\\nLEHIGH COALS.\\nThe following superior liEMICJH COAI4S, of established reputation for House-\\nhold use, Smelting and Steam i^urposes, are Mined and Shipped by ourselves and firms\\nconnected with us, viz.\\nA. PARDEE CO.\\nQ. B. DARKLE CO.\\nCALVIN PARDEE CO.\\nr HAZLETON,\\ncranberry,\\n(sugar loaf.\\nf JEDDO,\\nI HIGHLAND.\\nLATTIMER.\\nHOLLYWOOD.\\nWM. MERSHON, Agent, 111 Broadway, New York.\\nALSO PROPRIETORS OF\\nSTANHOJPE, N, J.\\nH. H. WILSON, Treas.\\nMr. Robert Taylor is a Practical Mechanic, and personally\\nsuperintends our Manufacturing Department. We keep on\\nhand all sizes from No. 1 to No. ISO, and ^A^e challenge compe-\\ntition either as to quality or price.\\nROBERT TAYLOR CO.,\\nCorner Nineteenth and Callowhill Streets, Philadelphia.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0766.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nroo\\nHENRY LOTH,\\nManufacturer of the\\n-A. E! 3 J T?\\nFolding Table,\\nNo. 645 North Broad Street,\\nTABLE OPEN.\\nPatented July 31, 1866.\\n15, 1873.\\nTABLE CLOSED.\\nThese Tables are so constructed that they can be adapted to all the various purposes for\\nwhich Tables are used. They can be folded up and put away after using, occupying only a small\\nspace, and are not liable to get out of order. Please send for circular and price list.\\nALSO, MANUFACTURER OP\\nSewing-Machine Cases\\nAND ALL KINDS OF\\naiiins-|pliine abinet IJcirli,\\n645\\nNorth Broad St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nPatented January 14, i873-\\n49", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0767.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "770 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJESSE REYNOLDS, WM. T. REYNOLDS. WM. STEFFE.\\nCorner 13th and Filbert Streets,\\np 1 1. ,A. D e: I. P H I J%.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nvsri^OTJC iiT-iK.oisr\\nAIR-TIGHT FURNACES,\\nWith Permanent Wrought-iron Radiators, four sizes Portable\\nand six sizes for Brickwork.\\nTHE BEST, MOST DURABLE AND ECONOMICAL\\nHouse -JV arming apparatus,\\nTHEY AHE ALL GUARANTEED TO BE ABSOLUTELY GAS, DUST\\nAND SMOKE TIGHT, AND TO GIVE SATISFACTION.\\n^XjSO, the\\nCentennial Wrought-Iron Furnace,\\nFOR BURNING SOFT COAL OR COKE, AND\\nKEYSTONE PORTABLE FURNACES,\\nCooking Ranges, Broilers, Ctiop-liouse Ranges, Low-down Grales,\\nDESCEIPTIVE CIEOULAES SENT FREE TO ANY ADDEESS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0768.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n71\\nPAPER BOX COMPANY,\\nGEORGE W. PLUWILY SON, Proprietors,\\nNos. 213, 215 and 217 North Fourth Street,\\nCORNER OF BRANCH ST\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nM\\nOF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.\\nBMWQQMTB BQ^ES A SPECIALTY,\\nCon,prising a perfect line of PILL, PRESCRIPTION. SODA and SE.DL.TZ BOXES of every\\nCompns g Druggists and Phys.c.ans.\\nEstimates given for Paper Boxes usml hy Manufacturers of everv description of goods.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0769.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "772 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nW. H. DOBLE. W. H. DOBLE, Jr.\\nW. H. DOBLE SON,\\nLIVERY STABLE,\\n1424 South Penn Square,\\nZPSIXj-A-IDEXjIPm^.\\nW. H. RIGHTMIRE S\\nMarble and Stone Works,\\n523 and B2B MARKET ST.,\\nCAJB/LTXEJH, JH. J.\\nFOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MARBLES,\\nmiHfS, IMDefOIlS, M\\nTABLE TOPS, ETC.\\nALL IINDS Of CElTfR! WORK DONE TO ORDER,\\nESTABLISHED 18SO.\\nSYL. A. LEITH CO.,\\nSuccessors to WM. H. KIRKPATEICK CO.,\\nWHOLESALE SeALERS IN\\nNo. 210 SOUTH FRONT STREET,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0770.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "AD VER rrSEMENTS.\\n773\\nMarble and Stone Works\\n523 and B2B MARKET ST.,\\nc:j.A.3vi:i :E;p a isr. o\\nFOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MARBLES,\\nMonuments^Headstones\\nAll kinds of CEMETERY WORK done to order.\\nESTIWATES GIVEN FOR POLISHED GRANITE WORK.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0771.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\nTHOMAS J. ANDRESS CO..\\nMACHINISTS\\nAND MANUFACTURERS OF\\nConfectioners Tools,\\nMAGHINBS,\\nMOULDS, ETC.,\\n229 AND 331\\nVINE STREET,\\nPHILADKLPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0772.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nPATENT IMPR0VE0 GRAP1 I.E-0REDGE.\\nimproved ^ipper DRrncF:\\nSHAWSPATEMTGUNPOWOEHPIIE-DRIVER,\\nBUILDERS OF STEAM DREDGING MACHINES,\\nGUNPOWDER PILE-DRIVERS, c.\\nCONTRACTORS FOR\\nIMPROVING RIVERS AND HARBORS,\\nRECLAIMING AND FILLING LOW LANDS,\\nPILING FOR FOUNDATIONS, PIERS, Etc.\\nOffices, Wo. 10 South Delaware Ave., Philad a.\\nKstablished 18S9.\\nZ. LOGKEI 6c GO.^\\nMANUFACTUKKKS OF\\nDruggists 95 per cent., Absolute and Atwood s Pure Deodorized\\n1126 MARKET ST. (Formerly at 1010), PHILADA.\\nSOLE A-O-KNTS FOR.\\nPRATT S hif/h fire-test and every ivay reliable ASTRAL OIL;\\naiso, PORTLAND 3IACHIXERY OIL.\\nITI\\nEI\\nQuarries and Factories, LEHIGH COUNTY, PA.\\nOffice, 1136 MARKET STKEET, PHILADA.\\nManufacturers of Superior Quality\\nROOFING MES, ME FUGGING AND SCHOOL SLATES,\\nSLATE TILING, STEPS, RISERS and WINDOW-\\nSILLS made a specialty.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0773.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "776\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nFurniture Warerooivis,\\n18 NORTH NINTH ST., PHILADA\\nyj Foot Rests,\\nh\\nH\\nP Parlor Easels,\\nParlor Brackets,\\nmi\\nBouquet Tables,\\nBook Shelves, Dressing Oases, Fancy Chairs, Booking Chairs, etc.\\nn\\nC\\nH\\nH\\no\\nCo\\nI 2\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n i\\n5 S\\no\\nt*1\\n2\\no\\no\\n-n\\nc:\\n30\\nCo\\nS\\n-i\\nO\\n3\\nPI\\n--1\\n33\\nm\\nQ^", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0774.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\nHENRY SNYDER.\\nDAVID F. HOUSTON.\\nHEIl^RY SNYDBR 6L GO.^\\n43 SOUTH FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA,\\nMANUFACTURERS AGENTS FOR THE\\nTANITE EMER! WHEEL,\\nASHCROET S STEAM GAUGES,\\nS FLUE BRUSH,\\nAMES MANUFACTURING CO. S TOOLS\\nAND .THE\\nShaplee Steam Engine^\\noo\\nCC3\\n0:3\\ntop\\nt=c5\\ngo\\nCD\\nTHE MOST DURABLE AND ECONOMICAL PORTABLE ENGINE IN USE.\\nALSO, DEALERS IN\\nImMmmW, MmmfuGimr\u00c2\u00a7m% Engineers r Steam-\\n^Mn audi Eailwa^ Bupplw^.\\nB^SEND FOR PRICE LIST AND CIRCULARS,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0775.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "778 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHED 1822.\\nFRKDKRICK BROIT^H^\\nImporting, Manufacturing and Dispensing Chemist,\\nN. E. CORNER FIFTH AND CHESTNUT STS., PHILADELPHIA.\\nKSx^A-BLisMEr) isao.\\nWM. J. YOUNG SONS,\\nIVIalliematical, Enpeeriog 6 Monomical Instrument Mm,\\nINVENT0U8 AND INTRODUCERS OF ENGINEERS TRANSITS,\\n43 NORTH SEVENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nW. J. Y. S. would remind the profession tliat they possess the most perfect Graduating Engine in\\nthe country, doing tlieir Graduation under their own immediate supervision. Improved Transits and\\nLcTcls; Tapes. Chains. Drauarhting Instruments, etc. Photographs furnished on Application.\\nMOROCCO MANUFACTURERS.\\nSV3IAC LININGS IN ALL COLORS,\\nCalf Kid, Sheep Kid, Alum Leather, etc.,\\nAND DEALERS IN\\nHIDES, CALFSKINS AND TALLOW,\\nN. E. corner Oxford and Mascher Sts.,\\ni= h:ii_.a.idei_.:ph:i^.\\nHorticultural Establishment^\\nBROAD AND COLU3IBIA AVENUE,\\nThomas J. Mackenzie, Proprietor. PHILADELPHIA.\\nCOLTON DENTAL ROOMS,\\nOBIGINATOBS OF NITROUS OXIDE GAS IN DENTISTRY.\\nONLY OFFICE IN THE CITY WHERE THE ENTIRE PRACTICE IS DEVOTED TO THE ADMIK\\nISTBATION OP NITROUS OXIDE GAS FOB THE PAINLESS EXTRACTION OF TEETH.\\nOffice, 912 Walnut Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0776.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n79\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nHearse, Coach, Carriage Bodies,\\nAND\\nCARRIAGE PARTS OF ALL STYLES,\\nNo. 213 SHIPLEY ST., WILMINGTON, DEL.\\nAll orders promptly attended to. Your patronage respectfully solicited.\\nIllSlIifOI Iff 4ID BQLf WOEKS\\nL. SYKES SON,\\n723, 725 and 727 Richmond St., Philadelphia.\\nf HaRE S SffIH\u00e2\u0082\u00acE MEAT,\\ni5( ^o?/f7 j^/ o^ji Street f rhilndelphia.\\nlATILLIAM BOHRER^\\nS. E. corner Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia.\\nM \\\\m\\\\h of italics for Ittotlrii cut ta or^cr at the shortest notice.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0777.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "780\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nNo, 622 ARCH STREET, I*IIILA DELPHI A.\\nTANK mo e[LL GLASS AQUm, FISH GLOBES, GOLD FISH.\\nAND ALL KINDS OF\\n.A.QU.A.FII.A. STOCK.\\nVIVARIA AND FERN CASES,\\n:bxxi.x -A.3xr3D o -a. o is sj\\nTAXIBMBHT IM AI^Ii. ITS BE^HUHMS-\\nSPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0778.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS. 781\\nOLDEST ESTA.13LTSFIII:t CLOCK HOUSE.\\njr. oooxtE:,\\nWHOLESALE DEALER IN\\nFOREIGN AND AMERICAN\\nClocks, Regulators, etc.\\nNo. 137 NORTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nBEST MANUFACTURES.\\nESTtVBLISHED 1813.\\nPHILADELPHIA LEAD WORKS.\\n^VHITE LEAD,\\nDRY ^ND IN OIL, W^RR^NTED PURE,\\nMANUFACTURED BY\\nJOHN T. LEWIS BROS.,\\nNo. 231 South Front Street, near Dock,\\nPHIIiADEIiPHIA.\\nSUGAR OF LEAD,\\nRED LEAD,\\nLITHARGE,\\nLINSEED OIL,\\nORANGE MINERAL,\\nZINC WHITE,\\nAND COLORS.\\nOrders from any part of the [Tnited States attended to.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0779.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "782\\nAD VEE TISEMENTS.\\nI m.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r f ^^1\\nSTEAM-POWER\\nBOOK, CARD AND JOB\\nPRINTER\\n116 North Third St.,\\n1\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nf\u00c2\u00bbf\\n1\\nEXECUTED IN THE BEST STYLE.\\nPARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO\\nBALL AND WEDDING PRINTING, ETC,\\nE jFine ^gisottmcnt of German Cspe.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0780.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS. 783\\nGHARLKS BOGKIUS^\\nMOROCCO LEATHER\\nIVI ANUF ^CT OK.Y,\\nS. E. cor. St. Jolin and Willow Sts., Pliilada.\\nBATGHBLOR BROS;,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nPICKWICK, PECULIAR,\\nAND DTIIKR BRANDS DF\\nFINE CIGARS,\\nNo. 808 Market Street, Phi ladelphia.\\nW. H. HARRISON BRO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF LOW AND RAISED\\nfill ililie, IUEI4CES 4HE EANGES,\\nAND DEA^I^KKS IN\\nFire Screens, Fenders, Fire-dogs, Gas Logs\\nFINE FIRE IRONS AND STANDS, etc., etc.,\\nNo. 1435 Chestnut Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nN B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Our Fire Grates are unsurpassed for beauty of design and tiiiish we are constantly adding to\\ntheir ornamentation, so as to meet the wants and gratify the tastes of all who\\nvalue the advantages of a cheerful and healthful open fire.\\nPHILADELPHIA QUARTZ CO.\\nMANUKACTUREKS OF\\nSILiIGATK OF SODA\\nIN ITS VARIOUS FORMS,\\nOMce, 9 NORTH FRONT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nGYRUS HORWTE^\\nUNDERTAKER,\\nif\u00c2\u00ae. gS North Elevsatb St-.f FhilMelptia.\\nCOFFINS, HEARSEa CARRIAGES,\\nAnd everything pertaining to Funerals, furnished at the shortest notice.\\nCASKETS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. Also, PATENT METALLIC AM) LEAD COFFINS ON HAND", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0781.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a084\\nA D VER TISEMENTS.\\nThe Palmer Leg and Arm.\\nTHE MODEL LIMBS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD FOR 25 YEARS,\\nWalking in Safety Socket.\\nIMPROVEMENTS PATENTED APRIL 8, 1873, BY B. FRANK PALMER, LL.D.\\nOFFICE: No. 1609 CH EST NUT STR EET, PHILA.\\nThe object of these improvements is to render the leg lighter, stronger, more elastic\\nand life-like in its motions to adapt it to support the weight of the wearer upon the end\\nof the stump by the introduction of a properly constructed socket to give a double sup-\\nport to the foot by the introduction of auxiliary tendons in addition to and in aid of the\\ntendo-Achillis; to improve the movement generally; to give a fine external finish to the\\nlimb and to allow a lateral movement resembling that of the natural ankle, while un-\\naccompanied by the defects which characterize previous attempts to import this move-\\nment into the artificial foot. A Safety Socket, adapted to the end, supports a part or all\\nof the weight, as the stump will allow. This socket introduces anew method of walking.\\nIt applies above or below the knee equally well, and is the greatest comfort to the wearer.\\nThe advance step now taken is the result of patient inventive eflforts, continued since\\nthe year 1846, and is without a parallel in the progress of the art.\\nP. S. The Tendons and Springs are in duplicate; anyone breaking does not prevent\\ncomplete action of the leg.\\nTo obtain the New Palmer Leg and Arm,\\naddress\\nfllLMER S PATEMT\\nB. FRANK PALMER,\\n1609 Chestnut St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0782.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 785\\nJOSEPH SCHAFPER. JACOB C. SCHAFPER.\\nJ. SCHAFFER BRO.,\\nBILLIARD TABLE\\nMANUFACTURERS,\\n471 and 473 N. Third St.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nWnMAMO T ABItBB @F AMi BBSIQMB,\\nFrom $100 and Upmrard.\\nBEST OUilLin BILLIARD MATERIAL CONSTANTL! 01 HiD,\\nAll Orders should be Addressed to\\ni. SCHAFFER BRO.,\\n471 and 473 N. THIRD ST.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\n50", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0783.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "[86 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nD. L. WITMEB. H. F. WITMEB.\\nD. L. WITHER BRO.,\\nDRUGGISTS,\\nAND DEALERS IN\\nFrench and American Window Grlass,\\nPAINTS, OILS, VARNISHES, Etc.\\nJUNCTION FIFTH AND GERMANTOWN AV.,\\nPHIL A. DELPHI A..\\nIMS t \u00c2\u00ae#f 1 m.,\\nOlO, OQO ^xxca. OQQ ^Vixxo St.,\\nSOLE MANUFACTUREES OF\\nWELLS PATENT\\nMetallic Advertising Signs.\\nOur signs have been used during the past four years by\\nthe leading advertisers and manufacturers of this country,\\nand are pronouitced by them a grand success.\\nTheir elegaoce of design and finish, their cheapness and\\ngreat durability, recommend them as the best available\\nmedium for advertising your goods or business.\\nFine original designs a specialty, /or which no charge is\\nmade where an order is given.\\nJf.B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 These signs, being weather proof, are especially ap-\\nplicable to outdoor advertising for the Centennial.\\nCHARLES SCHUMANN,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nCALF KID LEATHER,\\nNo. 1724 N. Fifth Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0784.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 7b 7\\nJESTABLISHED 1766.\\nC. J. FELL BROTHER,\\njlustod ||anu|Hctuitrfi, Mice Iniporterfi and ^Mm,\\nTEA DEALERS AND IMPORTERS,\\n120 SOUTH FRONT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,\\n121 123 FRONT STREET, NEW YORK.\\nOur Mustards are not excelled by those of any manufacturer in the world, either in\\nquality of goods or style of packages.\\nSOLE AMEBICAN AGENTS FOR\\nNelson s Gelatines and Unsworth s Chocolate Preparations,\\n/MUSTARDS AND SPICE STOCK FOR SPICE MILLS.\\nbi-LUALiliib, I BERMUDA ARROW-ROOT, ISINGLASS, CREAM TARTAR,\\nExperience having established the fact that the American trade will support the\\nmanufacture of a higlier grade of Spices than are generally found outside the European\\nmarkets, we maintain arrangements for giving such to the public, and shall endeavor\\nto keep constantly in stock selections from the choicest goods in our line to be found\\nin any of the foreign marts.\\nG. NELSON, DALE CO.,\\nOriginal Patentees and Manufacturers of\\nGELATINt, ISINGLASS AND GELATINE LOZENGES,\\n14z ZDO W^a-^TE HULL,\\nLONDON, E. C.\\nGELATINE OF EVERY jyESCBIPTIOK FOB\\n3IANUFACTUBING FUBPOSES.\\nSamples will be Forwarded on Application.\\nC. J. FELL BROTHER,\\n120 SOUTH FRONT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,\\n121 FRONT STREET, NEW YORK,\\nARE SOLE AMERICAN AGENTS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0785.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "A D VERTISEMENTS.\\n,11 1. seiMiff,\\nHAIR JEWELRY,\\nNo. 222 North Eighth St.,\\nFormerly 928 Chestnut St.,\\nP 3EI 1 1. jc|, D E: X. P K I .A.\\nMadame Schmitt was also the recipient of a Silver Medal for superiority of Hair Jewelry at the\\nExposition of the Franklin Institute in 1854.\\nC. A. ADOLPH MEYER,\\nBOOT I SHOP] MAKER,\\n228 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia.\\nTo the public at large, and my customers and patrons in particular: I always keep the best BOOTS\\nand SHOES of all kinds on hand, paying the utmost attention to all orders, working the\\nbest of French Calfskin and other leather, making the best and latest styles\\nIn the most substantial manner and most moderate price in the city.\\nManufacturer of RANGES, HEATERS AND STOVES\\n184,0 IMAltlvET ^T., FHIT^ATJELPHIA.\\nLooking Glasses, Cornices and Picture Frames,\\nJSo. 1S12 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nImporter of PAINTINGS, ENGRAVINGS and CHROMOS. Mouldings for\\nthe Trade. Glasses Packed for Shipping. Old Work Re-gilded.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0786.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS. 789\\nEDWI N D.ESHLE MAN. JO SEPH R. CRAIG.\\nEISKr.SI^.A.M Sc CRAIG\\nMAKERS OF SHIRTS\\nTO ORDER,\\nIfo. 821 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.\\nDRY GOODS BOXES. BONNET BOXES.\\nADAIVI BEELiZ^\\nCarpenter and Box Maker\\n312 CHERRY STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nFurniture and Glass carefully packed. Jobbing promptly attended to.\\nTAILOR BOXES. PERFUMERY BOXES.\\nBRASS FOUNDER AND SMELTER,\\nBrass Castings, Babbitt Metals, Ingot Brass, Metals,\\nNo. 760 SOUTH BROAD STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac#4\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00c2\u00ae 41111 \u00e2\u0082\u00ac4imi4#l\\nMANUFACTURKR,\\n329 mid 331 North Broad St., PMladeli^hia.\\nMANDFACTOEEES OP\\nPERFUMERY AND NON-CORROSIVE INKS,\\n510 and 5101 Arch Street, Philadelphia.\\nImporter, Manufacturer and Dealer in\\nLadies Fancy Furs, Buffalo and Sleigh Robes,\\n237 ARCH ST., below Third, PHILAj)EL PHIA.\\nManufacturer of and Dealer in CABINET WARE,\\nFURNITURE WAREROOMS,\\n34.9 NORTH SECOND STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nWORK MADE TO ORDER. ^SS^^I^^ACTION GUARANTEED.^", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0787.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "790 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\n1. J. TOUDY\\n111\\nSTEAM POITITER\\nLITHOGRAPHERS\\n.AJVD\\nPRINTERS,\\n623 COMMERCE ST.,\\nCERTIFICATES OF STOCK, R. R. BONDS, CHECKS,\\nDRAFTS, NOTES, BILL, LETTER, NOTE AND\\nPOLICY HEADINGS, Etc.\\nMACHIHERY, ILLUSTRATIONS, VIEWS, ADTOfiEAPfl CIRCDLARS, Etc,\\nOwing to increased facilities and practical application, the proprietors\\nare enabled to execute work in all the different branches promptly and at\\nlow prices.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0788.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ill\\nI The Ingredients selected are of the very Best Material\\nI and perfectly Pare and Clean.\\nNATURAL FLAVOR RETAINED. EVERY CAN WARRANTED.\\nSOLD BY ALL THE PRIXCIPAL GROCERS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0789.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "792 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nSILVER MEDAL AND SCOTT LEGACY PREMIUM AWARDED BY FRANKLIN INSTITUTE.\\nTH0M:A.S J. KOKEll,\\nMANUFACTURER OF IMPROVED UNION BELTING,\\nPatented December 10, 1872; May 18, 1875.\\nDEALER IN MILL SUPPLIES GENERALLY.\\nIWAKITFACTOBY AND AiAliE^iBOOM 112 North Third Street, Philadelphia.\\nBTEW YOKK OFFICE: 33 Murray Street, New York.\\nWESTERN BRANCH 19 Canal Street, Clrand Rapids, Mich.\\nCHARLES HASSE, President. E. T, GRAFLT, Sec y and Treas.\\nWHITING CO.\\nXjiXlVEX Z XSX).\\nSOUTH-WEST CORNER !ORK AND ALMOND STS,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\ni ea.i^ii:rs iiv\\nENGLISH COMMERCIAL WHITING,\\nENGLISH GILDERS WHITING,\\nENGLISH AMERICAN PARIS WHITE,\\nENGLISH CHALK,\\nENGLISH CLIFF STONE PARIS WHITE,\\nENGLISH CHINA CLAY,\\nFRENCH COMMERCIAL WHITING,\\nFRENCH GILDERS WHITING,\\nFRENCH AMERICAN PARIS WHITE,\\nFRENCH CHALK.\\n(FROM PARIS),\\nIlf OEfllS 01 011411 f BMC!4IS,\\nAND INVENTORS AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE\\nFRANCO-AMERICAN LEATHER DRESSING.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF THE ONLY\\nPatented WRITINU and C0PYIN6 INKS made for COMMERCE ani SCHOOLS.\\n14:0 South Third St. and 309 Harmony Street,\\nI IIIL^IDE3L.PIII^.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0790.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "AD VEBTISEMENTS. 793\\nAMEmmAM MMWEBFEME\\nFOR THE DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.\\nMr -r\\nCHAS. HOLLAND KIDDER, U ^J 3^ HARLES MISSER,\\nGEN L SUBSCRIPTION AGENT\\nPROPRIETOR AND PUBLISHER,\\nNo. 152 South Fourth Street\\nThis book is a LIBRARY IN ITSELF of correct, reliable and\\nuseful and valuable information in a condensed form. It\\nis therefore almost indispensable as a valuable book of\\nreference, and should be in the hands of every citizen\\nthroughout the whole country. The price of the work\\nwill bring it within the reach of all (it being the cheapest\\nbook ever published).\\nAGENTS WANTED in every State and county in the United\\nStates, and in every county and township throughout\\nCanada.\\nPrice of Book in plain clotli, $2, M $2.50 lo $3.50 In exlra finisli and binding.\\nParticular attention is called to the $2.50 book in fine\\ncloth, embossed and printed in gold and black on cover.\\nDO NOT FAIL TO ACT AS AGENT in your section of the\\ncountry. Any one can sell it. Send for particulars by first\\nmail.\\nAdvertisements received for the second and all suc-\\nceeding editions of this book. Send for price list.\\n|@=-This is the ONLY work that will give the desired information concerning\\nthe country at the Centennial Exhibition.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0791.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "794\\nAD VEBTISEMENTS.\\nSPAR AND ELLIPTIC ^^^^^K TRACK AND ROAD\\nSPRING _^^^ li\\\\^^^i^il8\u00c2\u00bbto\\nNO-TOPillGONS,\\nCOMBINING THE\\nLatest Improvements\\nSULKIES\\nAND\\n5 Wagons\\nLIGHTEST WEIGHTS. ^^%S\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 S^^^ WEIGHTS and SIZES.\\n(^^2\u00c2\u00a5e^^\\nWITH THE\\nj^ iLi^i^a-E sToaKi OIF-\\nFOR THE\\nTRACK, ROAD and PARK,\\nIN WAREROOMS, AND BUILT TO ORDER.\\nThe attention of the drivii:ig pubhc is called to my\\nrecent improved Spring Head, secured to myself by letters\\npatent, and used in connection with the Patent Double Cross\\nSpring, making the most popular Side-bar or Spar Wagon\\nnovs/^ used, perfectly noiseless, and combining all of the\\neasy riding qualities of the Elliptic Spring, together with\\nthe steady motion of the side bar, so much admired as a\\nspeed wagon.\\n0^\u00c2\u00b0 Particular attention given to details of customers\\nordering work either in person or by mail. Correspond-\\nence invited.\\nt m\\nCHAS. S. CAFFREY,\\nGAM DEN, N. J., opposite Philadelphia.\\n#S- DRAWINGS SENT UPON APPLICATION.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0792.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\nLIGHT CARRIAGES\\nOF EVERY DESCRIPTION,\\nf ROM pRIGINAL AND foPULAR pESI\\nJIGNS.\\nMANUFACTORY AND VITAREROOMS,\\nCORnSTEE, OF TENTH ^isri3 I .V li li K; T STREETS,\\nOPPOSITE PHIUAQELPHIA,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0793.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "796 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nGODFREY KEEBLER,\\nManufacturer of Superior\\nCRACKERS, CAKES AND BISCUITS,\\n258, 260, 262 and 264 N. Twenty-second St., Philadelphia.\\nBUILDER OF\\nPINE CARRIAGES ONLY,\\n214 South Fifth St.^ below Walnut,\\nPHILiADKLiPHIA.\\nESTABLISHED 1848.\\nA, B, BURTON,\\nEIHGmEBR AND GOHTRAGTOR\\nFOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF\\nWOOD and IRON RAIL ROAD and ROAD\\nViaduclsi Tfestle Work, Roofs, Turntables, etc,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nN. B. Surveys, Estimates, Plans, Specifications, and all\\ninformation furnished on application.\\nHance Brothers White,\\nMANUFACTURING\\nCHEMISTS AND PHARMACEUTISTS,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0794.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "AD VER TJSEMENTS.\\n797\\nESTABLISHED 1779.\\nn^ IlL,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nWHITE LEAD,\\nRed Lead, Litharge and Orange Mineral,\\n31st Street below Chestnut,\\nA. ^V. RAND,\\nWARMING AND VENTILATING\\nHOT-AIR FURNACES, STEAM HEATERS\\nAND\\nPlumbing, Gas and Stea m Fitting, S heet-Iron and Tin Work.\\n124 NORTH SIXTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0795.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "798 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\n1825. love.\\nTHE PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE CO.\\nINCORPORATED J$25.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CHARTER PERPETUAL.\\n510 WALNUT ST., opposite Independence Square.\\nThis Company, favorably known lo the community for half a century, continues to insure against\\nloss or damage by fire on Public or Private Buildings, either permanently or\\nfor a limited time. Also, on Furniture, Stocks of Goods and\\nMerchandise generally, on liberal terms.\\nDIRECTORS.\\nJohn Devereux, Thomas Robins, J. Gillingham Fell,\\nDaniel Smith, Jr., Thomas Smith, Daniel Haddock, Jr.,\\nIsaac Hazlehurst, Henry Lewis, Franklin A. Comly.\\nV/M. G. CROWELL, Secretary. JOHN DEVEREUX, President.\\nRIEHLE BROTHERS,\\npiiix..a.de:i.piiia.\\nSCALE AND TESTING MACHINE WORKS,\\nSTANDARD SCALES.\\nPATENT RAILROAD TRACK, WAGON, FURNACE-CHARGING, ROLL-\\nING MILL SCALES, etc.\\nNEW STYLE TESTING MACHINES,\\nOF ANY SIZE AND CAPACITY.\\nHORIZONTAL or UPRIGHT MACHINES\\nWith Tensile, Torsional, Transverse or Crushing Sirains.\\nWARRANTED ACCURATE.\\nEstablished 1840.\\nIf. Wil l All m mm woiii\\nWATSON KELSO,\\n46 and 48 JVorth Front St,, JPIiiladelphia,\\nMANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN\\nSieves, Screens and Wire Cloths, Wrought and Cast Iron Railings for\\nCottages, Cemetery Lots, etc., Wrought and Cast Iron Gratings\\nand Wire Guards for Windows, Roof Crestings for\\nDwellings and Public Buildings.\\nWIRE WORK OF EVERY DESCRIPTION MADE TO ORDER.-\u00c2\u00ae*", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0796.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS. 799\\nESTA-BLISHED 1828.\\nAre Popular iecanse RellaMc Are always Warr anted to Proye Satisfactory.\\n1500 ACRES ARE ANNUALLY PLANTED TO PRODUCE OUR SUPPLY.\\n\u00c2\u00abff BUIST S GARDEN ALMANAC AND MANUAL FOR 1876, containing 132 pages of useful\\ninformation about Seeds, with the Gardeners and Planters Price List, giving quotations by the\\nounce, pound or bushel, mailed on receipt of two three-cent stamps.\\n4f3=- WHOLESALE Price Current of Seeds for Merchants and Seed Dealers mailed on receipt\\nof letter stamp.\\nSeed Fanns, EOSEDALE, WATEREOED and MOREISVILLE\\nWarehouse, 922 and 924 MABKET STREET, above Xinth.\\nADDRESS, ROBERT BUIST, JR.,\\nLock Box 62 P. O. I\u00c2\u00bbH;I3L.A.I I:IL.1?IIIA.\\nJohn Farrell. Harvey Gillam. Chas. Mathews. Geo. W. Myers.\\nHERRINGS^PATENT ThAMPION\\neUNnHULTUllOLTDOOBSllND BUM PROOF m\\nAwarded Prize Medal at World s Fair, London; World s Fair, New York; Exposition Uni-\\nverselle, Paris, and Franklin Institute Exhibition, Philadelphia,\\nJVb. 807 CHESTJSTJT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\n\u00c2\u00abS=-ALSO AN ASSORTMENT OF SECOND-HAND SAFES. aft\\nFOS. HINDERMYER SON,\\n911 and 913 Vine St., above Ninth, Philadelphia,\\nmanufacturers of all kinds of\\nSODA WATER APPAEATUS\\nOf the most approved styles; also, all kinds of\\nCOUNTER FIXTURES AND DRAWING APPARATUS\\nConstantly ou hand and made to order.\\n^-PAETICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO REPAIRING MINERAL WATER APPARATUS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0797.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "800\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nL BEDIGHMER.\\nEJIsT C3- K. j^^ST E K.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nMasonic^ OddFellows\\\\\\nKNIGHTS or PYTHIAS\\nEed MEN S, College,\\nAJ !Ti ALL OTHER\\nSOCIETY BADGES\\nPINS, JEWELS AND EMBLEMS,\\nHighest Award, Franklin Institute Exhibition,\\nPhiladelphia, 1874, for Best Workmanship.\\n160 N. Second St.\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nORDERS BY MAIL PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0798.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n801\\nT\u00c2\u00b0\\nNATURE AND ART INVITE INSPECTION AND ADMIRATION.\\nMount Vernon is unquestionably the best in its situation of all the rural cemete-\\nries of Philadelphia, on account of its elevation, its perfectly dry and roilin surface\\nand the unsurpassed beauty of the surrounding scenery. It consists of over J8 acres,\\nand is, by the terms of its charter granted to the Company, for ever to be lield sacred\\nas a place of sepulture. Many advantages and inducements concentrate here to\\nattract the living. Tiie Gardel Monument (as above represented), erected to tlie\\nmemory of Mrs. Gardel for her religious character and lier long and earnest labors\\nin the mental and moral education of American youth, is a magnificent tomb, and\\nexcels any mausoleum in this country. The granite monument over the remains of\\nLawrence Johnson, and those erected by the Messrs. Musser, the Sherman obelisks\\nand the family vault of Thomas Mackellar are handsome improvements. This\\ncemetery is not exceeded anywhere as a final and beautiful resting-place.\\nThe liidge Avenue cars leave Second and Arcli streets every ii^\\\\^ minutes, con-\\nnecting with all the other passenger railways, flins ensuring a passage from ail parts\\nof the city to those wisiiing to visit this beautiful and popular Cemetery.\\nSteamboats leave Fairmount hourly during the boating season, and land passengers\\nwithin a few hundred yards of tliis Cemetery.\\nFor full particulars call upon or address the Officers or any of the Managers of\\nthe Company.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0799.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "802\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nEST^BXjISHIEID 1815\\n1776\\n1876\\nHORSTMANN BROTHERS CO.,\\nFIFTH AND CHERRY STREETS, PHILADELPHIA,\\nMANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF\\nj|ilitari), Sotietg j[^p!iii, \\\\)mi\\\\\\\\ and |/teiitrical iood^,\\nBANNERS, FLAGS, LECOEATIONS AND BADGES.\\nWe keep constantly on hand a large and varied assortment\\nof MATERIALS AND TRIMMINGS suited to all the above branches.\\nA LARGE ASSORTMENT OF\\nSILK, BUNTING AND MUSLIN FLAGS\\nON HAND AND MADE TO ORDER.\\nALSO\\nStaffs, Eagles, Ornaments, Spears, Balls, Cords and Tassels,\\nFringes, Covers, Belts and all articles needed\\nfor Flag and Banner Trimming.\\nTHE TRADE SUPPLIED.\\nMail Orders and Inquiries shall have Prompt Attention,\\nHORSTMANN BROTHERS CO,,\\nPHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK and PARIS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0800.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n803\\nEDWIN CHAMBERS\\niBEKs. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0R P/^m-.- mas (II\\nS (ilAMBEBS, Jr.\\na\\nO\\nChambers Book Folding Machine.\\nFounders and Machinists,\\n52d STKEET LANCASTER AV. (Near CenteDnial Grounds\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nManufacturers of Chambers Patent\\nBOOK FOLDING MACHINES,\\nNewspaper Folding Machines,\\nAND\\nFOLDING PASTING AND COVERING MACHINES,\\nFOR BINDING PERIODICALS.\\nSEND FOR ILLUSrii-A^TED CIRCXTIvArt.\\nAlso, Chambers Patent\\nCLAY TEMPERING BRICK MACHINE,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0801.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "804 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJ\\nVAN 1\\n8USKIRK, M.D.\\nA. A\\nAPPLE, firaduate\\nill Pliarniacy.\\nVAN\\nBUSKIRK\\nAPPLE.\\nPHAliaTACETJTISTiS,\\nA.\\nE. Coi\\n3d and Daiijihin St .and S.E. Cor.\\n3d and. Cutnberland, PhlladelpJiia.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nA. W. HOLT,\\n1009 aa;^^Xj:n tjt sa?K.EET.\\nThe onlij Establish nient in the Ututed States niaking a Specialty\\nof Cream Caramels. A Luscious Coiifecfiou coiivpris-\\niitf/ all the Choice Fruit Flavors,\\nCHOCOLATE CREAM OF SIMILAR FLAVORS.\\nESTABLISHED 184.2.\\nMEARS DUSENBERY,\\nStereotypers and Electrotypers,\\n323 Harmony St.^\\nAND\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nBROWN CARVER S\\nIMPROVED PAPER CUTTING MACHINE.\\nSee Illustration on Page 805.\\nThese Machines have the highest reputation througliout the United States for\\ndurability, aeeuracy and speed. Tliey are tlie only Machines which have the improved\\ntraverse gauge, which enables the operator to cut up to the last half inch of paper.\\nAt the Franklin institute Exhibition, Oct., 187tI, each Machine was awarded a SILVER\\nMEDAL for tlieir general superiority and special excellence. Since then we have\\nadded MORE IMPROVEMENTS to them. The Hand Machine is now arranged so that\\nby a slight movement of a sliding pin the leverage or power is auginenied to suit\\nthe heaviest work and a reverse movement of the pin will cause an increased speed\\nfor light work. Tliis peculiar feature will commend itself to tlie trade. We also\\nmake a superior ROTARY CUTTER, with Patent Feed Motion, for card manufacturers\\nand others. Also a new and improved Fringing Macliine, for fringing tissue paper.\\nAll of these Macliines will be in operation at tlie Centennial Exhibition.\\nSEND FOM PRICB LIST AWJJ CIRCULAR.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0802.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "A D VERTISEMEyTS.\\n805\\n(3D\\nW\\npi\\nH", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0803.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "806\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nJQJ3.N lATYETHC 5c BIIO.,\\nMANITACTUKERS OF\\nElegant Ptiarmaceutical Prepafations and Gompfessed\\nPRICE LISTS AND CIRCULARS SENT ON APPLICATION.\\nm\\n{A\\no\\no\\n3-\\nCD\\nr^\\nCD\\nSI)\\nCD\\nBUFFALO AND SLEIGH ROBES,\\nSEAL\\n.CAPS\\nCOATS\\nFURS\\nL VEB,\\nLARGEST STOCK, FINEST QUALITIES, LOWEST PRICES,\\nNAV. C. REISKTS,\\nA S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094SJII PTIJVG I Uns :BOUGJIT,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0804.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n807\\nCD", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0805.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "808\\nADVERTISEMENTS.\\n231 ARCH ST. siiKl 114 JfORTH WIXTBI ST., PHIL.ADKL.PIIIA.\\nThe subscribers being Practical WIRE WORKERS, feel able to give entire satisfaction to all parties in want of\\nSIEVES, RIDDLES, SCREENS, WOVEN WIRE,\\nOF ALL MESHES AND WIDTHS.\\nWith all kinds of PLAIN and FANCY WIRE WORK, IRON RAILING, lEON BEDSTEADS,\\nand all kinds of GARDEN FURNITURE, etc., etc.\\nWIRE GUARDS FOR STORE, HOUSE AND FACTORY WINDOWS.\\nHeavy Twilled Wire for Spark-Catchers, Coal, Sand and Gravel Screens, Cellar Window Wire,\\nall patterns, Meat and Provision Safes, Rat Traps, all kinds, Bird Cages of all descriptions, Flower\\nPot Stands, Trainers, etc.. Trellis Work for Grape Vines, Steak and Oyster Broilers, Nursery and other\\nFenders, Wire and Wire Fencing, Iron Wire Furniture, etc., Dish Covers, etc., etc.\\nA very superior article of Heavy Founders Sieves, all kinds of Iron Ore Wire, Wire and Sieves\\nfor Seed and Grain. All kinds of Wire Work on hand or made to order. Orders thankfully received\\nand promptly executed by BAYI.ISS DARBY Mai^ufactwring Co.\\nIntroduced in 1850.\\nTHIS\\nPOWDER\\nHAS YEARLY BECOME\\nMore and More\\nPOPULAR, m^fmi^i\\nITS SALES\\nNOW REACH OVER\\n5 Tons\\nPER MONTH\\nIN PACKAGES OF\\n12 oz. Each.\\nThis Cattle Powder claims to be a great AGRICULTURAL\\nDISCOVERY and IMPROVEMENT. It is compounded upon strict\\nscientific chemical principles, acting upon the ANIMAL SYSTEM\\nas manure would act on the soil, stimulating it naturally, thereby\\nMAKING A LARGE INCREASE OF MILK, BUTTER, PAT, etc.\\nIt is also an invaluable prepai-ation for all DISEASES of HORSES,\\nCATTLE, HOGS and POULTRY.\\nFor a Pamphlet, w^ith full particulars, call upon or address the\\nProprietor,\\nFRED. A. MILLER,\\n1S9 iltoi^th: ih^z^oistt sti^eet,\\nKstablislied. 1854.\\nJOHN WATERHOUSE,\\nMonumental Marble Works,\\nNo. 1817 ARCH STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0806.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 809\\nESTABLISHED 1847.\\nL. HERDER SON,\\nKTo. e06 Arch Street, Philadelphia,\\nManufacturers of the Celebrated\\nAmerican Shears,Scissors Trimmers\\nA X I)\\ninVCIPOI^TEIE^S OIP\\nJoseph Rodgers Sons Pocket and Table Cutlery, Razors,\\nScissors and Scissors in Cases,\\nGeo. Wostenholm and Sons IXL Pocket Knives and Razors,\\nWade Butchers Razors,\\nAND DEALERS IN\\nAMERICAN TABLE CUTLERY,\\nR.A.ZOFi STFtOPS,\\nDIFFKKKNr MANUFACTUKERS,\\nRazor and Pen-Knife Hones,\\nMDIES^ AND GEHTS DRESSING CASES,\\nCliainpape Kiiiyes, Nippers, Siphons aiKl Corkscrews,\\nOPERA AND SPY GLASSES,\\nSILVER-PLATED WARE,\\n:5ockt-|oolif3, J|athcmaticat |nfifriiinentfi, f^all |etl;;,\\nDRINKING FLASKS,\\nAND A GREAT VARIETY OF\\nUSEFUL AND FANCY ARTICLES.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0807.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "810\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nft %^9)\\nDEALERS IN\\nHARDWARE,\\nCXJTLEIH,^^.\\nm\u00c2\u00bb\\nHouse-Furnishing Goods,\\nRIDGE AND 6IRARD AVENUES,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0808.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS. 811\\nDIENELT EISENHARDT.\\nMACHINISTS AND MANUFACTURERS OF\\nWm, Suspder Tape Looms,\\nALSO,\\nI O WEI?. LOOIMIS,\\nWARP MILLS, FILLliG MACHINES OR QUILL-WINDERS,\\nOf the most improved construction for plain or figured Broad Silk.\\n^HATWr 5c JUSTICE\\nPATENTDEAD-8TR0KEP0WER HAMMERS\\nBELIANCE HYDRAWMC JACKS,\\nJACQUARD MACHINES,\\nOf the latest Improved I titferus, with Self-oilinij licnrinifs and ItKlipimli nt\\nJtevern)^ Cijlinder Motioti.\\nPIANO CARD STAMPING MACHINES and PLATES\\nJACQUARD HARNESS TWINE, MAILLIONS, LINGOES and OTHER FIND-\\nINGS FOR FIGURED WEAVING constantly on hand.\\n30 42 ill. Centrifugal Hydro Extractors\\nWITH STEAM ENGINE ATTACHED.\\n16 inch Centrifugal Hydro Extractor\\nFOR BELT OR HAND-POWER.\\nPHOTOGRAPHS, PRICE LISTS aiiLl REMENCES FURNISHED on applicalioii.\\nea^ Particular attention paid to repairing of Lathes or Battons\\nfor Ribbon, Suspender and Tape Looms.\\nSeventeenth St and Fairmount Avenue,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0809.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "812\\nA D VERTISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHED 1815.\\nSHARPLiEISS iSi SOHS^\\nNos. 801 J 803 find 805 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia,\\nIMPORTERS, JOBBERS AND RETAILERS\\nOP\\nDRY GOODS,\\nHave constantly in stock a large and varied assortment of\\nSILKS, SHAWLS\\nAnd all the Novelties in Dp^^ss Fabf^cs.\\nOur Suit Department is alwai/s replete with a full assorttnent\\nof Costumes, Cloaks and Furs from medium qualities\\nto the finest fjoods imported.\\nWe import largely of\\nlfl iV ^(i^ ^r ^r\\nmnl India {);ami;tf) jhair lltaiub and marf^,\\nAND OFFER THE SAME AT VERY ATTRACTIVE PRICES.\\n;i. ::i lli lllil. IIM Mr li l!lll l|i|i n liiTlllir: iii i T T. i~ l TrZtl I nr m i\\nII liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii I I Ill iiiiiii Ill n Ill limn iiiiili iiiiiMi iininii\\nN. J. WBMMBR SON,\\n215 Pear Street, Philadelphia,\\nPREPARERS OF\\nFOB WOOD ENGRAVERS,\\nMANUFACTURE CIGAR BOXES", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0810.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n818\\nESTABLISIIET 1840.\\nGEO. J. BURKHARDT CO. S\\nCedar Vat Tank Factory,\\nBUTTONWOOD ST. BELOW BROAD, PHILA.\\nVATS, TANKS AND RESERVOIRS\\nFrom 100 to 100,000 Gallons Capacity, Suitable for\\nSre7Pers, Chemists, 2)j ers, J fa?mfactMrers, Siaib oads,\\nPape?- MillSy Public a?id Private :Suildi?iffs.\\nOur long experience and superior facilities enable us to furnish a superior article in\\nthe shortest possible time and at reasonable prices.\\nSCOTCH MASH MACHINES AND GEAIN VALVES.\\nOrders Received for Boiling Worms, Stop Cocks, etc., etc.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0811.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "814 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nCHARLES ALBREOHT. FREDERICK RIEKES. EDMUND WOLSIEFFER,\\nALBRECHT C O.,\\nManufacturers of the Celebrated New\\nIDOTJBLE J^O-I^^IFIFE I^I^ISTOS,\\nNo. 610 A.RCK STREKX, PlilLADELPHI^.\\nDEALER IN\\nFrench and American Glass Shades, Black, Gilt and Walnut Stands, Flower\\nFrames, Wax Fruit and Flower Materials, Wax Wreaths and Bouquets\\nMade to Order. Also, Lessons given in Wax Work.\\nNATURAL FLOWERS PRESERVED.\\nNo. 226 NORTH NINTH STREET. PHILADELPHIA.\\nJOHNC. RULON,\\nGEKEEAL\\nFURNISHING\\nw,xHco.r..,H. UNDERTAKER\\n1313 VINE ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nPARK\\nPACKING, CURING AND SMOKING ESTABLISHMENT,\\nS. E. Cor. JVorris and Hoivard Sts., J^hllttdclphia.\\nF. SCHUMANN SON,\\nMANUFACTURERS OP\\nc JL Xj :f :k: I id.\\nNo. 1810 North Eighth Street,\\nABOVE MONTGOMERY AVENUE,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nNos, 78 and 80 LAUREL ST., PHILADELPHIA,\\nBUILDER of FIRST-CLASS CHURCH ORGANS.\\nInventor of the Nonpareil Pneumatic Action, Patented May 19, 1874, and February 9, 1875.\\nAlso, Inventor of the Konpareil Pipe Organ for Sunday-Scliools, Cliapels and small\\nChurches, costint; much less than any other Organs of the same Power.\\nEstimates furnished for Organs of all Sizes. Organs\\non hand for Sale and to Kent,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0812.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "AD VER TiSEMENTS.\\n815\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nConfectionery\\nCHOCOLATES.\\nALSO,\\nPATENT SWEET CHOCOLATE PASTE.\\nOUR claim: xo the\\nj[ost flaricd Jssortmcnt and Jjjincst jlroduction^^ in this \u00c2\u00a3ounlrg\\nCAN BE TESTED BY CALLING OR ADDRESSING US AT\\n3 a 3- 812 c:Jli.estii.-uit street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nEstablished 18S3\\n.o^^^ ^t.\\nEstablished 18S8.\\nBtJILDER OF\\nFine Carriages\\nOF THE HIGHEST AMERICAN STANDARD,\\nUusiimasseil forLigMiiess, Neatness, Streiiitli, Elegance and DiiraMlity.\\nFIJ^ EST ASSORTJIENT, NEWKJiT I\u00c2\u00bbE.SI\u00c2\u00ab^\\nLandaus, Landaulets, Coupes, Coupelets, Five-Glass Landaus. Barouches,\\nPhaetons, Victorias, Cabriolets, Coupe Rockaways, Buggies. Drags.\\nGermantown Coaches, Clarences, Close and Shifting Quar-\\nter Coaches, English Coaches; also, Hearses.\\nPhotographs of styles sent to anv ailJicss at reqiust, with prices aii l descriptions, so thai pur\\nchasers at a distance may select and order without callin^ in person. All km.h1\u00c2\u00bb warranted to be as\\nrepresented. MANUFACTOBY AND WAHEROOMS,\\n1204 Frankford Avenue, above Girard Ave., Philadelphia.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0813.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "816 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nGHARLEIS NAYLOR,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nKnights Templar Uniform,\\nSOCIETY, MILITARY\\n:]ycj^so:tTic o-ooids.\\nNo. 54 North Fifth Street, PHILADELPHIA.\\n-_-\\nBAND OUTFITS A SPECIALTY.\\nAMERICAN RAZOR STROP WORKS.\\nW. D. EVANS CO,\\nPROPRIETORS,\\nNo. 117 South Second Street,\\nBetween Chestnut and Walnut Sts.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nHaving had an experience of over eight years in the\\nmanufacture of RAZOR STROPS, and having all the improved\\nfacilities for manufacturing, we can offer to the Trade goods\\nthat cannot be excelled by any in the market. We have\\nconstantly on hand all the various styles and sizes.\\nParticular attention is called to\\nEVANS Patent SELF-ADJQSTire FLEXIBLE STROP M OIL-STONE HOME.\\nTALLMAN S\\nSHOW CARDS\\nReady Made, for City and Country Merchants,\\n708 MARKET ST., PHILADA", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0814.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS. 817\\nATLEE P. PARMER.\\nTHOS. MILLS. GEO. M. MILLS.\\nUETITESD STATES\\nTHOS. MILLS BRO.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nCONFECTIONERS TOOLS,\\nMACHINES, MOULDS,\\nICMIEIIFI\\nETC.\\nBRASS CASTINGS made to order and MACHINE WORK\\npromptly attended to.\\nNos. 1301 and 1303\\nNORTH EIGHTH STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nB^ CATALOGUES SENT UPON APPLICATION.\\nj2", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0815.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "818 AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n^lithmmfmtl ^mirnmenk,\\nMicroscopes, Spectacles, Opera Glasses, Stereopticoiis, Barometers, Magic\\nLauteriis, Therinoineters, PMlosopMcal Apparatus,\\nMADE AND FOK SALE BY\\nT-i^lVCES VT G^TJEElsr Sc CO.,\\nV24 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 601 Broadivay, N. Y.\\nTHE FOLLOWINO CATALOGUES SENT ON RECEIPT OF TEN CENTS FOR EACH PART:\\nPart 1st. Mathematical. 106 pages. Part 2d. Optical, 120 pages. Part 3d. Magic Lanterns, 107\\npages. Part 4th. Philosophical, 159.\\nDAVID P. WEAVER. PETEB LYLE.\\nWEAVER LYLE,\\nFini:\\nClilllGE BilLBll\\nXos. SIO, S18 and S30 :N^. Broad Ht.^\\nAbove Race St., West Side,\\nRepairing Promptly and Faithfully Attended to.\\nFACILITIES FOR STORING TWO HUNDRED CARRIAGES, AT LOW RATES.\\nBRITTAIN ELY, Foreman,\\nFor many years with J. GEORGE LEFLER, as Foreman.\\nJ. M. MIGEOD SON,\\nManufacturers and Dealers in\\nMilitary, Firemen, Cliurch and Societf Goods,\\nEpaiiletts, Swords, SasJies, Tints, Caps, Belts, Drums, Gold and Silver lances, Fringes\\nand Etnhroideries, Unll Badges, Fire Hats, Caps, Belts, Horns, Shirts, Lan-\\nterns, Torches, Plumes, Qloves, Buttons and Neck Ties,\\nREGALIA, BAKNERS AND FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.\\n*e\u00c2\u00ae=Army and Navy Officers, Regiments, Fire Companies, Societies and Dealers furnished with every article requir^d. ^Sl\\n510 RACE ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0816.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "AD VERTISEMENTS.\\n819\\nV\\nImporters and Dealers in\\nndert;iherr/ 0cncnil S////////(\\\\o.\\nDRY GOODS, TRIMMINGS, HARDWARE, SILVER, BRONZE, COLD MOUNTINGS.\\nAgents for Steia Patent Burial Casket and Fairmount Coffin and Casket Works.\\nAgents fer the Patent Corinthian Monuments, Cast from Zinc, Beautiful and Enduring.\\nManufacturers of Shrouds, Linings and Pillows.\\nCloths,\\nSatin de Oliiue,\\nDraping Goods,\\nGimp.s,\\nGirdles,\\nHandles,\\nCobiirsjs,\\nriaiii Satins,\\nLawns,\\nFrin;, es,\\nLoops,\\nICscuteheons,\\nThihcts,\\nCorded Satins,\\nBrilliants,\\nCords,\\nUnsohes,\\nMouldings,\\nCasli meres.\\n(iaiilre Satin.s,\\nSoft Net,\\nRiblions,\\nQuilling,\\nOrnaments,\\nMerinofs,\\nPlain Velvet,\\nMalines,\\nButtons\\n(ildves,\\nPlates,\\nPlain Mohairs,\\nEmbossed Velvet,\\nHead Linings,\\nSilk Lace,\\nICxeelsior,\\nStuds,\\nBrocade Mohairs,\\nCrapes,\\nShrouds,\\nBullion,\\nCotton,\\nTacks, etc., etc\\nWe keep a full stock constantly on hand in Shrouds, Linings and Pillows of our own manu-\\nfacture.\\nPlain Coffins, Stein Covered, and Rosewood Caskets in stock.\\nAjdjewts for the best Cimibination Corpse Preserver.\\nDealers in these supplies and the trade generally are invited to call.\\n^31 MARKET ST., PIII LADELrniA.\\nHALSTEAD SPENCER,\\nBRASS FOUNDERS AND FINISHERS,\\nSteam and City R.R. Supplies, Cemetery Enclosure Supplies,\\n1129 CHERRY ST., PHII.A\u00c2\u00bbA.\\nJOHN ALLGAIER\\nS.E. COR. FIFTH BUTTON WOOD STS.,\\nBUII-DEK OF .\\\\I.I. THE LATEST STYLES OF\\nLandaus, Landauletts, Five and Six Glass Landaus,\\nClarences, Three-Quarter Clarences,\\nCaleches, Coaches, Coupeletts, Coupes, Hearses,\\nRocka\\\\A^ays, Barouches or Bretts,\\nVictorias or Cabrioletts, Wagonnetts,\\nDog Carts, Phaetons, Etc.\\nI WILL REMOVE AND PREVENT SCALE IN ANY STEAM\\nBOILER, AND MAKE NO CHARGE UNTIL THE V ORK 1$ FOUND\\nSATISFACTORY. Address, GeO. W. LoRD, Philadelphia Pa.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0817.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "820 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nM. RIEHL SONS,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nBOOKBINDERS\\nPRINTERS\\n^ND\\nPaper Box Makers\\nMACHINERY,\\n1246, 1248 and 1250\\nNORTH SIXTEENTH STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0818.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS. 821\\nNORTH PEmSYLVAM\\nrtJviijiiOja.i\\nTil SlOlf 41D IMQEITE: ROUTE\\nfrom:\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nTO THPr;\\nLEHIGH and WYOMING VALLEYS,\\nNORTHERN PENNSYLVANIA,\\nNEW YORK STATE,\\nCANADA and the NORTH-WEST.\\nSEVEN THROUGH TRAINS\\n(Daily, Sundays excepted)\\nFROM PHILADELPHIA TO THE POINTS NAMED ABOVE.\\nTO\\nDoylestown, Norristown i Hartsville\\nQuick Time, Sure Connections, Parlor and Sleep-\\ning Cars, Smooth Track, No Dust.\\nPASSENGER DEPOT IN PHILADELPHIA,\\nMEMKM AMB AMERICAN STREETS,\\nFIFTH AND CHESTNUT AND 732 CHESTNUT ST.\\nGeneral Agent\\nBaggage Collected and Checked to Destination by MANN S NORTH PENN-\\nSYLVANIA BAGGAGE EXPRESS. Office, 101 South Fifth St.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0819.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "822\\nA D VEB TISEMENTS.\\nGEN. ROBT. E. PATTERSON, Pres t. W. A. ATWOOD, Sec ty. STOCKTON BATES, Treas.\\nBRIDESBURG\\nMAUU PICTURING CO.\\ntii^fe^k.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF\\n^\\\\A\\\\^T?\\\\^=r\\\\A\\\\\\nTl.\\nMACHINERY.\\neST V OFFM Ef 6 S M MTM FMQNT BWBSBV.\\nWorks, BRIDESBURG, PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0820.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n823\\nJOHN G. COPPER,\\nMANUFACTURER AND IMPORTFR OF\\nBOOKBINDERS AND CASE-MAKERS MATERIALS,\\nE\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\np=i\\n113\\np=;\\nCo\\nCo\\nS, JE. cor. Sixth and 3Iuior Street.Sf PhUadelpJiia.\\nThe Mercantile Agency\\nR. G. DUN CO.,\\n618 Chestnut St, and 613 Sansonn St,, Philadelphia,\\nWITH BRANCHES IN ALL THE\\nPRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, CANADAS EUROPE,\\nDUN, BARLOW CO.,\\nNEW YORK.\\nE. RUSSEL CO.,\\nBOSTON.\\nPublish Four Reference Books annually, in .rnnuar;/, March,, Tiili/ ani\\\\ September, piv-\\nins the names of Business firms and Corporations, with Classtflcattons oi Capital and\\nCredit, throughout the United States, Canadas and the Provinces have Recorded Reports lu\\nthe various otfices of husiness men and tirms running back thirty-four years, ^evisi^d \u00c2\u00abr\u00c2\u00bbM-fy_.m4-\\nalU/, and oftener in a multitude of cases; have an cxteiisiyi\\nid svslematic COLI.ECriOy\\nUnited States alone, besides an army of Travelhrs constantly revising, ;!f.; ^J e\u00c2\u00bb\\ning The design of the Reference Book Is to show the name, business and responsibility of every\\nbusiness man i the rr\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb4 States, however prominent or n\u00c2\u00abig fi\u00c2\u00ab=\\\\ V,,T t5;rrdeVr\\\\TiV oe7\\nof this great svstem has been building up for thirl four p^r^, ^Mn\u00e2\u0080\u009e,,f^c,?^P^^^,^ Ranked*\\nfection which ensures the patronage of all the Pronvnont Merchants, Manufacturer., and Bankers\\nof this countrv, and its rapid progress in Europe. I or testimony [^\u00e2\u0080\u009e^P/f P \u00e2\u0080\u009ef J^ h rmerica.\\nability it refer s to substantial business men and msiilutions throughout the cities of ortb America.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0821.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "824 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nManufacturer of Brass Work for Water, Gas and Steam.\\nBRASS CASTIKCiS ASTD JOBBIInb promptly attended to.\\nJAS. L. DELAPLAINE,\\nKEYSTONE STABLES.\\nBOARDING HORSES EXCLUSIVELY.\\nN. W. corner Seventeenth and Cherry Streets, Philadelphia.\\nV SIT\\nSHEARMAN S\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nMachinery Depot\\n309 and 311 Arch Street.\\nLATHES, \u00c2\u00abd^_^-^^^ DRILL PRESSES,\\nPT.ANFRS \u00c2\u00a5i^ffiS|l) JT -^^^L S Machines,\\nX l^^lN J_.XVO, ^pJ^^#^^^|J^y SCREW MACHINES,\\nSLOTTERS, ff^iwmm^ k-S3Si- ^^^S WHEEL BORERS,\\nBOLT COTTERS, WHEEL PRESSES.\\nENGINES, BOILERS, STEAM PUMPS,\\nS\u00c2\u00a3[A.FTI]VG, H A^ IV OE K S, r\u00c2\u00bbUlL I^EYS, ETC.\\nSHEARMAN HILLES,\\n309 and 311 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nBranch House: 45 \u00e2\u0082\u00acOBTIiA9fDT ST., XEW YORK.\\nWM. MUSTARD, Jr. FERD INAND HU NTER.\\nmustard HUNTER,\\nU.S. BUILDERS MILL,\\n24, 26 and 28 8. Fifteenth 81, Phi I ad a.\\n1\\nSASHi BEtlMBSj SOORSj BHU^TT^BS, MTU.\\nSCROLL SAWING, TURNING AND PLANING.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0822.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "AL VKIl TISEMESTS.\\nS2.\\n22 STH. FIFTH 5T..", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0823.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "8 2 G AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n_ THE PEERLESS\\nFire Extinguisher I Chemical Engine\\nTHE BEST IN USE. RECEIVED HIGHEST AWARD, FRANKLIN INSTI-\\nTUTE, 1874. NEVER GETS OUT OF ORDER. ALWAYS RELIA-\\nBLE. SEND FOR CIRCULAR BEFORE PURCHASING.\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ae=-j^GrE:]NrTS AV^^NTEID. RIGrXITS FOR Sj^LE.=\u00c2\u00ae\u00c2\u00bb\\nW. K. PLATT \u00c2\u00abfc CO.,\\nPATENTEES AND PROPRIETORS,\\nNo. 212 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nWM. TARDIP, Jr.,\\nSHIRT AND COLLAR\\nLAUNDRY,\\n220 lyf- Second St., above Race^\\nParticular attention given to First-class Work for the Trade.\\nCOllflliSandCUFFSforPlilMCUSTOMlRySPECmLTl\\nStationer and Printer, dealer in Blank Boob, Pictnre Frames and Fancy Goods,\\n31 t J^OUTIT TKIVTIl ST., PHI IL,A.r A.\\nPens, Inks, Pencils, Mucilage Ex. White Gum, Papers of every kind, Envelopes, all shades Albums,\\nScrap, Autograph and Photograph; Ink Stands, Twine, Pocket Books, Cabas, Per-\\nfumes, Soaps, Hair Brushes. Tooth Brushes, Games of all kinds. Paints,\\nWater Color, and a full assortment of fine STATIONERY.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0824.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 827\\nJAMES MACKEO_WN. ROBERT S. BOWER. ROWLAND\\nMACKEOWN, BOWER, ELLIS Sl CO.\\n(Successors to CHARLES ELIJS SON X: Co\\nWholesale Druggists and Manufacturing Chemists,\\n1000 iMa rhet S t. (S. W. corner T enth), rhiladefphia.\\nDealers in HARDWAREJOOLS, BELL-HANGERS SUPPLIES\\nAND HOUSE-FUENISHING GOODS,\\nTVo. OOo Market \u00c2\u00abti-cot, l\u00c2\u00bblHlurt\u00c2\u00ab Ipliiu.\\nSole Agents for F. J. CLAMER CO. YgOLDEN BRONZE GOODS.\\nP. B. CUNNINGHAM CO.,\\nSOLE MANUFACTURERS OF\\nP- B. CXJlVriMING-HAIVr S\\nPatent Carriages i Wagons\\nBETHLKHBM, PA.\\nCtiramo-Liopptiers i Manufacturefsof Gas i Lamp Shades,\\n832 and S31 AllCH STREET, rillLADELrillA.\\nARTISTS EMPORIUM AND FANCY STORE,\\nXo. 146 KOITII EKillTII KTRF.KT, l il I I.AI KM IIIA.\\nWhere every article can be procured for DRAWING and PAINTING in Oil, Crayon or Water Colors.\\nPrepared Canvas, Bristle, Sable and Camel s Hair Brushes, Oils, Varnishes, Colored\\nCrayons and Drawing Paper and Books, Mathematical Instruments\\nand, in short, every article used by Artists and Amateurs,\\nAGENTS WANTED FOR PUBLICATIONS OF\\nBJ^KIE!!^, r)J^ V^IS CO.\\n(Successors to T. ELLWOOD ZELE),\\n17 and 19 South Sixth St., Philadelphia; 5 Beekman St., New York.\\nZELL S POPULAR ENCYCI.OPKDIA, DICTIOXAKY unci ZKTTKKR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe most perfect work of the kiud ever isMi a. Over Seven Thoiisaiid oUiiniis of Non|.areil Tyin-,\\nconsisting of matter on every iniportiiul siihji cl known. IHiislraleil by over yoOO Iviigravings.\\nZELIJS DESCRIPTIVE HA1VD-ATL.AS OF THE WORLD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Containing Thirty-\\nfive Full-i nge Maps, beautifully engraved and colored, and about 300 pages of descriptive geographi-\\ncal matter and indexes.\\nTHE CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, by E. A. and Geo. L. Puvckinck\\nand M. Laird Simons. Containing graphic sketches of the lives and wnlliigsol over 800 of the luost\\nillustrious American authors. Illustrated by 5l steel engravings and 50O wood- uts.\\nAddress as above for terms and territorv.\\nCIRCULARS AND SPECIMENS SENT FREE ON APPLICATION TO ABOVE ADDRESS.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0825.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "828\\nAD VERTISEMENTS.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\n.^^n^-^^r.\\n\\\\^M\\nK\\n%i\\nc,K%-\\nBrick Works and Oftice.\\nPHILIP NEUKUMET, joi?rS ^J.V Proprietor.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nFire Bricks, Blocks, Tiles, etc, for Furnaces, Rolling Mills, Gas Works, Foundries,\\nLime Kilns, Glass Works, etc., etc., of Most Superior Quality.\\nHT^ooiv!^ oit TiT^K)^ rA.i r: to oiii: E;r5,\\nAt the Sltorte.st Noticf a.ntf of Suprrior Qnnlif//, in anff Shape and of ant/ Size. Fire\\nClay, Ground Jiriek, Fire Mortar, Fire Sand and Kaolin constantly on Hand,\\nGIRARD TUBE WORKS IRON CO.,\\nP HILADBL rHTA,\\nMANUFACTURE\\nPLAIN AND GALVANIZED\\nWROUGHT-IROU PIPE\\nAND\\nSundries for Gas and Sleam Fillers, Plumbers,\\nMACHINISTS, HAILING MAKERS, OIL REFINERS, etc.\\nWORKS,\\nTWENTY-THIRD FILBERT STS.,\\nOFFICE AND WAREHOUSE,\\nISrO. 4.2 itrOJE^THI IFIIPTJEI STI^EET.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0826.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n829\\nL. B. FLANDERS,\\nUleventli and Hamilton Streets, Philadelphia,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\niRllNDEliS PAniT SPRING PACiG FOR PISTOi HWDS,\\nALSO,\\niPortable Cylinder Boring Machines.\\nsteam and Blast CyliiKiei s, Pumps and CoriiNs Valves of sill mIzov and Uindii\\nbored out iu tlieir present positions, witli mafliiner.v, as Siere repreMviiled.\\nL. B. FLANDER S f\\nIN OPERATION.\\ntrue way to bore out\\ntime and labor\\nnder. besides a great amonnt or\\ns saved.\\nS LANDERS PATENT SPRING PACKING POU CYLINDERS.\\nThis celebrated Flanders Patent\\nPiston Packing consists of steel\\nsprings and blocks of cast iron in\\nthe shape of a letter V (as repre-\\nsented in this cut), so that the\\nsprings between the blocks press\\nthe piston rings out equally against\\nthe inside surface of the cylinder,\\nand also force the piston to the\\ncentre of the cylinder at the same\\ntime. It is set out by means of small\\nwedges. It has no bolts, screws or\\nnuts to rust or corrode. It seldom\\nrequires any looking after, and will\\nlast for years. It is simple and\\neasily adjusted, and can be set out\\nby any one possessing ordinary\\nmechanical acquirements. It is the\\nbest Packing ever introduced, giving universal satisfaction, and\\nmended by hundreds of leading manufacturers.\\nm\\\\i FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCllAmEM A COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES.\\nis recom-", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0827.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "830\\nAD VERTTSEMENTS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0828.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 831\\nJAMES T. ALLEN,\\n25 North Seventeenth St., rhihtdelph ni.\\nPLASTERING, ROUGH-CASTING, CEMENTING, etc. Workmanship and materials the best.\\nRefers to all the city architects.\\ncr^:M:Es t. ^llei^ oo.,\\nSCAGLIOLA MARBLE MANUFACTURERS,\\n25 NORTH SEVENTEENTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nCOLUMNS, PILASTERS, PKDESTALS, PANELLINO. VAI S(OTI (i. MANTELS, TABLE TOPS\\nAND WALL WORK FOR I.NTERIOR DECORATIONS.\\nESTABLISHED 1836.\\nGlendinning Truitt,\\nSuccessor to CHARLES P. CALDWELL,\\nWhip and Cane\\nMANUFACTURERS,\\nNo. 9 North Fourth Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nHats, Caps, Straws and Gents Furnishing Goods\\nOHcoiCE ^isrr) i tos styles,\\nEXCELLENT IN QUALITY ANU KEASONAIil.K IN PIUCK,\\nManufacturer of ROANS and LININGS,\\nALSO, BOOKBINDERS LEATHER,\\nNo. 1A9 WILLOW ^TLIlIOLr, IMl I LA I ELPIII A.\\nA CHOICE ASSORTMENT AT THE LOWEST CASH PRICES.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0829.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "832 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJOSEPH L FERRELL. WM. H.JONES.\\nENTERPRISE\\nHydraulic Works\\n2218 and 2220 Race Street,\\n:ph:ii_.^^x):bi_.:ph:ij^.\\nSTEAM PUMPING MACHINERY, HYDRAULIC PUMPS, ELEVATORS\\nand PRESSES, FAN and PISTON BLOWERS, CENTRIFU-\\nGAL, MINING, HAND and POWER PUMPS.\\nPARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO REPAIRINfi AND STEAM FITTINS.\\nPHILADELPHIA BADGE DEPOT THE OLD-ESTABLISHED STAND.\\nEngraver and Jeweller,\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nMilitary Medals, College and School Rewards,\\nIN NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS.\\nPRESENTATION MARKS A SPECIALTY.\\nJewelry, Silverware and Fancy Articb naatly Engraved,\\n722 CHESTNUT STREET,\\nPXIIX..A.DE:X.Pm.A..\\nMONOGRAMS AND DEVICES, LODGE JEWELS AND SEALS.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0830.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n833\\nI JOSE DE BESSA GUIMARAES,\\n^hififimg mid \u00c2\u00a7ommisswn M^rctmnt,\\nIMPOBTER OF\\nCORKS AND CORKWOOD,\\niVb. 130 Walnut Street and 25 Granite Street,\\nFISHER 6L HALLOS\\nVAT AND TANK FACTORY,\\n1143, 1145 and 1147 JV^orth Front Street,\\nBelo-w Grirarcl A.veiiu.e,\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nManufacturers of\\n1^//^, \u00c2\u00a7;mhs, ck^,,\\nBreivers, Dyers, Chemists, Sugar\\nMefiners, Paper Mills, Distil-\\nlers, Jtailroads, Hotels,\\nPublic JBuildings and\\nPrivate Dtvellings.\\nWHITE CEDAR WILL LAST LONGER\\nTHAN ANY OTHER WOOD IN PROPOR-\\nTION OF THREE TO ONE.\\nI]V]VX^4.rV LI] E.\\nTH[ LIVERPOOL, NEW fORI PHILADll, STEAMSHIP CO,\\nFULL-POWERED CLYDE-BUILT IRON SCREW STEAMSHIPS.\\nCargo for the respective Steamers will be received at the Com-\\npany s WTiarf, Pier 45 North River.\\nO DONNEL FAULK, Agents,\\n403 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.\\n53", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0831.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "834 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nPure Family Medicines -^^^gfHI^^^^^- S. i Cor. Vine 1 16th Sts.,\\nPrescript s Compounded. ^^p^ PHILADELPHIA.\\nROBERT COULTON DAVIS\\n(Graduate Phila. College of Pharmacy),\\nESTA-BLISHED 1889.\\nHENRY DUNLAP,\\n475 and 477 NORTH FIFTH ST.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nS^ LIGHT WORK A SPECIALTY.^ m.\\nWILLIAM P. B\u00c2\u00a3CK,\\nMANUFACTUEEE OF\\nSTONE CDTTERS STONE MASONS AND BRICKLAYERS TOOLS,\\nOF EVERY DESCRIPTION,\\nS3(l aud BARKER ^iTREET^, PIIIEADEEPHIA.\\nMILL-PICKS made to Order. Goods sent to any part of the United States, by Express, C. O. D.\\nEST^(VBI-.I SHED 1838.\\n:f .a.sh:io:n-^^.bXjE hi^ttei^,\\n143 ^RCH STREET, I\u00c2\u00bbH:IIL.^I3EI-.PHIA.,\\nFINEST CLASS OF\\nI3^a.t;Sv Caps and Stx*a \\\\v Goods. I^o-west Casli Prices.\\nSCHEETZ S\\nCELEBRATED BITTER CORDIAL,\\nNorth- West Cor. Fifth and Race Sts., Philadelphia.\\nJTA-COH SCIIE:ETZ, SOIL.E PROPRIETOR.\\nNATURE S GREAT RESTORER.\\nALBE RT C. GB EINER. HENR Y G. GRE INEB.\\nA. C. H. G. GREINER\\n(Successors to LUDWIG GREINER),\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nGREINER S PATENT DOLLS HEADS,\\n^1.^ North. Foiirtl:! Street, Fhiladelphia.\\nDEWITT, MORRISON KELLEY,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nCast Steel Carpenters^ Augers^\\nMill- Wriffhts and Gas-Fitters Augers, Auger liitts, Car Builders and\\nMachine liitts, also I ump Atiffers and Left Hand Jiitts.\\nT.W.ENTY-SECOND STREET, ABOVE MARKET, PHILADELPHIA\\nB^^ALI. WORK AV ARRAXTED.-^jft", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0832.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 835\\nim. BRYLAWSKI,\\nMANUfAt TUltEll OF\\nNo. 16 N. THIRD ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nProprietor of the Patent Water-Proof Cap. Patented June 9, 1874.\\nC3-. VST. siv^/cith:,\\nDEALER IN\\nFINE BOOTS, SHOES, TRUNKS, Etc.,\\n]Vo. 35 08 ]M^TtIt]3T STR-EJI^T,\\nWEST PHILADELPHIA.\\nJOHN A.. :is/cA^aEE,\\nMANOFACTURKR OF\\nCUT, EMBOSSED, GROUNO, STAINEO AID BENT GLASS,\\nFrench, and American Windoiv Glass,\\n1235 VINE STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nESTABLISHED X850.\\nKeystone Cork Works.\\nThe Oldest Establishment in Pennsylvania for Cutting Corks by Machinery.\\nCORKS\\nOF EVERY DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURED.\\nALFEEB L, BWTZ, Proprietor,\\nOffice and Factory, Nos. 829 and 831 N. THIRD ST.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nCOSTUMER for Fancy and Masque BALLS,\\nTABLEAU and PARLOR THEATEICAL ENTERTAINMENTS,\\n917 RACE STREET, PHIL ADELFHIA\\nMRS. CrWIMPFHEIMER,\\nMANUFACTUKER OK\\nREAL AND IMITATION HAIR WORK,\\nHAND-MADE ZEPHYR GOODS, Etc.,\\nl]/o. 320 MARKET JTREELPmLADELPHIA.\\nQUAKERCITY STENCIL WORKS,\\n234 ARCH ST., PHILADELPHIA,\\nMANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN\\nStencil-MarMnq Plates, Seal Presses, Ribbon Stamps, Steel Stamps,\\nPattern Letters for Iron Monhlhif,, Barnnif/.Brands, Key\\nand Bagqaqe Checks, Steueil Inks and f\\nall Stencil 3Iaterials, U holesale and Retail.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0833.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "836\\nAD VEBTISEMENTS.\\nERNEST KRETZMAR,\\nWHOL.ESAL.E AND RETAIL,,\\nNo. 1311 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nFRAUKIIN INSTITUTE, 1874. HIGHEST PRIZE, SILVER MEDiL.\\nAUB, HACKENBURG CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OP\\nMACHINE SILKS, eiNG SILKS and fiUTTON-HOLE TWIST,\\nFactory. 2M, M and 24S N. Front St., Salesroom, 20 N. Third St.. Pliiladelpliia.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nPATENT STRETCHED OAK TANNED LEATHER BELTING\\n148 NORTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\nA Full Supply of Lace Leather, Copper Rivets and Burrs.\\n4\u00c2\u00ae=- TGXCELSIOR BELT DRESSING-, ETC., ON H^NID,-\u00c2\u00ae*\\nINCORPORATED\\nin 1868.\\nE. PAULUS, President,\\nA. C. RAEPLE, Treasurer.\\nl^ and Item fflinders,\\nLADIES AND SENTLEMEN,\\n6i8 CHESTNUT ST.\\nC IN^ E 15^ S,\\nSteam Carpenter and Packing Box Maker^\\nXo. 514 NORTH ST.,\\nBetiveen Fifth and Sixth, and 3Iarket and Arch, Philada.\\nCia^R BOX JM^T^XJF^CTXJREIl,\\nHillsdale Street, between Third and Fourth, and Race and Cherry,\\nPHII.ADEI.PHIA.\\nDEALER IN CEDAR AND POPLAR WOOD FOR CIGAR BOX MAKERS.\\n]MTJRTAXJGH\u00c2\u00bbS\\nOEXjEBl^^TEnD nDXJnyi:B- W.A.ITEE.S,\\nALSO\\nHOISTING MACHINES and INVALID SAFETY ELEVATORS,\\nOF THE MOST APPEOVED PATTERNS.\\nJSAAC j^ICHARDS, J^O 221 7 pHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0834.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISE3IENTS.\\n837\\nFOR MIELTIIVG AIL.1^ IvIIVI Ol^ E1 Or^V J.!-!,\\nAND MANUFACTURERS OF\\nSUNNY side: stove POLilSH,\\nJET, SMALL AND LARGE CAKES.\\nSunny Side Lumber Pencils, Foundry Facings, Lubricatini? Plumbago.\\nSUNNY SIDE STOVE POLISH, IN BULK, PUT UP IN 25-POUND BOXES FOR STOVE DEALERS.\\n1324 to 1334 CaJJotrhfJI Sfvect.\\nSTROW, WILE CO.\\nMcCOY ROBERTS,\\nHeaters, Ranges i Stoves,\\n1208 and 1210 3IABKET ST., PHILADA.,\\nPatentees and Manufacturers of the Celebrated\\nWliicli was awarded tlie lligliest Premium (Silver Medal) by the Frankliu Institiilo. hJi.\\nThese Furnaces are constructed so as to burn either anthra-\\ncite or bituminous coal with equal advantage. By a very simple\\nand durable arrangement of radiators, they utilize every particle\\nof heat thrown off by the fire pot and combustion chamber, so\\nthat, with a temperature of 275\u00c2\u00b0 of air at register, the outer case\\nof furnace is perfectly cold. x- i, 4.-\\nWe claim to gain more than twenty per cent, of heatmg power\\nby this system over the old method of constructing radiators and\\nintroducing air to furnaces.\\nSend for ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR and PRICE LIST,", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0835.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "838 AD VER TISEMEXTS.\\nKSX^VBLISXiED 1 3S.\\nJAMES TAYLOR,\\nrNTo. 191G C-A.LLOAVIIILL STREET, PHIL^D^^.\\nPreserver and MoTiater of Beasts, Birds, Fishes and Eeptiles. Also Dealer in Foreign Bird SMns.\\nALL WORK WARRANTED.\\nSXGBLSIOR SAW 1770RKS.\\nolo CHERRY J?iT., I\u00c2\u00bbMII^.4.r ELI\u00c2\u00bbH:i.A..\\nCUERIEES BLADES, MOWING MACHKE KNIVES AND JIG SAWS Gonatajitiy on Hand,\\nSAWS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION MADE AND REPAIRED.\\nESTABLISHED 1852.\\nGiRARD Bolt Works,\\nTWENTY-THIRD ST. ABOVE RACE,\\nPEILABELPHIA,\\nMANUFACTURER FINEST QUALITY\\nCarriage Bolts, Axle Clips and Forged Nuts.\\nD. BBVAN,\\nHQUSl SIGN PAINTIE GM21EE,\\n1725 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.\\niLlSXABLISHED 18^7.\\n:p o VT- E i_i L s\\nHouse Furnishing Store and Tin Ware Manufactory,\\n412 SOUTH SECOND STREET, PHILADEIiPHIA.\\nPOWELL S ALL-HEALING SALVE, for Burns, Scalds, Bunions, Pains in the Back or Breast,\\nFelons, Itch, Piles and Scald Heads. Universal Salve warranted to cure Frosted Feet and Ears, Sore.\\nNose, Bun-Bounds, Sore Throat and Breast, Thislelow, Tetter, Sore Eyes, etc.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0836.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS. 839\\nSAMUEL F. PRINCE,\\nWHOLESALE DEALER IX\\nMARBLE AND SOAPSTONE,\\nOMce, 2214 CHESTNUT ST., PHILAJDA.\\nEstablished 1855. RESTEIN BROTHERS, Established ISSS.\\nManiifiictiirors of overy viiricty nf Fancy. IVlorod, (ilazod. EnamolliHl. Eiiiliossoil Papers and Tard Board.\\nCHINAS, BLANKS, RAILROAD, ENAMELLED, AND BRISTOL BOARDS ON HAND OR MADE TO ORDER.\\nPrinters who use a large quantity of Cards, and desire to purchase in sheets (22x28, or other large\\nsizes), will find it to their advantage to give us a call before ordering elsewhere.\\n1318 (Soiitli E:iglitli St., and. 714 Federal St., riillada.\\nAPOTHECARY,\\nDEALER IN FOREIGN PERFUMERY, SPONGES, etc. etc.,\\n3043 CHESTXIJT STREET, PHII.ADEI.PHIA.\\nMURPHY MONAGHAN,\\nCORK MANUFACTURERS,\\n522 South Fifth St., below Lombard, rinUtda.\\njg@-ALL KINDS OF CORKS CONSTANTLY ON HAND OR CUT TO ORDER. \u00c2\u00b0@a\\nmIchael fisher,\\nBREM Aii CIKF\\nNo. 639 North Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia.\\nbiiv*\\nW. D. HUTCHISON,\\nFANCY PIE and CAKE BAKER\\nNos. 806, 808, and 810 South Twelfth Street, Philadelphia.\\nN. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OYSTER PARTIES made a specialty. All orders pr omptly atten ded to.\\nH. iMIOSEBJLOia:,\\nO0II1O1IOI11 lAIGY CMl B4KEE,\\nS, E. corner Eleventh and Poplar Sts., rhilada.\\nJ^. VT -^ATOOnD,\\nkedddudgithe \u00c2\u00a7dher imd^onfciiioncr\\n609 NORTH FIFTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0837.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "840\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nESTA.BLISHE33 1861.\\nW. T. RICHARDSON,\\nUNITED STATES CENTENNIAL\\nFurniture Manufactory\\nOFFICE: 835 OXFORD ST.,\\n:f h: 1 1_. j^ X) E i_i 1= 13: 1 .A.\\nMANUFACTURER OF\\nSolid Walnut Chamber Suites,\\nMARBLE-TOP TABLES, HAT-RACKS,\\nPiano Stools, Cribs, Wardrobes, Whatnots, etc.\\nThe Trade are respectfully requested to examine my goods\\nbefore purchasing elsewhere. Every piece warranted.\\nN. B\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN THE MANUFACTURE OF ALL\\nKINDS OF FURNITURE TO ORDER.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0838.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS. 841\\nAGRICULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.\\nTT would hardly be consistent with the purposes of the Gazetteer and\\nGuide were we to omit reference to the advanced stasre of a rriculture\\nin Pennsylvania, especially as it has been so frequently commented on by\\nvisitors from sister States and strangers from abroad. Here at Philadel-\\nphia, when the population embraced but forty-two -thousand inhabitants,\\nand the smoke of the Revolution had hardly passed away, was established\\na (iociety for the Promotion of Agriculture, as expressed by its title, which\\nhas in time become the fertile mother of a vast multitude of similar asso-\\nciations throughout our country. It is no small merit to have led the way\\nin so laudable an effort, and it is only right and proper the fact should be\\nmade known wherever this work is read. The seed then sown has borne\\nfruit now visible in the Agricultural Department of the Centennial Exhi-\\nbition, and it is only reasonable to anticipate that vast fields yet untilled\\nmay profit by the patriotic efforts of the large-hearted citizens of Philadel-\\nphia of days long gone by.\\nA striking example of the value of intelligent culture is shown at Blooms-\\ndale, an estate of five hundred acres, situated on the Delaware, a few miles\\nabove Philadelphia, adjoining the tract known as Penn s Manor. Upon\\nthis estate, and upon one thousand additional acres situate in Virginia,\\nNew Jersey and Wisconsin, selected for the advantages afforded by varied\\nclimates, and soils each adapted to specific crops, and each owned, occupied\\nand cultivated by the firm, are produced Landreth s Garden Seeds, a\\nname which has become a household word, not only in this country, but\\neven in India, where the British residents prefer these seeds even to those\\nof their native land, as our climate ripens them better than the humid\\natmosphere of England. If the number of acres under cultivation affords\\na correct basis for an estimate (and where the best methods of culture are\\nused this must be the case), the trade in these seeds must be larger than\\nexists elsewhere, not only in the United States, but in the world, built up\\nduring three generations, not by extravagant self-adulation, but with the\\nmodest motto, Landreth s seeds speak their own praise. The proprietors\\nof this estate have availed themselves of the latest improvements both in", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0839.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "842\\nAD VER TISEMENTS.\\nmachinery and in the treatment of the soil, not as tardy followers, but as\\nleaders, in the march of reform. Besides their numerous well-trained\\nworkmen, many of whom have been life-long attaches of the firm, there\\nare at Bloomsdale three steam-engines for threshing, winnowing and clean-\\ning seeds, grinding feed, etc., a caloric-engine for pumping, and a steaming\\napparatus for preparing food for the working stock. During the three\\n^r^ years closing with 1875, persistent, energetic\\nexperiments in ploughing and tilling by steam-\\npower have been conducted by the Messrs.\\nLandreth at Bloomsdale, using the direct-trac-\\ntion engine of Williamson, with Thomson s\\nIndia-rubber tire. At first, and for months,\\ngreat hope of success was entertained but\\nunforeseen diflSculties in the way of direct trac-\\ntion exhibited themselves. At present the\\npurpose is to adopt the rope system, as prac-\\nticed successfully in England, using the Wil-\\nliamson engine as the moving power. If the\\nsuccess of railroads has won lasting honor for\\nthose who brought it about, certainly a meed\\nof praise is justly due to those to whose encour-\\nagement the steam plough is indebted for its\\neven partial success. The candid reader is\\ndoubtless by this time convinced that to the\\nprogressive men of the State is owing the\\nmarked advance of agriculture.\\nLimited space prohibits many of the details\\nof the operations at Bloomsdale, which we\\nwould gladly give our readers the engraving\\nannexed may, however, convey some idea of\\nthe extent of the structures required for the\\nstorage, drying and preservation of crops, and\\notherwise successful prosecution of the pecu-\\nliar business there conducted, which is a credit\\nto the proprietors, the successors of those who founded the business in 1784,\\nand which may be classed as prominent among the important industrial\\nenterprises of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0840.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS.\\n843\\nSILVER MEDAL, 1853.\\nBRONZE MEDAL, 1874.\\n(P\\nPHI LA. 5\\nARCHITECTURAL\\nSTAT FAR Y, AC\\nALSO.SCACLIOL* OR IT* LI AN VARIECATED ^m\\nV MARBLE COLUMNS\\nPEDESTALS OF EV CRY SI ZE.SH A PE COLOUR\\nFORTME INTERIOR O F PUB LI C PR I V ATE BUILD IHCS\\nCOUNTRY, ORDERS CAREFULLY\\nS\\\\ 4. PROMPTLY EXECUTED fS\\\\\\n0)\\nli\\nVTr^\\\\/rV\\\\\\nPmBUI Ollilllf HAilFAOf QIY\\njlodellinj jjone luith Icruracu to ]]raiuinr)fi.\\nESTIMATES GIVEN AND DESIGNS FURNISHED FOR\\nQEMAMEMTAL WQEE.", "height": "3274", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0841.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "844 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nWM. J. THOMASON BRO.,\\nlis ill Sillf IIOI wc\\n108 ARCH ST., PHILADELPHIA.\\nb\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 lllf is 411 Sillf IIOI W0111ES,\\nCONDUCTOR PIPES AND GUTTER TIN always on hand for immediate use.\\nK/. V7 IP. aODB^F,\\nManufacturer of every description of\\nf 4II\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00c2\u00a5 \u00e2\u0082\u00ac411lllf W4ai\\nAND\\nCARVED AND SCROLL BRACKETS,\\n625 and 027 WALL ST., below Catharine, JPhilacla.\\nFancy Stands, Book Slides, Hat Racks, Unnbrella Stands, Book Shelves, Easels, Boot Boxes,\\nWall Pockets, Towel Racks, Commodes, Match Safes, Butlers Trays.\\nLEWIS F. CITTI CO.,\\nLilhogfapliic, Drawing, Engraving and Printing Estaliiislinieni\\nN. W. COR. SEVENTH AND MARKET STS., PHILADA.\\nEntrance on Seventh Street.\\nJOSEPH BUFFINGTON,\\n\u00c2\u00a7hmc1i and \u00c2\u00a7lm^d \u00c2\u00a7rijiiii S^chr^,\\n131 SOUTH ELEVENTH ST., atove Walnut, PHILADA.\\nW. H. JOIffES,\\nAGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE,\\nJV^o. 1021 Market Street, Philadelphia,\\nWHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN\\nAGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,\\nFrom the largest to the smallest Farming Machinery.\\nAlso, Field, Garden and Flower Seeds, and all kinds of Fertilizers, viz. Guano, Super-Phosphate\\nof Lime, Poudrette, Bone Dust, etc. Calcined Plaster, Hydraulic Cement, etc.\\nMachinery Exchanged and Repaired upon reasonable terms. Orders solicited and promptly attended\\nto. All goods warranted as represented.\\ni", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0842.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "AD VER TISEMENTS.\\n845\\nESTABLISHED 1810.\\nIVE/LFiKEZT STREET FOTTERY.\\nI\\n-v3V tH.\u00c2\u00abi^^\u00c2\u00ab *4\\nVASES,\\nSTATUARY,!\\nFOUNTAINS,\\nEtc., etc.\\nFlower Pots,\\nOur Stock comprises a number of Elegant VASES and STATUES, being copies of Pern-\\npeian, Old Roman, Greek and Antique productions.\\nAll those wishing to produce beautiful effects in garden ornamentation would do well to\\nmake their selections from our stock. Illustrated Catalogues mailed free on application.\\nGALLOWAY \u00c2\u00abfc GRAFF,\\nNos. 1723 and 1725 Market Street, Philadelphia.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0843.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "846 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nEDWARD J. ETTING,\\nIRON BROKER\\nAND\\nCOMMISSION MERCHANT\\nNo. 230 South Third Street,\\nWESTMORELAND BUILDING,\\nAGENT CENTRAL IRON WORKS, HARRISBURG,\\nBoiler Plate, Tank Iron, etc.\\nFOREIGN AND AMERICAN\\nPIG, BARand RAILROAD IRON,\\nOLD RAILS, SCRAP, ETC.\\nSTORAGE WHARF AND YARD,\\nDelaware Avenue, above Callowhill St.\\nCASH ADVANCES MADE ON IRON, ETC.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0844.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "AD VEB TISEMENTS. 847\\nIMPORTER OF\\nHides, Goat and Sheep Skins and Sumac,\\n115 MARGAEETTA ST. and 112 WILLOW ST., PHILADA.\\nMARSHALL BROTHERS CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nAMERICAN GALVANIZED SHEET IRON,\\nMARSHALL CORNICE AND ROOFING SHEETS\\nirtOKT-\\nOFFICE AND WAREHOUSE:\\n24 GIRARD AVE., below Front, PHILADELPHIA.\\nD. L. Baumgardner. B. J. Woodward. Henry Baumgardner.\\nBAUMGARDXER, WOODWARD CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nMANILA, SISAL AND AMERICAN HEMP CORDAGE,\\n38 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia.\\nFactory, Beverly, New Jersey.\\nE- Ft. F-A.QXJEX,\\nNo. 24: South Fifth Street, rhiladelphla.\\nDie Sinking, Court, Lodge, Society and Corporation Seals, Steel Stamps, Alphabets, Medals, etc.\\nBrass Book Dies, Fillets, Rolls and Borders, Embossing Plates, Jewelry Dies, etc.\\nESTABLISHED 1810.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0WM. WATTSON. THOS. WATTSON.\\nWATTSON CO.,\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nCrackers, Biscuits i Cakes,\\n155, 157, 159 and 161 N. FRONT ST.,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nJ. BRAUER. G. BRUECKMANN.\\nPENllLVmilll MACHINE-CUT CORK MAN U FACTORY,\\n348 ]VORTH FKO]VT ST., I*miL.A.I A..\\nCORKS OF ALL SIZES ALWAYS ON HAND. LIFE PRESERVERS A SPECIALTY.\\nliAROEST mANIJFACTOBY IN THE CITY.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0845.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "848 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nJ. E. SHARP,\\n707 AND 709 FILBEET STEEET,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nWindow Glass.\\nROUGH AND POLISHED PLATE,\\nEnamelled^ Embossed^\\nAl^D\\nRIBBKD GLASS\\nROBT. C. SCHMERTZ CO. S\\nmm OF SINGLE, DOUBLE AND CRmAL SHEET GLASS\\nAND\\nArtists 13ranti for ^|Ji)Otosrapf)crs.\\nA. MIANtJJEr A.CTtTRE: OF GS-REAT EXCELLENCE.\\nm- COLOR AND SUHrACE GUARANTEED NEVER TO CHANGE.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0846.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "849\\nO\\n,s.\\n%A\\n^p.\\nAlii\\n\\\\^l!/\\n^^\\\\s^ Manufacturers of\\nSoda Water Apparatus,\\n914, 916 and 925 Filbert St., Phiydphia.\\nBRANCH HOUSE,\\n34 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK.\\nWe challenge Comparison in Excellence of Work-\\nmanship, Qiialily of Material and\\nBeauty of Design.\\nWe have always in Stock MANY NOVEL and\\nBEAUTIFUL DESIGNS, combining all our recent\\nimprovements.\\nDouble-Stream Draft Tubes, Silver-Lined Syrup\\nFaucets, Heavy Block-Tin Cans, Combined\\nCoil and Cylinder Coolers, Tumbler\\nHolders and Tumblers, Tumbler\\nWashers and Drainers, Pure\\nFruit Juices and Syrups,\\nEnglisb Extracts.\\nKvcrytliins rorjuisitu for tlic iiiaiiiifafturc ami clispens\\ning ofSiiiia Water fiirnishi-i.l at tlm lowest rates, and all\\nt^uaraiiteed of tlie finest (xuality.\\nGenerators and Fountains,\\nKvery Size aiifl Price, siiitoil to tlio wants of all, from tlie\\nlargest niantifactnrer to the smallest dealer.\\nSAI.TS A1\u00c2\u00a5D SOIillTIOlVS\\nFor Kissingen, Vichy and other Mineral Waters.\\nILLUSTRATED\\nCATALOGUE\\nAND\\nPrice List\\nSENT TO ANY ADDRESS\\nON APPLICATION.\\nWfl", "height": "3314", "width": "2021", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0847.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "850 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nESTABLISHED 1S32.\\nALEX. WHILLDIN SONS,\\nPllI,4Bll,fll4,\\nCommission- Merchants\\nIN\\nmrOOLBN YARNS,\\nCOTTON,\\nCOTTON YARNS\\nCash Advances inade on\\nShipments.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0848.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 851\\nTHOMAS W. H. MOSELEY, INVENTOR AND BUILDER.\\nMOSELEY S WROUGHT-IRON RECTANGULAR TUBULAR\\nBRIDGE,\\nFor Railroads aud. Long Spans where great strength is required.\\nMOSELEY S WROUGHT-IRON ARCH LATTICE BRIDGE,\\nMedium and Short Spans, for use on highways.\\nMOSELEY S WROUGHT IRON TRUSS BRIDGE,\\nFor Railways and Highways of ordinary spans. Easily adjusted\\nby steel wedges only.\\nMOSELEY S IRON SCREW PILES,\\nUsed for Piers and Viaducts in marshy ground and deep permanent\\nfoundations.\\nMOSELEY S IRON HOUSE AND ROOF,\\nFireproof, used for Engine-houses, Depots, Warehouses, etc.\\nMOSELEY S IRON CORRUGATOR.\\nCorrugates all sizes and qualities of Sheet Iron for Roofs, Sidings\\nof Buildings, etc.\\nMOSELEY S IRON COAL-BREAKER BUILDINGS.\\nUsed in the coal regions for housing and the breaking of coal and\\nits distribution, in lieu of the wooden structures now in use.\\nMOSELEY S TURN-TABLE,\\nFor Bridges, Railroads and all other uses where Turn-tables are-\\nnow required.\\n[see following page.)", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0849.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "852 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nTHOMAS W. H. MOSELEY, INVENTOR AND BUILDER.\\nMOSELEY S STEAM BOILERS.\\nSectional Steam Boiler, perfectly safe against explosion, of liglit\\nweight, great economy in use of fuel, of marked utility. Cheap.\\nMOSELEY S RADIATORS.\\nLarge Heating Surface, heats very quickly, not heavy, and requires\\nbut little room.\\nMOSELEY S PUMPS.\\nDrawing and Forcing. Easily repaired, very cheap. Good for all\\npurposes where Pumps are needed.\\nMOSELEY S AIR EJECTOR.\\nAutomatic, expels cold air from Radiators and Steam Boilers, very\\neffective and economical.\\nMOSELEY S COMPOSITE HOUSE.\\nFireproof, resembles marble and stone, as cheap as wood, simple,\\neasy to build, and good in any climate.\\nMOSELEY S ENUNCIATOR,\\nFor Hotels and Private Houses. Not liable to get out of order, gives\\nperfect enunciation, simple of construction and cheap.\\nMOSELEY S COTTON-BALE TIE.\\nAttached and detached very expeditiously, simple, holds the hoop\\ntightly.\\nOffice, 147 South Fourth Street,\\nTHOMAS W. H. MOSBLBY,\\n[see preceding page.]", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0850.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION\\nOF THE UNITED STATES, 1876.\\nSYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION INTO DEPART-\\nMENTS, GROUPS AND CLASSES.\\nDEPARTMENT I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MINING AND METALLURGY.\\nMinerals, Ores, Building Stones and Mining Prod-\\nucts. Class 100. Minerals, ores, etc. Metallic and non-metallic min-\\nerals, exclusive of coal and oil. Collections of minerals systematically\\narranged collections of ores and associated minerals geological collec-\\ntions. Class 101. Mineral combustibles. Coal, anthracite, semi-bitu-\\nminous and bituminous, coal-waste and pressed coal albertite, asphalte\\nand asphaltic limestone; bitumen, mineral tar, crude petroleum. Class\\n102. Building stones, marbles, slates, etc. Rough, hewn, sawed or pol-\\nished, for buildings, bridges, walls or other constructions, or for interior\\ndecoration, or for furniture. Marble white, black or colored used in\\nbuilding, decoration, statuary, monuments or furniture, in blocks or slabs\\nnot manufactured. Class 103. Lime, cement and hydraulic cement, raw\\nand burned, accompanied by specimens of the crude rock or material\\nused, also artificial stone, concrete, beton. Specimens of lime mortar and\\nmixtures, with illustrations of the processes of mixing, etc. Hydraulic\\nand other cement. Beton mixtures and results, with illustrations of the\\nprocesses. Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, cornices,\\netc. Artificial stone mixtures, for pavements, walls or ceilings. Plasters,\\nmastics, etc. Class 104. Clays, kaolin, silex and other materials for the\\nmanufacture of porcelain faience, and of glass, bricks, terra-cotta and\\ntiles, and fire-brick. Refractory stones for lining furnaces, sandstone, stea-\\ntite, etc., and refractory furnace materials. Class 105. Graphite, crude\\nand refined for polishing purposes for lubricating, electrotyping, pho-\\ntography, pencils, etc. Class 106. Lithographic stones, hones, whetstones,\\ngrindstones, grinding and polishing materials, sand quartz, garnet, crude\\ntopaz, diamond, corundum, emery in the rock and pulverized, and in as-\\nsorted sizes and grades. Class 107. Mineral waters, artesian well water,\\nnatural brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences and solutions. Mineral\\n853", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0851.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "854 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nfertilizing substances, gypsum, phosphate of lime, marls, shells, coprolites,\\netc., not manufactured.\\nMetallurgical Products. Class 110. Precious metals. Class\\n111. Iron and steel in the pig, ingot and bar, plates and sheets, with\\nspecimens of slags, fluxes, residues and products of working. Class 112.\\nCopper in ingots, bars and rolled, with specimens illustrating its various\\nstages of production. Class 113. Lead, zinc, antimony and other metals,\\nthe result of extractive processes. Class 114. Alloys used as materials,\\nbrass, nickel, silver, solder, etc.\\nMine Engineering Models, Maps and Sections. Class\\n120. Surface and underground surveying and plotting. Projection of\\nunderground work, location of shafts, tunnels, etc. Surveys for aque-\\nducts and for drainage. Boring and drilling rocks, shafts and tunnels,\\netc. surveys for aqueducts and for ascertaining the nature and extent of\\nmineral deposits. Construction. Sinking and lining shafts by various\\nmethods, driving and timbering tunnels, and the general operations of\\nopening, stoping and breaking down ore, timbering, lagging and masonry.\\nHoisting and delivering at the surface, rock, ore or miners. Pumping\\nand draining by engines, buckets or by adits. Ventilation and lighting.\\nSubaqueous mining, blasting, etc. Hydraulic mining, and the various\\nprocesses and methods of sluicing and washing auriferous gravel and other\\nsuperficial deposits. Quarrying. Class 121. Models of mines, of veins,\\netc\\nDEPARTMENT II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MANUFACTURES.\\nClieniical. Class 200. Chemicals, pharmaceutical preparations.\\nMineral acids and the methods of manufacture sulphuric, nitric and hy-\\ndrochloric acids. The common commercial alkalies, potash, soda and am-\\nmonia, with their carbonates. Salt and its production salt from deposits\\nnative salt salt by solar evaporation from sea-water salt by evaporation\\nfrom water of saline springs or wells rock-salt ground and table salt.\\nBleaching powders and chloride of lime. Yeast powders, baking powders.\\nClass 201. Oils, soaps, candles, illuminating and other gases; oils from min-\\neral, animal and vegetable sources; refined petroleum, benzine, naphtha and\\nother products of the manufacture oils from various seeds, refined, and of\\nvarious degrees of purity; olive oil, cotton-seed oil, palm oil; animal oils\\nof various kinds in their refined state oils prepared for special purposes\\nbesides lighting and for food lubricating oils. Soaps and detergent\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2preparations. Candles, stearine, glycerine, paraffine, etc., spermaceti. Il-\\nluminating gas and its manufacture. Oxygen gas and its application for\\nheating, lighting, metallurgy, and as a remedial agent. Chlorine and\\ncarbonic acid. Class 202. Paints, pigments, dyes, colors, turpentine, var-\\nnishes, printing inks, writing inks, blacking. Class 203. Flavoring ex-\\ntrActs, essence^, perfumery, pomades, cosmetics. Class 204. Explosive", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0852.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 855\\nand falmiuating corapoimds, in small quantities only, and under special\\nregulations, shown in the building only by empty cases and cartridges\\nblack powder of various grades and sizes nitro-glyceriue and the methods\\nof using and exploding giant powder, dynamite, dualin, tri-nitro-glyc-\\nerine. Class 205. Pyrotechnics for display, signaling, missiles.\\nCeramics Pottery, Porcelain, etc. Class 206. Bricks,\\ndrain-tiles, terra cotta and architectural pottery. Glass 207. Fire-clay\\ngoods, crucibles, pots, furnaces chemical stoneware. Class 208. Tiles,\\nplain, enamelled, encaustic; geometric tiles and mosaics; tiles for pave-\\nments and for roofing, etc. Class 209. Porcelain for purposes of con-\\nstruction; hardware trimmings, etc. Class 210. Stone china, for chem-\\nists, druggists, etc.; earthenware, stoneware, faience, etc. Class 211.\\nMajolica and Palissy ware. Class 212. Biscuit-ware, parian, etc. Class\\n213. Porcelain for table and toilet use, and for decoration.\\nGlass and Grlass^vare. Class 214. Glass used in construction\\nand for mirrors. Window-glass of various grades of quality and size\\nplate-glass, rough and ground or polished; toughened glass. Class 215.\\nChemical and pharmaceutical glassware, vials, bottles. Class 216. Dec-\\norative glassware.\\nFurniture and Objects of general Use in Construc-\\ntion and in Dwelling s. Class 217. Heavy furniture chairs, tables^\\nparlor and chamber suits, office and library furniture vestibule furniture,\\nchurch furniture and decoration. Class 218. Table furniture glass, china,\\nsilver, silver-plate, tea and coffee sets, urns, samovars, epergnes. Class 219.\\nMirrors, stained and enamelled glass, cut and engraved window-glass and\\nother decorative objects. Class 220. Gilt cornices, brackets, picture-frames,\\netc. Class 221. The nursery and its accessoi ies children s chairs, walk-\\ning-chairs. Class 222. Apparatus and fixtures for heating and cooking\\nstoves, ranges, heaters, etc. Class 223. Apparatus for lighting gas-fix-\\ntures, lamps, etc. Class 224. Kitchen and pantry utensils, tinware and\\napparatus used in cooking (exclusive of cutlery). Class 225. Laundry\\nappliances, washing-machines, mangles, clothes- wringei s, clothes-bars, iron-\\ning-tables. Class 226. Bath-room and water-closet, shoAver-bath, earth-\\ncloset. Class 227. Manufactured parts of buildings sash, blinds, man-\\ntels, metal work, etc.\\nYarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral\\nMaterials. Class 228. Woven fabrics of mineral origin Wire cloths,\\nsieve-cloth, wire screens, bolting cloth. Asbestos fibre, spun and woven,\\nwith the clothing manufactured from it. Glass thread, floss and fabrics.\\nClass 229. Coarse fabrics of grass, rattan, cocoa-nut and bark. Mattings,\\nChinese, Japanese, palm-leaf, grass and rushes. Floor-cloths of rattan and\\ncocoa-nut fibre, aloe fibre, etc. Class 230. Cotton yarns and fabrics,\\nbleached and unbleached. Cotton sheeting and shirting, plain and twilled.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0853.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "856 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nCotton canvas and duck awnings, tents. Class 231. Dyed cotton fabrics,\\nexclusive of prints and calicoes. Class 232. Cotton prints and calicoes,\\nincluding handkerchiefs, scarfs, etc. Class 233, Linen and other vege-\\ntable fabrics, uncolored or dyed. Class 234. Floor oil-cloths and other\\npainted and enamelled tissues, and imitation of leather, with a woven base.\\nWoven and Felted Goods of Wool and Mixtures of\\nWool. Class 235. Card- wool fabrics yarns, broadcloth, doeskins,\\nfancy cassimeres felted goods. Class 236. Flannels; plain flannels, do-\\nmets, opera and fancy. Class 237. Blankets, robes and shawls. Class\\n238. Combined wool fabrics worsteds, yarns, dress goods for women s\\nwear, delaines, serges, poplins, menuoes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Class 239. Carpets, rugs, etc.\\nBrussels, melton, tapestry, tapestry brussels, axminster, Venetian, ingrain,\\nfelted carpetiugs, druggets, rugs, etc. Class 240. Hair, alpaca, goat s hair,\\ncamel s hair and other fabrics, mixed or unmixed with wool. Class 241.\\nPrinted and embossed woollen cloths, table-covers, patent velvets.\\nSilk and Silk Fabrics, and Mixtures in which Silk is\\nthe predominating Material. Class 242. Cocoons and raw silk\\nas reeled from the cocoon, thrown or twisted silks in the gum. Class 243.\\nThrown or twisted silks, boiled ofi or dyed, in hanks, skeins or on spools.\\nClass 244. Spun silk yarns and fabrics, and the materials from which\\nthey are made. Class 245. Plain woven silks, lutestrings, sarsnets, satins,\\nserges, foulards, tissues for hat and millinery purposes, etc. Class 246.\\nFigured silk piece-goods, woven or printed; upholstery silks, etc. Class\\n247. Crapes, velvets, gauzes, cravats, handkerchiefs, hosiery, knit goods,\\nlaces, scarfs, ties, veils, all descriptions of cut and made up silks. Class\\n248. Ribbons, plain, fancy and velvet. Class 249. Bindings, braids, cords,\\ngalloons, ladies dress- trimmings, upholsterers tailors military and miscel-\\nlaneous trimmings.\\nClothing, Jewelry and Ornaments, Travelling Equip-\\nments. Class 250. Ready-made clothing, knit goods and hosiery, mili-\\ntary clothing, church vestments, costumes, waterproof clothing and cloth-\\ning for special objects. Class 251. Hats, caps, boots and shoes, gloves,\\nmittens, etc., straw and palm-leaf hats, bonnets and millinery. Class 252.\\nLaces, embroideries and trimmings, for clothing, furniture and carriages.\\nClass 253. Jewelry and ornaments worn upon the person. Class 254. Ar-\\ntificial flowers, coiflTures, buttons, trimmings, pins, hooks and eyes, fans,\\numbrellas, sun-shades, walking-canes, pipes and small objects of dress or\\nadornment, exclusive of jewelry; toys and fancy articles. Class 255.\\nFancy leather work, pocket-books, toilet-cases, travelling equipments, va-\\nlises and trunks. Class 256, Furs. Class 257. Historical collections of\\ncostumes, national costumes.\\nPaper, Blank Books and Stationery. Class 258. Station-\\nery for the desk, stationers articles, pens, pencils, inkstands and other ap-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0854.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 857\\nparatus of writing and drawing. Class 259. Writing-paper and envelopes,\\nblank-book paper, bond-paper, tracing-paper, tracing-linen, tissue-paper,\\netc., etc. Class 260. Printing-paper for books, newspapers, etc. Wrap-\\nping-paper of all grades, cartridge and manilla paper, paper bags. Glass\\n261, Blank-books; sets of account-books, specimens of ruling and binding,\\nincluding blanks, billheads, etc., book-binding. Class 262. Cards, playing-\\ncards, card-board, binders board, pasteboard, paper or card-board boxes.\\nClass 263. Building-paper, pasteboard for walls, cane-fibre felt for car-\\nwheels, ornaments, etc. Class 264, Wall-papers, enamelled and colored\\npapers, imitations of leather, wood, etc.\\nMilitary and Naval Armaments, Ordnance, Fire-\\narms and Hunting Apparatus. Class 265, Military small-\\narms, muskets, pistols and magazine-guns, with their ammunition, Class\\n266. Light artillery, compound guns, machine-guns, mitrailleuses, etc.\\nClass 267. Heavy ordnance and its accessories. Class 268. Knives, swords,\\nspears and dirks. Class 269. Firearms used for sporting and hunting;\\nalso other implements for the same purpose. Class 270, Traps for game,\\nbirds, vermin, etc.\\nMedicine, Surgery, Pro thesis. Class 272. Medicines; offi-\\ncinal (in any authoritative pharmacopoeia), articles of the materia medica,\\npreparations, unofficinal. Class 273. Dietetic preparations, as beef extract\\nand other articles intended especially for the sick. Class 274. Pharma-\\nceutical apparatus. Class 275. Instruments for physical diagnosis, clinical\\nthermometers, stethoscopes, ophthalmoscopes, etc. (except clinical micro-\\nscopes, etc, for which see Class 324). Class 276. Surgical instruments\\nand appliances, with dressings, apparatus for deformities, prothesis, obstet-\\nrical instruments. Class 277. Dental instruments and appliances. Class\\n278. Vehicles and appliances for the transportation of the sick and\\nwounded, during peace and war, on shore or at sea.\\nHardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery and Metallic Prod-\\nucts. Class 280. Hand tools and instruments used by carpenters, join-\\ners, and for wood and stone in general miscellaneous hand tools used in\\nindustries, such as jewellers engravers Class 281. Cutlery, knives, pen-\\nknives, scissors, razors, razor-straps, skates and implements sold by cutlers.\\nClass 282, Emery and sand paper, polishing powders, polishing and\\nburnishing stones. Class 283. Metal hollow-ware, ornamental castings.\\nClass 284, Hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and imple-\\nments spikes, nails, screws, tacks, bolts, locks, latches, hinges, pulleys\\nplumbers and gas fitters hardware, furniture fittings, ships hardware,\\nsaddlers hardware, and harness fittings and trimmings.\\nFabrics of Vegetable, Animal or Mineral Materials.\\nClass 285, India rubber goods and manufactures. Class 286. Brushes.\\n-r\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Class 287. Ropes, cordage. Class 288. Flags, insignia, emblems.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0855.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "858 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nClass 289. Wooden and basket ware, papier mache. Class 290. Under-\\ntakers furnishing goods, caskets, coffins, etc. Class 291. Galvanized iron\\nwork.\\nCarriages, Vehicles and Accessories. (For farm vehicles\\nand railway carriages see Departments of Agriculture and Machinery.)\\nClass 292. Pleasure carriages. Class 293. Travelling carriages, coaches,\\nstages, omnibuses, hearses bath-chairs, velocipedes, baby carriages. Class\\n294. Vehicles for movement of goods and heavy objects, carts, wagons,\\ntrucks. Class 295. Sleighs, sledges, sleds, etc. Class 296. Carriage and\\nhorse furniture, harness and saddlery, whips, spurs, horse blankets, car-\\nriage robes, rugs, etc.\\nDEPARTMENT III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.\\nEducational Systems, Methods and Libraries. Class\\n300. Elementary instruction infant schools and kindergartens, arrange-\\nments, furniture, appliances and modes of training. Public schools, graded\\nschools, buildings and grounds, equipments, courses of study, methods of\\ninstruction, text books, apparatus, including maps, charts, globes, etc. pu-\\npils work, including drawing and penmanship provisions for physical\\ntraining. Class 301. Higher education; academies and high schools;\\ncolleges and universities buildings and grounds, libraries, museums of\\nzoology, botany, mineralogy, art and archaeology, apparatus for illustration\\nand research, mathematical, physical, chemical and astronomical courses\\nof study, text books, catalogues, libraries and gymnasiums. Class 302.\\nProfessional schools, theology, law, medicine and surgery, dentistry, phar-\\nmacy, mining, engineering, agriculture and mechanical arts, art and design,\\nmilitary schools, naval schools, normal schools, commercial schools, music.\\nBuildings, text books, libraries, apparatus, methods and other accessories\\nfor professional schools. Class 303. Institutions for instruction of the\\nblind, deaf and dumb, and the feeble-minded. Class 304. Education re-\\nports and statistics. National bureau of education. State, city and town\\nsystems. College, university and professional systems. Class 305. Libra-\\nries, history, reports, statistics and catalogues. Class 306. School and text\\nbooks, dictionaries, encyclopsedias, gazetteers, directories, index volumes,\\nbibliographies, catalogues, almanacs, special treatises, general and miscella-\\nneous literature, newspapers, technical and special newspapers and journals,\\nillustrated papers, periodical literature.\\nInstitutions and Organizations. Class 310. Institutions\\nfounded for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, such as the Smithso-\\nnian Institution, the Royal Institution, the Institute of France, British\\nAssociation for the Advancement of Science, and the American Associa-\\ntion, etc., their organization, history and results. Class 311. Learned and\\nscientific associations geological and mineralogical societies, etc. engi-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0856.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 859\\nneering, technical and professional associations Artistic, biological, zoolog-\\nical, medical schools, astronomical observatories. Class 312. Museums,\\ncollections, art galleries, exhibitions of works of art and industry. Agri-\\ncultural fairs, State and county exhibitions, national exhibitions, interna-\\ntional exhibitions. Scientific museums and art museums. Ethnological\\nand archaeological collections. Class 313. Music and the drama.\\nScientific and Philosophical Instrninents and Meth-\\nods. Class 320. Instruments of precision, and apparatus of physical\\nresearch, experiment and illustration. Astronomical instruments and ac-\\ncessories used in observatories. Transits, mural circles, equatorials, colli-\\nmators. Geodetic and surveying instruments, transits, theodolites, needle\\ncompasses instruments for surveying underground in mines, tunnels and\\nexcavations. Nautical astronomical instruments sextants, quadi ants,\\nrepeating circles, dip-sectors. Levelling instruments and apparatus car-\\npenters and builders levels, hand levels, water levels, engineers levels.\\nInstruments for deep-sea sounding and hydrographic surveying. Meteor-\\nological instruments and apparatus. Thermometers, pyrometers, barom-\\neters, hygrometers and rain gauges, maps, bulletins, blanks for reports,\\nmethods of recording, reducing and reporting observations. Class 321.\\nIndicating and registering apparatus other than meteorological, mechani-\\ncal calculation. Viameters, pedometers, jierambulators. Gas meters.\\nWater meters, current meters, ships logs, electrical logs. Tide registei s.\\nApparatus for printing consecutive numbers. Counting machines, calcu-\\nlating engines, arithmometers. Class 322. Weights, measures, weighing\\nand metrological apparatus. Measures of length graduated scales on\\nwood, metal, ivory, tape or ribbon, steel tapes, chains, rods, verniers, rods\\nand graduated scales for measuring lumber, goods in packages, casks, etc.,\\ngangers tools and methods. Measures of capacity for solids and liquids.\\nWeights scales and graduated beams for weighing, assay balances, chem-\\nical balances. Ordinary scales for heavy weights weighing locomotives\\nand trains of cars postal balances hydrometers, alcodmeters, lacto-\\nmeters, etc.; gravimeters. C7\u00c2\u00abss 323. Chronoraetric apparatus; chro-\\nnometers, astronomical clocks, church and metrojiolitan clocks, ordinary\\ncommercial clocks, pendulum and spring clocks, marine clocks, watches,\\nclepsydras, hour-glasses, sun-dials chronographs, electrical clocks metro-\\nnomes. Class 324. Optical and thermotic instruments and apparatus.\\nMirrors, plane and spherical. Lenses and prisms. Spectacles and eye-\\nglasses, field- and opera-glasses, graphoscopes and stereoscopes. Cameras\\nand photographic apparatus. Microscopes telescopes. Apparatus for\\nartificial illumination, including electric, oxyhydrogen and magnesium\\nlight. Stereopticons. Photometric apparatus. Spectroscopes and acces-\\nsories for spectrum analysis. Polariscopes, etc. Thermotic apparatus.\\nClass 325. Electrical apparatus. Friction machines. Condensers and", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0857.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "860 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nmisoellaneous apparatus to illustrate the discharge. Galvanic batteries\\nand accessories to illustrate dynamical electricity. Electro-magnetic ap-\\nparatus. Induction machines, Rumkorff coils, etc. Magnets and mag-\\nneto-electrical apparatus. Class 326. Telegraphic instruments and\\nmethods. Batteries and forms of apparatus used in generating the elec-\\ntrical currents for telegraphic purposes. Conductors and insulators, and\\nmethods of support, marine telegraph cables. Apparatus of transmission\\nkeys, office accessories and apparatus. Receiving instruments, relay mag-\\nnets, local circuits. Semaphoric and recording instruments. Codes, signs\\nor signals. Printing telegraphs for special uses. Electrographs. Dial\\nor cadran systems. Apparatus for automatic transmission. Class 327.\\nMusical instruments and acoustic apparatus. Percussion instruments,\\ndrums, tamborines, cymbals, triangles. Pianos. Stringed instruments\\nother than pianos. Automatic musical instruments, music-boxes. Wind\\ninstruments of metal and of wood. Harmoniums. Church organs and\\nsimilar instruments. Speaking machines. Vocal music.\\nEngineering, Architecture, Charts, Maps and Graphic\\nRepresentations. (For Agricultural Engineering, see Class 680 for\\nMining Engineering, see Class 120.) Class 380. Civil engineering; land\\nsurveying, public lands, etc. river, harbor and coast surveying construc-\\ntion and maintenance of roads, streets, pavements, etc. surveys and loca-\\ntion of towns and cities, with systems of water supply and drainage\\narched bridges of metal, stone, brick or beton trussed girder bridges\\nsuspension bridges canals, aqueducts, reservoirs, construction of dams\\nhydraulic engineering and means of arresting and controlling the JBiow of\\nwater. Submarine constructions, foundations, piers, docks, etc. Class 331.\\nDynamic and industrial engineering; construction and working of ma-\\nchines examples of planning and construction of manufacturing and\\nmetallurgical establishments. Class 332. Railway engineering; location\\nof railways, and the construction and management of railways. Class\\n333. Military engineering. Class 334. Naval engineering. Class 335.\\nTopograpical maps marine and coast charts. Geological maps and sec-\\ntions. Botanical, agronomical and other maps, showing the extent and\\ndistribution of men, animals and terrestrial products physical maps.\\nMeteorological maps and bulletins telegraphic routes and stations rail-\\nway and route maps terrestrial and celestial globes relief maps and\\nmodels of portions of the earth s surface; profiles of ocean beds and\\nroutes of submarine cables.\\nPhysical, Social and Moral Condition of Man,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Class\\n340. Physical development and condition. The nursery and its accessories.\\nGymnasiums, games and manly sports skating, walking, climbing, ball-\\nplaying, acrobatic exercises, rowing, hunting, etc. Class 341. Alimenta-\\ntion; markets, preparation and distribution of food. Class 342. The", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0858.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 861\\ndwelling sanitary conditions and regulations domestic architecture.\\nDwellings characterized by cheapness, combined with the conditions essen-\\ntial to health and comfort. Fireproof structures. Hotels, club-houses,\\netc. Public baths. Class 343. Commercial systems and appliances. Mer-\\ncantile forms and methods, counting-houses and offices. Banks and bank-\\ning. Saving and trust institutions. Insurance, fire, marine, life, etc.\\nCommercial organizations, boards of trade, merchants, produce and stock\\nexchanges. Corporations for commercial and manufacturing purposes.\\nRailway and other transportation companies. Building and loan associa-\\ntions. Class 344. Money. Mints and coining. Collections of current\\ncoins. Historical collections. Tokens, etc. Bank notes and other paper\\ncirculating mediums. Commercial paper, bills of exchange, etc. Securi-\\nties for payment of money, stocks, bonds, mortgages, ground rents, quit\\nrents. Precautions against counterfeiting and misappropriation of money.\\nClass 345. Government and law. Various systems of government. De-\\npartments of government revenue and taxation, military organization,\\nexecutive powers, legislative forms and authority, judicial functions and\\nsystems, police regulations, government charities. International relations;\\ninternational law diplomatic and consular service, etc., allegiance and\\ncitizenship naturalization. Codes. Municipal government. Protection\\nof property in inventions. Postal system and appliances. Punishment\\nof crime. Prisons and prison management and discipline, police staticyns,\\nhouses of correction, reform schools, naval or marine discipline, punish-\\nment at sea. Class 346. Benevolence. General hospitals. Special hos-\\npitals for the eye and ear, for women, etc. Hospitals for contagious and\\ninfectious diseases. Hospitals for the insane, under State control, and pri-\\nvate asylums. Quarantine systems and organizations. Sanitary regula-\\ntions of cities. Dispensaries. Inebriate asylums. Lying-in asylums.\\nMagdalen asylums. Asylums for infants and children. Foundling and\\norphan asylums, children s aid societies. Homes for the aged and infirm,\\nhomes for aged men and women, soldiers homes, homes for the maimed\\nand deformed, sailors homes. Treatment of paupers. Almshouses, feed-\\ning the poor, lodging houses. Emigrant aid societies. Treatment of abo-\\nrigines. Prevention of cruelty to animals. Class 347. Co-operative asso-\\nciations. Political societies and organizations. Military organizations\\nand orders. Trade unions and associations. Industrial organizations.\\nSecret orders and fraternities. Class 348. Religious organizations and\\nsystems origin, nature, growth and extent of various religious systems\\nand faiths statistical, historical and other facts. Religious orders and\\nsocieties and their objects. Societies and organizations for the propagation\\nof systems of religion by missionary effort. Spreading the knowledge of\\nreligious systems by publications. Bible societies, tract societies, col port-\\nage. Systems and methods of religious instruction and training for the", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0859.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "862 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nyoung. Sunday-schools, furniture and apparatus. Associations for relig-\\nious or moral improvement. Dispensing charities, church guilds. Class\\n349. Art and industrial exhibitions; agricultural fairs, State and county\\nexhibitions, national exhibitions, international exhibitions, international\\ncongresses, etc.\\nDEPARTMENT IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ART.\\nSculpture. Class 400. Figures and groups in stone, metal, clay or\\nplaster. Class 401. Bas-reliefs in stone or metal; electrotype copies.\\nClass 402. Medals, pressed and engraved; electrotypes of medals. Class\\n403. Hammered and wrought work, repousse and rehausse work, embossed\\nand engraved relief work. Class 404. Cameos, intaglios, engraved stones,\\ndies, seals, etc. Class 405. Carvings in wood, ivory and metal.\\nPainting. Class 410. Paintings in oil on canvas, panels, etc. Class\\n411. Water-color pictures, aquarelles, miniatures, etc. Class 412. Fres-\\ncoes, cartoons for frescoes, etc. Class 413. Painting with vitrifiable colors.\\nPictures on porcelain, enamel and metal.\\nEngraving and Lithograpliy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cfess 420. Drawings with\\npen, pencil or crayons. Class 421. Line engravings from steel, copper or\\nstone. Class 422. Wood engravings. Class 423. Lithographs, zinco-\\ngraphs, etc. Class 424. Chromo-lithographs.\\nPliotograpliy. Class 430. Photographs on paper, metal, glass,\\nwood, fabrics or enamel surfaces. Class 431. Prints from photo-relief\\nplates, carbon-prints, etc. Class 432. Photo-lithographs, etc.\\nIndustrial and Architectural Designs, Models and\\nDecorations. Class 440. Industrial designs. Class 441. Architec-\\ntural designs studies and fragments, representations and projects of edi-\\nfices, restorations from ruins and from documents. Class A4t2. Decoration\\nof interiors of buildings. Class 443. Artistic hardware and trimmings,\\nartistic castings, forged metal work for decoration, etc.\\nDecoration with Ceramic and Vitreous Materials;\\nMosaic and Inlaid Work. Class 450. Mosaic and inlaid work in\\nstone. Class 451. Mosaic and inlaid work in tiles, tessarse, glass, etc.\\nClass 452. Inlaid work in wood and metal, parquetry, inlaid floors, tables,\\netc. Class 453. Stained glass. Class 454. Miscellaneous objects of art.\\nDEPARTMENT V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MACHINERY.\\nMachines, Tools and Apxjaratus of Mining, Metal-\\nlurgy, Chemistry and the Extractive Arts. Class 500.\\nRock drilling. Class 501. Well and shaft boring. Class 502. Machines,\\napparatus and implements for coal cutting. Class 503. Hoisting machi-\\nnery and accessories. Class 504. Pumping, draining and ventilating.\\nClass 605. Crushing, grinding, sorting and dressing breakers, stamps,\\nmills, pans, screens, sieves, jigs, concentrators. Class 506. Furnaces, smelt-", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0860.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 863\\niug apparatus and accessories. Class 507. Machinery used in Bessemer\\nprocess. Glass 508. Chemical raanufiicturiug machinery. Electroplating.\\nClass 509. Gas machinery and apparatus.\\nMachines and Tools for Working Metal, Wood and\\nStone. Class 510. Planing, sa^aug, veneering, grooving, mortising,\\ntouguing, cutting, moulding, stamping, carving and cask-making machines,\\netc., cork-cutting machines. Class 511. Direct acting steam sawing ma-\\nchines with gang saws. Class 512. Rolling mills, bloom squeezers, blowing\\nfans. Class 513. Furnaces and apparatus for casting metals, with speci-\\nmens of work. Class 514. Steam-, trip- and other hammers, with specimens\\nof work, anvils, forges. Glass 515. Planing, drilling, slotting, turning,\\nshaping, punching, stamping and cutting machines. Wheel cutting and\\ndividing machines, emery wheels, drills, taps, gauges, dies, etc. Class 516.\\nStone-sawing and planing machines, dressing, shaping and polishing, sand\\nblasts, Tilghman s machines, glass-grinding machines, etc. Glass 517. Brick,\\npottery and tile machines. Machines for making artificial stone. Class\\n518. Furnaces, moulds, blow-pipes, etc., for making glass and glass-ware.\\nMachines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving-,\\nFelting and Ptiper-^Iaking. Class 520. Machines for the man-\\nufacture of silk goods. Glass 521. Machines for the manufacture of cot-\\nton goods. Class 522. Machines for the manufacture of woollen gopds.\\nClass 523. Machines for the manufiicture of linen goods. Class 524. Ma-\\nchines for the manufacture of rope and twine, and miscellaneous fibrous\\nmaterials. Glass 525. Machines for the manufacture of paper, and felting.\\nClass 526. Machines for the manufacture of India-rubber goods. Glass\\n527. Machines for the manufacture of mixed fabrics.\\nMachines, Apparatns and Implements used in Sew-\\ning and Making Clothing and Ornamental Objects.\\nClass 530. Machines used in the manufacture of tapestry, including car-\\npets, lace, floor-cloth, fancy embroidery, etc. Class 531. Sewing and knit-\\nting machines, clothes-making machines. Class 532. Machines for pre-\\nparing and working leather. Glass 533. Machines for making boots and\\nshoes. Class 534. Machines for ironing, drying and scouring. Glass 535.\\nMachines for making clocks and watches. Glass 536. Machines for mak-\\ning jewelry. Glass 537. Machines for making buttons, pins, needles, etc.\\nMachines and Apparatns for Type-setting, Printing,\\nStamping, Embossing, and for Making Books and\\nPaper- working. Class 540. Printing presses. Glass 541. Type-\\ncasting machines, apparatus of stereotyping. Glass 542. Types and type-\\nsetting machines, type-writing machines. Class 543, Printers furniture.\\nClass 544. Book-binding machines. Class 545. Paper-folding machines.\\nGlass 546. Paper- and card-cutting machines, Class 547, Envelope\\nmachines.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0861.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "864 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nMotors and Ai paratus for the Generation and\\nTransmission of Power. Class 550. Boilers and all steam- or\\ngas-geuerating apparatus for motive purposes. Class 551. Water-wheels,\\nwater-engines, hydraulic rams, wind-mills. Class 552. Steam-, air- or gas-\\nengines, electro-magnetic engines. Class 553. Apparatus for the trans-\\nmission of power, shafting, belting, cables, transmission of power by com-\\npressed air, etc., gearing, cables. Class 554. Screw-propellers, wheels for\\nthe propulsion of vessels, and other motors. Class 555. Implements and\\napparatus used in connection with motors, steam gauges, manometers, etc.\\nHydraulic and Pnenniatic Ai paratus, Pumping,\\nHoisting and Lifting. Class 560. Pumps and apparatus for lifting\\nand moving liquids. Class 561. Pumps and apparatus for moving and\\ncompressing air or gas. Class 562. Pumps and blowing engines, blowers\\nand ventilating apparatus. Class 563. Hydraulic jacks, presses, elevators,\\nlifts, meters, cranes. Class 564. Fire engines, hand, steam or chemical,\\nand fire-extinguishing apparatus, hose, ladders, fire-escapes, etc. Class\\n565. Beer engines, soda-water machines, bottling apparatus, corking ma-\\nchines. Class 566. Stop-valves, cocks, pipes, etc. Class 567. Diving\\napparatus and machinery. Class 568. Ice machines.\\nRailway Plant, Rolling Stock and Apparatus. Class\\n570. Locomotives, models, drawings, plans, etc. Class 571. Carriages,\\nwagons, trucks, cars, etc. Class 572. Brakes, buffers, couplings and snow-\\nploughs. Class 573. Wheels, tires, axles, bearings, springs, etc. Class\\n574. Permanent ways, ties, chairs, switches, etc. Class 575. Station ar-\\nrangements, signals, water-cranes, turn-tables. Class 576. Miscellaneous\\nlocomotive attachments. Class 577. Street railways and cars.\\nMachines used in Preparing Agricultural Products.\\nClass 580. Flour mills. Class 581. Sugar-refining machines. Class\\n582. Confectioners machinery. Class 583. Oil-making machinery. Class\\n584. Tobacco-manufacturing machines. Class 585. Mills for spices, coffee,\\netc.\\nAerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation. Class\\n590. Suspended-cable railways. Class 591. Transporting cables. Class\\n592. Balloons, flying-machines, etc. Class 593. Pneumatic railways, pneu-\\nmatic despatch. Class 594. Boats and sailing vessels sailing vessels used\\nin commerce, sailing vessels used in war yacht^ and pleasure-boats row-\\ning boats of all kinds life-boats and salvage apparatus, with life-rafts,\\nbelts, etc. submarine armor, diving-bells, etc. ice boats. Class 595.\\nSteamships, steamboats and all vessels propelled by steam. Class 596.\\nVessels for carrying telegraph cables and railway trains, also coal barges,\\nwater boats and dredging machines, screw- and floating-docks, and for\\nother special purposes. Class 597. Steam capstans, windlass, deck-winches\\nand steering apparatus, fans.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0862.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "SYSTE3f OF CLASSIFICATION. 865\\nMachinery and Api^aratus Especially Adapted to the\\nRequirements of the Exhibition. Boilers, engines, craues,\\npumps, etc.\\nDEPARTMENT VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AGRICULTURE.\\nArboriculture and Forest Products. Class 600. Timber\\nand trunks of trees, entire or in transverse or truncated sections, with\\nspecimens of barks, leaves, flowers, seed vessels and seed. Masts, spars,\\nknees, longitudinal sections of trees, railway ties, ship timber, lumber\\nroughly sawn, as planks, shingles, laths and staves. Timber and lumber\\nprepared in various ways to resist decay and combustion as by injection\\nof salts of copper and zinc. Class 601. Ornamental woods used in decor-\\nating and for furniture, as veneers of mahogany, rosewood, ebony, walnut,\\nmaple and Madroua. Class 602. Dye-woods, barks and galls for coloring\\nand tanning. Cla^ss 603. Gums, resins, caoutchouc, gutta percha, vegeta-\\nble wax. Class 604. Lichens, mosses, fungi, pulu, ferns. -Class 605.\\nSeeds, nuts, etc., for food and ornamental purposes. Class 606. Forestry.\\nIllustrations of the art of planting, managing and protecting forests\\nstatistics.\\nPomology. Class 610. Fruits of temperate and semi-tropical re-\\ngions, as apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, grapes,\\ncherries, strawberries and melons. Class 611. Tropical fruits and nuts,\\noranges, bananas, plantains, lemons, pine-apples, pomegranates, figs, cocoa-\\nnuts.\\nAgricultural Products. Class 620. Cereals, grasses and forage\\nplants. Class 621. Leguminous plants and esculent vegetables. Class\\n622. Roots and tubers. Class 623. Tobacco, hops, tea, coffee and spices.\\nClass 624. Seeds and seed vessels.\\nLand Animals. Class 630. Horses, asses, mules. Class 631.\\nHorned cattle. Class 632. Sheep. Class 633. Goats, alpaca, llama,\\ncamel. Class 634. Swine. Class 635. Poultry and birds. Class 636.\\nDogs and cats. Clctss 637. Wild animals. Class 638. Insects, useful and\\ninjurious honey bees, cochineal, silkworms.\\nMarine Animals, Fish Culture and Api)aratus. Class\\n640. Marine animals. Seals, cetaceans, etc., specimens living in aquaria,\\nor stuffed, salted, preserved in alcohol or otherwise. Class 641. Fishes,\\nliving or preserved. Class 642. Pickled fish and parts of fish used for\\nfood. Class 643. Crustaceans, echiuoderras, beche de mer. Class 644.\\nMollusks, oysters, clams, etc., used for food. Class 645. Shells, oorals and\\npearls. Class 646. Whalebone, shagreen, fish glue, isinglass, sounds, fish-\\noil. Class 647. Instruments and apparatus of fishing, nets, baskets, hooks\\nand other apparatus used in catching fish. Class 648. Fish culture.\\nAquaria, hatching pools, vessels for transporting roe and spawn, and other\\napparatus used in breeding, culture or preservation.\\n55", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0863.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "S66 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nAnimal and Vegetable Products. (Used as food or as mate-\\nrials.) Class 650. Sponges, sea-weed and other growths used for food or in\\nthe arts, Class 651. The dairy. Milk, cream, butter, cheese. Class 652.\\nHides, furs and leather, tallow, oil and lard, ivory, bone, horn, glue.\\nClass 653. Eggs, feathers, down. Class 654. Honey and wax. Class 655.\\nAnimal perfumes, as musk, civet, ambergris. Class 656. Preserved meats,\\nvegetables and fruits, dried or in cans or jars meat and vegetable ex-\\ntracts. Class 657. Flour, crushed and ground cereals, decorticated grains.\\nClass 658. Starch and similar products. Class 659. Sugar and syrups.\\nClass 660. Wines, alochol and malt liquors. Class 661. Bread, biscuits,\\ncrackers and cakes. Class 662. Vegetable oils.\\nTextile Substances of Vegetable or Animal Origin.\\nClass 665. Cotton on the stem, in the boll, ginned and baled. Class 666.\\nHemp, flax, jute, ramie, etc., in primitive forms and in all stages of prep-\\naration for spinning. Class 667. Wool in the fleece, carded and in bales.\\nClass 668. Silk in the cocoon and reeled. Class 669. Hair, bristles.\\nMachines, Implements and Processes of Manufac-\\nture. Class 670. Tillage. Manual implements, spades, hoes, rakes.\\nAnimal-power machinery, ploughs, cultivators, horse-hoes, clod-crushers,\\nrollers, harrows. Steam-power machinery, ploughs, breakers, harrows,\\ncultivators. Class 671. Planting. Manual implements, corn-planters\\nand hand-drills. Animal-power machinery, grain- and manure-drills,\\ncorn- and cotton-planters steam-power machinery, grain- and manure-\\ndrills. Class 672. Harvesting. Manual implements, grain-cradles,\\nsickles, reaping-hooks animal-power machinery, reapers and headers\\nmowers, tedders, rakes, hay-elevators and hay-loaders. Potato diggers.\\nClass 673. Preparatory to marketing. Thrashers, clover-hullers,\\ncorn-shell ers, winnowers, hay, cotton, wine, oil- and sugar-making\\napparatus. Class 674. Applicable to farm economy. Portable and sta-\\ntionary engines, chaflTers, hay- and feed-cutters, slicers, pulpers, corn-mills,\\nfarm boilers and steamers, incubators. Class 675. Dairy fittings and ap-\\npliances. Churns for hand and jiower, butter-workers, cans and pails,\\ncheese -presses, vats and apparatus.\\nAgricultural Engineering and Administration. Class\\n680. Laying out and improving farms. Clearing (stump-extractors),\\nconstruction of roads, draining, irrigating, models of fences, gates, drains,\\nout-falls, dams, embankments, irrigating machinery, stack building and\\nthatching. Class 681. Commercial fertilizers, phosphatic, ammoniacal,\\ncalcareous, etc. Class 682. Transportation. Wagons, carts, sleds, har-\\nness, yokes, traction engines, and apparatus for road-making and excavat-\\ning. Class 683, Farm buildings. Models and drawings of farm-houses\\nand tenements, barns, stables, hop-houses, fruit-driers, ice-houses, windmills,\\ngranaries, barracks, apiaries, cocooneries, aviaries, abattoirs and dairies.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0864.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "SYSTE]\\\\[ OF CLASSIFICATION. 867\\nTillage and General Management. Class 690. Systems of\\nplanting and cultivation. Class 691. Systems of draining and application\\nof manures. Class 692. Systems of breeding and stock feeding.\\nDEPARTMENT VII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094HORTICULTURE.\\nOrnamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. Class 700. Or-\\nnamental trees and shrubs, evergreens. Class 701. Herbaceous perennial\\nplants. Class 702. Bulbous and tuberous-rooted plants. Class 703. Dec-\\norative and ornamental foliage plants. Class 704. Annuals and other\\nsoft-wooded plants, to be exhibited in successive periods during the season.\\nClass 705. Roses. Class 706. Cactacea. Class 707. Ferns, their man-\\nagement in the open air, and in ferneries, wardian cases, etc. Class 708.\\nNew plants, with statement of their origin. Class 709. Floral designs,\\netc.; cut flowers, bouquets, preserved flowers, leaves, sea-weeds illustra-\\ntions of plants and flowers materials for floi*al designs bouquet ma-\\nterials, bouquet holders, bouquet papers, models of fruits, vegetables and\\nflowers.\\nHothouses, Conservatories, Graperies and their\\nManagement. Class 710. Hothouse and conservatory plants. Class\\n711. Fruit trees under glass. Class 712. Orchids and parasitic plants.\\nClass 713. Forcing and propagatiou of plants. Class 714. Aquatic plants\\nunder glass or in aquaria, etc. Class 715. Horticultural buildings, propa-\\ngating houses, hot-beds, etc., and modes of heating them structures for\\npropagating and forcing small fruits. Class 716. Portable or movable\\norchard houses and graperies, without artificial heat frames, beds.\\nGarden Tools, Accessories of Gardening. Class 720.\\nTools and implements machines for the transplanting of trees, shrubs,\\netc. portable forcing-pumps for watering plants in greenhouses, and\\nmethods of watering the garden and lawn. Class 721. Receptacles for\\nplants, flowerpots, plant-boxes, tubs, fern cases, jardinieres, etc. window\\ngardening plant and flower stands, ornate designs in iron, wood and wire.\\nClass 722. Ornamental wire-work viz., fences, gates, trellis bordering\\nof flower-beds, porches park seats, chairs, garden statuary, vases, foun-\\ntains, etc. designations, labels, numbei s.\\nGarden Designing, Construction and Management.\\nClass 730. Laying out gardens. Designs for the laying out of gardens\\nand the improvement of private residences designs for commercial gar-\\ndens, nurseries, graperies; designs for the parterre. Class 731. Treat-\\nment of water for ornamental jiurposes, cascades, fountains, reservoirs,\\nlakes. Class 732. Formation and after treatmeiit of lawns. Class 733.\\nGardep construction, buildings, etc. Rock-work, grottoes; rustic con-\\nstructions and adornments for private gardens and public grounds. Class\\n734. Planting, fertilizing and cultivating.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0865.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "868 U. S. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.\\nLOCATION.\\nDEPARTMENTS.\\nI. Mining and Metallurgy.\\nMain Building.\\nII. Manufactures.\\nIII. Education and Science.\\nArt Gallery.\\nIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Art.\\nMachinery Building.\\nV. Machinery.\\nAgricultural Building.\\nVI. Agriculture,\\nHorticultural Building.\\nVII. Horticulture.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0866.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "If\\nSYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION.\\n869\\nCLASSES.\\n100-109\\n110-119\\n120-129\\n200-205\\n206-216\\n217-227\\n228-234\\n235-241\\n242-249\\n250-257\\n258-264\\n265-271\\n272-279\\n280-284\\n285-291\\n292-296\\n300-309\\n310-319\\n320-329\\n330-339\\n340-349\\n400-409\\n410-419\\n420-429\\n430-439\\n440-449\\n450-459\\n500-509\\n510-519\\n520-529\\n530-539\\n540-549\\n550-559\\n560-569\\n570-579\\n580-589\\n590-599\\n600-609\\n610-619\\n620-629\\n630-639\\n640-649\\n650-662\\n665-669\\n670-679\\n680-689\\n690-699\\n700-709\\n710-719\\n720-729\\n730-739\\nGROUPS.\\nMinerals, Ores, Stone, Mining Products.\\nMetallurgical Products.\\nMining Engineering.\\nChemical Manufactures.\\nCeramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc.\\nFurniture, etc.\\nYarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Materials.\\nWoven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc.\\nSilk and Silk Fabrics.\\nClothing, Jewelry, etc.\\nPaper, Blank Books, Stationery.\\nW^eapons, etc.\\nMedicine, Surgery, Prothesis.\\nHardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery and Metallic Produxits.\\nFabrics of Vegetable, Animal or Mineral Materials.\\nCarriages, Veliicles and Accessories.\\nEducational Systems, Methods and Libraries.\\nInstitutions and Organizations.\\nScientific and Pliilosophical Instruments and Methods.\\nEngineering, Architecture, Maps, etc.\\nPliysical, Social and Moral Condition of Man.\\nSculpture.\\nPainting.\\nEngraving and Lithography.\\nPhotography.\\nIndustrial and Agricultural Designs, etc.\\nCeramic Decorations, Mosaics, etc.\\nMachines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Chemistry, etc.\\nMachines and Tools for Working Metal, Wood and Stone.\\nMachines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, etc.\\nMachines, etc., used in Sewing, Making Clothing, etc.\\nMachines for Printing, Making Books, Paper W^orking, etc.\\nMotors, Power Generators, etc.\\nHydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus.\\nRailway Plant, Rolling Stock, etc.\\nMachinery used in Preparing Agricultural Products.\\nAerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation. [Exhibition.\\nMachinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the requirements of the\\nArboriculture and Forest Products.\\nPomology.\\nAgricultural Products\\nLand Animals,\\nMarine Animals, Fish Culture and Apparatus.\\nAnimal and Vegetable Products.\\nTextile Substances of Vegetable or Animal Origin.\\nMacliines, Implements and Processes of Manufacture.\\nAgricultural Engineering and Administration.\\nTillage and General Management.\\nOrnamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers.\\nHothouses, Conservatories, Graperies.\\nGarden Tools, Accessories of Gardening.\\nGarden Designing, Construction and Management.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0867.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "870 ADVERTISEMENTS.\\nTHE DAILY GRAPHIC\\nTHE GREAT ILLUSTRATED DAILY,\\nC OMBIMNi;\\nILLUSTRATIONS OF DAILY EVENTS witll ALL THE NEWS OF THE MY,\\nBEING THE OXI.Y II.l,VjiXRATEI I .Hl,Y PAPER IX THE ^VORS^3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2C\u00c2\u00ae= Every man of family who is able to spare the money for a New York daily paper owes it to\\nhis family to suhscribe for the DAILY GRAPHIC, for the annexed reasons\\nIt is the Only Illustrated Daily in the World. It is the Most Interesting Daily Issued. It has All\\nthe News. It Illustrates Truthfully all Great Events. It is Independent, High Toned and Respect-\\nable. It Pleases the Family Better than All Others. It is the Best. It is only $3 for three months,\\n$12 per year, by mail.\\nThe Daily Graphic is an eight-page paper, published every afternoon (three\\neditions) in time for the early mails to all parts of the country.\\nIt has a larger circulation more copies printed and sold each day than any other\\nevening paper in New York.\\nIt is a great newspaper, as well as the only illustrated daily paper. It has special\\ncorrespondents everywhere, and it lias a larger stalf of writers and news-\\ngatherers than any other evening paper in New Yorli.\\nIt is preserved for binding by hundreds of its readers in city and country. The annual\\nsubscriber gets a Pictorial History of the Year, a voliune of twenty-four liundred pages, cor)-\\nstitutiug a valuable record of events and a graphic panorama of our time and progress.\\nSPECIAL FEA TURES\\nEVERY THURSDAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All about the progress of the Great Centennial.\\nEVERY SATURDAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Art and Literary Supplement of unrivalled merit.\\nThe Chicago Tribune says: Their process serves the same purpose as a striking picture which\\nillustrates some notable occurrence, and they are to be congratulated on their enterprise.\\nThe New York Herald.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The D.\\\\ily Graphic has worked its way to permanency and success.\\nThe Troy Times.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Over 130,000 copies of The Daily Graphic were sold on Friday afternoon. As\\nan illustrated daily newspaper it is achieving results that astonish all.\\nWiUiamsport (Pa.) Register. The merits of this journal we have repeatedly pointed out. Its ad-\\nvantages over other metropolitan journals are so numerous that it should supersede them in a mea-\\nsure. It has a large circulation wherever it has been placed within the reach of the people. The\\nreason of it is plain. Its news and editorial departments are equal if not superior to most of its\\ncontemporaries, and its illustrations defy competition. The Graphic Company have both the talent\\nand the means not to speak of the general encouragement to make their paper the greatest in\\nAmerica, if not in tlie world.\\nPhiladelphia Evening Herald. The Graphic, in all that goes to make an exceptional family\\nnewspaper, is without an equal in the country.\\nTEJRMS, $12 a year $3 for three months.\\nTR S IT J^ YEj^R.\\nREPRODUCTIONS, by tlic Graphic Process, of tlie most OELi:iiRATEI) STEEL ENGRAVINGS.\\nOne of the most astonishing results achinved by the Graphic processes\\nIs the fine facsimile reproductions of celebrated original Steel Engravings.\\nMany of these subjects, some of them executed more than one liundred years ago, are exceed-\\ningly rare, and command the highest prices. They are printed witli great care from hand-presses,\\nand on paper of weight ami tioisli equal to the originals. A sale of these sulyects amounting to over\\n1,000,000 copies in the affgri gatc suthcieotly attests their merit. Among the artists represented in\\nthis list are the names of Raphael, Carlo Dolcl, Guldo Reiti, Wllle, Anker, J Iarclial,\\nWappers, Aiisclell, Be la Roclie, Portaels, Greiize, Boiigereau_, Corregglo, Claude,\\nGilbert Stuart, Murillo, Holuiau Hunt, Ary SclieflTer, Benjamin West, Horace\\nVernet, Rubens, liaulbacli, etc.\\nThe prices of each vary from 20 cents to $1. SEND FOR PRICE LIST.\\nAn Illustrated Catalogue, giving the subjects in outline, will be sent post-paid on receipt of 15c.\\nTHE LITHOGRAPHING DEPARTMENT,\\nThe most extensive Lithographic Establishnieitt in America, offers unsurpassed\\nfacilities for the prompt and satisfactory production of Lithographic work in any branch of the art,\\nand especially in Photo-Lithography.\\nBy processes secured to the Graphic Company, it is able to produce results heretofore unattempted,\\nand afford finished work at prices that would barely pay the cost of engraving by ordinary methods.\\nEsxi]vrA.T ii;s promptly tpurnished.\\nNos. 35, 37, 39 and 41 Park Place, Keiv TorJi City.\\nPHILADELPHIA OFFICE, Tenth and Chestnut Streets.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0868.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0869.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "872\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE I.\\nStatement shoiving the Number and Class of Vessels Built, and the Tonnage thereof,\\nin the several States and Territories of the United States, from 1815 to 1873,\\ninchmve.\\nYear.\\nShips, etc.*\\nSloops, etc.t\\nSteamers.\\nTotal Number.\\nTotal Tonnage.\\n1815\\n1041\\n274\\n1315\\n154,624\\n1816\\n979\\n424\\n1403\\n131,668\\n1817\\n679\\n394\\n1073\\n86,393\\n1818\\n566\\n332\\n898\\n82,421 1\\n1819\\n608\\n243\\n851\\n79,817\\n1820\\n382\\n152\\n534\\n47,784\\n1821\\n379\\n127\\n506\\n55,856\\n1822\\n455\\n168\\n623\\n75,346\\n1823\\n442\\n165\\n15\\n622\\n75,007\\n1824\\n589\\n166\\n26\\n781\\n90,939\\n1825\\n791\\n168\\n35\\n994\\n114,997\\n1826\\n740\\n227\\n45\\n1012\\n126,438\\n1827\\n672\\n241\\n38\\n951\\n104,342\\n1828\\n655\\n196\\n33\\n884\\n93,375\\n1829\\n597\\n145\\n43\\n785\\n77,098\\n1830\\n484\\n116\\n37\\n637\\n58,094\\n1831\\n583\\n94\\n34\\n711\\n85,762\\n1832\\n863\\n122\\n100\\n1085\\n144,539\\n1833\\n936\\n185\\n65\\n1186\\n161.626\\n1834\\n689\\n180\\n68\\n937\\n118,330\\n1835\\n376\\n100\\n30\\n506\\n46,238\\n1836\\n602\\n164\\n125\\n891\\n113,627\\n1837\\n646\\n168\\n135\\n949\\n122,987\\n1838\\n646\\n153\\n90\\n889\\n113,135\\n1839\\n611\\n122\\n125\\n858\\n120,989\\n1840\\n584\\n224\\n64\\n872\\n118,309\\n1841\\n525\\n157\\n78\\n760\\n118,893\\n1842\\n479\\n404\\n137\\n1020\\n129,083\\n1843\\n230\\n173\\n79\\n482\\n43,617\\n1844\\n324\\n279\\n163\\n766\\n103,537\\n1845\\n533\\n342\\n163\\n1038\\n146,018\\n1846\\n840\\n355\\n225\\n1420\\n188,203\\n1847\\n1008\\n392\\n198\\n1598\\n243,732\\n1848\\n1129\\n547\\n175\\n1851\\n318,075\\n1849\\n969\\n370\\n208\\n1547\\n256,577\\n1850\\n911\\n290\\n259\\n1460\\n272,218\\n1851\\n808\\n326\\n233\\n1367\\n298,203\\n1852\\n918\\n267\\n259\\n1444\\n351,493\\n1853\\n1045\\n394\\n271\\n1710\\n425,671\\n1854\\n1107\\n386\\n281\\n1774\\n535,616\\n1855\\n1112\\n669\\n253\\n2034\\n583,450\\n1856\\n1003\\n479\\n221\\n1703\\n469,393\\n1857\\n813\\n258\\n263\\n1334\\n378,804\\n1858\\n699\\n400\\n226\\n1325\\n242,286\\n1859\\n414\\n284\\n172\\n870\\n156,601\\n1860\\n518\\n289\\n264\\n1071\\n212,892\\n1861\\n508\\n371\\n264\\n1143\\n233,194\\n1862\\n286\\n397\\n183\\n866\\n175,075\\n1863\\n343\\n1113\\n367\\n1823\\n310,884\\nThis includes brigs, barks and schooners.\\nt This includes canal-boats and barges.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0870.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n873\\nTABLE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nStatement shoiving the Number and Class of Vessels Built, and the Tonnage thereof,\\nin the several States and Territories of the United States, from 1815 to 1874,\\ninclusive.\\nYear.\\nSliips, etc.*\\nSloops, etc.f\\nSteamers.\\nTotal Number.\\nTotal Tonnage.\\n1864\\n579\\n1389\\n498\\n2466\\n415,740\\n1865\\n524\\n853\\n411\\n1788\\n38.3,805\\n1866\\n614\\n926\\n348\\n1888\\n336,146t\\n1867\\n682\\n657\\n180\\n1519\\n303,528\\n1868\\n718\\n848\\n236\\n1802\\n285,304\\n1869\\n633\\n816\\n277\\n1726\\n275,2.30\\n1870\\n619\\n709\\n290\\n1618\\n276,953\\n1871\\n552\\n901\\n302\\n1755\\n27.3,226\\n1872\\n451\\n900\\n292\\n1643\\n209,052\\n1873\\n648\\n1221\\n402\\n2271\\n359,245\\n1874\\n748\\n995\\n404\\n2147\\n432,725\\nThis includes brigs, barks and schooners. f This includes canal-boats and barges.\\nf The tonnage is given in accordance with the new measurement from 1866, that mode having\\nbeen adopted in 18G5. In some of the other returns several years elapsed before uniformity in this\\nrespect was secured.\\nTABLE IL\\nStatement exhibiting the Amount of Tonnage of the United States Merchant Marine\\nannually from 1789 to 1873, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nRegistered Vessels.*\\nEnrolled and Li-\\ncensed Vessels.!\\nTotal.J\\nAnnual Increase or\\nDecrease per ct.\\n1789\\n123,893\\n77,669\\n201,562\\n1790\\n346,254\\n132,123\\n478,377\\n137.33\\n1791\\n363,110\\n139,036\\n502,146\\n4.96\\n1792\\n411,438\\n153,019\\n564,457\\n12.35\\n1793\\n367,734\\n15.3,030\\n520,764\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00947.74\\n1794\\n438,863\\n189,755\\n628,618\\n20.71\\n1795\\n529,471\\n218,494\\n747,965\\n19.00\\n1796\\n576,733\\n255,167\\n831,900\\n11.22\\n1797\\n597,777\\n279,135\\n876,912\\n5.41\\n1798\\n603,376\\n294,952\\n898,328\\n2.49\\n1799\\n662,197\\n277,211\\n939,408\\n4.57\\n1800\\n669,921\\n302,571\\n972,492\\n3.52\\n1801\\n632,907\\n314,669\\n947,576\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.56\\n1802\\n560,381\\n331,725\\n892,106\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00945.85\\nVessels are registered for foreign traffic and the whale-fishery, and enrolled and liceyised for coast\\nand inland (river and lake) trade and for the cod- and mackerel-fisheries.\\nt This includes licensed vessels under 20 tons burden, which are kept separate in the government\\naccount, but included in the totals. The tonnage of these amounted to 9203 in 1793 and 22,. )27 in\\n1794. The highest point reached by it was 66,602 tons, in 1828, and of late years its average lias\\\\)een\\nin the neighborhood of 50,000 tons.\\nX Steam tonnage of both classes is included in this total as well as in each class. Special statistics\\nwiU be given in Table III.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0871.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "874\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nStatement exhibiting the Amount of Tonnage of the United States Merchant Marine\\nannually from, 1789 to 1873, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nRegistered Vessels.*\\nEnrolled and Li-\\ncensed Vessels.!\\nTotal.t\\nAnnual Increase or\\nDecrease per ct.\\n1803\\n597,157\\n352,015\\n949,172\\n6.39\\n1804\\n672,530\\n369,874\\n1,042,404\\n1.00\\n1805\\n749,341\\n391,026\\n1,140,367\\n9.40\\n1806\\n808,285\\n400,452\\n1.208,737\\n5.99\\n1807\\n848,307\\n420,241\\n1,268,548\\n4.95\\n1808\\n769,054\\n473,541\\n1,242,595\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.04\\n1809\\n910,059\\n440,223\\n1,350,282\\n8.66\\n1810\\n984,269\\n440,514\\n1,424,783\\n5.51\\n1811\\n768,852\\n403,650\\n1,232,502\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009413.49\\n1812\\n760,624\\n509,373\\n1,269,997\\n2.95\\n1813\\n674,853\\n491,775\\n1,166,628\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00948.14\\n1814\\n674,633\\n484,576\\n1,159,209\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00940.63\\n1815\\n854,295\\n513,833\\n1,368,128\\n18.02\\n1816\\n800,760\\n571,459\\n1,372,219\\n0.29\\n1817\\n809,725\\n590,187\\n1,399,912\\n0.20\\n1818\\n606,089\\n619,096\\n1,225,185\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009410.34\\n1819\\n612,930\\n647,822\\n1,260,752\\n0.04\\n1820\\n619,048\\n661,119\\n1,280,167\\n1.54\\n1821\\n619,896\\n679,062\\n1,298,958\\n1.47\\n1822\\n628,150\\n696,549\\n1,324,699\\n1.98\\n1823\\n639,921\\n696,645\\n1,336,566\\n0.89\\n1824\\n669,973\\n719,190\\n1,389,163\\n3.94\\n1825\\n700,787\\n722,323\\n1,423,110\\n2.44\\n1826\\n737,978\\n796,213\\n1,534,191\\n7.80\\n1827\\n747,170\\n873,437\\n1,620,607\\n5.63\\n1828\\n812,619\\n928,773\\n1,741,392\\n7.45\\n1829\\n650,143\\n610,665\\n1,260,798\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009427.60\\n1830\\n576,475\\n615,301\\n1,191,776\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00945.47\\n1831\\n620,452\\n647,394\\n1,267,846\\n6.38\\n1832\\n686,990\\n752,460\\n1,439,450\\n13.53\\n1833\\n750.027\\n856,124\\n1,606,151\\n11.59\\n1834\\n857,438\\n901,469\\n1,758,907\\n9.51\\n1835\\n885,822\\n939,119\\n1,824,941\\n3.13\\n1836\\n897,775\\n984,327\\n1,882,102\\n3.13\\n1837\\n810,447\\n1,086.239\\n1,896,686\\n0.24\\n1838\\n822,592\\n1,173,048\\n1,995,640\\n5.22\\n1839\\n834,245\\n1,262,234\\n2,096,479\\n5.05\\n1840\\n899,765\\n1,280,999\\n2,180,764\\n4.02\\n1841\\n945,803\\n1,184,941\\n2.130,744\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.30\\n1842\\n975,359\\n1,117,032\\n2,092,391\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941.80\\n1843\\n1,009,305\\n1,149,298\\n2,158,603\\n3.16\\n1844\\n1,068,765\\n1,211,331\\n2,280,096\\n5.63\\nVessels are registered for foreign traffic and the whale-fishery, and enrolled and licensed for coast\\nand inland (river and lake) trade and for the cod- and mackerel-fisheries.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f This includes licensed vessels under 20 tons burden, which are kept separate in the government\\naccount, but included in the totals. The tonnage of these amounted to 9203 In 1793 and 22,527 in\\n1794. The highest point reached by it was 66,602 tons, in 1S28, and of late years its average lias been\\nin the neighborhood of 50,000 tons.\\nSteam tonnage of both classes is included in this total as well as in each class. Special statistics\\nwill be given in Table III,", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0872.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nTABLE II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n875\\nStatement exhibiting the Amount of Tonnage of the United States Merchant Marine\\nannually from 1789 to 1874, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nRegistered Vessels.*\\nEnrolled and Li-\\ncensed Vessels.!\\nTotal.*\\n.-Annual Increase or\\nDecrease per ct.\\n1845\\n1,095,172\\n1,221,829\\n2,417,001\\n6.00\\n1846\\n1,130,287\\n1,431,798\\n2,562,085\\n6.00\\n1847\\n1,241,313\\n1,597,733\\n2,839,046\\n10.81\\n1848\\n1,360,887\\n1,793,156\\n3,154,043\\n11.09\\n1849\\n1,438,942\\n1,895,074\\n3,334,016\\n5.71\\n1850\\n1,585,711\\n1,949,743\\n3,535,454\\n6.04\\n1851\\n1,726,307\\n2,046,132\\n3,772,439\\n6.70\\n1852\\n1,899,448\\n2,238,992\\n4,1.38,440\\n9.70\\n1853\\n2,103,674\\n2,303,336\\n4,407,010\\n6.49\\n1854\\n2.333,819\\n2,469,083\\n4,802.902\\n8.96\\n1855\\n2,535,136\\n2,676,865\\n5,212,001\\n8.52\\n1856\\n2,491,403\\n2,380,250\\n4,871,653\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.60\\n1857\\n2,463,968\\n2,476,875\\n4,940,843\\n1.41\\n1858\\n2,499,742\\n2,550,066\\n5,049,808\\n2.21\\n1859\\n2,507,402\\n2,637,636\\n5,145,038\\n1.90\\n1860\\n2,546,237\\n2,807,631\\n5,353,868\\n4.06\\n1861\\n2,642,628\\n2,897,185\\n5,539,813\\n3.47\\n1862\\n2,291,251\\n2,820,913\\n5,112,164\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00944.51\\n1863\\n2,026,114\\n3,128,942\\n5,155,056\\n0.84\\n1864\\n1,581,894\\n3,404,506\\n4,986,400\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00943.85\\n1S65\u00c2\u00a7\\n510,579\\n1,069,415\\n1,570,994\\n1 2.21\\n186511\\n1,092,004\\n2,424,784\\n3,516,788\\n1866g\\n1,108,531\\n2,259,548\\n3,368,479\\n1 \u00e2\u0080\u009415.42\\n186611\\n384,395\\n557,904\\n942,299\\n1S67\u00c2\u00a7\\n1,353,236\\n2,604.579\\n3,957,515\\n1 \u00e2\u0080\u00940.12\\n186711\\n214,796\\n132,176\\n346,972\\n1868?\\n1,532.283\\n2,786,027\\n4,318,310\\n1 1.10\\n1868IJ\\n18691\\n33,449\\n33,449\\n1,566,422\\n2, 578,2i9\\n4,144,641\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00944.76\\n18701[\\n1,516,800\\n2,857,465\\n4,246,507\\n2.46\\n1871\\n1,425,142\\n3,027,099\\n4,282,607\\n0.85\\n1872\\n1,410,648\\n3,027,099\\n4,437,747\\n3.62\\n1873\\n1.423,288\\n3,272,739\\n4,696,027\\n5.82\\n1874\\n1,428,923\\n3,371,729\\n4,800,652\\n2.23\\nVessels are registered for foreign traffic and the whale-fishery, and enrolled and licensed for coast\\nand inland (river and lake) trade and for the cod- and mackerel-fisheries.\\nThis includes licensed vessels under 20 tons burden, which are kejit separate in the government\\naccount, but included in the totals. The tonnage of these amounted to 9203 in 1793 and 22,527 in\\n1794. The highest point reached by it was GG,602 tons, in 1S28, and of late years its average has been\\nIn the neighborhood of 50,000 tons.\\nX Steam tonnage of both classes is Included in this total as well as in each class. Special statistics\\nwill be given in Table III.\\nNew measurement. Old measurement.\\nNew measurement from 1869. It was introduced in 1S65, but a portion of the returns were made\\nIn the old measurement for several years, as is indicated in the table.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0873.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "876\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE III.\\nStatement exhibiting the Amount of Steam Tonnage of the United States Merchant\\nMarine annually from 1823 to 1874, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nRegistered.\\nEnrolled and\\nLicensed.\\nTotal.\\nAnnual Increase or\\nDecrease per ct.\\n1823\\n24,879\\n24,879\\n1824\\n21,610\\n21,610\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009413.12\\n1825\\n23,061\\n23,061\\n6.71\\n1826\\n34,059\\n34,059\\n47.61\\n1827\\n40,198\\n40,198\\n18.00\\n1828\\n39,418\\n39,418\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941.94\\n1829\\n54,037\\n54,037\\n37.15\\n1830\\niVii g\\n63,053\\n64,472\\n19.32\\n1831\\n871\\n33,574\\n34,445\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009446.55\\n1832\\n181\\n90,633\\n90,814\\n165.31\\n1833\\n545\\n101,305\\n101,850\\n12.15\\n1834\\n340\\n122,474\\n122,814\\n20.59\\n1835\\n340\\n122,474\\n122,814\\n0.00\\n1836\\n454\\n145,102\\n145,556\\n18.52\\n1837\\n1,104\\n153,661\\n154,765\\n6.32\\n1838\\n2,791\\n119,683\\n193,423\\n24.90\\n1839\\n5,149\\n199,789\\n204,938\\n5.95\\n1840\\n4,155\\n198,154\\n202,309\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941.32\\n1841\\n746\\n174,342\\n175,088\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009413.40\\n1842\\n4,701\\n224,960\\n229,661\\n31.10\\n1843\\n5,373\\n231,494\\n236,867\\n3.14\\n1844\\n6,900\\n265,270\\n272,170\\n14.91\\n1845\\n6,492\\n319,527\\n326,019\\n19.78\\n1846\\n6,287\\n341,606\\n347,893\\n6.70\\n1847\\n5,631\\n399,210\\n404,841\\n16.36\\n1848\\n16,068\\n411,823\\n427,891\\n5.69\\n1849\\n20,870\\n441,525\\n462,395\\n8.06\\n1850\\n44,429\\n481,005\\n525,434\\n13.67\\n1851\\n62,390\\n521,217\\n583,607\\n11.07\\n1852\\n79,704\\n554,536\\n634,240\\n8.68\\n1853\\n90,520\\n514,098\\n604,618\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00944.67\\n1854\\n95,036\\n581,571\\n676,607\\n11.90\\n1855\\n115,045\\n655.240\\n770,285\\n13.85\\n1856\\n89,715\\n583,362\\n673,077\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009412.63\\n1857\\n86,873\\n618,911\\n705,784\\n4.87\\n1858\\n78,027\\n650,363\\n728,390\\n3.20\\n1859\\n92,.748\\n676,005\\n768,753\\n5.66\\n1860\\n97,296\\n770,641\\n867,937\\n12.90\\n1861\\n102,608\\n774,596\\n877,204\\n1.06\\n1862\\n113,998\\n596,465\\n710,463\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00947.72\\n1863\\n133,215\\n442,304\\n575,519\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009418.99\\n1864\\n106,519\\n853,816\\n960,335\\n66.86\\n1865*\\n28,469\\n338,720\\n367,189\\n1 11.12\\n1865t\\n69,539\\n630,411\\n699,950\\n1866*\\n155,513\\n771,754\\n926,267\\n1 1.60\\n1866t\\n42,776\\n114,269\\n157,045\\n1867*\\n165,522\\n957,458\\n1,122,980\\n1 10.02\\n1867t\\n32,593\\n36,307\\n68.900\\n1868*\\n221,939\\n977,476\\n1,199,415\\n0.03\\nNew measurement, adopted in 1865,\\nt Old measurement.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0874.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n877\\nTABLE III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nStatement exhibiting the Amount of Steam Tonnage of the United States Merchant\\nMarine annually from 1823 to 1874, inclusive.\\ni ear.\\nEegistered.\\nEnrolled and\\nLicensed.\\nTotal.\\nAnnual Increase or\\nDecrease per ct.\\n1869*\\n1870\\n1871\\n1872\\n1873\\n1874\\n213,252\\n192,544\\n180,914\\n177,666\\n193,423\\n195,245\\n890,316\\n882,551\\n906,723\\n933,887\\n963,020\\n930,782\\n1,103,568\\n1,075,095\\n1.087,637\\n1,111,553\\n1,156,443\\n1,126,027\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00947.99\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.57\\n1.16\\n2.19\\n4.03\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942.63\\nNew measurement from 1808, up to which date, as indicated by the table, a portion of the returns\\nwere made in the old measurement.\\nTABLE IV.\\nAnnual Receipts, Expenditures and National Debt of the United States from March\\n4, 1789, to June 30, 1875.\\nYear.\\nReceipts.\\nExpenditures.\\nNational Debt.\\n1789\\n1791]\\n$10,210,025\\n$7,207,539\\n$75,463,476\\n1792\\n8,740,766\\n9,141,569\\n77,227,924\\n1793\\n5,720,624\\n7,529,575\\n80,352,634\\n1794\\n10,041,101\\n9,302,124\\n78,427,404\\n1795\\n9,419,802\\n10,435,069\\n80,747,587\\n1796\\n8,740,329\\n8,367,776\\n83,762,172\\n1797\\n8,758,916\\n8,626,012\\n82,064,479\\n1798\\n8,209,070\\n8,613,517\\n79,228,529\\n1799\\n12,621,409\\n11,077,043\\n78,408,669\\n1800\\n12,451,184\\n11,989,739\\n82,976,294\\n1801\\n12,945,455\\n12,273,376\\n83,038,050\\n1802\\n15,001,391\\n13,276,084\\n80,712,632\\n1803\\n11,064,097\\n11,258,983\\n77,054,686\\n1804\\n11,835,840\\n12,624,646\\n86,427,120\\n1805\\n13,689,508\\n1.3,727,124\\n82,312,150\\n1806\\n15,608,828\\n15,070,093\\n75,723,270\\n1807\\n16,398,019\\n11,292,292\\n69,218,398\\n1808\\n17,062,544\\n16,764,584\\n65,196,317\\n1809\\n7,773,473\\n13,867,226\\n57,023,392\\n1810\\n12,144,206\\n13,319,986\\n53,173,217\\n1811\\n14,431,838\\n13,601,808\\n48,005,587\\n1812\\n22,639,032\\n22,279,121\\n45,209,737\\n1813\\n40,524,844\\n39,190,520\\n55,962,827\\n1814\\n34,559,536\\n38,028,230\\n81,487,846\\n1815\\n50,961,237\\n39,582,493\\n99,833,660\\n1816\\n57,171,421\\n48,244,495\\n127,334,933\\n1817\\n33,833,592\\n40,877,646\\n123,491,965\\nFrom March 4, 1789, to December 31, 1791. Fractions of a dollar are ouiitted throughout this\\ntable.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0875.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "878\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nAnnual Receipts, Expenditures and National Debt of the United States from March\\n4, 1789, to Jane 30, 1875.\\nYear.\\nReceipts\\nExpenditures.\\nNational Debt.\\n1818\\n$21,593,936\\n$35,104,875\\n$103,466,633\\n1819\\n24,605,665\\n24,044,199\\n95,.529,648\\n1820\\n20,881,493\\n21,763,024\\n91,015,566\\n1821\\n19,573,703\\n19,090,572\\n89,987,427\\n1822\\n20,232,427\\n17,676,592\\n93,546,676\\n1823\\n20,540,666\\n15,314,171\\n90,875,877\\n1824\\n24,381,212\\n31,898,538\\n90,269,777\\n1825\\n26,840,858\\n23,585,804\\n83,788,432\\n1826\\n25,260,434\\n24,103,398\\n81,0-54,0-59\\n1827\\n22,966,363\\n22,656,764\\n73,987,357\\n1828\\n24,763,629\\n25,4.59,479\\n67,475,043\\n1829\\n24,827,627\\n25,044,358\\n58,421,413\\n1830\\n24,844,116\\n24,585,281\\n48,56-5,406\\n1831\\n28,526,820\\n30,038,446\\n39,123,191\\n1832\\n31,865,561\\n34,356,698\\n24,322,235\\n1833\\n33,948,426\\n24,257,298\\n7,001,032\\n1834\\n21,791,935\\n24.601,982\\n4,760,082\\n1835\\n35,430,087\\n17,573,141\\n351,289\\n1836\\n50,826,796\\n.30,868,164\\n291,089\\n1837\\n27,883,853\\n37,265,037\\n1,878,223\\n1838\\n39,019,382\\n39,455,438\\n4,857,660\\n1839\\n33,881,242\\n37,614,936\\n11,983,737\\n1840\\n25,032,193\\n28,226,-533\\n5,125,077\\n1841\\n30,519,477\\n31,797,530\\n6,737,398\\n1842\\n34,773,744\\n32,936,876\\n15,028,486\\n1843*\\n20,782,410\\n12,118,105\\n27,203,450\\n1844\\n31,198,555\\n33,642,010\\n24,748,188\\n1845\\n29,941,853\\n30,490,408\\n17,093,794\\n1846\\n29,699,967\\n27,632,282\\n16,750,926\\n1847\\n55,338,168\\n60,520,851\\n38,956,623\\n1848\\n56,992,479\\n60,665,143\\n48,526,379\\n1849\\n59,796,892\\n56,386,422\\n64,704,693\\n1850\\n47,649,388\\n44,604,718\\n64,228,238\\n1851\\n52,762,704\\n48,476,104\\n62,560,395\\n1852\\n49,893,115\\n46,712,608\\n65,131,692\\n1853\\n61,500,102\\n54,577,061\\n67,340,628\\n1854\\n73,802,291\\n7.5,473,119\\n47,242,206\\n1855\\n65,351,374\\n66,164,775\\n39,969,731\\n1856\\n74,056,899\\n72,726,341\\n30,963,909\\n1857\\n68,969,212\\n71,274,-587\\n29,060,386\\n1858\\n70,372,665\\n82,062,186\\n44,910,777\\n1859\\n81,773,965\\n83,678,642\\n58,754,699\\n1860\\n76,841,407\\n77,0-5.5,125\\n64,769,703\\n1861\\n86,83-5,900\\n84,578,8.34\\n90,867,828\\n1862\\n581,628,181\\n570,841,700\\n514,211,-371\\n1863\\n776,682,361\\n89-5,796,630\\n1,098,703,181\\n1864\\n884,076,646\\n865,234,087\\n1,740,( 90,4S9\\n1865\\n1,418,210,629\\n1,290,312,982\\n2,682,593,026\\n1866\\n1,273,960,215\\n1,141,072,666\\n2,783,425,879\\nTo June 30, on whicli day the fiscal year of the government has since closed.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0876.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n879\\nI\\nTABLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nAnnual Receipts, Expenditures and National Debt of the United States from March\\n4, 17S9, to June 30, 1875.\\nYear.\\nReceipts.\\nExpenditures.\\nNational Debt.\\n1867\\n$1,131,060,920\\n\u00c2\u00a751,093,079,655\\n$2,692,199,215\\n1868\\n1,117,991,542\\n1,069,889,970\\n2,636,320,964\\n1869*\\n609,621,828\\n584,777,966\\n2,489,500,484\\n1870\\n696,729,873\\n309,653,560\\n2.386,-358,599\\n1871\\n534,234,240\\n292,177,188\\n2,292,();!0.,S34\\n1872\\n374,100,867\\n377,478,216\\n2,146, (;s. ,,;).-,7\\n1873\\n333,738,204\\n340,843,571\\n2,135,()20,\u00c2\u00abt74\\n1874\\n322,186,231\\n302,633,873\\n2,139,897,861\\n1875\\n288,000,051\\n274,623,392\\n2,128,688,726\\nIn this and the succeeding years the cash baUince in the Treasury is deducted from the out-\\nBtanding principal of the debt.\\nTABLE V.\\nStatement [in bushels) of the a-ops of Wheat, Maize [Indian Corn), Oats, Barley\\nayid Rye in 1840, 1850, 1860 and 1862-1874. Compiled mainly from the returns\\nof the Netv York Produce Exchange.\\nYear.\\nWheat.\\nMaize.\\nOats.\\nBarley.\\nRye.\\n1840\\n84,821,065\\n377,492,388\\n123,054,990\\n4,161,210\\n18,640,486\\n1850\\n100,164,256\\n591,630,564\\n146,565,140\\n5,165.136\\n14,183,094\\n1860\\n170,176,027\\n827,094,527\\n172,089.095\\n15,813,604\\n20,965,046\\n1862\\n186,763,483\\n564,629,348\\n170,738,705\\n17,679,089\\n20,593,476\\n1863\\n190,888,239\\n451,153,378\\n174,650,228\\n17,754,351\\n20,796,287\\n1864\\n160,695,823\\n530,451,403\\n175,990,194\\n10,632,178\\n19,872,975\\n1865\\n148,522,829\\n704,427,853\\n225,252,295\\n11,301,286\\n19,543,905\\n1866\\n151,999,906\\n867,946,295\\n268,141,078\\n11,283,807\\n20,864,944\\n1867\\n212,441,400\\n768,320,000\\n278,698,000\\n25,727,000\\n23,184,000\\n1868\\n224.036,600\\n906,527,000\\n254,960,800\\n22,896,100\\n22,504,800\\n1869\\n260,146,900\\n874,320,000\\n288,334,000\\n28,652,200\\n22,527,900\\n1870\\n235,884,700\\n1,094,255,000\\n247,277,400\\n26,295,400\\n15,473,600\\n1871\\n230,722,400\\n991,898,000\\n255,743,000\\n26,718,500\\n15,365,500\\n1872\\n249,997,100\\n1,092,719,000\\n271,747,000\\n26,S4(;.4(iO\\n14,888,600\\n1873\\n281,254,700\\n932,247,000\\n270,340,000\\n32,044,491\\n15,142 000\\n1874\\n305,000,000\\n854,000,000\\n240,000,000\\n32,704,000\\n14,891,000\\n1\\nNote. There are scarcely any returns from the Southern States (excepting Maryland and Ken-\\ntucky) included in any of the figures for 1862-1865, inclusive. This will account for the smallncss\\nof the reported maize crop in those years. The returns for 1873 are taken from the Report of the De-\\npartment of Agriculture for that year, and those for 1874 are from the Annual Cydopiedia.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0877.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "880\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE VI.\\nCotton Production and Trade for 49 years. Mainly from Appletons American\\nCyclopaedia.\\nAverage\\nAverage\\nAverage\\nYears ending\\nProduction.\\nConsumption.\\nExports.\\nweight\\nprice in\\nprice in\\nAugust 31.\\nBales.\\nBales.\\nBales.\\nper bale.\\nLbs.\\nNew York.\\nCents.\\nLiverpool.\\nPence.\\n1825-26\\n720,027\\n957,281\\n12.19\\n5.85\\n1826-27\\n149,516\\n854,000\\n331\\n9.29\\n5.79\\n1827-28\\n720,593\\n120,593\\n600,000\\n335\\n10.32\\n5.84\\n1828-29\\n870,415\\n118,853\\n740,000\\n341\\n9.88\\n5.32\\n1829-30\\n976,845\\n126,512\\n839,000\\n339\\n10.04\\n6.44\\n1830-31\\n1,038,847\\n182,142\\n773,000\\n341\\n9.71\\n5.72\\n1831-32\\n987,477\\n173,800\\n892,000\\n360\\n9.38\\n6.22\\n1832-33\\n1,070,438\\n194,412\\n867,000\\n350\\n12.32\\n7.87\\n1833-34\\n1,205,394\\n196,413\\n1,028,000\\n363\\n12.90\\n8.10\\n1834-35\\n1,254,328\\n216,888\\n1,023,500\\n367\\n17.45\\n9.13\\n1835-36\\n1,360,725\\n236,733\\n1,116,000\\n373\\n16.50\\n8.79\\n1836-37\\n1,423,930\\n222,540\\n1,169,000\\n379\\n13.25\\n6.09\\n1837-38\\n1,801,497\\n246,063\\n1,575,000\\n379\\n10.14\\n0.28\\n1838-39\\n1,360,532\\n276,018\\n1,074,000\\n384\\n13.36\\n7.19\\n1839-40\\n2,177,835\\n295,193\\n1,876,000\\n383\\n8.92\\n5.42\\n1840-41\\n1,634,954\\n267,850\\n1,313,500\\n394\\n9.50\\n5.73\\n1841-42\\n1,683,574\\n267,850\\n1,465,500\\n397\\n7.85\\n4.86\\n1842-43\\n2,378,875\\n325,129\\n2,010,000\\n409\\n7.25\\n4.37\\n1843-44\\n2,030,409\\n346,750\\n1,629,500\\n412\\n7.73\\n4.71\\n1844-45\\n2,394,503\\n389,000\\n2,083,700\\n415\\n5.63\\n3.92\\n1845-46\\n2,100,537\\n422,000\\n1,666,700\\n411\\n7.87\\n4.80\\n1846-47\\n1,778,651\\n428,000\\n1,241,200\\n431\\n11.21\\n6.03\\n1847-48\\n2,439,786\\n616,044\\n1,858,000\\n417\\n8.03\\n3.93\\n1848-49\\n2,866,938\\n642,485\\n2,228,000\\n436\\n7.55\\n4.09\\n1849-50\\n2,223,718\\n613,498\\n1,590,200\\n429\\n12.34\\n7.10\\n1850-51\\n2,454,442\\n485,614\\n1,988,710\\n416\\n12.14\\n5.51\\n1851-52\\n3,126,310\\n689,603\\n2,443,646\\n428\\n9.50\\n5.05\\n1852-53\\n3,416,214\\n803,725\\n2,528,400\\n428\\n11.02\\n5.54\\n1853-54\\n3,074,979\\n737,236\\n2,319,148\\n430\\n10.97\\n5.31\\n1854-55\\n2,982,634\\n716,417\\n2,244,209\\n434\\n10.39\\n5.60\\n1855-56\\n3,665,557\\n770,739\\n2,954,606\\n420\\n10.30\\n6.22\\n1856-57\\n3,093,737\\n819,936\\n2,252,657\\n444\\n13.51\\n7.73\\n1857-58\\n3,257,339\\n595,562\\n2,590,455\\n442\\n12.23\\n6.91\\n1858-59\\n4,018,914\\n927,651\\n3,021,403\\n447\\n12.08\\n6.68\\n1859-60\\n4,861,292\\n978,043\\n3,774,173\\n461\\n11.00\\n5.97\\n1860-61\\n3,849,469\\n843,740\\n3,127,568\\n477\\n13.01\\n8.50\\n1861-62-\\n1862-63\\n1863-64\\n31.29\\n67.21\\n101.50\\n18.37\\n22.46\\n27.17\\nFor obvious reasons, statistics are wanting, with the exception of prices, for the four years\\nof the civil war. The prices are for middling upland. The production of sea-island cotton is in-\\ncluded, which has varied in recent years from 47,592 bales in 1858-59 to 19,912 in 1873-74. The reader\\nshould remember that the price given is the average price for the whole year. The highest price,\\nbetween January 1 and August 31, 1804, was %\\\\.Cio, and tlie lowest 78 cents. A higher point\\n($1.80) was readied during September, 1864, but the low prices during the last five months of the\\nyear 1864-65 (from 35 to 48 cents) brought down the average, as is shown by the table. We have\\ndepended for these latter statements upon the maximum and minimum prices at the beginning\\nof each month, for the years 1864-1873, given in the Report on Commerce and Navigation for 187.3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEd. U. S. Gazetteer and Guide.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0878.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n881\\nTABLE VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nChiton Production and Trade for 49 years. Mainly from Appletons American\\nCyclopaedia.\\nAverage\\nAverage\\nAverage\\nYears ending\\nProduction.\\nConsumption.\\nExports.\\nweight\\nprice in\\nprice in\\nAugust 31.\\nBales.\\nBales.\\nBales.\\nper bale.\\nLbs.\\nNew York.\\nCents.\\nLiverpool.\\nPence.\\n1864-65\\n1865-66\\n441\\n83.38\\n43.20\\n19.11\\n15.30\\n2,269,316\\n666,100\\n1,554,664\\n1866- 37\\n2,097,254\\n770,030\\n1,557,054\\n444\\n31.59\\n10.98\\n1867-68\\n2,519,554\\n906,636\\n1,655,816\\n445\\n24.85\\n10.52\\n1868-69\\n2,366,467\\n926,374\\n1,465,880\\n444\\n29.01\\n12.12\\n1869-70\\n3,122,551\\n930,736\\n2,206,480\\n440\\n23.98\\n9.89\\n1870-71\\n4,362,317\\n1,019,446\\n3,166,742\\n442\\n16.95\\n8.55\\n1871-72\\n3,014,351\\n1,137,540\\n1,957,314\\n443\\n20.48\\n10.78\\n1872-73\\n3,930,508\\n1,251,127\\n2,679,986\\n464\\n18.15\\n9.65\\n1873-74\\n4,170,388\\n1,220,943\\n2,840,981\\n469\\n16.60\\nTABLE VIL\\nExports and ImpoHs rftlw United States for each Fiscal Year from 1790 to the\\nyear ending June 30, 1875, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nExports,\\nImports,\\nYear.\\nExports.\\nImports.\\n1790\\n$20,205,156\\n$23,000,000\\n1816\\n$81,920,452\\n$147,103,000\\n1791\\n19,012,041\\n29,200,000\\n1817\\n87,671,560\\n99,250,000\\n1792\\n20,753.098\\n31,500,000\\n1818\\n93,281,133\\n121,750,000\\n1793\\n26,109,572\\n31,000,000\\n1819\\n70,141,501\\n87,125,000\\n1794\\n33,026,233\\n34,600,000\\n1820\\n69,661,669\\n74,450,000\\n1795\\n47,989,472\\n69,756,268\\n1821\\n64,974,382\\n62,585,724\\n1796\\n67,064,097\\n81,436,164\\n1822\\n72,160,281\\n83,241,541\\n1797\\n56,850,206\\n75,379,406\\n1823\\n74,699,030\\n77,579,267\\n1798\\n61,527,097\\n68,, .51,700\\n1824\\n75,986,657\\n89,549,007\\n1799\\n78,665,522\\n79,089,148\\n1825\\n99,535,388\\n96,340,075\\n1800\\n70,970,780\\n91,252,768\\n18i^6\\n77,595,322\\n84,974477\\n1801\\n94,115,925\\n111,363,511\\n1827\\n82,324,727\\n78,484,068\\n1802\\n72.483,160\\n76,333,333\\n1828\\n72,264,686\\n88,509,824\\n1803\\n55,800,038\\n64,666,666\\n1829\\n72,358,671\\n74,492,527\\n1804\\n77,699,074\\n185,000,000\\n1830\\n73,849,508\\n70,876,920\\n1805\\n95,566,021\\n120,600,000\\n1831\\n81,310,583\\n103,191,124\\n1806\\n101,5.36,963\\n129,410,000\\n1832\\n87,176,943\\n101,029,266\\n1807\\n108,343,151\\n138,500,000\\n1833\\n90,140,443\\n108,118,311\\n1808\\n22,4.30,960\\n56,990,000\\n1834\\n104,336,973\\n126,521,332\\n1809\\n52,203,333\\n59,400,000\\n1835\\n121,69.3,577\\n149,895,742\\n1810\\n66,657,970\\n88,406,000\\n1836\\n128,663,040\\n189,980,085\\n1811\\n61,316,883\\n53,400,000\\n1837\\n117,419,376\\n140,989,217\\n1812\\n38,527,236\\n77,030,000\\n1838\\n108.486,016\\n113,717,404\\n1813\\n27,855,927\\n22,005,000\\n1839\\n121,088,416\\n162,092,132\\n1814\\n6,937,441\\n12,965,000\\n1840\\n132,085,936\\n107,641,519\\n1815\\n52,557,753\\n113,041,274\\n1841\\n121,851,803\\n127,946,177\\n66", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0879.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "882\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nExports and Imports of the United States for each Fiscal Year from 1790 to the\\nyear ending June 30, 1875, inclusive.\\nYear.\\nExports.\\nImports.\\nYear.\\nExporta\\nImports.\\n1842\\n1104,691,531\\n$100,152,087\\n1859\\n$356,789,461\\n$338,768,130\\n184 3*\\n84,346,480\\n64,753,799\\n1860\\n400,122,296\\n342,162,541\\n1844\\n111,200,046\\n108,435,035\\n1861\\n243,971,277\\n286,598,135\\n1845\\n114,646,606\\n117,254,564\\n1862\\n229,938,985\\n275,357,051\\n1 346\\n113,418,516\\n121,691,797\\n1863\\n322,359,254\\n252,919,920\\n1847\\n158,648,622\\n146,545,638\\n1864\\n301,984,561\\n329,562,895\\n1848\\n154,032,131\\n154,998,928\\n1 1865\\n336,697,123\\n234,339,810\\n1849\\n145,755,820\\n147,857,439\\n1866\\n550,684,228\\n445,512,158\\n1850\\n151,898,790\\n178,138,318\\n1867\\n438,577,312\\n411,733,309\\n1851\\n218,388,011\\n216,224,932\\n1868\\n454,301,713\\n378,409,448\\n1852\\n209,658,366\\n212,945,442\\n1869\\n413,960,890\\n437,314,255\\n1853\\n230,576,157\\n267,978,647\\n1870\\n499,092,143\\n462,377,587\\n1854\\n278,241,064\\n304,562,381\\n1871\\n562,518,651\\n541,493,708\\n1855\\n275,156,846\\n261,468,520\\n1872\\n501,164,971\\n640,337,540\\n1856\\n326,964,908\\n314,639,943\\n1873\\n578,938,985\\n663,617,147\\n1857\\n362,960,608\\n360,890,141\\nI 1874\\n652,913,4451\\n595,861,248t\\n1858\\n324,644,421\\n282,013,150\\n1875\\n665,528,391t\\n553,906,153t\\nFor the half year ending June 30, 1843, since which time the fiscal year of the United States\\ngovernment has ended on this day.\\nSpecie value.\\nTABLE VIII.\\nAreas and Density of Popidation of the United States and of the several States and\\nTerritories thereof in 1850, 1860 and 1870, according to the Census Reports foi\\nthese years.\\nstates and Territories.\\n1850.\\nI860.\\n1870.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\nThe United States\\n2,980,959\\n7.78\\n3,026,494*\\n10.39 3,603,884*\\n10.70\\nThe States\\n1,544,224\\n14.94\\n1,723,029\\n18.10\\n1,984,467\\n19.21\\nAlabama\\n50,722\\n52,198\\n188,981\\n4,750\\n2,120\\n59,268\\n58,000\\n55,410\\n15.21\\n4.02\\n0.49\\n78.06\\n43.18\\n1.48\\n15.62\\n15.37\\nUnchanged.\\n11\\n19.01 jUnch\\n8 34 1\\nanged.\\n19.66\\n9.30\\n2.29\\n113.15\\n58.97\\n3.17\\n20.42\\n45.84\\n2 01\\nConnecticu t\\n96.87\\n52.93\\n2.65\\n18.23\\n30.90\\nDelaware\\nFlorida\\nIllinois\\n1\\nThe increase of the total area of the United States in I860 over 1850 represents the territory\\nacquired from Mexico known as the Gadsden purchase. The increase of the area shown by the\\nreturns of 1870 expresses the acquisition of Alaska.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0880.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n883\\nTABLE VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nAreas and Density of Population of the United States and of the several States and\\nTerritories thereof in 1850, 1860 and 1870, according to the Census Reports for\\nthose years.\\nSlates and Territories.\\n1850.\\nI860.\\n1870.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\nSquare\\nmiles.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nsquare\\nmile.\\n33,809\\n55,045\\n29.24\\n3.49\\nUnchanged.\\n39.94\\n12.26\\n30.94\\n17.12\\n17.95\\n61.76\\n157.83\\n13.27\\n2.10\\n16.78\\n18.09\\n35. i 4\\n80.77\\n82.57\\n19.58\\n58.54\\n0.55\\n63.18\\n133.71\\n20.70\\n24.34\\n2.20\\n30.86\\n26.02\\nil s g\\nUnchanged.\\n81,318\\nUnchanged.\\na\\n.i\\na\\n75,995\\n104,125\\nUnchanged.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nl(\\n11\\n38,348\\n23,000\\nUnchanged.\\n49.71\\n21.69\\n4.48\\n35.33\\n17.58\\n17.91\\n70.20\\n186.84\\n20.97\\n5.26\\n17.56\\n26.34\\n1.62\\n0.41\\n34.30\\n108.91\\n93.25\\n21.13\\n66.69\\n0.95\\n76.56\\n166.43\\n20.75\\n27.60\\n2.98\\n32.37\\n31.95\\n19.22\\n19.56\\nKentnc kv\\n37,680\\n41,346\\n35,000\\n11,124\\n7,800\\n56,451\\n47 i56\\n65,350\\n26.07\\n12.52\\n16.66\\n52.41\\n127.50\\n7.04\\ni i sti\\n10.44\\nUnchanged.\\n83,531\\nUnchanged.\\nLouisiana\\nMaine\\nMichio an\\nMissi. ^sippi\\nMissouri\\nNebraska\\nNevatla\\nd ^iso\\n8,320\\n47,000\\n50,704\\n39,964\\n46ioo6\\n1,306\\n34,000\\n45,600\\n274,356\\n10,212\\n61,348\\n53, 924\\nNew Hampshire\\n34.26\\n58.84\\n65.90\\n17.14\\n49.55\\n56.2(3\\n112.97\\n19.66\\n21.99\\n0.77\\n30.76\\n23.17\\nUnchanged.\\n95,274\\nUnchanged.\\n(I\\nK\\nNorth Carolina\\nOhio\\nOregon\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nTexas\\nWest Virginia\\nWisconsin\\n5.66\\nUnchanged.\\nThe Territories\\n1,436,735\\n0.09\\n1,303,465\\n0.20\\n1,619,417\\n0.27\\nAlaska (unorganized)\\nArizona\\n1173.13\\n6 .85\\n577,390\\n113,916\\n104,500\\n150,932\\nUnchanged.\\n86,294\\nUnchanged.\\no .os\\n0.38\\n0.09\\n2057.81\\n0.17\\no.ii\\n6.76\\n1.03\\n0.34\\n0.09\\nCo 1 orado\\nDakota.\\nDistrict of Columbia.\\nIdaho\\n64\\n807.61\\nUnchanged.\\nIndian (Country)\\nKansas\\n195,274\\n0.04\\n68,991\\n126,283\\n81,960\\nMinnesota\\n165,491\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNew Mexico\\n6.08\\n0.36\\n143,776\\n351.358\\n215,807\\n288,345\\n220,196\\n6.29\\n0.05\\n0.05\\nUnchanged.\\n261,342\\n121,201\\nOregon\\nUtah\\nLTnchanged.\\n193,071\\n0.18\\n0.06\\n84,476\\n69,994\\n97,883\\nWasliinnton\\nWyoming\\n1", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0881.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "884\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE IX.\\nNumber of Families and of Persons to a Family in the United States and in the\\nseveral States and Ten-itories thereof in 1850, 1860 and 1870, according to the\\nCensus Reports for those years.\\nstates and Territories.\\n1850.\\n18(50.\\n1870.\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\nThe United States\\n3,598,240\\n5.56\\n5,210,934\\n5.28\\n7,579,363\\n5.09\\n5.09\\nThe States\\n3,570,683\\n5.56\\n5,147,650\\n5.28\\n7,481,607\\nAlabama\\n73,786\\n28,461\\n24,567\\n73,448\\n15,439\\n9,107\\n91,666\\n149,153\\n171,564\\n33,517\\n5.81\\n5.72\\n3.77\\n5.05\\n5.78\\n5.29\\n5.72\\n5.71\\n5.76\\n5.73\\n5.80\\n5.04\\n5.64\\n5.64\\n5.16\\n5.48\\n5!69\\n5.89\\nsiis\\n5..50\\n5.46\\n5.50\\n5.68\\n5!66\\n5.23\\n5.36\\n5.87\\n5.44\\n5.36\\n5.67\\n5!36\\n96,603\\n57,244\\n98,767\\n94,831\\n18,966\\n15.090\\n109,919\\n315,539\\n248,664\\n124,098\\n21,912\\n166,321\\n74,725\\n120,863\\n110,278\\n251,287\\n144,761\\n37,319\\n63,015\\n192,073\\n5.48\\n5.67\\n3.85\\n4.85\\n5.82\\n5.21\\n5.41\\n5.43\\n5.43\\n5.44\\n4.89\\n5.59\\n5.04\\n5.20\\n5.44\\n4.90\\n5.17\\n4.61\\n5.63\\n5.56\\n4!72\\n5.16\\n5.12\\n5.29\\n5.39\\n4.74\\n5.54\\n4.96\\n5.14\\n5.59\\n5.49\\n4.94\\n,5.49\\n5/26\\n202,704\\n96,135\\n128,752\\n114,981\\n22.900\\n39,394\\n237,850\\n474,533\\n320,160\\n222,430\\n72,493\\n232,797\\n158,099\\n131,017\\n140,078\\n305,534\\n241,006\\n82,471\\n166,828\\n316,917\\n25,075\\n9,880\\n72,144\\n183,043\\n..892,772\\n205,970\\n521,981\\n18,504\\n675,408\\n46,133\\n151,105\\n231,365\\n154,483\\n70,462\\n231,574\\n78,474\\n200,155\\n4.92\\n5.04\\n4.35\\n4.67\\n5.46\\n4.77\\n4.98\\n5.35\\n5.25\\n5.37\\n5.03\\n5.67\\n4.60\\n4.78\\n5.57\\n4.77\\n4.91\\n5.33\\n4.96\\n5.43\\n4.91\\n4.30\\n4.41\\n4.95\\n4.88\\n5.20\\n5.11\\n4.91\\n5.21\\n4.71\\n4.67\\n5.44\\n5.30\\n4.69\\n5.29\\n5.63\\n5.27\\nArkansa.s\\nCalifornia\\nConnecticut\\nDelaware\\nFlorida\\nGeorgi a\\nIndiana\\nIowa\\nKentucky\\n132,920\\n54,112\\n103,3.33\\n87,384\\n192,675\\n72,611\\nLouisiana\\nMaine\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts\\n52,107\\n100,890\\nMissouri\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey\\n62,287\\n89,080\\n566,869\\n105,451\\n348,514\\n69,018\\n130,348\\n758,420\\n125,090\\n434,134\\n11,063\\n524,558\\n35,209\\n58,642\\n149,335\\n76,781\\n63,781\\n201,523\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nOhio\\nPennsylvania\\n408,497\\n28,216\\n52,937\\n130,004\\n28,377\\n58,573\\n167,530\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nTennes.see\\nTexas\\nVermont\\nVirginia\\nWisconsin\\n57,608\\n147,473\\nThe Territories\\n27,557\\n4.39\\n63,284\\n4.30\\n97,756\\n4.48\\n3!41\\n3.90\\n2,290\\n9,358\\n3,090\\n4.22\\n4.26\\n4.59\\n10,045\\n1,241", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0882.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\n885\\nTABLE IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nNumber of Families and of Persons to a, Family in the United States and in the\\nseveral States and Territories thereqf in 1850, 1860 and 1870, according to the\\nCensus Reports for those years.\\nTerritories.\\n1850.\\nI860.\\n1870.\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\n5.58\\n4!86\\n4.48\\nI96\\n4.14\\nNumber of\\nfamilies.\\nPersons\\nto a\\nfamily.\\n5.21\\n3.65\\n2.92\\nI28\\n5I04\\n4.22\\n4!oo\\n1\\nDistrict of Columbia.\\nIdalio\\n8,343\\n1,016\\n13, 502\\n2,734\\n2,322\\n5.75\\n5^98\\n4.56\\n5.60\\n4.90\\n12,888\\n5,931\\n20,881\\n9,500\\n2,798\\n25,276\\n4,104\\n7,058\\nMinnesota\\nNebraska\\nNew Mexico\\n21,449\\nr7, 210\\n5,673\\n2,248\\nOregon\\nUtah\\nWyoming\\nTABLE X.\\nNumber of Dwellings and of Persons to a Dwelling in the United States and in the\\nseveral States and Territories thereof in 1850, 18G0 and 1870, according to the\\nCensus Reports for those years.\\nStates and Territories.\\n1850.\\n18G0.\\n1870.\\nNumber of\\ndwellings.\\nPersons\\nto a\\ndwelling.\\nNumber of\\ndwellings.\\nPersons\\nto a\\ndwelling.\\nNumber of\\ndwellings.\\nPersons\\nto a\\ndwelling.\\nThe United States\\n3,362,337\\n5.94\\n4,969,692\\n5.53\\n7,042,833\\n5.47\\nThe States\\n3,335,269\\n5.95\\n4,912,437\\n5.54\\n6,941,603\\n5.49\\nAlabama\\n73,070\\n28,252\\n23,742\\n64,013\\n15,290\\n9,022\\n91,206\\n146,544\\n170,178\\n32,962\\n5.87\\n5.76\\n3.90\\n5.79\\n5.84\\n5.34\\n5.75\\n5.81\\n5.81\\n5.83\\n5.90\\n5.56\\n6.09\\n6.03\\n96,682\\n56,717\\n100,328\\n83.622\\n19,288\\n14,132\\n109,069\\n304,742\\n256,936\\n131,663\\n33,278\\n164,161\\n63,992\\n115,933\\n106,137\\n5.47\\n5.72\\n3.79\\n5.50\\n5.72\\n5.57\\n5.46\\n5.62\\n5.26\\n5.13\\n2.96\\n5.67\\n5.88\\n5.42\\n5.65\\n198,327\\n93,195\\n126,307\\n96,880\\n22,577\\n41,047\\n236,436\\n464,155\\n318,469\\n219,846\\n71.071\\n224,969\\n150,427\\n121,953\\n129,620\\n5.03\\n5.20\\n4.44\\n5.55\\n5.54\\n4.57\\n5.01\\n5.47\\n5.28\\n5.44\\n5.13\\n5.87\\n4.83\\n5.14\\n6.02\\nArkansas\\nCalifornia\\nConnecticut\\nDelaware\\nFlorida\\nGeorgia\\nIllinois\\nIndiana\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nKentucky\\nLouisiana\\n130,769\\n49,101\\n95,802\\n81,708\\nMaine\\nMaryland", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0883.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "886\\nAPPENDIX.\\nTABLE X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nNumber of Dwellings and of Persons to a Dwelling in the United States and in the\\nseveral tStates and Territories thereof in 1850, 1860 and 1870, according to the\\nCensus Reports for those years.\\nstates and Territories.\\nMassachusetts\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nNebraska\\nNevada\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nOhio\\nOregon\\nPennsylvania\\nRiiode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nTennessee\\nTexas\\nVermont\\nVirginia\\nWest Virginia\\nWisconsin\\nThe Territories\\nArizona\\nColorado\\nDakota\\nDistrict of Columbia\\nIdaho\\nMinnesota\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNew Mexico\\nOregon...\\nUtah\\nWashington\\nWyoming\\nNumber of\\ndwellings.\\n152,835\\n71,616\\n5i ,68i\\n96,849\\n57,339\\n81,064\\n473,936\\n104,996\\n336,098\\n386, 2i6\\n22,379\\n52,642\\n129,419\\n27,988\\n56,421\\n165,815\\n5t) ,3i 6\\n27,068\\n7,917\\n1,002\\n13,453\\n2,374\\n2,322\\nPersons\\nto a\\ndwelling.\\n6.51\\n5.55\\n5.74\\n6.14\\n5.55\\n6.04\\n6.54\\n5.53\\n5.89\\n5.99\\n6.59\\n5.39\\n5.90\\n5.52\\n5.57\\n5.72\\n5!42\\n4.46\\n6.06\\ne.oe\\n4.57\\n5.60\\n4.90\\n18G0. 1\\n1\\nNumber of\\ndwellings.\\nPersons\\nto a\\ndwelling.\\n205,319\\n150,952\\n40,926\\n6.00\\n4.96\\n4.20\\n61,460\\n5.77\\n181,069\\n5.89\\n4.94\\n65,968\\n116,353\\n5.78\\n615,888\\n6.30\\n129,585\\n425,672\\n5.11\\n5.50\\n12,277\\n4.27\\n515,319\\n5.64\\n27,056\\n6.45\\n58,220\\n5.18\\n147,947\\n5.64\\n77,428\\n5.45\\n62,977\\n207,305\\n5.00\\n5.33\\n5.04\\n154,036\\n57,255\\n5.10\\ni ,361\\n12,338\\n3.55\\n5.83\\n7,811\\n3.69\\n21,945\\n4.26\\n3. 75\\n10,763\\n3,037\\n3.82\\n1870.\\nNumber of\\nPersons\\ndwellings.\\ndwelling.\\n236,473\\n6.16\\n237,036\\n5.00\\n81,140\\n5.42\\n164,150\\n5.04\\n292,769\\n5.87\\n25,144\\n4.89\\n12,990\\n3.27\\n67,046\\n4.75\\n155,936\\n5.81\\n688,559\\n6.37\\n202,504\\n5.29\\n495,667\\n5.38\\n19,372\\n4.69\\n635,680\\n5.54\\n34,828\\n6.24\\n143.485\\n4.92\\n224,816\\n5.60\\n141.685\\n5.78\\n66,145\\n5.00\\n224,947\\n5.45\\n78,854\\n5.61\\n197,098\\n5.35\\n101,230\\n4.37\\n3.42\\n2,822\\n10,009\\n3.98\\n3,231\\n4.39\\n23,308\\n5.65\\n2.18\\n4.36\\n4!75\\n9,450\\n21,053\\n18,290\\n6,066\\n3.95\\n2,379\\n3.83", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0884.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMEN TS.\\n887\\nWILUilS. YllIlS I\\n1\\nWHOLESALE DEALERS IN\\n611 Market St., Philadelphia.\\n4\u00c2\u00bb\\nOrders solicited from Country Merchants generally, which will always be\\nfilled with CARE and PROMPTNESS under the super-\\nvision of one of the firm.\\nJNO. H. McFKTRIGH^\\nPLUMBER f GAS FITTER,\\nS. W. cor. Ninth and Walnut Sts.^Philada.\\nLEAD,\\nIRON,\\nCOPPER,\\nTEREA COTTA\\nPIPE.\\nCOPPER,\\nLEAD,\\nIRON\\nAND ||)4[S|\\nZINC 3^1\\nBATH-TUBS\\nLEAD,\\nIRON,\\nCOPPER,\\nBRASS\\nAND\\nEARTHEN WORK\\nOf every description.\\nSOAPSTONE\\nAND\\nSLATE\\nAND\\nSINKB,\\nGAS PIPE AND FIXTURES\\nFOR\\nALL ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.\\nJ. FUTHEY SMITH, Manager.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0885.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "888 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nJOSEPH WALKER, H. B. LYONS,\\nProprietor. Manager.\\ninrAREROOMS,\\n915 Market Street,\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nSTEAM ENGINES,\\nMachinists Tools^ etc.\\nSHIVE GOVERNORS,\\nJONES SCALES,\\nTMM TEMTV^^", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0886.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "A D VER TISEMENTS. 889\\n128 SOUTH NINTH STREET,\\nAVHOLiaS^VLE ^ND RETAIL DEALER IN\\nWines iLipors.\\nBTf\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^ iHfW ^f tt-fi^tf^#^\\nON HAND in the ORIGINAL PACKAGE ONLY.\\nCHAMPAGNES I CIGARS\\nA SPECIALTY.\\nWine and Sample Rooms at the rear.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0887.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "890 AD VEB TISEMENTS.\\nH. M. DALY,\\nWHISKIES\\n222 South Front Street\\nAND\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nHAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND A LARGE STOCK OF\\nW^J^ K. I^^ IIN T E ID\\nPURE PIIfE WHISKIES,\\nOf various ages and guaranteed to give universal satisfaction.\\nSOLD IN ORIGINAL PACKAGE ONLY.\\nSAMPLES SENT WHEN REQUESTED.\\ntiS-AN INSPECTION SOLICITED.\\nH03L.E A-OEJVT FOR\\nTHOMAS MOORE and J. S. FINCH CO.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0888.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "892 AD VER TISEMENTS.\\nESTA-BLISUEO 1831.\\nJOSEPH F.TOBIAS COMPANY.\\nNo. 241 CHESTNUT STREET,\\nPHILADELPHIA,\\nIMPORTERS,\\nWine Spirit Merchants\\nFINE OLD IVIONONGAHELA,\\nRye, Wheat and Bourbon\\nALSO,\\nSOLE AGENTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR\\nG-IESLEK COMPY S\\nHD -136. BliUl SMli\\n111 fllllMI 0141f Aill Willi.", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0889.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISEMENTS. 891\\nPilE 111 WllSllES\\nFMIIiABEIiFmM mM BAMtTlMQEE,\\nSOLE PROPRIETORS OF THE CELEBRATED\\nacme\\nPURE RYE, WHEAT and BOURBON\\nha:n misville, Berkeley coumty, w. va.,\\nmt. vermoj^, baltimore, mb.\\nOFFICESr\\nNos. 218 and 220 South Front Street, Philadelphia.\\nNo. 9 Whitehall Street, New York.\\nOstend and Russell Streets, Baltimore.\\nAgents at New Orleans, RARESHIDE MAES, No. 17\\nTchoupitoulas Street.\\nI^iberal terms for Coiitrac($$ in quantities of not less\\ntitan 100 barrels in bond or tax paid.\\nStorage capacity of Distillery Bonded Warehouses,\\n20,000 barrels.\\nStock of really Fine Old Whiskies, the best and largest\\nin the country.", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0890.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0891.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0892.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0893.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "^i\\nh.\\nf/\\nA^\\n.0-\\n.V^\\nv^\\n.0\\no f\\nV.^^\\n^^^-fK\\n^^yj^\\n,0\\nhe.\\nV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J- ti\\\\\\\\ ^)K /A o \u00e2\u0080\u00a2V ^V.\\nC, vT\\nf\\nU k 4.\\nA", "height": "3256", "width": "1908", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0894.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "4 c\\n-^^0^\\n4, c\\n^o y\\n-^^0^\\n4 o\\no V\\nV-^.\\nD0BB5 BROS.\\nLIBRARY BINDING r C* .O a^ Oy\\nST. AUGUSTINE\\nte|v FLA. ^^(5^:5^. 4^\\nif.\\n32084 a ^Q\\nA J, o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O", "height": "3304", "width": "1950", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0895.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3399", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "americanenterpri01burl_0896.jp2"}}