{"1": {"fulltext": "Philippines\\n3ol)tt m, C^ylor", "height": "4897", "width": "3091", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "i;\\nif\\n-^ij .I ll\\nC r i rVL*\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ftM i.j\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a-:", "height": "4583", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4583", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "n\\nPIN\\nBY\\nJ@MP Wc \u00e2\u0084\u00a2TL@!R\\nEx-superintendent city Schools, San Francisco\\nSAN FRANCISCO\\nCunningham, Cuktiss Welch.\\n1899\\nu", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "S /no\\nCopyright, 1899, by John W. Taylor.\\nn", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "NOTE.\\nSince my return from the Philippine Islands, in April of\\nthis year, I have been impressed by the general desire ex-\\nhibited in this country for information regarding this new\\npossession of ours. So many mistaken ideas prevail in\\nregard to the Archipelago, its extent, its people, its re-\\nsources, climate, products and possibilities, that it has\\nseemed to me worth while to put into compact form the\\nsalient facts on all these points. I have purposely abstained\\nfrom going into details regarding the forms of a government\\nno longer, happily, to be permitted to impede the progress\\nof that richly endowed region- or from offering any sug-\\ngestions as to what this country should or should not do in\\nreference to the Philippines. Our government has already\\nenough voluntary counsellors to involve it in hopeless con-\\nfusion, but I have endeavored to make a clear, definite\\nstatement of the matter treated in this little book, in a\\nmanner that will be understandable by the children of our\\nschools, whom it will now be necessary to teach much more\\nto know something of commercial and agricultural condi-\\nthan in the past about the Philippines. At the same time it\\nis hoped that the book may prove useful to those who wish\\nto know something of commercial and agricultural condi-\\ntions in the Archipelago. J. W. T.", "height": "4757", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nHISTORIC.\\nFIRST APPEARANCE IN HISTORY. The first his-\\ntoric mention which we have of the territory now known\\nas the Philippine Archipelago, occurs in a record of\\n1509, in which year certain Portuguese navigators, re-\\nturning from a voyage, reported having seen in the har-\\nbor of Malacca the ships of dusky traders from some\\nisland country in the great Pacific. Not until twelve\\nyears later, however, were the islands actually dis-\\ncovered by Europeans.\\nDISCOVERY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO. On\\nOctober, 1520, the great navigator, Magellen, dis-\\ncovered the long-sought-for seaway now known as\\nthe Straits of Magellen, sailed through it, and on the\\n26th day of November entered the Pacific Ocean. On\\nMarch i6th, 1521, with a fleet of three vessels, he\\nreached the Ladrone Islands. Continuing their voyage,\\nMagellen and his captains came to the Island of Min-\\ndanao, second in size of the Philippine group, and coasted\\nalong the north shore until, in Easter week, they reached\\nthe mouth of the Butuan River. Here they were kindly\\nreceived by the chief of Mindanao and his subjects, who\\nsupplied them with provisions, of which they were\\ngreatly in need. The voyagers landed and celebrated\\nmass, and shortly afterwards Magellen took formal\\npossession of the territory in the name of the king of\\nSpain. The fleet then proceeded north to the island\\nof Cebu, -accompanied by the chief of Butuan. The\\nnatives of Cebu were at first inclined to be hostile, but\\nthe chief represented that the strangers were peaceful\\npeople who sought to provision their ships, upon which\\nrepresentation they received the travelers kindly.", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nMAGELLEN ENTERED INTO A TE.EATY with the\\npeople of Cebu, and undertook to help them in a war\\nwhich they were carrying on with the tribes of the\\nopposite coast. In accordance with this agreement he\\npassed over, on the 25th of April, to the island of Mat-\\ngan, where, in fighting for his new allies, he was fatally\\nwounded by an arrow.\\nTHE ISLANDS WERE FIRST CALLED THE PHIL-\\nIPPINES in the year 1543, in honor of Prince Philip\\nof Asturias, the son of King Charles I, and afterwards\\nKing Philip II of Spain.\\nIN THE YEAR 1570 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI\\nwas appointed ^Governor General of all the lands that\\nhe might be able to conquer in these islands. Legaspi\\ntook formal possession of the entire territory, declared\\nthe city of Manila (then called by the natives Maynila)\\ncapital of the Archipelago, and proclaimed the sov-\\nereignty of the king of Spain. In June, 1 571 he consti-\\ntuted the City Council of Manila. He was, for his race\\nand time a wise and humane man, but he died at Manila\\nin 1572, and the record of Spain s rule in these islands\\nduring the 326 years that followed is one of cruelty\\nand oppression, exercised in the name of law and of\\nreligion, over a docile and inoffensive people.\\nIN THE AUTUMN OF 1762, during the war between\\nFrance and Spain, on the one hand, and England on\\nthe other, the British, under Admiral Cornish and Brig-\\nadier General Draper, invaded the Archipelago and\\ncompelled its surrender. The English remained in the\\nislands until March 17, 1764, when Manila was evacu-\\nated, the King of England accepting in lieu of the Phil-\\nippines an indemnity equal to $4,000,000.\\nON MAY 1st, 1898, during the war between Spain and the\\nUnited States, an American fleet, under Admiral\\nGeorge Dewey, entered Manila harbor and completely\\ndestroyed the Spanish fleet lying at anchor there. On\\nthe 13th day of August, of the same year, the United\\nStates having sent an army to the assistance of Admiral\\nDewey, an attack was made on the city of Manila,", "height": "4895", "width": "3056", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 7\\nwhich, after making a show of resistance, surrendered.\\nOn Saturday, December loth, 1898, at 9 o clock, P. M.,\\nterms of peace were agreed upon between the\\nthe United States and Spain, under which Spain ceded\\nto the United States her sovereignty in the Philippine\\nArchipelago,acceptingin consideration for public works,\\nbuildings, etc., the sum of $20,000,000. The natives of\\nthe Philippines, being then in a state of rebellion against\\nthe rule of Spain, certain leaders among them denied the\\nright of that country to make any transfer of sov-\\nereignty over them, raised an army and declared war\\nagainst the incoming power. This war is not yet ended.\\nGEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE PHILIP-\\nPINES. The Philippine Archipelago is situated in\\nthe southeast of Asia, and extends from 4^40 to 20\u00c2\u00b0\\nN. lat. and from 1 16\u00c2\u00b0 40 to 126 40 E. long. To the\\nwest and northwest lies the China Sea, separating it\\nfrom China and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. On the\\neast is the Pacific Ocean; on the north a number of\\nsmaller islands stretch out between it and Formosa.\\nOn the south similar small islands bring it into geo-\\ngraphical- relation with Borneo, and the Celebes Sea\\nlies between Mindanao and the island of Celebes.\\nNUMBER AND EXTENT OF THE ISLANDS. The\\nnumber of islands in the Archipelago is variously esti-\\nmated at from 1,400 to 1,600. They have, however,,\\nnever been counted, nor have even the most important\\nones ever been adequately surveyed. They range in\\nsize from the merest point of land appearing above the\\nsurface of the sea, to long stretches of territory with an\\narea of many thousands of square miles. The islands\\nof first geographical importance are Luzon, Mindanao,\\nSamar, Panay, Negros, Leyte, Palawan, Mindora and\\nthe Sula Archipelago.\\nTHE LARGEST ISLAND OF THE GROUP is Luzon,\\nwhich lies furtherest to the north. It is 480 miles long,,\\nand has an area of 40,982 square miles. Manila, the\\ncapital of the Archipelago, is situated on Luzon and\\nthis island naturally leads the others in points of popu-", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "B FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\nlation and commercial importance. For purposes of\\ngovernment the island is divided into 23 Provinces and\\na number of smaller tracts called Districts or Comman-\\ndencias.\\nISLANDS ADJACENT TO LUZON. In the immedi-\\nate vicinity of Luzon are a number of lesser islands,\\nmost of which are included in one or another of the\\nvarious Provinces or Districts of the larger island.\\nCORREGIDOR ISLAND, lying in the middle of the\\nentrance to Manila Bay, has been, under the Spanish\\nregime, occupied almost wholly by lighthouse employees\\nand army and navy attaches. It is a part of the Prov-\\nince of Cavite, and has but one city, San Jose.\\nMINDORO ISLAND lies directly south of the Province\\nof Batangas, on Luzon. In the Strait of San Bernar-\\ndino, which separates it from Luzon, are several islets.\\nThe islands of Marinduque, Tablas and Maestre de\\nCampo lie off the east shore and belong to Mindoro\\nProvince. On the west is the Chiwa Sea, and on the\\nsouth the sea of Mindoro. The population of Mindoro\\nis something over 100,000, but the resources of the\\nisland have been but imperfectly developed.\\nMASBATE, BURIAS, TICAO AND SIBUYAN are\\nsmall islands lying south of the northern extremity of\\nLuzon, and west and north of the Visayas group.\\nPALAWAN AND BALABAC. On the extreme south-\\nwest of the Archipelago lie Palawan or Paragua, and\\nBalabac. The former of these is the third in size of\\nthe entire group. The principal town, Puerta Princesa,\\non the east coast, has an excellent harbor, and from\\nearliest times the Spanish had a naval station there.\\nThere are but two other towns on the island, which con-\\ntains, all told, only about 50,000 inhabitants. Very\\nlittle is known of this island. The government has\\nalways been military, and with the exception of some\\n5,000 Christians and about the same number of Moham-\\nmedans, the inhabitants are savages. It has an area\\nof about 5,630 square miles. Balabac, to the south of.\\nPalawan, is a small island of about 160 square miles.", "height": "4887", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES. 9\\nThere is located the penal settlement of the Archi-\\npelao. There are perhaps 1,000 inhabitants of the\\nisland, nearly all Mohammedans. The island Cagayan\\nJ0I6 is governed from Balabac.\\nTHE VISAYAN GROUP comprises the islands lying in\\nthe central part of the archipelago and generally spoken\\nof as the Visayas. To their north lies Luzon, on the\\nsouth Mindanao. The Visayas comprise the islands of\\nPanay, Negros, Leyte; Samar, Cebu and Bohol, with\\na number of islets, which for administrative purposes\\nare included each in the province to which it is near-\\nest. With the Visayan group are usually classed\\nTHE CALAMIANES, a province comprising a num-\\nber of little isles lying between Mindora, Panay, Pala-\\nwan and the China Sea. The island of Panay is\\ndivided into three provinces; Negros has two, and each\\nof the other islands of the Visayan group is a single\\nprovince. The area and population of the islands of\\nthe group are as follow^s\\nArea\\nin Sq. Miles. Population,\\nCalamianes 339 16,380\\nSamar. 5,337 200,753\\nPanay 4,470 1,000,000\\nNegros 3,090 *39^777\\nCebu 1,805 504,076\\nBohol 1,570 248,000\\nLeyte 3, 100 270,491\\nNot including savages in mountains.\\nTHE ISLAND OF MINDANAO lies to the south of\\nthe Visayas. It is the second in size of the whole\\narchipelago. But little is known of the interior of this\\nrich region, but it is unquestionably destined to become\\nequal in commercial importance to Luzon itself. It is\\nthe most advantageously situated of the entire group,\\nbeing, save for one small district in the north, outside\\nthe track of the typhoons which periodically visit the\\nArchipelago. With the small neighboring islands which\\nare included in its government, it has an area of 36,450\\nsquare miles. With these islands it is divided into six", "height": "4818", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "lO FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nDistricts, as follows: Zamboanga, Misamis, Surigao,\\nDavao, Cottabato and Basilan. Each of these Districts\\nhas depending upon it from one to a dozen Com-\\nmandencias.\\nThe total number of the savage population of Min-\\ndanao has never been ascertained. There are known\\nto be in the neighborhood of 90,000 scattered among\\nthe more accessible tribes, but in the mountains and\\nthe interior valleys are still uncounted hordes. Of\\nother peoples, the Mohammedans, who constitute the\\nlargest single body of the population on the island,\\nnumber something over 150,000. Of Christians of\\nvarious races there are about 208,000. The capital of\\nMindanao is Zamboanga, in the district of that name.\\nTHE SULU ARCHIPELAGO lies southwest of Min-\\ndanao, and is made up of several groups, the total area\\nof which is about 775 square miles. The principal\\ngroups of the Sulu Archipelago are the Balangingi,\\nSulu, Tapul, Tawi Tawi, Pangutaran and Laparan, be-\\nsides which there are a number of smaller islands. Of\\nthe Balangingis, but four are of any considerable size.\\nThe Sulu group numbers 19 islands, of which Sulu, the\\nlargest, is about 97 miles in circumference. There are\\n19 in the Tapul group, also, all but four being very\\nsmall. The Tawi Tawis are 40 in number, the largest,\\nTawi Tawi, being 95 miles in circumference. The two\\nremaining of the six groups are of but slight import-\\nance. Nominally subject to Spain for the past three\\ncenturies, the Sulu Archipelago is in reality ruled by a\\nSultan, who reigns as an absolute hereditary monarch,\\nacknowledging the Sultan of Arabia as spiritual ruler\\nover himself and his subjects, all of whom are Moham-\\nmedans. Of these there are known to be 100,000.\\nThe capital of the Archipelago is Sulu, or Jolo, on the\\nisland of Sulu.", "height": "4898", "width": "3056", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES. il\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHK PKOPI.K.\\nTHE NATIVE TRIBES of the Philippine Archipelago\\nare really very little known, notwithstanding that Spain\\nhas ruled this country for more than three hundred\\nyears. Over thirty different languages and tribes are\\nofficially recognized, but besides these there are many\\ndialects spoken in the islands, and as each mountain\\ntribe or band of savages has its own local name, and\\nno one has as yet undertaken a careful study of the\\npeople, a good deal of uncertainty still prevails regard-\\ningthem.\\nThe two principal native peoples, generally known as\\nthe Tagalos and the Visayas, inhabit respectively the\\nnorthern and the central parts of the Archipelago.\\nThese are generally meant by the term Filipino, although\\nthis word applies, correctly, to all native inhabitants\\nof the Philippines. They are not, however, the origi-\\nnal inhabitants, but are supposed to have migrated\\nfrom Madegascar to the Malay Peninsula, and finally to\\nthese islands. They are believed to have been in the\\nArchipelago perhaps not more than a few generations\\nwhen the Spaniards arrived there. At this time, how-\\never, they had already driven the aborigines from the\\nplains into the mountains. The Spaniards took posses-\\nsion of the country and subdued the intruders, whom\\nthey called Filipinos, but have never conquered the\\nnative tribes in the hills. The government which has\\nundertaken to direct the future of the Philippines must\\ntake up the task of civilizing and educating a horde of\\nalmost savages. It is estimated that about one-fourth\\nof the population of the Visayas, and one-fifth of that\\nof Luzon, have never relinquished their independence.\\nTHE NEGRITOS, as they are called by the Spanish, or\\nthe Aetas, as the Filipinos call them, are found in the\\nmountains on nearly all the islands. They are a timid,\\nspiritless race, in appearance resembling the natives of\\nAfrica, but much smaller. They are black, and have", "height": "4863", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\ncurly, wool-like hair, flat noses and thick lips. The\\nmen wear a loin-cloth; the women a little skirt reach-\\ning to the knees. The men carry long, light lances of\\nbamboo, and their bows are of palm-wood. In warfare\\nthey use poisoned arrows. They are agile and swift-\\nfooted, but of feeble mental powers, showing little apti-\\ntute to learn. Even when taken young and brought up\\nin the cities, they are very little amenable to civilization.\\nTheir methods of agriculture are quite primitive, and\\nthey live principally upon fish and the brown moun-\\ntain rice. Their religion is a sort of spirit worship.\\nTHE IGORROTES are, physically, a finer type than the\\nNegritos. They are much taller and very muscular, but\\nawkward in movement and more indolent. Never-\\ntheless they are braver and more warlike, being skilled\\nin the use of a short, broad knife, which is their favorite\\nweapon. The Igorrotes have been particularly ill-\\ntreated by the Spanish, who made ineffectual war upon\\nthem, pillaging their homes, while at the same time they\\nwere unable to subdue the tribes by force of arms. This\\nbad conduct gave the savages a deep hatred for all\\nEuropeans. On the island of Panay, whither many\\nhave imigrated from Luzon, they have descended to the\\nplains to help in the resistance to American arms, and\\nhave proven formidable foemen. The men wear their\\nhair loug, hanging to their shoulders, at the back, and\\ncut straight across the forehead. They are copper-\\ncolored, with flat noses, high cheekbones and large\\nframes, indicative of great strength. It is hard to say\\nwhether they are easily civilized, as no attempt has\\never been made to introduce among them, or, in fact,\\namong any of these tribes, a civilization worthy of the\\nname. Such attempts as have been made to Christian-\\nize the Igorrotes have been unsuccessful. Order is\\nmaintained by the tribes, among themselves, by a rude\\nsort of tacit-law, which makes the family of an injured\\nor murdered man his avengers against all the kin of the\\noffender. The people live in little hive-like huts, into\\nwhich they creep on all fours, and their principal means\\nof subsistence is hunting and fishing, although they", "height": "4890", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES. 15\\nI also raise rice, sweet potatoes and some sugarcane.\\nBoth they and the Negritos sometimes raid the cattle\\nbands of dwellers on the plains.\\nTHE GADDENES are a tribe living in the extreme\\nnorthwest of Luzon, but little known, as they are wholly\\nuncivilized. They are of very fine appearance, dark\\ncolored, well developed and of savage, warlike nature.\\nThey carry most formidable weapons, consisting of a\\nlong lance with a trident tip, and arrows pointed with\\nnumerous sharp, terrible teeth made from shell or bone.\\nThey are expert in killing fish with their lances.\\nTHE ITAVIS are a neighboring tribe to the Gaddenes,\\nbut are of lighter color, less warlike, but similar in\\ntheir manner of living. Both these tribes raise some\\nmountain rice, but live chiefly on roots, game, fish and\\nfruit.\\nTHE TINGUI ANES are a race supposed to have descended\\nfrom Japanese shipwrecked sailors who, unable to get\\nback to their own country, took to the mountains\\ninland from the west coast of Luzon. These Tinguianes\\nare a fine looking people, with aquiline noses, and wear\\nthe hair in a crown-tuft, like the Japanese. They\\ntattoo themselves and blacken their teeth, both Japan-\\nese characteristics. They build their huts on posts, or\\nin trees, 60 or 70 feet from the ground, and from this\\nvantage point they repel enemies by hurling stones\\nupon them. They are the most intelligent of the wild\\ntribes; in this respect they compare favorably with\\neven the domesticated natives, usually called the\\nFilipinos.\\nTHE MACABEBES are a very fierce and warlike tribe in\\nthe central and eastern part of Luzon. They are\\nimplacable enemies of the Spaniards and were regarded\\nby them as a formidable foe.\\nTHE IGORROTE-CHINESE. In the latter part of 1574\\na Chinese pirate named Li-ma-hong, who had made an\\nunsuccessful attack on Manila, was forced to flee, with\\nhis junks, from the Spanish. In doing this he aban-\\ndoned a number of his soldiers whom he had sent\\ninland to hold the attention of the enemy, while the", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nChinese fleet slipped down the Pasig rivet and out to\\nsea. These Chinese soldiers, deserted by their com-\\nmander and left to their own resources fled, to the\\nmountains, where they established themselves. They\\ntook wives from among the Igorrotes and from these\\nunions sprang up in time a mixed race whose people\\ncombine the fierceness of the Igorrotes with the Mon-\\ngol prudence and capability. They are in every way\\nsuperior to the Igorrotes; many of them live in the\\ncities or on the plains and take very kindly to civiliza-\\ntion.\\nOTHER MIXED RACES. There is on Luzon a race\\nof people who are of unmistakable Plindoo origin, and\\nwho are supposed to be descended from deserters from\\none of the Sepoy regiments which General Draper\\nbrought to the Philippines at the time of the British\\ninvasion. These Hindoo-Filipinos are of fine bearing,\\nsharp featured, with bright eyes and aquiline noses.\\nThey are intelligent and very industrious. It is said\\nthat they are the only natives who ever came forward\\nvoluntarily to pay the tribute that until recent years\\nSpain exacted from all the tribes,\\nTHE TAGALOS are the inhabitants of the lowlands of\\nLuzon. They are supposed to have come from the\\nMalay countries and to have driven out the aborigines.\\nThey form the great mass of the native population,\\nand their language has gradually encroached on the\\nother Philippine tongues in the north.\\nTHE VISAYAS inhabit all the islands south of Luzon\\nand north of Mindanao. In the 15th and i6th centuries\\nthey were called by the Spaniards Pintados, or painted\\npeople. They were readily subdued by the Spaniards,\\nwhom they helped to conquer the Tagalos. They are\\nby no means so agreeable in manner or character as\\nthe Tagalos; are less hospitable, and more mercenary.\\nSouth of the Visayas, on Mindanao and the islands of\\nthe Sulu Archipelago, are a great many Mohammedans\\nof Malay origin. On Mindanao are also many savage\\ntribes, the majority of whom are unnumbered and\\nalmost wholly unknown.", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 15\\nCHAPTER III.\\nPHYSICAI. GEOGRAPHY.\\nTHE TOTAL AREA OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCH-\\nIPELAGO is about 1 14,356 square miles. The islands\\nare nearly all of volcanic origin. Along the east coast\\nof Negros a slow upheaval from the sea is still going\\non, and in many parts of the Archipelago volcanic\\nforces are constantly active. Lake Bombon, in the\\nsouthern part of Luzon, is said to have been formed\\n(though probably not within historic times) by a vol-\\ncanic eruption which undermined a mountain 8,000 or\\n9,000 feet high. This lake is fed from subterranean\\nforces, and its waters are now sweet, although accord-\\ning to native tradition they were once salt. Taal Vol-\\ncano, one of the few active craters left in the archipel-\\nago, is situated on an island in the middle of this lake.\\nTHE PRESENCE OF CORAL REEFS along the\\nshores, and also of raised beaches at a considerable\\nelevation and distance inland, containing shells similar\\nto those of the surrounding seas, points to a proba-\\nbility that the upheaval of a large part, of the archipel-\\nago is of comparatively recent date.\\nTHE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLANDS is almost wholly\\nunknown. The vegetation is so dense that geologists\\ncan only study the pebbles of the alluvium, or surface\\nsoil, without being able to form any idea of the under-\\nlying strata. There are, also, no deep cuttings made\\nby mining or other operations, such as help the geolo-\\ngist to a knowledge of the rocks and soils in other\\ncountries.\\nTHE FLORA is also but little known. Few botanists\\nhave ever visited the country, but those who have, have\\nin nearly every case been able to discover many un-\\nclassified plants.\\nTHE MINERAL WEALTH of the country cannot be\\nquestioned. Mining has always been discouraged, but\\nthere are known to be extensive coal deposits through-\\nout the Camarines peninsula, on Luzon, which extend", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "l6 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\nbeneath the Straits of San Bernardino to the island of\\nSamar; also on the adjacent slopes of Cebu and Negros,\\nand probably beneath the Strait of Tafion, which sep-\\narates these two islands. Iron ore of fine quality and\\npurity is found on Luzon and Mindanao, while on many\\nof the islands occur copper, sulphur, lead, cinnabar and\\nother minerals. Gold is found on all the islands, and\\nit is believed by those familiar with its territory that\\nthe island of Mindanao is particularly rich in this\\nmetal.\\nMOUNTAINS, LAKES AND RIVERS. The surface\\nof the various islands of the archipelago is diversified\\nby high mountain ranges, between which lie broad, fer-\\ntile valleys, well watered by numerous rivers and\\nlakes.\\nTHE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAIN RANGES have a ten-\\ndency to run north and south, with a certain amount of\\ndeflection east or west, as the case may be. Most of\\nthese mountains are thickly covered with forest growths.\\nStately trees are there, in many instances overgrown\\nwith creeping vines and vegetable parasites bearing\\nflowers of brilliant hue. Underneath grow ferns of\\nmammoth size and great delicacy of beauty, while\\ndown the long slopes, where once, ages ago, flowed\\nburning streams of lava, grow the wild banana and\\nguava, strawberry plants and thick, luxuriant grasses.\\nThe country is particularly rich in rare and costly\\nbuilding timbers, and these virgin forests represent\\nimmense values.\\nMOUNTAIN PEAKS AND VOLCANOS. The high-\\nest mountain in the archipelago is Apo, on Mindanao^\\nwhich is 10,965 feet high. Other high peaks are:\\nHalcon, on Marinduque, elevation 18,868 feet.\\nBactan Luzon, 9,185\\nBanajao, 8,520\\nMaquiling,^^ 6,198\\nAmuyao, 7, 500\\nPolis, 7,285\\nAsin, 6,560", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, if\\nMadia-as,on Panay, elevation 7,150 feet.\\nNangtud, 6,720\\nPagsan, Luzon T h ^7\\nNamague, 6,590\\nData, ab t 6,500\\nBesao, 6,500\\nThere are many other peaks upwards of 5,000 feet\\nhigh. Of these a number are extinct volcanoes. Of\\nactive volcanoes there are now but a few, notably Taal,\\nin the middle of Lake Bombon, which has the distinc-\\ntion of being one of the lowest volcanoes in the world.\\nThe height is something over 1,000 feet. Mayon, in\\nthe province of Albay, is sometimes called Albay Vol-\\ncano. Its height is estimated at between 8,200 and\\n8,400 feet.\\nTHE LARGEST LAKE IN THE ARCHIPELAGO\\nis Laguna de Bay, or Bay Lake, a fine body of water\\nin the Province of Laguna, on Luzon. In it is a moun-\\ntainous island, Talim, and several islets. It is about\\n145 miles in circumference and is fed by numerous\\nsmall streams. This lake is spreading on its south\\nshore and gradually encroaching on the land in that\\ndirection. The Pasig River, on which the city of Man-\\nila is situated, is formed by the overflow from Luguna\\nde Bay.\\nLAKE BOMBON, in the southern part of Luzon, is of vol-\\ncanic origin. It is 11 miles wide and about 14 miles\\nlong. It has no surface feeder?, and finds its way to\\nthe sea through the Pansipit River, which flows into\\nthe gulf of Balayau.\\nLAKE CAGAYAN, in the extreme northeast of Luzon,\\nis about 7 miles long and 5 miles wide. The other\\nlakes on Luzon are hardly more than shallow mires.\\nON MINDORO, is Lake Nanjau, about 4 miles long and\\n3 miles wide.\\nLAKES ON MINDANAO. There are several very lovely\\nlakes on the island of Mindanao. Of these the largest\\nis Magundanao, or Boayan, which is 20 miles long and\\nand 12 miles wide. Lake Malavao, 18 miles from the", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "1 8 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nnorth coast. Lakes Ligunasan and Bulnau, towards\\nthe south, unite in the rainy season to form one large\\nbody of water. These two lakes feed into the Rio\\nGrande, which they swell considerably during the period\\nof overflow. Besides these there is a group of four\\nsmall lakes on the Agusuan River.\\nRIVERS AND STREAMS ON LUZON. In South\\nCaballo Mountain, near the centre of Luzon, rise two\\nrivers, which run, one in a northerly direction, the other\\ntowards the south. These are called respectively, the\\nRio Grande de Cacaygan and the Rio Grande de Pam-\\npanga.\\nTHE RIO GRANDE DE CACAYGAN runs through the\\ngreat Cacaygan Valley, which it annually overflows,\\nrendering it the richest tobacco district in the Archi-\\npelago. It has two principal affluents, the Chico and\\nthe Magat. The main river is 270 miles long and\\ndrains i ,250 square miles of territory ere it empties into\\nthe China Sea.\\nTHE RIO GRANDE DE PAMPANGA is 135 miles long.\\nIt waters the Pampanga Valley, with its extensive rice\\nfields, fine plantations and many villages, and flows\\nthrough about twenty mouths, into Manila Bay.\\nTHE ABRA RIVER, about 112 miles long, in the Data\\nhills, in the central part of Luzon, runs easterly and\\nempties into the China Sea at Vigan.\\nTHE AGUO RIVER rises in Mount Data, and empties\\ninto the Gulf of Lingayen. It is 143 miles long.\\nTHE VICOL RIVER in the Camarines peninsula, is no\\nmiles long. It rises in Lake Bats and runs into San\\nMiguel Bay.\\nTHE PASIG RIVER is the outlet of Laguna de Bay, or\\nBay Lake. It is 18 miles long and having been partly\\ndredged is navigable for light draught vessels, which\\nsail through it to the lake.\\nRIVERS ON MINDANAO. The largest river in the\\nwhole Archipelago is the Pulangin, or Rio Grande de\\nMindanao, which rises in Mt. Quimanguil. It drains\\nlakes Bulnan and Liguasan and flows westerly to the", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 19\\nCelebes Sea into which it empties near Cottabato. It\\nis 300 miles long and navigable for about 100 miles of\\nthis distance.\\nTHE AGUSAN RIVER is third in size in the Archipelago,\\nbeing 252 miles long, with numerous tributaries. It\\nrises in Mounts Magbusay and Tagapo, and flows\\nmonthly emptying into the Gulf of Butnan.\\nTHE PANAY RIVER is on the island of that name. It\\nis 90 miles in length, rises in the central part and\\nflows north, to the sea. Jalaur River, on the same\\nisland, is 85 miles long. It rises near Mount Baclay\\nand empties into the sea near Colong-Colong.\\nTHE COAST of the entire Archipelago is very much\\nbroken, with reefs and shoals that render many light-\\nhouses a necessity.\\nTHE PRINCIPAL PORTS are Manila, on Luzon, Ililo on\\nCanay, and Cebu on the island of that name. The\\nCity of Subig, in Zambales District, has a magnificent\\nharbor, and is bound one day to be a large commercial\\nport.\\nTHE PRINCIPAL BAYS of Luzon are Manila, which is\\n100 miles in circumference, Lamon,on the north coast\\nof Tayabas District, and San Miguel, to the north of\\nSouth Camarines.\\nTHE CHIEF BAYS OF MINDANAO are Macajalar,\\nIligan and Sindingan on the north, Illana on the\\nsouthwest and Sarangani on the south.\\nTHE PRINCIPAL GULFS of the Archipelago are\\nLingayan on the west coast of Luzon, Casiguran,\\nLagonoy and Albay on the east, and Balayan and\\nRagay on the south. On the northwest coast of\\nMindanao are the Gulfs of Butuan and Panguil and on\\nthe south Sibuguey and Davao.\\nIMPORTANT STRAITS are San Bernardino, lying be-\\ntween the Islands of Luzon and Samar; San Juanico,\\nbetween Samar and Leyte; Taiion, between Cebu and\\nNegros and Balabac, between Balabac Island and\\nBorneo. In most of these straits the current is swift\\nand strong, so that navigation is somewhat difficult.", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nANIMAI. I.IFK.\\nTHE MAMMALS native to the islands are few in num-\\nber, but the majority of them are species native to the\\nArchipelago. The only one really to be feared is the\\nwild buffalo, which here, as elsewhere, is fierce and un-\\ntamable. The natives do not hunt him much, but he\\naffords capital sport for the European hunter, and the\\nflesh is said to be very good eating. There is also a\\ndomesticated buffalo in the islands, which is the sole\\navailable beast for draught or heavy burden.\\nWILD PIGS are abundant, and hunting the wild boar is a\\nfavorite sport on all the islands. 1 hese pigs are sup-\\nposed to have descended from animals brought over in\\nvery early days by the Chinese.\\nDEER. There are three varieties of deer. One of these is\\nthe chevrotain, or mouse deer, a pretty little creature\\nsmaller than the domestic cat. This is found chiefly in\\nBataan, on Luzon. Of the others, one variety, Cervus\\nPhilippensis, belongs exclusively to these islands.\\nCIVETS AND CATS. There are two varieties of civets\\nand one wild cat in the islands. The natives make a\\nmusk-like perfume from the peculiar secretion of the\\ncivet, and esteem it very highly. The odor of this per-\\nfume is one of the characteristic smells which new-\\ncomers in Manila notice.\\nliODENTS are few, two or three varieties of rats, a few\\nsquirrels and a porcupine making up the number.\\nMONKEYS, ETC. One monkey (Chongo of the Tagols)\\nis found on all the islands, and on Mindanao is a pure\\nwhite monkey (not an albino), specimens of which are\\nsometimes to be seen in captivity in Manila. There is\\na flying lemur in the Archipelago, and also in several\\nof the islands, another curious little member of the\\nlemur tribe the tarsier, smaller than a small squirrel,\\nwith very large eyes and ears, a tufted tail and long\\nfeet. It is somewhat rare, and inhabits the deep for-\\nests, where it feeds on insects and small lizards. Bats\\nabound in all the islands.", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 21\\nREPTILES. Alligators are common in many of the lakes\\nand rivers, and one large variety of boa constrictor in-\\nhabits the islands. This creature, however, is becom-\\ning rare, as it is constantly hunted by the natives, who,\\nas well as some Europeans, esteem its flesh a deli-\\ncacy, while the hide makes the best sort of leather for\\nsword sheaths, etc. The constrictor is also in great\\ndemand for musuems,for which purpose large numbers\\nhave been sent from the country; so that the creature\\nis being exterminated. Turtles and tortoises abound,\\nand there are various kinds of lizards, one of which, the\\nChacon, is a welcome guest in houses, where its presence\\nmeans death to the various insect pests that frequent\\ndwellings. There are many snakes, two of which are\\npoisonous. One of these is a small variety which\\nlives in the rice fields. Unless immediately cauterized\\nits bite is deadly.\\nFISH of many varieties and of excellent food quality abound\\nin the ocean and in the inland waters of the Archi-\\npelago. A visit to the fish market of Manila is always\\ninteresting to the traveler in the islands, as fish are to\\nbe seen there of most remarkable form and vivid and\\nbeautiful coloring. Some of the shell fish, of which\\nthere is a great variety, reach an enormous size. The\\ntacloba shell, so often used there for baptismal fonts,\\nsometimes weighs as much as 200 pounds. There are\\nsaid to be sea serpents in Manila Bay, and sharks\\nwere at one time abundant, but these have been so\\nhunted for the back fin, which is esteemed a great\\ndelicacy by many Oriental peoples, that they have\\nalmost entirely disappeared. Most of those now caught\\nthere are brought in by the currents from the Chinese\\ncoast.\\nINSECTS. Ants are abundant and troublesome in the\\nislands, as is also the termite, popularly called the\\nwhite ant, although it is not an ant at all It is very\\ndestructive to woods, almost no variety withstanding\\nits powerful jaws. They have been known to destroy\\nin a single season the woodwork of a whole building.\\nRoof timbers and walls of houses in Manila are period-", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nically examined to ensure safety from this dangerous\\npest, as neglect of this precaution may lead to the sud-\\nden and disastrous fall of a roof. Houses of the better\\nclass are constructed of such hard woods as are known\\nby experience to be least attractive to these ravenous\\ntermites. Mosquitos and cockroaches are plentiful, but\\nhave a destructive foe in the little Chacon lizard and a\\nnewt that frequents houses. House flies are rare. There\\nare many fireflies and glow worms, which come forth at\\nnight and often afford a beautiful sight to the beholder.\\nA whole swarm of fireflies will sometimes infest a single\\ntree, causing the European observer to entertain vivid\\nmemories of the Christmas trees of his childhood.\\nButterflies are exceedingly numerous in the islands,\\nand most of them are of rare beauty and brilliance of\\ncoloring.\\nBIRDS. There are estimated to be between 300 and 400\\nvarities of birds in the Archipelago, 151 varieties of\\nwhich are peculiar to the country. Many of the others\\nbelong alike to Australia and to India, but most of the\\nvarieties that belong to the Malay countries are absent\\nfrom the Philippines. In Sulu and on Palawan are\\nmany varieties found also in Borneo, while some in the\\nSulu Archipelago are found only there. There are\\nmany canaries; mocking birds are plentiful; the\\npathetic-appearing pigeon of the crucifixion, its\\nbreast splashed with crimson until it looks like a bleed-\\ning wound, is constantly seen. Many large birds of\\nthe eagle and hawk families abound, and brilliant hued\\nparrots and white cockatoos are as great a source of\\nannoyance to the farmer as the blackbirds and crows\\nare to our agriculturists. Parrots sell in Manila for a\\nfew cents. During the mating season the woods are\\nhideous with their clamoring. There are many other\\nbright plumaged birds, notably several peculiar varie-\\nties of woodpecker, and a hornbill that belongs alone\\nto these islands. Ducks of many sorts are plentiful,\\nbut the chief and best gamebird of the country is the\\njungle fowl.", "height": "4902", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "If ACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 23\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nTHK SULU ARCHIPKI.AGO.\\nEARLY SETTLEMENT. In the first part of the i6th\\ncentury, Paguian Tindig, a chief of Borneo, on account\\nof family quarrels, left that country, with a band of\\nwarriors, and settled, first, on the island of Basilan.\\nAfterwards Tindig, leaving his cousin Adasaolan on\\nBasilan, went with his followers to the island of Sulu.\\nHere Tindig established his sultanate throughout the\\nsix groups of small islands, now known as the Sulu\\nArchipelago. These, with the island of Basilan, really\\nconstitute a continuation of the large island of Minda-\\nnao Adasaolan continued to reign over Basilan until^\\nmoved by ambition, he took up arms against his cousin\\nand undertook to conquer the Sulu Archipelago. In the\\nbattle between his forces and those of the Sultan, Tin-\\ndig, the latter was killed. The victor, however, instead\\nof establishing his sway over Sulu, went back to Basilan^\\nand Rajah Bongso reigned in Tindig s stead.\\nTHE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION haJ sometime pre-\\nvious been introduced into Mindanao by Arabian mis-\\nsionaries. Adasaolan married a daughter of the king-\\nof Mindanao, and embraced the faith, which he after-\\nwards introduced into Sulu. In course of time it spread\\nthroughout the Archipelago, and at the present time\\nthere are, in the six groups, about 100,000 Mohamme-\\ndans, with more than twice that number on Mindanas,\\nand several thousands on the island of Palawan. Over\\nall these the Sultan of Sulu has sovereignty. Although\\nnominally a vassal of Spain, he is practically an inde-\\npendent ruler, Spain s sovereignty never having been\\nmore than a name.\\nIt is probably owing, in a measure, to the fact that,\\nunlike the Filipinos, these people of the south had a\\ndeep-rooted religious faith not easy to be shaken, and,,\\nin still larger measure, to their own fierce, warlike\\nnatures and their indifference to pain, even to death\\nitself, that they have never been really conquered\\nby the Spaniards.", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "34 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nMOHAMMEDAN PIRACY. In the early part of their\\nconquest of the Philippines, the Spaniards made some\\nattempt to control the Mohammedans in the south.\\nThey only succeeded, however, in stirring them up to\\ntake vengeance, and for nearly three hundred years\\nafter, the Mohammedans harried the coasts of all the\\nislands, going, even up to nearly the middle of the pres-\\nent century, as far north as Manila, laying waste the\\nvillages of the coast, sacking and burning large towns,\\ndriving the inhabitants into the interior and carrying\\noff thousands, both Spanish and native, into slavery.\\nThey destroyed commerce and greatly retarded the\\ndevelopment of the islands. There are still living, to-\\nday, people in Manila, who know what it is to have\\nbeen carried as slaves to the Sulu Archipelago.\\nDESTRUCTION OF PIRACY. In i860, Spain sent\\nout a fleet of 19 gunboats against the pirates and suc-\\nceeded in checking their depredations. Since then,\\nby the aid of modern machinery of war, she has in\\nsome measure made good her claim to dominion over\\nthe Sulu Archipelago. A few places in that region\\nhave been garrisoned, but in 1890, Mr. John Foreman,\\nof the Royal Geographical Society of England, who\\nhas made an exhaustive study of the Philippine Archi-\\npelago, wrote\\n*Tt is at great sacrifice that the Spanish can retain.\\nthe little possession which they have in the south,\\nand frequent acts of violence are still perpetrated on\\nthem by the turbulent Musselmans, who virtually\\nrefuse to recognize other rights than those of their\\nSultans, to whom they give allegiance. Indeed, it may\\nbe unhesitatingly asserted that the Spaniards hold no\\nmore domain in Mindanao and the Sultanate of Sulu\\nthan that of a day s march from their respective garri-\\nsons and in Mindanao in particular, not one-hundredth\\npart of the territory.\\nTHE PEOPLE OF SULU ARCHIPELAGO are by far\\nthe most prepossessing of the native races in the\\nPhilippines. They, in particular the women, dress\\nwith more taste than the women among even the Chris-\\neir I", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES. 25\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0p tian natives. They are fond of bright colors, notably\\ngreen, and scarlet, and wear these a great deal. Their\\nB dress consists of baggy trousers with a very tight\\nbodice that shows the figure to advantage, and over\\nthese the jabul, a long strip of cloth which protects the\\nhead and is wrapped about the body. The long end\\nof the jabul, which would otherwise reach the feet, is\\nusually tucked up under one arm. They wear much\\njewelry and coil the hair at the top of the head. They\\nhave very attractive features.\\nTHE DRESS OF THE MEN is a very close fitting coat,\\nsomething like an Eton jacket, reaching to the hips, and\\nvery tight trousers, with a great many bright buttons\\nup the outside seams. The hair is worn in a sort of\\nchignon at the back of the neck, and all, but in par-\\nticular the chiefs, are fond of adornment. The men,\\nlike the women, are of fine appearance; fierce-\\nnatured, sober and of abstemious habits. Every\\nmale above the age of 16 years is liable to military\\nduty, and is obliged by law to carry a kris, a cutting\\nblade, usually as long as a short sword, with a fluted, or\\nwaved edge.\\nTHE LANGUAGE OF THESE MALAY MOHAM-\\nMEDANS is derived from the Sanscrit, with an ad-\\nmixture of Arabic and some Hindoo words of an origin\\nso ancient that it is said that they were already dis-\\nappearing from Hindoo speech in the time of Buddha.\\nIt is not known how these words found their way into\\nuse among the people of Sulu and Mindanao.\\nTHE SULTANATE is hereditary under the Salic law.\\nThe Sultan has three ministers, of whom one acts as\\nregent in his absence (as if he should make the pil-\\ngrimage to Mecca). The second is Minister of War;\\nthe third Minister of Justice and Master of Ceremonies.\\nThere are many chiefs, called Dattos, and sub-rulers\\ncalled Caciques. The priests, both here and on\\nMindanao, are called Pandita s.\\nTHE CAPITAL OF THE ARCHIPELAGO is Sulu, or\\nJ0I6, on the island of Sulu. It is picturesquely located,\\nand a very charming city of about 1,500 inhabitants.\\nL^", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nIt has fine parks and attractive streets. The sanitary\\narrangement of the city is so good that it has the repu-\\ntation of being one of the healthiest towns in the world.\\nThe water supply is excellent. The city is surrounded\\non the land side, by a wall, loop-holed for defense.\\nOutside are two forts while within the walls are two\\nothers, besides two strong redoubts.\\nMANUFACTURE OF ARMS. Many of these people\\nare skilled artificers, who make most of the arms carried\\nby the warriors. They also make some bronze cannon\\nthe copper for which is mined in the Archipelago.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nTHK CLIMATK.\\nTHE GENERAL CHARACTER of the climate of the\\nPhilippines is tropical, but owing to the extent of the\\ncountry, and to its position, a very wide range of tem-\\nperature and local conditions is to be observed.\\nTHE SEASONS. Generally speaking, there are three\\nseasons, cold, hot and wet. The first begins usually\\nabout the first of November, and lasts until the end of\\nFebruary. The temperature then is delightful; the air\\nbalmy and springlike, with northerly winds, a clear sky\\nand bracing atmosphere. Fires are not needed, but in\\nthe cool of the morning flannels are comfortable. The\\nhot season begins about March ist, and lasts to until\\nJune. The heat is very oppressive before the begin-\\nning of the southerly monsoons, and in May and June\\nthere are thunderstorms and typhoons. During July,\\nAugust, September and October it rains the greater\\npart of the time, the lakes rise, rivers overflow and\\nmuch low country is flooded.\\nTEMPERATURE RECORDS. The following records\\nof temperature, kept for the whole Archipelago, at the\\nManila observatory, show the mean temperature and", "height": "4913", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 27\\nrainfall at points throughout the Archipelago, during\\nthe three seasons of each year from 1870 to 1877:\\nManila\\nHOT COLD WET\\n^Mean temperature 72\u00c2\u00b032\u00c2\u00b0 87\u00c2\u00b026 84\u00c2\u00b0S6\\n(Rainfall (inches) 8.65 10.47 36.01\\n(Mean temperature 75\u00c2\u00b0 2 86\u00c2\u00b023 7S\u00c2\u00b086\\nRainfall (inches) 12.54 9,29 26.90\\n(Mean temperature 86^90 8870 87\u00c2\u00b0ii\\niJavao ^Rainfall (inches) 16.53 39.27 32-57\\n(Mean temperature 8i\u00c2\u00b098 88\u00c2\u00b07o 87\u00c2\u00b0! i\\n^Rainfall (inches) 15.74 33-85 35-43\\nIt is always warm in Manila, and through the middle\\nof the day the heat, in the sun, is oppressive, but 50\\nmiles from the city, in a straight line, frost may be\\nfound eight months in the year. The climate of the\\nArchipelago is mild and salubrious. The wind that\\nsweeps the islands is purified, ere it reaches them, by\\npassing over hundreds of miles of ocean. There are\\nno endemic diseases, although the natives, like the\\nAmerican Indians, and, indeed, most but partly civi-\\nlized peoples are liable to and extremely susceptible to\\nsmallpox. Consumption is almost unknown, and, given\\ngood sanitary conditions, the country should be one of\\nthe m.ost healthful in the world.\\nTYPHOONS, STORMS AND E A.RTHQUAKES. With\\nthe exception of Mindanao, the islands lie within the\\ntrack of the typhoons which sweep these seas. At\\nleast once a year the city of Manila is visited by a storm\\nof this nature. In some years they have done great\\ndamage, destroying shipping, unroofing houses, even\\nblowing over such as are built of wood. At different\\ntimes the country has been visited by earthquakes.\\nAs a rule, however, these are so slight as scarcely to be\\nnoticed. The most serious one of this century occurred\\nin June, 1863, when, in the space of one-half moment", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\nin the city of Manila alone, many people were injured\\nand much property destroyed.\\nThere are no endemic diseases in the islands, such\\nas most tropical countries are subject to. Dysentery^\\nsmallpox and fevers are the most common maladies,\\ntogether with certain cutaneous diseases, as leprosy. In\\nplaces along the seacoast the thermometer seldom rises\\nabove 97\u00c2\u00b0 F. A good breeze, cool and refreshing usu-\\nally springs up at night.\\n.n\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nCITIES AND TOWNS.\\nMANILA, the capital of the Philippines, was established as\\nsuch by Legaspi, in the year 1571. The city was laid\\nout in accordance with his ideas, and in 1590 the walls\\nwere built. In course of time many small towns grew up\\nabout the walled city, coming at last so close to its very\\ngates as to form with it one continuous city. There\\nare eight gates to the walled city, but since the middle\\nof the present century these have never been closed.\\nThe walls are surrounded by a moat, and there are\\ndrawbridges which, however are never raised. Within\\nthe walls are all the principal government offices, the\\narchbishop s palace, the cathedral, a fine, massive\\nedifice that has been three times destroyed by earth-\\nquake and as often rebuilt. Besides it, there are, in\\nthe walled city, a number of other churches, as well as\\nmonasteries and convents. Manila and its surrounding\\nsuburbs constitute in reality one city of about 300,000\\ninhabitants. The old city, Manila proper, is called by\\nthe Spanish and foreigners The Walled City; only\\nthe natives ever speak of it as Manila, which name ap-\\nplies in general to the whole capital. Some of the\\nsuburbs have in fact surpassed the ancient town in\\ngrowth. The district of Binondo is really the business\\ncentre of the city; here are all the commercial houses,", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 29\\nforeign and domestic, and here centres the shipping\\nand mercantile interest of the Archipelago. Tondo\\ndistrict, to the north of Binondo, is where the natives\\nhave their homes, mostly mere huts of bamboo roofed\\nwith thatch of nipa palm leaves. San Miguel and San\\nSebastian districts are the more aristocratic residence\\nportions of the city. Here are many fine houses, sur-\\nrounded by beautiful gardens. The other suburbs are\\nSan Jose, Santa Cruz, Sampaloc, Duiapa La Ermita\\nand Paco.\\nThe water supply at Manila is excellent. The city\\nowns the waterworks, the pumping station of which is\\nsituated about 8 miles from town. The establishment\\nfor all time of this fine supply is due to the foresight\\nand generosity of a former Governor-General, Carriedo,.\\nwho, on his death, in 1743, left a fund for the establish-\\nment and maintainance of public waterworks. The\\ncity lies on both sides of the Pasig River, across which\\nhas been built three bridges, one a suspension bridge,,\\nwhile the Ayala bridge and the famous Bridge of\\nSpain are of stone. The last named bridge connects\\nBinondo with the walled city, and across it, from day-\\nlight until midnight, passes a continuous stream of\\ntraffic, making it, at any time during the day, a scene\\nof great and noisy activity.\\nPUBLIC CHARITIES AND INSTITUTIONS. There\\nare several good hospitals in Manila, the Hospital Civil,,\\nthe Hospicio de San Jose and the leper hospital of St.\\nLazarus. This contains about 150 patients. It was\\nestablished in 1633, for the accommodation of a com-\\npany of over a hundred lepers, who were sent in a junk\\nto Manila by the Emperor of Japan, who, outraged by\\nthe persistent efforts of the San Franciscans of the\\nislands to force their w^ay into Japan, caused all Chris-\\ntians to be expelled from his country. The monks from\\nthe Philippines having peculiarly exasperated him by\\nentering the country under false colors, he caused many\\nof them taken there to be executed, and afterwards, in\\nderision, sent his junk load of poor lepers to Manila as\\na present to the monks, sending at the same time a let-", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "r\\n^o FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES.\\nter explaining that he understood them to be specially-\\ndevoted to such sufferers. The first impulse of the\\nSpaniards was to sink the junk by firing upon it, but\\nthe unfortunates were finally received, a shed being\\nbuilt for them on the site where the fine St. Lazarus\\nHospital now stands.\\nSCHOOLS AND COLLEGES exist at Manila which\\nmake what provision there is for higher education. In-\\nstruction in these includes navigation, drawing, paint-\\ning bookkeeping, languages, history, arts and trades,\\netc. There is also a school of agriculture, with branch\\nschools and model farms in ten Provinces. The edu-\\ncational institutions of the islands are wholly under\\ncontrol of the monks and priests. There are also\\nschools and colleges at Cebu,and Jaco (Yloilo Province,\\non Panay). The University of St. Thomas, in Man-\\nila issues diplomas in law, medicine, theology and phar-\\nmacy, and confers the degree of L.L.D. There are also\\nprimary schools and two Normal schools in the islands,\\nbesides one at Manila, under the charge of the St.\\nAugustine Sisterhood. The Jesuits have a good astro-\\nnomical observatory at Manila, and throughout the\\ncountry are fifty-two private schools.\\nThere are three telegraph lines centering at Manila.\\nThe total number of telegraph stations on Luzon is 57.\\nThe submarine cable reaches Luzon at Bolinas, whence\\na wire connects it with Manila.\\nTRANSPORTATION. A tramway extends from Manila\\nto Malabon, 4)^ miles distant, and a railway runs from\\nManila to Dagupan, a distance of 122 miles. Vessels\\nleave Manila daily for ports on Luzon, and weekly for\\ninter-island ports.\\nARCHITECTURE. The buildings of Manila are erected\\nto withstand, so far as possible, the action of earth-\\nquakes and typhoons. Many of the more modern\\nones are of timber, covered with corrugated iron. Most\\nof the roofs are of this material, so much fatality hav-\\ning, in years past, resulted from the falling of the heavy\\ntile roofs first used by the Spaniards. The older build-\\nings have massive walls, sometimes many feet in thick-", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES. 31\\nness, while owing to the depredations of the white ant,\\nwhich eats its way through the woodwork. What timbers\\nare used are of hard wood of extraordinary thickness.\\nIron stairs, balconies, railings and sills are now coming\\ninto use instead of wood, in Manila, The homes are\\nfor the most part built in the Spanish manner, around\\nan open court. The ground floor is usually of stone,\\nand is used as quarters for the animals and domestics\\nof the household* The upper story is of somewhat\\nlighter structure, with many windows, which are left\\nopen as much as possible. In this upper story the fam-\\nily resides. In the suburbs are many wooden houses\\nwith roofs of thatch, while the homes of the natives are\\ntiny huts, raised upon stilted foundations, built of bam-\\nboo, which resists the ants, with roofs of nipa palm\\nleaves, used as thatch.\\nTHE DRESS OF PEOPLE IN MANILA is such as the\\nclimate renders necessary. The men wear clothing of\\nwhite drill, Japanese crepe, nankeen or the thin native\\nfabrics. The poorer natives and the Chinese coolies\\ngo about wearing only the loin cloth, or short trousers\\nreaching to the knee, but, as the population is in the\\nbroadest sense cosmopolitan, almost any variety of\\nattire is to be seen on the streets of the city. Ladies\\ndo not often appear in the street, except in carriages,\\nas it is contrary to etiquette. The native women wear\\nskirts of white, red or green, with a low chemisette of\\nwhite; they cover the head with a mantilla of thin stuff\\nand wear the quaint little Japanese sandals on their\\nbare feet. Market-women wear a short skirt and the\\nserong, a strip of cloth corresponding to the juba, of\\nSulu. The Visayan women also wear the serong.\\nFrom noon until about 4 o clock in the afternoon,\\nvery little business is done, and nearly the entire pop-\\nulation **sleeps the siesta, the phrase used with regard\\nto the long daytime sleep indulged in by people in the\\ntropics.\\nOTHER CITIES ON LUZON. Besides Manila there\\nare, on the island of Luzon, the following cities with\\nupwards of 10,000 inhabitants.", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 FACTS ABOU r THE PHILIPPINES.\\nNORTH ILOCOS PROVINCE.\\nCity. Population.\\nLasag (capital) 36,917\\nBatac 17,522\\nBacarra 13,528\\nSan Nicolas ...11 ,000\\nSOUTH ILOCOS PROVINCE.\\nVigan (capital) 11 ,459\\nNarvacan 14)967\\nCandong 15,765\\nSanta Maria 10,000\\nCACAYGAN PROVINCE.\\nTuguegarao (capital) 17,178\\nUNION PROVINCE.\\nSan Fernando (capital) 1 1,5^7\\nBalaoang 10,874\\nAgoo 1 2,000\\nTubao 12 ,000\\nISABELA PROVINCE.\\nIlagan (capital) 11,105\\nCabagan 10,000\\nPANGASINAN PROVINCE.\\nLingayan (capital) 17,612\\nSan Carlos 26,000\\nDagupan 10,932\\nBinnialey ^l^7^7\\nCalasiao 1 2,3 19\\nMalasiqui 10,834\\nSeveral others of 10,000 or more inhabitants in this\\nProvince.\\nNEW ECIJA.\\nGapan 20,000\\nTARLAC PROVINCE.\\nTarlac (capital) 10,000\\nConcepcion 10,000\\nVictoria 1 1,190", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 33\\nPAMPANGA PROVINCE.\\nCity, Population.\\nMacabebe 19,472\\nCandava I3 I3S\\nLubao 20,498\\nMexico 16,639\\nBULACAN PROVINCE.\\nBulacan (capital) 14,000\\nBalinag 15 ,000\\nSan Miguel de Mayunio 20,418\\nCAVITE PROVINCE.\\nIndan 13 ,008\\nBacoor 14,000\\nImus 14,000\\nSan Roque 10,692\\nLAGUNA PROVINCE.\\nSanta Cruz (capital) 1 3 1656\\nBinan 1 5,5 12\\nCalamba .11 ,597\\nBATANGAS PROVINCE\\nBatangas (capital) 37,35o\\nVilla de Lipa 38,701\\nBanang 38,416\\nTaal .-.33 ,000\\nSeveral others exceeding 20,000 population.\\nTAYABAS PROVINCE.\\nTayabas (capital) 15,912\\nLucban 12,200\\nNORTH CAMARINES.\\nDaet (capital) ...11 ,640\\nSOUTH CAMARINES.\\nLibmanan 14,603\\nNabua 16,572\\nIriga 14,074\\nLofC,", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nALBAY PROVINCE.\\nCity. Population.\\nAlbay (capital) 10,587\\nTabaco 18,142\\nCagsaua 20,263\\nCamalig 1 7 ,2 1 7\\nGumobatan 18,889\\nLigao 17,849\\nSeveral others with 10,000 inhabitants.\\nCITY MANILA PROVINCE.\\nManila (capital) 300,000\\nMalabon 20,000\\nPasig 20,000\\nCITIES OF 10,000 OR MORE ON OTHER ISLANDS.\\nCity. Location. Population.\\nCuyo, Cuyo Island, Calamianes (capital).. 11,526\\nCalbayog Island of Samar 33,872\\nBasay 13,628\\nGuinan 1 1*325\\nCatarman 10,779\\nJaro Iloilo Province, Panay J 2,848\\n1\\nJaniuay\\nMiagao\\nCabatnan\\nPototan\\nSanta Barbara..\\nOton\\nTigbauan\\nSan Joaquin..\\nPassi\\nDumangas\\nCapiz Ccapital) Capiz\\nPanay\\nBatan\\nCalivo\\nBajay\\nSibaton Antique\\nPandan\\nBugason\\n.20,225\\n20,437\\n18,499\\n14,063\\n17,000\\nI each\\nabout\\nI 13,000\\n.22,000\\n....17,287\\n.13,000\\n.13,000\\n13,000\\n14,410\\n.13,497\\n16,949", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 35\\nCity. Location. Population.\\nBacolod, West Negros Province, Negros 10,369\\nMinutuan 11,284\\nJimaylan 1 1,521\\nBago 10,580\\nSavaria I7,759\\nSilay 13,621\\nDumaguete (capital) East Negros P., 13,839\\nTanjay ii,54i\\nCebu (capital) Island of Cebu 14,099\\nArgao 30,926\\nCarcar 3 1 ,72 1\\nSan Nicolas. 20,258\\nDaluguete 19,429\\nSibonga 23,516\\nSeveral others with to exceed 10,000.\\nLoboc Island of Bohol 10,827\\nJagna 12,683\\nMaribajoc 10,682\\nLoon 15,391\\nTubigon 1 6,7 1 3\\nPalo Island of Leyte 1 8,343\\nTananan 1 8,468\\nDagami 23,905\\nOrmoc 17,152\\nBoranen 1 5,548\\nMaasin 16,682\\nBaybay 17,058\\nZamboanga (capital) Zambo ,nga District,\\nMindanao 10,000\\nCacaygan de Misamis (capital) Misamis\\nDistrict, Mindanao 11 ,029\\nBalinsagag, Misamis District, Mindanao. .11,491\\nButuan, Surigao 10,876\\nCantilan, 10,576", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 I^ACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE FORESTS.\\nTHE PRIMEVAL FOREST of the Philippines still\\nclothes the mountain slopes and spreads out through\\nthe valleys, everywhere in the islands. The restrictive\\npolicy of the Spanish has been such that but little\\ntimber, comparatively speaking, has ever been ex-\\nported, and, as iron is largely superceding wood as a\\nbuilding material in the ant-ridden islands themselves,\\nthe mighty forests are practically untouched. There\\ngrow, as in the north of Luzon, many trees indigenous\\nto European soils, as oaks, cedars, etc., but besides\\nthese are vast numbers of trees from which must come,\\nin future years, the fine building woods of the world.\\nMANY TREES OF THE HIGHEST COMMERCIAL\\nusefulness grow on the island of Mindanao alone. There\\ngrow giant mahogany trees, yielding wood as deep and\\nrich in color as that of San Domingo the rubber tree\\nand the tree from which gutta percha is obtained, both\\nflourish there there is the bansalague tree, from which\\nspikes and bolts are made that can be driven through\\nother hard woods. The lanan tree is a native of the\\ncountry. Its light easily worked wood cannot be split,\\nand the Spaniards use it for the sheathing of ships.\\nThe molan tree, called by the natives the queen of\\nthe forest, yields wood which resists the action of the\\nsea and of the toredo. The bejuca vine, a natural\\nrope of great strength and pliability, grows here to a\\nlength of about loo feet, with a diameter of an inch.\\nThe cotton tree grows wild throughout the Archipelago,\\nand the bamboo, of universal usefulness and great\\nbeauty, is found everywhere. Rafts, furniture, houses,\\nroofs, scaffolding, baskets, hats, cups, spoons, nearly\\neverything of household and industrial use, can be\\nmade from the bamboo, and the natives even make a\\nvery nice salad of the leaves. Bogo is another very\\nuseful cane, and the sapan tree furnishes the crimson", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 37\\ndye, for the making of which it is exported in large\\nquantities.\\nThese forests have the acle tree, the wood of which\\nis almost incombustible; the antipolo, which once sea-\\nsoned, does not warp, resists the seaworm and is use-\\nful for keels and outside planking of ships; the batiti-\\nnan, a stronger wood than teak, for which it is a good\\nsubstitute; the dungon, called ironwood, which gives\\nlogs of immense strength, ebony, lante, useful for cabi-\\nnet work, the making of musical instruments and de-\\nlightful for the wood carvers use, and mancono, a\\nvariety of lignum vitae. Once these woods are well-\\nknown there will be a steady demand for all of the 50\\nor more varieties which the island forests yield.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nAGRICUI.TURK A.ND FOOD PRODUCTS.\\nTHE STAPLE FOOD of the natives in the Philippines is\\nrice. Besides this the plants of primary commercial\\nvalue are tobacco, manila-hemp, sugar cane, coffee and\\ncocoa.\\nTHE BEST TOBACCO is grown in the Cacaygan Valley,\\non the island of Luzon. The annual production here\\namounts to 350,000 bales. It is, however, grown in\\nmany other of the provinces of Luzon, and in fact, to\\nsome extent, on all the islands of the Archipelago.\\nCOFFEE GROWING has only been followed there since\\nthe beginning of the present century, but the plant has\\nthriven remarkably well in the islands. While there\\nis but one annual crop, as against several, in other\\ncoffee raising countries, the shrubs, or trees, attain great\\nvigor of growth and a remarkable age. The average\\nusefulness of a coffee-tree is about 25 years, but in these\\nislands there are trees in vigorous bearing that were\\namong the original plants first brought there, some 90\\nzL", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nyears since, while others are known to have survived\\ntwo or three generations of planters. The best coffee\\nfrom the islands is grown in the Provinces of Batangas,\\nLaguna and Cavite, on Luzon.\\nTHE COCOA TREE flourishes in hot, damp districts, but\\nhere, as elsewhere, the industry is somewhat precarious,\\nas the crop is subject to many dangers. A heavy storm\\nmay destroy a whole season s fruit; or disease attack\\nthe roots and kill out an entire plantation. It is gen-\\nerally regarded as an adjunct to other crops. The\\ncocoa from the Philippines is of excellent quality.\\nSUGAR-CANE PLANTATIONS are to be found through-\\nout the Archipelago, but the island of Negros has the\\nfinest soil for raising sugar-cane. The sugar from Ne-\\ngros and Panay is very largely shipped to the United\\nStates, but the bulk of the sugar crop of the Philip-\\npines goes to China. It is all shipped raw, the refined\\nproduct scarcely being enough to supply the home de-\\nmand.\\nCOCOA-NUT PLANTATIONS are a characteristic\\nfeature of the Philippine landscape, and the cultivation\\nof cocoanut trees is one of the most profitable indus-\\ntries in the country. At seven years growth the cocoa-\\nnut-palm seldom fails, it is sa d, to yield an unvarying\\ncrop of 20 large nuts monthly. Cocoanut-oil is used\\neverywhere in the Archipelago, for lighting, and, when\\nfresh, for cooking. Cocoanuts, cut in half, are used by\\nthe natives for cleaning floors; they give a high polish\\nto hardwood floors. The milk of the cocoanut is very\\nrefreshing and quenches the thirst without heating the\\nblood. On every cocoanut plantation some trees are\\nset apart for the extraction of tuba, a favorite native\\nbeverage, procured by tapping the tree and catching\\nthe juice in vessels set for the purpose. The tuba is\\ncollected every 24 hours, and used fresh. If allowed\\nto ferment it is not so palatable, and becomes intoxica-\\nting. The fermented juice is distilled into the familiar\\ncocoa wine of commerce. Trees from which tuba\\nis extracted do not bear fruit.", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 39\\nON THE ISLAND OF LUZON considerable attention\\nhas been paid to raising vegetables for the Manila mar-\\nket, and besides the products peculiar to the country,\\nfine onions, tomatos, beans, peas, corn, peanuts and\\nwatermelons are raised.\\nNATIVE PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL. The camote,\\nor yam, grows wild in all the islands; also the gabi, an\\nesculent root resembling the turnip. The mami, or mon-\\nkey-nut, and the areca nut, which, split in slices about\\none-eighth of an inch thick, are wrapped in leaves of\\nthe buyo tree, (piper betel) and then make the famous\\nbetel nut chewed by the natives of India, and other\\nAsiatic countries. The pineapple is very generally cul-\\ntivated for the sake of the fibre, from which pina-cloth\\nis made, but the natives do not eat the fruit as it is con-\\nsidered dangerous. Oranges grow on Luzon and Min-\\ndanao, several varieties of lemons, and the Philippine\\nmangoes are the finest known. The nutmeg tree grows\\non Palawan and cinnamon on Mindanao, while chillies,\\nginger and vanilla grow wild on many of the islands.\\nThe sago palm flourishes, and large quantities of honey\\nare to be found throughout the forests. Guavas grow\\nwild on the hills, tamarinds and shaddocks, the bread\\nfruit and mangosteen, loquats, lanzons, and, on Minda-\\nnao, the durien, a tree which bears every twenty years,\\na fruit as large as a pineapple, snowy, luscious and re-\\nfreshing, but with an odor resembling that of strong,\\nold cheese. On many of the islands is much fine graz-\\ning land, and large herds of cattle are pastured over\\nthem. The small, hardy ponies of the country are\\nexceedingly serviceable. The cariboa, or native buffalo\\nfills the place of European and American herds.\\nOwing to the conditions that have prevailed in the\\nislands for the past three centuries, agriculture, like\\ncommerce, is greatly retarded. On the west side of\\nNegros many Europeans have settled, and these have\\nintroduced modern methods and much modern\\nmachinery, but elsewhere in the Archipelago, methods\\nare of the most primitive, and the sugar mills and other\\nmachinery such as were introduced by the Chinese a", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 FACTS ABOCT THE PHILIPPINES,\\ngreat many ears ago. The Igorrotes are good agri-\\nculturists, as are the Tuiguianes, but only a very small\\nproportion of the arable land of the country is under\\ncultivation.\\nEDIBLE BIRDS NESTS considered a great delicacy by\\nthe Chinese, who pay high prices for them, are found\\nin the Calamianes. The bird making this nest is the sea\\nswallow. The nests resemble vermicelli, with reddish\\nspots. The natives climb for them to dangerous\\nheights among the rocks. When a nest is taken the\\nbirds construct another, which is also secured, where-\\nupon a third is built, which is not usually considered\\nworth taking, and in which at last the young brood is\\nreared. As the birds build among the wet cliffs, in\\nthe more inaccessible places. Hunting these nests is a\\ndangerous occupation.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nCOMMERCK AND MANUFACTURES.\\nTHE SPANISH have never been a commercial people\\nand for this reason Spain has not, in the whole course\\nof her history, made any attempt to develop the natural\\nresources of her colonies. Her policy has been rather\\nto restrict and hinder commercial enterprise in her\\ndependencies, while at the same time she has system-\\natically taken from them all revenues obtainable, even\\nthose which, of very necessity, should have been de-\\nvoted to the upbuilding of the colonies that they might\\nbecome a further source of revenue. The results of this\\nshortsighted policy are particularly manifest in the\\nPhilippines, where even such enterprise as the natives\\nmight be inclined to manifest is checked by their knowl-\\nedge that for them to acquire competence would be but\\nthe signal for furthur extortion from the mother coun-\\ntry.", "height": "4916", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "p^^B FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 41\\nI THE COMMERCE OF THE ARCHIPELAGO centers\\nB at Manila. Exports are, for the most part, of raw\\nB materials, the only manufactured staples exported being\\ncigars, cordage, hides and a few hats of straw, or finely\\nsplit bamboo.\\nTHE COPRA TRADE, which consists of sendiug the\\nmeatof cocoanuts to Europe, where the oil isextracted\\nis extensive, and gives rise to an important industry in\\nnearly all the islands.\\nMANILA HEMP, from which is manufactured manila\\nrope and many other fabrics for which these islands are\\nnoted, is exported in large quantities. The hemp tree\\nis a wild variety of plantain, from which species we also\\nhave the banana. It grows wild throughout the Archi-\\npelago, usually on hillsides, and does capitally on vol-\\ncanic slopes. It likes water but not marshy ground,\\nand grows to the best advantage where larger trees\\nshade it from the direct rays of the sun. The hemp\\ntree reaches a height of about 10 feet. It is endogen-\\nous and the stem is inclosed in a layer of half-round\\npetioles. These are taken off and cut into strips two\\nor three inches wide, which are laid across a block and\\ndrawn under the edge of a long, sharp knife. In this\\nway the pulp is scraped back while the bark or fibre, is\\ndrawn out and wound upon a stick. Care must be\\ntaken not to bruise the fibre, and no machine has yet\\nbeen invented to do the work of extracting the bark\\nwithout injuring it. The fibres, when properly drawn,\\nare about 6 feet, 6 inches long.\\nA FINE CLOTH CALLED LUPIS is manufactured\\nfrom fibres drawn from the edges of especially selected\\npetioles. This cloth is admirable for ladies dresses.\\nPINA CLOTH is a very beautiful, silky fabric of a texture\\nas delicate as that of the finest Bombay muslin. It is\\nmanufactured by the natives from fibres of pineapple\\nplant. On Panay the natives mix the fibre used in\\nmaking lupis cloth and that of the pineapple in weav-\\ning: an excellent fine cloth called husi. It is sometimes", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES,\\nimposed upon strangers as pina cloth, but it is much\\nless flexible. The natives of Panay also manufacture\\nan excellent coarse cloth called sinamay.\\nWOOLEN AND DYED COTTON CLOTHS are also\\nmade, in the Provinces of Ilocos, (north and south) on\\nLuzon. These cloths are highly esteemed in the\\nislands.\\nTHE INDUSTRIAL ARTS are at a low ebb. The\\nnatives were first taught to weave by a Spanish priest,\\nin 1575. Besides their pina and hemp cloths, they\\nmake very fine silk and cotton cloths, and some of the\\nhats woven by them are of great beauty and delicacy\\nof structure. They also manufacture some very good\\ncoarse pottery, for which there is excellent clay in\\nmany of the islands. They are good silversmiths, hav-\\ning learned this from the Spaniards, who are skilled in\\nsuch work. The women are especially skillful in mak-\\ning ornaments and jewelry. They do all the work,\\nfrom refining the rough gold and silver to designing\\nand executing the finished ornament. The natives are\\nalso expert engravers, map-makers, bookbinders, and\\nexcel in various other handicrafts which require dex-\\nterity and delicate manipulation.\\nPEARL FISHERIES. There are extensive pearl fishing\\ngrounds in the waters along the coasts of Mindanao\\nand the Sulu Archipelago. The pearls from the Sulu\\nislands are very fine and a large trade is done there\\nwith foreign ships, in pearl and mother of pearl. The\\npearl fisheries of Zamboanga,on Mindanao are also very\\ngood.\\nThe entire Archipelago is, as we have seen, in an\\nalmost wholly undeveloped state, but with a staple gov-\\nernment, insuring both natives and foreigners in the\\nrights that belong to 19th century civilization,\\nthe islands are bound to become a productive and pros-\\nperous territory. Once capital is made to feel secure,\\nit is sure to engage in the opening up of this great al-\\nmost unexplored region, while the native, once he\\ncohies to understand a state of society under which he", "height": "4913", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES, 43\\nwill not be immediately robbed of whatever he acquires\\nthrough his own toil, will be quick to appreciate the\\nvalue to himself of industry and enterprise. Hereto-\\nfore he has had no incentive to exercise these traits.\\nThey have been, in fact, his actual undoing, under a\\nregime which made the measure of his plundering by\\nthe State merely the extent of his ability to acquire.", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4855", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nCHAPTER I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HISTORIC.\\nFirst Appearance in History\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Magellan s Discoveries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Death -First\\nGovernor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General British Invasion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Taken by the Americans-\\nSigning of Peace Treaty Geographical Position Nature and\\n:^xtent of the Islands PAGKS 5-10\\nCHAPTE^R II\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THK PEOPt^F).\\nThe Filipinos Wild Tribes Mixed Races Visayas and Tagalos,\\netc PAGF:s 11-14\\nchaptf:r III\u00e2\u0080\u0094 physicai, gf:ography.\\nTotal Area of Archipelago Mineral Wealth Principal Mountains, I^akes\\nand Rivers, etc PAGF)S 15-19\\nCHAPTE:r IV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANIMAI, I.IFK.\\npagf;s 20-22\\nchapte:r V\u00e2\u0080\u0094 suIvU archipf:i,ago.\\nICarly Settlement Mohammedanism Introduced\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Piracy and Its Destruc-\\ntion\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Sultanate, etc PAGF;s 23-26\\nCHAPTER VI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the; ClylMATp;.\\nGeneral Character The Seasons Temperature Records Typhoons,\\nStorms and F;arthquakes, etc PAGFJS 26-28\\nchaptf:r VII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 cities and towns.\\nManila\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its Charities and Institutions\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Schools and Colleges\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Architec-\\nture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dress of the People Cities of Over 10,000 Inhabitants,\\netc PAGE:s 28-35\\nCHAPTER VIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE FORESTS.\\nPAGES 35-36\\nCHAPTER IX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AGRICUI.TURE AND FOOD PRODUCTS.\\nBest Tobacco Land Introduction of Coffee Growing Cocoa Sugar\\nCane\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cocoa Nuts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edible Birds -Nests, etc PAGES 36-39\\nCHAPTER X\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURE.\\nCopra Trade\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hemp\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Native Manufactures\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Industrial Arts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pearl Fish-\\neries, etc PAGES 39-42", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4870", "width": "3126", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4916", "width": "3006", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "5580", "width": "3609", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3126", "width": "2215", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4694", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "htr 13 i\\nI V\\ni\\nMv^^ i A\\nK: V- .i\\n1. .V vwr V:\\nA- :.t\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.t-;:^^\\nnv", "height": "4694", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "Kfr\\n-r^\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nmill\\n002 643 684 9\\n1 fr", "height": "4834", "width": "3306", "jp2-path": "factsaboutphilip00tayl_0056.jp2"}}