{"1": {"fulltext": "DllST]\\ncf?", "height": "5128", "width": "3397", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "7", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "M\\n-~cy\\non\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rn\\nHAWAIIAN ANNEXATION\\nAND\\nEXTENSION OF AMERICAN INFLUENCE.\\nSPEECH\\no?\\nHON. ALBERT M. TODD.\\nOin ISlZCJrZTGrJ^lsr\\nIN THE\\nHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,\\nJUISrE 15, 1898.\\nIlaTing practiced the acquisition of territory for nearly sixty years, the\\nquestion of constitutional power to do so is no longer an open one -with iis.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lincoln.\\n18U8.\\n3A .V", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "6864t\\nco^\\nIlawaiian Annexation and tlie Extension of American\\nInfluence.\\nV\u00c2\u00bb O how canst thoa renounce the boundless store\\nOf charms which Nature to her votary yields:\\n4^* The warbling woodland, the resounding shore,\\nThe pomp of groves, and garniture of fields;\\nAll that the genial ray of morning gilds,\\nAnd all that echoes to the song of evea,\\nAll that the mountain s sheltering bosom shields,\\nAnd all the dread magnificence of heaven:\\nO how canst thou renounce, and hope to be forgiven?\\nThere is no constitutional difficulty as to the acquisition of territory, and\\nwhether when acquired it may be taken into the Union by the Constitution\\nas it now stands will become a question of expediency.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Je^erson.\\nSPEECH\\nOF\\nHON. ALBBET M. TODD,\\nof michigan,\\nIn the House of Eepresentatiyes^\\nWednesday, June 15, 1898.\\nThe House having under consideration the joint resolution (H. Res. 259) to\\nprovide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States-\\nMr. TODD said:\\nMr. Speaker: The importance of the pending resolntion, by\\nwhich it is proposed to annex to the territory of our Union distant\\nislands of the sea, many of whoie inhabitants differ from tis in\\nlanguage, religion, and social customs, can not be overestimated.\\n1 have tlierefore listened with interest to the arguments of those\\ngentlemen who have so ably opposed the resolution, actuated by\\nmotives which, I trust, are patriotic, and for reasons which, in\\ntheir judgment, are for the best interests of the American people.\\nAnd, sir, I too should view this action with alarm if I thought\\ntheir fears and objections v^ere well grounded, and that it was\\nthe purpose of this measure to inaugurate an era of imperial\\naggrandizement by an aggressive colonial policy through military\\nconquest over weaker nations, resulting in riveting a more rigor-\\nous and centralized government upon our citizens, enforced hj a\\ngreat standing army. If I thought this was the inspiring motive,\\nI should give both my vote and voice in opposition.\\nBut, sir, I am glad to say that, highly as I personally respect the\\nopponents of the measure, I believe their fears are largely ground-\\nless and that a careful survey of the entire question furnishes an\\noverwhelming evidence in favor of annexation.\\nNO CONQUEST CONTEMPLATED.\\nIt is known to everyone that the proposed measure does not con-\\ntemplate any invasion of the islands by force of arms or their\\ncoaquest by what is often a more dangerous power, subtle diplo-\\nmacy. On the contrary, the contemplated action is one that was\\n3 3579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "first urged by the Hawaii ans thpmselves nearly fifly years ago,\\nand which they have ever since had constantly in view. It is no\\nnew question or policy of either our nation or the little common-\\nwealth that seeks the protection of our flag, the fellowship of our\\npeople, and the benefits of our civilizat on. I shall briefly review\\nthe history of these interesting negotiations, the reasons in favor\\nof annexation, with a glance at the history and nature of the\\nislands, and the objections urged against the adoption of this reso-\\nlution.\\nTHE CONTEMPLATED ANKEXATIOX THE RESULT OF FRIENDLY NEGOTIA-\\nTIONS.\\nIn 1851 the King, hard pressed by the aggressions of England\\nand France, first formally sought the protection of our nation by\\ndelivering to our representative a deed of cession of the islands to\\nthe United States. In 1854 our Secretary of State authorized a\\ntreaty of annexation, but the negotiations were broken by the\\ndeath of the King while they were pending. In 1898 a new annex-\\nation treaty was negotiated, but while pending in our Senate a\\nchange of Administration caused its withdrawal by the Pres dent\\nbefore ratification. June 16, 1897, a treaty was again negotiated\\nsimilar to the pending resolution, and which, with other papers\\nrelated to the sub.iect, I will submit as an appendix to my re-\\nmarks. This treaty has been already approved by the people of\\nHawaii and ratified by their Senate.\\nThere is, therefore, no hasty action by either party to the com-\\npact; no undue stress; no objection by foreign nations which\\nwould lead to international complications. It is only the natural\\nand logical result of intelligent negotiations for many years be-\\ntween two sovereign nations, through their accredited representa-\\ntives, acting in- friendly concert to pro7note the mutual interests\\nof both nations.\\nWE SHOULD BE GOVERNED ROTH BY ENLIGHTENED SELF-INTEREST AND\\nTHE CLAIMS OF HUMANITY.\\nMr. Speaker, I believe that nations, like individuals, should be\\nactuated by the highest considerations both of their own welfare\\nand that of humanity. The law of nature, through which we\\nhave life, makes it the first duty of every being to protect and ex-\\ntend its own existence so that it can best fulfill the mission of its\\nCreator, As the Creator has placed under the control of every\\nperson the development of his own faculties and holds him re-\\nsponsible for their proper use and preservation, it may be well said\\nboth of nations and individuals that self-preservation is the first\\nlaw of nature. But while our first duty is to ourselves, it can\\nnot be severed from our obligations to a world-wide humanity, of\\nwhich we are all a part. I wish. then, to discuss this question\\nboth from the standpoint of American interests and welfare and\\nof mankind at large.\\nIndeed, Mr. Speaker, the motives which led us to the present\\nwar with the Kingdom of Spain are analogous to those which\\nhave brought forward the present measure. In both resolutions\\nthe protection of the rights and interests of our own nation stand\\nside by side with the interests of humanity. In the joint resolu-\\ntion (H, Res. 209) which I had the honor to introduce in Congress\\nMarch 30, declaring the independence of the Cuban Republic, to\\nbe enforced by armed intervention, if necessary, the outrage to\\nthe humane and Christian sentiments of the American people,\\nthrough the barbaric cruelties of the Spaniards toward an op-\\npressed people beyond the jurisdiction of our Government, were\\n3579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "placed side by side with the assassination of our own seamen, the\\ndestruction of an American battle ship, and the interests of Amer-\\nican industries and commerce.\\nAnd, sir, the result of the magnanimous spirit and lofty motives\\nwhich inspired our nation to prevent at any sacrifice the continu-\\nance of Spanish atrocities on the Western Hemisphere has been\\nthat in this struggle of arms we have had the moral support of\\nthe great nations of the earth. Had we been actuated by merely\\nselfish m^otives or a desire for conquest, the nations of Europe would\\nhave found in our aggressiveness a menace to the security of their\\nown territorial possessions. Nor could we then have implored the\\nblessings of Almighty God upon our cause, nor would His Provi-\\ndence have so ordered events that the struggling native islanders\\nof the Philippines as well should be freed from the barbarisms of\\nthe land of the Inquisition. Nor could we have hoped for the\\nsplendid and speedj triumph of American arms in the Pacific\\nwhich has inscribed the name of Admiral Dewey and his brave\\nseamen above that of Lord Nelson, and made Manila Bay more\\nhistoric than Trafalgar! [Applause.]\\nTHEIR STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE.\\nOur war with Spain has emphasized the fact that our national\\nsafety and prosperity require increased harbors for vessels both\\nof war and commerce. While opposed to inaugurating an era of\\nimperial conquest at the expense of our free institutions, yet, be-\\nlieving that this nation has a God-given mission to perform as the\\nstandard bearer of civil liberty and progress for the ultimate ad-\\nvancement of all the nations of the earth, it becomes our duty to\\nuse all the means which Providence has placed before us for main-\\ntaining the integrity of our possessions and due respect for our\\ndemands, always to be founded on justice. The hostilities in which\\nwe are now engaged demonstrate that, as war may be sometimes\\nunavoidable, it is necessary that our ships, both of war and peace,\\nshould have convenient harbors of refuge for safety in times of\\nstorm, accident, or war, as well as convenient stations for coal\\nand supplies.\\nEngland, with rare foresight, many years ago secured insular and\\nlittoral possessions in every corner of the earth, by which her inter-\\nests and power on land as well as sea have been greatly advanced.\\nOn the other hand, the lack of adequate coaling stations has,\\nfortunately for us, greatly crippled the efficiency of the Spanish\\nnavy. It is well known that modern men-of-war, especially those\\nwhich attain high speed and whose engines in some cases develop\\n18,000 horsepower, rapidly consume enormous quantities of coal\\nand, owing to their special construction, have coal storage but for\\nshort trips only. In fact, the question of coal supply has per-\\nplexed the Spanish thus far on the Atlantic more, perhaps, than\\nany other condition relative to their naval strategy.\\nBut aside from the necessities of our Navy, our merchant vessels\\nas well need, both in peace and war, both in accident and safety,\\nharbors under the protection of our flag for all of the needs of\\ncommerce, travel, and the advancement of science, to be liberally\\nencom-aged by our Government.\\nA BRIEF VIEW OF THE ISLANDS.\\nThe Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands lie about 600 miles north of\\nthe equator, their capital, Honolulu, being 2,089 miles southwest\\nfrom San Francisco, 3,399 miles southeast of Yokohama, 4,917\\nmiles southeast of Hongkong, and about 4,000 miles from the\\n3579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. Their combined area\\n18 about 7,000 square miles, two-thirds of which is contained in the\\nprincipal island, Hawaii. The capital city, Honolulu, is located on\\nthe island of Oahu, and on the coast of this island, 12 miles away,\\nis situated the famous Pearl Harbor, now under control of our\\nGovernment, said to be the finest natural harbor on the globe,\\ncapable of floating all the navies of the world. This harbor con-\\nsists of a large inland lake, broken by islands which maintain a\\nsmooth surface of water, protected by hills from storms and the\\nguns of hostile fleets, and connected with the sea by a long and\\nnarrow channel, easily fortified.\\nIt is objected that we have already a shorter route to China and\\nJapan, with ox)portunity for a coaling station at Una^aska, in the\\nAleutian Islands, about 2,000 miles north of Hawaii; but that route\\nisrarely taken, owing to storms, fogs, and floating ice from the polar\\nsea prevailing there, dangerous to navigation. On the other hand,\\nthe route via Hawaii is an ideal one in every respect, and its free-\\ndom from storm is typical of the name of the ocean traversed\\nPacific. In the event, also, of the completion of the great Nica-\\nragua Canal, through which all of our ships of commerce and\\nwar will quickly pass from ocean to ocean, these islands will be on\\nthe most direct route to China, Japan, and the Philippines. They\\nare also on the direct route to Australia and New Zealand, with\\nwhom we have a large commerce.\\nRegarding the climate and the other physical and natural at-\\ntractions of the islands, an enthusiastic traveler says:\\nIt is simply Fairyland, Rainbowland; a land of perfect rest\\nand repose; a land of color; a land of magnificent hills, cloud-\\ntopped, of a thousand valleys and ravines, of streams and water-\\nfalls, of glorious sea and sky.\\nI had the pleasure recently of spending an evening with the\\nable and statesmanlike minister of the Hawaiian Republic, Hon.\\nLorrin A. Thurston. He showed me an extensive series of photo-\\ngraphs illustrating the islands, their people, products, vegetation,\\netc.. and it certainly seemed like fairyland indeed.\\nEach island consists of one or more mountains, with valleys and\\nplains between. The soil is decomposed lava, irrigated by moun-\\ntain streams and wells. The principal products are sugar, coffee,\\nand fruits. About 80,000 acres are devoted to sugar cane, and in\\n1896, 221,000 tons of sugar were exported. If annexed to this coun-\\ntry, this sugar will reach American consumers free of duty, and\\nthe combine of the oppressive sugar trust may be broken.\\nThe healthful and balmy climate has given these islands the\\nappellation of The Paradise of the Pacific. The temperature is\\nmild and even, averaging about 82\u00c2\u00b0 in summer and 74 in winter.\\nThe lowest temperature at the level of the sea in winter is about\\n56 and the warmest in summer about 88\u00c2\u00b0. The cool northeast\\ntrade winds blow eight or nine months in the year.\\nWith all these gifts of nature inviting us, as well as the entreat-\\nies of the citizens of this little Commonwealth, who desire to enjoy\\nour institutions, how can we refuse? As the muse best expresses it:\\nO how canst thou renounce the boundless store\\nOf charms which Nature to her votary yields;\\nThe warbling woodland, the resounding shore.\\nThe pomp of groves, and garniture of fields;\\nAll that the genial ray of morning gilds,\\nAnd all that echoes to the song of even,\\nAll that the mountain s sheltering bosom shields,\\nAnd all the dread magnificence of heaven:\\nO how canst thou renounce, and hope to be forgiven?\\n3579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE RACE.\\nWhen Capt. James Cook discovered (or rediscovered) these\\nislands December 8, 1778, while circumnavigating the globe with\\nhis armed vessels, the Resolution and Discovery, as so interestingly\\nn.irrated in his famous Voyages, he found a confiding race of\\naborigines, who welcomed him and afterwards woi shiped him\\nas a god, the number of whom he estimated at 400,000. During\\nfierce wars for supremacy among rival chiefs nearly one-half of\\nthe inhabitants lost their lives about the beginning of the present\\ncentury.\\nTHE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF MODERN CIVILIZATION UPON THE\\nISLANDS.\\nIt is a sad fact that although in 1840 King Kamehameha III, called\\nThe Good, granted the people a constitution, abolished idolatry,\\nand encouraged Christianity, yet contact with civilization,\\nthrough contagious disease, and more especially the importation\\nor intoxicating liquors, with the art of producing them, has so\\ndecimated the population that in 1896 but 81,000 native Hawaiians\\nremained! And all authorities agree that in but a few years a\\nonce happy people of trusttul and confiding children of nature\\nWill be e tinct, with no trace except in history! What a commen-\\ntary on our c vilization! Our own country is witnessing a like\\npassing of the -Red Men of the Forest. And if the influence of\\nstrong drink has so rapidly decimated the aboriginies, inured to\\nprivations and hardships, who can measure the extent of its bane-\\nful effects on the happiness, the power, and the lives of our civ-\\nilized Anglo-Saxon nation?\\nPOPULATION.\\nThe census of 1896 shows the population to be 109,020.\\nIn round numbers the different nationalities are represented as\\nfollows:\\nNative Hawaiians 31,000\\nJapanese 24, 400\\nPortuguese 15, 100\\nChinese _ 21,600\\nPart Hawaiian and -p-dvt foreign blood. 8, 400\\nAmericans 3, 400\\nBritish _ 2,200\\nGtrman.... 1,400\\nNorwegian and French 479\\nAll other nationalities 1, 035\\nExpressed in percentage the population is as follows:\\nPer cent.\\nNative Hawaiian 28\\nJapanese _ _ 22\\nChinese 20\\nAmericans and Europeans by birth or descent _ _ 22\\nMixed blood _ 8\\nFORM OF GOVERNMENT, PAST, PRESENT, AND AS PROPOSED BY ANNEXATION.\\nEarly in the present century the tribes of the various isles were\\nunited in a Kingdom by Kamehameha I, chief of the most power-\\nful tribe. This, said to be the noblest of all savage dynasties,\\nended in 1872 by the death of Kamehameha IV. The Govern-\\ning^ t. however, remained a monarchy until January, 1893, when\\nQu^oU Liliuokalani attempted to abrogate certain constitutional\\nrights and to disfranchise the white population.\\n3579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Thereupon a i:)rovisional government was established and a con-\\nstitution framed and adopted, which was promulgated on July 4.\\n1894, the people desiring that the two nations should be united\\nby the same historic birthday. Thus by every avenue open to\\nthem the Hawaiians show the sympathy and love for our country\\nand its institutions.\\nCHINESE WILL BE EXCLUDED.\\nObjection is made that Asiatics will be thus allowed citizenship,\\nand that the interests of American labor as well as the safety of\\nAmerican institutions will be jeopardized. If this were true, I\\nshould oppose the measure with all my power. Happily both the\\nfacts and effects are the opposite, for it will be seen by referring\\nto the resolution of annexation that the islands are to be annexed\\nas a part of the territory of the United States, and are subject to\\nthe dominion thereof, etc.\\nIt is also further provided that, There shall be no further im-\\nmigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands except upon such\\nconditions as are now or may be hereafter allowed by the laws of\\nthe United States; and no Chinese, by reason of anything con-\\ntained herein, shall be allowed to enter the United States from\\nthe Hawaiian Islands.\\nThe President [of the United States] shall appoint five com-\\nmissioners, at least two of whom shall be residents of the Hawaiian\\nIslands, who shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, recommend\\nto Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as\\nthey shall deem necessary or proper.\\nIt is also stipulated that pending the above legislation the pres-\\nent laws of the Republic of Hawaii shall be in force, so far as they\\ndo not conflict wiih the Constitution or laws of the United States.\\nBy the present laws of Hawaii, Asia.tics are not eligible to citizen-\\nship or to a vote. Thus the interests of labor as well as the in-\\ntegrity of our institutions seem to be fully protected. Futher-\\nmore, labor should be benefited by the enlarged market for its\\nproducts and the decreased cost of the sugar it consumes.\\nThe present government is almost identical with our own. The\\nmembers of its Senate and House of Representatives are elected for\\nthe same term as ours. Their President, whom many of us have\\nmet, is of American parentage and a graduate of Williams Col-\\nlege. The foundation of their laws, like ours, is the common law\\nof England, and their courts are founded on the American system.\\nThus they are already accustomed to our institutions and laws.\\nTHE CONSTITUTIONAL ARGUMENT.\\nBut objection is made that there is no authority in the Consti-\\ntution for acquiring foreign territory. If this were true, Mr.\\nChairman, a gi-eat part, more than half, of our present territory, in-\\ncluding some of our most important States, is not properly within\\nthe Union. Who shall say that the many States comprised in the\\nLouisiana purchase, and California, Texas, and New Mexico\\nshould have been repelled?\\nBut, sir, on this question, as on others, we have the highest au-\\nthorities for saying not only that foreign territory can be annexed\\nwhen done for just reasons, without a violation of the Constitution\\nas liberally construed, but where the Constitution is defective by\\nreason of contingencies not thought of by its framers, it is our\\nduty then, as always, to be guided by an enlightened conscience\\nas the needs of our nation and those of humanity shall dictate.\\n3759", "height": "4577", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n019 944 352 5\\n8\\nThe Constitution was intended to secure civil rights and enlarge\\nthe benefits of free goveriiment\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not to abridge them.\\nBut happily we have many high constitutional authorities as\\nwell as historic precedents for the proposed annexation. These\\nhaving already been brought to public attention, 1 shall only\\nbriefly refer to a few instances.\\nWhen the Louisiana purchase was under consideration, the\\ngreat Jefferson, who. as the author of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, on which the Constitution was after wards based, should\\nl3e the highest authority, said:\\nThere is no constitutional difficulty as to the acquisition of\\nterritory, and whether when acquired it may be taken into the\\nUnion by the Constitution as it now stands will become a ques-\\ntion of expediency.\\nPresident Lincoln also eaid:\\nHaving practiced the acquisition of territory for nearlj sixty\\nj-ears. the question of constitutional power to do so is no longer\\nan open one with us. On this whole proposition, includ-\\ning the appropriation of money for the acquisition of territory,\\ndoes not the expediency amount to almost necessity, without\\nwhich the Government itself can not be perpetuated?\\nIn the Dred Scott dectSion Chief Justice Taney said:\\nThe power to expand the territory of the United States by the\\nadmission of new States is plainly given; and in the construction\\nof this power by all the departments of the Government it has been\\nheld to authorize the acquisition of territory, not fit for admission\\nat the time, but to be admitted as soon as its population and situa-\\ntion would entitle it to admission, it is acquired to become a\\nState, and not to be held as a colony and governed by Congress\\nwith absolute authority; and as the propriety of admitting a new\\nState is committed to the sound discretion of Congress, the power\\nto acquire territory for that purpose, to be held by the United\\nStates until it is in a suitable condition to become a State upon an\\nequal footing with other States, must rest upon the same discretion.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2It is a question for the political department of the Govern-\\nment, and not the judicial; and whatever the political department\\nof the Government shall recognize as within the limits of the\\nUnited States the judicial department is also bound to recognize,\\nand to administer in it the laws of the United States, so far as\\nthey apply, and to maintain in the territory the authority and\\nrights of the Government, and also the personal rights and rights\\nof property of individual citizens, as secured by the Constitution.\\nSo, according to this learned judge, the power of Congress in\\nregard to territorial acquisition is supreme, and not subject to\\nthe review of the Supreme Court.\\nIt simply remains, then, to decide What is for the highest inter-\\nests of our nation and humanity? Having faith, Mr. Speaker,\\nthat the American people will continue to be inspired with hu-\\nmane and lofty motives, I trust the proposed measure will pass\\nand that our action in rescuing the oppressed people both of the\\nWest Indies and the Philippines, joined to this, will be the auspi-\\ncious introduction to a century of advancement for us and for all\\nmankind! [Applause.]\\n2579", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a07-7", "height": "4655", "width": "2750", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "LIBRftRV OF CONGRESS\\n019 944 352 5\\nI\\nHollinger Corp.\\npH8.5", "height": "5136", "width": "3254", "jp2-path": "hawaiianannexati00todd_0012.jp2"}}