{"1": {"fulltext": "AME D OLI\\nJO HI ON 1\\niqMswBiwttttflaqgsflB iiiw^", "height": "4076", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "1 ^Library of Congress; 1\\nCH^p.._iCK._ELL-\u00c2\u00a3.\\n.ii.\\n^^UNITED STATES OF AMERICA C\u00e2\u0080\u009e", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "HANDBOOKS for Students and General Readers*\\nHISTORY OF\\nAMERICAN POLITICS\\nBY\\nALEXANDER JOHNSTON, LL.D.\\nLATE PROFESSOR IN PRINCETON COLLEGE.\\nFOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED\\nBY\\nWILLIAM M. SLOANE, Ph.D., L.H.D.\\nPROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN PRINCETON COLLEGE.\\nNEW YORK\\nHENRY HOLT AND COMPANY", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u009eQ\\nfa\\n51172\\nCopyright, 1890,\\nHENRY HOLT CO.\\nTHE MERSHON COMPANY PRESS,\\nRAHWAY, N. J.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.\\nThis edition of what is now a standard text-book\\nin academies and colleges throughout the land ap-\\npears ten years after the first. These ten years\\nhad elevated the author from obscurity to a posi-\\ntion of the highest authority as a historian when\\nhe died in July of last year. This book, which not\\nonly created but sustained the ever-increasing repu-\\ntation of Professor Johnston, should therefore stand\\nas the writer left it. Accordingly, in bringing it up\\nto date, the editor has treated the text with rever-\\nence, and has sought in the few additions made to\\npreserve the spirit and plan of the original volume.\\nPrinceton, May i, 1890.\\nPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.\\nThis book was first published in March, 1879.\\nSince that time corrections have been made for each\\nof the eight times that the book has been put to\\npress, but these have been comparatively so unim-\\nportant that it has not at any time seemed fitting to\\ncall the result a new edition. It would hardly be\\nproper, however, to allow this issue to go out ex-\\ncept as a new edition. In it the whole book has\\niii", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "iv Preface.\\nbeen carefully revised and brought down to date\\ndetached portions have been rewritten the whole\\noutline history from 1868 until 1881 has been given\\nvery much more fully than was possible while events\\nwere still uncertain and a new appendix, called for\\nby many correspondents, has been added in the\\nform of a list of the cabinets of the successive ad-\\nministrations, with the dates of appointment.\\nFor the guidance of readers who desire to study\\nmore fully the history of which this is an outline, a\\nclassified list of authorities is given below.\\nThe scope of the book will be sufficiently indi-\\ncated by repeating the last paragraph of the preface\\nto the first edition\\nThe design of the book is not to present the\\npolitics of the States, or to criticise party manage-\\nment, but to make our national political history\\neasily available to young men. It is of interest to\\nthe whole republic that young citizens should be\\nable to learn that true national party differences\\nhave a history and a recognized basis of existence,\\nand should be prevented from following factitious\\nparty differences, contrived for personal objects by\\nselfish men. If, for this purpose, this book shall be\\nconsidered worthy to serve as an introduction to\\nthe larger works already in existence, its object will\\nbe accomplished.\\nNorwalk, Conn., January 2, 1882.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Preface.\\nAUTHORITIES.\\nHistorical. Bancroft s United States (to 1782) Pitkin s\\nUnited States (to 1797) Hildreth s United States (to 1820)\\nHamilton s Republic of the United States Tucker s United\\nStates (to 1840) Hammond s Political History of New York\\n(to 1840) von Hoist s United States (vol. 3, to 1850) Spen\\ncer s United States (to 1856) Benton s Debates of Congress\\n(1789-1850) Appleton s Annual Cylopcedia (1861-1888)\\nStatutes at Large Electoral Count Benton s Thirty Years\\nView (1820-50) North American Review, January, 1876\\nPolitics in America Draper s Civil War in America;\\nGreeley s American Conflict (to 1865) Statesman s Manual\\n(to 1858) Wilson s Rise and Fall of the Slave Power Lunt s\\nOrigin of the Late War Giddings s Rebellion.\\nBiographical. Marshall s Life of Washington Randall s\\nLife of Jefferson Adams s Life of John Adams and Life of\\nJohn Quincy Adams Rives s Life of Madison Jay s Life\\nof John Jay Sparks s Life of Gouverneur Morris Austin s\\nLife of Gerry Parton s Life of Burr and Life of Jackson\\nHammond s Life of Wright; Garland s Life of Randolph\\nColton s Life of Clay Curtis s Life of Webster; Schuckers s\\nLife of Chase Pollard s Life of Jefferson Davis Raymond s\\nLife of Lincoln Tyler s Life of Taney Barnes s Thirty-\\nninth and Fortieth Congresses Spencer s Life of T. F. Bay-\\nard Poore s Political Register.\\nHistorical (Special Periods). Lodge s English Colo-\\nnies Frothingham s Rise of the Republic Curtis s History\\nof the Constitution Jameson s Constitutional Convention;\\nH. Adams s Documents Relating to New England Federalism\\nDwight s Hartford Convention Carey s Olive Branch Inger-\\nsoll s Second War with Great Britain Peter s Cherokee Case\\nGouge s Banking in the United States Stryker s American\\nRegister (1849-51) Cairnes s Slave Power Greeley s Slavery\\nRestriction Chittenden s Peace Conference McPherson s His-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "vi Preface.\\ntory of the Rebellion and History of the Reconstruction; Put-\\nnam s Rebellion Record Whiting s War Powers Callan s\\nMilitary Laws Eaton s Civil Service in Great Britain The\\nNation (1865-81).\\nStrict Construction. Van Buren s Origin of Political\\nParties; Capen s Democracy; Gillet s Democracy in the\\nUnited States Jefferson s Writings Madison s Writings\\nWoodbury s Writings Calhoun s Works Hunt s Life of\\nLivingston Sedgwick s Political Writings of William Leg-\\ngett Byrdsall s Loco-Foco Party Hamilton s Memoir of\\nRantoul Democratic Review; Harris s Political Conflict\\nBuchanan* s Administration A. H. Stephens s War Between\\nthe States Centz s Republic of Republics.\\nLoose, or Broad, Construction. Hamilton s Works\\nJohn Adams s Works Webster s Works Clay s Speeches\\nStory s Commentaries Whig Review Ormsby s Whig Party\\nSeward s Works Sumner s Works Creswell s Speeches of\\nHenry Winter Davis Mulford s The Nation; Andrew s\\nHandbook of the Constitution Farrar s Manual Tiffany s\\nConstitutional Law Hurd s Theory of the United States Gov-\\nernment.\\nMiscellaneous. Iribune Almanac (1838-81); Cluskey s\\nPolitical Text-book Greeley s Political Text-book of i860\\nCongressional Reports (particularly those on Kansas, Harper s\\nFerry y Covode Investigation, Impeachment of President John-\\nson, Reconstruction Ku-Klux Conspiracy, Credit Mobilier,\\nLouisiana) Poore s Federal and State Constitutions Appen-\\ndix D is to be credited to Spofford s American Almanac Ap-\\npendix H has been furnished by the various Departments.\\nAdditional. Bancroft s History of the Constitution Mc-\\nMaster s History of the People of the United States Henry\\nAdams s History of the United States John Fiske s American\\nPolitical Ldeas and other works Lalor s Political Cyclopedia\\nAmerican Commonwealth Series American Statesman Series", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Preface. vii\\nScribner s Statistical Atlas Roosevelt s Naval History of the\\nWar of 1812 and Winning of the West the Histories of\\nSchouler, Higginson, Eggleston, and Johnston Winsor s\\nNarrative and Critical History H. H. Bancroft s History of\\nthe Pacific Coast Battles and Leaders of the Civil War\\nBlaine s Twenty Years of Congress Personal Narratives of\\nGrant, Sherman, McClellan, Hood, Beauregard, and Johnston.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPreface and Authorities, iii\\nIntroduction, i\\nCHAPTER I.\\nOrigin of Political Parties in the United States. Formation\\nof the Constitution of 1787, under the guidance of the\\nFederal Party, 3\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFirst Administration, i 789-1 793. Settlement of the\\ngovernment, and rise of the Republican party, ig\\nCHAPTER III.\\nSecond Administration, i 793-1 797. The political con-\\ntests of Europe transferred to America. Success of\\nthe Federalists in the first national party contest, 30\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThird Administration, 1 797-1801. Continued success\\nof the Federalists. Alien and Sedition Laws. Defeat\\nof the Federalists. The disputed election of 1800, 44\\nCHAPTER V.\\nFourth Administration, 1 801-1805. The Republican\\nParty in Power. Purchase of Louisiana, 55", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "x Contents.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nFifth Administration, i 805-1 809. Continued decline\\nof the Federal Party. The Napoleonic Wars. The\\nEmbargo, .64\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nSixth Administration, 1809-1813. War with England.\\nOpposition to it by the Federalists, 73\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nSeventh Administration, 1813-1817. Discontent in\\nNew England. The Hartford Convention. Peace, 8 1\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nEighth Administration, 1817-1821. Disappearance of\\nthe Federal Party. Appearance of loose construction-\\nist Republicans. Purchase of Florida. The Slavery\\nQuestion, and the Missouri Compromise of 1820, 89\\nCHAPTER X.\\nNinth Administration, 1821-1825. The Era of Good\\nFeeling. Real existence of Parties. The disputed\\nelection of 1824, .98\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nTenth Administration, 182 5-1 8 29. Formation of the\\nNational Republican and Democratic Parties. Suc-\\ncess of the Democrats, 103\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nEleventh Administration, 1829-1833. The Opposi-\\ntion. Rotation in office. Nullification. The Na-\\ntional Bank, 109\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nTwelfth Administration, 1833-1837. Removal of the\\nDeposits. Success of the President. Slavery and\\nthe Anti-Slavery Society, .123", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Contents. xi\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nThirteenth Administration, i 837-1 841. Panic of\\n1837. Defeat of the Democrats. Appearance of an\\nAbolition Party, 133\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nFourteenth Administration, 1 841-1845. The Whig\\nParty in Power. Its disagreement with President\\nTyler. Success of the Democrats, and Annexation\\nof Texas, 140\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nFifteenth Administration, 1 845-1 849. The Demo-\\ncratic Party in power. War with Mexico. The Sla-\\nvery Question revived as to territory acquired from\\nMexico. The Wilmot Proviso. The Formation of\\nthe Free Soil Party. The Whig Party evades the\\nSlavery Question, 149\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nSixteenth Administration, 1 849-1 853. The Whig\\nParty in power. Adoption of Squatter Sovereignty\\nby the Democrats. California. The Compromise of\\n1850. Its acceptance by the Whig Convention, 159\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nSeventeenth Administration, 1853-1857. The Demo-\\ncratic Party in power. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill,\\nand the Repeal of the Compromise of 1820. Divi-\\nsion of the Whig party. Rise of the Republican and\\nthe American Parties. Kansas, 167\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nEighteenth Administration, 1857-1861. The Dred\\nScott Decision, and its Consequences. Southern\\nDemocrats reject Squatter Sovereignty. Division of\\nthe Democratic Party. Success of the Republicans.\\nSecession, Conciliation, and attempted Compromise, 179", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "xii Contents.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nNineteenth Administration, 1861-1865. The Repub-\\nlican Party in Power. Civil War. Loose Construc-\\ntionist Measures. The Democratic Party opposes the\\nWar and is defeated. Abolition of Slavery, 197\\nCHAPTER XXI,\\nTwentieth Administration, 1865- 1869. Return of\\nthe seceding States to the Union. Reconstruction.\\nDisagreement between Congress and the President.\\nThe Democratic Party opposes Reconstruction by\\nCongress and is defeated, 207\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nTwenty-first Administration, 1 869-1 873. Recon-\\nstruction by Congress accomplished, and the results\\nof the War finally accepted by the Democratic Party.\\nThe Liberal Movement. Success of the Republi-\\ncan Party, 220\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nTwenty-second Administration, 1873-1877. Disturb-\\nances in the South. The enforcement of Reconstruc-\\ntion. The disputed Presidential Election of 1876, 234\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nTwenty-third Administration, 1877-1881. Ques-\\ntions of Currency and Financial Legislation. The\\ncondition of the Civil Service, 249\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nTwenty-fourth Administration, 1881-1885. The\\nRepublican Party in Power. Scramble for Office.\\nCivil Service. The Pendleton Act, 259\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nTwenty-fifth Administration, 1885-1889., The\\nDemocratic Party in Power. Civil Service Commis-\\nsion. Tariff-reform made a party issue. Growth of\\nCorporations. Knights of Labor, 268", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Contents. xiii\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nTwenty-sixth Administration, 1889-1893. The Re-\\npublican Party in Power. McKinley Tariff Bill,\\nwith Reciprocity. Chicago Columbian Exposition.\\nBeginning of New Navy, 280\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nTwenty-seventh Administration, 1893-1897. The\\nDemocratic Party in Power. Repeal of Sherman\\nSilver Act and Federal Election Laws. Wilson\\nTariff Bill. Coal and Railroad Strikes. Venezuelan\\nBoundary Dispute. Relations with Spain and Cuba, 290\\nAppendix A. Articles of Confederation, 304\\nAppendix B. The Constitution, .319\\nAppendix C. Admission of the States, 348\\nAppendix D. Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes\\nin Presidential Elections, 1 789-1888, 349\\nAppendix E. Population of the Sections, 1790-1860, 358\\nAppendix F. Congressional Representation of the Sec-\\ntions, 1790-1860, 359\\nAppendix G. The Sections in 1870, 1880 and 1890, 360\\nAppendix H. Cabinet Officers of the Administrations, 363\\nIndex, 375", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\ni. The government of the United States, in its\\noriginal form (in 1777), was an extreme Democracy,\\nwhose controlling principle was the complete inde-\\npendence of separate communities. Those who\\nopposed its change to a Representative Republic\\n(in 1787) were generally distinguished afterwards\\nby a desire that the Constitution then adopted\\nshould be construed or interpreted strictly accord\\ning to its terms, and tiat ingenious interpretations\\nof its provisions should not give the Federal Gov-\\nernment any further stretch of power. The party\\nwhich was thus founded, and which has retained\\nthe name of Democratic-Republican even to our\\nown day, has therefore usually been called the\\nStrict Constructionist party.\\n2. On the other hand the successive parties which\\nhave opposed the Strict Constructionist view, and\\nhave endeavored to carry the government still fur-\\nther from its originally extreme democratic form,\\nhave generally been distinguished by a desire that\\n1", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "2 American Politics.\\nthe Constitution should be interpreted loosely and\\nbroadly, so as to give the Federal Government in-\\ncreased power in various matters of national impor-\\ntance. They have therefore usually been called\\nLoose Constructionist, or Broad Construc-\\ntionist, parties. 1 Their policy has necessarily\\nbeen one of attack, and each of them has, in the\\nmain, been successful in securing a general accept-\\nance by the whole country of the principle upon\\nwhich its formation was based. 2\\n3. This question of a strict or a loose construc-\\ntion of the Constitution has always been at the\\nroot of legitimate national party differences in the\\nUnited States. All other pretended distinctions\\nhave been either local and temporary, or selfish and\\nmisleading, and the general acceptance of any such\\nparty difference would mark an unfortunate decline\\nin the political intelligence of the people.\\n1 It must not be imagined, however, that any party has ever called itself\\n41 The Strict Constructionist Party, or The Loose Constructionist\\nParty. These names are used as descriptions, not as titles.\\n2 The Federalists succeeded in forming a stronger Central Government\\nthe Whigs in maintaining for the Central Government the power of making\\ncertain Internal Improvements at national expense and the Republicans\\nin maintaining for the Central Government the power of abolishing Slavery\\n(first in the Territories, and afterwards in the States also), of coercing a\\nrebellious State, and of protecting the slaves when set free. The power of\\nthe Central Government to lay Protective Duties on imports, and to or-\\nganize a national banking system, was maintained for a time by the Whigs,\\nand revived and carried into effect by the Republicans.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nORIGIN OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED\\nSTATES.\\ni. Political Parties in the United States had\\nno real existence until the revolution which dis-\\nsolved allegiance to Great Britain. Most of the\\ncolonies were under royal or proprietary govern-\\nments, in some of which there was a deliberative\\nassembly. But in none of these did the people\\nhave such an influence upon the government as\\nwould have given to their differences of political\\nopinion the distinction of party membership. In\\nthe New England Colonies the opportunities\\nfor the formation of parties were greater. The\\nimmigrants in this section of America had brought\\nwith them the town system of local government,\\nand had left behind them the strong central power\\nwhich had held it in check in England. They had\\nalso the good fortune, or the political foresight, to\\nobtain charters from the king, by which they were\\nallowed to exercise powers of government denied\\nto the other colonies. To these charters they clung\\n3", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "4 American Politics. [Circa 1760\\nwith tenacity, and their distance from England\\nmade it difficult for the king to overcome their\\nstubborn resistance to his endeavors to withdraw\\nthe gift, when its results had roused his suspicion\\nand dislike. The consequence was the establish-\\nment in New England of a multitude of petty\\ntowns, each a pure democracy. In these were put\\nin practice without question the principles of per-\\nsonal liberty, trial by jury, the voting of taxes by\\nthe people, and the responsibility of public officials\\nto the people, for which all the succeeding years,\\nand a great expenditure of blood and money, have\\nhardly been able to secure recognition elsewhere.\\nBut the questions debated and decided n these\\npetty democracies, or even in the larger colonial\\nassemblies, were not such as give rise to settled\\ndifferences of opinion and political parties. For\\nthese a broader field was necessary.\\n2. This principle of Popular Sovereignty had\\nspread rapidly from the townships to the collective\\nNew England colonies, but was longer in influenc-\\ning the colonies to the southward. It was not\\nuntil about the year 1760 that this work can be\\nconsidered accomplished. By that time most of\\nthe thinking men in the colonies agreed in believ-\\ning that in the colonies rested the right to govern\\nthemselves. The principle had been repeatedly\\nannounced in theory before revolution was thought\\nof, but personal loyalty to the king, pride in the\\nname of Englishman, and the infrequent exercise", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "1776.] Whig and Tory. 5\\nby England of her asserted rights of absolute\\ndominion over her colonies, permitted it to lie dor-\\nmant. In the year 1760 the financial necessities\\nof England drove her into a fifteen years intermit-\\ntent endeavor to govern the colonies without their\\nconsent. The attempt at once awakened the prin-\\nciple of popular sovereignty, and the continuing\\ncontest increased the extent of its acceptance, until\\nit became strong enough to overcome the forces\\nwhich had hitherto held it in check.\\n3. During this period of contest the English\\nparty names, Whig and Tory, became naturalized\\nin America. Their use at first was only nominal,\\nfor those who claimed them had no power to in-\\nfluence the course of government. Lord North and\\nhis Tory ministry and party, being in power and in\\nneed of money, advocated repressive and coercive\\nmeasures toward the insubordinate colonies, and\\nthese were naturally opposed by the Whigs, the\\nparty in opposition. The name of Whig, therefore,\\nbecame more popular yearly in the colonies, and\\nwas the boast of thousands whose only claim to it\\nlay in their gratitude to the real Whigs in England.\\n4. The successive Congresses of delegates from\\nthe different colonies, which gradually learned to\\nexercise all the functions of government, to form an\\narmy and navy, to organize a post-office depart-\\nment, and to raise money for national purposes,\\nwere recognized and attended only by the so-called\\nAmerican Whigs. Therefore, although they", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "6 American Politics. [}77^\\noffered no opportunity for party contests, they at\\nleast gave the American Whigs an influence, whether\\nrightful or usurped, upon the course of government,\\nand thus made them the first American political\\nparty. As soon as independence was announced,\\nin 1776, to be the final object of the contest, the\\nnames Whig and Tory lost, in America, whatever\\nof British significance they had ever possessed.\\nOne who espoused the cause of the revolted colo-\\nnies was called a Whig, and one who still clung to\\nthe mother country and the crown was called a\\nTory. The Tory party was finally abolished at\\nthe close of the Revolution, when the triumphant\\nWhigs confiscated the estates of its more active\\nmembers, and compelled their owners to emigrate.\\n5. Before the end of the year 1776 most of the\\nStates had settled their forms of State government.\\nThese were generally such adaptations of the old\\ncolonial governments as the altered condition of\\naffairs seemed to demand. But there was greater\\ndifficulty in settling a collective government for all\\nthe States. The idea of popular sovereignty, of\\nlocal government, had spread from the township to\\nthe county, and from the county to the colony,\\nwithout evil results. But the difficulty of inter-\\ncommunication, and the diversity of local interests,\\ncaused each State to regard the others as, in great\\nmeasure, foreign soil. And, now that a Confeder-\\nacy was to be formed, the determination of each\\nState to allow no dictation from its neighbors, or", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "1 777-1 First Confederation. J\\nfrom the new Federal Government, was found to be\\nan insuperable barrier against the formation of a\\nclose union. In their anxiety to be without a\\nmaster the States left themselves without a govern-\\nment.\\n6. The form of government for the new Con-\\nfederacy 1 was agreed upon in November, 1777.\\nThe Congress was to be composed of not more\\nthan seven, or less than two, delegates from each\\nState, to be chosen by the Legislature. The States\\nwere to be equal in power, each having but one vote,\\nno matter how great its population or wealth.\\nThere was to be jto President or other Executive\\npower, except committees of Congress. Important\\nmeasures required the votes of nine of the thirteen\\nStates, and amendments required the votes of all.\\nCongress had hardly more than an advisory power\\nat the best. It had no power to prevent or punish\\noffenses against its own laws, or even to perform\\neffectively the duties enjoined upon it by the\\nArticles of Confederation. It alone could declare\\nwar, but it had no power to compel the enlistment,\\narming, or support of an army. It alone could fix\\nthe needed amount of revenue, but the taxes could\\nonly be collected by the States at their own pleasure.\\nIt alone could decide disputes between the States,\\nbut it had no power to compel either disputant to\\nrespect or obey its decisions. It alone could make\\ntreaties with foreign nations, but it had no power\\n1 See Appendix A.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "8 American Politics. l 7%3\\nto prevent individual States from violating them.\\nEven commerce, foreign and domestic, was to be\\nregulated entirely by the States, and it was not long\\nbefore State selfishness began to show itself in the\\nregulation of duties on imports. In everything the\\nStates were to be sovereign, and their creature, the\\nFederal Government, was to have only strength\\nenough to bind the States into nominal unity, and\\nonly life enough to assure it of its own practical\\nimpotence. The jealous States then felt, with con-\\nsiderable satisfaction, that their liberties were rea-\\nsonably secure.\\n7. A human society bound together by no\\nstronger ties than those provided by the Articles\\nof Confederation must tend naturally to anarchy.\\nEven during the War of Revolution the weakness\\nof the government seemed to many to portend\\nfinancial ruin and a speedy dissolution of the\\nUnion. As soon as the pressure of war was re-\\nmoved the symptoms of disintegration grew alarm-\\ningly worse. Congress had become a mere Rump,\\nwithout dignity, without power, and without a home.\\nIt was compelled to appeal repeatedly to the States\\nbefore it could obtain a quorum of members to ratify\\nthe treaty of peace. Many of the States refused\\nor neglected to pay even their alloted shares of\\ninterest upon the public debt, and there was no\\npower in Congress to compel payment. Eighteen\\nmonths were required to collect only one-fifth of\\nthe taxes assigned to the States in 1783. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "1785.] Taxation, Revision. 9\\nnational credit became worthless. Foreign nations\\nrefused to make commercial treaties with the United\\nStates, preferring a condition of affairs in which they\\ncould lay any desired burden upon American com-\\nmerce without fear of retaliation by an impotent\\nCongress. The national standing army had dwin-\\ndled to a corps of eighty men. In 1785 Algiers\\ndeclared war against the United States. Congress\\nrecommended the building of five 40-gun ships of\\nwar. But Congress had only power to recommend.\\nThe ships were not built, and the Algerines were\\npermitted to prey on American commerce with im-\\npunity. England still refused to carry out the\\nTreaty of 1783, or to send a Minister to the United\\nStates. The Federal Government, in short, was\\ndespised abroad, and disobeyed at home.\\n8. The apparent remedy was the possession by\\nCongress of the power of levying and collecting\\ninternal taxes and duties on imports, but, after long\\nurging, it was found impossible to gain the neces-\\nsary consent of all the States to the article of taxa-\\ntion by Congress. In 1786, therefore, this was\\nabandoned, and, as a last resort, the States were\\nasked to pass an Amendment intrusting to Con-\\ngress the collection of a revenue from imports.\\nThis Amendment was agreed to by all the States\\nbut one. New York alone rejected it, after long\\ndebate, and her veto seemed to destroy the last\\nhope of a continuance of national union in America.\\nPerhaps the dismay caused by the action of New", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "10 American Politics. l l 7 7\\nYork was the most powerful argument in the minds\\nof many for an immediate and complete revision of\\nthe government.\\n9. The first step to Revision was not so de-\\nsigned. In 1785 the Legislatures of Maryland and\\nVirginia, in pursuance of their right to regulate\\ncommerce, had appointed Commissioners to decide\\non some method of doing away with interruptions\\nto the navigation of Chesapeake Bay. The Com-\\nmissioners reported their inability to agree, except\\nin condemning the Articles of Confederation. The\\nLegislature of Virginia followed the report by a\\nresolution, inviting the other States to meet at An-\\nnapolis, consider the defects of the government,\\nand suggest some remedy. In September, 1786,\\ndelegates from five of the Middle States assembled,\\nbut confined themselves to discussion, since a\\nmajority of the States was not represented. The\\ngeneral conclusion was that the government, as it\\nthen stood, was inadequate for the protection, pro-\\nsperity, or comfort of the people, and that some\\nimmediate and thorough reform was needed. After\\ndrawing up a report for their States and for Con-\\ngress, recommending another convention, to be\\nheld at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, they adjourned.\\nCongress, by resolution, approved their report and\\nthe proposed Convention.\\n10. The Convention met as proposed, May\\n14th, 1787, being composed of delegates from all\\nthe States, with the exception of Rhode Island. Its", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "1787.] The Constitution of 1787. II\\nproceedings were secret, but an account of them\\nwas afterwards drawn up from Mr. Madison s notes.\\nWashington, who was a delegate from Virginia, was\\nchosen as presiding officer, and the Convention de-\\ncided to transcend the instructions given to the\\ndelegates, and form an entirely new Constitution,\\non the ground that the work must finally be sub-\\nmitted to, and approved by, the people, before it\\ncould go into effect. May 29th, Randolph, of Vir-\\nginia, offered the so-caiied Virginia plan for a\\nnew government. It consisted of fifteen points, of\\nwhich the most important were that representation\\nin the new Congress should be proportional to\\npopulation, and that Congress should have power\\nto compel the States to fulfill their obligations.\\nThese provisions were particularly distasteful to\\nthe smaller States, who preferred the New Jersey\\nplan, offered by Patterson, of New Jersey, which\\ncontinued the old Confederation, but with the ad-\\nditional power to regulate commerce, and to raise\\na revenue. By this plan the smaller and larger\\nStates would still have been equal in power. June\\n19th the Convention rejected the New Jersey plan,\\nand took up that of Virginia for consideration.\\nAfter a long debate a compromise was made. The\\nsmaller States agreed to take a proportional share\\nin the lower of two Houses of Congress, in return\\nfor an equal share in an upper House. The ques-\\ntion of omitting or including slaves in reckoning\\npopulation as a basis for representation was com-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12 American Politics. \\\\j-7^\\npromised by agreeing to estimate them as equal to\\nthree-fifths of the same number of whites. The\\nfriends and enemies of the slave-trade agreed not\\nto prohibit it until 1808. Other debatable ques-\\ntions were adjusted in the same spirit, and in Sep-\\ntember, 1787, the Constitution of the United States\\nwas completed, 1 being, like all other sound and\\nlasting political works, the result of wise, judicious,\\nand even-handed compromise.\\n11. Any full discussion of The Constitution\\nof 1787 must be left to the treatises upon it. But\\nthere are some points which require notice, in view\\nof party action upon them. Unquestionably the\\nmost important creation of the Constitution was\\nThe Federal Judiciary. It will be seen that the\\nonly guarantee for the observance of the Articles of\\nConfederation was the naked promise of the States.\\nThis had been found to be utterly worthless. The\\ncreation of a system of United States Courts, ex-\\ntending throughout the States, and empowered to\\ndefine the boundaries of Federal authority, and to\\nenforce its decisions by Federal power, supplied\\nthe element needed to bring order out of chaos.\\nWithout it the Constitution might easily have\\nproved a more disheartening and complete failure\\nthan the Articles of Confederation.\\n12. How far The New Federal Government\\nsucceeded to the sovereign rights of the States and\\nformed a centralized government in their place\\n1 See Appendix B, where the Confederation is compared with it.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "1787.] Nature of the Constitution, 13\\neach must decide for himself by a study of the Con-\\nstitution, and on his decision will depend generally\\nhis party membership. All agree that the new\\nFederal Government succeeded to at least a part\\nof the sovereign rights previously vested in the\\nStates, that the Federal Government thus obtained\\nwhat it had previously lacked, the power over indi-\\nviduals, and that, within the sphere abandoned to\\nit, the Federal Government is supreme. How far\\nthat sphere extends is, and it is to be hoped always\\nwill be, a great party question. The very Pre-\\namble, we, the people of the United States, has\\nbeen construed by one party as an assertion that\\nthe Constitution was adopted by the people of each\\nState for itself, and by the opposite party as an-\\nnouucing the consolidation of discordant states into\\none powerful nation, not a mere league. All agree\\nthat it was intended to form a more perfect\\nunion, but all do not agree as to how nearly per-\\nfect that union was to be.\\n13. The Powers Granted to Congress in\\nArticle I, 8, should be carefully studied, for the\\nantagonistic views of the Strict Constructionist and\\nLoose Constructionist parties have always been\\nmost clearly shown in interpreting them. For in-\\nstance, under the clauses which give Congress the\\npower to establish post-roads, and to provide for\\nthe common defense, Loose Constructionists have\\nclaimed, and Strict Constructionists have denied,\\nthat Congress, has power to appropriate public", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "14 American Politics. \\\\M%7\\nmoney for the building of roads, and for general\\ninternal improvements. There is hardly a clause\\nin this whole section upon whose interpretation and\\napplication the members of opposite parties agree,\\nexcept when impelled to do so by selfish interests.\\n14. Is the Union a federal, or league, govern-\\nment, as claimed by the Strict Constructionists, or\\na centralized national government, as claimed by\\nthe Loose Constructionists The question may\\nbest be answered in the words of Mr. Madison\\nThe Constitution is, in strictness, neither a na-\\ntional nor a federal constitution, but a composi-\\ntion of both. In its foundation it is federal, not\\nnational in the sources from which the ordinary\\npowers of the government are drawn it is partly\\nfederal and partly national in the operation of\\nthese powers it is national, not federal in the extent\\nof them, again, it is federal, not national and,\\nfinally, in the authoritative mode of introducing\\nAniendtnents it is neither wholly federal, nor wholly\\nnational.\\n15. Only thirty-nine of the fifty-five delegates to\\nthe Convention signed the Constitution, and it can-\\nnot truly be said that it really satisfied any one.\\nHad it been entirely satisfactory to one great party,\\nit would have been intolerable to the other. But it\\nwas a compromise in every important particular,\\nand each party, while lamenting its own conces-\\nsions, could derive some satisfaction from consider-\\ning those of its adversaries. For, on the question", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "1787.] Two National Parties, 15\\nof its adoption, the people of the United States\\nhad at last divided into opposing parties, Feder-\\nalists and Anti-federalists, though both parties\\nvaried these formal titles by the use of such spite-\\nful and opprobrious epithets as party hatred so well\\nknows how to invent and apply.\\n16. The extreme Federalists were anxious for\\na strong government, and, if possible, for a mon-\\narchy. During the secret proceedings of the Con-\\nvention the report was common that the high-fly-\\ning Federalists had induced it to call an English\\nprince to the throne of the United States. The\\ngreat mass of the party, however, had no such de-\\nsire. They despised the Confederacy as a mere\\nrope of sand, which would fall apart at the first\\nshock, and leave the separate States to become the\\nsuccessive prey of a foreign enemy, or of each\\nother. In place of it they wished to see a strong\\nrepublican government, fitted to make itself re-\\nspected abroad, and obeyed at home. In support-\\ning the new Constitution the Federalists were aided\\nby many who were their natural opponents, but\\nwho either despaired of anything better, or were\\ninfluenced by respect for the great names appended\\nto or favoring it.\\n17. The extreme Anti-federalists wished for\\nno Federal Government whatever, but for a con-\\ntinuance of the league between thirteen indepen-\\ndent republics. The great mass of the party were\\nunited only in opposing the new Constitution,", "height": "3624", "width": "2540", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "16 American Politics. J 788\\nwhich seemed to them fantastic and experimental\\nand a fit instrument to deprive the States of the\\nliberties which they had gained by the sword. But\\nno definite and united line of action was taken by\\nthe Anti-federalists. Many of them united with\\nthe Federalists in accepting and voting for the\\nConstitution, but with the hope and expectation of\\nfuture amendments. The whole party in a few\\nyears became a Strict Constructionist party, accept-\\ning the Constitution unreservedly, but aiming to\\nconfine the powers of the Federal Government to\\nthe letter of its terms.\\n18. September 17th, 1787, the new Constitution\\nwas transmitted to Congress and thence referred to\\nConventions of the several States for adoption or\\nrejection. The opposition was chiefly in the great\\nStates of New York, Virginia, and Massachusetts,\\nbut was shown in varying degrees in all the Con-\\nventions. Many of the States followed the Mas-\\nsachusetts plan, adopting the Constitution, but\\nstrongly recommending amendments to it. Even\\nwith this expedient, it was only adopted by votes of\\n31 to 29 in New York, 88 to 80 in Virginia, and\\n187 to 168 in Massachusetts. North Carolina and\\nRhode Island at first rejected, but more than a year\\nafterward adopted it, their ratifications only reach-\\ning Congress in 1790.\\n19. According to the terms of the Constitution,\\nit was to go into effect as soon as adopted by\\nnine States. The contests between Federalists and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "iySS.] The Constitution Adopted. 17\\nAnti-federalists lasted for months. A noble relic\\nof the controversy is the series of papers written by\\nHamilton, Jay, and Madison, over the joint signa-\\nture of Publius, explaining and defending the Con-\\nstitution. They are known collectively as The\\nFederalist. It was not until June 21st, 1788, that\\nthe ninth State ratified the Constitution, and it be-\\ncame an accomplished fact. New York and Vir-\\nginia soon afterward ratified it, and only North\\nCarolina and Rhode Island refused. July 14th,\\n1788, the Congress of the Confederacy, which was\\nin session, referred the ratifications received from\\nnine States to a committee which reported a reso-\\nlution for carrying the new government into effect.\\nThere was some difficulty in deciding upon a time\\nand place of meeting for the new Congress, but it\\nwas finally fixed at New York, March 4th, 1789.\\nThe first Wednesday of January, 1789, was ap-\\npointed for the choice of electors for President and\\nVice-President, and the first Wednesday in Febru-\\nary for the voting of the electors.\\n20. The Constitution has always been plain\\nenough to guide the policy of the statesman and\\nthe decisions of the judge, and yet elastic enough\\nto give full play to honest differences of opinion\\nand party contest, and to fit the body politic at any\\ntime during its growth from 3,000,000 to 60,000,000\\ninhabitants. The first eleven Amendments were\\nadded so soon after its adoption that they may\\nfairly be considered a part of the original instro", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "1 8 American Politics. x 788\\nment. It was then complete, and, with the excep-\\ntion of the change in the manner of voting for\\nPresident and Vice-President, after the disputed\\nelection of 1800, no further alteration was found\\nnecessary until the extirpation of Slavery intro-\\nduced three Amendments which would have been\\nimpracticable in 1787. Even now, with the excep-\\ntion of the old torment of the Presidential election,\\nthere is seldom any serious suggestion of a point in\\nwhich the Constitution would be benefited by a\\nrevision. Its wheels move as smoothly to-day as\\nat any time since the inauguration of the first\\nPresident. Their motion is so quiet that we are\\nusually unconscious of our own comfort. The tests\\nof foreign and civil war, of bitter party and per-\\nsonal contests, of financial convulsion and an un-\\nparalleled prosperity, have tried and approved it.\\nThe stability of our own government, compared\\nwith the radical changes in those of every other\\ncivilized nation during the past ninety years, is an\\nhonorable memorial of the political wisdom of the\\nmen who framed the Constitution of 1787, and\\nof their descendants who have expounded and\\nobeyed it.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nFIRST ADMINISTRATION, 1789-1793.\\nGeorg-e Washington, President. John Adams, Vice-President\\n1st and lid Congresses.\\ni. March 4th, 1789, had been appointed for the\\n1st Congress, formal inauguration of the new\\nExtra Session. Government, but the members\\nelect had not yet unlearned the Confederacy s\\nslovenly habits. It was not until April 6th that a\\nsufficient number of members of Congress arrived\\nin New York to form a quorum and count the elec-\\ntoral votes. At that time, and until 1805, no elec-\\ntoral votes were cast distinctively for President and\\nVice-President. Each elector voted by ballot for\\ntwo persons. If a majority of all the votes were\\ncast for any person, he who received the greatest\\nnumber of votes became President, and he who\\nreceived the next greatest number became Vice-\\nPresident. When the votes were counted in 1789\\nthey were found to be, for George Washington,\\nof Virginia, 69 (each of the electors having given\\nhim one vote), for John Adams, of Massa-\\n19", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "20 American Politics. l 7%9\\nchusetts, 34, and 35 for various other candidates.\\nWashington received notice of his election, and,\\nafter a triumphal progress northward from his home\\nat Mount Vernon, was sworn into office April 30th.\\nThe Vice-President had taken his place as presid-\\ning officer of the Senate a few days before.\\n2. Frederick A. Muhlenberg, of Pennsylvania,\\nwas chosen Speaker of the House, but the vote had\\nno party divisions, for Parties were still in a state\\nof utter confusion. Between the extreme Anti-fed-\\neralists, who considered the Constitution a long\\nstep toward a despotism, and the extreme Federal-\\nists, who desired a monarchy modeled on that of\\nEngland, there were all varieties of political opinion.\\nThe union between the moderate members of both\\nparties in support of the new form of government\\nstill existed. The extreme importance of Washing-\\nton lay in his ability, through the universal confi-\\ndence in his integrity and good judgment, to hold\\ntogether this alliance of moderate men for a time,\\naud to prevent party contest upon the interpreta-\\ntion of Federal powers until the Constitution should\\nshow its merit and be assured of existence.\\n3. The President selected his Cabinet with a\\ncareful regard to the opposite opinions of his sup-\\nporters. The Treasury Department was given to\\nAlexander Hamilton, of New York, a Federalist,\\nand a lawyer of distinguished ability, who had\\nserved with credit in the Revolutionary War, and\\nwas considered the ablest man of his party. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "1789.] Cabinet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bill of Rights: 21\\nWar Department was given to General Henry\\nKnox, of Massachusetts, also a Federalist. The\\nState Department was given to Thomas Jefferson,\\nof Virginia, an Anti-federalist. He was the author\\nof the Declaration of Independence, and had the\\nconfidence of all the factions of his divided party.\\nEdmund Randolph, of Virginia, also an Anti-fed-\\neralist, was appointed Attorney-General, and John\\nJay, of New York, a Federalist, Chief Justice of\\nthe Supreme Court.\\n4. Twelve Amendments were adopted by this\\nSession of Congress, in order to meet the consci-\\nentious objections of many moderate Anti-feder-\\nalists, and to take the place of a Bill of Rights.\\nTen of these, having received the assent of the\\nirecessary number of States, became a part of the\\nConstitution, and now stand the first ten of the\\nAmendments. They were intended to guarantee\\nfreedom of religion, speech, person, and property.\\nThe positive requests of so many States, and the\\ncontinued refusal of two States to enter the Union,\\nwere strong incentives to their adoption, and the\\nopposition to them came mainly from the extreme\\nAnti-federalists, who considered them delusive and\\ninsufficient, and only calculated to create a fatal\\nfeeling of security against centralized government.\\n5. The most important work of this Session was\\nthe Regulation of Commerce and the settle-\\nment of a Tariff. During the debate some of the\\nAnti-federalists made an attempt to arrange the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "22 American Politics. [[1789\\nduties so as to discriminate against England and in\\nfavor of other nations, but the attempt failed in the\\nSenate. A Tariff Act was passed by both Houses,\\nand approved July 4th. Its preamble stated one\\nof its objects to be the encouragement and pro-\\ntection of manufactures. This language is notable\\nas stating the main object of the American, or\\nHigh Protective Tariff, system, thirty years before\\nit became a party tenet. After directing the Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury to prepare a plan for the set-\\ntlement of the public debt, Congress adjourned\\nSeptember 29th, until the following January. In\\nNovember, 1789, North Carolina finally ratified\\nthe Constitution, and entered the Union.\\n6. Congress met at Philadelphia, January 4th,\\n1st Congress, 1790. January 9th Hamilton\\n1st Session, offered his famous Report on\\nthe Settlement of the Public Debt. It con-\\nsisted of three recommendations, first, that the\\nforeign debt of the Confederacy should be assumed\\nand paid in full second, that the domestic debt of\\nthe Confederacy, which had fallen far below par\\nand had become a synonym for worthlessness,\\nshould also be paid at its par value and third, that\\nthe debts incurred by the States during the Revolu-\\ntion, and still unpaid, should be assumed and paid\\nin full by the Federal Government.\\n7. Hamilton s First recommendation was adopt-\\ned unanimously. The Second was opposed, even\\nby Madison and many moderate Anti-federalists, on", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "I79Q-] The Public Debt. 23\\nthe ground that the domestic debt was held by\\nspeculators, who had bought it at a heavy discount,\\nand would thus gain usurious interest on their\\ninvestment. Hamilton s supporters argued that, if\\nonly for that reason, they should be paid in full, that\\nholders of United States securities might learn not\\nto sell them at a discount, and that the national\\ncredit might thus be strengthened for all time to\\ncome. After long debate the second recommend-\\nation was also adopted.\\n8. Hamilton s Third recommendation involved\\na question of the powers of the Federal Govern-\\nment. It therefore for the first time united all the\\nAnti-federalists in opposition to it. They feared that\\nthe rope of sand of the Confederacy was being\\ncarried to the opposite extreme that the money\\npower would, by this measure, be permanently\\nattached to the Federal Government and that the\\nStates would be made of no importance. But even\\nthis recommendation was adopted, though only by\\na vote of 31 to 26 in the House. A few days later,\\nhowever, the Anti-federalists received a reinforce-\\nment of seven newly arrived North Carolina mem-\\nbers. The third resolution was at once considered,\\nand voted down by a majority of two.\\n9. Hamilton secured the final adoption of the\\nthird resolution by a bargain which excited the\\nz*\\\\deep indignation of the Anti-federalists. A Na-\\ntional Capital was to be selected. The Federal-\\nists agreed to vote that it should be fixed upon the\\nK\\n\u00c2\u00a3*j ^Lt-^r", "height": "3792", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24 American Politics. [i 790\\nPotomac River, after remaining ten years in Phila-\\ndelphia, and two Anti-federalist members from the\\nPotomac agreed in return to vote for the third\\nresolution, which was then finally adopted. Ham-\\nilton s entire report was thus successful. Its\\nimmediate effects were to appreciate the credit of\\nthe United States, and to enrich the holders of the\\nContinental debt. Its further effect was to make\\nHamilton so much disliked by Anti-federalists that,\\ndespite his acknowledged talents, his party never\\nventured to nominate him for any elective office.\\nCongress adjourned August 12th, 1790. During\\nthis long Session there was no further decided party\\ncontest. In May Rhode Island ratified the Con-\\nstitution, and entered the Union, which now in-\\ncluded all the old thirteen colonies.\\n10. Congress met December 6th, 1790. Its de-\\nist Congress, bates were mostly on finance.\\n2d Session. Hamilton proposed the estab-\\nlishment of a National Bank, to act as financial\\nagent of the Government. This involved another\\nquestion of Federal powers, and renewed party\\ncontest. The Federalists claimed that Congress,\\nhaving the undoubted power to pass all laws neces-\\nsary for the collection of revenue and taxes, might\\nconstitutionally charter a bank for that purpose.\\nThe Anti-federalists claimed that such a bank was\\nnot necessary though it might be convenient, and\\nhence was beyond the power of Congress. This\\ndifference of opinion, trivial at first sight, continued", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "I79 1 The National Bank. 2$\\nto be the subject of bitter party feeling, at inter-\\nvals, for fifty years. The bill passed both Houses,\\nand the President was importuned to veto it. He\\ndemanded the written opinions of his Cabinet. In\\nthe struggles of succeeding years upon the same\\nsubject, Hamilton s argument in favor of the con-\\nstitutionality of a National Bank has hardly been\\nimproved upon, or added to. It prevailed in the\\nmind of the President over those of Jefferson and\\nRandolph, and he signed the bill. 1 At this Session\\nthe unpopular Excise Law, to provide funds for the\\ndebts assumed by the Government, passed both\\nHouses against the opposition of most of the Anti-\\nfederalists. Congress adjourned March 3d, 1791.\\nMarch 4th, Vermont, formerly called the New\\nHampshire Grants, whose people had for many\\nyears resisted New York s claim of jurisdiction over\\nthem, and had claimed to be an independent repub-\\nlic, entered the Union.\\n11. Congress met October 24th, 1791. Jonathan\\nlid Congress, Trumbull, of Connecticut, was\\n1st Session. chosen Speaker of the House.\\nThe number of Federalists was slightly reduced,\\nbut the Administration was supported generally by\\n1 The Bank, thus created, continued in existence until 1811, when the op-\\nposite party was in power and refused to recharter it. Another National\\nBank was chartered in 1S16, became the object of violent attack by Strict\\nConstructionists, and ceased to exist in 1836. Other attempts were made\\nwithout success, by Loose Constructionists, to charter a National Bank, and\\nthe project slept until 1862. During the Rebellion (1861-1865) the so-\\ncalled Greenback Currency was really an assumption of the power to make\\nforced loans.", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "26 American Politics. \\\\_ l 79 2\\na large majority of both parties. The Anti-federal-\\nists opposed an increase of the army and of the\\nTariff, but both bills became law. An Apportion-\\nment Bill was also passed at this Session, which had\\nno party interest. It increased the number of the\\nHouse of Representatives to 105. Congress ad-\\njourned May 8th, 1792. June 1st Kentucky, for-\\nmerly a part of the State of Virginia, entered the\\nUnion.\\n12. Party Organization may be considered as\\nfairly begun about the close of this Session. The\\noccasional irritation shown in the debates is an evi-\\ndence that the first ill-defined estimate of the new\\nscheme of government was giving way to positive\\nand settled opinions of its powers, and of the policy\\nwhich should be followed in managing it. It is\\nprobable that a majority of the American people\\nwere Anti-federalist in 1789, although the Federal-\\nists, by the active assistance of many of their natu-\\nral opponents, had gained the Executive, the Sen-\\nate, the House, the Judiciary, and most of the State\\nLegislatures, and were able to defeat the disagree-\\ning factions known collectively as Anti-federalists.\\nIn 1792 affairs were beginning to settle into a more\\nnatural order. The various Anti-federalist factions,\\nby union in resisting the Federalists, had learned\\nto forget minor differences, and had been welded\\ninto one party which only lacked a name. That of\\nAnti-federalist was no longer applicable, for its op-\\nposition to the Federal Union had entirely ceased.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "I79 2 Party Names, 27\\n13. A name was supplied by Jefferson, the recog-\\nnized leader of the party, after the French Revo-\\nlution had fairly begun its course. That political\\nconvulsion had, for some time after 1789, the sym-\\npathy of both Federalists and Anti-federalists, for\\nit seemed the direct outgrowth of the American\\nRevolution. But, as its leveling objects became\\nmore apparent, the Federalists grew cooler and the\\nAnti-federalists warmer toward it. The latter took\\ngreat pains, even by dress and manners, to show\\nthe keenness of their sympathy for the Republicans\\nof France, and about this time adopted the name\\nDemocratic-Republican, which seemed suffi-\\nciently comprehensive for a full indication of their\\nprinciples. This has always been the official party\\ntitle. It is now abbreviated to Democratic, though\\nthe name Democrat was at first used by Federal-\\nists as one of contempt, and the party called itself\\nRepublican, a title which it could hardly claim with\\npropriety, for its tendency has always been toward\\na democracy, as that of its opponents has been to*\\nward a strong republic. The name Republican,\\ntherefore, belongs most properly to its present pos-\\nsessors (1890). But it must be remembered that\\nthe party which will be called Republican until\\nabout 1828 was the party which is now called\\nDemocratic.\\n14. The tendency toward Party Division was\\nshown even in the Cabinet. Hamilton and Jeffer-\\nson were influenced by personal antagonism and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "28 American Politics. \\\\_ l 79 2\\nsuspicion, as well as by political opposition. In\\nthis, as in everything else, they were the perfect\\nrepresentatives of their parties. In Cabinet meet-\\nings they were, in Jefferson s own words, pitted\\nagainst one another like game-cocks, to the great\\ngrief of the President, who could not see in their\\nwrangling the inevitable operation of political repul-\\nsions, which he would not be able to control much\\nlonger, either in the Cabinet or in the country.\\n15. At the request of both Federalists and Re-\\npublicans, Washington consented to serve as Presi-\\ndent a second time, so that only the Vice-Presi-\\ndency was left as an object of party contest. For\\nthis office the Federalists supported John Adams,\\nand the Anti-federalists supported George Clinton,\\nof New York. To have supported Jefferson would\\nhave cost the vote of Virginia, whose electors could\\nnot have voted for Washington and Jefferson, both\\nfrom Virginia. The Presidential Election took\\nplace November 6th, 1792, and resulted in the suc-\\ncess of the Federalists.\\n16. Congress met November 5th, 1792. Its meas-\\nIld Congress, ures had reference mainly to the\\n2d Session. raising and expenditure of the\\nrevenue, in regard to which the Republicans had\\nnot yet settled upon any united course of action.\\nThe only party contest of the Session was an un-\\nsuccessful attempt of the Republicans to pass a vote\\nof censure upon their enemy Hamilton for his man-\\nagement of the Treasury, and for his indignant and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "I 793-] Presidential Election. 29\\nsomewhat discourteous language in a message to\\nthe House. In February, 1793, the electoral votes\\nwere counted, and were found to be, for George\\nWashington 132 (each of the electors having given\\nhim one vote), for John Adams 77, for George\\nClinton 50, for Thomas Jefferson 4, and for Aaron\\nBurr 1. Washington was therefore declared\\nelected President, and Adams Vice-President.\\nMarch ?A- 1793, Congress adjourned, and March\\n4th, Washington and Adams were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nSECOND ADMINISTRATION, 1 793-1797.\\nSeorge Washington, President. John Adams, Vice-President.\\nHid and IVth Congresses.\\ni. Early in April, 1793, news was received that\\nFrance had declared war against Great Britain and\\nHolland. It excited the sympathies of the Amer-\\nican people for their sister republic, even though\\nthat republic was the aggressor. One of the great\\nparties specially affected the leveling principles\\navowed by the French Republicans, and the oppo-\\nsite party would not have objected to their limited\\nsuccess. There was no open war party as yet,\\nthough many considered the treaty (of 1778) still\\nin force, which bound France and the United\\nStates to offensive as well as defensive alliance.\\nThe country was in a position to drift easily into\\nwar as an ally of France and many of its citizens\\nwere certain to criticise severely any act of their\\nown government which seemed unfriendly to the\\nFrench Republic.\\n2. Washington always deliberated slowly and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "1 793.] Proclamation of Neutrality. 31\\ncalmly, though he was immovable when he had de-\\ncided. He consulted his Cabinet, and by their\\nunanimous advice determined, notwithstanding the\\ninevitable unpopularity of the act, to regard the\\nformer treaty as nullified by the change of govern-\\nment in France, and to issue his Proclamation\\nof Neutrality between the French Republic and\\nher enemies. The proclamation roused intense\\nanger. For the first time the extreme Republicans,\\nwho might now almost be called the French party,\\nassailed the President personally. He was ac-\\ncused of being an enemy to France and republican\\ninstitutions, of usurping the functions of Congress\\nin the decision and announcement of peace and\\nwar, and of setting at naught a solemn treaty, to\\nwhose observance the faith of the country was\\npledged.\\n3. The bitterness of the pro-French newspapers\\nwas increased by the arrival of Citizen Genet,\\nwho had been accredited by the French Republic\\nas Minister to the United States. He had reached\\nCharleston, S. C, April 8th, and, misled by the\\nwarmth of his reception, he entered on and per-\\nsisted in a course which would only have been par-\\ndonable if he had been still on French soil. He\\nbegan to commission cruisers from American\\nports, which captured British vessels even in Amer-\\nican waters. He created courts for the trial and\\ncondemnation of such prizes, and began to raise\\nmoney and enlist men for the service of France.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "32 American Politics. J 793\\nThe British agent complained of these violations of\\nneutrality, and Genet was informed by Jefferson\\nthat they must cease. Two of his American re-\\ncruits were arrested and committed to jail. Against\\nthis Genet remonstrated in offensive language, and,\\nmaking Philadelphia his headquarters, persevered\\nin breaking the law.\\n4. He was encouraged by the so-called Demo-\\ncratic Clubs which had been formed by the more\\nviolent Republicans, in imitation of the Jacobin\\nclubs of France. They had adopted the wildest\\nfollies of their French prototypes. They had\\nchanged their aristocratic title of Mr. to Citizen,\\nand their daughters were married under the name\\nof Citess. They were even scandalized by that\\nrelic of European aristocracy, the spread eagle\\nupon public papers. To Republicans of this type\\nthe character and past services of Washington were\\nno bar to the severest denunciation of his conduct\\nto Genet and the French Republic.\\n5. Through the Summer of 1793 the insolence of\\nGenet toward the President and the Cabinet be-\\ncame still more offensive, and his subordinates imi-\\ntated their chief. The French consul at Boston,\\nwith a body of marines from a French war vessel\\nin the harbor, rescued a libeled vessel from the\\nUnited States Marshal. An American privateer\\nunder French colors left Philadelphia in flat defi-\\nance of direct orders from the Federal Government.\\nFrench officers in Georgia began to organize expe", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "1 793-] Hostility to Engla?id. 33\\nditions against the American possessions of Spain,\\nwith which country France was now at war. Fi-\\nnally Chief Justice Jay, and Senator King, of New\\nYork, declared over their signatures in a New York\\nnewspaper that Genet had in private declared his\\nintention to appeal from the Government to the\\npeople. To the astonishment of Genet, who seems\\nnot to have been aware of the extent to which free\\npolitical discussion may harmlessly be carried, this\\nannouncement alienated from him all but the most\\nviolent of his former supporters. His popularity\\nwas gone. The American Government asked his\\nrecall, and until this took place in the following\\nwinter his only noteworthy action was his declara-\\ntion that Chief Justice Jay and Senator King had\\ntold a falsehood.\\n6. Congress met December 2d, 1793, with a slight\\nHid Congress, Republican majority in the\\n1st Session. House, where F. A. Muhlen-\\nberg, of Pennsylvania, a Republican, was chosen\\nSpeaker. The doubtful vote, however, was still so\\nlarge that there was no real party majority. The\\nPresident s Proclamation, and his treatment of\\nGenet, were approved, though not warmly, in the\\nHouse, where there was increasing Hostility to\\nEngland, provoked by England s systematic neg-\\nlect of the interests and feelings of the United\\nStates.\\n7. England had never accredited a resident\\nMinister to the United States, and had refused to\\ni", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "34 American Politics. x 793\\ncarry out those articles of the Treaty of 1783 which\\nbound her to surrender her military posts on United\\nStates soil, and to pay for slaves carried away by\\nher armies. It was firmly believed that her agents\\nhad interfered to prevent treaties of peace with the\\nsavages of the North-West, and had incited them\\nto renewed attacks upon the frontier settlements.\\nAn unexpected treaty of peace between Portugal\\nand Algiers, which had let loose the Algerine pirates\\nfor a warfare upon the Atlantic against unprotected\\nAmerican commerce, was attributed to English in-\\ntervention. The impressment of American seamen,\\nunder color of their resemblance to Englishmen,\\nwas a growing grievance. All English ships of\\nwar had been ordered, on the 8th of June, 1793, to\\nstop vessels bound for France with corn, and com-\\npel them to change their course to an English port.\\nThis blow at American commerce with France had\\nbeen supplemented by a further order of November\\n6th, that all such vessels should be seized and sent\\nto Great Britain for trial by English courts. Her\\nrefusal to evacuate the Western posts was grounded\\non the unjustifiable neglect of the United States to\\nenforce that article of the Treaty of 1783 which\\nprovided for the payment of debts due to British\\nsubjects. For her further offensive measures no\\njustification was offered, except her sovereign will.\\nShe acted apparently under the belief that the\\nUnited States were the concealed, but soon to be\\nthe avowed, ally of her enemy, and thus she con-", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "1 794. J Jays Nomination. 35\\ntributed in no small degree to swell the current of\\nanti-English feeling.\\n8. The retaliating orders and decrees of Great\\nBritain and the French Republic had already in-\\njured American commerce. In an Official Report\\nof December 16th Jefferson advised friendly ar-\\nrangements for their cessation, if possible, and, in\\ndefault of these, active retaliation upon the offend-\\ning nation. As England was more likely to be the\\noffender, the Republicans promptly adopted the\\nsuggestion, and, January 4th, 1794, Madison intro-\\nduced resolutions imposing prohibitory duties upon\\nEnglish goods. They were debated, at intervals,\\nfor two months, but finally failed.\\n9. The Debates of this Session were mainly\\nupon commercial matters. The Federalists wished\\nto form a navy, and to maintain neutrality between\\nEngland and France, which was all that England s\\ncourse allowed them to ask. The Republican\\npolicy was a mixture of two opposites. It called\\nfor a prohibition of trade with England, or, at the\\nleast, for discriminating duties against English im-\\nports, and yet opposed any naval preparation for\\nthe war to which such a policy must have led.\\nParties w T ere so evenly divided, and the doubtful\\nvote changed sides so frequently that in the middle\\nof April, 1794, no decided result has been reached.\\n10. An unlooked-for step was taken by the Presi-\\ndent, April 16th. He nominated Chief Justice\\nJay to be Envoy Extraordinary to England, for", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "36 American Politics. I 1 794\\nthe purpose of preserving peace by a new treaty.\\nThe Senate, where the Federalists had a small\\nmajority, confirmed the nomination. The Repub-\\nlicans of the House, on the 18th, endeavored to\\nbaulk the mission in advance by a resolution en-\\ntirely prohibiting trade with England. The Sen-\\nate rejected the resolution, and Jay sailed for\\nEngland.\\n11. Party Contests were numerous through-\\nout the Session. The Federalists succeeded in\\npassing a system of indirect taxation to provide for\\nthe increased expenses of the Government, the\\nRepublicans voting for direct taxes. A Federalist\\nbill to prevent such practices as Genet s was op-\\nposed by the Republicans, and bitterly denounced\\nby the Democratic clubs, but was passed with some\\nmodifications. Some of the Republicans again at-\\ntempted, and again without success, to pass reso-\\nlutions censuring Hamilton s management of the\\nTreasury. The Republicans had been alarmed by\\na decision of the Supreme Court that an action\\nbrought by a citizen of the United States would lie\\nagainst a State, just as against any other corpora-\\ntion. At this Session, therefore, an Amendment\\nwas adopted, securing States against suit in United\\nStates Courts. It was. afterwards ratified by the\\nnecessary number of States, and became the Xlth\\nAmendment, which has enabled so many States\\nto repudiate debt with impunity. Congress ad-\\njourned June 9th, 1794. Genet s actions had pre-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "I 79S-] Jays Treaty with England. 37\\nviously been disavowed by a new Revolutionary\\nGovernment in France, and Fauchet sent in his\\nstead.\\n12. Before Congress re-assembled the so-called\\nWhiskey Insurrection against the enforcement\\nof the Excise Law had been suppressed. It had\\nno political results, except as it strengthened Fed-\\neralism, by strengthening popular sympathy with\\nthe Administration. It was also one cause of the\\ndownfall of the Democratic clubs, which Washing-\\nton had publicly and officially, though perhaps mis-\\ntakenly, declared to be the instigators of the Insur-\\nrection. They thus lost popularity, and the over-\\nthrow of Robespierre and the French Jacobin clubs\\nwas soon followed by the ignominous death of their\\nAmerican imitations.\\n13. Congress met November 3d, 1794. In Jan-\\nHid Congress, uary 1795, Hamilton felt com-\\n2d Session. pelled to leave the Cabinet,\\nand resume the practice of law in New York. His\\nlast official act was the arrangement of a plan of In-\\nternal Taxation, which was offered to Congress,\\nand furnished material for debate throughout the\\nSession. It was adopted against the opposition of\\nmost of the Republicans. Congress adjourned\\nMarch 3d, 1795.\\n14. Jay had concluded a Treaty with Eng-\\nland, which did not satisfy him, but was the best\\nthat he could procure. It reached America March\\n7th, and was sent to the Senate in Special Session", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "38 American Politics. I 795\\nJune 8th. It was ratified by the necessary two-\\nthirds majority, and only awaited the signature of\\nthe President to become law. Popular curiosity\\nwas stimulated by the secrecy of the debates.\\nWhen, on the 29th of June, a Senator in violation\\nof his word gave a partial copy of Jay s Treaty for\\npublication, and it was found that by its terms\\nEngland was still at liberty to impress American\\nseamen, to harass American commerce, and to shut\\nit out from the West India trade, the wrath of the\\nRepublicans rose to fever heat, and Federalists\\ncould hardly contrive an apology for a surrender\\nwith which they also were generally dissatisfied.\\nIn all the large cities public meetings condemned\\nthe treaty, and called upon the President to with-\\nhold his signature.\\n15. But The President felt that a treaty of\\nsome kind was necessary, and that no better one\\ncould then be obtained. He therefore signed it.\\nHitherto criticisms on Washington s policy had not\\nbeen uncommon, but his action in signing Jay s\\nTreaty brought out aspersions upon his private\\ncharacter, which were carried so far that he declared\\nhe would rather be in his grave than in the Presi-\\ndency. He was charged by the extreme Repub-\\nlicans with usurpation, treason to his country, and\\nhostility to her interests. The continued sufferings\\nof American prisoners in Algiers were ascribed to\\nhis criminal indifference. He was accused of\\nhaving shown incapacity during the Revolution, and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "1796.] Debates on Jay s Treaty. 39\\nof having embezzled the public funds while Presi-\\ndent. He was threatened with impeachment, with\\nassassination. Even the honored epithet so long\\ngiven to him was burlesqued, and Washington was\\nfor a time known to the Republicans as The Step-\\nFather of his Country. And yet, within a year,\\nhis unyielding common sense was justified by a re-\\nvival of trade which gained friends for Jay s Treaty,\\neven among its formerly bitter opponents.\\n16. Congress met December 7th, 1795, with a\\nIVth Congress, small Federalist majority in\\n1st Session. the Senate, and a Republican\\nmajority in the House, though even there the Feder-\\nalists succeeded in choosing Jonathan Dayton, of\\nNew Jersey, Speaker. The Senate, in reply to the\\nPresident s Message, echoed his words, but the Re-\\npublican majority in the House, in order to censure\\nthe President indirectly, voted down the first sen-\\ntence of their committee s draft of a reply, includ-\\ning an expression of their confidence in the Presi-\\ndent, and their approval of his course.\\n17. March 1st, 1796, the President sent to Con-\\ngress a copy of his proclamation, announcing to the\\npeople that the treaty with England, having been\\nratified by the Senate and signed by the President,\\nhad become law. In the House this caused dissat-\\nisfaction, and, against the wishes of some of the\\nmoderate Republicans, a resolution was passed,\\nMarch 2d, calling upon the President to send to the\\nHouse all papers relating to Jay s Treaty. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "40 American Politics, [1796\\nPresident refused to do so, giving as his reason that\\nthe House was not a part of the treaty-making\\npower of the Government. The House retorted by\\nanother resolution declaring its right to decide on\\nthe necessity of any treaty by which public money\\nwas to be expended.\\n18. From the Federalist side of the House a reso-\\nlution was thea offered, declaring that provision\\nought to be made by law for carrying the treaty into\\neffect. The Debate upon this resolution, in which\\nFisher Ames, of Massachusetts, led the Federalists,\\nlasted until April 29th. By that time public opinion\\nhad pronounced in favor of the treaty too emphati-\\ncally to be disregarded just before a Presidential\\nelection. The Republican majority yielded and\\nthe resolution was passed. The beginning and the\\nend of the Session were taken up by debates upon\\nthe revenue, in which an increase of duties upon\\nimports was urged by the Federalists, but success-\\nfully opposed by the Republicans. Congress ad-\\njourned June 1st, 1796. On that day Tennessee,\\nformerly a part of North Carolina, became a State\\nof the Union.\\n19. During the Summer of 1796 preparations\\nwere begun, and electors were nominated for the\\nPresidential election in November. Washington s\\nhold was stronger upon the people than upon the\\npoliticians, and he was importuned to accept a third\\nterm of office. Electors nominated by both parties\\nwere called upon to promise that, if elected, their", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "1796.] Presidential Election. 41\\nfirst votes should be given for Washington. His\\ndecision to retire to private life could not be al-\\ntered, but he decided to publish it in a form which\\nshould always remain as his answer to the attacks\\nupon him, which had been made, to use his own\\nwords, in terms so exaggerated and indecent as\\ncould scarcely be applied to a Nero, a notorious\\ndefaulter, or even to a common pickpocket.\\n20. Washington s Farewell Address to the\\nAmerican people is dated September 17th, 1796.\\nIt consists of a modest estimate of his own services\\nto the new Government, a congratulation that the\\ncircumstances which gave a temporary value to those\\nservices were past, an appeal to the people to pre-\\nserve intact the unity of the Government, to put\\ndown party spirit, and to make religion, education,\\nand public good faith the basis of government, and,\\nlastly, a needed warning against the admission of\\nany foreign influence upon American councils. It\\ncan hardly be read without renewing the conviction\\nthat George Washington was an unconscious but\\nsincere Federalist, though hardly a fair critic of\\nparty spirit, a modest Christian, a devoted lover of\\ncountry, and a great, unselfish man.\\n21. The Farewell Address was the preliminary to\\nthe first contested Presidential Election. The\\nConstitution had fairly shown its merits. Its con-\\ntinued existence was assured, and there was no\\nlonger any necessity for keeping the political peace\\nbetween the two great parties. No formal nomina-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "42 American Politics. L l 79^\\ntions were made, but it was understood that the Re-\\npublican electors would cast their votes for Thomas\\nJefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron Burr, of New\\nYork, and the Federalist electors for John Adams,\\nof Massachusetts, and Thomas Pinckney, of Me y-\\n4a\u00c2\u00abth Hamilton s ardent political zeal had made\\nso many enemies that he was not considered a suit-\\nable candidate. The Federalists claimed support\\nas the authors of the Government, the friends of\\nneutrality, peace, and prosperity, and the direct in-\\nheritors of Washington s policy. The Republicans\\nclaimed to be the friends of liberty and the rights\\nof man, the advocates of economy and of the rights\\nof the States, and refused to recognize their oppo-\\nnents as the inheritors of any policy but that of\\nEngland. The Presidential election took place in\\nNovember, 1796, 1 and the French Minister under-\\ntook to influence it by an extraordinary Address\\nto the American People, in which he hinted that\\nhis Government would cease intercourse with the\\nUnited States unless the Republicans were success-\\nful. Federalist electors were chosen in most of the\\nNorthern States, while the Southern States, with\\nthe exception of Maryland, generally chose Repub-\\nlicans. The result was a slight Federalist majority.\\n22. Congress met December 5th, 1796, but its\\nIVth Congress, proceedings gave little, op-\\n2d Session. portunity for party contest.\\n1 Until about 1824-1828 electors were generally chosen, not directly by\\nthe people, tut by the Legislatures of the various States.", "height": "3624", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "x 797-] Presidential Election. 43\\nIn the House an attempt was made to renew the\\nlast year s expression of want of confidence in\\nWashington, but it was defeated. In February,\\n1797, the electoral votes were counted, and were\\nfound to be, for John Adams 7 1, for Thomas Jeffer-\\nson 68, for Thomas Pinckney 59, for Aaron Burr\\n30, and the rest scattering. 1 John Adams was\\ntherefore declared to be elected President, and\\nThomas Jefferson Vice-President. The Execu-\\ntive was thus Federalist, with a possibility of a Re-\\npublican succession, in case of the death, disability,\\nor impeachment and removal of the President. It\\nwas plain that a mode of election which offered so\\nmuch temptation to the cupidity of party or the\\ncaprice of fortune was faulty, and could not endure.\\nA further experience of its danger, however, was\\nneeded to enforce its amendment. Congress ad-\\njourned March 3d, 1797. March 4th Adams and\\nJefferson were sworn into office.\\n1 Two electors obstinately voted for George Washington.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTHIRD ADMINISTRATION, 1797-180I.\\nJohn Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President.\\nVth and Vlth Congresses.\\n1. The beginning of Adams s Administration\\nwas marked by a more open manifestation of bad\\nfeeling on the part of the French Republic,\\nwhich was ascribed by the Federalists to the anger\\nof the French Directory on account of the Repub-\\nlican defeat, and by the Republicans to the anxiety\\nof two successive Federalist Administrations to\\nbe in close dependence upon England. In 1797,\\nMonroe, an ardent Republican, who had been\\nMinister to France, was recalled, and C. C. Pinck-\\nney was sent in his place. On Monroe s depar-\\nture from Paris the French Directory announced,\\nin studied terms of affection for the American peo-\\nple and of contempt for the American Government,\\ntheir intention to receive no more American Minis-\\nters until their grievances were redressed. Promi-\\nnent among these grievances was Jay s Treaty.\\nAt the same time Pinckney was ordered to quit\\nthe territory of France at once.\\n44", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "1 797-1 T!ie x YZ Mission. 45\\n2. Upon receipt of this news the President hastily\\nVth Congress, called an Extra Session of Con-\\nExtra Session, gress for the 15th of May.\\nBoth branches had Federalist majorities, and Jona-\\nthan Dayton, of New Jersey, was chosen Speaker\\nof the House. The main business of the Session\\nwas to listen to an Address of the President\\nin which he announced his intention to send three\\nenvoys to France, as a last effort to obtain peace.\\nMany of the Republicans considered the whole\\ntrouble to be the result of Federalist intrigues, but\\na majority of both Houses approved the President s\\ncourse. Congress adjourned July 10th, 1797, and\\nthe envoys soon after departed for France.\\nThrough the Summer of 1797 parties remained\\nas before, each accusing the other, perhaps with\\nequal justice, of a willingness to sacrifice the inter-\\nests of America to those of a foreign country. A\\nforeign traveler about this time said that there\\nseemed to be in America many English, many\\nFrench, but very few Americans.\\n3. The envoys to France, after patiently enduring\\nfor months a treatment unworthy of the ambassadors\\nof a free people, including a demand for a bribe to\\nthe French Directory, and a loan to the French Re-\\npublic s preliminaries to any negotiation, received\\nperemptory orders to quit France, and returned\\nwith empty hands. Their mission is frequently\\ncalled The X.Y.Z. Mission, from the letters\\nconcealing the names of those who demanded the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "46 American Politics. [_ l 79%\\nbribes. In the mean time French attacks on Ameri-\\ncan commerce, which had hitherto been cloaked to\\nsome extent by a pretense of respect for interna-\\ntional law, had now become an open warfare.\\nAmerican shipping papers were a sufficient warrant\\nfor the capture and condemnation of the vessels\\nwhich carried them.\\n4. Congress met November 13th, 1797. At first\\nVth Congress, the Republican disposition to\\nISt Session. tolerate almost any treatment\\nfrom France was continued, and early in 1798 the\\nHouse voted down a proposition to arm American\\nvessels. April 8th the Senate voted to publish the\\nX.Y.Z. letters, and the dispatches of the envoys.\\nTo England they seemed of such importance that\\nthey were sent everywhere in Europe to excite feel-\\ning against France. In America one burst of in-\\ndignation from the Federalists converted many of\\nthe Republicans, and silenced the rest. Millions\\nfor defense not one cent for tribute became a\\nrallying cry, in and out of Congress.\\n5. Under the influence of the War Spirit a\\nnumber of acts were passed to place the nation in\\nreadiness for hostilities. A provisional army was\\nordered, of which Washington was commissioned\\nLieutenant-General. American men-of-war were\\nordered to seize any French vessels which should\\ncommit depredations on American commerce. In-\\ntercourse with France was suspended. The treaties\\nwith France were declared no longer binding upon", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "1798-] Alien and Sedition Laws. 47\\nthe United States, and authority was given to the\\nPresident to issue letters of marque and reprisal.\\nSo far, the acts passed were only the natural evi-\\ndences of a nation s outraged dignity. But the\\nFederalists, intoxicated by the possession of unre-\\nstrained power, and hurried on by an instinctive\\npassion for strong government, proceeded to force\\nthrough two acts which were well calculated to\\nconvince the popular mind of their disregard for\\nthe Constitution, They seem, indeed, to have been\\nin the end the death warrant of the Federal party.\\n6. June 25th the so-called Alien Law was\\npassed. It authorized the President to order any\\nalien whom he should judge to be dangerous to the\\npeace and liberties of America to depart from the\\nUnited States, and made provision for the fining\\nand imprisonment of such aliens as should refuse\\nto obey the President s order. July 14th the so-\\ncalled Sedition Law was passed. It imposed a\\nheavy fine and imprisonment upon such as should\\ncombine or conspire together to oppose any meas-\\nure of Government, and upon such as should utter\\nany false, scandalous, or malicious writing against\\nthe Government, Congress, or President of the\\nUnited States. This act was to remain in force\\nuntil March 3d, 1,801. Congress adjourned July\\n16th, 1798.\\n7. These two tremendous statutes were such a\\nstretch of power as had not been ventured upon\\nsince the Revolution. Without them, the open", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "48 American Politics. \\\\_ l 79%\\nattempts of the French Directory to dictate a gov-\\nernment and policy to the United States, their dis-\\ncriminating kindness to the Republican member of\\nthe mission to France, and the patriotic and suc-\\ncessful stand taken by the Federalist Administra-\\ntion, would almost have insured the government to\\nthe Federal party for the future. It was evident\\nthat the. Republicans believed that these two stat-\\nutes were aimed at them as a party, and were un-\\nconstitutional and in violation of the 1st Amend-\\nment, which prohibited Congress from passing any\\nlaw to abridge freedom of speech or of the press.\\nAnd it should have been evident to the Federalist\\nleaders that, when the war feeling should subside,,\\npopular opinion would incline to the Republican\\nview t unless the statutes were repealed as soon as\\nthe necessity for them was past.\\n8. It will be seen that, during the next year,\\nFrance denied any knowledge of the agents who\\nhad demanded bribes, and hastened to conclude a\\npeace. But, though preparations for war were then\\nat an end, the Federalists persisted in enforcing\\nprosecutions under the Alien and Sedition Laws,\\neven in the doubtful States, New York, Pennsyl-\\nvania, and New Jersey. Though this excited pub-\\nlic resentment, it came too late to influence the elec-\\ntion for members of the Vlth Congress, in which\\nthe Federalists, by the help of the war feeling, were\\ncompletely successful. Seeing no hope of present\\nsuccess in Congress, the Republican leaders deter*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "179^8.] Resolutions of 1798. 49\\nmined, if possible, to entrench themselves in the\\nState Legislatures, and, through them, to protest\\nagainst measures which they were unable to resist.\\nTo this end a series of resolutions, the authorship\\nof which is disputed, was adopted by the Legisla-\\nture of Kentucky, and a similar series, put in form\\nby Madison, was adopted by the Legislature of\\nVirginia. These are known as the Kentucky,\\nand the Virginia, Resolutions of 1798. They\\nare interesting as the first authorized proclamation\\nof the Strict Constructionist party, though allow-\\nance must be made for the excited state of political\\nfeeling at the time of their passage.\\n9. The Virginia Resolutions declared that\\nthe Constitution was a compact by which the States\\nhad surrendered only a limited portion of their\\npowers that whenever the Federal Government\\nundertook to step over the boundary of its dele-\\ngated authority it was the right and the duty of the\\nStates to interpose, and maintain the rights which\\nthey had reserved to themselves that the Alien\\nand Sedition Laws were an usurpation by the\\nFederal Government of powers not granted to it,\\nsince the abridgment of liberty of speech or of the\\npress had been expressly forbidden by the Consti-\\ntution that the State of Virginia solemnly declared\\nthose laws to be unconstitutional, and appealed to\\nthe other States, to join in that declaration and\\nthat her Governor should be instructed to transmit\\ncopies of these resolutions to the Governors of\\n4", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "50 American Politics, D798\\nother States to be laid before their Legislatures.\\nThe response from other States was unfavorable,\\nand Virginia repeated her resolutions the next year,\\n1799.\\n10. The Kentucky Resolutions were to the\\nsame general effect as those of Virginia, but with\\nthe additional declaration that the States were one\\nparty to the compact, and the Federal Government\\nwas the other, and that each party must be the\\njudge of infractions of the agreement, and of the\\nmode and measure of redress. The next year the\\nKentucky Resolutions of 1799 were passed. They\\ndeclared nullification to be the rightful remedy\\nbut, as they announced at the same time that the\\ncommonwealth bowed to the laws of the Union,\\nwhile solemnly protesting against the obnoxious\\nlaws, it is apparent that they had in view no such\\nnullification as that attempted by South Caro-\\nlina in 1832. J The New England opposition to the\\nEmbargo in 1808 2 was a fair example of the first\\nidea of nullification a combination of a State\\nlegislature, executive, and judiciary to impede stub-\\nbornly, but peaceably, the execution of an uncon-\\nstitutional law.\\n11. Congress met December 3d, 1798, with a\\nVth Congress, continued Federalist majority.\\n2d Session. War against France had not\\nbeen formally declared, but a species of warfare\\nexisted upon the ocean, in which American privat-\\n1 See p. 120. a See pp. 71, 78.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "I 799-] Imperfect War with France. 51\\neers, armed merchantmen, and even ships of war\\nengaged in conflicts with French vessels. Both\\nparties agreed in voting an increase of the navy,\\nbut an increase of the army was earnestly opposed\\nby the Republicans, who believed that this and simi-\\nlar warlike measures were only urged by the Feder-\\nalists from a desire for party aggrandizement by\\nproviding commissions for their party leaders. The\\nPresident seems to have become at least a partial\\nconvert to this view, for in February, 1799, without\\nconsulting his Cabinet, and in spite of his expressed\\ndetermination to send no more ministers to France\\nuntil assured of a friendly reception, he suddenly\\nappointed three envoys to that country. Two of\\nthe Cabinet protested against this action of the\\nPresident. Their protest was sustained by leading\\nFederalists throughout the country, and the Presi-\\ndent began to lose, to some degree, the support of\\nthe party which had elected him. Congress ad-\\njourned March 3d, 1799.\\n12. The difficulties of the Federalists were now in-\\ncreased by an evident dissension between Hamilton,\\nwho was the real leader of the party, and Adams,\\nwho was its nominal head. No open quarrel had\\nas yet taken place. But when the envoys to France,\\nwho had waited until November for assurances of a\\nfriendly reception, were ordered to depart by the\\nPresident, again without consulting his Cabinet, his\\napparent eagerness for peace and distrust of Ham-\\nilton widened the breach between them. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "52 American Politics. L 8oo\\nenvoys were successful in arranging a treaty with\\nNapoleon Bonaparte, who was then at the head of\\nthe French Directory.\\n13. Congress met December 2d, 1799, with a\\nVlth Congress, stronger Federalist majority.\\nISt Session. Theodore Sedgwick, of Massa-\\nchusetts, a Federalist, was chosen Speaker -of the\\nHouse. There was little party contest in this\\nSession. The Federalist majority had been chosen\\nduring the war fever, immediately after the igno-\\nminious return of the envoys to France, and neither\\nrepresented nor felt the undercurrent of irritation\\nwhich the continued enforcement of The Alien\\nand Sedition Laws was increasing. The Repub-\\nlican minority were kept in check, through their\\nleaders, by Jefferson, who preferred to allow the\\npopular excitement to work until the Presidential\\nelection of 1800. During the Session caucuses of\\nMembers of Congress nominated Presidential can-\\ndidates. 1 The Federalist candidates were John\\nAdams, of Massachusetts, and C. C. Pinckney, of\\nSouth Carolina, and the Republican candidates were\\nThomas Jefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron Burr, of\\nNew York. Congress adjourned May 14th, 1800.\\n14. The first important election took place in\\nNew York, April 28th, and resulted in the choice\\nof a Republican Legislature, by whom electors\\nwere to be chosen. At this first token of Fede-\\n1 Nominating Conventions were not called until 1832.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "l8oi.] Election by the House. 53\\nralist Defeat the slumbering animosities of the\\nparty broke forth. The President dismissed a\\npart of his Cabinet, consisting of Hamilton s\\nfriends, whom he called a British faction. Ham-\\nilton printed a severe attack upon the President,\\nand endeavored to make arrangements for giving\\nPinckney a majority of Federalist electors, that he\\nmight be chosen President, and Adams Vice-Presi-\\ndent. The Presidential Election took place in\\nNovember, 1800. In spite of Federalist divisions\\nthe result was doubtful until the vote of South\\nCarolina turned the scale, and gave the Republican\\nelectors a majority.\\n15. Congress met in the new Federal city of\\nVlth Congress, Washington, November 17th,\\n2d Session. 1800. The session was mainly\\noccupied by The Undecided Presidential\\nElection, caused by the defective provisions of\\nthe Constitution. In February, 1801, the electoral\\nvotes were counted, and were found to be, for Jef-\\nferson 73, for Burr 73, for Adams 65, for Pinckney\\n64, and for John Jay 1. There was no name high-\\nest on the list. Consequently there was no choice,\\nand an election was to be made by the House of\\nRepresentatives between the two highest candi-\\ndates, each State having one vote. It is impossible\\nto say why the Republican leaders, or electors, did\\nnot foresee this mischance. The difference of one\\nvote between Adams and Pinckney would seem to\\nshow that at least one Federalist elector was acute", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "54 American Politics. [1801\\nenough to waste a vote and avoid a possible tie,\\nfor South Carolina s votes, if cast as was hoped by\\nsome Federalists for their candidates, would then\\nhave seated both these without trouble.\\n16. The House was Federalist, but was restricted\\nto a choice between two Republicans. Of the two,\\nmany Federalists preferred Burr, partly to keep\\nthe Presidency from their most dangerous enemy,\\nJefferson, and partly to baulk the evident intention\\nof the Republicans. The balloting began February\\nnth. Eight States voted for Jefferson, six for\\nBurr, and two were without votes because of equal\\ndivision among their members. There being six-\\nteen States there was even yet No Election.\\nBalloting continued with the same result for six\\ndays, and the Federalist majority was charged with\\na design to prolong the balloting in this way until\\nMarch 4th, the day of inauguration, and then to\\nmake Chief Justice Jay provisional President. The\\ncharge was denied by the Federalists. Fortunately\\nthe trouble came to an end February 17th, when\\nten States voted for Jefferson, four for Burr, and\\ntwo blank. Jefferson was then declared elected\\nPresident, and Burr Vice-President. Congress\\nadjourned March 3d, 1801, and March 4th Jeffer-\\nson and Burr were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nFOURTH ADMINISTRATION, 180T-1805.\\nThomas Jefferson, President. Aaron Burr, Vice-President\\nVTIth and VHIth Congresses.\\n1. Jefferson s Election completed the first\\ngreat political revolution in the United States since\\n1787, except that the Federalists still had control\\nof the judiciary. The new President s first Inaug-\\nural Message announced the future policy of the\\nRepublican party to be the careful fostering of the\\nState governments, the restriction of the powers of\\nthe Federal Government to their lowest constitu-\\ntional limit, the immediate payment of the public\\ndebt, and the reduction of the army, the navy, the\\ntaxes, and the duties on imports, to the lowest\\navailable point. The Republicans were opposed\\nto any currency but gold and silver, and some of\\ntheir leaders even desired an Amendment to the\\nConstitution denying to the Federal Government\\nthe power of borrowing money, believing that a\\nyearly direct tax for the current expenses of the\\nGovernment would compel the people to decide\\nmore carefully on questions of peace, war, and\\n55", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "56 American Politics, [1801\\nfinance. Upon most of the articles of Republican\\nbelief, the Federalists were more willing to give\\nlatitude and power to the Federal Government.\\nBut the hatred of the parties for each other was a\\nlittle abated, though the Federalists still called their\\nopponents Democrats and Jacobins, while the Re-\\npublicans retorted with the name of Black-Cock-\\nade Federalist, in allusion to the party badge worn\\nby them in the time of the war fever of 1798.\\n2. The Anticipations of the Federalists for\\nthe future of the country under Republican rule\\nwere naturally gloomy. The Federal party prob-\\nably contained the larger portion of the intellect,\\nwealth, and culture of the country, and, in their\\nhonest opinion, the Government was now in bad\\nhands. The President was an atheist in religion,\\nand a fanatic in politics, and the Vice-President\\nwas only more tolerable because less known. The\\nparty which supported them was composed of dis-\\norganizes, Jacobins, and revolutionists. The Presi-\\ndent felt it to be his duty to act so moderately as\\nto give Federalist apprehensions no darker color,\\nalthough he was determined to undo^so far as pos-\\nsible, the centralizing measures of the last Admin-\\nistration. With this view he took the first oppor-\\ntunity after entering office, to issue Executive par-\\ndons to those who were imprisoned under the Alien\\nand Sedition Laws.\\n3. A troublesome problem occupied the summer\\nof 1801. The Republicans were clamorous for", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "1801.] State of Parties. 57\\nOffices, and none were vacant. They therefore\\ndemanded that Federalist office-holders should be\\nremoved to make room for Republican successors.\\nThe President followed the course he had previously\\nmarked out, removing no person merely for hold-\\ning Federalist opinions, but removing all office-\\nholders who had used their official power for party\\npurposes, or who had been appointed by President\\nAdams after the result of the last election had be-\\ncome known. The supply of offices thus placed at\\nhis disposal satisfied the most pressing demands,\\nand for the future he trusted to the natural de-\\ncrease in the ranks of the office-holders, of whom,\\nhowever, he complained that few died, and none\\nresigned.\\n4. Congress met December 7th, 1801, with a\\nVllth Congress, small Republican majority\\n1st Session. in both branches. In the\\nHouse Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, a Re-\\npublican, was chosen Speaker. Instead of the Presi-\\ndent s address in person to both Houses of Congress,\\nwhich had hitherto been the rule, the President sent\\na written Message, as more suited to republican\\nsimplicity, and succeeding Presidents have followed\\nthe example. In the debates which followed the\\nMessage the Republicans advocated and carried\\nreductions in the army, the navy, taxes and duties.\\nInstead of the fourteen years residence necessary\\nfor naturalization under a Federalist law, five years\\nwere substituted.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "58 American Politics. t^oi\\n5. The remainder of the Session was occupied\\nby debate on a proposed repeal of a Judiciary\\nLaw passed at the last Session, by which twenty-\\nfour new Federal Courts had been erected, with the\\nproper complement of officers to each. The Re-\\npublicans claimed that there had not been business\\nenough to occupy the United States Courts already\\nin existence that the bill had been hastily drawn\\nup and passed, after the Republican success in the\\nlast election had been assured, only in order to\\nprovide offices for Federalist leaders, who were\\nabout to be driven from power; and that President\\nAdams had been kept busy until midnight of his\\nlast day of office in signing commissions for the\\njudges. All this seemed to the Republicans a gross\\nabuse of power, and they were determined to oust\\nthe midnight judges by repealing the law. The\\nConstitution seemed plainly to prohibit any such\\nrepeal, and the existence of the Republican party\\nwas based upon a strict construction of the Consti-\\ntution. Party necessities and vindictiveness, how-\\never, soon found available interpretations for the\\nConstitution, and the law was repealed. The Fed-\\neral party, which had founded and nurtured the\\nFederal Government, was thus driven from its last\\nstrong hold in it, and lost forever the control of\\nnational politics, though it retained its power in\\nNew England for about ten years afterward. Con-\\ngress adjourned May 3d, 1802.\\n6. In the Summer of i8ot news came from France", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "i8o2.] Louisiana and France. 59\\nwhich did much to cool the pro-French partizanship\\nof even the most zealous Republicans. France had\\nacquired from Spain the vast territory known as\\nLouisiana, stretching from the mouth to the head\\nof the Mississippi, and indefinitely Westward toward\\nthe Pacific. The United States were thus to be\\nhemmed in by one of the great European belliger-\\nents on the North, and by another on the South and\\nWest, and the policies and alliances of Europe were\\nto be extended to the Western Continent. The\\nPresident at once directed the American Minister\\nat Paris to lay the strongest remonstrances before\\nthe First Consul. He was ordered to declare\\nthat, while the present possession of Louisiana by\\na weak nation like Spain would be tolerated, its\\ntransfer to a strong, active, colonizing power like\\nFrance would immediately drive the United States\\ninto close alliance with England, and that, in short,\\nthe foreign possessor of New Orleans must be the\\nenemy of the United States.\\n7. Congress met December 6th, 1802. The\\nVllth Congress, President s Message\\n2d Session. stated that $8,000,000 of\\nthe public debt had been paid during the year, and\\ncalled attention to Spain s unfriendly action in\\nclosing New Orleans, which she still controlled,\\nagainst American commerce. Resolutions con-\\ndemning Spain s conduct were introduced and\\npassed by the Republicans. A constitutional\\nAmendment changing the mode of the Presidential", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "60 American Politics. [1802\\nelection was debated, but did not obtain the neces-\\nsary two-thirds vote. Some of the Republicans\\nmade an unsuccessful attempt to abolish the Mint,\\nas a useless piece of expense, and the Federalists\\nwere equally unsuccessful in attempting to fasten a\\ncharge of mismanagement upon the Treasury. The\\nrest of the Session was spent in considering the\\nYazoo Frauds, which had no party interest. Con^\\ngress adjourned March 3d, 1803.\\n8. Ohio had become a State of the Union No-\\nvember 29th, 1802. It was formed from the North-\\nWest Territory, which had been organized by an\\nordinance of July 13th, 1787. Article VI of this\\nordinance reads There shall be neither slavery\\nnor involuntary servitude in the said Territory,\\notherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof\\nthe party shall have been duly convicted. The\\nordinance of 1787 is noteworthy as an exercise by\\nthe Congress of the Confederacy of the right to\\nexclude Slavery from the Territories.\\n9. James Monroe had been sent to France to\\nbuy Florida and the island of Orleans. France\\nwas preparing for renewed war with Great Britain\\nand was in need of money. Monroe therefore\\ntranscended his instructions, and made a bargain\\n1 It will be found that the language of this ordinance was copied in the\\nefforts made in 1819 (Missouri), 1846 (Wilmot Proviso), and 1865 (XHIth\\nAmendment), to assert and maintain for the Federal Congress under the\\nConstitution this power of regulating and abolishing Slavery in the Terri-\\ntories of the United States, and finally, in the States as the result of civil\\nwar.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1803.] The Louisiana Purchase. 61\\nfor all Louisiana for $15,000,000. The President\\nat once agreed to it though he believed that the\\nConstitution gave the Federal Government no power\\nto purchase foreign territory and make it a part of\\nthe Union. But he likened his action to that of a\\nguardian who makes an unauthorized purchase for\\nthe benefit of his ward, trusting that the latter will\\nafterward ratify it. In this instance the ratifica-\\ntion was prepared as an Amendment to the Consti-\\ntion, but was never offered, the President s action\\nhaving been in effect ratified by general acquies-\\ncence in it. This course was imitated without\\nquestion in several instances afterward.\\n10. Congress met October 17th, 1803, having\\nVHIth Congress, been called to an early session\\n1st Session. by the President that there\\nmight be more time for discussing the French\\nTreaty. Both branches had Republican majori-\\nties, and in the House Nathaniel Macon was again\\nchosen Speaker. The Treaty was ratified, and\\nappropriations made for its execution, after a de-\\nbate which was almost a repetition of that on Jay s\\nTreaty in 1795, eacn P ar ty however, citing the\\narguments and resolutions then offered by the op-\\nposite party. During this Session the manner of\\nthe Presidential election was amended to the form\\nwhich it has at present. Having been ratified by\\nthe necessary number of States, this became the\\nXllth Amendment. Articles of impeachment\\nwere voted by the House against a Federalist", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "62 American Politics. [1804\\nJudge, Chase, of Maryland, for arbitrary and op-\\npressive conduct in trying cases under the Alien\\nand Sedition Laws. Congress adjourned March\\n27th, 1804.\\n11. The Republicans offered the President and\\nGeorge Clinton of New York, as their Presidential\\ncandidates. Burr had come too near the Presi-\\ndency in 1804 to be made prominent again with\\nJefferson s consent. He was therefore dropped,\\nand Clinton took his place. The Federalists of-\\nfered as their candidates Charles C. Pinckney, of\\nSouth Carolina, and Rufus King, of New York.\\nThe Presidential Election in November re-\\nsulted in the overwhelming defeat of the Federal-\\nists, who carried only Connecticut and Delaware,\\nwith two electors in Maryland.\\n12. Congress met November 5th, 1804. The\\nVHIth Congress, Session was mainly occupied\\n2d Session. by the Trial of Judge\\nChase by the Senate, on articles of impeachment\\nprepared by the House at its last Session. Unfor-\\ntunately the trial became a party struggle. The\\nFederalists espoused the cause of Judge Chase,\\nand the Republicans were determined to convict\\nhim. Vice-President Burr, who presided at the\\ntrial, had shot Hamilton in a duel near New York\\nin July, 1804, and thus deprived the Federalists of\\ntheir ablest leader. But his impartiality and con-\\ntempt for party demands during the Chase trial\\nwent far to induce them to condone his offense.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "1805.] Trial of Judge Chase, 63\\nA sufficient number of Senators did not vote to\\ncondemn Judge Chase on any one charge, and he\\nwas found not guilty on all. The angry disappoint-\\nment of the Republicans led them to introduce\\nseveral Amendments to make impeachment and\\nconviction more easy and certain, but none were\\nadopted. In February, 1805, the electoral votes\\nwere counted, and were found to be, 162 for Jeffer-\\nson and Clinton, and 14 for Pinckney and King.\\nJefferson and Clinton were therefore declared\\nelected. March 3d, 1805, Congress adjourned, and\\nMarch 4th Jefferson and Clinton were sworn into\\noffice.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nFIFTH ADMINISTRATION, 1805-1809.\\nThomas Jefferson, President. George Clinton, Vice-President,\\nIXth and Xth Congresses.\\n1. Congress met December 2d, 1805, with an\\nIXth Congress, overwhelming Republican ma-\\nISt Session. jority in both branches. Na-\\nthaniel Macon was again chosen Speaker in the\\nHouse. Federalism still retained control of New\\nEngland, with the exception of Vermont. In the\\nother States it seemed to be dead or dying. But\\nNew England s influence was so much greater than\\nits proportionate size that the party which con-\\ntrolled it was certain to be at least a strong minority\\nin national politics.\\n2. The Napoleonic wars still continued, and Great\\nBritain and France were using every expedient to\\ncripple each other, without regard to the rights of\\nneutral nations. While the President was anxious\\nto defend American commerce, he was averse to\\nincreasing the expenses of his Administration by\\nbuilding a navy. He therefore recommended, and\\nCongress adopted, a plan for the building of a\\n64", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "1805.] The Randolph Faction. 65\\nnumber of small gun-boats, as more economical\\nthan ships of war. This Gun-boat System\\nwas always hateful to the navy, and was a constant\\nobject of Federalist ridicule and attack.\\n3. The President again called the attention of\\nCongress to the unfriendly actions of the Spanish\\nauthorities at New Orleans. His Message on this\\nsubject was referred to a committee of which Ran-\\ndolph, of Virginia, was chairman. Randolph had\\nbeen one of the Republican leaders while the party\\nwas in opposition, but his irritable spirit disquali-\\nfied him for heading an Administration party. He\\ncould attack, but could not defend. He had taken\\noffense at the President s refusal to make him Min-\\nister to England, and immediately took sides with\\nthe Federalists, followed by a number of his friends,\\nthough not sufficient to give the Federalists a ma-\\njority. Randolph s committee reported resolutions\\nwhich the Republicans voted down, on the ground\\nthat they were calculated to provoke a needless\\ncollision with Spain. A substitute was then passed\\nauthorizing the President to purchase the Floridas\\nfrom Spain. 1 This was afterward modified by a\\nresolution that it was advisable to exchange a part\\nof Louisiana for East and West Florida. The\\nRandolph faction, popularly called Quids, gave\\nfresh life to the Federalists in Congress, and made\\nthem an active and useful opposition party.\\n4. Through the first three months of 1806 various\\nj Thi\u00c2\u00a7 was not. etf***\u00c2\u00ab4, however, until iSig.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "66 American Politics, [1806\\nresolutions were offered in Congress, loc king toward\\nRetaliation upon England. They culminated\\nin the adoption of an Act to prohibit the importa-\\ntion of certain English goods after November 15th.\\nThe vote upon this bill (93 to 32 in the House, and\\n19 to 9 in the Senate) is a fair statement of the\\nAdministration majority at this Session. Another\\nunsuccessful attempt was made to facilitate the re-\\nmoval of Federal Judges. The increase of loose\\nconstructionist ideas among the Republicans was\\nmarked by the passage of a bill for the construc-\\ntion of a National Road from Maryland to\\nOhio. 1 Congress adjourned April 21st, 1806.\\n5. The summer of 1806 was spent by the quids\\nin efforts to bring Monroe back from his Mission to\\nEngland, to be used as a Presidential candidate\\nagainst Madison, whom the President was supposed\\nto favor. The late Vice-President, Burr, came up\\nagain to public notice, by a mysterious expedition\\ndown the Mississippi, by which he hoped to retrieve\\nhis fallen fortunes. It was not known whether its\\nobject was colonization, an attack upon the Span-\\nish possessions, or the founding of an independent\\nwestern empire. The President, by proclamation,\\ncautioned all citizens not to engage in the enter-\\nprise, and gave orders for Burr s arrest.\\n6. Congress met December 1st, 1806. The Pres-\\n1 This was the first appearance of the question of making Internal Im-\\nprovements at Federal Expense, which afterward:* divided parties fron^\\n1830 until 1856.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "1807.] Burrs Expedition. 6?\\nIXth Congress, ident s Message called at-\\n2d Session. tention to the growing excess\\nof receipts over expenditures, and suggested\\nAmendments to the Constitution giving Congress\\nthe doubted power to expend the surplus on roads,\\ncanals, and education. No action was taken upon\\nthem. The Act prohibiting importations from\\nEngland, passed at the last Session, was suspended\\nuntil July ist, 1807, and the President was given\\ndiscretionary power to suspend it until December.\\n7. January 22d, 1807, the President sent to Con-\\ngress the dispatches which showed the progress of\\nBurr s Expedition up to that time. The Senate,\\nin great alarm, passed unanimously a bill to sus-\\npend the writ of habeas corpus for three months, a\\nmeasure repugnant to all the principles of the domi-\\nnant party. Three days afterward the House re-\\njected the bill, by a vote nearly unanimous. Con-\\ngress adjourned March 3d, 1807. Burr s expedi-\\ntion had by this time disbanded, and its leader was\\non his way to Virginia, to be tried for treason, his\\nenterprise having been begun within the limits of\\nthat State.\\n8. In December, 1806, a Treaty with England\\nhad been arranged, which was almost identical with\\nJay s treaty of 1795. As e England at liberty\\nto impress American seamen, and to search Ameri-\\ncan ships, the President rejected it, without laying\\nit before the Senate, and tried further negotiation,\\nbut without success. His action was supported by", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "68 American Politics. [1807\\nthe Republicans, and attacked by the Federalists,\\nwho were the commercial part of the community,\\nand were anxious for almost any treaty with Eng-\\nland. The rejection of this treaty embittered\\nEnglish feeling against the United States, and was\\nprobably a leading cause of the renewed English\\naggressions, the Embargo, and the War of 1812.\\n9. Burr s Examination began in May, 1807,\\nbefore the Grand Jury in Richmond, Va. It took\\na party aspect almost from the beginning. The\\nFederalists considered Burr s arrest an Executive\\nusurpation of power. The President was deter-\\nmined that the result of the trial should justify his\\naction, and became notorious for his interference\\nin the management of the case. His letters to the\\nDistrict Attorney were frequent, and his anxiety for\\nBurr s conviction roused the Federalists to greater\\nexertions for Burr s acquittal. The counsel for de-\\nfense even caused a writ to be served upon the\\nPresident, commanding his personal attendance as\\na witness. The President refused to obey, on the\\nground of public inconvenience, and the matter was\\nnot pressed. The Grand Jury found an indictment\\nagainst Burr. His trial came on in August, before\\nChief Justice Marshall, and resulted in his acquittal\\nfor want of jurisdiction. The administration was\\nthus defeated, and abandoned any further earnest\\nprosecution of Aaron Burr.\\n10. In June, 1807, the British frigate Leopard,\\noff fj^mptgr* Roads, had taken by force four sea*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "1807.] The Chesapeake Outrage. 69\\nmen from the United States frigate Chesapeake,\\nafter a shamefully feeble resistance. Both political\\nparties joined heartily in the indignation excited by\\nthis outrage, and war with England would have\\nbeen everywhere popular, for the day was past when\\nparties were ready to go all lengths in support of\\neither France or England. The President was\\nanxious for peace, and left the matter to be settled,\\nsome years afterward, by negotiation. It would be\\nout of place to discuss here the alternating attacks\\non neutral rights by the great European belliger-\\nents, before and after this date, the proclamation by\\nEngland of a paper blockade of the whole French\\ncoast, the counter proclamation by France of a\\npaper blockade of the British islands, the Orders in\\nCouncil to the English navy to search neutral ves-\\nsels for French goods, and the counter orders to\\nthe French navy to capture every vessel which\\nshould submit to such search. 1 England s power\\nbeing the greater on the ocean, her aggressions bore\\nmost heavily on the United States, whose commerce\\nwas rapidly being destroyed.\\n11. The President, by proclamation, had warned\\nXth Congress, all British armed vessels not to\\n1st Session. enter American ports, and had\\ncalled an early session of Congress. It met Octo-\\nber 26th, 1807, with a Republican majority in both\\nbranches. In the House a Republican, Joseph B.\\nVarnum, of Massachusetts, was chosen Speaker.\\n1 Jefferson, in a private letter, said that England seemed to have be-\\ncome a den of pirates, and France a den of thieves.", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "70 American Politics, [1808\\nThe President recommended a bill by which Ameri-\\ncan vessels should be prohibited from all foreign\\ntrade, and foreign vessels from taking cargoes\\nfrom the United States; all coasting vessels should\\nbe required to give bonds to land their cargoes\\nin the United States. This was the celebrated\\nKmbargo Bill, which destroyed, for the time, all\\nAmerican commerce, intensified party feeling, and\\neven threatened the existence of the Union. It\\nwas passed by strict party votes, being opposed\\nvehemently by the Federalists and quids, on the\\nground that it would injure the United States rather\\nthan England, and would complete the commercial\\nruin which foreign attacks had begun. Having\\ngiven the President the power of suspending the\\nEmbargo Act whenever it should seem advisable to\\nhim to do so, Congress adjourned April 25th, 1808.\\n12. Presidential Nominations were made at\\nthis Session by Congressional caucuses. The Re-\\npublicans nominated James Madison, of Virginia,\\nfor President, and George Clinton, of New York,\\nfor Vice-President. Madison s chief competitors\\nfor the nomination were James Monroe, who was\\nsupported by the quids of the Virginia Assembly,\\nand George Clinton, who was supported by a part\\nof the New York Republicans. The Federalists\\nnominated C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, for\\nPresident, and Ruf us King, of New York, for Vice-\\nPresident. The President had been requested by\\nthe Legislatures of most of the Republican States\\nto accept a third term, but declined.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "J 808.] Presidential Election, Embargo. 7 1\\n13. During the summer of 1808 the Embargo\\nbegan to bear so heavily on the commercial interests\\nof New England and the Middle States that their\\ncomplaints drowned other subjects of discussion,\\nand took away much of the excitement of a Presi-\\ndential election. The remaining strength of the\\nFederalists was concentrated in these States, so\\nthat party bitterness aggravated financial distress.\\nIt was said that the Republican States had devised\\nthe Embargo as a substitute for war, because its ill\\neffects would fall mainly upon the Federalist States.\\nThere was every indication that New England\\nwould obey it with reluctance. The choice, how-\\never, lay between war, an embargo, or submission.\\nFor the latter there were very few advocates. The\\nwar party was divided, some of its members wish-\\ning for war against England, others for war against\\nFrance, and still others for war against both. The\\ngreat majority of the people still favored the\\nEmbargo, and the Presidential Election in No-\\nvember resulted largely in favor of the Republi-\\ncans. New England stood almost alone in choosing\\nFederalist electors.\\n14. Congress met November 7th, 1808. Its pro-\\nXth Congress, ceedings were confined to reso-\\n2d Session. lutions and protests against\\nFrench and English aggressions, and the rejection\\nof Federalist resolutions to repeal the Embargo,\\nuntil February, 1809. In that month John Quincy\\nAdams, who had resigned the Massachusetts\\nSenatorship because his support of the Embargo", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "J 2 American Politics. [1809\\nhad been disapproved by his State Legislature,\\ninformed the President that the Embargo could\\nno longer be enforced in New England, that the\\nFederalist leaders had made all arrangements to\\nbreak off from federal relations with the rest of\\nthe Union unless the Act was repealed, and that an\\nagent from the Canadas was then in New England\\nto offer the assistance of the English Government\\nto the scheme. 1\\n15. Adams s warning impressed the President\\nand the Republican leaders so much that they at\\nonce secured the passage of a modification of the\\nEmbargo, known as the Non-Intercourse Act.\\nBy this the Embargo was repealed, after March\\n4th, as to commerce with all nations excepting Eng-\\nland and France. It was hoped that this would\\nquiet the excitement in New England, without yield-\\ning the principle of the Embargo.\\n16. In February the electoral votes were counted,\\nand were found to be, for President, 122 for James\\nMadison, 6 for George Clinton, and 47 for C. C.\\nPinckney, and for Vice-President, 113 for George\\nClinton, 47 for Rufus King, and 15 scattering.\\nMadison and Clinton were therefore declared\\nelected. March 3d, 1809, Congress adjourned, and\\nMarch 4th Madison and Clinton were sworn into\\noffice.\\nx Adams s accuracy has been denied, and it has even been asserted that\\nhis appointment, soon after, as Minister to Russia was the reward of his\\nwilful falsification.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nSIXTH ADMINISTRATION, 1809-1813.\\nJames Madison, President. George Clinton, Vice-President.\\nXlth and Xllth Congresses.\\n1. The Difficulties with England were\\nXlth Congress, complicated, at the beginning\\nExtra Session, of Madison s term of office, by\\nan unfortunate mistake of the British Minister, Mr.\\nErskine, caused by his desire for peace. Shortly\\nafter the inauguration he informed the President\\nthat he was authorized by his Government to with-\\ndraw the objectionable orders to the English navy.\\nThe President therefore, by proclamation, sum-\\nmoned a Special Session of Congress to meet May\\n22d, 1809, and suspended the Non-Intercourse\\nAct, as applied to England, after June ioth. This\\nhe was authorized to do by the terms of the Act.\\nCongress met on the day appointed, with a Repub-\\nlican majority in both branches. In the House\\nSpeaker Varnum was re-elected. England had in\\nthe mean time disavowed her Minister s offer, and\\nrecalled him, and a new proclamation by the Presi-\\ndent restored the Non-Intercourse Act as before.\\nThe Federalists represented the whole misunder-\\nstanding as a Republican trick to influence the\\n73", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "74 Arnericci7i Politics, [i8c 9\\nelections. There being no business to occupy\\nCongress, it adjourned June 28th.\\n2. Congress met November 27th, 1809. The\\nXlth Congress, Republican majority was so\\nISt Session. large that every Administra-\\ntion measure was promptly carried, and there was\\nlittle party conflict. A continuance of the Non-\\nIntercourse Act was voted. Mr. Erskine s suc-\\ncessor had contradicted the Secretary of State so\\nfrequently and so offensively that Congress, by a\\nstrict party vote, passed a resolution declaring his\\nlanguage to be insolent, and requesting the Presi-\\ndent to recognize him no longer. Congress ad-\\njourned May 1st, 1810.\\n3. Congress met December 3d, 1810. France\\nXlth Congress, had managed so adroitly as to\\n2d Session. leave it in doubt whether her\\nobjectionable decrees had been withdrawn or not.\\nThe Republicans chose to consider them with-\\ndrawn, and repealed the Non-Intercourse Act, as\\napplied to France. The President endeavored to\\ninduce England to withdraw her Orders in Coun^\\ncil, but this was refused on the ground that there\\nwas no evidence of any repeal by France. The\\nNon-Intercourse Act was therefore continued\\nagainst England.\\n4. An effort was made at this Session to re-\\ncharter the National Bank, which had been\\nchartered in 1791 for twenty years. Opposition to\\nsuch a bank was a necessary article of belief", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "1 8 1 1 Adoption of a War Policy. 75\\namong Strict Constructionists. But the corpora-\\ntion had so many Republican friends in Congress\\nthat a bill to re-charter it was favorably reported\\nby the committees of both branches, and after long\\ndebate was defeated by a majority of only one vote\\nin the House, and by the casting vote of the Vice-\\nPresident in the Senate. Thereupon the Bank\\nwound up its business, and ceased to act. Con-\\ngress adjourned March 3d, 181 1.\\n5. Congress met November 4th, 181 1. The Re-\\nXllth Congress, publican majority was still\\nISt Session. overwhelmingly large, but it\\ncontained several rising and energetic members,\\nwho afterward became party leaders, and who were\\nnow successfully urging upon the party a Change\\nof Policy. Hitherto Jefferson and Madison had\\nmade it a peace party, and had carefully avcjded\\ndirect conflict with France or England. The cap-\\nture of over 900 American merchant vessels since\\n1803 had been no more effectual than such isolated\\noutrages as the Chesapeake case in rousing the\\nAdministration to the idea of forcible resistance.\\nUnder the new leaders the Republicans became a\\nwar party. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, was chosen\\nSpeaker of the House. William H. Crawford,\\nof Georgia, in the Senate, and John C. Calhoun,\\nof South Carolina, in the House, became the recog-\\nnized Congressional leaders of the party. The\\neconomical and retrenching policy of Jefferson was\\nabandoned, and preparations were begun for hos-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "76 American Politics. [1812\\ntiiities, against the opposition of the Federalists,\\nand the timid or peace loving Republicans. Bills\\nwere passed to enlist men, to organize the militia,\\nand to equip and enlarge the navy.\\n6. The President was given to understand\\nthat his nomination for a second term of office de-\\npended upon his adoption of the war policy and\\nthat his refusal to do so would cause the nomina-\\ntion of De Witt Clinton, of New York, in his stead.\\nThus pressed the President yielded, and was con-\\nsequently renominated by the usual caucus of Re-\\npublican members of Congress, with Elbridge\\nGerry, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. Clin-\\nton refused to be bound by this bargain, and, hav-\\ning been nominated by a Republican caucus of the\\nNew York Legislature, persisted in his candidacy.\\nTo profit by this promising division among the\\nRepublicans, a caucus of leading Federalists, held\\nin New York City, decided to support Clinton, with\\nJared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\n7. In March, 181 2, the President took the first\\nstep in fulfillment of his bargain by sending to\\nCongress, with a special Message, certain docu-\\nments, which he had purchased from one John\\nHenry for $50,000. Henry claimed to have been\\nthe agent sent from Canada in 1809 to detach the\\nNew England Federalists from their allegiance to\\nthe Union, and his documents purported to show\\nthe complicity of the British Government. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "1812.] Declaration of War. J?\\nBritish Minister solemnly denied all knowledge of,\\nor belief in, any such agent, but Congress, by reso-\\nlution, proclaimed Henry s documents authentic,\\nand denounced England s perfidious attack on the\\nunity of a friendly nation. The principal effect of\\nthis episode was to outrage and exasperate the\\nFederalists of New England.\\n8. As a preliminary to war an Embargo was\\nlaid upon American shipping for 90 days. The\\nBritish Minister finally declared, May 30th, that his\\nGovernment would not recede from its policy\\ntoward neutrals. Dispatches from the American\\nagent in London informed the President that the\\nsame declaration had been made by the English\\nMinistry in Parliament. The President therefore\\nsent a Message to Congress, June 1st, reviewing\\nthe past and present difficulties with Great Britain.\\nIt was referred to a committee, whose report was a\\nsummary of American grievances against England;\\nthe impressment of American seamen, the Orders\\nin Council, the system of paper blockades, and the\\nrefusal to settle American claims for damages. It\\nconcluded by recommending a declaration of\\nwar.\\n9. An Act was consequently passed, and signed\\nby the President, June 18th, declaring that a State\\nof War existed between the United Kingdom of\\nGreat Britain and Ireland and its dependencies,\\nand the United States of America. Of the 98\\nmembers who voted for the war 76 were from the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "78 American Politics. [1812\\nSouth and West. On the following day the Presi-\\ndent s proclamation announced that the war had\\nbegun. We have nothing to do with its events\\nexcept as they influenced politics in the United\\nStates. It was soon learned that the Orders in\\nCouncil had been revoked in London five days after\\nthe declaration of war, but the revocation came too\\nlate. Even if it had been made in time, the war\\nparty would probably have insisted upon the aban-\\ndonment by England of the right of search and im-\\npressment, and would have declared war on that\\nissue. Congress adjourned July 6th, 1812. April\\n30th Louisiana had become a State of the\\nUnion.\\n10. The Presidential Election in November\\nresulted in the success of a large majority of Re-\\npublican electors, and of members of the XHIth\\nCongress pledged to support the Administration and\\nthe war. But the Opposition to the War was\\nmanifested by every legal method from its very\\nbeginning. Immediately after the declaration the\\nFederalist members of Congress had published\\ntheir protest against it in an address to their con-\\nstituents. Under the Act passed by Congress to\\nembody the militia, requisitions were made by the\\nPresident upon the Governors of the different\\nStates for their respective quotas. The Governors\\nof Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to allow\\ntheir militia to leave their States on the ground\\nthat the Federal Government could not constitu-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1813.] Formation of a Peace Party. 79\\ntionally call out the militia until an invasion had\\ntaken place, or the laws of the United States had\\nbeen resisted. In this, as in many other instances\\nthroughout the war, the possession of power by the\\nRepublicans inclined them toward a loose con-\\nstruction of the Constitution, and the Federalists\\ntoward a strict construction of it.\\n11. Congress met November 2d, T812. The\\nXllth Congress, large Republican majority\\n2d Session. prevented any party contest.\\nThe Randolph faction, or Quids, had ceased to\\nhave a separate existence after its failure to nomi-\\nnate Monroe. Most of its members were now sup-\\nporters of the Administration. The remainder,\\nwith the Federalists and those Republicans who\\nopposed the war, had formed a Peace Party.\\nBut their defection was more than compensated by\\nthe number of Federalists whom it drove into po-\\nlitical union with the war party. In Congress both\\nparties united in rewarding, encouraging, and in-\\ncreasing the Navy, whose brilliant exploits had\\nintoxicated the whole nation with the unexpected\\nconsciousness that it alone, of all the nations of the\\nearth, could match and master England upon her\\nown element, the ocean. This Session was occu-\\npied mainly in measures necessary for the active\\nprosecution of the war, which were all passed by\\nparty votes. In February the electoral votes were\\ncounted and were found to be, for President, 128\\nfor Madison, and 89 for Clinton, and, for Vice*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "80 American Politics. x 8i3\\nPresident, 131 for Gerry, and 86 for Ingersoll.\\nMadison and Gerry were therefore declared\\nelected. March 3d, 1813, Congress adjourned, and\\nMarch 4th Madison and Gerry were sworn into\\noffice.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nSEVENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1813-1817.\\nJames Madison, President. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President.\\nXlllth and XlVth Congresses\\n1. Congress met May 24th, 1813, having been\\nXlllth Congress, summoned by the President\\nExtra Session. to a Special Session to\\nconsider the difficulties encountered in raising\\nmoney for the War. The President s Message also\\nmentioned the proffered mediation of the Czar of\\nRussia, which England afterward declined. In the\\nHouse Henry Clay, of Kentucky, was chosen\\nSpeaker, and the vote (89 to 54) represents the\\nAdministration majority. The Republican ma-\\njority in the Senate was weakened by a faction\\nopposed to the Administration. The business of\\nthis Session was mainly routine. Congress ad-\\njourned August 2d.\\n2. The Dislike to the War and its manage-\\nment became more apparent as it went on. The\\nConnecticut Legislature had declared it to be the\\nsolemn and deliberate opinion of the people of that\\nState that the war was unnecessary. So notorious\\nwas the general feeling of the Eastern States that\\nEngland had endeavored to mark the political di-\\n6 81", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "82 American Politics. [1813\\nvision between New England and the rest of the\\nUnion by exempting Massachusetts (which in-\\ncluded the present State of Maine) Rhode Island,\\nand New Hampshire, from the blockade of the\\nAtlantic Coast.\\n3. Congress met December 6th, 1813. This\\nXHIth Congress, Session was also occupied\\nISt Session. chiefly with routine busi-\\nness, and in efforts to improve the condition of the\\nfinances. Illicit trade from the New England\\ncoast to the English ships had become so common\\nthat a New Embargo Act was passed, applying\\nto all vessels, large or small. Congress adjourned\\nApril 18th, 1814. In August occurred the sack\\nand burning of Washington by an English expedi-\\ntion, an affair almost equally disgraceful to both\\nnations. 1\\n4. Congress met September 19th, 1814. Nego-\\nXHIth Congress, tiations for Peace had\\n2d Session. been begun in August. Na-\\npoleon was, for the time, overthrown, and the\\nAmerican Government was anxious for almost any\\nhonorable peace, in preference to continuing the\\nwar with England. The Orders in Council had\\nbeen revoked long before, and the American Com-\\nmissioners were instructed not to insist upon the\\nother object of the war, the abandonment of the\\nrights of search and impressment. The English\\ndemands rose as those of the United States fell.\\n1 The President barely escaped capture.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "1813.] Opposition to the War. 83\\nEngland now insisted that an independent Indian\\nnation should be organized between Canada and\\nthe United States, and that the United States\\nshould maintain no fleet or military posts on the\\nGreat Lakes.\\n5. The publication of these conditions in Octo-\\nber again roused the war feeling of the Republi-\\ncans, and some of their leaders began to meditate\\nmeasures which the strict constructionist principles\\nof the party could not justify. The Secretary of\\nWar proposed the increase of the army by a draft,\\nor conscription. The Secretary of the Navy pro-\\nposed to introduce the English system of impress-\\nment of seamen. To Republicans generally such\\nmeasures seemed unconstitutional, and they were\\nrejected, though strongly urged by the Adminis-\\ntration. Fresh discontent was excited by a bill\\noffered in the Senate, allowing officers of the army\\nto enlist minors over 18 years old without con-\\nsent of their parents or guardians. The Connecti-\\ncut Legislature ordered the Governor to resist the\\nexecution of these and similar measures, if they\\nshould become laws.\\n6. The commercial distress in New England, the\\npossession by the enemy of a large part of the Dis-\\ntrict of Maine, the fear of their advance along the\\ncoast, and the apparent neglect of the Federal Gov-\\nernment to provide any adequate means of resist-\\nance, had led the Legislature of Massachusetts,\\nin October, to invite the other New England States", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "84 American Politics. x 8i4\\nto send delegates to Hartford, Connecticut, to\\nconfer upon the subject of their public grievances.\\nDelegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut, and from parts of Vermont and New\\nHampshire, met at Hartford in December and re-\\nmained in session for three weeks. In their Re-\\nport to their State Legislatures they reviewed the\\nstate of the country, the origin and management\\nof the war, and the strong measures lately pro-\\nposed in Congress, and recommended several\\nAmendments to the Constitution, chiefly with in-\\ntent to restrict the powers of Congress over com-\\nmerce, and to prevent naturalized citizens from\\nholding office. In default of the adoption of these\\nAmendments, another convention was advised, in\\norder to decide on the course which a crisis so mo-\\nmentous might seem to demand.\\n7. This was the famous Hartford Convention.\\nThe peace which closely followed its adjournment\\nremoved all necessity or even desire for another\\nsession of it. Its objects seem to have been legiti-\\nmate. But the unfortunate secrecy of its proceed-\\nings, and its somewhat ambiguous language, roused\\na popular suspicion, sufficient for the political ruin\\nof its members, that a dissolution of the Union had\\nbeen proposed, perhaps resolved upon, in its meet-\\nings. Some years afterward those concerned in it\\nwere compelled in self-defense to publish its jour-\\nnal, in order to show that no treasonable design was\\nofficially proposed. It was then, however, too late,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "1814O Extinction of the Federal Party, 85\\nfor the popular opinion had become fixed. Neither\\nthe Federal party which originated, nor the Feder-\\nalist politicians who composed the assembly were\\never freed from the stigma left by the mysterious\\nHartford Convention.\\n8. In February, 1815, the welcome and unex-\\npected news of Peace reached Congress. It was\\nwelcome to the Administration, whose inexperience\\nin the conduct of the war had involved it in great\\nfinancial straits, to the Federalists, who considered\\nthe war iniquitous, and even to the war party, who\\nhad begun to anticipate a single contest with Eng-\\nland. Therefore the peace, which actually secured\\nnot one of the objects for which war had been de-\\nclared, occasioned rejoicings which would have been\\nmore appropriate for a more successful termination\\nof the war. The rest of this Session was neces-\\nsarily spent in the active reduction of government\\nto a peace establishment, with. the exception of\\nthe navy, and in the reduction of expenses. The\\nActs which had been necessary in preparing for or\\ncarrying on the war were repealed. Congress ad-\\njourned March 3d, 1815.\\n9. The close of the war marks the final Extinct-\\nion of the Federal Party. The few remaining\\nFederalists from this time began to desist from any\\nunited party action. The whole people composed\\none party whose principles were neither those of\\nthe original Federal, nor those of the original Re-\\npublican party, but a combination of both. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "86 American Politics. [181 5\\ncardinal principle of the Federal party, the preser-\\nvation and perpetuity of the Federal Government,\\nhad been quietly accepted and adopted by the Re-\\npublicans, while the Republican principle of limit-\\ning the Federal Government s powers and duties\\nhad been adoped by the Federalists when the Fed-\\neral Government had fallen into Republican hands.\\nBut, though the principles of the Federalists had\\nmade an abiding impression upon the form of gov-\\nernment, their party opposition to the war had made\\nthe name so unsavory that it soon began to fall\\ninto disuse.\\n10. Congress met December 4th, 1815, with a\\nXlVth Congress, large Republican majority\\nISt Session. in both branches. In the\\nHouse Henry Clay was again chosen Speaker.\\nThis Session was occupied chiefly by the regula-\\ntion of Internal Affairs, which occasioned but\\nlittle party contest. Taxes were reduced, and\\nslight changes were made in the Tariff. Some\\nindications appeared, during the debate, of a\\ngrowing feeling among Republicans that the Tariff\\nought to be so arranged as to give protection\\nto those manufactures which had sprung up in\\nAmerica during the war, and while the tendency\\nof the bill adopted was distinctly protective, its\\npurpose was temporarily thwarted by the condition\\nof trade.\\n11. The spread of loose constructionist ideas\\namong the Republicans was marked in April, 18 16,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "i8i 5-] The National Bank. 87\\nby the passage of a bill for the charter of a Na-\\ntional Bank, to expire in 1836. It was modeled\\nupon the one which the Republicans had opposed\\nin 1791 and 181 1. Hamilton s argument in favor\\nof such a bank was republished by Republican\\nnewspapers with a warmth of approval which\\nshowed how far the party had forgotten its strict\\nconstructionist principles. Congress adjourned\\nApril 30th, 1816.\\n12. Presidential Candidates were nominated\\nby the usual Congressional caucuses. Among the\\nRepublicans the Virginia influence, which had\\nnamed the President for 24 of the 28 years since\\n1789, was again successful in nominating James\\nMonroe, his principal competitor being Wm. H.\\nCrawford, of Georgia. Daniel D. Tompkins, of\\nNew York, was nominated for the Vice-Presidency.\\nFor President the Federalists supported Rufus\\nKing, of New York, but united on no one for the\\nVice-Presidency. The Presidential Election\\nin November resulted in complete Republican suc-\\ncess. Only three States, Massachusetts, Connecti-\\ncut, and Delaware, chose Federalist electors.\\n13. Congress met December 2d, 1816. Decem-\\nXlVth Congress, ber nth, Indiana became\\n2d Session. a State of the Union. This\\nSession was almost without party contest. In Feb-\\nruary, 1817, the electoral votes were counted and\\nwere found to be, for President, 183 for Monroe,\\nand 34 for King, and, for Vice-President, 183 for", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "88 American Politics. [1816\\nTompkins, and 34 for various other persons.\\nMonroe and Tompkins were therefore declared\\nelected. March 3d, 181 7, Congress adjourned,\\nand March 4th Monroe and Tompkins were sworn\\ninto office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nEIGHTH ADMINISTRATION, 1817-182I.\\nJames Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President.\\nXVth and XVlth Congresses.\\ni. The President appointed a Republican Cabi-\\nnet. He had been urged to ignore parties in his\\nappointments, but in his opinion the time had not\\nyet come to do so. May 31st he began an extended\\ntour through the Northern States, being the first\\nPresident to imitate Washington s example in this\\nrespect. The welcome everywhere given him prob-\\nably helped to blot out the last remnant of Federal-\\nist opposition.\\n2. Congress met December 1st, 181 7. The pro-\\nXVth Congress, fessed Federalists were very\\n1st Session. few. In the House Speaker\\nClay was re-elected almost unanimously. Decem-\\nber 10th Mississippi became a State of the Union. 1\\nThe first Act of this Session abolished the inter-\\nnal taxes which had been imposed during the war.\\nIn his Message the President had taken occasion to\\nrecommend a Protective Tariff. The question\\n1 Appendices C and F will show how carefully a new Free State was at\\nonce balanced by the creation of a new Slave State, in order to control the\\nSenate.\\n89", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "90 American Politics. [1817\\nwas compromised, nearly unanimously, by the pass-\\nage of a bill continuing for seven years the Tariff\\nof 1816 on cottons and woolens, which was slightly\\nprotective. A proposition was made to use the\\ndividends of the United States from the National\\nBank, instead of appropriations. It was postponed\\nbecause of the opposition of Strict Constructionists.\\nA resolution, supported by Clay, to recognize the\\nSouth American Republics, formed by Spain s\\nrevolted colonies, was rejected. Congress ad-\\njourned April 20th, 1818.\\n3. It is plain that the all-powerful Republican\\nparty already contained the Nucleus of a New\\nParty, and a leader for it in the person of Henry\\nClay. He had headed, or advocated, every attempt\\nto increase the army and navy, to make the Tariff\\nprotective, to begin a system of general public im-\\nprovements at national expense, or to make the\\nFederal Government prominent in foreign affairs,\\nas the guardian of the infant Republics of South\\nAmerica. All of these measures seemed to Strict\\nConstructionists either unconstitutional or unwise.\\nSome of Clay s followers were only temporarily\\nattracted by his personal influence, but the great\\nmajority were Loose Constructionists, Federalists\\nin reality, though they would have disliked the\\nname.\\n4. The summer of 1818 was marked by Indian\\ndifficulties in Florida, which deserve mention be-\\ncause their investigation took up much of the time", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "I8i8.] The Seminole War. 91\\nof the next Session of Congress. In quelling dis-\\nturbances among the Georgia Indians Andrew\\nJackson had been systematically thwarted by the\\nSpanish authorities of Florida. He therefore en-\\ntered their territory, seized their principal towns,\\nand captured and put to death, as outlaws and\\npirates, Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two British sub-\\njects, who had led the Seminole Indians.\\n5. Congress met November 16th, 1818. Decem-\\nXVth Congress, ber 3d Illinois became a State\\n2d Session. of the Union. In the House\\nthe Committee on Military Affairs offered two re-\\nports on The Seminole War. The majority\\nreport proposed a censure upon Jackson for his\\nexecution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, declaring\\nit unwise, unnecessary, and unjustifiable by the\\nlaws of war or of nations. The minority report\\napproved his action. The majority report was re-\\njected by the House and postponed by the Senate.\\nThe contest was then transferred to the newspa-\\npers, where it raged violently.\\n6. February 22d, 1819, a treaty was concluded\\nby which Spain sold the Floridas to the United\\nStates for $5,000,000, and the United States aban-\\ndoned all claim to the territory West of the Sabine\\nRiver (afterwards known as Texas), which had\\nformed part of Louisiana as purchased from France. 1\\nA territory worth ten Floridas was thus surren-\\n1 Within thirty years the determination of the South to regain this aban-\\ndoned territory forced the United States into war with Mexico.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "92 American Politics. t 1\\ndered to Spain, and became a part of the Republic\\nof Mexico two years later.\\n7. At this Session the people of the Terri-\\ntory of Missouri (a part of the Louisiana Pur-\\nchase) applied for permission to form 3. State- gov-\\nernment. In the House an amendment was offered\\nto the bill, forbidding Slavery or involuntary ser-\\nvitude in Missouri, except as a punishment for\\ncrime. 1 Party lines were at once dropped. The\\nmembers from the Free States voted for, and the\\nmembers from the Slave States against, the amend-\\nment. It passed the Hous**,, was rejected by the\\nSenate, and the bill was les*,. Congress adjourned\\nMarch 3d, 1819.\\n8. The application of Missouri thus suddenly\\nbrought up the Slavery Question, 2 which was to\\nbe argued and compromised for forty years, and\\nthen settled by civil war. Negro Slavery had ex-\\nisted in all the colonies, and was even decided legal\\nby the highest English court of law. In the North\\nit had since been abolished in the States lying north\\nof the dividing line run by the old surveyors,\\nMason and Dixon, between Maryland and Penn-\\nsylvania. In the South it worked mildly, and was\\nconsidered a necessary and hereditary evil. But\\nthe invention of Whitney s cotton gin in 1793 had\\nmade slave labor profitable, and had made Slavery\\nx This was copied, in part, from the ordinance of 1787.\\n2 Its appearance was so sudden, that Ex-President Jefferson said it\\nStartled him like a fire-bell in the night. 1", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "i8i9-] Slavery. The Tariff. 93\\nan institution to be defended and extended by the\\nSouthern States. While the Union was confined\\nto the fringe of States along the Atlantic coast the\\nSlavery question was not troublesome. And it was\\nat first possible to unite the representatives of both\\nsections in the admission of new States, by using\\nthe Ohio as a dividing line between the States in\\nwhich Slavery should be forbidden, and those in\\nwhich it should be allowed. But when the tides of\\nemigration had crossed the Mississippi and had\\nbegun to fill the Louisiana Purchase, conflict was\\ninevitable, for the dividing line was lost. In the\\nHouse the members from the Free States were a\\nmajority. In the Senate the sections had been\\ncarefully equalized, but a few Northern Senators\\ngenerally voted with the South, thus giving it a\\nmajority in that body.\\n9. Congress met December 6th, 1819. The state\\nXVIth Congress, of parties was unchanged.\\n1st Session. In the House Speaker Clay\\nwas re-elected almost unanimously. December\\n14th Alabama became a State of the Union. At\\nthis Session a Protective Tariff was passed by\\nthe House, but rejected by the Senate. The result,\\nthough it disappointed the Eastern manufacturers,\\nwho had confidently expected relief from Congress,\\nshows a still further advance of loose construc-\\ntionist principles in the dominant party. Strict\\nConstructionists believed that the Constitution gave\\nCongress power to lay duties only with the design", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "94 American Politics. [1820\\nto provide for the expenses of the Government and\\nfor the payment of the debt, and that the arrange-\\nment of duties for the benefit of any branch of\\nmanufactures was usurpation of a power not granted\\nor implied. 1 Loose Constructionists believed that\\nthe power to regulate commerce and provide for\\nthe common defence implied the power to lay a\\nProtective Tariff, and that any consequent benefit\\nto manufacturers would be more than offset by the\\ncreation of a domestic market for agricultural\\nproducts.\\n10. At this Session Missouri again applied for\\npermission to form a State government, and Maine\\n(formerly a part of Massachusetts) made a first ap-\\nplication for the same permission. The House\\npassed the Maine bill without opposition, but by a\\nsectional vote, again prohibited Slavery in Missouri.\\nIn the Senate, also by a sectional vote, the Maine\\nbill and a Missouri bill permitting Slavery were\\nunited and then passed. This was for the purpose\\nof compelling both bills to stand or fall together,\\nand of throwing upon the House the responsibility\\nfor their acceptance or rejection. The House\\nrejected the combined bills, as passed by the\\nSenate, and adhered to its first action.\\n11. The difficulty was settled by the famous\\nMissouri Compromise of 1820, which was\\n1 But there have been very few advocates of absolutely Free Trade\\n(removal of all duties on imports), and the entire payment of Government\\nexpenses by internal taxation. The party distinction given in the text\\nseems to have generally governed our political history.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "1820.] The Missouri Compromise. 95\\nadopted by the active exertions of Clay and the\\nmoderate members from both sections. By this\\nmeasure each section yielded a part of its demands,\\nthe Senate by permitting Maine and Missouri to\\nbe voted upon separately, and the House by per-\\nmitting Slavery in Missouri. Both branches then\\nunited in forever prohibiting Slavery in all other\\nterritory north of the line of $6\u00c2\u00b0 30 Maine was\\nthen admitted as a State of the Union, and the bill\\nauthorizing a State government to be formed in\\nMissouri was passed. Congress adjourned May\\n15th, 1820.\\n12. No Presidential candidates were nominated\\nthis year, there being no opposition to the re-elec-\\ntion of President Monroe and Vice-President Tomp-\\nkins. All the electors chosen in the Presidential\\nElection in November were Republican, but one\\nof them refused to vote for Monroe, so that his\\nelection was not unanimous.\\n13. Congress met November 13th, 1820. Speaker\\nXVIth Congress, Clay resigned his position on\\n2d Session. account of private affairs.\\nAfter three days balloting for a successor John W.\\nTaylor, of New York, a Loose Constructionist, in\\nfavor of a Protective Tariff and an internal im-\\nprovement system, and opposed to extension of\\n1 Thirty-five Southern members, who believed that Congress had no\\npower to prohibit Slavery in the Territories, voted against the Missouri\\nCompromise. John Randolph called it a dirty bargain, and gave those\\nwho voted for it the name of doughfaces. This title was always after*\\nward applied to Northern men of Southern principles.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "96 American Politics. [1821\\nSlavery, was chosen. His election shows the pro-\\ngress of the division in the Republican party. It\\ngave great offense to the Southern members, and\\nthey for a time debated a dissolution of the Union,\\na remedy which has been proposed at various\\ntimes by almost every section for every variety of\\ngrievance.\\n14. Missouri, having formed a State govern-\\nment, applied for admission. The application\\nwas rejected in the House by a sectional vote, on\\naccount of a clause in the constitution, prohibiting\\nthe entrance of free negroes into the State. 1 It\\nwas not until March 2d, 182 1, that this difficulty\\nwas settled, again by Clay s exertions. Missouri\\nwas then admitted, on condition that the State\\nshould never pass an act to interfere with the\\nconstitutional privileges of the citizens of other\\nStates. But the Legislature only accepted the\\ncondition in June, 1821.\\n15. In February, 1821, the Electoral Votes\\nwere counted. It was known that Missouri, which\\nclaimed to be already a State, and protested against\\nthe right of Congress to reject her application, had\\nchosen electors. It was also known that Southern\\nmembers would make a vigorous effort to have these\\nvotes counted. After a stormy session on the day\\nof counting, lasting in the House for several hours\\nafter the time appointed for joint meeting with the\\nSenate, another compromise was effected. The\\nI In some of the Northern States free negroes were citizens.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "1 82 1.] The Vote of Missouri. 97\\nPresident of the Senate was directed, in case any\\nobjection should be made to the vote of Missouri,\\nto announce that if the votes of Missouri were\\ncounted, the number of votes for A. B. for Presi-\\ndent would be so many, and if the votes of Mis-\\nsouri were not counted the number of votes for A.\\nB. for President would be so many, and that in\\neither case A. B. was elected. There being no\\nopposition to the Republican candidates, the result\\nof course was foreknown.\\n16. Considerable delay and confusion was caused\\nin joint meeting by an unsuccessful attempt of\\nsome of the Southern members to renew the con-\\ntest, but the vote was finally announced as previ-\\nously agreed. There were 235 votes, including\\nthat of Missouri, and 232 without it. Not counting\\nthe vote of Missouri there were, for President, 228\\nvotes for James Monroe, and 1 for John Quincy\\nAdams, and, for Vice-President, 215 votes for\\nDaniel D. Tompkins, and 14 for various other per-\\nsons. 1 Monroe and Tompkins were therefore\\ndeclared elected. March 3d, 182 1, Congress ad-\\njourned, and on Monday, March 5th, Monroe and\\nTompkins were sworn into office.\\n1 Three electors had died before having an opportunity to vote.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nNINTH ADMINISTRATION, 1821-1825.\\nTames Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President.\\nXVIIth and XVIIIth Congresses.\\ni. Monroe s election had been so nearly unani-\\nmous, and party divisions had nominally so far dis-\\nappeared, that this Administration is commonly\\ncalled The Era of Good Feeling. In reality\\nthere was as much bad feeling between the Strict\\nConstructionists and the Loose Constructionists of\\nthe Republican party as could have existed between\\ntwo opposing parties. The want of regularly or-\\nganized parties had only the effect of making the\\nnext Presidential election a personal instead of a\\nparty contest, the worst form which a political\\nstruggle can take.\\n2. Congress met December 3d, 1821. In the\\nXVIIth Congress, House P. P. Barbour, of\\nISt Session. Virginia, a Strict Construc-\\ntionist, was chosen Speaker. The Loose Construc-\\ntionists, however, succeeded in passing a bill for\\nthe preservation of the Cumberland Road, but\\nIt was vetoed by the President, on the ground that\\n98", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "1 822.] The Tariff. Monroe Doctrine. 99\\nrt Congress do not possess the power, under the\\nConstitution, to pass such a law. But his Mes-\\nsage gave his opinion that an Amendment to the\\nConstitution should be adopted, giving the Federal\\nGovernment power to make improvements for great\\nnational purposes. The Strict Constructionists suc-\\nceeded in defeating further propositions to make\\nsurveys for a national canal system, and to make\\nthe Tariff more protective. Congress adjourned\\nMay 8th, 1822.\\n3. Congress met December 2d, 1822. There was\\nXVIIth Congress, little party contest at this\\n2d Session. Session. The Strict Con-\\nstructionists defeated bills for an increase of the\\nTariff, and a renewed attempt to create a national\\ncanal system. All other bills necessary for the\\nsupport of the Government were passed, generally\\nby large majorities. Congress adjourned March\\n3d, 1823.\\n4. Congress met December 1st, 1823. Henry\\nXVIIIth Congress, Clay, of Kentucky, who\\nISt Session. was now the leader of the\\nLoose Constructionists in Congress, was chosen\\nSpeaker in the House. In his Message President\\nMonroe mentioned the war then waged by Spain\\nagainst her revolted colonies, and declared that the\\nUnited States would neither interfere in any Euro-\\npean war, nor tolerate any attempt by any European\\npower to acquire a controlling influence in this\\nhemisphere, This, ha^s since been called the Mon-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "ioo American Politics. [1824\\nroe Doctrine, and has passed into a settled rule\\nof foreign policy for all American political parties.\\n5. The President s Message showed that his\\nviews had slightly changed, for he incidentally re-\\ncommended Protection and Internal Improvements.\\nThe Loose Constructionists were in a majority in\\nthis Congress, and after a debate of more than two\\nmonths the Tariff of 1824 was adopted by very\\nsmall majorities. It was an advance on all pre-\\nceding Tariffs in its consistent design to exclude\\nforeign competing goods from American markets.\\nIt was passed by the Northern members, except\\nthose from the North-East, against the almost\\nunanimous vote of the Southern members, who\\nconsidered it sectional, unconstitutional, and unjust.\\nThe Loose Constructionists were also successful in\\npassing a bill for surveys for a National Canal\\nSystem. Congress adjourned May 27th, 1824.\\n6. An effort was made at this Session by the\\nfriends of William H. Crawford, of Georgia, to\\nrevive the Caucus System of nomination for\\nthe Presidency. Very few members of Congress\\nobeyed their call for a caucus, and Crawford s\\nnomination by this body really injured his chances\\nof success. As there were no recognized parties,\\nthe Presidential election degenerated into a per-\\nsonal contest, in which the leading candidates were\\nHenry Clay, of Kentucky, Speaker of the House,\\nJohn Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, Secretary\\nof State, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, Secre-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "1824.] The Presidential Election, 101\\ntary of the Treasury, and Andrew Jackson, a pri-\\nvate citizen of Tennessee. 1 Clay and Adams were\\nLoose Constructionists. Crawford and Jackson\\nwere Strict Constructionists, but Jackson was ob-\\njectionable to the Crawford faction, on account of\\nhis leaning toward a Protective Tariff. John C.\\nCalhoun, of South Carolina, Secretary of War, was\\ngenerally supported for the Vice-Presidency by the\\nfriends of all the other candidates. The Pre-\\nsidential Election in November gave no can-\\ndidate a majority of all the electors chosen, and\\ntherefore left the President to be chosen by the\\nHouse of Representatives.\\n7. Congress met December 6th, 1824. The yet\\nXVIIIth Congress, undecided Presidential\\n2d Session. election was almost the\\nonly party contest of the Session. In February,\\n1825, the electoral votes were counted and were\\nfound to be, for President, 99 for Andrew Jackson,\\n84 for John Quincy Adams, 41 for William H.\\nCrawford, and 37 for Henry Clay, and, for Vice-\\nPresident, 182 for John C. Calhoun, and 78 for\\nvarious other persons. Calhoun was therefore\\ndeclared elected Vice-President, and the House\\nproceeded to choose a President from the three\\nhighest candidates, each State having one vote.\\nAs Clay stood fourth on the list he was not eligible,\\nand it was natural that he and his friends should\\nunite on John Quincy Adams, the other Loose Con-\\ni Hence it is known as the scrub race for the Presidency.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "102 American Politics, [1824\\nstructionist candidate. Through this coalition 13\\nStates voted for Adams, 7 for Jackson, and 4 for\\nCrawford. Adams was therefore declared elected\\nPresident. The feeling excited by this result still\\nfurther increased the division between the Strict\\nConstructionists and the Loose Constructionists\\nwho were soon to be openly opposing parties.\\nMarch 3d, 1825, Congress adjourned, and March\\n4th Adams and Calhoun were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nTENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1829.\\nJohn Quincy Adams, President. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President.\\nXlXth and XXth Congresses.\\ni. From the very beginning of this Administra-\\ntion both factions of the Strict Constructionists\\nunited in an opposition to the President, which\\nbecame stronger through his whole term of office,\\nuntil it overcame him. His ill-advised Nomina-\\ntion of Clay to a post in his Cabinet gave color\\nto the charge of a corrupt bargain between him\\nand Clay, by w T hich, in return for the Clay vote\\nin the House, Clay was to receive as he did the\\nposition of Secretary of State, then usually con-\\nsidered a stepping stone to the Presidency. Clay\\nangrily denied any such bargain, and the renewal\\nof charges and denials, each with its appropriate\\narguments, gave abundant material for debate.\\n2. The Clay and Adams factions soon united\\nand took the distinctive party name of National\\nRepublicans. Some years afterward this name\\nwas changed to that of Whigs. They maintained\\nthe loose constructionist principles of the Fed-\\neralists, and, in addition, desired a Protective Tariff\\n103", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "104 American Politics. [1825\\nand a system of public improvements at national\\nexpense. This policy was suggested by the Pre-\\nsident s Inaugural, and repeated in his first Message.\\n3. In October, 1825, the Tennessee Legislature\\nnominated Jackson for the Presidency in 1828, and\\nJackson accepted the nomination. Crawford s con-\\ntinued ill-health compelled his adherents to look\\nelsewhere for a candidate, and they gradually united\\nupon Jackson. At first the resulting coalition was\\nknown as Jackson Men, but, as they began to\\ntake the character of a national party, they assumed\\nthe name of Democrats, by which they have since\\nbeen known. They maintained the strict construc-\\ntionist principles of the Republican party, though\\nthe Crawford faction in the South went further, and\\nheld the extreme ground of the Kentucky Resolu-\\ntions of 1799. 1 This had already borne fruit in the\\ncase of the State of Georgia and the Cherokee\\nIndians, in which a collision had almost taken place\\nbetween the State and the Federal Government.\\n4. Congress met December 5th, 1825. In the\\nXlXth Congress, House John W. Taylor, of\\n1st Session. New York, a Loose Con-\\nstructionist, was chosen Speaker. His small ma-\\njority (99-94) represents the Administration ma-\\njority in the House. In the Senate its majority was\\nlarger, but in both branches of Congress the Jack-\\nson men and the Crawford faction united in a de-\\ntermined Opposition. One-third of the Session\\n1 See page 50.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "1 826.] The Opposition. 105\\nwas taken up by the discussion of proposed changes\\nin the manner of electing the President. It drifted\\noff into an angry debate on the Clay and Adams\\nbargain, and came to no result. The Opposition\\nalso made a fruitless effort to limit the President s\\nappointing power.\\n5. Most of the measures proposed by the Pres-\\nident at this Session, or known to be favored by\\nhim, were passed with difficulty or failed altogether.\\nIn the Senate Vice-President Calhoun, who was dis-\\nposed to act with the Jackson men, had given\\nthem the majority on the committees. In the latter\\npart of this. Session, therefore, the Senate took the\\nthen unusual step of depriving its presiding officer\\nof the power of appointing committees. Much time\\nwas spent in debating the President s appointment\\nof delegates to the Congress of American Republics\\nat Panama. It was at length approved, and for-\\ngotten almost immediately. Appropriations for\\ninternal improvements were increased. Congress\\nadjourned May 22d, 1826. The summer of 1826\\nwas spent by the opposing factions in endeavors to\\nrecruit or cement their organizations.\\n6. Congress met December 4th, 1826. The ob-\\nXlXth Congress, structive spirit of the Op-\\n2d Session. position was so determined\\nthat few measures of national importance were\\npassed at this Session. The Administration s sup-\\nporters in the House succeeded in passing a bill for\\nan increase of the Tariff, but the Vice-President s", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "106 American Politics. L l 2 7\\ncasting vote defeated it in the Senate. The Op-\\nposition introduced bills, which were defeated, to\\ndivide a part of the revenue among the States, and\\nto repay fines levied under the Sedition Act of 1798.\\nCongress adjourned March 3d, 1827.\\n7. This was the only Session of Congress in which\\nthe Adams Administration had even a nominal ma-\\njority. The election for members of the XXth\\nCongress had resulted in the success of the\\nAdams candidates, or National Republicans, in\\nNew England, New Jersey, Delaware, Ohio, In-\\ndiana, and Louisiana. In New York, Pennsylvania,\\nand Illinois, and in every Southern State, with the\\nexception of Louisiana, the Jackson candidates, or\\nDemocrats, were successful, and thus obtained con-\\ntrol of the House.\\n8. From this time the idea of a connected system\\nof roads and canals, to be built and maintained by\\nthe Federal Government, was abandoned, and its\\nadvocates confined themselves to voting for iso-\\nlated public improvements in various parts of the\\ncountry. But the demand for a higher Tariff than\\nthat of 1824 was brought still more strongly into\\npolitics by a National Convention of Protec-\\ntionists, at Harrisburgh, Pa., July 30th, 1827.\\nMany of the Democratic members elect to the XXth\\nCongress from the North supported the National\\nRepublicans in their demand for Protection. The\\nStrict Constructionists from the South were in\\nfavor of a Tariff for revenue only. The division", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "1828.] The Opposition. Protection. 1 07\\nupon this point was therefore becoming one of sec-\\ntions, rather than of parties.\\n9. Congress met December 3d, 1827. In the\\nXXth Congress, House Andrew Stevenson, of\\n1st Session. Virginia, a Democrat, was\\nchosen Speaker. This gave the Opposition the\\norganization of the House and the appointment of\\nits committees. In the Senate the hitherto doubtful\\nmembers at once joined the Democrats, and the\\nOpposition became a majority there also. The\\nDebates at this Session were almost entirely\\npolitical. A proposition to order a painting of\\nJackson s successful battle of New Orleans, and\\na counter proposition to investigate his execution of\\nsix insubordinate militiamen, were solemnly de-\\nbated for a month. The increased expenditure of\\nthe Government was also the subject of long debate\\nwithout result.\\n10. The most important event of this Session was\\nthe success of the Protectionists in passing the\\nTariff of 1828, after a debate of six weeks. It\\nwas so protective as to be satisfactory to manufac-\\nturers and very objectionable to the Southern\\nStates, where it was considered a legalized robbery.\\nFrom this time the Nullification doctrine of the\\nKentucky Resolutions of 1799 gained strength\\nrapidly in the South. Congress adjourned May\\n26th, 1828.\\n11. The Democratic candidates for the Presi-\\ndential election in 1828 were Andrew Jackson, of", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "108 American Politics. [1829\\nTennessee, and John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.\\nThe National Republican candidates were John\\nQuincy Adams, of Massachusetts, and Richard\\nRush, of Pennsylvania. 1 The candidates on both\\nsides were nominated by common consent, or by\\nState Legislatures. The system of Congressional\\ncaucuses had been abandoned, and that of National\\nConventions had not yet been adopted. The Pre-\\nsidential Election in November resulted in the\\ncomplete success of the Democratic electors.\\n12. Congress met December 1st, 1828. In his\\nXXth Congress, Message the President for the\\n2d Session. first time earnestly advocated\\nProtection. This Session was uneventful, as is\\nusually the case after an exciting Presidential elec-\\ntion. The Democratic majority were not disposed\\nto obstruct the Administration while engaged in\\nputting its affairs in order for its successor. After\\nlong debate upon their constitutionality, unusually\\nlarge appropriations were voted for Internal Im-\\nprovements, and approved by the President. In\\nFebruary, 1829, the electoral votes were counted,\\nand were found to be, for President, 178 for Jack-\\nson, and 8$ for Adams, and, for Vice-President,\\n171 for Calhoun, 7 for William Smith, of South\\nCarolina, and 83 for Rush. Jackson and Cal-\\nhoun were therefore declared elected. March 3d,\\n1829, Congress adjourned, and March 4th Jackson\\nand Calhoun were sworn into office.\\n1 It will be noticed that the candidates of both parties were sectional. 1", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1829-1833.\\nAndrew Jackson, President. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President.\\nXXIst and XXIId Congresses,\\nPopular vote for President in 1828 Jackson (Dent.),\\n647,231, Adams {Nat. Rep.) 509,097.\\n1. Jackson s First Administration was\\nstormy in both foreign and domestic relations.\\nSerious disagreements with England as to com-\\nmerce with her colonies and the boundary between\\nMaine and British America, and with France as to\\nthe payment of the long standing indemnity for\\nFrench spoliations, repeatedly threatened war, but\\nwere all peaceably settled. At home the Adminis-\\ntration was engaged in constant struggle with its\\nopponents, the National Republicans, the Anti-\\nMasons, and the United States Bank, and was\\nabandoned by a part of its own party, the Loose\\nConstructionists, who advocated Protection and\\nInternal Improvements, and the Nullificationists.\\nThe President s final success came from the impos-\\nsibility of a hearty union of his opponents, though\\nmany doubtful voters were attracted to him by his\\n1 Hitherto electors had been generally chosen by the State Legislatures.\\nAfter 1824 they were chosen generally by popular vote. South Carolina\\ncontinued to choose electors by the State Legislature until 1868.\\nX9Q", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "no American Politics. [1829\\nmilitary achievements, by the undoubted sincerity\\nof his intentions, and by natural sympathy for one\\nman contending against odds.\\n2. The National Republicans were in a min-\\nority in 1829, but were continually reinforced by\\nloose constructionist Democrats. They never be-\\ncame a majority party, but, by combining with the\\nother elements of opposition, were frequently able\\nto thwart the President s plans, and even to censure\\nhis actions. Their leader was Henry Clay, now\\nSenator from Kentucky. His popularity with his\\nparty was already great, though not so unbounded\\nas afterward, when the Whig party almost became\\nClay s personal party.\\n3. In 1826 William Morgan, of Batavia, New\\nYork, who had advertised a book exposing the\\nsecrets of Free Masonry, was kidnapped and never\\nseen again. The crime was charged upon the\\nsociety, and investigation, as it was alleged, was\\nimpeded by leading Free Masons. A party soon\\ngrew up in Western New York, pledged to oppose\\nthe election of any Free Mason to public office.\\nThe Anti-Masonic Party acquired influence in\\nother States, and began to claim rank as a national\\npolitical party. On most points its principles were\\nthose of the National Republicans. But Clay, as\\nwell as Jackson, was a Free Mason, and conse-\\nquently to be opposed by this party. 1\\n1 In 1832 it even nominated a Presidential ticket of its own, but, having\\nno national principle of controlling importance, it soon after declined.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1 829.] State of Parties. 1 1 1\\n4. Financial mismanagement, and the distress\\ngrowing out of the War of 181 2, had compelled\\nRepublicans in 18 16 to abandon their strict con-\\nstructionist principles and charter a National\\nBank for twenty years. It was empowered to hold\\n$55,000,000 in property, to issue $35,000,000 in\\nnotes receivable by the United States as cash for\\naU debts, had the use without interest of the United\\nStates revenues deposited with it, and was not\\namenable to State Laws. It had friends and de-\\npendents in all parts of the Union, some seated in\\nCongress, and many prominent in both parties. Its\\npower seemed to Jackson anti-democratic, and his\\nfirst Message opened upon it a war which soon\\ndrove it into politics, and ultimately destroyed it.\\n5. Among Jackson s warmest supporters were\\nmany who were sufficiently loose constructionist\\nin opinion to support Protection and Internal\\nImprovements. Jackson himself had formerly\\nbeen no opponent of either, and on that account\\nhad been objectionable to the Crawford faction.\\nHis increasing dislike to both became apparent\\nsoon after the meeting of Congress in 1829, and\\nalienated many of his supporters. But these very\\ngenerally returned to his support when he had\\nyielded to necessity, and, at least in appearance,\\nceased his opposition to their favorite measures.\\n6. The extreme Democracy of the South had\\nonly accepted Jackson because of the loss of their\\nformer leader, Crawford, As the progress of Jack-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "112 American Politics. [1829\\nson s Administration showed that he could not\\nbe relied upon as a representative of their deter-\\nmined hostility to Protection, they learned to regard\\nVice-President Calhoun as their leader. They\\nhad already acted upon the doctrines of the Ken-\\ntucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, 1 and the\\nStates of Georgia and South Carolina, through their\\nLegislatures, had protested against the Tariff of\\n1828 as unjust and unconstitutional. Finding that\\nthis protest had no effect upon other States of upon\\nCongress, they advanced, during Jackson s first\\nAdministration, to the ground taken by the Ken-\\ntucky Resolutions of 1799, 2 affirming the right of\\nany State to declare null and void any Act of Con-\\ngress which, the State being judge, appeared uncon-\\nstitutional. This was the doctrine of Nullifica-\\ntion, which grew to Secession in i860. 3\\n7. After the first great party overthrow in the\\nUnited States, the new President, Jefferson, though\\nhe found many Federalists in office, had been able\\nto trust to time and the assured future supremacy\\nof his party to bring about a change of occupants\\nof public offices. Successive Presidents of the\\nsame political belief saw no necessity of changes.\\nBut Jackson, following a President who had almost\\ncreated a hostile party, and being opposed by so\\nmany open and concealed enemies, decided to\\nx See page 49. 2 See page 50.\\n3 Its announcement in 1832 drew from Madison a protest against the use\\nof Jefferson s name as a pedestal for this colossal heresy,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "1829.] Removals from Office. 113\\nfill every vacancy with a partisan of the Administra-\\ntion, and, further, to create vacancies, whenever it\\nshould seem of party advantage, by exercising the\\nalmost unused privilege of Removal from Office.\\nThis made necessary, during the summer of 1829,\\nthe application of the comparatively novel theory\\nof rotation in office, by which nearly 500 post-\\nmasters were removed during Jackson s first year\\nof office. The practice thus begun in self-defense\\nhas since been adopted by all parties in all elec-\\ntions, great and small, national and local.\\n8. Congress met December 7th, 1829, with a\\nXXIst Congress, Democratic majority in both\\n1st Session. branches. In the House\\nAndrew Stevenson was again chosen Speaker. But\\nhis overwhelming majority (152-39) did not long\\ncohere. The Presidents Message avoided the\\nTariff question, and advised the election of Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President directly by the people, an\\ninquiry into the constitutionality and advisability\\nof renewing the Bank s charter in 1836, and the\\ndistribution of surplus revenue among the States in\\npreference to using it for Internal Improvements.\\nSuch recommendations were enough to alienate\\nmany supporters of the Administration at once,\\nand the committees to which they were referred\\nreported in flat opposition to the President s views.\\n9. In the Senate a resolution was introduced by\\n1 Stated by Marcy, of New York, in the Senate, as the axiom that l the\\nspoils of the enemy belong to the victor.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "114 A merican Politics, 1 830\\nFoote, of Connecticut, directing an inquiry into the\\nexpediency of limiting public land sales in future.\\nThe debate upon this apparently harmless reso-\\nlution lasted intermittently for five months, and\\ndrifted off to a great variety of subjects, such as\\nSlavery, Western and Southern grievances, New\\nEngland Federalism, the relative powers of the\\nState and Federal Governments, and Nullification.\\nDuring its progress, in February, 1830, the doc-\\ntrine of Nullification was formally announced by\\nHayne, of South Carolina, in reply to Webster of\\nMassachusetts, but limited, as yet, to peaceable\\nresistance. The eloquence, learning, and party\\nzeal of the Great Debate in the Senate\\nas it has always been called, make it almost a politi-\\ncal history of the United States up to~ts date.\\n10. The case of the Cherokee Indians in\\nGeorgia was introduced at this Session. Under\\ntreaties with the United States these Indians held\\nlands desired by the State. Acts were passed by\\nthe Legislature to open up the Indian country to\\nwhite settlers, against the protest of the Indians.\\nTo settle the trouble an Act was passed at this\\nSession to pay the Indians for their lands and to\\nremove them beyond the Mississippi. It was op-\\nposed with much feeling by the National Republi-\\ncans, and failed to accomplish its purpose, for the\\nIndians refused to sell their lands.\\n11. A bill was passed at this Session authorizing\\na Government subscription to the stock of the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1830.] Pocket Veto. Nullification. 115\\nMaysville Turnpike Road in Kentucky. The\\nPresident, believing that Congress had no power to\\npass such a law, vetoed it. Two days before the\\nadjournment of Congress two bills of a similar\\nnature to that of the Maysville Turnpike bill were\\npassed. The President could legally retain them\\nfor ten days before signing them. He did so, ana\\nin the interval came the day previously fixed for\\nthe adjournment of Congress, while the bills re-\\nmained, as it were, in the President s pocket, with-\\nout force of law. This new method of veto, an-\\ngrily called a Pocket Veto, was employed by the\\nPresident on several occasions afterward. Con-\\ngress adjourned May 31st, 1830.\\n12. April 13th, 1830, the leading Democrats at\\nWashington gave a dinner to celebrate Jefferson s\\nBirthday. At the close of the regular toasts,\\nwhich had been so drawn as to suggest Nullifica-\\ntion, the President rebuked the whole proceeding\\nby giving a volunteer toast, Our Federal Union\\nit must be preserved. The Vice-President re-\\ntorted with another to Liberty, dearer than the\\nUnion. These counter defiances called the atten-\\ntion of the whole country to the progress of Nulli-\\nfication among Democratic leaders, and indirectly\\ngave the Nullificationists warning to regard the\\nPresident as an obstacle to their designs. Cal-\\nhoun, for whom Jackson had previously had a high\\nregard, and from whose friends he had in great\\npart formed his Cabinet, recognized the President s", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "n6 American Politics. [1831\\ngrowing suspicion and dislike of him, and spent\\nthe summer of 1830 in obtaining materials, by let-\\nter and otherwise, for a pamphlet criticism of Jack-\\nson s course in the Seminole War of 1818.\\n13. Congress met December 6th, 1830. The\\nXXIst Congress, President s Message again\\n2d Session. attacked the Bank, and ar-\\ngued against the power of Congress to vote public\\nmoney for any internal improvement that was local\\nin its nature, and not beneficial to the country at\\nlarge. The temper of Congress was not that of\\nthe President. A Harbor Improvement Bill\\nwas at once introduced and passed by majorities so\\nlarge that the President yielded and signed it. He\\nalso signed other bills of a similar nature, making\\nlarge appropriations for the improvement of roads\\nand rivers, and for a light-house system. Much of\\nthis Session was taken up by the impeachment and\\ntrial of Judge Peck, of Missouri, which had no\\npolitical bearing. Congress adjourned March 3d,\\n1831.\\n14. The long promised attack upon the Presi-\\ndent by Vice-President Calhoun appeared in March,\\n1831, and was followed by the Breaking up of\\nthe Cabinet. Its Calhoun element had for a long\\ntime lost the confidence of the President, who ap-\\nparently trusted more to the advice of Van Buren,\\nSecretary of State, and some private friends, com-\\nmonly called the Kitchen Cabinet. Van Buren, to\\nwhose machinations Calhoun attributed the bad", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "1832.] The National Bank Struggle. 1 17\\nfeeling between himself and the President, at\\nonce resigned, and the other members of the Cab-\\ninet, by request, followed his example. 1\\n15. Congress met December 5th, 1831. The\\nXXIId Congress, Senate, though doubtful at\\n1st Session. first, proved to have an Op-\\nposition majority. In the House Speaker Steven-\\nson, the Administration candidate, was re-elected\\nby one vote (98-97). The President s Message\\nattacked the Bank for the third time, and, although\\nits charter still had five years to run, it felt com-\\npelled to begin the conflict. It therefore made\\napplication for a renewal of its charter. The\\nPresident s supporters in the House asked for an\\ninvestigation of the affairs of the Bank. The com-\\nmittee appointed for this purpose made two reports,\\nthe majority approving, and the minority con-\\ndemning, the Bank s management. After long de-\\nbate the bill to renew the charter passed both\\nHouses, and was vetoed by the President, July\\n10th, 1832. An effort to pass it over the veto\\nlacked a two-thirds majority, and failed. The veto\\nmade many new friends and many new enemies for\\nthe President, but only increased the bitterness of\\nthe struggle between him and the Bank.\\n16. In January, 1832, the Nomination of\\nMartin Van Buren, of New York, late Secretary\\nof State, to be minister to England, came up in the\\n1 It was commonly believed, however, that the breaking up of the Cab-\\ninet was precipitated by trouble between the families of its members.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "Ii8 American Politics. [1832\\nSenate for confirmation. His nomination was re-\\njected, although he was already in England. The\\nvote was so arranged as to make a tie (23-23), thus\\ngiving Vice-President Calhoun the vengeance of\\na casting vote on the rejection. The spiteful feel-\\ning shown by some of the Opposition probably\\nmade the rejection rather a benefit to Van Buren.\\n17. At this Session a bill was passed and signed\\nby the President, appropriating $1,200,000 for In-\\nternal Improvements. Another bill of a simi-\\nlar nature was also passed, but was killed by a\\npocket veto. The Tariff of 1832 was passed\\nand signed by the President. It was intended and\\nexpected to pacify the continued discontent in the\\nSouth, particularly in South Carolina. This it\\nfailed to accomplish, for, though it reduced the\\nduties of 1828, it still recognized the principle of\\nProtection. Congress adjourned July 14th, 1832.\\n18. Presidential nominations were made this year\\nfor the first time by all the parties in National\\nConventions. All three Conventions were held\\nat Baltimore. That of the Anti-Masons was held\\nfirst, in September, 1831, in the hope of compelling\\nthe National Republicans to abandon Clay, and\\nadopt the Anti-Masonic candidates. Judge Mc-\\nLean, of Ohio, having declined a nomination, Wil-\\nliam Wirt, of Virginia, and Amos Ellmaker, of\\nPennsylvania, were nominated. In December,\\n1831, the National Republican Convention nom-\\ninated Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and John Ser-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "1832.] Nullification. 1 1 9\\ngeant, of Pennsylvania. The platform pronounced\\nin favor of Internal Improvements, Protection, and\\nthe Bank, and against the Administration and its\\ncourse in the Cherokee case. Jackson had already\\n(in February, 1830) been renominated for the Presi-\\ndency by his friends in the New York Legislature.\\nIn March, 1832, the Democratic National Conven-\\ntion confirmed this renomination, and nominated\\nMartin Van Buren, of New York, for the Vice-\\nPresidency. For his success in gaining the nomin-\\nation Van Buren was indebted to Calhoun s ven-\\ngeance.\\n19. In the Presidential Election in Novem-\\nber, South Carolina held sullenly off from both par-\\nties and chose electors pledged to candidates of her\\nown, John Floyd, of Virginia, and Henry Lee, of\\nMassachusetts. Anti-Masonic electors were chosen\\nby Vermont alone. All the other States, with the\\nexception of six, chose Democratic electors. But\\nJackson s popular majority was smaller than at his\\nfirst election, and the Opposition, if it had been\\npossible to unite it, might have defeated him.\\n20. Southern politicians had perhaps only aimed\\nat obtaining the repeal of the Tariff of 1828 by\\nthreats of Nullification and Secession. But when\\nthe modified Tariff of 1832 showed that Protection\\nin some form was to be the settled policy of the\\nGovernment, they had lost control of their consti-\\ntuents, and were compelled to follow the current.\\nIn the case of the Cherokee Indians, the State of", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "l2o American Politics. J 832\\nGeorgia had already nullified an Act of Congress,\\nand refused obedience to the United States Su-\\npreme Court. Emboldened by this example, and by\\nthe belief that the passage of Federal troops across\\nVirginia and North Carolina would be forcibly re-\\nsisted by those States, a State Convention, held at\\nColumbia, S. C, November 19th, 1832, formally de-\\nclared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be null,\\nvoid, and no law, nor binding upon South Carolina,\\nher officers and citizens, made any appeal to the\\nUnited States Supreme Court a punishable offense,\\nprescribed an oath of obedience to this ordinance\\nto be taken by all jurors and State officers, and con-\\ncluded with a warning to the other States that any\\nattempt at force would be followed by the secession\\nof South Carolina from the Union. The Ordi-\\nnance of Nullification was to take effect Feb-\\nruary 1st, 1833. In November the State Legisla-\\nture met and proceeded to make the State ready\\nfor war, and to pass various Acts re-assuming those\\npowers which had been expressly abandoned under\\nthe Constitution.\\n21. December 16, 1832, the President issued his\\nProclamation to the people of South Carolina.\\nIt reviewed the history of Nullification, shawed its\\ntreason, danger, and folly, and declared his un-\\nflinching purpose of carrying out the laws in the\\nface of any resistance whatever. He followed up\\nhis words by occupying Charleston Harbor with a\\nnaval force, and providing guards for the protec-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "l 33-] Compromise Tariff of 1833. 121\\ntion of officials engaged in collecting the revenue\\nunder the Tariff of 1832.\\n22. Congress met December 3d, 1832. Soon\\nXXIId Congress, afterward Calhoun resigned\\n2d Session. the Vice-Presidency, and be-\\ncame Senator from South Carolina. Early in 1833\\nhe took an opportunity to declare that his State had\\nnever intended forcible resistance to the Federal\\nGovernment, and a meeting of leading Nullifiers in\\nCharleston decided to yield to the collection of\\nthe revenue until after the adjournment of Con-\\ngress. At this Session a Bill for Enforcing the\\nTariff 1 was passed and signed by the President.\\nIt provoked much angry declamation in South\\nCarolina, tmt no secession. After long discussion\\nof various proposed modifications of the Tariff,\\nClay s Compromise Tariff of 1833 was passed,\\nand signed by the President. It provided for the\\ngradual reduction of the Tariff until 1842, after\\nwhich year the duties on all goods were to be 20\\nper cent. The Nullificationists claimed this as a\\ncomplete triumph, and the Anti-Tariff excitement\\nin South Carolina ended at once.\\n23. Not even Nullification could compel the Pres-\\nident to desist for a time from his warfare upon\\nthe United States Bank. In his Message at\\nthis Session he astonished Congress and the coun-\\n1 Commonly called, in South Carolina, the Bloody Bill. Its oppo-\\nnents in the Senate refused to vote, with the exception of John Tyler, of\\nVirginia.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "122 American Politics. [1833\\ntry by expressing doubts of the solvency of the\\nBank. He recommended a cessation of the depos-\\nits of United States revenue in it, and a sale of the\\nstock belonging to the United States. Both these\\npropositions were easily defeated by the Congress-\\nional friends of the Bank. Clay s bill for the loan\\nto the States of the proceeds of the sales of public\\nlands was passed, but was disposed of by a pocket\\nveto.\\n24. In February, 1833, the electoral votes were\\ncounted, and were found to be, for President, 219\\nfor Jackson, 49 for Clay, 11 for Floyd, and 7 for\\nWirt, and, for Vice-President, 189 for Van Buren,\\n30 for William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, 49 for Ser-\\ngeant, 11 for Lee, and 7 for Ellmaker. Jackson\\nand Van Buren were therefore declared elected.\\nMarch 2d, 1833, Congress adjourned, and March\\n4th Jackson and Van Buren were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nTWELFTH ADMINISTRATION, 1833-1837.\\nAndrew Jackson, President. Martin Van Buren, Vice-President.\\nXXIIId and XXTVth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1832 Jackson (P em.)\\n687,502, Clay (JVat. Pep.) 530,189.\\n1. The Act of 1816, which created the Bank\\nof the United States, required that the public mon-\\neys should be deposited in it, subject to removal\\nat any time on the order of the Secretary of the\\nTreasury, with the proviso that the Secretary should\\nafterwards give Congress his reasons for such re-\\nmoval. At the last Session the President had\\nrecommended Congress to order the removal of\\nthe deposits from the Bank, and Congress, by large\\nmajorities, had refused to do so. The President,\\ntaking his re-election as a popular approval of his\\nwar upon the Bank, now determined to assume the\\nresponsibility of removal himself.\\n2. With this view he removed (in the Spring of\\n1833) tne Secretary of the Treasury, who would\\nnot consent to remove the deposits, and appointed\\nWilliam J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, in his place.\\nHe proved to be no more pliant than his predeces-\\nsor. After many attempts to persuade him, the\\n123", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "1 24 A merican Politics. J 8 3 3\\nPresident announced to the Cabinet his final de-\\ncision that the deposits must be removed. The\\nReasons given were that the law gave the Secre-\\ntary, not Congress, control of the deposits, that it\\nwas improper to leave them longer in a bank whose\\ncharter would so soon expire, that the Bank s funds\\nhad been largely used for political purposes, that\\nits inability to pay all its depositors had been shown\\nby its efforts to procure an extension of time from\\nits creditors in Europe, and that its four Govern-\\nment directors had been systematically kept from\\nknowledge of its management. Secretary Duane\\nrefused either to remove the deposits or to resign\\nhis office, and pronounced the proposed removal\\nunnecessary, unwise, vindictive, arbitrary, and un-\\njust. He was at once removed from office, and\\nRoger B. Taney, of Maryland, appointed in his\\nplace.\\n3. The necessary Orders for Removal were\\ngiven by Secretary Taney. It was not strictly a\\nremoval, for all previous deposits were left in the\\nBank, to be drawn upon until exhausted. It was\\nrather a cessation. The deposits were afterwards\\nmade in various State banks, 1 and the Bank of the\\nUnited States was compelled to call in its loans.\\nThe commercial distress which followed in conse-\\nquence probably strengthened the President in the\\nend by giving a convincing proof of the Bank s\\npower as an antagonist to the Government.\\n1 Commonly called the pet banks.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "I ^33-] Censure of the President. 125\\n4. Congress met December 2d, 1833. In the\\nXXIIId Congress, Senate the still existing\\nISt Session. alliance between the Na-\\ntional Republicans and the Calhoun States Rights\\nDemocracy formed a majority against the Admin-\\nistration and in favor of the Bank. In the House\\nthe strong Administration majority was shown by\\nthe re-election of Speaker Stevenson, Democrat,\\n(142-61). The President s Message and the re-\\nport of the Secretary of the Treasury defended the\\nremoval of the deposits. In the Senate Clay at\\nonce introduced condemnatory resolutions, which\\nwere debated for three months and then passed.\\nThe first declared the reasons given for the removal\\nto be unsatisfactory and insufficient. The second\\nwas modified during the debate into a declaration\\nthat the President in removing the deposits had\\nassumed upon himself authority and power not\\nconferred by the Constitution and laws, but in\\nderogation of both/ To the Senate s Resolu-\\ntion of Censure the President replied by a pro-\\ntest, on the ground that it accused him of perjury\\nin violating his oath of office, and was thus an indi-\\nrect and illegal method of impeachment, a con-\\ndemnation against which he had no opportunity to\\ndefend himself. The Senate refused to receive the\\nprotest or place it upon record.\\n5. In the House the President s Message was\\nfollowed by the appointment of a committee to in-\\nvestigate the affairs of the Bank. The majority", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "126 American Politics. D834\\nreport complained that the powers of the com-\\nmittee had been so restricted by the Bank that a\\nfull investigation had been impossible. The minor-\\nity report approved the Bank and its management.\\nIn April the House passed resolutions that the\\nBank ought not to be re-chartered, and that the\\ndeposits ought not to be restored. In June the\\nSenate resolution, condemning the reasons for the\\nremoval of the deposits, came to the House for\\nconcurrence, and was tabled. The long struggle\\nwas thus practically ended by the Success of the\\nPresident. The Bank of the United States was\\nsoon afterward chartered by the State of Pennsyl-\\nvania, but no longer had the funds of the United\\nStates at its disposal. 1\\n6. Rejections of the President s Nomina-\\ntions by the Senate were frequent at this Session.\\nThe four Government Directors of the Bank, who\\nhad joined the President in attacking it, were re-\\nnominated by him, and rejected. The rejected\\nnames were again sent to the Senate, and again\\nrejected. No more nominations for Government\\nDirectors were made at this Session. Secretary\\nTaney s nomination was not sent to the Senate\\nuntil June, 1834, and was then rejected. Speaker\\nStevenson s nomination to be Minister to England\\n1 These were at first deposited in various State banks. In the Session\\nof 1834-35 the Sub-Treasury plan was suggested by the Opposition,\\nand voted down by the Democrats. Later it was adopted by the Demo-\\ncrats, and made law against the Whig efforts to revive a National Bank.\\nIt has since remained in force.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "1 835.] The Sub-Treasury Man. 127\\nwas also rejected. An unsuccessful attempt was\\nmade to limit the President s appointing power, and\\nhis appointments to office for political reasons were\\nseverely condemned by the Senate. A committee\\nof the House investigated the Post Office De-\\npartment at this Session, and reported that it\\nhad been managed without frugality, system, intel-\\nligence, or adequate public utility. As the investi-\\ngating committee was composed of supporters of\\nthe Administration, their report was decisive. A\\nbill for reforming the Post Office Department was\\nintroduced and passed. Congress adjourned June\\n30th, 1834.\\n7. Congress met December 1st, 1834. There was\\nXXI I Id Congress, little party contest at this\\n2d Session. Session. Further appro-\\npriations were made for Internal Improve-\\nments. Regulations were made to govern the\\ndeposit of public moneys in State banks. This\\nsystem of deposit, called the State Bank Sys-\\ntem, still received the support of the Democrats.\\nThe Opposition proposed at this Session the sys-\\ntem afterwards known as the Sub-Treasury plan,\\nby which agents of the United States Treasury\\nwere to be appointed, wherever necessary, to re-\\nceive and disburse United States revenue, and to\\ngive suitable bonds for the performance of their\\nduties. The Sub-Treasury plan was voted down.\\nCongress adjourned March 3d, 1835.\\n8. The President wished Vice-President Van", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "128 American Politics. [1835\\nBuren to be his successor. He therefore recom-\\nmended that the Democratic nomination should be\\nmade in National Convention. This was opposed\\nby the friends of the other Democratic candidate,\\nHugh L. White, of Tennessee, who had been nomi-\\nnated by the Alabama Legislature. The Conven-\\ntion, which met at Baltimore in May, 1835, was\\nattended only by Van Buren delegates. It nomi-\\nnated Martin Van Buren, of New York, and Rich-\\nard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, and adopted no\\nplatform. The friends of White supported John\\nTyler, of Virginia, for Vice-President. The Na-\\ntional Republicans had by this time generally\\nadopted the name of Whigs. 1 They generally\\nsupported the candidates nominated by the Whig\\nand Anti-Masonic State Conventions of Pennsyl-\\nvania, William H. Harrison, of Ohio, and Francis\\nGranger, of New York. John McLean, of Ohio,\\nand Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, were also\\nnominated for the Presidency by the Legislatures\\nof those States. All these nominations, however,\\nwere made over a year before the Presidential\\nelection took place.\\n9. Congress met December 7th, 1835. In the\\nXXIVth Congress, Senate the Opposition,\\n1st Session. composed of Whigs, Nul-\\nlification Democrats, and Anti-Masons, were at\\n1 The name seems to have been first used by them in New York in the\\nWinter of 1834-35. The name Loco-foco was at the same time given\\nthe Democrats by the Whigs.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "1836.] The Specie Circular. 129\\nfirst a majority, but the Administration reversed\\nthis toward the end of the Session. In the\\nHouse there was a strong Administration majority,\\ndivided into Van Buren and White factions.\\nJames K. Polk, of Tennessee, a Democrat, was\\nchosen Speaker. The President s Message an-\\nnounced that the National Debt would soon be\\npaid off. The expected Surplus of Revenue\\ncaused long debate in Congress. In June, 1836,\\nan Act was passed providing that, after January\\n1st, 1837, all surplus revenue exceeding $5,000,000\\nshould be divided among the States as a loan,\\nonly to be recalled by direction of Congress. 1\\nThe President signed the bill. June 15th, 1836,\\nArkansas became a State, after some opposition\\nto its application as irregular. Congress adjourned\\nJuly 4 th, 1836.\\n10. After the fall of the United States Bank a\\nnumber of State banks had been formed, often with-\\nout adequate capital, to supply the expected need\\nof paper money. Their notes were used in large\\nquantities for the purchase of public lands from the\\nUnited States, and the Treasury was thus accumu-\\nlating paper currency of doubtful worth. Soon\\nafter the adjournment of Congress the Secretary of\\nthe Treasury, by direction of the President, issued\\nthe so-called Specie Circular, ordering United\\nStates agents to receive in future only gold and\\n1 This distribution amounted to $28,000,000, none of which was cvei\\nrecalled. It ceased in 1837 (pp. 133, 135).", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "130 American Politics, [1837\\nsilver in payment for lands. This caused a de-\\nmand for specie which could only be met by the\\nbanks in which the revenue was deposited. Other\\nbanks fell into difficulties which culminated in the\\nPanic of 1837.\\n11. The Opposition had hoped to throw the Presi-\\ndential Election of 1836 into the House, but did\\nnot succeed in doing so, for a majority of Van\\nBuren electors were chosen. The White electors\\ncarried the States of Georgia and Tennessee. The\\nWhig vote had largely increased since the last\\nelection.\\n12. Congress met December 5th, 1836. January\\nXXIVth Congress, 26th, 1837, Michigan\\n2d Session. became a State of the\\nUnion. In the Senate this Session was noteworthy\\nfor the final success of the President s supporters.\\nWhen Clay s Resolution of Censure, against which\\nthe President had protested, was passed, Senator\\nBenton, of Missouri, had given notice that he would\\noffer a resolution each year to expunge it. At this\\nSession his resolution was carried and put into\\neffect at once. 1\\n13. Texas, which had been bargained away by\\nSouthern votes in 1819, was now a prize which the\\nSouth longed to regain, as an offset to the rapidly\\nmultiplying Northern States. It had become a\\n1 The Resolution of 1834 on the Senate Journal was marked around by\\nbroad black lines, with the inscription Expunged by order of the Senate\\nthis 16th day of January, 1837.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "1 8 3 7.] Slavery. 131\\npart of the Mexican State of Coahuila, but was\\ncolonized by Americans, and then declared its\\nindependence. The President s Message advised\\nCongress not to interfere in the struggle between\\nMexico and Texas. Nevertheless a resolution re-\\ncognizing the independence of Texas was passed\\nby the Senate, but failed in the House.\\n14. In 1833 the National Anti-Slavery So-\\nciety had been formed, and its branches multi-\\nplied rapidly. The renewal of the Slavery question\\nalarmed the Southern States and many of the\\nNorthern people who considered any attack upon\\nSlavery dangerous to the peace of the Union.\\nFrom this time dates the existence of the party op-\\nposed to Slavery in the United States, at first known\\nas Abolitionists, A requisition was made by\\nGeorgia upon the State of New York for a leading\\nAbolitionist, who had been indicted by a Georgia\\njury, and rewards were offered by citizens com-\\nmittees in the South for the bodies of others, dead\\nor alive, but without success. Finally mob violence\\nwas resorted to in Boston and other Northern\\ncities, to destroy Abolition printing presses, break\\nup Abolition meetings, and intimidate Abolition\\norators. At least one person (Lovejoy) was shot\\nto death.\\n15. These lawless outrages only increased the\\nzeal of the Abolitionists in offering Petitions to\\nCongress to abolish Slavery in the District of\\nColumbia, and in sending Abolitionist books and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "132 American Politics. [1837\\npapers to every part of the country. At its last\\nSession the House had resolved to lay all future\\npetitions on the subject of Slavery upon the table,\\nwithout further action or notice. At this Session\\nthe President s Message made indignant reference\\nto the practice of sending Abolition documents\\nthrough the United States mails. He recom-\\nmended a bill to prohibit the practice in future. A\\nbill was consequently introduced in the Senate,\\nprohibiting any postmaster from knowingly putting\\nany Abolition newspapers or documents into the\\nmails. The bill was rejected.\\n16. In February, 1837, the electoral votes were\\ncounted, and were found to be, for President, 170\\nfor Van Buren, 73 for Harrison, 26 for White, 14\\nfor Webster, and 1 1 for W. P. Mangum, of North\\nCarolina, and, for Vice-President, 147 for Johnson,\\n77 for Granger, 47 for Tyler, and 23 for William\\nSmith, of Alabama. 1 Van Buren was therefore\\ndeclared elected President. No candidate having\\nreceived a majority of all the votes for Vice-Presi-\\ndent, the Senate chose Richard M. Johnson.\\nPresident Jackson issued a Farewell Address to\\nthe American People before leaving office. March\\n3d, 1837, Congress adjourned, and March 4th Van\\nBuren and Johnson ^ere sworn into office.\\nI The three votes of Michigan for Van Buren and Johnson are included\\nin the above count, though the State was not fully admitted until after the\\nelection. They did not affect the result.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nTHIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1837-184I.\\nMartin Van Buren, President. Richard M. Johnson, Vice-President\\nXXVth and XXVIth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1836 Dem. 761,549,\\nCombined Opposition 736,656.\\n1. The New Administration had taken Jack-\\nson s Cabinet, and the President had declared his\\nintention to follow in the footsteps of his illustri-\\nous predecessor. He therefore caught the first full\\neffects of the storm produced by Jackson s finan-\\ncial policy, from which even Jackson s popularity\\nand admitted honesty would hardly have saved\\nhim. The excessive amount of paper money in cir-\\nculation had encouraged reckless speculation, and\\nnominally raised property to more than its real\\nvalue. The Specie Circular of 1836, by reviving\\nthe demand for gold and silver, had destroyed most\\nof the banks which had not Government deposits\\nat command. The demand for the deposits, for\\ndistribution among the States, completed the ruin\\nof many of the pet banks. They had treated the\\ndeposits as capital, to be used in loans to business\\nmen, and now had to return them.\\n2. The sudden calling in of these loans began\\n133", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "134 American Politics. [1837\\nthe Panic of 1837, t0 which nothing comparable\\nhad before been seen in America. Early in May\\nthe New York City banks refused to pay gold ol\\nsilver for their notes, and the New York Legisla-\\nture authorized a suspension of specie payments\\nthroughout the State for one year. Banks in other\\ncities at once suspended. May 15th, the President,\\nby Proclamation, called an Extra Session of Con-\\ngress, to meet September 4th, and consider and\\nsecure the financial interests of the Government.\\nDuring the summer of 1837 the Panic continued\\nits course, wrecking banks and corporations, bank-\\nrupting business men, and violently reducing ficti-\\ntious fortunes to their real value.\\n3. Congress met September 4th, 1837. In the\\nXXVth Congress, Senate there was an Ad-\\nExtra Session. ministration majority. In\\nthe House James K. Polk of Tennessee, a Demo-\\ncrat, was re-elected Speaker, though the vote (116-\\n103) shows a great increase of Whig members.\\nMost of the Calhoun Democracy were now support-\\ning the Administration. The President s Mes-\\nsage recommended that the Government should\\nnot interfere directly with the Panic, believing that\\nit would finally right itself more safely and more\\neasily. He also recommended the adoption by the\\nGovernment of the Sub-Treasury plan. 1 This\\nwas regarded by the Whigs, and by some of the\\nDemocrats, as an endeavor to break down all the\\n1 See page 127. It is otherwise called the Independent Treasury plan.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "1838.] The Sub-Treasury Bill. 135\\nbanks in the country. Its democratic opponents\\nformed a temporary party, calling themselves Con-\\nservatives, and generally voting with the Whigs\\non financial matters. A bill for the establishment\\nof an Independent Treasury passed the Senate,\\nbut was tabled in the House by a combination of\\nWhigs and Conservatives. Acts were passed to\\ncease the distribution of revenue among the States,\\nto authorize the issue of $10,000,000 in Treasury\\nnotes, and to give merchants further time on their\\nrevenue bonds. Congress adjourned October 16th.\\n4. Congress met December 4th, 1837. The bill\\nXXVth Congress, for the establishment of an\\n1st Session. Independent Treasury\\nwas again pressed upon Congress by the Adminis-\\ntration. It passed the Senate by a small majority,\\nand was again defeated in the House by a Union\\nof Whigs and Conservatives. The only measure\\nfor the relief of business passed at this Session was\\na joint resolution directing the Secretary of the\\nTreasury to receive the notes of specie paying banks\\nin payment for public lands, thus annulling the\\nSpecie Circular. The first open attempt to unite\\nTexas to the United States was made at this Ses-\\nsion, but failed. Congress adjourned July 9th,\\n1838.\\n5. Congress met December 3d, 1838. There\\nXXVth Congress, was little party contest at\\n2d Session. this Session. Discussion\\nwas confined mainly to the Seminole War in Florida,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "136 American Politics. Q1839\\nfor the prosecution of which large amounts had\\nbeen voted, with little apparent prospect of a suc-\\ncessful termination. The disinclination of Con-\\ngress and the Administration to interfere in the\\nfinancial troubles of the country, while it agreed\\nwith the strict constructionist theory of the powers\\nof the Federal Government, operated to the disad-\\nvantage of the Democratic party. Many of its\\nformer supporters were now ready to try Whig\\ngovernment. Congress adjourned March 3d, 1839.\\n6. Congress met December 2d, 1839. Continu-\\nXXVIth Congress, ous Whig Successes\\n1st Session. had given them a fair pros-\\npect of a majority in the House. Outside of New\\nJersey 119 Democrats and 118 Whigs had been re-\\nturned to the House. In New Jersey members of\\nthe House were at that time elected on a general\\nticket by the whole State. The five Whig candi-\\ndates had certificates of election under the broad\\nseal of the State, 1 while the five Democratic candi-\\ndates contested their election on the ground of a\\nmiscount in one county. The admission of either\\ndelegation would give its party a majority in the\\nHouse. For three days a disorderly debate con-\\ntinued, there being no presiding officer until De-\\ncember 5th, when John Quincy Adams was spas-\\nmodically chosen chairman pro tempore. Unsuc-\\ncessful attempts to choose a Speaker were made\\nfor two weeks longer, many motions being voted\\nI Hence this contest is often called the Broad Seal War.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "1 840.] Sub- Treasury Bill Passed. 137\\nupon by both the New Jersey delegations. De-\\ncember 17th, R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, a Sub-\\nTreasury Whig, was chosen Speaker. The New\\nJersey Question was not settled until March,\\n1840, when the Democratic delegation was seated,\\nmany Whigs not voting because of lack of time to\\nexamine the evidence in the case.\\n7. The party contest over the organization of the\\nHouse took up so much time that few measures of\\ngeneral interest were passed at this Session. The\\nmost notable event was the final success of the\\nIndependent Treasury Scheme, which had\\ntwice been rejected by the previous Congress. It\\nwas passed by both Houses, and signed by the\\nPresident. 1 The divorce of bank and state,\\nwhich the President had been laboring to accom-\\nplish, was thus successful. The strict construc-\\ntionist policy of the President was also successful\\nin the entire suspension of appropriations for Inter-\\nnal Improvements. 2 Congress adjourned July 21st,\\n1840.\\n8. The Whig National Convention met at\\nHarrisburgh, Pa., December 4th, 1839. It adopted\\nno platform. For the purpose of uniting the Anti-\\nMasonic and other opposition elements it reluct-\\nantly abandoned Clay, and nominated William H.\\n1 It will be seen that the Whigs at the next Session made unsuccessful\\nattempts to substitute a National Bank for the Sub-Treasury plan.\\n2 The tools, etc., belonging to the Government were ordered to be sold\\nat auction.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "138 American Politics. [1840\\nHarrison, of Ohio, and John Tyler, of Virginia. 1\\nThe Democratic National Convention met at\\nBaltimore, May 5th, 1840, and adopted a strict\\nconstructionist platform, denying the power of\\nCongress to carry on Internal Improvements, to\\nprotect manufactures, to charter a National Bank,\\nor to interfere with Slavery in the States. It unan-\\nimously renominated the President, but left nomi-\\nnations for the Vice-Presidency to be made by the\\nvarious States. The Abolitionists, or Liberty\\nParty, made Presidential nominations November\\n13th, 1839. The candidates were James G. Birney,\\nof New York, and Francis Lemoyne, of Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\n9. The nomination of General Harrison, and the\\nWhig attacks upon Van Buren and his financial\\npolicy, created an enthusiasm which Van Buren s\\nnomination did not meet. Log-cabins and hard\\ncider, which were supposed to be typical of Har-\\nrison s frontier life, became popular with the Whigs,\\nwhose hopes were renewed by their success in the\\nState elections of the summer and fall of 1840. At\\nthe Presidential Election in November the\\nunited opposition abundantly gratified their per-\\nsonal hostility to Van Buren. The Whig electors\\nwere overwhelmingly successful. Democratic elec-\\ntors were chosen by only two Northern, and five\\n1 Tyler was a Strict Constructionist, a Calhoun Democrat, who had re-\\nfused to follow the rest of his faction in supporting the Administration,\\nHis nomination was intended to gratify the Southern portion of the Oppo*\\nsition by an office of much honor and little importance.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "1 84 1.] The Electoral Votes. 139\\nSouthern States. The new Abolition party did not\\nsucceed in choosing any electors, but polled a pop-\\nular vote of 7,609.\\n10. Congress met December 7th, 1840. There\\nXXVIth Congress, was little party contest\\n2d Session. at this Session. In Feb-\\nruary, 1841, the electoral votes were counted, and\\nwere found to be, for President, 234 for Harrison,\\nand 60 for Van Buren, and for Vice-President, 234\\nfor Tyler, 48 for Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky,\\n11 for L. W. Tazewell, of Virginia, and 1 for James\\nK. Polk, of Tennessee. Harrison and Tyler were\\ntherefore declared elected. March 3d, 1841, Con-\\ngress adjourned, and March 4th Harrison and\\nTyler were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nFOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1841-1845.\\nWilliam Henry Harrison, President, John Tyler, Vice-President.\\nXXVIIth and XXVIIIth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1840; Whig, 1,275,-\\n017, Democratic, 1,128,702.\\n1. The President s Inaugural Address\\ncondemned any excessive use of the veto power,\\nthe employment for political purposes of Executive\\ncontrol over public officials, and all Presidential\\nexperiments upon the currency. March 17th the\\nPresident, by proclamation, called an Extra Session\\nof Congress, to meet May 31st and consider the\\nfinancial difficulties of the Government. Before\\nany further developments of the President s policy\\ncould take place, a short illness resulted in his\\ndeath, April 4th. According to law John Tyler\\nbecame President. He retained President Harri-\\nson s Cabinet, and promised to carry out his policy.\\n2. Congress met May 31st, 1841. 1 In the House\\nXXVIIth Congress, John White, of Kentucky, a\\nExtra Session. Whig, was chosen Speaker.\\nThe Whigs at once began the change in financial\\n1 Senate, 28 Whig, 22 Dem. House, 133 Whig, 108 Dem.\\nI40", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1 84 1.] President Tylers Vetoes. 141\\npolicy to which they were pledged. A bill to abol-\\nish the Sub-Treasury of the previous Administra-\\ntion was passed by both Houses and signed by the\\nPresident. A bill to incorporate The Fiscal\\nBank of the United States was passed by both\\nHouses. It was weeded of many of the objection-\\nable features of the old United States Bank, but\\nwas hardly less odious to the Democrats. It was\\nvetoed by the President. His objection was that\\nthe powers given to the Bank were such as he and\\nthe majority of the people believed it to be unwise\\nand unconstitutional for Congress to grant. An\\neffort to pass the bill over the veto did not receive\\na two-thirds majority.\\n3. The Whig leaders, anxious to prevent a party\\ndisaster, asked from the President an outline of a\\nbill which he would sign. After consultation with\\nthe Cabinet, it was given, and passed by both\\nHouses. September 9th the President vetoed this\\nbill also, and an attempt to pass it over the veto\\ndid not receive a two-thirds majority. The action\\nof the President, in vetoing a bill drawn according\\nto his own suggestions, and thus apparently pro-\\nvoking a contest with the party which had elected\\nhim, roused the unconcealed indignation of the\\nWhigs. The Cabinet, with one exception, 1 at once\\nresigned. The Whig members of Congress issued\\nAddresses to the People, in which they de-\\ntailed the reforms designed by the Whigs and im-\\n1 Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, Secretary of State.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "142 American Politics. [1842\\npeded by the President, and declared that all\\npolitical connection between them and John Tyler\\nwas at an end from that day forth. At this Ses-\\nsion an Act was passed to distribute the proceeds\\nof the sales of public lands among the States.\\nCongress adjourned September 13th, 1841.\\n4. The President filled the vacancies in the\\nCabinet by appointing Whigs and Conservatives,\\nHis position was one of much difficulty. His strict\\nconstructionist opinions, which had prevented him\\nfrom supporting Van Buren, would not allow him\\nto approve a National Bank, and yet he had ac-\\ncepted the Vice-Presidency from a party pledged\\nto establish one. The over hasty declaration of\\nwar by the Whigs put a stop to his vacillations, and\\ncompelled him to rely upon support from the Demo-\\ncrats. But only a few members of Congress, com-\\nmonly known as the corporal s guard, recognized\\nTyler as a leader. The Democrats only supported\\nhim as a means to success, and were encouraged in\\nso doing by the State elections of 1841, w 7 hich were\\nunfavorable to the Whigs.\\n5. Congress met December 6th, 1841. Although\\nXXVIIth Congress, Congress had decided to\\n1st Session. refuse consideration to\\npetitions for the abolition of Slavery, they continued\\nto be sent. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts,\\nmade himself prominent in presenting them to the\\nHouse, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to\\ncensure him. In March, 1842, in the House, G 1", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1842.] Slavery. The Tariff. 143\\ndings, of Ohio, presented a set of resolutions\\nwhich are noteworthy as containing the basis for\\nthe subsequent resistance to the extension of Slav-\\nery to the Territories. They declared that Slavery,\\nbeing an abridgment of the natural rights of man,\\ncan exist only by force of positive municipal law,\\nand is necessarily confined to the territorial juris-\\ndiction of the power creating it. For offering\\nthese resolutions the House censured their author.\\nHe resigned his seat, was re-elected at a special\\nelection in April, and again took his seat in the\\nHouse early in May.\\n6. The reduction of duties by the Compromise\\nTariff of 1833 had gone so far that the Government\\nrevenues were less than expenses. The Whig\\nmajority passed a bill continuing for the present\\nthe duties under the Tariff of 1833, and providing\\nfor the distribution of any surplus revenue among\\nthe States. The President vetoed it, on the\\nground that it was in violation of the Compromise\\nof 1833 by which Protection was to cease after\\n1842. A Tariff designed to afford a revenue was\\nthen passed by both Houses, still continuing the\\nobjectionable provision for the distribution of the\\nsurplus. This was also vetoed. In the House\\nthe Veto Message was referred to a committee,\\nwhose report condemned the President s undue\\nassumption of power. Against this the President\\nsent a formal protest. The bill was then passed\\nby both Houses, without the distributing clause,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "144 American Politics. D843\\nsigned by the President, and became the Tariff\\nof 1842. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty\\nof August 9th, 1842, ended various controversies,\\nsettled the North-eastern boundary, stipulated\\nfor the suppression of the slave-trade, and in-\\naugurated our system of extradition. Congress\\nadjourned August 31st, 1842.\\n7. Congress met December 5th, 1842. There\\nXXVIIth Congress, was little party contest at\\n2d Session. this Session. On its last\\nday a few Anti-Slavery Whigs issued an address to\\nthe people, warning them that the scheme for the\\nannexation of Texas had never been abandoned,\\nbut was still in progress, and that its success would\\nresult in and justify a dissolution of the Union.\\nCongress adjourned March 3d, 1843.\\n8. Congress met December 4th, 1843. n tne\\nXXVIIIth Congress, House John W. Jones,\\n1st Session. of Virginia, a Democrat,\\nwas chosen Speaker. The majority in the Senate\\nwas Whig, and in the House Democratic, 1 and the\\nconsequent disagreement prevented united action,\\nand encouraged the President in his reliance upon\\nthe Democrats. The President s Message had\\nrecommended that any appropriations for Internal\\nImprovements should be made for the benefit of\\nthe Western States. Two bills were passed, the\\nEastern Harbor Bill, and the Western Harbor Bill.\\nThe President signed the Western Bill, and vetoed\\n1 Senate, 28 Whig, 24 Dem. House, 142 Dem., 81 Whig.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "1 844.] Texas. National Conventions. 145\\nthe Eastern Bill. An attempt to pass it over the\\nveto did not receive a two-thirds majority. The\\nAdministration concluded a treaty with Texas, pro-\\nviding for annexation. It was rejected by the\\nSenate by a strong vote (35-16), all the Whigs and\\n7 Democrats voting against it. Congress adjourned\\nJune 17th, 1844.\\n9. The Annexation of Texas was now rapidly\\nbecoming a party question. The South was deter-\\nmined to accomplish it. It was felt that if the South\\nmust stop at the Sabine (the Eastern boundary of\\nTexas), while the North might spread unchecked\\nbeyond the Rocky Mountains, u the Southern scale\\nmust kick the beam, and the existence of Slavery\\nwould be endangered. Before the National Con-\\nventions met the views of the leading candidates\\nupon the question of annexation had been asked\\nand given. Van Buren guardedly announced him-\\nself as opposed to the present annexation of Texas.\\nClay expressed himself more plainly to the same\\neffect.\\n10. The National Convention of the Liberty\\nParty met at Buffalo, August 30th, 1843. It\\nadopted a long series of resolutions, denouncing\\nSlavery, and calling upon the Free States for penal\\nlaws to stop the return of fugitive slaves. It nom-\\ninated James G. Birney, of Michigan, and Thomas\\nMorris, of Ohio. The Whig National Con-\\nvention met at Baltimore, May 1st, 1844, and\\nadopted a concise loose constructionist platform,\\n10", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "146 American Politics. [1844\\nadvocating a national currency, a protective tariff,\\nand a distribution of surplus revenue among the\\nStates. It nominated Henry Clay, of Kentucky,\\nand Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New York. The\\nDemocratic National Convention met at Bal-\\ntimore, May 27th, 1844, and again adopted its\\nstrict constructionist platform of 1840, with an ad-\\nditional article demanding the re-occupation of\\nOregon, and the re-annexation of Texas. A large\\nmajority of the delegates came pledged to vote for\\nVan Buren, whose views on the Texas question\\ndid not satisfy the Southern delegates. They suc-\\nceeded in destroying his chances of a nomination\\nby the adoption of the rule of two former Demo-\\ncratic Conventions, that nominations must be made\\nby a two-thirds vote. 1 Van Buren had a majority,\\nbut not two-thirds. After eight ballots his name\\nwas withdrawn, and the Convention nominated\\nJames K. Polk, of Tennessee, and Silas Wright, of\\nNew York. Wright declined, and George M. Dal-\\nlas, of Pennsylvania, was substituted. An abortive\\nConvention of office-holders at Baltimore renomi-\\nnated Tyler. He accepted the nomination, but\\nsoon withdrew.\\n11. The Democratic party was thus committed\\nto the annexation of Texas, though the demand for\\nthe Tariff of 1842, and for the whole of Oregon\\nor none, with or without war with England, helped\\nto gain votes. Nevertheless Whig success seemed\\n1 This has since been the rule in Democratic National Conventions.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "1 844.] Presidential Election. 147\\nprobable until the appearance of an unfortunate\\nletter of Clay s, in which he tried to conciliate\\nSouthern Democrats by saying that he would be\\nglad to see the annexation take place at some\\nfuture time. By this ill-judged piece of diplomacy\\nhe gained no Democratic votes, for Polk was a\\nwarm advocate of annexation, and lost those of the\\nextreme Anti-Slavery Whigs and Abolitionists, who\\npurposely threw away on Birney and Morris a num-\\nber of votes which would have carried New York\\nand thus elected Clay. They were therefore the\\nreal agents in the election of Polk, the annexation\\nof Texas, and the extension of Slavery to a vast\\namount of new territory.\\n12. The Presidential Election in November\\nresulted in Democratic success. But it was the\\nmost closely contested election in our history, ex-\\ncept those of 1800 and 1876, The result in 14 of\\nthe 26 States was doubtful for two days, and most\\nof these chose Polk electors by very slender major-\\nities. In several of them the small Abolition vote\\nwould have turned the scale, and chosen Clay elec-\\ntors. A majority of the members chosen to the\\nXXIXth Congress were in favor of a lower Tariff\\nthan that of 1842.\\n13. Congress met December 2d, 1844. A bill to\\nXXVIIIth Congress, organize a territorial\\n2d Session. government for Oregon,\\nup to the line of 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 North latitude, and be-\\nyond the line claimed by England as the true", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "148 American Politics. D845\\nboundary, was passed by the House, but, as it pro-\\nhibited Slavery, the Senate declined to consider it.\\nThe annexation of Texas took up most of the\\ntime of this Session. Mexico had abolished Slav-\\nery twenty years before, and therefore Texas was\\nby Mexican law free territory. 1 Propositions to\\nprohibit Slavery in Texas were voted down. The\\nJoint Resolution to annex Texas was passed by\\nboth Houses, and signed by the President. It pro-\\nhibited Slavery in any States to be formed from\\nthe territory of Texas north of the Missouri Com-\\npromise Line (36 30 North latitude), and left the\\nquestion to be settled by the people in States\\nformed south of that line.\\n14. Appropriations were made at this Session for\\nboth Eastern and Western harbors. The President\\ndisposed of them by a pocket veto. In February,\\n1845, the electoral votes were counted and were\\nfound to be, for Polk and Dallas 170, and for Clay\\nand Frelinghuysen 105. Polk and Dallas were\\ntherefore declared elected. March 3d, Florida\\nbecame a State of the Union, and arrangements\\nwere made for the future admission of Iowa. The\\nsame day the President sent a messenger to secure\\nthe consent of Texas to the annexation. March\\n3d, 1845, Congress adjourned, and March 4th, Polk\\nand Dallas were sworn into office.\\ni The Republic of Texas, however, had re-established Slavery by law.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nFIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1845-1849.\\nJames K. Polk, President. George M. Dallas, Vice-Presiden*\\nXXTXth and XXXth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1 844. Dem. 1,337,243,\\nWhig 1,299,068, Ab. 62,300.\\n1. The policy of Rotation in Office, laid down\\nby Jackson in 1829 and accepted by the Whigs in\\n1841, was now finally established by the new Ad-\\nministration. It has been the rule since that time\\nthat every Presidential election shall be marked by\\na wholesale removal of office-holders, whose places\\nare filled by friends of the new Administration.\\n2. Annexation had been accepted by the Con-\\ngress of Texas and by a Popular Convention.\\nMexico was so occupied by intestine dissensions\\nand revolution that her exhibition of resentment\\nwas at first confined to a formal protest, and the\\nwithdrawal of her Minister from Washington. No\\naggressive movement was made by her even when\\nUnited States troops under General Taylor occu-\\npied the Eastern bank of the Nueces River, beyond\\nwhich Texas had never hitherto exercised juris-\\ndiction.\\n3. Congress met December 1st, 1845, with a\\nT 4 Q", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "150 American Politics. [1846\\nXXIXth Congress, Democratic majority in\\n1st Session. both branches. 1 In the\\nHouse John W. Davis, of Indiana, a Democrat,\\nwas chosen Speaker. The President s Message\\ncondemned all Anti-Slavery agitation, recom-\\nmended a Sub-Treasury and a Tariff for Revenue,\\nand spoke of the annexation of Texas as a matter\\nwhich concerned only Texas and the United States.\\nDecember 29th Texas became a State of the\\nUnion. December 31st an Act was passed extend-\\ning the United States revenue system over the\\ndoubtful territory beyond the Nueces River, and a\\nrevenue officer was appointed to reside in the new\\ndistrict. Even these steps did not induce hostili-\\nties. Mexico still declared her willingness to nego-\\ntiate concerning the disputed territory between the\\nNueces and the Rio Grande.\\n4. In March, 1846, Hostilities were precipi-\\ntated by an order from the President to General\\nTaylor to advance from the Nueces to the Rio\\nGrande, and occupy the debatable district. He\\nobeyed, and was thus brought face to face with\\nMexican troops. Early in May Arista, with 6000\\nMexicans, crossed the Rio Grande, attacked Taylor\\nand his force of 2,300 men at Palo Alto, and was\\nbadly beaten. On the following day Taylor as-\\nsumed the offensive, attacked Arista at Resaca de\\nla Palma, and drove him in headlong retreat across\\nthe Rio Grande.\\nI Senate, 30 Dem., 25 Whig. House, 142 Dem., 75 Whig, and 6 others.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "1846.] War with Mexico. 151\\n5. May nth, 1846, the President sent a War\\nMessage to Congress in which he detailed the\\npreliminary skirmishes on the Rio Grande, declared\\nthat Mexican troops had at last shed the blood of\\nAmerican citizens on American soil, and asked for\\na Declaration of War. A bill to recognize the ex-\\nistence of war, and to appropriate $10,000,000 for\\nits prosecution, was at once passed by both Houses.\\nIts preamble was as follows: Whereas, by the\\nact of the Republic of Mexico, a state of war exists\\nbetween that government and the United States/\\nThis was considered a falsehood by the Whigs.\\nThey thought that President Polk had provoked\\nhostilities by ordering the army into Mexican terri-\\ntory. Nevertheless they generally voted, under\\nprotest, for the declaration, on the ground that the\\narmy had been forced into a perilous situation, and\\nmust be rescued. On the same ground they gen-\\nerally supported the war until its conclusion. The\\nLiberty party, particularly in New England, opposed\\nthe war bitterly. 1\\n6. August 8th a Special Message from the Presi-\\ndent asked for money with which to purchase terri-\\ntory from Mexico, that the war might thus be set-\\ntled by negotiation. Abillappropriating$2,ooo,ooo\\nfor this purpose at once brought up the Slavery\\nquestion, for it was certain that any newly acquired\\nterritory would swarm with slave-holders, who\\nwould demand protection in the possession of their\\n1 Their feeling is represented by Lowell s Biglow Papers.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "152 American Politics. [1846\\nslaves. In the House Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, on\\nbehalf of many Northern Democrats, offered an\\naddition to the bill, applying to any newly acquired\\nterritory the provision of the Ordinance of 1787, 1\\nthat neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude\\nshall ever exist in any part of said territory, except\\nfor crime, whereof the party shall first be duly con-\\nvicted. This was the celebrated Wilmot Pro-\\nviso. The Whigs and Northern Democrats united\\nin favor of it, and it passed the House, but was\\nsent to the Senate too late to be acted upon.\\n7. During this Session war with England upon\\nthe Oregon Question seemed imminent. By\\nthe treaties of 1803 with France, and 1819 with\\nSpain, the United States had acquired the rights of\\nthose powers on the Pacific coast, north of Cali-\\nfornia. The Northern boundary of the ceded ter-\\nritory was unsettled. The United States claimed\\nthat the boundary was the line 54 40 North lati-\\ntude. England claimed that it followed the Co-\\nlumbia River. By a convention of 1827 the dis-\\nputed territory had been held by both countries\\njointly, the arrangement being terminable by either\\ncountry on twelve months notice. The last Dem-\\nocratic Convention had demanded the /^-occu-\\npation of the whole of Oregon (up to 54 40\\nwith or without war with England. 2 The /-^-an-\\nnexation of Texas having been accomplished, the\\n1 See page 60.\\na Popularly summed up as l fifty-four-forty-or-fight.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "1846.] Oregon,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Tariff of 1846. 153\\nWhigs now began to urge the Democrats to carry\\nout their programme in regard to Oregon. Against\\nthe votes of the extreme Southern Democrats, the\\nPresident was directed to give the requisite twelve\\nmonths notice to England.\\n8. June 15th, 1846, the Oregon question was\\nsettled by a Treaty with England, by which\\nthe United States abandoned the line of 54 40\\nand accepted that of 49 North latitude as the\\nNorthern boundary. A bill to organize the Ter-\\nritory of Oregon, with the Wilmot Proviso attached,\\nwas passed by the House, against the votes of the\\nSouthern Democrats, but was not acted upon by\\nthe Senate.\\n9. At this Session the Tariff of 1846 was passed\\nby a party vote. It followed the strict construc-\\ntionist theory in aiming at a list of duties sufficient\\nonly to provide revenue for the Government, with-\\nout regard to Protection. A River and Harbor\\nImprovement Bill was passed by both Houses.\\nIt was vetoed by the President on the ground that\\nthe Constitution did not, in his opinion, give the\\nFederal Government any power to appropriate\\nmoney for the purpose of making Internal Im-\\nprovements within the States. Congress adjourned\\nAugust 13th, 1846.\\n10. Congress met December 7th, 1846. Decern-\\nXXIXth Congress, ber 28th, Iowa became a\\n2d Session. State of the Union. The\\nPresidents Message announced the continued", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "154 American Politics. l l %47\\nsuccess of the American arms in Mexico, and\\nargued that the Rio Grande should be considered\\nthe Western boundary of Texas. The necessary\\nmeasures for the prosecution of the war took up\\nmost of the time of this Session. A bill appro-\\npriating $3,000,000 for the purchase of territory\\nfrom Mexico was passed by the House with the\\nWilmot Proviso attached. The Senate passed the\\nbill, but without the Wilmot Proviso, and, after an\\nunavailing struggle by the Whigs, the House adopt-\\ned the bill as it came from the Senate. The bill to\\norganize the Territory of Oregon, with the Wilmot\\nProviso, was again passed by the House, and again\\nleft without action by the Senate. A motion in the\\nHouse by a Southern member to recognize the\\nMissouri Compromise Line (36 30 as extending\\nto the Pacific was lost by a sectional vote, South\\nagainst North. A River and Harbor Improvement\\nBill was again passed, but so near the end of the\\nSession that the President was able to dispose of it\\nby a pocket veto. Congress adjourned March\\n3d, 1847.\\n11. Congress met December 6th, 1847, with a\\nXXXth Congress, Democratic majority in the\\n1st Session. Senate, and a Whig ma-\\njority in the House. 1 Robert C. Winthrop, of\\nMassachusetts, a Whig, was chosen Speaker of the\\nHouse. The subject of Internal Improve-\\nments was again brought up, and the House\\n1 Senate, 35 Dem., 21 Whig. House, 117 Whig, 108 Dem.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "1348.] Peace with Mexico. 155\\nresolved by a large majority that the General\\nGovernment had the power to improve harbors and\\nrivers for the advantage of commerce and for the\\ncommon defense. A resolution embodying the\\nsubstance of the Wilmot Proviso was tabled. It\\ndid not have, as in the last Congress, the whole\\nFree State Democratic vote in its favor. 1\\n12. Peace was made with Mexico in February,\\n1848, and a large increase of territory was thereby\\ngained by the United States. As a compromise\\nbetween the advocates and the opponents of the\\nextension of Slavery, a bill was passed by the\\nSenate, establishing territorial governments in Ore-\\ngon, New Mexico and California, with a provision\\nthat all questions concerning Slavery in those Ter-\\nritories should be referred to the United States\\nSupreme Court for decision. It was voted for by\\nthe members from Slave States, and lost in the\\nHouse. A bill was then passed in the House, by\\na sectional vote, to organize the Territory of\\nOregon, without Slavery. This was passed by\\nthe Senate, with an amendment declaring that the\\nMissouri Compromise Line extended to the Pacific\\nOcean. This would have divided the United States\\ninto two parts, the Northern free, and the Southern\\nslave. The amendment was rejected by the House,\\nagain by a sectional vote, and, the Senate with-\\ndrawing, the bill passed. Congress adjourned\\n1 Twenty-five Free State Democrats voted against it.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "156 American Politics. [1848\\nAugust 14th, 1848. May 29th Wisconsin had\\nbecome a State of the Union.\\n13. The Democratic National Convention\\nmet at Baltimore, May 22d, 1848. It renewed the\\nstrict constructionist platform of 1840 and 1844,\\nand nominated Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and\\nWilliam O. Butler, of Kentucky. A resolution that\\nCongress had no power to interfere with Slavery,\\neither in the States or in the Territories, was voted\\ndown by a heavy majority. The Whig National\\nConvention met at Philadelphia, June 7th, and\\nnominated Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, and Mil-\\nlard Fillmore, of New York. No platform was\\nadopted, and resolutions affirming the Wilmot Pro-\\nviso as a party principle were repeatedly voted\\ndown. It was thus evident that the Whigs were\\nnot ready to become an Anti-Slavery party, nor\\nwere the Democrats ready to become a Pro-Slavery\\nparty. The State of New York had sent two\\ndelegations to the Democratic Convention, the\\nHunkers/ or Conservatives, who wished to leave\\nthe Slavery question in abeyance, and the Barn-\\nburners/ 1 or Free Soil Democrats, who opposed\\nany further extension of Slavery into the Ter-\\nritories. The Convention admitted both, dividing\\nthe vote of New York between them. The Barn-\\nburners withdrew, and attended the National Con-\\nvention of a new party, the Free Soilers, at\\n1 This was originally a term applied by their opponents to their supposed\\n/evolutionary principles. It made no charge of practical arson.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "1848.] Presidential Election. 157\\nBuffalo, August 9th. It adopted a platform declar-\\ning that Congress had no more power to make a\\nslave than to make a king, and that there should\\nbe no more Slave States, and no more Slave Ter-\\nritories. It nominated Martin Van Buren, of New\\nYork, and Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts.\\n14. The Free Soilers (or Free Democracy) were\\njoined by the old Liberty party, and by many\\nDemocrats who were offended at the support given\\nby Southern Democrats to the efforts to establish\\nSlavery in the territory lately won from Mexico.\\nIn the South many former Democrats preferred a\\nslave-holding candidate without a platform to a\\nnon slave-holding candidate on a platform in which\\nsupport of Slavery had been voted down. The\\nPresidential Election in November resulted in\\nthe success of the Whig electors in a majority both\\nof the Free and of the Slave States. The belief of\\nthe Northern Democrats that they had been be-\\ntrayed by the Southern Democrats in the election\\nhad its natural effect in the next Session of Con-\\ngress, where the Free State Democrats voted for\\nevery measure aimed at Slavery.\\n15. Congress met December 5th, 1848. A bill\\nXXXth Congress, to organize the Territories\\n2d Session. of New Mexico and Cali-\\nfornia, with the Wilmot Proviso, was passed by the\\nHouse by a sectional vote, almost all the Free State\\nDemocrats voting for it. The Senate refused to\\nconsider it. The House then passed a resolution", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "158 American Politics. [1849\\ncondemning the sale of slaves in Washington as\\nnotoriously a reproach to our country throughout\\nChristendom, which roused the indignation of\\nSouthern members. Late in the Session the Senate\\npassed the General Appropriation Bill for govern-\\nment expenses, with a rider, 1 organizing the\\nTerritories of New Mexico and California,\\npermitting Slavery. Its object was to compel the\\nHouse to yield, or leave the Government penniless.\\nThe House threw this responsibility back upon the\\nSenate by substituting for its rider a provision that\\nuntil July 4th, 1850, the existing Mexican laws of\\nthose Territories should remain in force. As\\n.Mexico had abolished Slavery this would have\\nmade the new Territories free. On the last night\\nof the Session the Senate unwillingly struck out its\\nrider and the House substitute, and passed the\\nAppropriation Bill as it originally came from the\\nHouse.\\n16. Another River and Harbor Improvement Bill\\nwas passed by the House, but was not acted upon\\nby the Senate. In February, 1849, tne electoral\\nvotes were counted and were found to be, for Tay-\\nlor and Fillmore 163, and for Cass and Butler 127.\\nTaylor and Fillmore were therefore declared\\nelected. March 3d, 1849, Congress adjourned,\\nand March 5th Taylor and Fillmore were sworn\\ninto office.\\n1 That is, an addition having no reference to the subject matter of the\\noriginal bill.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nSIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1849-1853.\\nZachary Taylor, President. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President.\\nXXXTst and XXXTId Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1 848 Whig i ,360, 1 o 1\\nDem. 1,220,544, Free Soil 291,263.\\n1. Taylor s Inauguration marks the beginning\\nof a Process of Change which in a few years\\ndestroyed one of the two great parties, and changed\\nthe character of the other. The Free Soil Demo-\\ncrats, who opposed any extension of Slavery to the\\nTerritories, and had therefore abandoned the Dem-\\nocratic party, saw no reason for joining the Whig\\nparty, which had distinctly rejected the principle of\\nthe Wilmot Proviso. The consequent loss of the\\nDemocrats, in numbers, was more than balanced\\nby the accession of Pro-Slavery Whigs whc made\\ntheir new party progressively more Pro-Slavery.\\nThe Whig losses had no compensating gains. The\\ndisintegration of the party continued from its suc-\\ncess in electing a slave-holding President in 1848\\nuntil the rise of its anti-slavery successor in 1855-\\n56.\\n2. The accession of Pro-Slavery Whigs soon\\n159", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "160 American Politics. [1849\\nbrought prominently forward the doctrine which\\nthe last Democratic National Convention had voted\\ndown, that the Constitution gave Congress no\\npower to interfere with Slavery in the Territories,\\nand that the people of each Territory should allow\\nor prohibit Slavery as they pleased. This was\\nSquatter Sovereignty. 1 Of course it would\\nfollow from this that the Missouri Compromise of\\n1820 was illegal and unconstitutional, as it abol-\\nished Slavery in the Territories North of 36 30\\nBut this consequence was not at first mentioned,\\nand, perhaps, not thought of.\\n3. As Squatter Sovereignty was a strict construc-\\ntionist theory, it was more easy to force it upon\\nthe Democratic than upon the Whig party. From\\nthis time, therefore, Southern leaders aimed to con-\\ntrol the Democratic party more thoroughly, aban-\\ndoning its opponent after an effort to use it as an\\ninstrument in completing the work of Democracy. 2\\nThe struggle between the advocates of the Wilmot\\nProviso, which forbade Slavery in the new terri-\\ntory, and of Squatter Sovereignty, which allowed\\nits introduction, if desired by the people, was pre-\\ncipitated by the Discovery of Gold in California.\\nThe consequent rush of immigration increased the\\npopulation of California so rapidly that a State con-\\nstitution was ratified November 13, 1849, expressly\\nprohibiting Slavery. This practical application of\\n1 Otherwise called Popular Sovereignty.\\n2 At the Presidential Convention of 1852-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "1850.] The Compromise of 1850. 161\\nSquatter Sovereignty was equally surprising and\\nunwelcome to its first advocates.\\n4. Congress met December 3d, 1849, with a Dem-\\nXXXIst Congress, ocratic majority in the Sen-\\nISt Session. ate, and no party majority\\nin the House, the Free Soilers holding the balance\\nof power between the other two parties. 1 The Free\\nSoilers refused to vote for either the Whig or the\\nDemocratic candidates for Speaker, and, after 62\\nunavailing ballots in which no one had a majority\\nof all the votes, it was agreed that the highest num-\\nber of votes should elect. The House then chose\\nas Speaker Howell Cobb, of Georgia, a Democrat\\nand an advocate of the extension of Slavery.\\n5. California applied for admission as a State\\nFebruary 13th, 1850. Shortly before the applica-\\ntion Clay had submitted a proposition to compro-\\nmise the conflicting claims of the advocates of Slav-\\nery extension and of Slavery restriction. His pro-\\nposition included seven points (1) the admission\\nof any new States properly formed from Texas,\\n(2) the admission of California, (3) the organiza-\\ntion of the Territories of New Mexico and Utah,\\nwithout the Wilmot Proviso (i.e. with Squatter Sov-\\nereignty), (4) the passage of the last two measures\\nin one bill, (5) the payment of a money indemnity\\nto Texas, (6) a more rigid Fugitive Slave Law, (7)\\nthe abolition of the slave trade, but not of Slavery,\\n1 Senate, 35 Dem.,25 Whig, 2 Free Soilers. House, no Dem., 103\\nWhig, 9 Free Soilers.\\nII", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1 62 American Politics. [_ l %5\u00c2\u00b0\\nin the District of Columbia. This was the basis of\\nthe Compromise of 1850. It was opposed by\\nthe Whigs and Free Soilers, who considered it a\\nsurrender of free soil to the slave power, and by\\nthe extreme Southern Democrats, who considered\\nit a surrender of the slave-holder s right to hold his\\nproperty and slaves wherever he pleased to settle.\\nBut it was undoubtedly satisfactory to the great\\nmajority of the people, as averting civil war and\\ndisunion.\\n6. The Compromise of 1850 was originally united\\nin one bill. 1 It was debated throughout the Ses-\\nsion, and gradually divided into a number of sep-\\narate bills. These were all passed, during the\\nmonths of August and September, by both Houses,\\nand became law. California thus became a State\\nof the Union September 9th, 1850. Perhaps the\\nmost important, in its bearing upon future events,\\nwas the Fugitive Slave Law, which was much\\nmore stringent in its provisions than the one already\\nin existence. It directed and encouraged the sur-\\nrender of fugitive slaves by United States Commis-\\nsioners in the North, without any trial by jury, and\\ncommanded all good citizens to aid in making ar-\\nrests. The work of chasing and arresting fugitive\\nslaves in the Northern States was at once begun,\\nand carried on diligently, often inhumanly. The\\nconsequent disgust and horror caused the passage,\\nby some Northern Legislatures, of Personal Lib-\\n1 Commonly called the Omnibus Bill, from its all-embracing nature.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "1 85 1.] An Interval of Calm. 163\\nerty Laws, intended to protect free negroes falsely\\nalleged to be fugitive slaves. Congress adjourned\\nSeptember 30th, 1850.\\n7. July 9th President Taylor died, and Vice-\\nPresident Fillmore became President in his\\nstead. The change had no effect upon party con-\\ntests, the Administration remaining Whig, as before.\\n8. Congress met December 2d, 1850. There was\\nXXXIst Congress, little party contest at this\\n2d Session. Session. The questions\\nof Tariff, Internal Improvements, and a National\\nBank, had, for a time at least, disappeared. On\\nthe question of Slavery, which had so suddenly\\nsprung into controlling interest, neither party was\\nready to take a decided stand. The business of\\nthis Session was therefore confined to routine, with\\noccasional debates on Slavery. Congress ad-\\njourned March 3d, 185 1.\\n9. Congress met December 1st, 185 1, with a\\nXXXIId Congress, Democratic majority in\\n1st Session. both branches. 1 In the\\nHouse Linn Boyd, of Kentucky, a Democrat, was\\nchosen Speaker. The increased Democratic major-\\nity in Congress marks the satisfaction with which\\nthe people generally had received the Compromise\\nof 1850, as they understood it. There was little\\nparty contest at this Session. The question of\\nSlavery was considered settled, and the Democratic\\n1 Senate, 34 Dem., 23 Whigs, 3 Free Soilers. House, 140 Dem., 88\\nWhies. 1 Free Soilers.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "164 American Politics. I 852\\nmajority generally supported the measures recom-\\nmended by the Administration for carrying on the\\ngovernment. This Session, however, is noteworthy\\nfor the first mention of a measure destined to trans-\\nfer the conflict between Slavery and its opponents\\nto the country west of Missouri, stretching to the\\nRocky Mountains, and called, from its principal\\nriver, the Platte Country, 1 It had become a\\nthrough route to California, and its population was\\nincreasing. It now applied for organization as a\\nTerritory, but the application was not acted upon.\\nCongress adjourned August 31st, 1852.\\n10. The Democratic National Convention\\nmet at Baltimore, June 1st, 1852. It renewed the\\nstrict constructionist platforms of preceding Con-\\nventions, endorsed the Kentucky and Virginia\\nResolutions of 1798, and pledged the Democratic\\nparty to the faithful observance of the Compromise\\nof 1850, including the Fugitive Slave Law, and to\\na steady opposition to any agitation of the Slavery\\nquestion. It nominated Franklin Pierce, of New\\nHampshire, and William R. King, of Alabama.\\nThe Whig National Convention met at Balti-\\nmore, June 16th. It adopted a loose construction-\\nist platform, more cautiously worded than those\\nof former Conventions, and endorsed the Compro-\\nmise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law in terms\\nvery similar to those of the Democratic platform.\\nAfter a session of six days it nominated Winfield\\nx Now called Kansas.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "1852.] Nebraska. 165\\nScott, of Virginia, and William A. Graham, of\\nNorth Carolina. The Free Soil Democratic\\nConvention met at Pittsburgh, August nth. It\\nadopted a platform declaring Slavery to be a sin\\nagainst God and a crime against man, and denounc-\\ning the Compromise of 1850, and the two parties\\nwho supported it. It nominated John P. Hale, of\\nNew Hampshire, and George W. Julian, of Indiana.\\nn. The success of the Southern delegates in\\ncommitting the Whig Convention to the support of\\nthe Compromise of 1850 did not injure the party\\nso much at the time as it did afterward, when the\\nreal nature of that Compromise was declared. 1 At\\nthe Presidential Election in November its pop-\\nular vote was slightly increased since the previous\\nelection, although most of the Free Soil vote was\\ndrawn from it. Nevertheless the Whig electors\\ncarried only four States, 2 the other twenty-seven\\nStates choosing Democratic electors, though gen-\\nerally by very small majorities.\\n12. Congress met December 6th, 1852. A bill\\nXXXI^d Congress, was passed by the House to\\n2d Session. organize the Territory\\nof Nebraska, with the same boundaries as\\nthe formerly proposed Territory of Platte. It was\\ntabled in the Senate. The opposition to it came\\nfrom Southern members who were preparing, but\\n1 The Whig party was then forcibly said to have died of an attempt to\\nswallow the Fugitive Slave Law.\\n2 Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1 66 American Politics. [185 3\\nwere not yet ready to announce, their next advanced\\nclaim, that the Compromise of 1850 had superseded\\nand voided that of 1820, abolished the prohibition\\nof Slavery in the territory North of the Missouri\\nCompromise Line (36 30 North latitude), and\\nopened it to the operation of Squatter Sovereignty.\\nIn February, 1853, the electoral votes were counted,\\nand were found to be, for Pierce and King 254,\\nand for Scott and Graham 42. Pierce and King\\nwere therefore declared elected. March 3d, 1853,\\nCongress adjourned, and March 4th Pierce was\\nsworn into office. 1\\n1 Vice-President King, on account of illness, was sworn into office after-\\nward.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nSEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1853-1857.\\nFranklin Pierce, President. William R. King Vice-President.\\nXXXIIId and XXXIVth Congresses\\nPopular vote for President in 1852 Dem. 1,601,.\\n474, Whig 1,386,578, Free Soil 156,149.\\n1. Congress met December 5th, 1853. The\\nXXXIIId Congress, Democratic majority in\\nISt Session. both branches was in-\\ncreased. 1 In the House Speaker Boyd was again\\nelected. The President s Message assured those\\nwho had elected him that he intended to carry out\\nthe Compromise of 1850, in all its parts. A Senate\\nbill to organize the Territory of Nebraska\\nwas interfered with by a demand from a Southern\\nSenator that the Missouri Compromise should not\\nbe so construed as to prohibit Slavery in the new\\nTerritory. The bill was at once dropped. But a\\nsufficient number of Free State Democrats soon\\nacquiesced in the Southern demand to make it a\\nsuccess.\\n2, January 23d, 1854, the famous Kansas-\\n1 Senate, 36 Dem., 20 Whigs, 2 Free Soilers. House, 159 Dem.- 71\\nWhigs, 4 Free Soilers.\\n167", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "1 68 American Politics. X 8S4\\nNebraska Bill was introduced in the House. It\\ndivided the territory covered by the previous\\nNebraska bill into two Territories, one directly\\nwest of Missouri and between the parallels of 37 and\\n40 to be called Kansas, and the other north of this\\nand between the parallels of 40 and 43 to be called\\nNebraska. According to the Compromise of 1820\\nboth of these Territories were forever barred to\\nSlavery. But this bill distinctly declared that the\\nCompromise of 1820 was inconsistent with the\\nconstitutional principle of non-interference with\\nSlavery by Congress, that it was therefore inoper-\\native, void, and repealed by the Compromise of\\n1850, and that hereafter each Territory, whether\\nnorth or south of the parallel of 36 30 should\\nadmit or exclude Slavery as its people should\\ndecide. This bill was passed by the Senate, its\\nonly opponents being the Northern Whigs and\\nFree Soilers.\\n3. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill did not come up\\nin the House until about two months later. The\\nSouthern Democrats and Southern Whigs united\\nin favor of it. The Northern Democrats were\\nevenly divided, 1 and the Northern Whigs and Free\\nSoilers united against it. The division between\\nthe Democratic opponents and advocates of the\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill was soon healed. The\\ndivision between Northern and Southern Whigs\\nwas final. The Northern Whigs at once repudiated\\n1 There were 88 Northern Democratic votes, 44 for, and 44 against it.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "1 854.] The American Party. 169\\ntheir old party name, and were called at first Anti-\\nNebraska Men. The Southern Whigs kept the\\nparty name alive a few years longer, but their\\nprinciples on the controlling question of Slavery\\nwere so similar to those of the Southern Democracy\\nthat they can hardly be called a distinct party.\\nCongress adjourned August 7th, 1854.\\n4. A new party had by this time risen to active\\nimportance in American politics. It appeared in\\n185 2, 1 in the form of a secret, oath-bound organi-\\nzation, of whose name, nature, and objects, nothing\\nwas told even to its members until they had\\nreached its higher degrees. Their consequent\\ndeclaration that they knew nothing about it gave\\nthe society its popular name of Know Nothings.\\nIt accepted the name of the American Party.\\nIts design was to oppose the easy naturalization of\\nforeigners, and to aid the election of native-born\\ncitizens to office. Its nominations were made by\\nsecret conventions of delegates from the various\\nlodges, and were voted for by all members under\\npenalty of expulsion in case of refusal. At first,\\nby endorsing the nominations of one or other of\\nthe two great parties, it decided many elections.\\nAfter the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the\\n1 The Hartford Convention had complained of the easy naturalization of\\nforeigners. A Native American party had existed in New York City\\nin 1835, but it was only local, and soon disappeared. In 1843 a new\\nNative American party had arisen in New York City, and extended to\\nPhiladelphia. Its Whig members left it in 1844 because of its refusal to\\nvote for Ciay, and it too disappeared.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "170 American Politics. [1856\\nKnow-Nothing organization was adopted by many\\nSouthern Whigs, who were unwilling to unite with\\nthe Democracy, and became, for a time, a national\\nparty. It carried nine of the State elections in\\n1855, and in 1856 nominated Presidential candi-\\ndates. After that time its Southern members\\ngradually united with the Democracy, and the\\nKnow Nothing party disappeared from politics.\\n5. Congress met December 4th, 1854. There was\\nXXXIIId Congress, little party contest at this\\n2d Session. Session, which was chiefly\\nnoteworthy for a revival of the question of In-\\nternal Improvements. It secured Democratic\\nvotes by providing for detached public improve-\\nments. A River and Harbor bill was passed by\\nboth Houses, but was vetoed by the President.\\nCongress adjourned March 3d, 1855.\\n6. Congress met December 3d, 1855, with a\\nXXXI Vth Congress, Democratic majority in\\n1st Session. the Senate. In the House\\nthe Anti-Nebraska men had a majority, but so\\nmany of them were Know Nothings that no candi-\\ndate could control their entire vote. After 130\\nballots for Speaker, lasting until February, 1856, it\\nwas agreed that the highest number of votes should\\nelect, and N. P. Banks, Jr., of Massachusetts, an\\nAnti-Nebraska man, was chosen. The remain-\\ning time of this Session was occupied by the\\n1 Senate, 34 Dem., 25 Opposition. House, 117 Anti-Nebraska, 79 Dem.,\\n37 Pro-Slavery Whigs.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "1856.] The Republican Party. 171\\nKansas Troubles, which will be referred to\\nhereafter. A House Committee was sent to Kansas,\\nand reported that no free or fair election had ever\\ntaken place in that Territory. The House voted\\nan appropriation for the army, with a proviso for-\\nbidding the use of the army to enforce the acts of\\nthe Pro-Slavery Kansas Legislature. 1 The Senate\\nrejected the proviso, and during the disagreement\\nbetween the Houses the time fixed for adjournment\\narrived, and Congress adjourned August 18th, 1856,\\nleaving the Army Bill unpassed. The President\\nat once called an Extra Session of Congress, in\\nwhich the Army Bill, without the proviso, was\\npassed, and Congress again adjourned August 30th,\\n1856.\\n7. Early in 1856 the Anti-Nebraska men had\\nadopted the name of the Republican Party. 2\\nThe new name was at once recognized by the\\nDemocrats with the addition of a contemptuous\\nadjective {Black Republican). It will be seen that\\nthe new party was a loose constructionist party, in-\\nheriting the desire of the Federalists and Whigs\\nfor Protective Tariffs, Internal Improvements, and\\na system of National Bank Currency, and adding\\nto them the further principle that the Federal\\nGovernment had power to control Slavery in the\\nTerritories. The new party had therefore an as-\\n1 See page 174.\\n2 First proposed, it is said, by Governor Seward, of New York, late in\\n1855-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "172 American Politics. [1855\\nsured existence from the first, for its additional\\nloose constructionist principle was the only logical\\nanswer to the strict constructionist principle still\\navowed by the Democrats, that Congress had no\\nconstitutional power to interfere for or against\\nSlavery in the Territories.\\n8. The attention of the whole country had now\\nbeen turned to the struggle provoked by the Kansas-\\nNebraska Bill, and the repeal of the Missouri Com-\\npromise. The fertile soil of Kansas had been\\noffered as a prize to be contended for by Free and\\nSlave States, and both had accepted the contest.\\nThe Slave State settlers were first in the field.\\nThe slave-holders of Western Missouri, which shut\\noff Kansas from the Free States, had crossed the\\nborder, pre-empted lands, and warned Free State\\nimmigrants not to pass through Missouri. The\\nfirst election of a delegate to Congress took place\\nNovember 29th, 1854, and was carried by organized\\nbands of Missourians, who moved over the border\\non election day, voted, and returned at once to\\nMissouri. The spring election of 1855, for a Ter-\\nritorial Legislature, was carried in the same\\nfashion. In July, 1855, this Legislature, all Pro-\\nSlavery, met at Pawnee, and adopted a State Con-\\nstitution. To save trouble it adopted the laws\\nof the State of Missouri entire, with a series of\\noriginal statutes denouncing the penalty of death\\nfor nearly fifty offenses against Slavery.\\n9. All through the spring and summer of 1855", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "I 8SS-] The Kansas Struggle. 173\\nKansas was the scene of almost continuous con-\\nflict, the Border Ruffians of Missouri endeavor-\\ning to drive out the Free State Settlers by\\nmurder and arson, and the Free State settlers\\nretaliating. The cry of bleeding Kansas went\\nthrough the North. Emigration societies were\\nformed in the Free States to aid, arm, equip, and\\nprotect intending settlers. These, prevented from\\npassing through Missouri, took a more Northern\\nroute through Iowa and Nebraska, and moved into\\nKansas like an invading army. The Southern\\nStates also sent parties of intending settlers. But\\nthese were not generally slave-holders, but young\\nmen anxious for excitement. They did not go to\\nKansas, as their opponents did, to plow, sow,\\ngather crops and build up homes. Therefore,\\nthough their first rapid and violent movements\\nwere successful, their subsequent increase of re-\\nsources and numbers was not equal to that of the\\nFree State settlers.\\n10. The Territory soon became practically\\ndivided into a Pro-Slavery district, and a Free\\nState district. Leavenworth in the former, and\\nTopeka and Lawrence in the latter, were the chief\\ntowns. September 5th, 1855, a Free State Con-\\nvention at Topeka repudiated the Territorial\\nLegislature and all its works, as the acts and deeds\\nof Missourians alone. It also resolved to order a\\nseparate election for delegate to Congress, so as to", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "174 American Politics. [^56\\nforce that body to decide the question 1 and to form\\na State government. January 15th, 1856, the Free\\nState settlers elected State officers under the\\nTopeka Free State Constitution. 3\\n11. The Federal Executive now entered the\\nfield. January 24th, 1856, the President, in a\\nSpecial Message to Congress, endorsed the Pro-\\nSlavery Legislature and pronounced the attempt\\nto form a Free State government, without the\\napproval of the Federal authorities in the Territory,\\nto be an act of rebellion. He then issued a proc-\\nlamation, warning all persons engaged in disturb-\\ning the peace of Kansas to retire to their homes,\\nand placed United States troops at the orders of\\nGovernor Shannon to enforce the (Pro-Slavery)\\nlaws of the Territory.\\n12. The population of Kansas was now so large\\nthat very considerable armies were mustered on\\nboth sides, and a desultory civil war was kept up\\nuntil nearly the end of the year. During its pro-\\ngress two Free State towns, Lawrence and Ossawat-\\ntomie, were sacked. July 4th, 1856, the Free State\\nLegislature attempted to assemble at Topeka, but\\nwas at once dispersed by a body of United States\\ntroops, under orders from Washington. 3 Septem-\\n1 The question was decided by the admission of the Pro-Slavery dele-\\ngate.\\n2 Under this (Topeka) Constitution Kansas applied for admission as a\\nState and was rejected.\\n3 For the consequent attempt of the House to limit this use of the army\\nseepage 171.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "1856.] Assault upon Sumner. 175\\nber 9th, a new Governor, Geary of Pennsylvania,\\narrived and succeeded in keeping the peace to\\nsome extent by a mixture of temporizing and\\ndecided measures. By the end of the year he even\\nclaimed to have established order in the Territory.\\n13. The heat of the Kansas discussion in Con-\\ngress was marked by an Assault upon Charles\\nSumner, Senator from Massachusetts. In a\\nspeech on the Kansas question he had criticised\\nSenator Butler, of South Carolina. After the\\nSenate s adjournment, May 22d, 1856, Representa-\\ntive Brooks, of South Carolina, a relative of Butler,\\nentered the Senate chamber, struck Sumner sense-\\nless to the floor, and then beat him so cruelly that\\nan absence of several years in Europe was neces-\\nsary for his recovery. The House passed a resolu-\\ntion of censure upon Brooks, who immediately\\nresigned, but was unanimously re-elected by his\\ndistrict. Massachusetts declined to choose another\\nSenator, preferring to leave Sumner s empty chair\\nas her silent protest against unpunished violence.\\n14. The Know Nothing National Conven-\\ntion met at Philadelphia, February 22d, 1856. It\\nadopted a platform which declared that Americans\\nmust rule America, and that naturalization should\\nbe granted only after 21 years residence, and con-\\ndemned the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.\\nThe Anti-Slavery delegates (one-fourth of all the\\nConvention) withdrew because of a refusal to en-\\ndorse the right of Congress to re-establish the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "176 American Politics. [1856\\nMissouri Compromise Line. The Convention then\\nnominated Millard Fillmore, of New York, and\\nAndrew Jackson Donelson, of Tennessee. These\\nnominations (but not the platform) were accepted\\nby a convention of delegates from the remnants of\\nthe great Whig wreck, held at Baltimore, Septem-\\nber 17th. The Democratic National Conven-\\ntion met at Cincinnati, June 2d, and adopted the\\nstrict constructionist platform of former Conven-\\ntions. It added to it a condemnation of Know\\nNothingism, and an approval of the Kansas-\\nNebraska Bill and the substitution of Squatter\\nSovereignty for the Compromise of 1820. 1 It nom-\\ninated James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, and John\\nC. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. The Republican\\nNational Convention met at Philadelphia, June\\n17th, and adopted a loose constructionist platform.\\nIt declared in favor of Internal Improvements (in-\\ncluding a Pacific Railway), and of the right and\\nduty of Congress to prohibit Slavery and Polygamy\\nin the Territories and admit Kansas as a Free\\nState, and against the repeal of the Missouri Com-\\npromise, the general policy of the Administration,\\nand the extension of Slavery. Its nominations\\nwere John C. Fremont, of California, and William\\nL. Dayton, of New Jersey.\\n1 From this time party platforms become so long and ambiguous that\\nonly the most succinct abstract can be given. The reader is referred to\\nGreeley s Political Text Book for i860, and to the Tribune, World, and\\nHerald Almanacs since i860, for the platforms in full.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "1 857.] Presidential Election. 177\\n15. The Know Nothings and Whigs had de-\\nnounced both the Democrats and Republicans as\\nsectional, or geographical parties. But Fill-\\nmore s supporters had no remedy to offer for the\\ntroubles caused by Slavery. In the Presidential\\nElection in November, therefore, they carried but\\none State, Maryland. Democratic electors were\\nchosen by the remaining fourteen Slave States, and\\nby New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and\\nCalifornia, giving them a majority of all. The\\nremaining eleven Free States chose Republican\\nelectors. 1 No candidate had a majority of the\\npopular vote.\\n16. Congress met December 1st, 1856. 2 The\\nXXXIVth Congress, sudden crystalization of\\n2d Session. the various Anti-Slavery\\nelements into the Republican party had slightly\\naltered the political proportions of the House.\\nThere was no party majority, though the Republi-\\ncans still had the greatest number of votes. At\\nthis Session grants of public lands were made to\\nvarious Western and Southern States to aid the\\nconstruction of new railroads. The Tariff of\\n1857 was passed by both Houses, and became law.\\nIt reduced duties on imports to a rate lower than\\nthose of any Tariff since 1816.\\n1 If Pennsylvania and Illinois had chosen Republican electors Fremont\\nand Dayton would have been elected.\\n2 Senate, 40 Dem., 15 Rep., 5 Kn. N. House, 108 Rep., 83 Dcm.,\\n43 Kn. N.\\n12", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "178 American Politics. \\\\_ l %57\\n17. The Kansas troubles took up much of the\\ntime of this Session. January 6th, 1857, the Free\\nState Legislature again attempted to meet at\\nTopeka, and was again dispersed by Federal inter-\\nference. Its presiding officer and many of its\\nmembers were arrested by a United States deputy\\nmarshal. The Territorial, or Pro-Slavery, Legisla-\\nture quarreled with Gov. Geary, who resigned, and\\nRobert J. Walker, of Mississippi, was appointed in\\nhis stead. A resolution was passed by the House\\ndeclaring the Acts of the Territorial Legislature\\ncruel, oppressive, illegal, and void. It was tabled\\nby the Senate.\\n18. In February, 1857, the electoral votes were\\ncounted. The 5 votes of Wisconsin had not been\\ncast on the 3d of December, as required by law,\\nbut on the 4th, and many members were disposed\\nto debate their legality. But the presiding officer\\ndeclared all debate out of order, and announced the\\nvotes, including those of Wisconsin, to be 174 for\\nBuchanan and Breckinridge, 114 for Fremont and\\nDayton, and 8 for Fillmore and Donelson. Bu-\\nchanan and Breckinridge were therefore de-\\nclared elected. March 3d, 1857, Congress ad-\\njourned, and March 4th Buchanan and Breckinridge\\nwere sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nEIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1857 l86l.\\nJames Buchanan, President. John C. Breckinridge, Vice-President\\nXXXVth and XXXVIth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1857 Dem. 1,838,169,\\nRep. 1,341,264, Kn. N. 874,534.\\n1. Two days after Buchanan s Inauguration the\\nSupreme Court rendered final judgment in the\\nDred Scott Case. It had been decided in\\n1856, but it had been thought best to reserve judg-\\nment until the excitement of the Presidential elec-\\ntion should subside. This, though one of the most\\nimportant cases ever decided in the United States,\\nwas originally a case of simple assault and battery.\\nDred Scott was a Missouri slave. His owner took\\nhim in 1834 to Illinois, a State in which Slavery\\nwas prohibited by statute, allowed him to marry\\nand live there until 1838, and then took him to\\nMinnesota, a Territory in which Slavery was pro-\\nhibited by the Act of Congress of 1820, known as\\nthe Missouri Compromise. Thence his owner took\\nhim back to Missouri. Here he was whipped for\\nsome offense, and brought suit for damages, claim-\\n179", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "180 American Politics. l %57\\ning to have become a free man by his residence\\nin Illinois and Minnesota. The owner s demurrer\\ndenied that the plaintiff was a citizen, or could\\nsue, since he was descended from slave ancestors,\\nand never had been set free. This was decided\\nagainst him by the State Circuit Court of Missouri,\\nand judgment given in favor of Dred Scott. By\\nsuccessive appeals the case finally reached the\\nUnited States Supreme Court.\\n2. The Decision of the Supreme Court star-\\ntled the Northern States. It declared, in sub-\\nstance, that the ancestors of negro slaves were not\\nregarded as persons by the founders of the gov-\\nernment, but as chattels, as things, who had no\\nrights or privileges but such as those who held the\\nthe power and the government might choose to\\ngrant them that Dred Scott, the plaintiff in\\nerror, was consequently no citizen of Missouri, but\\na thing, without standing in Court, and his case\\nmust be dismissed for want of jurisdiction and\\nthat his residence in Minnesota could avail him\\nnothing, because the Act of Congress of 1820,\\nprohibiting Slavery north of the parallel of 36 30\\nwas unconstitutional and void, and could not pre-\\nvent a slave-owner from settling in any Territory\\nwith all his property. The Court further took oc-\\ncasion to observe that Congress had no more\\nright to prohibit the carrying of slaves into any\\nState or Territory than it had to prohibit the car-\\nrying thither of horses or any other property, for", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "I857-] The Case of Dred Scott. 181\\nslaves were property, whose secure possession was\\nguaranteed by the Constitution. 1\\n3. The Dred Scott decision marks the last at-\\ntempt to decide the contest between Slavery\\nExtension and Slavery Restriction by form\\nof law, and from this time the course of events\\ntends, with increasing rapidity, to a settlement by\\nforce. The first Compromise (in 1820) had pro-\\nhibited Slavery in part of the Territories, leaving\\nthe question open as to the remainder. The next\\nCompromise (in 1850-185 2) had opened all the\\nTerritories to Slavery, if established by Popular\\nSovereignty. In both of these the whole people had\\nagreed. But the Dred Scott decision, in its logical\\nconsequences, opened all the Territories and all the\\nFree States to at least a temporary establishment\\nof Slavery, wherever a slave-owner might see fit to\\ncarry his slaves. It was plain that this would\\nnever be received as law by the Free States. The\\nonly practical results of the Dred Scott decision,\\ntherefore, were to show the failure of the Supreme\\nCourt as an arbiter, and to call the attention of the\\nNorth to the impracticable demands of the slave-\\nowners. It will be seen that the Northern (or\\nDouglas) Democrats, who had supported the South\\nheretofore, refused at this point to follow the\\n1 On the contrary, the dissenting Justices of the Court, and the mass of\\nthe Northern people, considered slaves as a kind of property whose secure\\npossession was guaranteed only by the State laws which made them prop-\\nerty. Leaving the State they lost the guarantee afforded by State laws.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1 82 American Politics, [1857\\nSouthern lead further, and chose rather to divide\\nthe party.\\n4. By the representation given by the Constitution\\nto three-fifths of the slave population, 1 the 300,000\\nslave-owners had grown into a Slave Power. In\\n1857 they controlled the South, the South con-\\ntrolled the Democratic party, and the Democratic\\nparty controlled the Union. They were becoming\\nextremely doubtful of success in the Kansas strug-\\ngle, where they were evidently overmatched by\\nthe superior power, resources, and enthusiasm of\\nthe Free States. They had not received the ex-\\npected increase of Slave States and United States\\nSenators from the territories wrested from Mexico. 2\\nShould they fail in making Kansas a Slave State,\\nthey saw but three available courses to pursue to\\nadd Cuba to the Union as material for new Slave\\nStates, to acquire new and more populous territory\\nsouth of Texas for the same purpose, or to re-open\\nthe African slave trade. Failing in all these, they\\ndesired a secession, or separation from the Free\\nStates, and the formation of an independent gov-\\n1 By which the owner of ioo slaves was equal in political power to 60\\nfree citizens.\\n2 By forming new Southern States to balance new Northern States, the\\ntwo sections were carefully kept in equilibrium until 1845, when Texas\\nwas admitted, (See Appendices C and F). After that time five new North-\\nern States were admitted, and others were evidently almost ready for ap-\\nplication, while no new Southern States could be formed to counterbalance\\nthem. The consequent impossibility of maintaining a future equality in\\nthe Senate seems to have been the primary cause of alarm in the South.\\nFor the present proportion in the Senate see Appendix G.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "1 857.] The Ostend Manifesto. 183\\nernment, in which Slavery would be secured from\\nall attacks or restrictions.\\n5. The Purchase of Cuba had been vainly at-\\ntempted at various times since the inauguration of\\nPresident Polk, and a growing disposition was ap-\\nparent in the South to take it from Spain by force.\\nIn 1853, therefore, England and France asked the\\nUnited States to join in a tripartite agreement to\\nguarantee Cuba to Spain forever. The proposition\\nwas rejected. In 1854 the American Ministers to\\nEngland, France, and Spain, meeting in the Bel-\\ngian town of Ostend, had published the so-called\\nOstend Manifesto, which declared that there was\\nno hope of safety or repose for the United States\\nwithout the acquisition of Cuba. But, so long as\\nEngland, France, and Spain were united in oppos-\\ning it, there was little hope for the South in the\\ndirection of Cuba.\\n6. In 1851 began the Era of Filibustering\\nExpeditions against Cuba and Central America,\\nwith the ultimate design of adding slave territory\\nto the United States. Lopez, a Cuban, with 500\\nmen, sailed from New Orleans to conquer Cuba.\\nHe was defeated and executed, and his men im-\\nprisoned. In 1855 William Walker, of Tennessee,\\nsailed from New Orleans to conquer Centra)\\nAmerica. He was repeatedly defeated, but re-\\npeatedly renewed his expeditions until i860, when\\nhe was captured by the English, tried and shot by\\nthe Honduras authorities. This ended filibustering,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "184 American Politics. [1857\\n7. The re-opening of the African Slave Trade\\nwas already seriously demanded by many slave-\\nowners. They believed that the South had been\\noverpowered in the Kansas struggle because of\\nher inability to pour slaves into the new Territory\\nat once. There seemed a strong probability that\\nSouthern leaders would endeavor to obtain from\\nthe next Democratic Convention a declaration in\\nfavor of renewing the slave trade with Africa.\\n8. Congress met December 7th, 1857, with a Dem-\\nXXXVth Congress, ocratic majority in both\\n1st Session. branches. 1 In the House\\nJames L. Orr, of South Carolina, a Democrat, was\\nchosen Speaker. The debates of this Session\\nwere mainly upon the last scene in the Kansas\\nstruggle. Governor Walker had succeeded in per-\\nsuading the Free State settlers to recognize the\\nTerritorial Legislature so far as to take part in the\\nelection which it had ordered. The result gave\\nthem control of the Legislature. But a previously\\nelected Pro-Slavery Convention, sitting at Lecomp-\\nton, went on to form a State Constitution. This\\nwas to be submitted to the people, but only votes\\nFor the Constitution with Slavery, or For the\\nConstitution without Slavery, were to be received.\\nNot being allowed in either event to vote against\\nthe Constitution, the Free State settlers refused to\\nvote at all, and the Lecompton Constitution\\n1 Senate, 39 Dem., 20 Rep., 5 Kn. N. House 131 Dem., 92 Rep., 14\\nKn. N.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "i857-] The Lecompton Constitution. 185\\nwith Slavery received 6000 majority. The new\\nTerritorial Legislature, however, ordered an elec-\\ntion at which the people could vote for or against\\nthe Lecompton Constitution, and a majority of\\n10,000 was cast against it. 1\\n9. On the first day of the Session the Republi-\\ncan Congressmen united in publishing a protest\\nagainst any effort to make Kansas a Slave State\\nagainst the wish of her people. The Presidents\\nMessage argued in favor of receiving Kansas as\\na State under the Lecompton Constitution with\\nSlavery, on the ground that the delegates had\\nbeen chosen to form a State Constitution, and\\nwere not obligated to submit it to the people at all.\\nThis view was supported by the Southern members\\nof Congress, and opposed by the Republicans and\\nby a part of the Democrats, headed by Senator\\nDouglas, of Illinois. 2 The Senate passed a bill ad-\\nmitting Kansas as a State, under the Lecompton\\nConstitution. The House passed the bill, with the\\nproviso that the Constitution should again be sub-\\nmitted to a popular vote. The Senate rejected\\nthe proviso. A conference committee recom-\\nmended a compromise according to which a substi-\\n1 But this vote was considered worthless by the advocates of the Le-\\ncompton Constitution, on the ground that the Territorial Legislature had\\nno power to order it.\\n2 It is not satisfactory to me to have the President say, in his Message,\\nthat that Constitution is an admirable one. That is none of my business,\\nand none of yours. You have no right to force an unexceptionable Consti-\\ntution upon the people. (Douglas, Speech in Senate.)", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "1 86 American Politics. [1858\\ntute for the land ordinance of the Lecompton Con-\\nstitution was to be submitted to popular vote. In\\nthis form the bill was passed by both Houses, and\\nbecame law. An attempt was made without suc-\\ncess to appropriate public lands to the States for\\neducational purposes. Congress adjourned June\\n1st, 1858.\\n10. Minnesota had become a State of the\\nUnion May nth, 1858. In the case of Kansas\\nthe land ordinance proposed by Congress was\\nrejected by 10,000 majority, and a final disposition\\nof the Lecompton Constitution was thus made.\\nKansas, therefore, still remained a Territory. In\\n1859, at an election called by the Territorial Legis-\\nlature, the people decided in favor of another Con-\\nvention to form a State Constitution. This body\\nmet at Wyandot, in July, 1859, and adopted a State\\nConstitution prohibiting Slavery. The Wyandot\\nConstitution was submitted to the people and re-\\nceived a majority of 4000 in its favor.\\nn. Congress met December 6th, 1858.* Party\\nXXXVth Congress, contest at this Session\\n2d Session. centred upon the Home-\\nstead Bill, which gave heads of families the right\\nto purchase 160 acres of public lands at $1.25 per\\nacre. It was passed by the House, but postponed\\n1 Party strength was unchanged except that n members of the House\\nnow classed as Anti-Lecompton Democrats, and 116 Democrats supported\\nthe Administration.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "1859O The Harper s Ferry Rising. 187\\nby the Senate. The bill to appropriate public\\nlands for educational purposes was passed, but\\nvetoed by the President. Congress adjourned\\nMarch 3rd, 1859. February 14th, 1859, Oregon\\nhad become a State of the Union.\\n12. In 1859 some of the extreme Abolitionists\\ndetermined to try the Southern policy of filibuster-\\ning- John Brown, a native of Connecticut, 1 had\\ngone to Kansas in 1855, and settled in the town of\\nOssawattomie. Here he became so noted as a\\nleader in carrying the war into the Pro-slavery\\ndistrict that rewards for his arrest were offered by\\nthe Governor and the President. He thereupon\\nleft Kansas, and in July, 1859, settled at Harper s\\nFerry, Va., with the desperate intention of begin-\\nning a general insurrection of the slave race. His\\nfamily and some of his Kansas associates were with\\nhim. October 17th, having matured their plans\\nand prepared arms, they seized the town of Har-\\nper s Ferry, and the United States Arsenal, with\\nall the arms contained in it. The news created a\\nwild alarm in the South. Virginia and Maryland\\nmilitia were hurried to Harper s Ferry. After a\\nspirited defense, most of Brown s associates were\\nshot, and their wounded leader and a few others\\nwere taken prisoners, tried, and hanged by the\\nState of Virginia. John Brown s execution took\\nplace December 2d, 1859.\\n1 He had for some time lived in John Brown s Tract in New York.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "1 88 American Politics. [i860\\n13. Congress met December 5th, 1859/ with a\\nXXXVIth Congress, Democratic majority in\\n1st Session. the Senate. In the\\nHouse the Republican vote was the largest, but\\nthere was no party majority. Balloting for a\\nSpeaker was continued for eight weeks, inter-\\nrupted by angry debates upon a recently published\\nAbolitionist 2 book called The Impending Crisis\\nin the South/ and upon the Harper s Ferry insur-\\nrection. February 1st, i860, William Pennington,\\nof New Jersey, a Republican, was chosen Speaker.\\nIn the Senate resolutions were at once introduced\\naffirming, in substance, that Congress and Terri-\\ntorial Legislatures had no power to prohibit Slavery\\nin the Territories. They were debated, at inter-\\nvals, for nearly four months, and then passed by a\\nparty vote.\\n14. A most unpleasant feature of this Session\\nwas the so-called Covode Investigation by a\\ncommittee of the House. Two members of the\\nHouse 3 had declared in debate that they had been\\noffered inducements by the Administration to vote\\nfor the Lecompton Bill, and a committee of five\\nwas appointed, on motion of Covode, of Pennsyl-\\nvania, to investigate the charge. The President\\nprotested against the investigation. After a\\n1 Senate, 38 Dem., 25 Rep., 2 Kn. N. House, 109 Rep., 86 Dem., 13\\nAnti-Lecompton Dem., 22 Kn. N.\\n2 The term Abolitionist was then one of reproach. It is hardly nec-\\nessary to say that it is not so used in the text.\\n3 Hickman and G. B. Adrain.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "i860.] The Homestead Bill. 189\\ntedious investigation of three months the Republi-\\ncan majority reported that the Administration had\\nbeen guilty of bribing members of Congress and\\neditors of newspapers to favor the Lecompton Bill.\\nThe Democratic minority defended and exonerated\\nthe President. No further action was taken in the\\nmatter.\\n15. The Homestead Bill, which was passed\\nat the last Session, was again passed by the House.\\nThe Senate passed a substitute, to which the\\nHouse agreed, giving public lands to actual settlers\\nat 25 cents per acre. It was vetoed by the Presi-\\ndent on the ground that it was unjust to the older\\nStates in really giving away lands to the newer\\nStates. 1 Th^ application of Kansas for admission\\nas a State under the Wyandot Constitution 2 was\\napproved by the House, but rejected by the Senate.\\nConsequently Kansas still remained a Territory.\\nCongress adjourned June 18th, i860.\\n16. The Democratic National Convention\\nmet at Charleston, S. C, April 23d, i860. The\\nproceedings were stormy, and resulted in the split-\\nting of the Convention and the party into two dis-\\ntinct fragments, through the refusal of the North-\\nern (or Douglas) Democrats to agree to the de-\\nt The Senate substitute seems to have been purposely drawn so as to\\nprovoke a veto, if possible. The Southern opposition to a Homestead\\nBill seems to have come from the apprehension that it would increase im-\\nmigration in the North-West, and thus increase the Free State representa\\ntion in the Senate.\\nSee page 186.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "190 American Politics. [i860\\nmands of the Southern wing. Both factions re-\\naffirmed the strict constructionist platforms of past\\nConventions, and declared for a Pacific Railway\\nand for the acquisition of Cuba. The Southern\\ndelegates offered additional resolutions affirming\\nthe doctrine of the Dred Scott decision, that neither\\nCongress nor the Territorial Legislatures had a\\nright to prohibit Slavery in the Territories. The\\nDouglas Democrats, refusing to abandon Popular\\nSovereignty openly, offered a resolution that the\\nparty would abide by the decisions of the Supreme\\nCourt. The Convention adopted the Douglas\\nplatform, whereupon the delegations from many\\nSouthern States successively protested and with-\\ndrew. The Convention then proceeded to ballot\\nfifty-seven times for candidates without a choice,\\nand adjourned to meet again at Baltimore, June\\n18th. When it re-assembled several new Douglas\\ndelegations were admitted, whereupon the few re-\\nmaining Southern delegates also withdrew. The\\nConvention then nominated Stephen A. Douglas,\\nof Illinois, and Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia.\\n17. The Seceding* Delegates had at once or-\\nganized a new Convention in Charleston, adopted\\ntheir platform, and adjourned to meet again in\\nRichmond, Va., June nth. Here they adjourned\\nagain, re-assembled at Baltimore, June 28th, and\\nnominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky,\\nand Joseph Lane, of Oregon. The former Ameri-\\ncan (or Know Nothing) party, now calling itself", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "i860.] National Conventions, 191\\nthe Constitutional Union Party, held its Na-\\ntional Convention at Baltimore, May 19th, and\\nadopted an evasive platform, declaring as its polit*\\nical principles The Constitution of the country,\\nthe Union of the States, and the enforcement of\\nthe laws. It nominated John Bell, of Tennessee,\\nand Edward Everett of Massachusetts. The\\nRepublican National Convention met at Chi-\\ncago, May 16th, and adopted a loose construction-\\nist platform. This outspoken document quoted\\nthe Declaration of Independence as to the freedom\\nand equality of all men denounced Democratic\\nthreats of disunion, and Democratic administration\\nin Kansas and at Washington declared that free-\\ndom was the normal condition of the Territories,\\nwhich Congress was bound to preserve and defend\\nand pronounced in favor of Protection, Internal\\nImprovements, the Homestead Bill, and a Pacific\\nRailway. It nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illi-\\nnois, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine.\\n18. Four Parties were now in the field. The\\nBell platform meant simply to evade the question\\nof Slavery altogether. The Lincoln platform\\navowed a purpose to exclude Slavery from the\\nTerritories at any cost. The Breckinridge plat-\\nform avowed a purpose to carry Slavery into the\\nTerritories at any cost. The Douglas platform\\naimed to throw the responsibility of a decision of\\n\u00c2\u00b1e Slavery question upon the Supreme Court, or\\nupon the people of the Territories, or anywhere,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "192 American Politics. [i860\\nin short, except upon the Democratic party. The\\ndiscordant efforts of the three parties opposed to\\nthe Republicans only made Lincoln s election more\\ncertain, and at the Presidential Election in\\nNovember Republican electors were chosen by\\nevery Free State but one, 1 giving them a majority\\nof all the electoral votes. No candidate had a\\nmajority of the popular vote. Breckinridge elec-\\ntors were chosen by most of the Southern States.\\n19. The South Carolina Legislature, which had\\nmet to choose electors, 2 remained in session until\\nLincoln s election was assured. It then called a\\nState Convention and adjourned. The South Caro-\\nlina Senators and office-holders in the Federal\\nservice at once resigned. December 20th the Con-\\nvention unanimously passed an Ordinance of\\nSecession, entitled An Ordinance to dissolve\\nthe union between the State of South Carolina and\\nother States united with her in the compact entitled\\nthe Constitution of the United States of America.\\nCopies of this Ordinance were sent to the other\\nSlave States, and commissioners appointed to treat\\nfor the division of national property and of the\\npublic debt.\\n20, This bold step of the little State of South\\nCarolina was relied upon, and with good reason, by\\nthe disunionists of the South to fire the Southern\\nheart, and urge on Secession by other States.\\n1 New Jersey, where four Lincoln and three Douglas electors were ;h Dsen.\\n2 See page iog\u00e2\u0080\u009e", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "i86i.] Secession, Compromise. 193\\nUnder the spur of an unwillingness to abandon\\ntheir smaller sister, other Slave States rapidly came\\nabreast of her. Before the end of January, 1861,\\nGeorgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana,\\nand Texas had passed Ordinances of Secession.\\nTennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, and the Bor-\\nder States still refused to join their more Southern\\nneighbors.\\n21. Congress met December 3d, i860. The\\nXXXVIth Congress, President s Mes-\\n2d Session. sage stated his ina-\\nbility to find judges or officers in the South to issue\\nor execute process against offenders, and his own\\nopinion, and that of the Attorney-General, that\\nunder such circumstances it was impossible legally\\nto compel a State s obedience. The Message ar-\\ngued against the right of Secession much as did\\nJackson s Nullification Proclamation in 1832. But\\nthe latter closed with a warning, to which the\\nknown character of its author added convincing\\nforce, that blood would flow if the laws were resisted.\\nPresident Buchanan s Message, on the contrary,\\nsummed up the whole matter by saying, in effect,\\nthat he knew not what to do, for he did not believe\\nthat Congress could constitutionally make war\\nupon a State.\\n22. It would be wearisome to detail the long list\\nof propositions for compromise and conciliation\\nwith which this Session was chiefly occupied. The\\none which seemed most likely to succeed was the\\n13", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "194 American Politics. [1861\\nCrittenden Compromise. 1 Its main provisions\\nwere that Slavery should be prohibited north of the\\nparallel of $6\u00c2\u00b0 30 and recognized and never inter-\\nfered with by Congress south of that line, and that\\nthe Federal Government should pay for slaves res-\\ncued from officers after arrest. These provisions\\nwere to be made a part of the Constitution, and\\nwere never to be altered or amended while the\\nUnion existed. This measure failed to receive the\\nRepublican vote, without which the Southern mem-\\nbers refused to entertain it.\\n23. February 4th, 1861, a Peace Congress,\\ncomposed of delegates from 13 Free and 7 Border\\nStates, met at Washington at the request of the\\nVirginia Legislature. It adopted and reported to\\nCongress a number of resolutions making various\\nconcessions to Southern demands. Congress threw\\nall these aside, and passed, as a substitute, an\\nAmendment to the Constitution proposed by Senator\\nDouglas, which forbade Congress ever to interfere\\nwith Slavery in the States. 2\\n24. While these measures were being uselessly\\ndebated, the work of Secession was pressed with\\nenergy and ability. Time which should have been\\nspent in making the Federal Government ready to\\nassert its supremacy was wasted in dallying with\\ntheoretical cures for incurable evils. Even during\\nthe debates the occasional farewells and departures\\n1 So called from its proposer, John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky.\\n2 This Amendment was never adopted by the necessary number of States,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "1 86 1.] The Confederate States. 195\\nof Southern Senators and Representatives would\\nannounce that another State had seceded without\\nwaiting to be conciliated. In February, 186 1, a\\nConvention of delegates from the seceding States\\nmet at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a govern-\\nment called the Confederate States of Amer-\\nica. Its organization was a tribute to the excel-\\nlence of the Constitution of 1787, for it mainly\\ncopied that instrument, except that it recognized\\nSlavery and forbade Protective Tariffs. Jefferson\\nDavis, of Mississippi, and Alexander H. Stephens,\\nof Georgia, were chosen President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent. A Cabinet was at once appointed, and\\narrangements were hastily made to organize an\\narmy, navy, and treasury. United States forts,\\narsenals, and arms were seized, and batteries were\\nprepared for the reduction of the forts which\\nresisted, particularly Fort Sumter, in Charleston\\nHarbor.\\n25. As soon as a sufficient number of Southern\\nmembers of Congress had withdrawn to give the\\nRepublicans a majority in both Houses, Kansas\\nwas admitted as a State under the Wyandot Free\\nState Constitution, and the Territories of Ne-\\nvada, Colorado, and Dakota were organized\\nwithout mention of Slavery, thus giving the South\\nthe benefit of the Dred Scott decision therein. The\\nso-called Morrill Tariff of 1861 was also passed\\nby both Houses and became law. Its great object\\nwas the protection of manufactures, revenue being", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "196 American Politics. [1861\\na secondary consideration. 1 In February, 1861, the\\nelectoral votes were counted, and were found to be\\nfor Lincoln and Hamlin 180, for Breckinridge and\\nLane 72, for Bell and Everett 39, and for Douglas\\nand Johnson 12. Lincoln and Hamlin were\\ntherefore declared elected. After authorizing a\\nloan and an issue of Treasury notes, this dismal\\nSession of Congress adjourned March 3d, 1861,\\nand March 4th Lincoln and Hamlin were sworn\\ninto office.\\n1 From this time the subject of Internal Improvements drops out of\\npolitics. Both parties appear to recognize the right of Congress to appro-\\npriate money for isolated public improvements, and the project of a con-\\nnected system of canals, etc., has not yet been formally revived.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nNINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1861-1865.\\nAbraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President,\\nXXXVIIth and XXXVIIIth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1 8 6 o Rep 1,866,352,\\nConst. Union 589,581, Dem. 2,220,920 {Douglas\\ni,375 x 57 Breckinridge 845,763).\\n1. When the New Administration entered\\noffice affairs seemed aimost desperate. Seven\\nStates had already revolted, and others were noto-\\nriously ready to join them upon the first attempt to\\nexert the National authority. Part of the Federal\\narmy had surrendered, and most of the remainder\\nwere beleaguered in isolated forts. The Federal\\nships of war had generally been sent to distant seas.\\nMany of the experienced officers of the army and\\nnavy had taken service under the rebellious Con-\\nfederacy. A large part of the Federal munitions of\\nwar, having been previously transferred to Southern\\narsenals, had fallen into the hands of the insurgents.\\nThe Federal Treasury, by defalcation and pecula-\\ntion, was nearly bankrupt. The public servants,\\nlike those of a dying king, seemed anxious only to\\nsecure as much plunder as possible and decamp.\\nIn the South the numbers of those who desired\\nIQ7", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "198 American Politics. [1861\\na permanent Southern Confederacy were being\\nincreased daily by accessions from those who had\\nat first intended only to remain out of the Union long\\nenough to secure guarantees for the future safety\\nof Slavery c And yet men of all parties in the North,\\nblind to the certainty of approaching war, were\\nstill busied with plans to conciliate the revolted\\nStates by any concession except that of nationaliz-\\ning Slavery.\\n2. The announced purpose of the President to\\nre-supply Fort Sumter precipitated an attack\\nupon it by the rebel forces around it. After a\\nbombardment of thirty hours, the American flag, for\\nthe first time in its history, was lowered under the\\nfire of insurgent citizens, and the fort surrendered,\\nApril 14th, 1861. The news woke the North as if\\nfrom a trance. The mass of the Democracy were\\neven more furious than the Republicans. The\\nSouthern States were no longer erring sisters, to\\nbe gently conciliated. The whole North clamored\\nfor arms, for leaders, for legal authorization to bring\\nthe South back to law, order, and obedience, at the\\npoint of the bayonet.\\n3. Civil War had fairly begun. For the first\\ntime the government, in time of war, was under\\nthe control of a loose constructionist party, for the\\nwar Democrats soon became absorbed into the\\nRepublican organization, and the resulting fusion\\nfrequently took the name of the Union Party.\\nThe experiment was hazardous. In previous wars", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "1 86 1.] Civil War. 199\\nthe Democratic party, though trammeled by its\\nstrict constructionist theories, had been driven to\\nstrain the Constitution to conform to the necessities\\nof the hour. But the sobering responsibilities of\\npower, and the active (though often ill-timed)\\nopposition of the Peace Democrats, checked the\\nloose constructionist theories of the dominant party,\\nand brought the Constitution through a dreadful\\nstruggle of four years with less change than might\\nhave been anticipated.\\n4. The President at once called for 75,000 volun-\\nteers, and summoned an Extra Session of Congress.\\nThrough the spring of 1861 the State governments\\nof Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Ark-\\nansas, which had hitherto refused to secede, fol-\\nlowed the same general line of action. Military\\nLeagues were made with the Confederacy Con-\\nfederate troops were then allowed to swarm over\\ntheir territory and finally, by their aid and coun-\\ntenance, Ordinances of Secession were passed.\\nEfforts to carry out this plan in Delaware, Mary-\\nland, Kentucky, and Missouri, were not successful.\\nBy the time set for the meeting of Congress the\\nline had been distinctly drawn, and the rebellion\\nwas general in the States of Virginia, North Caro-\\nlina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,\\nMississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Ten-\\nnessee. 1\\n1 About 40 Counties of Western Virginia refused to be bound by the\\naction of the rest of the State, and formed a Legislature which claimed to", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "200 American Politics, [1861\\n5. Congress met July 4th, 1861, with a Republi-\\nXXXVIIth Congress, can majority in both\\nExtra Session. branches. 1 Only the\\nFree States and the Border States were represented.\\nIn the House Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, a\\nRepublican, was chosen Speaker. In the Senate\\nthree Senators, who had absented themselves to\\ntake part in the rebellion, were expelled. The\\nHouse voted to consider at this Session only bills\\nconcerning the military, naval, and financial opera-\\ntions of the Government. The energy of the pro-\\nceedings was only stimulated by the disastrous\\nbattle of Bull Run, July 21st. Bills were passed\\nby both Houses to close the Southern ports against\\ncommerce, to authorize a loan, to appropriate money\\nfor the army and navy, to call out 500,000 volun-\\nteers, to define and punish conspiracy against the\\nUnited States, and to confiscate all private prop-\\nerty, including slaves, employed against the United\\nStates. The Tariff Act of August 5th, 1861, again\\nincreased the duties on imports. The House, by a\\nheavy majority (12 1-5), pledged itself to vote any\\namount of money and any number of men necessary\\nto put down the rebellion. Propositions looking\\nto negotiations for peace were constantly offered\\nbe the real Legislature of Virginia. This body gave the assent required\\nby the Constitution to the formation of a new State, at first called Kanawha,\\nafterwards West Virginia. Congress recognized their right to do so, and\\nadmitted the new State in 1862.\\n1 Senate, Rep. 31, Dem. 11, Union 5. House, Rep. 106, Dem. 42,\\nUnion 28.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "1 86 1.] War Measures. 201\\nby extreme Democrats, and as constantly voted\\ndown by heavy majorities on the ground that nego-\\ntiation with armed rebellion was unconstitutional.\\nCongress adjourned August 6th, 1861.\\n6. From the beginning of the war the Federal\\nGovernment was embarrassed by the question of\\nFugitive Slaves. August 31st General John C.\\nFremont had declared the slaves of Missouri rebels\\nfree men, but this was overruled and annulled by\\nthe President. In Virginia General Benjamin F.\\nButler had announced that slaves were contra-\\nband of war, and consequently liable to confisca-\\ntion by military law. Elsewhere in the Federal\\nlines slave-owners, on proving property, were gen-\\nerally given possession of their fugitive slaves.\\nThe disposition of the North was to put down the\\nrebellion, without any interference with the Southern\\ninstitution of Slavery. But it was plain that\\nany long continuance of the rebellion would inevi-\\ntably rouse the temper of the Free States, and pro-\\nvoke hostility to Slavery itself.\\n7. Congress met December 2d, 1861. Slavery\\nXXXVIIth Congress, and The Prosecu-\\nist Session. tion of the War\\noccupied the Session. Bills were passed by both\\nHouses to punish treason, to free slaves employed\\nagainst the Government, to provide for the con-\\nstruction of a Pacific Railway and Telegraph, and\\nto donate public lands to the various States for\\nthe benefit of Agricultural Colleges. The army was", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "202 American Politics, l ^3\\nforbidden to surrender fugitive slaves. The Home-\\nstead Bill 1 was brought up again and passed.\\nProvision was made for the United States represen-\\ntation by consuls in the negro states of Hayti\\nand Liberia. A stringent form of oath 2 was pre-\\nscribed, to be taken by United States officials and\\nbeneficiaries. The Act of February 25th, 1862,\\nprovided for a legal-tender National Paper Cur-\\nrency (commonly called greenbacks It more\\nthan took the place of the favorite measure of the\\nFederalists and Whigs, a National Bank. Most\\nof these measures were passed by party votes.\\nThe Tariff Act of December 24th, 1861, again\\nincreased the duties on imports. Congress ad-\\njourned July 17th, 1862.\\n8. During the summer of 1862 the President at\\nlast determined to use Slavery itself as a means\\neither of coercion or of punishment. By procla-\\nmation, therefore, September 22d, 1862, he warned\\nthe revolting States, that unless they should return\\nto their allegiance by January 1st, 1863, he would,\\nas an act of military necessity, declare the slaves in\\nthose States to be free men. As this Proclamation\\nhad no effect, he issued his Emancipation Proc-\\nlamation, January 1st, 1863, in the terms pre-\\nviously announced. 3 The two years of civil war\\n1 See page 186.\\n2 Commonly called the Iron Clad Oath.\\n3 It did not apply to the slaves in States not in rebellion, nor to the por-\\ntions of rebellious States then conquered. For these an Amendment to\\nthe Constitution was necessary (see p. 206).", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "1863.] Emancipation, 203\\nhad so developed anti-slavery feeling in the North\\nthat the Emancipation Proclamation excited no\\nsuch opposition as would have met it if proposed in\\n1861. Nevertheless, it caused a temporary falling\\noff in the Republican vote.\\n9. Congress met December 1st, 1862. Under the\\nXXXVIIth Congress, pressure of Military\\n2d Session. Necessity the Acts of\\nthis Session were based upon a looser construction\\nof the Constitution than those of the previous Ses-\\nsion. An Act was passed to legitimate the suspen-\\nsion of the writ of Habeas Corpus. A Draft or\\nConscription Act, more sweeping than that pro-\\nposed in 1814, 1 was adopted. It provided that a\\npart of the able-bodied citizens should be drawn by\\nlot for service in the army. Land grafts were\\nmade to Kansas, and the Secretary of the Treas-\\nury was authorized to obtain further loans. Ap-\\npropriations for this year amounted to about $972,-\\n000,000. Congress adjourned March 3d, 1863.\\nWest Virginia had become a State of the Union,\\nDecember 31st, 1862.\\n10. By the Writ of Habeas Corpus, in sub-\\nstance, an imprisoned person obtains an examina-\\ntion before the courts and a release, if his imprison-\\nment is shown to be without warrant of law. Its\\nSuspension was considered necessary on account\\nof the number of Northern courts disposed to re-\\nsist military arrests of suspected persons. It is\\n1 See p. 83.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "204 American Politico* [1864\\ncertain, however, that the summary arrests and im-\\nprisonments in United States forts, the seizures of\\nnewspapers, and the dispersions of public meet-\\nings, which followed the suspension of the writ of\\nHabeas Corpus, did much to increase the opposi-\\ntion vote for a time. The month of July, 1863,\\nwas notable for the sickening scenes of the three\\ndays Draft Riot in New York City, originating in\\nresistance to the Conscription Act of the last Ses-\\nsion. It was forcibly suppressed, and the draft\\nwas carried out.\\n11. Congress met December 7th, 1863, with a\\nXXXVIIIth Congress, Republican majority\\nISt Session. in both branches.\\nIn the House Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, a\\nRepublican, was chosen Speaker. Both Houses\\npassed the Internal Revenue Law, for the col-\\nlection of a revenue from domestic manufactures,\\netc., the Income Tax Law, levying a tax of five\\nper cent, on incomes over $600, and the National\\nBank Law, creating a system of banks to take\\nthe place of State banks. The Draft and Home-\\nstead Laws were amended and strengthened, and\\nthe Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was abolished. A\\nproposed Xlllth Amendment to the Constitution\\nabolishing Slavery was adopted by the Senate, but\\ndid not receive a two-thirds majority in the House.\\nCongress adjourned July 2, 1864.\\n1 Senate, 36 Rep., 14 Dem House, 102 Rep., 75 Dem., 9 Border\\nStates men.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "1864.] National Conventions. 205\\n12. A Convention of Radical Men, who con-\\nsidered President Lincoln timid and irresolute, and\\nwho wished to deal with rebellion and rebels more\\nharshly, met at Cleveland, Ohio, May 31st, 1864,\\nand nominated John C. Fremont, of California, and\\nJohn C. Cochrane, of New York. 1 The Republi-\\ncan National Convention met at Baltimore,\\nJune 7th, and adopted a platform declaring war\\nupon Slavery, and demanding that no terms but un-\\nconditional surrender should be given to the rebel-\\nlious States. It nominated Abraham Lincoln, of\\nIllinois, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee. 2 The\\nDemocratic National Convention met at Chi-\\ncago, August 29th. It came under the control of\\nthe Peace Democracy, 3 and declared in its platform\\nthat it was the sense of the American people that\\nafter four years of failure to restore the Union by\\nwar, during which the Constitution had been vio-\\nlated in all its parts under the plea of military nec-\\nessity, a cessation of hostilities ought to be ob-\\ntained. It nominated George B. McClellan, of\\nNew Jersey, and George H. Pendleton, of Ohio.\\n13. The Democratic party was thus committed to\\nthe declaration that the war was a failure. This\\ndrove the doubtful votes into support of the Re-\\n1 They afterwards withdrew in favor of the Republican candidates.\\n2 Johnson s nomination was exactly parallel with that of Tyler by the\\nWhigs. Both were Strict Constructionists by nature, temporarily adrift\\nwithout a party, and offered by the Loose Constructionist party a place\\nrather of honor than importance, to secure Opposition votes.\\n3 Called by the Union party Copperheads, from a well-known North-\\nern snake.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "206 American Politics. [^65\\npublican candidates, and assured their success. In\\nthe Presidential Election in November Repub-\\nlican electors were chosen by all the States not in\\nrebellion except New Jersey, Delaware, and Ken-\\ntucky. The membership of the XXXIXth Con-\\ngress was also overwhelmingly Republican.\\n14. Congress met December 6th, 1864. In Feb-\\nXXXVIIIth Congress, ruary, 1865, the House\\n2d Session. finally passed the\\nXHIth Amendment which had failed at the last\\nSession to receive a two-thirds majority. 1 It was\\nmodeled on the language of the Ordinance of 1 7 8 7 2\\nwhich thus, after a struggle of nearly eighty years\\nbecame the law of the land. A Joint Resolution\\nwas passed by both Houses, declaring that the re-\\nbellious States were in such condition that no valid\\nelection had been held in them for electors, and\\nthat no electoral votes from them should be\\ncounted. The electoral votes were counted, and\\nwere found to be for Lincoln and Johnson 212, and\\nfor McClellan and Pendleton 21. Lincoln and\\nJohnson were therefore declared elected. At\\nthis Session the Freedmen s Bureau Bill was\\npassed. It organized a bureau for the protection\\nof freedmen and refugees from the South. March\\n3d, 1865, Congress adjourned, and March 4th Lin-\\ncoln and Johnson were sworn into office.\\n1 This was ratified by three-fourths of the States, and was proclaimed to\\nbe in force, December 18th, 1865.\\n2 See page 204. This provision of the ordinance of 1787 had been imi-\\ntated in 1820 (Missouri) and in 1846 (Wilmot Proviso).", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nTWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION, 1865-1869.\\nAbraham Iiinuoin, President. Andrew Johnson, Vice-President\\nXXXIXth and XLth Congresses.\\nPopular vote- for President in 1864: Rep. 2,216,067,\\nBern. 1,808,725.\\n1. The gentleness, kindliness, and greatness of\\nmind of President Lincoln were just beginning\\nto win general appreciation when he fell by assas-\\nsination, April 14th, 1865. The rebel army of\\nNorthern Virginia had previously surrendered, and\\nthe other rebel armies rapidly followed its example.\\nOn the death of President Lincoln, Andrew\\nJohnson succeeded to his office, and to his diffi-\\ncult task, the reconstruction of the rebellious\\nStates.\\n2. The Constitution had made no provision\\nfor the reception of a State which had formally\\nclaimed the right to secede, and renounced its\\nmembership in the Union. To admit them at\\nonce to their former position would have been to\\ngive the negro race to the control of their former\\nmasters. The claims of the negroes to security in\\ntheir lately granted freedom seemed to the mass of\\nNorthern people superior to all theoretical argu-\\n207", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "208 American Politics. [^65\\nments on the relations of the States to the Federal\\nGovernment. They believed that the rebellious\\nStates should be kept in a position approaching\\nthat of Territories, until Congress should be satis-\\nfied of the safety of the negroes and re-admit them\\nto the Union.\\n3. To President Johnson, a Strict Constructionist\\nby nature, the idea that a State could be punished for\\ntreason by a Federal Congress was incomprehen-\\nsible. His Policy of Reconstruction was to\\npunish individuals, if necessary, for treason, but to\\nre-install the States at once in all the powers held\\nby them before rebellion, and this policy he en-\\ndeavored to carry out by successive Proclamations.\\nHe declared all the Southern ports open to com-\\nmerce, except four in Texas. He proclaimed am-\\nnesty and pardon to all persons engaged in the\\nrebellion, except fourteen classes of leaders, who\\nwere to make special applications for pardon. He\\nrestored the writ of Habeas Corpus in the Northern\\nStates, and appointed Provisional Governors for\\nthe rebellious States, with the purpose of organiz-\\ning permanent governments as soon as possible.\\n4. The Republican State Conventions of\\n1865 generally approved the President s policy, so\\nfar as it had been developed, but stipulated that the\\nSouthern States should be held under provisional\\ngovernments until they should recognize and accept\\nthe results of the war, including the freedom and pro-\\ntection of the negroes. Unfortunately, the license", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "1865.] Reconstruction. 209\\nof camp life had left many of the Southern whites\\nwith but slight disposition to live on terms of po-\\nlitical equality with the former slaves. Cases of\\noutrage became common, so that the new Congress,\\nwhich was overwhelmingly Republican, came to-\\ngether with a fixed determination to protect the\\nnegroes at any cost. The party leaders seem to have\\nbeen suspicious of President Johnson s willingness\\nto disregard State Rights in assisting them.\\n5. Congress met December 4th, 1865, with a Re-\\nXXXIXth Congress, publican majority in both\\n1st Session. branches/sufficient, if nec-\\nessary, to carry any bill over the President veto.\\nIn the House Speaker Colfax was re-elected. In\\nFebruary, 1866, a supplementary Freedman s\\nBureau Bill was passed by both Houses. It\\naimed at the further assistance of the freedmen,\\nbut was vetoed by the President on the grounds\\nthat it provided for unlimited distribution of lands\\nto them, that it tended to keep the minds of the\\nnegroes restless and uneasy, and that it had been\\npassed by a Congress which was without represen-\\ntatives from the Southern States. An effort to\\npass the bill over the veto did not receive the full\\nparty vote, and consequently did not obtain a two-\\nthirds majority. It was now evident that there\\nwas at least a disagreement between the President\\nand the party which had elected him.\\n6. An open rupture followed the passage of the\\n1 Senate, 40 Rep., 11 Dem. House, 145 Rep., 40 Dem,\\n14", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "210 American Politics. [1865\\nCivil Rights Bill in March. It was designed to\\nmake freedmen citizens of the United States 1 (with\\nthe right to sue and be sued, to make contracts,\\netc.), and to punish by fine and imprisonment any\\nperson interfering with those rights. It gave Fed-\\neral courts exclusive cognizance of offenses against\\nthe Act, and Federal officers the power of arresting\\nand holding offenders to bail. The bill was vetoed.\\nThe reasons given were that it gave Federal citizen-\\nship to 4,000,000 human beings just released from\\nbondage that it attempted to give the law where\\nthe States had their own rights that it overrode\\nthj State courts, and created a swarm of Federal\\nofficials charged with the power of arrest for the\\ndiscriminating protection of the black race. The\\nbill was passed over the veto and became law.\\n7. For the purpose of securing the principle aimed\\nat in the Civil Rights Bill by making it a part of\\nthe Constitution, both Houses adopted the XlVth\\nAmendment in June. 2 The President informed\\nCongress of his disapproval of it. A Homestead\\nBill was passed, applying previous Homestead Bills\\nto public lands in the South. It was agreed by both\\nHouses that no delegation from any of the States\\nlately in rebellion should be received by either\\nHouse until both Houses should unite in declaring\\nsuch State again a member of the Union.\\n1 But this did not carry the right to vote. For that, another Amend-\\nment was necessary.\\n2 Ratified by three-fourths of the States and declared in force Juiy zmb,\\n1868.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "1 866.] Second Freedmen s Bureau Bill. 211\\n8. In July the Second Freedmen s Bureau\\nBill was passed by both Houses. It continued the\\nbureau for two years, provided for selling lands\\nto the freedmen at a low rate, reserved the prop-\\nerty of the late Confederate Government for their\\neducation, and ordered the President to give mili-\\ntary protection to the negroes whenever they were\\nmolested. It was vetoed by the President. The\\nreasons given were that it gave the President too\\nmuch power that the civil courts were perfectly\\nable to do all that the bureau aimed at in the way\\nof protection and that the bureau had become a\\npolitical machine, by which the negroes were used\\nfor the personal advantage of its officers. The bill\\nwas passed over the veto and became law. After\\nreducing the army and the revenue tax- and reviv-\\ning the grade of General of the Army, Congress\\nadjourned July 28th, 1866.\\n9. The Conflict between the President and the\\nRepublican majority had now become open and\\nangry. The Republican National Committee ex-\\npelled its chairman and two of its members, who\\nhad sided with the President. It also issued an\\nAddress to the Party, defining the issues\\nbetween Congress and the President. It called\\nthe attention of the people to the fact that the\\nConstitution made no provisions for the treatment\\nof insurgent States forcibly reduced to obedience, 1\\n1 But this break would have been of little importance, but for the\\nlegacy left by Slavery, the freedmen. This ,vas the element of the ques-\\ntion which caused the trouble, and not the defect in the Constitution.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "212 American Politics. [1866\\nand claimed that the Republican plan for tiding\\nover this obstacle was wise and honest, inasmuch\\nas it would give loyalty a fair start. It is asserted\\nthat, under the President s plan, the whites lately\\nin rebellion would seize the reins of power, reduce\\nthe blacks to real slavery under some plausible\\nname, and retain representation for them, while deny-\\ning their political rights.\\n10. Congress met December 3d, 1866. The con-\\nXXXIXth Congress, flict between the Legisla-\\n2d Session. tive and the Executive\\nwas renewed at once. The first bill of the Session,\\ngiving negroes the right to vote in the District\\nof Columbia, was vetoed and passed over the veto.\\nEarly in the Session a Resolution to impeach Presi-\\ndent Johnson was adopted by the House, and a\\ncommittee appointed to take testimony. But upon\\ntheir report the House decided that the grounds of\\nimpeachment were not sufficient, and thus this reso-\\nlution was finally lost.\\n11. The main feature of this Session was a per-\\nsistent effort to Limit the President s Power,\\noriginating in the fear that he designed some attack\\nupon the privileges, or perhaps the existence, of the\\nLegislative. In January, 1867, a bill was passed\\nwhich took from the President the power given by\\nthe Act of July, 1862, to proclaim general amnesty. 1\\n1 The President denied the right of Congress to do so, and proceeded to\\nissue further Proclamations of Amnesty, claiming the right under the\\nConstitution-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "1 866.] The President and Congress. 21%\\nProvision was made for the meeting of the XLth\\nand all succeeding Congresses immediately after\\nthe adjournment of the preceding Congress. 1\\nAuthority was given to the clerk of the House, be-\\nfore its meeting, to make out a roll of regularly\\nelected members, who alone should take part in the\\norganization of the House. 2 The Army Appro-\\npriation Bill was passed with a rider which\\ntook from the President the command of the army by\\nproviding that his orders to it should only be given\\nthrough the General of the Army, who should not\\nbe removed without the previous approval of the\\nSenate. It also disbanded all the militia of the\\nStates lately in rebellion. The President informed\\nCongress that he signed the bill that the appropria-\\ntion might not be lost, but that he protested against\\nthe rider, because it deprived him of the com-\\nmand of the army, and eleven States of their militia,\\nboth of which were guaranteed by the Constitution.\\n12. In February a bill for the admission of the\\nState of Nebraska was passed over the veto. It\\nprovided that the new State should never deny the\\nright of voting to any person because of his race\\nor color. Bills were also passed to give Federal\\ncourts the power to issue writs of Habeas Corpus\\nwhen any person was deprived of liberty.\\ni This was done by the XLth Congress, but abandoned after President\\nJohnson s term of office.\\n2 To prevent the organization of any pseudo-Congress by Northern\\nDemocrats and Southern claimants of admission. Fortunately this ar-\\nrangement has not yet caused any dispute as to the organization of the\\nHouse.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "214 A wierican Politics. L l ^7\\n13. March 2d, 1867, the Bill to provide Effi-\\ncient Governments for the Insurrectionary\\nStates was passed over the veto. It embodied\\nall the claims of Congress to control the re-admis-\\nsion of the Southern States. It divided them into\\nmilitary districts, each under the government of a\\nBrigadier-General, who should protect the rights of\\nall persons. Each State was to remain under this\\nmilitary government until a State Convention, cho-\\nsen without regard to race or color, should form a\\nState government and ratify the XlVth Amend-\\nment. When this should be done Congress engaged\\nto re-admit the State to the Union.\\n14. The same day the so-called Tenure of Of-\\nfice Bill was passed over the veto. It reversed\\nall previous legislation upon the doubtful point of\\nthe President s power to remove officials without\\nthe consent of the Senate. Hitherto, from the time\\nof the 1st Congress, it had been held that the con-\\nsent of the Senate was necessary in making an\\nappointment, but that the power of removal was\\nwholly in the President. Under this interpretation\\nit was feared that there would be a wholesale\\nremoval of public officials after Congress should\\nadjourn. This bill provided that civil officers\\nshould hold office until their successors should\\nqualify that the Cabinet should hold over the\\nPresident s term of office, and should only be\\nremovable with the Senate s approval that, while.\\nCongress was not in session, the President might", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "1867.] Tenure of Office. 215\\nsuspend (not remove) any official but that if the\\nSenate at its next session did not concur in the sus-\\npension the suspended official should resume his\\noffice and that the President might fill any vacancy\\nby death or resignation while Congress was not in\\nsession. Every removal, appointment, or accept-\\nance or exercise of office contrary to the provisions\\nof this Act, was declared to be a high misdemea-\\nnor, and punishable by fine and imprisonment,\\nor both. Congress adjourned March 3d, 1867.\\nNebraska had become a State of the Union\\nMarch 1st.\\n15. Three Extra Sessions of Congress were\\nXLth Congress, held this year. The first met\\nExtra Sessions. March 4th, and adjourned\\nMarch 30th, 1867. The second met July 3d, and\\nadjourned July 20th. The third met November\\n21st, and adjourned at the opening of the first\\nRegular Session. The Republican majority in both\\nbranches was continued, and, though slightly re-\\nduced, was sufficient to overrule the veto, if neces-\\nsary. 2 In the House Speaker Colfax was re-elected.\\nThese almost continuous Sessions were mainly for\\nthe purpose of keeping a check upon the Southern\\npolicy of the President. The work of reconstruc-\\ntion by Congress had been fully laid out by the last\\nSession. It was only necessary for this Session to\\nsecure its accomplishment.\\n1 Apparently with a view to future impeachment.\\n2 Senate, Rep. 40, Dem. 14. House, 138 Rep., 47 Dem,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "2i6 American Politics, [i\\n16. Congress met December 2d, 1867. The prin-\\nXLth Congress, cipal topic of interest at this\\n1st Session. Session was the train of events\\nwhich led to the impeachment of the President.\\nAugust 5th, 1867, he had notified Edwin M.\\nStanton, Secretary of War, whom he particularly\\ndisliked, that public considerations of a high char-\\nacter compelled him to ask the Secretary to resign.\\nStanton ironically replied that public considera-\\ntions of high character forbade him to resign.\\nHe was therefore suspended, under the provisions\\nof the Tenure of Office Bill, until Congress should\\nmeet, and the General of the Army, U. S. Grant,\\nwas appointed Secretary of War ad interim. Stanton\\nprotested that he denied the President s right to\\nremove him, but would yield to superior force.\\n17. January 14th, 1868, the Senate refused to agree\\nto Stanton s removal. General Grant at once aban-\\ndoned the office, and Stanton again took possession.\\nThe President now determined to disobey the Ten-\\nure of Office Bill, and force an issue with Congress.\\nFebruary 21st he again removed Stanton, and\\nappointed General Lorenzo Thomas in his place.\\nThe same day the Senate voted that the removal\\nwas illegal. General Thomas, however, accepted\\nthe appointment, and gave Stanton notice to quit.\\nStanton held to his office, and sent the notice to\\nthe Speaker of the House. Thereupon the House,\\nFebruary 24th, resolved that the President be\\nImpeached before the Senate for high crimes\\nand misdemeanors", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "1 868.] Impeachment of the President. 2\\\\J\\n18. March 5th The Trial of the Impeach-\\nment was begun before the Senate sitting as a\\nCourt of Impeachment, with Chief Justice Chase,\\nof the Supreme Court, in the chair. The Articles\\nof Impeachment were mainly for violation of the\\nTenure of Office Bill. During the early part of\\nthe trial the President made a tour of the North\\nand West, and in many passionate speeches to the\\ncrowds which met him denounced the XLth Con-\\ngress as no Congress, referring to its refusal to\\nadmit the delegations from Southern States. The\\nHouse made these and other imprudent utterances\\nthe basis of additional Articles of Impeachment.\\n19. The trial lasted until May 16th, when three\\nof the main Articles were voted on. The vote\\nstood 35 for conviction and 19 for acquittal, 7 reg-\\nular and 4 Administration Republicans voting in\\nthe minority. It was thus apparent that there was\\nnot a two-thirds majority for conviction. The Sen-\\nate, therefore, not waiting to vote on the remaining\\nArticles, adjourned sine die, and the trial was aban-\\ndoned. Chief Justice Chase directed a verdict of\\nacquittal to be entered, and Stanton resigned his\\noffice. Congress adjourned July 27th, 1868.\\n20. The Presidential contest between the two\\nparties naturally turned upon the right of Congress\\nto fill the gap in the Constitution, and lay down\\nrules for the re-admission of the revolting States.\\nIts right to do so was inferred by the loose con-\\nstructionist party, and denied by the strict construe-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "218 American Politics. [1868\\ntionist party. The Republican National Con-\\nvention met at Chicago, May 20th, 1868, and\\nadopted a platform holding that the Southern\\nStates had abandoned and lost their positions in\\nthe Union by seceding, and could only be re-\\nadmitted on terms satisfactory to Congress. It\\napproved the terms offered, and declared that it was\\nthe business of Congress to protect equal suffrage\\nin the South. It nominated Ulysses S. Grant,\\nof Illinois, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana. The\\nDemocratic National Convention met at\\nNew York City, July 4th, and adopted a platform\\ndemanding that the Southern States should imme-\\ndiately and unconditionally be given the represen-\\ntation in Congress and the power of self-government\\nguaranteed by the Constitution, and that the regu-\\nlation of suffrage should be left to the States. It\\nnominated Horatio Seymour, of New York, and\\nFrancis P. Blair, of Missouri.\\n21. At the Presidential Election inNovember 1\\nDemocratic electors were chosen by New York,\\nNew Jersey, Oregon, and by five Southern States.\\nAll the other States which were allowed to vote 2\\nchose Republican electors. As the issue between\\nthe parties was distinctly made, the result of the\\nelection would seem to settle the rule that any State\\nwhich formally casts off allegiance to the Federal\\n1 Alleged to have been carried by frauds in New York City.\\n2 Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas had not yet complied with\\nthe conditions of Congress for re-admission.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "1869.] Presidential Election. 219\\nGovernment, and is compelled to submit, must be\\nre-admitted by Congress in much the same manner\\nas a Territory applying for admission as a State.\\n22. Congress met December 7th, 1868. There\\nXLth Congress, was little party contest at this\\n2d Session. Session. In February, 1869,\\nthe electoral votes were counted, and were found to\\nbe, for Grant and Colfax 214, and for Seymour and\\nBlair 80, if the vote of Georgia were allowed, and\\n71 without it. As the vote of Georgia did not\\naffect the result the question was left undecided.\\nGrant and Colfax were therefore declared elected.\\nFebruary 26th the XVth Amendment to the\\nConstitution, guaranteeing the right of suffrage,\\nwithout regard to race, color, or previous condition\\nof servitude, was adopted by Congress. March 3d,\\n1869, Congress adjourned, and March 4th Grant\\nand Colfax were sworn into office.\\n1 Ratified by three-fourths of the States, and declared in force March\\n30th, 187\u00c2\u00a9.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIT.\\nTWENTY-FIRST ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1873.\\nUlysses S. Grant, President. Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President\\nXLIst andXIilld Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1868 Rep. 3,015,071,\\nDem. 2,709,613.\\n1. Congress met March 4th, 1869, with a\\nXLIst Congress, Republican majority in both\\nExtra Session. branches. 1 James G. Blaine,\\nof Maine, a Republican, was chosen Speaker in\\nthe House. The principal business of the Session\\nwas the confirmation by the Senate of the new\\nPresident s nominations to positions in the Cabinet, 2\\nand debate as to Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia,\\nwhich had not yet ratified the XlVth Amendment\\nor been reconstructed. April 10th a bill was passed\\nauthorizing the people of these States to vote upon\\nthe constitutions already prepared for them by State\\nconventions, and to elect State officers and mem-\\nbers of Congress. A new condition, however, was\\nimposed upon their ultimate re-admission their\\n1 Senate, 58 Rep., 10 Dem., 8 vacancies House, 149 Rep., 64 Dem., 25\\nvacancies. Mississippi, Texas, Virginia, and Georgia were not represented.\\n2 Except that of A. T. Stewart, of New York, as Secretary of the Treas-\\nury. He was ineligible by statute, being engaged in commerce, and his\\nname was withdrawn.\\n220", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "1870.1 Reconstruction. 221\\nLegislatures were required to ratify the XVth as\\nwell as the XlVth Amendment. Congress adjourned\\nApril 10th. During the year the Supreme Court,\\nin the important case of Texas vs. White, 1 ren-\\ndered a decision sustaining Reconstruction by\\nCongress. The Court held that the ordinances of\\nsecession had been absolutely null that the seced-\\ning States had never been out of the Union\\nthat they had, however, during and after their\\nrebellion, no State governments competent to\\nrepresent the State in its relations with the National\\nGovernment and that Congress had the power\\nto re-establish the broken relations of a rebellious\\nState to the Union.\\n2. Congress met December 6th, 1869. The Presi-\\nXLIst Congress, dent s Message announced\\nISt Session. that Virginia had fulfilled\\nthe conditions precedent to recognition. Before\\nthe close of the Session, Mississippi, Texas, and\\nGeorgia had also fulfilled the conditions, and the\\nformal work of Reconstruction was completed by\\nthe re-admission of the last-named State in July,\\n1870. 2 The ratifications of the XVth Amendment\\n1 7 Wall., 700.\\n2 Tennessee was re-admitted July 24th, 1866, and Arkansas June 22d,\\n1868. The act of June 25th, 1868, provided for the admission of North\\nCarolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, as\\nsoon as they should have fulfilled the conditions imposed by the Acts of\\nMarcn, 1867 (see p. 214) and these States (except Georgia) were succes-\\nsively admitted without further legislation. Virginia, as above stated, was\\nre-admitted January 25th, 1870. Mississippi February 23d, 1870, and Texas\\nMarch 30th, 1870. Georgia, after a partial re-admission, had declared", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "222 American Politics. L l ^7\u00c2\u00b0\\nby these States made it a part of the Constitution, 1\\nand a bill was passed to enforce it by making penal\\nany interference, by force or by fraud, with the\\nexercise of the right of suffrage as extended by the\\nAmendment, and by authorizing the President to\\nuse the army to prevent violations of the Act. An\\nAct was also passed to amend the naturalization\\nlaws it made it penal to obtain, use, dispose of, or\\nregister or vote upon a false or fraudulent certifi-\\ncate of naturalization, authorized the appointment\\nof Federal supervisors of elections, in cities of over\\n20,000 inhabitants, with the power of summary\\narrest for any offence committed in their view, and\\nextended the privilege of naturalization to alien\\nAfricans. Congress adjourned July 15th, 1870.\\nAt the December Term of 1869 the Supreme\\nCourt had decided that the action of Congress in\\n1862, in giving a legal-tender character to the\\npaper currency, 2 was unconstitutional. In March,\\n1870, after the complexion of the Court had been\\nchanged by the appointment of two new Justices, 3\\nthe legal-tender question was again introduced in\\nanother case, and the previous decision was reversed\\nby the votes of the two new Justices.\\nnegroes incapable of holding office the State was therefore admitted by\\nspecial Act, July 15th, 1870, after revoking her objectionable action and\\nalso ratifying the XVth Amendment.\\n1 See p. 219.\\n2 See p. 202. Chief Justice S. P. Chase, who delivered the opinion,\\nhad been Secretary of the Treasury in 1862, but had not originated the\\nlegal-tender feature of the currency.\\n3 One was a new appointment under a law creating an additional Jus-\\nticeship the other was appointed in place of a Justice who had resigned.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "1870.] The Ku Klux Klan. 223\\n3. The Reconstruction Acts of March, 1867, had\\nprohibited persons disabled from holding office by\\nthe XlVth Amendment, as it was then proposed,\\nfrom taking part in the State conventions held\\nunder the Act and this disability had been\\nextended and perpetuated in the new constitutions\\nof some of the Southern States, particularly South\\nCarolina, Louisiana, and Arkansas, by prohibiting\\nthe exercise of the suffrage by any person still\\nunder disability to hold office by the XlVth Amend-\\nment. Shortly before the Presidential election of\\n1868 it appears that a secret, oath-bound organi-\\nzation was formed in Tennessee under the name\\nof the Ku Klux Klan, 1 mainly composed of\\npersons under disabilities, and having for its object\\nthe terrorizing of white and colored Republican\\nvoters by murder, maiming, or whipping. The\\norganization spread rapidly into other Southern\\nStates, but naturally found its most congenial loca-\\ntion in the three States above named. Throughout\\nthe summer of 1870 a Senate committee took evi-\\ndence on the subject, which convinced the Repub-\\nlican majority that the issue between government\\nand anarchy in the South was fairly presented.\\nThe Democratic minority, while it deplored the\\ndetestable and wicked outrages which it had\\nfound, believed that their number had been grossly\\nexaggerated for political purposes.\\n1 Known by various other names. See Century Mag., xxviii, 398.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "224 American Politics. [187 1\\n4. Congress met December 5th, 1870, and in\\nXLIst Congress, January, 1871, by the admis-\\n2d Session. sion of the Georgia mem-\\nbers, all the States were represented in Congress\\nfor the first time since December, i860. 1 The\\nPresident s message dealt largely with a project\\nfor annexing to the United States the West Indian\\nRepublic of San Domingo, or Dominica. A\\ntreaty for that purpose had been negotiated\\nbetween the Presidents of the two Republics, Sep-\\ntember 4th, 1869, but had been rejected by the\\nSenate at its last Session and President Grant\\nnow suggested an annexation by joint resolution,\\nas in the case of Texas, 2 which would require only\\na majority vote in the Senate. A joint resolution\\nwas passed authorizing the President to appoint\\nthree commissioners to examine the condition of\\nSan Domingo and the feeling of its people for or\\nagainst annexation. An Act was passed to enforce\\nthe XVth Amendment it extended the powers of\\nFederal supervisors, marshals, and deputy-marshals\\nover elections and registrations, gave Federal Cir-\\ncuit Courts exclusive jurisdiction over all cases\\narising under the Act, and empowered them to\\npunish any State officer who should proceed in\\nsuch cases in contempt of their jurisdiction. A\\n1 Congress was now divided politically as follows Senate, 61 Rep., 13\\nDem.; House, 172 Rep., 71 Dem.\\n2 To this it was objected that only a State could be annexed by joint\\nresolution, and that a Territory, as San Domingo was intended to be,\\ncould be acquired only by treaty, if at all.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "1871.] The Force Bill. 225\\nSenate committee was appointed to investigate the\\ncondition of the Southern States, and Congress\\nadjourned, March 4th, 1871. During this year the\\nlong-standing Alabama Claims of the United\\nStates upon Great Britain, arising from the depre-\\ndations of Anglo-rebel privateers, were referred to\\narbitration by the Treaty of Washington of May\\n8th, 1871. 1\\n5. Congress met March 4th, 1871, 2 with a Repub-\\nXLIId Congress, lican majority in both\\nExtra Session. branches. 3 In the House,\\nJames G. Blaine, of Maine, a Republican, was\\nchosen Speaker. The main business of the Ses-\\nsion was the appointment of a committee of seven\\nSenators and fourteen Representatives to inquire\\ninto the condition of the late insurrectionary\\nStates, 4 and the passage of a very sweeping Act to\\nenforce the XlVth Amendment. 5 This Act allowed\\nsuit in Federal courts by the party injured against\\nany person who should in any way deprive another\\nof the rights of a citizen it made it a penal offence\\ni_Ratified by the Senate, May 24th, 1871. The arbitrators, appointed\\nby Brazil, Italy, Switzerland, Great Britain, and the United States,\\nawarded the United States $15,500,000, in gross, as damages, September\\n14th, 1872.\\n2 This was the last Congress which met by law immediately after the\\nexpiration of the preceding Congress (see p. 213).\\n3 Senate, 57 Rep., 17 Dem.; House, 138 Rep., 103 Dem.\\n4 Often called the Ku Klux Committee.\\n5 Often called the Force Bill. There is a striking similarity between\\nthe second section of the Act and the first section of the Sedition Law of\\n1798. Both were passed on the same ground, the actual existence of war^\\nforeign in 1798 (see p. 47). and domestic in 1871.\\n15", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "226 American Politics. [1871\\nto conspire to take away from any person the rights\\nof a citizen it provided that inability, neglect, or\\nrefusal of any State to suppress such conspiracy,\\nto protect the rights of its citizens, or to call upon\\nthe President for aid, should be deemed a denial\\nby such State of the equal protection of the laws\\nunder the XlVth Amendment it declared such\\nconspiracies, if not suppressed by the authorities,\\na rebellion against the Government of the United\\nStates it authorized the President, when in his\\njudgment the public safety shall require it, to\\nsuspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus\\nin any district, and suppress the insurrection by\\nmeans of the army and navy 1 and it excluded\\nfrom the jury-box any person who shall, in the\\njudgment of the court, be in complicity with any\\nsuch combination or conspiracy. The authorit)\\nto suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas\\ncorpus was to cease after the end of the next regu-\\nlar Session of Congress. Congress adjourned April\\n20th, 1871.\\n6. The system of rotation in office 2 had, since\\n1829, taken from the people at large the ownership\\nof the offices filled by appointment of the Presi-\\ndent, and vested it practically in the politicians, in\\nand out of Congress, who controlled the President s\\nparty. An Act of March 3d, 187 1, authorized the\\n1 In October and November, 1871, a number of counties in South Caro-\\nlina were brought under the provisions of this section by the President s\\nproclamation. 2 See page 113.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "1872.] Civil Service Reform, 227\\nPresident to begin a reform in the Civil Service,\\nfor which thinking men of all parties had long\\nbeen unanimously anxious. Under its provisions\\nthe President appointed a board of Civil Service\\nCommissioners to provide for the examination of\\napplicants for minor offices, and to relieve him and\\nhis Cabinet from the necessity of deciding upon\\nsuch applications. The system was begun January\\n1st, 1872, and, though under many limitations and\\ndiscouragements, continued in operation for nearly\\nthree years with the emphatic commendation of\\nthe Cabinet and the President but in December,\\n1874, despite two direct appeals from President\\nGrant, Congress refused to make any further appro-\\npriation for the system, and it was abandoned.\\nAlthough since revived, it has not been carried to\\nthe full extent of its original design.\\n7. Congress met December 4th, 187 1. Much of\\nXLIId Congress, the time of the Session was\\n1st Session. consumed in efforts to pass\\na bill to remove the political disabilities imposed\\nby the XlVth Amendment. It was introduced by\\nthe Democrats in various forms, but was regularly\\namended by the Republicans by the addition to it\\nof Senator Sumner s Supplementary Civil Rights\\nBill, intended to prevent discrimination against\\nnegroes by common carriers and other licensed or\\nchartered public servants. The combined bills\\n(now requiring a two-thirds vote) were then as\\nregularly voted down by the Democrats. It was", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "228 American Politics. l %7 2\\nnot until May 22d, 1872, that a separate Amnesty\\nBill became law. 1 A general Election Law for\\nthe whole country, after being lost in the Hou.se,\\nwas placed by the Senate as a rider 2 upon the\\nCivil Appropriation Bill, and so passed, but with a\\nproviso that the Federal supervisors of elections\\nappointed under it should have no power of arrest.\\nA bill to extend the habeas corpus section of the\\nForce Bill of the last Session until the end of the\\nnext Session was passed by the Senate, but lost in\\nthe House. Congress adjourned June 10th, 1872.\\n8. In 1870 the Republican party in Missouri had\\nsplit into two parts. The Radical wing wished\\nto maintain for the present the disqualifications\\nimposed on the late rebels by the State Constitu-\\ntion during the war; the liberal wing, headed\\nby B. Gratz Brown and Carl Schurz, wished to\\nabolish these disqualifications and substitute uni-\\nversal amnesty and universal enfranchisement.\\nSupported by the Democrats, the Liberal Re-\\npublicans carried the State, though opposed by\\nthe Federal office-holders and the influence of the\\nAdministration. This success stimulated a reac-\\ntion in the National Republican party, many of\\nwhose members believed that the powers of the\\nFederal Government over the local concerns of the\\nStates had already been enforced up to or beyond\\nconstitutional limits, that the various enforcement\\n1 About 750 persons, who had held the highest positions under the U. S\u00c2\u00bb\\nGovernment were excepted from its provisions. a See p. 158.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "1872.] The Liberal Republican Movement. 229\\nActs were designed rather for the political advance-\\nment of President Grant s personal adherents than\\nfor the benefit of the country, the freedmen, or\\neven of the Republican party and that the efforts\\nto police the Southern States by the force of the\\nFederal Government ought to cease. In the spring\\nof 187 1 the Liberal Republicans and Democrats\\nof Ohio began to show symptoms of common feel-\\ning on these subjects, and during the summer the\\nLiberal movement continued to develop within\\nthe Republican party. January 24th, 1872, the\\nMissouri Liberals issued a call for a National Con-\\nvention at Cincinnati in the following May.\\n9. The Liberal Republican National Con-\\nvention met at Cincinnati May 1st, 1872, and\\nadopted a platform pledging the party to maintain\\nthe Union of the States, emancipation, enfran-\\nchisement, the last three Amendments, universal\\namnesty, the writ of habeas corpus, and the duty of\\na thorough civil service reform. In respect to the\\nrelative merits of protection and free trade, the\\nConvention confessed itself irreconcilably divided,\\nand remitted the decision of the question to the\\npeople in their Congressional elections. So far,\\nalthough the Convention was itself a revolt from\\nthe ordinary party methods, and although many of\\nits members were inexperienced, unmanageable,\\nand not representative of any important body of\\nvoters, its action had been very skilfully suited to\\nits acceptance by the subsequent Democratic Con-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "230 American Politics, t J ^73\\nvention. After six ballots, however, in most of\\nwhich C. F. Adams, of Massachusetts, led, the\\nfriends of other candidates threw their votes for\\nHorace Greeley, 1 of New York, and he was nomi-\\nnated by 482 votes to 187 for Adams. B. Gratz\\nBrown, of Missouri, was nominated for Vice-Presi-\\ndent. Some of the Liberal leaders endeavored\\nafterward, without success, to substitute other can-\\ndidates for those nominated. The Republican\\nNational Convention met at Philadelphia, June\\n5th, renominated President Grant unanimously,\\nand nominated Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts,\\nfor the Vice-Presidency by 364^ votes to 321^ for\\nSchuyler Colfax. The platform detailed the party s\\npast achievements, approved civil service reform\\nand the suppression of disorders in the South, and\\ndemanded complete equality for all men through-\\nout the country. The Democratic National\\nConvention met at Baltimore, June 9th, and by\\na nearly unanimous vote adopted the Cincinnati\\nplatform and candidates. A few recalcitrant\\nDemocrats 2 met at Louisville, Ky., September 3d,\\nand nominated Charles O Conor, of New York,\\nand John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 3 The\\nresult of the election was the success of the Repub-\\n1 He had been, during his whole political life, an ardent protectionist\\nand an unsparing critic of his Democratic opponents, through the columns\\nof the newspaper of which he was editor.\\n2 Usually called straight-outs.\\n3 The candidates declined the nomination, but about 30,000 scattering\\nvotes were cast for them.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "1 873.] The Credit Mobilier. 231\\nlican candidates by an increased popular and elec-\\ntoral majority, due mainly to the refusal of very\\nmany Democrats to vote for Greeley.\\n10. Congress met December 2d, 1872. 1 In the\\nXLIId Congress, House, on the first day of\\n2d Session. the Session, the Speaker\\ncalled attention to the charges made by the Demo-\\ncrats, during the campaign, that the Vice-President,\\nthe Vice-President elect, the Secretary of the Treas-\\nury, several Senators, the Speaker of the House,\\nand a large number of Representatives had been\\nbribed, during the years 1867 and 1868, by presents\\nof stock in a corporation known as the Credit\\nMobilier, 2 to vote and act for the benefit of the\\nUnion Pacific Railroad Company. On his motion^\\nan investigating committee was appointed, L. P.\\nPoland, of Vermont, being chairman. The Poland\\nCommittee reported February 18th, 1873, recom-\\nmending the expulsion of Oakes Ames, of Massa-\\nchusetts, for selling to members of Congress\\nshares of the stock of the Credit Mobilier below\\ntheir real value, with intent thereby to influence the\\nvotes of such members, and of James Brooks, of\\nNew York, for receiving such stock. The House\\nmodified the proposed expulsion into an absolute\\ncondemnation of the conduct of both members. 3\\nAn Act was passed to abolish the franking privi-\\n1 Senate, 51 Rep., 23 Dem. and Lib.; House, 133 Rep., no Dem. and Lib.\\na Organized to contract for building the Union Pacific Railroad.\\n3 Both members died within three months afterward.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "232 American Politics. [1873\\nlege, and another to increase the salaries of officers\\nof the Government. The President s salary was\\nincreased from $25,000 to $50,000, and that of\\nSenators and Representatives from $5000 to $7500\\nper annum. This last feature of the Act proved\\nvery unpopular, as it was made to apply to the\\nsalaries of the Congressmen who passed the bill, 1\\nand it was commonly known as the Salary Grab.\\nIn February, 1873, the Electoral votes were counted\\nand were found to be, for President, Grant, 286,\\nT. A. Hendricks, of Indiana, 42, and 21 scatter-\\ning, 2 and for Vice-President, Wilson 286, Brown\\n47, and 19 scattering. The votes of Louisiana\\nand Arkansas were rejected by concurrence of\\nboth Houses. 3\\n11. At this session appeared the first case of\\nconflict of State governments in the South. The\\nreconstructed State constitutions, in order to guard\\nagainst intimidation by disfranchised citizens, had\\ngenerally provided for Returning Boards, usu-\\nally composed of three State officers and two\\ncitizens specified by name in the constitution. The\\nReturning Board was empowered to canvass the\\nvotes, to reject the votes of all counties (or par-\\nishes) where they should judge force or fraud had\\n1 In so doing, however, it followed precedent.\\n2 Greeley died November 29th, 1872, and the Democratic and Liberal\\nelectors were compelled, on their day of voting, December 4th, to vote\\nfor other persons. Three electors in Georgia voted for Horace Greeley,\\nbut their votes were not counted, the Houses non-concurring.\\n3 See p. 238.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "1 873,] Returning Boards. 233\\nbeen used, and to declare the results of all elections.\\nIn Louisiana successive removals and appointments\\nof State officers by the Governor, for the purpose\\nof controlling the Returning Board, had resulted in\\nthe formation of two bodies, each claiming to be\\nthe legitimate Returning Board. Two State Legis-\\nlatures and governments, one (Democratic) headed\\nby Governor John McEnery, the other (Republi-\\ncan) headed by Governor W. P. Kellogg, were thus\\ndeclared elected. Kellogg, who apparently con-\\ntrolled the Federal District Judge, Durell, brought\\nsuit before him against his political opponents, and\\nobtained an order, illegitimately given, that the\\nFederal marshal should seize the building used as\\na State House and prevent the meeting of the\\nMcEnery Legislature. Both governments, how-\\never, were inaugurated, and each claimed recogni-\\ntion by Congress. The Senate committee reported\\nthat DurelPs conduct was most reprehensible, that\\nLouisiana had no real government, that the McEnery\\ngovernment was most nearly a government of right,\\nand that the Kellogg government was most nearly\\na government in fact. A bill declaring the election\\nof November 4th, 1872, null and void, and provid-\\ning for a new election under the direction of Judge\\nWoods, the Federal Circuit Judge, was introduced\\nin the Senate, but was lost by a close vote. Con-\\ngress adjourned March 3d, 1873, an( l March 4th\\nGrant and Wilson were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII.\\nTWENTY-SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 1873-1877.\\nTTlysses S. Grant, President. Henry Wilson, Vice-President.\\nXlillld and XLIVth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1872 Rep. 3,597,070,\\nDem. 2,834,079.\\n1. President Grant s Inaugural stated that\\nwhile still believing in the advisability of the\\nannexation of San Domingo, he had dropped\\nthe project since its rejection by the Senate. Dur-\\ning this year the proposition was renewed in the\\nform of an application by San Domingo for the\\nestablishment of a protectorate over it by the\\nUnited States but shortly afterward President\\nBaez, who had been the chief Dominican advocate\\nof annexation, was driven from San Domingo by a\\nrevolution, and this unpopular scheme came to an\\nend. In April 1873, the Supreme Court, in the\\nSlaughter-House Cases, 1 began the authorita-\\ntive construction of the XlVth and XVth Amend-\\nments. The opinion of the court held that these\\nAmendments only placed the special privileges of\\ncitizens of the United States under the protection\\n1 16 Wall., 36. They were so called because they arose from the incor-\\nporation by Louisiana of a Slaughter-House Company, with an entire\\nmonopoly of the business in New Orleans and its vicinity.\\n234", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "1 874.] Louisiana. 235\\nof the Federal Constitution and Government that\\nthe powers of the States over the privileges of their\\nown citizens had not been changed and that the\\ngreat objects of the Amendments were the freedom\\nand protection of the former slave race.\\n2. Congress met December 1st, 1873, the Repub-\\nXLIIId Congress, lican majority being con-\\nist Session, tinued in both branches. 1\\nIn the House, Speaker Blaine was re-elected. The\\nincrease of pay to members of Congress at the\\npreceding Congress was repealed. A bill which\\npurported to fix the amount of United States\\nnotes, but which increased their total amount,\\nwas passed by both Houses, but was vetoed by the\\nPresident and failed to become law. The bill for\\nthe establishment of a republican form of govern-\\nment in Louisiana 2 was again introduced in the\\nSenate, but came to no final action. Congress\\nadjourned June 23d, 1874. In 1867 a secret order,\\nknown as Patrons of Husbandry, had been\\nformed in Washington, and its subordinate lodges,\\nor Granges, 3 had since spread all over the country.\\nIts object was co-operation among farmers in pur-\\nchasing and in other business interests. In its\\nnature it was not political, but the high freight\\nrates of Western railroads brought them into con-\\nflicts with its members, which colored the politics\\nof Western States during the years 1873 and 1874,\\n1 Senate, 50 Rep., 24 Dera. and Lib.; House, 198 Rep 93 Dem.and Lib.\\n2 See p. 233. 3 Hence, its members were often called Grangers,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "236 American Politics. J 874\\nand led to several unsuccessful attempts to induce\\nCongress to pass transportation laws for the regu-\\nlation of inter-State commerce and freight rates.\\n3. During this and the subsequent four years,\\nperjury became so fundamental a feature in the\\npolitics of Louisiana that it is extremely difficult\\nto give any exact account of the continuing diffi-\\nculties in that State. 1 It seems certain, on the one\\nhand, that the Democrats, or McEnery party, had\\nresolved themselves into a white man s party,\\nand that outrages and massacres of negroes, such\\nas those at Colfax and Coushatta, had become a\\nrecognized factor in politics and, on the other\\nhand, that the Kellogg, or Republican, government\\nwas sustained only by the decisions of a Federal\\njudge of very doubtful character, by the consequent\\nsupport of Federal troops, by the scandalous exe-\\ncution of the registration laws, and by the reckless\\ncounting of a partisan Returning Board. In brief,\\nthe contest lay between force and fraud for the\\ncontrol of the State. September 14th, 1874, the\\nMcEnery party suddenly rose in arms, seized the\\nState offices, and forced the Kellogg government\\nto take refuge in the Custom House. On the\\nsame day Kellogg called upon the President for\\nFederal troops, which were furnished to him. 2 The\\n1 The fairest account available has been followed, the report of the sub-\\ncommittee of the House of Representatives, consisting of two Republicans\\nand one Democrat, January 14th, 1875.\\n2 This was justified by the President and his supporters under Art. IV.,\\n4, of th^ Constitution (see p. 313); his opponents generally admitted the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "1 875.] Louisiana. 237\\nMcEnery government refused to resist Federal\\nauthority, and the Kellogg government was rein-\\nstalled at once. In January, 1875, the Legislature\\nwas organized. The McEnery party, in a hasty\\nand disorderly fashion, seated their Representatives\\nfrom contested districts, gained control of the\\nHouse, and elected the Speaker, whereupon Kellogg\\nsent United States soldiers, under General de\\nTrobriand, who turned out the members just\\nseated. The Kellogg party, then having a majority,\\nelected their Speaker, the McEnery party with-\\ndrew, and again two Legislatures were organized. 1\\n4. Congress met December 7th, 1874. The\\nXLIIId Congress, President s Message dealt\\n2d Session. largely with the case of\\nLouisiana, and his Special Message of January\\n13th, 1875, went still more fully into the case,\\ndefending his action in it, and appealed to Con-\\ngress to take some action which would relieve him\\nfrom the exceedingly unpalatable duty of sup-\\nporting Southern State governments by the use of\\nFederal troops. At the close of the Session, there-\\nfore, by resolution, the House endorsed the Kellogg\\ngovernment, and the Senate approved the Presi-\\ndent s course in Louisiana. An Act for the\\nResumption of Specie Payments was passed\\njustification so far, but denied that a political struggle in the Legislature\\nwas a case of domestic violence to be settled by Federal troops.\\n1 The difficulty was left, as far as regarded the Legislature, to W. A.\\nWheeler (afterward Vice-President), and, after his adjustment of it,\\nthe party conflict smouldered until the summer of 1876, when it was\\nrenewed.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "238 American Politics. [1875\\nwhich provided that on and after January 1st, 1879,\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury should redeem\\nUnited States legal-tender notes in coin but it\\nleft open the question whether these legal-tender\\nnotes, up to $300,000,000, should be reissued after\\nredemption. Senator Sumner s Supplementary\\nCivil Rights Bill became law. 1 A large part of\\nthe Session was taken up in considering the mode\\nof election of the President and Vice-President.\\nA great many of the possible dangers and difficul-\\nties, as they occurred in 1876-77, were already\\nplainly foreseen and discussed in the debates, but\\nCongress did nothing to avoid them. Senator\\nMorton, of Indiana, 2 introduced an Amendment to\\nthe Constitution, providing for the general choice\\nof electors by districts, and a resolution to abolish\\nthe Twenty-Second Joint Rule, 3 under which\\nthe counting of electoral votes had been conducted\\nsince 1865, but neither was adopted. Congress\\nadjourned March 4th, 1875. During the year an\\nextensive Whiskey Ring was unearthed in the\\nWest it was an association, or series of associa-\\ntions, of distillers and Federal officials for the\\npurpose of defrauding the Government of a large\\n1 See p. 227. Senator Sumner, the original framer of the bill, had died,\\nMarch nth, 1874.\\na His speeches in these debates are almost a history of the workings of\\nthe electoral system up to date.\\n3 This, a rule adopted by both Houses, February 6th, 1865, provided in\\neffect that any electoral vote, to which objection should be made by any\\nmember, should only be counted if both Houses agreed to count it: a non\u00c2\u00ab\\nconcurrence, therefore, operated as a rejection of the vote (see p. 241).", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "1 875.] State Elections. 239\\namount of the tax imposed on distilled spirits, and,\\nfurther, of employing a part of the proceeds in\\npolitical corruption. On the trial of the indict-\\nments a number of Federal officers were convicted,\\nand O. E. Babcock, the President s private secre-\\ntary, was acquitted.\\n5. In the South the Democrats, generally taking\\nthe name of Conservatives, had by this time gained\\ncontrol of all the State governments except those\\nof South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. In\\nsome of the States the Republican government had,\\nas in Louisiana, called upon the President for help\\nbefore surrendering their positions. From Arkan-\\nsas calls for troops had been made by Elisha\\nBaxter, April 19th, 1874, and by Joseph Brooks,\\nApril 20th, each claiming to be the legitimate\\nGovernor. On the supersedure of both of them\\nby the adoption of a new State Constitution,\\nOctober 13th, 1874, V. V. Smith, Baxter s Lieuten-\\nant-Governor, claiming to be Governor by Baxter s\\nabdication, called upon the President for troops\\nbut, as he fled the State immediately afterward, no\\nanswer was given. In Mississippi the Legislature\\ncalled upon the President for troops, December\\n18th, 1874, to suppress rioting in Warren County,\\nand the President answered by a proclamation\\nwarning rioters to disperse. The call for troops\\nwas repeated, September 8th, 1875, by Governor\\nA. Ames, but was refused. The Governor was\\nadvised to assemble the Legislature and make some", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "240 American Politics. [1875\\neffort to preserve the peace of his own State, the\\nPresident s language seeming to show that his\\npatience had been exhausted. 1\\n6. The State elections of 1874-75 and the elec-\\ntions for members of the XLIVth Congress, to meet\\nin December, 1875, showed a sudden and remark-^\\nable change of political sentiment. 3 They resulted\\nin the almost universal defeat of Republican can-\\ndidates for State officers, even Massachusetts elect-\\ning a Democratic Governor, and the election of a\\ngreat majority of Democrats to the House of Rep-\\nresentatives. The Republicans considered the\\nresult due largely to the violent suppression of the\\ncolored Republican vote in the South the Demo-\\ncrats attributed it entirely to the popular disgust\\nin the North at the continuance of enforcement\\nActs and efforts to dragoon the South. Both\\ncauses seem to have been operative, assisted by the\\nfinancial distress which began to be felt in 1873, and\\nwhich is always apt to react upon the popular vote,\\nto the prejudice of the party in power.\\n7. Congress met December 6th, 1875, with a\\nXLIVth Congress, Republican majority in the\\n1st Session. Senate and a Democratic\\ni The whole public are tired out with these annual autumnal out-\\nbreaks in the South, and the great majority are ready now to condemn any\\ninterference on the part of the Government. I heartily wish that peace\\nand good order may be restored without issuing the proclamation. But if\\nit is issued, I shall instruct the commander of the forces to have no child s\\nplay.\\n2 The elections were popularly called the tidal wave.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "1876.] The Centennial. 241\\nmajority in the House, 1 where M. C. Kerr, of In-\\ndiana, was chosen Speaker. The President s Mes-\\nsage was devoted mainly to foreign affairs and to a\\nnatural recognition of the great material progress\\nmade by the nation during its first century of exis-\\ntence. The Session was marked by an evident\\nincrease of anxiety as to the possible occurrence of\\nsome occasion for dispute between the Democratic\\nHouse and the Republican Senate about the result\\nof the impending Presidential election but party\\njealousy, and fear of losing any party advantage\\nfrom the Southern situation, prevented any remedial\\naction. Morton s Amendment to the Consti-\\ntution, 2 and several other Amendments, with the\\nsame general object, were introduced, but not\\npassed. Morton s bill to provide for the counting\\nof the electoral votes met with the same fate. The\\nSenate abolished the Twenty-Second Joint Rule,\\nso that the electoral count was now left without any\\nprovisions whatever for its government. The so-\\ncalled Blaine Amendment, prohibiting the ap-\\npropriation of public school money by any State to\\nsectarian schools, passed the House but did not\\nsecure a two-thirds vote in the Senate. 3 An unlim-\\nited Amnesty Bill failed to secure a two-thirds\\nvote in the House. A bill to reduce the President s\\nsalary to $25,000 yearly after March 4th, 1877,\\npassed both Houses, but was vetoed and failed to\\n1 Senate, 42 Rep., 29 Dem., 2 Ind. House, 182 Dem., no Rep.\\n2 See p. 238. 3 The vote stood 28 to 16 in favor.\\n16", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "242 American Politics. L l ^7^\\nbecome law. An appropriation of $1,500,000 was\\nmade to the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia.\\nThe Secretary of War, W. W. Belknap, was im-\\npeached by the House on a charge of having\\nreceived bribes for the appointment of a post-trader\\nat Fort Sill. The general vote in the Senate was\\n36 to 25 for conviction, 1 and as this was not two-\\nthirds he was acquitted. Congress adjourned\\nAugust 15th, 1876. The end of the first, and the\\nbeginning of the second, century of the separate\\nnational existence of the United States was marked\\nby the opening of the Centennial Exhibition\\nat Philadelphia, 2 and by an unusually general cele-\\nbration, July 4th. Colorado became a State of\\nthe Union August 1st, 1876.\\n8. The Independent National Convention\\nmet at Indianapolis, May 17th, 1876. Its platform\\ndemanded the repeal of the Act for resumption of\\nspecie payments, and the issue of United States\\nnotes greenbacks 3 convertible into bonds on\\ndemand, as the currency of the country. It nomi-\\nnated Peter Cooper, of New York, for President, and\\nSamuel F. Cary, of Ohio, for Vice-President. 4 The\\nRepublican National Convention met at Cin-\\ncinnati, June 14th, and adopted a platform which\\n1 He had anticipated impeachment by resigning in the forenoon of the\\nday on which he was impeached, and most of the Senators who voted Not\\nGuilty stated that they did so on the ground that he was then a private\\ncitizen and not subject to impeachment. 2 May 10th, 1876.\\n3 Hence this was usually called the Greenback Party.\\n4 Newton Booth, of California, was first nominated for Vice-President\\nbut declined.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "1 876.] Presidential Nominations. 243\\nreviewed the party s past achievements, charged\\nthe Democratic party with treason, imbecility, false-\\nhood, and subservience to former rebels, com-\\nmended the resumption of specie payments, and\\ndemanded the immediate and vigorous exercise of\\nFederal powers to secure the rights of American\\ncitizens everywhere throughout the country. Much\\nexcitement had been caused by the alleged design\\nof President Grant to secure for himself a Third\\nTerm, but his name was not presented to the\\nConvention for the Presidential nomination. On\\nthe first six ballots James G. Blaine, of Maine, led\\nall the other candidates on the seventh ballot\\nRutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, was nominated by\\n384 votes, to 351 for Blaine and 21 for B. H. Bris-\\ntow of Kentucky. William A. Wheeler, of New\\nYork, was nominated for Vice-President. The\\nDemocratic National Convention met at St.\\nLouis, June 28th, and adopted a platform entirely\\nfilled with denunciation of the Republican party\\nfor corruption, mismanagement, personal govern-\\nment and sectional hatred, and by demands for\\nreform included in these was a demand for the\\nrepeal of the specie resumption Act until proper\\npreparation should be made for its successful en-\\nforcement. On the second Presidential ballot,\\nSamuel J. Tilden had 535 votes to 203 for all others,\\nand was nominated. His leading competitor,\\nThomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, was nominated\\nfor Vice-President.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "244 American Politics. V l ^7^\\n9. The nomination of Hayes sensibly strength-\\nened the Republican party. A strong section of its\\nmembers had held a preliminary meeting, May 15th, 1\\nand resolved to support no candidate not pledged\\nto Civil Service Reform. Their warm support was at\\nonce gained by the unexpected emphasis with which\\nthe nominee advocated the cessation of the sale\\nof appointments to office for party services. The\\nDemocratic chances were increased by the evident\\ncertainty of the choice of Democratic electors in\\nall of the Southern States excepting three. In one\\nof these, South Carolina, the Legislature had long\\nbeen extravagant and corrupt, and the Presidential\\ncampaign was complicated with a final and desper-\\nate effort by the whites to secure control of the\\nState government. In the course of it a massacre\\nof a negro militia force at Hamburgh, 2 and another\\nat Ellenton, induced a call for Federal troops by\\nthe Governor, and these were placed at his disposal\\nby the President. The Presidential election\\ntook place November 7th, 1876. Democratic elec-\\ntors were chosen by Connecticut, New York, New\\nJersey, and Indiana in the North, and by all the\\nSouthern States except South Carolina, Florida,\\nand Louisiana Republican electors were chosen\\nby South Carolina 3 in the South, and by all the\\n1 The so-called Fifth Avenue Hotel Conference.\\n2 July 9th.\\n3 This State was also claimed at first by the Democrats, but their mem-\\nbers of the Congressional investigating committee agreed that the State\\nhad chosen Republican electors.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "1876.] Presidential Election. 245\\nNorthern States except those named above. The\\nundisputed results of the election were therefore\\n184 electoral votes for Tilden and Hendricks, and\\n172 for Hayes and Wheeler, and the whole result\\nof the election hinged upon the final declaration of\\nthe results in Florida and Louisiana, that is, upon\\nthe decisions of the Returning Boards of those\\nStates, and upon the disputed vote of Oregon.\\n10. As soon as the state of affairs in the doubt-\\nful States was discovered, a large number of promi-\\nnent citizens from the North went to the State\\ncapitals to oversee the count, by invitation of\\nPresident Grant and of the Democratic National\\nCommittee. The four electoral votes of Florida\\nwere decided by the Returning Board to be Repub-\\nlican by a majority of 926 this result was reached\\nby casting out the votes of various precincts and\\ncounties. The State Supreme Court then ordered\\nthe Board to declare the result of the face of the\\nreturns, 2 without casting out any. The Board\\n1 The Republicans alleged that very many of the Southern electoral\\nvotes had been obtained for the Democratic candidates by the violent sup-\\npression of the colored vote, but did not formally dispute the count of\\nthese votes. The Democrats disputed the count of many individual\\nRepublican electoral votes in the North, on the ground that the electors\\nwho cast them were Federal office-holders but in these cases the\\nineligible electors regularly resigned before acting and were re-chosen by\\nthe electoral colleges to fill the resulting vacancies. The statement above\\nis therefore made as undisputed. It does not include the single vote\\nof Oregon.\\n2 What the real face of the returns was is doubtful. Those acknowl-\\nedged by the Board and those claimed by the Democrats agree very\\nclosely, except as to Baker County. From this county two returns were\\nsent (i) 130 Rep., 89 Dem., Rep. maj. 41 and (2) 143 Rep., 238 Dem.,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "246 American Politics. [^76\\nagain met, cast out the votes of certain other pre-\\ncincts and counties, and declared a Republican\\nmajority of 206. Before this was done, however,\\nthe day appointed for the voting of the electors had\\ncome, and the Republican electors met and voted.\\nIn Louisiana the Democratic electors protested\\nwithout effect against the refusal of the Returning\\nBoard to add a Democrat to their number, as the\\nlaw required, and against their refusal to canvass\\nall the votes in public. After a three-weeks ses-\\nsion, and many changes in the returns, the Board\\ndeclared the Republican electors successful by an\\naverage majority of about 4000 the Democrats\\nclaimed 8000 majority on the face of the returns. 1\\nMcEnery, claiming to be Governor, gave the\\nDemocratic electors a certificate of election in\\nFlorida the Attorney-General, as one of the Return-\\ning Board, signed the Democratic certificate. In\\nboth States the Republican Governor signed the\\ncertificates of the Republican electors. In Ore-\\ngon the three Republican electors had a majority,\\nbut, on the claim that one of them was a Federal\\noffice-holder and ineligible, the Democratic Gover-\\nnor gave a certificate of the election of one Demo-\\nDem. maj. 95. The former was taken by the Board, while the latter was\\nclaimed by the Democrats. As the sum total of the votes of all the other\\ncounties, as acknowledged by both parties, is almost an exact tie on the\\nface of the returns, it will be seen that the gist of the difficulty lies in the\\ndouble return from Baker County.\\n1 (Returns, average) Rep. 75,759, Dem. 83,635, Dem. maj., 7876 (Re-\\nturning Board, average) Rep. 74,436, Dem. 70,505, Rep. maj. 3931.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "1 877.] Electoral Commission, 247\\ncratic and two Republican electors. The three\\nRepublican electors were certified by the Secretary\\nof State, who was the canvassing officer of the\\nState by statute.\\n11. Congress met December 5th, 1876. The\\nXLIVth Congress, President s Message de-\\n2d Session. precated harsh judgment\\nfor any mistakes of judgment which he had made\\nin his two terms of office, and attributed them\\nmainly to the subordinates whose appointment had\\nbeen forced upon him by Congressmen. In the\\nHouse, S. J. Randall, of Pennsylvania, was chosen\\nSpeaker in place of Speaker Kerr, who had died\\nduring the summer. The session was almost\\nentirely taken up by the Disputed Presidential\\nElection. It was evident that neither House\\nwould consent to the adoption of a joint rule for\\nthe count which should seem to operate against the\\ncandidates of its majority. Extreme Republicans\\nwere beginning to advance the idea that the Vice-\\nPresident, who was to open the certificates, was\\nalso to decide between two returns extreme\\nDemocrats argued the right of the House to decide\\nwhen the emergency had arrived in which it was to\\nelect a President. As a compromise, the Elec-\\ntoral Commission was created by act of January\\n29th, 1877 it was to consist of five members\\nchosen by the House, five by the Senate, and five\\nJustices of the Supreme Court. Double returns,\\nand all returns to which objection should be made,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "248 American Politics. \\\\_ l $77\\nwere to be referred to this commission, whose deci-\\nsion was to be final unless reversed by the vote of\\nboth Houses. The general rule held by the Com-\\nmission was that it was only empowered to canvass\\nelectoral votes, not popular votes, and to decide\\nwhether the Governor had certified those electors\\nwho had been declared elected by the canvassing\\nauthority of the State. It thus ascertained that in\\nLouisiana and Florida the Governors had certified\\nthe legitimate electors, while in Oregon the Gover-\\nnor had not. In all these cases the House voted\\nto reject, and the Senate to sustain, the Commis-\\nsion s decision, and the decision was therefore sus-\\ntained in favor of the Republican electors. In the\\ncase of South Carolina, and in those of electors\\nobjected to as Federal office-holders, the Commis-\\nsion also decided in favor of the Republican\\nelectors, and the decision was not reversed by\\nconcurrent vote of both Houses. All the thirteen\\ndoubtful votes 1 thus fell to the Republican candi-\\ndates, and the result was declared 2 to be 185 votes\\nfor Hayes and Wheeler, and 184 votes for Tilden\\nand Hendricks. Hayes and Wheeler were there-\\nfore declared elected. March 3d, 1877, Congress\\nadjourned, and March 4th, Hayes and Wheeler were\\nsworn into office.\\n1 Florida 4, Louisiana 8, Oregon 1.\\n2 After 4 o clock in the rnr -ni ng r f March 2d.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV.\\nTWENTY-THIRD ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881.\\nRutherford B. Hayes, Presi- William A. Wheeler, Vice\\ndent. President.\\nXliVth and XI/VTth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1876 Dem. 4,284,757,\\nRep. 4,033,9s 1\\n1. In Florida the State Supreme Court had per-\\nsisted in compelling a count upon the face of the\\nreturns of the votes for State officers, and the\\nDemocratic State government was thus finally\\ndeclared elected and inaugurated, although the\\nReturning Board had at first given the election to\\nthe Republican candidates. In South Carolina\\nand Louisiana President Hayes, soon after his\\ninauguration, ordered the Federal troops to be\\nwithdrawn, 2 and the Democratic State governments\\nat once took possession without resistance. It was\\ncharged that the President had thereby impeached\\nhis own title to the Presidency, which rested upon\\nthe action of the same Returning Boards which\\nhad declared the Republican Governors elected.\\n1 In Florida and Louisiana the Returning Board count has been taken.\\n2 Similar orders were given in March by President Grant, but were not\\nexecuted.\\n249", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "2 50 American Politics. [1877\\nIt must be noted, however, that electors are to be\\nchosen in such manner as the Legislature of the\\nState may direct, and that the power of a Legis-\\nlature to commit the choice of electors to a Return-\\ning Board may be admitted without admitting its\\npower to delegate the choice of State officers to\\nthe same hands. During the summer extensive\\nRailroad Strikes and other disorders caused\\nconsiderable alarm and loss of property and life,\\nbut were successfully suppressed by the State\\nauthorities, assisted, wherever necessary, by United\\nStates troops.\\n2. Congress met October 15th, 1 1877, having\\nXLVth Congress, been called to an early\\n1st Session. Session by a proclamation\\nof the President, in consequence of the failure of\\nthe preceding Congress to pass the appropriation\\nfor the army. The Senate was still Republican\\nand the House Democratic. In the House Speaker\\nRandall was re-elected by 149 votes to 132 for\\nJames A. Garfield, of Ohio. The most striking\\naction of the Session was the passage of the Bland\\nSilver Bill. The Act of July 14th, 1870, to\\nrefund the national debt, had made all bonds\\nissued under it payable in coin and the Act of\\nFebruary 12th, 1873, nac demonetized the silver\\ndollar, that is, had dropped it from the list of\\nUnited States coins. Since that time the value of\\nsilver, as compared with gold, had been very\\n1 Senate, Rep. 39, Dem. 36, Ind. 1 House, Dem. 153, Rep, 140.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "1878.] Bland Silver Bill 2%\\\\\\nsteadily falling, and a strong feeling had grown up\\nin both parties that the silver dollar should be\\nrestored to the list of coins and used, at least in\\npart, for the payment of bonds. The Bland Bill\\nprovided for the resumption of the coinage of the\\nsilver dollar of 412^ grains (worth then about 92\\ncents), made it a legal tender for public and private\\ndebts, and directed its coinage at the rate of not\\nless than $2,000,000 or more than $4,000,000\\nmonthly. It was vetoed, and was passed over the\\nveto by heavy majorities. An Act was passed for-\\nbidding the further retirement of United States\\nnotes. An Army Appropriation Bill was passed\\ncontaining a proviso that it should not be lawful\\nto employ any part of the army as a posse comitatus,\\nexcept as expressly authorized by the Constitution\\nor by Act of Congress. A House committee, com-\\nmonly known as the Potter Committee, 1 was\\nappointed to investigate the alleged frauds in the\\nSouthern States. Congress adjourned June 20th,\\n1878. An unexpected result of the Potter Com-\\nmittee s investigation was the discovery of a num-\\nber of Cipher Telegrams 2 from persons nearly\\nconnected with Mr. Tilden, having for their object\\nthe bribery of the Returning Boards. Mr. Tilden\\ndenied that he was a party to these negotiations.\\n3. From the beginning of his Administration,\\nPresident Hayes had not the hearty support of any\\n1 So-called from its chairman, Clarkson N. Potter, of New York.\\n2 These were mainly translated in the office of the New York Tribune.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "252 American Politics. l %7\\nparty in Congress. To many of the Republicans,\\nwho had grown up under the enforcement system,\\nhis withdrawal of Federal troops from Southern\\nStates, and his efforts to conciliate the South in\\nother ways, seemed to be weak, wavering, and\\nSunday-school politics very great feeling was\\nexcited among the Democrats by his appointment\\nof members of the Returning Board to Federal\\noffices his partial efforts to free himself from the\\ncontrol which Congressmen had gradually acquired\\nover appointments deprived him of much of a\\nPresident s usual influence over Congress and the\\nsudden rise to prominence of financial questions,\\non which neither party was thoroughly united, left\\nhim without any general or coherent party support.\\nMany Administration measures were defeated,\\nand others were only carried by Democratic votes.\\nNevertheless, President Hayes s term of office was\\nof incalculable benefit to the country as a breathing-\\nspell, and a relief from the almost intolerable vio-\\nlence of party contest. During these two years\\nthe Greenback or National Party, which was\\nmainly opposed to the proposed resumption of\\nspecie payments, had largely increased its popular\\nvotes. In 1876 it had polled 80,000 votes; in the\\nState elections of 1878 this was increased to over\\n1,000,000. Specie payments for United States\\nnotes were resumed without difficulty, January 1st,\\n1879.\\n4. Congress met December 2d, 1878. The Presi*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "I879-] Hayes Administration. 253\\nXLVth Congress, dent s Message urged upon\\n2d Session. the attention of Congress\\nthe alleged continuance of intimidation of negro\\nvoters in the South. The only important legisla-\\ntion of the Session was an Act authorizing the\\nrefunding of the national debt at four per cent,\\ninterest, and an Act giving arrears of pensions to\\nthose who had not yet filed applications. Con-\\ngress adjourned March 4th, 1879, without passing\\ndie Army Appropriation Bill, owing to an\\nendeavor by the House to add as a rider 1 to it\\na bill to repeal the general election law. 2\\n5. Congress met March 18th, 1879, having been\\nXLVIth Congress, summoned to an extra Ses-\\nExtra Session. sion by a Proclamation of\\nthe President. Both branches had Democratic\\nmajorities, 3 and in the House Speaker Randall was\\nre-elected. The Warner Silver Bill, provid-\\ning for the unlimited coinage of silver, was passed\\nby the House, but the Senate Finance Committee\\nrefused to report it. The main business of the\\nSession was with the Appropriation Bills, to all\\nof which the Democratic majority added riders\\nfor the purpose of carrying out a reduction of\\nFederal power. To the Army Bill a rider was\\nadded repealing the existing permission to the\\narmy to keep the peace at the polls to the\\nLegislative Bill was added another, repealing the\\n1 See p. 158. 2 See p. 228.\\n3 Senate, Dem. 42, Rep. 33, Ind. 1; House, Dem. 149, Rep. 130, Nat. 14.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "254 American Politics. [1880\\nauthority giving to Federal supervisors to count\\nthe votes at Congressional elections, and to Federal\\nmarshals to arrest at the polls and to the Judic-\\niary Bill was added another, forbidding the pay-\\nment of Federal marshals for services in con-\\nnection with elections. All these were opposed\\nby the Republicans as efforts to coerce a co-ordi-\\nnate branch of the Government by refusing appro-\\npriations, were vetoed by the President, and failed\\nto become law. Having finally passed the Appro-\\npriation Bills without riders, Congress adjourned\\nJuly 1st, 1879. During the summer a considerable\\nNegro Exodus took place from the South to\\nthe Northwest. It was ascribed by Republicans to\\nSouthern ill-treatment of negroes, and by Demo-\\ncrats to the operations of railroad agents.\\n6. Congress met December 1st, 1879. The\\nXLVIth Congress, President s Message ad-\\nist Session. vised Congress not to leg-\\nislate further at present in regard to the coinage r\\nrecommended the retirement of legal tenders, and\\nurged the necessity of reform in the civil service.\\nNo important political action was taken except the\\npassage of a law to prevent the use of the army to\\nkeep the peace at the polls, but with the proviso\\nthat it should not be construed to prevent the con-\\nstitutional use of the army to suppress domestic\\nviolence in a State. The riders of the last Ses-\\nsion were again added to Appropriation and Defi-\\nciency Bills, but were again vetoed and failed to", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "1880.] Presidential Electio7t. 255\\nbecome law. The Democratic opposition to the\\nGeneral Election Law was very much weak-\\nened by a Supreme Court decision during the Ses-\\nsion, upholding the constitutionality of the law.\\nCongress adjourned June 16th, 1880. Not one\\neffective step had yet been taken, by statute or\\namendment, to avoid the recurrence of a disputed\\nelectoral count such as that of 1876. The Repub-\\nlicans were unwilling to entrust the count entirely\\nto the control of a Democratic Congress, and\\nneither party was willing to entrust the final and\\nabsolute decision upon the validity of a State s\\nelectoral votes to the highest judicial authority of\\nthe State itself. 1 The attempted counting-out of\\nthe Republican majority in the Legislature of\\nMaine, by the Governor and Council, in the win-\\nter of 1878-79, had emphasized the danger by\\nshowing the possibility of double returns from\\nsome Northern State but nothing was done.\\n7. The Republican National Convention\\nmet June 5th, 1880, at Chicago. The Grant ma-\\njority in the State Conventions of New York,\\nPennsylvania, and Illinois had ordered their dele-\\ngates to cast the entire vote of their States for ex-\\nPresident Grant, without regard to the preferences\\nof individual districts. The Convention, however,\\nrefused to recognize the unit rule, and absolved\\nthe delegates from obedience to it. The platform\\n1 This, the proposition of Senator Edmunds, of Vermont, would seem\\nto be in strict pursuance of the intention of the electoral system.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "256 American Politics. [1880\\ndetailed the party s achievements in the past, de-\\nnounced the Democratic party and the Solid\\nSouth, and favored a protective tariff, the protec-\\ntion of all citizens in all their rights by Federal\\npower, and the restriction of Chinese immigration.\\nOn the thirty-sixth ballot, June 8th, James A. Gar-\\nfield, of Ohio, was nominated for President. His\\nnomination was the result of the sudden union of the\\nBlaine, Sherman, and other delegates against those\\ndelegates, about 306 in number, who voted steadily\\nfor Grant to the end. Chester A. Arthur, of New\\nYork, was nominated for Vice-President. The\\nGreenback-Labor National Convention met\\nat Chicago, June 9th, and adopted a platform\\nwhich claimed for the Government the entire con-\\ntrol of the issue of money, and condemned the\\ngrant of any such power to corporations, the con-\\ntinuance of grants of lands to railroads, and the\\nimmigration of Chinese. It nominated James B.\\nWeaver, of Iowa, for President, and B. J. Cham-\\nbers, of Texas, for Vice-President. The Demo-\\ncratic National Convention met at Cincinnati,\\nJune 22d, and adopted a strict construction plat-\\nform. It called for home rule, honest money\\ngold and silver, and paper convertible into coin\\non demand a revenue tariff, and permission to\\npurchase ships abroad, and denounced the fraud\\nof 1876-77 and the Administration s claim of a\\n1 The latter part of this definition would hardly have been accepted by\\nthe original, or Jeffersonian, Democracy.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "i88o.] Presidential Election. 257\\nright to surround the ballot-boxes with troops. It\\nnominated Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania,\\nfor President, on the second ballot, and William\\nH. English, of Indiana, for Vice-President. In the\\nPresidential election in November, Democratic\\nelectors were chosen by all the Southern States,\\nand by New Jersey, California, 1 and Nevada in the\\nNorth all the other States chose Republican elec-\\ntors. On the entire popular vote the Republicans\\nhad a slight plurality, neither party having a ma-\\njority. The Greenback vote did not affect the re-\\nsult, except in California, Indiana, and New Jer-\\nsey, where it prevented either party from having a\\nmajority. The Congressional elections gave the\\nRepublicans a majority of one over all in the\\nHouse of Representatives, 2 which was. to meet in\\nDecember, 1881.\\n8. Congress met December 6th, 1880. The\\nXLVIth Congress, principal business of the\\n2d Session. Session was to count the\\nelectoral votes, as to which there was, luckily, no\\ndoubtful question of vital importance to either\\nparty. Georgia had as yet neglected to alter her\\nState law, as passed under the Confederacy, by\\nwhich her electors met and voted on the second\\nWednesday of December instead of the first Wed-\\nnesday, as required by Federal law. Both parties\\namicably agreed to count the vote of Georgia in\\n1 One Democratic elector in California was defeated.\\n2 Rep. 147, Dem. 136, Grb. 9, Ind. 1.\\n17", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "258 American Politics. [188 1\\nthe alternative/ declaring that Garfield and Ar-\\nthur had 214 votes, that Hancock and English had\\n155 votes if the vote of Georgia were counted, and\\n144 votes if the vote of Georgia were not counted,\\nand that in either case Garfield and Arthur were\\nelected. Congress adjourned March 3d, i88i,and\\nMarch 4th Garfield and Arthur were sworn into\\noffice.\\n2 See p. 97.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV.\\nTWENTY-FOURTH ADMINISTRATION, 1881-1885.\\nJames A. Garfield, President. Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President t\\nXT/VIIth and XXiVIIIth Congresses.\\nPopular Vote for President in 1880 Rep. 4,442,950,\\nDent. 4,442,035, National (Greenback) 306,867,\\nScattering 12,576.\\n1. An extra session of the Senate, to consider\\nXLVIIth Congress, the new Presi-\\nSenate, 1st Extra Session, dent s nominations\\nto office, met immediately after the inauguration.\\nIn actual membership the parties were a tie, 1 but the\\ncasting vote of the Vice-President gave the Re-\\npublicans a majority. They at once undertook to\\nchange the employees of the Senate, as the Demo-\\ncrats had done on obtaining control of the Senate.\\nThe Democrats resisted the attempt on the ground\\nthat the Senate, at its extra session, ought to\\nattend only to the specific business for which it\\nhad been summoned and, there being no rules in\\nthe Senate to limit debate, the dispute was pro-\\nlonged for many weeks, to the neglect of all other\\n1 Dem. 37, Rep. 37, Ind. 2. The independent vote was divided between\\nthe two parties.\\n259", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "260 American Politics. [1881\\nbusiness. The sudden resignation of the two Re-\\npublican Senators 1 from New York, because of a\\ndisagreement with the President as to certain\\nappointments in their State, left the Democrats\\nin the majority, and the Senate, having confirmed\\nthe President s nominations, adjourned May 24th,\\n1881. The attention of the whole people was\\nagain called to the necessity of Civil-Service\\nReform which had long been formally approved\\nby both parties and faithfully executed by neither\\nby the crime of a disappointed office-seeker in shoot-\\ning the President, with intent to kill him, July 2d,\\n1881. September 19th, President Garfield died,\\nand Vice-President Arthur became President in\\nhis stead. The assassin, after trial and conviction,\\nwas hanged in the following year.\\n2. A second extra session of the Senate met\\nXLVIIth Congress, after the death of\\nSenate, 2d Extra Session. President Garfield,\\nto consider the nominations of his successor to\\noffices in the Cabinet and elsewhere. Thomas F.\\nBayard was succeeded by David Davis, an Inde-\\npendent, as President of the Senate, and Arthur s\\nCabinet nominations were confirmed. Robert Lin-\\ncoln was the only one of Garfield s Cabinet\\nultimately retained.\\n3. Congress met December 5th, 1881. 2 In the\\n1 Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt.\\n2 Senate, Dem. 37, Rep. 37, Ind. 2 House, Rep. 147, Dem. 136, Grb. 9,\\nJnd, x.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "1 882.] Tariff Commission. 261\\nXLVIIth Congress, House the Republicans\\n1st Session. had a majority of one\\nover all others, and J. Warren Keifer was chosen\\nSpeaker. The President s Message fulfilled the\\nexpectations which the country had formed after the\\nannouncement of his Cabinet. It took high ground\\nconcerning Civil Service Reform, recommend-\\ning important legislation with reference to strength-\\nening and applying the principle. It contained\\nalso a forcible presentation of the necessity of fur-\\nther action on the part of Congress with reference\\nto Mormonism and the cessation of silver coinage.\\nA new Apportionment Act was passed, based\\non the census of 1880. The ratio of representa-\\ntion was fixed at one Congressman to 151,912\\ninhabitants. This raised the membership of the\\nHouse to 325, and the total electoral vote to 401.\\nThe Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Bill was passed\\nand became a law. There was much discussion of\\nthe demand made for the exclusion of the Chinese.\\nA bill was finally prepared, passed, and signed by\\nthe President, which prohibited immigration from\\nChina for ten years. A River and Harbor Bill\\nproviding for extraordinary appropriations was\\npassed over the President s veto. The most im-\\nportant political question was the reduction of the\\nTariff, and provision was made for the appoint-\\nment of a Commission to bring in a report on the\\nmatter. Such was the general prosperity of the\\nwhole country, notably of the South, that the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "262 American Politics. [1883\\nreceipts for revenue were far larger than the nec-\\nessary expenditures of the government, whose\\ncreditors refused to receive their money before it\\nwas due, and the increasing surplus made evident\\nthe necessity for a reduction of taxation. Congress\\nadjourned August 8th, 1882. In 1881 was cele-\\nbrated the centennial anniversary of the surrender\\nat Yorktown. British representatives were present,\\nand the British flag was saluted by order of the\\nPresident. In 1882 the Mississippi overflowed its\\nbanks in a flood so disastrous as to drive nearly\\n100,000 people from their homes for a time. The\\nState elections held in the fall were favorable to\\nthe Democrats, and Chas. J Folger, who was avow-\\nedly the Administration candidate for Governor of\\nNew York, was defeated by Grover Cleveland.\\n4. Congress met December 4th, 1882. The Pen-\\nXLVIIth Congress, dleton Civil Service\\n2d Session. Bill was debated, passed\\nand approved. It could not under the Constitution\\ncurtail the President s power of appointment, but it\\nallowed the President to create a board of exami-\\nners, and to make appointments from those who\\nwere recommended by them. The Act was imme-\\ndiately enforced and faithfully executed by Arthur.\\nThe principle of Civil Service Reform was thereby\\nestablished as a question not only in National but\\nin State politics. On the report of the Tariff\\nCommission a bill was passed and approved, but\\nthe execution of its provisions did not reduce the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "1884.] Knights of Labor. 263\\nrevenue as much as was expected, and the question\\nremained an open one. Congress adjourned March\\n4th, 1883.\\n5. The year 1883 was politically uneventful. But\\nabout this time the growth of corporations in num-\\nbers and wealth made it clear that the old Trade\\nUnions of labor were not radical enough to cope\\nsuccessfully with the new force developed by capi-\\ntal. Accordingly, to meet the imperfectly under-\\nstood but much dreaded consequences of the\\npool, the trust, and the black-list, a local\\nPhiladelphia society, the Knights of Labor,\\nnumbering at this time 52,000 members, suddenly\\nsprang into prominence, proposing the union of all\\nkinds and classes of labor into one organization, so\\nas to paralyze if needful the industry of the whole\\ncountry to redress the wrongs of the humblest\\nworkingman.\\nWindstorms or cyclones wrought great havoc\\nduring this and the following year in both the\\nWest and South.\\n6. Congress met December 3d, 1883. Edmunds\\nXLVIIIth Congress, of Vermont was elected\\nISt Session. temporary President of the\\nSenate. But the Democrats controlled the House,\\nand chose J. G. Carlisle, of Kentucky, as Speaker.\\nThe most important legislation proposed was the\\nPresidential Succession Bill, whereby the suc-\\n1 Senate, Rep. 40, Dem. 36 House, Dem. 200, Ind. Dem. 4 Rep. 116;\\nReadjuster (Rep.) 4 Grb, 1.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "264 American Politics. [1884\\ncessors to the office of President, in case of his dis-\\nability or removal by violent or natural causes, were\\nto be the Vice-President, the temporary President\\nof the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives and the Cabinet Secretaries according to\\nthe seniority of the various Departments. The bill\\nwith changes did not pass until 1885. There was\\nalso introduced and passed by the Senate the Blair\\nEducational Bill, to distribute from the national\\nTreasury certain sums for promoting education in\\nvarious States according to the proportion of illi-\\nteracy in the population. This proposition has\\nbeen before every succeeding Congress until the\\npresent time (1890), but has never received the\\napproval of the House of Representatives, and has\\nrecently (1890) been rejected by the Senate. An\\nattempt at a reduction of Tariff duties was made\\nby the so-called Morrison Horizontal Reduc-\\ntion Bill, which was defeated in the House by\\nthe combined votes, of the Republicans and the\\nRandall or Protectionist Democrats. The Tariff\\nwas, therefore, the most important question in the\\nnext Presidential election. Congress adjourned\\nJuly 7th, 1884.\\n7. About this time popular discontent with the\\nadministration of justice in many parts of the coun-\\ntry began to be acute. In many cases the laws\\nthemselves were defective, in others the juries were\\ncomposed of unfit men. It also occurred that\\ninjured persons, having no confidence in the results\\nof litigation took the law into their own hands and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "1884O Presidential Election. 265\\nwere not punished. The Cincinnati Riots of\\n1884 originated in discontent with such a state of\\nthings, but as is the case in all such risings the\\nwildest excesses were committed. They lasted\\nseveral days.\\nThe combination of laborers against corporations\\nwent steadily forward under the Knights of Labor,\\nand the boycott was imported from Ireland as a\\nmeans of coercion. By its workings any employer\\nthought to be oppressive in dealing with members\\nof any labor organization was punished by a re-\\nfusal to purchase his products wherever found.\\nThe announcement of a boycott was made as pub-\\nlic and as offensive as possible.\\n8. The Republican National Convention\\nmet at Chicago on June 3d, 1884. It nominated\\nJames G. Blaine, of Maine, and John A. Logan, of\\nIllinois, for President and Vice-President respect-\\nively. The platform pledged the party to a reduc-\\ntion of the surplus and to the principle of pro-\\ntection, lo the control of corporations by con-\\ngressional regulation of inter-state commerce, to\\nthe settlement of the labor difficulties by the organ-\\nization of a national labor bureau, and to Civil\\nService Reform. It charged the Democrats with\\nfraud and violence in dealing with the negro vote\\nin the South, and emphasized the loose-construc-\\ntionist view of State rights.\\nThe Democratic National Convention met\\nat St. Louis on July 8th. The platform was\\nremarkable for its recognition of loose-construe-", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "266 American Politics. [1884\\ntionist views in the party. It demanded a change\\nof administration in the interests of pure adminis-\\ntration, evaded the question of protection but prom-\\nised a reduction of tariff duties and legislation\\nlooking to the control of corporations in the inter-\\nests of labor. It arraigned the Republican policy\\nas having destroyed the merchant marine, and\\nalso promised Chinese exclusion. It promised Civil\\nService Reform and announced an American\\ncontinental policy, based upon more intimate com-\\nmercial and political relations with the fifteen re-\\npublics, but entangling alliance with none. The\\nnominations were Grover Cleveland, of New York,\\nfor President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of\\nIndiana, for Vice-President. The National or\\nPeople s Greenback Convention nomi-\\nnated Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and\\nA. M. West, of Mississippi, for President and Vice-\\nPresident, on a platform demanding the substitu-\\ntion of greenbacks for National bank notes in\\norder to make money cheap, and denouncing\\nmonopolies. The Prohibition Convention nom-\\ninated John P. St. John, of Kansas, and William\\nDaniel, of Maryland. The platform demanded\\nthe entire suppression of the manufacture and sale\\nof all intoxicating drinks, and enunciated the princi-\\nple of Woman Suffrage. Nominations were also\\nmade by the Woman Suffrage party and the Ameri-\\ncan Alliance.\\nThe ensuing contest was very vigorous, and was\\nembittered by disgraceful attacks upon the per-", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "1884.] Democratic Success. 267\\nsonal character of each of the two leading candi-\\ndates. It was also marked by the unsuccessful\\nattempt to form an Independent party to support\\nCleveland. After the election in November it\\nwas found that the Democrats had 183 electoral\\nvotes and the Republicans 182, without those of\\nNew York, and that none had been chosen by\\neither the Prohibition or the People s party. In\\nthat State the result was doubtful for two days, the\\nvote being very close. The official count showed\\na small majority for the Democrats, and gave,\\ntherefore, 36 electoral votes to them. This result\\nwas due in part to the Prohibitionists, and in part\\nto the independent voters, or Mugwumps/ as they\\nwere commonly called, who were influential and\\nactive although without an organization. Ths\\nelections for Representatives in the Congress\\nwhich was to meet in December, 1885, resulted in\\na Democratic majority of forty.\\n9. Congress met December 1st, 1884. The ses-\\nXLVIIIth Congress, sion was very unevent-\\n2d Session. ful, and the general\\nfeeling of the country, which was one of expecta-\\ntion, was reflected in both the Administration and\\nin Congress. The President s message, however,\\nrecommended a cessation in the coining of silver.\\nIt was also proposed in the House to increase the\\nnumber of Cabinet officers by changing the Bureau\\nof Agriculture into a Department. Congress ad-\\njourned March 4th, 1885, and Cleveland and Hen-\\ndricks were sworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVI.\\nTWENTY-FIFTH ADMINISTRATION, 1885-1889.\\nOrover Cleveland, President. Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President,\\nXTJXth and Lth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1 884. Dem. 4,9 1 1 ,0 1 y 9\\nRep. 4,848,334, Prohib. 151,809, Peoples i33 82 5-\\n1. During the spring and summer of 1885 the\\nmost important political question was that of the\\nCivil Service. For the first time in more than\\nfifty years no sweeping changes in the non-political\\noffices were made. The Pendleton Act was obeyed\\nin spirit, and its principle was applied to many\\noffices not covered by it. In a few instances only\\nchanges were made for the good of the service,\\nwhere the charges against the officers removed\\nwere not made public, and the President was\\ncharged with acting upon the spoils system of\\ndistributing offices and violating the Tenure of\\nOffice Act. Many famous men died during this\\nperiod, among others Grant, McClellan, and the\\nVice-President, Hendricks. The death of the latter\\nagain called attention to the importance of regu-\\nlating the Presidential succession.\\n2. Congress met December 16th, 1885. The\\n1 Senate, Rep. 41, Dem. 35. House, Dem. 182, Rep. 138, People s 2\\nVacancies 3.\\n268", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "1885.] Presidential Succession. 269\\nXLlXth Congress, President s Message con-\\nist Session. tained four recommenda-\\ntions of importance the reduction of Tariff duties,\\nthe extension of Civil Service Reform, the regulation\\nof the Presidental succession, and the appointment\\nof a commission to settle the Fisheries Disputes\\nwith Great Britain. John Sherman was elected\\ntemporary President of the Senate, and Speaker J.\\nG. Carlisle was re-elected in the House. This Ses-\\nsion of Congress was unusually fruitless in completed\\nlegislation. The only bills of importance which\\nbecame laws were the Presidential Succession\\nBill, naming the Vice-President and the Secretaries\\nof the Departments in the order of establishment,\\nas successors in case of the disability or death of\\nthose preceding them, provided that such Secretaries\\nbe constitutionally eligible, the Increased Pensions\\nBill, and the Bill increasing the Navy. The Presi-\\ndent vetoed over one hundred Acts of Congress,\\nabout ninety of which were private pension bills.\\nThere was a sharp contest between the Pres-\\nident and the Senate in regard to suspensions\\nand nominations, which resulted in a practical vic-\\ntory for the former. This was really a matter of\\npolitical tactics, for the Administration did not lay\\nbefore the Senate the papers containing the reasons\\nfor removal as it demanded, and as the legal terms\\nof many of the suspended officials had expired, the\\nPresident formally withdrew his nominations and\\nsent them in again as new ones. The logic of", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "270 American Politics. [1886\\nevents thus brought about their confirmation. The\\nDemocrats prepared a Tariff Bill, but failed to\\nsecure its consideration. Congress adjourned\\nAugust 5th, 1886.\\n3. The Civil Service Commission was fully\\norganized about April 1st, and entered upon its\\nwork with judgment and zeal. The examining\\nboards were reformed so as to free them from direct\\nor indirect political influence. Their investigation\\nof the Custom House in New York discovered the\\nboldest violations of the spirit of the law, and\\nresulted in the resignation of the Collector. The\\ncommission further regulated the relations of local\\nboards to itself in the matter of records and\\nreports, and perfected a plan for promotion. The\\nPresident did all in his power to second their\\nefforts he officially warned all office-holders against\\nattempts to control local politics, and appointed a\\nRepublican to be chief-examiner for the Civil Ser-\\nvice commission. Public sentiment was in general\\nfavorable to the reform, but much unsuccessful\\nhostility to it was shown in the Senate.\\n4. By this time the numbers of the Knights of\\nLabor had grown to 600,000. Labor troubles were\\nwidespread, and strikes of a serious nature occurred\\nthroughout the country. Desperate agitators, who\\ncalled themselves Anarchists, made demonstra-\\ntions in Chicago, Milwaukee, and New York. The\\nleaders of the Chicago rioters were indicted for\\nmurder, seven were found guilty, and four of them", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "1 886.] Electoral Count Act. 271\\nwere hanged. In other cities they were punished\\naccording to the nature of their offense. The\\nofficers of the Knights of Labor organization\\nshowed much good sense and moderation in their\\npublished orders, but they were unable to control\\nthe baser elements in the society. It began, there-\\nfore, to lose whatever good reputation it had ac-\\nquired. The courts dealt the boycott a severe\\nblow by convicting of conspiracy many of those who\\nengaged in it, and punishing them by imprison-\\nment for terms varying from three months to four\\nyears. The President in a special message to Con-\\ngress recommended arbitration by a permanent\\nCommission of Labor as the means of settling all\\ncontroversies between labor and capital.\\n5. The Second Session of the Forty-ninth Con-\\nXLIXth Congress, gress began on December\\n2d Session. 6th, 1886. The President s\\nMessage emphasized the importance of reducing\\nthe surplus revenue, and recommended lowering\\nthe duties on the necessities of life and on raw ma-\\nterials. It also commended the working of the\\nCivil Service Law as the surest guarantee of the\\nsafety and success of American institutions. Later\\nthe papers concerning the Canadian Fisheries\\nDispute were laid before Congress, with a state-\\nment from the Administration that it would de-\\nmand damages for the seizure of American fishing\\nvessels. Several very important measures became\\nlaw. The Electoral Count Act permits Con-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "272 American Politics. [1886\\ngress to go behind the returns only when a State\\nfails to settle its own disputes. The Free Delivery\\nSystem of the Post Office Department was materially\\nextended the Trade Dollar was withdrawn from\\ncirculation lands were granted in severalty to the\\nIndians private claims w T ere ordered henceforth to\\nbe referred to the Court of Claims and the Presi-\\ndent was authorized to take severe retaliatory meas-\\nures against Canada. The Dependent Pension\\nBill, granting twelve dollars a month to every hon-\\norably discharged war veteran of not less than three\\nmonths service, who was at the time dependent on\\nhis own daily labor or on others for support, was\\nvetoed by the President, as were also many private\\npension bills. The Morrison Tariff Bill, which had\\nbeen prepared the year before by the majority of\\nthe Democrats, was again offered for consideration,\\nbut the movement was defeated as before by the\\nRepublicans and protection Democrats. The Anti-\\nPolygamy Bill became law without the Presi-\\ndent s signature. It was more radical in its meas-\\nures than any previous law, and made the status of\\npolygamy criminal. The Tenure of Office Law was\\nrepealed. During the closing days of the Session,\\nSenator Sherman resigned the temporary Presidency\\nof the Senate, and was succeeded in that office by\\nJ. J. Ingalls of Kansas.\\n6. By far the most important action of the Session\\nwas the passage and approval of the Inter-State\\nCommerce Act. This law created a Commission", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "1887.] Inter-State Commerce Act. 273\\nof five members, to be appointed by the President\\nand confirmed by the Senate. It has authority to\\ncall for books, papers, etc., to summon witnesses,\\nand to appeal to the Courts for assistance in cases\\nof disobedience. The Commissioners, moreover,\\nmust not be in anyway pecuniarily interested in the\\nstocks or bonds of corporations affected by the Act,\\nnor in their employment. The chief provisions of\\nthe law forbid discrimination in rates and the pool-\\ning of freights by different and competing railroads,\\nor dividing between them the aggregate or any\\nproportion of the earnings of such railroads.\\nThe penalty is a fine of $500 for each offence, but\\nrelief authorizing (in special cases) a less charge for\\na u long haul, than for a short haul, may from\\ntime to time be granted by the Commission. In\\naccordance with the statute the Commission was\\nconstituted on March 226. by the appointment of\\nmen of recognized ability and discretion. The.\\noperation of the law has given general satisfaction.\\nCongress adjourned March 3d, 1887. The Con-\\ngressional elections of the autumn resulted in a\\nsomewhat diminished Democratic majority in the\\nHouse. Contested elections for the Senate in sev-\\neral Legislatures made its political character un-\\ncertain.\\n7. The Administration did not satisfy the reform-\\ners in the further development of reform in official\\nappointments, but they admitted that, nevertheless,\\nthe spoils system was seriously shaken. During", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "274 American Politics. [1887\\nthe summer there were two great strikes, both\\nunsuccessful, in the building trade. The labor\\nmovement began to lose support because of the\\npronounced socialism of many of its leaders.\\nThe Knights of Labor diminished in influence,\\nand their numbers decreased by nearly two hun-\\ndred thousand within the year. This was due in\\na measure to the increasing strength of a rival\\nsociety, the American Federation of Labor.\\nThe celebration in Philadelphia, September 15-17,\\nof the centenary of the Federal Constitution was a\\nnotable event. Larger numbers participated, either\\nas on-lookers or in the parades and public exer-\\ncises, than in any previous centennial celebration.\\n8. When the Fiftieth Congress 1 met, on December\\nLth Congress, 5th, 1887, it was found that the\\n1st Session. Senate was almost equally divid-\\ned, with one independent vote, and that in the\\nHouse the Democrats had a majority of eleven\\nover all others. Speaker Carlisle was again re-\\nelected. The President s Message was devoted\\nexclusively to one topic, the Tariff, He estimated\\nthat the surplus would be $140,000,000 on June,\\n30th, 1888. He denounced the existing tariff laws\\nas the vicious, inequitable, and illogical source\\nof unnecessary taxation/ and demanded as a rem-\\nedy the abolition of duties on raw materials,\\narguing especially in favor of the removal of\\nthe duty on wool. This was the longest Session\\n1 Senate, Rep. 39, Dem. 37; House, Dem. 168. Rep. 153, Ind. 4.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "1 888.] The Tariff. 275\\nof Congress ever held, but it was not fruitful of\\nimportant legislation. One Act made permanent\\nthe authority of the Secretary of the Treasury to\\npurchase bonds with the surplus in the Treasury.\\nThe largest River and Harbor appropriation ever\\nmade ($22,227,000) became law without the\\nPresident s signature. Bills were also passed\\nauthorizing the President to arrange for an Ail-\\nAmerican Congress and for an International Ma-\\nrine Conference the necessary appropriations\\nbeing contained in the Acts. The former was to\\nconsist of delegates from all independent govern-\\nments in North, Central, and South America. The\\nlatter was to be a conference between the marine\\nnations of the world to devise means for assuring\\ngreater safety for life and property at sea. The\\nBlair Educational Bill again passed the Senate by\\na diminished majority, but was defeated in the\\nHouse. A new tariff measure known as the Mills\\nBill was passed by the House. Its most impor-\\ntant feature was the removal of the duty on wool,\\nand it was estimated that this, with other less im-\\nportant changes, would reduce the customs duties\\nby $50,000,000. The Senate Finance Committee\\nintroduced a substitute, repealing the tobacco tax\\nand reducing the sugar duty one-half. By these\\nmeans the revenue would be diminished by $65,-\\n000,000. A Fisheries Treaty with England had\\nbeen negotiated, but it was unsatisfactory to New\\nEngland and was rejected by the Senate. The", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "2j6 American Politics. [1888\\nPresident then asked for powers to visit upon Can-\\nada the severest form of retaliation, by stopping\\nthe transhipment of Canadian goods in bond\\nacross the United States. A bill granting the power\\nwas passed as a party measure in the House, but\\nthe Senate by referring it to a committee virtually\\nended any possibility of action. A new treaty with\\nChina, prohibiting the entrance of Chinese labor\\ninto the United States for twenty years, was rati-\\nfied by the Senate and rejected by China. There-\\nupon a new Chinese Exclusion Bill of the ut-\\nmost stringency was passed by both Houses and\\napproved by the President. Congress adjourned\\nOctober 20th, 1888.\\n9. The cause of Civil Service Reform was\\ntheoretically furthered by an executive order en-\\nlarging the scope of the classified service, and by the\\ncomplete revision and marked improvement of the\\nrules and regulations, but there began to be wide-\\nspread distrust of the practical methods of party\\nmanagers, and the unpunished partisan activity of\\noffice-holders was notorious. Labor troubles di-\\nminished in number and importance, although\\nthere was one very serious railroad strike and some\\ndangerous agitation. The most important reform\\nmovement of the time was the initiation by Massa-\\nchusetts, Wisconsin, and a few other States, of a\\nnew method of voting intended to secure secrecy\\nand prevent bribery. This Ballot Reform makes\\nsteady headway, although there has been much op-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "1 888.] Presidential Election. 2JJ\\nposition. The Supreme Court decided that the\\nlaw in Washington Territory extending the suffrage\\nto women was unconstitutional. The cause of\\nTemperance was much strengthened by political\\nand judicial action in New York, New Jersey, and\\nPennsylvania, although it has since been somewhat\\ndiscredited by the extreme views of some of its\\nsupporters, and has been weakened temporarily by\\nthe unexampled activity of its opponents.\\n10. The Democratic National Convention\\nassembled at St. Louis, on June 5th, 1888. Presi-\\ndent Cleveland was renominated unanimously and\\nby acclamation, and Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio,\\nwas nominated for Vice-President on the first bal-\\nlot. The platform indorsed the Administration,\\nfor the inauguration of honest reform in the Civil\\nService and for its efficiency, emphatically ap-\\nproving the President s message in regard to rev-\\nenue reform, and declared that domestic indus-\\ntries should not and need not be endangered by\\nthe reduction and correction of the burdens of tax-\\nation. The Republican National Convention\\nmet in Chicago, June 19th. Once in February,\\nand again in May, letters had been published from\\nMr. Blaine, who was in Europe, declaring that he\\ncould not accept a nomination to the Presidency,\\nbut in spite of that fact there were still many in the\\nConvention who hoped that the party could unite\\non no other candidate. On the third day, however,\\nand after seven ballots, Benjamin Harrison, of In-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "278 American Politics. [1\\ndiana, and Levi P. Morton, of New York, were\\nnominated for President and Vice-President re-\\nspectively. The platform charged the party in\\npower with suppression of the ballot in the South,\\ninefficiency in its foreign policy, abuse of the veto\\npower, and a desire to destroy the general busi-\\nness, the labor and the farming interests of the\\ncountry, by its tariff legislation. It favored pro-\\ntection as the American system, and the entire\\nrepeal of internal taxes rather than the surrender of\\nany part of our protective system. It claimed for\\nthe Republican party the inauguration of Civil Ser-\\nvice Reform, and demanded its extension in order\\nto avoid a the dangers to free institutions which\\nlurk in the power of official patronage. The\\nProhibition National Convention was held in\\nIndianapolis on May 31st. Its nominations were\\nClinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, for President, and\\nJohn A. Brooks, of Missouri, for Vice-President.\\nThe platform declared that the manufacture, im-\\nportation, exportation, and sale of alcoholic bever-\\nages should be made public crimes, and punished\\nas such, and demanded the abolition of the Inter-\\nnal Revenue System, and the reduction of import\\nduties. Other nominations were announced as\\nhaving been made by the Equal Rights party,\\nthe United Labor party, the Union Labor party,\\nand the American party. The campaign was less\\nacrimonious than the preceding one, but was\\nmarked by the use of money to an unprecedented", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "1889.] Admission of States. 279\\nextent. The result of the election was the success\\nof the Republicans by a majority of 65 in a total\\nelectoral vote of 401. The contest again turned on\\nthe vote of New York,\\n11. Congress met December 3, 1888. The Pres-\\nLth Congress, ident s message was an ampli-\\n2d Session. fication of his former argument\\nfor a change in the tariff. It also reviewed our\\nforeign relations and the condition of the Depart-\\nments. To the already existing Executive Depart-\\nments was added a new one, that of Agriculture.\\nAn Act was also passed providing for the admission\\nas new States of North and South Dakota,\\nWashington, and Montana. A new Tariff\\nbill was passed by the Senate, differing from the\\npreceding one by substituting ad valorem for\\nspecific duties. In the House a report was pres-\\nented declaring this substitution for the House\\n(Mills) Bill unconstitutional. A contest between\\nthe representatives of the two factions of the De-\\nmocrats prevented further action. In December\\nthe President extended the scope of the classified\\nCivil Service to the railway mail service, and in\\nspite of some adverse action in various quarters,\\nsteady and sure progress was made in the reform,\\nboth State and National. Congress adjourned\\nMarch 4th, 1889, and Harrison and Morton were\\nsworn into office.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII.\\nTWENTY-SIXTH ADMINISTRATION, 1889-1893.\\nBenjamin Harrison, President. Levi P. Morton, Vice-President.\\nXilst and Iilld Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President i?i 1888: De?n 5,536,-\\n524, Rep, 5,441,923, Prohib. 246,406, Labor\\n144,608.\\n1. When Congress met on December 2d, 1888,\\nList Congress, the executive and legisla-\\nIst Session. tive departments of the\\nGovernment were Republican throughout. It was\\ndetermined to change the rules of the House so\\nas to expedite business. Accordingly, after much\\nheated discussion, thg Speaker was authorized to\\ncount as present for the purposes of a quorum\\nall who were in the chamber, whether answering\\nto the roll-call or not; he was also permitted to\\ndisregard dilatory motions. In his message\\nPresident Harrison emphasized the importance\\nof the Protective policy, and a commission, of\\nwhich William McKinley of Ohio was the head,\\nbegan the preparation of a bill to be presented\\nfor action at the earliest possible date. Its es-\\n1 Senate, Rep. 51,, Dem. 37. House, Rep. 176 Dem. 155, Wheeler, 1.\\n280", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "1889.] The McKinley Tariff Bill. 281\\nsential features were to be a reduction of the\\nrevenue and the maintenance of Protection.\\nLevi P. Morton took his seat as presiding officer\\nof the Senate, and Thomas B. Reed of Maine\\nwas chosen Speaker of the House. The legisla-\\ntion of this session was important. The McKin-\\nley Tariff Bill laid high duties on such foreign\\ngoods as came into competition with home man-\\nufactures, and admitted free those which did not.\\nThe Senate amended it by authorizing the Presi-\\ndent to impose duties on certain free goods\\nwhenever the country of origin imposed duties\\nreciprocally unequal and unreasonable on\\ncertain of our exports. With this Reciprocity\\nclause added, the bill became a law. The Bland-\\nAllison law of 1878 w T as repealed, and the Sher-\\nman Law was enacted. By it the Government\\nwas required to purchase 4,500,000 ounces of sil-\\nver monthly, and issue legal-tender treasury\\nnotes, redeemable on demand in gold or silver to\\nthe full value of the bullion. In response to a\\nrecommendation of the President s message for\\nincrease of pensions, the Dependent Parents\\nand Disabilities Act was passed. The effect\\nwas to increase the number of pensioners from\\n537,944 in 1890 to 976,014 in 1897, and the\\nannual expenditure from $72,052,143 to $141,-\\n263,880 during the same period. In 1894 the\\nexpenditure for pensions was over $160,000,000,\\nabout $20,000,000 less than half the total appro-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "282 American Politics. [189O\\npriations for national purposes. The Navy Ap-\\npropriation Act authorized the expenditure of\\n$25,000,000 for the increase of the Navy. The\\nexcess of expenditures by the Fifty-first Congress\\nover those of its predecessors was$iyo, 000,000; its\\ntotal appropriations were about $1,000,000,000,\\nand this lavishness has, so far, been continued.\\nChicago was designated as the site of the Colum-\\nbian Exposition in celebration of the four hun-\\ndredth anniversary of the discovery of America\\nby Columbus. Congress adjourned on October\\n1st, 1890. Idaho and Wyoming were admitted\\nas new States, the latter after warm debate as to\\nthe clause in its Constitution granting the suf-\\nfrage to women. A portion of the Indian Terri-\\ntory was organized as Oklahoma and opened to\\nsettlement in 1891.\\n2. The Civil Service Act was obeyed in\\nspirit by President Harrison, and well adminis-\\ntered by the Commission. This policy received\\nthe hearty support of public opinion in spite of\\nthe remnants of hostility displayed in various\\nquarters. The final count of the Eleventh\\nCensus made the total population of the United\\nStates on June 1st, 1890, 62,622,250, an increase\\nof somewhat less than 25 per cent, over the fig-\\nures of the Tenth. The negro population had\\nincreased less than 14 per cent. The geographi-\\ncal center of population was in southern Indiana.\\nIn Kansas the Farmers Alliance met in conven-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "1890.] The Peoples Party! 283\\ntion during September, 1890, with the Knights\\nof Labor, and nominated a State ticket, which\\nwas elected. The combination also secured five\\nout of seven Congressmen and one United States\\nSenator. They formulated as demands for na-\\ntional legislation the free and unlimited coinage\\nof silver to increase the currency, a sub-treas-\\nury scheme for loaning Government funds to\\nfarmers on the security of non-perishable farm\\nproduce at 2 per cent., and a land mortgage\\nscheme enabling the owner of from 10 to 320\\nacres of land, half of which was under cultiva-\\ntion, to borrow from the Government treasury\\nnotes equal to half the assessed value of land\\nand buildings. The People s Party was or-\\nganized on an expansion of this basis during\\n1891, and its members were generally known as\\nPopulists. This movement was due to dis-\\nsatisfaction with the legislation of the Fifty-first\\nCongress and to serious agricultural depression.\\n3. T^ie Second Session of the Fifty-first Con-\\nList Congress, gress began on Decem-\\n2d Session. ber 1st, 1890. Although\\nalarmed by the ever-growing symptoms of dis-\\ncontent throughout the country, Congress felt\\nitself committed to the policy of creating a New\\nNavy, and further appropriated $16,500,000 for\\nnew vessels and equipments. Otherwise it was\\neconomical during the Second Session. A new\\napportionment of representatives was made on", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "284 American Politics. [1890\\nthe basis of a total number of 356. Immigra-\\ntion Legislation was amended so as to exclude,\\nunder very severe penalties, idiots, insane, crimi-\\nnals, and assisted immigrants. New Circuit\\nJudgeships and Circuit Courts of Appeals were\\ncreated, and the Inter-State Commerce Law was\\namended so as to enlarge the powers of the Com-\\nmission. The most important act was that con-\\ncerning International Copyright, which under\\ncertain limitations finally admits the rights of\\nforeign authors, giving them the enjoyment of\\ntheir property within our boundaries.\\n4. The widespread agitation for the free coin-\\nage of silver led to forming and carrying out a plan\\nfor an International Monetary Conference\\nit met in Brussels, but resulted in disagreement.\\nThe dispute with England concerning the re-\\nspective rights and conduct of Canadian and\\nAmerican sealers in the Bering Sea was tempo-\\nrarily adjusted by declaring a close season, by\\nappointing a joint patrol, and by making arrange-\\nments for submitting the matter to international\\narbitration. A riot in New Orleans resulted in\\nthe murder of several Italian subjects. The\\nFederal Government expressed regret, but dis-\\nclaimed responsibility: this resulted in a rupture\\nof diplomatic relations with Italy; the breach\\nwas not clpsed until an appropriation of $25,-\\n000 was made as an indemnity to the families of\\nthe dead and as a token of our good will to", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "1 89 1.] Elections of 1890. 285\\nItaly. United States sailors from the Balti-\\nmore were assaulted by a mob in Valparaiso,\\nand one was killed reparation was obtained from\\nChili, but only upon a peremptory demand made\\nafter unavailing and long continued negotiation.\\n5. In the elections of 1890 the Republicans\\nmet with overwhelming defeat. They lost the\\nlegislatures of New York and Wisconsin, and a\\nlarge Democratic majority was secured in the\\nHouse of Representatives. Congress 1 met on\\nLlld Congress, December 7th, 1891, and\\n1st Session. Charles F. Crisp of Geor-\\ngia was elected Speaker. The situation ren-\\ndered impossible the passage of any bills along\\nthe line of strict party policy. Acts were passed\\nenforcing reciprocal relations with Canada, regu-\\nlating the redemption of National Bank notes,\\nexcluding Chinese emigrants for ten years, mak-\\ning eight hours a day s labor for workingmen in\\nGovernment employment, regulating the admin-\\nistration of the pension bureau, admitting foreign-\\nbuilt ships to American register under certain\\nconditions, and appropriating funds for the Co-\\nlumbian Exposition. Treaties of reciprocity with\\neleven foreign countries were proclaimed by the\\nPresident and the operations of the McKinley\\nTariff Bill were adjusted by slight changes. Con-\\ngress adjourned on August 5th, 1892.\\n1 Senate, Rep. 47, Dem. 39, Independents, 2. House, Dem. 235, Rep.\\n88, Farmers Alliance, 9.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "286 American Politics, [1892\\n6. The Civil Service Commission reported\\nthat politics had virtually disappeared as a factor\\nin appointments to the classified service of the\\nGovernment. Patronage was abolished in the\\nnavy yards and from a portion of the Indian\\nservice. The efforts of the Commission to pre-\\nvent the soliciting of political contributions from\\noffice-holders were partially successful. The work\\nof Ballot Reform was conspicuously advanced\\nby the further adoption of what is known as the\\nAustralian system of secret voting in a sufficient\\nnumber of States to raise the total to twenty-\\nfour. Many distinguished men died during this\\nperiod; notably George Bancroft, the historian,\\nAdmiral Porter, and General Sherman. The\\nAnti-Polygamy law was enforced so rigidly in\\nUtah that the Mormons in general conference\\nformally renounced the institution. In thirteen\\nStates acts were passed which either constituted\\neight hours a lawful day s work on State or\\nmunicipal work, or made an advance in that\\ndirection. About half the States enacted laws\\nagainst boycotting and black-listing, and in the\\nsame number the organization of labor bureaus\\nwas completed.\\n7. The Republican National Convention\\nmet at Minneapolis on June 7th, 1893. Presi-\\ndent Harrison was renominated on the first\\nballot, and Whitelaw Reid of New York was\\nnominated for Vice-President by acclamation.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "1892.] National Conventions. 287\\nXhe platform indorsed Protection, Reciprocity,\\nthe use of both gold and silver as the standard\\nmoney under such provisions as would secure\\nthe parity of the two metals, emphasized\\nthe Monroe doctrine, and called for further\\nrestriction of immigration. The Democratic\\nNational Convention met at Chicago on\\nJune 20th. Mr. Cleveland was nominated\\nfor President on the first ballot and, likewise,\\nGeneral Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. The\\nplatform affirmed the allegiance of the party\\nto the principles of Jefferson, deplored the tend-\\nency to centralize all power at Washington,\\nasserted the principle of tariff for revenue, in-\\ndorsed the idea of reciprocity, and advocated the\\nfree coinage of both gold and silver on condition\\nthat the unit be of equal intrinsic and interchange-\\nable value, or on a basis of safe international agree-\\nment and legislation to secure the equal power\\nof every dollar; it approved civil service reform\\nand the restriction of immigration. The national\\nconvention of the People s Party assembled at\\nOmaha on July 2d. General James B. Weaver\\nwas nominated for President on the first ballot\\nand James G. Field secured the nomination for\\nVice-President. The platform set forth the\\nexisting discontent and its causes, demanded\\ngovernment ownership of railroads, telegraphs,\\nand telephones, free coinage of gold and silver\\nat the ratio of 16 to 1, a circulation of at least", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "288 American Politics. [1892\\nfifty dollars per head of the population, a gradu-\\nated income tax, the establishment of postal\\nsavings banks, and the reclamation of all land\\nheld by aliens and by corporations in excess\\nof their needs. The Prohibition National\\nConvention met at Cincinnati on June 29th.\\nThere was a marked divergence of opinion as\\nto fusion with the People s Party, but finally\\nGeneral John Bidwell was nominated for Presi-\\ndent and the Rev. J. B. Cranfill for Vice-\\nPresident. The platform demanded a cur-\\nrency issued directly by Government, a tariff for\\ndefense against the tariffs of other countries,\\ndirect taxation for necessary revenue, the sup-\\npression of stock-jobbing methods and of the\\nliquor traffic, the suffrage for women, govern-\\nment control of railroads and telegraphs, one\\nday of rest in seven for everybody, the restric-\\ntion of immigration, and the prohibition of alien\\nland ownership. During the summer there were\\nserious labor riots near Pittsburgh and Buffalo.\\nSmall bands of detectives were employed in the\\nformer, and the latter were suppressed by military\\nforce. Much blood was shed, and there was\\na general outcry for some peaceful method of\\nsettling labor disputes. The elections turned\\non Protection. They were quiet and resulted\\nin a sweeping victory for the Democrats, who\\nsecured 277 of the 444 electoral votes.\\n8. There was little legislation of the first im-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "1892.] Proposed Annexatiori of Hawaii* 289\\nportance in the Second Session of the Fifty-\\nLlld Congress, second Congress, which\\n2d Session. began on December 5th.\\nA revolution had occurred in Hawaii by which\\nthe monarchy was overthrown and a treaty for\\nthe annexation of the islands to the United\\nStates was laid before the Senate, but its friends\\ncould not secure action on it. An extradition\\ntreaty with Russia was ratified, which called\\nforth emphatic protests from those who feared it\\nmight be construed so as not to protect political\\noffenders. The state of the Treasury and falling\\noff of the revenue began to cause uneasiness, as\\ndid also the steady and growing drain of gold\\nfrom the Treasury. The regular appropriations\\nwere made toward the close of the session and\\namounted to over five hundred millions, thus\\nequaling the record for extravagance of the\\npreceding Congress. Some modifications in the\\ndirection of further stringency were enacted in\\nthe Immigration Bill. Congress adjourned March\\n4th, 1893, and Cleveland and Stevenson were\\nsworn into office,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVIII.\\nTWENTY-SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION, 1893-1897.\\n3-rover Cleveland, President. Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice-President,\\nLillld and LilVth Congresses.\\nPopular vote for President in 1892: Dem. 5,554,267,\\nRep. 5,175,201, Peoples 1,042,531, Prohib.\\n1. When Cleveland and Stevenson were inau-\\ngurated there was apparent prosperity agri-\\ncultural, commercial, and industrial throughout\\nthe country. But the seeds of panic had been\\nsown in the unstable and vacillating financial\\npolicy which expediency had imposed upon the\\ncountry. In 1875 tne Treasury was authorized\\nto buy specie with money obtained from special\\nbond issues and to use it for the redemption of\\nUnited States notes. In 1878 it was ordered\\nthat greenbacks thus redeemed should not be\\ndestroyed, but reissued and kept in circulation.\\nIn pursuance of this policy the Treasury created\\na special fund designed to average a hundred\\nmillion, and in July, 1892, it was fourteen\\nmillion above that sum. Under the law of 1890\\nsilver was purchased with notes exchangeable\\n290", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "1 893.] The Columbian Exposition. 291\\nfor coin, a word held by the Treasury to mean\\ngold. In 1890, therefore, there were in circula-\\ntion not only three hundred and forty-six millions\\nof greenbacks, but a hundred and fifty of silver\\nnotes, all redeemable in gold, and the latter sum\\nmust under the Sherman law rapidly increase.\\nThe price per ounce of silver had fallen in ten\\nyears from $1.30 to $0.81, and the intrinsic value\\nof a dollar was $0.67. These two facts made our\\nobligations seem strangely disproportionate to\\nour ability to meet them; foreigners sold our\\nstocks and bonds in our markets and our own\\npeople realized on their securities in gold, which\\nthey hoarded. The reserve fund in this way\\nbegan to shrink, and for the first time fell below\\nthe average, reaching ninety-seven millions. A\\ndisastrous panic was the result, more than\\nthree hundred banks suspended, manufactories\\nshut down, and there was widespread distress.\\nThe only enterprise of importance which did not\\nseem to feel the depression was the Columbian\\nExposition, which opened May 1st, 1893, and\\nclosed October 30th, after a career of brilliant\\nand unbroken success.\\n2. The Democrats had won a decided victory\\nLUId Congress, and, for the first time\\nSpecial Session. since 1861, Executive,\\nHouse, and Senate were all Democratic, 1 the lat-\\n1 Senate, Dem. 44, Rep. 36, People s 5, three vacancies; House, Dem.\\n219, Rep. 124, People s 12, one vacancy.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "292 American Politics, [^93\\nter by a slight and somewhat doubtful, but yet\\nworkable, majority. Yielding to a general de-\\nmand for the repeal of the silver clause in the\\nSherman Act the President called a special\\nsession of Congress, which met on August 7th.\\nMr. Crisp was re-elected Speaker of the House.\\nThe people of the States and Territories whose\\nprosperity was believed to depend on silver-\\nmining agitated powerfully to create a senti-\\nment in favor of the free coinage of silver by the\\nUnited States mints, in case the purchase clause\\nof the Sherman Act should be repealed. The\\nstruggle in Congress, therefore, was long and\\nbitter, but on November 1st the repeal was\\npassed. By this time the panic had somewhat\\nsubsided, but there was no revival of trade. The\\nonly other completed legislation was an act\\nfurther restricting Chinese immigration. Con-\\ngress adjourned on November 3d.\\n3. The first regular session of the Fifty-third\\nCongress began on December 4th, 1893. In ac-\\nLllld Congress, cordance with the Demo-\\nist Session. cratic platform, a new\\ntariff measure, known as the Wilson Bill, was\\nat once introduced into the House. During the\\ndebates in that body the Senate passed a bill,\\nalready approved by the House, for the repeal\\nof the Federal Election Laws, and thus dis-\\nappeared the last of the Reconstruction meas-\\nures. There was a long struggle between the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "1 894.] Sales of Bonds. 293\\nHouse and Senate over the details of the tariff\\nlegislation, and the President was in sympathy\\nwith the former. As finally passed on August\\n13th, 1894, the measure reduced the rates of\\nduty on many imports, put wool on the free list,\\nand diminished the tax on many other raw\\nmaterials; it also contained a provision for tax-\\ning incomes over $4000. The bill became a law\\nwithout the President s signature, and in the\\nspring of 1895- the Supreme Court pronounced\\nthe Income Tax unconstitutional. Reciprocity\\nwas abolished except in so far as consistent with\\nthe new Act. There was an unsuccessful effort\\nto compel the silver coinage of the Seignorage\\nor difference in value between the cost of the\\nsilver purchased under the Sherman Act and its\\ncoined value. Congress adjourned on August\\n28th, 1894.\\n4. Before long it was clear that the system of\\ntaxation could neither maintain the gold reserve\\nnor meet current expenses, and the country was\\ngreatly agitated by Sales of Bonds, ordered by\\nthe President. There were four such sales Jan-\\nuary and November, 1894, February, 1895, and\\nJanuary, 1896. The national debt was thus in-\\ncreased by about two hundred and sixty-two\\nmillions. The Supreme Court, by decision,\\nordered the restoration to the Mormon Church\\nof its property under a repeal of the act of\\nCongress confiscating it, and amnesty was ex-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "294 American Politics. [1894\\ntended to Mormons who had been guilty of\\npolygamy. The suffrage was given to women\\nin Colorado. During the winter of 1893-94\\nArmies of the unemployed were organized\\nin various places for the purpose of marching on\\nWashington to demand aid from Congress. One\\nsuch rabble, numbering about 350, succeeded\\nin entering Washington but they were checked\\nby the police, and while attempting to incite\\na riot the leader was arrested. Other bands\\nwere dispersed in their efforts to steal trans-\\nportation from the railways. There was a\\ncontinuous and successful effort to sustain\\nthe Civil Service Commission in the appli-\\ncation and extension of the merit system.\\nHostile comment was aroused by the appoint-\\nment to a diplomatic position of one who had\\ncontributed largely to the Democratic campaign\\nfund, but the contributor, finding himself in a\\nfalse position, withdrew his name, and the fear\\nof great offices being virtually at the disposal of\\nthe highest bidder subsided. The revolution in\\nHawaii having been completed, the Administra-\\ntion began a careful examination of the facts, and\\nan extended report on .the situation created much\\nopposition to annexation.\\n5. In April began an extensive Strike of Coal\\nMiners, and in five States the militia were called\\nout to suppress violence. Federal marshals and\\ntroops interfered to protect the railways. Be-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "1 895.] Strikes. 295\\nfore this strike was successfully ended by agree-\\nment in June, the employees of the Pullman\\nCompany struck against a reduction of wages in\\nMay, and the American Railway Union took\\nup their cause, ordering a boycott of all Pullman\\ncars. This resulted in serious interference with\\nrailway traffic between Chicago and California.\\nThe mails being delayed by the serious rioting\\nand destruction of property, President Cleveland\\nsent regulars to assist the militia, and proclaimed\\na state of insurrection, first in Illinois and after-\\nward in the district further west. The strike\\nended on August 3d, and the action of the Presi-\\ndent, though widely discussed, was supported by\\npublic opinion and by both Houses of Congress.\\nOffenders were indicted for rebellion and crimi-\\nnal conspiracy. In January, 1895, there was a\\nserious strike of the street railway employees of\\nBrooklyn, but order was maintained by two\\nbrigades of militia. A commission was appointed\\nby the President to investigate the Railway\\nStrike; it recommended a permanent strike com-\\nmission whose decisions should be enforcible by\\nthe courts. The indicted labor leaders were\\nsentenced to short terms in jail. The armies\\nof the unemployed steadily disintegrated.\\n6. Congress opened on December 3d, 1894,\\nLUId Congress, and adjourned on March\\n2d Session. 3d, 1895. There was\\nlittle legislation beyond the routine. A bill", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "296 American Politics. [1895\\nwas introduced to incorporate a company for\\nbuilding the Nicaragua Ship Canal, and under\\nits provisions the United States were to guarantee\\nits bonds and hold seventy out of a hundred\\nmillions of capital stock. The friends of a strong\\nforeign policy secured its passage in the Senate,\\nbut it was not taken up by the House. The\\nlatter passed the Compulsory Arbitration Bill\\nwithout division. The New Navy was further\\nincreased by appropriations for two first-class\\nbattle-ships. The total appropriations of the\\nFifty-third Congress were thirty-seven millions\\nless than those of its predecessor, the difference\\nbeing largely in the pension account. The\\nAdministration made two energetic efforts to\\neffect a Currency Reform by disconnecting\\nthe Treasury from any issue or re-issue of legal-\\ntender notes. Both failed, owing to the opposi-\\ntion of those who favored the funding of the\\npaper currency. The New York sub-treasury\\nwas within twenty-four hours of suspending gold\\npayments when the second bond issue was taken\\nup by a syndicate of bankers at 104^. As the\\nprice of these bonds in the public market rose\\nalmost immediately to 118, violent attacks were\\nmade on the transaction. The Deficit in the\\nRevenue continued, and there was a growing\\nsentiment, in Congress and out, favoring the free\\ncoinage of silver.\\n7. The State elections of 1894 gave an over-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "1 895.] Venezuelan Boundary Dispute. 297\\nwhelming triumph to the Republicans, not only\\nfor State officers, but for Congress. The officers\\nof a secret association, founded five years pre-\\nviously to resist the influence of foreigners and,\\nin particular, of Roman Catholics upon American\\nlife, and known as the American Protective\\nAssociation, claimed this result as in part due\\nto their efforts. But this was problematical, and\\nneither of the great parties was willing to\\naffiliate with the new power.\\nThe first session of the Fifty-fourth Congress\\nLIVth Congress, opened on December 2d,\\n1st Session. and the House organized\\nby electing Thomas B. Reed as Speaker. 1 The\\nrules were so adjusted that, in case a quorum\\nfailed to vote, the sergeant-at-arms could bring\\nabsentees before the House until the clerk noted\\na sufficient number as present. The Senate re-\\norganized its committees on December 30th.\\nThe most important question was the Vene-\\nzuelan Boundary Dispute. During the year\\nthis difficulty between Great Britain and Vene-\\nzuela, which was of fifty years standing, was\\nbrought to an acute stage by what Venezuela\\nclaimed were encroachments on its border from\\nthe side of British Guiana. A long diplomatic\\ncorrespondence between our Government and\\nthat of Great Britain on the question of our atti-\\n1 Senate, Rep. 43, Dem. 39, Independents 6. House, Rep. 248, Dem.\\n104, Independents and People s 7, vacant 1.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "298 American Politics. [^95\\ntude under the Monroe doctrine ended in the\\nappointment of a commission to determine the\\ntrue boundary line of Venezuela, and a declara-\\ntion that any attempt on the part of Great\\nBritain to exercise jurisdiction within such a\\nline as determined would be regarded by the\\nUnited States as a willful aggression upon its\\nrights and interests. This was considered at\\nhome and abroad as a threat of war and created\\ngreat excitement. The correspondence was laid\\nbefore Congress in a Presidential message dated\\nDecember 17th. The war scare depressed the\\nmoney markets and lowered the gold reserve ten\\nmillions in three weeks, and a new bond issue\\nfollowed. Congress promptly appropriated funds\\nfor the commission, and abortive attempts were\\nmade at financial legislation. Equally vain were\\nthe efforts made by Congress to define the\\nMonroe doctrine. The Cuban Insurrection,\\nwhich had broken out in 1894, also attracted\\nattention, and resolutions favoring the recog-\\nnition of belligerent rights for the rebels passed\\nboth Houses. A concurrent resolution was\\npassed urging the President to secure their rights\\nto unoffending Christians and American citizens\\nin Turkey; this was due to the outrages in\\nArmenia. The navy appropriation bill provided\\nfor three new battle-ships. Congress adjourned\\non June nth.\\n8. The Venezuelan boundary dispute was set-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "1896.] National Conventions. 299\\ntied without an appeal to arms by an agreement\\nthat, except in cases where fifty years occupation\\nhad given title by prescription, all the territory\\nin dispute should be submitted to arbitration.\\nSimultaneously negotiations were opened for a\\ngeneral treaty of arbitration between the United\\nStates and Great Britain, and just before the\\nclose of the administration such a treaty was laid\\nbefore the Senate; it failed of ratification. The\\nclaims of the Canadian sealers were adjusted\\nunder the award of the court on June 3d. Fre-\\nquent efforts being made by civilians to furnish\\narms to the Cuban insurgents, the President\\nannounced and enforced a policy of strict neu-\\ntrality. Utah was admitted to the Union by\\nproclamation in January.\\n9. The political discussions of the year turned\\nalmost exclusively on the question of the free\\ncoinage of silver. When the Republican Na-\\ntional Convention met in St. Louis on June\\n16th, the platform declared in favor of protec-\\ntion and reciprocity, and against free coinage,\\nexcept by international agreement. Thirty-four\\nopposing delegates withdrew. William McKin-\\nley of Ohio was nominated for President on the\\nfirst ballot, and Garrett A. Hobart of New Jer-\\nsey secured the nomination for Vice-President.\\nThe Democratic National Convention met in\\nChicago on July 7th. The great majority of the\\ndelegates favored free coinage, and a call for", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "300 American Politics. [1896\\nthat measure was embodied in the platform.\\nW. J. Bryan of Nebraska was nominated for\\nPresident on the fifth ballot, and Arthur Sewall\\nof Maine was nominated for Vice-President.\\nBoth parties incorporated other planks in\\ntheir platform, but the only real issue in the\\nelection was the free coinage of silver. The\\nNational Convention of the People s Party\\nmet at St. Louis on July 22d, and after discuss-\\ning a coalition with the Democrats, rejected\\nSewall s candidacy as that of a capitalist: they\\nthen nominated Thomas E. Watson of Georgia\\nfor Vice-President, and indorsed the nomination\\nof Bryan for President. The platform was sub-\\nstantially that of the Democrats. The managers\\narranged for fusion with the Democrats on the\\nelection tickets, so that all votes for President\\nshould go to Bryan, three-fifths of those for Vice-\\nPresident to Sewall, and the other two-fifths\\nto Watson. In consequence of the platform\\nadopted at Chicago, the so-called sound-\\nmoney Democrats held a Convention of the\\nNational Democratic Party at Indian-\\napolis on September 2d, declared for a single\\ngold standard of monetary measure, and unani-\\nmously nominated J. M. Palmer of Illinois and\\nS. B. Buckner of Kentucky for President and\\nVice-President respectively. The Prohibition\\nNational Convention met at Pittsburgh on\\nMay 2d, and nominated as its candidates Joshua", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "1896.] Relations with Spain. 301\\nLevering of Maryland and Hale Johnson of Illi-,\\nnois. There was a discussion as to approving\\nfree coinage, which resulted in a division, and\\nthe minority nominated Charles E. Bentley of\\nNebraska for President and J. H. Southgate of\\nNorth Carolina for Vice-President. The Social-\\nist Labor Party met at New York on July 9th,\\nand nominated Charles H. Matchett of New\\nYork for President, with Matthew Maguire of\\nNew Jersey for Vice-President. The ensuing\\ncampaign was conducted amid great excitement\\nas a campaign of education. The election re-\\nsulted in the success of the Republicans by a\\nmajority of 95 in the Electoral College.\\n10. The Second Session of the Fifty-fourth\\nLIVth Congress, Congress opened on De-\\n2d Session. cember 7th. The Presi-\\ndent s message called attention to our Relations\\nwith Spain and Cuba, indicating that the\\nnature of the struggle might eventually compel\\nus to overlook our obligations to Spain for the\\nsake of higher ones. This tempted the friends\\nof Cuba to force an issue in Congress, but the\\neffort was fruitless. There was little legislation\\nof the first importance, even the appropriation\\nbills failed to pass in their entirety. This was\\ndue to the determination of McKinley, which\\nwas well known, to call an extra session of the\\nnext Congress as soon as possible after his in-\\nauguration. An Immigration Bill passed both", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "302 American Politics. \\\\_ l %97\\nHouses, but was vetoed by the President. The\\nNicaragua Canal Bill was withdrawn. Congress\\nadjourned on March 4th, and McKinley and\\nHobart were sworn into office. 1\\n1 Popular vote for President in 1896 Rep. 7,105,729, Dem. and Peo-\\nple s 6,491,977, Nat. Dem. 133,554, Prohib. 142,491, Social. Labor 39,222.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX A.\\nArticles of Confederation.\\nArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union\\nbetween the States of New Hampshire, Massa-\\nchusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence\\nPlantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jer-\\nsey, Pennsylvania, Delaware^ Maryland, Vir-\\nginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and\\nGeorgia.\\nArticle I. The style of this Confederacy shall\\nbe, The United States of America.\\nArticle II. Each State retains its sovereignty,\\nfreedom, and independence, and every power,\\njurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Con-\\nfederation expressly delegated to the United States\\nin Congress assembled.\\nArticle III. The said States hereby severally\\nenter into a firm league of friendship with each\\nother, for their common defense, the security of\\ntheir liberties, and their mutual and general wel-\\nfare, binding themselves to assist each other against\\nall force offered to or attacks made upon them, or\\nany of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,\\ntrade, or any other pretense whatever.\\n303", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "304 Appendix A.\\nArticle IV. The better to secure and perpet-\\nuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the\\npeople of the different States in this Union, the\\nfree inhabitants of each of these States, paupers,\\nvagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted,\\nshall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of\\nfree citizens in the several States and the people\\nof each State shall have free ingress and regress to\\nand from any other State, and shall enioy therein\\nall the privileges of trade and commerce subject to\\nthe same duties, impositions and restrictions as\\nthe inhabitants thereof respectively provided that\\nsuch restrictions shall not extend so far as to pre-\\nvent the removal of property imported into any\\nState to any other State of which the owner is an\\ninhabitant provided also, that no imposition,\\nduties, or restriction shall be laid by any State on\\nthe property of the United States or either of them.\\nIf any person guilty of, or charged with, treason,\\nfelony, or other high misdemeanor in any State\\nshall flee from justice and be found in any of the\\nUnited States, he shall, upon demand of the gover-\\nnor or executive power of the State from which he\\nfled, be delivered up and removed to the State\\nhaving jurisdiction of his offense. Full faith and\\ncredit shall be given in each of these States to the\\nrecords, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts\\nand magistrates of every other State.\\nArticle V. For the more convenient manage-\\nment of the general interests of the United", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 305\\nStates, delegates shall be annually appointed in\\nsuch manner as the Legislature of each State shall\\ndirect, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in\\nNovember, in every year, vnth a power reserved to\\neach State to recall its delegates, or any of them,\\nat any time within the year, and to send others in\\ntheir stead for the remainder of the year. No\\nState shall be represented in Congress by less than\\ntwo, nor by more than seven members and no\\nperson shall be capable of being a delegate for\\nmore than three years in any term of six years\\nnor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable\\nof holding any office under the United States for\\nwhich he, or another for his benefit, receives any\\nsalary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each\\nState shall maintain its own delegates in any meet-\\ning of the States and while they act as members of\\nthe Committee of the States. In determining\\nquestions in the United States in Congress assem-\\nbled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of\\nspeech and debate in Congress shall not be im-\\npeached or questioned in any court or place out of\\nCongress and the members of Congress shall be\\nprotected in their persons from arrests and impris-\\nonment during the time of their going to and\\nfrom, and attendance on, Congress, except for\\ntreason, felony, or breach of the peace.\\nArticle VI. No State, without the consent of\\nthe United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nsend any embassy to, or receive any embassy from,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "306 Appendix A.\\nor enter into any conference, agreement, alliance,\\nor treaty with any king, prince, or state nor shall\\nany person holding any office of profit or trust\\nunder the United States, or any of them, accept of\\nany present, emolument, office, or title of any kind\\nwhatever from any king, prince, or foreign state\\nnor shall the United States, in Congress assembled,\\nor any of them, grant any title of nobility.\\nNo two or more States shall enter into any\\ntreaty, confederation, or alliance whatever between\\nthem, without the consent of the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, specifying accurately the pur-\\nposes for which the same is to be entered into, and\\nhow long it shall continue.\\nNo State shall lay any imposts or duties which\\nmay interfere with any stipulations in treaties\\nentered into by the United States, in Congress\\nassembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pur-\\nsuance of any treaties already proposed by Con-\\ngress to the courts of France and Spain.\\nNo vessels of war shall be kept up in time of\\npeace by any State, except such number only as\\nshall be deemed necessary by the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, for the defense of such State\\nor its trade, nor shall any body of forces be kept\\nup by any State in time of peace, except such num-\\nber only as, in the judgment of the United States,\\nin Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite\\nto garrison the forts necessary for the defense of\\nsuch State but every State shall always keep up a", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 307\\nwell-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently\\narmed and accoutered, and shall provide and con-\\nstantly have ready for use in public stores a due\\nnumber of field-pieces and tents, and a proper\\nquantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.\\nNo State shall engage in any war without the\\nconsent of the United States, in Congress assem-\\nbled, unless such State be actually invaded by ene-\\nmies, or shall have received certain advice of a\\nresolution being formed by some nation of Indians\\nto invade such State, and the danger is so immi-\\nnent as not to admit of a delay till the United\\nStates, in Congress assembled, can be consulted\\nnor shall any State grant commissions to any ships\\nor vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal,\\nexcept it be after a declaration of war by the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, and then\\nonly against the kingdom or state, and the subjects\\nthereof, against which war has been so declared,\\nand under such regulations as shall be established\\nby the United States, in Congress assembled,\\nunless such State be infested by pirates, in which\\ncase vessels of war may be fitted out for that occa-\\nsion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue,\\nor until the United States, in Congress assembled,\\nshall determine otherwise.\\nArticle VII. When land forces are raised by\\nany State for the common defense, all officers of or\\nunder the rank of Colonel shall be appointed by the\\nLegislature of each State respectively by whom", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "308 Appendix A.\\nsuch forces shall be raised, or in such manner as\\nsuch State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be\\nfilled up by the State which first made the appoint-\\nment.\\nArticle VIII. All charges of war, and all\\nother expenses that shall be incurred for the com-\\nmon defense or general welfare, and allowed by\\nthe United States, in Congress assembled, shall be\\ndefrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be\\nsupplied by the several States in proportion to the\\nvalue of land within each State, granted to, or sur-\\nveyed for, any person, as such land and the build-\\nings and improvements thereon shall be estimated,\\naccording to such mode as the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct\\nand appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion\\nshall be laid and levied by the authority and direc-\\ntion of the Legislatures of the several States,\\nwithin the time agreed upon by the United States,\\nin Congress assembled.\\nArticle IX. The United States, in Congress\\nassembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right\\nand power of determining on peace and war, except\\nin the cases mentioned in the sixth Article of\\nsending and receiving ambassadors entering into\\ntreaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of\\ncommerce shall be made, whereby the legislative\\npower of the respective States shall be restrained\\nfrom imposing such imposts and duties on foreign-\\ners as their own people are subjected to, or from", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 309\\nprohibiting the exportation or importation of any\\nspecies of goods or commodities whatever of\\nestablishing rules for deciding, in all cases, what\\ncaptures on land and water shall be legal, and in\\nwhat manner prizes taken by land or naval forces\\nin the service of the United States shall be divided\\nor appropriated of granting letters of marque and\\nreprisal in times of peace appointing courts for\\nthe trial of piracies and felonies committed on the\\nhigh seas and establishing courts for receiving\\nand determining finally appeals in all cases of cap-\\ntures provided that no member of Congress shall\\nbe appointed a judge of any of the said courts.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nalso be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and\\ndifferences now subsisting, or that hereafter may\\narise between two or more States concerning\\nboundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause what-\\never which authority shall always be exercised in\\nthe manner following Whenever the legislative\\nor executive authority, or lawful agent of any\\nState in controversy with another, shall present a\\npetition to Congress, stating the matter in question,\\nand praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be\\ngiven by order of Congress to the legislative or\\nexecutive authority of the other State in contro-\\nversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of\\nthe parties by their lawful agents, who shall then\\nbe directed to appoint, by joint consent, commis-\\nsioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "3 10 Appendix A.\\nand determining the matter in question but if\\nthey cannot agree, Congress shall name three per-\\nsons out of each of the United States, and from\\nthe list of such persons each party shall alternately\\nstrike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the\\nnumber shall be reduced to thirteen and from\\nthat number not less than seven nor more than nine\\nnames, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the pres-\\nence of Congress, be drawn out by lot and the\\npersons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of\\nthem, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear\\nand finally determine the controversy, so always as\\na major part of the judges who shall hear the\\ncause shall agree in the determination and if\\neither party shall neglect to attend at the day\\nappointed, without showing reasons which Congress\\nshall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse\\nto strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate\\nthree persons out of each State, and the secretary\\nof Congress shall strike in behalf of such party\\nabsent or refusing and the judgment and sentence\\nof the court, to be appointed in the manner before\\nprescribed, shall be final and conclusive and if\\nany of the parties shall refuse to submit to the\\nauthority of such court, or to appear or defend\\ntheir claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless\\nproceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which\\nshall in like manner be final and decisive the\\njudgment or sentence and other proceedings being\\nin either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 3 1 1\\namong the acts of Congress for the security of the\\nparties concerned provided, that every commis-\\nsioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an\\noath, to be administered by one of the judges of\\nthe supreme or superior court of the State where\\nthe cause shall be tried, well and truly to hear\\nand determine the matter in question, according to\\nthe best of his judgment, without favor, affection,\\nor hope of reward. Provided, also, that no State\\nshall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the\\nUnited States.\\nAll controversies concerning the private right of\\nsoil claimed under different grants of two or more\\nStates, whose jurisdictions, as they may respect\\nsuch lands and the State which passed such grants\\nare adjusted, the said grants or either of them being\\nat the same time claimed to have originated antece-\\ndent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the\\npetition of either party to the Congress of the\\nUnited States, be finally determined, as near as\\nmay be, in the same manner as is before prescribed\\nfor deciding disputes respecting territorial juris-\\ndiction between different States.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nalso have the sole and conclusive right and power\\nof regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by\\ntheir own authority, or by that of the respective\\nStates fixing the standard of weights and meas-\\nures throughout the United States regulating\\nthe trade and managing all affairs with th", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "3*2 Appendix A.\\nIndians, not members of any of the States\\nprovided that the legislative right of any State,\\nwithin its own limits, be not infringed or violated\\nestablishing and regulating post offices from one\\nState to another, throughout all the United States,\\nand exacting such postage on the papers passing\\nthrough the same as may be requisite to defray the\\nexpenses of the said office appointing all officers\\nof the land forces in the service of the United\\nStates, excepting regimental officers appointing\\nall the officers of the naval forces, and commission-\\ning all officers whatever in the service of the United\\nStates making rules for the government and regu-\\nlation of the said land and naval forces, and\\ndirecting their operations.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nhave authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the\\nrecess of Congress, to be denominated, A Com-\\nmittee of the States, and to consist of one dele-\\ngate from each State, and to appoint such other\\ncommittes and civil officers as may be necessary\\nfor managing the general affairs of the United\\nStates under their direction to appoint one of\\ntheir number to preside provided that no person\\nbe allowed to serve in the office of president more\\nthan one year in any term of three years to ascer-\\ntain the necessary sums of money to be raised for\\nthe service of the United States, and to appropriate\\nand apply the same for defraying the public expen-\\nses to borrow money or emit bills on the credit", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 313\\nof the United States, transmitting every half year\\nto the respective States an account of the sums of\\nmoney so borrowed or emitted to build and equip\\na navy to agree upon the number of land forces,\\nand to make requisitions from each State for its\\nquota, in proportion to the number of white inhabi-\\ntants in such State, which requisition shall be bind-\\ning and thereupon the Legislature of each State\\nshall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men,\\nand clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like\\nmanner, at the expense of the United States and\\nthe officers and men so clothed, armed, and\\nequipped, shall march to the place appointed, and\\nwithin the time agreed on by the United States, in\\nCongress assembled but if the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, shall, on consideration of\\ncircumstances, judge proper that any State should\\nnot raise men, or should raise a smaller number\\nthan its quota, and that any other State should\\nraise a greater number of men than the quota\\nthereof, such extra number shall be raised, offi-\\ncered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same\\nmanner as the quota of such State, unless the\\nLegislature of such State shall judge that such\\nextra number can not be safely spared out of the\\nsame, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe,\\narm, and equip as many of such extra number as\\nthey judge can be safely spared, and the officers\\nand men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall\\nmarch to the place appointed, and within the time", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "314 Appendix A.\\nagreed on by the United States, in Congress\\nassembled.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nnever engage in war, nor grant letters of marque\\nand reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any\\ntreaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate\\nthe value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and ex-\\npenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the\\nUnited States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor\\nborrow money on the credit of the United States,\\nnor appropriate money, nor agree upon the num-\\nber of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or\\nthe number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor\\nappoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy,\\nunless nine States assent to the same, nor shall a\\nquestion on any other point, except for adjourning\\nfrom day to day, be determined, unless by the\\nvotes of a majority of the United States, in Con-\\ngress assembled.\\nThe Congress of the United States shall have\\npower to adjourn to any time within the year, and\\nto any place within the United States, so that no\\nperiod of adjournment be for a longer duration\\nthan the space of six months, and shall publish\\nthe journal of their proceedings monthly, except\\nsuch parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances,\\nor military operations as in their judgment require\\nsecrecy and the yeas and nays of the delegates\\nof each State, on any question, shall be entered\\non the journal when it is desired by any delegate", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 315\\nand the delegates of a State, or any of them,\\nat his or their request, shall be furnished with a\\ntranscript of the said journal, except such parts as\\nare above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures\\nof the several States.\\nArticle X. The Committee of the States, or\\nany nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in\\nthe recess of Congress, such of the powers of Con-\\ngress as the United States, in Congress assembled,\\nby the consent of nine States, shall, from time to\\ntime, think expedient to vest them with provided\\nthat no power be delegated to the said Committee,\\nfor the exercise of which, by the Articles of Con-\\nfederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress\\nof the United States as assembled is requisite.\\nArticle XI. Canada, acceding to this Confed-\\neration, and joining in the measures of the United\\nStates, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all\\nthe advantages of this Union but no other colony\\nshall be admitted into the same, unless such ad-\\nmission be agreed to by nine States.\\nArticle XII. All bills of credit emitted, mon-\\neys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the\\nauthority of Congress, before the assembling of the\\nUnited States, in pursuance of the present Confed-\\neration, shall be deemed and considered as a charge\\nagainst the United States, for payment and satis-\\nfaction whereof the said United States and the\\npublic faith are hereby solemnly pledged.\\nArticle XIII. Every State shall abide by the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "316 Appendix A.\\ndetermination of the United States, in Congress\\nassembled, on all questions which by this Confed-\\neration are submitted to them. And the Articles\\nof this Confederation shall be inviolably observed\\nby every State, and the Union shall be perpetual\\nnor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be\\nmade in any of* them, unless such alteration be\\nagreed to in a Congress of the United States, and\\nbe afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of\\nevery State.\\nAnd whereas it hath pleased the great Gover-\\nnor of the world to incline the hearts of the Legis-\\nlatures we respectively represent in Congress to\\napprove of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said\\nArticles of Confederation and perpetual Union,\\nknow ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by\\nvirtue of the power and authority to us given for\\nthat purpose, do, by these presents, in the name\\nand in behalf of our respective constituents, fully\\nand entirely ratify and confirm each and every of\\nthe said Articles of Confederation and perpetual\\nUnion, and all and singular the matters and things\\ncontained. And we do further solemnly plight and\\nengage the faith of our respective constituents,\\nthat they shall abide by the determinations of the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, on all ques-\\ntions which by the said Confederation are submit-\\nted to them and that the Articles thereof shall be\\ninviolably observed by the States we respectively\\nrepresent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Articles of Confederation. 317\\nIn witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands\\nin Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of\\nPennsylvania, the ninth day of July, in the year of\\nour Lord 1778, and in the third year of the Inde-\\npendence of America.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX B.\\nConstitution of the United States of\\nAmerica.\\nPreamble. 1\\nWe the people of the United States, in order to\\nform a more perfect union, establish justice, insure\\ndomestic tranquillity, provide for the common de-\\nfence, promote the general welfare, and secure the\\nblessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,\\ndo ordain and establish this Constitution for the\\nUnited States of America.\\nArticle I. Legislative Department.\\nSection I. Congress in General?\\nAll legislative powers herein granted shall be\\nvested in a Congress of the United States, which\\nshall consist of a Senate and House of Represen-\\ntatives.\\nSection II. House of Representatives.\\ni. The House of Representatives shall be com-\\nposed of members chosen every second year by the\\npeople of the several States, and the electors in\\ni Compare the Preamble with Confederation Articles I and III.\\n3 Compare Article I, I-VII with Confed. Article V.\\n3 J 9", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "3 2 Appendix B.\\neach State shall have the qualifications requisite\\nfor electors of the most numerous branch of the\\nState Legislature.\\n2. No person shall be a representative who shall\\nnot have attained to the age of twenty-five years,\\nand been seven years a citizen of the United States,\\nand who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant\\nof that State in which he shall be chosen.\\n3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap-\\nportioned among the several States which may\\nbe included within this Union, according to their\\nrespective numbers, which shall be determined by\\nadding to the whole number of free persons, includ-\\ning those bound to service for a term of years, and\\nexcluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other\\npersons. The actual enumeration shall be made\\nwithin three years after the first meeting of the\\nCongress of the United States, and within every sub-\\nsequent term of ten years, in such manner as the)\\nshall by law direct. The number of representatives\\nshall not exceed one for every thirty thousand,\\nbut each State shall have at least one representa-\\ntive and until such enumeration shall be made,\\nthe State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to\\nchoose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island\\nand Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five,\\nNew York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,\\nDelaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North\\nCarolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia\\nthree.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 3 21\\n4. When vacancies happen in the representation\\nfrom any State, the executive authority thereof shall\\nissue writs of election to fill such vacancies.\\n5, The House of Representatives shall choose\\ntheir speaker and other officers, and shall have the\\nsole power of impeachment.\\nSection III. Senate.\\n1. The Senate of the United States shall be com-\\nposed of two senators from each State, chosen by\\nthe Legislature thereof for six years, and each sen-\\nator shall have one vote.\\n2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in\\nconsequence of the first election, they shall be di-\\nvided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The\\nseats of the senators of the first class shall be va-\\ncated at the expiration of the second year, of the\\nsecond class at the expiration of the fourth year,\\nand of the third class at the expiration of the sixth\\nyear, so that one-third may be chosen every second\\nyear and if vacancies happen, by resignation or\\notherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of\\nany State, the executive thereof may make tempo-\\nrary appointments until the next meeting of the\\nLegislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.\\n3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have\\nattained to the age of thirty years, and been nine\\nyears a citizen of the United States, and who shall\\nnot, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for\\nwhich he shall be chosen.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "322 Appendix B.\\n4. The Vice-President of the United States shall\\nbe President of the Senate, but shall have no vote,\\nunless they be equally divided.\\n5. The Senate shall choose their other officers,\\nand also a president//^ tempore, in the absence of\\nthe Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the\\noffice of President of the United States.\\n6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all\\nimpeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they\\nshall be on oath or affirmation. When the President\\nof the United States is tried, the chief justice shall\\npreside and no person shall be convicted without\\nthe concurrence of two-thirds of the members\\npresent.\\n7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not\\nextend further than to removal from office, and dis-\\nqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor,\\ntrust, or profit under the United States but the\\nparty convicted shall nevertheless be liable and\\nsubject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish-\\nment, according to law.\\nSection IV. Both Houses.\\ni. The times, places, and manner of holding elec-\\ntions for senators and representatives shall be pre-\\nscribed in each State by the Legislature thereof\\nbut the Congress may at any time, by law, make or\\nalter such regulations, except as to the place of\\nchoosing senators.\\n2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 3 2 3\\nevery year, and such meeting shall be on the first\\nMonday in December, unless they shall by law\\nappoint a different day.\\nSection V. The Houses Separately.\\ni. Each house shall be the judge of the elections,\\nreturns, and qualifications of its own members, and\\na majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do\\nbusiness but a smaller number may adjourn from\\nday to day, and may be authorized to compel the\\nattendance of absent members, in such manner and\\nunder such penalties as each house may provide.\\n2. Each house may determine the rules of its\\nproceedings, punish its members for disorderly\\nbehavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds,\\nexpel a member.\\n3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-\\nings, and from time to time publish the same,\\nexcepting such parts as may in their judgment re-\\nquire secrecy and the yeas and nays of the mem-\\nbers of either house, on any question, shall, at the\\ndesire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on\\nthe journal.\\n4. Neither house during the session of Congress\\nshall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for\\nmore than three days, nor to any other place than\\nthat in which the two houses shall be sitting.\\nSection VI. Disabilities of Members.\\n1. The senators and representatives shall receive\\na compensation for their services, to be ascertained", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "3 2 4 Appendix B.\\nby law, and paid out of the treasury of the United\\nStates. They shall in all cases, except treason,\\nfelony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from\\narrest during their attendance at the session of\\ntheir respective houses, and in going to and return-\\ning from the same and for any speech or debate\\nin either house, they shall not be questioned in any\\nother place.\\n2. No senator or representative shall, during the\\ntime for which he was elected, be appointed to any\\ncivil office under the authority of the United States,\\nwhich shall have been created, or the emoluments\\nwhereof shall have been increased, during such\\ntime and no person holding any office under the\\nUnited States, shall be a member of either house\\nduring his continuance in office.\\nSection VII. Mode of Passing Laws.\\ni. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in\\nthe House of Representatives but the Senate may\\npropose or concur with amendments, as on other\\nbills.\\n2. Every bill which shall have passed the House\\nof Representatives and the Senate shall, before it\\nbecome a law, be presented to the President of\\nthe United States. If he approve, he shall sign it\\nbut if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to\\nthat house in which it shall have originated, who\\nshall enter the objections at large on their journal,\\nand proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 3 2 5\\nsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to\\npass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the\\nobjections, to the other house, by which it shall\\nlikewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-\\nthirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in\\nall such cases the votes of both houses shall be\\ndetermined by yeas and nays, and the names of the\\npersons voting for and against the bill shall be\\nentered on the journal of each house respectively.\\nIf any bill shall not be returned by the President\\nwithin ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall\\nhave been presented to him, the same shall be a\\nlaw in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the\\nCongress by their adjournment prevent its return,\\nin which case it shall not be a law.\\n3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the\\nconcurrence of the Senate and House of Repre-\\nsentatives may be necessary (except on a question\\nof adjournment) shall be presented to the President\\nof the United States and before the same shall\\ntake effect, shall be approved by him, or being\\ndisapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds\\nof the Senate and House of Representatives,\\naccording to the rules and limitations prescribed in\\nthe case of a bill.\\nSection VIII. Powers granted to Congress}\\nThe Congress shall have power\\n1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and\\nexcises to pay the debts and provide for the com-\\n1 Compare VIII and IX with Confed. Art. IX clause 1 of VIII with\\nConfed. Art. VIII and clause 12 of VIII with Confed. Art. VII.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "3 26 Appendix B.\\nmon defence and general welfare of the United\\nStates but all duties, imposts, and excises shall\\nbe uniform throughout the United States\\n2. To borrow money on the credit of the United\\nStates\\n3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations,\\nand among the several States, and with the Indian\\ntribes\\n4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization,\\nand uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies,\\nthroughout the United States\\n5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof,\\nand of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights\\nand measures\\n6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit-\\ning the securities and current coin of the United\\nStates\\n7. To establish post offices and post roads\\n8. To promote the progress of science and useful\\narts, by securing for limited times to authors and\\ninventors the exclusive right to their respective\\nwritings and discoveries.\\n9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme\\nCourt\\n10. To define and punish piracies and felonies\\ncommitted on the high seas, and offences against\\nthe law of nations\\n11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and\\nreprisal, and make rules concerning captures on\\nland and water\\n12. To raise and support armies but no appro-", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 3 2 7\\npriation of money to that use shall be for a longer\\nterm than two years\\n13. To provide and maintain a navy\\n14. To make rules for the government and regu-\\nlation of the land and naval forces\\n15. To provide for calling forth the militia to\\nexecute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec-\\ntions, and repel invasions\\n16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci-\\nplining the militia, and for governing such part of\\nthem as may be employed in the service of the\\nUnited States, reserving to the States respectively\\nthe appointment of the officers, and the authority\\nof training the militia according to the discipline\\nprescribed by Congress\\n17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases\\nwhatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten\\nmiles square) as may, by cession of particular\\nStates and the acceptance of Congress, become the\\nseat of government of the United States, and to\\nexercise like authority over all places purchased,\\nby the consent of the Legislature of the State in\\nwhich the same shall be, for the erection of forts,\\nmagazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful\\nbuildings and\\n18. To make all laws which shall be necessary\\nand proper for carrying into execution the fore-\\ngoing powers, and all other powers vested by this\\nConstitution in the government of the United\\nStates, or in any department or officer thereof.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "3 28 Appendix J5.\\nSection IX. Powers denied to the United States,\\ni. The migration or importation of such persons\\nas any of the States now existing shall think proper\\nto admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress\\nprior to the year one thousand eight hundred and\\neight but a tax or duty may be imposed on such\\nimportation, not exceeding ten dollars for each\\nperson.\\n2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall\\nnot be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion\\nor invasion the public safety may require it.\\n3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall\\nbe passed.\\n4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid,\\nunless in proportion to the census or enumeration\\nherein before directed to be taken.\\n5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex-\\nported from any State.\\n6. No preference shall be given by any regula-\\ntion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one\\nState over those of another nor shall vessels\\nbound to or from one State, be obliged to enter,\\nclear, or pay duties in another.\\n7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury\\nbut in consequence of appropriations made by law\\nand a regular statement and account of the receipts\\nand expenditures of all public money shall be pub-\\nlished from time to time.\\n8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 3 2 9\\nUnited States and no person holding any office\\nof profit or trust under them, shall, without the\\nconsent of the Congress, accept of any present,\\nemolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever,\\nfrom any king, prince, or foreign state.\\nSection X. Powers denied to the States}\\ni. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance,\\nor confederation grant letters of marque and\\nreprisal coin money emit bills of credit make\\nany thing but gold and silver coin a tender in pay-\\nment of debts pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-\\nfacto law, or law impairing the obligation of con-\\ntracts or grant any title of nobility.\\n2. No State shall, without the consent of the Con-\\ngress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex-\\nports, except what may be absolutely necessary for\\nexecuting its inspection laws and the net produce\\nof all duties and imposts laid by any State on\\nimports or exports shall be for the use of the\\ntreasury of the United States, and all such laws\\nshall be subject to the revision and control of the\\nCongress.\\n3. No State shall, without the consent of Con-\\ngress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships\\nof war in time of peace, enter into any agreement\\nor compact with another State or with a foreign\\npower, or engage in war unless actually invaded,\\n1 Compare Article I, X, with Confed. Art. VI.\\n20", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "33\u00c2\u00b0 Appendix B.\\nor in such imminent danger as will not admit of\\ndelay.\\nArticle II. Executive Department. 1\\nSection I. President and Vice-President.\\ni. The executive power shall be vested in a\\nPresident of the United States of America.\\nHe shall hold his office during the term of four\\nyears, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen\\nfor the same term, be elected, as follows\\n2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as\\nthe Legislature thereof may direct, a number of\\nelectors, equal to the whole number of senators and\\nrepresentatives to which the State may be entitled\\nin the Congress but no senator or representative,\\nor person holding an office of trust or profit under\\nthe United States, shall be appointed an elector.\\n3. [The electors shall meet in their respective\\nStates and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom\\none at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same\\nState with themselves. And they shall make a list\\nof all the persons voted for, and of the number of\\nvotes for each which list they shall sign and certify,\\nand transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government\\nof the United States, directed to the President of\\nthe Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in\\nthe presence of the Senate and House of Represen-\\ntatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall\\n1 Compare Article II with Confed. Art. X-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 33 l\\nthen be counted. The person having the greatest\\nnumber of votes shall be the President, if such\\nnumber be a majority of the whole number of elec-\\ntors appointed and it there be more than one who\\nhave such majority, and have an equal number of\\nvotes, then the House of Representatives shall\\nimmediately choose by ballot one of them for\\nPresident and if no person have a majority, then,\\nfrom the five highest on the list, the said House\\nshall in like manner choose the President. But in\\nchoosing the President, the votes shall be taken by\\nStates, the representation from each State having\\none vote a quorum for this purpose shall consist\\nof a member or members from two-thirds of the\\nStates, and a majority of all the States shall be\\nnecessary to a choice. In every case, after the\\nchoice of the President, the person having the\\ngreatest number of votes of the electors shall be\\nthe Vice-President. But if there should remain\\ntwo or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall\\nchoose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] 1\\n4. The Congress may determine the time of\\nchoosing the electors, and the day on which they\\nshall give their votes, which day shall be the same\\nthroughout the United States.\\n5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a\\ncitizen of the United States at the time of the\\nadoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to\\nthe office of President neither shall any person be\\n1 Altered by the Xllth Amendment.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "33 2 Appendix B.\\neligible to that office who shall not have attained to\\nthe age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen\\nyears a resident within the United States.\\n6. In case of the removal of the President from\\noffice, or of his death, resignation, or inability to\\ndischarge the powers and duties of the said office,\\nthe same shall devolve on the Vice-President and\\nthe Congress may by law provide for the case of\\nremoval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the\\nPresident and Vice-President, declaring what officer\\nshall then act as President, and such officer shall\\nact accordingly until the disability be removed, or\\na President shall be elected.\\n7. The President shall, at stated times, receive\\nfor his services a compensation, which shall neither\\nbe increased nor diminished during the period for\\nwhich he shall have been elected, and he shall not\\nreceive within that period any other emolument\\nfrom the United States, or any of them.\\n8. Before he enter on the execution of his office,\\nhe shall take the following oath or affirmation\\nI do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith-\\nfully execute the office of President of the United\\nStates, and will to the best of my ability, preserve,\\nprotect, and defend the Constitution of the United\\nStates/\\nSection II. Powers of the President.\\n1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of\\nthe army and navy of the United States, and of the\\nmilitia of the several States when called into the", "height": "3696", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 333\\nactual service of the United States he may require\\nthe opinion in writing of the principal officer in\\neach of the executive departments upon any sub-\\nject relating to the duties of their respective offices\\nand he shall have power to grant reprieves and\\npardons for offenses against the United States, ex-\\ncept in cases of impeachment.\\n2. He shall have power, by and with the advice\\nand consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro-\\nvided two-thirds of the senators present concur\\nand he shall nominate, and by and with the advice\\nand consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambas-\\nsadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges\\nof the supreme Court, and all other officers of the\\nUnited States, whose appointments are not herein\\notherwise provided for and which shall be estab-\\nlished by law but the Congress may by law vest\\nthe appointment of such inferior officers as they\\nthink proper in the President alone, in the courts\\nof law, or in the heads of departments.\\n3. The President shall have power to fill up all\\nvacancies that may happen during the recess of the\\nSenate, by granting commissions, which shall ex-\\npire at the end of their next session.\\nSection III. Duties of the President.\\nHe shall, from time to time, give to the Congress\\ninformation of the state of the Union, and recom-\\nmend to their consideration such measures as he\\nshall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "334 Appendix B.\\nextraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or\\neither of them and in case of disagreement be-\\ntween them, with respect to the time of adjourn-\\nment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall\\nthink proper; he shall receive ambassadors and\\nother public ministers he shall take care that the\\nlaws be faithfully executed, and shall commission\\nall the officers of the United States.\\nSection IV. Impeachment of the President.\\nThe President, Vice-President, and all civil\\nofficers of the United States shall be removed\\nfrom office on impeachment for and conviction of\\ntreason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis-\\ndemeanors.\\nArticle III. Judicial Department. 1\\nSection I United States Courts.\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall be\\nvested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior\\ncourts as the Congress may from time to time ordain\\nand establish. The judges, both of the supreme\\nand inferior courts, shall hold their offices during\\ngood behavior and shall, at stated times, receive\\nfor their services, a compensation, which shall\\nnot be diminished during their continuance in\\noffice.\\ni The Confederacy had no such provision as Article III of the Constitu-\\ntion, except the attempt to make a Congressional Court in Confed. Art. IX.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 335\\nSection II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts.\\ni. The judicial power shall extend to all cases\\nin law and equity arising under this Constitution,\\nthe laws of the United States, and treaties made\\nor which shall be made, under their authority to\\nall cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis-\\nters, and consuls to all cases of admiralty and\\nmaritime jurisdiction to controversies to which\\nthe United States shall be a party to contro-\\nversies between two or more States between a\\nState and citizens of another State between citi-\\nzens of different States between citizens of the\\nsame State claiming lands under grants of different\\nStates, and between a State, or the citizens thereof,\\nand foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 1\\n2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public\\nministers and consuls, and those in which a State\\nshall be a party, the supreme Court shall have\\noriginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before\\nmentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate\\njurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such ex-\\nceptions and under such regulations as the Con-\\ngress shall make.\\n3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im-\\npeachment, shall be by jury and such trial shall\\nbe held in the State where the said crimes shall\\nhave been committed but when not committed\\n1 Altered by Xlth Amendment.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "33 6 Appendix B.\\nwithin any State, the trial shall be at such place or\\nplaces as the Congress may by law have directed.\\nSection III. Treason.\\ni. Treason against the United States shall con-\\nsist only in levying war against them, or in adher-\\ning to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.\\nNo person shall be convicted of treason unless on\\nthe testimony of two witnesses to the same overt\\nact, or on confession in open court.\\n2. The Congress shall have power to declare the\\npunishment of treason, but no attainder of treason\\nshall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, ex-\\ncept during the life of the person attainted.\\nArticle IV. The States and the Federal\\nGovernment. 1\\nSection I. State Records.\\nFull faith and credit shall be given in each State\\nto the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings\\nof every other State. And the Congress may, by\\ngeneral laws, prescribe the manner in which such\\nacts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and\\nthe effect thereof.\\nSection II. Privileges of Citizens, etc.\\ni. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to\\nall privileges and immunities of citizens in the\\nseveral States.\\nI Compare Article IV with Confed. Art. IV.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 337\\n2. A person charged in any State with treason,\\nfelony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice\\nand be found in another State, shall, on demand of\\nthe executive authority of the State from which he\\nfled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State\\nhaving jurisdiction of the crime.\\nNo person held to service or labor in one State,\\nunder the laws thereof, escaping into another,\\nshall, in consequence of any law or regulation\\ntherein, be discharged from such service or labor,\\nbut shall be delivered up on claim of the party to\\nwhom such service or labor may be due.\\nSection III. New States and Territories. 1\\ni. New States may be admitted by the Congress\\ninto this Union but no new State shall be formed\\nor erected within the jurisdiction of any other\\nState nor any State be formed by the junction of\\ntwo or more States, or parts of States, without the\\nconsent of the Legislatures of the States concerned,\\nas well as of the Congress.\\n2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of,\\nand make all needful rules and regulations respect-\\ning the territory or other property belonging to\\nthe United States and nothing in this Constitu-\\ntion shall be so construed as to prejudice any\\nclaims of the United States or of any particular\\nState.\\ni Compare Article IV, III, with Confed. Art. XI.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "338 Appendix B.\\nSection IV. Guarantee to the States.\\nThe United States shall guarantee to every\\nState in this Union a republican form of govern-\\nment, and shall protect each of them against inva-\\nsion and, on application of the Legislature, or of\\nthe executive (when the Legislature cannot be\\nconvened), against domestic violence.\\nArticle V. Power of Amendment. 1\\nThe Congress, whenever two-thirds of both\\nHouses shall deem it necessary, shall propose\\namendments to this Constitution, or, on the appli-\\ncation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the sev-\\neral States, shall call a convention for proposing\\namendments, which, in either case, shall be valid\\nto all intents and purposes as part of this Constitu-\\ntion, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-\\nfourths of the several States, or by conventions in\\nthree-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode\\nof ratification may be proposed by the Congress\\nprovided that no amendment which may be made\\nprior to the year one thousand eight hundred and\\neight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth\\nclauses in the ninth section of the first Article and\\nthat no State, without its consent, shall be deprived\\nof its equal suffrage in the Senate.\\ni Compare Article V with Confed. Art. XIII (last sentence)", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 339\\nArticle VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the\\nConstitution, Oath of Office, Religious\\nTest. 1\\ni. All debts contracted and engagements entered\\ninto before the adoption of this Constitution shall\\nbe as valid against the United States under this\\nConstitution s under the Confederation.\\n2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United\\nStates which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and\\nall treaties made, or which shall be made, under the\\nauthority of the United States, shall be the supreme\\nlaw of the land and the judges in every State\\nshall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitu-\\ntion or laws of any State to the contrary notwith-\\nstanding.\\n3. The senators and representatives before-men-\\ntioned, and the members of the several State Leg-\\nislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,\\nboth of the United States and of the several States,\\nshall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support\\nthis Constitution but no religious test shall ever\\nbe required as a qualification to any office or public\\ntrust under the United States.\\nArticle VII. Ratification of the Consti-\\ntution.\\nThe ratification of the Conventions of nine\\n1 Compare Article VI, clause i, with Confed. Art. XII and clauses 2\\nand 3 with Confed. Art. XIII and addendum, And whereas, etc.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "34\u00c2\u00b0 Appendix B.\\nStates, shall be sufficient for the establishment of\\nthis Constitution between the States so ratifying\\nthe same.\\nDone in Convention by the unanimous consent\\nof the States present the seventeenth day of Sep-\\ntember in the year of our Lord one thousand seven\\nhundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence\\nof the United States of America the twelfth.\\nAMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.\\nArticle I.\\nCongress shall make no law respecting an estab-\\nlishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exer-\\ncise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech,\\nor of the press, or the right of the people peaceably\\nto assemble, and to petition the government for a\\nredress of grievances.\\nArticle II.\\nA well regulated militia being necessary to the\\nsecurity of a free state, the right of the people to\\nkeep and bear arms shall not be infringed.\\nArticle III.\\nNo soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered\\nin any house, without the consent of the owner, nor\\nin time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed\\nby law.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 34 l\\nArticle IV.\\nThe right of the people to be secure in their per-\\nsons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreason-\\nble searches and seizures shall not be violated, and\\nno warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,\\nsupported by oath or affirmation, and particularly\\ndescribing the place to be searched, and the per-\\nsons or things to be seized.\\nArticle V.\\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital,\\nor otherwise infamous crime, unless on a present-\\nment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases\\narising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia\\nwhen in actual service in time of war or public\\ndanger nor shall any person be subject for the\\nsame offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or\\nlimb nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case,\\nto be a witness against himself, nor be deprived\\nof life, liberty, or property, without due process of\\nlaw nor shall private property be taken for public\\nuse without just compensation.\\nArticle VI.\\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall\\nenjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an\\nimpartial jury of the State and district wherein the\\ncrime shall have been committed, which district\\nshall have been previously ascertained by law, and", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "34 2 Appendix B.\\nto be informed of the nature and cause of the accu-\\nsation to be confronted with the witnesses against\\nhim to have compulsory process for obtaining\\nwitnesses in his favor and to have the assistance\\nof counsel for his defense.\\nArticle VII.\\nIn suits at common law, where the value in con-\\ntroversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of\\ntrial by jury shall be preserved and no fact tried\\nby a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any\\ncourt of the United States than according to the\\nrules of the common law.\\nArticle VIII.\\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor exces-\\nsive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish-\\nments inflicted.\\nArticle IX.\\nThe enumeration in the Constitution of certain\\nrights shall not be construed to deny or disparage\\nothers retained by the people.\\nArticle X. 1\\nThe powers notdelegated to the United States by\\nthe Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States,\\nare reserved to the States respectively or to the\\npeople.\\ni Compare the Xth Amendment with Confed. Art. II. The first ten\\nAmendments were proposed by Congress, September 25th, 1789, and\\ndeclared in force, December 15th, 1791.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 343\\nArticle XI. 1\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall\\nnot be construed to extend to any suit in law or\\nequity, commenced or prosecuted against one of\\nthe United States by citizens of another State, or\\nby citizens or subjects of any foreign State.\\nArticle XII. 2\\n1. The electors shall meet in their respective\\nStates, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-\\nPresident, one of whom, at least, shall not be an\\ninhabitant of the same State with themselves they\\nshall name in their ballots the person voted for as\\nPresident, and in distinct ballots the person voted\\nfor as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct\\nlists of all persons voted for as President, and of\\nall persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the\\nnumber of votes for each, which lists they shall\\nsign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of\\ngovernment of the United States, directed to the\\nPresident of the Senate the President of the\\nSenate shall, in the presence of the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives, open all the certificates,\\nand the votes shall then be counted the person\\nhaving the greatest number of votes for President,\\n1 Proposed by Congress March 5th, 1794, and declared in force January\\n8th, 1798.\\n2 Proposed by Congress December 12th, 1803, an( declared in force Sep-\\ntember 25th, 1804.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "344 Appendix B.\\nshall be the President, if such number be a majority\\nof the whole number of electors appointed and if\\nno person have such majority, then from the per-\\nsons having the highest numbers, not exceeding\\nthree, on the list of those voted for as President,\\nthe House of Representatives shall choose imme-\\ndiately by ballot the President. But in choosing\\nthe President, the votes shall be taken by states,\\nthe representation from each state having one\\nvote a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a\\nmember or members from two-thirds of the States,\\nand a majority of all the States shall be necessary\\nto a choice. And if the House of Representatives\\nshall not choose a President, whenever the right of\\nchoice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth\\nday of March next following, then the Vice-Presi-\\ndent shall act as President, as in the case of\\ndeath or other constitutional disability of the\\nPresident.\\n2. The person having the greatest number of\\nvotes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President\\nif such number be a majority of the whole number\\nof electors appointed, and if no person have a\\nmajority, then from the two highest numbers on\\nthe list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President\\na quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-\\nthirds of the whole number of Senators, and a\\nmajority of the whole number shall be necessary to\\na choice.\\n3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 345\\noffice of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-\\nPresident of the United States.\\nArticle XIII. 1\\ni. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,\\nexcept as a punishment for crime whereof the\\nparty shall have been duly convicted, shall exist\\nwithin the United States, or any place subject to\\ntheir jurisdiction.\\n2. Congress shall have power to enforce this\\narticle by appropriate legislation.\\nArticle XIV. 2\\ni. All persons born or naturalized in the United\\nStates, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are\\ncitizens of the United States and of the State\\nwherein they reside. No State shall make or\\nenforce any law which shall abridge the privileges\\nor immunities of citizens of the United States nor\\nshall any State deprive any person of life, liberty,\\nor property, without due process of law; nor deny\\nto any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro-\\ntection of the laws.\\n2. Representatives shall be apportioned among\\nthe several States according to their respective\\nnumbers, counting the whole number of persons in\\neach State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when\\ni Proposed by Congress February ist, 1865, and declared in force De-\\ncember 18th, 1865.\\n2 Proposed by Congress June 16th, 1866, and declared in force July 28th,\\n1868.\\n21", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "346 Appendix B.\\nthe right to vote at any election for the choice of\\nelectors for President and Vice-President of the\\nUnited States, representatives in Congress, the\\nexecutive and judicial officers of a State, or the\\nmembers of the Legislature thereof, is denied to\\nany of the male inhabitants of such State, being\\ntwenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United\\nStates, or in any way abridged, except for partici-\\npation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of rep-\\nresentation therein shall be reduced in the propor-\\ntion which the number of such male citizens shall\\nbear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-\\none years of age in such State.\\n3. No person shall be a senator or representative\\nin Congress, or elector of President or Vice-Presi-\\ndent, or hold any office, civil or military, under\\nthe United States, or under any State, who, having\\npreviously taken an oath, as a member of Congress,\\nor as an officer of the United States, or as a mem-\\nber of any State Legislature, or as an executive\\nor judicial officer of any State, to support the Con-\\nstitution of the United States, shall have engaged\\nin insurrection or rebellion against the same, or\\ngiven aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But\\nCongress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each\\nHouse, remove such disability.\\n4. The validity of the public debt of the United\\nStates, authorized by law, including debts incurred\\nfor payment of pensions and bounties for services\\nin suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "The Constitution. 347\\nbe questioned. But neither the United States nor\\nany State shall assume or pay any debt or obliga-\\ntion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion\\nagainst the United States, or any claim for the loss\\nor emancipation of any slave but all such debts,\\nobligations, and claims shall be held illegal and\\nvoid.\\n5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by\\nappropriate legislation,the provisions of this article.\\nArticle XV. 1\\n1. The right of the citizens of the United States\\nto vote shall not be denied or abridged by the\\nUnited States or any State on account of race,\\ncolor, or previous condition of servitude.\\n2. The Congress shall have power to enforce\\nthis article by appropriate legislation.\\n1 Proposed by Congress February 26th, 1869, and declared in force March\\n30th, 1870.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "348\\nAppendix C.\\nAPPENDIX C.\\nAdmission of the States. 1\\nio.\\nii.\\n12.\\n13.\\n14.\\n15.\\n16.\\n17.\\n18.\\n19.\\n20.\\nDelaware, 2 Dec. 7, 1787.\\nPennsylvania, 2 Dec. 12,\\n1787.\\nNew Jersey, 2 Dec. 18,\\n1787.\\nGeorgia, 2 Jan. 2, 1788.\\nConnecticut, 2 Jan. 9, 1788.\\nMassachusetts, 2 Feb. 7,\\n1788.\\nMaryland, 2 April28,i788.\\nSouth Carolina, 2 May 23,\\n1788.\\nNew Hampshire, 2 June\\n21, I788.\\nVirginia, 2 June 26, 1788.\\nNew York, 2 July 26, 1788.\\nNorth Carolina, 2 Nov. 21,\\n1789.\\nRhode Island, 2 May 29,\\n1790.\\nVermont, March 4, 1791.\\nKentucky, June I, 1792.\\nTennessee, June I, 1796.\\nOhio, Nov. 29, 1802.\\nLouisiana, April 30, 18 12.\\nIndiana, Dec. 11, 1816.\\nMississippi, Dec. 10,\\n1817.\\nIllinois, Dec. 3, 1818.\\nAlabama, Dec. 14, 18 19.\\nMaine, March 15, 1820.\\nMissouri, Aug. 10, 1821.\\nArkansas, June 15, 1836.\\nMichigan, Jan. 26, 1837.\\nFlorida, March 3, 1845.\\nTexas, Dec. 29, 1845.\\nIowa, Dec. 28, 1846.\\nWisconsin, May 29, 1848.\\nCalifornia, Sept. 9, 1850.\\nMinnesota, May 11, 1858\\nOregon, Feb. 14, 1859.\\nKansas, Jan, 29, 1861.\\nWest Virginia, June 19,\\n1863.\\nNevada, Oct. 31, 1864.\\nNebraska, March 1, 1867\\nColorado, Aug. 1, 1876.\\nNorth Dakota, Nov. 3,\\n1889.\\nSouth Dakota, Nov. 3,\\n1889.\\nMontana, Nov. 8, 1889.\\nWashington, Nov. 11,\\n1889.\\nIdaho, July 3, 1890.\\nWyoming, July 7, 1890.\\n45. Utah, Jan. 4, i\u00c2\u00a3\\n1 The dates given, after the first thirteen States, are those upon which\\nthe admissions took effect.\\n2 Ratified the Constitution and became States.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Votes for President, 1 789-1 888. 349\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23}oa rejojoaig;\\nn- o^o vo^fcoaaMMM^-\\nvO CO\\n6\\na,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sdj^s\\n1\\nGeorge Washington,\\nJohn Adams,\\nJohn Jay,\\nR. H. Harrison,\\nJohn Rutledge,\\nJohn Hancock,\\nGeorge Clinton,\\nSamuel Huntington,\\nJohn Milton,\\nBenjamin Lincoln,\\nJames Armstrong,\\nEdward Telfair,\\nVacancies,\\nParty.\\nCO\\nO\\nem\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jboa\\nO\\nCO\\nM", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "350\\nAppendix D.\\n9%0 JlUO}09ia\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n*s3;b?S\\n1\\nGeorge Washington,\\nJohn Adams,\\nGeorge Clinton,\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nAaron Burr,\\nVacancies,\\nJohn Adams,\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nThomas Pinckney,\\nAaron Burr,\\nSamuel Adams,\\nOliver Ellsworth,\\nGeorge Clinton,\\nJohn Jay,\\nJames Iredell,\\nGeorge Washington,\\nJohn Henry,\\nH4\\nFederalist,\\nFederalist,\\nRepublican,\\nFederalist,\\nRepublican,\\nFederalist,\\nRepublican,\\n*n oo\\nCO CO\\nM M\\nJO aaquin^\\n*^A", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "Votes for President, 1789-1888, 351\\neoenmtM\\nD\\na\\nc\\nc\\n-Ph\\nJ2Ph\\nC\\nu t\\nS\\nrt _^\\n1 8\\not:\\ntf*n a\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 rt\\n53\\n-Q-\\n2: r\\n3\\na.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nu\\n0)\\nP4\\nh\\nCO\\nCO\\nM\\nO\\nM\\n8\\nCO\\nM\\nJ\\n1 E\\nco co r^ o* en m\\n1BJ0JD313\\n1 M\\nH\\nC\\n4)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O\\npj.\\nc\\n^e Clinton\\ns Madison\\ns King,\\nLangdon,\\ns Monroe,\\nS\\nu r u a a v\\n1\\nw rt\\nf) 0 N M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I\u00c2\u00abo;o3i3\\nvO w\\nw\\nM\\nM\\nrn\\nm\\nt,\\n.3\\nbJ\\n3\\nc3\\nOtP\\nPh\\no*\\nP-.\\nu\\nA\\nJ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3}B3S\\nm c*\\nCI IT)\\nM\\n4-1\\ne\\nS v\\n8 c\\ncc\\nS\\nO\\nft c\\ndiso\\nntor\\ninck\\n3\\n7l\\na\\nu\\n\u00c2\u00a3E\\nPk\\nSu\\nU J- C/5 J\\nfa\\n3\\nCn\\naj\\nPi\\n^43\\n2\\n-a\\nHO\\nc\\ns*\\nC3 4-\\nrt -m\\nO V)\\nO Cfl\\nat\\nPh\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a08 2\\nP 0)\\n2\\n9* 0\\n9* ^3\\nv u\\nV v\\ntffc\\ng Pn\\n\u00c2\u00bb350A 30313\\nTe*oi\\nM\\nM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S35B3g JO -OJ^\\nr^\\n*f\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JB3 A\\nO\\nCO\\nCO\\nM\\nM", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "352\\nAppendix D.\\nM O M CO W\\nin\\nrfr- CO ^OO OO ^f M HI\\nCO N C Tfl\\n*IBjo;o3I3\\nCOOO OO CM\\nM M\\nCM\\nOO CO CM\\nH)\\ncn if\\nu\\nc/T C\\na c~\\nG\\n^S -G aj\\n0\\nO iT rG\\n35\\nu\\nPh\\ntn^ hS\\nCu-^ C cii tfl\\na T3 m G\\nUc55 S\\nr G *G\\nrt as\\n1\\nu\\no\\ni\\nu\\no\\nfa\\nT3 2 ,G\\n3A o\u00c2\u00a3.\\nh\\ns\\nas\\nOO C M CO ^J-\\nTt M M\\nCO o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pJ0103l3\\nNOO OO CO\\nco\\nOOO Tj-\\nh-l HI\\nw\\nCM W\\nIh\\nINNCO\\nOO CO CJ\\n3 Z.\\nCu O\\no\\nPh\\nin ir rf\\nin O rf\\nM M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sajB^s\\nh r^ vo co\\nO oo co\\nO\\nc\\nV\\n\u00c2\u00a72\\nrt O G o .S\\nw c 5\\nu g rt\\na o 1\\ng 6\\nw S\\nu\\no\\nfa\\nC^ G 3\\nG w G 3\\nas ^C\\nG ,fl\\nQ H^H\\nOS O\\no cT\\nG*\\nCtf J-\u00c2\u00bb C3\\naj\\naj\\no c/i o\\ncj\\no\\nPk\\nS g 3 g\\n3\\n3\\nG C G 53\\nG\\nG\\nO.T3 O.T3\\na.\\na,\\nU i 0 0)\\nu\\na\\nP4 H P^fe\\nrf\\ntf\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s3;o^ l^ia\\nOO M\\nCO\\no\\nl**\u00c2\u00b0i\\nw a\\na\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S9}B5g jo -otf\\nOO O\\nCM\\nCM\\nN O\\nO\\nTf\\n\\\\rea A\\noo oo\\nCM\\noo\\n01\\nOO\\nM M\\nM\\nM", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "Votes for President, 1789-1S\\n353\\nAm-\\nc w\\nO .G 5\\nre rt\\nG ,G *\u00c2\u00a3h\\nG ^J\\nre re \u00e2\u0080\u009erG\\nre .5\\nX re\\nGS G\\noO\\nG C/3 h\\n^j s_i u C\\nO bJO -G\\nS G G K\\nrG :G\\nN Ph\\na 000\\nO co O\\n2 Is M\\nr^ cT co\\nco en co\\nvO in\\ns a\\nG\\n-tf\\nre G\\nO\\nen U G\\nGPQ\\n3h re\\n6\\n\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3EQ\u00c2\u00a3\\nG\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3\\nG\\nrt\\nCu\\ns-\\nU\\nO\\nP\\n+j\\na\\nQ\u00c2\u00a3\\n2 8- a\\n4) re c\\nw\\nOO\\nrj-\\n^T\\nCO\\nC\\nw\\nW\\nN\\nM\\nTt-\\nrf\\nO\\n\u00c2\u00bbo\\nN\\nM\\n0*\\nM", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "354\\nAppendix D.\\nO m\\nco in,\\nTf CM\\nTtCO\\nO CM CM O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pi01D3{3\\nr^ o\\nO CM\\n(-H M\\nin tJ-\\nCN\\nIN l-H\\nt-l M\\nco t^ m co\\nG\\nV\\nu\\nPh\\na\\nU co~\\nfc fr\\nC Tl CO\\n^-gl\\n._ 03\\nO O\\nrt u co 2\\nffi c G\\nu\\nS?\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a220 h\\n^Q\\n03 I T3\\n1 s 8\\nPQ\\n1 8- g\\nCO \u00c2\u00bbr-t\\no\\nOH\\no\\nC m\\nco in.\\nTf M\\nrf rfco\\nO CM CM O\\n*liejoiD3i3\\nr- O\\nvO M\\nin ^f\\nr^ m\\nco r m co\\nM M\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baH M\\na\\nM M\\nM\\nCOCO O\\nw rt- CO\\nTfCO O\\nOrt Tf\\nCM CO I^\u00c2\u00bb M\\n*vO o\\nO Tt-vO\\nin. rN\\nO O CO\\nino inco\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\nCM O co\\nH ION\\nin m\\nm cm \u00c2\u00bbn\\nco in. m in\\n3*\\nIn o CM\\nO O m\\nMOO\\nCO M Tf\\nO mir)Q\\nOh\\nen o^vo\\nO M O\\nO co in\\nco rf r\\nO tNCO\\no cn\\nCO CM C*\\nO^ CO M\\nCO coco\\nco co co m\\nin m\\nin in\\n1^ Tl-\\nO^ M M\\nIn m CM CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sajBjg\\nM M\\nM M\\nN\\nM M\\nM M\\nc\\nif s\\nO\\no?\u00c2\u00ab\\nCO CO\\nL J- CU\\nS g s\\ncu\\nu u\\nO 3\\nffl\\ng 2\\nJ3\\n8? a\\n12\\nSi\\nPh\\nO\\nH|S\\no3 co.S\\nd\\na rt\\n\u00c2\u00a3hc/}\u00c2\u00a3\\ng1;g\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s r ssa\\nto w H\\nSSI S\\nUh h-i\\nfe P\\nrt Om\\nh I \u00c2\u00bbCT2 i\\ntA\\n5\\n.2\\nC cj O\\no\\no\\no o\\no a\\n1\\no *3\\n4J B\\nc\u00c2\u00ab *j3 *Z3 M\\n1*\\nPh\\n2^\\nu rt d\\n3 w\\naS S o\\nCU CU (U CJ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s3;oA *^3ia\\nin\\nin.\\no\\no\\no\\nCO\\nP^ox\\ncm\\ncm\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S35BJS JO *0]\u00c2\u00a3\\n1\\n1\\no\\nco\\nCO\\nM\\nCO\\nco\\nco\\nCO\\nCM\\no\\no\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bbA\\nrt-\\n\u00c2\u00abt\\nin\\nin\\no\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\nt W\\nM\\nfH\\nM\\nM", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "Votes for President, 1879-ii\\n355\\nvn en vn en\\n5) 2 rt\\na*-\\nGO\\nffipQ\\nJ2M\\nG Ah\\nr\\n15 ^g o g\\nN\\nH\\nH\\nTfr\\nen\\nvO\\nN\\nCD\\nCJ\\nM\\nt^\\nvn tJ-\\nN CO\\nM QO\\nc^\\nCO\\n^f\\nCO CO\\nN\\nw\\nN\\nM M\\nvO CO\\nM O\\nC* CO\\n3R\\nO Oco eo\\nr^ r^ O O\\nr^ ^f c? vn\\nO en w\\nvnco\\nc *i\\n5\\nG\\n30 8\\ncj O\\nam\\n.Mc\\nanci\\nC/3 CD c3\\n(flO\u00c2\u00a7\\nxi pq w\\nw ti w\\nrt etf\\n2 e\u00c2\u00ab\\n^o\\no\\n\u00c2\u00a3S\\nsi*\\\\ifl.\\no .en .2 ~nd\\n1-8\\nO V\\n0) V\\np Q-\\ne^Q\\na xj.H\\nrt t? \u00e2\u0096\u00a0*_\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 G\\naS s a\\nV V V u\\nen t\\nen co\\nO w\\nc\\nO\\nU\\no\\nS5\\nP4c/5\\nS.S\\nen\\nen\\nO\\nvO\\nen\\nen\\nvO\\nen\\nen\\nen\\nCO\\nen\\nO rt\\nX\\no H", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "356\\nAppendix D.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p*Jojo\u00c2\u00bbi3\\nM in M oo tnvO\\nMM MM MM\\n1\\nPh\\no\\ny\\nu\\no\\nfa\\nS. F. Cary,\\nR. T. Stewart,\\nChester A. Arthur,\\nWm. H. English,\\nB. J, Chambers,\\nT. A. Hendricks,\\nJohn A. Logan,\\nWm Daniel,\\nA. M. West,\\nLevi P. Morton,\\nAllenG.Thurman,\\nlBJ0}D3ia\\nTfr in ON COCO\\nm m m co coo\\nN M MM MM\\nPopular\\nVote.\\nOn o in r^vO r^\u00c2\u00bb tJ- o in co rj-o oo\\nn in coo r-\u00c2\u00bb h c^O N N N O O\\nt^.in C* O co m O cooo co Oio*^-vO\\ny\\\\ n~ n o of m~oo~ t-T en o o\\noo -trro m MTtmcn^cnrfrt\\n^t* rl- en 000 mm rr in cm m\\nrf rf rf rf vn in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3?B5S\\no O O co O CO\\nHH M MM MM\\nc\\n0)\\n12\\n*(73\\nu\\nin\\nPh\\nu\\no\\nfa\\nPeter Cooper,\\nGreen C. Smith,\\nJames A. Garfield,\\nW. S. Hancock,\\nJames B. Weaver,\\nScattering,\\nGrover Cleveland,\\nJas. G. Blaine,\\nJ. P. St. John,\\nB. F. Butler,\\nBenj. Harrison,\\nGrover Cleveland,\\nC. B. Fisk,\\nA. J. Streeter,\\nPh\\nGreenback,\\nProhibition,\\nRepublican,\\nDemocratic,\\nGreenback,\\nDemocratic,\\nRepublican,\\nProhibition,\\nLabor,\\nRepublican,\\nDemocratic,\\nProhibition,\\nUnion Labor,\\nO M M\\nen ti-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saws jo \u00c2\u00b0N o\\nu\u00c2\u00aba A\\n1880\\n1884\\n1888", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Votes for President, 1 892-1 896. 357\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2[Bjojoaia\\nMnw m co CO\\nr^ tj- in t^ r\\nN H W M\\nV\\n33\\nu\\nu\\n0)\\nA. E. Stevenson,\\nWhitelaw Reid,\\nJames G. Field,\\nJ. B. Cranfill,\\nC. H. Matchett,\\nGarrett A. Hobart,\\nArthur Sewall,\\nThos. E. Watson,\\nHale Johnson,\\nJ. H. Southgate,\\nMatthew Maguire,\\nS. B. Buckner,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rejo:p3|3[\\nr^ tj- w t^. r^\\nP-l\\nr\u00c2\u00bb M m 00 in O\\nOOcooo coo j^, r-^ O\\nwc^inc^N ^-m Jrj mm\\n4 in N 0 H M* CO -I O CO\\nm r^ rf M O O 2. co co\\nvomOn Min ,_J i-i\\nin in m r^o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3^5S\\nco in-o eo c\\nFor President.\\nGrover Cleveland,\\nBenj. Harrison,\\nJames B. Weaver,\\nJohn Bidwell,\\nSimon Wing,\\nWilliam McKinley,\\nWilliam J. Bryan,\\nWilliam J. Bryan,\\nJoshua Levering,\\nChas. E. Bentley,\\nChas. B. Matchett,\\nJohn M. Palmer,\\nPh\\nDemocratic,\\nRepublican,\\nPeople s,\\nProhibition,\\nSocialist-Labor,\\nRepublican,\\nDemocratic,\\nPeople s,\\nProhibition,\\nNat. Prohibition,\\nSocialist-Labor,\\nNat. Democratic,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3J0A -J3313\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sa^g jo *o^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JB3 A\\nCO GO", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "358\\nAppendix E.\\nAPPENDIX E.\\nPopulation of the Sections, 1790-1860.\\nYear,\\nFree States.\\nSlave States.\\nI79O\\n1,968,453\\nI,9 6 I,374\\nl8oo\\n2,684,616\\n2,621,316\\nl8lO\\n3 758,9IO\\n3,480,902\\n1820\\nS, I 5 2 ,372\\n4,485,819\\n183O\\n7,006,399\\n5,848,312\\n1840\\n9,733,922\\n7,334,433\\n1850\\n13,599,488\\n9, 66 3*997\\ni860\\n19,128,418\\n12,315,372", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "Congressional Representation, 1790-1860. 359\\nAPPENDIX F.\\nCongressional Representation of the Seo\\ntions, 1790-1860.\\nYear.\\nSenate.\\nHouse.\\nFree States.\\nSlave States.\\nFree States.\\nSlave States.\\nI79O\\n14\\n12\\n35\\n30\\n1792\\n16\\n14\\n57\\n48\\nI796\\n16\\n16\\n57\\n49\\n180O\\n16\\n16\\n57\\n49\\n1804\\n18\\n16\\n77\\n65\\n1808\\n18\\n16\\n77\\n65\\nl8l2\\n18\\n18\\n103\\n79\\nl8l6\\n20\\n18\\n104\\n79\\n1820\\n24\\n24\\nJ \u00c2\u00b05\\n82\\n1824\\n24\\n24\\n123\\n90\\n1828\\n24\\n24\\n123\\n90\\n1832\\n24\\n24\\n141\\n99\\n1836\\n26\\n26\\n142\\n100\\n1840\\n26\\n26\\n142\\n100\\n1844\\n26\\n26\\n*35\\n98\\n1848\\n30\\n30\\ni39\\n91\\n1852\\n32\\n30\\n144\\n90\\nl8 5 6\\n32\\n30\\n144\\n90\\ni860\\n36\\n30\\ni47\\n90\\nf^ To find the Electoral Votes, add together the number of Senators\\nand Representatives.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "360\\nAppendix G.\\nAPPENDIX G.\\nThe Sections in 1870.\\nSections.\\nThe South: (Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga.,\\nKy., La., Md Miss., N. C, S. C,\\nTenn., Tex., Va W. V.),\\nThe North-west (111., la., Ind.. Ks.,\\nMich., Minn., Mo., Neb., O., Wis.),\\nThe Middle States (Del., N. J., N.\\nY., PeniO,\\nNew England (Conn., Mass., Me.,\\nN. H., R. I., Vt.),\\nThe Pacific (Cal., Col., Nev., Or.),\\nTotal,\\nPopulation\\nin 1870.\\nV\\nrt\\nc\\nu\\nCO\\nV\\nw\\n3\\nO\\n12,032,225\\n28\\n92\\n12,702,299\\n20\\n98\\n8,941,625\\n8\\n68\\n3,187,924\\n889,789\\n12\\n8\\n28\\n7\\n38,925,598\\n76\\n293\\n120\\n118\\n76\\n40\\n15\\n$5g~ The total population includes Territories and Indians.\\nThe Sections in 1880.\\nSections.\\nThe South\\nThe North-west.\\nThe Middle States,\\nNew England\\nThe Pacific.\\nTotal\\nPopulation\\n16,188,757\\n17,229,810\\n10,644,233\\n4,010,438\\n1,296,367\\n50,155,783\\n6\\nV\\na\\n3\\nc\\nO\\n0)\\nCO\\nw\\n28\\n106\\n20\\n114\\n8\\n70\\n12\\n26\\n8\\n9\\n76\\n325\\n134\\n134\\n78\\n38\\n17\\n401\\nJ^^The total population includes Territories and Indians,\\ntionment Act of Feb. 25th, 1882, took effect March 3d, 1883.\\nThe Appor*", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "The Sections in 1890.\\n361\\nAPPENDIX G.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nThe Sections in i8qo.\\nSections.\\nPopulation\\nin 1890.\\nV\\nc\\nV\\nV\\n6\\nThe South\\n19,370,094\\n22,362,279\\n12,869,293\\n4,700,745\\n2,814,400\\n62,830,155\\n28\\n24\\n8\\n12\\n18\\n111\\n128\\n73\\n27\\n18\\n139\\nThe North-west\\n152\\nThe Middle States\\n81\\nNew England\\n39\\n36\\nThe Pacific\\nTotal\\n90\\n357\\n447\\nj^P^The new States of Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and\\nUtah are classed with the Pacific States. The Dakotas are classed with\\nthe North-west. The total population includes the Territories. The\\nApportionment Act of Feb. 7th, 1891, took effect March 3d, 1893.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX H.\\nCabinet Officers of the Administrations.\\nI. and II.; 1789-1797 (page 19).\\nSecretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Septem-\\nber 26th, 1789 Edmund Randolph, Virginia, January 2d,\\n1794 Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, December 10th, 1795.\\nSecretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, New York,\\nSeptember nth, 1789; Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, Febru-\\nary 2d, 1795. Secretary of War, Henry Knox, Massachu-\\nsetts, September 12th, 1789 Timothy Pickering, Pennsyl-\\nvania, January 2d, 1795 James McHenry, Maryland,\\nJanuary 27th, 1796. Attorney-General, Edmund Ran-\\ndolph, Virginia, September 26th, 1789 William Bradford,\\nPennsylvania, January 27th, 1794 Charles Lee, Virginia,\\nDecember 10th, 1795. Postmaster-General, 1 E. Hazard,\\nJanuary 28th, 1782-September 29th, 1789; Samuel Osgood,\\nMassachusetts, September 29th, 1789 Timothy Pickering,\\nPennsylvania, August 12th, 1791 Joseph Habersham, Geor-\\ngia, February 25th, 1795.\\nIII.; 1797-1801 (page 44).\\nSecretary of State, Timothy Pickering, continued John\\nMarshall, Virginia, May 13th, 1800. Secretary of Treas-\\nury, Oliver Wolcott, continued Samuel Dexter, Massachu-\\nsetts, January 1st, 1801. Secretary of War, James\\nMcHenry, continued Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, May\\n1 Not a Cabinet officer, but a subordinate of the Treasury Department\\nuntil 1829.\\n303", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "364 American Politics.\\n13th, 1800; Roger Griswold, Connecticut, February 3d, 1801.\\nSecretary of Navy, 1 George Cabot, Massachusetts, May 3d,\\n1798 Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, May 21st, 1798.\\nAttorney-General, Charles Lee, continued Theophilus\\nParsons, Massachusetts, February 20th, 1 801. Postmaster-\\nGeneral, Joseph Habersham, continued.\\nIV. and V.; 1 801-1809 (page 55)-\\nSecretary of State, James Madison, Virginia, March 5th,\\n1 801. Secretary of Treasury, Samuel Dexter, continued\\nAlbert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, May 14th, 1801. Secretary\\nof War, Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 5th, 1801.\\nSecretary of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, continued Robert\\nSmith, Maryland, July 15th, 1 801 Jacob Crowninshield,\\nMassachusetts, May 3d, 1805. Attorney-General, Levi\\nLincoln, Massachusetts, March 5th, 1801 Robert Smith,\\nMaryland, March 3d, 1805 John Breckinridge, Kentucky,\\nAugust 7th, 1805 Caesar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, January\\n20th, 1807. Postmaster-General, Joseph Habersham, con-\\ntinued Gideon Granger, Connecticut, November 28th, 1801.\\nVI. and VII.; 1809-1817 (page 73).\\nSecretary of State, Robert Smith, Maryland, March 6th,\\n1809; James Monroe, Virginia, April 2d, 1811. Secretary\\nof Treasury, Albert Gallatin, continued George W. Camp-\\nbell, Tennessee, February 9th, 1814 A. J. Dallas, Pennsyl-\\nvania, October 6th, 18 14 William H. Crawford, Georgia,\\nOctober 22d, 18 16. Secretary of War, William Eustis,\\nMassachusetts, March 7th, 1809 John Armstrong, New-\\nYork, January 13th, 18 13 James Monroe, Virginia, Septem-\\n1 Naval affairs were under the control of the Secretary of War until a\\nseparate Navy Department was organized by Act of April 30th, 1798. The\\nActs organizing the other Departments were of the following dates\\nState, September 15th, 1789; Treasury, September 2d, 1789; War,\\nAugust 7th, 1789. The Attorney-General s duties were regulated by the\\nJudiciary Act of September 24th, 1789. Interior, March 3d, 1849. For\\nthe establishment of the Department of Agriculture, see page 279.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "Cabi?iet Officers of the Administrations. 365\\nber 27th, 1 8 14 William H. Crawford, Georgia, August 1st,\\n18 1 5. Secretary of Navy, Paul Hamilton, South Carolina,\\nMarch 7th, 1809 William Jones, Pennsylvania, January\\n12th, 1813; B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, December\\n19th, 1814. Attorney-General, C. A. Rodney, continued\\nWilliam Pinckney, Maryland, December nth, 1811 Rich-\\nard Rush, Pennsylvania, February 10th, 18 14. Postmaster-\\nGeneral, Gideon Granger, continued Return J. Meigs,\\nOhio, March 17th, 18 14.\\nVIII. and IX.; 1817-1825 (page 89).\\nSecretary of State, John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts,\\nMarch 5th, 1817. Secretary of Treasury, William H.\\nCrawford, continued. Secretary of War, George Graham,\\nVirginia, April 7th, 181 7 John C. Calhoun, South Caro-\\nlina, October 8th, 1817. Secretary of Navy, B. W.\\nCrowninshield, continued Smith Thompson, New York,\\nNovember 9th, 1818 John Rogers, Massachusetts, Septem-\\nber 1st, 1823 Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, September\\n16th, 1823. Attorney-General, Richard Rush, continued\\nWilliam Wirt, Virginia, November 13th, 18 17. Postmaster-\\nGeneral, R. J. Meigs, continued John McLean, Ohio, June\\n26th, 1823.\\nX.; 1825-1829 (page 103).\\nSecretary of State, Henry Clay, Kentucky, March 7th,\\n1825. Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush, Pennsyl-\\nvania, March 7th, 1825. Secretary of War, James Bar-\\nbour, Virginia, March 7th, 1825 Peter B. Porter, New York.\\nMay 26th, 1828. Secretary of Navy, S. L. Southard,\\ncontinued. Attorney-General, William Wirt, continued.\\nPostmaster-General, John McLean, continued.\\nXL and XII.; 1829-1837 (page 109).\\nSecretary of State, Martin Van Buren, New York,\\nMarch 6th, 1829 Edward Livingston, Louisiana, May 24th,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "366 American Politics.\\n1831 Louis McLane, Delaware, May 29th, 1833 John\\nForsyth, Georgia, June 27th, 1834. Secretary of Treas-\\nury, Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, March 6th, 1829 Louis\\nMcLane, Delaware, August 8th, 1831 William J. Duane,\\nPennsylvania, May 29th, 1833 Roger B. Taney, Maryland,\\nSeptember 23d, 1833 J Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire,\\nJune 27th, 1834. Secretary of War, John H. Eaton, Tea-\\nnessee, March gth, 1829; Lewis Cass, Michigan, August 1st,\\n1831 Benjamin F. Butler, New York, March 3d, 1837.\\nSecretary of Navy, John Branch, North Carolina, March\\n9th, 1829 Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, May 23d, 1831\\nMahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, June 30th, 1834. Attorney-\\nGeneral, John M. Berrien, Georgia, March gth, 1839 Roger\\nB. Taney, Maryland, July 20th, 1831 Benjamin F. Butler,\\nNew York, November 15th, 1833. Postmaster-General,\\nWilliam T. Barry, Kentucky, March 9th, 1829 Amos Ken-\\ndall, Kentucky, May 1st, 1835.\\nXIII.; 1837-1841 (page 133).\\nSecretary of State, John Forsyth, continued. Secretary\\nof Treasury, Levi Woodbury, continued. Secretary of\\nWar, Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, March 7th, 1837.\\nSecretary of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, continued James\\nK. Paulding, New York, June 25th, 1838. Attorney-Gen-\\neral, Benjamin F. Butler, continued Felix Grundy, Ten-\\nnessee, July 5th, 1838 Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, Jan-\\nuary nth, 1840. Postmaster-General, Amos Kendall,\\ncontinued John M. Niles, Connecticut, May 19th, 1840.\\nXIV.; 1841-1845 (page 140).\\nSecretary of State, Daniel Webster, Massachusetts,\\nMarch 5th, 1841 Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, May 9th,\\n1843 A. P. Upshur, Virginia, July 24th, 1843 John C. Cal-\\nhoun, South Carolina, March 6th, 1844. Secretary of\\nTreasury, Thomas Ewing, Ohio, March 5th, 1841 Walter", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "Cabinet Officers of the Administrations. 367\\nForward, Pennsylvania, September 13th, 1841 John C.\\nSpencer, New York, March 3d, 1843 George M. Bibb, Ken-\\ntucky, June 15th, 1844. Secretary of War, John Bell,\\nTennessee, March 5th, 1841 John McLean, Ohio, Septem-\\nber 13th, 1 841 John C. Spencer, New York, October 12th,\\n1841 James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, March 8th, 1843\\nWilliam Wilkins, Pennsylvania, February 15th, 1844. Sec-\\nretary of Navy, G. E. Badger, North Carolina, March 5th,\\n1841 A. P. Upshur, Virginia, September 13th, 1841 David\\nHenshaw, Massachusetts, July 24th, 1843 T. W. Gilmer,\\nVirginia, February 15th, 1844 J onn Y. Mason, Virginia,\\nMarch 14th, 1844. Attorney-General, John J. Crittenden,\\nKentucky, March 5th, 1841 Hugh S. Legare, South Caro-\\nlina, September 13th, 1841 John Nelson, Maryland, July\\n1st, 1843. Postmaster-General, Francis Granger, New\\nYork, March 6th, 1841 Charles A. Wickliffe, Kentucky,\\nSeptember 13th, 1841.\\nXV.; 1845-1849 (page 149).\\nSecretary of State, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania,\\nMarch 6th, 1845. Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Wal-\\nker, Mississippi, March 6th, 1845. Secretary of War,\\nWilliam L. Marcy, New York, March 6th, 1845. Secretary\\nof Navy, George Bancroft, Massachusetts, March 10th, 1845\\nJohn Y. Mason, Virginia, September 9th, 1846. Attorney-\\nGeneral, John Y. Mason, Virginia, March 5th, 1845 Nathan\\nClifford, Maine, October 17th, 1846. Postmaster-General,\\nCave Johnson, Tennessee, March 6th, 1845.\\nXVI.; 1859-1853 (page 159).\\nSecretary of State, John M. Clayton, Delaware, March\\n7th, 1849 Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, July 22d, 1850\\nEdward Everett, Massachusetts, December 6th, 1852. Sec-\\nretary of Treasury, W. M. Meredith, Pennsylvania, March\\n8th, 1849; Thomas Corwin, Ohio, July 23d, 1850. Secre-\\ntary of State, George W. Crawford, Georgia, March 8th,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "3^8 American Politics.\\n1849 Winfield Scott (ad interiin) t July 23d, 1850 Charles\\nM. Conrad, Louisiana, August 15th, 1850, Secretary of\\nNavy, William B. Preston, Virginia, March 8th, 1849\\nWilliam A. Graham, North Carolina, July 22d, 1850 J. P.\\nKennedy, Maryland, July 22d, 1852. Secretary of Inte-\\nrior, 1 Thomas H. Ewing, Ohio, March 8th, 1849 A. H. H.\\nStuart, Virginia, September 12th, 1850. Attorney-General,\\nReverdy Johnson, Maryland, March 8th, 1849 John J.\\nCrittenden, Kentucky, July 22d, 1850. Postmaster-Gen-\\neral, Jacob Collamer, Vermont, March 8th, 1849 Nathan K.\\nHall, New York, July 23d, 1850 S. D. Hubbard, Connecti-\\ncut, August 31st, 1852.\\nXVII.; 1853-1857 (page 167).\\nSecretary of State, William L. Marcy, New York, March\\n7th, 1853. Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie, Ken-\\ntucky, March 7th, 1853. Secretary of War, Jefferson\\nDavis, Mississippi, March 7th, 1853. Secretary of Navy,\\nJames C. Dobbin, North Carolina, March 7th, 1853. Secre-\\ntary of Interior, Robert McClelland, Michigan, March 7th,\\n1853. Attorney-General, Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts,\\nMarch 7th, 1853. Postmaster-General, James Campbell,\\nPennsylvania, March 7th, 1853.\\nXVIII. 1857-1861 (page 179).\\nSecretary of State, Lewis Cass, Michigan, March 6th,\\n!857; J. S. Black, Pennsylvania, December 17th, i860. Sec-\\nretary of Treasury, Howell Cobb, Georgia, March 6th,\\n1857 Philip F. Thomas, Maryland, December 12th, i860\\nJohn A. Dix, New York, January nth, 1 861. Secretary of\\nWar, John B. Floyd, Virginia, March 6th, 1857 Joseph\\nHolt, Kentucky, January 18th, 1 861. Secretary of Navy,\\nIsaac Toucey, Connecticut, March 6th, 1857. Secretary of\\nInterior, Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, March 6th, 1857.\\n1 Organized by Act of March 3d, 1849.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "Cabinet Officers of the Administrations. 369\\nAttorney-General, J. S. Black, Pennsylvania, March 6th,\\n1857 E. M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, December 20th, i860.\\nPostmaster-General, Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, March\\n6th, 1857 Joseph Holt, Kentucky, March 14th, 1859 Hora-\\ntio King, Maine, February 12th, 1861.\\nXIX. and XX.; 1861-1869 (page 197).\\nSecretary of State, William H. Seward, New York,\\nMarch 5th, 1 861. Secretary of Treasury, S. P. Chase,\\nOhio, March 5th, 1861 W. P. Fessenden, Maine, July 1st,\\n1864 Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, March 7th, 1865. Secre-\\ntary of War, Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, March 5th,\\n1861 Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, January 15th, 1862\\nU. S, Grant (ad interim), 1 August 12th, 1867 Edwin M.\\nStanton (reinstated), January 14th, 1868 J. M. Scofield, Illi-\\nnois, May 28th, 1868. Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles,\\nConnecticut, March 5 th, 1861. Secretary of Interior, Caleb\\nP. Smith, March 5th, 1861 John P. Usher, Indiana, January\\n8th, 1863 James Harlan, Iowa, May 15th, 1865 O. H\\nBrowning, Illinois, July 27th, 1866. Attorney-General\\nEdward Bates, Missouri, March 5th, 1861 Titian J. Coffee\\nJune 22d, 1863 James Speed, Kentucky, December 2d\\n1864 Henry Stanbery, Ohio, July 23d, i860 William M\\nEvarts, New York, July 15, 1868. Postmaster-General\\nMontgomery Blair, Maryland, March 5th, 1861 William\\nDennison, Ohio, September 24th, 1864 Alexander W. Ran-\\ndall, Wisconsin, July 25th, 1866.\\nXXI. AND XXII. 1869-1877 (page 220).\\nSecretary of State, E. B. Washburne, Illinois, March 5th,\\n1869 Hamilton Fish, New York, March nth, 1869. Secre-\\ntary of Treasury, George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, March\\nnth, 1869 William A. Richardson, Massachusetts, March\\n17th, 1873 Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, June 2d, 1874;\\nLot M. Merrill, Maine, June 21st, 1876. Secretary of War,\\ni See p. 216.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "37\u00c2\u00b0 American Politics.\\nJohn A. Rawlins, Illinois, March nth, 1869; William T. Sher-\\nman, Ohio, September 9th, 1869; William W. Belknap, Iowa,\\nOctober 25th, 1869 Alphonso Taft, Ohio, March 8th, 1876\\nJ. D. Cameron, Pennsylvania, May 22d, 1876. Secretary of\\nNavy, Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, March 5th, 1869\\nGeorge M. Robeson, New Jersey, June 25th, 1869. Secretary\\nof Interior, John D. Cox, Ohio, March 5th, 1869 Columbus\\nDelano, Ohio, November 1st, 1870; Zachariah Chandler, Mich-\\nigan, October 19th, 1875. Attorney-General, E. R. Hoar,\\nMassachusetts, March 5th, 1869; Amos TVAkerman, Georgia,\\nJune 23d, 1870; George H. Williams, Oregon, December 14th,\\n1871 Edwards Pierrepont, New York, April 26th, 1875 Al-\\nphonso Taft, Ohio, May 22d, 1876. Postmaster-General,\\nJ. A. J. Creswell, Maryland, March 5th, 1869; Marshall Jewell,\\nConnecticut, August 24th, 1874 James M. Tyner, Indiana,\\nJuly 12th, 1876.\\nXXIII.; 1877-1881 (page 249).\\nSecretary of State, William M. Evarts, New York, March\\n12th, 1877. Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman, Ohio,\\nMarch 8th, 1877. Secretary of War, George W. McCrary,\\nIowa, March 12th, 1877 Alexander Ramsey, Minnesota, De-\\ncember 12th, 1879. Secretary of Navy, Richard W. Thomp-\\nson, Indiana, March 12th, 1877 Nathan Goff, Jr., West Vir-\\nginia, January 6th, 188 1. Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz,\\nMissouri, March 12th, 1877. Attorney-General, Charles\\nDevens, Massachusetts, March r2th, 1877. Postmaster-\\nGeneral, David M. Key, Tennessee, March 12th, 1877\\nHorace Maynard, Tennessee, August 25th, 1880.\\nXXIV.; 1881-1885 (page 259).\\nSecretary of State, James G. Blaine, Maine, March 5th,\\n1 881 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey, December\\n12th, 1881. Secretary of Treasury, William H. Windom,\\nMinnesota, March 5th, 1881 Charles J. Folger, New York,\\nOctober 27th, 1881. Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "Cabinet Officers of the Administrations. 371\\nIllinois, March 5th, 1881. Secretary of Navy, W. H, Hunt,\\nLouisiana, March 5th, 1881 Wm. E. Chandler, New Hamp-\\nshire, April 1 2th, 1882. Secretary of Interior, S. J. Kirkwood,\\nIowa, March 5th, 1881 Henry M.Teller, Colo., April 6th, 1882.\\nAttorney-General, Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania, March\\n5th, 1 88 1 Benjamin H. Brewster, Pennsylvania, December\\n16th, 188 1. Postmaster-General, Thomas L. James, New\\nYork, March 5th, 1881 Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin, Decem-\\nber 20th, 1881 W. Q. Gresham, Indiana, April 3rd, 1883\\nFrank Hatton, Iowa, October 14th, 1884.\\nXXV.; 1885-1889 (page 268).\\nSecretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware, March\\n6th, 1885. Secretary of Treasury, Daniel Manning, New\\nYork, March 6th 1885 Charles S. Fairchild, New York,\\nApril 1st, 1887. Secretary of War, William C. Endicott,\\nMassachusetts, March 6th, 1885. Secretary of Navy, Will-\\niam C. Whitney, New York, March 6th, 1885. Secretary\\nof Interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Mississippi, March 6th, 1885;\\nWilliam F. Vilas, Wisconsin, January 16th, 1888. Attorney-\\nGeneral, Augustus H. Garland, Arkansas, March 6th, 1885.\\nPostmaster-General, William F. Vilas, Wisconsin, March\\n6th, 1885 Don M. Dickinson, Michigan, January 16th, 1888.\\nXXVI.; 1889-1893 (page 280).\\nSecretary of State, 1 James G. Blaine, Maine, March 7th,\\n1889 John W. Foster, Indiana, June 29th, 1892. Secretary\\nof the Treasury, William Windom, Minnesota, March 7th,\\n1889 Charles Foster, Ohio, February 25th, 1891. Secretary\\nof War, Redfieid Proctor, Vermont, March 7th, 1889;\\nStephen B. Elkins, West Virginia, December 24th, 1891.\\nAttorney-General, W. H. H. Miller, Indiana, March 7th,\\n1889. Postmaster-General, John Wanamaker, Pennsylva-\\nnia, March 7th, 1889. Secretary of the Navy, Benj. F.\\nTracy, New York, March 7th, 1889. Secretary of the\\n1 The Cabinet is here arranged in the order of succession for the Presi-\\ndency according to Act of XLIXth Congress, which does not, however,\\ninclude the Secretary of Agriculture.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "37 2 American Politics.\\nInterior, John W. Noble, Missouri, March 7th, 1889. Sec-\\nretary of Agriculture, Jere. M. Rusk, Wisconsin, March\\n7th, 1889.\\nXXVII.; 1893-1897 (page 290).\\nSecretary of State, Walter Q. Gresham, Illinois, March\\n7th, 1893 Richard Olney, Massachusetts, June 10th, 1895.\\nSecretary of the Treasury, John G. Carlisle, Kentucky,\\nMarch 7th, 1893. Secretary of War, Daniel S. Lamont,\\nNew York, March 7th, 1893. Attorney-General, Richard\\nOlney, Massachusetts, March 7th, 1893 Judson Harmon,\\nOhio, June nth, 1895. Postmaster-General, Wilson S.\\nBissell, New York, March 7th, 1893 William L. Wilson,\\nWest Virginia, April 3d, 1895. Secretary of the Navy,\\nHilary A. Herbert, Alabama, March 7th, 1893. Secretary\\nof the Interior, Hoke Smith, Georgia, March 7th, 1893\\nDavid R. Francis, Missouri, September 3d, 1896. Secretary\\nof Agriculture, Julius Sterling Morton, Nebraska, March\\n7th, 1893.\\nXXVIII.; 1897.\\nSecretary of State, John Sherman, Ohio, March 6th,\\n1897 William R. Day, Ohio, April 26th, 1898. Secretary\\nof the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage, Illinois, March 6th, 1897.\\nSecretary of War, Russell A. Alger, Michigan, March 6th,\\n1897. Attorney-General, Joseph McKenna, California,\\nMarch 6th, 1897 John W. Griggs, New Jersey, January 31st,\\n1898. Postmaster-General, James A. Gary, Maryland,\\nMarch 6th, 1897 Charles Emory Smith, Pennsylvania, April\\n21st, 1898. Secretary of the Navy, John D. Long, Massa-\\nchusetts, March 6th, 1897. Secretary of the Interior,\\nCornelius N. Bliss, New York, March 6th, 1897. Secretary\\nof Agriculture, James Wilson, Iowa, March 6th, 1897.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "INDEX.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAbolitionists, the, 131, 132, 138,\\n139, 140-145, 147-150, 187, 188\\nAbolition of slavery, 18, 201-204\\nAdams, Charles Francis, 157, 230,\\n354\\nAdams, John, 19, 28, 29, 42, 43, 52,\\n53i 58, 349-351 I President, 43-54;\\nVice-President, 19-43\\nAdams, John Quincy, 71, 72, 97,\\n100-106, 108, 109, 136, 142, 352, 353,\\n365 President, 102-108\\nAdams, John Quincy, Jr., 230, 355\\nAdams, Samuel, 350\\nAdmission of States, 348\\nAdrain, G. B., 188\\nAfrican slave trade, 12, 144, 161,\\n182, 184\\nAfricans, naturalization of, 222\\nAgricultural colleges, 201\\nAgricultural depression, 283\\nAgricultural prosperity, 290\\nAgriculture, Bureau of, 267, 279;\\nDepartment of, 267, 279\\nAkerman, Amos T., 370\\nAlabama, 128, 355 admitted, 93,\\n348 secedes, 193, 199 re-ad-\\nmitted, 221\\nAlabama Claims, 225\\nAlexander I., Czar of Russia, 81\\nAlger, Russell A., 372\\nAlgiers, 9, 34, 38 declares war\\nagainst the United States, 9\\nAlien and sedition laws, 47-50,\\n56, 62, 106, 225\\nAliens, 84, 169, 222, 288, 297\\nAll-American Congress, 275\\nAmbrister, execution of, 91\\nAmerican Alliance, 266\\nAmerican commerce, 9, 34, 36, 38,\\n39, 46, 59, 64, 69-71, 75, 84, 86, 109,\\n266\\nAmerican Continental policy,\\n266\\nAmerican Federation of Labor,\\n274\\nAmerican fisheries, 271\\nAmerican Party, 169, 190, 278, 354.\\nSee also Know Nothing\\nParty\\nAmerican Protective Associa-\\ntion, 297\\nAmerican Railway Union, 295\\nAmerican Republics, Congress\\nof, 105\\nAmerican tariff system, 22\\nAmerican Whigs, 5, 6\\nAmes, Gov. A., 239\\nAmes, Fisher, 40\\nAmes, Oakes, 231\\nAmnesty, 208, 212, 228, 229, 241, 293\\nAnarchists, 270, 271\\nAnnapolis, Convention at (1786),\\n10\\nAnnexation: of Florida, 91 of\\nLouisiana, 61 of Texas. 145-148\\nAnti-Federal Party, 1, 15-17,\\n20-24, 25-28. See also Demo-\\ncratic-Republican Party\\nAnti-Lecompton Democrats, 186,\\n188\\nAnti-Masonic Party, 109, no, 118,\\n119, 128, 137, 353\\nAnti-Nebraska Men, 169-171\\nAnti-Polygamy bill, 261, 272, 286\\nAnti-Slavery Society, 131\\nAppointment, Presidential pow-\\ner of, 105, 127, 247, 252, 262\\nApportionment Acts, 26, 261,\\n283, 360, 361\\nArbitration, 271, 296\\nArbuthnot, execution of, 91\\nArista, General, 150\\nArkansas, 193, 232, 239, 355 ad-\\nmitted, 129, 348 secedes, 199\\nre-admitted/ 221 suffrage in,\\n223 election troubles, 239", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "376\\nIndex.\\nArmenian outrages, 298\\nArmies of the Unemployed,\\n294, 295\\nArmstrong, James, 349\\nArmstrong, John, 364\\nArmy. See United STATES\\nArmy\\nArmy of Northern Virginia, 207\\nArrears of pensions, 253\\nArthur, Chester A., 256, 258-262,\\n267 Vice-President, 258-260,\\n356 President, 260-267\\nArticles of Confederation, 7-10,\\n3?3-3i7 _\\nAshburton Treaty, 144\\nAustralian method of voting,\\nBabcock, O. E., 239\\nBadger, G. E., 367\\nBaez, Buenaventura, 234\\nBaker County, Fla., the elec-\\ntoral count in, 245, 246\\nBallot reform, 276, 278, 286\\nBaltimore, national conventions\\nin, 118, 128, 138, 145, 146, 156, 164,\\n176, 190, 191, 205, 230\\n44 Baltimore, the, attack on sail-\\nors of, 285\\nBancroft, George, 286\\nBank, National, the first, 24, 25,\\n74, 75 the second, 87, 90 over-\\nthrown by Jackson, 111-126\\nsubstitute for, 141\\nBank of the United States. See\\nNational Bank United\\nStates Bank\\nBanks, suspension of, 291\\nBanks, Nathaniel P., Jr., 170, 355\\nBarbour, James, 365\\nBarbour, P. P., 98\\nBarnburners, 156\\nBarry, William T., 366\\nBates, Edward, 369*\\nBattles Bull Run, 200 New\\nOrleans, 107 Palo Alto, 150\\nResaca de la Palma, 150\\nBaxter, Elisha, 239\\nBayard, Thomas F., 260, 371\\nBelknap, W. W., 242, 370\\nBell, John, 191, 196, 354, 367\\nBentley, Charles E., 301. 357\\nBenton, Thomas H., 130\\nBering Sea, 284\\nBerrien, John M., 366\\nBibb, George M., 367\\nBidwell, Gen. John, 288, 357\\n44 Biglow Papers, 151\\n44 Billion-Dollar Congress, 282\\nBill of Rights, 21\\nBirney, James G., 138, 145, 147,\\n353* 354\\nBissell, Wilson S., 372\\nBlack, James, 355\\nBlack, Jere. S., 368, 369\\nBlack Cockade Federalists, 56\\nBlack List, the, 263, 286\\nBlack Republican, 171\\nBlaine, James G., 220, 225, 231, 235,\\n243, 256, 265, 277, 356, 370, 371\\nBlaine Amendment, 241\\nBlair, Francis P., 218, 219, 355\\nBlair, Montgomery, 369\\nBlair educational bill, 264, 275\\nBland-Allison law. See Bland\\nSilver Bill\\nBland silver bill, 250, 251, 281\\nBliss, Cornelius N., 372\\nBlockades, 69, 77, 82, 200, 208\\nBloody bill, the, 121\\nBonaparte, Napoleon, 52, 59, 82\\nBonds, 250, 251 purchase of, 275\\nsales of, 290, 293, 296, 298\\nBooth, Newton, 242\\nBorder Ruffians, 172, 173\\nBorder States Men, 204\\nBorie, Adolph E., 370\\nBoston, Mass., 32, 131\\nBoundary disputes, 109, 144, 146,\\nMl, 150-154\\nBoutwell, George S., 231, 369\\nBoycott, the, 265, 271, 286\\nBoyd, Linn, 163, 167\\nBradford, William, 363\\nBramlette, T. E., 355\\nBranch, John, 366\\nBrazil, 225\\nBreckinridge, John, 364\\nBreckinridge, John C, 176, 178,\\n190-192, 196, 197, 354\\nBrewster, Benjamin H., 371\\nBribery, 188, 189, 231, 239, 242, 278\\nBristow, Benjamin H., 243, 369\\nBritish colonies, United States\\ncommerce with, 109\\nBritish Guiana, 297\\nBroad Constructionist Party, 2\\nBroad Seal War, 136\\nBrooks, James, 231\\nBrooks, John A., 278\\nBrooks, Joseph, 239\\nBrooks, Preston S.,\\ni75\\nBrown, Aaron V., 369\\nBrown, B. Gratz, 228, 230, 232, 355\\nBrown, John, 187\\nBrowning, O. H., 369", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n377\\nBrussels Monetary Conference,\\n284\\nBryan, William J., 300, 357\\nBuchanan, James, 176, 178, 179,\\n185, 187-189, 193, 354, 367 Pres-\\nident, 178-196\\nBuckner, Simon B., 300, 357\\nBuffalo, N. Y., national conven-\\ntions at, 145, 157 labor riots\\nat, 288\\nBullion, 281. See also Gold\\nSilver\\nBull Run, battle of, 200\\nBureau of Agriculture, 267\\nBurr, Aaron, 29, 42, 43, 52-54, 56,\\n62, 66-68, 350, 351 Vice-Pres-\\nident, 53-63\\nButler, Andrew Pickens, 175\\nButler, Benjamin F., of Mas-\\nsachusetts, 201, 266, 356\\nButler, Benjamin F., of New\\nYork, 366\\nButler, William O., 156, 158, 354\\nCabinets, 363-372\\nCabot, George, 364\\nCalhoun, John C, 75, 101-103, 105,\\n108, 109, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121,\\n125, 134, 138, 352, 353, 365, 366;\\nVice-President, 108-121\\nCalifornia, 152, 155, 157, 158, 160,\\n161, 164, 177, 257 admitted, 162,\\n348 labor riots-, 295\\nCalls for troops, 199, 200, 203\\nCameron, J. D., 370\\nCameron, Simon, 369\\nCampaign of Education, 301\\nCampbell, George W., 364\\nCampbell, James, 368\\nCanada, 59, 72, 76, 83, 109 re-\\ntaliation against, 272, 276\\nboundary dispute, 109 fish-\\neries, 269, 271 sealers, 284,\\n299 reciprocity with, 285\\nCanal, Nicaraguan ship, 296, 302\\nCanals, 67, 99, 100, 106, 196\\nCapital, the national, 23, 24, 53\\nCapital and labor, 263, 265, 266,\\n270, 271, 274, 276\\nCarlisle, John G., 263, 269, 274, 372\\nCary, Samuel F., 242, 356\\nCass, Lewis, 156, 158, 354, 366, 368\\nCaucus nominations, 52, 100, 108\\nCensure of Brooks, 175 of Gid-\\ndings, 143 of Jackson, 125, 130\\nCensus, the eleventh, 282\\nCentenary of the Constitution\\n(1887), 274\\nCentennial Exhibition (1876), 242\\nCentral America, 183, 275\\nCentral government, 2, 3, 7, 12-\\n14, 21, 56, 287\\nChambers, B. T\u00e2\u0080\u009e 256, 356\\nChandler, William E., 371\\nChandler, Zacharias, 370\\nCharleston, S. C, Federal oc-\\ncupation of harbor (1832), 120\\nnominating convention at, 189,\\n190 in the civil war, 195\\nChase, Salmon P., 217, 222, 369\\nChase, Samuel, impeachment of,\\n61-63\\nCheap money, 266\\nCherokee Indian case, 104, 114,\\n119\\nChesapeake Bay, 10\\n14 Chesapeake, and u Leopard\\naffair, 68, 69, 75\\nChicago, 111., nominating con-\\nventions at, 191, 205, 218, 255,\\n256, 265, 277, 287, 299, 300 an-\\narchist riots, 270 Columbian\\nExposition, 282, 285, 291 labor\\nriots, 295\\nChili, 285\\nChinese exclusion, 256, 261, 266,\\n276, 285, 292\\nCincinnati, Ohio, nominating\\nconventions at, 176, 229, 230,\\n242, 256, 288 riots at, 265\\nCipher telegrams, 251\\nCircuit courts, 284\\nCivil Rights bill, 210, 227, 238\\nCivil service, introduction of\\nthe spoils system, 112, 113, 149\\nreform under Grant, 227, 229,\\n230 attention called to, 244,\\n254, 260, 265, 266 approved by\\nArthur, 261 Pendleton Act,\\n262, 268 under Cleveland, 268-\\n271, 273, 276-279, 294 Civil Ser-\\nvice Commission, 270, 282, 286,\\n294 dissatisfaction with, 273\\nextension of, 276, 278, 279 re-\\nport of Civil Service Commis-\\nsion, 286 the Commission sus-\\ntained, 294 under Harrison,\\n282, 286, 287\\nCivil war, the, 25, 60, 92, 198-207\\nClay, Henry, 75, 81, 86, 89, 90, 93,\\n95, 96, 99-101, 103, 105, no, 118,\\n121-123. 125, 130, 137, 145-148, 161.\\n1691 353i 354* 365\\nClayton, John M., 367\\nCleveland, Grover, 262, 266-277,\\n279, 287, 289, 292, 293, 295, 298, 299,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "378\\nIndex.\\nCleveland, Grover\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\n301, 302, 356, 357; President,\\n267-279, 289-302\\nCleveland, Ohio, nominating\\nconvention at, 205\\nClifford, Nathan, 367\\nClinton, De Witt, 76, 79, 352\\nClinton, George, 28, 29, 62, 63, 70,\\n72, 349-351 Vice-President, 63-\\n79\\nCoahuila, 131\\nCoal-mine strikes, 294\\nCobb, Howell, 161, 368\\nCochrane, John C, 205\\nCoffee, Titian J., 369\\nCoin, the word, 291\\nCoinage, 250, 251, 253, 254, 261, 267,\\n272, 283, 287, 292-294, 296, 299-3OI\\nColfax, Schuyler, 204, 209, 215,\\n218-220, 230, 231, 355 Vice-Presi-\\ndent, 219-233\\nColfax, La., outrages at, 236\\nCollamer, Jacob, 368\\nColonial times, 3-6\\nColorado, 195 admitted, 242,\\n348\\nColored vote, 240, 245, 253, 265\\nColor line, the, 227\\nColquitt, A. H., 355\\nColumbia, S. C., Nullification\\nconvention at, 120\\nColumbian Exposition, 282, 285,\\n291\\nColumbia River, 152\\nCommerce, State regulation of,\\n8 Federal regulation and im-\\nprovement of, 21, 84, 94, 155.\\nSee also American Com-\\nmerce Interstate Com-\\nmerce Shipping\\nCommercial distress, 83, 290-292.\\nSee also Financial Distress\\nCommercial prosperity, 290\\nCommercial treaties, 9. See\\nalso Jay s Treaty Trea-\\nties\\nCompromises of 1820 (Missouri),\\n60, 94, 95, 148, 154, 155, 160, 166-\\n168, 172, 175, 176, 179, 181, 206 of\\n1850, 162-168, 181 of i860 (Crit-\\ntenden), 194\\nCompromise tariff of 1833, 121,\\nJ 43\\nCompulsory arbitration bill, 296\\nConfederate States, 194, 197-199,\\n206, 257\\nConfederation, Articles of, 7 et\\nseq., 303-317 revision of, 10\\nConfiscation, 200, 201 of Mor-\\nmon property, 293\\nCongress, Peace, 194\\nCongress, United States. See\\nUnited States Congress\\nCongressional representation of\\nthe sections, 358\\nCongress of American Repub-\\nlics, 105\\nCongress of the Confederacy, 17\\nConkling, Roscoe, 260\\nConnecticut, 62, 78, 81, 83, 84, 87,\\n244 ratified the Constitution,\\n348. See also Hartford Con-\\nvention\\nConrad, Charles M., 368\\nConscription, 83, 203, 204\\nConservatives, 135, 142, 156, 239\\nConspiracy, 200, 226, 271, 295\\nConstitution. See United\\nStates Constitution\\nConstitutional Convention of\\n1787 j 10 et seq.\\nConstitutional Union Party, 191,\\niQ7\u00c2\u00bb 354\\nContraband of war, 201\\nConvention of Officeholders, 146\\nConvention of 1786, 10\\nConvention of 1787, 10 et seq.\\nConvention of 1827, 152\\nConventions, Federal Constitu-\\ntional, in the States, 16\\nConventions, nominating, 108,\\n118, 119, 128, 137, 138, 145, 146, 156,\\n157, 160, 164, 165, 175, 176, 189-191,\\n205, 208, 218, 229, 230, 242, 243, 255,\\n256, 265, 266, 277, 278, 286-288, 299-\\n301\\nCooper, Peter, 242, 356\\nCopperheads, 205\\nCopyright, international, 284\\nCorporal s Guard, 142\\nCorporations, 256, 263, 265, 266,\\n273, 288\\nCorwin, Thomas, 367\\nCourt of Claims, 272\\nCourts, United States. See\\nUnited States Courts\\nCoushatta, La., outrages at, 236\\nCovode investigation, 188, 189\\nCox, John D., 370\\nCranfill, J. B., 288, 357\\nCrawford, George W., 367\\nCrawford, William H., 75, 87, 100-\\n102, 104, in, 352, 364, 365\\nCredit Mobilier, 231\\nCreswell, J. A. T., 370\\nCrisp, Charles F., 285, 292", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "Index.\\nm\\nCrittenden, John J., 194, 367, 368\\nCrittenden Compromise, 194\\nCrowninshield, B. W., 365\\nCrowninshield, Jacob, 364\\nCuba, 182, 183, igo, 298, 299, 301\\nCumberland Road, 98\\nCurrency, 25, 55, 129, 133, 134, 140,\\n146, 171, 202, 222, 242, 250, 251,\\n253, 256, 266, 267, 281, 283, 287, 288,\\n290, 291. See also Coinage\\nGold; Legal Tender; Pa-\\nper Currency Silver\\nCurrency reform, 296\\nCushing, Caleb, 368\\nCyclones, 263\\nDakota, 195, See also North\\nDakota South Dakota\\nDallas, A. J., 364\\nDallas, George M., 146, 148, 354\\nVice-President, 148-158\\nDaniel, William, 266, 356\\nDavis, David, 260, 355\\nDavis, Jefferson, 195, 368 Pres-\\nident of Confederate States,\\n195\\nDavis, John W., 150\\nDay, William R., 372\\nDayton, Jonathan, 39, 45\\nDayton, William L., 176-178, 354\\nDearborn, Henry, 364\\nDeclaration of Independence, 21,\\n191\\nDefalcations, 197\\nDefective administration of\\njustice, 264\\nDeficiency of revenue, 291, 293,\\n296\\nDelano, Columbus, 370\\nDelaware, 62, 87, 106, 206; stays\\nin the Union, 199 ratifies the\\nConstitution, 348\\nDemocratic clubs, 32, 36, 37\\nDemocratic Party, 27, 104, 106-\\niii, 113, 115, 119, 125-129, 133, 134,\\n136-138, 140-142, 144-147, 149, 150,\\n152-157, 159-165, 167-172, 176, 177,\\n179, 181, 182, 184-T86, 188-192, 197-\\n201, 204, 205, 207, 209, 213, 215, 218,\\n220, 223-225, 227-236, 239-241, 243-\\n2 47\u00c2\u00bb 249, 250, 252, 253, 255-257, 259,\\n260, 262-265, 267, 268, 270, 272-274,\\n277, 279, 280, 285, 287, 288, 290, 291,\\n294, 297, 299, 300, 302, 353-357\\nnominating conventions, 119,\\n128, 138, 146, 156, 164, 176, 189, 190,\\n205, 218, 230, 243, 256, 265, 266, 277,\\n287, 299, 300 overthrows the\\nDemocratic Party\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\nUnited States Bank, 113-126\\nsupports war with Mexico,\\n146 ruled by Southern mem-\\nbers, 167, 182 division of, 190\\nopposes war against the\\nSouth, 205 opposes Recon-\\nstruction by Congress, 218\\nsudden increase of influence,\\n240 supports reduction of the\\ntariff, 277\\nDemocratic-Republican Party,\\nfounded, 1, 27 first great\\nsuccess, 53, 56, 57 supports\\nwar with England, 76 divi-\\nsion of, 86. See also Demo-\\ncratic Party\\nDemonetization of silver, 250, 261\\nDennison, William, 369\\nDepartment of Agriculture, 267,\\n2 79\\nDependent Parents and Dis-\\nabilities Act, 281\\nDependent Pension bill, 272\\nDe Trobriand, Gen., 237\\nDevens, Charles, 370\\nDexter, Samuel, 363, 364\\nDickerson, Mahlon, 366\\nDickinson, Don M., 371\\nDiplomatists, offensive, 31-33,\\n_37\u00c2\u00bb 74\\nDirect taxation, 36, 55, 288\\nDisputed elections, 18, 53, 54, 101,\\n102, 245-249\\nDistrict of Columbia, 131, 162,\\n212\\nDivision of Surplus Revenue,\\n106, 113, 129, 135, 142, 143, 146\\nDix, John A., 368\\nDobbin, James C, 368\\nDomestic violence, 237, 254\\nDominica, 224, 234\\nDonelson, Andrew Jackson, 176,\\n178,354\\nDough-Faces, 95\\nDouglas, Stephen A., 181, 185,\\n189, 190-192, 194, 196, 197, 354\\nDraft Acts of 1814, 83 of 1863,\\n203, 204\\nDraft riots, 204\\nDred Scott case, 179-181, 190, 195\\nDuane, William J., 123, 124, 366\\nDurell, Judge, 233, 236\\nEagle, the American, 32\\nEastern harbor bill, 144, 145, 148\\nEaton, John H., 366\\nEdmunds, George F., 255, 261, 263", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "38o\\nIndex.\\nEducation, 67, 186, 187, 211, 241,\\n264\\nEight-hours movement, 285, 286,\\nElection frauds, 232, 236, 244-248,\\n251, 265\\nElection laws, general, 59, 60, 61,\\n222, 224, 228, 253-255\\nElections, Presidential, pro-\\nposed popular method, 113\\ndangers of, 238\\nElectoral Commission, the, 247,\\n248\\nElectoral Count Act, 271, 272\\nElectoral counts, 19, 29, 43, 53, 54,\\n63? 72, 79, 80, 87, 96, 97, 101, 102,\\n108, 122, 132, 139, 148, 158, 166, 178,\\n196, 206, 219, 232, 245-249, 255, 257,\\n258, 267, 279, 288, 301\\nElectoral methods, 238, 241, 250,\\n255\\nElectoral votes, 261, 349-357, 359-\\n361\\nElectors, mode of choosing, 19,\\n109, 330, 343\\nElkms, Stephen B., 371\\nEllenton, S. C, negro massacre\\nat, 244\\nEllmaker, Amos, 118, 122, 353\\nEllsworth, Oliver, 350\\nEmancipation, 18, 201-204, 229\\nEmbargo Act, 50, 68, 70-72, 76, 82.\\nSee also Non-Intercourse\\nAct\\nEmigration societies, 173\\nEndicott, William C 371\\nEnfranchisement, 228, 229\\nEngland, 4-6, 9, 20, 21, 33, 39, 42,\\n44, 46, 53* 59 6 \u00c2\u00b0i 64-79, 81, 92, 117,\\n118, 126, 146, 147, 152, 153, 183, 262,\\n284 war with France, 30 et\\nseq., 69 war with United\\nStates (1812), 68, 77-79, 81-86;\\ndifficulties with, 73, 77, 109, 152,\\n153, 284, 297-299 peace with, 85;\\nTreaty of 1783, 9, 34 Treaty\\nof 1795 (Jay s), 37-40, 44, 61, 67\\nTreaty of 1846, 153 Treaty of\\n1871 (Washington), Alabama\\nClaims, 225 fisheries treaty,\\n275 Canadian sealing trou-\\nbles, 284, 299 Venezuela boun-\\ndary dispute, 297-299. See also\\nAlabama Claims Canada\\nFisheries Disputes; Revo-\\nlution\\nEnglish, W. H., 257, 258, 356\\nEnlistment, 83\\nEquality, 230\\nEqual Rights Party, 278\\nEqual suffrage, 218\\nEra of Good Feeling, 98\\nErskine, 73\\nEuropean power in America, 59,\\n99\\nEustis, William, 364\\nEvarts, William M., 369, 370\\nEverett, Edward, 191, 196, 354, 367\\nEwing, Thomas, 366, 368\\nExcise law, 25, 37\\nExecutive power, 68, 124, 125, 140,\\n143. See also Federal Pow-\\ners\\nExtradition, 144, 289\\nFairchild, Charles S., 371\\nFarewell Addresses of George\\nWashington, 41 of Andrew\\nJackson, 132\\nFarmers Alliance, 282, 283, 285\\nFarm loans, 283\\nFauchet, Citizen, 37\\nFederal election laws, 292\\nFederalists, the, 17\\nFederal judiciary, 12, 55, 58, 66,\\n222, 284\\nFederal Party, 2, 15-17, 20, 21, 24-\\n28, 35-48, 50-58, 60-62, 64-66, 68, 70-\\n73i 76-79 85-87, 89, 90, 103, 114, 171,\\n202, 350-352 first great defeat,\\n52, 53, 56 its last stronghold,\\n58 opposes the embargo, 70-\\n72 opposes the war with Eng-\\nland, 78, 79 becomes extinct,\\n85, 86, 89\\nFederal powers, 8-10, 12 et seq.,\\n20, 23-26, 47, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 61,\\n67, 68, 78, 79, 83, 84, 90, 93-96, 99,\\n108, 113-116, 136, 138, 141, 153, 155,\\n156, 160, 168, 171-176, 178, 180, 190,\\n191, 194, 196, 197, 203, 204, 208, 221,\\n222, 224, 228, 229, 234-237, 243, 244,\\n253, 254, 256, 271, 287, 294, 295\\nFederal supervision of elec-\\ntions, 222, 224, 228, 233, 236, 237,\\n239, 244, 252-254, 256, 257, 292\\nFessenden, W. P., 369\\nField, James G., 287, 357\\nFifth Avenue Hotel Conference,\\n244\\nFifty-four-forty or fight, 147,\\n152\\nFilibustering, 183, 187\\nFillmore, Millard, 156, 158, 159,\\n163, 176-178, 354; Vice-President,\\n158-163 President, 163-166\\nFinancial distress, 71, 85, in, 124,", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "Index,\\n381\\nFinancial distress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\n130, 133, 134, 136, 140, 197, 240, 290-\\n292. See also COMMERCIAL\\nDistress Panics\\nFiscal Bank of the United States,\\n141\\nFish, Hamilton, 369\\nFisheries dispute, 269, 271, 275\\nFisheries treaty rejected, 275\\nFisk, Clinton B., 278, 356\\nFlorida, 60, 65, 90, 91, 135, 239, 244-\\n246, 248, 249, 355 purchase, 91\\nadmitted, 148, 348 secedes,\\n193, 199 re-admitted, 221\\nFloyd, John, 119, 122, 353\\nFloyd, John B., 368\\nFolger, Charles J., 262, 370\\nFoote, Samuel A., his resolution,\\n113\\nForce bill, 225, 228\\nForced loans, 25\\nForeign alliances, 41\\nForeign policy, 278, 296\\nForeign relations, 279\\nForsyth, John, 366\\nFort Sill, 242\\nFort Sumter, 195, 198\\nForward, Walter, 367\\nFoster, Charles, 371\\nFoster, John W., 371\\nFrance, 30-37, 42, 44-46, 48, 50-52*\\n58-61, 64, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 109,\\n152, 183 war with England, 30\\net seq., 60, 64, 69 war with\\nSpain, 33 treaties with\\n(1778), 30, 31 (1803), 61, 152\\nclaims against, 109\\nFrancis, David R., 372\\nFranking privilege, 231\\nFree coinage, 287, 292, 296, 299-301\\nFree delivery system, 272\\nFree Democracy, 354. See Free\\nSoil Party\\nFreedmen s Bureau, 206, 209, 211\\nFreedom of religion, 21 of\\nspeech, 21, 48, 49 of person,\\n21 of property, 21 of press,\\n48, 49\\nFreemasonry, the crusade\\nagainst, no\\nFree negroes, 96, 163, 201, 207-212,\\n229, 235\\nFree-Soil Party, 156, 157, 159, 161-\\n163, 165, 167, 168, 354\\nFree States, population, 358\\nFree-State settlers (Kansas), 173,\\n174, 184\\nFree trade, 94, 229\\nFreight rates, 235, 236, 273\\nFrelinghuysen, Frederick T., 370\\nFrelinghuysen, Theodore, 146,\\n148, 354\\nFremont, John C, 176-178, 201, 205,\\n354\\nFrench Revolution, 27, 30,32\\nFugitive slave law, 145, 161-165,\\n204\\nFugitive slaves, 201\\nGage, Lyman J., 372\\nGallatin, Albert, 364\\nGarfield, James A., 250, 256, 258-\\n260, 356 President, 258-260\\nGarland, Augustus H., 371\\nGary, James A., 372\\nGeary, John White, 175, 178\\nGenet, Citizen, 31-33, 36\\nGeographical parties, 177\\nGeorgia, 32, 91, 104, 112, 114, 120,\\n130, 131, 218-221, 232, 257, 258, 355;\\nprotests against the tariff,\\n112 secedes, 193, 199 re-ad-\\nmitted, 221, 222/224; ratified\\nConstitution, 348\\nGer^, Elbridge, 76, 80, 352 Vice-\\nPresident, 80-88\\nGiddings, J. R 142, 143\\nGilmer, T. W., 367\\nGilpin, Henry D., 366\\nGoff, Nathan, Jr., 370\\nGold, 55, 129, 133, 134, 160, 256, 281,\\n287, 289, 291, 296, 300\\nGold reserve, 290, 291, 293, 298\\nGovernment loans on farm\\nproperty, 283\\nGovernment ownership of trans-\\nportation systems, 287, 288\\nGraham, George, 365\\nGraham, William Alexander,\\n165, 166, 354, 368\\nGranger, Francis, 128, 132, 353,\\n367\\nGranger, Gideon, 364, 365\\nGrangers, 235\\nGrant, U. S., 216, 218-222, 224, 227,\\n229, 230, 232-237, 239-241, 243, 245,\\n247, 249, 255, 256, 268, 355, 369;\\nPresident, 219-248\\nGreat Britain. See England\\nGreat Debate in the Senate, 114\\nGreat Lakes, the, 83\\nGreeley, Horace, 230-232, 355; his\\nPolitical Text Book, 176\\nGreenback-Labor Party, 256\\nGreenback Party, 242, 252, 253,\\n257, 259, 260, 263, 266, 356", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "382\\nIndex.\\nGreenbacks, 25, 202, 222, 242, 266,\\n290, 291. See also CURRENCY;\\nLegal Tender\\nGresham, Walter Q., 371, 372\\nGriggs, John W., 372\\nGriswold, Roger, 364\\nGroesbeck, W. S., 355\\nGrow, Galusha A., 200\\nGrowth of the nation, 282\\nGrundy, Felix, 366\\nGuiteau, Charles J., 260\\nGunboat system, 65\\nGuthrie, James, 368\\nHabeas corpus, 67, 203, 204, 208,\\n213, 226, 228, 229\\nHabersham, Joseph, 363, 364\\nHale, John P., 165, 354\\nHall, Nathan K., 368\\nHamburgh, S. C, negro mas-\\nsacre at, 244\\nHamilton, Alexander, 17, 20, 22-\\n25, 27, 28, 36, 37, 42, 51, 53, 62, 87;\\nsettlement of the public debt,\\n22-24 Secretary of the Trea-\\nsury, 20-25, 2 7i 28, 363\\nHamilton, Paul, 365\\nHamlin, Hannibal, 191, 196, 197,\\n354; Vice-President, 196-206\\nHancock, John, 349\\nHancock, Winfield Scott, 257, 258,\\n356\\nHarbors and rivers, 116, 144, 148,\\ni53- x 55i x 58, 170* 261, 275\\nHard Cider Campaign, 138\\nHarlan, James, 369\\nHarmon, Judson, 372\\nHarper, Robert G., 352\\nHarper s Ferry, 187, 188\\nHarrisburgh, Pa., National Con-\\nvention of Protectionists, 106;\\nWhig Convention (1839), 137\\nHarrison, Benjamin, 277, 279-282,\\n285, 286, 356, 357 President, 279-\\n289\\nHarrison, R. H., 349\\nHarrison, William Henry, 128,\\n132, 137-140, 353 President, 139,\\n140\\nHartford Convention, 84, 85, 169\\nHatton, Frank, 371\\nHawaii, 289, 295\\nHayes, Rutherford B., 243-245,\\n248, 249, 251-254, 355 President,\\n248-258\\nHayne, Robert Y., 114\\nHayti, 202\\nHazard, E., 363\\nHelper s Impending Crisis,\\n188\\nHendricks, Thomas A., 232, 243,\\n245, 248, 266-268, 355, 356; Vice-\\nPresident, 267, 268\\nHenry, John, 350\\nHenry documents, 76, 77\\nHenshaw, David, 367\\nHerbert, Hilary A., 372\\nHickman, 188\\nHigh protective tariff system, 22\\nHoar, E. R., 370\\nHobart, Garrett A., 299, 357;\\nVice-President, 302\\nHolland, 30\\nHolt, Joseph, 368, 369\\nHome rule, 256\\nHomestead bill, 186, 189, 191, 202,\\n204, 210\\nHonduras, 183\\nHonest money, 256\\nHoward, John E., 352\\nHowe, Timothy O., 371\\nHubbard, S. D., 368\\nHunkers, 156\\nHunt, W. H., 371\\nHunter, R. M. T., 137\\nHuntington, Samuel, 349\\nIdaho, 361 admitted, 282, 348\\nIllinois, 106, 177, 179, 180, 255 ad-\\nmitted, 91, 348 labor riots in,\\n295\\nImmigration, 189, 284, 287-289, 301\\nImpeachments W. W. Belknap,\\n242 Samuel Chase, 61-63\\nAndrew Johnson, 212, 216, 217;\\nJudge Peck, 116; George Wash-\\nington threatened with, 39\\nImpending Crisis (Helper s),\\n188\\nImpressment of American sea-\\nmen, 34, 38, 67-69, 77, 78, 82, 83\\nIncome tax, 204, 288, 293\\nIncreased pensions bill, 269, 281\\nIndependence, 6, 7\\nIndependent Party, 242, 253, 257,\\n259, 260, 263, 267, 274, 297\\nIndependent Treasury plan, 126,\\n127, 134. i35i i37\\nIndiana, 106, 177, 244, 257 ad-\\nmitted, 87, 348 the center of\\npopulation, 282\\nIndianapolis, nominating con-\\nventions at, 242, 278, 300\\nIndian Nation, proposed estab-\\nlishment of an, between the\\nUnited States and Canada, 83", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n383\\nIndians, 34, 83, 90, 91, 104, 114, 116,\\n119, 272. See also CHEROKEE\\nNation; Seminole War\\nIndian Territory, 282\\nIndustrial prosperity, 290\\nInevitable conflict, the, 93\\nIngalls, John J., 272\\nIngersoll, Jared, 76, 80, 352\\nIngham, Samuel D., 366\\nInternal improvements, 2, 14,\\n66, 67, 90, 95, 98-100, 104-106, 108,\\n109, hi, 113-116, 118, 119, 127, 137,\\n138, 144, 148, i53- I 55 5 158, 163, 170,\\n171, 176, 191, 196, 261, 275\\nInternal revenue, 9, 37, 55, 57, 86,\\n89, 94, 204, 211, 278\\nInternational copyright, 284\\nInternational Marine Confer-\\nence, 275\\nInternational Monetary Confer-\\nence, 284\\nInterstate commerce, 236, 265,\\n272, 273, 284\\nIntimidation of voters, 223, 225,\\n226, 236, 245, 253\\nIowa, 148, 173 admitted, 153, 348\\nIredell, James, 350\\nIron-clad oath, 202\\nItaly, 225, 284, 285\\nJackson, Andrew, 91, 101, 102, 104,\\n106-113, 115-127, 129-133, 149, 193,\\n352, 353 President, 108-132; ad-\\nvocates protection, 108 dis-\\nlike to the tariff and internal\\nimprovements, in\\nJackson Men, 104-106\\nJacobinism, 32, 37, 56\\nJames, Thomas L., 371\\nJay, John, 17, 21, 33, 35-40. 53\u00c2\u00bb 54,\\n34Q-35I\\nJay s Treaty, 37-40, 44, 61, 67\\nJefferson, Thomas, 21, 25, 27-29,\\n32, 35, 42, 43, 52-57, 59, 61-70, 72,\\n75, 92, 112, 115, 287, 350, 351, 363\\nVice-President, 43-54 Presi-\\ndent, 54-72, 112\\nJenkins, Charles J., 355\\n44 John Brown s Tract/ N. Y., 187\\nJewell, Marshall, 370\\nJohnson, Andrew, 205-217, 355\\nVice-President, 206, 207 Presi-\\ndent, 207-219 impeachment,\\n212, 216, 217\\nJohnson, Cave, 367\\nJohnson, Hale, 301, 357\\nJohnson, Herschel v., 190, 196,\\n354\\nohnson, Reverdy, 368\\nohnson, Richard M., 128, 132, 133.\\n13Q1 353 1 Vice-President, 132-\\n139\\nJohnson, S., 351\\nJones, John W., 144\\nJones, William, 365\\nudiciary law, 58\\n^ulian, George W., 165, 354, 355\\nJury, trial by, 2\\nJustice, miscarriages of, 264\\nKanawha, 200\\nKansas, 164, 167-169, 171-176, 178,\\n182, 184-187, 189, 191, 203, 282, 283\\nPawnee Constitution, 172\\nTopeka Constitution, 173\\nLecompton Constitution, 184-\\n186 Wyandot Constitution,\\n186, 189, 195 admitted, 195, 348\\nKansas-Nebraska bill, 167-169,\\n176. See also Kansas; Ne-\\nbraska\\nKeifer, John W., 261\\nKellogg, W. P., 233, 236, 237\\nKendall, Amos, 366\\nKennedy, J. P., 368\\nKentucky, 26, 115, 165, 206 ad-\\nmitted, 26, 348 stays in Union,\\n199\\nKentucky Resolutions of 1798,\\n49, 112, 164; of 1799, 49, 50, 104,\\n107, 112\\nKerr, Michael C, 241, 247\\nKey, David M., 377\\nKing, Horatio, 369\\nKing, Rufus, 33, 62, 63, 70, 72, 87,\\n35i, 352\\nKing, William R., 164, 166, 354;\\nVice-President, 166-178\\nKirkwood, S. J., 371\\nKitchen Cabinet, 116, 117\\nKnights of Labor, 263, 265, 270,\\n271, 274, 283\\nKnow-Nothing Party, 169, 170,\\n175-177, 184, 188, 190. See also\\nConstitutional Union\\nParty\\nKnox, Henry, 21, 363\\nKu-Klux Committee, 225\\nKu-Klux Klan, 223, 225\\nLabor, 263, 270, 271, 274, 276, 278,\\n280, 285, 286, 288\\nLabor, Commission of, 271\\nLabor parties, 278, 356\\nLabor riots, 270, 271, 276, 288, 294,\\n295", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "384\\nIndex.\\nLamar, Lucius Q. C, 371\\nLamont, Daniel S., 372\\nLand grants, 203, 256\\nLand-mortgage scheme, 283\\nLane, Joseph, 190, 196, 354\\nLangdon, John, 351\\nLawrence, Kan., 173\\nLeavenworth, Kan., 173\\nLecompton bill, the, 188, 189\\nLecompton Constitution (Kan-\\nsas), 184-186\\nLee, Charles, 363, 364\\nLee, Henry, 119, 122, 353\\nLegal tender, 202, 222, 238, 251,\\n254, 281, 296\\nLegare, Hugh S., 366, 367\\nLemoyne, Francis, 138\\nLeopard and Chesapeake\\naffa,ir, 68, 69, 75\\nLetters of marque. See Priva-\\nteering\\nLevering, Joshua, 300, 301, 357\\nLiberal Republicans, 228-232, 235,\\n355\\nLiberia, 202\\nLiberty Party, 138, 145, 151, 157,\\n353 354\\nLighthouse system, 116\\nLincoln, Abraham, 191, 192, 196-\\n199, 201, 202, 205-207, 354, 355\\nPresident, 196-208\\nLincoln, Benjamin, 349\\nLincoln, Levi, 364\\nLincoln, Robert T., 260, 370\\nLivingston, Edward, 365\\nLocal government, 4, 6\\nLoco-Foco Party, 128\\nLogan, John A., 265, 356\\nLog Cabin campaign, 138\\nLong, John D., 372\\nLong and short haul, 273\\nLoose construction, 2, 13, 14,\\n25, 66, 79, 86, 87, 90, 93-95* 98,\\n100-104, 109-111, 145, 164, 171,\\n172, 176, 191, 198, 199, 203, 205,\\n217, 265\\nLopez expedition, 183\\nLouisiana, 59, 65, 91, 106, 232, 234-\\n2371 239, 244-246, 248, 249, 355\\nadmitted, 78, 348 secedes, 193,\\n199 re-admitted, 221 suffrage\\nin, 223, 233-237 outrages in,\\n236, 237\\nLouisiana Purchase, 61, 91-93\\nLouisville, Ky., nominating con-\\nvention at, 230\\nLovejoy, Elijah P., 131\\nLowell, James Russell, 151\\nMcClellan, George B., 205, 206,\\n268, 355\\nMcClelland, Robert, 368\\nMcCrary, George W., 370\\nMcCulloch, Hugh, 369\\nMcEnery, John, 233, 236, 237, 246\\nMachen, Willis B., 355\\nMcHenry, James, 363\\nMcKenna, Joseph, 372\\nMcKinley, William, 280, 281, 299,\\n301, 302, 357 the tariff bill, 280,\\n281, 285 President, 302\\nMcLane, Louis, 123, 366\\nMcLean, John, 118, 128, 365, 367\\nMacon, Nathaniel, 57, 61, 64,\\n352\\nMcVeagh, Wayne, 371\\nMadison, James, 11, 14, 17, 22, 35,\\n49, 66, 70, 72-82, 112, 351, 352, 364\\nPresident, 72-87\\nMaguire, Matthew, 301, 357\\nMaine, 82, 83, 94, 95, 109, 255 ad-\\nmitted, 95, 348 boundary dis-\\npute, 109, 144\\nMangum, W. P., 132, 353\\nManning, Daniel, 371\\nManufactures, encouragement\\nand protection of, 22, 86, 93-95,\\n106, 107, 138, 195, 281. See also\\nProtection Tariff\\nMarcy, William L., 113, 367, 368\\nMarshall, John, 68, 352, 363\\nMaryland, 42, 62, 66, 92, 177, 187\\ncondemns the Articles of Con-\\nfederation, 10; stays in the\\nUnion, 199 ratines the Consti-\\ntution, 348\\nMason, John Y., 367\\nMason and Dixon s line, 92\\nMassachusetts, 19, 21, 71, 72, 78,\\n82-84, 87, 94, 128, 165, 175, 240\\nopposes the Constitution, 16\\nopposes the Embargo, 71, 72\\nthreatens secession, 72 bal-\\nlot reform, 276 ratines the\\nConstitution, 348\\nMassachusetts Plan, 16\\nMassacres of negroes, 236, 244\\nMatchett, Charles H., 301, 357\\nMaynard, Horace, 370\\nMaysville Road bill, 114, 115\\nMeigs, Return J., 365\\nMeredith, W. M., 367\\nMessages, the origin of Presi-\\ndential, at opening of Con-\\ngress, 57\\nMexico, 91, 92, 131, 148-150, 157, 182\\nwar with, 91, 150-155", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n385\\nMichigan, 132 admitted, 130,\\n132, 348\\nMiddle States, 71, 360, 361\\nMidnight Judges, 58\\nMilitary government, 214\\nMilitary leagues, 199\\nMilitia, 76, 78, 79, 107, 199, 213, 244,\\nM\\n288, 294, 295\\niller, W. H. H., 371\\nMills, Roger Quarles, the tariff\\nbill, 275, 279\\nMilton, John, 349\\nMilwaukee, anarchist troubles\\nin, 270\\nMinneapolis, nominating con-\\nvention in, 286\\nMinnesota, 179, 180 admitted,\\n186, 348\\nMint, the, 60\\nMississippi, 218, 220, 355 ad-\\nmitted, 89, 348 secedes, 193,\\n199 re-admitted, 221 election\\ntroubles, 239\\nMississippi River, 59,66, 93, 114;\\nfloods in, 262\\nMissouri, 60, 92, 94-97, 164, 168, 172,\\nx 73 J 79\u00c2\u00bb *8o, 201, 228, 229 ad-\\nmitted, 96, 348 stays m the\\nUnion, 199\\nMissouri Compromise, 60, 94-96,\\n148, 154, 155, 160, 166-168, 172, 175,\\n176, 179, 181, 206\\nMonarchy, leanings toward, 15\\nMonetary Conference, Interna-\\ntional, 284\\nMonopolies, 266\\nMonroe, James, 44, 59, 60, 66, 70,\\n79, 87-89, 95, 97-101, 351, 352, 364\\nPresident, 88-102\\nMonroe doctrine, 99, 100, 287, 298\\nMontana, 361; admitted, 279, 348\\nMontgomery, Ala., secession\\nconvention at, 195\\nMorgan, William, no\\nMormonism, 261, 286, 293, 294\\nMorrill, Justin S., tariff of 1861,\\n195\\nMorrill, Lot M., 369\\nMorris, Thomas, 145, 147\\nMorrison, William R., 264, 272\\nMorrison tariff bill, 264* 272\\nMorton, Julius S., 372\\nMorton, Levi P., 278-281, 356\\nVice-President, 279-289\\nMorton, Oliver P., 238 proposed\\namendment to the constitu-\\ntion, 238, 241 electoral count\\nbill, 241\\nMount Vernon, Va., 20\\nMugwumps, 267\\nMuhlenberg, Frederick A., 20,\\n33\\nNapoleon Bonaparte, 52, 59, 82\\nNapoleonic wars, 64, 69\\nNational Anti-Slavery Society,\\nNational Bank. See UNITED\\nStates Bank\\nNational banking system, 2, 171,\\n204, 266, 285\\nNational canal system, 99, 100,\\n106, 196\\nNational capital, the, 23, 24, 53.\\nSee also Washington, D. C.\\nNational conventions. See CON-\\nVENTIONS, Nominating\\nNational credit, 9, 22, 24, 41, 55\\nNational currency, 146, 202. See\\nalso Coinage Currency\\nGreenbacks; Legal Tender;\\nSilver\\nNational debt, 22-24, 55i 59\u00c2\u00bb 94i\\n129, 192, 200, 203, 250, 253, 293\\nNational defense, 9, 13, 94, 155\\nNational Democratic Party, 300,\\n302, 357\\nNational Labor Bureau, 265\\nNational Party. See Green-\\nback Party\\nNational Republican Party, 103,\\n106, 108-110, 114, 118, 125, 128, 353.\\nSee also Whig Party\\nNational roads, 66, 98, 106. See\\nalso Cumberland Road;\\nMaysville Road\\nNaturalization, 57, 84, 169, 175, 222\\nNavy. See United States\\nNavy\\nNebraska, 165, 167-173, 176; ad-\\nmitted, 213, 215, 348\\nNegroes, 207, 222, 227, 244, 253, 254,\\n265, 282. See also Abolition;\\nEmancipation; Freedmen s\\nBureau; Free Negroes;\\nSlavery\\nNegro exodus, 254\\nNelson, John, 367\\nNeutrality between France and\\nEngland, 31-33, 35; between\\nSpain and Cuba, 299\\nNevada, 195, 257; admitted, 348\\nNew England, 3, 4, 50, 58, 64, 71,\\n72, 76, 77, 81-83, 106, 114, 151, 275,\\n360, 361; the charters of, 3,\\n4. See also its component\\nStates", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "3 86\\nIndex.\\nNew Hampshire, 82, 84; ratified\\nthe Constitution, 348\\nNew Hampshire Grants, 25\\nNew Jersey, 48, 106, 136, 137, 177,\\n192, 206, 218, 244, 257, 277; rati-\\nfied the Constitution, 348\\n11 New Jersey Plan, the, 11\\nNew Mexico, 155, 157, 158, 161\\nNew Orleans, 59, 60, 65, 107, 183,\\n234; riots, 284\\nNew York (city), 169, 204; meet-\\ning of Congress of 1789 at, 17,\\n19; panic of 1837, 134; custom-\\nhouse violations of law, 270;\\nanarchistic troubles, 270 fi-\\nnancial distress at the Sub-\\nTreasury, 296; election frauds,\\n218; nominating conventions\\nat, 218, 301\\nNew York (State), 17, 25, 48, 52,\\n70, 76, 106, no, 119, 131, 134, 147,\\n156, 218, 244, 255, 260, 262, 267, 277,\\n279, 285, 349; rejects proposed\\ntariff legislation, 9; opposes\\nthe Constitution, 16; Anti-\\nMasonry crusade, no; ratified\\nconstitution, 348\\nNew York Herald, 176\\nNew York Tribune, 176, 230, 251\\nNew York World, 176\\nNicaragua ship canal, 296, 302\\nNiles, John M., 366\\nNoble, John W., 372\\nNon-Intercourse Act, 72-74\\nNorth, Lord, 5\\nNorth, the sectional line of\\nslavery, 92, 93\\nNorth Carolina, 16, 17, 22, 23, 40,\\n120, 193, 349, 355; secedes, 199;\\nre-admitted, 221; ratifies Con-\\nstitution, 348\\nNorth Dakota, 361; admitted,\\n27Q1 348\\nNortheast boundary dispute,\\n109, 144\\nNorthwest Section, 360, 361\\nNorthwest Territory, 34, 60\\nNueces River, 149, 150\\nNullification, the Kentucky\\nscheme of, 50, 107, 109, 112, 114,\\n115, 120, 193; the New England\\nidea, 50; in South Carolina,\\n50; Jackson s proclamation\\nagainst, 120, 193\\nOath, the iron- clad, 202\\nObstruction, 105\\nO Conor, Charles, 230, 355\\nOffice, tenure of, 57, 58, 84, 112,\\n113, 127, 140, 149, 202, 214-217, 226,\\n227, 268, 272\\nOhio, 66, 106, 128, 143, 229; admit-\\nted, 60, 348\\nOhio River, 93\\nOklahoma Territory, 282\\nOlney, Richard, 372\\nOmaha, Neb., nominating con-\\nvention in, 287\\nOmnibus bill, the, 162\\nOrders in Council, 69, 74, 77, 78,\\n82\\nOrdinances: of 1787, 60, 92, 152,\\n206; of Nullification, 120; of Se-\\ncession, iq2, 193, 221\\nOregon, 146, 147, 152-155, 218, 245,\\n246, 248; admitted, 187, 348\\nOrleans, island of, 60\\nOrr, James L., 184\\nOsgood, Samuel, 363\\nOssawattomie, Kan., 174, 187\\nOstend Manifesto, 183\\nPacific coast, 154, 155\\nPacific railways, 176, 177, 190,\\n191, 201, 231\\nPacific States, 360, 361\\nPacific telegraph, 201\\nPalmer, John M., 300, 355, 357\\nPalo Alto, battle of, 150\\nPan-American Congress, 275.\\nSee also Congress of\\nAmerican Republics\\nPanama, Congress of American\\nRepublics at, 105\\nPanics of 1837, 130, 133-135 of\\n1893, 290-292\\nPaper blockades, 69, 77\\nPaper currency, 129, 133, 202, 222,\\n256, 296\\nParsons, Theophilus, 364\\nParty Names Abolitionist, 131\\nAmerican, 278 American\\n(Know-Nothing), 169 Ameri-\\ncan Alliance, 266 American\\nWhig, 5, 6 Anti-Federalist, 15,\\n20 Anti-Lecompton Demo-\\ncrats, 186 Anti-Masonic, 109,\\nno; Anti-Nebraska, 169;\\nBarnburners, 156 Border\\nStates Men, 204 Conservative,\\n*35i 239 Constitutional Union,\\n191 Copperheads, 205 Dem-\\nocratic Jackson Men\\n104 Democratic-Republican,\\n1, 2, 27 Equal Rights, 278\\nFarmers Alliance, 282 Feder-", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n387\\nParty Names\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\nalist, 2, 15 Free Democracy,\\n157; Free -Soil, 156; Greenback\\n242, 252 Greenback-Labor,\\n256 Hunker, 156 Independent,\\nor Greenback, 242 Independ-\\nent, or Mugwump, 267 Jack-\\nson Men, 104 Know-Nothing\\n169 Liberal Republican, 228\\nLiberty, 138 Loco-foco, 128;\\nMugwump, 267 National, 242,\\n252 National Democratic,\\n300; National Prohibition, 357\\nNational Republican, 103;\\nNative American, 169 Peace\\nDemocrats, 199 People s, 267\\nProhibition, 266 Quids, 65\\nRadical Men, 205 Read-\\njustee, 263 Republican, 27,\\n171 Republican (Democratic-\\nRepublican), 27, 104 Sound-\\nMoney Democrats,3oo;Straight-\\nOut, 230 Temperance, 355\\nUnion, 198, 200 United Labor,\\n278 Whig, 2, 5, 103, 128\\nWoman Suffrage, 266\\nParty organization, 26\\nParty platforms, 176, 205, 218,\\n229, 230, 242, 243, 255, 256, 265, 266,\\n277, 278, 287, 288, 299-301\\nPatronage, 278, 286\\nPatrons of Husbandry, 235\\nPatterson, William, n\\nPaulding, James K., 366\\nPawnee Constitution (Kansas),\\n172. See also Kansas\\nPeace Congress of 1861, 194\\nPeace Democrats, 199, 205\\nPeace Party, 79\\nPeck, Judge, impeachment of,\\n116\\nPeculation of national funds,\\n197\\nPendleton, George H., 205, 206,\\n262, 355\\nPendleton civil service bill,\\n262, 268\\nPennington, William, 188\\nPennsylvania, 20, 48, 92, 106, 126,\\n128, 177, 255, 277 ratified the\\nConstitution, 348\\nPensions, 253, 269, 272, 281, 285,\\n296. See also Dependent\\nParents, etc.; Dependent\\nPensions\\nPeople s Party, 267, 268, 283, 287,\\n288, 290, 291, 297, 300, 302, 357\\nPerson, freedom of, 4, 21\\nPersonal politics, 98, 100, 266, 267\\nPersonal liberty laws, 162, 163\\nPet banks, 124, 133\\nPhiladelphia, 22J 24, 32, 169, 263;\\nConvention of 1787, 10; nomi-\\nnating conventions in, 156, 175,\\n176, 230 Centennial Exhibition,\\n241 Centenary of the Consti-\\ntution, 274\\nPickering, Timothy, 363\\nPierce, Franklin, 164, 166, 170, 171,\\ni74 354 I President, 166-178\\nPierrepont, Edwards, 370\\nPinckney, Charles C, 44, 52, 53,\\n62, 63, 70, 72, 351\\nPinckney, Thomas, 42, 43, 350\\nPinckney, William, 365\\nPirates, 34\\nPittsburgh, Pa., nominating\\nconventions at, 165, 300; labor\\nriots at, 288\\nPiatt, Thomas C, 260\\nPlatte Country, the, 164, 165. See\\nalso Kansas\\nPocket veto, 115, 118, 122, 148, 154\\nPoinsett, Joel R., 366\\nPoland, Luke P., 231\\nPoland Committee, 231\\nPolitical contributions, 286\\nPolitical corruption, 239\\nPolitical disabilities, 223, 226-228\\nPolitical outrages, 223, 226, 230,\\n236, 237\\nPolitical parties, origin of, 3\\nPolk, James K., 129, 134, 139,\\n146-151, 153, 154, 183, 353, 354;\\nPresident, 148-158\\nPolygamy, 176, 261, 272, 286, 294\\nPooling of railroad freights, 273\\nPools, 263\\nPopular sovereignty, 4-6, 160,\\n181, igo. See also SQUATTER\\nSovereignty\\nPopular votes (Presidential),\\n109, 123, 133, 139, 140, 149, 159, 165,\\n167, 177, 192, 197, 207, 220, 234, 249,\\n257, 259 (Presidential and Vice\\nPresidential), 352-357\\nPopulation, 282 of the sections,\\n358-361\\nPopulist, 283. See also People s\\nParty\\nPorter, Admiral David D., 286\\nPorter, James M., 367\\nPorter Peter B., 365\\nPortugal, 34\\nPosse comitatus, 251\\nPostal savings banks, 288", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "388\\nIndex.\\nPost office, 5, 113, 127, 132, 272,\\n279\u00c2\u00bb 2 95\\nPost roads, 13, 98, 106, 116\\nPotomac River, 24\\nPotter, Clarkson N., 251\\nPotter Committee, 251\\nPresidential elections, dangers\\nof, 238\\nPresidential elections (1789)\\n17, J 9, 349 5 (1792) 28, 29, 350\\n(1796) 4i~43i 35\u00c2\u00b0, 35i 5 (1800) 18,\\n52-55, 35i (1804) 62, 63, 351\\n(1808)70-72, 351 (1812) 78-80, 352;\\n(1816) 87, 88, 352 (1820) 95-97, 352;\\n(1824) 101, 102, 352, 353 (1828)\\n104, 107-109, 353 (1832) 118, 119,\\n122, 123, 353 (1836) 128, 130, 132,\\ni33\u00c2\u00ab 353 (1840) 137-140, 353\\n(1844) 146-149, 354 5 (1848) 156-159,\\n354 (1852) 164-167, 354 (1856)\\n175-179, 354 (i860) 189, 192, 196,\\n197, 354 J (1864) 205-207, 355; (1868)\\n218-220, 355 (1872) 229-233, 355\\n(1876) 238, 244-249, 355, 356 (1880)\\n255-259, 356 (1884) 265-268, 356\\n(1888) 277-280, 356 (1892) 286-290,\\nJ 57 (1896) 299-302, 357. See also\\n)isputed Elections Elec-\\ntoral Counts Electoral\\nVotes Popular Votes\\nPresidential salary, 232, 241\\nPresidential succession, 263, 264,\\n269, 371\\nPreston, William B., 368\\nPrivate claims, 272\\nPrivateering, 31, 32, 47, 50, 51, 225\\nPrivate pension bills, 269, 272\\nProctor, Redfield, 371\\nProhibition Party, 266-268, 278-\\n280, 288, 290, 300-302, 356, 357\\nProperty, freedom of, 21\\nProsperity, 261, 262, 290\\nProtection, 2, 22, 86, 89, 93-95, 99-\\n101, 103, 106-109, III, 112, 118,\\n119, 138, 146, 153, 171, 191, 195,\\n229, 256, 264-266, 272, 278, 280,\\n281, 287, 288, 299. See also\\nTariff\\nProtectionists, National Conven-\\ntion of, 106\\nProvisional governments, 208, 214\\nPublic debt, Hamilton s settle-\\nment of, 22-24 5 deplorable\\ncondition of, 8, 9. See also\\nNational Debt\\nPublic improvements. See IN-\\nTERNAL Improvements; Riv-\\ners and Harbors\\nPublic lands, 114, 122, 129, 130,\\n135, 142, 177, 186, 187, 189, 201, 203,\\n209-211, 254, 272\\nPublic moneys, 123-127, 133, 241\\nPublic schools, 241. See also\\nEducation\\nPublius, 17\\nPullman Company strike, 295\\nQuids, 65, 66, 70, 79\\nRadical Men, 205\\nRailroads, 176, 177, 235, 250, 256,\\n273, 287, 288, 294, 295. See also\\nPacific Railroads\\nRailroad strikes, 250, 276, 288,\\n294, 295\\nRailway mail service, 279\\nRamsey, Alexander, 370\\nRandall, Alexander W., 369\\nRandall, Samuel J., 247, 250, 253,\\n264\\nRandolph, Edmund, n, 21, 25, 363\\nRandoph, John, 65, 79, 95\\nRates of representation, 11, 12,\\n18,2, 261, 283, 360, 361\\nRatio of gold to silver, 287\\nRawlins, John A., 370\\nReadjusters, 263\\nRe-admission of seceding States,\\n207 et seq.\\nReciprocity, 281, 285, 287, 288, 293,\\n299\\nReconstruction, 207 et seq., 223,\\n232 completed, 221, 222, 292\\nRedemption of national-bank\\nnotes, 285\\nReed, Thomas Brackett, 281, 297\\nReid, Whitelaw, 286, 357\\nReligion, freedom of, 21\\nRemoval from office, 113, 124, 214,\\n215. See also OFFICE, TENURE\\nof; Spoils System\\nRepresentation, principles of,\\n11, 12, 182, 261, 283, 360, 361\\nRepublican Party of 1791, 27, 28,\\n3 1 33, 35-4o, 42-46, 48, 51-66, 68-76,\\n78, 79, 81, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95-98,\\n104, in, 350-353. See also DEM-\\nOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN Party\\nRepublican Party of 1856, 171,\\n176, 177, 179, 184, 185, 188, 189, 191,\\n192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 203-209,\\n211, 212, 215, 217, 218, 220, 223-225,\\n227-231, 233-236, 239-250, 252-255,\\n257, 259-261, 263, 265-268, 270, 272,\\n274, 277-280, 285, 286, 290, 291, 297,\\n299, 301, 302 origin, 171 first", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n389\\nRepublican Party of i8$6\u00e2\u0080\u0094cont.\\ngreat success, 192 manages\\nthe war against the South,\\n198 et seq.; quarrels with Pres.\\nJohnson, 211, 212 accom-\\nplishes Reconstruction by-\\nCongress, 214 opposes reduc-\\ntion of protective duties, 278\\nRepudiation, 36\\nResumption of specie payments,\\n237, 238, 242, 243, 252\\nRetaliation, 35, 66, 272, 276\\nReturning-bbards, 232, 233, 236,\\n245, 246, 249-252\\nRevenue, collection of, 24, 28, 40,\\n127, 143, 262, 263, 288, 289, 296\\ndivision of surplus, 106, 113,\\n129, 135, 142, i43\u00c2\u00bb x 46\\nRevenue bonds extended, 135\\nRevolution, 3-6, 8, 27, 38\\nRhode Island, 10, 16, 17, 24, 82, 84,\\n349 ratified Constitution, 348\\nRichardson, William A., 369\\nRichmond, Va., nominating\\nconvention at, 190\\nRiders, 158, 171, 213, 228, 253, 254\\nRight of search, 34, 38, 67-69, 77,\\n78, 82\\nRights of citizenship, 225, 226,\\n243, 256\\nRio Grande, 150, 151, 154\\nRivers and harbors, 116, 144, 148,\\ni53-i55 158, 170* 261, 275\\nRoads, 67, 116\\nRobeson, George M., 370\\nRobespierre, Maximilien, 37\\nRocky Mountains, 145, 164\\nRodney, Caesar A., 364, 365\\nRodney, Daniel, 352\\nRogers, John, 365\\nRoman Catholics, 297\\nRoss, James, 352\\nRotation in office, 113, 149, 226.\\nSee also Office, Tenure of\\nSpoils System\\nRush, Richard, 108, 352, 353, 365\\nRusk, Jere. M., 372\\nRussia, 81, 289\\nRutledge, John, 349\\nSabine River, 91, 145\\nSt. John, John P., 266, 356\\nSt. Louis, nominating conven-\\ntions at, 243, 265, 277, 299, 300\\nSalary grab, 232, 235\\nSan Domingo, 224, 234\\nSanford, Nathan, 352\\nSavings banks, 288\\nSchofield, John M., 369\\nSchurz, Carl, 228, 370\\nScott, Winfield, 164-166, 354, 368\\nSealing difficulties, 284\\nSecession, threatened and\\nactual, 112, 119, 120, 144, 162,\\n182, 191-195, 197-199, 207, 218,\\n221\\nSecretaries of Departments, 363-\\n372\\nSectarian schools, 241\\nSectional parties, 177, 243\\nSectional votes, 42, 92-97, 100, 106-\\n108, 154, 155, 157, 165\\nSedgwick, Theodore, 52\\nSedition and alien laws, 47-50,\\n56, 62, 106, 225\\nSeigniorage, 293\\nSeminole war, 90, 91, 116, 135\\nSergeant, John, 118, 122, 353\\nSewall, Arthur, 300, 357\\nSeward, William H., 171, 369\\nSeymour, Horatio, 218, 219, 355\\nShannon, Gov., 174\\nSherman, John, 256, 269, 272, 281,\\n37\u00c2\u00b0 372\\nSherman, Gen. W. T., 286, 370\\nSherman law, 281, 291-293\\nShipping, 256, 266, 285\\nSill, Fort, 242\\nSilver, 55, 130, 133,134, 256, 281, 283,\\n287, 290-293; coinage, 250, 251,\\n253, 261, 267, 272, 283, 287, 292-294,\\n296, 299-301; demonetization of,\\n250; price, 291\\nSilver notes, 291\\nSixteen to one, 287\\nSlaughter-house cases, 234\\nSlave power, 182\\nSlavery, 2, 18, 33, 92, 96, 114, 131,\\n132, 138, 142-145, 147, 148, 151, 152,\\n155-169, 171-188, 190-195, 198, 200-\\n205; in the Territories, 2, 60, 92-\\n95, 143, 147, 148, 152-158, 160-162,\\n164, 166-168, 171-176, 178-181, 184-\\n186, 188-191, 194, 211, 212\\nSlaves, as a basis of representa-\\ntation, 11, 12, 182\\nSlave States, population, 358\\nSlave trade, 12, 144, 161, 182, 184\\nSmith, Caleb P., 369\\nSmith, Charles Emory, 372\\nSmith, Green C, 356\\nSmith, Hoke, 372\\nSmith, Robert, 364\\nSmith, V. V., 239\\nSmith, William, of Alabama, 132,\\n353", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "390\\nIndex.\\nSmith, William, of South Caro-\\nlina, 108\\nSocialism, 274\\nSocialist Labor Party, 301, 302, 357\\n41 Solid South, the, 256\\nSound-Money Democrats, 300\\nSouth, the sectional line of\\nslavery, 92, 93; the section of\\nthe, 360, 361\\nSouth American republics, 90,\\n99, 266, 275\\nSouthard, Samuel L., 365\\nSouth Carolina, 50, 52, 54, 109-112,\\n118-121, 175, 192, 239, 244, 248, 249,\\n355; protests against the ta-\\nriff, 112; secedes, 192, 199; re-ad-\\nmitted, 221; suffrage in, 223,\\n226; ratines the Constitution,\\n348. See also Nullification\\nSouth Dakota, admitted, 279, 348\\nSouthgate, J. H., 301, 357\\nSpain, 33, 59, 65, 66, 90-92, 99, 183,\\n301; war with France, 33\\ntreaty with (1819), 91, 152\\nSpeakers: Banks, N. P., Jr., 170,\\nBarbour, P. P., 98; Blaine,\\nJames G., 220, 225, 231, 235;\\nBoyd, Linn, 163, 167; Carlisle,\\nJohn G., 263, 269, 274; Clay,\\nHenry, 75, 81, 86, 89, 93, 95, 99,\\n100; Cobb, Howell, 161; Colfax,\\nSchuyler, 204, 209, 215; Crisp,\\nCharles F., 285, 292; Davis, John\\nW., 150; Dayton, Jonathan,\\n39, 45; Grow, Galusha A., 200;\\nHunter, R. M. T., 136 Jones,\\nJohn W., 144; Keifer, John\\nWarren, 261; Kerr, Michael C,\\n241; Macon, Nathaniel, 57, 61,\\n64; Muhlenberg, Frederick A.,\\n20, 33; Orr, James L., 184; Pen-\\nnington, William, 188; Polk,\\nJames K., 129, 134; Randall,\\nSamuel J., 247, 250, 253; Reed,\\nThomas Brackett, 281, 297;\\nSedgwick, Theodore, 52; Ste-\\nvenson, Andrew, 107, 113, 117;\\nTaylor, John W., 95, 104; Trum-\\nbull, Jonathan, 25; Varnum,\\nJoseph B., 69, 73; White, John,\\n140; Winthrop, Robert C, 154\\nSpecial bond issues, 290\\nSpecie circular, 129, 133, 135\\nSpecie payments, 129, 130, 134,\\n*35 237, 238, 242, 243, 252, 290\\nSpeculation, 133\\nSpeech, freedom of, 21\\nSpeed, James, 369\\nSpencer, John C, 367\\nSpoils system, 56, 57, 58, 8g, iz2,\\n.113, 140, 149, 226, 244, 260, 268, 273,\\n276, 278\\nSquatter sovereignty, 160, 161,\\n166, 176, igo\\nStanbery, Henry, 369\\nStanton, Edwin M M 216, 217, 369\\nState bank system, 126, 127, 129,\\n130, 133, 134, 204\\nState debts, 22, 23\\nState government, 6 et seq.\\nState rights and sovereignty, 6-\\n10, 12, 13, 36, 42, 49, 55, 104, 112,\\n114, 125, 180-183, 208-210, 218, 235,\\n265\\nStates, jealousy between, 6 et\\nseq.\\nStates-Rights Democracy, 125\\nStepfather of his Country,\\nthe, 39\\nStephens, Alexander H., 195\\nStevenson, Adlai E., 287, 289, 290,\\n357; Vice-President, 289-302\\nStevenson, Andrew, 107, 113, 117,\\n125, 126\\nStewart, A. T., 220\\nStewart, R. T., 356\\nStock- jobbing, 288\\nStockton, Richard, 352\\nStoddert, Benjamin, 364\\nStraight- Outs, 230\\nStreeter, A. J., 356\\nStrict Construction, 1, 2, 13, 14,\\n16, 25, 49, 58, 75, 79, 83, 87, 90, 93,\\n94, 98, 99, 101-104, 106, in, 136-\\n138, 142, 146, 153, 156, 160, 164, 172,\\n176, 190, 199, 205, 208, 217, 256\\nStrike Commission, 295\\nStrikes, 250, 270, 274, 276, 288, 294,\\n295. See also Black-List;\\nBoycott; Capital and La-\\nbor; Labor; Railroads\\nStuart, A. H. H., 368\\nSub-Treasury system, 126, 127,\\n134, 137, 141, 150, 283, 296\\nSuffrage, 218, 219, 222, 223-226.\\nSee also WOMAN SUFFRAGE\\nSugar, 275\\nSumner, Charles, 175, 227, 238\\nSumter, Fort, 195, 198\\n14 Sunday-school politics, 252\\nSupplementary Civil Rights bill,\\n227, 238\\nSurplus revenue, 106, 113, 129,\\n135, 142, 143, 146, 262, 265, 271, 274,\\n2751 277\\nSwitzerland, 225", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n39*\\nTaft, Alphonso, 370\\nTaney, Roger B., 124, 126, 366\\nTariff proposal of amendment\\nto Articles of Confederation\\ndefeated, 9; act of July 4, 1789,\\n21, 22; proposed prohibitory\\nduties on English goods, 35\\ndebates on, 40; for revenue\\nonly, 106, 143, 150, 153, 256, 287;\\nreduction of tariff duties, 55,\\n57, 177; increase of tariff du-\\nties, 26, 86; compromise on, 89,\\n90; tariff of 1816, 90, 177; Clay\\nfavors protection, 90; defeat\\nof a protective tariff (1820), 93;\\nviews of the two parties on,\\n93, 94; increase of tariff du-\\nties defeated (1822), 99; (1826),\\n105; tariff of 1824, 100; tariff\\nof 1828, 107, 112, 119, 120; Jack-\\nson s dislike to, hi; protest of\\nGeorgia and South Carolina\\nagainst, 112; tariff of 1832, 118\\n-121; Whig platform of 1832\\non, 119; discontent in South\\nCarolina with, 118-121; de-\\nclared null and void by South\\nCarolina, 120; bill for enforc-\\ning, i2i compromise tariff\\nof 1833, I2I 143; tariff bill\\nvetoed, 143; tariff of 1842,\\n144, 146; revenue tariff rec-\\nommended by Polk, 150; tariff\\nof 1846, 153; favored by the\\nRepublican Party, 171; tariff\\nof 1857, 177; favored by Re-\\npublican platforms, 191, 256;\\nMorrill tariff of 1861, 195; du-\\nties increased, 200, 202; rev-\\nenue tariff favored by Demo-\\ncratic platform, 256; reduction\\nof, 261, 262, 266; report of the\\nTariff Commission of 1883,\\n262; messages by Cleveland\\non, 269, 271, 274, 279; failure of\\nDemocrats to reduce, 270;\\nMorrison s horizontal reduc-\\ntion bill defeated, 264, 272;\\nMills bill, 275; Democratic\\nplatform on, 277; Republican\\nplatform on, 278; Senate sub-\\nstitute bill, 279; McKinley bill,\\n280, 281, 285; for defense\\nagainst other tariffs, 288; Wil-\\nson bill, 292, 293\\nTaxation, by local vote, 4; the\\nfirst idea of, 7; indirect, 36;\\ndirect, 36, 55, 288; internal, 37,\\nTaxation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\n89; reduction of, 55, 57, 86, 89,\\n262, 274, 278; insufficient, 293\\nTaxes, collection of, 24\\nTaylor, John W., 95, 104\\nTaylor, Zachary, 14Q, 150, 156, 158,\\n159, 163, 354; President, 158-163\\nTazewell, L. W., 139, 353\\nTelegraphs, 287, 288\\nTelephones, 287\\nTelfair, Edward, 349\\nTeller, Henry M., 371\\nTemperance, 277. See also Pro-\\nhibition\\nTemperance Party, 355\\nTennessee, 104, 130, 165, 193, 223,\\n355; admitted, 40, 348; secedes,\\n199; re-admitted, 221\\nTenure of office, 57, 58, 84, 112,\\n113, 127, 140, 149, 202, 214-217, 226,\\n227, 268, 272\\nTerritories, slavery in, 2, 60, 92-\\nTexas, 91, 130, 131, 135, 144-150* 152,\\n154, 161, 182, 208, 218, 220, 224, 355;\\nadmitted, 150, 348; secedes,\\n193, 199; re-admitted, 221\\nTexas versus White, 221\\nThird term, 40, 243\\nThomas, Lorenzo, 216\\nThomas, Philip F., 368\\nThompson, Jacob, 368\\nThompson, Richard W., 370\\nThompson, Smith, 365\\nThurman, Allen G., 277, 356\\nTidal wave, the, 240\\nTilden, Samuel J., 243, 245, 248,\\n251, 355\\nTobacco, 275\\nTompkins, Daniel D., 87-89, 95,\\n97* 98, 352; Vice-President, 88-\\n102\\nTopeka, Kan., 173, 174, 178\\nTopeka Constitution (Kansas),\\n173, 174\\nTory, 5, 6\\nToucey, Isaac, 368\\nTown system of government, 3,\\n4\\nTracy, Benjamin F., 371\\nTrade dollar, 272\\nTrade unions, 263\\nTransportation, 235, 236. See also\\nCanals; Interstate Com-\\nmerce; National Roads;\\nRailroads; Shipping\\nTreason, 201, 208\\nTreasury notes, 196, 281", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "39^\\nIndex.\\nTreaties: with England, (1783),\\n9, 34; (1842\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Webster-Ashbur-\\nton), 144; (1846), 153; (1871,\\nWashington), 225; with France,\\n(1778), 3\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00bb 31; (1803), 61, 152; with\\nSpain, (1819), 91, 152; with\\nTexas, (1844), 145\\nTreaty-making power, 7-9, 40\\nTrial by jury, 4\\nTrobriand, Gen. de, 237\\nTrumbull, Jonathan, 25\\nTrusts, 263\\nTurkey, outrages in, 298\\nTwenty-second Joint Rule, the,\\n238, 241\\nTyler, John, 121, 128, 132, 138-144,\\n146, 148, 205, 353; Vice-Presi-\\ndent, 139, 140; President, 140-148\\nTyner, James M., 370\\nUnion, weakness of and threats\\nto dissolve the, 8, 84, 96\\nUnion Labor Party, 278, 356\\nUnion Pacific Railroad Co., 231\\nUnion Party, 198, 200, 205\\nUnited Labor Party, 278\\nUnited States, original form of\\ngovernment, 1; growth of the\\ncountry, 17\\nUnited States army, 9, 26, 46, 51,\\n55* 57\u00c2\u00bb 76, 83, 90, 171, 174, 197, 200,\\n201, 211, 213, 222, 226, 236, 237, 244,\\n249-254, 257, 294, 295\\nUnited States Bank, 24, 25, 74, 75,\\n87, 90, 109, in, 113, 116, 117, IIQ,\\n121-126, 129, 137, 138, 141, 142, 202\\nUnited States bonds, 290, 291\\nUnited States Congress, n; the\\nfirst idea of, 7 et seq.; powers\\nof, 13, 14, 24, 31, 99, 112, 114-116,\\n123, 141, 156, 157, 160, 168, 172, 175,\\n176, 180, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196,\\n208, 221 (see also Federal\\nPowers); the Constitution\\nsubmitted to, 16; bribery in,\\n188, 189; Congresses, their acts\\nand party elements; I, 19-25;\\nii\u00c2\u00bb 25-33; in, 33-39; IV, ,39-44;\\nV, 45-52; VI, 48, 52-57; VII, 57-\\n61; VIII, 61-63; IX, 64-69; X,6 9\\n72; XI, 73-75; XII, 75-80; XIII,\\n81-86; XIV, 86-88; XV, 89-93;\\nXVI, 93-97; XVII, 98, 99;\\nXVIII, 99-102; XIX, 104-106;\\nXX,io6-io8; XXI, 113-117; XXII,\\n117-122; XXIII, 125-128; XXIV,\\n128-132; XXV, 134-136; XXVI,\\n136-139; xxvii,i4o-i 4 4;xxviii,\\nUnited States Congress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 cont.\\n144-148; XXIX, 150-154; XXX,\\n154-158; XXXI, 161-163; XXXII,\\n163-166; XXXIII, 167-170;\\nXXXIV, 170-178; XXXV, 184-\\n187; XXXVI, 188-196; XXXVII,\\n199-204; XXXVIII, 204-206;\\nXXXIX, 209-215; XL, 215-219;\\nXLI, 220-225; XLII, 225-233;\\nXLIII, 235-240; XLlV, 240-248;\\nXLV, 250-253; XLVI\u00c2\u00bb 253-258;\\nXLVII, 259-263; XLVIII, 263-\\n267; XLIX, 268-274; L, 274-279;\\nLI, 280-285; LII\u00c2\u00bb 285-289; LIII,\\n291-297; LIV, 297-302\\nUnited States Constitution, u,\\n12, 16, 20, 22, 24, 41, 195, 202, 205,\\n207, 213; interpretation and\\nlimitations of, 1, 2, 13, 14, 16, 17,\\n20, 49, 50, 58, 93, 94, 99, 108, 153,\\n160, 168, 172, 180, 181, 201, 203, 234-\\n236 (see also Federal Pow-\\ners; Loose Construction;\\nStrict Construction); the\\npreamble, 13; signing the, 14;\\na compromise, 14: adoption,\\n16, 17; straining tne, 199, 205;\\nCentenary of, 274; text of, 319\\n-347; Amendments: I, 17, 21, 48,\\n340; II, 17, 21, 340; III, 17, 21,\\n340; IV, 17, 21, 341; V, 17, 21,\\n341; VI, 17, 21, 341; VII, 17, 21\\n342; VIII, 17, 21, 342; IX, 17, 21,\\n342; X, 17, 21, 342; XI, 17, 36,\\n343; XII, 61, 343; XIII, 18, 60,\\n204, 206, 229, 345; XIV, 18, 210,\\n214, 220, 221, 223, 225-227, 229, 234,\\n235, 345; XV, 18, 219-222, 224, 229,\\n234, 235, 347\\nUnited States courts, 12, 55, 58,\\n120, 155, 179-181, 191, 210, 213, 221,\\n222, 224, 225, 234, 247, 255, 284.\\nSee also Federal Judiciary\\nUnited States House of Repre-\\nsentatives, Presidential elec-\\ntions by, 53, 54, 101, 102; rules\\nof, 280, 297. For political com-\\nplexion, etc., of, see United\\nStates Congress\\nUnited States mails, 295. See\\nalso Post Office; Post\\nRoads\\nUnited States mint, 292. See also\\nCoinage; Gold; Silver\\nUnited States navy, 9, 35, 46, 51,\\n55. 57. 64, 65, 76, 79, 83, 85, 90, 120,\\n197, 200, 226, 269, 282, 283, 285,\\n286, 296, 298, 364", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n393\\nUnited States Senate, the Great\\nDebate in the, 114; the assault\\non Sumner, 175. For political\\ncomplexion, etc., see United\\nStates Congress\\nUnit rule, the, 255\\nUpshur, A. P., 366, 367\\nUsher, John P., 369\\nUtah, 161, 286, 361; admitted, 299.\\nSee also Anti-Polygamy\\nBill; Mormonism; Poly-\\ngamy\\nValparaiso, Chili, riot in, 285\\nVan Buren, Martin, 116-119, 122,\\n123, 127-129, 132-134, 137-139, 142,\\n145, 146, 157, 353, 354, 365 Vice-\\nPresident, 122-132 President,\\n132-139\\nVarnum, Joseph B., 69, 73\\nVenezuelan boundary dispute,\\n297-299\\nVermont, 25, 64, 84, 119, 165\\nadmitted, 25, 348\\nVetoes and veto power, 98, 115,\\n117, 118, 140, 141, 143-145, 148, 153,\\n154, 170, 187, 189, 209-215, 235, 241,\\n251, 254, 261, 269, 272, 278, 302\\nVice-President, method of elect-\\ning:, 19\\nVilas, William F., 371\\nVirginia, 10, n, 17, 19, 26, 28, 49, 50,\\n67, 70, 87, 120, 187, 194, 218, 220,\\n355 condemns the articles of\\nConfederation, 10; the Vir-\\nginia plan, 11 opposes the\\nConstitution, 16 Resolutions\\nof 1798, 49, 112, 164 Resolutions\\nof 1799, 49 secedes, 199 re-\\nadmitted, 221; ratines the Con-\\nstitution, 348\\nVolunteers, 199, 200\\nWalker, Robert J., 178, 184, 367\\nWalker, William, 183\\nWanamaker, John, 371\\nWar, power of declaring, 31\\nWar Department, 21, 216. See\\nalso Stanton, Edwin M.\\nWarner silver bill, 253\\nWar of 1812, 68, 77-79, 81-86, in\\nWarren County, Miss., riots in,\\n239\\nWashburne, Emory B., 369\\nWashington, George, 19, 20, 25,\\n2 8-33\u00c2\u00bb 35 37 43\u00c2\u00bb 46, 89, 349, 350\\npresides at Convention of 1787,\\nWashington, George\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\nn President, 19-43; aspersions\\non his character, 38, 39, 41\\nFarewell Address, 41\\nWashington, D. C, 23, 24, 53, 115,\\n158, 194 sacked and burned,\\n82 Armies of the Unem-\\nployed in, 294\\nWashington, Treaty of, 225\\nWashington Territory, 277, 361\\nadmitted as State, 279, 348\\n.Watson, Thomas E., 300, 357\\nWeaver, James B., 256, 287, 356,\\nWebster, Daniel, 114, 128, 132,\\n141, 144, 353, 366, 367\\nWebster- Ashburton Treaty, 144\\nWelles, Gideon, 369\\nWest, A. M., 266, 356\\nWestern harbor bill, 144, 148\\nWest India commerce, 38\\nWest Virginia, 199, 200 admit-\\nted, 200, 203, 348\\nWheeler, William A., 237, 243, 245,\\n248, 249, 355 Vice-President,\\n248-258\\nWhig, 5, 6\\nWhig Party, 2, 103, no, 126, 130,\\n134-138, 140-147, 149-154, 156, 157,\\n159-165, 167-171, 176, 177, 202, 205,\\n353, 354 origin, 128 first great\\nsuccess, 138 quarrels with\\nTyler, 141, 142; decline, 159, 165,\\n168, 169, 176\\nWhiskey Insurrection, 37\\nWhiskey Ring, 238, 239\\nWhite, Hugh L., 128-130, 132, 353\\nWhite, John, 140\\nWhite League. See Ku Klux\\nKlan\\nWhite Man s Party, 236\\nWhitney, William C., 371\\nWhitney s cotton gin, 92\\nWickliffe, Charles A., 367\\nWilkins, William, 122, 353, 367\\nWilliams, George H., 370\\nWilmot Proviso, 60, 152-157, 159-\\n161, 206\\nWilson, Henry, 230-234, 247, 355\\nVice-President, 233-248\\nWilson, James, 372\\nWilson, William, Sr., 372\\nWilson tariff bill, 292, 293\\nWindom, William H., 370, 371\\nWindstorms, 263\\nWing, Simon, 357\\nWinthrop, Robert C, 154\\nWirt, William, 118, 122, 353, 365", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "394\\nIndex,\\nWisconsin, 178, 285 admitted,\\n156, 348 ballot reform, 276\\nWolcott, Oliver, 363\\nWoman suffrage, 266, 277, 282, 288\\nWoodbury, Levi, 366\\nWoods, Judge, 233\\nWool, 274, 275, 293\\nWright, Silas, 146\\nWyandot Constitution (Kansas),\\n186, i8q, 195\\nWyoming, 361 admitted, 282,\\n348\\nXYZ Mission, 45, 46\\nYazoo frauds, 60\\nYorktown celebration, 262", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "JOHNSTON S (ALEXANDER) HISTORIES.\\nHistory of the United States. For Schools. With an\\nintroductory History of the Discovery and English Coloniza-\\ntion of North America. With Maps, Plans, Illustrations, and\\nQuestions. By Alexander Johnston, Professor in Princeton\\nCollege, author of a History of American Politics, etc.,\\netc. i2mo. 473 pp. Teachers price, $1.00; by mail, $1.15.\\nAllowance for old book, 30 cents.\\nA history of the Nation, with an introductory sketch of discovery\\nand colonization, and not, as so many text-books are, a history of the\\ncolonial period with an appendix on national development.\\nIn his preface the author says: There are already in existence\\nbooks in abundance which tell stories in the manner attractive to pupils\\nat the most imaginative period of life and the pupil s mind, if properly\\ndirected by the teacher, will turn to them naturally and derive more\\nsatisfaction and instruction from them than can be gained from any\\nschool history of usable compass. It hardly seems wise for a school\\nhistory to force itself into a hopeless competition in a field which\\nhas already been so fully pre-empted. History is a task and a method\\nof mental discipline our school histories attempt to relieve it as no\\none attempts to relieve grammar or arithmetic, by story telling. The\\nreason generally advanced for the transfer of the stirring stories of the\\npast out of the reading book or general reading into the school his-\\ntories is that they stimulate the minds of pupils to an emulation of the\\ngreat deeds which are narrated. In isolated cases the reason may be\\nvalid there may have been cases in which the mind of the pupil has\\nbeen thus stimulated with useful effect. But the mass of pupils have\\nno opportunity to exhibit any such result their need is to learn from\\nthe history of the past how best to perform the simple and homely\\nduties of good citizenship,\\n44 The design of this book then, is to group those events which seem\\nlikely to shed light on the responsibilities of the citizen to the present\\nor future, and to give the student the light in connection with the\\nevent. In this process the effort has been made with caution and with\\na studied simplicity of language, to interest the pupil in the wonderful\\ndevelopment of the United States and the difficult economic problems\\nwhich have grown out of it. And in every place where it has seemed pos-\\nsible, the attention of the pupil has been directed to the peculiar circum-\\ntances and limitations of the time under consideration, and to the; idea\\nof growth to be attained by a comparison witlrthe present. For much\\nthe same reasons, other topics, not essential to the main subject, such\\nas the tribal institutions of the Aborigines, and the Spanish conquests\\nof Mexico and Peru, have been left untouched. And, in narrating the\\nwars of the United States, while the effort has been made to give the\\npupil a definite idea of the purposes, plans, and results of campaigns,\\nit has not seemed best to cumber the narration with a catalogue of\\nengagements and commanders, whose very names are only a spring of\\nconfusion to the mind of the pupil.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "JOHNSTON S (A.) HISTORIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Continued.)\\nThe book is in use in over Three Hundred leading schools, from a\\nfew of which reports are printed below, in connection with decided ex-\\npressions of opinion from prominent specialists. Both the Ha? vard\\nUniversity and the University of Michigan catalogues suggest the\\nbook to students presenting themselves for admission.\\nFrom Mr. John Fiske, the well-known writer and lecturer on\\nUnited States History Incomparably the best short history of the\\nUnited States with which I am acquainted.\\nFrom R. Hudson, Prof essor of History in University of Michigan,\\nAnn Arbor I regard Johnston s History of the United States,\\nas the best text-book for use in High Schools that has yet been pub-\\nlished.\\nFrom Dr. A. B. Hart, Instructor in History in Harvard Uni-\\nversity: The History, so far as I have examined it, seems de-\\ncidedly the best school history of the United States which has appeared.\\nFrom Moses Coit Tyler, Professor of History, Cornell Univer-\\nsity Its great feature that of subordinating our colonial history to\\nour national history is certainly wise and beneficial, if not carried\\ntoo far while its terse but always clear language, and the force with\\nwhich it puts forward the essential facts in each historic situation, make\\nit an effective text-book.\\nFrom Woodrow Wilson, Professor in Bryn Mawr College Its\\nspecial excellence, in my eyes, is its subordination of drum and\\ntrumpet to those questions, constitutional and social, which have\\ngiven drum and trumpet their occasional employment.\\nFrom James Monroe, Professor in Oberlin College I approve of\\nthe substitution of important facts, political, military, or economic in\\nother words, of real history for the romantic stories that have filled so\\nlarge a space in our school-books. On the whole, I know of no school\\nhistory of the United States which includes so much that is necessary\\nto know, and excludes so much that is not.\\nFrom J. Macy, Professor of History, Iowa College I have ex-\\namined Prof. Johnston s History of the United States, and have used\\nit in my classes, and it seems to me, on the whole, the most satisfactory\\nschool history with which I am acquainted.\\nFrom Geo. W. Knight, Professor in Ohio State University\\nNearly a year s use with classes has conclusively proved to me that my\\nfirst estimate of the book was correct. It is, I think, decidedly the best\\nbook in the field for thorough class-work in United States history. One\\nof the valuable features of the work is the prominent and lucid treat-\\nment of the political history of the country. Another is the condensa-\\ntion of the colonial history into shorter space than in any other book.\\nIt might be still further condensed, I think, with advantage. The book\\nhas proved more satisfactory in all regards than any we have previously\\nused.\\nFrom Charles H. Livermore, Teacher in Hopkins Grammar\\nSchool, New Haven, Ct. After using Johnston s History of the\\nUnited States in the class-room for one year, I am able to commend\\nit as the best text-book of the kind which I have found.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "JOHNSTON S (A.) HISTORIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 {Continued.)\\nFrom Charles H. Cooper, Professor in Carleton College, North-\\nfields Minn. I have found Johnston s History of the United\\nStates a very satisfactory text-book.\\nFrom Augustine Jones, Friends* School, Providence, R. I. We\\nhave introduced Alexander Johnston s History of the United States,\\nand have no doubt that it is the best book for practical use made yet.\\nThe method, the element of presenting the subjects by well-defined\\nperiods and topics, the cross-references bringing; the whole work into\\nunity of purpose, and giving the events a real living and breathing ex-\\nistence as we follow the stages of progress in the story, are merit enough\\nto give it the highest rank as a school-book.\\nFrom R. H. Halsey, Principal of High School, Oshkosh, Wis.\\nI have looked in vain in any other text-book of United States history\\nfor the clear and simple presentation of many principles in the political\\nhistory of our government with which every school-child should be\\nfamiliar in Prof. Johnston s book they are introduced so naturally,\\nand in such simple and appropriate language, that they are within the\\nmental grasp of any grammar-school pupil of average ability.\\nFrom H. W. Jones, Professor in Kenyon College: I place it before\\nall other*school histories of the United States with which I am acquaint-\\ned, as being, on the whole, the most useful of any.\\nFrom C. W. Pearson, Professor of History^ Northwestern Uni-\\nversity, Bvanston, III. Johnston s is one of the very few elementary\\nhistories from which an American boy may learn something at least\\nof the other side of every great question, and see that foreign nations\\nand defeated parties acted upon intelligible motives, and were not, as\\nsome of the so-called histories would lead one to suppose, utterly and\\nirredeemably base and stupid.\\nFrom Julia A. King, Teacher in State Normal School, Ypsilanti,\\nMich. We have been using Johnston for a term now, and are well\\npleased with the results. Our method here is the topical one and we\\nhave found this book to serve excellently well as a foundation. The\\nnumerous cross-references are quite invaluable for us and I cannot\\nspeak in too strong terms of the maps.\\nFrom Lewis A. Rhoades, Teacher in High School, Ann Arbor^\\nMich.: I have used Prof. Johnston s United States for three\\nterms and regard it as the best text-book upon the subject. The work\\nis taken up in our school during the last term of the first year or the\\nfirst term of the second year s work in the High School, and the average\\nage of the pupils is probably, about fifteen years. They seem to find\\nno difficulty in comprehending the author s style, and find the plan of\\nthe book logical and clear.\\nFrom J. D. Crawford, Professor in University of Ilfinois.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWithout neglecting the ordinary statements of histories of the United\\nStates for schools, and without political bias, the author seems to have\\nattempted to bring forward practical lessons that our youth must learn\\nor our citizens remain ignorant of their duties. I should be very well\\nsatisfied that youth in whom I am interested, should learn their history\\nand infer their responsibilities from this work.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "JOHNSTON S (A.) HISTORIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 {Continued,)\\nFrom Silas Y. Gillan, Teacher in State Normal School, Milwau-\\nkee, Wis Johnston s United States History gives excellent satis-\\nfaction. There is no school history with which I am acquainted that 1\\ncan more heartily recommend. I frequently call the attention of teach-\\ners to the fact that the author s preface to Johnston s History is an\\nable and sensible article on the teaching of this branch.\\nFrom The Nation Prof. Johnston s book strikes us as pre-emi-\\nnently manly for that matter, womanly, too it is not the childish\\narticle which would apparently suit some eminent educationists who\\nthink a teacher s business is to amuse the little ones, and keep them\\namused up to the time when they have children of their own\\nThe best school history, it seems to us, which has yet been presented\\nto the public.\\nFrom the Wisconsin School Journal We find it not dry and\\nhard, but interesting with an interest which appeals not to the imagi-\\nnation, but to the understanding. Great principles pertaining to the\\ncurrency, the tariff, and so on, are simply and clearly stated, and their\\npractical workings made manifest. There is a place for the anecdotal\\nand descriptive history in primary schools, and we should be glad to\\nsee it given more general prominence there. This book, however, be-\\nlongs to higher grades. It will do good service if it helps to bring\\nabout a recognition of the distinction between picturesque and rational\\nhistory, and the place of each in school.\\nFrom The Critic We have known more than one historian to be\\nsatisfied, because he was talking to youthful minds, with stating the\\ncause of the Civil War to have been the firing on Fort Sumter, or the\\nimplied infomation that the South was 4 mad because Lincoln was\\nelected. In Prof. Johnston s new method, it must be a very dull stu-\\ndent who does not see the war coming for many years before Sumter\\nwas fired on. We cannot better give our impression of the whole book\\nthan by drawing attention to the single feature of it as an illustration\\nof its whole excellent plan.\\nFrom the Magazine of American History:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Among the numer-\\nous short histories of the United States prepared for the use of teachers\\nand classes in our schools, the one before us is destined to hold the\\nhighest place. Professor Johnston has taken a broader and more com-\\nprehensive view of the subject than any of his predecessors. He has\\nwritten with a studied simplicity of language which is in itself high\\nliterary art, and has grouped the leading events in our history exactly\\nsuch as the pupil ought to know about in the clear-cut and agreeable\\nstyle which cannot fail to secure attention from those it is desired to\\nbenefit. He has not made a story-book. We cordially commend the\\ngood judgment and taste with which he has passed lightly over the\\nIndian wars and adventures of the colonial period, that hitherto have\\noccupied an inordinately large portion of our school histories, and\\ngiven the essential facts relative to the formation of our national gov-\\nernment, the growth of the states, the administrations of our presi-\\ndents, with the leading events in each, and the responsibilities of the\\nAmerican citizen to the present and future. The colonial period is\\nhere, for the first time in a work of this character well-proportioned to\\nour national history.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "JOHNSTON S (A.) HISTORIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 {Continued.)\\nHistory of American Politics. By Alexander John-\\nston, Professor in Princeton College. New Edition enlarged.\\ni6mo. (Handbooks for Students and General Readers.)\\n355 PP.\\nThe design of the book is not to present the politics of the States, or to\\ncriticise party management, but to make our national political history easily-\\navailable to young men. It is of interest to the whole republic that young\\ncitizens should be able to learn that true national party differences have\\na history and a recognized basis of existence, and should be prevented from\\nfollowing factitious party differences, contrived for personal objects by sel-\\nfish men. If, for this purpose, this book shall be considered worthy to serve\\nas an introduction to the larger works already in existence, its object will\\nbe accomplished. Extract from the Preface to the First Edition.\\nFrom Dr. A. B. Hart, Professor of History in Harvard University\\nThe American Politics is the only required text-book in the course in\\nUnited States history in this college, and seems almost indispensable.\\nFrom Anson D. Morse, Professor in Amherst College For several years\\nthe American Politics has been the only text-book in American history\\nrequired at Amherst.\\nFrom John J. Tigert, Professor in Vanderbilt University, Tenn.: The\\nsimplicity, accuracy, and thoroughness of the book commend it. I have\\nadopted it as a text, and it will so appear in our next announcement.\\nFrom the Nation It would not be possible to get at the facts which are\\nhere accumulated, arranged in the most orderly manner, in a very clear and\\nabsolutely colorless narrative, in a small duodecimo, without turning over at\\nleast a dozen larger works. We cannot commend Mr. Johnston s little book\\ntoo highly.\\nFrom Harper s Monthly. Clear, condensed, dispassionate. The design\\nof the work is not to criticise party management, but to make the facts of\\nour political history easily available, and to teach our younger citizens that\\ntrue national party differences have a history and recognized basis of exist-\\nence. The author has done his work intelligently and with an impartiality\\nthat should invite confidence.\\nSome of the more prominent colleges in which this work is used as a text-\\nbook are the following\\nHarvard University, Mass.\\nDartmouth College, N. H.\\nHamilton College, N. Y.\\nVanderbilt University, Tenn.\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania.\\nKenyon College, Ohio.\\nUniversity of Iowa.\\nUniversity of Missouri.\\nBeloit College, Wis.\\nPresbyterian University, Tenn.\\nPrinceton College, N. J.\\nAmherst College, Mass.\\nUnion College, N. Y.\\nUniversity of North Carolina.\\nUniversity of the South Tenn.\\nHaverford College, Pa.\\nUniversity of Ohio.\\nWofford College, S. C.\\nColby University, Me.\\nWestern College, la.", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3624", "width": "2240", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n029 809 824 6", "height": "4060", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "historyofameric00john_0424.jp2"}}