{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3732", "width": "2436", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "01ass_\\nBook_", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A PRACTICAL TREATISE\\nON THE\\nCIVIL GOVERNMENT\\nOF\\nArkansas and the United States.\\nFor Public Schools, High Schools, Colleges,\\nand Normals,\\nAND A\\nMANUAL OF REFERENCE FOR THE PUBLIC.\\nJ. BLO\\nBLOCHER,\\nPrincipal Bentonville Public and High School;\\nBentonville, Ark.\\nScientia sine ijwltp.operte no*), obtent?. est\\nRICHMOND, VA.:\\nB. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY.\\nI9OO.\\nL", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nc of the\\nMAR\\nKegUfer of Gopyplghf^\\na\\n!X b\\nI J\\ncopyright, igoo,\\nBY\\nF. JOHNSON PUBLISHING CO.\\nImperfect", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Preface.\\nFrom the first dawn of human existence down to\\nthe present, and from East to West like a rolling\\nwave, nations have come upon the arena, and have\\nbeen the most conspicuous characters for a short\\ntime in the world s achievements; but, alas! they\\nhave been dragged from the arena stabbed with a\\ndagger of their own internal weakness. They have\\nperished. They now lie slumbering with their sages,\\nin the silent tombs, along the highway of the past. 7\\nWhy is this true? Simply because people have not\\nunderstood the real object of government and its\\nunderlying principles. To educate the people in\\nthe principles of our State and United States gov-\\nernment is to perpetuate our nation. One of the\\nprime objects of this volume, as set forth above, is to\\nmeet a long-felt need of* a State and a United States\\nCivil Government, compiled and arranged in such a\\nway as to train the people in, and make them thor-\\noughly conversant with, the government of the State\\nand the United States. It is thought that this volume\\nwill, in every respect, meet the above requirements.\\nThe object and scope of the work is, not to explain\\nthe law and to decide its intricate points, but to ex-\\nplain the whole plan of our State and United States\\ngovernment in a manner so simple and plain that any\\none will be able to understand in detail the three great\\ndivisions of our government Legislative, Judicial,\\nand Executive and their relation to each other and\\nalso to the people. A special attempt has been made", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE.\\nto give individually everything in detail connected\\nwith each department of our State and United States\\ngovernment in their order, proceeding from the\\nlowest to the highest, thus presenting the whole sub-\\nject according to the topical method.\\nI feel that I should say here that every school in\\nthe State should have in its course the subject of\\ncivil government. Thousands of dollars are spent\\nannually for the support of our public schools. The\\nprime object of these schools is to educate our boys and\\ngirls, and in this way make true and model citizens of\\nthem. By so doing we believe that our government\\nwill ultimately become better, purer, stronger, and\\nmore durable. Strange to say, however, that these\\nboys and girls are turned loose in life almost ignorant\\nof the very thing we are striving to improve our\\ngovernment. Certainly this should not be the case\\nlonger.\\nIn this work a special attempt has been made to\\nexplain all words and terms as used in law and civil\\ngovernment in connection with each topic in such a\\nway as to enable the pupil to understand their signifi-\\ncance with special reference to law and government,\\nthus enabling the pupil to read intelligently the sub-\\nject-matter before him.\\nI trust, as I present this volume to the public, that\\nits mission will prove a blessing to the many teachers\\nand pupils of our schools, and that it may have a\\nwarm welcome throughout the State.\\nS. J. BLOCKER.\\nBentoi^ville, Ark.", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT\\nOF\\nARKANSAS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nj?iftoi] of jSr^an^a:\\ni. First Settlement. The first settlement within\\nthe present limits of the State was made in 1670 by\\nthe French near the St. Francis river where it dis-\\ncharges its waters into the Mississippi river. It was\\na part of the French territory until purchased from\\nFrance in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson, and since\\nknown as the Louisiana Purchase. This was done\\nto give the United States control of the Mississippi\\nriver. In 1812, Louisiana, having been admitted\\ninto the Union as a State, the remaining territory\\nwas reorganized as Missouri Territory, and in 1819,\\nMissouri, having formed a State constitution, Ar-\\nkansas and the Indian Territory were organized as\\nArkansas Territory and remained so until January\\n15, 1836, when the State was, with its present boun-\\ndaries, admitted into the Union as the twenty-fifth", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nState and the twelfth in the order of admission.\\nThere were thirty-four counties in the State at the\\ntime of its admission into the Union.\\n2. Arkansas Territory. Arkansas remained as\\na Territory from 1819 until 1836. During this time\\nthere were nine Territorial Legislatures, the first\\nbeing held at the Post of Arkansas. James R. Miller\\nwas the first Territorial Governor and Robert Crit-\\ntenden first Secretary of State.\\n3. First Territorial Legislature (composed of\\nGovernor and Supreme Judges) was held at the Post\\nof Arkansas from July 28 to August 3, 1819. The\\nSpeaker was Charles Jouitt; the Clerk, George W.\\nScott; the Governor, Robert Crittenden (acting);\\nand the judges, Charles Jouitt, Robert Letcher, and\\nAndrew Scott.\\n4. A Special Territorial Legislature was held\\nat the Post of Arkansas from February 7 to Feb-\\nruary 24, 1820, and is properly the first real Terri-\\ntorial Legislature of Arkansas; also another special\\nsession of the Assembly was held at the same place\\nfrom October 2 to 25, 1820. All other assemblies\\nhave been held at Little Rock.\\n5. Proper Pronunciation. For many years there\\nwas contention among even our best informed citizens\\nas to the correct pronunciation of the name of this\\nState. Most persons pronounced it as it is spelled,\\nwhile others, especially the early settlers, pronounced\\nthe name as if spelled Ar-kan-saw, following, as", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 7\\nthey believed, the pronunciation nsed by the Arkan-\\nsas Indians, the aborigines of this country from whom\\nthe State derived its name. Finally, to settle the\\ndisputation, the General Assembly of 1881 appointed\\na learned and able committee to investigate the whole\\nsubject. This committee made a critical and exhaust-\\nive examination, and, based upon the report of the\\ncommittee, the General Assembly unanimously\\nadopted a resolution declaring that the only true pro-\\nnunciation is, that it should be pronounced in three\\nsyllables, with the final s silent, the a in each\\nsyllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the\\nfirst and last syllables, thus making it Ar -kan-sawV\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1836.\\n6. First Constitution. On Monday, January 4,\\n1836, at Little Rock, in convention assembled, our\\nrepresentatives began to frame the first constitution\\nof Arkansas. It contained only seven Articles, being,\\ntherefore, very much abridged in many respects.\\nJohn Wilson was president of the convention and\\nrepresentative from Clark county, and Charles P.\\nBertrand, secretary. There were forty-nine other\\nrepresentatives present. They completed their work\\non the 30th day of January. Under this constitution,\\nthe Legislature met every two years on the first Holi-\\nday of November. It is not necessary to dwell here\\non the subject-matter of this constitution, or any of", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nthe constitutions of the State except the one now in\\nforce. All of the constitutions that have existed in\\nthe State, in substance, are very much alike. They\\ndiffer chiefly in that, as we proceed, they are enlarged\\nupon, broadened, and so arranged as to meet the de-\\nmands and necessities of the people. Some Articles\\nand sections of the first constitution of the State have\\nbeen, in substance, embodied in all the other consti-\\ntutions.\\nCONSTITUTION OF j86l\\n7. Second Constitution. On account of the\\nabridgment of the first constitution, the growth of\\npopulation and the present circumstances, and also in\\norder to join the confederacy then being formed by\\nthe Southern States, and to give to the people a con-\\nstitution such as would secure to them the enjoy-\\nment of all rights of life, liberty, and property and\\nthe pursuit of happiness, the people, by their rep-\\nresentatives in convention assembled, at Little Kock,\\non Monday, the 4th day of March, 1861, began to\\nframe the second constitution, and on the 1st day\\nof June completed the work. David Walker was\\npresident of the convention and Elias C. Boudinot,\\nsecretary. There were sixty other delegates present\\nwho signed this second constitution.\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1864.\\n8. Third Constitution. In order to understand", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. V\\nthe object of the third constitution, we quote the first\\nand last paragraphs of the preamble:\\nWe, the people of the State of Arkansas, having\\nthe right to establish for ourselves a constitution in\\nconformity with the Constitution of the United\\nStates of America, recognizing the legitimate con-\\nsequences of the existing rebellion, do hereby declare\\nthe action of the late convention of the State of\\nArkansas, which assembled in the city of Little Rock\\non the 4th day of March, 1861, was, and is, null and\\nvoid, and is not now, and never has been, binding\\nand obligatory upon the people.\\nAnd we, the people of the State of Arkansas, in\\norder to establish therein a State government loyal\\nto the government of the United States, to secure\\nto ourselves and our posterity the protection and\\nblessings of the Federal Constitution and the enjoy-\\nment of all the rights of liberty and the free pursuit\\nof happiness, do agree to continue ourselves as a\\nfree and independent State by the name and style of\\nThe State of Arkansas/ and do ordain and establish\\nthe following constitution for the government\\nthereof.\\nJohn McCoy was president of the convention and\\ndelegate from Newton county, and Robert J. T.\\nWhite, secretary, with James R. Berry, assistant.\\nThere were forty other delegates present who signed\\nthe constitution.", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1868.\\n9. Fourth Constitution. This constitution was\\nadopted by the constitutional convention of the State\\nFebruary 11, 1868, and ratified by the people March\\n13, 1868. The reason for the adoption of this con-\\nstitution seems to be set forth in the following quo-\\ntation, Art. 1, Sec. 1, of the 1868 constitution:\\nAll political power is inherent in the people. Gov-\\nernment is instituted for the protection, security,\\nand benefit of the people, and they have the right\\nto alter or reform the same whenever the public good\\nmay require it; but the paramount allegiance of every\\ncitizen is due to the Federal government in the exer-\\ncise of all its constitutional powers as the same may\\nhave been or may be defined by the Supreme Court\\nof the United States; and no power exists in the\\npeople of this or any other State of the Federal Union\\nto dissolve their connection therewith, or perform any\\nact tending to impair, subvert, or resist the supreme\\nauthority of the United States. The Constitution of\\nthe United States confers full powers on the Federal\\ngovernment to maintain and perpetuate its existence;\\nand whensoever any portion of the States, or of the\\npeople thereof, attempt to secede from the Federal\\nUnion, or forcibly resist the execution of its laws,\\nthe Federal government may by warrant of the Con-\\nstitution employ armed force in compelling obedience\\nto its authority.", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 11\\nThis constitution provides that the Legislature\\nshall meet every two years on the first Monday of\\nJanuary, at Little Rock, but the first General Assem-\\nbly elected after the adoption of this constitution\\nshall meet on the 2d day of April, 1868. Thomas\\nM. Bowen was president of this convention and dele-\\ngate from Crawford county, and John Gr. Price, sec-\\nretary. There were fifty-two other delegates present\\nwho signed this constitution.\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1874.\\n10. Fifth Constitution. We now come to the\\nfifth constitution, and the one of our State at pres-\\nent. It is the one upon which this work must be\\nbased. It was adopted in convention at Little Rock,\\nSeptember 7, 1874, was ratified by the people Octo-\\nber 13, 1874, and its adoption was proclaimed Octo-\\nber 30, 1874. Grandison D. Royston was president\\nand delegate from Hempstead county, and Thomas\\nW. Newton, secretary. There were seventy-six other\\ndelegates present who signed this constitution.\\nSTATISTICS.\\n11. Arkansas has a population of 1,128,179 and\\nhas an area of 53,850 square miles, or 34,464,000\\nacres about the same size of England without\\nWales.\\nThe ratio of representation in the United States\\nHouse of Representatives from 1893 to 1903, based", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\non the United States census of 1890, is 173,901.\\nBy dividing 1,128,179 by 173,901, we find that it\\nwill go six times with a fraction off. This shows\\nthat we have six representatives in Congress from\\nthis State. To the six representatives add our two\\nsenators, thus making our representation in Congress\\neight, and also showing that Arkansas has eight elec-\\ntoral votes.\\n12. Kinds of Government. We live under six\\nkinds of government, and, if in an incorporated town,\\nor city, we live under seven namely, the Home,\\nthe School, the Township, the County, the State, the\\nUnited States, and the City or Town, called muni-\\ncipal government.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. When, by whom, and where was the first settlement of\\nthe State made? 2. Give particulars of the purchase of the\\nterritory known as Louisiana Purchase. 3. What con-\\nstituted Arkansas Territory, and when was it formed? 4.\\nWhen was Arkansas admitted into the Union? 5. How many\\ncounties in the State at the time of its admission? 6. What\\nis the proper pronunciation of the name of this State, and\\nwhy so? 7. When was the first constitution of this State\\nframed? 8. Who was president and who secretary of the\\nconvention? 9. When was the Legislature required to\\nmeet? 10. Why was it necessary to frame a second consti-\\ntution that of 1861? 11. How many delegates present?\\n12. Why was the third constitution framed, and where?\\n13. How many delegates present? 14. When was the fourth\\nconstitution adopted and when ratified by the people?\\n15. What was its object? 16. When did this constitution", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 13\\nrequire the Legislature to meet? 17. Who was president\\nand who secretary of the convention? 18. When was the\\npresent constitution adopted and when ratified by the\\npeople? 19. Who was president and who secretary?\\n20. How many delegates present? 21. Under how many\\nkinds of government are we living? 22. Name them.", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OJs T THE\\nCHAPTER II.\\ngome and School\\n13. Introductory. The home and the school are\\nso closely connected it is thought best to discuss them\\ntogether. It seems that a discussion of home and\\nhome government, in this enlightened age, should not\\nbe necessary; but with regret I must say that it is,\\nand in fact it needs more attention than any other\\none thing. Hardly a nation of the earth to-day has\\nfailed to observe and comment on the failure of\\nAmerican home government and the failure of the\\nAmerican people to rear or train children as they\\nshould. At present, children haven t that degree of\\nreverence and respect that really should be found in\\nevery child. Our ideas and love of liberty have been\\ntoo freely applied to home government. The result\\nis clearly seen. We have a multitude of men who\\nare as brave and daring as those who scaled the Alps\\nwith Hannibal, plenty who would undergo the suffer-\\nings of a Valley Forge for our country, and many\\nwho could rule and command as did Charlemagne,", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 15\\nNapoleon, and Alexander, yet we find but few who do\\ngo into home life and govern as they shonld setting\\ngood example day by day; always refusing that which\\nis not best for the child regardless of its entreaty;\\ninflicting punishment at one time for an offence and\\nnot omitting it at another; making no assertion with-\\nout fulfillment; putting into their hands good liter-\\nature talking to them in such a way as to cause them\\nto fear evil and love right, being just in all rulings,\\nand many other things that should be mentioned.\\nThe business affairs of life are taking too much time\\nfrom home government.\\n14. Parents. It is the duty of the parents to\\nstudy the welfare of the children, to train them in ways\\nof usefulness and honor, to provide food, clothing\\nand shelter, and to assist them in acquiring an edu-\\ncation. The law makes the parent partly responsi-\\nble for the conduct of the children. Good discipline\\nis a blessing to the home, to the children, and to the\\ncountry.\\n15. Children. It is the duty of the children to\\nobey their parents in all things; to be submissive\\nand respectful; to love and care for them, and to do\\nall possible to make them happy. I wish to say to\\nthe children who read this that you will perhaps\\nnever be able to repay your parents for what they\\nhave done for you, especially the mother. She has\\nalways loved you and sympathizes with you; she\\nmakes your sorrows hers, cares for you in sickness,", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nand stands by yon when all others have forsaken yon.\\nShe has done a multitude of things for you which\\nyou will never know. Learn first to love and respect\\nyour parents and strive to bring no sorrow to them.\\nTHE SCHOOL\\ni6. Constitutional Provision. Xo provision had\\nbeen made for a system of public education until\\n1868. All of Art. 9, constitution of 1868, is relative\\nto a system of public education. It requires the\\n.General Assembly to establish and maintain a system\\nof schools for the gratuitous instruction of all per-\\nsons in this State between the ages of five and\\ntwenty-one years. Art. 14, Sec. 1, of our present con-\\nstitution, contains the following provision:\\nIntelligence and virtue being the safeguards of\\nliberty and the bulwark of a free and good govern-\\nment, the State shall ever maintain a general, suita-\\nble, and efficient system of free schools, whereby all\\npersons in the State between the ages of six and\\ntwenty-one years may receive gratuitous instruc-\\ntion. 7\\n17. Our School System has been greatly improved.\\nWe have been making rapid progress. Through\\nthe wisdom of our representatives and the influence\\nof some of our educators, many excellent things have\\nbeen added to our school system. It has been argued", "height": "3508", "width": "2273", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 17\\nfor some time that the following provisions would be\\nhelpful to our system of free education: 1st. A uni-\\nform series of text-books for the State, or at least the\\ncounty;* 2d. County superintendency; 3d. Eemoval\\nof the restriction of the school tax to five mills. (Sec.\\n6931, Sandels and Hill s Digest.)\\n18. School Funds. Our school funds are derived\\nin four ways:\\n1. From the sale of all lands granted by the United\\nStates to this State and not otherwise appropriated,\\nfrom the sale of State landsf and estrays, from all\\ngrants and gifts that may be made to the State, and\\nThe State Legislature of 1899 passed a law entitled\\nAn Act to provide for county uniformity in text-books,\\nthe substance of which is as follows:\\nIn any county, if a majority of the votes cast at the\\nregular school meeting on the third Saturday in May favor\\nuniformity, there shall be a series of text-books adopted\\nfor use in the public schools of the county, special school\\ndistricts excepted. This adoption shall be made by a\\nCounty School-Book Board, composed of two teachers of\\nthe county holding first-grade certificates and appointed\\nby the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and two\\ncitizens of the county appointed by the county judge, and\\nthe county examiner as chairman. The above board shall\\nadopt a series of books for a term of six years; and may\\nreceive $2 a day while sitting for such adoption.\\nt Ten per cent, of the net proceeds of all public land sold\\nin the State goes to make up the public school fund.\\nThe principal arising from the sale of the sixteenth sec-\\ntion of land shall never be apportioned or used. The law\\n2", "height": "3574", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nby escheat that is, through failure of heirs to claim\\nit, property goes to the school fund. The above is\\nknown and designated as the Common-School Fund.\\n2. The State levies a two-mills tax on the assessed\\nvalue of all property, and imposes a poll tax of one\\ndollar on every qualified elector of the State.\\n3. Each school district may levy an extra tax of\\nfive mills if a majority of the voters so direct.\\n4. Certain penalties, as the failure to pay tax on\\npersonal property at the required time, the forfeitures\\nwhich school directors make to exempt themselves\\nfrom serving as such, and other penalties imposed on\\nschool officers for neglect of duty.\\n19. Collection and Distribution of Funds.\\nThe sheriff is ex officio tax collector in all counties\\nof the State except three. J He collects all taxes paid\\nby the citizens of the county, sends the two-mills\\ntax to the State treasury, and pays into the county\\ntreasury, with all other taxes, the tax levied by the\\ndistricts. The interest on the common-school fund\\nis paid directly into the State treasury.\\nprovides that the commissioners of the school fund (Secre-\\ntary of State, Auditor and Superintendent of Public Instruc-\\ntion) shall invest it in State or United States bonds, and\\nthat the interest on it may be used for the support of the\\npublic schools. Townships which have not yet sold the six-\\nteenth section are not allowed to receive any of the above\\nincome.\\n$See page 41, Art. 57.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEBNMENT OE AEE1ANSAS. 19\\nThe school census being taken each year, it is as-\\ncertained just how many persons of school age there\\nare in the State and also just the number in each\\ncounty. The amount of money being divided by the\\nnumber indicating the persons of school age, gives\\nthe amount due each child in the State. The appor-\\ntionment having been made, at the request of the\\nState Superintendent, this money is sent to the several\\ncounties of the State and there placed by the county\\ntreasurer to the credit of the district to which it\\nbelongs. ~No money belonging to a district is drawn\\nout except upon warrants issued by the school di-\\nrectors.\\nSCHOOL DISTRICT.\\n20. Formation of District. The county court\\nhas power to form new school districts and change\\nthe boundaries of the old ones upon petition of a ma-\\njority of all the electors residing upon the territory\\nof the district to be divided. They are numbered\\nin consecutive order as they are formed or altered.\\n~No new district shall be formed, or so altered, as\\nto have less than thirty-five persons of scholastic age.\\n21. Special District. Any incorporated city or\\ntown in this State, including the territory annexed\\nthereto for school purposes, may be organized into\\nand established as a Single or a Special district in\\nthe following manner: Upon the written petition of\\ntwenty voters of such city or town, asking that the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nvote of the citizens be taken relative to a special dis-\\ntrict, it is the duty of the mayor to designate and\\nfix a day, not less than seven nor more than fifteen\\ndays distant, for holding an election for that purpose\\nand also for the election, at the same time, of a board\\nof six school directors. The single or special district\\nis regulated by special acts for the regulation of public\\nschools in cities or towns. This and other school elec-\\ntions in the special districts are held by the election\\njudges of that voting precinct.\\n22. Directors.- Three directors are elected in\\neach of the numbered districts and six in the special\\nones. The election is held annually on the third Sat-\\nurday in May. Directors serve for three years, one\\nbeing elected each year in the numbered districts\\nand two in the special. When the three directors\\nare elected the first time in a new district, they agree\\namong themselves that one shall serve just one year,\\nanother two years, and the third three years, a new\\none being elected each year to fill the place of the one\\ngoing out. In this way two-thirds of the board are\\nexperienced. The members of the board of the single\\nor special district follow the same plan, except two\\nmembers drop out each year and two are elected in\\ntheir stead.\\n23. Organization and Duty. A penalty of ten\\ndollars is imposed if a director fails to qualify and\\nenter upon the discharge of his duty within ten days.\\nThey shall elect one of their members as president and", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 21\\nanother as clerk. They are required by law to es-\\ntablish separate schools for white and colored chil-\\ndren, to adopt such measures as will assist in carrying\\nthe school system into effect, to have care of all prop-\\nerty of the district, to employ teachers, to make\\nannual report to the county examiner, containing\\nsuch information as may be required by him, and\\nalso the annual district election on the third Saturday\\nin May shall be held by the school directors as judges.\\nIt is also the duty of the directors of each district to\\nappoint some person each year to visit the families of\\nthe district and make a list of all children between\\nthe ages of six and twenty-one years, called taking\\nthe census. This is done for the purpose of making\\nthe apportionment of the school funds as explained in\\nArt. 19. This list must contain the following items:\\nThe number of the district, the county in which it is\\nlocated, the number of children, their names, ages,\\nwhite males and females, and colored males and\\nfemales. This list is known and designated as the\\nEnumeration Eeport of the School Directors. A fine\\nof $25 is imposed for a failure to perform the above\\nduties.\\n24. Other Officers. The county examiner is\\nthe highest school officer of the county and the State\\nSuperintendent the highest of the State. They are\\nthe only school officers who receive compensation.\\nThe county examiner and his duties are explained\\nunder the heading of County Officers and the State", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OI\\\\ T THE\\nSuperintendent and his duties are explained under\\nthe heading of State Officers. This is done because\\nthey belong, respectively, to the county and State\\nofficers, although their duties are strictly for the\\nschool.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. How does our home government compare in general\\nwith that of other nations? 2. What do you think is the\\ncause of many homes not being governed as they should\\nbe? 3. Give duties of parents. 4. What can you say in re-\\ngard to the children and their duties? 5. When were pro-\\nvisions first made for a system of public education? 6. What\\nwere the requisite ages for admission into school under\\nthe first provision? 7. What are the requisite ages now?\\n8. Why have we a system of public education? 9. Do you\\nbelieve the provisions mentioned in Art. 17 would be\\nadvantageous to our school system? 10. Give the four\\nways of deriving school funds. 11. How a*re they collected\\nand distributed? 12. How are school districts formed?\\n13. How many directors? 14. How are special districts\\nformed? 15. How many directors? 16. How many directors\\nare elected each year, and when? 17. Who are judges of the\\nelection? 18. Give general duties of the directors. 19. What\\npenalties may be imposed upon them, and under what cir-\\ncumstances?", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 23\\nCHAPTER III,\\n^he ^oumghip,\\n25. Introductory. The idea of township gov-\\nernment has existed for centuries. It came into ex-\\nistence by force of necessity. During the settlement\\nof Europe, families collected in groups not so much\\nfor government as for protection. These groups or\\nneighborhoods were surrounded by walls, fences, or\\nsome means of protection. In old English they were\\ndesignated as tuns/ from tynan, to enclose/\\nfrom which our words township and town were de-\\nrived.\\n26. The Object. The township is the smallest\\nand simplest political division of the State. Its polit-\\nical power is by far more limited in this State than\\nin the Eastern States. In the New England States\\nthe town (the same as our township) is the original\\npolitical entity, and possesses much power in self-\\ngovernment, the county being simply an aggrega-\\ntion of towns, chiefly for judicial convenience. In\\nthe Middle and Western States the powers of the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 A PBACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\ntownship are not so great, while in other States its\\npowers are very limited. But wherever the town-\\nship is found, it is the primary or home step in all\\ngovernment. The object of the township is to place\\nthe judicial and executive power of the people in\\ntheir immediate vicinity, to bring justice to their\\nown homes, to place the responsibility of government\\non their shoulders, and to relieve the county and cir-\\ncuit court of a multiplicity of petit criminal and civil\\nsuits. It also serves as a political division for the elec-\\ntion of township officers the justice of the peace\\nand the constable, as a voting precinct, and as a place\\nfor collecting taxes.\\n27. Kinds of Townships. There are two kinds\\nof townships in this State. Pupils are often confused\\nas to what they are. We are to deal with only one\\nof these, the Township Politic. The other is the\\ncongressional, or mathematical, township, which we\\nwill simply define and pass. (For full and detailed\\nexplanation of the congressional, or mathematical,\\ntownship see Government Land Survey, pages\\n24-43, by the author of this work.)\\n28. Congressional Township. Under the direc-\\ntion of the United States government, Arkansas,\\ntogether with many other States, was surveyed not\\nfor political purposes, but in order to dispose of the\\ngovernment land and give titles to the settlers, such\\nas would not conflict with each other and create the\\ngreat confusion that had arisen among the settlers", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 25\\nof the unsurveyed land of the Eastern States. Thi3\\nwas done by running a base line east and west across\\nthe State, beginning near the month of the St. Francis\\nriver and terminating at the western boundary line\\nof the State. Parallel to the base line other lines\\nare run six miles apart, called township lines, and\\nto the 5th principal meridian, starting from the mouth\\nof the Arkansas river and being coincident with 90\\ndegrees and 58 minutes longitude west; other meri-\\ndian lines are run six miles apart, thus dividing the\\nState into divisions six miles square. These divisions,\\nor squares, are called congressional, or mathemati-\\ncal, townships. They are so called because they are\\nsurveyed under the directions of Congress and are\\nlaid out according to mathematical principles. They\\nhave no relation whatever to the political townships\\nwhich are to be discussed in this work. Congressional\\ntownships are regular in form and size and are located\\naccording to the township and range columns in which\\nthey are located. Political townships are irregular\\nin form, have no definite size, and are named instead\\nof being numbered. I presume that every county\\nin the State has a part of a congressional, or mathe-\\nmatical, township in it, the other part of which is in\\nanother county. This cannot be true with reference\\nto the township politic.\\n29. Formation of Township Politic. The\\ncounty court of each county, from time to time as\\noccasion may require, divides the county into conve-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nnient townships, subdivides those already established,\\nand alters township lines. These townships are of\\nno regular form or fixed size; but are of such a form\\nand size as, in the opinion of the county court, is\\nmost convenient, or suitable, for both the people and\\nthe political welfare of the county. The county clerk\\nenters on the minutes of the county court proceed-\\nings a description of the above established township,\\nplace of holding election, and all other changes as\\nmentioned above, and within thirty days a certified\\ncopy of the same is sent to the Secretary of State.\\nXo township line shall pass through any town, but\\nthe whole of each town shall be included in one town-\\nship.\\n30. Government.- The township has no legisla-\\ntive power whatever. It matters not how much a par-\\nticular locality needs a law, the township has no\\npower whatever to make it. The United States Con-\\nstitution recognizes three great divisions of govern-\\nment: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive. The\\ntownship possesses the last two only.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n31. Justices of the Peace. The qualified elec-\\ntors of each township elect the justices of the peace\\nfor the term of two years. Before entering upon the\\ndischarge of their duties, they are commissioned by\\nthe Governor. A justice of the peace shall be a quali-\\nfied elector and a resident of the township for which", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 27\\nhe is elected. Each township shall elect, at each\\ngeneral election, one justice of the peace for every\\ntwo hundred electors, taking the vote of the preced-\\ning general election as the basis: provided, that each\\ntownship, however small, shall have two justices.\\n(Sec. 4308, Sandels and Hill s Digest.)\\nBemarJc. It is to be understood that all reference\\nby Sec, followed by S. H., is to Sandels and\\nHill s Digest of 1894.\\n32. Jurisdiction. Justices of the peace shall\\nseverally have original and concurrent jurisdiction in\\nthe following matters:\\nFirst. Original jurisdiction in all matters of con-\\ntract where the amount in controversy does not ex-\\nceed the sum of $100, excluding interest; and con-\\ncurrent jurisdiction in all matters of contract where\\nthe amount in controversy does not exceed the sum\\nof $300, excluding interest.\\nSecond. Concurrent jurisdiction in suits for the re-\\ncovery of personal property where the value of the\\nproperty does not exceed the sum of $300; and in all\\nmatters of damage to personal property where the\\namount in controversy does not exceed $100.\\nA justice of the peace has no jurisdiction whatever\\nwhere a lien on land, or title or possession thereto,\\nis involved. It is, therefore, the duty of a justice of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nthe peace to dismiss the case at once and refuse to\\ntake further action when he sees that the title to lands\\nmnst come into controversy.\\nThe above jurisdiction is coextensive with the\\ncounty that is, no justice of the peace is permitted\\nto hold court outside of the township for which he\\nwas elected; but all judgments rendered are valid\\nthroughout the county.\\nThird. He has jurisdiction in criminal cases less\\nthan a felony, if the penalty is a fine or imprison-\\nment in the county jail. He may also hold a pre-\\nliminary trial to ascertain as nearly as possible the\\nguilt or innocence of a person charged with the com-\\nmission of felony.\\n33. Explanation of Jurisdiction. Original ju-\\nrisdiction means that all cases or offences of a certain\\nclass must be brought up and tried first in the court\\nhaving the so-called original jurisdiction., and are\\nnot to be tried in any other court except in case of\\nappeal. For example, A wishes to sue B on contract\\nfor the amount of $50. This case cannot be tried in\\nthe county court, nor the circuit court, nor in any\\nhigher court. It can be tried in the justice s court\\nonly, except in case of appeal, because over such cases\\nit has original jurisdiction.\\nConcurrent jurisdiction means that all cases or\\noffences of a certain class or magnitude may be\\nbrought up and tried in either of the courts having", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 29\\nthe so-called concurrent jurisdiction. For example,\\nA wishes to sue B on contract for the amount of\\n$200. This case may be tried in the justice s court\\nor in the circuit court, because these two courts have\\nconcurrent jurisdiction.\\nAll cases given under First of this article must\\nbe tried in the justice s court first, and all cases under\\nSecond may be tried either in the justice s court\\nor the circuit court.\\n34. Appeals. Any person aggrieved by any judg-\\nment rendered by a justice of the peace, except a\\njudgment of dismissal for want of prosecution, may,\\nin person or by his agent, take an appeal therefrom\\nto the circuit court. There are certain requisites\\nthat must be complied with before an appeal can be\\ntaken. (Sec. 4430, S. H.)\\n35. Change of Venue. Either party may take\\na change of venue (place) from one justice of the\\npeace to another in the same township. If, however,\\nthere should be no justice of the peace in the town-\\nship competent to try the case, then it is taken to a\\njustice of the peace in an adjoining township. The\\nparty desiring to take a change of venue must, before\\nsuch change is granted, show clearly that there is a\\nlikelihood of his not receiving justice unless the\\nchange be made.\\n36. Duties, Privileges, and Salary. The jus-\\ntice must be a conservator of the peace within the\\ncounty, must keep a docket in which must be entered", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nin .continuous order first, the title to each cause;\\nsecond, a brief statement of the nature and amount\\nof the plaintiffs demands and the defendant s set-\\noff, if any, giving date to each where dates exist;\\nthird, the issuing of the process and return thereon;\\nfourth, the appearance of the respective parties; fifth,\\nevery adjournment, stating at whose instance and for\\nwhat time; sixth, the trial, and whether by the jus-\\ntice or by a jury; seventh, the verdict and judgment;\\neighth, the execution, to whom delivered and the\\namount of debt, damages and cost endorsed thereon;\\nninth, the giving a transcript for filing in the clerk s\\noffice, or for set-off, if one is given; tenth, a note of\\nall motions made and whether granted or refused;\\neleventh, an itemized statement of all cost in the\\ncase. He is exempted from working the road, and\\nmay perform marriage ceremonies. He receives no\\nfixed salary, but may collect fees for his sendees.\\nThe amount of each fee is fixed by law, ranging from\\nten cents to two dollars and fifty cents. Lawyers\\nof the county are permitted to practice in the jus-\\ntice s court, and from sixth above we observe that\\nthere may or may not be a jury. It is optional with\\nthe plaintiff or defendant.\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n37. Constable. The qualified electors of each\\ntownship elect one constable for the term of two\\nyears. Every constable, within thirty days after elec-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 31\\ntion or appointment, enters into bond in a sum not\\nless than $500 nor more than $5,000. The constable\\nmust be a conservator of the peace in his county. It\\nis his duty to suppress all riots, affrays, or unlawful\\nacts of any kind. Any constable to whom any pro-\\ncess may be directed has power to execute such pro-\\ncess anywhere in the county. The constable waits\\nupon the justice s court and serves warrants.\\nThe constable receives no fixed salary. He col-\\nlects fees for his services. These fees are fixed by\\nlaw, ranging from ten cents to seventy-five cents.\\nIf a township be so altered by court as to neces-\\nsitate an election of another constable, the old one\\ncontinues as constable of the township in which he\\nresides. If the court so approves it, the constable\\nhas power to appoint such deputies as he may need.\\nHe is subject to a fine of not less than $5 nor more\\nthan $100 for non-performance of duty.\\n38. Vacancies. The Governor shall, in case a\\nvacancy occurs in any State, district, county, or town-\\nship office in the State, either by death, resignation,\\nor otherwise, fill the same by appointment, such ap-\\npointment to be in force and effect until the next gen-\\neral election thereafter.\\nThis is Amendment No. 3 to the State constitution.\\nFor the method of filling vacancies prior to this\\namendment see Section 50, Art. 7, of the constitu-\\ntion.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nREVIEW QIESTION\u00c2\u00a7.\\n1. When did the idea of township government originate?\\n2. What brought it into existence? 3. Why is it called\\ntown or township? 4. How does the power of the town-\\nship of this State compare with that of other States?\\n5. Give the objects of the township. 6. What are the two\\nkinds of townships? 7. Explain the congressional, or\\nmathematical, township. 8. What is its object? 9. Where\\nis the 5th principal meridian and the base line? 10. Con-\\ntrast the two kinds of townships. 11. Locate the congres-\\nsional township you are now in and give name of your\\npolitical township. 12. How are political townships formed?\\n13. How many in your county? 14. Give the two depart-\\nments of government belonging to a township. 15. How\\nlong does a justice of the peace hold office? 16. How many\\njustices in each township, and how is the number ascer-\\ntained? 17. Explain original jurisdiction. 18. Give the\\nlimit of the justice s original jurisdiction. 19. Explain\\nconcurrent jurisdiction. 20. Give the limits of the justice s\\nconcurrent jurisdiction. 21. Give a case in which a justice\\nhas no jurisdiction. 22. What is his jurisdiction in crimi-\\nnal cases? 23. May an appeal be taken from a justice s\\ncourt, and if so, to what court? 24. What is meant by\\nchange of venue? 25. Why and where may a change of\\nvenue be taken? 26. Give duties of a justice of the peace.\\n27. What compensation does he receive? 28. Does he try\\nhis cases before a jury? 29. How long does a constable\\nhold office? 30. Y\\\\ T hat are the limits of his bond? 31. Give\\nhis duties. 32. What compensation does he receive for his\\nservices? 33. What penalty may be imposed for non-\\nperformance of duty? 34. How are vacancies filled, either\\nin the office of justice or constable?", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 33\\nCHAPTER IV\\n^he Gountg\\n39. Origin. Early in the settlement of the\\nEuropean nations and also in the United States, town-\\nships were formed as explained in Art. 25. These\\ntownships united for the sake of convenience in many\\nrespects. Of course, they were not always called\\ntownships. In early English civilization they were\\nknown as clans or tuns, in Germany as marks or hun-\\ndreds, in France as fiefs or feuds, and in the United\\nStates as townships, towns, beats or hundreds. These\\nprimary governments having been united, formed in\\ntheir respective countries a division of government\\ncorresponding to that of our county.\\nIn England the shire was formed, and in France\\n(later in its history) the comte, from which we\\nderive our word county. Louisiana is the only State\\nin the Union that does not call this division of gov-\\nernment the county. There it is known as the parish.\\n40. Formation of Counties. Before the United\\nStates government came into power, townships or\\n3", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ntowns united and formed counties, counties united\\nand formed colonies, and colonies united and formed\\ntlie United States: now our government being in\\npower, organizes Territories and afterwards admits\\nthem into the Union as States; these States are sub-\\ndivided into counties, and the counties are subdivided\\ninto townships, the whole plan being reversed.\\nArticle 13, Sec. 1, of the constitution, contains the\\nfollowing provision\\nXo county now established shall be reduced to\\nan area of less than six hundred square miles nor to\\nless than five thousand inhabitants; nor shall any\\nnew county be established with less than six hundred\\nsquare miles and five thousand inhabitants. The\\ncounties of Lafayette, Pope, and Johnson are ex-\\ncepted. 7\\nXo part of a county may be taken off to form a\\nnew county, or a part thereof, without the consent\\nof a majority of the voters in the part to be taken off;\\nneither may a county seat be located or changed ex-\\ncept by a majority of the voters of the county favor-\\ning it,\\n41. Original Counties. During the time when\\nArkansas was a Territory it was divided into thirty-\\nfour counties, as follows: Washington, Scott, John-\\nson, Pope, Conway, Yan Buren, Carroll, Searcy,\\nIzard, Independence, Crawford, Jackson, Lawrence,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 35\\nEandolpli, White, Pulaski, Saline, Hot Springs,\\nClark, St. Prancis, Pike, Hempstead, Miller, Sevier,\\nLafayette, Union, Arkansas, Jefferson, Monroe, Phil-\\nlips, Greene, Crittenden, Mississippi, and Chicot.\\nSince the State s admission into the Union in 183G,\\nforty-one other counties have been formed, thus mak-\\ning the number in the State seventy-five.\\n42. Oath of Office. The constitution provides\\nthe following oath for senators, representatives, all\\njudicial and executive State and county officers, and\\nall other officers both civil and military:\\nI, do solemnly swear (or affirm)\\nthat I will support the Constitution of the United\\nStates and the constitution of the State of Arkansas,\\nand that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the\\noffice of upon which I am now about\\nto enter.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n43. The County is like that of the township in\\nthat it has no Legislative Department. The laws\\ngoverning both the township and county are made\\nby the State Legislature. The county has two de-\\npartments: the Judicial and Executive.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n44. County and Probate Judge. The qualified\\nelectors of each county shall elect a county judge for", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nthe term of two years, who shall also be judge of the\\ncourt of probate, and known as county and probate\\njudge.\\n45. Qualifications. He shall be at least twenty-\\nfive years of age, a citizen of the United States, a\\nman of upright character, of good business education,\\na resident of the State two years next preceding his\\nelection, and a resident of the county at the time of\\nhis election and during his continuance in office.\\n46. Jurisdiction. 1. As county judge, he has\\nexclusive original jurisdiction in all matters relating\\nto county taxes and to roads, the appointment of re-\\nviewers and overseers of roads, and the- erection of\\nbridges; to look after ferries, paupers, vagrants, and\\nthe welfare of minors; to audit, settle, and direct\\nthe payment of all demands against the county; to\\nhave the control and management of all property\\nbelonging to the county, and to have control of all\\ncases that may relate to the internal improvement and\\nlocal concern of his county. Any person not satisfied\\nwith the decision of the county or probate court may\\ntake an appeal to the circuit court. The county court\\nmust be held by one judge, except as provided by\\nlaw. (See Sec. 30, Art. 7, constitution.)\\n2. As probate judge, he has exclusive original\\njurisdiction in all matters relating to the probate of\\nwills, the estate of deceased persons, executors, ad-\\nministrators, and guardians.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 37\\n47. General Duties. The county judge has\\nmany duties of vital importance to the people. He\\nhas in his hands the general management of the\\ncounty affairs. He assists in the levying of taxes,\\nissuing county bonds, erection and repair of court-\\nhouses, poorhouses, jails, houses of correction, man-\\nagement of prisoners, and to look after the interest\\ncf widows, orphans, and the insane.\\nTIME FOR HOLDING COURT.\\n48. County Court.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The times for holding the\\nregular terms of county courts as fixed by statute\\n(Sees. 1157-62, S. H.) are as follows:\\n1. The regular terms of the county courts in\\nthe several counties in this State except in the coun-\\nties of Franklin, Pope, Madison, Newton, and Fort\\nSmith District of Sebastian shall commence on the\\nfirst Monday in January, April, July, and October\\nof each year, and continue as long as the business\\nshall require.\\n2. The county court of Sebastian county shall\\nbe held at Greenwood on the first Monday in Janu-\\nary, April, July, and October, and at Tort Smith on\\nthe second Monday in January, April, July, and\\nOctober in each year.\\n3. The county court of Franklin county shall be\\nheld on the third Monday in January, April, July,\\nand October.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n4. The county court of Pope county shall be\\nheld on the fourth Monday in March and the first\\nMonday in January, July, and October.\\n5. The county court of Madison county shall be\\nheld on the second Monday of January, April, July,\\nand October.\\n6. The county court of Newton county shall\\nbe held on the third Monday of January and July,\\nand the first Monday in April and October. 77\\n49. The Probate Court convenes in each county\\nfour times a year. Since the time is fixed by law and\\ndiffers so much for the various counties of the State,\\nit is not practicable to give it here. (For time see\\nSec. 1139, S. H.)\\n50. Salary. County and probate judges receive\\na fixed salary for their services. The salary of the\\njudge of each county is fixed by law, the minimum\\nbeing $300 and the maximum $2,400 per year. Each\\njudge orders the clerk of his court to issue quarterly\\nwarrants for the amount of salary to which he is en-\\ntitled by law.\\nRemark. The circuit court is held in each county,\\nbut this comes under the judicial department of the\\nState.\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n51. The County Officers of the Executive Depart-\\nment are as follows: Circuit clerk, county clerk,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 39\\nsheriff and collector, treasurer, assessor, county ex-\\naminer, coroner, and surveyor,\\n52. County and Circuit Clerks. The qualified\\nelectors of each county elect a circuit clerk for the\\nterm of two years. He is ex officio* clerk of the\\ncounty and probate courts and recorder in his county,\\nexcept when any county has a population exceeding\\n15,000 inhabitants as shown by the last Federal\\ncensus. In such counties there is elected a county\\nclerk in like manner as circuit clerk. The county\\nclerk is ex officio clerk of the probate court of his\\ncounty. It thus leaves the circuit clerk to be ex\\nofficio recorder only, and not clerk of the county and\\nprobate courts as he is when only one clerk is elected\\nfor all the clerical duties of the county. There are\\nat present twenty-nine counties in the State having\\nboth a circuit and a county clerk. They are as fol-\\nlows: Benton, Boone, Carroll, Clark, Columbia, Con-\\nway, Crawford, Drew, Faulkner, Franklin, Garland,\\nHempstead, Independence, Jackson, Jefferson, John-\\nson, Lee, Logan, Lonoke, Madison, Monroe, Ouachita,\\nPhillips, Pope, Pulaski, Sebastian, Washington,\\nWhite, and Yell.\\nThe word ex officio is a Latin word, and means growing\\nout of office. As used in civil government, it means that\\nby virtue of the fact that an individual holds a certain\\noffice, he must perform the duties of another also, as, for\\nexample, the law requires the circuit clerk to perform the\\nduties of recorder, hence he is said to be ex officio recorder.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 A -PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n53. Duty of Circuit Clerk. He keeps a record\\nof the proceedings of the circuit court; administers\\noaths to witnesses, or to others on oath, in the circuit\\ncourt, prepares bonds, preserves seal, and keeps his\\noffice at the county seat; he also records in books fur-\\nnished by the county, deeds, mortgages, deeds of\\ntrust, bonds, marriage contracts and certificates.\\nIf you hold a deed, mortgage, or a deed of trust,\\nyou do not have to have it recorded to make it valid,\\nor good. But, if the deed be destroyed in any way,\\nit might be impossible to again restore it, while, if\\nrecorded, a duplicate, or a new deed, could easily be\\nobtained. All instruments as mentioned above should\\nbe recorded without delay.\\nIf, at any time, you should desire a deed or a\\nmortgage recorded, or to examine the title of any\\nproperty in the county, you go to the circuit clerk s\\noffice. These books are kept open for public inspec-\\ntion.\\n54. Bond. The circuit and county clerks each\\nshall, before entering upon the discharge of their\\nduties, take, and subscribe the oath prescribed in\\nArt, 42, and shall enter into bond with good and\\nsufficient security to the State for the faithful per-\\nformance of their duties in a sum not less than\\n$15,000. The above bond is for the faithful perform-\\nance of duty as county and as circuit clerk. An\\nadditional bond of $2,000 is required of the circuit-\\nclerk for the faithful performance of his duty as", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 41\\nrecorder. JSo extra bond is required of the county\\nclerk for the faithful discharge of his duty as probate\\nclerk.\\n55. Duty of County Clerk. He keeps a record\\nof the proceedings of the county and probate courts;\\nadministers oaths to witnesses, or others on oath, in\\nsuch courts; makes and delivers a list of all electors\\nwho have paid their poll tax; furnishes the collector\\nwith a list of those who have been assessed, stating\\nthe amount, issues marriage licenses, furnishes the\\nprosecuting attorney, at the beginning of each term\\nof the circuit court, a statement of all the deficits of\\ncollecting officers, on account of fines, penalties, and\\nforfeitures, and issues licenses to circuses auction-\\neers, peddlers, and to saloon keepers or any one who\\nsells ardent liquors.\\n56. Deputies.* Each clerk may appoint one or\\nmore deputies, for whose official conduct he shall be\\nresponsible. Such deputies shall possess the like\\nqualifications and take the like oaths of office as their\\nprincipals, and may, in their name, perform all duties\\nrequired of their principals.\\n57. Sheriff and Collector. The qualified elec-\\ntors of each county elect a sheriff for the term of two\\nEach officer lias to pay his own deputy or deputies,\\nunless otherwise stated under the respective topics. The\\nlaw expects each person to perform the duties of his office;\\nbut in case he cannot, he is allowed to employ some one, at\\nhis own expense, to assist him.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nyears who is ex officio collector of all taxes, except\\nwhen the Legislature passes a special act granting\\nto a comity the privilege of electing one person as\\nsheriff and another as tax collector. It is in the power\\nof the Legislature to grant this privilege to any\\ncounty asking for it. There are only three counties\\nin the State Columbia, Independence and Carroll\\nwhich have a collector separate from the sheriff.\\n58. Bond. The sheriff shall, within fifteen days\\nafter the receipt of his commission, enter into bond\\nto the State in any snm not less than $5,000 nor more\\nthan $50,000 for the faithful performance of his\\nduties as sheriff; and as collector, he shall enter into\\nbond in amount greater by one-fourth than the aggre-\\ngate amount of taxes to be collected by him. As\\nsheriff, his bond must be approved by the circuit\\ncourt, and as collector, by the county court. Before\\nentering upon the discharge of his duties he takes and\\nsubscribes the oath of office given in Art. 42.\\n59. Duties. He executes all processes directed\\nto him by legal authority, is a conservator of the\\npeace, arrests all persons offending in his presence,\\nquells and suppresses all affrays, riots, or other dis-\\nturbances, attends each term of court in his county\\nand waits upon the same, serves warrants and sub-\\npoenas, executes any one condemned to death, pro-\\nclaims at least twenty days beforehand all county\\nelections, has care of the court-house and jail, takes\\ncare of the prisoners, or appoints some One to do so,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 43\\nand sells, or causes to be sold, all property on which\\ntaxes have not been paid. If the sheriff fails to per-\\nform any of the above duties, or any duties enjoined\\nby law, he is guilty of misdemeanor, and may be re-\\nmoved from office.\\nAs tax collector, he notifies the tax payers of the\\ncounty as to the time for collecting taxes, goes to\\neach township in the county at the time so stated,\\nand there collects all taxes due the county.\\n60. Deputies He has power to appoint such\\ndeputies as will enable him to perform all the duties\\nof his office in due time. He is personally respon-\\nsible for the official conduct of his deputies. Such\\nappointments shall be approved by the circuit court,\\nor the judge thereof in vacation, or by the county\\ncourt. The deputy sheriff possesses all the powers\\nof his principal and may perform all duties required\\nof the sheriff.\\n61. Salary of County Officers. The salary of\\ncounty officers, unless otherwise stated under their\\nrespective heads, is fixed by special acts of the Legis-\\nlature. Usually a special act is passed for each county\\nfixing the salary of its officers. To indicate clearly\\nhow this is done, the act fixing the emoluments and\\nsalary of the officers of Benton county is here quoted\\nin substance:\\nFixes $1,500 as limit of fees and salary of county\\nclerk. Fixes $1,800 as limit to fees and salary of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncircuit clerk. County clerk not allowed to charge\\nfees for services rendered any person having a claim\\nagainst county. Treasurer s salary not to exceed\\n$900. Collector s salary not to exceed $1,000.\\nSheriff s salary not to exceed $1,500. Assessor s\\nsalary not to exceed $800. Assessor may also have\\nsame fees for listing and assessing delinquents as\\nnow provided by law. Out of such sum to pay\\ndeputies and assistants. Excess money to be paid\\ninto general revenue fund of county.\\n62. County Treasurer. The qualified electors\\nof each county elect, for the term of two years, a\\ncounty treasurer, who is ex officio treasurer of the\\npublic-school funds of the county. Before taking\\ncharge of his office he must enter into bond with the\\nState, with good and sufficient security, in a sum\\none-fourth greater than all the county revenues that\\nmay come into his hands in any one year.\\nHe may appoint one deputy, for whose official con-\\nduct he is held responsible. This deputy possesses\\nall the powers of his principal.\\n63. Duties. As his name implies, he is custodian\\nof the people s money. By order of court, he dis-\\nburses, or pays out, the money belonging to the\\ncounty. On presentation of directors warrants, he\\npays out such public-school money as may belong\\nto each district of the county. He can pay out no\\nmore money to defray the expenses of any one dis-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 45\\ntrict than the amount apportioned to it, although\\nthere be vet plenty of money in the treasury. On\\nthe first Monday in July he must make, also, an\\nannual settlement with the county court, setting\\nforth the receipts, disbursements, and the amount\\non hand of all moneys having come into his hands\\nduring the year.\\n64. Compensation. The county treasurer, in all\\ncases where the amount received does not exceed\\n$1,000 in any one year, receives four per cent, and\\non all sums over $1,000 he receives only two per cent.\\nHe is also allowed, as commission on the aggregate\\namount of all the school funds of the county com-\\ning into his hands in any one year, the rate of two\\nper cent, and no more: provided, that if any county\\ntreasurer shall have taken commission from any par-\\nticular school fund, the same fund shall not be sub-\\nject to commission in the hands of his successor in\\noffice.\\n65. Assessor. At the general election, in the\\nyear 1884, and in every second year thereafter, the\\nqualified electors of each county shall elect an as-\\nsessor for the term of two years. He shall enter into\\nbond in a sum. not less than $1,000 nor more than\\n$8,000, for the faithful discharge of his duty. He\\nshall take and subscribe the oath prescribed in the\\nconstitution (Art. 42, this work), and in addition\\nthereto another oath provided especially for his office.\\n(Sec. 6481, S. H.)", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 A PB ACTIO AL TREATISE OX THE\\n66. Duties. The assessor goes to each voting\\nplace in his county and there remains no less than\\none day where the voting population is less than\\nseventy-five, two days where it is seventy-five and\\nnot more than one hundred and twenty-five, three\\ndays where it is more than one hundred and twenty-\\nfive, and ten days at the county seat, and ascertains\\nas nearly as possible while there the exact valuation\\nof the property, both personal and real, and the per\\ncap ita tax he keeps a list of all delinquent tax payers,\\nand is required to make a return of all taxable prop-\\nerty to the county clerk. He also meets with the\\nBoard of Equalization, having with him a complete\\nlist of the assessed property of the county.\\nHe may appoint such deputies to assist him as\\nwill be necessary to complete his work in the time\\nfixed by law.\\n67. Compensation. One-half of the compensa-\\ntion of each assessor is paid by the State and one-\\nhalf by the county. For each name listed he is al-\\nlowed twenty cents. Ail the property belonging to\\none individual is counted as one name. For each list\\nof real property the owner of which is unknown, or\\na non-resident, he is allowed one dollar. (Sees. 6485-\\nS6, S. H)\\n68. Kinds of Property. There are two kinds of\\nproperty, Personal and Eeal Estate. Personal prop-\\nerty consists of such things as are movable, or in-\\ntended to be moved, and may be taken by the owner", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 47\\nwherever he goes that is, may attend his person,\\nas household goods, farm implements, and stock. Eeal\\nestate consists of such property as cannot be, or is\\nnot intended to be, moved, and includes land with\\nwhatever is erected upon it, as fences and houses.\\nTimber growing is real estate; but when cut and made\\ninto cord wood, fence posts, or lumber, it is held to\\nbe personal property. In some cases it is rather hard\\no discriminate.\\n69. Assessment. Personal property is assessed\\nevery year and real estate every two years. This is\\ndone because personal property is continually chang-\\ning and is not so nearly permanent in regard to owner-\\nship as is real estate. The assessor furnishes the\\nproperty owner a blank especially prepared for the\\npurpose of listing property. The owner, after the\\nlist has been carefully made out setting forth the\\nvarious kinds of property as horses, hogs, cattle,\\nsheep, wagons, farm implements, household goods,\\nmoneys, mortgages, merchandise, etc., and descrip-\\ntion of real estate, if any, and the value thereof\\nreturns it to the assessor. If any one so desires\\nit, the assessor will assist in making up this list and\\nfixing the value of each kind of property. The law\\nrequires the assessor to ascertain as nearly as possi-\\nble the cash value of property and whether or not it\\nhas all been listed. He is also required to make a\\nlist of all who fail to assess their property, hunt\\nthem up, assess their property, and impose a penalty\\nfor his extra trouble.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE ON THE\\n70. Surveyor. The qualified electors of each\\ncounty elect a county surveyor for the term of two\\nyears. He must enter into bond with the State in a\\nsum not less than $1,000 nor more than $6,000 for\\nthe faithful performance of his duty. He receives\\n$5 for each day he may be engaged, either under\\norder of court or otherwise, and collect such fees for\\nhis services as are now fixed by law.\\n71. Duties. He executes all orders to him di-\\nrected by any court of records, for surveying or re-\\nsurveying any tract of land the title of which is in\\nlitigation; he is also required to survey roads for\\ncounty purposes, to establish or re-establish county\\nlines, and to survey or measure any piece of land\\nthe boundary or quantity of which may be in dispute.\\nA certified copy of his records is admitted as prima\\nfacie evidence in any court of records. All surveys\\nmade by him must conform to the original United\\nStates Land Surveys.\\nHe has power to appoint deputies who, under the\\nsame oath, may make legal surveys just as the county\\nsurveyor himself.\\n72. Requisites. He must furnish himself with\\na compass of approved construction, a two-pole chain\\nof fifty links, and a well-bound book in which records\\nof surveys are to be recorded. Before making a\\nsurvey he must correct his compass according to the\\nvariation of the needle, must have bearings, in de-\\ngrees, of lines to be established and place of begin-\\nning.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 49\\n73. Coroner. The qualified electors of eacli\\ncounty elect a coroner for the term of two years.\\nHe shall enter into bond in a sum not less than\\n$5,000. He takes the oath of office given in Art.\\n42. He is really a judicial officer; however, it is\\nmore convenient to discuss the subject here.\\n74. Duties. He shall be a conservator of the\\npeace, and shall quell all affrays, riots, and assaults\\nand batteries. If the dead body of any person be\\nfound and the circumstances of the death be un-\\nknown, information shall immediately be given the\\ncoroner of the county, and also if any person dies\\nand the circumstances of his death indicate that he\\nhas been foully dealt with, the information shall\\nforthwith be furnished to the coroner. On the re-\\nceipt of such information the coroner shall summons,\\nwithout delay, not less than twelve nor more than\\ntwenty-three persons of his county, qualified to serve\\nas jurors, to appear at the place where the body lies,\\nand if twelve do not appear, he shall summons others\\nuntil that number appears. He shall then adminis-\\nter an oath prescribed by law to the above requisite\\nnumber, and shall proceed to ascertain as nearly as\\npossible the truth concerning the death of the indi-\\nvidual. He may do this in any way possible as in\\nany other trial by jury, as summoning persons who\\nmay be suspected to be concerned in or may know\\nsomething concerning the death. If the jury brings\\nin a verdict of death by foul means, and all the evi-\\n4", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OK THE\\nclence seems to substantiate the fact that some par-\\nticular individual committed the deed, the coroner\\nmust have such person arrested and held for further\\ntrial. This is one of the primary objects of the in-\\nquest, and to ascertain whether or not it be neces-\\nsary to take further steps to bring the criminal to\\njustice.\\nWhen the sheriff commits some unlawful deed, or\\nis suspected of it and is brought to trial for the same,\\nthe coroner performs all the duties of the sheriff\\nuntil he is restored to office, or, if removed, until\\nthe Governor appoints another.\\n75. Compensation. He receives no fixed salary\\nfor his services, but collects such fees as are fixed by\\nlaw, the maximum being $3 for holding an inquest\\nover a dead body.\\n76. County Examiner. The county judge of\\neach county, at the first term of court after each\\ngeneral election, appoints, in each county not divided\\ninto two judicial districts, one county examiner, and\\nin each county divided into two districts, may appoint\\none county examiner for each district, such examiner\\nto be of high moral character and scholastic attain-\\nments. The person appointed receives a commission\\nissued by the county clerk, who also notifies the State\\nSuperintendent of such appointment.\\nBefore entering upon the discharge of his duty\\nhe takes and subscribes the oath of office prescribed\\nin Art. 42; he is also examined to procure examiner s", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 51\\nlicense. The State Superintendent attends in person\\nor appoints some one to conduct this examination.\\n77. Salary. Each person, before being admitted\\nto examination, must get a receipt from the county\\ntreasurer for $2. This goes to the credit of the school\\nfund. The county judge may allow the county ex-\\naminer all or such a. part of such receipts as in his\\nopinion seems to be just compensation. He is not\\npermitted to allow the examiner more than is re-\\nceived from the applicants for examination.\\n78. Duties. He is required by law to distribute\\nto school directors the poll books prepared and sent\\nout by the State Superintendent for annual elections;\\nto examine and license teachers of common schools;\\nto hold for that purpose, at the county seat, a public\\nexamination on the third Thursday and Friday of\\nMarch, June, September, and December; to give\\nnotice of such examination at least twenty days be-\\nforehand, to examine on the following branches of\\nstudy: Orthography, Eeading, Penmanship, Mental\\nand Written Arithmetic, English Grammar, Physi-\\nology, and Hygiene, United States History, Modern\\nGeography, United States System of Land Survey,\\nand Theory and Practice of Teaching; to keep a\\nrecord of the name, age, sex, post-office address, nativ-\\nity, and date and grade of certificate of each teacher\\nlicensed; and to make, on or before the 20th of Sep-\\ntember, annually, a report concerning the schools of\\nthe county. He issues three grades of certificates", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 A PEACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nFirst second, and third grades. The first grade is\\ngood in the county where issned for two years; the\\nsecond, for one year; and the third, for six months.\\nArithmetic, Orthography, and English Grammar are\\ncalled Standard Branches. A grade of eighty-five\\nper cent, on each of these, with a general average of\\neighty-five on all of the branches, is the minimum for\\na first-grade certificate; a grade of seventy-five per\\ncent, on each of the standard branches, with a general\\naverage of seventy-five per cent, on all of them, is\\nthe minimum for a second grade; and a grade of\\nsixty-five per cent, on the standard branches, with a\\ngeneral average on all of them, is the minimum for a\\nthird grade.\\nThe county examiner is not county superintendent\\nof schools. There is no such thing at present, It\\nhas been advocated for some time that this office\\nshould be created and the county examiner s office\\nmerged into it, The county examiner is expected,\\nhowever, to look after the schools as much as possi-\\nble, and to encourage the people in bringing their\\nschools up to a high standard.\\nTAXES.\\n-:f\\n79. Equalization Board. The Board of Equali-\\nzation of each county is composed as follows: Three\\nWe, as people of Arkansas, are taxed as follows:\\n1. The State levies a tax upon the assessed value of both\\nthe personal property and real estate of each county. It", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 53\\nintelligent citizens, real-estate owners and qualified\\nelectors of such county, are appointed every two years\\nby the Governor on or before the first day of August.\\nThe said three citizens are selected from different parts\\nof the county, and hold their office for the term of\\ntwo years. Counties of the State having two judicial\\ndistricts have a Board of Equalization for each dis-\\ntrict, when it is so recommended by the county court.\\nThis board meets in each county on the second Mon-\\nday in September of each year. If there be two judi-\\ncial districts the board no^in the district where the\\nlevying court meets shall meet on the first Monday\\nin September at the place for holding the court of\\nthat district.\\nThe members of the board, on meeting, proceed to\\nis usually about 4 mills on the dollar. The tax collector\\n(Arts. 57 and 60) of each county is notified of this rate,\\nand, at the regular time for collecting the county taxes,\\ncollects the State tax;\\n2. The law requires the collector to collect also a 2-mills\\ntax for public-school purposes;\\n3. The levying court levies a tax upon all property for\\nthe general expenses of the county. This tax is usually\\n4 or 5 mills;\\n4. Each school district may vote a tax of 5 mills for the\\nsupport of the public school of the district;\\n5. Each qualified voter must pay a poll tax of $1 each\\nyear for the support of the public schools of the State; and\\n6. If we live in an incorporated town or city, we have to\\npay such taxes as the city council may levy upon us for\\nthe support of the institutions of the town or city.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 A PR ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\norganize by electing one of their members president.\\nThe county clerk is clerk of the board. Each mem-\\nber takes the oath given in Art. 42. The sum of\\n$3 per day for each day engaged in the discharge\\nof their duties is paid to each member. If a vacancy\\nshould occur in the board, the Governor appoints\\nanother.\\n8o. Duties. The specific duties of the Board of\\nEqualization are, to equalize the valuation of all per-\\nsonal property by adding to or taking from its value,\\nas returned by the assessor, according as too low or\\ntoo high an estimate has been placed upon it, to hear\\nall complaints concerning the assessed value of prop-\\nerty, and to add to the assessed property such items\\nas may have been omitted, or to drop such as may not\\nbelong. In order to do this properly, it is the duty\\nof the assessor to be present with his books containing\\nthe property assessed by him.\\n8i. Real Estate. The County Board of Equali-\\nzation meets on the second Monday in September\\nonly once every two years for the purpose of equal-\\nizing the valuation of real estate. As in the case of\\npersonal property, it is their duty to add to or take\\nfrom the valuation of real estate as assessed by the\\nassessor. It is the duty of the county clerk to be\\npresent with the returns of all property as assessed\\nby the assessor. The primary object of this work\\nis that just and equal valuation may be placed upon\\nall property, thus causing each individual to bear", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 55\\nhis part of the tax, or expense, of the government.\\nAny person may appear before this court and show\\nthat too high an estimate has been placed on his\\nproperty. If aggrieved by the action of the board,\\nhe may take an appeal to the county court and after-\\nward to a higher court.\\n82. Levying Courts. The county judge, with a\\nmajority of the justices of the peace, constitute a\\ncourt for levying the taxes and making appropria-\\ntions for the expenses of the county. They meet\\nannually at the court-house in their respective coun-\\nties, or districts, on the first Monday in October.\\nThe county judge is presiding officer and the clerk\\nof the county conrt is clerk of the levying court.\\nThey proceed to business in the following manner:\\nFirst, The clerk of the county court submits a\\nfull written report and statement of the financial\\ncondition of the county, showing amount of revenues\\nreceived in the preceding twelve months, sources,\\nappropriations of previous courts, amount drawn,\\nthe balance or deficit that there may be, and the tax-\\nable property as shown by the assessor s book.\\nSecond. The sheriff submits a written report of\\nall taxes collected, the kind of funds, the disposition\\nmade of it, and the amount of license collected by\\nhim, and the number of prisoners and the expense\\nof keeping.\\nThird. The treasurer of the county submits a writ-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nten report of all funds received by him from whom\\nand on what account.\\nFourth. The county judge submits a written re-\\nport setting forth the condition of public roads,\\nbridges, condition of the public property of the\\ncounty, and all other matters of public concern from\\na financial standpoint.\\nFifth. The levying court proceeds to make the\\nappropriations in the following order:\\n1. To defray the lawful expenses of the several\\ncourts of record of the county or district and the law-\\nful expenses of criminal proceedings in magistrates\\ncourts, stating the expenses of each of said courts\\nseparately.\\n2. To defray the expenses of keeping persons\\naccused or convicted of crime in the county jail.\\n3. To defray the expenses of making the assess-\\nment and tax-books and collecting taxes on real and\\npersonal property.\\n4. To defray the lawful expense of public records\\nof the county or district.\\n5. To defray the expense of keeping paupers of\\nthe county or district.\\n6. To defray the expense of building and repair-\\ning public roads and bridges and repairing and tak-\\ning care of public property.\\n7. To defray such other expenses of county gov-\\nernment as are allowed by the laws of this State.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 57\\n8. After the appropriations shall have been made,\\nthe court shall then levy the county, municipal, and\\nschool taxes for the current year.\\n83. Restrictions. The court specifies the amount\\nof appropriations in dollars and cents for each pur-\\npose. The amount of appropriations for any one year\\nmust not exceed ninety per cent, of taxes levied for\\nthat year. All warrants must specify the appropria-\\ntion upon which they are drawn.\\nThe justices of the peace who hold or assist the\\ncounty judge in holding the terms of the county\\ncourts in their respective counties in levying county\\ntaxes, and in making appropriations for the expenses\\nof the county, are entitled each to $3 per day, paya-\\nble out of the county treasury.\\nIf it were the province of this book, I would say\\nhere that this plan should be changed. A number\\nof counties have as many as sixty justices of the\\npeace. For $3 per day they are generally all present\\nwhen the levying court convenes. The cost of a three\\ndays term of court according to the above is $540.\\nThis work could be performed by five men as well as\\nby sixty or any other number.\\nCOUNTY BUILDINGS.\\n84. Court-House and Jail. There shall be\\nerected in each county, at the established seat of jus-\\ntice, a good and sufficient court-house and jail, and", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OK THE\\nas soon as the court-house and jail shall be erected\\nand the circumstances of the county will permit, there\\nshall also be erected a fire-proof building at some con-\\nvenient place near the court-house, in which shall be\\nkept the offices of the recorder and the clerks of the\\nseveral courts held in the county.\\nWhen it has been decided that any of the above\\nbuildings shall be erected or any such improvements\\nmade, it is the duty of the county judge to appoint\\na commissioner of building, who shall take the plans\\nand specifications, and, after the matter has been\\nsufficiently advertised, let the contract to the lowest\\nbidder, who shall enter into bond with sufficient se-\\ncurity for the faithful performance of the duties set\\nforth in the contract.\\nThe commissioner shall receive such pay for his\\nservices as the county judge may deem reasonable.\\n85. Poorhouse. Each county court, or judge,\\nshall have power, when it is thought expedient, to\\nestablish a poorhouse, and for that purpose to appoint\\nthree persons to act as commissioners, whose duty\\nit shall be to select a proper site for the same, pur-\\nchase such quantity of ground as may be directed,\\nand cause such buildings to be erected as may be\\nthought necessary. These commissioners, before en-\\ntering upon the discharge of their duty, shall take an\\noath for the faithful and honest discharge thereof.\\nAfter the poorhouse has been completed, the\\ncounty judge, for the smallest sum, shall let it out,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 59\\nannually, to such competent person as will take charge\\nof the same, reside therein, feed, clothe, and fur-\\nnish the necessary medicine and medical attendance\\nto all inmates. Such person shall give bond with\\ngood security for the faithful discharge of the above\\nduties. It has been made the duty of every county\\nto relieve, maintain, and support the poor, sick, lame,\\nblind, and others who are unable to help themselves.\\n86. House of Correction. If the tax payers of\\neach township and enough to make a majority of all\\ntax payers of the county so petition it, the county\\njudge shall purchase a farm or a tract of land within\\nthe county and provide for the erection of a house of\\ncorrection. He shall let the contract to the lowest\\nbidder, as in the case with the poorhouse.\\nAll persons convicted of petit larceny, or any\\ncrime such as to imprison them in the county jail,\\nshall be sent to the house of correction. The county\\njudge shall appoint a superintendent, who shall re-\\nceive such compensation as the judge may deem\\nreasonable. The house of correction shall be under\\nsuch discipline and management as the superintendent\\nand the county judge may prescribe from time to\\ntime. The general management as to work, pro-\\nducts, expense, and deficits has been fixed by law.\\n87. Commissions. All officers of the county, ex-\\ncept county examiner and constable, are commissioned\\nby the Governor.\\n88. Vacancies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (See Art. 38.)", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS,\\n1. Give origin of the county. 2. From what word is it\\nderived? 3. How were counties first formed? 4. How has\\nthe plan been reversed? 5. What is the minimum area\\nand number of inhabitants that a county may have?\\n6. What counties are excepted? 7. What must be done\\nbefore a part of a county may be cut off? 8. What before\\na county seat can be located or changed? 9. How many\\ncounties in Arkansas when admitted into the Union? 10. Is\\nyour county one? 11. Give the oath of office. 12. Is there\\na Legislative Department in the county? 13. Give the two\\ndepartments. 14. How long does the county judge serve?\\n15. What other duty has he besides that of county judge?\\n16. Give his qualifications. 17. Over what affairs of the\\ncounty has he jurisdiction? 18. What does he do as pro-\\nbate judge? 19. Give his general duties. 20. When does\\nthe county court convene in your county? 21. How often\\ndoes the probate court meet? 22. Give salary of the county\\njudge. 23. Name the county executive officers. 24. Is the\\ncoroner an executive officer? (See Art. 73.) 25. How long\\ndoes the county and circuit clerk serve? 26. What are the\\nduties of the clerk when only one is elected in the county?\\n27. In what counties may a county clerk be elected? 28. Are\\nthere two clerks in your county? 29. If so, give their names.\\n30. Give the duties of the circuit clerk. 31. Give bond of\\nboth the circuit and the county clerk. 32. Give duties of\\ncounty clerk. 33. How long does the sheriff hold office?\\n34. What other office does he hold? 35. May any county\\nelect both a sheriff and a collector? 36. Give the sheriff s\\nbond. 37. Who is the sheriff of your county? 38. Is there\\na separate collector? 39. Give duties of sheriff and col-\\nlector. 40. May he appoint a deputy? 41. How is the\\nsalary of county officers fixed? 42. How long does the\\ntreasurer serve? 43. Who collects school funds? 44. Give\\nduties and bond of treasurer. 45. What compensation does", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 61\\nhe receive? 46. How long does the assessor serve? 47. What\\nis his bond? 48. Give duties and compensation of assessor.\\n49. Explain the two kinds of property and give example of\\neach. 50. How does the assessor proceed to assess property?\\n51. Give bond of surveyor and his duties. 52. What are the\\nrequisites before proceeding to make a survey? 53. Give\\nterm of office and bond of the coroner. 54. Explain care-\\nfully his duties and how he proceeds to hold an inquest.\\n55. Under what circumstances does he take the sheriff s\\nplace? 56. What compensation does he receive? 57. Is the\\ncounty examiner elected? 58. How long does he hold\\noffice? 59. How many in each county? 60. Give his duties.\\n61. Give branches of study required to be taught in the\\npublic schools. 62. Give grades of certificates and require-\\nments for each. 63. How is the Board of Equalization\\ncomposed? 64. What is the object of it? 65. Give time of\\nmeeting. 66. What compensation do its members receive?\\n67. Explain carefully the object of the levying court.\\n68. How do they proceed to business? 69. What compensa-\\ntion do its members receive? 70. Do you think our levying\\ncourt is the best and cheapest plan? 71. Give the require-\\nments in regard to the court-house and jail. 72. What pro-\\nvisions are made relative to a poorhouse, and who has\\ncharge of it? 73. What is the object of the house of cor-\\nrection? 74. How is it managed? 75. What officers of the\\ncounty and township are commissioned by the Governor?\\n76. How are vacancies filled? 77. What does the word\\nex officio mean? 78. Give its use and meaning in civil\\ngovernment. 79. How many ex officio officers are there in\\nyour county, and give them?", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCHAPTER V.\\n^he Stale.\\n89. Introductory. The State possesses the three\\nfunctions of government: First, Legislative Depart-\\nment, to make all laws; second, Judicial Depart-\\nment, to apply the laws; and third, Executive\\nDepartment, to enforce them. Our State gov-\\nernment in form is republican that is, a form\\nof government in which all affairs are administered\\nnot by each individual present in person, but by rep-\\nresentatives of the people. It is just as true with our\\nState government as with the national, that our gov-\\nernment is of the people, by the people, and for the\\npeople. A government used for any purpose other\\nthan to serve the best interests of the people as a\\nbody and to serve as a means of protection to them,\\nwhile performing life s duties, is a failure, and should\\nhave been crushed in its very incipiency. All gov-\\nernment should be the servant of man. That govern-\\nment which approaches most nearly to a complete ser-\\nvitude of man is the highest and best form of govern-\\nment.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 63\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n90. The Legislative Power of this State is vested\\nin a General Assembly, which consists of the Senate\\nand House of Representatives, Ever since the days\\nof the conscript fathers of Rome the idea of dou-\\nble legislation has existed. It is based on the prin-\\nciple that hasty or unwise legislation by one body will\\nbe checked or greatly modified by the other.\\n91. Time of Meeting. The General Assembly\\nmeets at the seat of government every two years, on\\nthe second Monday in January, at 12 o clock M.,\\nand continues in session sixty days. It may, by a\\nvote of two-thirds of the members elected to each\\nhouse of the General Assembly, extend the time. It\\nis usually extended from ten to thirty days. It meets\\nin each odd year, as 1895, 1897, 1899.\\n92. House of Representatives. The House of\\nRepresentatives consists of members chosen every\\ntwo years by the qualified electors of the several\\ncounties. ~No one shall be a representative who, at\\nthe time of his election, is not at least twenty-one\\nyears old, is not a citizen of the United States, and\\nwho has not been for two years next preceding his\\nelection a resident of the State, and for one year a\\nresident of the county. Should a vacancy occur in\\nany county s representation, the Governor appoints\\nsome one to fill such vacancy. (Art. 38.)", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n93. Apportionment of Representatives. The\\nconstitution provides that no House shall ever be com-\\nposed of less than seventy-three nor more than one\\nhundred representatives. There are one hundred\\nmembers in the House at present, apportioned among\\nthe several counties as follows:\\n1. Counties having one representative: Arkansas,\\nGrant, Howard, Izard, Lafayette, Little River,\\nMarion, Mississippi, Ashley, Baxter, Bradley, Boone,\\nCarroll, Calhoun, Cleburne, Chicot, Clay, Craighead,\\nCleveland, Crittenden, Cross, Dallas, Desha, Drew,\\nFaulkner, Fulton, Greene, Hot Springs, Jackson,\\nJohnson, Lawrence, Lincoln, Madison, Miller, Mon-\\nroe, Montgomery, Newton, Perry, Pike, Polk,\\nPrairie, Randolph, Scott, Sharp, Stone, Van Buren,\\nNevada, Ouachita, Poinsett, Saline, Searcy, Sevier,\\nSt. Francis, Union, and Woodruff.\\n2. Counties having two representatives: Crawford,\\nConway, Hempstead, Lee, Lonoke, Benton, Clark,\\nColumbia, Franklin, Garland, Independence, Logan,\\nWhite, Phillips, Pope, and Yell.\\n3. Counties having three representatives Jefferson,\\nSebastian, and Washington.\\n4. Pulaski is the only county having as many as\\nfour representatives.\\n94. Salary of Members. The members of the\\nGeneral Assembly, representatives and senators, re-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 65\\nceive for their services the sum of six dollars per day,\\nfrom the convening of the General Assembly until\\nthe final adjournment, and ten cents per mile for each\\nmile traveled in going to and returning from the\\nseat of government, over the most direct route.\\nOFFICERS OF THE HOUSE.\\n95. The Speaker is chosen from the members of\\nthe House at the beginning of each session. The\\nclerk of the House of the preceding session of the\\nAssembly calls the House to order and presides until\\nthe speaker is elected and sworn in. The speaker\\nreceives $8 per day while presiding over the House.\\nHe is the second officer in the State in influence\\nand power. He presides over the House, directs all\\nbusiness of legislation, preserves order and the dig-\\nnity of the House, and decides such points of order\\nas may be necessary. As almost all of the work of\\nthe Legislature, especially in making laws, is done\\nor greatly matured by committees which are appointed\\nby the speaker, his position is one of great importance\\nand influence. Since he appoints so many com-\\nmittees, he can greatly shape legislation. He is\\ncalled speaker because he speaks or declares the will\\nof the House.\\n96. The Clerk of the House is elected by the\\nrepresentatives. With his clerical force, he performs\\nall the duties required by the House, as the engross-\\n5", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "6Q A PEACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\ning and enrolling of all bills. The law requires that\\nall bills must be entered on the records in a plain and\\nlegible hand. For his services he receives $6 per day.\\nThere are three assistant clerks, each of whom re-\\nceives $5 per day and are elected by the representa-\\ntives.\\n97. The Journal Clerk. The constitution re-\\nquires each house to keep a journal of its proceed-\\nings; and from time to time to publish the same,\\nexcept such parts as require secrecy; and the yeas and\\nnays on any question, at the request of any five mem-\\nbers, to be entered on the journal with the name of\\nthe individual so voting. The House elects one\\njournal clerk and one assistant to perform this duty,\\neach of whom receives $5 per day.\\n98. The Chaplain of the House opens the daily\\nsessions with prayer. He is elected by the House and\\nreceives $5 per day for his services.\\n99. The Sergeant-at-Arms is elected by the\\nHouse. He has one assistant. They each receive $4\\nper day. The assistant sergeant-at-arms performs the\\nduty of doorkeeper and postmaster of the House.\\nThe sergeant-at-arms is the ministerial and police\\nofficer of the House. He is to the House what the\\nsheriff is to the courts. Under the directions of the\\nspeaker, he preserves order and executes all processes\\nissued by the House or any of its committees. In case\\nof disorder, the sergeant-at-arms, at the request of the\\nspeaker, bears through the House the mace, a staff", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 67\\nupon which an eagle is perched. This is intended to\\nsignify that if order be not restored the disturbing\\nparty will be forced to order by arrest.\\n100, The Pages. The House elects as many\\npages as are deemed necessary. Pages are persons,\\nusually boys, chosen to wait upon a congress or a legis-\\nlature, as running errands. They receive $2.50 per\\nday. There are six pages in the House at present,\\nselected and elected in the following manner: All of\\nthe representatives of each congressional district meet\\nand decide upon some boy in their congressional dis-\\ntrict whom they think to be suitable to fill the office\\nof page. The six boys of the several congressional\\ndistricts are then nominated and elected by the House.\\nThe speaker usually just appoints the boys who are\\nnominated by the representatives of the several dis-\\ntricts, instead of going through a formal election.\\n101. Senate. The Senate is composed of mem-\\nbers chosen every four years by the qualified elec-\\ntors of the senatorial districts of the State as shown\\nin Art. 102. No person shall be a senator who, at\\nthe time of his election, is not at least twenty-five\\nyears of age, is not a citizen of the United States,\\nand who has not been for two years next preceding\\nhis election a citizen of the State and one year a citi-\\nzen of the district where he may be chosen. Should\\na vacancy occur in the Senate, the Governor appoints\\nsome one to fill such vacancy. (Art. 38.)\\nThe Senate is now composed of thirty-two mem-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nbers, one elected from each senatorial district except\\nthe Tenth, the one in which Little Kock is located.\\nFrom this one, two are elected. The constitutional\\nprovision is, that no Senate shall ever be composed\\nof less than thirty nor more than thirty-five mem-\\nbers.\\n102. Senatorial Districts. The State is divided\\ninto thirty-one Senatorial districts, composed, respec-\\ntively, of the following counties:\\nFirst Greene, Craighead, Clay.\\nSecond Randolph, Lawrence, Sharp.\\nThird Carroll, Boone, Newton.\\nFourth Johnson, Pope.\\nFifth Washington.\\nSixth Independence, Stone.\\nSeventh Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross, Crittenden.\\nEighth Yell, Logan.\\nNinth Saline, Hot Springs, Grant.\\nTenth Pulaski, Perry.\\nEleventh Jefferson.\\nTwelfth Lonoke, Prairie.\\nThirteenth Arkansas, Monroe.\\nFourteenth Phillips, Lee.\\nFifteenth Desha, Chicot.\\nSixteenth Lincoln, Cleveland, Dallas.\\nSeventeenth Drew, Ashley.\\nEighteenth Bradley, Union.\\nNineteenth Calhoun, Ouachita.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 69\\nTwentieth Hempstead, Nevada.\\nTwenty-first Columbia, Lafayette, Miller.\\nTwenty-second Little River, Sevier, Howard,\\nPolk.\\nTwenty-third Fulton, Izard, Marion, Baxter.\\nTwenty-fourth Benton, Madison.\\nTwenty-fifth Crawford, Franklin.\\nTwenty-sixth Van Buren, Conway, Searcy, Cle-\\nburne.\\nTwenty-seventh White, Faulkner.\\nTwenty-eighth Sebastian, Scott.\\nTwenty-ninth Poinsett, Jackson, Mississippi.\\nThirtieth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clark, Pike.\\nThirty-first Garland, Montgomery.\\nThe Legislature has power to alter the above dis-\\ntricts or to form new ones. Senatorial districts con-\\nsist of contiguous territory, and no county is or shall\\nbe divided in the formation of a district,\\nOFFICERS OF THE SENATE.\\n103. President Pro Tern. The Senate is said to\\nbe a continuous body that is, organized and ready\\nfor business at all times. This is true only in a lim-\\nited sense. Since the State has no one elected as a\\nspecial lieutenant-governor, and since the constitu-\\ntion provides that the president of the Senate shall\\nbecome Governor of the State in case of death, resig-\\nnation, or removal of the Governor, it is therefore", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 A PRACTICAL TKEATISE OX THE\\nnecessary that there be a president of the Senate at\\nall times. To meet this constitutional requirement,\\nthe Senate, just before adjourning, elects a president\\npro tempore (pro tern.), who holds his office until the\\nconvening of the next session of the General Assem-\\nbly. He never presides over the Senate only in so\\nfar as is necessary to elect a president for that par-\\nticular session of the Senate. Furthermore, it has\\nbeen so arranged that the terms of office of all the\\nsenators do not expire at the same time, thus at all\\ntimes a part of the Senate is experienced, sworn in\\nand ready for duty.\\n104. President. The president of the Senate is\\nchosen from the members of the Senate. He pre-\\nsides over the Senate, directs the business, and pre-\\nserves order. In case of death, resignation, or removal\\nof the Governor, he becomes Governor of the State.\\nHe receives $8 per day while presiding over the\\nSenate.\\nS05. Other Officers. The Senate proceeds to\\nelect the following officers in the same manner as did\\nthe House, with the same corresponding duties as\\nin Arts. 95-100: One secretary, who receives $6 per\\nday; one journal clerk and two assistant secretaries,\\nwho receive $5 per day; one chaplain, who receives\\n$5 per day: one sergeaiit-at-arms and one assistant,\\neach of whom receive $4 per day; four pages (at\\npresent), each of whom receives $2.50 per day; and\\none janitor, who receives $3 per day.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 71\\nORGANIZATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY.\\nRemark. This article and the one following are\\nplaced here for reference on points of organization;\\nalthough it should not be entirely omitted at any\\ntime, as many valuable points are found here not\\ngiven elsewhere.\\n106. The House. In order that the organiza-\\ntion of both the House and the Senate may be thor-\\noughly understood, we give in substance an extract\\nfrom the journal of the House and also from the\\njournal of the Senate showing the steps taken in the\\norganization of one of the past General Assemblies:\\nPromptly at 12 o clock M. on the second Mon-\\nday in January, the clerk of the last session of the\\nlower house of the General Assembly called the\\nHouse to order. On motion, a temporary speaker was\\nchosen and a committee appointed to conduct him to\\nthe chair. The clerk then read the certificate of\\nelection of members from the Secretary of State.\\nAll of the members named in the above certificate of\\nelection went forward, four by four, and took and\\nsubscribed the oath of office, administered by the\\nChief Justice of the Supreme Court, and took their\\nseats as members from their respective counties. On\\nmotion, the House proceeded to elect a speaker. Nomi-\\nnations being in order, seven persons were named.\\nThe clerk called the roll and the members continued", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nto vote until one nominee had a majority of all votes\\ncast, whereupon he was declared duly elected speaker\\nof the House of Representatives for the present ses-\\nsion. A committee was appointed to conduct him to\\nthe chair. The speaker-elect took the oath of office,\\nadministered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt, returned thanks for the honor, and entered\\nupon the discharge of his duty. The speaker an-\\nnounced that nominations were in order for clerk.\\nFive persons were named. The roll was called and\\nthe vote taken and so continued until one person had\\na majority of all votes cast, whereupon he was de-\\nclared clerk of the House. Going forward he took\\nand subscribed the oath of office, administered by\\nthe Chief Justice, and entered upon the discharge of\\nhis duty. Nominations being in order now for the\\nelection of sergeant-at-arms, four persons were named.\\nAs above, they continued to vote until one person\\nhad a majority of all votes cast. He was declared\\nduly elected sergeant-at-arms. He went forward,\\ntook and subscribed the oath of office, administered\\nby the same Chief Justice, and entered upon the dis-\\ncharge of his duties. Nominations being in order,\\nsix persons were named for chaplain. They continued\\nto vote until one person had a majority of all votes\\ncast. The chaplain takes no oath of office.\\nIn like manner as above the House continued to\\nelect the assistant sergeant-at-arms, journal clerk and", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 73\\nhis assistant, and three assistant clerks, all of whom\\nwent forward as soon as possible and took and sub-\\nscribed the oath of office. The janitor and the pages\\nwere also elected in the same manner, but did not\\ntake the oath of office. They are never required to\\ntake the oath of office unless a more important duty\\nbe entrusted to them as, for example, having to act\\nas postmaster.\\nOn motion, at 4:55 P. M., the House adjourned\\nuntil 9:30 A. M. the following day.\\nAt 9:30 the House was called to order by the\\nspeaker, the roll was called, three members were ex-\\ncused for absence on the previous day, devotional\\nexercises were conducted by the chaplain, and the\\njournal was read and corrected. A committee of three\\nwas appointed by the speaker to notify the Senate\\nof the organization of the House. Immediately a\\nmessage w T as announced from the Senate. Where-\\nupon the messenger appeared within the bar of the\\nHouse and informed the body that the Senate was or-\\nganized and ready for business. A committee of three\\nwas appointed from the House to accompany a com-\\nmittee of three from the Senate to inform the Gov-\\nernor of the organization of the two houses and that\\nthe General Assembly was ready to receive any com-\\nmunication he might see proper to make. The speaker\\nannounced the standing committees for the present\\nsession of the Legislature. (Art, 117.) The Senate", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nmet the House in joint session to receive the Gover-\\nnor s message. A messenger being announced and\\nadmitted, the Governor s private secretary appeared\\nwithin the bar of the House and read the message.\\nAs is required by law, both houses met again in joint\\nsession for the purpose of counting the ballots for State\\nofficers.\\nSuch business as would naturally come up in the\\nLegislature was in order from now until the close\\nof the session. It is to be understood that many\\nother things are considered during the time of\\norganization; but the above are the things necessary\\nto be acted upon at once, and is the plan at present\\nof the general organization.\\n,107. The Senate. At 12 o clock, on the 2d Mon-\\nday of January, the Senate was called to order by the\\npresident of the Senate, who was (and is now) elected\\nat the close of the last session. The roll of members,\\nholding over and newly elected, was called by the sec-\\nretary of the last Senate. The certificate of election,\\nfrom the Secretary of State, of new members was read.\\nAll newly elected members went forward and took\\nand subscribed the oath of office, administered by the\\nAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Senate\\nthen proceeded to the election of officers. The presi-\\ndent, secretary, journal clerk, two assistant secretaries,\\nchaplain, serge ant-at-arms and his assistant, pages and", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 75\\nthe janitor, were nominated, voted for, elected, and\\ntook the oath of ofhce just as they did in the House.\\nA committee was appointed by the president to\\naccompany a committee appointed by the speaker of\\nthe House to inform the Governor of the organiza-\\ntion of the two houses. Another committee also was\\nappointed by the president to inform the House of\\nthe organization of the Senate. Being notified that\\nthe House was ready for their reception, the Senate\\nproceeded to meet the House in joint session to re-\\nceive the Governor s message. In a short time the\\nSenate met the House again in joint session to count\\nthe votes of the State officials. In each case the presi-\\ndent of the Senate called the House to order, and both\\nsessions were held in the hall of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives. The clerk of the Senate called the roll\\nof the senators and the clerk of the House called the\\nroll of the representatives. A quorum was found to\\nbe present. The president of the Senate announced\\nthe purpose of the joint session. When they met in\\njoint session to receive the Governor s message, his\\nprivate secretary appeared within the bar and read the\\nmessage, after which the joint session was dissolved.\\nWhen they met in joint session to count the votes,\\nafter the president of the Senate announced the pur-\\npose of the meeting, the speaker of the House pro-\\nceeded to open and publish the votes cast and given\\nfor the State officers. After the joint session was\\ndissolved and the Senate reassembled, the president", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nof the Senate announced the standing committees for\\nthe present session of the General Assembly. (Art.\\n118.) Such business as would naturally come up was\\nthe order from now until the close.\\nEarly in the session, each branch of the Assembly\\nappoints a committee to draft rules and regulations\\nby which the members are to be governed during the\\nsession. These committees report to their respective\\nhouses and such parts of the reports adopted as are\\ndeemed suitable for their government.\\nSPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE GENERAL\\nASSEMBLY.\\n108. Bill of Rights. The constitution of the State\\nis based upon that of the United States, and in no\\ncase can there be a conflict. The State has ail power\\nexcept the few restrictions thrown around it by the\\nUnited States Constitution. The constitution of the\\nState contains a formal bill of rights. (See Art. 2,\\nconstitution.)\\n109. Amendments. Either house may prepare\\namendments to the constitution, and, if the same be\\nagreed to by a majority of all the members elected to\\neach house, shall publish the amendments in at least\\none newspaper in each county, if there be one, at least\\nsix months immediately preceding the next general\\nelection for senators and representatives, at which time\\nthe same shall be submitted for approval or rejection.\\nIf a majority of the electors favor the amendment it", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 77\\nbecomes a part of the constitution. Not more than\\nthree amendments shall ever be submitted, at any one\\ntime. Five amendments have been made to the\\npresent constitution. The Assembly of 1897 pro-\\nposed two. One is an amendment Authorizing\\nRailroad Commission that is, it gives to the Gen-\\neral Assembly power to pass laws to correct abuses and\\nprevent unjust discrimination and excessive charges\\nby railroads, canals, and turnpike companies for trans-\\nporting freight and passengers; the other is an-amend-\\nment Authorizing County Courts to Levy Road\\nTax that is, it gives to the levying court power to\\nlevy, in addition to the tax already levied, a tax, not\\nexceeding three mills on the dollar, which shall be\\nknown as the County Road Tax. It is to be used\\nfor the purpose of making and repairing the public\\nroads and bridges of the county.\\nThese amendments were submitted to the electors\\nfor approval or disapproval, at the September elec-\\ntion, 1898, and both amendments received a majority\\nvote, and so became amendments to the constitu-\\ntion.\\nThe Legislature of 1899 submitted (March 8th)\\nto the electors of the State another amendment to the\\nconstitution, which will be voted upon at the Sep-\\ntember election in 1900. It provides that Art. 19,\\nSec. 21, remains just as it is, but have the following\\nclause inserted immediately after it: Provided,\\nhowever, that any surety, bonding, or guaranty com-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE ON THE\\npany, organized for the purpose of doing a surety or\\nbonding business, and authorized to do business in\\nthis State, may become surety on the bonds of all\\nState, county, and municipal officers under such\\nregulations as may be prescribed by law.\\nno. Privileges of Members. 1. The members\\nof the General Assembly are, in all cases except\\ntreason, felony, and breach of the peace, privileged\\nfrom arrest during their attendance at the sessions\\nof their respective houses, and in going to and return-\\ning from the same; and for any speech or debate in\\neither house they shall not be questioned in any other\\nplace.\\n2. No senator or representative shall, during the\\nterm for which he shall have been elected, be ap-\\npointed or elected to any civil office under this State.\\nin. Disabilities of Members. ~No person here-\\nafter convicted of embezzlement of public money,\\nbribery, forgery, or other infamous crime, shall be\\neligible to the General Assembly or capable of hold-\\ning any office of trust or profit in this State.\\n182. Powers of the Legislature. 1. The Legis-\\nlature has power to make all laws regulating the gen-\\neral affairs of the State, to pass special acts for partic-\\nular localities not adjusted by general laws, to make\\nall appropriations for the support of the -State insti-\\ntutions, exhibits at fairs, and the payment of the\\nofficers, to create new counties, to adjust the matters of\\ntaxation, and to fix the salary of all county officers,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 79\\n2. It also lias power to compel the attendance of a\\nsufficient number of members to constitute a quorum,\\nwhich is necessary to transact business. A smaller\\nnumber/however, can adjourn from time to time until\\nthe requisite number is obtained. A quorum consists\\nof a majority of all the members elected to each house.\\n113. Powers Forbidden. 1. The privilege of the\\nwrit of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except,\\nby the General Assembly, in case of rebellion, insur-\\nrection, or invasion, when the public safety demands\\nit.\\nHabeas corpus is from two Latin words habeas,\\nthou mayest have, and corpus, the body. Any\\none in prison, claiming to be innocent or unlawfully\\ndetained, or the friend or relative of such a person,\\nmay apply to the judge of a court for a writ of habeas\\ncorpus. This writ directs the officer in charge of such\\nperson to bring the body of the prisoner into court at a\\ncertain time, not for trial but simply to test the legality\\nof the imprisonment. If the person is found innocent,\\nhe is released at once; but if found guilty, he is re-\\nmanded to prison. As a monument to the Magna\\nCharta of A. D. 1215, stands the famous writ of habeas\\ncorpus. Under this writ, the strongest safeguard of\\nour personal liberty, the poorest and humblest are\\nexempt from imprisonment except upon legal grounds.\\n2. No law shall be passed whereby any one can be\\nimprisoned for non-payment of debts except in case of\\nfraud.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 A PEACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n3. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or\\nlaw impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever\\nbe passed; and no conviction shall work corruption\\nof blood or forfeiture of estate. A bill of attainder\\nis an act of a legislature inflicting the penalty of\\ndeath without a regular trial. An ex post facto law\\nis one which fixes a penalty for acts done before the\\npassage of the law, or which increases the penalty of a\\ncrime after it was committed.\\n4. ~No privileges or immunities shall be granted\\nto any citizen or class of citizens which, upon the same\\nterms, do not belong to all.\\nThere are other forbidden powers, but it is not\\nnecessary to mention them here.\\n114. Passage of Bills. ~No law shall be passed\\nexcept by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or\\namended on its passage through either house as to\\nchange its original purpose.\\nThe style of the laws of the State of Arkansas\\nshall be: Be it enacted by the General Assembly\\nof the State of Arkansas. This style is essential\\nto the validity of an act.\\n115. Reading of Bills. Every bill shall be read\\nat length on three different days in each house, un-\\nless the rules be suspended by two-thirds of the house,\\nwhen the same may be read a second or third time\\non the same day and no bill shall become a law unless\\non its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 81\\nthe names of the persons voting for and against the\\nsame be entered on the journal, and a majority of each\\nhouse be recorded thereon as voting in its favor.\\nA bill may become a law in three ways in this State:\\n1. A bill having passed each honse by a majority\\nvote and signed by the Governor, becomes a law. All\\nbills shall be presented to him for his approval or dis-\\napproval.\\n2. A bill having passed each house by a majority\\nvote and vetoed by the Governor is returned to the\\nhouse in which it originated with the Governor s ob-\\njections. If reconsidered by each house and a majority\\nof all members elected to each house vote for it again,\\nit becomes a law.\\n3. A bill having passed each house and having\\nremained with the Governor five days, Sunday ex-\\ncepted, becomes a law, unless the General Assembly,\\nby its adjournment, prevents its return. In this case\\nit will become a law unless it be filed, with the Gov-\\nernor s objections, in the office of the Secretary of State\\nand made known by public proclamation within twenty\\ndays.\\n116. Committees. When a bill is introduced it\\nis generally referred to a committee for special or criti-\\ncal consideration. The committee reports it favor-\\nable or unfavorable, and recommends that it\\nshould be passed or should not be. Bills may be re-\\n6", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nported without an expression. If a bill be filed away\\nby a committee and never reported it is said to be\\npigeon-holed. The report of committees, being fre-\\nquently adopted, has quite a bearing upon legislation.\\nCommittees are of two kinds: Standing committees,\\nappointed for the entire session, and special com-\\nmittees, appointed for special purposes, and as soon\\nas the report is made, discharged.\\n117. Committees of the House. Early in the\\nsession, the speaker appoints from the members of the\\nHouse the following standing committees, consisting\\nof from three to twelve members: Judiciary, Auditor\\nand Treasurer s Books, Militia, Insurance, Education,\\nInternal Improvements, Ways and Means, Agricul-\\nture, County and County Lines, Kailroads, Eoads and\\nHighways, Enrolled Bills, Engrossed Bills, Journal,\\nElections, Public Printing, Penitentiary, Apportion-\\nment, Claim, Memorials, Public Buildings, Public\\nExpenditures, Eederal Relations, State Lands, Cir-\\ncuit and Justices Courts, County and Probate Courts,\\nCities and Towns, Immigration, State and Charitable\\nInstitutions, and Retrenchment.\\n118. Committees of the Senate. The president\\nof the Senate appoints the following standing com-\\nmittees, consisting of from three to twelve members:\\nJudiciary, Franchise, Militia, Education, Railroad and\\nother Improvements, Agriculture, County and County\\nLines, Public Roads, Elections, Public Printing, Pub-\\nlic Buildings, Memorials, Public Expenditures, Fed-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 83\\neral Kelations, State Lands, Auditor and Treasurer s\\nBooks, Claims, Engrossed Bills, Corporations, Peni-\\ntentiary, Public Charities, and Public Health.\\n119. Amendment to a Bill. A bill passed by one\\nhouse may be amended by the other, but, if amended,\\nmust be returned with the amendment to the house in\\nwhich it originated, in order that the amendment\\nmay be considered. If one house amends and the\\nother refuses, the bill is lost,\\nThe Legislature cannot revise, amend or extend\\nany law in its provisions by simply mentioning the\\ntitle thereof. The part to be amended or revised must\\nbe re-enacted and published at length.\\n120. New Bills. During the last three days of\\nthe session of the Assembly no new bill can be intro-\\nduced.\\n121. Laws Take Effect as soon as approved by\\nthe Governor; if vetoed, as soon as passed again, un-\\nless the bill designates a certain time.\\n122. Adjournment. Neither house shall, without\\nthe consent of the other, adjourn for more than three\\ndays, nor to any other place than that in which the\\ntwo houses shall be sitting.\\n123. Impeachment. The House of Eepresenta-\\ntives has the sole power of impeachment. The Senate\\nsits as a jury. The Chief Justice presides unless being\\nimpeached, then the Senate elects a presiding officer.\\n(Eead Art. 15 of the constitution for officers subject", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nto impeachment and the number of senators required\\nto convict.)\\n124. Appropriations. The General Assembly,\\njust before adjourning, makes such appropriations as\\nare necessary to defray the expenses of the State for\\ntwo years. A separate bill setting forth the amount\\nand object of each appropriation must be passed, ex-\\ncept the general appropriation, which includes the ex-\\npenses of the Legislative, Judicial and Executive\\nDepartments. For all purposes, except to defray the\\nnecessary expenses of the State, to repel invasion, to\\nsuppress insurrection, to pay the debts of the State and\\nto defray the expenses of the public schools, a two-\\nthirds vote is required. Of course, there are many\\nother appropriations, but the following are usually\\nmade and most of them have to be made Appropria-\\ntions for Legislative, Judicial, and Executive Depart-\\nments, Contingent Eund for use of State Board of\\nHealth, County Normal Institutes, Lunatic Asylum,\\nIndustrial University, School for the Blind, News-\\npapers and Stamps for General Assembly, Pensions\\nfor ex-Confederate Soldiers, Deaf Mute Institute, and\\nex-Confederates Home.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Give the three divisions of State government. 2. What\\nkind of government is that of our State? 3. In what is the\\nlegislative power of the State vested? 4. How long has this\\nidea existed, and what is the object? 5. When does the\\nGeneral Assembly meet and how long does it continue in", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 85\\nsession? 6. Give time of next meeting. 7. Give term of\\noffice and qualifications of representatives. 8. How many\\nrepresentatives from your- county and what are their\\nnames? 9. Give compensation of members. 10. Tell all you\\ncan about (1) the speaker, (2) the clerk of the House, (3)\\nthe journal clerk, (4) the chaplain, (5) the sergeant-at-\\narms, (6) pages, and (7) the janitor. 11. How many\\nrepresentatives and senators are there? 12. Give maximum\\nand minimum numbers of each. 13. How is the Senate\\ncomposed? 14. Give number of senatorial district in which\\nyou live and name of your senator. 15. How often are\\nsenators elected, and what are the qualifications? 16. Why\\nis the Senate a continuous body? 17. Who takes the Gov-\\nernor s place in case of death, resignation, or removal?\\n18. Mention all the officers of the Senate and give duties\\nand salary of each. 19. At what time is the House and\\nSenate called to order? 20. What is done first? 21. How\\nare members sworn in? 22. Explain how all the officers\\nare elected. 23. Are they all sworn in? 24. Explain the\\norganization of the Senate. 25. What is said about the\\nrules of order? 26. Mention five rights set forth in the\\nBill of Rights. 27. How may an amendment be made to\\nthe constitution? 28. Give two proposed amendments.\\n29. How many amendments have been made to the consti-\\ntution? 30. Mention one. 31. What renders a person\\nineligible to membership in the General Assembly?\\n32. What constitutes a quorum? 33. Give some of the\\npowers of the Legislature. 34. Give some of the forbidden\\npowers. 35. What is meant by habeas corpus? 36. Of what\\nvalue is it to the people? 37. What is a bill of attainder?\\n38. An ex post facto law? 39. What is the style of the\\nlaws of Arkansas? 40. How often does a bill have to be\\nread? 41. In how many ways may a bill become a law?\\n42. Give them. 43. What is the object of the committees?\\n44. Mention six standing committees of the House and six\\nof the Senate. 45. If a bill be passed by one house and\\namended by the other, what is necessary? 46. When cannot", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\na bill be introduced? 47. When do all laws take effect?\\n48. If either house wishes to adjourn for more than three\\ndays, what must be done? 49. Give officers that are sub-\\nject to impeachment and tell how it is done. 50. Mention\\nall the facts relative to appropriations.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 87\\nCHAPTER VI.\\n^he Stale.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n125. Terms Defined. In order that the court sys-\\ntem of our State may be clearly understood, we explain\\nall terms used in the explanation first.\\nThe courts of the State may be divided into two\\ngeneral divisions: (1) Courts of Records; (2) Courts\\nof No Records. A court of records is one having a\\njudge, clerk, and a sheriff, and one that has an accu-\\nrate and a complete statement of all of its proceedings\\nplaced on record by the clerk. As the word implies,\\nit simply means that all of its proceedings are recorded\\nfor future reference. The county, probate, and cir-\\ncuit court are good examples of courts of records.\\nA court of no records is one having no judge, sheriff,\\nor clerk, and has no record of its proceedings kept,\\nThe justice s court is a good example of a court of no\\nrecords. The justice of the peace simply keeps a", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ndocket for Lis own purpose and makes a minute of just\\nsuch proceedings as will enable him and others in the\\ndischarge of their duty.\\n126. Appellate Jurisdiction is the power vested in\\na particular court enabling it to try any case after it\\nhas been tried in an inferior or a lower court. Thus\\nthe circuit court has appellate jurisdiction over the\\ncounty, probate, and the justices courts. By this\\nwe mean that any case tried in the foregoing courts\\nand not satisfactory to all the parties concerned, by a\\ndue process of law may be re-tried in the circuit court.\\n127. Courts. The judiciary system of the State\\nat present is vested in the following courts Justice s\\nCourt, County and Probate Courts, Circuit Court,\\nChancery Court or Court of Equity, Court of Com-\\nmon Pleas, Supreme Court of the State, and the\\nUnited States District Court.\\n128. Justice s Court. Justices Courts were\\ncreated for the purpose of relieving the higher courts\\nof a multiplicity of minor offences (see Art. 14) and\\nto decrease the expenses of the Judicial Department.\\nThe expense of a court depends largely upon the\\nlength of time of its sitting, and by the aid of the\\njustices courts these terms are much shorter than\\nthey would be otherwise. They are also very helpful\\nand necessary in that justice may be rendered at once,\\nwithout having to wait perhaps six months for the cir-\\ncuit court to convene.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. oy\\n129. County and Probate Courts. The county\\nand probate courts have been explained under the\\nhead of the Judicial Department of the county. (Arts.\\n44-50.) I will state, however, in connection with\\nthese articles, that appeals are taken from the county\\nand probate courts to the circuit court.\\nCIRCUIT COURT.\\n130. Judicial Circuits. The State has been di-\\nvided into seventeen divisions, called Judicial Circuits.\\nThese are composed of contiguous counties, and at\\npresent are, respectively, as follows:\\nFirst Woodruff, White, St. Francis, Lee, and\\nPhillips.\\nSecond Mississippi, Clay, Greene, Craighead,\\nPoinsett, Cross, and Crittenden.\\nThird Independence, Lawrence, Stone, and Jack-\\nson.\\nFourth Benton, Carroll, Madison, and Washing-\\nton.\\nFifth Yell, Conway, Pope, and Johnson.\\nSixth Pulaski and Perry.\\nSeventh Hot Springs, Grant, Saline, and Garland.\\nEighth Clark, Nevada, Hempstead, and Miller.\\nNinth Montgomery, Polk, Sevier, Little Eiver,\\nHoward, and Pike.\\nTenth Chicot, Ashley, Drew, Cleveland, Dallas,\\nand Bradley.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nEleventh Lincoln, Desha, and Jefferson.\\nTwelfth Scott and Sebastian.\\nThirteenth Columbia, Union, Calhoun, Ouachita,\\nand Lafayette.\\nFourteenth Eewton, Boone, Searcy, Marion, Yan\\nBuren, and Cleburne.\\nFifteenth Logan, Franklin, and Crawford.\\nSixteenth Bandolph, Sharp, Fulton, Izard, and\\nBaxter.\\nSeventeenth Arkansas, Monroe, Faulkner, Lon-\\noke, and Prairie.\\n131. Circuit Judge. In each of the above cir-\\ncuits a judge is elected by the qualified electors of the\\ncounties composing each district. He is elected for\\na term of four years, and receives a salary fixed by\\nlaw, being now $2,000 a year. A judge of the circuit\\ncourt shall be a citizen of the United States, at least\\ntwenty-eight years of age, of good moral character,\\nlearned in the law, two years a resident of the State,\\nand shall have practiced law or sat as judge and prac-\\nticed law six years. He goes to each county in his\\ndistrict twice each year and holds his court such a\\nlength of time as is necessary to complete all the busi-\\nness of the court, or until it becomes necessary to\\nadjourn in order to hold his court in another county.\\n132. Jurisdiction. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The circuit court has origi-\\nnal jurisdiction in all cases, both civil and criminal,\\nthe exclusive original jurisdiction of which has not", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 91\\nbeen vested in some other courts. It exercises super-\\nintending control and appellate jurisdiction over the\\ncounty, probate, common pleas, justices and police\\ncourts. It has power also to issue writs of certiorari\\nto any of the lower courts or tribunals that is, a\\nwrit of certiorari to an inferior court simply\\nmeans that such court must bring the records of its\\nproceedings into the higher court issuing the writ|\\nand to issue a writ of mandamus under certain cir-\\ncumstances. This is a writ to compel the performance\\nof some act. As a court of equity, it has power to\\ngrant divorces, change the name of an individual,\\nforeclose mortgages, and naturalize aliens, or for-\\neigners. (See Art, 133.)\\nIt is a very important court, as it is next in power\\nto the supreme court of the State, and yet it is held\\nat our own homes one or two held in each county.\\n133. Naturalization. The circuit court has power\\nto naturalize foreigners. Subjects of foreign govern-\\nments are aliens and have no political rights what-\\never in the United States until given such power\\nby legal proceedings. After naturalization, one has\\nall the rights and privileges of a native-born citizen,\\nexcept the right to become President or Vice-Presi-\\ndent of the United States.\\n134. Naturalization Laws. An alien may be ad-\\nmitted to become a citizen of the United States in the\\nfollowing manner: He appears in the circuit court,\\nor any court of records, and, on oath, declares his", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 A PRACTICAL TBEATISE 03T THE\\nintention to become a citizen of the United States, and\\nhis purpose to renounce all allegiance and fidelity to\\nany foreign prince, potentate, or sovereignty. He\\nmust state further that he has been a resident of the\\nUnited States fire years and a resident of the State\\nin which the court has jurisdiction at least one year.\\nAfter two more years he appears in court again\\nand renounces, on oath, all foreign allegiance and\\nswears to support the Constitution of the United\\nStates. If he bears any title of nobility, he must re-\\nnounce it.\\n135, Division of Districts. There are two circuit\\njudges in the Sixth Judicial Circuit. One hears the\\ncriminal, the other the civil cases. The second divi-\\nsion was created February S, 1695. A judge was\\nappointed February 12, 189 5.\\n136. Prosecuting Attorney. The qualified elec-\\ntors of each judicial circuit elect a prosecuting attor-\\nney for the term of two years. He shall be a citizen\\nof the United States, learned in the law, and a resi-\\ndent of the circuit for which he may be elected. His\\nsalary is $200 a year and the following fees:\\nFor each judgment obtained on complaint, infor-\\nmation or otherwise, in the name of the State or any\\ncounty, $5; for each conviction or indictment, pre-\\nsentment or information for misdemeanor or breach\\nof the peace, $10 for each conviction in case of gam-\\nbling. $25: for each conviction on indictment for any\\nfelony, not capital, $25; for each conviction of homi-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 93\\neide, other than capital, $35; for each conviction in\\ncapital cases, $75.\\n137. Duties. The prosecuting attorney is a\\nlawyer chosen in the interest of the State. It is his\\nduty to attend each term of the circuit court and\\ncommence and prosecute actions, both civil and crimi-\\nnal, in which the State, or any county in his circuit,\\nmay be concerned. In fact, he is the prosecuting\\nlawyer in all cases brought in the circuit court, in\\nwhich either the county or the State is plaintiff or\\ndefendant. If it be required of him, he shall, without\\nfee or reward, give his opinion to any sheriff, constable,\\njustice of the peace or county court, on any question\\nof law or other matters in which the State or county is\\nconcerned.\\n138. Deputy Prosecuting Attorney. The prose-\\ncuting attorney may appoint deputies in the several\\ncounties composing his circuit, whose duties shall be\\nto attend all trials before the magistrates of their\\ncounty, where the offence is a misdemeanor or the\\nexamination of a felony, if so informed by the magis-\\ntrate of such case. They are allowed the same fees\\nfor conviction as are allowed the prosecuting attorney.\\n(See Art, 136.)\\n139. Officers of Circuit Court. The Circuit\\nJudge (Art, 131), Prosecuting Attorney (Art, 136),\\nCircuit Clerk (Art, 52), Sheriff (Art. 57), and Attor-\\nneys who are enrolled, are officers of the circuit court,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n140. Jury. The jury is an important factor in\\nthe circuit court and, in fact, in all of the courts. The\\nprinciple has been so grounded into the American\\npeople that we consider it a privilege that should not\\nbe taken away even from the boldest criminal. It is\\nof great antiquity. The Grand Jury, not in name but\\nin idea, existed among the Romans, known as the\\nPraetor, and the Petit Jury, more fully developed\\namong the Anglo Saxons and others, was known\\namong the Romans as the Judex or Arbiter.\\n141. Grand Jury.- It is the duty of the grand\\njury to inquire into all public offences committed\\nwithin the jurisdiction of the court in which they\\nare impaneled. This is done by bringing before the\\ngrand jury all persons suspected of crime or any\\nperson as a witness whom they believe to know\\nsomething concerning any public offence. If no less\\nthan twelve of these jurors be convinced that any\\nperson has committed an unlawful act, they must\\nindict him. This is done by returning to the court\\na true bill. The grand jury is composed of six-\\nteen men, selected as explained in Art, 143.\\n142. Petit Jury. The petit jury consists of two\\npanels of twelve men each, or twenty-four petit jurors\\nin all, and are selected as explained in Art, 143.\\nOne panel of the petit jury at a time is taken into\\ncourt and placed on oath. When a case is called,\\nthey hear the testimony of the witnesses, the argu-\\nment of the attorneys, receive the instructions of the", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 95\\njudge, pass out to the jury-room, and there decide\\nas to the guilt or innocence of the party indicted\\nby the grand jury. After this they return, and in the\\npresence of the court the foreman of the jury states\\nthe verdict.\\n143. Selection of Jury. The circuit judge, dur-\\ning the term of court, selects three jury commissioners,\\neach of whom receives $3 a day for their services.\\nThey select from the electors of the county sixteen\\npersons of good character, of approved integrity,\\nsound judgment and reasonable information, to serve\\nat the next term of court as grand jurors. They\\nselect another list, kept separate from this one, con-\\nsisting of nine more, known as alternate grand jurors.\\nThey select also twenty-four persons, having the same\\nqualifications as the grand jurors, to serve at the next\\nterm of court as petit jurors; also, at the request of\\nthe judge, they select another list consisting of twelve\\npersons as alternate petit jurors. These lists, endorsed,\\nrespectively, List of Grand Jurors and List of\\nPetit Jurors, are sealed and delivered to the judge\\nin open court. The judge delivers these lists to the\\ncircuit clerk, who takes oath to the effect that he\\nwill not open the lists until within thirty days before\\nthe next term of court. The lists are then opened\\nand delivered to the sheriff, who notifies each person\\nthat he has been chosen as a juror.\\nThe alternate jurors are selected for the purpose\\nof supplying such deficit as there may be in either", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "9 b A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\njury. As soon as the juries have all been impaneled\\nthe alternates are discharged.\\nEach juror receives $2 a day; each alternate $2\\na day until discharged. Witnesses receive each $1.50.\\nCHANCERY COURT.\\n144. Object. Since it is impossible for any State\\nto have a code of laws perfect and suitable in every\\nrespect to cover all causes, cases, and circumstances,\\nand since our judges, jurors, and justices are supposed\\nto base their decisions and actions upon law and evi-\\ndence, therefore it becomes necessary that some pro-\\nvisions be made to supply the deficiency. The Chan-\\ncery Court, or Court of Equity, was created for this\\npurpose. Court of Equity expresses the idea much\\nbetter. It simply means a court based on the principle\\nof equity, right, justice. Two citizens often disagree\\nin a business transaction. They agree to lay the matter\\nbefore three disinterested men and abide by their\\ndecision. These men try to decide as nearly as possi-\\nble according to what is just and right under the cir-\\ncumstances. This is the fundamental principle of the\\nchancery court, or court of equity. This court has\\npower, also, to grant a divorce, to foreclose a mortgage,\\nto make an assignment, etc.\\n145. Chancery Districts. There are four chan-\\ncery districts in the State Eirst, Second, Third, and\\nFifth composed, respectively, of the following coun-\\nties:", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 97\\nFirst Pulaski, Louoke, Faulkner, and White.\\nSecond Drew, Arkansas, Ashley, Desha, Chicot,\\nJefferson, and Lincoln.\\nThird Garland, Hot Springs, Saline, and Mont-\\ngomery.\\nFourth A bill was introduced to create the Fourth\\nchancery district; another bill was introduced im-\\nmediately to create the Fifth: the bill to create the\\nFourth was lost, but the one to create the Fifth passed.\\nSo we have the Fifth, but no Fourth.\\nFifth Mississippi, Crittenden, Cross, St, Francis,\\nWoodruff, Poinsett, Lee, Greene, Phillips, Craighead,\\nand Clay.\\n146. The Chancellor. In each of the above\\nchancery circuits the Governor appoints a judge who\\nis known as the chancellor. He must possess the same\\nqualifications as the circuit judge. He receives from\\n$2,000 to $2,500 a year for his services.\\n147. Circuit Judge as Chancellor. The above\\nchancery districts have been created by the Legisla-\\nture and are known as special districts. There is\\na chancery court in each county, however, held in\\nconjunction with each term of the circuit court, the\\ncircuit judge being chancellor.\\nCOURT OF COMMON PLEAS.\\n148. Object. The Legislature has power to estab-\\nlish in any county a Court of Common Pleas. The\\njurisdiction of this court is more extensive than the\\n7", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\njustice s court and not so extensive as the county or\\ncircuit court. It occupies an intermediate place, the\\nobject being to decrease the amount of business before\\nand shorten the term of the circuit court. The\\ncounty judge presides over the court; but receives\\nextra pay for his services.\\nSUPREME COURT.\\n149. Judges. The Supreme Court is composed\\nof five judges, one chief justice and four associate jus-\\ntices. They shall be thirty years of age, of good moral\\ncharacter, citizens of the United States, residents\\nof the State two years, and shall have practiced law\\nfor eight years. They each receive $3,000 a year.\\nThey are elected by the people and serve for the term\\nof eight years.\\n150. Other Officers. The supreme court appoints\\na clerk, who holds his office for a term of six years.\\nBefore entering upon the discharge of his duty, he\\nenters into bond in a sum not less than $3,000 for the\\nfaithful performance of duty. The General Assembly\\nof 1895 fixed the salary of the clerk of the supreme\\ncourt at $2,500. It is the duty of the clerk to record\\nthe proceedings of the court together with its opinions,\\nto issue and attest all processes, and to affix the seal of\\nthe court. He may appoint two deputies, whose\\nsalaries were fixed also by the Assembly of 1895.\\nOne receives $1,500 a year and the other $1,000.\\nThe reporter is appointed also by the Supreme Court", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 99\\nand holds Ms office for the term of six years. He\\nreceives $2,000 a year. He prepares a statement of the\\nfacts in the causes, after the opinions are delivered,\\nand prints the same with the reports of the causes\\ndecided by the court. He superintends the printing\\nand binding of all of these reports.\\nIn addition to the above officers, the court appoints\\na librarian, who has charge of the court library. It is\\nhis duty to increase this library by purchasing such\\nbooks as the court may direct, to preserve the books,\\nand keep the library in order.\\nThe sheriff of Pulaski county waits upon the Su-\\npreme Court.\\n151. Jurisdiction. The supreme court, except\\nin cases otherwise .provided by the constitution, shall\\nhave appellate jurisdiction only; which shall be co-\\nextensive with the State, under such restrictions as\\nmay be from time to time prescribed by law. It\\nshall have a general superintending control over all\\ninferior courts of law and equity; and, in aid of its\\nappellate and supervisory jurisdiction, it shall have\\npower to issue writs of error, and supersedeas, cer-\\ntiorari, habeas corpus, prohibition, mandamus, and\\nquo tvarranto, and other remedial writs; and to\\nhear and determine the same. Its judges shall be con-\\nservators of the peace throughout the State, and shall\\nseverally have power to issue any of the aforesaid\\nwrits. (Sec. 1014, S. H.)\\nThe decisions of the Supreme Court are final.\\nLofC.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "100 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON TEE\\n152. Definitions. For habeas corpus see Art.\\n113; for mandamus and certiorari see Art. 132. A\\nwrit of supersedeas has in general the effect of a com-\\nmand to stay or forbear any ordinary proceedings\\nwhich might otherwise be proceeded with. Good\\ncause must be shown, of course, before this writ is\\nissued. A writ of quo warranto is one for informa-\\ntion, inquiring by what guarantee, warrant, or au-\\nthority a person, a corporation, or a court exercises\\ncertain powers.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Explain Courts, of Records and Courts of No Records.\\n2. What does appellate jurisdiction mean? 3. Give each\\ncourt of our judicial system. 4. From what courts may\\nappeals be taken to the circuit court? 5. In what judicial\\ncircuit is your county? 6. Give qualifications and election\\nof circuit judge. 7. What is the jurisdiction of the circuit\\ncourt? 8. What is meant by naturalization, and how is it\\ndone? 9. May there be two judges in one district? 10. Give\\nqualifications of prosecuting attorney. 11. What are his\\nduties? 12. Give duty of deputies. 13. Explain the dif-\\nference between the grand jury and the petit jury. 14. How\\nis the jury selected? 15. What is the object of alternate\\njurors? 16. Explain the chancery court. 17. Is your county\\nin a special chancery district? 18. How many chancery\\ndistricts in the State? 19. What is a chancellor? 20. Is\\nthere a chancery court in your county? 21. Give the names\\nof the officers of your circuit court. 22. Explain a court of\\ncommon pleas. 23. Is there one in your county? 24. How is\\nthe supreme court composed? 25. Give the offices of the\\nsupreme court and tell how they are filled. 26. How are the\\njudges chosen and how long do they hold office? 27. Who", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 101\\nare our supreme court judges and when do their terms ex-\\npire? 28. What is the jurisdiction of the supreme court? 29.\\nWhat is meant by a final decison? 30. Explain habeas cor-\\npus, mandamus, certiorari, supersedeas, and quo warranto.\\n31. What compensation do jurors receive? 32. Why are\\nthey selected from all parts of the country? 33. What is a\\ncivil and what a criminal suit? 34. Give an example of a\\ncase that should be brought in each of the following courts:\\nJustice s, common pleas, probate, county, chancery, circuit,\\nand supreme. 35. Do you think it would be better to\\nhave judges elected for eight years as they are, or for life\\nas the supreme judges of the United States? 36. Why are\\nthe three departments of government kept separate?\\n37. When do they most nearly approach? (The Governor\\nhas veto power and is an executive officer.) 38. Why have\\nwe the Fifth chancery district and no Fourth?", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCHAPTER VII.\\n^he Stale.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n153. General Provisions. The Executive De-\\npartment of the State consists of a Governor, Secre-\\ntary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, and Attorney-Gen-\\neral. The constitution gives the General Assembly\\npower to add to the above executive State officers a\\nCommissioner of Lands, a Commissioner of Mines,\\nManufactures and Agriculture, a Superintendent of\\nPublic Instruction, and a State Geologist. The As-\\nsembly has made provisions for all.\\nAll of the above officers are required by law to\\nkeep their offices in person at the seat of government.\\n154. Election.- The State executive officers are\\nelected by the qualified electors of the State for the\\nterm of two years, at the time and places of voting\\nfor members of the General Assembly, which is now\\non the first Monday in September of each even year,\\nas 1896 and 1898. The returns of each election are", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 103\\nsealed up separately and transmitted to the seat of\\ngovernment by the returning officer, and directed to\\nthe speaker of the House of ^Representatives, who,\\nduring the first week of the session, opens and pub-\\nlishes the votes cast for each of the respective officers\\nof the State, in the presence of both houses. The per-\\nson having the highest number of votes for each of the\\nrespective offices is declared duly elected. But if two\\nor more be equal and highest in votes for the same\\noffice, one of them shall be chosen by the joint vote of\\nboth houses. A majority of all the members elected is\\nnecessary to a choice.\\nGOVERNOR.\\n155. Qualifications. The supreme executive\\npower of the State is vested in a chief magistrate,\\nstyled the Governor of Arkansas. No person is eligi-\\nble to the office of Governor except a citizen of the\\nUnited States, who is not less than thirty years of age,\\nand has been seven years a resident of the State.\\n(Tor election and term of office, see preceding article.)\\n156. Powers and Duties. 1. The Governor is\\ncommander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of\\nthe State, except when in the actual service of the\\nUnited States.\\n2. He gives to the General Assembly, from time\\nto time, information by message concerning the con-\\ndition and government of the State, and recommends\\nsuch measures as he deems expedient.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n3. He keeps and uses officially a seal of the State,\\ncalled the Great Seal of the State of Arkansas.\\n4. He signs all grants and commissions issued in the\\nname and by the authority of the State of Arkansas,\\nsealed with the great seal and attested by the Secre-\\ntary of State.\\n5. In addition to his appointive power (see Art.\\n38) he has power to appoint the members of the\\nboard of equalization in each county, of health, of\\npharmacy, of dental examiners, and of medical ex-\\naminers; by and with the consent of the Senate, he\\nhas power to appoint the members of the Board of\\nthe Arkansas Industrial University and of all the\\ncharitable institutions and the directors of the ex-\\nConfederates Home. He has power to appoint a\\nUnited States senator, if a vacancy should occur when\\nthe Legislature is not in session, who holds the office\\nuntil the next Assembly convenes and fills such va-\\ncancy by election.\\n6. The Governor may adjourn the Assembly if the\\ntwo houses fail to agree upon a time for their adjourn-\\nment.\\n7. He calls extra sessions of the General Assembly.\\nWhen doing so, he states the object of the extra ses-\\nsion. By a two-thirds vote the session may be con-\\ntinued fifteen days, for the consideration of other busi-\\nness, after the matters set forth in the Governor s\\nproclamation have been disposed of.\\n8. In all criminal and penal cases, except in those", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 105\\nof treason and impeachment;, the Governor has power\\nto grant reprieves, commutations of sentence and par-\\ndons, after conviction. In case of treason he has\\npower to grant pardons by and with the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate.\\n9. He requires a written report from each of the\\nState officers concerning his individual branch of\\nwork.\\n157. Salaries of Officers. The following salary\\nis paid annually to each of the State officers\\nGovernor $3,000\\nGovernor s Private Secretary 1,600\\nGovernor s Clerk 900\\nGovernor s Janitor 240\\nSecretary of State. 1,800\\nSecretary of State s first Clerk 1,500\\nSecretary of State s second Clerk 1,200\\nSecretary of State s Library Clerk 1,200\\nSecretary of State s Janitor 240\\nAuditor 2,250\\nAuditor s Chief Clerk 1,800\\nAuditor s second Clerk 1,500\\nAuditor s two extra Clerks, each 1,200\\nAuditor s Printing Clerk 1,200\\nAuditor s Janitor 240\\nTreasurer 2,250\\nTreasurer s Cashier 1,800\\nTreasurer s Bookkeeper 1,50^", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nTreasurer s two Clerks, each 1,200\\nTreasurer s Janitor 240\\nAttorney-General (Act of 1899) 2,500\\nAttorney-General s Clerk hire allowance. 1,600\\nCommissioner of State Lands 1,800\\nCommissioner of State Lands Chief Clerk. 1,560\\nCommissioner of State Lands three Clerks,\\neach 1,200\\nCommissioner of State Lands extra Clerk. 1,000\\nCommissioner of Mines, Manufactures and\\nAgriculture 1,800\\nHe has one deputy 1,200\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction 1,800\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction s Deputy 1,200\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction s Clerk 600\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction s Janitor 240\\n158. Governors of Arkansas. The governors\\nof Arkansas, from its earliest history to the present,\\nare as follows:\\n1. Under French Rule Marquis de Sanville from\\n1689-1700; Bienville, 1701-12; Lamothe Cadillar,\\n1713-15; De L Epinay, 1716-17; Bienville, 1718-23;\\nBoisbriant (ad interim), 1724; Perier, 1725-31; Bien-\\nville, 1732-41; Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1742-52; Baron\\nde Kelerec, 1753-62; D Abbadie, 1763-66.\\n2. Under Spanish Rule Antonio de Ulloa, 1767-\\n68; Alexander O Reilly, 1768-69; Luis de Unzaga,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 107\\n1770-76; Bernando de Galvez, 1777-84; Estevan\\nMiro, 1785-87; Francisco Luis Hortu, Baron of\\nCarondelet, 1789-92; Gayoso de Lemos, 1793-98;\\nSebastian de Casa Calvo y O Farrell, 1798-99; Juan\\nManual de Salcedo, 1800-03.\\n3. Under Territorial Government James Miller\\nfrom 1819-25; George Izard; 1825-29; John Pope,\\n1829-35; William S. Fulton, 1835-36.\\n4. Under State Government James S. Conway\\nfrom 1836-40; Archibald Yell, 1840-44; Thomas S.\\nDrew, 1844-49; John Selden Koane, 1849-52; Elias\\nK Conway, 1852-60; Henry M. Bector, 1860-62;\\nThomas Fletcher (acting), 1862; Harris Flanagin,\\n1862-64; Isaac Murphy, 1864-68; Powell Clayton,\\n1868-71; Ozro A. Headley (acting), 1871-73; Elisha\\nBaxter, 1873-74; Augustus H. Garland, 1874-77;\\nWm. K. Miller, 1877-81; Thomas J. Churchill,\\n1881-82; James H. Berry, 1883-85; Simon P. Hughes,\\n1885-89; James P. Eagle, 1889-93; W. M. Fishback,\\n1893-95; J. P. Clarke, 1895-97; Dan W. Jones, 1897-\\n99.\\n159. Executive Mansion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -The State furnishes\\nthe Governor a mansion in which to live during his\\nterm of office. No mansion has been built yet, but\\nthe State rents one and furnishes it to him. The rent\\nis paid out of the fund for current expenses of the\\nState.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nSECRETARY OF STATE.\\n160. Requisites. For election and term of office\\nsee Art. 154, and for salary see Art. 157. Before\\nentering upon the discharge of his duties he enters\\ninto bond for $5,000, which must be approved by the\\nGovernor.\\n161. Duties. He keeps all public records, books,\\npapers, and documents; furnishes to the public printer\\na full, thorough and complete index, with sub-heads,\\nto the acts of the General Assembly; keeps a record\\nof all the official acts of the Governor; attests all com-\\nmissions issued by the Governor requiring the great\\nseal; distributes the acts and journals among the differ-\\nent counties according to law; sells or disposes of all\\nbooks or reports published by the State; and issues\\nall charters granted by the State. He is custodian\\nof the State-house and grounds, and is librarian for\\nthe State library.\\nAUDITOR.\\n162. Requisites. For election and term of office,\\nsee Art. 154, and for salary, see Art. 157. Before\\nentering upon the discharge of his duties he enters into\\nbond for the faithful discharge of his duties in the\\nsum of $100,000, which must be approved by the\\nGovernor.\\n163. Duties. He is required by law (1) to keep\\na letter-book in which he must keep a copy of all", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 109\\nofficial letters written by him; (2) to be the general\\naccountant of the State, and to keep all public ac-\\ncounts, books, documents, and all papers relative to\\nthe contracts of the State, its debts and revenues, not\\nrequired by law to be kept by some other officer; (3)\\nto report to the Governor, on or before the 10th day of\\nOctober next preceding the regular meeting of the\\nGeneral Assembly, the condition of the revenue and\\nthe amount of the expenditure for the two preceding\\nfiscal years; (4) to make an estimate of the revenues\\nand the amount of expenditures for the two succeed-\\ning years; (5) to make or suggest any plans that might\\nbe expedient for the support of the public credit, or\\nfor lessening the public expenses; (6) to settle all\\nclaims against the State payable out of the treasury;\\n(7) to keep an account between the State and the\\nUnited States, and between the State and every officer\\nor person with whom the State may have dealings;\\nand (8) to draw warrants on the treasurer for all law-\\nful claims against the State. The auditor directs the\\npayment of all the funds of the State; the treasurer\\nhandles the money and pays as the auditor directs.\\nTREASURER.\\n164. Requisites.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For election and term of office,\\nsee Art. 154, and for salary, see Art. 157. Before\\nentering upon the duties of his office he enters into\\nbond in the sum of $600,000. This bond must be ap-\\nproved by the Governor.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "110 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n165. Duties. As the name implies, lie is cus-\\ntodian of the money belonging to the State. ~No\\nmoney is paid out by him except upon the auditor s\\nwarrant. He makes a biennial report, in which he\\nmust account for all money received and how dis-\\nposed of.\\nIt is unlawful for the treasurer to deposit any of\\nthe public money in any bank or banking-house, or\\nwith any firm or corporation. He must keep it in\\nthe vault and safe of the State provided for that pur-\\npose. It is a violation of law for any officer having\\ncharge of public money to use it for himself or to\\nlet others use it. It is not only a violation for the\\nofficer to loan the money, but it is a violation for any\\none to borrow it.\\nATTORNEY-GENERAL.\\n166. Duties. The Attorney-General shall, with-\\nout fee or reward, upon request, give his opinion to\\nthe Governor and to the heads of the several execu-\\ntive departments upon any constitutional or other legal\\nquestions that concern their official actions; also, shall\\ntransmit his written opinion to the prosecuting attor-\\nney of any circuit if such prosecuting attorney\\nso asks it. He is the legal adviser of the State\\nofficers. He attends the sittings of the supreme court\\nand maintains and defends the interests of the State\\nin all matters before that tribunal, and has full power\\nto issue writs of quo warranto. (For election and term\\nof office, see Art. 154, and for salary, see Art, 157.)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 111\\nCOMMISSIONER OF STATE LANDS.\\n167. Requisites. Before entering upon his official\\nduties he enters into bond in the sum of $20,000.\\nThis bond must be approved by the Governor. (For\\nelection and term of office, see Art. 154, and for\\nsalary, see Art. 157.)\\ni68. Duties. As the name implies, he has charge\\nof the sale and disposal of all State lands. All land\\ninterests of the State are controlled by him. He may\\nsell the land or permit it to be taken up under the\\nhomestead law. It is his duty to encourage immi-\\ngration in any way he may deem expedient. In 1868,\\nwhen the office was first created, it was known as\\nCommissioner of Immigration and State Lands,\\nbut in 1874 it was succeeded by Commissioner of\\nState Lands. To encourage immigration is a duty,\\nhowever, still belonging to the office.\\nSUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.\\n169. General Duties. The office of Superinten-\\ndent of Public Instruction was created in 1868. He is\\ncharged with the general superintendence of the busi-\\nness relating to the free common schools of the State.\\nHis duties are of vital importance to the people and\\nthe welfare of the State. It is his duty to study\\nthe school system and suggest such plans, both to the\\nLegislature and to the county examiners, as in his\\nopinion would be helpful to the educational work of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 A PE ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\nthe State. He furnishes to the county examiners\\nquestions for the examination of teacher s, and trans-\\nmits to them registers, blank certificates for each grade\\nof certificate, and all other blanks necessary to aid\\nthe examiner and directors in making their reports;\\nhe exercises such supervision over the school funds\\nas to ascertain the amount and disposal made of it,\\nits security, preservation, proper application, and its\\nmost productive use. He has power to issue a State\\ncertificate, good for life unless for some cause revoked.\\nThe applicant must pass a satisfactory examination\\nupon the following branches in addition to those re-\\nquired for a first-grade certificate (Art. 78) Algebra,\\nGeometry, Physics, Rhetoric, Psychology, History\\n(usually Ancient, Madiseval, and Modern), Civil Gov-\\nernment of the United States and of Arkansas, Latin\\n(usually Latin Grammar, Caesar, Cicero, and Virgil),\\nNatural History (usually Zoology and Botany). He\\nmay attend in person and give the examination or\\nappoint some one to do it. He makes the pro rata\\napportionment of the public-school money to the sev-\\neial counties (see Art. 19); makes an annual report\\nto the Governor containing all the facts concerning\\nthe public schools of the State; compiles and furnishes\\ncopies of the school law to the school officers, a:i l\\nappoints persons to conduct the State normals held\\nin the various counties of the State. (For election and\\nterm of office, see Art, 154, and for salary, see Art.\\n157.)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 113\\n170. The following are the State superintendents\\nof the State and when they served: Thomas Smith,\\nfrom 1868-73; J. C. Corbin, 1873-75; George W.\\nHill, 1875-78; J. E. Denton, 1878-82; Dunbar H.\\nPope, October 11-30, 1882; W. E. Thompson, 1882,\\n90; J. H. Shinn, 1890-94; Junius Jordan, 1894-98;\\nJ. J. Doyne, 1898\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nCOMMISSIONER OF MINES, MANUFACTURES,\\nAND AGRICULTURE.\\n171. Requisites. Eor election and term of office,\\nsee Art. 154, and for salary, see Art, 157. Before\\nentering upon the duties of his office he enters into\\nbond in the sum of $10,000, which must be approved\\nby the Governor.\\n172. General Duties. It is his duty to elicit in-\\nformation upon the latest and best mode of culture\\nof all products adapted to the soil and climate of the\\nState; to collect information on all subjects connected\\nwith field agriculture, horticulture, stock-raising, and\\ndairying; to collect and distribute rare kinds of seeds\\nthroughout the State, and to recommend the use of\\nsuch labor-saving implements as in his opinion would\\nbe helpful to the people. He is required, also, to\\nelicit information concerning all individuals, com-\\npanies, or incorporations engaged in mining or manu-\\nfacturing in the State. He ascertains as nearly as\\npossible the kind of mineral and the extent of deposit,\\noutput, cost of production, and the facilities for trans-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 A PRACTICAL TBEATISE OX THE\\nporta tion. He is expected to do all he can to augment\\nthe mining, manufacturing, and agricultural interests\\nof the State.\\nGEOLOGIST.\\n173. Vacant. The General Assembly made pro-\\nvision for a State geologist, but at present there is\\nnone. The law provides that he shall be appointed by\\nthe Governor. When it becomes necessary to have\\nany work of a geological nature done the Governor\\nappoints some one. paying him such compensation as\\nmay be agreed upon. After such duties have been\\nperformed he is then discharged.\\nSTATE EXECUTIVE BOARDS.\\n174. Members. The executive officers are mem-\\nbers of various executive boards. The officers powers\\nand duties are as follows\\n1. The Board of Commissioners of the Common-\\nSchool Fund consists of the Secretary of State, Audi-\\ntor, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. It is\\nthe duty of this board to meet semi-annually at the\\noffice of the State Superintendent, to have the man-\\nagement and investment of the common-school fund\\nbelonging to the State, and from time to time to in-\\nvest, with good security, such funds as may accumu-\\nlate, in bonds of the United States or the State of Ar-\\nkansas.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 115\\n2. The Board of Municipal Corporations consists\\nof the Auditor, Secretary of State, and Attorney-\\nGeneral. It is the duty of this board to ascertain the\\nclass of cities and what towns are entitled to become\\ncities and the class. This is ascertained from the\\nFederal census.\\n3. The Board of Review of Donation Contests con-\\nsists of the Secretary of State, Attorney-General, and\\nState Land Commissioner. It is the duty of this\\nboard to see that the donee of any lands establishes\\na residence upon the same within the time required\\nby law, and to settle the contest between persons\\nclaiming the same piece of land by donation.\\n4. The Board of Railroad Commissioners consists\\nof the Governor, Secretary of State, and Auditor. On\\nthe first Monday in August in each year this board\\nproceeds to ascertain the value of all property, in-\\ncluding railroad tracks, rolling stock, water and wood\\nstations, passenger and freight depots, offices, furni-\\nture, etc., of all the railroads within the State.\\n5. Board of Penitentiary Commissioners consists\\nof the Governor, Secretary of State, and Attorney-\\nGeneral. This board has the management of the State\\npenitentiary, labor of convicts, machinery, buildings,\\nand all other property in connection with it.\\n6. Board of Commissioners of Public Contracts\\nconsists of the Governor, Auditor, and Secretary of\\nState. This board has the supervision and letting of\\nall public contracts.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "116 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE ON THE\\n7. State Board of Election Commissioners con-\\nsists of the Governor, Secretary of State, and Atttor-\\nney-General. The duty of this board is to appoint,\\nnot more than ninety days nor less than thirty before\\nthe general election for State and county officers,\\nthree qualified electors as commissioners in each\\ncounty to select election judges for each voting pre-\\ncinct.\\n8. Board of Pensions consists of the Auditor,\\nAttorney-General, and Secretary of State. The board\\nexamines all cases of indigent persons who apply to\\nthe State for aid. This is a pension paid by the State\\nto the ex-Confederate soldiers and members of their\\nfamilies. The appropriation is made by the General\\nAssembly.\\n9. Board for Examining and Canceling Scrip,\\nknown as the Burning Board, consists of the Gov-\\nernor, Secretary of State, and Auditor. The board\\nexamines canceled scrip, treasurer s certificates, war-\\nrants, and other securities that may be received and\\nare of no further value, and burns or destroys the\\nsame.\\n10. The State Debt Board consists of the Gov-\\nernor, Secretary of State, Auditor, and Treasurer.\\nThe board superintends the sale of State bonds.\\n11. State Board for Building Railroads consists\\nof the Governor, Auditor, and Attorney-General. The\\nAssembly of 1897 created this board and gave it", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 117\\npower to locate, survey, establish, build, equip, and\\noperate State railroads and telegraph lines.\\n12. Officers of other Boards: The Governor is presi-\\ndent of the Board of Trustees of the Arkansas Indus-\\ntrial University. The Auditor is Insurance Commis-\\nsioner. The State Land Commissioner is State Tim-\\nber Inspector.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Give the State officers. 2. Explain how they are elected\\nand give term of office of each. 3. If there should be a\\ntie, how is a choice made? 4. Give qualifications of Gover-\\nnor. 5. Give all of his powers and duties. 6. Give compen-\\nsation of the Governor and all of his assistants. 7. Mention\\none Governor under French rule. 8. One under Spanish\\nrule. 9. One under territorial government. 10. Two under\\nState government. 11. Who was the first Governor of\\nArkansas? 12. Who is now? 13. W T hat is the salary of\\nthe Secretary of State? 14. What of his assistants? 15. What\\nis the amount of his bond? 16. Give his duties. 17. What\\nis the salary of the auditor and what of his assistant?\\n18. How much is the auditor s bond? 19. What is the dif-\\nference between the auditor and treasurer? 20. Give\\nsalaries of treasurer and his assistants. 21. What is his\\nbond? 22. What are his duties? 23. Give duties of attor-\\nney-general. 24. What is his salary? 25. Give bond and\\nsalary of commissioner of State lands. 26. What are his\\nduties? 27. By what name was it first known? 28. Give\\nduties of superintendent of public instruction. 29. What\\nare the requisites for a State certificate? 30. What branches\\nof study are required? 31. Who is our present superin-\\ntendent? 32. Give two others. 33. What is his compensa-\\ntion? 34. Give bond, salary, and general duties of com-\\nmissioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture. 35. Is", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "US A PB AC TIC AX TEEATISE OX THE\\nthere a geologist? 36. Give each of the State boards.\\n37. Give the State officers that compose each of the boards.\\n38. What is the duty of each? 39. When and where does\\nthe board of commissioners of the common-school fund\\nmeet? 40. When and where does the board of railroad\\ncommissioners meet? 41. In case of death, resignation, or\\nremoval of both the Governor and president of the Senate,\\nwho would become Governor? Ans. Speaker of the House.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 119\\nCHAPTER VIII,\\nBitiej and ^oumg.\\nMUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.\\n175. Classification. In respect to the exercise of\\ncertain corporate powers and to the number, character,\\npowers, and duties of certain officers, municipal cor-\\nporations are divided into three classes: Cities of the\\nfirst class, cities of the second class, and incorporated\\ntowns. A city of the first class has over 5,000 in-\\nhabitants; a city of the second class has over 2,500\\ninhabitants, and less than 5,000; all others are incor-\\nporated towns and are governed accordingly.\\n176, Election. The annual election of all incor-\\nporated cities or towns is held on the first Tuesday in\\nApril. Any person who, at the time of the election\\nof municipal officers, is a qualified voter, under the\\nlaws of the State, for State and county officers, and\\nhas resided within the corporation for six months next\\npreceding the election and thirty days in the ward\\nwhere he offers to vote, is a qualified elector. All", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 A PK ACTIO AL TREATISE OIS THE\\nelections are held and conducted in the manner pre-\\nscribed by law for holding State and county elections,\\nso far as the same is applicable.\\nAll cities of the first and the second class are divided\\ninto divisions called wards, which, in municipal elec-\\ntions, bear the same relation to the city as the town-\\nship bears to the county. In each of these a place is\\nappointed for holding elections. The returns of all\\nmunicipal corporations must be made to the election\\ncommissioners of the county in which the corporation\\nis situated, must be opened by them and counted\\nwithin three days, and the result forwarded to the\\nmavor. All officers must take the oath given in Art.\\n42.\\nCITIES OF THE FIRST CLASS.\\n177. Officers. The qualified electors of cities of\\nthe first class, on the first Tuesday in April, elect one\\nmayor, one treasurer, one police judge, one clerk, one\\nattorney, and two aldermen for each ward. They\\nhold their offices for the term of two years. The\\naldermen must be residents of their respective wards.\\nOne from each ward is elected every year, thus mak-\\ning the term of office two years.\\nj 78. Legislative Department. The legislative\\npower is vested in a city council, composed of alder-\\nmen. The mayor is ex officio president of the city\\ncouncil. If subordinate officers are needed the council\\nhas power to appoint them. The aldermen meet on", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 121\\nthe next Monday after their election and organize the\\ncity council. A majority of all the aldermen elected\\nconstitutes a quorum.\\n179. Powers and Duties. The city council has\\npower to pass all laws for the government of the city.\\n2sTo laws, however, must conflict with the laws of the\\nState or the United States. The city council has power\\nto establish and regulate a board of health, a city\\nwatch or police, and fire companies with proper equip-\\nments; to superintend the market places, to care for\\nand control public highways, bridges and public\\nsquares to prescribe by ordinance in cities of the first\\nclass the w T idth of tires of vehicles used in transpor-\\ntation, and to control all other things for the proper\\nadministration of city government. It has power to\\nregulate and fix the salaries of city officers, to levy\\nsuch taxes as may be necessary to defray the expenses\\nof the city, although the tax for any one year cannot\\nexceed five mills on the dollar of the assessed value of\\nthe property; and to appropriate any property to the\\nuse of the city if, before doing so, just compensation\\nbe tendered to the owner.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n180. Police Court. Every police court shall\\nhave a seal and shall be deemed a court of records.\\nThe council provides a seal with the name of the State\\nin the center and the words Police Court around\\nthe margin. The police judge presides over the court", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nand performs all duties of judge of the same. He\\nlias jurisdiction over all cases of misdemeanor arising\\nunder the ordinances passed by the city council. The\\nchief of police is at the head of this department. He\\nappoints policemen, organizes and superintends what\\nis known as the police force.\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n1 8 1. Mayor. The mayor is the chief executive\\nofficer of the city. In case of his death, disability,\\nresignation, or otherwise, the city council, by a ma-\\njority vote of all the members, appoints some other\\nperson to act until the expiration of said term or dis-\\nability, if the unexpired term of his office is less than\\nsix months: otherwise, an election shall be ordered in\\naccordance with the laws of the State. A removal\\nfrom the city shall be deemed a vacation of his office.*\\n(Sec. 5279, S. H.)\\n182. Duties. He supervises the conduct of all\\nthe city officers, preserves order, reports to the council\\nthe municipal affairs of the city, chooses and appoints\\nthe chief of the police department and the chief of\\nthe fire department. He has power to veto any ordi-\\nnance adopted by the council, and before it can be-\\ncome a law must be re-passed by a two-thirds vote of\\nall the aldermen. He shall spend all his time in look-\\ning after the interests of the city. His salary shall not\\nexceed $2,500 a year.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 123\\n183. Other Officers. The fire department, the\\nboard of health, the attorney, city physician, the clerk,\\ntreasurer, and collector are officers of the executive\\ndepartment of the city. Their duties are the same\\nas those of the county having the same name. The\\nboard of health and the physician look after the sani-\\ntary condition of the city.\\nIn cities of the first class there is a board of public\\naffairs, composed of the mayor, as chairman, and two\\ncitizens selected by the city council. The board has\\npower to purchase all supplies, apparatus, material\\nand other things requisite for public purposes in the\\ncity, and to make all necessary contracts for work or\\nlabor to be done. In cases where the amount to be\\nexpended exceeds $50, the council must be notified,\\nand, if it so directs, the board must let the contract to\\nthe lowest bidder.\\nCITIES OF THE SECOND CLASS.\\n184. Officers. The qualified electors of cities of\\nthe second class, on the first Tuesday in April, elect\\none mayor, one marshal, one recorder, one city treas-\\nurer, and two aldermen from each ward. The mayor\\nand the aldermen constitute the council. The mayor\\nhas, within the limits of the city, all the jurisdiction\\nand power of a justice of the peace in all matters, civil\\nor criminal, arising under the laws of the State. He\\nhas exclusive original jurisdiction of all prosecutions\\nfor violations of any ordinance of the city. The city", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncouncil fixes the major s bond. The officers are\\nelected for the term of two years. The other officers\\nhave duties corresponding, as their names imply, to\\nthose of the county. The council of the city of the\\nsecond class has the same corresponding duties as those\\nof the city of the first class. (See Art. 179.)\\nINCORPORATED TOWNS.\\n185. Organization. When the inhabitants of a\\npart of any county, not embraced within the limits of\\nany city or incorporated town, desire to be organized\\ninto a city or town, they may apply by petition, in\\nwriting, signed by the inhabitants so applying, to be\\nin number not less than twenty qualified voters, to\\nthe county court of the proper county, which petition\\nshall describe the territory proposed to be embraced\\nin such incorporated town, shall have annexed thereto\\nan accurate map of the same, and shall state the name\\nproposed for such incorporated town. The petition is\\nfiled with the county clerk subject to the inspection\\nof any person interested. Public notice must be given\\nat least three weeks before the time for such hearing.\\nAfter hearing such petition, if the judge is satisfied\\nthat the limits are accurately described, that the\\ntwenty voters have signed the petition, and that the\\nmap is correct, he shall grant the petition. He signs\\nthe order, and delivers it, with the petition and maps,\\nto the recorder of the county, who records the same\\nand makes out two transcripts of the records, forwards", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 125\\none to the Secretary of State and the other to the\\nagents of the petitioners. As soon as these transcripts\\nhave been delivered the inhabitants within the limits\\ndescribed in the petition shall be deemed an incor-\\nporated town. One month shall elapse from the time\\nthe transcripts are delivered before notice of an elec-\\ntion of officers shall be given.\\n186. Officers, The qualified electors elect, for\\nthe term of one year, one mayor, one recorder, and\\nfour aldermen. These officers constitute the council.\\nThe mayor is a conservator of the peace, and has\\nwithin the incorporation all the powers and jurisdic-\\ntion of a justice of the peace. The council may pro-\\nvide such subordinate officers as may be necessary,\\nas the marshal and treasurer. The town council has\\nthe same general duties as that of the city of the first\\nclass, but not quite so extensive.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Give the three classes of municipal corporation.\\n2. What is the difference? 3. When is the annual election\\nof municipal corporation? 4. How long in the city and\\nhow long in the ward must you be before you are allowed\\nto vote? 5. How are the elections held? 6. What is a\\nward and what is the object of it? 7. What officers are\\nelected and how long do they hold office in a city of the\\nfirst class? 8. In what is the legislative power vested?\\n9. Give powers and duties of the legislative department.\\n10. What is the object of the police court? 11. What kind\\nof court is it? 12. Who is at the head of this department?\\n13. Who is the chief executive officer? 14. How is a\\nvacancy filled? 15. What are his duties? 16. Name some", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nof the other officers of the city of the first class and give\\ntheir duties. 17. Give the officers of the city of the second\\nclass. 18. How long do they hold office? 19. How may a\\ntown be incorporated? 20. Give the officers of an incor-\\nporated town. 21. What advantage is there in having a\\ncity or town incorporated? 22. Why are not all towns\\nincorporated? 23. Many of the largest cities of the United\\nStates have two branches of the city council corresponding\\nto our Senate and House, called the upper and lower\\nhouse. A congress, legislature, and a city council so\\ndivided are said to consist of two deliberative bodies.\\nDo you think the city council should consist of two de-\\nliberative bodies? 24. Give all the points in favor of two\\ndeliberative bodies, disadvantages of two, of one. 25. Why\\nis city government so complicated? 26. Mention the affairs\\nin the following list that are usually managed by the city\\ncouncil: Water-works, street-car lines, electric lights, spe-\\ncial delivery of mail, sidewalks, transportation, sewerage,\\npavement of streets, telephone system, fire department,\\nempounding of stock, police force, sale of goods on the\\nstreets, public parks, gas-works.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 127\\nCHAPTER IX,\\njVIi^ellaneou\\nGENERAL ELECTIONS.\\n187. Time. On the first Monday in September\\nevery two years an election is held in each precinct\\nand ward in the State for the election of all elective\\nState, county, and township officers, whose term of\\noffice is fixed by the constitution at two years. Also\\nState senators, judges of the supreme court, circuit\\njudges and prosecuting attorneys are elected at this\\ntime when their terms have previously expired. Sec-\\ntion 25, Ee vised Statutes of the United States, pre-\\nscribes the next Tuesday after the first Monday in\\nNovember, every two years, for the election of repre-\\nsentatives in Congress. Should this section be repealed\\nour representatives in Congress would be elected on\\nthe first Monday in September.\\n188. Election Commissioners.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The board of\\nelection commissioners (Art, 174) appoints three\\nqualified electors as commissioners in each countv", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nto select election judges for eacli voting precinct and\\nfor other prescribed duties. After taking oath, they\\nmeet at the court-house and organize themselves into\\na board of election commissioners by choosing one\\nmember as chairman and another as clerk. JSTot less\\nthan five days before the election they appoint three\\njudges of election for each voting precinct. They fur-\\nnish a ballot-box, printed ballots, poll-book, and all\\nother supplies, for each precinct. These are delivered\\nto the sheriff, who takes or sends them to the precinct\\nbefore the election. If the sheriff be a candidate,\\nit is the duty of the board to appoint some suitable\\nperson or persons to perform the duties of the sheriff\\nat such election.\\n889. Qualifications of Electors. Every male\\ncitizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one\\nyears, who has resided in the State twelve months,\\nin the county six months, and in the precinct or ward\\none month, next preceding any election, is a qualified\\nelector and has the right to vote, except idiots and in-\\nsane persons. ~No person who has been convicted of\\nany offence which is a felony at common law is al-\\nlowed to vote, unless the Governor pardoned such\\nperson. The law requires each elector to present a\\npoll-tax receipt to the judges, who indicate on it that\\nthe elector has voted. This is done to prevent any one\\nfrom voting more than once. This is law, but it is\\nnot practiced in all cases.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "FORM OF BALLOT.\\nThe following is a fac-simile of the\\nGeneral Election ballot of September\\n1898. This ballot was printed in one\\ncontinuous form as has always been the\\ncustom.\\nOFFICIAL BALLOT.\\nElection September 5, 1898.\\n(Cross out or scratch off* the\\nnames of all persons except those\\nfor whom you wish to vote.)\\nGovernor. Yote for one.\\nDANIEL W. JONES Democrat\\nH. E. AUTEN .Republican\\nALEX McKNIGHT. .Liberty Partv\\nW. S. MORGAN Populist\\nSecretary of State. Vote for one.\\nH. H. MYERS Kepublican\\nALEX C. HULL Democrat\\nState Auditor. Vote for one.\\nCLAY SLOAN Democrat\\nANDREW I. EOLAND. .Kepublican\\nState Treasurer. Vote for one.\\nA. L. KKEWSON Repul\\nTHOMAS E. LITTLE Democrat\\nAttorney General. Yote for one.\\nJEFF DAYIS Democrat\\nJ. F. HENLEY Kepublican\\nCommissioner 01 State Lands. Yore\\nfor one.\\nGEORGE M. FEENCH. .Republican\\nJ. W. COLQUITT Democrat\\nCommissioner of Mines, Manufacture\\nand Agriculture. Yote for one.\\nFRANK HILL Democrat\\nCHARLES W. COX Republican\\nSuperintendent Public Instruction.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nYote for one.\\nR. L. WILLFORD Republican\\nJ. J. DOYNE Democrat\\nAssociate Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt. Yote for one.\\nJ. E. EIDDICK Democrat\\nJAMES BEIZZOLAEA. .Republican\\nFor Amendment No. L (Railroad\\nCommission.)\\nAgainst Amendment No. L", "height": "3656", "width": "3363", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "For Amendment No. 5. (County Eoad\\nTax.)\\nAgainst Amendment No. 5.\\nCircuit Judge 4th Judicial Circuit.\\nVote for one.\\nJ. M. PITTMAN Democrat\\nProsecuting Attorney 4th Judicial Cir-\\ncuit. Vote for one.\\nJ. W. WALKER Democrat\\nState Senator 24th Senatorial Dis-\\ntrict. Vote for one.\\nX. J. CAELOCK Democrat\\nRepresentatives. Vote for two.\\nH. W. GIPPLE .Republican\\nJ. W. CAMPE Populist\\nHAEEY L. PATTON Democrat\\nE. L. NANCE Democrat\\nCounty Judge. Vote for one.\\nE. H. FOSTER Democrat\\nHAEEY NEWBOLD Republican\\nSheriff and Collector. Vote for one.\\nJOSH MASON Republican\\nJ. G. Mc ANDREWS Democrat\\nCircuit Clerk. Vote for one.\\nW. O. YOUNG Democrat\\nDENTON WOODb Republican\\nCounty Clerk. Vote for one.\\nW. M. HASTE Republican\\nFIARRY HUST Democrat\\nCounty Treasurer. Vote for one.\\nW. L. MARLEY Democrat\\nG. M. D. GOFE Republican\\nAssessor. Vote for one.\\nS. J. MUEPHEY Republican\\nJ. W. PUCKETT Democrat\\nSurveyor. Vote for one.\\nJ. A. MITRRY Democrat\\nTHOMAS WILSON Republican\\nCoroner. Vote for one.\\nFOR LICENSE.\\nAGAINST LICENSE.\\nFOR THE SALE OF WINE.\\nAGAINST THE SALE OF WINE.\\nSpace should be left here for two\\njustices of the peace and one constable,\\nthis being the number allowed by law\\nin each township. See Arts. 31, and 37.", "height": "3566", "width": "3414", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT 0\u00c2\u00a5 ARKANSAS. 129\\nOFFICIAL BALLOT.\\n190. Ballot System.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Australian ballot sys-\\ntem lias been adopted by the State. This system was\\nfirst proposed by Francis S. Dutton, who was a mem-\\nber of the Legislature of South Australia from 1851\\nto IS 65. The Legislature made it a law in 1857.\\nOther nations heard of the system and the excellent\\nresults. Massachusetts, in 1888, introduced the sys-\\ntem into the United States. Many of the States\\nof the Union have adopted the system. It should be\\nadopted by all States. As applied to suffrage, it is\\none of the grandest schemes known to man. Under\\nsuch a system, violence, disorder, bribery, and intimi-\\ndation lie powerless. The polls are opened at) 8\\no clock A. M. and closed at 6:30 P. M., remaining\\ncontinuously open during that time.\\n198. Manner of Voting. No ballots shall be used\\nexcept those gotten out at public expense. The names\\nof all candidates, to be voted for at any election,\\nshall be printed on these ballots, indicating both the\\noffices to which they aspire and the party they repre-\\nsent. One hundred fifty ballots for each fifty, or\\nfraction of fifty, electors in each precinct are sent to\\nthe election judges of all the voting precincts in the\\ncounty. A strict record of the number of ballots sent\\nto each precinct is kept. All of these ballots must be\\nreturned to the election commissioners with the re-\\nturns of the election. The ballots returned are of\\n9", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 A PKACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nthree kinds the ballots filled out and cast into the\\nballot-box, blank ballots not needed in the election\\nand ballots spoiled by the electors during the election\\nand returned to the election judges. Such a plan as\\nthis prevents any fraud in elections. One booth, or\\ncompartment, for each one hundred electors, or frac-\\ntion thereof, is prepared in each precinct or ward,\\nwhere each individual may retire and prepare his\\nballot. The elector, having prepared his ballot, folds\\nand returns it to the election judges, who number\\nthe ballot and cast it into the ballot-box.\\nThe returning of the spoiled ballots to the elec-\\ntion commissioners is a requirement of the Austra-\\nlian system; but not required in our State laws.\\nThe clerks record in the poll-books the elector s\\nname and the number of the ballot voted by such\\nelector. The ballots are counted by the judges, and\\nthe results, with all the ballots, are sent by special\\nmessenger to the election commissioners at the county\\nseat, who sum up the result and announce it offici-\\nally to the public. The election commissioners ascer-\\ntain the result of the election for all State officers\\nand mail one envelope, containing the result, addressed\\nto the Secretary of State and another addressed to\\nthe Speaker of the House, who opens and counts\\nthem (see p. 75) in the presence of both the House and\\nthe Senate.\\n192. Expenses. The members of the board of\\nelection commissioners each receive $2 a day while", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 131\\nactually engaged, the judges and clerks receive $1 a\\nday, and the messenger carrying the returns of the\\nelection receives five cents a mile in going and return-\\ning. These expenses, together with all printing ex-\\npenses, must he paid by the county. However, the\\ncandidates receiving the nomination really pay the ex-\\npense. The certificates of nomination must be accom-\\npanied by the receipt of the treasurer or collector of\\neach county in which the candidates are to be voted\\nfor. The amounts required of each are as follows:\\nCandidates for office to be voted for by the electors\\nof the entire State, fifty cents for each county; can-\\ndidates for office of a district composed of more than\\none county, except members of Congress, $3; candi-\\ndates for representatives in Congress, $10 candidates\\nfor office of a single county, $3 candidates for office\\nof a township, $1. These several amounts are placed\\nto the credit of the fund for general county expenses.\\n193. Senatorial Districts. In all senatorial dis-\\ntricts composed of two or more counties, the election\\nboard of each county in the district transmits to the\\nelection board of the county first named in the district,\\na certified copy of the abstract of the senatorial elec-\\ntion in each county.\\n194. Presidential Elections. The election or ap-\\npointment of electors for President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent of the United States is held on the Tuesday\\nnext after the first Monday in November, We do not\\nvote directly for President and Vice-President, but", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nvote for electors/ who meet at the State capital and\\ncast their vote directly for them. This State has eight\\nelectors, or is allowed eight electoral votes. (Art.\\n11.) Each party, when it meets in State convention\\nto choose candidates for President and Yice-President,\\nselects eight candidates for electors. These electors\\nare placed on the official ticket under the head of the\\nparty choosing them and submitted to the people, who\\nvote for them as explained above in the Manner of\\nVoting. When the county board of commissioners\\nreceive the returns they are forwarded to the Gover-\\nnor (Art. 174, 7) and the result declared by the State\\nelection board. The Governor and Secretary of State\\nissue certificates to the persons chosen as electors.\\nOn the second Monday in January the electors\\nmeet at the seat of government and cast their vote for\\nPresident and Vice-President. They make, sign, and\\ncertify three lists. Two are transmitted to the presi-\\ndent of the United States Senate one by special mes-\\nsenger and the other by mail, and the remaining one\\nthey file with the judge of the United States district\\ncourt in which the electors meet. On the second\\nWednesday in February the United States Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives meet in joint session. In\\nthe presence of each house the president of the Senate\\nopens and counts the votes from all the States.\\n195. United States Senators. Each State in the\\nUnion has two senators, and no more. They hold\\noffice for the term of six years. The Legislature, on", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 133\\nthe second Tuesday after its meeting and organization,\\nproceeds to elect a United States senator.\\nSenators each receive $5,000 a year and twenty\\ncents a mile in going to and returning from Congress.\\n196. Congressional Districts. Representatives\\nin Congress are elected every two years. They receive\\n$5,000 a year, and twenty cents a mile in going to and\\nreturning from Congress. There are six congressmen\\nfrom this State, one from each of the following con-\\ngressional districts\\nFirst Randolph, Clay, Greene, Lawrence, Sharp,\\nJackson, Craighead, Mississippi, Poinsett, Cross,\\nCrittenden, St. Francis, Lee, Phillips, Woodruff.\\nSecond Cleveland, Lincoln, Grant, Jefferson,\\nDrew, Bradley, Dallas, Hot Springs, Saline, Gar-\\nland, Montgomery, Polk, Scott, Sebastian.\\nThird Howard, Sevier, Little River, Pike, Hemp-\\nstead, Miller, Lafayette, Ashley, Columbia, Desha,\\nChicot, Nevada, Clark, Ouachita, Calhoun, Union.\\nFourth Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Pulaski, Con-\\nway, Pope, Yell, Perry.\\nFifth Benton, Washington, Madison, Carroll,\\nBoone, Newton, Crawford, Van Buren, Faulkner,\\nSearcy.\\nSixth Marion, Baxter, Fulton, Izard, Prairie,\\nMonroe, Stone, Independence, Cleburne, White,\\nLonoke, Arkansas.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nSTATE INSTITUTIONS.\\n197. Charitable. The School for the Blind has a\\nbeautiful location in the southern part of the city of\\nLittle Rock, the Deaf Mute Institute is located in a\\nvery desirable place in the western part of the city,\\nand farther out in the western part of the city is the\\nLunatic Asylum, with all about it to make it a pleasant\\nand happy home for the inmates.\\nThe Governor appoints a board consisting of six\\nmembers, one from each congressional district, to\\nmanage these institutions.\\n198. Ex-Confederate Home. This home was\\nformally opened December 1, 1890. It is situated\\nabout six miles southeast of Little Hock, on the Pine\\nBluff road. This home was first maintained by private\\nsubscription, but in 1891 it was given to the State\\nand the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for its sup-\\nport. It is a comfortable home, but not large enough\\nto accommodate all.\\n199. Arkansas Industrial University is located\\nat Fayetteville, the medical and law departments are\\nlocated at Little Rock, and the Branch formal De-\\npartment (for the colored) is at Pine Bluff. The\\nGovernor appoints one trustee from each congressional\\ndistrict, who serves for six years. A great deal might\\nbe said for our university; but its excellent work\\nspeaks for it.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 135\\n200. Penitentiary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Just west of the main busi-\\nness part of the city of Little Rock is the penitentiary.\\nThese buildings are well equipped and have been well\\nmanaged. But the management of convicts seems\\nto be a difficult one. I quote here from the biennial\\nreport of 1896, H. B. Armistead, Secretary of State:\\nThere is no State board that has graver duties to\\nperform, or greater responsibilities resting upon it,\\nthan the Board of Penitentiary Commissioners. We\\nhave entrusted to our care and control 950 convicts,\\nfor the most part thieves, murderers, and desperadoes.\\nThe management of penal labor is a subject of the\\ndeepest public concern. ~No- two States have adopted\\nthe same system of management. Convicts are crimi-\\nnals, and should be made to pay the penalty of violated\\nlaw; but they are human beings, and should be so\\ntreated by those having them in charge.\\nUNITED STATES.\\n201. Special Provisions. People compose town-\\nships, townships compose counties, counties compose\\nStates, States compose the United States. There were\\nthirteen original States. In 1776 they declared them-\\nselves free. In 1783, at Paris, the treaty of peace was\\nsigned. In 1787-90 the United States Constitution\\nwas ratified. The States granted to Congress its pow-\\ners, now Congress gives to the States their powers.\\nCongress consists of two bodies: the Senate and the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 A PR ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\nHouse. There are 90 senators at present (Art. 195)\\nand. 357 representatives. (Arts. 11 and 196.) The\\nPresident (Art. 193) is the chief executive officer.\\nHis office is the highest in the gift of the people.\\nHe receives $50,000 a year. The Vice-President pre-\\nsides over the Senate. His salary is $8,000 a year.\\nThe House elects a Speaker, who receives $8,000 a\\nyear. The President chooses a Cabinet consisting of\\neight official advisers, as follows: Secretary of State,\\nSecretary of Treasury, Secretary of T\\\\ T ar, Attorney-\\nGeneral, Postmaster-General, Secretary of Xavy,\\nSecretary of Interior, and Secretary of Agriculture.\\nThe members of the Cabinet become President in the\\nabove order in case of disability on the part of the\\nPresident and Vice-President to serve. Each receives\\n$8,000 a year. The Constitution of the United States\\nmay be amended in two ways\\nFirst. By a two-thirds vote of both houses Con-\\ngress may propose to the States amendments to the\\nConstitution. Such amendments, when proposed by\\nCongress, must be ratified by the legislatures of three-\\nfourths of the States, or by convention of three-fourths\\nof the States.\\nSecond. Congress, upon application of two-thirds\\nof the States, shall call a convention of delegates\\nfrom the several States for the purpose of proposing\\namendments. An amendment so proposed must be", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE ARKANSAS. 137\\nratified also by the legislatures or by conventions of\\ntwo-thirds of the States.\\nNineteen amendments have been proposed; fifteen\\nratified.\\nThe judicial system of the United States and that\\nof our State are very much alike. The courts are\\nas follows: Supreme Court, Circuit Court of Ap-\\npeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts, and Court of\\nClaims. The Supreme Court consists of one Chief\\nJustice and eight Associate Justices. They hold\\noffice for life, or during good behavior. If they have\\nserved for ten years they may retire on full pay at\\nthe age of seventy. The chief justice receives annu-\\nally $10,500 and the associate justices $10,000 each.\\nThey are appointed by the President and confirmed\\nby the Senate.\\nWe thus see the similarity between the State and\\nthe United States government and how they are re-\\nlated.\\nREYISW QUESTIONS.\\n1. When is the general election held? 2. What officers\\nare elected at this time? 3. Give the duties of the board of\\nelection commissioners. 4. Give qualification of electors.\\n5. What persons are disqualified? 6. What ballot system\\ndo we use? 7. Why so called? 8. How many ballots are\\nsent out? 9. Explain the manner of voting. 10. How is\\nthe expense of elections paid? 11. Give compensation of\\nthose who assist in holding elections. 12. What special\\narrangement has been made for elections held in senatorial\\ndistricts of more than one county? 13. How is the President\\nand Vice-President elected? 14. When is the election held?", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 A PRACTICAL TREATISE, 0.\\n15. How are United States senators elected? 16. How much\\ndo they receive and how long do they hold office? 17. How\\nmany congressional districts? 18. What is the number of\\nyours? 19. Give the names of our senators. 20. Give\\nnames of two of our United States representatives. 21. Give\\nthe names of our charitable institutions. 22. Where is\\neach located? 23. How many on each board and how are\\nthey appointed? 24. Where is the penitentiary? 25. Who\\nhas the management of it? 26. How is our State and\\nnational government related? 27. How many original\\nStates? 28. How did these States become the United States?\\n29. How many United States senators? 30. How many\\nrepresentatives? 31. Give salary of President, Vice-Presi-\\ndent, Speaker of the House, members of the Cabinet,\\nsupreme judges. 32. Give the President s Cabinet. 33. What\\nis the order in which they should become President?\\n34. Give the United States court system. 35. How many\\nsupreme judges and how long do they hold office? 36. How\\nmany amendments have been made to the constitution?\\nGENERAL QUESTIONS.\\n1. Define misdemeanor, assault, felony, civil action,\\ncriminal action. 2. What is grand larceny? 3. What\\npetty larceny? 4. What does embezzlement mean? 5. What\\nis meant by suffrage? 6. Explain franchise, disfranchise.\\n7. What does waive or waiver mean? 8. Explain nol pros\\nas generally used. 9. What is meant by acquittal? 10. De-\\nfine breach of the peace, client, defeasance, excise, perjury,\\nproviso, replevin, reprieve, recourse, State s evidence, ver-\\ndict, viva voce.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION\\nOF THE\\nState of jSrl^an^a!\\nAdopted in Convention September 7, 1874.\\nPREAMBLE.\\nWe, the people of the State of Arkansas, grateful to\\nAlmighty God for the privilege of choosing our own form\\nof government; for our civil and religious liberty; and\\ndesiring to perpetuate its blessings and secure the same\\nto ourselves and posterity, do ordain and establish this\\nConstitution.\\nARTICLE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boundaries.\\nWe do declare and establish, ratify, and confirm the\\nfollowing as the permanent boundaries of the State of\\nArkansas that is to say: Beginning at the main channel\\nof the Mississippi river, on the parallel thirty-six degrees\\nof north latitude, running thence west with said parallel\\nof latitude to the middle of the main channel of the\\nSt. Francis river; thence up the main channel of said last-\\nnamed river to the parallel of thirty-six degrees, thirty\\nminutes of north latitude; thence west with the southern\\nboundary line of the State of Missouri to the southwest\\ncorner of said last-named State; thence to be bounded on\\nthe west to the north bank of Red river, as by Act of Con-\\ngress and treaties existing January first, 1837, denning the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nwestern limits of the territory of Arkansas, and to be\\nbounded across and south of Red river by the boundary\\nline of the State of Texas as far as to the northwest corner\\nof the State of Louisiana; thence easterly with the north-\\nern boundary line of said last-named State to the middle\\nof the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence up\\nthe middle of the main channel of said last-named river,\\nincluding an island in said river known as Belle Point\\nIsland, and all other land originally surveyed and included\\nas a part of the Territory or State of Arkansas, to the\\nthirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the place of beginning.\\nSeat of Government.\\nThe seat of government of the State of Arkansas shall be\\nand remain at Little Rock, where it is now established.\\nARTICLE II. Declaeatiox of Rights.\\nSection 1. Source of Political Power Object of Govern-\\nment Right of Reform and Abolition.\\nAll political power is inherent in the people, and govern-\\nment is instituted for their protection, security, and\\nbenefit; and they have the right to alter, reform, or abolish\\nthe same, in such manner as they may think proper.\\nSection 2. Natural Freedom and Independence of Hen\\nInalienable Rights Origin of Government.\\nAll men are created equally free and independent, and\\nhave certain inherent and inalienable rights; amongst\\nwhich are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty;\\nof acquiring, possessing, and protecting property and repu-\\ntation; and of pursuing their own happiness. To secure\\nthese rights governments are instituted among men, de-\\nriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 141\\nSection 3. Equality of All Persons Before the Law.\\nThe equality of all persons before the law is recognized,\\nand shall ever remain inviolate; nor shall any citizen ever\\nbe deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity; nor ex-\\nempted from any burden or duty, on account of race, color,\\nor previous condition.\\nSection 4. Right of Public Assembly, and of Petition.\\nThe right of the people peaceably to assemble to consult\\nfor the common good, and to petition, by address or re-\\nmonstrance, the government, or any department thereof,\\nshall never be abridged.\\nSection 5. Right to Bear Arms.\\nThe citizens of this State shall have the right to keep and\\nbear arms for their common defence.\\nSection 6. Liberty of the Press and of Speech Libel.\\nThe liberty of the press shall forever remain inviolate.\\nThe free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of\\nthe inalienable rights of man; and all persons may freely\\nwrite and publish their sentiments on all subjects, being\\nresponsible for the abuse of such right. In all criminal\\nprosecutions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence\\nto the jury; and, if it shall appear to the jury that the mat-\\nter charged as libelous is true, and was published with\\ngood motives and for justifiable ends, the party charged\\nshall be acquitted.\\nSection 7. Trial by Jury.\\nThe right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and\\nshall extend to all cases at law, without regard to the\\namount in controversy; but a jury trial may be waived by\\nthe parties in all cases, in the manner prescribed by law.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 8.t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No Person to be Held to Answer for Crime, out\\non Presentment or Indictment Exceptions Xo Person\\nto be Twice Put in Jeopardy for Same Offence Or be\\nCompelled to be Witness Against Himself Security for\\nLife, Liberty, and Property Right to Bail.\\nNo person shall be held to answer a criminal charge,\\nunless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury;\\nexcept in cases of impeachment, or cases such as the Gen-\\neral Assembly shall make cognizable by justices of the\\npeace, and courts of similar jurisdiction, or cases arising\\nin the army and navy of the United States, or in the militia\\nwhen in actual service in time of war or public danger; and\\nno person, for the same offence, shall be twice put in\\njeopardy of life or liberty; but if, in any criminal prose-\\ncution, the jury be divided in opinion, the court before\\nwhich the trial shall be had, may, in its discretion, dis-\\ncharge the jury, and commit or bail the accused for trial,\\nat the same or the next term of said court; nor shall any\\nperson be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness\\nagainst himself: nor be deprived of life, liberty, or prop-\\nerty, without due process of lav/. All persons shall, before\\nconviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for\\ncapital offences, when the proof is evident or the presump-\\ntion great.\\nSection 9. Excessive Bail and Fines, Cruel Punishments, and\\nDetention of Witnesses Prohibited.\\nExcessive bail shall not be required; nor shall excessive\\nfines be imposed; nor shall cruel or unusual punishment\\nbe inflicted; nor witnesses be unreasonably detained.\\nSection 10. Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecution.\\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the\\nright to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of\\nthe county in which the crime shall have been committed:", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 143\\nProvided, that the venue may be changed to any other\\ncounty of the judicial district in which the indictment is\\nfound, upon the application of the accused, in such manner\\nas now is or may be prescribed by law; and to be informed\\nof the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and\\nto have a copy thereof; and to be confronted with the wit-\\nnesses against him; to have compulsory process for ob-\\ntaining witnesses in his favor; and to be heard by himself\\nand his counsel.\\nSection 11. Habeas Corpus.\\nThe privilege of the writ of Jiabeas corpus (Art. 113), shall\\nnot be suspended except, by the General Assembly, in case\\nof rebellion, insurrection, or invasion, when the public\\nsafety may require it.\\nSection 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suspension of the Laws.\\nNo power of suspending or setting aside the law or laws\\nof the State shall ever be exercised, except by the General\\nAssembly. (Art. 112.)\\nSection 13. Redress of Wrongs.\\nEvery person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws\\nfor all injuries or wrongs he may receive in his person,\\nproperty, or character; he ought to obtain justice freely\\nand without purchase, completely and without denial,\\npromptly and without delay, conformably to the laws.\\nSection 14. Treason.\\nTreason against the State shall only consist in levying\\nand making war against the same, or in adhering to its\\nenemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be\\nconvicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit-\\nnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 15. Security Against Unreasonable Searches and\\nSeizures.\\nThe right of the people of this State to be secure in their\\npersons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable\\nsearches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant\\nshall issue, except upon probable cause, supported by oath\\nor affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be\\nsearched, and the person or thing to be seized.\\nSectiox 16. Imprisonment for Debt Prohibited.\\nNo person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil\\naction, on mesne or final process, unless in cases of fraud.\\nSection 17. Attainder Laics, ex Post Facto, Impairing\\nContracts, etc., Prohibited.\\nNo bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing\\nthe obligation of contracts shall ever be passed: and no\\nconviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of\\nestate. (Art. 113, 3.)\\nSectiox 18.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Equality of Privileges and Immunities.\\nThe General Assembly shall not grant, to any citizen\\nor class of citizens, privileges or immunities which, upon\\nthe same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens.\\nSectiox 19.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Perpetuities, Monopolies, and Hereditary Dis-\\ntinctions Prohibited.\\nPerpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius\\nof a republic, and shall not be allowed, nor shall any\\nhereditary emoluments, privileges, or honors ever be\\ngranted or conferred in this State.\\nSectiox 20. Resident Aliens.\\nNo distinction shall ever be made by law, between resi-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ABEANSAS. 145\\ndent aliens and citizens, in regard to the possession, en-\\njoyment, or descent of property.\\nSection 21. Life, Liberty, and Property; How Secured\\nBanishment Prohibited.\\nNo person shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized of\\nhis estate, freehold, liberties, or privileges; or outlawed,\\nor in any manner destroyed; or deprived of his life, liberty,\\nor property; except by the judgment of his peers, or the\\nlaw of the land; nor shall any person, under any circum-\\nstances, be exiled from the State.\\nSection 22. Private Property Taken for Public Use.\\nThe right of property is before and higher than any con-\\nstitutional sanction; and private property shall not be\\ntaken, appropriated, or damaged for public use, without\\njust compensation therefor.\\nSection 23.* State s Right of Eminent Domain and of Tax-.\\nation Delegation of Taxing Power.\\nThe State s ancient right of eminent domain and of tax-\\nation is herein fully and expressly conceded; and the\\nGeneral Assembly may delegate the taxing power, with the\\nnecessary restriction, to the State s subordinate political\\nand municipal corporations, to the extent of providing for\\ntheir existence, maintenance, and well-being, but no further.\\nSection 24. Right of Religious Liberty.\\nAll men have a natural and indefeasible right to wor-\\nship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own\\nconsciences; no man can, of right, be compelled to attend,\\nerect, or support any place of worship; or to maintain any\\nministry against his consent. No human authority can, in\\nSee page 52.\\n10", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nany case or manner whatsoever, control or interfere with\\nthe right of conscience; and no preference shall ever be\\ngiven, by law, to any religious establishment, denomina-\\ntion or mode of worship, above any other.\\nSection 25. Protection of Religions Liberty.\\nReligion, morality, and knowledge being essential to\\ngood government, the General Assembly shall enact suit-\\nable laws to protect every religious denomination in the\\npeaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship.\\nSection 26. Religious Tests Prohibited Oaths or Affirma-\\ntions Required.\\nNo religious test shall ever be required of any person as\\na qualification to vote or hold office; nor shall any person\\nbe rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his\\nreligious belief; but nothing herein shall be construed to\\ndispense with oaths or affirmations. (Art. 42.)\\nSection 27. Involuntary Servitude, Except for Crime, Pro-\\nhibited Standing Army Military Subordinate to Civil\\nPower Quartering of Troops.\\nThere shall be no slavery in this State, nor involuntary\\nservitude, except as a punishment for crime. No standing\\narmy shall be kept in time of peace; the military shall, at\\nall times, be in strict subordination to the civil power;\\nand no soldier shall be quartered in any house, or on any\\npremises, without the consent of the owner, in time of\\npeace; nor in time of war, except in a manner prescribed\\nby law.\\nSection 28. Tenure of Lands.\\nAll lands in this State are declared to be allodial; and\\nfeudal tenures of every description, with all their incidents,\\nare prohibited.*\\nFor. feudal system, see Barnes s General History, page 408.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 147\\nSection 29. This Enumeration of Rights Not to Disparage\\nOther Rights Paramount Authority of Declaration of\\nRights and of Constitution.\\nThis enumeration of rights shall not be construed to\\ndeny or disparage others retained by the people; and to\\nguard against any encroachments on the rights herein re-\\ntained, or any transgression of any of the higher powers\\nherein delegated, we declare that everything in this article\\nis excepted out of the general powers of the government;\\nand shall forever remain inviolate; and that all laws con-\\ntrary thereto., or to the other provisions herein contained\\nshall be void.\\nARTICLE III. Franchise and Elections. (Aet. 189.)\\nSection 1. Qualifications of Electors.\\nEvery male citizen of the United States, or male person\\nwho has declared his intention of becoming a citizen of\\nthe same, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided\\nin the State -twelve months, and in the county six months,\\nand in the voting precinct or ward one month, next pre-\\nceding any election, where he may propose to vote, shall\\nbe entitled to vote at all elections by the people.\\nSection 2. Freedom, of Elections Right of Suffrage Not to\\nDepend on Previous Registration Or Impairable Except\\non Conviction for Felony.\\nElections shall be free and equal. No power, civil or\\nmilitary, shall ever interfere to prevent the free exercise\\nof the right of suffrage; nor shall any law be enacted,\\nwhereby the right to vote at any election shall be made\\nto depend upon any previous registration of the elector s\\nname; or whereby such right shall be impaired or for-\\nfeited, except for the commission of a felony at common\\nlaw, upon lawful conviction thereof.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 3. Elections to be by Ballot Numbering of Ballots\\nSecrecy of the Ballot.\\nAll elections by the people shall be by ballot. (Art 190.)\\nEvery ballot shall be numbered in the order in which it shall\\nbe received, and the number recorded by the election officers,\\non the list of voters opposite the name of the elector who\\npresents the ballot. The election officers shall be sworn or\\naffirmed not to disclose how any elector shall have voted,\\nunless required to do so as witnesses in a judicial proceed-\\ning, or a proceeding to contest an election.\\nSection 4. Privilege of Electors.\\nElectors shall, in all cases (except treason, felony, and\\nbreach of the peace), be privileged from arrest during their\\nattendance at elections, and going to and from the same.\\nSection 5. Idiots and Insane.\\nXo idiot or insane person shall be entitled to the privi-\\nleges of an elector.\\nSection 6.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Corrupt Violation of Election Lairs to Disqualify\\nfor Office.\\nAny person who shall be convicted of fraud, bribery, or\\nother wilful and corrupt violation of any election law of\\nthis State, shall be adjudged guilty of a felony, and dis-\\nqualified from holding any office of trust or profit in this\\nState.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ECTIOZs\\nj,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 United States Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines.\\nXo soldier, sailor, or marine, in the military or naval\\nservice of the United States, shall acquire a residence by\\nreason of being stationed on duty in this State.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 149\\nSection 8. Time of Holding General Elections.\\nThe general elections (Art. 187) shall be held biennially\\non the first Monday of September; but the General As-\\nsembly may, by law, fix a different time.\\nSection 9. Testimony in Cases of Contested Elections.\\nIn trials of contested elections and in proceedings for\\nthe investigation of elections, no person shall be permitted\\nto withhold his testimony on the ground that it may crimi-\\nnate himself, or subject him to public infamy; but such\\ntestimony shall not be used against him in any judicial\\nproceeding, except for perjury in giving such testimony.\\nSection 10. Causes of Disqualification as Election Office.\\nNo person shall be qualified to serve as an election officer\\n(Art. 188) who shall hold, at the time of the election, any\\noffice, appointment, or employment in or under the govern-\\nment of the United States, or of this State, or in any city or\\ncounty or any municipal board, commission, or trust in any\\ncity; save only the justices of the peace, and aldermen, no-\\ntaries public, and persons in the militia service of the State.\\nNor shall any election officer be eligible to any civil office to\\nbe filled at an election at which he shall serve; save only\\nto such subordinate municipal or local offices, below the\\ngrade of city or county officers, as shall be designated by\\ngeneral law.\\nSection 11. Votes Unlawfully Refused, to be Counted on\\nTrial of Contest.\\nIf the officers of any election shall unlawfully refuse or\\nfail to receive, count, or return the vote or ballot of any\\nqualified elector, such vote or ballot shall nevertheless be\\ncounted upon the trial of any conte[n]st arising out of\\nsaid election.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 12. Elections by Parties Representative.\\nAll elections by persons acting in a representative\\ncapacity shall be viva voce.\\nARTICLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Departments. (Aet. 89.)\\nSection 1. Departments of Government.\\nThe powers of the government of the State of Arkansas\\nshall be divided into three distinct departments, each of\\nthem to be confided to a separate body of magistracy to\\nwit: Those which are legislative to one; those which are\\nexecutive to another; and those which are judicial to\\nanother.\\nSection 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Separation of Departments.\\nNo person or collection of persons, being of one of these\\ndepartments, shall exercise any power belonging to either\\nof the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly\\ndirected or permitted.\\nARTICLE V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Legislative. (Art. 90.)\\nSection 1. General Assembly.\\nThe legislative power of this State shall be vested in a\\nGeneral Assembly, which shall consist of the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives.\\nSection 2. House of Representatives.\\nThe House of Representatives shall consist of members\\nto be chosen every second year by the qualified electors of\\nthe several counties.\\nSection 3. Senate.\\nThe Senate (Art. 101) shall consist of members to be\\nchosen every four years by the qualified electors of the sev-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 151\\neral districts. At the first session of the Senate, the senators\\nshall divide themselves into two classes, by lot, and the first\\nclass shall hold their places for two years only, after which\\nall shall be elected for four years.\\nSection 4. Qualifications of Senators and Representatives.\\nNo person shall be a senator or representative who, at\\nthe time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States,\\nnor any one who has not been, for two years next pre-\\nceding his election, a resident of this State, and for one\\nyear next preceding his election, a resident of the county\\nor district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be\\nat least twenty-five years of age, and representatives at\\nleast twenty-one years of age.\\nSection 5. Times of Meeting.\\nThe General Assembly shall meet at the seat of govern-\\nment every two years, on the first Tuesday after the second\\nMonday in November, until said time be altered by law.\\n(Art. 91.)\\nSection 6. Vacancies.\\nThe Governor shall issue writs of election (Arts. 92, 101)\\nto fill such vacancies as shall occur in either house of the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\nSection 7. Officers Ineligible to General Assembly.\\nNo judge of the supreme, circuit, or inferior courts of\\nlaw or equity, secretary of state, attorney-general for the\\nState, auditor, or treasurer, recorder, clerk of any court\\nof record, sheriff, coroner, member of Congress, or any\\nother person holding any lucrative office under the United\\nStates or this State (militia officers, justices of the peace,\\npostmasters, officers of public schools and notaries ex-\\ncepted), shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the\\nGeneral Assembly.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 8. Holders of Public Moneys Disqualified for\\nOffice, Until Settlement.\\nNo person who now is, or shall be hereafter, a collector\\nor holder of public money, nor any assistant or deputy of\\nsuch holder or collector of public money, shall be eligible\\nto a seat in either house of the General Assembly, nor to\\nany office of trust or profit, until he shall have accounted\\nfor and paid over all sums for which he may have been\\nliable.\\nSection 9. Conviction of Infamous Crime to Disqualify\\nfor Office.\\nNo person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public\\nmoney, bribery, forgery, or other infamous crime, shall be\\neligible to the General Assembly or capable of holding any\\noffice of trust or profit in this State.\\nSection 10. Senator or Representative Disqualified for\\nCivil Office.\\nNo senator or representative shall, during the term for\\nwhich he shall have been elected, be appointed or elected\\nto any civil office under this State.\\nSection 11.. Each House to Appoint its Officers and Determine\\nQualifications, etc., of Its Members Quorum.\\nEach house shall appoint its own officers (pages 65 and 69)\\nand shall be sole judge of the qualifications, returns, and\\nelections of its own members. A majority of all the mem-\\nbers elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do\\nbusiness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to\\nday, and compel the attendance of absent members, in such\\nmanner and under such penalties as each house shall pro-\\nvide.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 153\\nSection 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rules Expulsion of Members Punishment for\\nContempt Enforcement of Process Protection of Mem-\\nbers Journal Yeas and Nays.\\nEach house shall have the power to determine the rules*\\nof its proceedings; and punish its members or other persons\\nfor contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; enforce\\nobedience to its process; to protect its members against\\nviolence or offers of bribes, or private solicitations; and,\\nwith the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but\\nnot a second time for the same cause. A member expelled\\nfor corruption shall not, thereafter, be eligible to either\\nhouse; and punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior\\nshall not bar an indictment for the same offence. Each\\nhouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings; and, from\\ntime to time, publish the same, except such parts as re-\\nquire secrecy; and the yeas and nays, on any question,\\nshall, at the desire of any five members, be entered on the\\njournals.\\nSection 13. Proceedings to be Public.\\nThe sessions of each house, and of committees of the\\nwhole, shall be open, unless when the business is such as\\nought to be kept secret.\\nSection 14. Elections by Joint or Concurrent Vote.\\nWhenever an officer, civil or military, shall be appointed\\nby the joint or concurrent vote of both houses or by the\\nseparate vote of either house of the General Assembly, the\\nvote shall be taken viva voce and entered on the journals.\\nSection 15. Privileges of Senators and Representatives.\\nThe members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases\\nexcept treason, felony, and breaph, or surety of the peace,\\nbe privileged from arrest during their attendance at the\\nSee last paragraph of Art. 107.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nsessions of their respective houses and in going to and\\nreturning from the same, and, for any speech or debate in\\neither house, they shall not be questioned in any other\\nplace.\\nSection 16. Pay and Mileage Term to Begin with Election.\\nThe members of the General Assembly shall receive such\\nper diem pay (Art. 94) and mileage for their services, as shall\\nbe fixed by law. No member of either house shall, during the\\nterm for which he has been elected, receive any increase\\nof pay for his services under any law passed during such\\nterm. The term of all members of the General Assembly\\nshall begin on the day of their election.\\nSection 17. Duration of Sessions.\\nThe regular biennial sessions shall not exceed sixty days\\nin duration; unless by a vote of two-thirds of the members\\nelected to each house of said General Assembly: Provided,\\nthat this section shall not apply to the first session of the\\nGeneral Assembly under this Constitution, or when im-\\npeachments are pending.\\nSection 18. Presiding Officers President of Senate to Suc-\\nceed to Governorship in Case of Vacancy.\\nEach house, at the beginning of every regular session of\\nthe General Assembly and whenever a vacancy may occur\\nshall elect from its members a presiding officer, to be styled,\\nrespectively, the president of the Senate and the speaker of\\nthe House of Representatives; and whenever, at the close\\nof any session, it may appear that the term of the member\\nelected president of the Senate will expire before the next\\nregular session, the Senate shall elect another president\\nfrom those members whose terms of office continue over,\\nwho shall qualify and remain president of the Senate until\\nhis successor may be elected and qualified, and who, in the", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 155\\ncase of a vacancy in the office of Governor, shall perform\\nthe duties and exercise the powers of Governor, as else-\\nwhere herein provided.\\nSection 19. Style of Laws.\\nThe style of the laws of the State of Arkansas shall be:\\nBe it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of\\nArkansas.\\nSection 20. State Not to be Sued in Her Courts.\\nThe State of Arkansas shall never be made defendant in\\nany of her courts.\\nSection 21. Laws to oe by Bill Amendment of Bills.\\nNo law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall\\nbe so altered or amended, on its passage through either\\nhouse, as to change its original purpose.\\nSection 22. Passage of Bills.\\nEvery bill shall be read at length, on three different days,\\nin each house, unless the rules be suspended by two-thirds\\nof the house, when the same may be read a second or third\\ntime on the same day; and no bill shall become a law\\nunless, on its final passage, the vote be taken by yeas and\\nnays; the names of the persons voting for and against the\\nsame be entered on the journal; and a majority of each\\nhouse be recorded thereon as voting in its favor.\\nSection 23.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Revival, Amendment, and Extension, of Laws.\\nNo law shall be revived, amended, or the provisions\\nthereof extended or conferred, by reference to its title only;\\nbut so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended, or\\nconferred, shall be re-enacted, and published at length.\\nSection 24. Classes of Special Legislation Prohibited.\\nThe General Assembly shall not pass any local or special\\nlaw changing the venue in criminal cases; changing the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nnames of persons, or adopting or legitimating children;\\ngranting divorces; vacating roads, streets, or alleys.\\nSection 25. Restrictions on Special Legislation.\\nIn all cases where a general law can be made applicable,\\nno special law shall be enacted; nor shall the operation of\\nany general law be suspended by the Legislature for the\\nbenefit of any particular individual, corporation, or associa-\\ntion; nor where the courts have jurisdiction to grant the\\npowers or the privileges or the relief asked for.\\nSectiox 26. Publication of Xotice of Local and Special Bills.\\nNo local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of\\nthe intention to apply therefor shall have been published\\nin the locality where the matter or the thing to be affected\\nmay be situated; which notice shall be at least thirty days\\nprior to the introduction in the General Assembly of such\\nbill, and in the manner to be provided by law. The evi-\\ndence of such notice having been published shall be ex-\\nhibited in the General Assembly before such act shall be\\npassed.\\nSection 21.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Extra Compensation to Officers, Agents, Em-\\nployees, and Contractors^Appropriations for Claims,\\nin Matters Not Provided for by Pre-existing Laws.\\nNo extra compensation shall be made to any officer, agent,\\nemployee, or contractor, after the service shall have been\\nrendered, or the contract made; nor shall any money be\\nappropriated or paid on any claim, the subject-matter of\\nwhich shall not have been provided for by pre-existing\\nlaws; unless such compensation or claim be allowed by bill\\npassed by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch\\nof the General Assembly.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 157\\nSection 28. Adjournment.\\nNeither house shall, without the consent of the other,\\nadjourn for more than three days; nor to any other place\\nthan that in which the two houses shall be sitting.\\nSection 29. Appropriations to be Specific, and Limited to\\nTwo Years.\\nNo money shall be drawn from the treasury except in\\npursuance of specific appropriation made by law, the pur-\\npose of which shall be distinctly stated in the bill, and the\\nmaximum amount which may be drawn shall be specified\\nin dollars and cents; and no appropriations shall be for\\na longer period than two years.\\nSection 30. General and Special Appropriation Bills.\\nThe general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but\\nappropriations for the ordinary expense of the executive,\\nlegislative, and judicial departments of the State; all other\\nappropriations shall be made by separate bills, each em-\\nbracing but one subject.\\nSection SI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tote Requisite to Allowances of State Tax, and\\nAppropriations of Money.\\nNo Stare tax shall be allowed, or appropriation of money\\nmade, except to raise means for the payment of the just\\ndebts of the State, for defraying the necessary expenses of\\ngovernment, to sustain common schools, to repel invasion\\nand suppress insurrection, except by a majority of two-\\nthirds of both houses of the General Assembly.\\nSection 32. Redress for Injuries to Person or Property.\\nNo act of the General Assembly shall limit the amount to\\nbe recovered for injuries resulting in death, or for injuries\\nto persons or property; and, in case of death from such", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ninjuries, the right of action shall survive, and the General\\nAssembly shall prescribe for whose benefit such action shall\\nbe prosecuted.\\nSection 33. Liabilities of Corporations to the State.\\nNo obligation or liability of any railroad or other cor-\\nporation held or owned by this State shall ever be ex-\\nchanged, transferred, remitted, postponed, or in any way\\ndiminished by the General Assembly; nor shall such lia-\\nbility or obligation be released, except by payment thereof\\ninto the State treasury.\\nSection 34.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bills Not to he Introduced Daring Last Three\\nDays of the Session.\\nNo new bill shall T)e introduced into either house during\\nthe last three days of the session.\\nSection 35. Bribery of Officers.\\nAny person who shall, directly or indirectly, offer, give,\\nor promise any money, or thing of value, testimonial, privi-\\nlege, or personal advantage to any executive or judicial\\nofficer or member of the General Assembly; and any such\\nexecutive or judicial officer or member of the General\\nAssembly who shall receive, or consent to receive, any such\\nconsideration, either directly or indirectly, to influence\\nhis action in the performance or non-performance of his\\npublic or official duty, shall be guilty of a felony, and be\\npunished accordingly.\\nSection 36. Expulsion of Member No Bar to Indictment.\\nProceedings to expel a member for a criminal offence,\\nwhether successful or not, shall not bar an indictment and\\npunishment, under the criminal laws, for the same offence.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 159\\nARTICLE VI. Executive Depaktment. (Arts. 153-4.)\\nSection 1. Executive Officers Offices to he at Seat of Gov-\\nernment Terms of Office Commissioner of State Lands.\\nThe executive department of this State shall consist of\\na governor, secretary of state, treasurer of state, auditor\\nof state, and attorney-general, all of whom shall keep their\\noffices in person at the seat of government and hold their\\noffices for a term of two years, and until their successors\\nare elected and qualified; and the General Assembly may\\nprovide by law for the establishment of the office of com-\\nmissioner of State lands.\\nSection 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor.\\nThe supreme executive power of this State shall be vested\\nin a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor\\n(Arts. 155-6) of the State of Arkansas.\\nSection 3. Election of Executive Officers Returns Decla-\\nration of Election Case of Tie.\\nThe governor, secretary of state, treasurer of state, audi-\\ntor of state, and attorney-general shall be elected by the\\nqualified electors of the State at large, at the time and\\nplaces of voting for members of the General Assembly;\\nthe returns of each election therefor shall be sealed up\\nseparately and transmitted to the seat of government by\\nthe returning officers, and directed to the speaker of the\\nHouse of Representatives, who shall, during the first week\\nof the session, open and publish the votes cast and given\\nfor each of the respective officers hereinbefore mentioned, in\\nthe presence of both houses of the General Assembly. The\\nperson having the highest number of votes for each of the\\nrespective offices shall be declared duly elected thereto; but\\nif two or more shall be equal, and highest in votes for the\\nsame offices, one of them shall be chosen by the joint vote", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nof both houses of the General Assembly, and a majority of\\nall the members elected shall be necessary to a choice.\\nSection 4. Contested Elections for Executive Officers.\\nContested elections for governor, secretary of state,\\ntreasurer of state, auditor of state, and attorney-general\\nshall be determined by the members of both houses of the\\nGeneral Assembly, in joint session; who shall have exclu-\\nsive jurisdiction in trying and determining the same, ex-\\ncept as hereinafter provided in the case of special elections;\\nand all such contests shall be tried and determined at the\\nfirst session of the General Assembly after the election in\\nwhich the same shall have arisen.\\nSection 5.- Qualifications of Governor.\\nNo person shall be eligible to the office of governor except\\na citizen of the United States, who shall have attained the\\nage of thirty years, and shall have been seven years a\\nresident of this State.\\nSection 6.^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor to be Commander-in-Chief.\\nThe governor shall be commander-in-chief of the mili-\\ntary and naval forces of this State except when they shall\\nbe called into the actual service of the United States.\\nSection 7. May Require Information from Officers of Ex-\\necutive Department\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Execution of the Laivs.\\nHe may require information, in writing, from the officers\\nof the executive department, on any subject relating to\\nthe duties of their respective offices; and shall see that the\\nlaws are faithfully executed.\\nSection 8. Messages to General Assembly.\\nHe shall give to the General Assembly, from time to time,\\nand at the close of his official term to the next General", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 161\\nAssembly, information, by message, concerning the con-\\ndition and government of the State; and recommend for\\ntheir consideration such measures as he may deem ex-\\npedient.\\nSection 9. Great Seal of the State.\\nA seal of the State shall be kept by the governor, used\\nby him officially, and called the Great Seal of the State of\\nArkansas.\\nSection 10. Grants and Commissions.\\nAll grants and commissions shall be issued in the name,\\nand by the authority of the State of Arkansas; sealed with\\nthe great seal of the State; signed by the governor, and\\nattested by the secretary of state.\\nSection 11. Persons Ineligible to Office of Governor.\\nNo member of Congress, or other person holding office\\nunder authority of this State or of the United States, shall\\nexercise the office of governor, except as herein provided.\\nSection 12. Death, Impeachment, or Other Disability of\\nGovernor.\\nIn case of the death, conviction on impeachment, failure\\nto qualify, resignation, absence from the State, or other\\ndisability of the governor, the powers, duties, and emolu-\\nments of the office for the remainder of the term, or until\\nthe disability be removed, or a governor elected and quali-\\nfied, shall devolve upon, and accrue to, the president of the\\nSenate. (Art. 103.)\\nSection 13. Impeachment or Other Disability of President\\nof Senate, Acting as Governor.\\nIf, during the vacancy of the office of governor, the\\npresident of the Senate shall be impeached, removed from\\n11", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\noffice, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or be absent from the\\nState, the speaker of the House of Representatives shall,\\nin like manner, administer the government.\\nSection 14.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Election to Fill Vacancy in Office of Governor\\nReturns Contested Election.\\nWhenever the office of governor shall have become vacant\\nby death, resignation, removal from office, or otherwise,\\nprovided such vacancy shall not happen within twelve\\nmonths next before the expiration of the term of office\\nfor which the late governor shall have been elected, the\\npresident of the Senate or speaker of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives, as the case may be, exercising the powers of\\ngovernor for the time being, shall immediately cause an\\nelection to be held to fill such vacancy, giving, by procla-\\nmation, sixty days previous notice thereof, which election\\nshall be governed by the same rules prescribed for general\\nelections of governor as far as applicable; the returns shall\\nbe made to the secretary of state, and the acting governor,\\nsecretary of state, and attorney-general shall constitute a\\nboard of canvassers, a majority of whom shall compare\\nsaid returns, and declare who is elected; and if there be a\\ncontested election, it shall be decided as may be provided\\nby law.\\nSection 15. Bills to be Presented to Governor for Approval\\nProceedings in Case of Veto Bill not Returned within\\nFive Days to Become a Law Bills Passed During Last\\nFive Days of Session.\\nEvery bill which shall have passed both houses of the\\nGeneral Assembly, shall be presented to the governor; if\\nhe approve it, he shall sign it; but if he shall not approve it,\\nhe shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which\\nit originated; which house shall enter the objections at\\nlarge upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If,\\nafter such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 163\\nelected to that house, shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be\\nsent, with the objections, to the other house; by which,\\nlikewise, it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by a\\nmajority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall\\nbe a law; but in such cases, the votes of both houses shall\\nbe determined by yeas and nays and the names of\\nthe members voting for or against the bill shall be entered\\non the journals. If any bill shall not be returned by the\\ngovernor within five days, Sunday excepted, after it shall\\nhave been presented to him_, the same shall be a law in\\nlike manner as if he had signed it; unless the General\\nAssembly, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in\\nwhich case it shall become a law, unless he shall file the\\nsame, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of\\nstate, and give notice thereof, by public proclamation,\\nwithin twenty days after such adjournment.\\nSection 16. Concurrent Orders and Resolutions to he Pre-\\nsented to Governor for Approval Proceedings in Case of Veto.\\nEvery order or resolution in which the concurrence of\\nboth houses of the General Assembly may be necessary,\\nexcept on questions of adjournment, shall be presented\\nto the governor, and, before it shall take effect, be ap-\\nproved by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by\\nboth houses, according to the rules and limitations pre-\\nscribed in the case of a bill.\\nSection 17. Veto of Items of Appropriation Bills Proceed-\\nings in Such Case.\\nThe governor shall have power to disapprove any item\\nor items, of any bill making appropriation of money, em-\\nbracing distinct items; and the part or parts of the bill\\napproved shall be the law; and the item or items of appro-\\npriations disapproved shall be void unless repassed ac-\\ncording to the rules and limitations prescribed for the\\npassage of other bills over the executive veto.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 18. General Pardoning Power Pardoning Power in\\nCases of Treason Information Concerning Pardons,\\netc., to be Communicated to the General Assembly.\\nIn all criminal and penal cases, except in those of treason\\nand impeachment, the governor shall have power to grant\\nreprieves (Art. 378), commutations* of sentence, and par-\\ndons, after conviction; and to remit fines and forfeitures,\\nunder such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by\\nlaw. In cases of treason, he shall have power, by and with\\nthe advice and consent of the Senate, to grant reprieves and\\npardons; and he may, in the recess of the Senate, respite the\\nsentence until the adjournment of the next regular session\\nof the General Assembly. He shall communicate to the\\nGeneral Assembly at every regular session each case of re-\\nprieve, commutation, or pardon, with his reasons therefor;\\nstating the name and crime of the convict, the sentence,\\nits date, and the date of the commutation, pardon, or re-\\nprieve.\\nSection Id.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Extra Session of the General Assembly, and Con-\\nvocation Elsewhere than at Seat of Government.\\nThe governor may, by proclamation on extraordinary\\noccasions, convene the General Assembly at the seat of\\ngovernment, or at a different place, if that shall have be-\\ncome, since their last adjournment, dangerous from an\\nenemy or contagious disease; and he shall specify in his\\nproclamation the purpose for which they are convened; and\\nno other business than that set forth therein shall be trans-\\nacted until the same shall have been disposed of; after\\nwhich they may, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members\\nelected to both houses, entered upon their journals, re-\\nmain in session not exceeding fifteen days.\\nThe word commute means to exchange. In law, it means to\\nchange one penalty or punishment from a greater to a less, as from\\ndeath to so many years in the penitentiary. Hence, commutation is\\nthe changing of a punishment to one less severe.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 165\\nSection 20. Case of Disagreement in General Assembly, as\\nto Time of Adjournment.\\nIn cases of disagreement between the two houses of the\\nGeneral Assembly, at a regular or special session, with\\nrespect to the time of adjournment, the governor may, if\\nthe facts be certified to him by the presiding officers of the\\ntwo houses, adjourn them to a time not beyond the day of\\ntheir next meeting; and on account of danger from an\\nenemy or disease, to such other place of safety as he may\\nthink proper.\\nSection 21. Duties of Secretary of State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Superintendent\\nof Public Instruction.\\nThe secretary of state shall keep a full and accurate\\nrecord of all the official acts and proceedings of the gover-\\nnor; and, when required, lay the same with all papers,\\nminutes, and vouchers relating thereto, before either\\nbranch of the General Assembly. He shall also discharge\\nthe duties of superintendent of public instruction (Art. 169)\\nuntil otherwise provided by law.\\nSection 22. Duties of Other Officers of Executive Depart-\\nment\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their Disqualification to hold Other Office\\nVacancies in Their Offices.\\nThe treasurer of state, secretary of state, auditor of state,\\nand attorney-general shall perform such duties as may be\\nprescribed by law; they shall not hold any other office or\\ncommission, civil or military, in this State or under any\\nState, or the United States, or any other power, at one and\\nthe same time; and in case of vacancy occurring in any of\\nsaid offices, by death, resignation, or otherwise, the gover-\\nnor shall fill said office by appointment for the unexpired\\nterm.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 23. Vacancies in Office not Elseiuhere Provided.\\nWhen any office, from any cause, may become vacant,\\nand no mode is provided by the constitution and laws for\\nfilling such vacancy, the governor shall have the power to\\nfill the same by granting a commission, which shall expire\\nwhen the person elected to fill said office, at the next general\\nelection, shall be duly qualified.\\nARTICLE VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judicial Department. (Arts. 125-152.)\\nSection 1. Judicial Power, where Vested Establishment of\\nAdditional Courts.\\nThe judicial power of the State shall be vested in one\\nsupreme court; in circuit courts; in county and probate\\ncourts; and in justices of the peace. The General Assembly\\nmay also vest such jurisdiction as may be deemed neces-\\nsary in municipal corporation courts, courts of common\\npleas, where established; and, when deemed expedient, may\\nestablish separate courts of chancery. (Art. 144.)\\nSection 2. Supreme Court Chief Justice Quorum.\\nThe supreme court shall be composed of three judges\\n(Art. 149), one of whom shall be styled chief justice, and\\nelected as such; any two of whom shall constitute a quorum,\\nand the concurrence of two judges shall in every case, be\\nnecessary to a decision.\\nSection 3. Increase of Number of Judges of Supreme Court.\\nWhen the population of the State shall amount to one\\nmillion, the General Assembly may, if deemed necessary,\\nincrease the number of judges (Art. 149) of the supreme\\ncourt to five; and, on such increase, a majority of judges\\nshall be necessary to make a quorum or a decision.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 167\\nSection 4. General Jurisdiction of Supreme Court Jurisdic-\\ntion of Individual Judges of Supreme Court.\\nThe supreme court, except in cases otherwise provided\\nby this constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only;\\nwhich shall be co-extensive with the State, under such re-\\nstrictions as may from time to time be prescribed by law.\\nIt shall have a general superintending control over all in-\\nferior courts of law and equity; and, in aid of its appellate\\nand supervisory jurisdiction, it shall have power to issue\\nwrits of error and supersedeas, certiorari, habeas corpus,\\nprohibition, mandamus, and quo warranto, and other\\nremedial writs; and to hear and determine the same. Its\\njudges shall be conservators of the peace throughout the\\nState, and shall severally have the power to issue any of the\\naforesaid writs.\\nSection 5. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court in Quo Warranto.\\nIn the exercise of original jurisdiction, the supreme\\ncourt shall have power to issue writs of quo warranto to the\\ncircuit judges and chancellors, when created, and to officers\\nof political corporations when the question involved is the\\nlegal existence of such corporations.\\nSection 6. Qualifications of Judges of Supreme Court\\nElection Term of Office.\\nA judge of the Supreme Court shall be at least thirty\\nyears of age, of good moral character, and learned in the law;\\na citizen of the United States, and two years a resident of\\nthe State; and who has been a practicing lawyer eight\\nyears, or whose service upon the bench of any court of\\nrecord, when added to the time he may have practiced law,\\nshall be equal to eight years. The judges of the supreme\\ncourt shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State,\\nand shall hold their offices during the term of eight years\\nfrom the date of their commissions; but at the first meet-\\ning of the court, after the first election under this con-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nstitution, the judges shall, by lot, divide themselves into\\nthree classes; one of which shall hold his office for four,\\none for six, and the other for eight years; after which\\neach judge shall be elected for a full term of eight years.\\nA record shall be made in the court of this classification.\\nSection 7. Clerk and Reporter of Supreme Court Term\\nof Office.\\nThe supreme court shall appoint its clerk and reporter,\\nwho shall hold their offices for six years, subject to re-\\nmoval for good cause.\\nSection 8. Terms of Supremo Court.\\nThe terms of the supreme court shall be held at the seat\\nof government, at the times that now are, or may be, pro-\\nvided by law.\\nSection 9. Special Judges of Supremo Court.\\nIn case all, or any, of the judges of the supreme court,\\nshall be disqualified from presiding in any cause or causes,\\nthe court, or the disqualified judge, shall certify the same\\nto the governor, who shall immediately commission the\\nrequisite number of men learned in the law, to sit in the\\ntrial and determination of such causes.\\nSectiox 10. Compensation of Supreme Judges Disqualifica-\\ntion to Hold Other Office.\\nThe supreme judges shall at stated times receive a com-\\npensation for their services to be ascertained by law, which\\nshall not be, after the adjournment of the next General\\nAssembly, diminished during the time for which they shall\\nhave been elected. They shall not be allowed any fees or\\nperquisites of office, nor hold any other office, nor hold any\\noffice of trust or profit under the State or the United States.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 169\\nSection 11. General Jurisdiction of Circuit Courts.\\nThe circuit court shall have jurisdiction in all civil and\\ncriminal cases, the exclusive jurisdiction of which may not\\nbe vested in some other court provided for by this consti-\\ntution.\\nSection 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Terms of Circuit Courts.\\nThe circuit courts shall hold their terms in each county,\\nat such times and places as are, or may be, prescribed by\\nlaw.\\nSection 13. Judicial Circuits Judge of Circuit Court to\\nReside and be Conservator of Peace in His Circuit.\\nThe State shall be divided into convenient circuits, each\\ncircuit to be made up of contiguous counties, for each of\\nwhich circuits a judge shall be elected; who, during his\\ncontinuance in office, shall reside in and be a conservator\\nof the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been\\nelected.\\nSection 14. Superintending and Appellate Jurisdiction of\\nCircuit Courts.\\nThe circuit courts shall exercise a superintending control\\nand appellate jurisdiction over county, probate, court of\\ncommon pleas, and corporation courts and justices of the\\npeace; and shall have power to issue, hear, and determine\\nall the necessary writs to carry into effect their general\\nand specific powers, any of which writs may be issued upon\\norder of the judge of the appropriate court in vacation.\\nSection 15. Equity Jurisdiction of Circuit Courts.\\nUntil the General Assembly shall deem it expedient to\\nestablish courts of chancery, the circuit courts shall have\\njurisdiction in matters of equity, subject to appeal to the\\nsupreme court, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 16. Qualifications of Judges of Circuit Courts.\\nA judge of the circuit court shall be a citizen of the United\\nStates, at least twenty-eight years of age, of good moral\\ncharacter, learned in the law, two years a resident of the\\nState, and shall have practiced law six years, or whose\\nservice upon the bench of any court of record, when added\\nto the time he may have practiced law, shall be equal to six\\nyears.\\nSectiox 17. Election of Judges of Circuit Courts Term\\nof Office.\\nThe judges of the circuit courts shall be elected by the\\nqualified electors of the several circuits, and shall hold\\ntheir offices for the term of four years.\\nSection 18. Compensation of Judges of Circuit Courts\\nDisqualification to Hold Other Office.\\nThe judges of the circuit courts shall at stated times re-\\nceive a compensation (Art. 149) for their services to be as-\\ncertained by law, which shall not, after the adjournment of\\nthe first session of the General Assembly, be diminished\\nduring the time for which they are elected. They shall not\\nbe allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any\\nother office of trust or profit under this State or the United\\nStates.\\nSection 19. Clerks of Circuit Courts Election Term of\\nOffice To be ex officio County and Probate Clerks and\\nRecorders Separate County Clerk in Certain Coun-\\nties To Be ex officio Probate Clerk.\\nThe clerks of the circuit courts shall be elected by the\\nqualified electors of the several counties, for the term of\\ntwo years, and shall be ex officio clerks of the county and\\nprobate courts, and recorder. Provided, that in any county\\nhaving a population exceeding fifteen thousand inhabitants,\\nas shown by the last Federal census, there shall be elected", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 171\\na county clerk, in like manner as clerk of the circuit court,\\nwho shall be ex officio clerk of the probate court of said\\ncounty.\\nSection 20. Interest, Consanguinity, etc., to Disqualify\\nJudge from Presiding at Trial.\\nNo judge or justice shall preside in the trial of any cause\\nin the event of which he may be interested, or where either\\nof the parties shall be connected with him by consanguinity\\nor affinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law;\\nor in which he may have been of counsel; or have presided\\nin any inferior court.\\nSection 21. Special Judges for Circuit Courts Towers of\\nSpecial Judges Their Qualifications.\\nWhenever the office of judge of the circuit court of any\\ncounty is vacant at the commencement of a term of such\\ncourt, or the judge of said court shall fail to attend, the\\nregular practicing attorneys in attendance on said court\\nmay meet at 10 o clock A. M. on the second day of the\\nterm and elect a judge to preside at such court, or until\\nthe regular judge shall appear; and if the judge of said\\ncourt shall become sick, or die, or unable to continue to\\nhold such court after its term shall have commenced, or\\nshall from any cause be disqualified from presiding at the\\ntrial of any cause then pending therein, then the regular\\npracticing attorneys in attendance on said court may in\\nlike manner, on notice from the judge or clerk of said court\\nelect a judge to preside at such court, or to try said causes;\\nand the attorney so elected shall have the same power and\\nauthority in said court as the regular judge would have had\\nif present and presiding; but this authority shall cease at\\nthe close of the term at which the election shall be made.\\nThe proceedings shall be entered at large upon the record.\\nThe special judge shall be learned in the law, and a resi-\\ndent of the State.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSectiox 22. Exchange of Circuits.\\nThe judges of the circuit courts may temporarily ex-\\nchange circuits, or hold courts for each other under such\\nregulations as may be prescribed by law.\\nSectiox 23. Charges to Juries.\\nJudges shall not charge juries with regard to matters of\\nfact, but shall declare the law; and, in jury trials shall re-\\nduce their charge or instructions to writing, on the request\\nof either party.\\nSectiox 24. Prosecuting Attorneys Term of Office\\nQualifications.\\nThe qualified electors of each circuit shall elect a prose-\\ncuting attorney, who shall hold his office for the term of\\ntwo years; and he shall be a citizen of the United States,\\nlearned in the law, and a resident of the circuit court for\\nwhich he may be elected.\\nSectiox 25. Judges Prohibited from Practice of Laic.\\nThe judges of the supreme, circuit, or chancery courts\\nshall not, during their continuance in office, practice law, or\\nappear as counsel in any court, State or Federal, within\\nthis State.\\nSectiox 26. Contempts not in Presence of Court or Dis-\\nobedience of Process.\\nThe General Assembly shall have power to regulate, by\\nlaw, the punishment of contempts not committed in the\\npresence or hearing of the courts, or in disobedience of\\nprocess.\\nSectiox 27. Removal of County and Township Officers.\\nThe circuit court shall have jurisdiction upon informa-\\ntion, presentment, or indictment, to remove any county or", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 173\\ntownship officer from office for incompetency, corruption,\\ngross immorality, criminal conduct, malfeasance, mis-\\nfeasance, or nonfeasance in office.\\nSection 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jurisdiction of County Courts County Court\\nto Be Held by One Judge.\\nThe county courts shall have exclusive original juris-\\ndiction in all matters relating to county taxes, roads,\\nbridges, ferries, paupers, bastardy, vagrants, the appren-\\nticeship of minors, the disbursement of money for county\\npurposes, and in every other case that may be necessary to\\nthe internal improvement and local concerns of the respec-\\ntive counties. The county court shall be held by one judge,\\nexcept in cases otherwise herein provided.\\nSection 29.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judges of County Courts Election Term of\\nOffice Qualifications.\\nThe judge of the county court shall be elected by the\\nqualified electors of the county, for the term of two years.\\nHe shall be at least twenty-five years of age, a citizen of\\nthe United States, a man of upright character, of good\\nbusiness education, and a resident of the State for two\\nyears before his election; and a resident of the county at\\nthe time of his election and during his continuance in office.\\nSection 30.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Quorum, of the County Powers Majority Must\\nSit Compulsory Attendance.\\nThe justices of the peace of each county shall sit with\\nand assist the county judge in levying the county taxes,\\nand in making appropriations for the expenses of the county,\\nin the manner to be prescribed by law (Art. 82); and the\\ncounty judge, together with a majority of said justices,\\nshall constitute a quorum for such purposes; and in the\\nabsence of the county judge a majority of the justices of\\nthe peace may constitute the court, who shall elect one of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ntheir number to preside. The General Assembly shall\\nregulate by law the manner of compelling the attendance\\nof such quorum.\\nSection 31. Terms of County Courts.\\nThe terms of the county courts (Art. 48) shall be held at\\nthe times that are now prescribed for holding the super-\\nvisors courts, or may hereafter be prescribed by law.\\nSection 32. Courts of Common Pleas Jurisdiction.\\nThe General Assembly may authorize the judge of the\\ncounty court of any one or more counties, to hold severally\\na quarterly court of common pleas (Art. 148) in their re-\\nspective counties; which shall be a court of record, with\\nsuch jurisdiction in matters of contract and other civil mat-\\nters not involving title to real estate, as may be vested in\\nsuch court.\\nSection 33. Appeals from County Courts and Courts of\\nCommon Pleas.\\nAppeals from all judgments of county courts or courts\\nof common pleas, when established, may be taken to the\\ncircuit court under such restrictions and regulations as\\nmay be prescribed by law.\\nSection 34. Courts of Prooate Jurisdiction Terms.\\nThe judge of the county court shall be the judge of the\\ncourt of probate, and have such exclusive original jurisdic-\\ntion in matters relative to the probate of wills, the estates\\nof deceased persons, executors, administrators, guardians,\\nand persons of unsound mind, and their estates, as is now\\nvested in the circuit court, or may be hereafter prescribed\\nby law. The regular terms of the court of probate shall be\\nheld at the times that may hereafter be prescribed by law.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 175\\nSection 35. Appeals from Probate, Courts.\\nAppeals may be taken from judgments and orders of the\\nprobate court to the circuit court, under such regulations\\nand restrictions as may be prescribed by law.\\nSection 36. Special Judges for County and Probate Courts.\\nWhenever a judge of the county or probate court may be\\ndisqualified from presiding, in any cause or causes pending\\nin his court, he shall certify the facts to the governor of\\nthe State, who shall thereupon commission a special judge\\nto preside in such cause or causes during the time said dis-\\nqualification may continue, or until such cause or causes\\nmay be finally disposed of.\\nSection 37 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Compensation of County Judge His Jurisdiction\\nin Absence of Circuit Judge from County\\nThe county judge shall receive such compensation (Art.\\n50) for his services as presiding judge of the county court, as\\njudge of the court of probate, and judge of the court of com-\\nmon pleas, when established, as may be provided by law. In\\nthe absence of the circuit judge from the county the county\\njudge shall have power to issue orders for injunction and\\nother provisional writs in their counties, returnable to* the\\ncourt having jurisdiction: Provided, that either party may\\nhave such order reviewed by any superior judge in vacation\\nin such manner as shall be provided by law. The county\\njudge shall have power, in the absence of the circuit judge\\nfrom the county, to issue, hear, and determine writs of\\nhabeas corpus, under such regulations and restrictions as\\nshall be provided by law.\\nSection 38.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Justices of the Peace Term of Office\\nCommission.\\nThe qualified electors of each township shall elect the\\njustices of the peace for the term of two years; who shall", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nbe commissioned by the governor, and their official oath\\nshall be indorsed on the commission.\\nSection 39. Number of Justices of the Peace.\\nFor every two hundred electors there shall be elected one\\njustice of the peace; but every township, however small,\\nshall have two justices of the peace.\\nSection 40. Jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace 1st, Ex-\\nclusive of Circuit Court 2d, Concurrent with Circuit\\nCourt 3d, In Misdemeanors J$h, As Examining Courts,\\nand in Binding to Keep the Peace 5th, To Issue Pro-\\ncess 6th, As Conservators of the Peace Denied Juris-\\ndiction in Questions of Land.\\nThey shall have original jurisdiction in the following\\nmatters: First, Exclusive of the circuit court, in all mat-\\nters of contract where the amount in controversy does not\\nexceed the sum of one hundred dollars, excluding interest;\\nand concurrent jurisdiction in matters of contract where\\nthe amount in controversy does not exceed the sum of three\\nhundred dollars, exclusive of interest. Second, Concurrent\\njurisdiction in suits for the recovery of personal property,\\nwhere the value of the property does not exceed the sum\\nof three hundred dollars; and in all matters of damage to\\npersonal property where the amount in controversy does\\nnot exceed the sum of one hundred dollars. Third, Such\\njurisdiction of misdemeanors as is now, or may be pre-\\nscribed by law. Fourth, To sit as examining courts and\\ncommit, discharge, or recognize offenders to the court\\nhaving jurisdiction, for further trial; and to bind persons\\nto keep the peace or for good behavior. Fifth, For the\\nforegoing purposes, they shall have power to issue all neces-\\nsary process. Sixth, They shall be conservators of the peace\\nwithin their respective counties: Provided, a justice of the\\npeace shall not have jurisdiction where a lien cm land, qr\\ntitle or possession thereto, is involved.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "STATE OF AKKANSAS. 177\\nSection 41. Qualifications of Justices of the Peace.\\nA justice of the peace shall be a qualified elector and a\\nresident of the township for which he is elected.\\nSection 42. Appeals from Justices of the Peace.\\nAppeals may be taken from the final judgments of the\\njustices of the peace, to the circuit courts, under such\\nregulations as are now, or may be provided by law.\\nSection 43. Jurisdiction of Corporation Courts.\\nCorporation courts, for towns and cities, may be invested\\nwith jurisdiction concurrent with justices of the peace in\\ncivil and criminal matters, and the General Assembly may\\ninvest such of them as it may deem expedient with juris-\\ndiction of any criminal offences not punishable by death,\\nor imprisonment in the penitentiary, with or without indict-\\nment, as may be provided by law; and, until the General\\nAssembly shall otherwise provide, they shall have the juris-\\ndiction now provided by law.\\nSection 44. Pulaski Chancery Court Term of Office of\\nJudge and Clerk Election Proceedings Relative to\\nSixteenth-Section Lands.\\nThe Pulaski chancery court shall continue in existence\\nuntil abolished by law, or the business pending the adop-\\ntion of this constitution shall be disposed of, or the pending\\nbusiness be transferred to other courts. The judge and\\nclerk of said court shall hold office for the term of two\\nyears; and shall be elected by the qualified voters of the\\nState. All suits and proceedings which relate to sixteenth-\\nsection lands, or to money due for said lands shall be trans-\\nferred to the respective counties where such lands are\\nlocated, in such manner as shall be provided by the General\\nAssembly at the next session.\\n12", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 45. Separate Criminal Courts Abolished Their\\nJurisdiction Transferred to Circuit Courts Their Records.\\nThe separate criminal courts established in this State\\nare hereby abolished, and all the jurisdiction exercised by\\nsaid criminal courts is vested in the. circuit courts of the\\nrespective counties; and all causes now pending therein\\nare hereby transferred to said circuit courts respectively.\\nIt shall be the duty of the clerks of said criminal courts\\nto transfer all the records, books, and papers pertaining to\\nsaid criminal courts to the circuit courts of their respective\\ncounties.\\nSection 46. County Executive Officers Term of Office\\nCompensation of Assessors.\\nThe qualified electors of each county shall elect one\\nsheriff, who shall be ex officio collector of taxes, unless other-\\nwise provided by law (Art. 57); one assessor, one coroner,\\none treasurer, who shall be ex officio treasurer of the com-\\nmon-school fund of the county, and one county surveyor,\\nfor the term of two years, with such duties as are now or\\nmay be prescribed by law: Provided, that no per centum\\nshall ever be paid to assessors upon the valuation or assess-\\nment of property by them.\\nSection 47 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Constables Their Commissions.\\nThe qualified electors of each township shall elect a con-\\nstable, for the term of two years, who shall be furnished\\nby the presiding judge of the county court, with a certifi-\\ncate of election, on which his official oath shall be indorsed.\\nSection 48. Commissions of Officers.\\nAll officers provided for in this article, except constables,\\nshall be commissioned by the governor.\\nSection 49. Style of Process and Indictments.\\nAll writs and other judicial process, shall run in the\\nname of the State of Arkansas, bear test, and be signed by", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 179\\nthe clerks of the respective courts from which they issue.\\nIndictments shall conclude: Against the peace and dignity\\nof the State of Arkansas.\\nSection 50. Vacancies in Offices Provided for in Art. VII.\\nAll vacancies (Art, 38) occurring in any office provided for\\nin this article, shall be filled by special election; save that\\nin case of vacancies occurring in county and township offices\\nsix months, and in other offices nine months, before the next\\ngeneral election, such vacancies shall be filled by appoint-\\nment by the governor.\\nSection 51. Appeals in Case of Allowances for or Against\\nCounties, Cities, or Towns Appeal Bond.\\nThat in all cases of allowances made for or against coun-\\nties, cities, or towns, an appeal shall lie to the circuit court\\nof the county, at the instance of the party aggrieved, or on\\nthe intervention of any citizen or resident and tax-payer\\nof such county, city, or town, on the same terms and condi-\\ntions on which appeals may be granted to the circuit court\\nin other cases; and the matter pertaining to any such allow-\\nance shall be tried in the circuit court de novo. In case an\\nappeal be taken by any citizen, he shall give a bond, pay-\\nable to the proper county, conditioned to prosecute the\\nappeal, and save the county from costs on account of the\\nsame being taken.\\nSection 52. Contested Elections for County, Township, or\\nMunicipal Offices.\\nThat in all cases of contest for any county, township, or\\nmunicipal office, an appeal shall lie at the instance of the\\nparty aggrieved, from any inferior board, council, or tribu-\\nnal to the circuit court, on the same terms and conditions\\non which appeals may be granted to the circuit court in\\nother cases, and on such appeals the case shall be tried\\nde novo.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 COHSTTTUTIQN OF THE\\nARTICLE VIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appobteokmewt. (Abt. 93.)\\nSection 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Number of Representatives Ratio of Represen-\\ntation Apportionment of Representatives.\\nThe House of Representatives shall consist of not less\\nthan seventy-three., nor more than one hundred members.\\nEach county now organized shall always be entitled to one\\nrepresentative; the remainder to be apportioned to the\\nseveral counties according to the number of adult male in-\\nhabitants, taking two thousand as the ratio, until the num-\\nber of representatives amounts to one hundred, when they\\nshall not be further increased, but the ratio of representa-\\ntion shall, from time to time, be increased as hereinafter\\nprovided; so that the representatives shall never exceed\\nthat number. And until the enumeration of the inhabitants\\nis taken by the United States government A. D. 18S0, the\\nrepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several\\ncounties as follows:\\nThe county of Arkansas shall elect one representative.\\nThe count y of Ashley shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Benton shall elect two representatives. The\\ncounty of Boone shall elect one representative. The county\\nof Bradley shall elect one representative. The county of\\nBaxter shall elect one representative. The county of Cal-\\nhoun shall elect one representative. The county of Carroll\\nshall elect one representative. The county of Chicot shall\\nelect one representative. The county of Columbia shall\\nelect two representatives. The county of Clark shall elect\\ntwo representatives. The county of Conway shall elect\\none representative. The county of Craighead shall elect\\none representative. The county of Crawford shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Cross shall elect one repre-\\nsentative. The county of Crittenden shall elect one repre-\\nsentative. The county of Clayton shall elect one represen-\\ntative. The county of Dallas shall elect one representative.\\nThe county of Desha shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Drew shall elect one representative. The county", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 181\\nof Dorsey shall elect one representative. The county of\\nFranklin shall elect one representative. The county of\\nFulton shall elect one representative. The county of\\nFaulkner shall elect one representative. The county of\\nGrant shall elect one representative. The county of Greene\\nshall elect one representative. The county of Garland shall\\nelect one representative. The county of Hempstead shall\\nelect two representatives. The county of Hot Springs shall\\nelect one representative. The county of Howard shall elect\\none representative. The county of Independence shall elect\\ntwo representatives. The county of Izard shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Jackson shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Jefferson shall elect three\\nrepresentatives. The county of Johnson shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Lafayette shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Lawrence shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Little River shall elect\\none representative. The county of Lonoke shall elect two\\nrepresentatives. The county of Lincoln shall elect one rep-\\nresentative. The county of Lee shall elect two representa-\\ntives. The county of Madison shall elect one representative.\\nThe county of Marion shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Monroe shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Montgomery shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Mississippi shall elect one representative. The\\ncounty of Nevada shall elect one representative. The county\\nof Newton shall elect one representative. The .county of\\nOuachita shall elect two representatives. The county of\\nPerry shall elect one representative. The county of Phillips\\nshall elect three representatives. The county of Pike shall\\nelect one representative. The county of Polk shall elect\\none representative. The county of Pope shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Poinsett shall elect one rep-\\nsentative. The county of Pulaski shall elect four represen-\\ntatives. The county of Prairie shall elect one representative.\\nThe county of Randolph shall elect one representative.\\nThe county of Saline shall elect one representative. The", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ncounty of Sarber shall elect one representative. The county\\nof Scott shall elect one representative. The county of\\nSearcy shall elect one representative. The county of Sebas-\\ntian shall elect two representatives. The county of Sevier\\nshall elect one representative. The county of St. Francis\\nshall elect one representative. The county of Stone shall\\nelect one representative. The county of Union shall elect\\ntwo representatives. The county of Van Buren shall elect\\none representative. The county of Washington shall elect\\nthree representatives. The county of White shall elect\\ntwo representatives. The county of Woodruff shall elect\\none representative. The county of Yell shall elect one\\nrepresentative. The county of Sharp shall elect one repre-\\nsentative.\\nSection 2. Division of State into Senatorial Districts Ratio\\nof Representation in Senate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Present Senatorial Districts\\nand Apportionment of Senators Number of Senators.\\nThe Legislature shall, from time to time, divide the State\\ninto convenient senatorial districts (Art. 102) in such man-\\nner that the Senate shall be based upon the adult male in-\\nhabitants of the State; each senator representing an equal\\nnumber as nearly as practicable, and until the enumeration\\nof the inhabitants is taken by the United States govern-\\nment A. D. 1880, the districts shall be arranged as follows:\\nThe counties of Greene, Craighead, and Clayton shall com-\\npose the first district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Randolph, Lawrence, and Sharp shall\\ncompose the second district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Carroll, Boone, and Newton shall com-\\npose the third district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Johnson and Pope shall compose the\\nfourth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe county of Washington shall compose the fifth dis-\\ntrict, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Independence and Stone shall compose\\nthe sixth district, and elect one senator.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 183\\nThe counties of Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross, and Crit-\\ntenden shall compose the seventh district, and elect one\\nsenator.\\nThe counties of Yell and Sarber shall compose the eighth\\ndistrict, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Saline, Garland, Hot Springs, and Grant\\nshall compose the ninth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Pulaski and Perry shall compose the\\ntenth district, and elect two senators.\\nThe county of Jefferson shall compose the eleventh dis-\\ntrict, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Lonoke and Prairie shall compose the\\ntwelfth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Arkansas and Monroe shall compose the\\nthirteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Phillips and Lee shall compose the four-\\nteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Desha and Chicot shall compose the\\nfifteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Lincoln, Dorsey, and Dallas shall com-\\npose the sixteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Drew and Ashley shall compose the\\nseventeenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Bradley and Union shall compose the\\neighteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Calhoun and Ouachita shall compose the\\nnineteenth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Hempstead and Nevada shall compose\\nthe twentieth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Columbia and Lafayette shall compose\\nthe twenty-first district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Little River, Sevier, Howard, and Polk\\nshall compose the twenty-second district, and elect one\\nsenator.\\nThe counties of Fulton, Izard, Marion, and Baxter shall\\ncompose the twenty-third district, and elect one senator.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": ".184 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nThe counties of Benton and Madison shall compose the\\ntwenty-fourth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Crawford and Franklin shall compose the\\ntwenty-fifth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Van Buren, Conway, and Searcy shall\\ncompose the twenty-sixth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of White and Faulkner shall compose the\\ntwenty-seventh district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Sebastian and Scott shall compose the\\ntwenty-eighth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Poinsett, Jackson, and Mississippi shall\\ncompose the twenty-ninth district, and elect one senator.\\nThe counties of Clark, Pike, and Montgomery shall com-\\npose the thirtieth district, and elect one senator.\\nAnd the Senate shall never consist of less than thirty nor\\nmore than thirty-five members. (Art. 101.)\\nSection 3. Principles of Formation of Senatorial Districts.\\nSenatorial districts shall at all times consist of con-\\ntiguous territory, and no county shall be divided in the\\nformation of a senatorial district.\\nSection 4. Apportionments When to be Made.\\nThe division of the State into senatorial districts, and the\\napportionment of representatives to the several counties,\\nshall be made by the General Assembly at the first regular\\nsession after each enumeration of the inhabitants of the\\nState by the Federal or State governments shall have been\\nascertained, and at no other time.\\nARTICLE IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Exemption.\\nSection 1. Exemption of Personal Property of Persons\\nOther than Beads of Families, from Seizure for Debt.\\nThe personal property of any resident of this State, who\\nis not married or the head of a family, in specific articles", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 185\\nto be selected by such resident, not exceeding in value the\\nsum of two hundred dollars, in addition to his or her\\nwearing apparel, shall be exempt from seizure on attach-\\nment, or sale on execution or other process from any court\\nissued for the collection of any debt by contract: Pro-\\nvided, that no property shall be exempt from execution for\\ndebts contracted for the purchase money therefor while\\nin the hands of the vendee.\\nSection 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Exemption of Personal Property of Heads of\\nFamilies.\\nThe personal property of any resident of this State, who\\nis married or the head of a family, in specific articles to be\\nselected by such resident, not exceeding in value the sum\\nof five hundred dollars, in addition to his or her wearing\\napparel, and that of his or her family, shall be exempt\\nfrom seizure on attachment, or sale on execution or other\\nprocess from any court, on debt by contract.\\nSection 3. Homestead Exemption.\\nThe homestead of any resident of this State, who is mar-\\nried or the head of a family, shall not be subject to the\\nlien of any judgment or decree of any court, or to sale\\nunder execution, or other process thereon, except such as\\nmay be rendered for the purchase money, or for specific\\nliens, laborers or mechanics liens for improving the same,\\nor for taxes, or against executors, administrators, guar-\\ndians, receivers, attorneys for moneys collected by them,\\nand other trustees of an express trust, for moneys due\\nfrom them in their fiduciary capacity.\\nSection 4. Extent of Exemption of Homestead Situate\\nOutside City, Town, or Village.\\nThe homestead outside any city, town, or village, owned\\nand occupied as a residence, shall consist of not exceed-\\ning one hundred and sixty acres of land, with the improve-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nments thereon, to be selected by the owner: Provided, the\\nsame shall not exceed in value the sum of twenty-five hun-\\ndred dollars, and in no event shall the homestead be re-\\nduced to less than eighty acres, without regard to value.\\nSection 5. Extent of Exemption of Homestead in City,\\nTown, or Tillage.\\nThe homestead in any city, town, or village, owned and\\noccupied as a residence, shall consist of not exceeding one\\nacre of land, with the improvements thereon, to be selected\\nby the owner: Provided, the same shall not exceed in value\\nthe sum of two thousand five hundred dollars., and in no\\nevent shall such homestead be reduced to less than one-\\nquarter of an acre of land, without regard to value.\\nSection 6. Homestead Exemption for Benefit of Widow\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nProviso Bights of Children During Minority.\\nIf the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but\\nno children, and said widow has no separate homestead in\\nher own right, the same shall be exempt, and the rents and\\nprofits thereof shall vest in her during her natural life:\\nProvided, that if the owner leaves children, one or more,\\nsaid child or children shall share with said widow, and\\nbe entitled to half the rents and profits till each of them\\narrives at twenty-one years of age each child s rights to\\ncease at twenty-one years of age, and the shares to go to the\\nyounger children; and then all go to the widow: And pro-\\nvided, that said widow or children may reside on the home-\\nstead or not. And in case of the death of the widow, all\\nof said homestead shall be vested in the minor children of\\nthe testator or intestate.\\nSection 7. Separate Property of Married Women.\\nThe real and personal property of any femme covert in\\nthis State, acquired either before or after marriage, whether\\nby gift, grant, inheritance, devise or otherwise, shall, so", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 187\\nlong as she may choose, be and remain her separate estate\\nand property, and may be devised, bequeathed, or con-\\nveyed by her the same as if she were a femme sole, and the\\nsame shall not be subject to the debts of her husband.\\nSection 8. Scheduling of Separate Personal Property of\\nMarried Women.\\nThe General Assembly shall provide for the time and\\nmode of scheduling the separate personal property of mar-\\nried women.\\nSection 9. Effect of Exemptions of Constitution of 1868.\\nThe exemptions contained in the Constitution of 1868\\nshall apply to all debts contracted since the adoption\\nthereof, and prior to the adoption of this constitution.\\nSection 10. Homestead Exemption for Benefit of Minor\\nOrphan Children.\\nThe homestead provided for in this article shall inure\\nto the benefit of the minor children, under the exemptions\\nherein provided, after the decease of the parents.\\nARTICLE X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Agriculture, Mining, and Manufacture.\\nSection 1. Agricultural, Mining, and Manufacturing Interests\\nof State Mining, Manufacturing, and Agricultural Bureau.\\nThe General Assembly shall pass such laws as will foster\\nand aid the agricultural, mining, and manufacturing in-\\nterests of the State, and may create a bureau to be known\\nas the Mining, Manufacturing and Agricultural Bureau.\\n(Art. 171.)\\nSection 2. State Geologist Term of Office Duties Com-\\npensation Removal.\\nThe General Assembly, when deemed expedient, may\\ncreate the office of State geologist (Art. 173), to be appointed", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nby the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the\\nSenate, who shall hold his office for such time, and perform\\nsuch duties, and receive such compensation as may be pre-\\nscribed by law: Provided, that he shall be at all times sub-\\nject to removal by the governor for incompetency or gross\\nneglect of duty.\\nSection 3. Exemption from Taxation, of Mines and\\nManufactures.\\nThe General Assembly may, by general law, exempt from\\ntaxation for the term of seven years from the ratification of\\nthis constitution the capital invested in any or all kinds\\nof mining and manufacturing business in this State, under\\nsuch regulations and restrictions as may be prescribed\\nby law.\\nARTICLE XI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Militia.\\nSection 1. Persons Liable to Military Duty Organization\\nof Militia.\\nThe militia shall consist of all able-bodied male persons,\\nresidents of the State, between the ages of eighteen and\\nforty-five years; except such as may be exempted by the\\nlaws of the United States or this State; and shall be or-\\nganized, officered, armed and equipped and trained in such\\nmanner as may be provided by law.\\nSection 2. Volunteer Companies.\\nVolunteer companies of infantry, cavalry, or artillery may\\nbe formed in such manner and with such restrictions as\\nmay be provided by law.\\nSection 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Privilege of Militia from Arrest, at Muster, etc.\\nThe volunteer and militia forces shall in all cases (except\\ntreason, felony, and breach of the peace) be privileged from\\narrest during their attendance at muster and the election\\nof officers, and in going to and returning from the same.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 189\\nSection 4. Authority to Call Out Volunteers and Militia.\\nThe governor shall, when the General Assembly is not\\nin session, have power to call out the volunteers or militia,\\nor both, to execute the laws, repel invasion, repress insur-\\nrection, and preserve the public peace, in such manner as\\nmay be authorized by law.\\nARTICLE XII. Municipal and Private Corporations.\\n(Art. 175.)\\nSection 1. Revocation of Existing Charters and Grants,\\nfor Non-User.\\nAll existing charters or grants of special or exclusive\\nprivileges under which a dona fide organization shall not\\nhave taken place and business been commenced in good\\nfaith, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall\\nthereafter have no validity.\\nSection 2. Limitation of Power of Incorporation, oy\\nSpecial Act.\\nThe General Assembly shall pass no special act confer-\\nring corporate powers except for charitable, educational,\\npenal, or reformatory purposes, where the corporations\\ncreated are to be and remain under the patronage and con-\\ntrol of the State.\\nSection 3. Incorporation of Cities and Towns Restriction\\nof Powers.\\nThe General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for\\nthe organization of cities (which may be classified) and in-\\ncorporated towns; and restrict their power of taxation,\\nassessment, borrowing money, and contracting debts, so as\\nto prevent the abuse of such power.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 4. Limitation of Legislative Tower of Municipal\\nCorporations, and of Their Power of Taxation Pay-\\nment of Existing Indebtedness.\\nNo municipal corporation shall be authorized to pass any\\nlaws contrary to the general laws of the State; nor levy\\nany tax on real or personal property to a greater extent,\\nin one year, than five mills on the dollar of the assessed\\nvalue of the same: Provided, that to pay indebtedness\\nexisting at the time of the adoption of this constitution,\\nan additional tax of not more than five mills on the dollar\\nmay be levied.\\nSection 5. Municipal Corporations Not to Become Stock-\\nholders, or Financially Assist Corporations, etc.\\nNo county, city, town, or municipal corporation, shall\\nbecome a stockholder in any company, association, or cor-\\nporation; or obtain or appropriate money for, or loan its\\ncredit to, any corporation, assosciation, institution, or\\nindividual.\\nSection 6. General Incorporation Laws Power of Altera-\\ntion and Revocation.\\nCorporations may be formed under general laws, which\\nlaws may, from time to time, be altered or repealed. The\\nGeneral Assembly shall have the power to alter, revoke,\\nor annul any charter of incorporation now existing and\\nrevocable at the adoption of this constitution, or any that\\nmay hereafter be created, whenever, in their opinion, it\\nmay be injurious to the citizens of this State; in such\\nmanner, however, that no injustice shall be done the cor-\\nporators.\\nSection 7. Slate Not to be Interested in Stock of Corpora-\\ntions, etc.\\nExcept as herein provided, the State shall never become\\na stockholder in, or subscribe to, or be interested in the\\nstock of any corporation or association.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 191\\nSection 8. Issue and Increase of StocJc, etc., of Private\\nCorporations.\\nNo private corporation shall issue stocks or bonds, except\\nfor money or property actually received, or labor done;\\nand all fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall\\nbe void; nor shall the stock or bonded indebtedness of\\nany private corporation be increased, except in pursuance\\nof general laws, nor until the consent of the persons hold-\\ning the larger amount, in value, of stock, shall be obtained\\nat a meeting held after notice given for a period not less\\nthan sixty days, in pursuance of law.\\nSection 9. Compensation of Property and Right of Way,\\nTaken for Use of Corporations.\\nNo property, nor right of way, shall be appropriated to\\nthe use of any corporation, until full compensation therefor\\nshall first be made to the owner in money; or first secured\\nto him by a deposit of money; which compensation, irre-\\nspective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by\\nsuch corporation, shall be ascertained by a jury of twelve\\nmen, in a court of competent jurisdiction, as shall be pre-\\nscribed by law.\\nSection 10.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Legislation Authorizing Issue of Circulating\\nPaper Prohibited.\\nNo act of the General Assembly shall be passed au-\\nthorizing the issue of bills, notes, or other paper which\\nmay circulate as money.\\nSection 11. Foreign Corporations.\\nForeign corporations may be authorized to do business\\nin this State, under such limitations and restrictions as may\\nbe prescribed by law: Provided, that no such corporation\\nshall do any business in this State, except while it main-\\ntains therein one or more known places of business, and\\nan authorized agent or agents in the same, upon whom pro-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ncess may be served; and, as to contracts made or business\\ndone in this State, they shall be subject to the same regu-\\nlations, limitations, and liabilities as like corporations of\\nthis State; and shall exercise no other or greater powers,\\nprivileges, or franchises than may be exercised by like\\ncorporations of this State; nor shall they have power to\\ncondemn or appropriate private property.\\nSection 12. State Not to Assume Liabilities of Counties or\\nCorporations Exceptions Indebtedness of Corporations\\nto State.\\nExcept as herein otherwise provided, the State shall never\\nassume, or pay the debt or liability of any county, town,\\ncity, or other corporation whatever; or any part thereof;\\nunless such debt or liability shall have been created to\\nrepel invasion, suppress insurrection, or to provide for the\\npublic welfare and defence. Nor shall the indebtedness of\\nany corporation to the State ever be released, or in any\\nmanner discharged save by payment into the public\\ntreasury.\\nARTICLE XIII.\\nCounties, County Seats, and County Lines.\\nSection 1. Minimum Limits of Counties Prescribed\\nExceptions.\\nNo county now established shall be reduced to an area\\nof less than six hundred square miles nor to less than five\\nthousand inhabitants; nor shall any new county be estab-\\nlished with less than six hundred square miles and five\\nthousand inhabitants: Provided, that this section shall not\\napply to the counties of Lafayette, Pope, and Johnson, nor\\nbe so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from\\nchanging the line between the counties of Pope and Johnson.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 193\\nSection 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Consent of Voters of Territory Affected, Requisite\\nto Change County Lines.\\nNo part of a county shall be taken off to form a new\\ncounty, or a part thereof, without the consent of a majority\\nof the voters in such part proposed to be taken off.\\nSection 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Changes of County Seats\u00e2\u0080\u0094 County Seats of New\\nCounties.\\nNo county seat shall be established or changed without\\nthe consent of a majority of the qualified voters of the\\ncounty to be affected by such change, nor until the place\\nat which it is proposed to establish or change such county\\nseat shall be fully designated: Provided, that, in forma-\\ntion of new counties, the county seat may be located tem-\\nporarily by provisions of law.\\nSection 4. Lines of New Counties.\\nIn the formation of new counties, no line thereof shall\\nrun within ten miles of the county seat of the county pro-\\nposed to be divided, except the county seat of Lafayette\\ncounty.\\nSection 5. Division of Sebastian County into Two Districts.\\nSebastian county may have two districts, and two county\\nseats at which county, probate, and circuit courts shall\\nbe held as may be provided by law, each district paying its\\nown expenses.\\nARTICLE XIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Education. (Art. 16.)\\nSection 1. Free School System.\\nIntelligence and virtue being the safeguards of liberty,\\nand the bulwark of a free and good government, the State\\nshall ever maintain a general, suitable, and efficient sys-\\ntem of free schools, whereby all persons in the State, be-\\ntween the ages of six and twenty-one years, may receive\\ngratuitous instruction,\\n13", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194: CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 2. School Funds to he Used Exclusively for Purposes\\nfor Which Set Apart.\\nNo money or property belonging to the public school\\nfund, or to this State, for the benefit of schools or uni-\\nversities, shall ever be used for any other than for the\\nrespective purposes to which it belongs.\\nSection 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State School Tax\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Toll Tax for School Fund-\\nSchool District Tax.\\nThe General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for\\nthe support of common schools by taxes (Art. 18), which\\nshall never exceed in any one year two mills on the dollar\\non the taxable property of the State; and by an annual per\\ncapita tax of one dollar, to be assessed on every male in-\\nhabitant of this State over the age of twenty-one years:\\nProvided, the General Assembly may, by general law, au-\\nthorize school districts to levy, by a vote of the qualified\\nelectors of such district, a tax not to exceed five mills on\\nthe dollar in any one year for school purposes: Provided,\\nfurther, that no such tax shall be appropriated to any other\\npurpose, nor to any other district than that for which it\\nwas levied.\\nSection 4. Supervision of Puolic Schools, Etc.\\nThe supervision of public schools, and the execution of\\nthe laws regulating the same, shall be vested in, and con-\\nfided to, such officers as may be provided for by the General\\nAssembly. (Arts. 76 and 169.)\\nARTICLE XV. IvtPEAcmiEXT and Addeess.\\nSection 1. Impeachments Judgment.\\nThe governor and all State officers, judges of the supreme\\nand circuit courts, chancellors, and prosecuting attorneys,\\nshall be liable to impeachment for high crimes and misde-\\nmeanors, and gross misconduct in office; but the judgment", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 195\\nshall go no further than removal from office and disquali-\\nfication to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under\\nthis State. An impeachment, whether successful or not,\\nshall be no bar to an indictment.\\nSection 2. Power of Impeachment.\\nThe House of Representatives shall, have the sole power\\nof impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the\\nSenate. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall\\nbe upon oath or affirmation; no person shall be convicted\\nwithout the concurrence of two-thirds of the members\\nthereof. The chief justice shall preside, unless he is im-\\npeached or otherwise disqualified, when the Senate shall\\nelect a presiding officer.\\nSection 3. Removal upon Address.\\nThe governor, upon the joint address of two-thirds of the\\nmembers elected to each house of the General Assembly,\\nfor good cause, may remove the auditor, treasurer, secre-\\ntary of state, attorney-general, judges of the supreme and\\ncircuit courts, chancellors, and prosecuting attorneys.\\nARTICLE XVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Finance and Taxation. (Art. 79.)\\nSection 1. Loan of Public Credit, and Issue of Interest-\\nBearing Evidences of Public Indebtedness, Except to Pay\\nPresent Debt, Prohibited.\\nNeither the State, nor any city, county, town, or other\\nmunicipality in this State, shall ever loan its credit for\\nany purpose whatever. Nor shall any county, city, town,\\nor municipality ever issue any interest-bearing evidences\\nof indebtedness; except such bonds as may be authorized\\nby law to provide for, and secure the payment of, the present\\nexisting indebtedness. And the State shall never issue any\\ninterest-bearing treasury warrants or scrip,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 2. Payment of State Debt.\\nThe General Assembly shall, from time to time, provide\\nfor the payment of all just and legal debts of the State.\\nSection 3.- Misappropriation of Public Moneys.\\nThe making of profit out of public moneys or using the\\nsame for any purpose not authorized by law, by any officer\\nof the State or member or officer of the General Assembly,\\nshall be punishable as may be provided by law; but part of\\nsuch punishment shall be disqualification to hold office in\\nthis State for a period of five years.\\nSection 4. Salaries and Fees Clerks, etc., of Departments\\nof State.\\nThe General Assembly shall fix the salaries and fees of all\\nofficers in the State; and no greater salary or fee than that\\nfixed by law shall be paid to any officer, employee, or other\\nperson, or at any rate other than par value; and the num-\\nber and salaries of the clerks and employees of the different\\ndepartments of the State shall be fixed by law.\\nSection 5. Uniform Rule of Taxation Taxation of Privileges,\\netc. Property Exempt from Taxation.\\nAll property subject to taxation shall be taxed according\\nto its value (Art. 65) that value to be ascertained in such\\nmanner as the General Assembly shall direct, making the\\nsame equal and uniform throughout the State. No one spe-\\ncies of property from which a tax may be collected shall be\\ntaxed higher than another species of property of equal\\nvalue: Provided, the General Assembly shall have power,\\nfrom time to time, to tax hawkers, peddlers, ferries, ex-\\nhibitions, and privileges, in such manner as may be deemed\\nproper: Provided, further, that the following property shall\\nbe exempt from taxation: Public property used exclusively\\nfor public purposes; churches used as such; cemeteries", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS.\\n197\\nused exclusively as such; school buildings and apparatus;\\nlibraries and grounds used exclusively for school purposes;\\nand buildings and grounds and materials used exclusively\\nfor public charity.\\nSection 6. Exemption by Statutory Enactment, Void.\\nAll laws exempting property from taxation other than\\nas provided in this constitution shall be void.\\nSection 7. Taxation of Corporate Property.\\nThe power to tax corporations and corporate property\\nshall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or\\ngrant to which the State may be a party.\\nSection 8. Maximum Rate of State Taxes.\\nThe General Assembly shall not have power to levy State\\ntaxes for any one year to exceed, in the aggregate, one per\\ncent, of the assessed valuation of the property of the State\\nfor that year.\\nSection 9. Maximum Rate of County Taxes.\\nNo county shall levy a tax to exceed one-half of one per\\ncent, for all purposes; but may levy an additional one-half\\nof one per cent, to pay indebtedness existing at the time\\nof the ratification of this constitution.\\nSection 10. County and Municipal Taxes, in what Payable.\\nThe taxes of counties, towns, and cities shall only be\\npayable in lawful currency of the United States, or the\\norders or warrants of said counties, towns, and cities re-\\nspectively.\\nSection 11. Levy and Specific Appropriation of Taxes.\\nNo tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law; and\\nevery law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object\\nof the same; and no moneys arising from a tax levied for\\none purpose shall be used for any other purpose.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 CONSTITUTION -OP THE\\nSection 12. Disbursements.\\nNo money shall be paid out of the treasury until the same\\nshall have been appropriated by law, and then only in ac-\\ncordance with said appropriation.\\nSection 13. Right of Citizen to Sue in Behalf of Inhabitants\\nof County or Municipality.\\nAny citizen of any county, city, or town may institute,\\nsuit, in behalf of himself and all others interested, to pro-\\ntect the inhabitants thereof against the enforcement- of\\nany illegal exactions whatever.\\nARTICLE XVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Railroads, Canals, and Turnpikes.\\nSection 1. Railroads, etc., Public Highways Transportation\\nCompanies Common Carriers Right to Construct Rail-\\nroads Intersection and Connection of Railroads.\\nAll railroads, canals, and turnpikes shall be public high-\\nways, and all railroads and canal companies shall be com-\\nmon carriers. Any association or corporation, organized\\nfor the purpose, shall have the right to construct and\\noperate a railroad between any points within this State,\\nand to connect at the State line with railroads of other\\nStates. Every railroad company shall have the right with\\nits road to intersect, connect with, or cross any other road,\\nand shall receive and transport, each the other s passengers,\\ntonnage, and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or dis-\\ncrimination.\\nSection 2. Transportation Companies to Maintain Office in\\nState Transfers of Stock Books.\\nEvery railroad, canal, or turnpike corporation operated\\nor partly operated in this State, shall maintain one office\\ntherein, where transfers of its stock shall be made and\\nwhere its books shall be kept for inspection by any stock-\\nholder or creditor of such corporation; in which shall be", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 199\\nrecorded the amount of capital stock subscribed or paid in\\nand the amounts owned by them respectively, the trans-\\nfers of said stock and the names and places of residence\\nof the officers.\\nSection 3. Equal Right to Transportation Regulation of\\nCharges.\\nAll individuals, associations, and corporations shall have\\nequal right to have persons and property transported over\\nrailroads, canals, and turnpikes; and no undue or unreason-\\nable discrimination shall be made in charges for or in\\nfacilities for transportation of freight or passengers within\\nthe State, or coming from or going to any other State.\\nPersons and property transported over any railroad shall\\nbe delivered at any station, at charges not exceeding the\\ncharges for transportation of persons and property of the\\nsame class in the same direction to any more distant station.\\nBut excursion and commutation tickets may be issued at\\nspecial rates.\\nSection 4. Parallel or Competing Lines of Transportation\\nNot to be Consolidated, or Controlled by Same Parties.\\nNo railroad, canal, or other corporation, or the lessees,\\npurchasers, or managers of any railroad, canal, or corpora-\\ntion shall consolidate the stock, property, or franchises of\\nsuch corporation with, or lease or purchase the works or\\nfranchises of, or in any way control, any other railroad or\\ncanal corporation owning or having under its control a\\nparallel or competing line; nor shall any officer of such\\nrailroad or canal corporation act as an officer of any other\\nrailroad or canal corporation owning or having control of\\na parallel or competing line; and the question whether\\nrailroads or canals are parallel or competing lines shall,\\nwhen demanded by the party complainant, be decided by a\\njury, as in other civil issues.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 5. Prohibitions upon Officers, etc., of Transportation\\nCompanies.\\nNo president, director, officer, agent, or employee of any\\nrailroad or canal company shall be interested, directly or\\nindirectly, in the furnishing of materials or supplies to\\nsuch company; or in the business of transportation as a\\ncommon carrier of freight or passengers over the works\\nowned, leased, controlled, or worked by such company;\\nnor in any arrangement which shall afford more advan-\\ntageous terms or greater facilities than are offered or\\naccorded to the public. And all contracts and arrange-\\nments in violation of this section shall be void.\\nSecttox 6. Discrimination of Charges Between Transporta-\\ntion Companies and Individuals, or in Furnishing Cars\\nor Motive Power, Prohibited.\\nNo discrimination, in charges or facilities for transpor-\\ntation, shall be made between transportation companies\\nand individuals, or in favor of either by abatement, draw-\\nback, or otherwise; and no railroad or canal company, or\\nany lessee, manager, or employee thereof shall make any\\npreferences in furnishing cars or motive power.\\nSection 7. General Assembly to Prevent Grant of Free\\nPasses to Officers of the State.\\nThe General Assembly shall prevent by law the granting\\nof free passes by any railroad or transportation company\\nto any officer of this State, legislative, executive, or judicial.\\nSectiox 8. Condition of Remission of Forfeiture of Charter,\\nor Legislation Favorable to Corporations.\\nThe General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of\\nthe charter of any corporation now existing, or alter or\\namend the same, or pass any general or special law for\\nthe benefit of such corporation, except on condition that\\nsuch corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject\\nto the provisions of this constitution.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 201\\nSection 9. Eminent Domain over Property of Corporations.\\nThe exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never\\nbe abridged or so construed as to prevent the General\\nAssembly from taking the property and franchises of in-\\ncorporated companies and subjecting them to public use,\\nthe same as the property of individuals.\\nSection 10. Legislation to Correct Abuses by Transportation\\nCompanies.\\nThe General Assembly shall pass laws to correct abuses\\nand prevent unjust discrimination and excessive charges\\nby railroad, canal, and turnpike companies, for transport-\\ning freight and passengers, and shall provide for enforcing\\nsuch laws by adequate penalties and forfeitures.*\\nSection 11. Movable Property of Railroad Corporations Per-\\nsonal Property, and not to be Exempted from Execution.\\nThe rolling stock and all other movable property be-\\nlonging to any railroad company or corporation in this\\nState shall be considered personal property, and shall be\\nliable to execution and sale, in the same manner as the\\npersonal property of individuals; and the General Assembly\\nshall pass no law exempting any such property from\\nexecution and sale.\\nSection 12. Damages, by Railroads, to Person and Property.\\nAll railroads which are now or may be hereafter built\\nand operated either in whole or in part in this State, shall\\nbe responsible for all damages to persons and property,\\nunder such regulations as may be prescribed by the General\\nAssembly.\\nSection 13. Annual Report of Railroad Companies to Auditor.\\nThe directors of every railroad corporation shall annually\\nmake a report under oath to the auditor of public accounts,\\n*Altered by Amendment No. 4.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nof all their acts and doings, which report shall include such\\nmatters relating to railroads as may be prescribed by law,\\nand the General Assembly shall pass laws enforcing, by\\nsuitable penalties, the provisions of this section.\\nARTICLE XVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judicial Circuits. (Aet. 130.)\\nJudicial Circuits Terms of Circuit Courts.\\nUntil otherwise provided by the General Assembly, the\\njudicial circuits shall be composed of the following counties:\\nFirst Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Prairie, Woodruff, White,\\nand Monroe. Second Mississippi, Crittenden, -Cross, Poin-\\nsett, Craighead, Greene, Clayton, and Randolph. Third\\nJackson, Independence, Lawrence, Sharp, Fulton, Izard,\\nStone, and Baxter. Fourth Marion, Boone, Searcy, Newton,\\nMadison, Carroll, Benton, and Washington. Fifth Pope,\\nJohnson, Franklin, Crawford, Sebastian, Sarber, and Yell.\\nSixth Lonoke, Pulaski, Van Buren, and Faulkner.\\nSeventh Grant, Hot Springs, Garland, Perry, Saline, and\\nConway. Eighth Scott, Montgomery, Polk, Howard,\\nSevier, Little River, Pike, and Clark. Ninth Hempstead,\\nLafayette, Nevada, Columbia, Union, Ouachita, and\\nCalhoun. Tenth Chicot, Drew, Ashley, Bradley, Dorsey,\\nand Dallas. Eleventh Desha, Arkansas, Lincoln, and\\nJefferson.\\nUntil otherwise provided by the General Assembly, the\\ncircuit courts shall be begun and held in the several coun-\\nties as follows:\\nFirst Circuit.\\nWhite\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Monday in February and August. Wood-\\nruff Third Monday in February and August. Prairie\\nSecond Monday after the third Monday in February and\\nAugust. Monroe Sixth Monday after the third Monday\\nin February and August. St. Francis Eighth Monday\\nafter the third Monday in February and August. Lee", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 203\\nTenth Monday after the third Monday in February and\\nAugust. Phillips Twelfth Monday after the third Monday\\nin February and August.\\nSecond Circuit.\\nMississippi First Monday in March and September.\\nCrittenden Second Monday in March and September.\\nCross\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second Monday after the second Monday in March\\nand September. Poinsett Third Monday after the second\\nMonday in March and September. Craighead Fourth Mon-\\nday after the second Monday in March and September.\\nGreene Sixth Monday after the second Monday in March\\nand September. Clayton Seventh Monday after the second\\nMonday in March and September. Randolph Ninth Mon-\\nday after the second Monday in March and September.\\nThird Circuit.\\nJackson First Monday in March and September. Law-\\nrence Fourth Monday in March and September. Sharp\\nSecond Monday after the fourth Monday in March and Sep-\\ntember. Fulton Fourth Monday after the fourth Monday\\nin March and September. Baxter Sixth Monday after the\\nfourth Monday in March and September. Izard Seventh\\nMonday after the fourth Monday in March and September.\\nStone Ninth Monday after the fourth Monday in March\\nand September. Independence Tenth Monday after the\\nfourth Monday in March and September.\\nFourth Circuit.\\nMarion Second Monday in February and August.\\nBoone Third Monday in February and August. Searcy\\nSecond Monday after the third Monday in February and\\nAugust. Newton Third Monday after the third Monday\\nin February and August. Carroll Fourth Monday after\\nthe third Monday in February and August. Madison Fifth\\nMonday after the third Monday in February and August.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nBenton Sixth Monday after the third Monday in February\\nand August. Washington Eighth Monday after J:he third\\nMonday in February and August.\\nFifth Circuit.\\nGreenwood district, Sebastian county Third Monday in\\nFebruary and August. Fort Smith district, Sebastian\\ncounty First Monday after the fourth Monday in February\\nand August. Crawford county Fourth Monday after the\\nfourth Monday in February and August. Franklin county-\\nSixth Monday after the fourth Monday in February and\\nAugust. Sarber county Eighth Monday after the fourth\\nMonday in February and August. Yell county Tenth\\nMonday after the fourth Monday in February and August.\\nPope county Twelfth Monday after the fourth Monday in\\nFebruary and August. Johnson county Fourteenth Mon-\\nday after the fourth Monday in February and August.\\nSixth Circuit.\\nIn the county of Pulaski on the first Monday in February,\\nand continue twelve weeks if the business of said court\\nrequire it. In the county of Lonoke, on the first Monday\\nsucceeding the Pulaski court, and continue two weeks if\\nthe business of said court reauire it. In the county of\\nFaulkner, on the first Monday after the Lonoke court, and\\ncontinue two weeks if the business of said court require it.\\nIn the county of Van Buren, on the first Monday after the\\nFaulkner court, and continue two weeks if the business of\\nsaid court require it.\\nFall Term Sixth Circuit.\\nIn the county of Pulaski on the first Monday in October,\\nand continue seven weeks if the business of said court\\nrequire it. In the county of Lonoke, on the first Monday\\nnext after the Pulaski court and continue two weeks if\\nthe business of said court require it. In the county of", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 205\\nFaulkner, on the first Monday after the Lonoke court, and\\ncontinue one week if the business of said court require it.\\nIn the county of Van Buren, on the first Monday after the\\nFaulkner court, and continue one week if the business of\\nsaid court require it.\\nSeventh Circuit.\\nHot Springs Second Monday in March and September.\\nGrant Third Monday in March and September. Saline\\nFourth Monday in March and September. Conway\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second\\nMonday after fourth Monday in March and September.\\nPerry Fourth Monday after the fourth Monday in March\\nand September. Garland Fifth Monday after the fourth\\nMonday in March and September.\\nEighth Circuit.\\nMontgomery First Monday in February and August.\\nScott First Monday after the first Monday in February\\nand August. Polk Second Monday after the first Monday\\nin February and August. Sevier Third Monday after the\\nfirst Monday in February and August. Little River Fifth\\nMonday after the first Monday in February and August.\\nHoward Seventh Monday after the first Monday in Feb-\\nruary and August. Pike Eighth Monday after the first\\nMonday in February and August. Clark Ninth Monday\\nafter the first Monday in February and August.\\nNinth Circuit.\\nCalhoun First Monday in March and September.\\nUnion Second Monday after the first Monday in March\\nand September. Columbia Fourth Monday after the first\\nMonday in March and September. Lafayette Sixth Mon-\\nday after the first Monday in March and September. Hemp-\\nstead\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eighth Monday after the first Monday in March and\\nSeptember. Nevada Eleventh Monday after the first Mon-\\nday in March and September. Ouachita Thirteenth Mon-\\nday after the first Monday in March and September.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nTenth Circuit.\\nDorsey Third Monday in February and August. Dal-\\nlas\u00e2\u0080\u0094First Monday in March and September. Bradley Sec-\\nond Monday in March and September. Ashley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Third\\nMonday in March and September. Drew Second Monday\\nafter the third Monday in March and September. Chicot\\nFourth Monday after the third Monday in March and Sep-\\ntember.\\nEleventh Circuit.\\nIn the county of Desha on the first Monday in March and\\nSeptember. In the county of Arkansas on the fourth Mon-\\nday in March and September. In the county of Lincoln on\\nthe third Monday after the fourth Monday in March and\\nSeptember. In the county of Jefferson on the sixth Monday\\nafter the fourth Monday in March and September.\\nARTICLE XIX. Miscellaneous Provisions.\\nSection 1. Disqualifications of Atheists,\\nNo person who denies the being of a God shall hold any\\noffice in the civil departments of this State, nor be compe-\\ntent to testify as a witness in any court.\\nSection 2. Dueling.\\nNo person who may hereafter fight a duel, assist in the\\nsame as second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a\\nchallenge therefor, shall hold any office in the State, for a\\nperiod of ten years; and may be otherwise punished as the\\nlaw may prescribe.\\nSection 3. Electors, only, Qualified for Office.\\nNo person shall be elected to, or appointed to fill a\\nvacancy in, any office, who does not possess the qualifica-\\ntions of an elector.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 207\\nSection 4. Residence, etc., of Officers.\\nAll civil officers for the State at large shall reside within\\nthe State, and all district, county, and township officers\\nwithin their respective districts, counties, and townships;\\nand shall keep their offices at such places therein as are\\nnow, or may hereafter be, required by law.\\nSection 5. Officers to Continue in Office till Qualification\\nof Successors.\\nAll officers shall continue in office after the expiration of\\ntheir official terms, until their successors are elected and\\nqualified.\\nSection 6. Plurality of Offices.\\nNo person shall hold, or perform the duties of, more than\\none office in the same department of the government, at the\\nsame time, except as expressly directed or permitted by\\nthis constitution.\\nSection 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Forfeiture of Residence.\\nAbsence on business of the State or of the United States,\\nor on a visit, or on necessary private business, shall not\\ncause a forfeiture of residence once obtained.\\nSection 8. Deductions from Salaries of Officers.\\nIt shall be the duty of the General Assembly to regulate\\nby law in what cases and what deductions from the salaries\\nof public officers shall be made for neglect of duty in their\\nofficial capacity.\\nSection 9. Creation of Permanent State Offices Prohibited.\\nThe General Assembly shall have no power to create any\\npermanent State office, not expressly provided for by this\\nconstitution,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 10. Returns of Elections, to Whom Hade.\\nReturns for all elections for officers who are to be com-\\nmissioned by the governor and for members of the General\\nAssembly, except as otherwise provided by this constitu-\\ntion, shall be made to the secretary of state.\\nSection 11. Salaries of state Officers Fees Pertaining to\\nState Offices Maximum Salaries of State Officers\\nIncrease of Salaries of Members of General Assembly.\\nThe governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attor-\\nney-general, Judges of the supreme court, Judges of the cir-\\ncuit court, commissioner of state lands, and prosecuting at-\\ntorneys shall each receive a salary* to be established by law,\\nwhich shall not be increased or diminished during their\\nrespective terms, nor shall any of them, except the prose-\\ncuting attorneys, after the adoption of this constitution,\\nreceive to his own use any fees, costs, perquisites of office,\\nor other compensation; and all fees that may hereafter be\\npayable by law for any service performed by any officer\\nmentioned in this section, except prosecuting attorneys,\\nshall be paid in advance into the State treasury: Provided,\\nthat the salaries of the respective officers herein mentioned\\nshall never exceed per annum:\\nFor governor the sum of $4,000; for secretary of state\\nthe sum of $2,500; for treasurer the sum of $3,000; for\\nauditor the sum of $3,000; for attorney-general the sum of\\n$2,500; for commissioner of state lands the sum of $2,500;\\nfor judges of the supreme court, each the sum of $4,000;\\nfor judges of the circuit courts and chancellors, each the\\nsum of $3,000; for prosecuting attorney the sum of $400.\\nAnd provided, further, that the General Assembly shall\\nprovide for no increase of salaries of its members which\\nshall take effect before the meeting of the next General\\nAssembly.\\nArts. 131, 136, 149. and 157.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 209\\nSection 12. Publication of Receipts and Expenditures of\\nPublic Money.\\nAn accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and\\nexpenditures of the public money, the several amounts paid,\\nto whom and on what account, shall, from time to time, be\\npublished as may be prescribed by law.\\nSection 13. Usury Rate of Interest.\\nAll contracts for a greater rate of interest than ten per\\ncentum per annum shall be void, as to principal and interest,\\nand the General Assembly shall prohibit the same by law;\\nbut when no rate of interest is agreed upon, the rate shall\\nbe six per centum per annum.\\nSection 14.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lotteries Prohibited.\\nNo lottery shall be authorized by this State, nor shall the\\nsale of lottery tickets be allowed.\\nSection 15. Contracts for Stationery, Fuel, Printing, Furni-\\nture, etc., for State Government.\\nAll stationery, printing, paper, fuel, for the use of the\\nGeneral Assembly and other departments of government,\\nshall be furnished, and the printing, binding, and distribut-\\ning of the laws, journals, department reports, and all other\\nprinting and binding, and the repairing and furnishing the\\nhalls and rooms for the meetings of the General Assembly\\nand its committees, shall be performed under contract, to\\nbe given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maxi-\\nmum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed\\nby law. No member or officer of any department of the\\ngovernment shall in any way be interested in such con-\\ntracts, and all such contracts shall be subject to the\\napproval of the governor, auditor, and treasurer.\\n14", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 16. Contracts for Public Buildings and Br\\nand Care of Paupers.\\nAll contracts for erecting or repairing public buildings or\\nbridges in any county, or for materials therefor, or, for\\nproviding for the care and keeping of paupers, where there\\nare no almshouses, shall be given to the lowest responsible\\nbidder, under such regulations as may be provided by law.\\nSection 17. Revision, Publication, etc., of Laws.\\nThe laws of this State, civil and criminal, shall be revised,\\ndigested, arranged, published, and promulgated at such\\ntimes, and in such manner as the General Assembly may\\ndirect.\\nSection 18. Security of Miners and Travellers.\\nThe General Assembly, by suitable enactments, shall\\nrequire such appliances and means to be provided and used,\\nas may be necessary to secure, as far as possible, the lives,\\nhealth, and safety of persons employed in mining and of\\npersons travelling upon railroads and by other public con-\\nveyances; and shall provide for enforcing such enactments\\nby adequate pains and penalties.\\nSection 19. Education of Deaf and Dumb, Blind, and Insane.\\nIt shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide,\\nby law, for the support of institutions for the education of\\nthe deaf and dumb, and of the blind; and also for the treat-\\nment of the insane.\\nSection 20.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Oath of Office.\\nSenators and representatives and all judicial and execu-\\ntive State and county officers, and all other officers, both\\ncivil and military, before entering on the duties of their\\nrespective offices shall take and subscribe to the following\\noath or affirmation: I do solemnly swear (or affirm)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ABKANSAS. 211\\nthat I will support the Constitution of the United States, and\\nthe Constitution of the State of Arkansas, and that I will\\nfaithfully discharge the duties of the office of upon\\nwhich I am now about to enter.\\nSection 21. Sureties Upon Official Bonds.\\nThe sureties upon the official bonds of all State officers\\nshall be residents of, and have sufficient property within,\\nthe State, not exempt from sale under execution, attach-\\nment, or other process of any court, to make good their\\nbonds; and the sureties upon the official bonds of all county\\nofficers shall reside within the counties where such officers\\nreside, and shall have sufficient property therein, not\\nexempt from such sale, to make good their bonds.\\nSection 22. Amendments to Constitution, How Originated\\nTo be Published, and Submitted to the People Not More\\nthan Three to be Proposed or Submitted at Same Time\\nSeparate Ratification of Each.\\nEither branch of the General Assembly, at a regular\\nsession thereof, may propose amendments to this constitu-\\ntion; and if the same be agreed to by a majority of all the\\nmembers elected to each house, such proposed amendments\\nshall be entered on the journals with the yeas and nays, and\\npublished in at least one newspaper in each county, where\\na newspaper is published, for six months immediately pre-\\nceding the next general election for senators and repre-\\nsentatives, at which time the same shall be submitted to\\nthe electors of the State, for approval or rejection; and if\\na majority of the electors voting at such election adopt such\\namendments, the same shall become a part of this consti-\\ntution. But no more than three amendments shall be pro-\\nposed or submitted at the same time. They shall be so\\nsubmitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amend-\\nment separately.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSection 23. Maximum of Officers Salary and Fees Dispo-\\nsition of Excess Received.\\nNo officer of this State, nor of any county, city, or town,\\nshall receive directly or indirectly for salary, fees, and per-\\nquisites more than five thousand dollars net profits per\\nannum in par funds, and any and all sums in excess of this\\namount shall be paid into the State, county, city, or town\\ntreasury, as shall hereafter be directed by appropriate\\nlegislation.\\nSection 24. Contested Elections not Herein Specifically\\nProvided For.\\nThe General Assembly shall provide by law the mode of\\ncontesting elections in cases not specifically provided for in\\nthis constitution.\\nSection 25. Seal of the State.\\nThe present seal of the State shall be and remain the\\nseal of the State of Arkansas until otherwise provided by\\nlaw, and shall be kept and used as provided in this con-\\nstitution.\\nSection 26. Officers Eligible to Executive and Judicial Office.\\nMilitia officers, officers of the public schools, and notaries\\nmay be elected to fill any executive or judicial office.\\nSection 27. Assessments on Real Property, for Local\\nImprovements, in Towns and Cities.\\nNothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to\\nprohibit the General Assembly from authorizing assess-\\nments on real property for local improvements, in towns\\nand cities under such regulations as may be prescribed by\\nlaw; to be based upon the consent of a majority in value\\nof the property-holders owning property adjoining the\\nlocality to be affected. But such assessments shall be ad\\nvalorem and uniform.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 213\\nSCHEDULE.\\nSection 1. Retention of Existing Laws Effect of Exemption\\nLaics in Force at Adoption of Constitution of 1868\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDistinction Between Sealed and Unsealed Instruments.\\nAll laws now in force, which are not in conflict or incon-\\nsistent with this constitution, shall continue in force until\\namended or repealed by the General Assembly, and all laws\\nexempting property from sale on execution or by decree of\\na court, which were in force at the time of the adoption of\\nthe constitution of 1868, shall remain in force with regard\\nto contracts made before that time. Until otherwise pro-\\nvided by law, no distinction shall exist between sealed and\\nunsealed instruments, concerning contracts between indi-\\nviduals, executed since the adoption of the constitution of\\n1868: Provided, that the statutes of limitation with regard\\nto sealed and unsealed instruments in force at that time\\ncontinue to apply to all instruments afterwards executed,\\nuntil altered or repealed.\\nSection 2. Competency of Witnesses.\\nIn civil actions, no witness shall be excluded because he is\\na party to the suit, or interested in the issue to be tried:\\nProvided, that in actions by or against executors, adminis-\\ntrators, or guardians, in which judgment may be rendered\\nfor or against them, neither party shall be allowed to\\ntestify against the other as to any transactions with, or\\nstatements of, the testator, intestate, or ward, unless called\\nto testify thereto by the opposite party: Provided, further,\\nthat this section may be amended or repealed by the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\nSection 3. First General Election for Officers, and Election\\nfor Submission of Constitution to the People.\\nAn election shall be held at the several election precincts\\nof every county of the State, on Tuesday, the 13th day of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "i\\n214 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nOctober, 1874, for governor, secretary of state, auditor,\\ntreasurer, attorney-general, commissioner of state lands\\nfor two years, unless the office is sooner abolished by the\\nGeneral Assembly, chancellor, and clerk of the separate\\nchancery court of Pulaski county, chief justice and two\\nassociate justices of the supreme courts, a circuit judge and\\nprosecuting attorney for each judicial circuit provided for\\nin this constitution, senators and representatives to the\\nGeneral Assembly, all county and township officers pro-\\nvided for in this constitution; and also for the submission\\nof this constitution to the qualified electors of the State,\\nfor its adoption or rejection.\\nSection 4. Qualifications of Voters Thereat.\\nThe qualification of voters at the election to be held as\\nprovided in this schedule shall be the same as is now pre-\\nscribed by law.\\nSection 5. Notice Thereof.\\nThe state board of supervisors hereinafter mentioned\\nshall give notice of said election immediately after the\\nadoption of this constitution by this convention, by procla-\\nmation, in at least two newspapers published at Little\\nRock, and such other newspapers as they may select. And\\neach county board of supervisors shall give public notice,\\nin their respective counties, of said election, immediately\\nafter their appointment.\\nSection 6. Governor s Proclamation Enjoining Good Order\\nat Such Election.\\nThe governor shall also issue a proclamation enjoining\\nupon all peace officers the duty of preserving good order\\non the day of said election, and preventing any disturbance\\nof the same.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0224.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "STATE OF AKKANSAS. 215\\nSection 7. State Board or Supervisors of Election Vacancies\\nTherein.\\nAugustus H. Garland, Gordon N. Peay, and Dudley E.\\nJones are hereby constituted a state board of supervisors\\nof said election, who shall take an oath faithfully and im-\\npartially to discharge the duties of their office, a majority\\nof whom shall be a quorum, and who shall perform the\\nduties herein assigned them. Should a vacancy occur in\\nsaid board by refusal to serve, death, removal, resignation,\\nor otherwise, or if any member should become incapaci-\\ntated from performing said duties, the remaining members\\nof the board shall fill the vacancy by appointment. But if\\nall the places on said board become vacant at the same\\ntime, the said vacancies shall be filled by the president of\\nthis convention.\\nSection 8. County Boards of Election Supervisors Vacan-\\ncies Therein.\\nSaid State board shall at once proceed to appoint a board\\nof election supervisors for each county of this State, con-\\nsisting of three men of known intelligence and upright-\\nness of character, who shall take the same oath as above\\nprovided for the State board. A majority of each board\\nshall constitute a quorum, and shall perform the duties\\nherein assigned to them; and vacancies occurring in the\\ncounty boards shall be filled by the State board.\\nSection 9. Poll-Books and Ballot-Boxes for the Election.\\nThe State board shall provide the form of poll-books,\\nand each county board shall furnish the judges of each\\nelection precinct with three copies of the poll-books in the\\nform prescribed; and with ballot-boxes, at the expense of\\nthe county.\\nSection 10. Distribution, to Officers of the Election, of Copies\\nof the Constitution.\\nThe State board of supervisors shall cause to be furnished,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0225.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nin pamphlet form, a sufficient number of copies of this\\nconstitution to supply each county supervisor and judge\\nof election with a copy; and shall forward the same to the\\ncounty election boards for distribution.\\nSection 11. Judges of the Election and Election Clerks-\\nCases of Absence of Judges of the Election from the Polls.\\nThe boards of county election supervisors shall at once\\nproceed to appoint three judges of election for each election\\nprecinct in their respective counties, and the judges shall\\nappoint three election clerks for their respective precincts,\\nall of whom shall be good, competent men, and take an\\noath as prescribed above. Should the judges of any election\\nprecinct fail to attend at the time and place provided by law,\\nor decline to act, the assembled electors shall choose com-\\npetent persons, in the manner provided by law, to act in\\ntheir place, who shall be sworn as above.\\nSection 12. Conduct of the Election Qualifications of Voters,\\nHow Decided Registration.\\nSaid election shall be conducted in accordance with exist-\\ning laws except as herein provided. As the electors present\\nthemselves at the polls to vote, the judges of the election\\nshall pass upon their qualifications, and the clerks of the\\nelection shall register their names on the poll-books, if\\nqualified; and such registration by said clerks shall be a\\nsufficient registration in conformity with the constitution\\nof this State, and then their votes shall be taken.\\nSection 12,.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Style of Ballot.\\nEach elector shall have written or printed on his ticket\\nFor Constitution or Against Constitution and also\\nthe offices and the names of the candidates for the offices,\\nfor whom he desires to vote.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0226.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 217\\nSection 14. Deposit of Tickets Elector to Vote only in Town-\\nship or Ward of Residence Numbering of Tickets.\\nThe judges shall deposit the tickets in, the ballot-box;\\nbut no elector shall vote outside of the township or ward\\nin which he resides. The names of the electors shall be\\nnumbered, and the corresponding numbers shall be placed\\non the ballots by the judges when deposited.\\nSection 15. Drinking Houses to be Closed on Day of the Elec-\\ntion Sale or Gift of Intoxicating Liquors Prohibited.\\nAll dram shops and drinking houses in this State shall be\\nclosed during the day of said election, and the succeeding\\nnight; and any person selling or giving away intoxicating\\nliquors during said day or night shall be punished by fine\\nof not less than two hundred dollars, for each and every\\noffence, or imprisoned not less than six months, or both.\\nSection 16. Hours of Voting Counting of Ballots\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dispo-\\nsition of Returns Copies of Abstract of Returns,\\nBallots, and Poll-Books, Where Filed.\\nThe polls shall be opened at eight o clock in the forenoon,\\nand shall be kept open until sunset. After the polls are\\nclosed the ballots shall be counted by the judges at the\\nplace of voting, as soon as the polls are closed, unless pre-\\nvented by violence or accident; and the results by them\\ncertified on the poll-books, and the ballots sealed up. They\\nshall be returned to the county board of election super-\\nvisors, who shall proceed to cast up the votes and ascer-\\ntain and state the number of votes cast for the constitution,\\nand the number cast against the constitution, and also the\\nnumber of votes cast for each candidate voted for, for any\\noffice; and shall forthwith forward to the state board of\\nsupervisors, duly certified by them, one copy of the state-\\nment or abstracts of the votes so made out by them, retain\\none copy in their possession, and file one copy in the office", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0227.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "218 COE STITUTIOX OF THE\\nof the county clerk, where they shall also deposit for safe-\\nkeeping the ballots sealed up, and one copy of the poll-\\nbooks, retaining possession of the other copies.\\nSection 17. Ascertainment and Publication of Result of\\nElection on Adoption of Constitution Constitution, if\\nAdopted, in Force from Date of Such Publication\\nAbstract of Returns of the Election, to be Filed with\\nSecretary of State List of Members of General As-\\nsembly, Elect, to be Certified to General Assembly\\nAbstract of Returns of Election of State Officers to be\\nCertified to Speaker of House of Representatives, and\\nthe Result by Him Announced State Officers Elected,\\nWhen to Enter upon Their Duties.\\nThe State board of supervisors shall at once proceed, on\\nreceiving such returns from the county board, to ascertain\\ntherefrom and state the whole number of votes given for\\nthe constitution and the whole number given against it;\\nand if a majority of all votes cast be in favor of the con-\\nstitution, they shall at once make public that fact by\\npublication in two or more of the leading newspapers pub-\\nlished in the city of Little Rock, and this constitution\\nfrom that date shall be in force; and they shall also make\\nout and file in the office of secretary of state an abstract of\\nall the votes cast for the constitution and all the votes cast\\nagainst it, and also an abstract of all votes cast for every\\ncandidate voted for at the election,, and file the same in\\nthe office of the secretary of state, showing the candidates\\nelected. They shall also make out and certify, and lay\\nbefore each house of the General Assembly, a list of the\\nmembers elected to that house; and shall also make out,\\ncertify, and deliver to the speaker of the House of Represen-\\ntatives, an abstract of all votes cast at the election for any\\nand all persons for the office of governor, secretary of state,\\ntreasurer of state, auditor of state, attorney-general, and\\ncommissioner of state lands, and the said speaker shall cast\\nup the votes and announce the names of the persons elected", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0228.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "STATE OF AKKANSAS. 219\\nto these offices. The governor, secretary of state, treasurer\\nof state, auditor of state, attorney-general, and commis-\\nsioner of state lands chosen at said election shall qualify\\nand enter upon the discharge of the duties of their respec-\\ntive offices within fifteen days after the announcement of\\ntheir election as aforesaid.\\nSection 18. All Officers Chosen at This Election to be Com-\\nmissioned by the Governor.\\nAll officers shown to be elected by the abstract of said\\nelection filed by the state board of supervisors in the office\\nof the secretary of state, required by this constitution to be\\ncommissioned, shall be commissioned by the governor.\\nSection 19. First Election of Representatives and Senators\\nTheir Certificates of Election.\\nAt said election the qualified voters of each county and\\nsenatorial district, as defined in article VIII. of this con-\\nstitution, shall elect respectively representatives and\\nsenators according to the numbers and apportionment con-\\ntained in said article. The board of election supervisors of\\neach county shall furnish certificates of election to the per-\\nson or persons elected to the House of Representatives, as\\nsoon as practicable after the result of the election has been\\nascertained and such board of election supervisors in each\\ncounty shall make a correct return of the election for\\nsenator or senators to the board of election supervisors of the\\ncounty first named in the senatorial apportionment; and said\\nboard shall furnish certificates of election to the person or\\npersons elected as senator or senators in said senatorial dis-\\ntricts, as soon as practicable.\\nSection 20. Officers Elected, Other than State Officers, When\\nto Enter upon Their Duties.\\nAll officers elected under this constitution except the\\ngovernor, secretary of state, auditor of state, treasurer,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0229.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nattorney-general, and commissioner of state lands, shall\\nenter upon the duties of their several offices when they shall\\nhave been declared elected by said state board of super-\\nvisors, and shall have duly qualified. All such officers shall\\nqualify and enter upon the duties of their offices within\\nfifteen days after they have been duly notified of their\\nelection.\\nSection 21. Prior Incumbents to Vacate Their Offices.\\nUpon the qualification of the officers elected at said elec-\\ntion, the present incumbents of the offices for which the\\nelection is held, shall vacate the same and turn over to the\\nofficers thus elected and qualified, all books, papers, records,\\nmoneys, and documents belonging or pertaining to said\\noffices by them respectively held.\\nSection 22. Time of Convening of First Session of General\\nAssembly.\\nThe first session of the General Assembly under this con-\\nstitution shall commence on the first Tuesday after the\\nsecond Monday in November, 1874.\\nSection 23. Transfer of Jurisdiction from Boards of Super-\\nvisors to County Courts, from Criminal Courts to Circuit\\nCourts, and of Probate Business to Probate Courts.\\nThe county courts provided for in this constitution shall\\nbe regarded in law as a continuation of the boards of\\nsupervisors now existing by law, and the circuit courts shall\\nbe regarded in law as continuations of the criminal courts\\nwherever the same may have existed in their respective\\ncounties; and the probate courts shall be regarded as con-\\ntinuations of the circuit courts for the business within the\\njurisdiction of such probate courts, and the papers and rec-\\nords pertaining to said courts and jurisdictions shall be\\ntransferred accordingly; and no suit or prosecution of any\\nkind shall abate because of any change in this constitution.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0230.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ABEANSAS. 221\\nSection 24. Present Incumbents to Continue in Office till\\nQualification of Successors Commissioner of State Lands.\\nAll officers now in office whose offices are not abolished by\\nthis convention, shall continue in office and discharge the\\nduties imposed on them by law, until their successors are\\nelected and qualified under this constitution. The office of\\ncommissioner of state lands shall be continued: Provided,\\nthat the General Assembly, at its next session, may abolish\\nor continue the same in such manner as may be prescribed\\nby law.\\nSection 25. Penalty of Fraud by Officers of the Election, or\\nOther Persons.\\nAny election officer, appointed under the provisions of\\nthis schedule, who shall fraudulently and corruptly permit\\nany person to vote illegally, or refuse the vote of any\\nqualified elector, cast up or make a false return of said\\nelection, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and on con-\\nviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary not\\nless than five years nor more than ten years. And any\\nperson who shall vote when not a qualified elector, or vote\\nmore than once, or bribe any one to vote contrary to his\\nwishes, or intimidate or prevent any elector by threats,\\nmenace, or promises from voting, shall be guilty of a felony\\nand, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the\\npenitentiary not less than one nor more than five years.\\nSection 26.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tenure of Office of Officers Chosen at the Elec-\\ntion Time of Next General Election Election of Con-\\ngressmen.\\nAll officers elected at the election provided for in this\\nschedule shall hold their offices for the respective periods\\nprovided for in the foregoing constitution, and until their\\nsuccessors are elected and qualified. The first general elec-\\ntion after the ratification of this constitution shall be held\\non the first Monday of September, A. D. 1876. Nothing in", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0231.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nthis constitution and the schedule thereto shall be so\\nconstrued as to prevent the election of congressmen at the\\ntime as now prescribed by law.\\nSection 27. Appropriation to Defray Expenses of the Election.\\nThe sum of five thousand dollars is hereby appropriated\\nout of any money in the treasury not otherwise appro-\\npriated, to defray the expenses of the election provided for\\nin this schedule; and the auditor of state shall draw his\\nwarrant on the treasurer for such expenses not exceeding\\nsaid amount, on the certificate of the state board of super-\\nvisors of election.\\nSection 28. Present Salaries of State Officers Per Diem and\\nMileage of Members of General Assembly.\\nFor the period of two years from the adoption of this\\nconstitution, and until otherwise provided by law, the re-\\nspective officers herein enumerated shall receive for their\\nservices the following salaries per annum:\\nFor governor the sum of $3,500. For secretary of state\\nthe sum of $2,000. For treasurer the sum of $2,500. For\\nauditor the sum of $2,500. For attorney-general the sum\\nof $2,000. For commissioner of state lands the sum of $2,000.\\nFor judges of the supreme court, each the sum of $3,500.\\nFor judges of circuit and chancery courts, each the sum\\nof $2,500. For prosecuting attorneys, each the sum of\\n$400. For members of the General Assembly the sum of\\n$6 per day, and 20 cents per mile for each mile traveled in\\ngoing to and returning from the seat of government, over\\nthe most direct and practicable route.\\nDone in Convention, at Little Rock, the seventh day of\\nSeptember in the year of our Lord, one thousand\\neight hundred and seventy-four, and of the Inde-\\npendence of the United States the ninety-ninth.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0232.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 223\\nIn witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our\\nnames.\\nGrandison D. Royston,\\nPresident of the Convention, and Delegate\\nfrom the County of Hempstead.\\nThomas W. Newton, Secretary.\\nFollowing are the delegates from each county:\\nBenton, A. M. Rogers and Horace H. Patterson; Boone,\\nW. W. Bailey; Bradley, John R. Hampton; Baxter. John W.\\nCypert; Carroll, Bradley Bunch; Clark, Jesse A. Ross;\\nCrawford, H. F. Thomason; Dallas, W. D. Leiper; Wood-\\nruff, William J. Thompson; Arkansas, James A. Gibson;\\nPike, Henry W. Carter; Prairie, Daniel F. Reinhardt;\\nOuachita, Elijah Moseley and Henry G. Bunn; Polk, Stephen\\nC. Bates; Columbia, G. P. Smoote and D. L. Kilgore; Con-\\nway, William S. Hanna; Craighead, John S. Anderson;\\nCross, J. G. Frierson; Clayton, E. Foster Brown; Drew,\\nJames P. Stanley; Dorsey, John Niven; Franklin, William\\nW. Mansfield; Faulkner, John Dunaway; Grant, Davidson\\nD. Cunningham; Greene, Ben. H. Crowley; Garland, H.\\nM. Rector; Hempstead, John R. Eakin; Hot Springs, W. C.\\nKelly; Independence, J. W. Butler and James Rutherford;\\nIzard, Ransom Gulley; Jackson, Franklin Doswell; Jef-\\nferson, John A. Williams; Johnson, Seth J. Howell; Law-\\nrence, Philip K. Lester; Little River, J. H. Williams;\\nLonoke, J. P. Eagle; Lincoln, Reason G. Puntney; Lee,\\nMonroe Anderson; Madison, John Corroll; Monroe, S. P.\\nHughes; Montgomery, Nicholas W. Cable; Mississippi,\\nCharles Bowen; Nevada, R. K. Garland; Perry, W. H. Black-\\nwell; Phillips, John J. Horner; Pope, John R. Homer Scott;\\nRandolph, John Miller, Jr.; Pulaski, Sidney M. Barnes;\\nSaline, Jabez M. Smith; Sarber, Ben B. Chism; Scott, J. W.\\nSorrels; Searcy, W. S. Lindsey; Sebastian, R. P. Pulliam\\nand W. M. Fishback; Sevier, B. H. Kinsworthy; Sharp,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0233.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nLewis Williams; St. Francis, John M. Parrott; Stone, Walter\\nJ. Cagle; Union, Horatio G. P. Williams and Robert Good-\\nwin; Van Buren, A. R. Witt; Phillips, R. P. Polk; Wash-\\nington, T. W. Thomason, Benjamin F. Walker, and M. F.\\nLake; White, Jesse N. Cypert and J. W. House; Yell, Joseph\\nT. Harrison; Ashley, Marcus L. Hawkins; Fulton, Edwin R.\\nLucas; Calhoun, Benjamin W. Johnson; Poinsett, Roderick\\nJoyner.\\nAMENDMENT No. i.\\nThe General Assembly shall have no power to levy any\\ntax, or make any appropriations, to pay either the principal\\nor interest, or any part thereof, of any of the following\\nbonds of the State, or the claims, or pretended claims,\\nupon which they may be based, to-wit: Bonds issued under\\nan act of the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas,\\nentitled An act to provide for the funding of the public\\ndebt of the State, approved April 6, A. D. 1869, and num-\\nbered from four hundred and ninety-one to eighteen hundred\\nand sixty inclusive, being the funding bonds, delivered to\\nF. W. Caper, and sometimes called Holford bonds or\\nbonds known as railroad aid bonds, issued under an\\nact of the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, en-\\ntitled An act to aid in the construction of railroads,\\napproved July 21, A. D. 1868 or bonds called levee\\nbonds, being bonds issued under an act of the General\\nAssembly of the State of Arkansas, entitled An act pro-\\nviding for the building and repairing the public levees of\\nthe State, and for other purposes, approved March 16,\\nA. D. 1869, and the supplemental act thereto, approved\\nApril 12, 1869; and the act entitled An act to amend an\\nact entitled an act providing for the building and repairing\\nof public levees of this State, approved March 23, A. D.\\n1871, and any law providing for any such tax or appropria-\\ntion shall be null and void.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0234.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "STATE OF ARKANSAS. 225\\nAMENDMENT No. 2.\\nEvery male citizen of the United States, or male person\\nwho has declared his intention of becoming a citizen of\\nthe same, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided\\nin the State twelve months, in the county six months, and\\nin the precinct or ward one month next preceding any\\nelection at which he may propose to vote, except such per-\\nsons as may for the commission of some felony be deprived\\nof the right to vote by law passed by the General Assembly,\\nand who shall exhibit a poll-tax receipt or other evidence\\nthat he has paid his poll-tax at the time of collecting taxes\\nnext preceding such election, shall be allowed to vote at any\\nelection in the State of Arkansas: Provided, that persons\\nwho make satisfactory proof that they have attained the\\nage of twenty-one years since the time of assessing taxes\\nnext preceding said election and possess the other necessary\\nqualifications, shall be permitted to vote; and, provided,\\nfurther, that the said tax receipt shall be so marked by\\ndated stamp or written endorsement bv judges of election\\nto whom it may be first presented as to prevent the holder\\nthereof from voting more than once at any election.\\nAMENDMENT No. 3.\\nThe Governor shall, in case a vacancy occurs in any\\nState, district, county, or township office in the State, either\\nby death, resignation, or otherwise, fill the same by appoint-\\nment, such appointment to be in force and effect until the\\nnext general election thereafter.\\nAMENDMENT No. 4.\\nThat section 10, of Article XVII., of the Constitution of\\nthe State of Arkansas, be amended so as to read as follows:\\nArticle XVII., Section 10: The General Assembly snail\\npass laws to correct abuses and prevent unjust discrimina-\\ntion and excessive charges by railroads, canals, and turn-\\n15", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0235.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 CONSTITUTION OF ARKANSAS.\\npike companies for transporting freight and passengers, and\\nshall provide for enforcing such laws by adequate penalties\\nand forfeitures, and shall provide for the creation of such\\noffices and commissions and vest in them such authority\\nas shall be necessary to carry into effect the powers hereby\\nconferred. (Proposed February 26, 1897, and ratified Sep-\\ntember 5, 1898.)\\nAMENDMENT No. 5.\\nThe county courts of the State, in their respective coun-\\nties, together with a majority of the justices of the peace\\nof such county, in addition to the amount of county tax\\nallowed to be levied, shall have the power to levy not ex-\\nceeding three mills on the dollar on all taxable property of\\ntheir respective counties, which shall be known as the\\nCounty Road Tax, and when collected shall be used in the\\nrespective counties for the purpose of making and repair-\\ning public roads and bridges of the respective counties, and\\nfor no other purpose, and shall be collected in United States\\ncurrency or county warrants legally drawn on such road-tax\\nfund, if a majority of the qualified electors of such county\\nshall have voted public road tax at the general election for\\nState and county officers preceding such levy at each elec-\\ntion. (Proposed March 15, 1897, and ratified September 5,\\n1898.)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0236.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X,\\n^he United Statef.\\nORIGIN.\\n202. Colonial Times. In the beginning of this\\ngovernment many colonies were scattered along the\\nAtlantic coast. Despite disadvantages, the colonies\\ngrew, and, after a lapse of a few years, became ex-\\ntensive communities, with prosperous and hopeful\\npeople.\\nThese colonies gradually merged into each other,\\nand united for their common defence and general wel-\\nfare, until in 1776, there were thirteen extensive and\\nwell-founded colonies, f which, after their union, be-\\ncame the thirteen original States.\\n203. Colonial Government. The thirteen colo-\\nnies were not permitted to govern themselves. They\\n*A colony is a number of persons sent out by any mother\\ncountry, or a settlement of persons in a distant place, who\\nare governed by the country from which they came. Colo-\\nnization has been practiced by all the leading nations of\\nthe world from the earliest time down to the present.\\nfThe American colonies have been the most prosperous\\nthe world has ever known. True it is that they labored", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0237.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228 A PR ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\nwere under the direct control of the English govern-\\nment and enjoyed just such privileges as the king of\\nEngland was pleased to give. They were governed\\nsomewhat after the manner of our State government.\\nA chief executive, or governor, and a council, were\\nappointed by the king of England. The council cor-\\nresponded to our upper house, or Senate. There was\\na lower house composed of men chosen by the colonies.\\nAll laws passed by these bodies had to be signed by the\\nChief Executive, who had absolute veto power,\\nand then sent to England and approved by the king.\\nIn such circumstances there remained no oppor-\\ntunity for the people to pass such laws as would best\\npromote their interests.\\n204. Unjust Laws. So many unjust laws were\\npassed that the colonists had to throw off the oppres-\\nsive rule of England. This was finally done by the\\nDeclaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, and\\nby the stubborn and successful fight for liberty known\\nas the Eevolutionary War.\\nCONFEDERATION.\\n205. Articles. A congress of delegates from the\\nthirteen colonies had been meeting from time to time\\nin order that provision might be made to carry on the\\nunder many disadvantages and had a multitude of hard-\\nships unknown to us; but to-day we stand as one of the\\nmost prosperous and successful nations of the world. Our\\npopulation is now greater by more than thirty millions than\\nthat of our mother country.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0238.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 229\\nRevolutionary War. The time had come when a\\ncloser union of the colonies was necessary, hence at\\nPhiladelphia, July 9, 1778, forty-eight delegates in\\ncongress assembled, drafted and signed the Articles\\nof Confederation, the first three articles of which\\nare as follows:\\nArticle 1. The style of this Confederacy shall be,\\nThe United States of America.\\nArticle 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, free-\\ndom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction,\\nand right, which is not by this Confederation expressly\\ndelegated to the Unites States in Congress assembled.\\nArticle 3. The said States hereby severally enter\\ninto a firm league of friendship with each other, for\\nthe common defence, the security of their liberties,\\nand their mutual and general welfare, binding them-\\nselves to assist each other against all force offered to,\\nor attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account\\nof religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence\\nwhatever.\\n206, Congress. Under the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion, Congress met annually on the first Monday in\\nNovember and was composed of members from the\\nStates chosen in such a manner as the Legislature of\\neach State directed. ISTo State was represented by\\nfewer than two nor more than seven delegates. Each\\nState had one vote this in all cases was determined by\\na majority of its delegates.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0239.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n207. Duration of Confederation. For nine years\\nthe government was managed according to the Articles\\nof Confederation. They served the people during the\\nRevolution and for six years after the surrender at\\nYorktown. But on account of their weakness in many\\nrespects and the growing demand for a uniform sys-\\ntem of commercial relations,* which were not prop-\\nerly provided for in these Articles, at Philadelphia,\\nin May, 1787, delegates from all the States except\\nRhode Island met for the purpose of making such\\nchanges in and adding to the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion clauses that would be necessary to make it an\\ninstrument that would meet all the requirements of\\nthe government. But instead of the intended changes,\\nIn January, 1786, a convention of commissioners from\\nthe thirteen States was proposed by the Legislature of Vir-\\nginia. The object of the convention was to take into con-\\nsideration the general affairs of the country with special\\nreference to the trade of the United States and the neces-\\nsity of a better system of commercial intercourse, both\\namong the States and with other nations. In September,\\n1786, a meeting was held at Annapolis. There were com-\\nmissioners from only five States\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Delaware, New Jersey,\\nNew York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. It was not expe-\\ndient to transact any business at this meeting; however, a\\nconvention was recommended to be called at Philadelphia\\nin May, 1787, to consider not only the commerce of the\\ncountry, but to alter or change the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion in such a way as to meet the demands of the country.\\nCongress provided for the said convention at the stated\\ntime, which resulted in the framing of the present Consti-\\ntution.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0240.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 231\\na new instrument was brought forth which seemed to\\nmeet the demands of our new and free government\\nin a more satisfactory way. This was the Constitution\\nof the United States, the foundation of our present\\ngovernment.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Where did colonization begin? 2. What is a colony\\nand what is the object of it? 3. Are colonies profitable to\\nthe mother country? 4. Give reasons why. 5. Was there\\njust one colony for each of the original thirteen States?\\nExplain this. 6. When did the colonies become the thir-\\nteen original States 7. What colonies have been the\\nmost prosperous? 8. How are colonies usually governed?\\n9. How were the American colonies governed? 10. Explain\\nthe legislative department and how laws were passed. 11.\\nWhat caused the colonies to throw off the government of\\nthe mother country? 12. What kind of government was\\nthere from 1778 to 1787? 13. Explain this government. 14.\\nWhen did Congress meet? 15. Give substance of the arti-\\ncles of the Confederate Union. 16. What led to the fram-\\ning of the Constitution?", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0241.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCHAPTER XL\\n^he United State?.\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nCONGRESS.\\n208. Provision. The Constitution provides that\\nthe legislative power of the United States shall be\\nvested in a Congress composed of a House of Repre-\\nsentatives and a ^Senate. It is based on the belief that\\nhasty or unwise legislation by the one will be checked\\nor modified by the other. See Art. 90, page 63.\\nEach State of the Union is considered to be one of the\\nunits of which the entire United States is the whole.\\nNow, as individuals have equal rights and privileges and are\\nnot allowed to vote according to size, power, or knowledge,\\ntherefore it is thought that the States in a measure ought\\nto have equal rights and privileges and equal representation;\\nhence Senators are elected, two from each State, for the\\nsole purpose of representing the State. Now, since the\\nStates have unequal population, and it is thought that the\\npeople ought to be equally represented, Representatives are\\napportioned among the various States according to popula-\\ntion, and are for the sole purpose of representing the people.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0242.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 233\\n209. Time of Meeting. Congress meets annually\\non the first Monday of December, at Washington, D.\\nC. Congress has power by law to change the time of\\nmeeting. But in all cases it must meet at least once\\neach year.\\n210. Number of Congresses. We are now in the\\nmidst of the 56th Congress, although the present Con-\\nstitution has been in force 112 years and there has\\nbeen that many regular sessions of Congress. But,\\nsince the members of the House of Eepresentatives\\nare chosen for two years at a time, it takes two ses-\\nsions of Congress to make one complete Congress;\\nhence, when we say the 53d, 54th, or 55th Congress,\\nwe are to understand that each consists of two sessions\\nand covers a period of two years. Congress some-\\ntimes is said to consist of a long and a short session.\\n2ii. Special Session. The President has power\\nto call a special session of Congress, or either house,\\nto convene in extra session if there is important busi-\\nness to transact or the circumstances and condition of\\nthe country demand it. When the President calls a\\nspecial session of Congress, he specifies the time and\\nthe object of the call.\\nHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.\\n212. Members. The House of Eepresentatives is\\ncomposed of members chosen every two years by a\\ndirect vote of the qualified electors of the several\\nStates. There are 357 members of the House at pres-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0243.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234: A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nent. Each Territory is allowed one delegate, who\\nhas a seat in the House and has the privilege of speak-\\ning on any question relative to his Territory, but is\\nnot allowed to vote.\\n213. Election for Representatives, The Con-\\nstitution of the United States provides in Art. 1. Sec-\\ntion 1. that the electors in each State, or, simply the\\nvoters for the representatives in Congress, shall have\\nthe qualifications requisite for electors of the more nu-\\nmerous branch of the State Legislature. Tor example,\\nthe State Legislature of Arkansas is composed of a\\nSenate and a House of Representatives. The Senate\\nis composed of thirty-two members and the House\\nof one hundred. The House of Representatives is the\\nmore nunierotis branch, or has the greater number,\\nand is more closely related to the people. Therefore\\nany person qualified to vote under the State laws for\\na representative in the State Legislature is qualified\\nalso to vote for a representative in Congress.\\n214. Qualification of Members. A representa-\\ntive must be twenty-five years of age. at least, must\\nhave been a citizen of the United States seven years,\\nand must reside in the State from which he is chosen.\\nHe ought to live in the congressional district which he\\nrepresents. However, this does not disqualify him\\nfrom being elected. It is said that there has been only\\none exception to this during all the past.\\n215. Apportionment of Representatives. An.\\n1, Sec. 2. Clause 3. of the Constitution provides that", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0244.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 235\\nthe actual enumeration shall be made within three\\nyears after the first meeting of Congress* of the\\nUnited States, and within every subsequent term of\\nten years, in such a manner as they shall by law pro-\\nvide. The number of representatives shall not exceed\\none for every thirty thousand, but each State shall\\nhave at least one representative. The House is not\\nlimited to any definite number of representatives by\\nthe Constitution. The first House of Representatives\\nconsisted of sixty-five members and the ratio of repre-\\nsentation was about 50,000. The ratio f has been raised\\nfrom time to time to prevent the House from having\\ntoo many members, but in spite of this the number has\\nincreased until now there are 357 members in the\\nHouse and the ratio of representation is 173,901\\n(1899).\\n216. Present Method of Apportionment. -After\\nthe census has been taken, Congress at present deter-\\nmines the number of representatives that the House\\nshall contain for the ensuing ten years. Congress has\\nno power to change the number and it can be modified\\nin no way except by the admission of new States. The\\npopulation of the United States is divided by the\\nnumber of representatives; for example, the popula-\\ntion of the United States of 1890 is 61,908,906; this\\ndivided by 356 (Utah not being admitted in 1890)\\nFor provision for the first Congress see Article L, sec-\\ntion 2, clause 3, of the United States Constitution.\\n|See Ratio of Representation.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0245.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\ngives 173,901, which is the present ratio of representa-\\ntion. The population of each State is then divided\\nby the above ratio, which gives the number of repre-\\nsentatives each State will have. By trial it may be\\nreadily seen that by dividing the population of each\\nState separate the sum of the quotients will not give\\nthe required number of representatives, so in order to\\nmate up the deficit, to the States respectively having\\nthe greatest remainders, a representative is given until\\nthe required number is obtained.\\n217. Congressional Districts. Instead of all the\\npeople in the State voting for the whole number of\\nrepresentatives, it is thought best, and furthermore is\\nmade the duty of the Legislature of each State, to so\\nsubdivide the State, as to make as many districts as\\nthe State has representatives. Each district must be\\ncomposed of contiguous counties and contain as nearly\\nas possible a population equal to the ratio of represen-\\ntation. Each representative in Congress is chosen by\\na single district and no more than one from each\\ndistrict. This makes it convenient for the people to\\nknow the man whom they choose, and it enables the\\nrepresentative to meet the people whom he represents\\nand to know better how to represent them.\\n218. Representation by States. Below is given\\na list of the States of the Union with the number of\\nrepresentatives belonging to each. (1899.)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0246.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n237\\nAlabama 9\\nArkansas 6\\nCalifornia 7\\nColorado 2\\nConnecticut 4\\nDelaware 1\\nFlorida 2\\nGeorgia 11\\nIdaho 1\\nIllinois 22\\nIndiana 13\\nIowa 11\\nKansas 8\\nKentucky 11\\nLouisiana 6\\nMaine 4\\nMaryland 6\\nMassachusetts 13\\nMichigan 12\\nMinnesota 7\\nMississippi 7\\nMissouri 15\\nMontana 1\\nNebraska 6\\nNevada 1\\nNew Hampshire 2\\nNew Jersey 8\\nNew York 34\\nNorth Carolina 9\\nNorth Dakota 1\\nOhio 21\\nOregon 2\\nPennsylvania 30\\nRhode Island 2\\nSouth Carolina 7\\nSouth Dakota 2\\nTennessee 10\\nTexas 13\\nUtah 1\\nVermont 2\\nVirginia 10\\nWashington 2\\nWest Virginia 4\\nWisconsin 10\\nWyoming 1\\n219. Congressmen at Large. After the appor-\\ntionment has been made by Congress, if there are\\nStates having a greater number of representatives than\\ndistricts, and if the State Legislatures of such States\\nfail to provide the required number of districts, the\\nextra congressmen are elected by the entire State and\\nare known as Congressmen at Large. 77 If your State\\nhas one more representative after the census of 1900\\nhas been taken and the apportionment made than it\\nhas now, and if your State Legislature fails to provide\\nanother district, this representative will be elected by\\nthe entire State and will be your congressman at large\\nuntil the required number of districts are formed.\\n220. Salary of Members. Both Senators and\\nRepresentatives receive annually for their services\\n$5,000, and twenty cents a mile as traveling expenses\\nin going to and returning from the sessions of Con-\\ngress.\\n221. Vacancies. Should a vacancy occur in any\\nState s representation by death, resignation or removal", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0247.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nfrom office, the Governor of such State must call a\\nspecial election to fill the vacancy. The election is\\ncalled, of course, only in the district in which the\\nvacancy occurs. In case of a Congressman at Large,\\nthe election would be called for the entire State.\\nOFFICERS OF THE HOUSE.\\n222. Speaker. The representatives of the same\\npolitical party meet in convention, or caucus, and\\nchoose a man from their own number as a candidate\\nfor the Speakership. The House is called to order by\\nthe Clerk of the preceding House of Representatives.\\nThe various candidates are then nominated. The vote\\nis then taken by the members rising or by yeas and\\nnays until one is elected. The Clerk presides during\\nthe election of the Speaker only. Immediately after\\nhis election he comes forward and is sworn into office\\nby the representative who has been a member of the\\nHouse the longest time. Because he speaks or declares\\nthe will of the House, he is called Speaker.\\n223. Duties. In influence and power, he is next\\nto the President of the United States. He presides\\nover the House, preserves order and the dignity of the\\nHouse, decides such points of order as may be neces-\\nsary, and directs the business of legislation. His\\nposition is one of very great importance and influence,\\nsince most all of the work of legislation, especially in\\nmaking laws, is done or greatly matured by commit-\\ntees which are appointed by him. He can therefore", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0248.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 239\\nshape legislation to a great extent. Since he is a\\nrepresentative he has a right to vote on any question\\nif he so desires.\\n224. Salary of Speaker. He receives $3,000\\nannually for his services as Speaker in addition to his\\nsalary as representative. (See Art, 220.)\\n225. The Sergeant-at-Arms is elected by the\\nHouse, but not from the members. He is the ministe-\\nrial officer of the House, preserves order as directed by\\nthe Speaker and executes all processes issued by the\\nHouse or its committees. He is to the House about\\nwhat a sheriff is to a court, In case of disorder, the\\nSpeaker commands the Sergeant-at-Arms to bear\\nthrough the hall a mace (mas), which consists of a\\nbundle of ebony rods surmounted by a globe upon\\nwhich is an eagle with outspread wings. This is a\\nsymbol of the authority of the House. He also keeps\\nthe accounts of the pay and mileage of members,\\nprepares checks, draws and pays the money to them.\\n226. The CJerk of the House is elected as the\\nSergeant-at-Arms. He is expected to keep the pro-\\nceedings of the House, have the same published and\\ndeliver a copy to each member at the opening of the\\nsession, and also to the Governor and to each branch\\nof the Legislature of each State.\\n227. The Doorkeeper has charge of the hall and\\nis responsible for the furniture of the House. He\\nsees that only proper persons gain admission to the\\nsessions of Congress.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0249.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n228. The Postmaster has charge of or superin-\\ntends the post-office in the capitol for the accommoda-\\ntion of members.\\n229. The Chaplain opens each session with\\nprayer. Numerous subordinate clerks, deputies and\\nmessengers are employed under these officers to assist\\nthem in the discharge of their duties.\\n230. Special Powers of the House. There are\\ntwo special powers given to the House.\\n1. Since taxation is one of the vital questions in\\nthe management of a government, and in fact one of\\nthe most important, as it touches directly the interests\\nand the finances of the people, and as the representa-\\ntives are directly from the people, therefore all bills\\nproviding for taxation that is, revenue bills origi-\\nnate in the House. However, the Senate may propose\\namendments.\\n2. The House has the power of impeachment. (See\\nArt, 231.)\\n231. Impeachment. The Constitution of the\\nUnited States, Art. 11, Section 4, is as follows:\\nThe President, Vice-President and all civil offi-\\ncers of the United States shall be removed from office\\non impeachment and conviction of treason, bribery,\\nor other high crimes and misdemeanors. 7\\nWhen any of the above charges are brought against\\nan officer of the United States, a committee is ap-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0250.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 241\\npointed from the members of the House to investi-\\ngate the charges. They proceed as a grand jury. If,\\non investigation, they have sufficient reason to believe\\nthat the officer ought to be impeached, the charges\\nare written in the form of an indictment, are pre-\\nsented to the House and there discussed, and the ques-\\ntion put to a vote. If a majority of the members\\nof the House favor impeachment, a committee is ap-\\npointed to take up the matter before the Senate, sitting\\nas a jury. After hearing the cause, if two-thirds of\\nthe Senators confirm the charge, the officer is im-\\npeached that is, thrown out of office.\\n232. Results. This judgment does not extend any\\nfurther than removal from office, but the individual\\nis still subject to further trial and punishment accord-\\ning to law. He is disqualified to hold any office of\\ntrust, honor or profit under the United States.\\nSENATE.\\n233. The Senate is composed of two Senators\\nfrom each State. They are elected by the Legislature\\nfor a term of six years. There are (1899) forty-five\\nStates, thus requiring ninety Senators. Senators are\\nto look after the individual interests of the State as\\na whole, to guard against undue centralization of\\npower and prevent oppression of the smaller States\\nby the larger ones.\\n234. Qualifications. A Senator must be thirty\\nyears of age, at least, must have been nine years a\\n16", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0251.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncitizen of the United States, and must be a citizen (a\\nqualified voter) of the State at the time of his appoint-\\nment. Any person holding an office of trust or profit\\nunder the United States government is disqualified so\\nlong as he holds such office.\\n235. Election. In 1866, provisions were made\\nby Congress for the election of United States Sena-\\ntors as follows:\\nThe Legislature which meets first after the expi-\\nration of the term of any Senator, shall on the second\\nTuesday after their organization proceed to elect a\\nSenator. Some one, or any number, may be placed in\\nnomination by each branch of the Legislature. On\\nthis same day both the Senate and the House must\\nelect some one as United States Senator without\\nreference to what the other branch is doing. On the\\nfollowing day (Wednesday) at 12 M. the Legislature\\nmeets in joint session, and if one person has a majority\\nof all the votes of each house, he is declared elected.\\nIf it occurs that no one has such majority, the joint\\nassembly proceeds to elect, or on each succeeding day\\nat 12 M. cast at least one ballot till some one is elected\\nor until the close of the session. If no one be elected\\nthe State loses its representation, for it has been de-\\ncided by the United States Senate that the Chief Ex-\\necutive cannot fill such a vacancy.\\n236. Vacancy. Should a vacancy occur in any\\nState s representation in the Senate, the Governor has", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0252.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 243\\npower to appoint some one to fill the unexpired time\\nor until the next Legislature meets. To fill a vacancy,\\nthe Legislature proceeds in the same manner as for\\nthe first election. (See Art, 235.)\\n237. S a I a r y. See Salary of Members, Art,\\n220.\\nOFFICERS OF THE SENATE.\\n238. President. The Vice-President of the United\\nStates is ex officio President of the Senate, but has no\\nvote unless there be a tie. (Art, 1, Section 3, Clause\\n4.)\\n239. President Pro Tern. The Constitution of\\nthe United States provides for the election of a Presi-\\ndent pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-Presi-\\ndent or when the Vice-President may be called upon\\nto perform the duties of President. While perform-\\ning these duties he receives $10,000 a year, a salary\\nequal to that of the Vice-President.\\n240. Other Officers.- The Senate elects a Chief\\nClerk, a Secretary, a Sergeant-at-Arms, a Door-\\nkeeper, and a Chaplain, whose duties are the same\\nas those of the corresponding officers of the House\\n(which see).\\n241. Special Powers of the Senate. There are\\nthree special powers given to the Senate:\\n1. When the House impeaches an officer, the Senate\\nsits as a grand jury or as a court. (See Art. 231.)", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0253.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n2. All treaties 45 made by the President with foreign\\ncountries must be confirmed by a two-thirds vote of\\nthe Senate.\\n3. When the President appoints his Cabinet, and\\nnominates the Supreme, Circuit or District Judges,\\nand the attorneys for the same, Kevenue Officers,\\nMinisters, Embassadors, Consuls and all Territorial\\nofficers, all such appointments must be confirmed by\\nthe Senate.\\nCONGRESS AT WORK.\\n242. Preparatory. Congress may by law change\\nits time for meeting, but no permanent change from\\nthe first Monday in December has ever yet been made.\\nAfter the election of the proper officers, as explained\\nin this chapter, the Speaker of the House and the\\nPresident of the Senate appoint the Standing Com-\\nmittees.\\n243. Senate Continuous. When the Senate met\\nthe first time, the members divided themselves into\\nthree classes. The time of the first class expired at\\nthe end of two years, and new members were elected\\nfor six; the time of the second class expired at the\\nend of four years; and the time of the third class ex-\\nTreaties are contracts or leagues between two or more\\nnations, usually made for the purpose of settling some\\ntrouble or point of difference, or for the purpose of adjust-\\ning some plan of commercial intercourse. Treaties are\\nusually formed by commissioners or agents sent out by each\\ngovernment.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0254.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 245\\npired at the end of six years. We see at once that\\ntwo-thirds of the Senate is composed of old members,\\nhence it can be said that the Senate is a continuous\\nbody.\\n244. Organization Complete. As soon as the\\norganization of the House and the Senate is com-\\npleted, the presiding officer of each body appoints\\na committee to inform the President and also the\\nother- body that such organization has been completed\\nand that they are ready for any business that may be\\nbrought before them. Congress is now ready to en-\\ntertain or hear any measure that may be brought up\\nor proposed for consideration.\\n245. Oath of Members. Each house is the judge\\nof its own members that is, each house as a whole or\\nby committees decides as to whether the members sent\\nthere by the different States have the required qualifi-\\ncations. (See Art. 214.) After these qualifications\\nhave been found satisfactory, the members come for-\\nward by States and take an oath of office which con-\\nsists in swearing or affirming that they will support\\nthe Constitution of the United States.\\n246. Quorum. A quorum for the transaction of\\nbusiness in either house consists of a majority of all\\nthe members elected to that branch. Any number\\nmay adjourn from time to time and compel the attend-\\nance of other members.\\n247. Rules. Early in the session, each house of\\nCongress appoints a committee to draft rules and", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0255.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nregulations by which it is to be governed during such\\nsession. The committee may recommend an adoption\\nof the rules of the preceding House or the old rules\\nwith certain modifications, or draft a new set of rules\\naltogether. These are reported, discussed, and all, or\\nsuch part as may seem suitable, are adopted. Either\\nhouse has power to set aside the rules, and proceed\\nto pass laws in any way it sees fit. But it must not\\nviolate the Constitution.\\n248. Liberty of Speech and Arrest. In order\\nthat the members may feel the fullest freedom in all\\ndebates or discussions, and know that they are inde-\\npendent in regard to what they have to say, the Con-\\nstitution provides\\nThey (Senators and Kepresentatives) shall, in all\\ncases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace,\\nbe privileged from arrest during their attendance at\\nthe session of their respective houses and in going to\\nand returning from the same; and for any speech or\\ndebate in either house, they shall not be questioned\\nin any other place. 7\\nThe latter clause, They shall not be questioned\\nin any other place, means that they shall not be\\nsued either in a civil case or in a criminal one for any-\\nthing said or done in debate.\\n249. Privileges and Disabilities of Members.\\nIn order to prevent the members of Congress from\\nvoting to create new offices or to increase the salary of", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0256.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 247\\nothers with a hope of being appointed or elected to\\nfill the same, the following provisions have been made\\n1. No Senator or Representative shall, during the\\ntime for which he was elected, be appointed to any\\ncivil office under the authority of the United States,\\nwhich shall have been created, or the emoluments\\nwhereof shall have been increased, during such\\ntime; and no person holding any office under the\\nUnited States shall be a member of either house\\nduring his continuance in office.\\n2. ISTo person shall be a Senator or Representative\\nin Congress or Elector of President or Vice-Presi-\\ndent, or hold any office, civil or military, under the\\nUnited States, or under any State, who, having pre-\\nviously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or\\nas an officer of the United States, or as a member of\\nany State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial\\nofficer of any State, to support the Constitution of the\\nUnited States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re-\\nbellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to\\nthe enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote\\nof two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.\\n(Art. 14, Section 3, Amendments.)\\nWhen the war of 1861 between the North and\\nSouth came up, there were a great many persons hold-\\ning office under the United States government who had\\ntaken the oath of office that is, sworn to support the\\nConstitution of the United States. But in consequence", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0257.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nof certain affairs which came up in the administration\\nof our government, and because many people in the\\nSouth believed in the doctrine of State rights, which\\ntaught that a. State had a right to leave the Union\\nwhenever the government failed to secure to them\\nsuch principles as are set forth in the preamble of the\\nConstitution, the Southern States withdrew from the\\nUnion and formed a government called the Con-\\nfederate States of America. The above clause was\\ninserted in the Constitution to prevent such persons\\nfrom holding office. Congress, as provided above, has\\nremoved all of these disabilities.\\n250. How Bills Become Laws. There are three\\nways in which a bill may become a law\\n(1.) A bill, after it has passed each house by a\\nmajority vote, and been signed by the President, be-\\ncomes a law and is known as an Act of Congress.\\n(2.) When a bill passes each house by a majority\\nvote, is sent to the President, and he vetoes it that is,\\nrefuses to sign it he must return it, with his objec-\\ntions, to the house in which it originated. If, with\\nhis objections, it be reconsidered and pass each house\\nby a two-thirds vote, it becomes a law.\\n(3.) A bill having passed each house by a majority\\nvote and been sent to the President, becomes a law\\nif he fails to sign it within ten days, Sunday excepted.\\n251. Manner of Voting. When a bill or a meas-\\nure is presented to either house to be voted upon, it", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0258.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 249\\nis customary for the members to rise and be counted.\\nHowever, if one-fifth of the members so desire it, the\\nroll is called and the vote taken by yeas and nays and\\nthe vote entered upon the journal. This is done on\\nalmost all important questions to show the people how\\ntheir representatives are voting.\\n252. Journal. Each house is required to keep\\na journal of its proceedings. These are published from\\ntime to time, as explained in Art. 226, except such\\npart as requires secrecy.\\nPOWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS.\\n253. How Obtained. The Constitution sets forth\\nthe powers of Congress in the eighteen clauses of\\nSec. 8, Art. 1. Upon these as a foundation, Congress\\nhas been legislating for the past one hundred and\\ntwelve years. Congress has just such powers as were\\ngranted to it by the States.\\nUnder the Articles of Confederation the States were\\nsovereign that is, they had absolute power within\\ntheir own jurisdiction. In order to form a Union, they\\nsurrendered their sovereignty to the United States\\ngovernment in many ways. Therefore the National\\nGovernment is one of delegated powers and cannot go\\nbeyond them. The States still have all power not\\ndelegated to Congress.\\nCongress has power\\n1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts\\nand excises, to pay the debts, and provide for", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0259.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nthe common defence and general welfare of\\nthe United States; but all duties, imposts and\\nexcises shall be uniform throughout the United\\nStates.\\n254. Taxation. Under this clause. Congress lias\\npower to provide for all the necessary expenses of the\\ngovernment. It lias power to levy direct taxes, vrhich\\nare of two kinds:\\n(1.) Poll Tax. A tax laid upon each individual\\nwithout regard to his property is called a poll tax.\\n(2.) Property Tax. A tax which requires an in-\\ndividual to pay a certain per cent, upon each dollar s\\nworth of property possessed by hini is a property\\ntax. The value of the property is ascertained as\\nexplained in Art. 69.\\n255. Duties. Xo distinction can really be made\\nin the meaning of duties and imposts/ for they\\nsignify the same thing. They are used interchange-\\nably, and are of two kinds:\\n(1.) Specieic Duties. When a certain sum is\\nlaid upon each article, as 50 cents for each hat, 10\\ncents a pound for coffee, $5 a suit for clothing, etc., it\\nis called a specific duty.*\\n(2.) Ad Valorem:. This word means according to\\nvalue. Therefore a certain per cent, of the value is\\ntaken. As, 20 hats at $2 each, 10 per cent, ad valo-\\nrem, equals $40 at 10 per cent,, which equals $4.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0260.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 251\\nA special duty and an ad valorem duty may both be\\nlaid upon imports at the same time.\\nThe government does not at present lay a tax upon\\nexports or goods shipped from this country. But we\\nhave an\\n(3.) Excise Tax. This is a tax laid upon goods or\\narticles manufactured and consumed by our own peo-\\nple, as for example, the revenue paid upon tobacco,\\nwhiskey and the like. It may be either specific or ad\\nvalorem.\\n2. To borrow money on the credit of the\\nUnited States.\\n256. National Debt. At the close of the war\\nthe national debt amounted to nearly $3,000,000,000.\\nSome way had to be provided whereby this enormous\\nsum could be paid. Congress has been able to reduce\\nthe debt to about $891,000,000 in the short period\\nof only thirty-five years. Congress exercises this\\npower in two ways\\n(1.) Bonds. The government issues notes, much\\nas a private citizen, payable at a certain time or within\\na specified time, and bearing interest.\\nThese are sold out among capitalists to the highest\\nbidders and are known as Government Bonds.\\n(2.) Green Back. The government in 1862, is-\\nsued notes (having green backs) in payment of certain\\nobligations. These are known as green-back bills and\\nwere made legal tender.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0261.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n3. To regulate commerce with foreign na-\\ntions, and among the several States, and with\\nthe Indian tribes.\\n257. Commercial Laws. The regulation of com-\\nmerce means that Congress has power to levy taxes or\\nduties, and make such regulations as will render trans-\\nportation and navigation as safe as possible. Each\\nState had control of this matter at first and was leg-\\nislating for its own commercial interests at the. expense\\nof the neighboring States. Congress now passes\\nsuch laws as apply to railroads, navigation, telegraphy\\nor any other business carried on among the States,\\nknown as interstate traffic/ and also provides regu-\\nlations for the entry of foreign ships to and passage\\nfrom our harbors.\\n4. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza-\\ntion, and uniform Saws on the subject of bank-\\nruptcy throughout the United States.\\n258. Naturalization. Congress has provided\\nnaturalization laws; but they cannot be given here.\\nThe manner of naturalization has been explained in\\nArts. 133-4. Explain naturalization and give each\\nstep.\\n259. Bankrupt Laws have been passed several\\ntimes; but they have all been of short duration. The\\nlaws allow many dishonest debtors to procure a release\\nfrom their just debts. Bankrupt laws are intended to\\nbe of such a kind as to release an honest debtor from", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0262.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 253\\nany further obligations when he has turned over all of\\nhis property to his creditors. This allows an individual\\nto start anew without any obligations resting upon\\nhim when he has given up all he has.\\n5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof,\\nand of foreign coin, and fix the standard of\\nweights and measures/\\n260. Object. No State in the Union has power to\\ncoin money. Congress has exclusive control of the\\nmonetary system of our government. This power was\\ngiven to Congress so that in all the States of the\\nUnion the same kind of money would be in use.\\n261. Coinage. Congress has made ample provi-\\nsion for the coinage of all money by establishing\\nmints, where money is coined. The principal mint of\\nthe United States is at Philadelphia, There ,are\\nothers one at New Orleans, one at San Francisco,\\none at Carson City, and one at Denver. At Carson\\nCity and Denver, the mints are not in operation all\\nthe time.\\n262. Gold Standard Unit. Prior to the year\\n1873, Congress made the silver dollar, containing\\n371.25 grains of pure silver, the unit of coinage, but\\nat that time Congress so altered the laws as to make\\nthe gold dollar the standard. The standard gold dol-\\nlar is the unit at present. It contains 23.22 grains of\\npure gold, but since 10 per cent, of our gold and silver\\nmoney is alloy, therefore the standard gold dollar", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0263.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254: A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nweighs 25.8 grains, and the silver dollar weighs 412.5\\ngrains.\\n263. Ratio. Congress fixes the ratio of silver to\\ngold in the coinage of money. This is found by divid-\\ning the pure silver in a silver dollar by the pure gold\\ndollar. Tor example, since there are 371.25 grains of\\npure silver in a silver dollar and 23.22 grains of pure\\ngold in a gold dollar, then the ratio is equal to 371.25\\ndivided by 2 3 2 2 which equals 1 5 9 S 8 3 This is prac-\\ntically the same as a ratio of 16 to 1. of which we have\\nheard so much recently.\\n264. Coins. The present coins as fixed by Con-\\ngress are gold, silver, nickel, and bronze. The gold\\ncoins are the double eagle ($20), the eagle ($10), the\\nhalf eagle ($5), and the quarter eagle ($2.50). The\\nsilver coins are the dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar,\\nand the dime. The nickel is the 5 cent piece. The\\nbronze is the one cent piece called the copper cent.\\n265. Legal Tender. The Constitution gives\\nCongress alone the right to say what money can be\\nused as legal tender. Tender means to offer, hence\\na legal tender means a legal offering in payment of\\njust debts. Congress has provided the following as\\na legal tender:\\n(1.) Silver dollars and gold coins are legal tender\\nin payment of any sum.\\n(2.) Dimes, quarters and half-dollars are legal ten-\\nder in anv amount or sum not STeater than ten dollars.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0264.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 255\\n(3.) Nickel and bronze, or copper, in any sum not\\ngreater than twenty-five cents.\\n(4.) Greenbacks for any amount or debt except du-\\nties and interest on bonds or the public debt.\\n(5.) Treasury notes and gold and silver certificates\\nin any amount.\\n266. Effect of a Legal Tender. Congress has\\nmade the above provisions so that when an individual\\ntenders, or offers, a creditor a legal money, and he\\ndoes not accept it, the debtor, while he is not relieved\\nfrom the obligation, does not have to pay any interest\\nthat may accrue thereafter, and is relieved from the\\ncost of any action that may be taken.\\n267. Weights and Measures. In 1836, for the\\nconvenience of trade among the States, Congress sent\\na set of weights and measurements, as used in the\\nCustom House, to each State. These were adopted\\nand are now the standards throughout the United\\nStates.\\n6. To provide for the punishment of coun-\\nterfeiting the securities and current coin of the\\nUnited States.\\n268. Special Statutes. Congress has provided\\nspecial laws for the punishment of all who are found\\nguilty of making counterfeit money. The punishment\\nis usually very severe. The United States govern-\\nment, for counterfeiting money, imposes a penalty, or", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0265.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\na fine, to the extent of $5,000 and ten years imprison-\\nment at hard labor.\\nNot only has the United States enacted laws prohib-\\niting the counterfeiting of money, but most of the\\nStates have done so, as for example, Arkansas has\\nmade it an offence, punishable with not less than five\\nyears in the State penitentiary.\\n7. To establish post-offices and post- roads.\\n269. Postal Service. Congress has provided an\\nexcellent postal system for the United States. Under\\nthis provision comes the establishment of post-offices\\nand post-roads, the making of stops, and the letting\\nof contracts for the transportation of mail. This sys-\\ntem will be more fully treated in Arts. 433-6, under\\nthe Postmaster-General.\\n8. To promote the progress of science and\\nuseful arts, by securing for limited times to\\nauthors and inventors the exclusive right to their\\nrespective writings and discoveries.\\n270. Copyrights and Patents. In order to en-\\ncourage authorship and invention in the United States\\nand to promulgate science and the useful arts, Con-\\ngress has provided a copyright and a patent law which\\nsecures to an individual the exclusive use and control\\nof his own copies, inventions or discoveries. (See\\nArt. 447.)", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0266.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 257\\n9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the\\nSupreme Court.\\n27 J. Inferior Courts. A tribunal means simply\\na court of justice. The Constitution provides that\\nthe judicial power of the United States shall be vested\\nin one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as\\nCongress may from time to time ordain and establish.\\nCircuit and District Courts, Courts of Appeal, Court\\nof Claims, Court of the District of Columbia, and the\\nTerritorial Courts have been provided under the above\\nclause. (See Courts.)\\njo. To define and punish felonies committed\\non the high seas, and offences against the law\\nof nations.\\n272. Piracy. We are looked upon by other na-\\ntions as citizens of the United States and not of a sin-\\ngle State, hence if we become pirates, or are guilty of\\nfelony upon the high seas, our government is held re-\\nsponsible and not the State in which we live. Congress\\ntherefore has, and by right ought to have, control of\\nthe matter.\\nPiracy is usually defined as forcible robbery upon\\nthe high seas. Felony may be used to designate any\\ncrime of an aggravated character.\\n11. To declare war, grant letters of marque\\nand reprisal, and make rules concerning cap-\\ntures on land and water.\\n17", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0267.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258 A PBACnCAX TREATISE on the\\n273. Declaring War. TVhen war is declared,\\nevery State in the Union has to bear a pan of the\\nburden, hence it is readily seen that no State or indi-\\nvidual should have such a right, but that such power\\nshould be in the hands of the people or their represen-\\ntatives: therefore, it has justly been given to the Xa-\\ntionai Government.\\n274. Letters of Marque and Reprisal. A doc-\\nument issued by Congress authorizing private citizens\\nto seize or tahe the persons or goods of another\\nnation for wrongs committed by them is called Let-\\nters of Marque and Reprisal. Vessels sent out with\\nsuch letters and for such purposes are called privateers.\\nrisal is the act of forcibly seizing or taking per-\\nor property from another nation, for injuries\\ndone by it, to the na*i d r government granting such\\nletters.\\n12. To raise and support armies; but no\\nappropriation of money to that use shall be for\\na longer term than two years.\\n13. To provide and maintain a navy.*\\n14. To make rules for the government and\\nregulation of the land and naval forces.\\n15. To provide for callingforth the militia to\\nexecute the laws of the Union, suppress insur-\\nrections, and repel invasions.\\n275. Army and Navy. All governments, in order\\nto enforce the lavrs passed by them, to maintain their", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0268.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 259\\nrights and privileges among other nations and to force\\ntheir own citizens to be obedient, must have an army\\nand a navy. Laws, without an executive power be-\\nhind them, are of but little value.\\nThe principle upon which our government has man-\\naged the war and navy departments seems to be a good\\none. The principle is, that the army and navy should\\nbe no larger at any time than the immediate circum-\\nstances demand; but the government should keep suffi-\\ncient resources, and maintain such power as will be\\nnecessary to raise, in the shortest possible time, an\\narmy and a navy equal to any emergency that might\\narise. For War and ISTavy see Arts. 425-429 and 437-\\n441.\\n16. To provide for organizing, arming, and\\ndisciplining the militia, and for governing such\\npart of them as may be employed in the service\\nof the United States, reserving the appointment\\nof the officers and the authority of training the\\nmiSitia according to the discipline prescribed\\nby Congress.\\n276. Militia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor is the Commander-\\nin-Chief of the military and naval forces of his State\\nexcept when in the actual service of the United States,\\nthen they are under the direct control of the govern-\\nment. They are managed at all times according to the\\nplans of the United States government.\\n17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all\\ncases whatsoever, over such district (not ex-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0269.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession\\nof particular States and the acceptance of Con-\\ngress, become the seat of government of the\\nUnited States, and to exercise like authority over\\nall places purchased, by consent of the Legisla-\\nture of the State in which the same shall be,\\nfor the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,\\ndock-yards, and other needful buildings.*\\n277. District of Columbia. If the seat of our\\ngovernment had been located within the jurisdiction\\nof any State, Congress, all United States officers, and\\nmuch of the workings of Congress would necessarily\\nhe dependent upon the State for protection. If the\\nState should refuse such protection, as did Pennsyl-\\nvania when Congress moved from Philadelphia to\\nPrinceton, X. Y., Congress would have to move to\\nsome other State where protection could be had. This\\nis why Congress or the seat of government was put in\\na district outside of the jurisdiction of any State.\\n18. To make all laws which shall be neces-\\nsary and proper for carrying into execution the\\nforegoing powers, and all other powers vested\\nby this Constitution in the government of the\\nUnited States, or in any department or officer\\nthereof.\\n278. Under this clause, Congress has power to\\nenact any law that will insure the execution of our\\nnational laws and require all public officers to execute\\nthem in the proper way and as speedily as possible,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0270.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEENMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 261\\nCongress lias other powers which will be found\\nunder their proper headings.\\nPOWERS DENIED CONGRESS.\\n279. Object. In order to secure to every individ-\\nual certain rights and privileges which seem to be-\\nlong to us by the absolute principle of right. Congress\\nhas been denied the following powers:\\n1. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus\\nshall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebel-\\nlion or invasion, the public safety may require it. For\\nan explanation of habeas corpus see Art. 113.\\n2. ~No bill of attainder nor ex post facto law\\nshall be passed. For the meaning of attainder and\\nfor ex post facto see Art 113, paragraph 3.\\n3. ~No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid,\\nunless in proportion to the census or enumeration\\nhereinbefore directed to be taken.\\nCongress provides that the census shall be taken\\nevery ten years, as 1870, 1880, and 1890. It requires\\nthe work to be finished within three years. So we\\nget the census really of 1873, 1883 and 1893.\\n4. JSTo tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex-\\nported from any State.\\n5. Iso preference shall be given by any regula-\\ntion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State\\nover those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or\\nfrom one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay\\nduties in another.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0271.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262 A PRACTICAL TBEATISE ON THE\\nThis gives us a free exchange of all products or\\ncommodities throughout the United States and does\\nnot discriminate against certain industries. We can\\nhardly imagine what a hindrance it would be to\\ncommerce if on all goods brought into each State\\nduties had to be paid.\\n6. ~No money shall be drawn from the treasury\\nbut in consequence of appropriations made by law;\\nand a regular statement and account of the receipts\\nand expenditures of all public money shall be pub-\\nlished from time to time.\\nCongress, during one of its sessions, makes appro-\\npriations for each individual department of the gov-\\nernment, ISTo more money than the exact amount\\nappropriated can be spent for any one thing. If more\\nmoney had to be used than what had been appro-\\npriated for that particular purpose, there would have\\nto be a special session of Congress called to make the\\nneeded appropriation.\\n7. Xo title of nobility shall be granted by the\\nUnited States; and no person holding any office of\\nprofit or trust under them shall, without the consent\\nof Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,\\nor title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince,\\nor foreign State.\\n8. Congress shall make no law respecting an es-\\ntablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exer-\\ncise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of\\nthe press; or the right of the people peaceably to", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0272.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 263\\nassemble, and to petition the government for a redress\\nof grievances. (See Amendment I. to the Constitu-\\ntion.)\\n9. The validity of the public debt of the United\\nStates, authorized by laiv, including debts incurred\\nfor payment of pensions and bounties for services in\\nsuppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be\\nquestioned. But neither the United States nor any\\nState shall assume or pay any debt or obligation in-\\ncurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the\\nUnited States, or any claim for the loss or emancipa-\\ntion of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and\\nclaims shall be held illegal and void.\\nPOWERS DENIED THE STATE.\\n280. Unconditional. No State shall enter into\\nany treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters\\nof marque* and reprisal, coin money, f emit bills of\\ncredit; make anything but gold and silver coin a ten-\\nder t in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder,^\\nex post facto** lav/, or laws impairing the obligation\\nof contracts or grant any title of nobility.\\n281. Conditional.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (1.) Ko State shall, without\\nthe consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on\\nimports or exports except what may be absolutely nec-\\nessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net\\n*See Art. 274. f See Art. 261. See Art. 265. fl See Art.\\n113. **See Art. 113, Par. 3.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0273.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264 A PR ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\nproduce of all duties and imposts laid by any State\\non imports or exports shall be for the use of the\\ntreasury of the United States; and all such laws shall\\nbe subject to the revision and control of Congress.\\n(2.) Eb State shall, without the consent of Con-\\ngress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships\\nof war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or\\ncompact with another State or with a foreign power,\\nor engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such\\nimminent danger as will not admit of delay.\\nSPECIAL PROVISIONS.\\n282. Form of Government. The United States\\ngovernment is republican in form. A republican\\nform of government is one conducted and managed,\\nand all authority exercised, by representation of the\\npeople. A pure democratic form of government is\\none managed, and all authority exercised by the peo-\\nple present in person. It would be impossible to have\\nany other form of government than a republic or a\\nrepresentative democracy in as large a country as the\\nUnited States, for we could not assemble in one body\\nand speak for ourselves.\\n283. Object of Government. The object of our\\nNational government is To form a more perfect\\nUnion; to establish justice; to insure domestic tran-\\nquillity; to provide for the common defence; to pro-\\nmote the general welfare; and to secure the blessings\\nof liberty to ourselves and our posterity.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0274.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 265\\nMany of us have never yet learned that the govern-\\nment is for us. We look upon it as a third person.\\nWe do not realize that we are playing a double part\\nAve are not only the subjects; but we are the rulers.\\nThe government is only a plan for the management of\\nourselves. Every word of the Constitution has for its\\nfoundation the promotion of our general welfare. We\\nneed to learn that the government is for the people,\\nand that we are the people. If thus understood, our\\ninterest in the government would be greatly increased\\nand Ave would do more to support it,\\n284. Citizens. All persons born or naturalized in\\nthe United States, and subject to the jurisdiction\\nthereof, are citizens of the United States and the State\\nwherein they reside. There is a difference between\\na citizen and a voter. Men, women and children\\nare citizens; but only men, usually, having certain\\nqualifications, are voters. Citizens are protected by\\nour government at home and abroad, hence citizenship\\nmeans something to us.\\n285. Right of Suffrage. The right of the\\ncitizens of the United States to vote shall not be de-\\nnied or abridged by the United States or any State on\\naccount of race, color or previous condition of ser-\\nvitude.\\n286. Servitude. Neither slavery nor involun-\\ntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime,\\nwhereof the party shall have been duly convicted,\\nshall exist within the United States, or any place sub-\\nject to their jurisdiction.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0275.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 A PEACTICAL TEEATISE ON THE\\n287. Security of Person. The right of the\\npeople to be secure in their person, home, papers, and\\neffects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,\\nshall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but\\nupon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma-\\ntion, and particularly describing the place to be\\nsearched, and the person or things to be seized. 77\\n288. Privilege of Owner. No soldier shall, in\\ntime of peace, be quartered in any house without the\\nconsent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in\\na manner to be prescribed by law.\\n289. A Trial for Crime. No person shall be\\nheld to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous\\ncrime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a\\ngrand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval\\nforces, or in the militia when in active service in time\\nof war or public danger; nor shall any person be sub-\\nject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy\\nof life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal\\ncase, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived\\nof life, liberty, or property, without due process of\\nlaw; nor shall private property be taken for public use\\nwithout just compensation.\\n290. Right of the Accused. In all criminal\\nprosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a\\nspeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the\\nState and district wherein the crime shall have been\\ncommitted, which district shall have been previously\\nascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0276.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 267\\nand cause of the accusation to he confronted with the\\nwitnesses against him; to have compulsory process\\nfor obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the\\nassistance of counsel for his defence.\\n29s. Suits. In suits at common law, where the\\nvalue in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the\\nright of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact\\ntried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any\\ncourt of the United States than according to the rules\\nof the common law.\\n292. Excessive Bail shall not be required, nor\\nexcessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish-\\nment inflicted.\\n293. Other Rights. The enumeration in the\\nConstitution of certain rights shall not be construed\\nto deny or disparage others retained by the people.\\n294. fVlilitia. A well-regulated militia being\\nnecessary to the security of a free State, the right of\\nthe people to keep and bear arms shall not be in-\\nfringed.\\n295. Return of Criminals. A person charged\\nin any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who\\nshall flee from justice, and be found in another State,\\nshall, on demand of the executive authority of the\\nState from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re-\\nmoved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.\\nA demand issued by the executive authority for the\\ndelivery of fugitive criminals is called a requisi-\\ntion.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0277.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nAMENDMENTS.\\n296. Congress May Propose, Whenever two-\\nthirds of both houses of Congress deem it necessary,\\nthey may propose to the several States an amend-\\nment to the Constitution.\\n297. State Legislatures. On application of the\\nLegislatures of two-thirds of the several States, Con-\\ngress shall call a convention of delegates from the\\nseveral States for proposing amendments.\\n298. Ratification. These proposed amendments,\\nin either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes\\nas part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legis-\\nlatures of three-fourths of the several States or by con-\\nvention in three-fourths, as the one or the other mode\\nof ratification may be proposed by Congress.\\n^Nineteen amendments have been proposed by Con-\\ngress and fifteen of them ratified by three-fourths of\\nthe State Legislatures and have become a part of the\\nConstitution. The other four were lost. All amend-\\nments have been made by the first method. (Art.\\n296.)\\nNEW STATES.\\n299. Admission. By special act of Congress,\\nStates are admitted into the Union. A memorial is\\nsent to Congress by an organized Territory having\\nthe required population, asking for admission. Upon\\nthe receipt of the memorial, Congress passes a law\\ncalled an enabling act. This act simply authorizes", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0278.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEENMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 269\\nthe people of the Territory to frame a constitution.*\\nWhen the constitution has been framed and adopted\\nby the State and submitted to the Supreme Court for\\nexamination, and found not to conflict with the Con-\\nstitution of the United States, Congress passes another\\nact admitting the new State into the Union. Each\\nnew State, as soon as it is admitted, has the same\\nrights and privileges that belong to any and all of the\\nother States.\\nFOEMATION AND ADOPTION OF A CONSTITUTION. Since\\nit would be impossible for all the people to meet, frame,\\nand adopt a constitution, it becomes necessary to elect dele-\\ngates to a State meeting called a Constitutional Convention.\\nThe convention frames a constitution as nearly in harmony\\nwith the needs of the people as possible, signs and submits it\\nto the people for their approval or disapproval. This is\\ndone in the same way as our general elections by a vote of\\nthe people. If a majority vote for the proposed constitution,\\nit becomes the constitution of the State. If a majority op-\\npose it, the constitution is lost and another convention has\\nto be called, delegates elected, and so continue until a con-\\nsitution is adopted by a majority vote.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. In what is the legislative department vested? 2. Why\\nare there two divisions? 3. What is the object of Senators?\\n4. Of Representatives? 5. When, where, and how often does\\nCongress meet? 6. How many Congresses have there been\\nand how are they numbered? 7. Who has the power to call\\na special session of Congress? 8. What is the object of a\\nspecial session? 9. Give one, by whom called, and what\\nwas the object? 10. How often are Representatives elected?\\n11. How many in Congress at present? 12. Explain quali-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0279.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270 A PEACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nfication of electors for Representatives. 13. Give qualifica-\\ntions of Representatives. 14. Explain manner of apportion-\\nment. 15. What is the ratio at present? 16. What are\\ncongressional districts and how many in your State? 17.\\nWhat State has the greatest representation? 18. What is\\na Congressman at Large 19. Give salary of both Sena-\\ntors and Representatives. 20. How are vacancies filled in\\na State s representation? 21. Who calls Congress to order\\nand presides during the election of Speaker? 22. By whom\\nis the Speaker sworn into office? 23. Give duties of Speaker\\nand his salary. 24. Give duties of Sergeant-at-Arms. 25.\\nHow does he preserve order? 26. Give duties of Clerk of\\nthe House. 27. Of Doorkeeper. 28. Of Postmaster. 29.\\nOf Chaplain. 30. Give special powers of the House. 31.\\nWhat officers may be impeached? 32. Explain how it is\\ndone. 33. Y\\\\ T hat is the result? 34. By whom and for what\\nlength of time are Senators elected? 35. Give qualifications.\\n36. Explain how they are elected. 37. Should a vacancy\\noccur, how is it filled? 38. Who presides over the Senate?\\n39. Give other officers of the Senate and duties. 40. Give\\nspecial powers of the Senate. 41. When does Congress\\nmeet? 42. Why may the Senate be called a continuous\\nbody? 43. Who decides as to the qualifications of mem-\\nbers? 44. What constitutes a quorum to transact business\\nin Congress? 45. How are rules provided? 46. What can\\nyou say about liberty of speech in Congress? 47. Give\\nprivileges and disabilities of members. 48. Explain the\\nthree ways in which a bill may become a law. 49. How is\\nthe vote taken in Congress? 50. What is a Journal, and\\nwhat is the object of it? 51. What is the first power granted\\nto Congress? 52. What is (1) taxation; (2) poll-tax; (3)\\nproperty tax; (4) duties and imposts; (5) specific duty;\\n(6.) ad valorem; (7) exercises? 53. What is the second power?\\n54. What is (1) a bond; (2) greenback? 55. What is the\\nthird power? 56. What is commercial law? and give an\\nexample. 57. Give fourth power of Congress. 58. Explain\\nnaturalization laws. 59. Give fifth power of Congress. 60.\\nHas a State power to coin money? 61. Explain coinage.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0280.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 271\\n62. Explain the gold-standard unit. 63. What is the ratio\\nat present? 64. What are the legal coins? 65. What is\\nmeant by a legal tender and what money is legal tender?\\n66. What is the effect of a legal tender? 67. What has Con-\\ngress done in regard to weights and measurements? 68.\\nWhat is the sixth power of Congress? 69. What is the\\npunishment for counterfeiting? 70. What is the seventh\\npower? 71. What are the duties of the postal service? 72.\\nWhat are the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh powers? 73.\\nExplain what has been done under each. 74. What is meant\\nby reprisal 75. Give twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and\\nfifteenth powers. 76. What is the principle upon which\\nour government manages the army and navy? 77. Give\\nsixteenth power. 78. Who is commander-in-chief of the\\nmilitia? 79. What is the seventeenth power? 80. Why is\\nthe seat of our government in a district? 81. What is the\\neighteenth power? 82. Give the powers denied Congress\\nand explain each. 83. Give the powers denied the States.\\n84. Under what kind of government are we living? 85.\\nExplain the difference between a democratic and a republi-\\ncan form of government. 86. What is the object of govern-\\nment? 87. Who are citizens of the United States? 88.\\nWhat is meant by suffrage? 89. May slavery or involun-\\ntary servitude exist in the United States? 90. What guar-\\nantee have we of security of person 91. What rights\\nhave we as owners? 92. What rights have we as criminals?\\n93. What rights have we in suits? 94. What is a requisi-\\ntion 95. What is an amendment to a constitution? 96.\\nWhat are the two ways of making amendments? 97. How\\nmany States must ratify? 98. How many amendments have\\nbeen proposed and how many made? 99. What is meant\\nby an organized Territory? 100. What is an enabling\\nact 101. Explain how new States are admitted into the\\nUnion.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0281.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272 A PE ACTIO AL TREATISE 02s T THE\\nCHAPTER XII,\\n^he United Stale:\\n(CONTINUED\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n300. Provision. The Constitution provides that\\nthe judicial power of the United States shall be vested\\nin one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts\\nas Congress may from time to time ordain and estab-\\nlish.\\nOur judicial system at present includes the follow-\\ning:\\nUnited States Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Cir-\\ncuit Courts of Appeal, District Courts, Supreme\\nCourt of the District of Columbia, Court of Claims,\\nTerritorial Courts, and Commissioners Courts.\\n301. Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction means the right\\nto hear and pass upon any cause of action. (For origi-\\nnal and concurrent jurisdiction see Arts. 32 and 33;\\nand for appellate jurisdiction see Art. 126.)\\n302. Jurisdiction of United States Courts.\\nThe Constitution, in Art. 3, Sec. 2, Clause 1, sets", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0282.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 273\\nfor tli the following classes of suits which are under\\nthe jurisdiction of United States Courts:\\n1. Cases in law and equity* arising under the\\nUnited States Constitution, the laws of the United\\nStates, and treaties made, or which shall be made,\\nunder their authority.\\n2. Cases affecting ambassadors, other public min-\\nisters, and consuls.\\n3. Cases of admiralty and maritimef jurisdiction.\\n4. Controversies to which the United States shall\\nbe a party.\\n5. Controversies between two or more States.\\n6. Between a State and citizens of another State.\\n7. Between citizens of different States.\\n8. Between citizens of the same State claiming\\nlands under grants of different States; and\\n9. Between a State, or the citizens thereof, and for-\\neign States, citizens or subjects.^\\nFor equity see Article 144, Chancery Courts.\\nf Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction have reference to\\ncases arising on the sea, as collisions, repairing vessels, con-\\ntracts for carrying mail, passengers, or any kind of freight.\\nMany of these cases affect foreigners and foreign commerce,\\nhence a State could have no jurisdiction over such cases.\\njThis clause has been modified by Amendment XI., which\\nis as follows:\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall not be con-\\nstrued to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or\\nprosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of\\nanother State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign\\n18", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0283.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\n303. United States Judges. All United States\\njudges, except the judges of territorial courts, hold\\noffice for life or during good behavior, and receive\\nsuch compensation as may be fixed by law, and cannot\\nbe diminished during their continuance in office.\\nAny judge who has served ten years at the age of\\nseventy, may retire from office and draw the same\\nsalary during his life that he received on retiring from\\noffice. The judges are appointed by the President and\\nconfirmed by the Senate. They are subject to im-\\npeachment and, in this way, may be removed from\\noffice. (See Art. 2, Sec. 4, of the Constitution.)\\nSUPREME COURT.\\n304. Justices. The Supreme Court of the United\\nStates is composed of oue Chief Justice and eight\\nAssociate Justices, nominated by the President and\\nconfirmed by the Senate.\\nThe following is a list of all the chief justices of the\\nUnited States from the- organization of the Supreme\\nCourt to the present time (1899)\\nState. That is, this power must not be so construed as to\\nallow any State to be made defendant in any case of law or\\nequity commenced or prosecuted by private persons or cor-\\nporations. A suit cannot be brought against the United\\nStates in a direct way as against an individual except, by\\nspecial act of Congress; nor can a suit be brought against a\\nState by a citizen of another State, or by its own citizens\\nexcept by special act of the Legislature.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0284.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 275\\nCHIEF JUSTICES.\\nWHEN, BY WHOM, AND FROM WHAT STATE\\nAPPOINTED.\\nNames of\\nChief Justices.\\nBy whom\\nAppointed.\\nState.\\nTime.\\nJohn Jay\\nJohn Rutledge\\nWilliam Gushing.\\nOliver Ellsworth.\\nWashington\\nWashington\\nWashington\\nWashington\\nJohn Adams\\nJohn Adams\\nAndrew Jackson.\\nLincoln\\nGrant\\nCleveland\\nNew York\\nSouth Carolina.\\nMassachusetts..\\nConnecticut..\\nNew York\\nVirginia\\nMaryland\\nOhio\\nOhio\\nSept. 26, 1789.\\nJuly 1. 1795.\\nJan, 27, 1796.\\nMarch 4, 1796.\\nDec 19, 1800.\\nJohn Marshall\\nRoger B. Taney\\nSalmon P. Chase...\\nMorrison R. Waite.\\nJan. 27, 1801.\\nDec. 28, 1835.\\nDec. 6, 1864.\\nJan. 21, 1874.\\nMelville W. Fuller*\\nIllinois\\nJuly 20, 1888.\\nFuller is still Chief Justice. (1899.)\\n305. Precedence. The associate justices have\\nprecedence according to the date of their commission,\\nor when the commissions of two or more of them bear\\nthe same date, according to their ages.\\n306. Sa!ary. The eight associate justices receive\\n$10,000 each a year and the chief justice receives\\n$10,500.\\n307. Term. The Supreme Court holds annual ses-\\nsions at Washington, D. C, beginning on the second\\nMonday of October. Any six judges constitute a\\nquorum, and if live or more agree upon any point,\\nit becomes the decision of the court.\\n308. Jurisdiction. The Supreme Court is princi-\\npally a court of appeals. It exercises appellate juris-\\ndiction over all cases mentioned in Art, 302 except\\nFor appellate jurisdiction see Art. 126.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0285.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "276 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncases affecting ambassadors, public ministers and con-\\nsuls, and cases in which a State is a party. Over these\\ncases it exercises original jurisdiction.!\\nOne important function of the United States Su-\\npreme Court is to interpret the Constitution and to\\ndecide whether State constitutions or State laws con-\\nflict with the Constitution of the United States or the\\nnational laws. It has power also to hear appeals from\\nState courts upon the grounds that the decision by the\\nState court conflicts with the Constitution or laws of\\nthe United States. The Supreme Court may reverse\\nits own decisions and does do so sometimes but in all\\ncases its decisions are final, until reversed; for, from\\nit, there are no appeals.\\n309. Other Officers. The Supreme Court ap-\\npoints a clerk, a marshal, and a reporter. The court\\nmay appoint deputies on application of the clerk. The\\nmarshal receives annually $3,500. The reporter\\ncauses the decisions of the Supreme Court to be\\nprinted within eight months after they are made.\\nThe reporter receives $2,500 a year when the report\\nconsists of only one volume, and an additional sum of\\n$1,500 on the publication of a second volume in any\\none year. The marshal waits upon the court, exe-\\ncutes its orders, and performs other duties imposed by\\nCongress. He is the chief ministerial officer.\\nCSRCUfT COURTS.\\n310. Number. Congress has divided the United\\nf For original jurisdiction see Arts. 32 and 33.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0286.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 277\\nStates into nine judicial circuits. Each new State as\\nit comes into the Union is assigned to one of these\\njudicial circuits. Congress also has power to change\\nthem, but has not done so for a number of years, and,\\nperhaps, will not except as new States are admitted\\nand attached to some one of the nine judicial circuits.\\nThe following are the United States judicial circuits\\nas they exist at present (1899):\\nUNITED STATES JUDICIAL CIRCUITS.\\nFirst, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,\\nKhode Island.\\nSecond. New York, Connecticut, Vermont,\\nThird. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware.\\nFourth. Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North\\nCarolina, South Carolina.\\nFifth. Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,\\nLouisiana, Texas.\\nSixth. Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan.\\nSeventh. Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin.\\nEighth. Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota,\\nNebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Colo-\\nrado, Utah, Wyoming.\\nNinth. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Mon-\\ntana, California,\\nPupils should draw a United States map and locate\\nthe above judicial circuits. This map should be kept,\\nand, as the other judicial divisions are explained, the\\nplaces where courts are held and also the divisions\\nshould be located upon it.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0287.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n311. Jurisdiction. The Eevised Statutes of the\\nUnited States set forth twenty classes of cases over\\nwhich the Circuit Court exercises exclusive original\\njurisdiction and among which may be found such cases\\nas bankruptcy, copyrights, patents, suits against per-\\nsons having a knowledge of conspiracy, against officers\\nand owners of vessels, national banks and in crimes\\nagainst the United States. It also exercises appellate\\njurisdiction in certain cases tried in the district courts.\\n312. Allotment of Circuits. By an order of the\\nSupreme Court, the Chief Justice and the eight as-\\nsociate justices are allotted among the nine judicial\\ncircuits of the United States. When the circuits are\\naltered, new justices appointed or for other conve-\\nniences, the above allotment shall be made.\\n313. Judges. The law requires each of the judges\\nto go into the circuit to which he is allotted, travel in\\nperson throughout the circuit and hold one term of\\ncourt in each district composing the circuit at least\\nonce in every two years.\\nFor each of the judicial circuits explained above,\\nthere shall be appointed by the President and con-\\nfirmed by the Senate another circuit judge, who shall\\nhave the same power and jurisdiction as the justices of\\nthe Supreme Court, allotted to it, and shall be entitled\\nto receive a salary at the rate of $6,000 a year. He is\\nrequired by law to reside within the circuit.\\n3(4. Terms of Court. The Circuit Court is held\\nby the circuit justice allotted to the circuit, or by", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0288.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 279\\nthe circuit judge of the circuit, or by the district judge,\\nor by any two of them sitting together. In all cases the\\ncircuit judge goes into the district and at the United\\nStates district court-house holds the Circuit Court.\\nThere is not a special court-house located within each\\ncircuit where the Circuit Court is held and cases\\nbrought from all parts of the circuit to it, as in the\\ncase of courts of appeals.\\nDISTRICT COURTS.\\n325. Districts. Congress has subdivided the ju-\\ndicial circuits into judicial districts. Each State con-\\nstitutes a district, but in many cases two or more\\ndistricts have been organized within a State. The\\nfollowing is a list of the States showing the number\\nof judicial districts in each:\\nJUDICIAL DISTRICTS.\\nAlabama, E.* M. N.. 3\\nArkansas, E. W 2\\nCalifornia, N. S 2\\nColorado-}- 1\\nConnecticut 1\\nDelaware 1\\nFlorida, N. S 2\\nGeorgia, N. S 2\\nIdaho 1\\nIllinois, N. S 2\\nIowa, N.S 2\\nKansas 1\\nKentucky 1\\nLouisiana 1\\nMaine 1\\nMaryland 1\\nMassachusetts 1\\nMichigan. E. W 2\\nMinnesota 1\\nMississippi, N. S.... 2\\nMissouri, E.W 2\\nMontana 1\\nNebraska 1\\nNevada 1\\nNew Hampshire. 1\\nNew Jersey 1\\nNew York, N. S. E.. 3\\nNo. Carolina, E. W.. 2\\nNorth Dakota 1\\nOhio,N. S 2\\nOregon 1\\nPennsylvania, E.W. 2\\nRhode Island 1\\nSo. Carolina, E. W,. 1\\nSouth Dakota 1\\nTennessee, E. M. W. 3\\nTexas, N. E.W 3\\nUtah 1\\nVermont 1\\nVirginia. E W 2\\nWashington 1\\nWest Virginia 1\\nWisconsin, E. W. 2\\nWyoming 1\\n*E. for Eastern District; M. for Middle District; N. for Northern\\nDistrict S. for Southern District, and W. for Western. These should be\\nread Eastern District of Alabama, Middle District of Alabama, etc.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j- When no letters are given it simply means that it is the District\\nof Colorado, or whatever State it may be applied to.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0289.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "280 A P2ACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n316. District Courts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In each of the United\\nStates districts a court-house is erected, and a court,\\nknown as the United States or Federal Court, is or-\\nganized. Congress fixes by law the time and place for\\nholding the court.\\n317. Subdivisions of District. For the sake of\\nconvenience in holding the courts, Congress has di-\\nvided some of the districts into as many as half a\\ndozen divisions. In such cases the law requires the\\njudge of the district to go into each subdivision and\\nhold the United States court at such time and place\\nas Congress may provide. This is why the District\\nCourts are held at so many different places in the same\\nState.\\n318. Judges. -In each district, a judge is appointed\\nby the President and confirmed by the Senate. He\\nmay hold his office for life or retire from service\\non full pay at the age of seventy, if he has served\\nfor ten consecutive years. By special act of Congress\\nthe salary of the district judge is fixed, ranging from\\ntwo to six thousand dollars a year.\\n319. Jurisdiction. The District Court has origi-\\nnal jurisdiction in all cases both civil and criminal\\narising under any of the United States laws, except\\nwhen such jurisdiction has been given to some other\\nhigher court.\\n320. District Marshal. In each of these districts,\\nexcept as otherwise provided, a United States marshal\\nis appointed by the President for a term of four years.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0290.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 281\\nHe gives bond before entering upon the discharge of\\nbis duty, and lias power to appoint as many deputies\\nas may be necessary to transact the business of the\\ndistrict. He receives such compensation as Congress\\nmay from time to time provide for his district. In\\nmany cases the United States marshal receives as much\\nas $5,000 a year.\\n321. District Attorney. -In each judicial dis-\\ntrict, except as otherwise provided, a district attorney\\nis appointed by the President for a term of four years.\\nHe is a person learned in the law and acts as an attor-\\nney for the United States. A district attorney receives\\nsuch salary as Congress may prescribe for his district.\\n322. Clerk. The judge of each judicial district\\nappoints a clerk whose duty it is to record all proceed-\\nings of the court. On the application of the clerk\\nto the district judge, as many deputy clerks may be\\nappointed by said judge as are necessary to record the\\nbusiness of the court in a reasonable time. The emol-\\numents of the clerks and deputy clerks are fixed by\\nspecial acts of Congress.\\nCIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS.\\n323. Provision. In 1892, Congress provided for\\nthe establishment of a circuit court of appeals in each\\njudicial circuit, which consists of three judges, the\\nchief justice, or one associate justice, the circuit judge,\\nand one district judge, any two of whom constitute a", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0291.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "282 A PEACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nquorum. It is a court of records with appellate juris-\\ndiction only.\\n324. Cierk and Marshal. The court has power\\nto appoint a clerk and a marshal, whose duties are the\\nsame as the clerk and marshal of the United States\\nSupreme Court. (See Art. 309.) The clerk receives\\n$3,000 and the marshal $2,500 a year.\\n325. Location and Term. In each judicial cir-\\ncuit of the United States, at least one term of the\\nCircuit Court of Appeals shall be held annually. Con-\\ngress has established a court at each of the following\\nplaces and has given the court power to designate\\nother places if the business of the court demands it:\\nFirst Circuit Boston. Fifth Circuit New Orleans.\\nSecond Circuit New York. Sixth Circuit Cincinnati.\\nThird Circuit .Philadelphia. Seventh Circuit Chicago.\\nFourth Circut Richmond. Eighth Circuit St. Louis.\\nNinth Circuit San Francisco.\\n326. Disqualification. Xo judge can sit as judge\\nof the Circuit Court of Appeals when the case ap-\\npealed has been tried before him in a lower court.\\nCOURT OF CLAIMS.\\n327. Establishment. In 1854, February 24,\\nCongress established the Court of Claims. It is com-\\nposed of one chief justice and four associate jus-\\ntices, who are appointed by the President and con-\\nfirmed by the Senate. Each of them take an oath\\nto support the Constitution of the United States and\\nto discharge the duties of his office faithfully. The", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0292.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 283\\njudges hold their office for life or during good be-\\nhavior, and receive an annual salary of $4,500.\\n328. Term. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Court of Claims holds one annual\\nsession at the city of Washington, beginning on the\\nfirst Monday of December and continuing as long\\nas may be necessary for the prompt disposition of the\\nbusiness of the court. Any three of the judges con-\\nstitute a quorum.\\n329. Object. The Court of Claims was established\\nfor the purpose of hearing claims against the United\\nStates so when any one has a claim against the United\\nStates, it is submitted to the Court of Claims for trial.\\nCongress usually allows all claims declared to be legal\\nand just by this court.\\n330. Other Officers. The Court of Claims has\\npower to appoint a chief clerk, who receives $3,000\\na year; an assistant clerk, who receives $2,000; a\\nbailiff, who receives $1,500 a year; and a messenger,\\nwho receives $840. The duties of these officers are\\nreadily understood from the titles.\\nSUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF\\nCOLUMBIA.\\n331. Judges. The Supreme Court of the District\\nof Columbia is composed of six judges, one chief\\njustice and five associates, appointed by the President\\nand confirmed by the Senate, They hold office for\\nlife or during good behavior. The chief justice re-\\nceives $5,000 and the live associate justices each re-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0293.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nceive $4,500 a year. A quorum consists of any two\\nsitting together. They must agree in order to have a\\ndecision of the court.\\n332. Jurisdiction. All cases arising in the Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia are tried first in the Supreme Court\\nof the District of Columbia, after which an appeal\\nmay be taken to the Supreme Court of the United\\nStates. Its jurisdiction does not extend beyond the\\nbounds of the District. It was organized for no other\\npurpose than to try cases arising within the District of\\nColumbia.\\nTERRITORIAL COURTS.\\n333. Judges. In each Territory, United States\\ncourts have been organized and are very much like the\\nUnited States District Courts. They are composed of\\nthree judges, one chief justice and two associate jus-\\ntices, appointed by the President for a term of four\\nyears and subject to removal at any time. They each\\nreceive $3,000 annually.\\n334. Term of Court. The three judges, two of\\nwhom constitute a quorum, hold one term of court\\nannually at the seat of government of the Territory.\\nThis is known as the Supreme Court of the Territory.\\n335. District Courts of the Territory. Every\\nTerritory is divided into three judicial districts; and a\\ndistrict court is held in each district of the Territory\\nby one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the Ter-\\nritory at such time and place as may be prescribed by", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0294.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 285\\nlaw; and each judge, after assignment, must reside in\\nthe district to which he is assigned.\\n336. Jurisdiction. These courts exercise jurisdic-\\ntion original, appellate, and chancery over all cases\\narising within the borders of the Territory unless\\notherwise provided by law.\\n337. Marshal, Attorney and Clerk.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In each\\nTerritory, a United States marshal and an attorney are\\nappointed for a term of four years by the President\\nand confirmed by the Senate. The judges have power\\nto appoint such clerks as may be necessary.\\nJURIES.\\n338. Grand and Petit.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In all of the United\\nStates courts there may be grand and petit juries,\\neach corresponding to the grand and petit juries of\\nthe State courts. They are selected in such a way,\\nby the various courts, as may be provided by law, and\\nusually consist of twelve or sixteen men. Special\\nacts are passed regulating these affairs.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. In what is the judicial power of the United States\\nvested? 2. Name the United States courts. 3. What does\\njurisdiction mean? 4. Explain original and concurrent\\njurisdiction. 5. Name some of the classes of suits under\\nthe jurisdiction of the United States courts. 6. What does\\nadmiralty and maritime jurisdiction mean? 7. How long\\ndo United States judges hold office? 8. Why? 9. How are\\nthey elected or chosen? 10. Give salary of Chief- Justice", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0295.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nand associates. 11. Who was the first Chief- Justice? and\\nwho is now? 12. Name one other and tell who appointed\\nhim. 13. Who has precedence? 14. When does the\\nSupreme Court hold its sessions? 15. Give jurisdiction of\\nSupreme Court. 16. What other duties has the Supreme\\nCourt besides hearing complaints? 17. Give other officers\\nof the Supreme Court. 18. How many judicial circuits are\\nthere? 19. Where is the first? 20. Give two States in each\\nof the others. 21. In which is your State? 22. What is\\nthe jurisdiction of Circuit Courts? 23. What do the Supreme\\nJudges have to do with the nine judicial circuits? 24. Do the\\nSupreme Judges visit the circuits? 25. Explain the duties of\\nthe Judges of the United States judicial circuits. 26. Who\\nsits as Judge or Judges of the Circuit Courts? 27. Where are\\nCircuit Courts held? 28. What are judicial districts? 29.\\nHow many judicial districts in your State and in which\\none are you located? 30. Are there special court-houses pro-\\nvided for each district? 31. Are districts subdivided? 32.\\nTell what you can of the District Judge. 33. What is the\\njurisdiction of the District Court? 34. How are United\\nStates District Marshals chosen or elected and for what\\nlength of time? 35. Give duties, appointment, and term\\nof District Attorney. 36. How is the Clerk of a District\\nCourt appointed, and what are his duties? 37. How many\\nCircuit Courts of Appeals are there? 38. How many Judges\\nfor each? 39. What is the object of each. 40. Where are\\nthe courts located? 41. Of what is the Court of Claims\\ncomposed? 42. How and by whom are they appointed? 43.\\nGive salary and term of office of each. 44. What is the\\nobject of the Court of Claims? 45. What other officers has\\nthe Court of Claims? 46. Of what is the Court of the Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia composed? 47. What salary does each\\nreceive? 48. What is the jurisdiction and object of this\\ncourt? 49. Explain Territorial Courts. 50. Explain Terri-\\ntorial District Courts. 51. What jurisdiction have they?", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0296.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 287\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\n^he United Slate:\\n(CONTINUED.)\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n339. Definition. The word execute means\\npolitically to perform, to put into action, or to carry\\ninto effect, hence the Executive Department of our\\ngovernment is that branch which performs, puts into\\naction, or carries into effect the laws of our country.\\nIt is rather the superintendent of the affairs of the\\ngovernment.\\n340. President. The executive power of the na-\\ntional government is vested in the President of the\\nUnited States, there having been up to the present\\ntime, with Mr. MoKinley, twenty-five, four of whom*\\nbecame President on account of the death of the chief\\nexecutive.\\n341. QuaSifications.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The President and Vice-\\nPresident must be native-born citizens, at least thirtv-\\n*John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Jackson, Chester\\nA. Arthur.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0297.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nfive years of age, and must have lived as much as four-\\nteen years in the United States.\\n342. Term and Salary. The President is elected\\nfor a term of four years, and receives annually\\n$50,000. Many of our Presidents have served two\\nterms, but no one has ever served three. There is no\\nnational law prohibiting it, but George Washington\\nset the example and custom has made it an unwritten\\nlaw and no one has ever attempted to violate it, and\\nperhaps never will, for popular opinion is very much\\nagainst it.\\n343. Vacancies. Should a vacancy occur in the\\noffice of President, by death, resignation, removal\\nfrom office, or inability to serve, the Vice-President\\ntakes Iris place. In order to prevent the office of Presi-\\ndent from becoming vacant at any time, Congress\\nJanuary 19,1886, provided that in case of death, resig-\\nnation, removal from office, or inability of the Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President to serve, the members of the\\nCabinet shall become President in the following order:\\n1, Secretary of State; 2, Secretary of the Treasury; 3,\\nSecretary of War; 4, Attorney-General; 5, Post-\\nmaster-General; 6, Secretary of the ISTavy; 7, Secre-\\ntary of the Interior; 8, Secretary of Agriculture.\\nXo one of the above officers shall fill the office of\\nPresident who does not possess the Constitutional\\nqualifications given in Art. 339. It is the duty of any\\nmember of the Cabinet, on becoming President, to call\\na special session of Congress, giving only twenty days", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0298.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 289\\nnotice. Any one who becomes President lias all\\nthe powers and duties and privileges belonging to the\\nPresident, and draws the same salary.\\n344. Vice-President. The Vice-President has\\nno duties to perform other than that of President of\\nthe Senate, in which case he has no vote except in\\ncase of ties. He is elected for a term of four years, in\\nthe same manner and at the same time that the Presi-\\ndent of the United States is elected; except, when the\\nelection of President and Vice-President falls into the\\nhands of Congress, the Vice-President is elected by\\nthe Senate and not by the House.\\nIf the office of Vice-President becomes vacant, the\\nSenate elects a temporary President, who serves until\\nthe office is filled by the regular presidential election.\\nThe salary is $8,000 a year.\\nELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT.\\nIn order to understand the election of the Presi-\\ndent, we must know something of party machinery.\\nHence we will take the matter up as nearly as pos-\\nsible just as it takes place.\\n345. National Committee. Each of the great\\npolitical parties has at present a National Commit-\\ntee. The Democratic National Committee was chosen\\nby the last Democratic National Convention; the\\nRepublican National Committee was chosen by the\\nlast Republican National Convention, and so on with\\nany political party that may exist. These committees\\n19", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0299.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "290 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncontinue for four years, and consist of one member\\nfrom each State and Territory. The National Com-\\nmittee appoints a sub-committee called\\n346. Campaign Committee. This committee\\nlooks after the political campaign, distributes the liter-\\nature of the party, such as speeches, pamphlets, news-\\npapers, and so on, arranges for public speeches and\\nselects men to make them, and collects all money\\nnecessary to defray the expenses of the campaign and\\nthe election.\\n347. State Committees. Each political party in\\nthe various States has what is called a State Com-\\nmittee. It is usually composed of members from each\\ncongressional district, sometimes a member from each\\ncounty. The duties of this committee relative to the\\nState are very much like those of the National Com-\\nmittee to the United States that is, to carry on the\\npolitical affairs of the State in the most effective way.\\n348. Other Committees. There are usually\\ncounty committees consisting of one member from\\neach township, congressional district committees con-\\nsisting of one member from each county composing\\nthe district, and township committees. It is readily\\nseen that the duties of all these committees are to\\nassist in executing political plans and each to force\\nits political party into power.\\n349. National Convention. A few months be-\\nfore the election of a President, the National Com-\\nmittee of each party designates a place and there calls", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0300.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 291\\na national convention for its own party, as in 1896\\nthe Democratic National Committee selected Chi-\\ncago, and there called the Democratic National Con-\\nvention, and the Kepublican National Committee\\nselected St. Louis, and there called its National Con-\\nvention.\\n350. Members. There are more than nine hun-\\ndred delegates at the National Convention, composed\\nof the strongest political men of our country. The\\nNational Convention consists of four delegates from\\neach State, two from each congressional district, and\\ntwo from each Territory. For example\\nForty-five States, four delegates each 180 delegates.\\nThree hundred and fifty-seven congressional\\ndistricts, two delegates each 714 delegates.\\nFour Territories, two delegates each 8 delegates.\\nTotal number of members in National\\nConvention 902 delegates.\\n351. National Convention Called. When the\\nNational Committee of each party calls the National\\nConvention all of the above delegates must be selected\\nby the various States and Territories and sent to the\\nconvention. The State committee then calls a State\\nconvention, designating the time and place, for the\\npurpose of electing or choosing delegates for the\\nNational Convention. Now, since the State convention\\nis composed of delegates from each county, therefore\\nthe county committee calls a county convention for", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0301.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292 A PKACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nthe purpose of sending delegates to the State conven-\\ntion, and since the county convention is composed of\\ndelegates from the various townships of the county,\\nso the township committee calls\\n352. A Township Convention, At the township\\nconvention, or meeting, delegates are chosen for the\\ncounty convention and are usually instructed to vote\\na certain way.\\n353. County Convention. The county conven-\\ntion, at the stated time, convenes and proceeds at once\\nto elect delegates to the State convention and to trans-\\nact any other business that may be brought before it\\nrelating to the political affairs of the county.\\n354. State Convention. The delegates from the\\nvarious counties of the State meet at the time speci-\\nfied in the call of the State committee and organize\\nthemselves into a State convention, by electing a\\nchairman and a clerk, or a secretary. Delegates are\\nthen elected to the National Convention in the follow-\\ning manner\\n(1.) The State convention as a whole elects four\\nwho represent the two United States Senators.\\n(2.) The members from each congressional district\\nelect two who represent the lower house of Congress,\\nor in other words each United States representative.\\nThe convention elects one alternate for each delegate,\\nso that in case the delegate is unable to attend the\\nalternate delegate may take his place.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0302.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 293\\nAny other business concerning the campaign or any\\nbusiness of a political nature may be brought before\\nthe convention, and other committees necessary to\\ncarry into effect the plans of the campaign are ap-\\npointed.\\n355. Organization and Work of the National\\nConvention.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At the time and place designated by\\nthe National Committee, all of the delegates from the\\nvarious States and Territories assemble, and proceed\\nto organize. The convention is called to order by the\\nchairman of the National Committee. First a tem-\\nporary and then afterwards a permanent chairman is\\nelected. The National Committee is then appointed\\nby the delegates from each State naming its member.\\nA declaration of principles called a. Platform is\\nadopted. Each principle in the platform is called\\na plank.\\n356. Nomination for President. Just before the\\nclose of the convention, candidates for President and\\nVice-President are nominated. It is usually post-\\nponed to the close of the convention, so that the mem-\\nbers may be able to ascertain who is most suitable to\\nfill the office of President and Vice-President; who\\ncan most forcibly explain the principles set forth in\\nthe platform of the party, and who can most success-\\nfully execute the principles of the platform.\\n357. Time. Each of the political parties having\\nchosen a candidate for President and Vice-President\\nat the national convention and the campaign having", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0303.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294\\nA PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nbeen completed, the people, on Tuesday after the first\\nMonday in November of every year divisible by four,\\nmeet, at their regular polling places for electing State\\nand county officers, and cast their votes for President\\nand Vice-President as explained in the following para-\\ngraphs\\n358. Electors. Each of the political parties in\\nthe various States, either in the State convention for\\nelecting delegates to the National Convention, or in a\\ncalled convention for the purpose, choose as many men\\nfrom different parts of the State as the State has Sena-\\ntors and Representatives. Each party selects the same\\nnumber. These men are called presidential electors.\\nThe electors in all the States, considered collectively,\\nare called the Electoral College. The vote cast by\\nthese men for President and Vice-President is called\\nthe electoral vote. The following is the electoral vote\\nof each State in the year 1896:\\nEACH STATE S ELECTORAL VOTE IN THE YEAR 1896.\\nAlabama\\n...11\\nMaine\\n6\\nOregon\\n4\\nArkansas\\n8\\nMaryland\\n8\\nPennsylvania\\n32\\n9\\nMassachusetts\\nMinnesota\\n15\\n9\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina.\\n4\\nColorado\\n4\\n9\\nConnecticut\\n6\\nMississippi\\n9\\nSouth Dakota.\\n4\\nDelaware..\\n3\\nMissouri\\n17\\nTennessee\\n12\\nFlorida\\n4\\nMontana\\n3\\nTexas\\n15\\nGeorgia\\n...13\\nNebraska\\n8\\nUtah\\n3\\nIdaho\\n3\\nNevada\\n3\\nVermont\\n4\\nIllinois\\n...24\\nNew Hampshire.\\n4\\nVirginia\\n12\\nIndiana\\n...15\\nNew Jersey\\n10\\nWashington\\n4\\nIowa\\n...13\\nNew York\\n36\\nWest Virginia.\\nfi\\nKansas\\n...10\\nNorth Carolina.\\n11\\nWisconsin\\n12\\nKentucky\\n...13\\nNorth Dakota.\\n3\\nWyoming\\n3\\nLouisiana\\n8\\nOhio\\n23\\nTotal number of Electoral votes 1896, 447-\\nSenators\u00e2\u0080\u0094 447.\\nRepresentatives, 90", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0304.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 295\\n359. Ticket, and Election of Electors. Instead\\nof placing the names of the candidates for President\\nand Vice-President on the ticket to be voted upon as\\nexplained in Art, 358, the names of the electors of\\neach party under their proper headings are placed on\\nthe ticket, as indicated on the following ballot:\\nOFFICIAL BALLOT.\\nThe names of the Pre\\nsident and Vice-Presi-\\ndent of each party is fr\\n?quently placed on the\\nPresidential Election.\\nticket just above the names of the electors.\\nTuesday, Nov. 3. 1896.\\n(Continued.)\\n(Continued.)\\nDemocratic Electors:\\nRepublican Electors:\\nPopulist Electors:\\n1. S. A. Jones,\\n1. G. M. Smith,\\n1. W. L. Williams,\\n2. H. R. Thompson,\\n2. J. D. Caldwell,\\n2. S. W. Brown,\\n3. J. W. Johnson,\\n3. F.P. Manning,\\n3. I. R Borough,\\n4. C. W. Connell,\\n4. G. P. Dowell,\\n4. A. N. Hall,\\n5. S. M. Powell,\\n5. C. L. Taylor,\\n5. J. D.McCommon,\\n6. A. L. Spencer,\\n6. R. M. Malone.\\n6. E. R. Howard,\\n7. D. V. Walker,\\n7. D. C Dickson,\\n7. P. W. George,\\n8. J. K.Cuininings.\\n8. R. K. Dolson.\\n8. S. O.Banks.\\nEa.ch State, of course, has a form of ballot of its\\nown, differing in form from the above, but in substance\\nthe same. It would not be practical to show all the\\nforms of ballots here, as used by the different States.\\n360. Election of Electors. On the first Tuesday\\nafter the first Monday in November, at the regular\\npolling places as explained in Art. 358, the people\\nmeet and cast their votes for the electors of their po-\\nlitical party. This is done -by scratching off or crossing\\nout the names of all the electors of the other party or\\nparties. (See Arts. 190, 191, and 194.) So we see that\\nthe people do not vote for the President and Vice-\\nPresident directly, but vote for men who, as -we shall\\nsee further on, meet and elect the President.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0305.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "296 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\n361. Returns. After the election, the election\\ncommissioners of the various counties forward to the\\nState capital the returns, where they are counted and\\nthe result declared by the Board of Election Commis-\\nsioners of the State. (See Art. 174.) (7.) The Gov-\\nernor and Secretary of State issue certificates of\\nelection to the various electors, stating that they have\\nbeen chosen as presidential electors.\\n362. Election of President by Electors. The\\nlaw requires that The electors shall meet in their\\nrespective States, and vote by ballot for President and\\nVice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an\\ninhabitant of the same State with themselves; they\\nshall name in their ballots the person voted for as\\nPresident, and in distinct ballots the person voted for\\nas Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists\\nof all persons voted for as President, and of all per-\\nsons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number\\nof votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify,\\nand transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the\\nUnited States, directed to the President of the Senate.\\n363. Privileges of Electors. The law does not\\nrequire the electors to vote for the candidate for Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President of the party electing them,\\nbut certainly no man would be so dishonorable as not\\nto voice the sentiment of the political party choosing\\nhim, especially when it is understood that he has been\\nchosen for that purpose. At one time they were\\nchosen for the purpose of deliberately electing the", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0306.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 297\\nPresident and Vice-President; but now it is under-\\nstood that when a man is chosen elector, he will voice\\nthe sentiment of his party.\\n364. Returns Transmitted to Congress.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At this\\nmeeting the electors make, sign, certify, and seal three\\nseparate lists containing the votes for President and\\nVice-President. Two of these lists are sent to the\\nUnited States Senate, one by mail and the other by a\\nspecial messenger. The third list is filed with the\\nUnited States district judge of the district in which\\nthe capital is located.\\n365. Counting of Votes. The President of the\\nSenate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House\\nof Representatives, open all the certificates, and the\\nvotes shall then be counted; the person having the\\ngreatest number of votes for President shall be the\\nPresident, if such a number be a majority of the\\nwhole number of electors appointed.\\nThe law provides that Congress shall be in session\\non the second Wednesday in February succeeding\\nevery meeting of electors, that the Senate and House\\nof Representatives shall meet (in joint session) in\\n*Joint Meeting of the House How Officeks and\\nMembees Shall be Seated. The law provides That at\\nsuch joint meeting of the two houses seats shall be provided\\nas follows: For the President of the Senate, the Speaker s\\nchair; for the Speaker, immediately upon his left; for\\nthe Senators, in the body of the hall upon the right of\\nthe presiding officers; for the Representatives, in the body\\nof the hall not provided for the Senators; for the tellers,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0307.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nthe liall of the House of Representatives at the hour\\nof one o clock in the afternoon on that day, that the\\nPresident of the Senate shall be their presiding offi-\\ncer, and that each house shall have previously ap-\\npointed two tellers to whom all certificates, as they are\\napproved and read by the President of the Senate,\\nshall be handed and by them listed or recorded.\\n366. Election by the House. If no person\\nhave such majority, then from the persons having the\\nhighest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of\\nthose voted for as President, the House of Repre-\\nsentatives shall choose immediately by ballot the\\nPresident. But in choosing the President, the votes\\nshall be taken by States, the representation from each\\nState having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall\\nconsist of a member or members from two-thirds of\\nthe States, and a majority of all the States shall be\\nnecessary to a choice.\\nAnd if the House of Representatives shall not\\nchoose a President, whenever the right of choice shall\\ndevolve upon them, before the fourth day of March\\nnext following, then the Vice-President shall act as\\nPresident, as in the case of the death or other con-\\nstitutional disability of the President.\\n367. The Vote for Vice-President. The person\\nSecretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives, at the Clerk s desk; for the other officers of the\\ntwo houses, in front of the Clerk s desk and upon each\\nside of the Speaker s platform.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0308.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 299\\nhaving the greatest number of votes as Vice-President\\nshall be the Vice-President, if snch nnmber be a ma-\\njority of the whole nnmber of electors appointed, and\\nif no person have a majority, then from the two high-\\nest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the\\nVice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall con-\\nsist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators,\\nand a majority of the whole number shall be neces-\\nsary to a choice.\\n368. Popular and Electoral Vote, The sum\\nof all the votes cast at any election for the electors is\\ncalled the Popular vote, or the vote of the people,\\nand the sum of the votes cast for President and Vice-\\nPresident by the electors is called the Electoral\\nvote, or the vote by the electors. It sometimes happens\\nthat the candidates for President and Vice-President\\nare elected by the electoral vote and yet receive a\\nminority of the popular vote.\\n369. Majority and Plurality Vote. A majority\\nvote means more than one-half of all the votes cast,\\nwhile a plurality means more votes than any one else\\nhas. For example, A, B, and C run for office, the re-\\nturns being as follows: A receives 1,250 votes, B\\nreceives 1,000, and C 700. In this case A was not\\nelected by a majority vote. For 1,250 plus 1,000 plus\\n700 equals 2,950 votes, this divided by 2 equals 1,475.\\nIn order for A to be elected by a majority vote he\\nshould have received no less than 1,476. But in the\\nabove case he was elected by a plurality of 250, be-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0309.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncause lie received 250 more than any one else. Most\\nof our officers are elected by a plurality vote, espe-\\ncially when there are more than two running for\\noffice.\\n370. Contested Elections. It sometimes hap-\\npens that each of the political parties in a State be-\\nlieves that its electors have been dnly elected. In such\\na case, both sets of electors may meet and each cast\\ntheir votes for President and Vice-Presiderjt, certify,\\nseal, and send them to Congress. If the State makes\\nno decision as to which is correct, the two houses may\\ndecide. But if the two houses fail to decide, the State\\nloses its vote. After the above law was passed in\\n1887, the States, under the laws governing contested\\nelections in the same, always decide in order that their\\nvote may not be lost.\\n37s. Inauguration. The President and Vice-\\nPresident are sworn into, or take the oath of office on\\nthe fourth of March next following their election.\\n372. Oath. In the presence of the Senate, the\\nVice-President is first sworn into office and afterwards\\nthe President, who takes the following oath, admin-\\nistered by the Chief Justice of the United States\\nSupreme Court:\\nI do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith-\\nfully execute the office of President of the United\\nStates; and that I will, to the best of my ability, pre-\\nserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the\\nUnited States.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0310.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 301\\nAfter the President lias taken the oath of office, he\\ndelivers an address to the people in which he outlines\\nthe plans which he wishes to pursue during his admin-\\nistration. This having been done, the President and\\nVice-President are ready to enter upon the discharge\\nof their duties.\\n373. White House. In Washington city, an ele-\\ngant mansion has been erected, and is maintained at\\npublic expense, in which the President and his family\\nreside.\\n374. President s Household Officers.: The\\nPresident is authorized to appoint, or employ, in his\\nofficial household the following officers:\\n1. One private secretary, at a salary of $3,500 a\\nyear.\\n2. One assistant secretary, who shall be a short-\\nhand writer, at a salary of $2,500 a year.\\n3. Two executive clerks, at a salary of $2,300 a\\nyear each.\\n4. One steward, at a salary of $2,000 a year, who\\nshall, under the direction of the President, have the\\ncharge and custody of and be responsible for the plate,\\nfurniture, and other public property in the President s\\nmansion, and shall discharge such other duties as the\\nPresident may assign him, and\\n5. One messenger, at a salary of $1,200 a year.\\nTotal expense for household officers $13,800 a year.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0311.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "302 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n375. Receptions. In the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence we find this clanse: All men are created\\nequal. In accordance with this clause, at stated\\ntimes, the President throws open his doors and has a\\npublic reception. At this time, all people, both rich\\nand poor, all alike, may call upon him. This is to\\nsignify a spirit of equality.\\n376. Administration. The term of office for\\nwhich the President is elected, is called an Adminis-\\ntration. When a President serves .two terms, they\\nare usually spoken of as his first or second adminis-\\ntration.\\nPOWERS OF THE PRESIDENT.\\n377. Responsibility. Since the President holds\\nthe highest office in the gift of the people, it naturally\\nfollows that the greatest responsibilities rest upon him.\\nThey are so great that it is thought that no man is\\nable to perform them well for a longer period than\\neight years. He has to direct the machinery of the\\nwhole government and is in a great measure held re-\\nsponsible for it. Under his direction, about one hun-\\ndred and twenty thousand officers are appointed to\\nassist in executing the plans of the government.\\n378. Commander-in-Chief. The Constitution\\nprovides that the President shall be Commander-in-\\nChief of the army and navy of the United States and\\nof the militia of the United States, when called into the\\nactual service of the United States. Since in time of", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0312.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 303\\nwar, promptitude is one of the most important factors,\\nit was thought best to put this matter into the hands\\nof one man so that there would be no delay whatever\\non account of difference of opinion.\\nThe President, of course, is the proper person for\\nthe position, as he has to execute the plans of the gov-\\nernment. He does not go into the field and engage in\\nactual service, but remains at the seat of government\\nand superintends all operations as they are executed\\nby his generals.\\n379. Written Information. The President may\\nrequire the opinion in writing of the principal officer\\nin each of the executive departments, upon any sub-\\nject relating to the duties of their respective offices.\\nAny of these officers, who have charge of a single\\nor an individual branch of the government, and gives\\nhis entire time and attention to it, is better able to\\nunderstand and know the needs of such department\\nthan any one man who must superintend the whole.\\n380. Pardons and Reprieves. The President, has\\npower to grant pardons and reprieves for offences\\nagainst the United States, except in case of impeach-\\nment. He has no power, of course, over a State court.\\nHe only has power to grant pardons and reprieves\\nwhere the conviction has been in a United States\\ncourt.\\nA reprieve is the withdrawing of a sentence\\n(usually of death) for an interval of time. It simply\\nmeans a suspension or a delay. There are many", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0313.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "304 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nreasons why a reprieve should be granted, as for ex-\\nample, if new evidence should arise after a man has\\nbeen condemned to death showing that he might pos-\\nsibly be innocent, before his execution, these things\\nought to be determined.\\n381. Treaties. The President has power, by and\\nwith the advice and consent of the Senate, to make\\ntreaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present\\nconcur.\\n382. Appointive Power.- The President has\\npower to nominate, and by and with the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors,* other\\npublic ministers! and consuls, judges of United States\\nCourts, t and all other officers of the United States\\nwhose appointments are not otherwise provided for.\\nTie has power to appoint many other inferior officers\\nwithout the advice and consent of the Senate. Con-\\ngress has power to regulate these matters.\\n383. Vacancies. The President has power to fill\\nall vacancies that may happen during the recess of the\\nSenate, by granting commissions, which shall expire\\nat the end of their next session.\\nDUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT.\\n384. Message, The President, at the opening of\\neach session of Congress, sends to each house, a mes-\\nSee ambassadors, Article 402.\\nf See ministers, Article 402.\\nI See the subjects of courts.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0314.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 305\\nsage, which is read to the members and published in\\nthe newspapers of the country. In this message, such\\nmeasures are recommended, as in the opinion of the\\nPresident, will best promote the interest and welfare\\nof the people. All information that he can collect\\nfrom the heads of the different departments is laid\\nbefore Congress, and the passage of such measures, as,\\nin the opinion of the heads of the different depart-\\nments or the President, may seem expedient, is recom-\\nmended.\\n385. Special Sessions of Congress. Whenever\\nthe public welfare demands it, he may call a special\\nsession of Congress, or he may call either house to\\nconvene. At a special session of Congress no business\\nis transacted other than that for which the session\\nwas called. (See Art. 211.)\\n386. Adjournment. In case of disagreement- be-\\ntween the two houses with respect to the time of ad-\\njournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he\\nmay think proper. ~No President has ever exercised\\nthis authority, for such a case has never arisen.\\n387. Reception of Foreign Ministers. It de-\\nvolves upon the President to receive foreign min-\\nisters or agents from foreign countries. He has power\\nto receive or not to receive, just as he thinks proper.\\nTo receive a minister signifies friendly relations, or\\nfriendship; to refuse is the opposite.\\n388. Execution of Laws.- The Constitution says,\\nHe shall take care that the laws are faithfully exe-\\n20", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0315.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "306 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE 02s T THE\\ncuted. He is required above all things to see that\\nthe laws of the Union are faithfully executed and to\\nsee that all State officers and citizens conform to them.\\n389. Commission. All officers of the United\\nStates, before they enter upon the discharge of their\\nduty, must be commissioned by the President.\\nCABINET.\\n390. Members. The President has power to select\\nat the beginning of his administration, by and with\\nthe consent of the Senate, eight men as his council,\\nor official advisers. Congress has divided all the busi-\\nness affairs of our government into eight general\\ndivisions known as Departments. The President as-\\nsigns to each of these departments one of the above\\neight men, known as the Head of the Department.\\nHe selects men, of course, of his own political faith,\\nwhom he thinks to be especially qualified and adapted\\nto transact such business as belongs to the department\\nto which they are each assigned. The President per-\\nforms most all the duties of his office through the\\nbureaus, officers, agents or clerks of these departments.\\nHe takes them into his counsel, receives written reports\\nfrom them, and receives such assistance from them as\\nwill enable him to execute the plans of the adminis-\\ntration.\\n391. Departments. Congress has power to create\\nnew departments whenever it becomes necessary.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0316.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 307\\nWashington s first Cabinet* consisted of a Secretary\\nof State, Secretary of the Treasury, and Secretary of\\nWar. Congress has from time to time organized new\\ndepartments until at present there are eight. The\\nheads of these departments are as follows: (For time\\nof organization, see each department.)\\nSecretary of State; Secretary of the Treasury; Sec-\\nretary of War; Attorney-General; Postmaster-Gene-\\nral; Secretary of the Navy; Secretary of the Interior;\\nand Secretary of Agriculture.\\nIf the office of President should become vacant by\\ndeath, resignation or removal from office of both the\\nPresident and Vice-President, the members of the\\nCabinet would become President in the above order.\\n392. Term and Salary. The members of the\\nCabinet are appointed for a term of four years, and\\nreceive $8,000 a year. They are held responsible for\\nthe conduct and management of the affairs of their\\nrespective departments. Therefore they may be re-\\nmoved from office at any time by the President.\\n393. Departmental Regulations. The head of\\neach department has power to prescribe regulations,\\nnot inconsistent with law, for the government of his\\ndepartment and the conduct of its officers.\\n394. Cabinet Meetings. The President holds\\n*The members of Washington s first Cabinet were:\\nThomas Jefferson, Virginia, Secretary of State; Alexander\\nHamilton, New York, Secretary of the Treasury; Timothy\\nPickering, Massachusetts, Secretary of War,", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0317.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "308 A PEACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nfrequent meetings of the Cabinet for the purpose of\\nconsidering official business. Each member may sug-\\ngest to him such plans as seem expedient. However,\\nhe may reject all and act upon his own judgment.\\n395. Reports. The head of each of the depart-\\nments must make an annual report to Congress, set-\\nting forth the general condition of the affairs of his\\ndepartment, and the amount of money expended, to\\nwhom paid and for what purpose.\\nDEPARTMENT OF STATE.\\n396. Organization.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Department of State was\\norganized with our government. It was first called\\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs,* but afterwards\\nchanged to Department of State. It is the highest\\noffice in the Cabinet. The Secretary of State is the\\nhead of this department.\\n397. Subordinate Officers and Salaries. The\\nSecretary of State has three assistants, appointed by\\nthe President, by and with the consent of the Senate,\\nand known as First Assistant Secretary of State,\\nSecond Assistant Secretary of State, and Third As-\\nsistant Secretary of State, each of whom receive\\n$3,500 a year. He has also one chief clerk at a salary\\nof $2,500 a year: two chiefs of the Diplomatic Bu-\\nreaus, at a salary of $2,400 a year each; two chiefs of\\nthe Consular Bureau, at a salary of $2,400 a year;\\none chief of the Bureau of Accounts at a salary of\\n$2,400 a year; one chief of the Bureau of Indexes and", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0318.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 309\\nArchives at a salary of $2,400 a year, and one dis-\\nbursing clerk.\\n398. Duties. The Secretary of State keeps the\\nseal of the United States and affixes it to all commis-\\nsions signed by the President. He has the custody and\\ncharge of all the original draughts of treaties, laws,\\npublic documents, as books, records, and papers, and\\ncarries on all the correspondence with foreign coun-\\ntries. He performs all duties relative to correspond-\\nence, commission, or instruction to or with public min-\\nisters or consuls from the United States. He has\\ncharge of all the negotiations of treaties that is, ar-\\nranges the time and place and adjusts other -matters\\nwhich naturally precede a treaty, corresponds with\\nforeign ministers and issues such instructions as will\\nguide our own agents or ministers in foreign coun-\\ntries. He shall within ten days after the meeting of\\nCongress make a compendious statement of the affairs\\nof his office. He receives foreign ministers and pre-\\nsents them to the President.\\n399. Passports. The Secretary of State issues\\npassports to citizens of the United States wishing to\\ntravel in foreign countries. It first meant, permis-\\nsion to pass through a port. It is simply a state-\\nment now, to the effect that the bearer is a citizen of\\nthe United States, and further, what the officer issuing\\nit believes the person to be. The fee for issuing a\\npassport is one dollar.\\n400. Bureaus. The business of each department", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0319.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nhas been subdivided in the same manner as the affairs\\nof the government. The subdivisions of a department\\nare called Bureaus. They bear the same relation to\\na department that the department bears to the gene-\\nral government. A chief or a superintendent of the\\nbureau is appointed. He looks after the business of\\nhis department.\\n401. Diplomatic Bureau. At the head of this\\nbureau are two chiefs. They look after the Diplo-\\nmatic Service of our government, and, under the\\ndirection of the Secretary of State, correspond with\\nforeign ministers, and transact such business as re-\\nlates to foreign affairs.\\n402. Officers. The diplomatic officers include\\nambassadors, envoys extraordinary, ministers plenipo-\\ntentiary, ministers resident, commissioners and agents.\\nThe duties of these officers are the same, the only dif-\\nference being in rank; such rank being determined\\nby the power and influence of the country to which\\nthey are sent. For example: Envoys extraordinary\\nand ministers plenipotentiary are sent to France, Ger-\\nmany, Great Britain, and Russia and receive a salary\\nof $17,500 each; ministers resident are sent to Portu-\\ngal, Switzerland, Greece, etc., and receive a salary of\\n$7,500 each, and the agent to Alexandria receives\\n$3,500. They are all sent for the same purpose. Com-\\nmissioners are usually sent for a special purpose and\\nwhen that is completed, return.\\n403. Duties. The diplomatic officers negotiate", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0320.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 311\\ntreaties with foreign countries under the direction of\\nthe Secretary of State, keep our government informed\\nin regard to foreign affairs, and maintain friendly\\nrelations with other countries.\\nThe law does not allow them to engage in any\\ncommercial transactions or in any business of any\\nkind relating to commerce.\\n404. Consular Bureau. At the head of this bu-\\nreau are two consular chiefs who look after the con-\\nsular service, just as the chiefs of diplomatic service\\nlook after the business of their department.\\n405. Distinction. Before going further a distinc-\\ntion should be made between diplomatic service and\\nconsular service. Diplomats are sent to the govern-\\nment as a whole and are expected to transact busi-\\nness between the two governments; while with the\\nconsular service it is not so.\\n406. The Object. The chief object of the con-\\nsular service is to look after the commerce of our\\ncountry. All of the officers are expected to see that\\nthe commercial laws of our government are enforced,\\nto see that the rights of American citizens are pro-\\ntected, to keep the papers of American vessels while in\\nport, to hear the complaints of seamen, to care for\\nmariners in destitute circumstances, to have mutinous\\nsailors arrested and sent back for trial, to record the\\ntonnage of vessels, the kind and value of the cargo,\\nto take possession of the property of American citizens\\nwho die abroad and to see that it is returned to the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0321.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "312 A PRACTICAL [TREATISE OX THE\\nproper heirs, and to look after other affairs relative to\\ncommerce.\\nTTlien charges are brought, by other countries,\\nagainst citizens of America, the case is tried frequently\\nbefore a consul.\\n407. Consular Districts. Congress has divided\\nthe foreign countries into divisions called consular\\ndistricts. In each consular district, a consular-gene-\\nral, a consul, or a commercial agent is appointed,\\nwho resides at the principal city of the district to\\nwhich he is accredited: for example, the consul-gene-\\nral of Great Britain lives at London; of British North\\nAmerica, at Montreal; of France, at Paris, etc. These\\nofficers are designated as principals, or principal offi-\\ncers.\\n408. Subordinate Officers. At each of the prin-\\ncipal commercial cities of the consular district, subor-\\ndinate officers are appointed and are known as deputy-\\nconsuls or consular agents. The duties of all the\\nabove officers will be found in Art. 406.\\n409. Substitutes. Vice-consuls and vice-com-\\nmercial agents are appointed for the purpose of taking\\nthe places of the consul-generals, consuls, or commer-\\ncial agents when they are not able to perform their\\nduties. Ministers resident sometimes perform the\\nduties of consul.\\n410. Salary. All the consular officers receive\\nsuch compensation as Congress provides. Some offi-\\ncers receive $7,500, while others receive only $1,000.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0322.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 313\\nTREASURY DEPARTMENT.\\n411. Organization. The Treasury Department is\\none of the original departments and provisions were\\nmade for it at the time of the organization of the\\nNational government. The head of this department\\nis the Secretary of the Treasury.\\n412. Duties. The Secretary of the Treasury has\\nthe control and management of the entire financial\\nsystem of our government. It is his duty to look after\\nthe collection of revenues, operation of national\\nbanks, collection of internal revenues, coinage of\\nmoney, insjDection of steam vessels, the conduct of\\ncustom-houses, the marine hospital, life-saving service,\\nand coast surveys; to devise or suggest plaus for rais-\\ning revenues, and to manage the national debt. He\\nhas many and grave responsibilities, hardly suggested\\nhere.\\n413. Officers. To transact the business of the\\nTreasury Department, it requires more than seventy\\nofficers. Some of the principal officers are, two as-\\nsistant secretaries of the treasury, two comptrollers,\\nsix auditors, a treasurer, a register of the treasury, and\\nthe heads of the different bureaus.\\n414. Assistant Secretaries. It is the duty of\\nthe assistants to examine all letters, contracts, war-\\nrants, or other papers or documents prepared for the\\nsignature of the Secretary of State. They are ap-\\npointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate,\\nand receive $4,500 each.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0323.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314 A PEACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n415. Comptrollers. In the Treasury Department\\nthere are two comptrollers, designated as first and\\nsecond. They are appointed by the President and\\nconfirmed by the Senate. They each receive $5,000\\na year. The First Comptroller examines all accounts\\nsettled by the first and the fifth auditors, and counter-\\nsigns certain warrants drawn by the Secretary of the\\nTreasury. The Second Comptroller examines all ac-\\ncounts settled by the Second, Third, and Fourth\\nAuditors and countersigns warrants drawn by the\\nSecretaries of the War and the Navy departments.\\n416. Auditors. In the Treasury Department\\nthere are six auditors, appointed by the President\\nand confirmed by the Senate. Each receives $4,000\\na year.\\nFirst Auditor settles all accounts in the civil ser-\\nvice department, ail accounts of judges, marshals,\\nclerks, and all expenses of the United States courts,\\nnational debt, custom-houses, etc.\\nSecond Auditor settles all army accounts, Indian\\naccounts, and all accounts relating to the agents of\\nlead or other mines of the United States.\\nThird Auditor settles all accounts relative to the\\nsubsistence of the army, war claims, pensions, and\\nrelative to other claims for losses on account of trans-\\nportation.\\nFourth Auditor settles all accounts accruing in the\\nNavy Department or relating thereto; and all accounts\\nrelating to navy pensions.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0324.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 315\\nFifth Auditor settles all accounts relating to the\\nDepartment of State, internal revenues, census and\\nthe patent office.\\nSixth Auditor settles all accounts relating to the\\npostal service.\\nRemark: The duties of the above auditors could\\nnot be treated very fully here, as space would not\\npermit. On pages 46 and 47 of the United States Ee-\\nvised Statutes may be found their duties particular-\\nized.\\n417. Treasurer. In- the Treasury Department\\nthere is one treasurer, appointed by the President and\\nconfirmed by the Senate. He has personal charge of\\nthe money, gives bond in the sum of $150,000, and\\nis entitled to a salary of $6,500 a year. He has one\\nassistant appointed in the same manner as he is, who\\nreceives $2,800 a year. The treasurer receives all\\nmoney and disburses the same upon warrants drawn\\nby the Secretary of the Treasury, countersigned by\\neither of the comptrollers, and recorded by the regis-\\nter.\\n418. Register. The President, by and with the\\nconsent of the Senate, appoints a register in the\\nTreasury Department. His salary is $4,000 a year.\\nHe has one assistant appointed in the same manner\\nas he is. He registers all receipts and expenditures of\\npublic money, and all debts due to or from the United\\nStates. His books show at all times the financial con-\\ndition of the government.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0325.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "316 A PEACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\n419. Commissioner of Customs. The Commis-\\nsioner of Customs is appointed by the President and\\nconfirmed by the Senate. His salary is $4,000 a\\nyear. He has charge of the collection of all duties and\\ncustoms on goods shipped from foreign countries.\\n420. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue,\\nunder the direction of the Secretary of State, superin-\\ntends the assessment and collection of all duties and\\ntaxes imposed by law providing for internal revenues,\\nas revenues on tobacco, liquors, etc. He is appointed\\nby the President and confirmed by the Senate and re-\\nceives $6,000 a year.\\n421. The Comptroller of the Currency looks\\nafter the Xational Bank system of the United States.\\nThis officer is appointed by the President and con-\\nfirmed by the Senate. He serves for a term of five\\nyears at a salary of $5,000 a year. His bond is\\n$100,000. This department with all of its officers is\\ncalled a bureau.\\n422. Bureau of Statistics. The object of the\\nbureau of statistics is the collection, arrangement, and\\nclassification of such statistical information as may be\\nproduced, showing each year the condition of the man-\\nufactures, domestic trade, currency, and banks of the\\nseveral States and Territories. At the head of this\\nbureau is one division clerk, who receives $2,500 a\\nyear. He is appointed by the Secretary of the\\nTreasury.\\n423. Bureau of the Mint. At the head of this", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0326.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 31.7\\ndepartment is an officer, appointed by the President\\nand confirmed by the Senate, styled the Director\\nof the Mint. 1 His salary is $4,500 a year. He has\\ncharge of the coinage of money, and all assay offices\\nfor the stamping or making of coins.\\n424. Other Officers. There are other officers\\nwho look after the coast surveys, violations of revenue\\nlaws, crimes against the financial system of the United\\nStates, marine hospital, plans for all kinds of govern-\\nment buildings, and the execution of designs for\\nstamps, bank-bills, or any other designs for public\\ndocuments.\\nWAR DEPARTMENT.\\n425. Organization. The War Department is one\\nof the original divisions of our government. The\\nSecretary of War is the head of this department.\\n426. Duties. It is the duty of the Secretary of\\nWar to have charge of all the land forces, under the\\nmanagement of the President, to have the custody of\\nall books, papers and documents pertaining to his de-\\npartment, to superintend the expenditure of all money\\nappropriated by Congress for the improvement of\\nrivers, harbors, etc., of the United States; to super-\\nvise the transportation of all troops, munitions of war\\nand war supplies, to look after the establishment of\\nsignal stations, and to superintend the expenditure\\nof appropriations made for the military academy at\\nWest Point.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0327.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "318 A PRACTICAL TBEATISE OX THE\\n427. Officers. The Secretary of War has one as-\\nsistant at a salary of $4,500 a year. He performs such\\nduties as the secretary may assign to him. He also\\nhas an adjutant-general, quartermaster-general, pay-\\nmaster-general, inspector-general, commissary-gene-\\nral, jndge-advocate-general, surgeon-general, a chief\\nof engineers, chief of ordnance, and a military justice,\\nwith a number of clerks to assist each.\\n428. Duties of Officers. The Adjetayt-Geyeeal\\nissues the President s military orders, looks after army\\ncorrespondence, and keeps all records of the army.\\nThe Quaeteb^iastee-Geyeeae purchases and dis-\\ntributes to the army all the military stores and sup-\\nplies, furnishes means of transportation for the army\\nand army supplies, and looks after national ceme-\\nteries.\\nThe Paymastee-Geyebal has charge of the pay-\\nment of the army and of the officers of the military\\nacademy at West Point.\\nThe Iyseectoe-Geyebal looks after the inspection\\nof all army equipments.\\nThe Co^emissaby-Geyebal proyides all necessary\\nproYisions for the army.\\nThe Subgeoy-Geyebal has charge of the army\\nhospital and proyides medical aid for the army.\\nThe Chtee of Eygtyeees looks after the improYe-\\nment of forts, riYers, etc.\\nThe Chief of Oedyayce has to furnish guns, direct", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0328.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 319\\nthe construction of cannon, war devices, carriages,\\nammunition, wagons and other apparatus.\\nThe Judge- Ar vocate-Genekal has charge of the\\nprosecution of crimes committed in the army and to\\nreview sentences passed by military courts.\\n429. Military Academy. Congress has estab-\\nlished at West Point, in the State of New York, a mili-\\ntary academy for the purpose of training officers for\\nthe army. At the head of the school is a superin-\\ntendent who is assisted by about twenty-eight teachers.\\nThe corps of cadets consists of one from each con-\\ngressional district appointed by the congressman from\\nthe district, one from each Territory, one from the Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia, and ten from the United States at\\nlarge appointed by the President, and all subject to\\nexamination. Congress allows each cadet a sum of\\nmoney sufficient to defray his expenses while attend-\\ning school. Appointees must be between the ages of\\nseventeen and twenty-two.\\nDEPARTMENT OF JUSTSCE.\\n430. Organization. The .Department of Justice\\nis one of the original divisions of government. The\\nAttorney-General is the head of this department.\\n431. Duties. The Attorney-General appears as\\nattorney for the United States. He is the legal adviser\\nof the President and the heads of the Executive\\nDepartment that is, he shall give his opinion in writ-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0329.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ning concerning any points of law relative to the depart-\\nments.\\n432. Assistants. The Attorney-General has one\\nassistant called the Solicitor-General, appointed by the\\nPresident and confirmed by the Senate, who receives\\n$1,500 a year; three assistant attorneys-general, one\\nsolicitor of the treasury, one solicitor of internal -rev-\\nenue, one naval solicitor, and one examiner of claims.\\nThere are a number of clerks appointed to assist each\\nof the above officers in the performance of his duties.\\nPOST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.\\n433. Organization. Congress, i n 1829, provided\\nfor the establishment of the Post-Office Department.\\nThe Postmaster-General is the head of this depart-\\nment,\\n434. Duties. It is his duty to manage all affairs\\nrelating to the mail of our country, to establish and\\ndiscontinue post-offices, to establish post-roads, to ar-\\nrange for the carrying of the mail, to appoint all\\npostmasters whose salary is less than $1,000, to decide\\non forms of official papers, to look after the money\\norder systems, etc.\\n435. Divisions. The business of the Post-Office\\nDepartment is divided into the following departments,\\nwith a chief clerk or a superintendent at the head\\nof each\\nPost-office department, money order department,\\nforeign mail department, dead letter department, mail", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0330.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 321\\ndepredations and blank-agency. The duties belonging\\nto each of these divisions are clearly suggested by the\\nname.\\n436. Assistants. The assistants are appointed by\\nthe President and confirmed by the Senate and receive\\n$4,000 a year.\\nThe First Assistant manages the establishment\\nand discontinuance of post-offices, the appointment of\\npostmasters, the transportation of mail by steamers,\\ncontrol of foreign mail, and the distribution of sta-\\ntionery to the post-offices.\\nThe Second Assistant lets contracts for carrying\\nthe mails, agrees upon a time for the mail to arrive and\\ndepart, and the mode or means of conveying. By\\nan act of Congress all railroads are post-roads.\\nThe Third Assistant looks after the financial af-\\nfairs of the whole system. He provides all stamps\\nand stamped envelopes necessary to supply all post-\\noffices. All settlements by the postmasters through-\\nout the whole country are made with him.\\nNAVY DEPARTMENT.\\n437. Organization. Congress, in 1798, organized\\nthe Navy Department. The Secretary of the E avy\\nis the head of this department.\\n438. Duties. It is the duty- of the Secretary of\\nthe ISTavy to superintend the entire ]N~avy Department,\\nto look after the building of war vessels, to arrange for\\n21", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0331.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "322 A PEACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\nall necessary equipments for the navy, and to control\\nyards and docks, navigation, repair of steam vessels,\\nprovisions and clothing. He has charge of the Xaval\\nAcademy at Annapolis, Ikl., and the Xaval Observa-\\ntory at Washington.\\n439. Bureaus. The principal bureaus of the Navy\\nDepartment are as follows, with a chief clerk of each\\nappointed by the President and confirmed by the\\nSenate, whose duty it is to manage the business of\\nhis department as directed by the Secretary of the\\nNavy\\n(1.) Bureau of Yards and Docks. (2.) Bureau of\\nEquipments and Recruiting. (3.) Bureau of Naviga-\\ntion. (4.) Bureau of Ordnance. (5.) Bureau of\\nConstruction and Repairs. (6.) Bureau of Steam En-\\ngineering. (7.) Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. In\\neach of these bureaus there are a number of clerks who\\nassist in executing the business of the department.\\n440. Duties of Bureaus. The Bureau of Yards\\nand Docks has charge of the navy-yards, docks, naval\\nbuildings, wharves, asylums, and naval machinery.\\nThe Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting looks\\nafter all necessary supplies, such as fuel, sails, rigging,\\nanchors, seamen, sailors, and young men for the ser-\\nvice.\\nThe Bureau of Navigation has charge of the\\nXaval Academy, Xaval Observatory, and supplies all\\nvessels of war with appliances, such as maps, charts,\\nbooks, and nautical almanacs which are used by sailors.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0332.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEENMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 323\\nThe Bureau of Oednance has charge of the con-\\nstruction of guns, torpedoes and equipments and the\\ntesting of cannon.\\nThe Bueeau of Construction and Repairs looks\\nafter all repairs of naval equipments.\\nThe Bureau of Steam Engineering has the con-\\nstruction of all engines and machinery for the naval\\ndepartment.\\nThe Bureau of Peovisions and Clothing provides\\nall necessary provisions and clothing and distributes\\nthem to the naval forces.\\nThe Bueeau of Medicine and Suegeey has charge\\nof all medical aid and assistance for the naval forces,\\nsuch as the naval hospital, distribution of medicine,\\nstores, and instruments for medical work.\\n441. Naval Academy. The Naval Academy at\\nAnnapolis, Md., was established by the National gov-\\nernment and is for the education of officers for the\\nnavy, just as the Military Academy prepares them\\nfor the army. Cadets are appointed to the Naval\\nAcademy just as they are appointed to the Military\\nAcademy. There is a superintendent who has charge\\nand control of the school. He is assisted by a number\\nof other teachers. Each cadet receives a sufficient\\nsum of money to defray his necessary expenses at\\nschool.\\nINTERIOR DEPARTMENT.\\n442. Organization. Congress, in 1849, created", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0333.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "324: A PEACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nthe Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the\\nInterior is the head of the department. As the name\\nimplies this is the department of internal affairs, or the\\nhome department.\\n443. Duties.- The Secretary of the Interior is\\ncharged with the supervision of public business\\nlating to the following affairs:\\n3S re-\\n(1.) The census, when directed by law; (2) the\\npublic lands, including mines; (3) Indians; (L) pen-\\nsions and bounty-lands; (5) patents and copyrights\\nfor inventors and authors; (6) custody and distribu-\\ntion of publications; (7) education; (8) Government\\nHospital for the Insane; (9) Columbia Asylum for\\nthe Deaf and Dumb.\\nAt the head of each of the above bureaus, is a com-\\nmissioner or superintendent who is appointed by and\\nwith the advice and consent of the Senate.\\n444. General Land Office.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Commissioner\\nof the General Land Office has charge of the Govern-\\nment Land Surveys, organization of local land dis-\\ntricts, sale and disposal of public land, the issuing of\\npatents and grants, and he operates and manages pub-\\nlic mines. His salary is $1,000 a year. (See Govern-\\nment Land Survey by S. J. Blocher.)\\n445. Indian Affairs. The Commissioner of In-\\ndian Affairs has charge of all affairs relating to the\\ngovernment of the Indians. He makes treaties with.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0334.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 325\\nthem, looks after Indian lands, manages the trade with\\nthem, and issues rations and clothing for them.\\nIn different parts of the United States are large and\\nwell equipped schools for the Indians. These schools\\nare under the general supervision of the Commissioner\\nof Indian Affairs. Superintendents, principal teach-\\ners, other teachers, farmers, mechanics, matrons, and\\nothers are appointed by the government to have\\ncharge of these schools and to teach Indian children\\nthe above implied courses.\\n446. Pensions. The Commissioner of Pensions\\nhas charge of the examination of all pension claims,\\nand the granting or allowing of pensions. To secure\\na pension, an individual must present to the commis-\\nsioner, sufficient evidence to prove that he was in the\\nservice, that he contracted such disease or received\\nsuch injuries as set forth in his claims for such pen-\\nsion, and that it was the direct result of his disease or\\ninjury.\\n447. Patents. The Commissioner of Patents has\\ncharge of the granting of patents and copyrights to\\ninventors and authors. This is done to encourage dis-\\ncoveries, improvements, inventions and authorship in\\nour own country. A patent or a copyright gives the\\nperson exclusive sale, manufacture, and control of the\\ncopyright or patent for a certain number of years.\\nA. person may sell, dispose of, or convey a copyright\\nor a patent, the same as other property.\\nPatents are issued in the name of the United States", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0335.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326 A PEACTICAL TEEATISE OX THE\\nof America, for a term of seventeen years. To pro-\\ncure an ordinary patent, it usually costs about $60.\\nModels or sketches have to be made and sent to the\\ncommissioner, who makes an examination of the\\nrecords to see whether there are other things like it\\nalready patented. If the designs are found to be\\noriginal and nothing patented like them, on the re-\\nceipt of the legal fee, the patent is granted.\\nCopyrights are secured very much as a patent, but\\nthe cost is not so great. To secure a copyright, send\\nto the commissioner the title page of the book or the\\ndesign to be copyrighted, with one dollar, and if, on\\ninvestigation, he finds that you are entitled to a copy-\\nright, at his earliest couA enience, it will be issued.\\nAfter the book has been published the law requires\\ntwo copies to be deposited in the library of Congress.\\nA copyright is good for twenty-eight years and may\\nbe renewed for fourteen more.\\n448. Census. The Superintendent of Census is\\nappointed every ten years and continues in office until\\nthe work of taking the census has been completed,\\nwhich is required by law to be finished within three\\nyears. He superintends the taking of all the census\\nof the United States.\\n449. Documents. The Superintendent of Docu-\\nments looks after the distribution of all documents\\nprinted for the public.\\n450. Education. It is the duty of the Commis-\\nsioner of Education to collect statistics and facts show-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0336.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 327\\ning the condition and progress of education in the\\nUnited States and Territories, and to diffuse such in-\\nformation respecting the organization and manage-\\nment of schools and school-systems and methods of\\nteaching, as will aid the people of the United States\\nin the establishment and maintenance of efficient\\nschool-systems, and otherwise promote the cause of\\neducation throughout the country.\\n451. Returns Office. In this department, a clerk\\nis appointed whose duty it is to file away in a system-\\natic way all contracts made by the Secretary of War,\\nSecretary of the ^Tavy, and Secretary of the Interior,\\nso that at any time they may be easy of access.\\n452. Geological Survey., The Superintendent of\\nGeological Surveys has charge of this department.\\nHe sends out scientific men to explore the different\\nparts of the United States, to collect all information\\nconcerning animals of all the different ages, all facts\\nconcerning geology, natural resources of the country,\\nheights of mountains and their formation, and all\\nother facts that may be derived from the natural re-\\nsources of the country.\\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.\\n453- Organization. Congress, in 1889, organized\\nthis department. Prior to that time it was under the\\nmanagement of a commissioner of agriculture. The\\nSecretary of Agriculture is the head of this depart-\\nment.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0337.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n454. Duties. It is the duty of this department to\\ndiffuse among the people of the United States useful\\ninformation on subjects connected with agriculture,\\nin the most general and comprehensive sense of that\\nword, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among\\nthe people new and valuable seeds and plants. In the\\ninterest of all kinds of agricultural pursuits, he pub-\\nlishes and sends out the reports of the weather signal\\nservice.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. What does the word executive mean? 2. Who is at\\nthe head of our government? 3. How many Vice-Presidents\\nhave become President? 4. Give qualifications, term, and\\nsalary of President. 5. Who takes the President s place\\nin case of death? 6. If both the President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent should die, who becomes President and in what order?\\n7. Give duties of Vice-President. 8. What is his salary?\\n9. Explain (1) National committee, (2) campaign com-\\nmittee, (3) State committee, (4) other committees. 10.\\nExplain object of National Convention. 11. How many\\nmembers and how many from each State, Territory, and\\ncongressional district? 12. Explain how the call proceeds\\nfrom the highest to the lowest and the response from the\\nlowest to the highest. 13. Who calls the National Conven-\\ntion to order? 14. Who presides during the session? 15.\\nWhat is a platform and what a plank 16. What do\\nthese signify? 17. Explain the nomination for President.\\n18. Give in detail the manner of electing the presidential\\nelectors. 19. Explain how the electors elect the President.\\n20. Do electors have to vote for the candidate of the party\\nelecting them? 21. Explain how the officers shall be seated\\nat a joint meeting for counting the votes for President.\\n22. Why and how is the President elected by the House?\\n23. What is meant by the electoral and what by the popu-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0338.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 329\\nlar vote? 24. What is meant by a majority and what by a\\nplurality vote? 25. What is done if a State sends two sets\\nof electoral votes to Congress? 26. When is the President\\ninaugurated? 27. Who administers the oath? 28. Repeat\\nthe oath. 29. What is the President s address called and\\nwhat does it contain? 30. Where does the President reside?\\n31. Give President s household officers and salary of each.\\n32. Why does the President give receptions? 33. What is\\nmeant by an administration? 34. What office is the highest\\nin the gift of the people? 35. Explain why it is the most\\nresponsible position. 36. Why is the President Commander-\\nin-Chief of the army and navy? 37. Why does the Presi-\\ndent require written information from the heads of depart-\\nments? 38. Give some of the powers of the President. 39.\\nWhat is meant by pardons and reprieves 40. What\\nofficers has he power to appoint by and with the advice\\nof the Senate? 41. Give duties of the President and explain\\neach. 42. What is the object of a Cabinet? 43. How many\\nmembers are there? 44. What object does the President\\nkeep in view when selecting his Cabinet? 45. Give heads\\nof departments in the order in which they would become\\nPresident. 46. If both the President and Vice-President\\ndie, and the members of the Cabinet in the order of succes-\\nsion fail to have the required qualifications, what would\\nbe the result? 47. How many members of Washington s\\nfirst Cabinet? 48. Give them and also salary of members\\nof Cabinet. 49. Explain departmental regulations, Cabinet\\nmeetings, and reports. 50. When was the Department of\\nState organized and who is the head thereof? 51. Give\\nsubordinate officers. 52. What are the duties of Secretary\\nof State? 53. What are passports? 54. What is meant by\\na bureau 55. Name the diplomatic officers. 56. Give\\ndifference, if any. 57. -Give duties of diplomatic officers.\\n58. Explain the difference between consuls and diplomats.\\n59. What is a consular district? 60. What is the object\\nof the consular service? 61. What compensation do con-\\nsular officers receive? 62. Do diplomats ever perform the", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0339.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "330 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nduties of consuls? 63. When was the Treasury Department\\norganized? 64. Give duties. 65. Name some of the officers.\\n66. Give duties of (1) Assistants, (2) Comptrollers, (3)\\nFirst Auditor, (4) Second Auditor, (5) Third Auditor, (6)\\nFourth Auditor, (7) Fifth Auditor, (8) Sixth Auditor, (9)\\nTreasurer, (10) Register. 67. What are the duties of the\\ncommissioners of customs, and internal revenues? 68.\\nGive duties of (1) Comptroller of the Currency, (2) Bureau\\nof Statistics, (3) Bureau of the Mint. 69. When was the\\nWar Department organized? 70. Give duties. 71. Who are\\nthe officers of the War Department? 72. Give duties of\\neach officer. 73. Where is the Military Academy? 74.\\nWhat is the object of it? 75. Explain the appointment of\\ncadets and how many. 76. When was the Department of\\nJustice organized and who is the head thereof? 77. What\\nare the duties? 78. What other officers belong to this\\ndepartment? 79. When was the Post-Office Department\\norganized, and who is the head thereof? 80. What are the\\nduties of this department? 81. Give divisions of this de-\\npartment and duties of each. 82. What compensation do\\nthe assistants receive? 83. When was the Navy Depart-\\nment organized, and who is the head thereof? 84. What\\nare the duties of this department? 85. Give bureaus of\\nthis department and duties of each. 86. Where is the Naval\\nAcademy? 87. Explain it. 88. When was the Interior\\nDepartment organized, and who is the head thereof? 89.\\nGive duties of this department. 90. Give duties of the fol-\\nlowing bureaus: (1) General Land Office, (2) Indian Affairs,\\n(3) Pensions, (4) Patents and Copyrights, and explain how\\nthey may be obtained, and for what purpose, (5) Census,\\n(6) Documents, (7) Education, (8) Returns Office, (9) Geo-\\nlogical Survey. 91. When was the Department of Agricul-\\nture organized, and who is the head thereof? 92. What are\\nthe duties? 93. Why does the Secretary of Agriculture\\nsend out various kinds of seed to the people of the United\\nStates? 94. What officer in your State corresponds to the\\nSecretary of Agriculture? 95. If you wished to procure a", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0340.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 331\\npatent or a copyright, to whom would you apply? 96. How\\nwould you address your letter? 97. To whom would you\\napply for a pension? 98. Suppose you wanted a public\\ndocument, to whom would you write?* 99. Suppose you\\nwished to know something of a former treaty, to whom\\nshould you apply?\\nBy act of Congress, the sale of the Revised Statutes,\\nStatutes at Large, and pamphlet leaves has been transferred\\nfrom the Department of State to Superintendent of Docu-\\nments, Union Building, Washington, D. C.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0341.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\n^ePFitoie!\\n455. Object. All of the territory belonging to\\nthe United States is, and of necessity must be, under\\nsome kind of government. It would not be right, of\\ncourse, to admit a Territory into the Union, and allow\\nit representation in Congress, when the population\\nwould not justify it. (See Art. 465.) This would\\nbring about unequal representation. In order to pro-\\nvide for the government of such divisions of the public\\ndomain as may be designated as a Territory, Congress\\nhas provided a Territorial Government and passed\\nTerritorial Laws, applicable to all the Territories,\\nand for their government until the population of the\\nTerritory has increased to such an extent as to allow\\nit representation in Congress. The boundaries of\\nthese Territories are fixed by law and the government\\nestablished by act of Congress.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n456. Legislative Power. The legislative power\\nin each Territory is vested in the Governor and a Leg-", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0342.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 333\\nislative Assembly, which consists of two branches, a\\nCouncil and a House of Kepresentatives.\\n457. Council. The Council usually consists\\nof twelve members who are appointed by the Presi-\\ndent by and with the consent of the Senate, serve for\\ntwo years, and receive six dollars per day and such\\nmileage as may be provided. The Council corresponds\\nto our upper house, or Senate. The President of the\\nCouncil presides and receives as his compensation ten.\\ndollars per day.\\n458. Representatives. The House of Kepresen-\\ntatives is composed of twenty-four members elected\\nby the qualified electors of the Territory. The law\\nrequires the Governor, immediately after his appoint-\\nment, to cause the census of the people to be taken and\\nto apportion the twenty-four members of the House\\namong the various counties of the Territory. They\\nare then elected by the people for a term of two years,\\nreceive six dollars per day and mileage, and must\\nreside in the county from which they are elected.\\nThe Speaker of the House presides and receives ten\\ndollars per day.\\n459. Passage of Bills. Every bill which passes\\neach branch of a Territorial Legislature must be pre-\\nsented to the Governor for his approval or disapproval.\\nIf he does not sign the bill, he must return it with his\\nobjections to the house in which it originated. If,\\nafter reconsideration, both houses pass it by a two-\\nthirds vote, it becomes a law as provided further on.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0343.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "334 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nIf any bill be not returned by the Governor within\\nthree days, Sundays excepted, it becomes a law, in\\nlike manner as if he had signed it.\\nAll laws passed by the Legislative Assembly of any\\nTerritory must be submitted to Congress, and if dis-\\napproved, are null and of no effect.\\n460. Sessions. At the seat of government of\\neach Territory, the Legislature thereof holds biennial\\nsessions. Each assembly fixes its own time for begin-\\nning; but the United States laws provide that no\\nsession shall be longer than forty days.\\n461. Subordinate Officers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The officers of a\\nTerritorial Legislature are: one chief clerk, whose\\nsalary is $8 a day; one assistant clerk, one enrolling\\nclerk, one engrossing clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, one\\ndoorkeeper, one messenger, and one watchman, each\\nof whom receives $5 a day. Their duties are sug-\\ngested by their names.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n462. Courts.- The Territorial Courts have been\\nexplained under the head of United States Courts\\n(which see). However, we will give here a summary.\\nThe Supreme Court of every Territory consists of\\none chief justice and two associates, any two of whom\\nconstitute a quorum. Their salaries are $3,000 a year.\\nThey hold one term of court annually at the seat of\\ngovernment. The President, by and with the advice\\nof the Senate, appoints them for a term of four years.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0344.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 335\\nEvery Territory is divided into three districts, and\\na district court held in each by one of the justices of\\nthe Supreme Court at such time and place as may be\\nprescribed by law, and each judge, after assignment,\\nmust reside in the district to which he is assigned.\\nThere is appointed in each Territory a person\\nlearned in the law, to act as attorney for the United\\nStates. He continues in office for four years.\\nThe United States marshal for the Territory is\\nappointed by the President for a term of four years.\\nHis duties are the same as any other United States\\nmarshal.\\nThe Territorial Legislature has power to establish\\nsuch inferior courts as may be necessary. Congress\\nhas provided for justices courts like those of the\\nStates.\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n463. Governor* The executive power of each\\nTerritory is vested in a Governor, who is appointed\\nby the President and confirmed by the Senate. He\\nholds his office for a term of four years^ must reside in\\nthe Territory for which he is appointed, and is com-\\nmander-in-chief of the militia. He has power to grant\\npardons and reprieves and remit fines for offences\\nagainst the laws of Congress till the decision of the\\nPresident can be made known thereon. The Governor\\nhas power also to appoint a number of subordinate\\nofficers, such as a secretary, who performs such duties", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0345.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "336 A PRACTICAL TEEATISE OS THE\\nas belong to the secretaries of States, and who, in\\ncase of death, resignation; or removal from office of\\nthe Governor becomes the Chief Executive; also an\\nauditor, a treasurer, a superintendent of public in-\\nstruction, etc., whose duties are suggested by the\\nname.\\n464. Counties and Townships. Territories are\\nsubdivided into counties and townships exactly as our\\nStates, and serve the same purpose. In each county\\nand township there are officers elected by the qualified\\nvoters just as they are in the States. These county\\nofficers assist in executing all laws passed by Congress\\napplicable to the Territory and all laws passed by\\nthe Legislature thereof just as the county officers\\nof each State execute its laws.\\n465. Representation in Congress. Every Terri-\\ntory has a right to send a delegate to the House of Rep-\\nresentatives. He is elected by the qualified electors\\nof the Territory, and serves for a term of two years.\\nEach delegate has a right to debate and discuss ques-\\ntions, but has no right to vote.\\nALASKA.\\n466. Special Territories. Some of the Terri-\\ntories of the United States are under a form of gov-\\nernment provided especially for them. Alaska is a\\nTerritory of this kind and has a special form of gov-\\nernment.\\n467. Districts. All of the territory of Alaska", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0346.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 337\\nis organized into a civil and judicial district, with the\\nseat of government at Sitka.\\n468c Governor. For this district, a Governor is\\nappointed by the President and confirmed by the\\nSenate. He holds his office for a term of four years and\\nmust reside in the district. He is required to see\\nthat all laws are properly executed, and to perforin\\nall duties that belong to a Governor of any other Ter-\\nritory. He is commander-in-chief of the militia and\\nhas power to call it out at any time.\\n469. Courts. Alaska constitutes one judicial dis-\\ntrict, in which a judge is appointed, who- holds two\\nterms of court each year, one at Sitka and the other\\nat Wrangel. He may hold special sessions of court\\nat other places if he deems it necessary for the dis-\\npatch of business.\\nA clerk, who is ex officio secretary and treasurer,\\nan attorney and a marshal are appointed for this dis-\\ntrict.\\n470. Commissioners. The President appoints\\nfour commissioners for the district of Alaska, who exer-\\ncise all the duties and powers, both civil and criminal,\\nnow conferred on a justice of the peace of Oregon.\\nThese commissioners must reside in Alaska and hold\\ntheir terms of court one at Sitka, one at Wrangel,\\none at Oonalaska, and one at Juneau City. There is\\none deputy marshal at each of these places.\\n471. Legislative Department. The district of\\n22", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0347.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338 A PE ACTIO AL TREATISE ON THE\\nAlaska lias no legislative department. The laws of\\nOregon are declared to be the laws of Alaska in so far\\nas they are applicable.\\n472. Appointment. All of the officers provided\\nfor in the above article that is, the governor, judge,\\nattorney, marshal, clerk, and commissioners are ap-\\npointed for a term of four years by the President by\\nand with the advice and consent of the Senate.\\nINDIAN TERRITORY.\\n473. Government. In 1832, Congress set apart\\nthe Indian Territory as the home of the Indian. Con-\\ngress from time to time had bought out different tribes\\nof Indians and the white man had so encroached upon\\ntheir territory as to make it necessary that Congress\\nmake some provision for their colonization, hence the\\nIndian Territory was set apart for this purpose.\\n474. Tribes. The Indian Territory is settled by\\ntribes, as, for example, the Choctaws, Cherokees, etc.\\nThe United States government exercises jurisdiction\\nover and superintends the general affairs of the Terri-\\ntory that is, it requires the Indians to live consistent\\nwith the laws of our government. But the tribes are\\nallowed to manage their own local affairs, pass or make\\ntheir own laws, and punish offences against them.\\nEach tribe, at present, still has its Indian chief, who\\nis the highest officer of the tribe and who has the gen-\\neral management of the affairs of his people.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0348.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 339\\nDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.\\n475. Government. The District of Columbia is\\nunder the control of Congress. Three commissioners\\nare appointed by the President by and with the con-\\nsent of the Senate. These commissioners administer\\nthe affairs of the District. The people have no voice\\nin the affairs of our government. By act of Con-\\ngress, it is the permanent seat of government, and can\\nnever become a State.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\n1. Why have we organized Territories? 2. Why are they\\nnot admitted into the Union? 3. When may a Territory be\\nadmitted into the Union? 4. In what is the legislative\\npower of a Territory vested? 5. How many members of\\nthe Council and how are they chosen? 6. To what do they\\ncorrespond in the State? 7. How many Representatives-\\nand how are they chosen? 8. To what do they correspond\\nin the State? 9. Who presides over each body and how\\nmuch do they receive per day? 10. How much do members\\nreceive per day? 11. Explain how bills are passed. 12.\\nHow often does the Legislature meet, and where? 13. How\\nlong may it hold? 14. How many judges of a Territorial\\ncourt? 15. How are they appointed, how long do they\\nserve, and how much do they receive? 16. How are Terri-\\ntories divided and who holds the courts in these divisions?\\n17. What other officers are appointed in the Territory? 18.\\nWhat is the Chief Executive of a Territory called? 19.\\nHow is he appointed and for what length of time? 20.\\nGive some of his duties. 21. What subordinate officers are\\nappointed by him? 22. What are the subdivisions of the\\nTerritory? 23. How many Representatives in Congress has\\na Territory, and what powers have such Representatives?", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0349.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\n24. Are all Territories governed alike? 25. How many dis-\\ntricts in Alaska? 26. How is the Chief Executive chosen?\\nand give his duties. 27. Explain the judicial system of\\nAlaska. 28. What is the object of commissioners, and how\\nmany? 29. Has Alaska a legislative department, if not,\\nhow can they get along without it? 30. When was the\\nIndian Territory set apart for the Indians, and why? 31.\\nWhat does our government have to do with it? 32. Do the\\ntribes govern themselves? 33. Who is the highest officer?\\n34. Explain how the District of Columbia is governed. 35.\\nHave the people a voice in the affairs of our government?", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0350.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 341\\nConstitution of the United States.\\nPREAMBLE.\\nWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a\\nmore perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran-\\nquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the gene-\\nral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves\\nand our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution\\nfor the United States of America.\\nARTICLE I. Legislative Depaetment.\\nSection I. Congress in General.\\nAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a\\nCongress of the United States, which shall consist of a\\nSenate and House of Representatives.\\nSection II. House of Representatives.\\nClause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed\\nof members chosen every second year by the people of the\\nseveral States; and the electors in each State shall have the\\nqualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous\\nbranch of the State Legislature.\\nClause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall\\nnot have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been\\nseven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall\\nnot, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which\\nhe shall be chosen.\\nClause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor-\\ntioned among the several States which may be included\\nwithin this Union, according to their respective numbers,\\nwhich shall be determined by adding to the whole number", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0351.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "342 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nof free persons, including those bound to service for a term\\nof years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all\\nother persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within\\nthree years after the first meeting of the Congress of the\\nUnited States, and within every subsequent term of ten\\nyears, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The\\nnumber of representatives shall not exceed one for every\\nthirty- thousand, but each State shall have at least one\\nrepresentative; and until such enumeration shall be made,\\nthe State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose\\nthree, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence\\nPlantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jer-\\nsey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,\\nVirginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and\\nGeorgia three.\\nClause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation\\nfrom any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue\\nwrits of election to fill such vacancies.\\nClause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their\\nspeaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of\\nimpeachment.\\nSection III. Senate.\\nClause 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com-\\nposed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legis-\\nlature thereof for six years, and each senator shall have\\none vote.\\nClause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in\\nconsequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as\\nequally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the sen-\\nators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of\\nthe second year, of the second class at the expiration of the\\nfourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the\\nsixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second\\nyear; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise,\\nduring the recess of the Legislature of any State, the\\nexecutive thereof may make temporary appointments until", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0352.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 343\\nthe next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill\\nsuch vacancies.\\nClause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have\\nattained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a\\ncitizen of the United States, and who shall not, when\\nelected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall\\nbe chosen.\\nClause 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be\\npresident of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they\\nbe equally divided.\\nClause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and\\nalso a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-\\nPresident, or when he shall exercise the office of President\\nof the United States.\\nClause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all\\nimpeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be\\non oath or affirmation. When the President of the United\\nStates is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person\\nshall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds\\nof the members present.\\nClause 7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not ex-\\ntend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica-\\ntion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit\\nunder the United States; but the party convicted shall,\\nnevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial,\\njudgment, and punishment according to law.\\nSection IV. Both Houses.\\nClause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elec-\\ntions for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in\\neach State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may\\nat any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except\\nas to the place of choosing senators.\\nClause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in\\nevery year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in\\nDecember, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0353.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "344 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nSection V. Tlie Houses Separately.\\nClause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections,\\nreturns, and qualifications of its own members, and a ma-\\njority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but\\na smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may\\nbe authorized to compel the attendance of absent members,\\nin such manner and under such penalties as each house may\\nprovide.\\nClause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its pro-\\nceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and\\nwith the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.\\nClause 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-\\nings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting\\nsuch parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and\\nthe yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any\\nquestion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present,\\nbe entered on the journal.\\nClause 4. Neither house during the session of Congress\\nshall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more\\nthan three days, nor to any other place than that in which\\nthe two houses shall be sitting.\\nSection VI. Disabilities of Members.\\nClause 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a,\\ncompensation for their services, to be ascertained by law,\\nand paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They\\nshall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the\\npeace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at\\nthe session of their respective houses, and in going to or\\nreturning from the same; and for any speech or debate in\\neither house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.\\nClause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the\\ntime for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil\\noffice under the authority of the United States, which shall\\nhave been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0354.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 345\\nbeen increased, during such time; and no person holding\\nany office under the United States shall he a member of\\neither house during his continuance in office.\\nSection VII. Mode of Passing Laws.\\nClause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in\\nthe House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose\\nor concur with amendments, as on other bills.\\nClause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of\\nRepresentatives and the Senate shall, before it become a\\nlaw, be presented to the President of the United States; if\\nhe approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it,\\nwith his objections, to that house in which it shall have\\noriginated, who shall enter the objections at large on their\\njournal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon-\\nsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the\\nbill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the\\nother house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and\\nif approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a\\nlaw. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall\\nbe determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per-\\nsons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the\\njournal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be\\nreturned by the President within ten days (Sundays ex-\\ncepted) after it shall. have been presented to him, the same\\nshall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless\\nthe Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in\\nwhich case it shall not be a law.\\nClause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the\\nconcurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives\\nmay be necessary (except on a question of adjournment)\\nshall be presented to the President of the United States; and\\nbefore the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him,\\nor, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-\\nthirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, accord-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0355.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "346 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ning to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a\\nbill.\\nSection VIII. Powers Granted to Congress.\\nThe Congress shall have power\\nClause 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and\\nexcises; to pay the debts and provide for the common de-\\nfence and general welfare of the United States; but all\\nduties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout\\nthe United States]\\nClause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United\\nStates;\\nClause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and\\namong the several States, and with the Indian tribes;\\nClause 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization\\nand uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, through-\\nout the United States;\\nClause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of\\nforeign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;\\nClause 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting\\nthe securities and current coin of the United States;\\nClause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;\\nClause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful\\narts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors\\nthe exclusive right to their respective writings and dis-\\ncoveries;\\nClause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme\\nCourt;\\nClause 10. To define and punish felonies committed on\\nthe high seas, and offences against the law of nations;\\nClause 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and re-\\nprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and\\nwater;\\nClause 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropria-\\ntion of money to that use shall be for a longer term than\\ntwo years;\\nClause 13. To provide and maintain a navy;", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0356.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 347\\nClause 14. To make rules for the government and regula-\\ntion of the land and naval forces;\\nClause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to exe-\\ncute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel\\ninvasions;\\nClause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis-\\nciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as\\nmay be employed in the service of the United States, re-\\nserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the\\nofficers and the authority of training the militia according\\nto the discipline prescribed by Congress;\\nClause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases\\nwhatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles\\nsquare) as may, by cession of particular States and the ac-\\nceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the\\nUnited States, and to exercise like authority over all places\\npurchased, by consent of the Legislature of the State in\\nwhich the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines,\\narsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and\\nClause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and\\nproper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and\\nall other powers vested by this Constitution in the govern-\\nment of the United States, or in any department or officer\\nthereof.\\nSection IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Powers Denied to the United States.\\nClause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as\\nany of the States now existing shall think proper to admit\\nshall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one\\nthousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may\\nbe imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars\\nfor each person.\\nClause 2. The privilege of the writ of liaoeas corpus shall\\nnot be suspended unless when, in the case of rebellion or\\ninvasion, the public safety may require it.\\nClause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall\\nbe passed.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0357.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "348 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nClause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid,\\nunless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein\\nbefore directed to be taken.\\nClause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported\\nfrom any State.\\nClause 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation\\nof commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those\\nof another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be\\nobliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.\\nClause 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury\\nbut in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a\\nregular statement and account of the receipts and expendi-\\ntures of all public money shall be published from time to\\ntime.\\nClause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the\\nUnited States; and no person holding any office of profit or\\ntrust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress,\\naccept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind\\nwhatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.\\nSection X. Powers Denied to the States.\\nClause 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or\\nconfederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin\\nmoney; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and\\nsilver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of\\nattainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga-\\ntion of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.\\nClause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Con-\\ngress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports except\\nwhat may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspec-\\ntion laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts\\nlaid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use\\nof the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall\\nbe subject to the revision and control of the Congress.\\nClause 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress,\\nlay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time\\nof peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0358.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEBNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 349\\nState or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless ac-\\ntually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not\\nadmit of delays.\\nARTICLE II. Executive Department.\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President and Vice-President.\\nClause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Presi-\\ndent of the United States of America. He shall hold his\\noffice during the term of four years, and, together with the\\nVice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol-\\nlows:\\nClause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the\\nLegislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal\\nto the whole number of senators and representatives to\\nwhich the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no\\nsenator or representative, or person holding an office of\\ntrust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed\\nan elector.\\nClause 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States,\\nand vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least\\nshall not be an inhabitant of the same State with them-\\nselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted\\nfor, and of the number of votes for each; which list they\\nshall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of\\nthe government of the United States, directed to the Presi-\\ndent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in\\nthe presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,\\nopen all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.\\nThe person having the greatest number of votes shall be\\nPresident, if such number be a majority of the whole num-\\nber of electors appointed; and if there be more than one\\nwho have such majority, and have an equal number of\\nvotes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately\\nchoose by ballot one of them for President; and if no per-\\nson have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list,\\nthe said House shall in like manner choose the President.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0359.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OjST THE\\nBut in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by-\\nStates, the representation from each State having one vote,\\na quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or\\nmembers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of\\nall the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case,\\nafter the choice of the President, the person having the\\ngreatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-\\nPresident. But if there should remain two or more who\\nhave equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by\\nballot the Vice-President.*\\nClause 4. The Congress may determine the time of choos-\\ning the electors, and the day on which they shall give their\\nvotes, which day shall be the same throughout the United\\nStates.\\nClause 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a\\ncitizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of\\nthis Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;\\nneither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall\\nnot have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been\\nfourteen years a resident within the United States.\\nClause 6. In case of the removal of the President from\\noffice, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge\\nthe powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de-\\nvolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law\\nprovide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in-\\nability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring\\nwhat officer shall then act as President; and such officer\\nshall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a\\nPresident shall be elected.\\nClause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for\\nhis services a compensation, which shall neither be in-\\ncreased nor diminished during the period for which he shall\\nhave been elected, and he shall not receive within that\\nperiod any other emolument from the United States, or any\\nof them.\\nAltered by the 12th Amendment.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0360.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 351\\nClause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office,\\nhe shall take the following oath or affirmation:\\nI do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully\\nexecute the office of President of the United States, and will,\\nto the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the\\nConstitution of the United States.\\nSection II. Powers of the President.\\nClause 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of\\nthe army and navy of the United States and of the militia\\nof the several States, when called into the actual service of\\nthe United States; he may require the opinion in writing\\nof the principal officer in each of the executive departments,\\nupon any subject relating to the duties of their respective\\noffices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par-\\ndons for offences against the United States, except in cases\\nof impeachment.\\nClause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice\\nand consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-\\nthirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nomi-\\nnate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate\\nshall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con-\\nsuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of\\nthe United States, whose appointments are not herein other-\\nwise provided for, and which shall be established by law;\\nbut the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such\\ninferior officers as they think proper in the President alone,\\nin the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.\\nClause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all\\nvacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate,\\nby granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of\\ntheir next session.\\nSection III. Duties of the President.\\nHe shall, from time to time, give to the Congress informa-\\ntion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their con-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0361.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352 A PRACTICAL TSEATISE ON THE\\nsideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and\\nexpedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene\\nboth houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement\\nbetween them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he\\nmay adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;\\nhe shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he\\nshall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and\\nshall commission all the officers of the United States.\\nSection IV. Impeachment of the President.\\nThe President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the\\nUnited States, shall be removed from office on impeachment\\nfor and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes\\nand misdemeanors.\\nARTICLE III. Judicial Department.\\nSection I. United States Courts.\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall be vested in\\none Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress\\nmay from time to time ordain and establish. The judges,\\nboth of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their\\noffices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, re-\\nceive for their services a compensation, which shall not be\\ndiminished during their continuance in office.\\nSection II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts.\\nClause 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in\\nlaw and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of\\nthe United States, and treaties made, or which shall be\\nmade, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassa-\\ndors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of ad-\\nmiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to\\nwhich the United States shall be a party; to controversies\\nbetween two or more States; between a State and citizens of\\nanother State; between citizens of different States; between", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0362.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 353\\ncitizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of\\ndifferent States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof,\\nand foreign States, citizens, or subjects.*\\nClause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public\\nministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be\\nparty, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.\\nIn all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court\\nshall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,\\nwith such exceptions and under such regulations as the\\nCongress shall make.\\nClause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im-\\npeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in\\nthe State where the said crimes shall have been committed;\\nbut when not committed within any State, the trial shall\\nbe at such place or places as the Congress may by law have\\ndirected.\\nSection III. Treason.\\nClause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist\\nonly in levying war against them, or in adhering to their\\nenemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be\\nconvicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit-\\nnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.\\nClause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the\\npunishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall\\nwork corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the\\nlife of the person attainted.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nSection I. State Records.\\nFull faith and credit shall be given in each State to the\\npublic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other\\nState. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe\\nAltered by the 11th Amendment.\\n23", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0363.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "354 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OH THE\\nthe manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings\\nshall be proved, and the effect thereof.\\nSection II. Privileges of Citizens, etc.\\nClause 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all\\nprivileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.\\nClause 2. A person charged in any State with treason,\\nfelony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be\\nfound in another State, shall, on demand of the executive\\nauthority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,\\nto be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.\\nClause 3. No person held to service or labor in one State,\\nunder the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in con-\\nsequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged\\nfrom such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on\\nclaim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.\\nSection III. l\\\\ T ew States and Territories.\\nClause 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress\\ninto this Union, but no new State shall be formed or erected\\nwithin the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be\\nformed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of\\nStates, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States\\nconcerned, as well as of the Congress.\\nClause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and\\nmake all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter-\\nritory or other property belonging to the United States;\\nand nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to\\nprejudice any claims of the United States or of any par-\\nticular State.\\nSection IV. Guarantee to the States.\\nThe United States shall guarantee to every State in this\\nUnion a republican form of government, and shall protect\\neach of them against invasion; and, on application of the\\nLegislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature can-\\nnot be convened), against domestic violence.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0364.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 355\\nARTICLE V. Power of Amendment.\\nThe Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall\\ndeem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con-\\nstitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-\\nthirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro-\\nposed amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to\\nall intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when\\nratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several\\nStates, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the\\none or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by\\nCongress; provided, that no amendment which may be made\\nprior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight\\nshall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in\\nthe ninth section of the first Article; and that no State,\\nwithout its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage\\nin the Senate.\\nARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitu-\\ntion, Oath of Office, Religious Test.\\nClause 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered\\ninto before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as\\nvalid against the United States under this Constitution as\\nunder the Confederation.\\nClause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United\\nStates which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all\\ntreaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority\\nof the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land;\\nand the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any-\\nthing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the con-\\ntrary notwithstanding.\\nClause 3. The senators and representatives before men-\\ntioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures,\\nand all executive and judicial officers, both of the United\\nStates and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or\\naffirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0365.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "356 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ntest shall ever be required as a qualification to any office\\nor public trust under the United States.\\nARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution.\\nThe ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be\\nsufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between\\nthe States so ratifying the same.\\nDone in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States\\npresent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of\\nour Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven,\\nand of the Independence of the United States of America\\nthe twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto sub-\\nscribed our names.\\nGeoege Washington, President and Deputy from Virginia.\\n[Here follow signatures of other deputies.]\\nAttest, William Jackson, Secretary.\\nAMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.\\nAeticle I. Freedom of Religion, etc.\\nCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment\\nof religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or\\nabridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the\\nright of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition\\nthe government for a redress of grievances.\\nAeticle II. Right to Bear Arms.\\nA well-regulated militia being necessary to the security\\nof a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear\\narms shall not be infringed.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0366.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 357\\nAeticle V. Trial for Crime, etc.\\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-\\nwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment\\nof a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval\\nforces, or in the militia when in active service in time of\\nwar or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for\\nthe same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;\\nnor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness\\nagainst himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,\\nwithout due process of law; nor shall private property be\\ntaken for public use without just compensation.\\nAeticle VI. Rights of Accused Persons.\\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the\\nright to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of\\nthe State and district wherein the crime shall have been\\ncommitted, which district shall have been previously ascer-\\ntained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause\\nof the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses\\nagainst him; to have compulsory process for obtaining\\nwitnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of coun-\\nsel for his defence.\\nAeticle VII. Suits at Common Law.\\nIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy\\nshall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall\\nbe preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be other-\\nwise re-examined in any court of the United States than\\naccording to the rules of the common law.\\nAeticle VIII. Excessive Bail.\\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines\\nimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0367.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "358 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nAeticle IX.\\nThe enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights\\nshall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained\\nby the people.\\nAeticle X.\\nThe powers not granted to the United States by the Con-\\nstitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to\\nthe States respectively or to the people.\\nAeticle XL\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall not be con-\\nstrued to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or\\nprosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of\\nanother State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.\\nAeticle XII. Mode of Choosing the President and Vice-\\nPresident.\\nClause 1. The electors shall meet in their respective States,\\nand vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of\\nwhom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State\\nwith themselves; they shall name in their ballots the per-\\nson voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person\\nvoted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct\\nlists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons\\nvoted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for\\neach, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit,\\nsealed, to the seat of government of the United States,\\ndirected to the President of the Senate; the President of\\nthe Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House\\nof Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes\\nshall then be counted; the person having the greatest num-\\nber of votes for President shall be the President, if such a\\nnumber be a majority of the whole number of electors ap-\\npointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0368.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVEKNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 359\\npersons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three,\\non the list of those voted for as President, the House of\\nRepresentatives shall choose immediately by ballot the\\nPresident. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be\\ntaken by States, the representation from each State having\\none vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem-\\nber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a ma-\\njority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And\\nif the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi-\\ndent, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them,\\nbefore the fourth day of March next following, then the\\nVice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the\\ndeath or other constitutional disability of the President.\\nClause 2. The person having the greatest number of votes\\nas Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such num-\\nber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed,\\nand if no person have a majority, then from the two highest\\nnumbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-Presi-\\ndent; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds\\nof the whole number of senators, and a majority of the\\nwhole number shall be necessary to a choice.\\nClause 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the\\noffice of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President\\nof the United States.\\nArticle XIV.\\nSection 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United\\nStates, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens\\nof the United States and of the State wherein they reside.\\nNo State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge\\nthe privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;\\nnor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or\\nproperty, without due process of law, nor deny to any per-\\nson within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\\nSection 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among\\nthe several States according to their respective numbers,\\ncounting the whole number of persons in each State, ex-", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0369.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "360 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OX THE\\neluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at\\nany election for the choice of electors for President and\\nVice-President of the United States, representatives in Con-\\ngress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the\\nmembers of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the\\nmale members of such State, being twenty-one years of age,\\nand citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged,\\nexcept for participation in rebellion or other crime, the\\nbasis of representation therein shall be reduced in the pro-\\nportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to\\nthe whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age\\nin such State.\\nSection 3. No person shall be a senator or representative\\nin Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or\\nhold any office, civil or military, under the United States,\\nor under any State, who, having previously taken an oath,\\nas a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United\\nStates, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an\\nexecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con-\\nstitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insur-\\nrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com-\\nfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of\\ntwo-thirds of each house, remove such disability.\\nSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the United\\nStates, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay-\\nment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing\\ninsurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But\\nneither the United States nor any State shall assume or\\npay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection\\nor rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the\\nloss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obliga-\\ntions, and claims shall be held illegal and void.\\nSection 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by\\nappropriate legislation the provisions of this article.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0370.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 361\\nThe Articles of Confederation,\\nArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States\\nof New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Provi-\\ndence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-\\nvania, Delaware, 3Iaryland,_ Virginia, North Carolina, South\\nCarolina, and Georgia.\\nARTICLE I.\\nThe style of this Confederacy shall be, The United\\nStates of America.\\nARTICLE II.\\nEach State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independ-\\nence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not\\nby this Confederation expressly delegated to the United\\nStates in Congress assembled.\\nARTICLE III.\\nThe said States hereby severally enter into a firm league\\nof friendship with each other, for the common defence, the\\nsecurity of their liberties, and their mutual and general wel-\\nfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all\\nforce offered to, or attacks made upon, them, or any of\\nthem, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any\\nother pretence whatever.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nThe better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship\\nand intercourse among the people of the different States in\\nthis Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States,\\npaupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted,\\nshall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0371.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "362 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\ncitizens in the several States; and the people of each State\\nshall have free ingress and egress to and from any other\\nState, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and\\ncommerce subject to the same duties, impositions, and re-\\nstrictions, as the inhabitants thereof respectively; pro-\\nvided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to\\nprevent the removal of property imported into any State\\nto any other State of which the owner is an inhabitant; pro-\\nvided, also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall\\nbe laid by any State on the property of the United States\\nor either of them. If any person guilty of, or charged with,\\ntreason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State\\nshall flee from justice and be found in any of the United\\nStates, he shall, upon demand of the Governor or executive\\npower of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and\\nremoved to the State having jurisdiction of his offence.\\nFull faith and credit shall be given in each of these States\\nto the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts\\nand magistrates of every other State.\\nARTICLE V.\\nFor the more convenient management of the general in-\\nterests of the United States, delegates shall be annually\\nappointed in such manner as the Legislature of each State\\nshall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in\\nNovember, in every year, with a power reserved to each\\nState to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time\\nwithin the year, and to send others in their stead for the\\nremainder of the year. No State shall be represented in\\nCongress by less than two, nor by more than seven mem-\\nbers; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for\\nmore than three years in any term of six years; nor shall\\nany person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any\\noffice under the United States for which he, or another for\\nhis benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emoluments of any\\nkind. Each State shall maintain its own delegates in any", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0372.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 363\\nmeeting of the States and while they act as members of the\\ncommittee of the States. In determining questions in the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, each State shall have\\none vote. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall\\nnot be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of\\nCongress; and the members of Congress shall be protected\\nin their persons from arrests and imprisonment during the\\ntime of their going to and from, and attendance on, Con-\\ngress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.\\nARTICLE VI.\\nNo State, without the consent of the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive\\nany embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement,\\nalliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or State; nor shall\\nany person holding any office of profit or trust under the\\nUnited States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolu-\\nment, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king,\\nprince, or foreign State; nor shall the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of\\nnobility.\\nNo two or more States shall enter into any treaty, con-\\nfederation, or alliance between them, without the consent\\nof the United States, in Congress assembled, specifying\\naccurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered\\ninto, and how long it shall continue.\\nNo State shall lay any imposts or duties which may in-\\nterfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, with any king, prince,\\nor State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by\\nCongress to the courts of France and Spain.\\nNo vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any\\nState, except such number only as shall be deemed neces-\\nsary by the United States, in Congress assembled, for the\\ndefence of such State or its trade, nor shall any body of\\nforces be kept up by any State in time of peace, except such\\nnumber only as, in the judgment of the United States, in", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0373.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "364 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nCongress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison\\nthe forts necessary for the defence of such State; but every\\nState shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined\\nmilitia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide\\nand constantly have ready for use in public stores a due\\nnumber of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of\\narms, ammunition, and camp equipage.\\nNo State shall engage in any war without the consent of\\nthe United States, in Congress assembled, unless such State\\nbe actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received cer-\\ntain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation\\nof Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so im-\\nminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any State\\ngrant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters\\nof marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war\\nby the United States, in Congress assembled, and then only\\nagainst the kingdom or State, and the subjects thereof,\\nagainst which war has been so declared, and under such\\nregulations as shall be established by the United States, in\\nCongress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates,\\nin which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that\\noccasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or\\nuntil the United States, in Congress assembled, shall deter-\\nmine otherwise.\\nARTICLE VII.\\nWhen land forces are raised by any State for the common\\ndefence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel shall be\\nappointed by the Legislature of each State, respectively, by\\nwhom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such\\nState shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by\\nthe State which first made the appointment.\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nAll charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be\\nincurred for the common defence, or general welfare, and", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0374.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 365\\nallowed by the United States, in Congress assembled, shall\\nbe defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be sup-\\nplied by the several States in proportion to the value of all\\nland within each State, granted to, or surveyed fcr, any per-\\nson, as such land and the buildings and improvements\\nthereon shall be estimated, according to such mode as the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, shall, from time to\\ntime, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that propor-\\ntion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction\\nof the Legislatures of the several States, within the time\\nagreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the\\nsole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace\\nand war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article;\\nof sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into trea-\\nties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall\\nbe made, whereby the legislative power of the respective\\nStates shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and\\nduties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or\\nfrom prohibiting the exportation or importation of any\\nspecies of goods or commodities whatever; of establishing\\nrules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land and\\nwater shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by\\nland or naval forces in the service of the United States shall\\nbe divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque\\nand reprisal in time of peace; appointing courts for the\\ntrial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas;\\nand establishing courts for receiving and determining finally\\nappeals in all cases of captures; provided that no member\\nof Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said\\ncourts.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall also be\\nthe last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now\\nsubsisting, or that hereafter may arise between two or more\\nStates concerning boundary jurisdiction, or any other cause", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0375.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "366 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nwhatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the\\nmanner following: Whenever the legislative or executive\\nauthority, or lawful agent of any State in controversy with\\nanother, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the\\nmatter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof\\nshall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or\\nexecutive authority of the other State in controversy, and\\na day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their\\nlawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by\\njoint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court\\nfor hearing and determining the matter in question; but if\\nthey cannot agree, Congress shall name three persons out of\\neach of the United States, and from the list of such persons\\neach party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners\\nbeginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen;\\nand from that number not less than seven nor more than\\nnine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence\\nof Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose\\nnames shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be com-\\nmissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the con-\\ntroversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall\\nhear the cause shall agree in the determination; and if\\neither party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed,\\nwithout showing reasons which Congress shall judge suffi-\\ncient, or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress\\nshall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State,\\nand the Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such\\nparty absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence\\nof the court, to be appointed in the manner before pre-\\nscribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the\\nparties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court,\\nor to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall\\nnevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment,\\nwhich shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judg-\\nment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case\\ntransmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Con-\\ngress for the security of the parties concerned. Provided,", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0376.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOYEKjSTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 367\\nthat every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall\\ntake an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of\\nthe supreme or superior court of the State where the cause\\nshall be tried, well and truly to hear and determine the\\nmatter in question, according to the best of his judgment,\\nwithout favor, affection, or hope of reward. Provided, also,\\nthat no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit\\nof the United States.\\nAll controversies concerning the private right of soil\\nclaimed under different grants of two or more States, whose\\njurisdictions, as they may respect such lands, and the\\nStates which passed such grants are adjusted, the said\\ngrants, or either of them, being at the same time claimed\\nto have originated antecedent to such settlement of juris-\\ndiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Con-\\ngress of the United States, be finally determined, as near\\nas may be, in the same manner as is before prescribed for\\ndeciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between\\ndifferent States.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall also\\nhave the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating\\nthe alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority,\\nor by that of the respective States; fixing the standard of\\nweights and measures throughout the United States; regu-\\nlating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians,\\nnot members of any of the States; provided that the legisla-\\ntive right of any State, within its own limits, be not in-\\nfringed or violated; establishing and regulating post-offices\\nfrom one State to another, throughout all the United States,\\nand exacting such postage on the papers passing through\\nthe same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the\\nsaid office; appointing all officers of the land forces in the\\nservice of the United States, excepting regimental officers;\\nappointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commis-\\nsioning all officers whatever in the service of the United\\nStates; making rules for the government and regulation of", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0377.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "368 A PE ACTIO AL TEEATISE ON THE\\nthe said land and naval forces, and directing their opera-\\ntions.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall have\\nauthority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of\\nCongress, to be denominated A Committee of the States,\\nand to consist of one delegate from each State, and to ap-\\npoint such other committees and civil officers as may be\\nnecessary for managing the general affairs of the United\\nStates under their direction; to appoint one of their number\\nto preside; provided that no person be allowed to serve in\\nthe office of president more than one year in any term of\\nthree years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be\\nraised for the service of the United States, and to appro-\\npriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses;\\nto borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United\\nStates, transmitting every half year to the respective States\\nan account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to\\nbuild and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land\\nforces, and to make requisitions from each State for its\\nquota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in\\nsuch State, which requisition shall be binding; and there-\\nupon the Legislature of each State shall appoint the regi-\\nmental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip\\nthem in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United\\nStates; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and\\nequipped shall march to the place appointed, and within\\nthe time agreed on by the United States, in Congress as-\\nsembled; but if the United States, in Congress assembled,\\nshall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that\\nany State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller\\nnumber than its quota, and that any other State- should raise\\na greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra\\nnumber shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and\\nequipped in the same manner as the quota of such State,\\nunless the Legislature of such State shall judge that such\\nextra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in\\nwhich case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0378.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 369\\nas many of such extra number as they judge can be safely\\nspared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and\\nequipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the\\ntime agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled.\\nThe United States, in Congress assembled, shall never en-\\ngage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in\\ntime of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor\\ncoin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain\\nthe sums and expenses necessary for the defence and wel-\\nfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor\\nborrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appro-\\npriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war\\nto be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces\\nto be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chier of the army\\nor navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor shall a\\nquestion on any other point, except for adjourning from\\nday to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority\\nof the United States, in Congress assembled.\\nThe Congress of the United States shall have power to\\nadjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within\\nthe United States, so that no period of adjournment be for\\na longer duration than the space of six months; and shall\\npublish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except\\nsuch parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military\\noperations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the\\nyeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any ques-\\ntion, shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by\\nany delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them,\\nat his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript\\nof the said journal except such parts as are above excepted,\\nto lay before the Legislatures of the several States.\\nARTICLE X.\\nThe Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall\\nbe authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of\\nthe powers of Congress as the United States, in Congress\\nassembled, by the consent of nine States shall, from time to\\n24", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0379.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "370 A PBACTICAL TEEATISE ON THE\\ntime, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no\\npower be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise\\nof which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine\\nStates in the Congress of the United States assembled is\\nrequisite.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nCanada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the\\nmeasures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and\\nentitled to all the advantages of this Union; but no other\\ncolony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admis-\\nsion be agreed to by nine States.\\nARTICLE XII.\\nAll bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts\\ncontracted by or under the authority of Congress, before\\nthe assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the\\npresent Confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a\\ncharge against the United States, for payment and satisfac-\\ntion whereof the said United States and the public faith are\\nhereby solemnly pledged.\\nARTICLE XIII.\\nEvery State shail abide by the determinations of the\\nUnited States, in Congress assembled, on all questions\\nwhich by this Confederation are submitted to them. And\\nthe Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably ob-\\nserved by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual;\\nnor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in\\nany of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Con-\\ngress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by\\nthe Legislatures of every State.\\nAnd whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the\\nworld to incline the hearts of the Legislatures we respec-\\ntively represent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize\\nus to ratify, the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0382.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 371\\nUnion, know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by vir-\\ntue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose,\\ndo, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our re-\\nspective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm\\neach and every of said Articles of Confederation and per-\\npetual Union, and all and singular the matters and things\\ntherein contained. And we do further solemnly plight\\nand engage the faith of our respective constituents, that\\nthey shall abide by the determinations of the United States,\\nin Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said\\nConfederation are submitted to them; and that the Articles\\nthereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we re-\\nspectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.\\nIn witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in\\nCongress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of\\nPennsylvania, the ninth day of July, in the year of\\nour Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-\\neight, and in the third year of the independence of\\nAmerica.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of New Hampshire:\\nJosiah Bartlett, John Wentworth, Jr.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Massachusetts Bay:\\nJohn Hancock, Francis Dana,\\nSamuel Adams, James Lovell,\\nElbridge Gerry, Samuel Holten.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Rhode Island and\\nProvidence Plantations:\\nWilliam Ellery, Henry Marchant,\\nJohn Collins.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Connecticut:\\nRoger Sherman, Oliver Wolcott,\\nSamuel Huntington, Titus Hosmer,\\nAndrew Adams.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of New York:\\nJas. Duane, Wm. Duer,\\nFra. Lewis, Gouv. Morris.", "height": "3598", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0383.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "372 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of New Jersey:\\nJno. Witherspoon. Nathl. Scudder.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Pennsylvania:\\nRobt. Morris, Jona. Bayard Smith,\\nDaniel Roberdeau, William Clingan,\\nJoseph Reed.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Delaware:\\nTho. M Kean, John Dickinson,\\nNicholas Van Dyke.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Maryland:\\nJohn Hanson, Daniel Carroll.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Virginia:\\nRichard Henry Lee, Thomas Adams,\\nJohn Banister, Jno. Harvie,\\nFrancis Lightfoot Lee.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of North Carolina:\\nJohn Penn, Corns. Harnett,\\nJno. Williams.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of South Carolina:\\nHenry Laurens, John Mathews,\\nWilliam Henry Drayton, Richd. Hutson,\\nThos. Heyward, Jr.\\nOn the part and behalf of the State of Georgia:\\nJno. Walton, Edwd. Telfair,\\nEdwd. Langworthy.", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0384.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n373\\nTHE STATES AND THE UNION.\\nTHE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES.\\nNo.\\nStates.\\nRatified\\nConsti-\\ntution.\\nNo.\\nStates.\\nRatified\\nConsti-\\ntution.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\nDelaware\\nPennsylvania.\\nNew Jersey\\nGeorgia\\nConnecticut\\nMassachusetts.\\nMaryland\\nDec. 7. 1787.\\nDec. 12,1787.\\nDec. 18, 1787.\\nJan. 2, 1788.\\nJan. 9, 1788.\\nFeb. 6, 1788.\\nApril 28, 1788.\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\nSouth Carolina\\nN w Hampshire\\nVirginia\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nRhode Island.\\nMay 23, 1788.\\nJune 21, 1788.\\nJune 26, 1788.\\nJuly 26, 1788.\\nNov. 21, 1789.\\nMay 29,1790.\\nSTATES ADMITTED TO THE UNION.\\nNO.\\nStates.\\nAdmitted.\\nXo\\nStates.\\nAdmitted.\\nVermont\\nKentucky\\nTennessee.\\nOhio\\nLouisiana\\nIndiana\\nMississippi\\nIllinois.\\nAlabama\\nMaine\\nMissouri.\\nArkansas\\nMichigan.,\\nFlorida....\\nTexas\\nIowa\\nMarch 4, 1791.\\nJune 1. 1792.\\nJune 1, 1796.\\nNov. 29, 1802.\\nApril 8, 1812\\nDec. 11,1816.\\nDec. 10, 1817.\\nDec. 3, 1818.\\nDec. 14, 1819.\\nMar. 15, 1820.\\nAug. 10, 1821.\\nJune 15, 1836.\\nJan. 26, 1837.\\nMar. 3, 1815.\\nDec. 29,1845.\\nDec. 28,1816.\\nWisconsin\\nCalifornia\\nMinnesota\\nOregon\\nKansas\\nWest Virginia\\nNevada\\nNebraska\\nColorado\\nNorth Dakota.\\nSouth Dakota.\\nMontana\\nWashington\\nIdaho\\nWyoming\\nUtah\\nMay 29, 1818.\\nSept. 9, 1850.\\nMay 11, 1858.\\nFeb. 11, 1859.\\nJan. 29, 1861.\\nDec. 31, 1862.\\nOct. 31, 1864.\\nMar. 1, 1867.\\nAug. 1, 1876.\\nNov. 2, 1889.\\nNov. 2, 1889\\nNov. 8. 1889.\\nNov. 11, 1889.\\nJuly 3, 1890.\\nJuly 11. 1890.\\n1895.", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0385.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "374\\nA PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE\\nTHE TERRITORIES.\\nTerritories.\\nOrganized.\\nTerritories.\\nOrganized.\\nDistrict of Col.\\nIndian\\nNew Mexico\\nS July 16, 1790.\\nMarch 3. 1791.\\nJune 30. 1834.\\nSept. 9, 1850.\\nArizona Feb. 24, 1863.\\nAlaska July 27. 1868.\\nOklahoma May 2, 1890.\\nThe Indian Territory has as yet no organized territorial govern-\\nment.\\nRATIO OF REPRESENTATION\\nIN THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\nFrom\\n1789\\n1792\\n1803\\n1813\\n1823\\n1833\\n1843\\n1853\\n1863\\n1873\\n18 S3\\n1893\\nto 1792\\nto 1803\\nto 1813\\nto 1823\\nto 1833\\nto 1813\\nto 1853\\nto 1863\\nto 1873\\nto 1883\\nto 1893\\nto 1903\\nas provided by the U\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nbased on the United\\nnited\\nState\\nState;\\nState;\\nState\\nState\\nState\\nState\\nState:\\nState\\nState\\nState\\nStates Constitution\\ns census of 1790\\n5 census of 1800\\n3 census of 1810\\ns census of 1820\\ns census of 1830\\ns census of 1840.\\ns census of 1850\\n3 census of 1860\\ns census of 1870\\n8 census of 1880\\ns census of 1890\\n30.000\\n33.000\\n33.000\\n35.000\\n40,000\\n47.700\\n70.680\\n93.420\\n127.381\\n131.425\\n151.912\\n173.901", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0386.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 375\\nTHE NEW APPORTIONMENT.\\nFollowing is the Apportionment of Representatives in Congress\\nand Presidential Electors under the Apportionment Law, based on\\ncensus of 1890\\n(Basis of population, 173,901.)\\nSTATES.\\no\\nm\\nSo\\n6\\ntf on\\n3\\nH\\n3s\\nX\\nO\\no\\nO w\\nH H\\nh5\\nO\\ni-5\\nu\\no\\nEd\\nO\\nPM\\ntf\\nPR\\nPR\\nH\\n1,513,017\\n8\\n121,809\\n9\\n11\\n1,128,179\\n6\\n84,773\\n6\\n8\\n1,208,130\\n6\\n164,724\\n7\\n9\\n412,198\\n2\\n64,306\\n2\\n4\\n746,258\\n4\\n50,654\\n4\\n6\\n168,493\\n391,422\\n1\\n1\\n3\\n2\\n43,620\\n2\\n4\\n1,837,353\\n10\\n98,343\\n11\\n13\\n84,385\\n1\\n1\\n3\\n3,826,351\\n22\\n529\\n22\\n24\\n2,1P2,404\\n12\\n105,592\\n13\\n15\\n1,911,896\\n10\\n172,886\\n11\\n13\\n1,427,096\\n8\\n35,888\\n8\\n10\\n1,858,635\\n10\\n119,625\\n11\\n13\\n1,118,587\\n6\\n75.181\\n6\\n8\\n661,086\\n3\\n139,383\\n4\\n6\\n1,042,390\\n5\\n172,885\\n6\\n8\\n2,238,943\\n12\\n152,131\\n13\\n15\\n2,093,889\\n12\\n7.077\\n12\\n14\\n1,301.826\\n7\\n84.519\\n7\\n9\\n1,289,600\\n7\\n72,293\\n7\\n9\\n2,679,184\\n15\\n70,669\\n15\\n17\\n132,159\\n1\\n1\\n3\\n1,058,910\\n6\\n15,504\\n6\\n8\\n45,761\\n1\\n1\\n3\\n376,530\\n2\\n28,728\\n2\\n4\\n1,444,933\\n8\\n53.725\\n8\\n10\\n5,997,853\\n34\\n85,219\\n34\\n36\\n1,617,947\\n9\\n52,838\\n9\\n11\\n182,719\\n1\\n8,818\\n1\\n3\\n3,672,316\\n21\\n20,395\\n21\\n23\\n313,767\\n1\\n139,866\\n2\\n4\\n5,258,014\\n30\\n40,981\\n30\\n32\\n345,506\\n1\\n171.605\\n2\\n4\\n1,151,149\\n6\\n107,748\\n7\\n9\\n328,808\\n1\\n154,907\\n2\\n4\\nAlabama\\nArkansas\\nCalifornia..\\nColorado\\nConnecticut\\nDelaware\\nFlorida\\nGeorgia\\nIdaho\\nIllinois\\nIndiana\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nKentucky\\nLouisiana\\nMaine.\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts..\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNevada\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina.\\nNorth Dakota\\nOhio\\nOregon\\nPennsylvania..\\nRhode Island.\\nSouth Carolina.\\nSouth Dakota..", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0387.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "376\\nA PRACTICAL TREATISE, C.\\nTHE NEW APPORTIONMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nO\\nPh\\nOS\\nO o\\n6\\n2\\n1-1\\nfc\\nO M\\nO\\nSTATES.\\no\\nH\\nH\\nS S5\\nz 5\\n21\\nH?\\no\\nHi\\nPh\\no\\nHi K\\nH\\nO\\nHi\\ncu\\nph\\nHH\\nK]\\nTennessee\\n1,767,518\\n2,235,523\\n10\\n12\\n28,508\\n148,711\\n10\\n13\\n12\\nTexas\\n15\\nVermont\\n332,422\\n1,655,980\\n1\\n9\\n158,521\\n90,871\\n2\\n10\\n4\\nVirginia\\n12\\n349 390\\n2\\n1,588\\n2\\n4\\nWest Virginia\\n762,794\\n1,686,880\\n4\\n9\\n67,190\\n121,771\\n4\\n10\\n6\\nWisconsin\\n12\\nWyoming\\n60,705\\n1\\n1\\n3\\nTotal\\n61,908,906\\n339\\n3,334,469\\n356\\n444\\nUtah admitted 1893\\n1\\n1\\n3", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0388.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "izntidieix:\\nState Civil Government.\\nALL REFERENCE IS TO ARTICLE UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.\\nA.\\nAmendments 109\\nAmendments to Bills 119\\nAppeals 34\\nAppellate Jurisdiction 126\\nAppropriations 124\\nArea of Arkansas 11\\nArkansas, Governors of 158\\nArkansas History 1\\nArkansas Industrial Uni-\\nversity 199\\nArkansas Territory 2\\nAssembly .p. 71\\nAssembly, Special Require-\\nments p. 76\\nAssessment of Property 68\\nAssessor 65\\nCompensation 67\\nAttorney-General 166\\nAttorney, Prosecuting. 136\\nAuditor p. 108\\nAustralian Ballot System 190\\nB.\\nBallot System 190\\nBill, Amendments to 119\\nNew 120\\nPassage of 114\\nReading of 115\\nof Rights 108\\nBoard of Equalization 79\\nState Executive. 174\\nBond of County and Cir-\\ncuit Clerk 54\\nof Sheriff and Collector 58\\nof Assessor 65\\nof Auditor.. 162\\nof Commissioner of\\nMines, Manufactures\\nand Agriculture 171\\nof Commissioner of\\nState Lands 167\\nof Constable 37\\nof Coroner 73\\nof County Treasurer. 62\\nof Secretary of State 160\\nof State Treasurer 164\\nof Surveyor 70\\nC.\\nCertificates, County and\\nState 78, 169\\nChancery Court p. 96\\nDistricts 145\\nChancellor 146\\nChange of Venue 35\\nCharitable Institutions, .p. 134\\nChildren 15\\nCertiorari 152\\nCircuit Court 130\\nJudge 131", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0389.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "378\\nINDEX.\\nCircuits, Judicial 130\\nCities and Towns p. 119\\nof First Class p. 120\\nof Second Class p. 123\\nClerks, County and Circuit, 52\\nClerk of the House 96\\nClerk, Journal 97\\nCollector 57\\nBond of 58\\nof School Fund 19\\nCommissions 87\\nCommissioner of State\\nLands 167\\nCommissioner of Mines,\\nManufactures, and Agri-\\nculture p. 113\\nCommissioners of Elec-\\ntions 188\\nCommittees. 116\\nof the House 117\\nof the Senate 118\\nCommon Pleas, Court of. 148\\nCongressional Districts 196\\nConstable 37\\nConstitution of State p. 139\\nFirst p. 7\\nSecond p. 8\\nThird p. 8\\nFourth p. 10\\nFifth p. 11\\nCoroner 73\\nDuties of... 74\\nCorporations, Municipal, p. 119\\nCounty p. 33\\nFormation of 40\\nExaminer of 76\\nExaminer, Duties of 78\\nBuildings p. 57\\nLegislative Depart-\\nment p. 35\\nCounty Certificates 78\\nCounty Judicial Depart-\\nment p. 35\\nCounty and Probate Judge, 44\\nCounty Court 48\\nOfficers 51\\nTreasurer 62\\nCounties, Original 41\\nCourts, Levying 82\\nCourt-House 84\\nCourts of Records 125\\nof No Records 125\\nof the State 127\\nChancery p. 96\\nof Common Pleas p. 97\\nPolice 180\\nSupreme, Jurisdiction\\nof 1.51\\nO.\\nDeputy Clerks 56\\nSheriff 60\\nDirectors, School 22\\nDistricts, Chancery. 145\\nSenatorial 102\\nCongressional 196\\nSchool p. 19\\nSpecial 21\\nDistribution of School\\nFunds 19\\nDuties of Sheriff 59\\nB.\\nElections, General p. 127\\nElection Commissioners. 188\\nElection of President 1 94\\nElection of State Officers. 154\\nElectoral Vote 11\\nEqualization Board 79\\nExaminer, County 76\\nEx-Confederate Home 198\\nExecutive Department of\\nthe State p. 102\\nExecutive Mansion 159\\nExpense of Elections 192\\nF.\\nForbidden Powers 113\\nFunds, School 18\\nCollection and Distri-\\nbution of 19", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0390.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n379\\no.\\nGeneral Assembly p. 71\\nElections p. 127\\nGeologist p. 114\\nGovernment, Kinds of 12\\nGovernor p. 103\\nQualifications 155\\nGovernors of Arkansas. 158\\nGrand Jury 141\\nH.\\nHabeas Corpus 152\\nHistory of Arkansas. .p. 5\\nHome. ex-Confederate 198\\nHome and School p. 14\\nHouse 106\\nof Correction 86\\nof Eepresentatives 92\\nI.\\nImpeachment 123\\nIncorporated Towns p. 124\\nInstitutions, Charitable 197\\nJ.\\nJail 84\\nJournal Clerk 97\\nJudicial Department of\\nTownship p. 26\\nJudicial Circuits 130\\nJudicial Department of the\\nState p. 87\\nJudge, Circuit 131\\nCounty and Probate 44\\nJudges of Supreme Court. 149\\nJurisdiction of Circuit\\nCourt.. 132\\nJurisdiction of Appellate\\nCourt 126\\nJurisdiction of J u s ti c e s\\nCourt 32\\nJurisdiction, Explanation\\nof 33\\nJustices of the Peace 31\\nJury 140\\nGrand 141\\nPetit 142\\nSelection of 143\\nK.\\nKinds of Government 12\\ntr.\\nLegislature, First Territo-\\nrial 3\\nLegislature, Times of Meet-\\ning 91\\nLegislature, State 90\\nLevying Courts 82\\nM.\\nMandamus. 152\\nMansion, Executive 159\\nMayor 181\\nMeeting of the Legislature. 91\\nMembers of the House \u00c2\u00a72\\nMunicipal Corporations.. p. 119\\nNaturalization 133\\nNew Bills 120\\nO.\\nOath of Office 42\\nOfficers, County. 51\\nof the Senate p. 69\\nSalary of State 157\\nOrganization of the Gene-\\nral Assembly p. 71\\nP.\\nPages 100\\nParents 14\\nPassage of Bills 114\\nPenitentiary 200\\nPetit Jury 142", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0391.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "380\\nINDEX.\\nCourt, Police 180\\nPoorhouse 85\\nPopulation of the State 11\\nPowers of the Legislature.. 112\\nPowers Forbidden 113\\nPresident of the Senate. 101\\nPresident of the Senate pro\\ntern 103\\nPresidential Election 194\\nPrivilege of Members 110\\nProper Pronunciation 5\\nProperty, Kinds of 68\\nProsecuting Attorney, 136\\nQ.\\nQualifications of Governor. 155\\nQuo Warranto 152\\nR.\\nEeadingof Bills 115\\nEeal Estate 81\\nRepresentation, Ratio of 11\\nRepresentatives, House of 92\\nRepresentatives, Appor-\\ntionment 93\\nS.\\nSalary, County Officers 61\\nCounty Examiner 77\\nRepresentatives 91\\nJustices 36\\nCounty Judge. 50\\nState Officers 157\\nSchool p. 16\\nDirectors 22\\nDistricts p. 19\\nDistrict, Special 21\\nFunds 18\\nSubjects taught 78\\nSecretary of State p. 108\\nSenate 101-107\\nSenatorial Districts 102\\nSettlement of the State 1\\nSheriff 57\\nBond of 58\\nSpeaker 95\\nState _ p. 62\\nExecutive Department,\\np. 102\\nCertificate 169\\nState Executive Boards p. 114\\nState, Constitution of.. .p. 139\\nState Institutions p. 134\\nState Judicial Department,\\np. 87\\nState Treasurer p. 109\\nStatistics 11\\nSuperintendent of Public\\nInstruction\\npp. Ill, 112, art. 170\\nSupersedeas 152\\nSupreme Court p. 98\\nSupreme Judges 149\\nSurveyor 70\\nTaxation p. 52\\nTerritory, Arkansas 2\\nTerritorial Legislature 3\\nTowns and Cities. p. 119\\nTownship p. 23\\nKinds of 27\\nCongressional 28\\nPolitic 29\\nTreasurer, County 62\\nCompensation 64\\nof the State p. 109\\nU.\\nUnited States p. 135\\nUniversity, Arkansas 199\\nVacancies 38\\nYenue, Change of 35\\nVoting 191", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0392.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "I2STDBX\\nTO THE\\nConstitution of Arkansas.\\nALL REFERENCE IS TO ARTICLE AND SECTION, ARTICLE BEING PLACED FIRST.\\nA.\\nAction 5, 32\\nAgriculture 10, 1\\nAliens ...2, 20\\nAmendments to Constitu-\\ntion 19, 22\\nAppeal 7, 4, 52\\nApportionment 8, 1-1\\nAppropriations 16, 12\\nArms 2, 5\\nAssessments 19, 27\\nAssessor 7, 46\\nAttorney-General 6, 1\\nAuditor 6, 1\\nB.\\nBail ....2, 8-9\\nBill of Rights 2\\nBills of Attainder 2, 17\\nBlind 19, 19\\nBoundaries of the State 1\\nC.\\nChancery Courts 7, 15\\nClerks of Circuit Courts. .7, 19\\nClerks of Counties 7, 19\\nClerk of Supreme Court 7,7\\nCommissioner of State\\nLands 6, 1\\nCommissions of Officers. 7, 48\\nConstables 7, 47\\nCorporation Courts 7,43\\nCorporations. .Arts. 12 and 17\\nCounties 13, 1-5\\nCounty Clerks 7, 19\\nCounty Surveyor 7, 46\\nCourts 7\\nCriminal Proceedings. .2, 8-21\\nO,\\nDeaf and Dumb 19, 19\\nDeclaration of Rights 2\\nDefaulters 5, 8\\nDepartments 4\\nDueling 19, 2\\nEC.\\nEducation 14\\nElections 3\\nElections, Sch 3, 27\\nEminent Domain 2, 23\\nEvidence 2, 6\\nExecutive Department 6\\nExemptions 9\\nF.\\nFees 19, 11\\nFinance and Taxation 16\\nForfeiture of Estates 2, 12\\nFranchise and Elections. 3", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0393.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "382\\nINDEX.\\nO.\\nGeneral Assembly 5\\nGovernor 6, 1-2\\nGrants 6, 10\\nH.\\nHabeas Corpus 2, 11\\nI.\\nImpeachment and Address, 15\\nImprisonment for Debt. .2, 16\\nIndictment 7, 49\\nInjunction 7, 37\\nInsane Persons 19, 19\\nJ.\\nJudicial Circuits 18\\nJudicial Department 7\\nJury Trials 2, 7,10\\nJustices of the Peace 7, 38\\nJustice 2, 13\\nI*.\\nLands 2, 28\\nLaws 5, 19\\nLegislature 5\\nLibel 2, 6\\nLiberty of the Press 2,6\\nLimitations, Sch 1\\nLotteries 19, 14\\nM.\\nManufactures 10, 1\\nMarried Women 9, 7\\nMilitary Power 2, 27\\nMilitia.. 11\\nMining 10, 1, 3\\nMonopolies 2, 19\\nO.\\nOfficers 19, 3-26\\nOffices 19, 9\\nPaper Money 12, 10\\nPerpetuities 2, 19\\nPolitical Power 2, 1\\nPolitical Rights 2, 2-8\\nPresident of Senate 5, 18\\nPrinting, Public 19, 15\\nPrivileges 2, 18-19\\nProsecuting Attorneys 7, 24\\nPublic Moneys 19, 12\\nPublic Works 19, 16\\nPulaski Chancery Court. 7, 44\\nPunishments 2, 9\\nR.\\nRailroads, Canals, and\\nTurnpikes 17, 1\\nReligious Liberty 2, 24\\nReporter of Supreme Court 7, 7\\nResidence .19, 7\\nS.\\nSalaries 16, 4\\n19, 8,23, Sch. 28\\nSchools 14\\nSeals, State 6, 9\\nPrivate Sch 1\\nSeat of Government 1\\nSearch Warrants 2, 15*\\nSecretary of State 6\\nSheriffs. 7, 46\\nSlavery 2, 27\\nSpeaker of the House 5, 18\\nStanding Army 2, 27\\nState Geologist 10, 2\\nStationery and Supplies for\\nState 19, 15\\nSuperintendent of Public\\nInstruction 6, 21\\nT.\\nTaxes 16\\nTreason 2, 14\\nTreasurer 6, 1\\nTreasurer of County 7, 46", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0394.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n383\\nr,\\nUsury\\nV.\\nVacancies\\n19, 13\\n5, 6-6, 23\\nW.\\nWitnesses, Sch 2\\nWitnessess, Eeligious Belief\\nof ...2,26-19, 1\\nWitnesses, Detention of 2, 9\\nWrits 7, 49", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0395.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "ustidieix:\\nTO\\nUnited States Civil Government.\\nALL REFERENCE IS TO ARTICLE UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.\\nA.\\nAccused, Rights of 290\\nAdjournment of Congress\\nby the President 386\\nAdministration 376\\nAdmission of New States 299\\nAgriculture, Department of 453\\nAlaska 466\\nCourts of 469\\nGovernment of 468\\nAllotment of Judicial Cir-\\ncuits 312\\nAmendments to United\\nStates Constitution 296\\nAppeals, United States\\nCourt of 325\\nAppointive Power of Presi-\\ndent 382\\nApportionment of United\\nStates Representatives 215-16\\nArmy and Navy,\\n275, 425, 429, 437, 441\\nArticles of Confederation,\\nArt. 205 and pp. 361-372\\nAttorney of United States\\nDistricts 321\\nAuditors of Treasury De-\\npartment 416\\nB.\\nBail, Excessive 292\\nBills, Passage of 250\\nPassage of in Territo-\\nries 459\\nBonds of United States 256\\nBureau, Consular 404\\nBureaus 400\\nC.\\nCabinet 390\\nMeetings 394\\nTerm and Salary 392\\nCadets, Appointment of 429\\nCampaign Committee 346\\nCensus 448\\nChaplain.. 229\\nChief Justice, Salary of 306\\nChief Justices of United\\nStates Court 304\\nTerms of 307\\nChief of Engineers 428\\nChief of Ordnance 428\\nCircuit Courts United States 310\\nof Appeals 323\\nTerms 314", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0396.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "INBEX.\\n385\\nCircuits, Allotment of 312\\nCourts of and Jurisdic-\\ntion 310, 311\\nJudges of 313\\nNumber of 310\\nCitizens 284\\nClerk of the House 2\u00c2\u00a36\\nof United States Dis-\\ntrict Court 322\\nof Court of Appeals 324\\nCoinage 261\\nEatio of 263\\nColonial Government 203\\nLegislation 203\\nTimes 202\\nUnion 202\\nColony, Definition of (Foot\\nNote) 202\\nProsperity of American\\n(Foot Note) 202\\nColumbia, District of 277\\nCommander-in-Chief 378\\nCommercial Laws 257\\nCommissions 389\\nCommissioner of Customs. 419\\nof Internal Eevenue 420\\nCommissary-General 428\\nCommittees, National 345\\nCampaign 346\\nState 347\\nComptroller of Currency. 421\\nCongress, Number of 210\\nJurisdiction 253\\nPowers of 253\\nPowers Denied 279\\nQuorum 246\\nSpecial Sessions .211, 385\\nUnder the Confedera-\\ntion 205\\nRules of 247\\nCongressional Districts. 217\\nCongressmen-at-Large 219\\nCongressmen and Senators,\\nSalary of 220\\nConfederation 207\\nDuration 207\\n25\\nConstitution of the United\\nStates pp. 341-360\\nConsular Bureau 404\\nDistricts 407\\nService, Object of 406\\nConvention, National 349\\nCounty 353\\nNational, Called 351\\nState 354\\nTownship 352\\nCopyright 447\\nCouncils of Territories. 457\\nContested Elections 370\\nCounty Convention 353\\nCourt of Claims 327\\nObject 329\\nTerms 328\\nCourt of District of Colum-\\nbia 331\\nCourts, United States Dis-\\ntrict 315\\nof Appeals 325\\nDistricts of Territories 335\\nof Alaska 469\\nTerritorial 333\\nCurrency, Control of 421\\nCustoms, Commissioner of. 419\\nDepartments, Executive. 339\\nJudicial 300\\nof Agriculture 453\\nof Cabinet 391\\nof Interior. 442\\nof Justice 430\\nof Navy 437\\nof Post-Office 433\\nof State 396\\nof State, Subordinate\\nOfficers 397\\nof Treasury 411\\nof War 425\\nDepartmental Regulations. 393\\nDiplomatic Service. 401\\nDuties 403\\nOfficers 402", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0397.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "386\\nINDEX.\\nDisabilities of Members of\\nCongress 249\\nDistrict Attorney 321\\nDistrict of Columbia. .277, 475\\nDistrict Courts 315-316, 331\\nDistrict Marshal 320\\nDistricts, Congressional.... 217\\nDistricts (United States),\\nSubdivisions of 317\\nDistricts, Consular 407\\nDocuments 449\\nDoorkeeper of House (Uni-\\nted States) 227\\nDuties of President 384\\nof Attorney-General. 431\\nof Department of Inte-\\nrior 443\\nof Diplomatic Officers 403\\nof Postmaster-General 434\\nof Secretary of State. 398\\nof Secretary of Navy. 438\\nof Secretary of Agri-\\nculture 454\\nof Speaker United\\nStates) 223\\nof War Department 426\\nB.\\nEducation 450\\nElections, Contested 370\\nElection of President 345\\nElection of Presidential\\nElectors 360-362\\nElection of President by\\nElectors 362\\nTime 357\\nElection Returns 361\\nElection of United States\\nSenators 235\\nElectoral Vote 358-368\\nElectors of Representatives, 213\\nExecutive Department. 339\\nof Territories 463\\nK.\\nForm of Government 282\\nForeign Ministers, by\\nwhom Received 387\\nGeneral Land Office 444\\nGeological Survey 452\\nGovernor of Alaska 468\\nGovernor of a Territory 463\\nGovernment, Form of 282\\nGreen Back 256\\nH.\\nHouse (United States) Rep-\\nresentatives 212\\nClerk of 226\\nOfficers of 222\\nSpecial Powers 230\\nI.\\nImpeachment 231\\nIndian Affairs 445\\nIndian Territory 473\\nInformation from the\\nHeads of Departments. 379\\nInspector-General. 428\\nInterior Department 442\\nJ.\\nJournal of Congress 252\\nJudge Advocate-General. 428\\nJudges (United Sfates) 303\\nof United States Cir-\\ncuits 313\\nof United States Dis-\\ntricts 318\\nJudicial Department 300\\nDistricts 315\\nNumber of Circuits 310\\nJudicial Department o f\\nTerritories. 462\\nJurisdiction of Supreme\\nCourt 308\\nMeaning 301\\nUnited States Courts 302\\nJuries (United States) 338", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0398.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n387\\nJustices of Supreme Court. 304\\nNames of Chief Justices 304\\nSalary of 306\\nTerms of 307\\nLaws, Bankrupt 259\\nCommercial 257\\nExecution of 388\\nUnjust 204\\nLegislative Department.. p. 232\\nTime of Meeting 209\\nLegislative Department of\\na Territory 456\\nPowers 456\\nLetters of Marque and Re-\\nprisal 274\\nLiberty of Speech 248\\nM.\\nMajority Vote 369\\nMarque and Reprisal, Let-\\nters of 274\\nMarshal of United States\\nDistricts 320\\nMeasurements 267\\nMembers of Congress 212\\nQualifications of 214\\nof Cabinet 390\\nof National Committee 345\\nof National Convention 350\\nof United States Senate 233\\nMilitia 276\\nMilitary Academy 429\\nMint 423\\nNational Committee 345\\nConvention 349\\nConvention, Organiza-\\ntion 355\\nCalled 351\\nNational Debt 256\\nNaturalization 258\\nNaval Academy 44\\\\\\nNavy Department 437\\nNew States, Admission. 299\\nNomination for President 356\\nO.\\nOath of Representatives 245\\nof President and Vice-\\nPresident 372\\nOfficers, Diplomatic 402\\nof House 222\\nof President s House-\\nhold 374\\nof Senate 240\\nof Supreme Court 309\\nP.\\nPardons 380\\nPassports 399\\nPatents 270, 447\\nPaymaster-General 428\\nPensions 446\\nPiracy 272\\nPlurality Vote 369\\nPoll-Tax 254\\nPopular Vote 368\\nPostal Service 269\\nPostmaster of House 228\\nPostmaster-General 433\\nPost-Office Department 433\\nPowers of the House, Spe-\\ncial 230\\nof Congress 253\\nof the President. 377\\nDenied Congress 279\\nthe State 280\\nPrecedence United States\\nJustices 305\\nPresident 340\\nAppointive Power 382\\nCommander-in-Chief. 378\\nDuties of 384\\nElection of 345, 371\\nOfficers of Senate 238\\nQualifications of 341\\nTerm and Salary 342\\nPresidential Election\\nby the House 366", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0399.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "388\\nINDEX.\\nPresident s Powers 377\\nProperty Tax 254\\nQ.\\nQualifications\\nMembers of Congress. 214\\nPresident 341\\nSenators 234\\nQuartermaster-General 428\\nQuorum\\nof Congress 246\\nof Court of Claims .328\\nof Senate 246\\nof Supreme Judges or\\nCourt 307\\nof Supreme Court of\\nDistrict of Columbia. 331\\nof Terriiorial Courts. 334\\nR.\\nRatification 298\\nRatio of Coinage 263\\nRatio of Representation p. 374\\nReception by the President 375\\nRegister 418\\nRegulation of Departments 393\\nReports of Departments 395\\nReprieves and Pardons 380\\nRepresentation in Territo-\\nries 458\\nRepresentation by States. 218\\nVacancies in 221\\nObject, (Foot Note). 203\\nRepresentatives, Appor-\\ntionment of 215, 216\\nElectors for 213\\nHouse of 212\\nOath of 245\\nTerritorial 465\\nReturns of Elections 361\\nReturns Office 451\\nRules of Congress 247\\nS.\\nSalarv of Cabinet Members 392\\nSalary of President 342\\nof Representatives 220\\nof Senators 220, 237\\nof Speaker 224\\nSecretaries of Agriculture. 453\\nof Interior 442\\nof Navy 437\\nof State 396\\nof Treasurv 411\\nof War 426\\nSenators, Object (Foot Note) 208\\nSenators 233\\nSenators, Qualifications of. 234\\nElection of 235\\nVacancy 236\\nSenate, Officers of 238\\nSenate, Continuous 243\\nSecurity of Person 287\\nSergeant-at-Arms 225\\nSessions of Territorial Leg-\\nislatures 460\\nSpeaker 222\\nDuties 223\\nSalary 224\\nSpecial Sessions of Con-\\ngress 211, 385\\nSpecial Powers of the House 230\\nSpecial Powers of the Sen-\\nate 241\\nSpeech, Liberty of 248\\nStandard of Coinage 262\\nStates admitted to the\\nUnion p. 373\\nState Committees 347\\nState Convention 354\\nStates, Representation of. 218\\nStates, Powers- Denied 280\\nStatistics 422\\nSuffrage 285\\nSuits 291\\nSupreme Court 304\\nSurgeon- General 428\\nTax, Property and Poll 254\\nTaxation 254", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0400.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n389\\nTerm of United States Cir-\\ncuit Court 314\\nTerritories 455\\nMarshal, Clerk, and\\nAttorney of 337\\nTerritorial Couits 333, 462\\nRepresentation 458\\nLegislature 456\\nThe New Apportionment.\\npp. 375-6\\nThe States and the Union p. 373\\nTownship Convention 352\\nTreasury 411\\nTreasury Department 411\\nAuditors of 41 6\\nTreaties, (Foot Note) 241\\nTreaties 381\\nU.\\nUnited States Judges 303\\nUnjust Laws 204\\nV.\\nVacancies 221\\nIn President s Office. 343\\nIn Senate 236\\nPresident s Power to\\nFill 282, 383\\nVice-President 382, 344\\nOath 372\\nWho have become\\nPresidents 340\\nW.\\nWar Department 273, 425\\nOfficers of 427\\nWeights 267\\nWhite House 373", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0401.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3599", "width": "2381", "jp2-path": "practicaltreati00bloc_0402.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3631", "width": "2346", 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