{"1": {"fulltext": ",ci^ n\\nQUAUTLA\\nAN ADDRESS BEFORE THE\\nNEW YORK HISTORICAL\\nSOCIETY, APRIL 4\u00e2\u0084\u00a2, 1893\\nW\\nBY\\nWalter S. Logan", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA\\nTHE BUNKER HILL\\nOF MEXICO\\nAN ADDRESS BEFORE THE\\nNEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY\\nAPRIL 4TH, 1893\\nBY\\nWALTER S. LOGAN\\nUbe fknicbevbockev ipress\\nmevp aorh\\nt893\\nf r^", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "U. S, Coast toe ode t ic Sur\\n10 J^.", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA,\\nTHE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO.\\nI am to tell you to-night a story of the Mexican Revolution. It\\nwould be an appropriate introduction, if I had the time, to describe the\\norigin of the Mexican race and show how the Spaniard conquered the\\nmen of Aztec land with his sword, and won the hearts of the women,\\nand that thus the Mexican race began to trace the evolution of this\\nrace through successive generations and show how, being specially\\nfitted for the environment, it increased and multiplied, while the pure\\nSpaniard barely held his own, and the unmixed Indian wasted away\\nbefore the new conditions of life brought about by the advent of the\\nEuropean.\\nBut the hour which you so graciously give me to-night is too short\\nfor all this, and I must jump at once over two centuries and a half and\\ntake the race as I find it, in its maturity.\\nThe time has come for independence. In the nature of things the\\ncolonies on this side of the ocean cannot remain forever connected\\nwith their mother countries. A revolution is inevitable in Mexico as\\nin the United States. It inheres in the very nature of things.\\nWe are wont to boast of the wonderful success that we had in over-\\nthrowing the English authority and establishing a stable, orderly, and\\nefficient government for ourselves, and we swell with pride as we com-\\npare our triumphant happiness with the troubles and the sorrows that\\nMexico has had but if we consider carefully the difficulties to be over-\\ncome in the two countries, think what they had to do compared with\\n3", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "4 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nwhat we have done, and place our real work by the side of theirs, we\\nshall perhaps learn to appreciate that the people in Mexico are entitled\\nto quite as much credit as we are.\\nAll that our fathers had to accomplish by their revolution was to de-\\nthrone the authority of the king, and substitute some other central power\\nin his place. The whole minor machinery of government was ready\\nto go on the same as before. The change was only a change of head.\\nThe towns, counties, and states were already organized and perform-\\ning, efficiently and well, the ordinary functions of government. Our\\nRevolutionary War really accomplished a change of sovereignty more\\nfanciful than real, and the subsequent adoption of the Constitution was\\na matter which followed quite naturally and with comparatively little\\ndifficulty.\\nWe had, it is true, to build a nation, but the foundations were already\\nlaid deep in the experience of centuries. We were furnished with\\nplans, wisely drawn and carefully perfected by accomplished architects,\\nand we had skilled and experienced artisans to do the work. In Mex-\\nico they had no foundations, no plans, no experience, and no artisans.\\nThe people had to commence at the beginning they had to learn even\\nthe rudiments of self-government and the very alphabet of statecraft.\\nWhat we had to do was done by a people who for centuries had been\\neducated to do their own thinking, solve their own problems, and man-\\nage their own affairs, both in Church and State. In Mexico it had to\\nbe done by a. new race, which had never been taught to think or to act\\nin public affairs for itself, or to meddle with social, political, or religious\\nquestions.\\nWe, it is true, had to make bricks, but we had plenty of straw and\\nabundance of workmen, who knew how to mould and fashion the clay\\nin Mexico they had to make bricks just the same, but without straw or\\nbrick-makers.\\nIt was 1800.\\nThe colonies in the North had carried on a successful war of in-\\ndependence, freed themselves from the domination of Great Britain,\\nformed a constitution and government of their own, and were on the\\nhigh-road to prosperity.\\nAcross the ocean Francelhad risen in rebellion against the despot-", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 5\\nism of the Bourbons, had overthrown titles, caste, and authority, and\\nhad enthroned first the mob and then Napoleon.\\nDown through Louisiana and Texas the immigrant was slowly\\nworking his way from the United States, carrying with him into Mexico\\nthe ideas of liberty which had triumphed here. Into Mexico also was\\ncoming from across the ocean the French ideas. The works of Vol-\\ntaire and Rousseau, prohibited by the State and burned by the Inqui-\\nsition, were secretly read by the people. Revolution was in the air. It\\nmust come. It could not be long delayed.\\nAcross the ocean, even in old rock-ribbed, priest-ridden Spain,\\nthings were moving. Carlos IV. had mounted the throne in 1788. He\\nwas a good-natured idiot. He differed from his predecessors only in\\nbeing good natured. He had a queen who was as bad as he was im-\\nbecile, and the queen had a lover, Manuel Godoy, a handsome, am-\\nbitious, and corrupt libertine, whom she took from a subordinate\\nposition in the army and made Prime Minister of Spain, so that he might\\ndivide his time between idle dalliance with her and ruling half the world.\\nFrance and Spain were neighbors. Napoleon was First Consul on\\none side of the Pyrenees and Manuel Godoy Prime Minister on the\\nother. The lion and the lamb lay down together, and when they rose\\nin the morning the lion and the lamb were one the lamb was inside,\\nthe lion. They played war a little at first, and then made a treaty of\\npeace in which France got everything and Spain nothing. From this\\ntreaty Godoy gets his name. He is known in history as The Prince\\nof Peace.\\nThings went on in this way until 1808. The rule of Godoy became\\nso bad that even Spain could not stand it, and it can be imagined how\\nbad it must have been. So they rose in rebellion, compelled Carlos to\\nabdicate, and the Prince of Peace to leave his country for his country s\\ngood.\\nFerdinand VII. succeeded Carlos. He was a worthy son of his\\nfather. A new Spanish king always inherited all the vices of his\\nancestors, and for a change usually added a few peculiar to himself.\\nWhen Carlos had abdicated in favor of Ferdinand, he did n t mean it,\\nbut Ferdinand did. Carlos wanted to come back to the throne, but\\nFerdinand objected. They submitted their differences to arbitration", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nthe arbitrator was Napoleon. This time the lion lay down with tAvo\\nlambs, and the result was the same as before. Napoleon compromised\\nthe difficulty by making Carlos and Ferdinand both prisoners, and\\nplacing his brother Joseph upon the throne of Spain. Carlos and Fer-\\ndinand had both agreed to abide by the decision of Napoleon, and they\\ncould not very consistently object to it, especially as they were in\\nNapoleon s power and wore their heads upon their shoulders by his\\ngrace. Joseph, as they had given him the throne, naturally did n t\\noffer any objections to the proceedings. There was only one party\\ninterested that was in a position to object. The people of Spain had\\nnot been consulted, and again they rose in rebellion, and civil war fol-\\nlowed. They did n t want Joseph for king, and they could n t get\\neither Carlos or Ferdinand, and there was nobody else lying around\\nloose who could be conveniently put upon the throne. Therefore, from\\nsheer desperation, because they did n t have anything else to do, they\\ntried the experiment of governing themselves.\\nWhen in England there has been a revolution and they have\\nwished to dethrone a king (and they have never hesitated to do it when\\noccasion required), they have always had a parliament at hand which\\nrepresented the nation and local and municipal governments managed\\nby the people. But in Spain they had never had a national parliament,\\nand local governments were all substantially dependent upon the cen-\\ntral authority. Under such conditions the only way to carry on a\\nrevolution is by a junta, and Spain tried government by junta. A\\njunta is a body, either entirely self-constituted or deriving its authority\\nfrom some other self-constituted body which assumes to speak for the\\npeople, like the nine tailors of Tooley Street. If the nation likes it, it\\nobeys the Junta if it disapproves, it cuts off the heads of the members\\nand tries again. The only way you can tell whether a nation is ripe\\nfor a revolution, or whether it will approve of any particular junta, is\\nto try it. If the members retain their heads, it is a success otherwise\\nmore or less of a failure. In Spain, about this time, they experimented\\nwith several juntas. There was the Junta of Seville, the Junta of\\nOviedo, and several other outlying juntas, all claiming to a greater or\\nless extent, the supreme authority. Then all the juntas came together\\nand compromised, and for a while there was a central junta, and this", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO.\\nwas followed by an attempt at a national congress on the Island of\\nLeon, to which deputies from the Spanish-American possessions were\\ninvited.\\nIt was 1810. The people in Mexico had been brought up to believe\\nimplicitly in the divine right of the king. He was the head of the State\\nand the Church. His voice was the voice of God. If any one wanted\\nto prosper during life, or to go to Heaven after death, he must\\nacknowledge the authority of the king and obey the priest. There was\\nnever a people in all the world, since time began, in whom the senti-\\nment of loyalty was stronger than in the people of Mexico towards the\\nSpanish sovereign. It had survived the rule of the basest of kings, the\\nmost corrupt of ministers, and the worst of viceroys. It had survived\\noppression, contumely, and contempt it seemed strong enough to\\nsurvive anything.\\nBut now arose a dilemma. Who was the king Whose voice was\\nreally the voice of God What particular authority was entitled to-\\ntheir obedience Here were manifold voices, all thundering in their\\nears at the same time, and each claiming to speak by divine right.\\n(i) Carlos IV. thought that he, although a prisoner in the hands\\nof Napoleon, was still a king, and that his abdication, having been\\nbrought about by force, should be considered of no eifect, and he asked\\nto be obeyed.\\n(2) Ferdinand VII., also Napoleon s prisoner, having been\\ncrowned on his father s abdication, thought that he was king, and that\\nhis voice was the voice of God.\\n(3) Joseph Bonaparte, having seated himself perforce upon the\\nthrone as the successor of the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons, wearing at\\nleast a prophet s mantle, claimed their obedience.\\n(4) The Junta of Seville, assuming to represent the Spanish\\nSovereign, whoever he might be, claimed that its was the voice of God,\\nand should be obeyed.\\n(5) The Junta of Oviedo claimed the same thing.\\n(6) The Congress or Cortes on the Island of Leon set up the\\nsame claim.\\n(7) About this time a ship landed at Vera Cruz, bearing a letter\\nfrom the Spanish Infanta, the sister of Ferdinand VII., claiming the", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "8 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nregency during Ferdinand s captivity for her infant son, and asked\\nobedience to him and to her.\\n(8) It was during this period also that an Indian descendant of\\nMontezuma appeared in the streets of Mexico, and claimed that the\\ndivine right of the ancient Aztec sovereign had descended upon his\\nshoulders and that he spoke the voice of God. His claim was the\\nsubject of some ridicule, but I have never been able to see why it\\nwas n t as well founded as that of any of the others.\\n(9) Viceroy Iturrigaray held the actual reins of power in Mexico,\\nand as there was a good deal of doubt as to whose viceroy he was, he\\nwas disposed to set up business on his own account and to demand\\nobedience to Senor Iturrigaray, individually.\\nThere were no railroads in Mexico. There was no easy communica-\\ntion between the different sections of the country. There was only\\none newspaper, and that was the official organ under the control of the\\ngovernment, and theTe were few post-offices or post-roads. Ideas\\ncould not spread very rapidly in such a community. But at last the\\nsituation of affairs became so complicated that it gradually began to\\ndawn, even upon the minds of the people in Mexico, that perhaps they\\nought to have a little something themselves to say upon the subject\\npossibly the people might after all learn to govern themselves.\\nOur forefathers had risen in rebellion because England claimed the\\nright to tax the colonists of America six pence a pound upon the tea\\nthey used. The total tax collected from all the English colonies, if\\nthey had paid it loyally, might have been perhaps a hundred thousand\\ndollars a year.\\nFor three hundred years Mexico had been constantly transferring\\nher treasure to Spain, and at the period to which we have now arrived\\nher annual tribute, over and above all the expenses of her own govern-\\nment, was fourteen million dollars clean profit to the Spanish crown.\\nBut that was not all. In late years, during the war with France, Spain\\nhad been in the habit of sending to Mexico for a loan whenever she\\nwas particularly hard pressed for money. It was called a loan by way\\nof courtesy. The little ceremony of re-payment, usually supposed to\\nbe a feature of a loan transaction, was entirely omitted. At one time\\nMexico, in this way, loaned Spain twenty millions, again fourteen, and", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO.\\nStill again nine millions. At another time the Spanish king, owing a\\ndebt of some three millions of pounds to England, cavalierly gave the\\nlatter country an order on Mexico for the money, and Mexico loyally\\npaid it, to the surprise of both Spain and England.\\nIn return for all this what was Spain doing for the most profitable\\ncolony that any nation ever had No one was allowed to occupy any\\nhigh or important position in Mexico who had not been born in Spain.\\nMexico was ruled from Spain and by Spaniards. Her rulers had little\\nknowledge of the country and no permanent interest in it. All they\\nwanted was to make as much out of it as they could while they were\\nthere, and go home to spend it. So, too, all the profitable trade of\\nMexico was in the hands of Spaniards born in Spain. Monopolies were\\ngranted freely by the Spanish Government to Spanish merchants, which\\nmade it impossible for the native-born Mexican to compete with them,\\nand the people had to foot the bills. The wealth and opportunities of\\nMexico were in the hands of the Spaniards. In the Church as well as\\nin the State Spaniards held all the high positions. Social distinction\\nwas confined to Spaniards. It was only those actually born in Spain\\nwho could hope for anything in the colony. A child born in Mexico\\nfrom Spanish parents was ostracized till the day of its death. The\\nCreole, although of unmixed Spanish ancestry, could hope for nothing.\\nThe pride of the Spanish-born stranger rose above even parental love.\\nAnd yet not two per cent, of all the people of Mexico were of\\nSpanish birth. The ninety-eight per cent, had the proud distinction of\\nbeing allowed to labor for the honor, the glory, and the wealth of the\\nother two. Six millions of people were living and toiling and slaving\\nfor the benefit of one hundred thousand\\nWhat a justification is there here for a revolution, compared with\\nthe little tax on tea which had lost to England the best colonies she\\never had\\nThe revolution broke out in the little town of Dolores, in the Pro-\\nvince of Guanajuato, far in the North. It was led by a priest, Miguel\\nHidalgo. There had been several abortive efforts before this time.\\nDuring the vice-royalty of Iturrigaray a plan had been formed to declare\\nthe independence of Mexico from Spain, and to have the Viceroy him-\\nself lead the enterprise. Iturrigaray, like Barkis, seemed willing. But", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "lO THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nthe Spanish residents suspected what was going on, made the Viceroy a\\nprisoner, and sent him back to Spain.\\nLater, at ValladoHd in the West, the patriots had laid another plan\\nto free their country, but the leaders were again betrayed and the enter-\\nprise was nipped in the bud.\\nThis movement which Hidalgo led had its origin at Queretaro. It\\nhad been decided to raise the cry of independence upon a feast day,\\nwhen the people would be assembled there in large numbers but a\\ntraitor again appears, hastens the climax, and Hidalgo on hearing that\\nhe was betrayed, without waiting for the feast day or the assembly,\\nraised at once, in his own little village of Dolores, the cry Viva\\nnuestra Senora de Guadalupe viva la independencia. Long live\\nthe Virgin of Guadalupe [the patron saint of Mexico] long live\\nindependence. His followers, whom he could not long control changed\\nit to Viva nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, muera el mal Gobierne,\\nmueran los Gachupines Long live our Lady of Guadalupe, perish\\nthe bad government, death to the Spaniards, The cry is known in\\nhistory as El Grito de Dolores. The news spread and the people\\neverywhere flocked to Hidalgo s standard. He led a mob (I will not\\ncall it an army) against Queretaro, and sacked it then against Guana-\\njuato, sacked that also and put the garrison to the sword in cold blood.\\nLater he massacred all the prisoners who had been captured. For a\\nfew months he had an undisputed career of triumph. He led his horde\\ntoward the City of Mexico and Mexico trembled. But the Viceroy\\nVenegas and General Calleja, who afterwards became viceroy, organ-\\nized a successful defence, and their well-trained troops were able to\\ndisperse this mob on the Bridge of Calderon, and finally the leaders,\\nHidalgo, Allende, Aldamas, and others were captured in the North and\\nshot at Chihuahua.\\nJt is common in Mexico to call Hidalgo the Washington of their\\nrevolution. I would not for the world say aught against the integrity\\nof his character or the patriotism of his motives. There is nothing to\\nlead us to believe that in all this revolutionary movement he was not\\nactuated by a pure love for his country, and a desire to benefit his race.\\nHe devoted his life to their service, and he met a brave and heroic\\ndeath. But his effort was crude, ill planned, organized badly, and", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. II\\ncarried out worse. He vainly thought that with a mob of undisciplined\\nmen, with women and children following, he could meet trained\\nsoldiers upon the battle-field. He imagined that numbers only were\\nnecessary.\\nThe pillage of these towns, the robbery of their treasure, and the\\nmassacre of the garrisons and of the prisoners show not so much\\nthat he was deficient in humanity as that he lacked statesmanship.\\nThe one thing that he needed was the substantial support of the intel-\\nligent, conservative masses of the community. The course he took was\\nthe one of all others most calculated to drive these from his standard.\\nThe best elements of the people must always shrink from such a cause.\\nIt were better to endure even all that the Spaniard could inflict than\\nthe evils which seemed to follow in the train of Hidalgo.\\nThis seed of pillage and massacre sown by Hidalgo and his follow-\\ners bore bitter fruit for long years. Many of the best of the Creoles,\\nwhose sympathies and interests were naturally with their countrymen,\\nwere by these excesses driven to the royalists side, and fought in the\\nranks with the soldiers of Spain. It was not till 182 1 that the butchery\\nat Guanajuato was so far forgotten that the native-born Mexicans were\\nsubstantially united in the cause of freedom and independence. Then,\\nand then only, after the best blood of the country has been shed, and\\nits best men had perished, could the cause succeed. Long and bitterly\\ndid Mexico suffer for Hidalgo s folly.\\nHe failed as such a man, pursuing such a policy, must inevitably\\nhave failed and while we give him credit for the purity of his motives\\nand the nobility of his character while we recognize that the cry that\\nwas raised in Dolores in 18 10 was the commencement of the struggle\\nwhich ended in the triumph of independence under Iturbide in 1821,\\nand of good government under Porfirio Diaz in 1876 while we fully\\nrecognize and extol his purpose and his patriotism, I cannot regard\\nHidalgo as a leader worthy of his position, or entitled for a moment to\\nbe placed by the side of our Washington.\\nLater historians, upon a more careful consideration of Mexican\\nhistory, are inclined to give the honor of the leadership of the Mexican\\nRevolution to a man, the purity of whose life and the patriotism of\\nwhose motives were unexcelled even by Hidalgo, and who had in ad-", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\ndition proved himself to be one of the most heroic of soldiers, the\\ngreatest of commanders, and the best of statesmen.\\nJose Maria Morelos was born in the year 1765, near the city of\\nValladolid, in the State of Michoacan, on the Pacific coast of Mexico.\\nHis father was a carpenter his mother the daughter of a school\\nteacher. Jose had only the barest rudiments of an education in his\\nboyhood, and in his early youth his father died, leaving him to the care\\nof his uncle, a freighter, and Jose drove mules until he was thirty-two.\\nHe always, however, yearned for an education and desired to enter the\\nservice of the church. At thirty-two he contrived to get admission to\\nthe college of St. Nicolas, of which Miguel Hidalgo was rector and\\nteacher. As soon as he could pass the examination he took orders, and\\nbecoming like Hidalgo an ordained priest was given charge of some\\nsmall rural parishes on the Western coast of Michoacan. When the cry\\nof Dolores reached him, the blood was stirred in his veins, and he set\\nout at once for Guanajuato. Meeting his old teacher, he offered his\\nservices at once and was given authority to raise an army for indepen-\\ndence in the Southwest. He left upon this errand, and the two men\\nnever met again. It was only a few months before Hidalgo was\\nexecuted at Chihuahua, a thousand miles to the North, and his com-\\npatriot, five years later, met the same fate under the walls of San\\nCristobal, in the far South.\\nMorelos started from his own parish with a force of twenty-five\\nmen, a few of them armed with guns, some with lances, and the rest\\nwith sticks but it was the germ of the army which shook the Spanish\\npower in Mexico to its foundations and finally won the liberty of its\\ncountry.\\nEvery race that ever has been has had tb stand the baptism of fire.\\nProbably every race that ever is to be must go through the same ex-\\nperience. No race of men can succeed or perpetrate itself without\\nthis test of its heroic virtue.\\nThe time has come for the new Mexican race to submit itself to the\\ninevitable ordeal. For nearly three hundred years they have been\\ngrowing and multiplying. Some ten generations have lived and died\\nsince first the Spanish cavalier took the Nahua maiden for his bride in\\nthis new land beyond the sea. The race which has risen has now the", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 1 3\\nStamp of three centuries but it had been three centuries of peace,\\nquiet, and order. There had been in Mexico, during all this time since\\nthe Conquest, nothing which can be dignified with the name of war.\\nThe wild Indians had occasionally broken out in the mountains, and\\nsmall troops of soldiers had been sent to subdue them. The pirate\\nships of the Spanish Main had now and then skirted the coasts of\\nMexico and disturbed some of the seaport towns. Once in a while\\nthere had been some civil commotion, a strike among the laborers, or a\\ndemand for bread from the hungry populace. But these were all but\\nordinary and transient troubles and of little consequence in the history\\nof a nation or a race.\\nNow the supreme moment has come. The new Mexican race must\\nlive or die according as it stands this test of tests.\\nIt certainly had a leader worthy of the occasion. It has been said\\nthat whenever a great commander is wanted he always appears at the\\nright moment. I am inclined to think that this is more poetry than\\nfact. We sometimes have to wait long and patiently for the right man\\nto come. But the hour of supreme trial, when the fate of a nation or\\nof a race hangs in the balance, is the hour that will discover and dis-\\nclose the hero if the hero is there.\\nMorelos is now our hero. At Acapulco he learned of the capture\\nand death of Hidalgo, and then he knew that the hope of his race, and\\nit may be the hope of liberty for all mankind, rested with him.\\nHe commenced at once to assemble, organize, and discipline his\\nfamous army. You must remember the materials which he had at his\\ncommand raw rustics who had never seen danger and perhaps never\\nfired a gun new men, untaught, undisciplined, and untried men of\\na new race, with no pride of ancestry to elevate their souls, and no\\nrecord of heroic deeds to inspire them men totally unused to act in\\nconcert or to co-operate with one another, unaccustomed to manage\\ntheir own affairs or to formulate their own opinions for centuries the\\nwilling slaves of the king and the easy victims of the Church. If you\\nwould compare their deeds with the soldiers of our revolution, compare\\nfirst our advantages with theirs. Washington had in his soldiers the re-\\nsult of the education, development, culture, and courage of untold gen-\\nerations. Morelos had, at the best, only the rawest materials for heroes.", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nAt first they showed little even of that. At Aguacatillo, a detach-\\nment of the Independents met one day a Royalist force, like them levied\\nfrom the rustics of the country. Their conduct on that day reminds\\nus of the celebrated duel of Bob Acres. Both sides indulged for a few\\nminutes in some wild and reckless shooting, and then the Independent\\ntroops turned and ran without looking to see what had become of\\ntheir opponents. A drummer-boy, more curious if not more brave than\\nthe rest, climbed a tree to see what the Royalists were doing. He found\\nthat they were running still faster in the other direction. He called\\nback the insurgents. They turned, chased and captured the Royalists,\\nand won a glorious victory without the loss of a man on either side.\\nBut Morelos, by persistent education and discipline, and by the in-\\ndomitable zeal and valor which he not only displayed himself on all\\noccasions but succeeded in communicating to those around him, soon\\nturned this wild, unconglomerated mass into an army of which neither\\nWashington nor Wellington need have been ashamed.\\nI have not time to follow the early career of our priest-captain in\\nthe West. He had succeeded in winning to the cause of independence\\nthe people of Southern and Western Mexico, and in driving the Royal-\\nists back almost to the very gates of the capital. No soldiers had ever\\nbehaved more valiantly, and no captain had ever commanded better.\\nBut I must pass over all this and come to Cuautla.\\nCalleja was in the North with his triumphant army. It was the best-\\nequipped and best-disciplined body of soldiers that had ever been on\\nAmerican soil. In it were now the finest troops of Spain among\\nothers, that famous regiment of Asturias, which had carried off the\\nhonors at Belen, where it had defeated the French with great slaughter\\nand won for itself the proud name of The Victors of the Victors of\\nAusterlitz.\\nViceroy Venegas sat in his vice-regal palace, and as he heard of the\\nprogress of Morelos he trembled, not only for the power of Spain in\\nMexico, but for his own personal safety. Messenger after messenger\\nwas despatched for the great army of Calleja to come and save them\\nfrom this little parish priest and his force of rude rustics, Calleja\\ncame. He was to crush Morelos as you would crush an egg-shell in\\nyour hand. But although against him was coming all the power of", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 1 5\\nSpain, with the best general, the best army, and the best equipments of\\nevery kind that Spain and Mexico could furnish, Morelos with his little\\nband was undaunted and unterrified, and at Cuautla in the South he\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2calmly awaited the approach of the Royalist hosts.\\nThe name of this place is of Indian origin. It is derived from the\\nKz i^cyuoxdL^ quauh vcitdXiVCi^tdu^Q^ and //a!\u00c2\u00ab, place. Cuautla there-\\nfore means the place where the eagle builds her nest. It became the\\nnesting-place of liberty, and in it the freedom of a race was hatched.\\nWe are on historic ground. The city of Cuautla lies some sixty\\nmiles directly south from the City of Mexico. A little to the Northeast\\nare Popocatapetl and Iztaccihuatl, whose summits rise so high that\\neven here in the tropics they are capped with perpetual white as with\\nthe mantle of heaven. Farther to the east the famous Orizaba raises\\nits snow-capped summit. Still nearer are the pyramids of Cholula and\\nOtumba, rivalling in grandeur and historic interest their sisters in the\\nvalley of the Nile. A few miles to the southwest are the renowned\\nmines of Tazco, among the richest of the world, worked long before\\nthe days of Columbus by the Aztecs of old, and still yielding their\\nabundance to the people of modern Mexico. Just a little farther to the\\nsouth is the town of Iguala, afterwards famous for all time as the place\\nwhere Vicente Guerrero and Iturbide met and issued the Plan of\\nIguala, which rang the death-knell of the Spanish power in Mexico.\\nStill a little farther to the south is the mountain village of Chilpanzingo,\\nwhere Morelos assembled the first Mexican Congress, and decreed in the\\nsame act the independence of his country and the freedom of the slave.\\nStill farther to the west is the port of Acapulco, to which for three\\nhundred years had been brought the rich fabrics of the Orient, to be\\nfrom thence distributed through all New Spain.\\nWellington once asked of a Mexican he met in Europe, Where was\\nthis Cuautla and he was answered that it was a small open city, upon\\na level plain. Wellington replied This shows the sagacity of\\nMorelos. The place was in fact selected with rare judgment and\\ndiscrimination by our little priest-commander for his desperate stand.\\nNo mountain fortress could have answered his purpose half so well.\\nHe attempted no exterior fortifications whatsoever, but inside the town\\nhe showed that the parish cura was no mean military engineer. He", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "l6 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nwalled up the doors and lower windows of the houses, and cut inside\\ncommunications through the walls from one house to another. He\\nbarricaded the streets in some places and dug deep trenches in others.\\nHe hoarded his ammunition and provisions, drilled his men night and\\nday, and waited for Calleja. Calleja came and immediately stormed\\nthe place in four columns, one on each side, confident of immediate\\nsuccess. And why should he not be confident? It was the same army\\nthat triumphed at Calderon, Guanajuato, Valladolid, and Zitacuaro. It\\nhad never known defeat or check. It was now reinforced with these\\nvictorious Spanish troops, the best soldiers in the world, and Calleja\\nhimself was a commander greater perhaps than any other that America\\nhad seen since the time of Cortez. Calleja s columns approach in-\\nfantry, artillery and cavalry are in motion. The Mexicans allow them\\nto come within a hundred yards of their intrenchments. Morelos had\\ntold them to wait until they could aim at the eyes of their opponents.\\nThey did. Then they opened so tremendous and persistent a fire that\\nthe best troops of Spain and all the world fell back in wild disorder.\\nThere were, during these days, many deeds of individual heroism\\nwell worthy of record in history. Galeano, one of the lieutenants of\\nMorelos, seeing a Spanish colonel trying to rally his flying regiment,\\nsallied out against him alone, engaged him single-handed, and killed\\nhim on the spot, and as may be imagined, the regiment of the dead\\ncolonel only fled the faster. In another part of the field Don Jose\\nMaria Fernandez, afterwards knoAvn as Guadalupe Victoria, threw\\nhimself in front of a desperate charge of a Royalist detachment and\\nsaved the life of his commander. Vicente Guerrero and Sandoval\\nhad fortified themselves on the outskirts of the town, on a little plaza,\\nand with a small force hurled back the repeated charges of the best\\nof the Spanish troops led by General Llano. Miguel Bravo and the\\nfighting Cura of Tapia hovered around on the outside with troops of\\ncavalry, cutting off the Royalists supplies and ammunition, and giving\\nthem no moment s rest anywhere. Leonardo Bravo held, against over-\\nwhelming odds, the plaza of Santo Domingo, and the priest Matamoras,\\nfresh from his prayers and his church, fought as fiercely as the oldest\\nsoldier. Morelos himself was everywhere. With his eagle eye upon all\\nparts of the field, guiding and directing every movement of his troops.", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 1 7\\nregardless of personal peril, he was ever at the weakest point and\\nimparting his own valor, courage, and enthusiasm to each individual\\nsoldier in his army. He never said, Go but always, Come and\\nthere was not a man under him who would not have been proud to\\nhave followed him even to certain death. Everybody joined in the\\nfight. There were not arms enough to go around but the Indians\\nstood upon the house-tops and used their slings and hurled down\\nstones the women carried ammunition to the soldiers and even the\\nchildren picked up the spent cannon-balls in the streets, and brought\\nthem to the warriors that they might send them back on their errand of\\ndeath.\\nTime and again Calleja led his cohorts against this army of liberty,\\nbut in vain. The action lasted, this first day, from seven o clock in the\\nmorning till three in the afternoon. A final attempt was made by\\nCalleja to decoy the forces of Morelos from his intrenchments by pre-\\ntending to abandon his artillery. But Morelos was not to be caught.\\nTime and again, after this day, Calleja was urged and entreated by\\nViceroy Venegas to make another assault upon Cuautla, but he stead-\\nfastly refused. Nothing could induce him to try it again. He had had\\nenough of it. He sent to Mexico for long siege guns and attempted to\\nbatter down the town. Again cannon-balls and shell came thick and\\nfast, but again it was in vain. There was nothing left for Calleja to do\\nbut to blockade the town and try to starve it out. Morelos knew that\\nthe destiny of Mexico and the hope of liberty depended upon his suc-\\ncessful resistance. Hidalgo slain in the North, Valladolid captured,\\nZitacuara destroyed, the Junta dispersed, Rayon a fugitive, no other\\norganized force worthy of the name fighting for the independence of\\nMexico, if his army should be destroyed, then there would be indeed no\\nhope for his country. If he could only hold out until the rainy season\\ncommenced Calleja would have to raise the siege, for Cuautla is in the\\nTierra Calliente, fevers come with the rain, and the European troops\\nwould be lost. If the rainy season had come as usual, this is what\\nwould have happened. But this time, the Lord seemed to be fighting on\\nthe side of the Royalists, and the rains this year were two months late.\\nCalleja fully appreciated the heroism and ability of Morelos. He\\ncalls him, in his despatches to Mexico, a second Mahomet, fighting,", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 8 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nhe says, with a firmness worthy of a better cause. He had yet to\\nlearn that there can be no better cause than that of human Hberty.\\nNot all the troops of the Royalists, gathered from all Mexico and all\\nSpain, could dislodge Morelos from Cuautla. The weapons of human\\nfoes could not prevail against him. But he was finally driven out by an\\nenemy stronger and more irresistible than mortal power. It was hun-\\nger. Their food gave out. They stood it like heroes day after day,\\nwaiting for relief, but none came. Every effort was made to bring pro-\\nvisions in, but the place was closely invested, and on the open plain the\\nSpanish troops were superior. Famine now prevailed inside the town\\nto a horrible extent. Maize was almost the only sustenance of the\\ntroops, and there was little even of that. They were hungry enough to\\neat anything. A cat was sold for six dollars, a lizard for two dollars,\\nand rats and other vermin for one. An ox which was seen feeding one\\nday between the Spanish camp and the town nearly brought on a gen-\\neral action, for the troops near by, unable to resist the temptation,\\nrushed out to seize the prey, and were attacked while bringing it away\\nby so strong a party of the enemy that Morelos had to draw out nearly\\nhis whole army to save them.\\nDisease too began to show itself in its most frightful shape, and\\nnearly three hundred sick were lodged in the Hospital of San Diego\\nalone, and yet such was the influence of this man over every one around\\nhim that they endured all their sufferings with undaunted heroism. No\\none spoke of surrender, no one complained, for did not their brave\\ncommander share every peril and suffer all they suffered Heroism is\\ncontagious and every heart was full of it. But heroism cannot supply\\nthe place of food. Morelos saw that he must evacuate Cuautla. To\\nsurrender would destroy the hopes of independence in Mexico, and\\nmoreover would be the death doom of every man in the place, for Calleja\\ngave no quarter. Here, at this trying moment, the spirit of the patriot\\nand the skill of the commander is shown at its best. One dark night\\nthe troops were marshalled silently the order to proceed was given\\nGaleano took command of the advance guard, Morelos himself of the\\ncentre, and the Bravos, Leonardo and Nicolas, of the rear. Silently\\nthey marched out, passing right under the guns of the enemy, and so\\nskilfully was it all planned, and so superb was the discipline, that they", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 1 9\\nwere not discovered till they had crossed the river, got beyond the in-\\ntrenchments of the enemy, and the open country was before them.\\nThen, too late, the Spanish camp was aroused and an attack on all sides,\\nwas ordered. But Morelos was prepared for this. He gave the pre-\\nconcerted signal, and that army of five thousand men melted away as if\\nby magic and disappeared into the darkness, over the plains and into\\nthe mountains, where no enemy could follow. When the Spanish forces\\ncame from each direction to where the army of Morelos ought to be all\\nready to be closed upon and crushed, they saw, through the darkness^\\nonly the dim figure of their own battalions, and mistaking friends for ene-\\nmies, fired upon one another. Morelos had arranged that when he gave\\nthe order for dispersion the troops should scatter and meet again as soon\\nas possible at Izucar, some twenty miles away. Two days afterwards\\nthey were there, and it is said that of this whole army only seventeen\\nwere missing but among those seventeen was Leonardo Bravo. Ever\\nat the post of danger, he was hindmost of all, and was captured while\\nguarding the rear. More of him hereafter.\\nThere is nothing in all the heroic records in history which to my\\nmind compares with the retreat, dispersion, and re-assembling of this\\narmy of Morelos. The cause of the revolution then appeared almost a\\nforlorn hope. No one knew better than the patriot priest and the troops\\nunder him how much they had to contend with and how greatly the\\nchances were against them and yet, so far as is known without a single\\ndesertion, these five thousand men scattered over the plains and the\\nmountains and came together again at the call of their leader, filled\\nwith the same undaunted enthusiasm which had sustained him all the way\\nthrough, and preferring rather to die for liberty than to live without it.\\nAnd these men were of a race which had never before known war,,\\nand they themselves had had no previous civil or military experience.\\nThey were simply, when Morelos took them, uneducated, untrained,,\\nundisciplined rustics and clod-hoppers. But the magic power of a great\\ncause, and the resistless enthusiasm of a noble leader had transformed\\nthem into heroes, the peers of the most heroic men of the most heroic\\nrace that ever lived.\\nThus they gathered together again at Izucar, resolved to be free or\\ndie. A race had been baptized and a nation was born.", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "20 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nCalleja was glad enough to sneak back to Mexico. He had had\\nenough of it. He might have pursued Morelos and come up very close\\nto him but he felt like the man who was hunting the bear it was all\\nright until the tracks became too fresh. If Venegas was going to send\\nhim after Morelos again, he preferred to let Morelos have a good\\nstart.\\nCalleja nevertheless essayed to enter the capital in triumph. He had\\nbeen sent to capture Cuautla, and he had captured it. He had been sent\\nto disperse the army of Morelos, and he had dispersed it, after a\\nfashion. But the people in Mexico seemed to understand pretty cor-\\nrectly the true situation of affairs. They saw that the great Spanish\\nGeneral had been outwitted by the humble parish priest from Caracuaro.\\nA comedy was acted at a social entertainment in the city, a few\\nnights after the return of Calleja, in which a soldier appeared returning\\nfrom battle, and presenting his general with a turban, telling him in a\\nvery pompous manner, Here is the turban of the Moor whom I took\\nprisoner? And the Moor himself? said the general. Oh, he\\nunfortunately escaped. The application was plain, and the chagrin of\\nCalleja was almost beyond endurance.\\nMorelos waited some time at Izucar. The mental strain had been\\ntoo much for him. He was sick. That tremendous nervous energy of\\nhis had to be recruited but the priest Matamoras, now second in com-\\nmand, reorganized the troops, and put them under the best possible\\ndiscipline, so that as soon as Morelos was well, they were ready to start\\nupon that memorable campaign in the far South. I will not follow our\\nhero in his victorious march through Oaxaca. No raw levies which the\\nRoyalists could muster there could stand against him for a moment.\\nHis army was proof everywhere against anything less than the old\\nSpanish regiments, and even the Victors of the Victors of Austerlitz\\nhad learned to have a very wholesome respect for the soldier-priest.\\nMorelos was no less a statesman than a soldier. He saw that there\\nmust be something besides an army if Mexico was to be a nation. He\\ndetermined to organize a government, and on the 13th of October,\\n1813, the first Mexican Congress met at Chilpanzingo, a little town not\\nfar from Acapulco. All the provinces of Mexico which were under the\\ncontrol of the patriots were represented by elected delegates, and for", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 21\\nthose which could not be reached delegates were selected by the others.\\nThe Congress declared the independence of Mexico, proclaimed the\\nfreedom of the slave, and organized a Constitution. Calleja, who had\\nnow become viceroy, determined to capture this body, and so, by one\\nstroke, put an end to the rebellion. He led his large and disciplined\\narmy out against it. Morelos had only a handful of men for the\\ndefence, but he fought heroically to the end. He succeeded in saving\\nthe Congress, but not himself. Ihe last man of his army to leave the\\nfield of battle, he fell into the hands of the enemy. There was no\\ndoubt as to what his fate would be. No patriot captured by Calleja\\never lived to fight again. Morelos was taken to the City of Mexico and\\ntried not by court-martial as a soldier, but by the Inquisition as a\\npriest. His offence was not treason, but heresy the heresy of believing\\nthat man was born to be free. He was of course convicted, handed\\nover to the military authorities for execution, and on the 22d of Decem-\\nber, 1815, he was removed from the prison of the Inquisition to the\\nHospital of San Cristobal, behind which the sentence against him was\\nto be carried out. As he stood there, in front of the platoon of soldiers\\nwho with loaded guns was ready to take aim at his heart, he made\\nthis last prayer\\nLord, if I have done well, Thou knowest it if ill, to Thy infinite\\nmercy I commend my soul.\\nThus died as pious a priest, as brave a soldier, as skilful a com-\\nmander, as pure a patriot, and as noble a hero as has ever lived.\\nThe Government vainly thought that with the death of Morelos\\nwould come the end of the rebellion but the humble Cura of Cara-\\ncuaro had planted the seed of liberty so deep in the hearts of the\\nMexican people that nothing but extermination could ever destroy it.\\nThe armies of the patriots were dispersed their leaders were cap-\\ntured and shot but still the flame was not extinguished. Time went\\non till 1820, and all that appeared to be left of the rebellion was the\\nindomitable Vicente Guerrero, with two thousand brave and undaunted\\nsoldiers concealed in the mountains of the Sierra Madre in the South.\\nThen Iturbide came forward, a new recruit from the Royalist to the\\nRepublican cause. He joins his forces with those of Guerrero. The\\nRoyalist army, which had done so much to destroy the revolution, now", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "22 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nturned patriots, and Iturbide attempts to gain the credit and win the\\nrewards of his country s freedom. But it could not be. The memory\\nof Hidalgo and Morelos and of the other heroes who had fallen was too\\nfresh in the minds of the people ever to be obscured. Mexico is inde-\\npendent. Iturbide for the moment is the hero but the nation soon\\nrecovers its reason, and to the old leaders who have survived are given\\nthe places of honor, distinction, and responsibility.\\nI cannot complete this story of the siege of Cuautla without a brief\\naccount of the subsequent career of some of the men who were there\\nunder Morelos.\\nI have spoken of Leonardo Bravo, who led the rear upon the retreat,\\nand who was captured whilst saving the rest of the army. His son,\\nNicolas, who was with him, escaped. Morelos had then three hun-\\ndred prisoners from the Spanish army in his quarters. He turned them\\nover to Nicolas Bravo to dispose of as he would, to save his father s\\nlife or to avenge his death. The father Leonardo and the son Nicolas\\nwere two of the loveliest characters in history. Pure and true patriots,\\nuntrained in war, unused to command, of quiet and gentle natures, they\\nhad embraced the cause of Morelos for the reason that it was the cause\\nof liberty. Once soldiers, they became the best of soldiers. No men\\nwere ever more valiant, few commanders ever more skilful. They\\nloved one another as not many fathers and sons have ever loved, and the\\nViceroy knew it.\\nLeonardo was taken to Mexico, and Venegas sends him word,\\nIf you will but write a letter to Nicolas asking him to lay down his\\narms, your life shall be saved and you shall be free. Leonardo\\nreplies I love my son better than I love my life, but if he did that, I\\nwould kill him with my own hand Nicolas offers to exchange the\\nthree hundred prisoners, full-blooded Spaniards, for his father. Calleja,\\nin a brief letter, declines the offer, and in his postscript adds, Don\\nLeonardo is ordered to immediate execution.\\nNicolas Bravo was only a Mexican.\\nOn receiving this contemptuous and heartless message from Calleja,\\nNicolas releases the three hundred prisoners, wishing, as he said, to put\\nit out of his own power to avenge on them the death of his parent, lest\\nin some moment of grief the temptation should prove irresistible. An", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 23\\nCye-witness of the scene reports the speech that Nicolas made when\\nthe prisoners were brought before him to be released, as follows\\nYour lives, he says, are forfeit. Your master, Spain s minion,\\nhas murdered my father, murdered him in cold blood for choosing\\nMexico and liberty before Spain and her tyrannies. Some of you are\\nfathers and may imagine what my father felt in being thrust from the\\nworld without one farewell word from his son ay and your sons may\\nfeel a portion of that anguish of soul which fills my breast, as thoughts\\narise of my father s wrongs and cruel death.\\nAnd what a master is this you serve For one life, my poor father s,\\nhe might have saved you all, and would not. So deadly is his hate\\nthat he would sacrifice three hundred of his friends rather than forego\\nthis one sweet morsel of vengeance. Even I, who am no viceroy, have\\nthree hundred lives for my father s. But there is yet a nobler revenge\\nthan all. Go, you are free Go find your vile master, and henceforth\\nserve him if you can\\nI have failed to find in history the story of an educated and cultured\\nSaxon more worthy of love and honor than this untutored Mexican.\\nNicolas Bravo lived to see the cause of independence triumph, and\\nto become President of the Mexican Republic.\\nAmong those I have mentioned at Cuautlawas Guadalupe Victoria,\\nthen known by his real name of Don Jose Maria Fernandez. He was\\na young law student, of the age of twenty-two, pursuing his studies in\\nthe City of Mexico, when the Revolution broke out. He did not join\\nHidalgo he could not see in him the true leader for so great a cause.\\nIt was not till Morelos appeared that he joined his fortunes with those\\nof the Revolution but from that time on he was a hero among heroes.\\nI have told how at Cuautla he saved the life of Morelos by rushing in\\nfront of him in the face of a desperate charge. Through all the siege\\nhe was foremost in deeds of valor, and on the retreat he took the post\\nof danger. He followed the fortunes of the Revolution to the end.\\nHe was with Morelos in Oaxaca, with him at the siege of Acapulco,\\nwith the army when Morelos was captured, and after the death of his\\nchief he fought as long as he could find a place to defend or a soldier\\nto follow him. At last, in 1816, most of his compatriots had been cap-\\ntured or slain, the insurgents were being suppressed upon all sides, and", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "24 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nsoon nothing remained of the revolution except Guerrero s little band\\nin the mountains in the South. The Government offered pardon to\\nall who would come in and accept it. Many did so. It was offered to\\nGuadalupe, and pressed upon him. He preferred death to submission.\\nThen a price was set upon his head. Armies were sent to hunt him.\\nAny village where he obtained food was immediately destroyed. It\\nwas declared to be certain death to know his whereabouts and not give\\nhim up. It was under such circumstances and to escape such a hunt\\nthat Victoria took to the mountains, and from this time until 1821,\\nwhen the cause of independence revived under Iturbide, he lived\\nalone and unattended in the solitudes of the Sierras. For thirty\\nmonths he did not see a human being or taste bread. In the summer\\nhe lived upon fruits, and in the winter upon roots and whatever else\\nhe could find. He was glad even to gnaw the bones of dead beasts.\\nThe clothing which he had on him when he disappeared was all torn\\nto rags, and nothing was left .but a single cotton wrapper which he had\\nsomewhere found. And yet he would not submit. The troops that\\nwere sent to hunt him became tired of the fruitless quest and reported\\nhim dead, and so he was believed to be, by friend and foe alike. The\\nlast person he parted with when he disappeared into the wilderness\\nwas a faithful Indian, who said to him as he went away, If things\\nchange and you can come back safely, where shall I find you and\\nVictoria pointed to a high mountain dimly outlined in the distance,\\nYou will find me or my bones somewhere on that mountain. Five\\nyears after that the cause which had been so dear to Victoria s heart\\nwas triumphant, and this faithful Indian set out to find his friend.\\nHe searched all over the mountain, and was about to give up in despair\\nwhen he saw a footprint in the soft earth. He knew it to be the foot-\\nprint of a man of European origin, that is, of a man who had worn\\nshoes (the Indian always went barefoot or wore sandals.) This faith,-\\nful man inferred that Victoria had been that way and would return\\nagain. He waited several days till his stock of provisions was nearly\\nexhausted, and then went back for a fresh supply, leaving, however, as\\na sign to Victoria if he should come that way, a few tortillas hung up\\nby a string over the path.\\nA short time afterwards Guadalupe returned and found the tortillas.", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 2$\\nHe had not tasted food for four days. He was so famished that he de-\\nvoured them before he thought why they were there. Then he reasoned\\nthat it must be either the signal of a friend or the ambush of a foe. He\\nwould hide and wait. The Indian soon came back. Guadalupe pre-\\nsented himself but was not recognized. His beard and his hair had\\nbeen growing for four years. He had on him no clothing except the\\nragged remnants of that one cotton sheet. His nails had grown like\\nclaws his body was gaunt and emaciated, and he was almost in the\\nlast stages of starvation. He convinced the Indian of his identity and\\nwent back with him, and as soon as it was known that Victoria was\\nalive and returned there was such a universal rejoicing as Mexico has\\nnever known before or since. He became the national hero and re-\\nmained so till he died. He was the first President of the Republic, and\\nwhile he lived he was, as Porfirio Diaz seems now to be, the one man\\nin the nation whom all factions were willing entirely to trust.\\nAnd yet he was only a Mexican.\\nAmong others there at Cuautla was Vicente Guerrero. I have\\nalready referred to him as the one leader who kept the flame of the\\nRevolution alive in the Sierra Madres in the South when it was\\nextinguished everywhere else. He was the connecting link between\\nHidalgo and Iturbide. He survived the Revolution and suceeeded\\nVictoria as President of the Republic.\\nThere were many others there at Cuautla well worthy of special\\nnotice, but time does not allow me to mention them here. All the Gal\\neanos, bravest among the brave, were slain during the war. Miguel anc\\nVictor Bravo, brothers of Nicolas and sons of Leonardo, were also\\nslain, Matamoras, the brother priest of Morelos and his second in\\ncommand, was captured and shot. But I must stop, for among the five\\nthousand soldiers were five thousand heroes, every one of them worthy\\nof a monument.\\nIt has been customary to ridicule and asperse the Mexican nation\\nand the Mexican people because after their war of the Revolution they\\ndid not succeed for many years in establishing a stable, orderly, and\\nefficient government such as ours. But we should remember again the\\ndifficulties which the Mexican statesmen had to confront and the com-\\nparatively easy task which we here in the North undertook. Professor", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "26 THE SIEGE OF CUAUTLA.\\nFiske tells, in his great book on the The Critical Period of American\\nHistory, something of the difficulties we had in establishing our\\nnational government after the Revolution. It was only by a very close\\nshave that even we escaped anarchy and yet we had the advantage of\\nwell-established, well-regulated and efficient Town, County, and State\\ngovernments. We belonged to a race which had won its substantial\\nliberty long centuries before, a race which had been accustomed to\\ngovern itself, both in civil and ecclesiastical affairs, from the time of\\nKing John down, a race which had always had some form of a Town\\nMeeting and a national parliament, a race which had inherited its free-\\ndom even from its wild Germanic ancestors. On the other hand, in\\nMexico was a new, untried, and inexperienced race, the growth of only\\nthree centuries, a race which had always been down-trodden and de-\\nspised, a race which had never been allowed to govern itself, to manage\\nits own affairs or to do its own thinking a race which drew its blood\\nfrom the bigoted Spaniard and the untutored Indian a race which re-\\nceived its first baptism in this War of Independence and won then, for\\nthe first time, its right to assert itself among the races of the earth.\\nThe war was ended and Mexico was independent of Spain, but it had\\nlost its best blood during the struggle, and the people who survived had\\nyet to learn the first principles of practical statesmanship.\\nCannot you give to such a race and such a people, under such cir-\\ncumstances, a little more time than the proud Puritan and the cultured\\ncavalier took in the colonies of the North In 1857, under the lead-\\nership of Benito Juarez, a full-blooded Indian, and of Porfirio Diaz, a\\ntypical Mexican, Mexico completed her revolutionary struggle by over-\\nthrowing the authority of the Church and adopting a liberal constitution.\\nThen came the French intervention and the second struggle for in-\\ndependence but in 1867 the cause of liberty had again triumphed,.\\nJuarez was seated in the Presidential chair, the new Constitution was\\nrecognized, and religious freedom promulgated and acknowledged on\\nevery foot of Mexican soil. A few years later, Diaz, the compatriot of\\nJuarez, succeeds him in the presidential chair, and, from that day to\\nthis, there has been no just cause for complaint as to the stability and\\nefficiency of the government of our sister Republic in the South. She\\nhas progressed rapidly in material prosperity, in mental and moral de-", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE BUNKER HILL OF MEXICO. 2/\\nvelopment, and in all that makes a nation great and those who know\\nher best are the most sure that she is now, finally and forever, redeemed.\\nTo my mind those who brought Mexico from the infancy of her lib-\\nerty to the well-ordered development of to-day, who helped her through\\nher struggles for independence, through her early civil wars, through\\nher contest with our country when we should have been a friend instead\\nof an enemy, through the struggle with the Church and the French in-\\nvasion, are as much entitled to the name of statesmen as the men\\nwho won the independence of the United States and gave us our\\nConstitution and form of government.\\nI have called the siege of Cuautla the Bunker Hill of Mexico. Cuau-\\ntla and Bunker Hill were alike in form defeats. The patriot army in\\nboth cases retreated and left the enemy in possession of the field, and\\nyet in both cases the contest, though apparently a defeat, was a sub-\\nstantial victory. In 1776 it was shown that American yeomen could\\nstand up against British regulars, and if need be, die with their faces\\nto the enemy. In 181 2 the Mexican rustics, with the little priest at\\ntheir head, were able to show at Cuautla that not all the power of Spain\\nor all the soldiers of Asturias could crush the spirit of liberty which\\nhad been aroused in the breast of the new Mexican race.\\nShall not then the descendants of the heroes of Bunker Hill and\\nthe sons of sires who fought at Cuautla be equally proud of each\\nother and of the fact that they are all Americans", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nllnll^ IHI!\u00c2\u00ab!fj!j!\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j|I|!Hjijj\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j\u00e2\u0080\u00a2llj!l^^\\n021 929 850 fl", "height": "3134", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "siegeofcuautlabu00loga_0032.jp2"}}