{"1": {"fulltext": "3L", "height": "5134", "width": "3340", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "7", "height": "4498", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "ANNEXATION OF HAWAII.\\nSPEECH\\nHON. RICHARD A. WISE,\\nOF VIRGINIA,\\nIN THE\\nHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,\\nTuesday, Junk 14, 1893.\\nWASHINGTON.\\nI898.", "height": "4498", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "SF\\n68676", "height": "4475", "width": "2476", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "f\\ny x\\nSPEECH\\nOP\\nHON. EI CHARD A. WISE.\\nThe House having under consideration the joint resolution (H. Res. 259) -to\\nprovide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States-\\nMr. WISE said:\\nMr. Speaker: In the limited time that has been allotted me\\nto discuss this question I will be compelled to confine myself to\\nonly a few points. I confess that up to a recent date I was op-\\nposed to the annexation of any more territory by the United\\nStates, but a condition of things has arisen in connection with the\\nwar with Spain that in my opinion makes the annexation of Hawaii\\na military necessity, and I shall vote for it just as I voted to give\\nthe soldiers in camp the right to vote in our elections and as I\\nvoted for the war-revenue bill, in spite of the fact that it had been\\nhampered by certain Senate amendments to which I am opposed,\\nsome of which I deemed inexpedient, and one of which I regarded\\nas a violation of a principle which was advocated by the sound-\\n4noney people of this country in 1896.\\nThe responsibility for this latter amendment, namely, the com-\\n^jpulsory coinage of one and one-half million dollars of silver\\nmonthly, I shall leave to those who fathered it. These measures\\nare demanded by the exigencies of the times, and, being necessary\\nto the successful conduct of the war and the upholding of the\\nhands of the Administration now, I vote for them. When we rec-\\nognize that Hawaii is only about 2,100 miles from our Pacific coast,\\nand that the heaviest battle ship, steaming at the rate of 15 miles\\nan hour, can reach it in less than six days, and that it took more\\nthan that time for George Washington to move his army from\\nthe neighborhood of Philadelphia to Yorktown in 1781, we can see\\nhow conditions have changed since then and how thoroughly fal-\\nlacious it is to quote, as others have done, the sayings of Wash-\\nington about the acquirement of other territory. The principles\\nenunciated by Washington are correct, but the application of the\\nprinciples vary under varying conditions. Since his day we have\\nacquired much territory, some by conquest and some by purchase.\\nAlaska is practically farther away from us than Hawaii. At\\nany rate, Mr. Speaker, it appears to be a well-settled fact that the\\njudgment of the American people demands this annexation, and\\nas one of their representatives, since they are in favor of the ver-\\ndict, I am not disposed to set myself up as the stubborn twelfth\\njuror.\\nNaval battles were heretofore fought by ships with sails, that\\ncould be absent for years from their base of supply; to-day the\\nmost powerful battle ship is unable to exert her power either for\\n3183 3", "height": "4483", "width": "2586", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "offense or defense unless supplied with coal. It is said we have\\nby treaty a coaling station in Hawaii which is sufficient to supply\\nour needs in that direction.\\nWill it not be as hard, or, indeed, harder, for us to defend this\\nstation in time of war should other nations assail it as it would\\nbe for us to defend the whole island as part of our territory?\\nBut, Mr. Speaker, all these questions have been gone over and\\nmore ably discussed than it is possible for me to do. I will con-\\nfine myself solely to one objection which has been raised in oppo-\\nsition to the annexation of this territory, namely, the existence of\\nleprosy there.\\nIt has been said that we will be annexing a colony of lepers to\\nspread the disease over the United States. This shows the great\\nignorance on the part of some people in regard to this disease.\\nWhat is leprosy? Osier, who is the author of one of our best and\\nmost modern works on medicine and who stands as high as any-\\none else in medical authority, defines it to be\\nA chronic infectious disease caused by the bacillus leprae, characterized by\\nthe presence of tubercular nodules in the skin and mucous membranes tuber-\\ncular leprosy) or by changes in the nerves (anaesthetic leprosy). At first\\nthese forms may be separate, but ultimately both are combined, and in the\\ncharacteristic form there are disturbances of sensation.\\nThe disease is widespread and there is a popular belief that it is\\non the increase.\\nOsier says:\\nIt is one of the oldest of known diseases. At present it prevails widely\\nparticularly in hot countries. In India it is estimated that there are over\\n^50,000 lepers. In Europe, where it prevailed in the Middle Ages, it has become\\nalmost unknown, except in Norway and the Orient. It exists in the Gulf\\nStates and extensively in Mexico.\\nAt Key West, Berger states that there are 100 cases, and Blanc found 40\\ncases in New Orleans. In the Northwestern States a few cases exist among\\nthe Norwegian and Icelandic settlers. On the Pacific coast cases are seen\\nnot infrequently among the Chinese.\\nAn endemic focus is at Tracadie, New Brunswick; a few cases are also\\nmet with in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. At Tracadie, which is on a bay of\\nthe Oulf of St. Lawrence, the disease is limited to two or three counties\\nwhich are settled by French Canadians. The disease was imported from\\nNorway about the end of the last century. The cases are confined in a\\nlazaretto, to which place they are sent as soon as the disease is manifest. I\\nmade a visit to the settlement two years ago with a medical officer, A. C.\\nSmith, of Chatham, at which time there were only eighteen patients in the\\nhospital. It is interesting to note that the disease was gradually diminished\\nby segregation; formerly there were over forty under surveillance.\\nThe disease attacks all classes and persons of all ages. It is probably com-\\nmunicated by contagion. Inoculation was successf uly performed by Arning\\nin a Hawaiian convict. Graham, who, some years ago, carefully investigated\\nthe Tracadie settlement, came to the conclusion that the disease was very\\nprobably transmitted by contagion, and A. C. Smith, the present medical\\nofficer, tells me that he knows of no facts which are opposed to that view. It\\nis, however, only contagious in the same sense as syphilis, and just as acci-\\ndental contamination with this virus is extremely rare so it is with leprosy.\\nThe closest possible contact may take place for years, as between parent and\\nchild, without transmission, and not one of the Sisters of Charity who have\\nfor more than forty years so faithfully nursed the lepers at Tracadie has\\ncontracted the disease.\\nIt is difficult to explain the rapid spread of the disease in the Sandwich\\nIslands on any other view than contagion, and yet it is strange that there is\\nno evidence of a primary lesion or external sore comparable to that of syphilis.\\nMorrow states that\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn the immense majority of cases the disease is propagated by sexual con-\\ngress. The disappearance of the disease in the Middle Ages no doubt resulted\\nfrom isolation enforced at that time. The disease had possibly, in some in-\\nstances, been transmitted by vaccination. Hereditary transmission can not\\nbe excluded, and there is no good reason why the disease should not be com-\\nmunicated, as in syphilis, from parent to child.", "height": "4475", "width": "2476", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Hansen, of Bergen, first discovered this organism, which has many points\\nof resemblance to the bacillus tuberculosis, but can be differentiated from it.\\nIt occurs in extraordinary numbers in the tuberculous tissue. It has been\\ncultivated successfully (Bales), but inoculation experiments on animals have\\nbeen negative.\\nI quote this high authority, as it clearly defines the disease much\\nbetter than I could. My object is to show that, while it is a dis-\\nease that is hard to cure by medicine and which is very chronic,\\nrunning from three to twenty-two years in the tnberculated cases\\nand in the anaesthetic cases running from five to thirty-five years,\\nits ability of contagion is very slight.\\nThe words infection and contagion here, it is well to say, can\\nnot well be separated and defined differently in the light of the\\nmodern germ theory. A man may take into his system a germ\\nthat has emanated from the body of another and become infected\\nthrough the atmosphere or by the water he drinks, or he may by\\nactual contact with a person be infected by the germ direct.\\nThese are confusing terms for many, but they may be regarded\\nalmost as convertible.\\nIt is not my intention to give a dissertation upon medicine, but\\nsimply to state that the most enlightened medical opinions of to-\\nday show that by proper cleanliness and nutritious food and the\\nisolation of infected subjects this disease may be stamped out.\\nFor years past in the Hawaiian Islands a colony for the segrega-\\ntion of lepers has been established at Molokai; but while the num-\\nber of lepers on these islands has diminished to a considerable ex-\\ntent under this system, the safeguards which have been thrown\\naround the colony to prevent the spread of the disease have been\\ndefective in many respects. Friends and kokuas (or helpers) have\\nbeen permitted to associate on the most intimate terms with the\\nlepers. These kokuas receive no rations from the Government,\\nand in many instances are reported as having tried to catch the\\ndisease that they might be fed and clothed and furnished with\\ntobacco free of cost as the lepers were.\\nIn an article on Leprosy in Hawaii, published in Berlin at the\\ntime of the recent international leprosy conference, and written\\nby Dr. J. Ashburn Thomason, of Sydney, he says:\\nAs the good management of the settlement became better known and na-\\ntives began to see that lepers, once deported, had no cares, but were fed,\\nclothed, and furnished with tobacco, without any need to work for the rest\\nof their lives, many persons actually sought to acquire the disease in order\\nthat they might share that fortunate lot. So that while all natives would\\nwithout hesitation, and apparently without noticing the unsightly and some-\\ntimes disgusting aspect presented by the lepers, continue to live in ordinary\\nhousehold intimacy with them, there sprung up a number who are reputed\\nto have actually done their best to acquire leprosy.\\nAs regards natives outside the settlement, Mr. Meyer told me that he had\\nrecently reproved a dozen men whom he found eating out of the same poi\\nbowl with a tuberculated leper advanced in illness (poi being eaten by dip-\\nping the fingers in the sticky mass and sucking them); but the only answer\\nhe got from the party was given by one who at last said, sententiouslv, Do\\nyou call it a bad disease? I say it is good. If I catch it, what then? I shall\\ngo to the settlement and work no more. 1 As regards natives already within\\nthe settlement, though not affected. Dr. Swift, at that time resident physi-\\ncian, wrote to the board in 1892: Let it be understood (for I can prove it)\\nthat to be a leper is a desideratum; if not on the outside, it is so at the settle-\\nment; and, Let me state that I can at any time get twenty or twenty-five\\nKokuas to submit to inoculation with a view of contracting the disease, to\\nthe end that they may be endowed with the privileges and supplied with the\\nrations of the regular leper.\\nStrange to say, in spite of these disgusting facts and the laxity\\nof the segregation of the lepers, only a very few of these Kokuas\\n8488", "height": "4483", "width": "2586", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "contracted the disease. The original holders of the territory on\\nwhich the settlement is located, known as Kamaainas, and who\\nlive there still on their property, have been singularly exempt\\nfrom the disease, although they associate constantly with the\\nlepers. The report of the American representative to the Berlin\\nconference has not yet been printed, but I have ascertained that\\nsaid report will confirm the idea that leprosy may be stamped out\\nby proper quarantine regulations. Much confusion existed as to\\nthe true character of this disease prior to the isolation of the\\nbacillus lepra?. Now its real nature is understood, and its ex-\\ntermination or confinement to a few localities maybe well assured\\nby proper legislation and governmental control.\\nDespite the large number of lepers in India it was stated by Dr.\\nPhineas S. Abraham, of London, before the Berlin conference,\\nas follows:\\nIn 1889 Sir James N. Dick, K. C. B.,the director of the medical department\\nof the navy, informed me that not a single case of leprosy among the of-\\nficers or men of the navy could be traced in the office, and at the same\\ndate the late Sir Thomas Crawford, K. C. B., director of the army medical\\ndepartment, could discover but little evidence of the disease among the Brit-\\nish troops. Only one case, indeed, had come to light, viz, in a soldier taken\\nin Madras, whose fattier was an Irishman and mother a native. Sir Thomas\\nDick has also, upon the present occasion, kindly investigated the matter, and\\nhe has been able to state again that no case of leprosy has ever occurred in\\nthe navy.\\nThe present director-general of the army medical department\\nhas also been good enough to have the records of the service again\\nexamined, and it appears that\\nDuring the past ten years only one case of leprosy has been reported to\\nhave occurred among the British troops and non-European troops (exclu-\\nsive of native troops) in India. This case appears in the annual report for\\nthe Madras command for the year 1893. It is probably the one referred to\\nabove.\\nI could multiply these statistics to a great extent, but I have\\nnot time, nor will I worry you with such quotations. I will con-\\nclude by quoting the following.\\nIn the transactions of the American Dermatological Association\\nfor 1883 a report by Drs. Fox and Graham is given which em-\\nbodies the results of their combined investigations. The follow-\\ning ten propositions were submitted by them as their deductions\\nfrom the facts observed:\\nFirst. Leprosy is a constitutional disease, and in certain cases appears to\\nbe hereditary.\\nSecond. It is undoubtedly contagious by inoculation.\\nThird. There is no reason for believing that it is transmitted in any other\\nway.\\nFourth. Under certain conditions a person may have leprosy and run no\\nrisk of transmitting the disease to others of the same household or com-\\nmunity.\\nFifth. It is not so liable to be transmitted to others as is syphilis in its early\\nstages. There is no relation between the two diseases.\\nSixth. Leprosy is usually a fatal disease, its average duration being from\\nten to fifteen years.\\nSeventh. In rare instances there is a tendency to recover after the disease\\nhas existed for many years.\\nEighth. There are no valid grounds for pronouncing the disease incurable.\\nNinth. Judicious treatment usually improves the condition of the patient\\nand often causes a disappearance of trie symptoms.\\nTenth. There is ground for the hope that an improved method of treat-\\nment will in time effect the cure of leprosy, or at least that it will arrest and\\ncontrol the disease.\\n3188", "height": "4475", "width": "2476", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Walter Wyinan, M. D., Supervising Surgeon-General United\\nStates Marine-Hospital Service, in the Medical News of June 16,\\n1894, in an article on the national control of leprosy, says:\\nNational control of leprosy within the United States has been frequently\\nadvocated, particularly by State and municipal boards of health when find-\\ning such cases upon their hands and desirous of being relieved of their care.\\nThe arguments for such control, of course, are based upon the presumption\\nof the contagiousness of the disease (even though moderately contagious),\\nand also upon the claim that where no segregation of cases or no supervision\\nof cases not colonized is enforced the disease gradually increases in preva-\\nlence and that where segregation and colonization have been enforced the dis-\\nease has been made to disappear.\\nGranted that the danger of contagion is small: granted, in the language of\\nanother, that a case of leprosy within a family should be regarded with less\\nconcern in its relation to the health of the remaining members of the family\\nthan a case of tuberculosis; granted that the disease appears chiefly among\\nthe lower classes. In the movement which is now only near the starting\\npoint, but which promises to be a controlling movement, and which will\\ninark the close of the present century and the beginning of the next, so far\\nas medical science is concerned, as distinctly as any other evidence of progress\\nin the healing art (1 refer to the settled resolution to exterminate every con-\\ntagious disease), it would appear to be incumbent on the profession to leave\\nnothing undone to exterminate this, together with other communicable dis-\\neases. Now, with regard to national control, there are two considerations\\ninvolved.\\nFirst. Does the right of national control exist?\\nSecond. If it does, how may that right be exercised?\\nConcerning the first consideration, I find a difference of opinion among\\neminent medical men with whom I have conversed, based upon their differ-\\nent views regarding the Constitution of the United States. A strict con-\\nstructionist will inform you that the United States Government can only\\nlegislate in accordance with powers expressly delegated by the Constitution,\\nand that the general-welfare clause of the Constitution applies as a qualify-\\ning clause to the specified prerogatives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that the latter are only granted\\nwhen necessary for the general welfare.\\nThe Doctor says again:\\nFor this purpose, and that Congress may be assured that the medical pro-\\nfession and sanitary officers had not acted upon insufficient premise, it is\\nsuggested that a leprosy commission should be appointed, of three or five\\nmembers, to make report upon the prevalence of leprosy in the United States\\nand the necessity and proper method of its control. A preliminary bill might\\nbe introduced, empowering the President to appoint such a commission, and\\nas the success of the bill would be enhanced if it called for an additional ap-\\npropriation, there might be included a provision setting aside a portion of\\nwhat is known as the epidemic fund to meet the expense of this commis-\\nsion. Whether a national leper hospital would be the result of this action or\\nnot, a commission of this character would cause a sense of relief to the people\\nof the United States, whatever its conclusions, either affirmative or negative,\\nas to such an establishment. As for myself, I believe that leprosy should be\\nunder national control.\\nMr. Speaker, I heartily concur in the ideas expressed by Dr.\\nWyman, and I think this Congress should at once take measures\\nto pass such a bill. I also favor a national quarantine law as the\\none method by which we can prevent and control the spread of\\nany infectious diseases in the United States. I believe, sir, that\\nour forefathers in constructing the Constitution gave us under\\nthe general-welfare clause ample powers to protect the people\\nagainst disease. I am not one of those who believe in that paretic\\nview of the Constitution that is taken by certain statesmen\\nwhom we find here crying out for a crippled and narrow-minded\\nconstruction of that instrument. We are now truly one people,\\nand the Constitution is sufficiently elastic to protect us in every\\nway.\\nBy taking a few of the islands of the sea we are but extending\\nour pickets for the protection of our homes. Along with the mil-\\nitary features of this extension I have particularly dwelt with this\\n3188", "height": "4483", "width": "2586", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n019 944 355\\n8\\nsubject of leprosy, as it is much misunderstood by our people. It\\nis a loathsome disease, but not beset with the horrors with which\\nit is painted. I have said nothing that is original, but I believe it\\nall to be true, in the light of modern medical knowledge. It may\\nbe well for people to know it, and to disabuse their minds of the\\nscarecrow which some people have attempted to make of it. The\\npower, the energy, and the inventive genius of the United States\\nI believe is capable to meet any emergency and protect itself and\\nits people against any conditions that may hereafter arise. Let\\nus use this power for the good of the people in every way, and let\\nus, in the light of modern science, adopt an advanced and liberal\\npolicy whereby we may overwhelm our enemies, whether they\\ncome as martial hosts in all the panoply of war or in the insidious\\nforms of disease. I will add that it is estimated there are about\\n250 lepers in the United States.", "height": "4475", "width": "2476", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "[63.1", "height": "4483", "width": "2586", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n019 944 355\\nHollinger Corp.\\nP H8.5", "height": "5129", "width": "3226", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00wise_0012.jp2"}}