{"1": {"fulltext": "j/rxsu \\\\lJUjyuyrnJ\\nA^dOyVi\\nT^^rvo,\\nch\\n\\\\,y i^", "height": "3057", "width": "1690", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class ELki_\\nBook_^3Vll", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS\\n).ST OFKICKS -CHAMI AKIN AND t KHANA.\\nAN ADDRESS\\nForefathers Convocation,\\nSUNDAY, DECEMBHR 13, 1896.\\nThe Pilgrim and His Share in American Life,\\nPRESIDENT DRAPER.\\n(lAZICTTE PKINT. CIIAMPAKiN. ILL", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "V20f", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "The Pilgrim and His Share in American Life.\\nYea, when the frownhig- bulwarks\\nThat g-uard this holy strand\\nHave sunk beneath the trampling- surgre\\nIn beds of sparkling- sand.\\nWhile in the waste of Ocean\\nOne hoar3- rock shall stand.\\nBe this its latest leg-end:\\nHERE, WAS THE PILGRIM S LAND.\\nThe Pilgrim literature of recent years lias been\\nmarked by a discussion of the question whether Eng-\\nland or Holland contributed most to the formation of\\nPilgrim character, and through that character to the\\ninstitutional life of the New World. That discussion is\\na fascinating and not a fruitless one. The average\\ncitizen finds interest in it though he still refuses to\\ngrant that there is much question about it. The his-\\ntorical student enters into it with enthusiasm and sees\\nsome new light. It seems strange, indeed, that that\\ndiscussion has been so long delayed. The delay indi-\\ncates how long it takes for a people to put away its\\ndesires and its prejudices and study history with an\\nunbiased disposition to elucidate the truth.\\nIt is not too much to say ihat out of this discussion\\nit is gradually becoming apparent that English thought\\nhas done but scant justice to the decided impulses\\nwhich the heroism and the progress of the people of\\nthe Low Countries contributed at the very beginning\\nto the trend and tone of organized society in America,\\nand that some part of this contribution came by the\\nway of Cape Cod, even if the greater part did enter by\\nthe way of Sandy Hook.\\nWe will, however, avoid being drawn into that dis-\\ncussion today. We will go back to 1620, that talis-\\nmanic date in the life of the Old World as well as of the\\nNew, and recount the simple and pathetic story which\\nit brings up to us. The facts which are neither con-\\ntroverted nor involved are all-sufficient for us, and the\\nhonor which their repetition pays to the plain men and\\nwomen who made that date great in human history is", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "but a slight indication of the feelings which come to\\nall true Americans at the annual recurrence of Fore-\\nfathers Day.\\nThe greater part of the eastern Massachusetts coast\\nis shaped not unlike the outer rim of the external\\nhuman ear. From Cape Ann at the north and front of\\nthis rim to Cape Cod at the south, it is an air-line dis-\\ntance of forty-five miles. Many capacious and mag-\\nnificent harbors lie within these capes. Boston ex-\\ntends her great, strong arms nearly around Massachu-\\nsetts Bay, well up at the northern part of the large\\nenclosure of the ocean. Plymouth, the oldest of New\\nEngland towns, with a thrifty and cultured population\\nof nine thousand people, looks out to the eastward upon\\nPlymouth Harbor which is well down to the southwest-\\nern part of the enclosure. From Boston to Plymouth it\\nis an air-line distance of thirty-seven miles. The shore\\nis traversed by both steam and electric roads. From\\nCape Cod to Plymouth, across the water, it is\\ntwenty-five miles. One is better prepared to enter into\\nthe spirit of things at the old town if he goes down\\nfrom Boston by steamer, or enters from the open ocean,\\nnotes the contour of the coast, studies the settlements\\nand objects upon the shore, floats over the wide ex-\\npanse of water and follows the path which the May-\\nflower took into the harbor of Plymouth. It will\\nrequire more hours to do this, but one will not see the\\nblue hills of Milton, get the bracing sea air. pass the\\nGurnet twin lights, look upon the Plymouth and Stand-\\nish monuments, and contemplate the great occurrences\\nwhich that shore has witnessed, without being thank-\\nful that he took the time to enter the harbor through\\nthe narrow winding channel, much in the form of the\\nletter S, from the same direction and in about the\\nsame way that the Forefathers did.\\nLet us try to go back to their time and look at these\\npeople in their far-away homes, so much farther\\nthen than now, and follow them in their courageous\\njourney, so full of sorrow yet so full of enduring tri-\\n-umph, over the sea.", "height": "3057", "width": "1701", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "History first finds them, but not until more than two\\nhundred years after the fact, in the northern part of Not-\\ntinghamshire, about forty miles from the eastern coast\\nof Old England. Here they, and a few like them, had\\nseparated from the rest of the world upon religious\\nmatters and, gathering together a few kindred spirits\\nfrom several neighboring villages, had, at Scrooby,\\norganized a small congregation of Christians called\\nSeparatists, or Brownists, and known later as Inde-\\npendents in England and as Congregationalists in\\nAmerica.\\nThey were the small third party of English Protest-\\nantism and of the English politics of that day. Prot-\\nestantism had very naturally and appropriately taken\\nits name from the protests of its people against the\\nauthority as well as against many of the doctrines and\\nmuch of the practice of the Old Mother Church of\\nRome. English Protestants had become divided into\\nthree classes. We must distinguish between them if\\nwe would gain any understanding of the conditions\\nwhich induced, and the motives which actuated the\\nmigration, first to Holland and then to America: or,\\nindeed, if we would comprehend the early religious\\nand political history of our own land. The first class\\nwere Conformists; that is, rigid and cheerful adherents\\nof the ritual, and forms and ceremonies of the Gov-\\nernmental Church of England. Indeed, they were going\\nfarther than following the ritual and observing the\\nceremonies of the Established Church: they were com-\\ning to look upon the King as not only the earthly head\\nof the State Church, but as the infallible representa-\\ntive of the Living God, with divine authority over all\\ntemporal and political matters, which it would be high\\ntreason to call in question. The second class were\\nNon-Conformists, Purists or Puritans. They were\\nreformers within the English Church. They were\\nopposed to the showy vestments which were worn, and\\nto many of the practices and ceremonies which were\\nobserved in the services of the Church. They denied\\nand repudiated the divine authority of the King. But", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "while they were for purifying they had no thought of\\nleaving the Church. The Puritans were wrestling\\nwith the Ritualists or Conformists for the control of\\nthe English Protestant Church, and there is no great\\ndearth of reason for believing that ambition was as\\npotent as principle in determining their course. It\\nsurely is not too much to say that when they gained\\nthe power to control they commonly fell into the same\\nways of which tiiey complained so bitterly when they\\nwere in the minority. The Separatists were so called\\nbecause they i eparated themselves from the State\\nChurch. They were Puritans, but they were so much\\nmore that the Puritans in England and afterwards in\\nAmerica disavowed and opposed them. They were\\nP/ ote8tants of the Protestants. They were so ultra\\nthat they would leave the great, powerful Church,\\nwhich the English State ordained and supported by\\npolitical and civil authority, and go their own way.\\nIt ought not to be difficult for us to see how much\\nthey surrendered, nor how much obloquy and danger\\nthey incurred, in separating from the Church and\\ngoing their own way. When there was little religious\\ntoleration in the world, and none in England, when\\nreligious enthusiasm was little short of frenzy, when\\nthe State and the Church were one and the Church\\ncould employ the powers of the State to enforce her\\nfanatical requirements, when to leave the Church\\nmeant to defy the King and all his minions, it was a\\nsupreme religious and political step to leave the Estab-\\nlished Church.\\nThe differences which grew up in the English Church\\nwere not upon doctrines, but upon matters of govern-\\nment, policy, practice and form. In a later age they\\nwould doubtless have been adjusted by concession and\\nagreement, but the times were severe and force was the\\ncontroling power in the world. The keen-witted and\\nunscrupulous Elizabeth had managed to avoid the\\nissue. Diplomacy had served her purpose to the end\\nof her reign. But James was without her resources\\nand the differences in the Church immediately became", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "acute under his reign. The Puritan minority had no\\nrights which the monarch recognized or the majority-\\nrespected. They were subjected to fines and exactions,\\nto subtle annoyances and open persecutions until, of\\nnecessity, their religious movement became a political\\nmovement. In time they grew to be the majority in\\nnumbers. It was then that their religious fortitude\\nnerved the arm that struck off Charles head. If the\\nPuritans who adhered to the Church were harrassed,\\nthe Separatists who left the Church were hunted, im-\\nprisoned, burned and hanged, until all must flee the\\ncountry if they would keep their lives and worship\\nGod in their own independent way. In large numbers\\nthey went to Holland, where the good cause of relig-\\nious freedom and toleration was fighting its first and\\nbloodiest battle and winning its most signal triumph\\nin the history of the world.\\nThe little congregation of Separatists at Scrooby is\\nof great interest to us, for out of its numbers came the\\nleading Pilgrims at Plymouth in New England. The\\npatriot and the student will study every particle of\\noriginal material bearing upon the careers of the mem-\\nbers of this congregation, as well as upon the acts of\\nthe collective body. But we must, unfortunately, be\\ncontent today with the merest glance at the most sig-\\nnificant steps in its progress from obscurity to the\\nhighest pinacle of world-fame and a most consequential\\nfactor in the development of nations.\\nIn 1(307 persecution had become so dreadful that it\\nwas determined to seek refuge in the Netherlands.\\nElizabeth had consented to these migrations during her\\nreign, but James was intent upon preventing and pun-\\nishing them. As Bradford says: Though they could\\nnot stay yet were they not suffered to go. In their\\nefforts to get out of England and reach a land where\\nthought could be free and worship untrarameled, their\\nmembers were robbed of their money, despoiled of\\ntheir goods, thrown into prison in the name of English\\njustice, and scattered in all directions by ecclesiastical\\nhate assuming to act in the name of the Living God.", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "It was almost a year before neighbors and friends.\\nImsbands and wives, parents and children were re-\\nunited on the banks of the Zuyder Zee, bound together\\nmore closely than ever by the common perils they had\\nsuffered, the common separation from old homes and\\nall the associations of their lives, and the common\\nloneliness in a country where the land, the houses, the\\npeople and the language were all new and strange to\\nthem.\\nHere for twelve years they received welcome and\\nprotection by a people who had just laid down a\\nhundred thousand lives to establish intellectual and\\nspiritual freedom as the sure basis of political liberty,\\nand who had celebrated the triumphs of their arms by\\nsetting up free schools and academies, as well as five\\nnational universities.\\nWhen they made applications to the Burgomasters\\nand Court of Leyden for leave to take up their resi-\\ndenc( in that city, it was granted with the following\\nendoisement upon the petition, viz: The Court in\\nmaking a disposition of this present memorial, declare\\nthat ihey refuse no honest persons free ingress to come\\nand have residence in this city, provided that\\nsuch persons behave themselves, and submit to the laws\\nand ordinances: and therefore the coming of the Me-\\nmorialists ivill he aijreeable and welcome. This is done\\nin their Council House, 12th February 1699. Surely\\nthis action tells a very large story.\\nIt is a little significant, but not strange, that the time\\nof their sojourn in Holland is almost identical with the\\ntwelve years truce agreed upon with Philip which fol-\\nlowed the first Spanish recognition of the Netherland\\nRepublic. With the prospect of renewed hostilities\\nthey were forced to elect whether they would engage\\nin the common defense, with the practical certainty of\\nbeing absorbed into the Dutch life, and of losing their\\nidentity as an English society, or would migrate to a\\nfar-away land where they could retain the language,\\nthe customs and the common law, and fly the flag of old\\nEngland, and yet secure the freedom of thought and", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "manner of worship which religious and political\\nfrenzy denied them in the Mother-land. They had\\nlived peaceably with the Dutch, and their new home\\nhad given them better advantages, aside from religious\\nfreedom, than they had previously enjoyed. They\\nwere hard-by the first commercial city of the world.\\nThey had lived under the shadow of a national univer-\\nsity. They were among a people more largely engaged\\nin maritime pursuits and enterprises, and in manufac-\\ntures involving skilled labor, than any other people up-\\non the globe The war had sharpened intelligence,\\nleveled classes, and worked a marvelous material de-\\nvelopment. Education had flourished and the masses\\nwere beginning to get a good foot-hold in aflPairs. The\\nPilgrims were profited by these things, and they en-\\ngaged in the vocations of the people, rendered honora-\\nble service, paid their debts, and avoided controversy.\\nThey were self-respecting, and public officials have left\\nrecords which show that they were much respected.\\nThey welcomed to their circle strangers of any shade\\nof religious faith who could fall in with their manner\\nof worship. For reasons which were obvious, they\\nwere exclusive in their social and religious life But\\nchildren were growing up, and growing up with feel-\\nings not altogether akin to those which had come with\\ntheir fathers from their old homes, and, what seemed\\nworse to them, they persisted in falling in love with the\\nchildren of the Dutch. Their business relations with\\nthe people all around them necessarily became more\\nand more intimate. The renewal of the war would call\\nevery man into the service. If the war should go\\nagainst them Holland would become a Spanish prov-\\nince, and they dreaded Spain even more than England-\\nTheir exclusiveness and their identity as an English\\nsociety were in danger. They must soon become a part\\nof the Dutch people or they must move to a more\\nisolated home. They discussed long and earnestly;\\nthey could not agree: they separated into two very\\nnearly equal parts; but they disagreed in love. The\\nnatural affection for their native land, their mother-", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10\\ntongue, and for the traditions and aspirations of the\\nEnglish nation, led one party to decide that they must\\ngo. But others, even including John Robinson, their\\ngreat pastor, would stay behind: perhaps, if all went\\nwell, they would follow in later time.\\nThat party which would go bargained with a com-\\npany of English adventurers to transport them to\\nAmerica, ihe new, the unknown world. This company\\nwas to procure them chartered rights in lands that\\nwere without market value and hardly worth the ask-\\ning. For this they agreed to give the company half of\\nall the profits in traffic, fishing, tilling the ground, and\\nother labor of all kinds, in their new home, for the\\nperiod of seven years. They were to have goods in\\ncommon; four days in the week they were to labor for\\nthe joint account, and two for themselves. At the end\\nof seven years each planter was to have the house he\\nhad built and the garden he had tilled. They were to\\nsail from the nearest port, Delft Haven, in the Speed-\\nwell for Southampton, and there gather up a few\\nEnglish friends, and then in the SpeedwelT and the\\n^Mayflower start on their long journey.\\nThings being ready a day of fasting was observed\\nand then, in the evening, both sections of the congre-\\ngation set out for Delft Haven, fourteen miles distant,\\nspending the whole night together in song and prayer,\\nwith friendly entertainment and Christian discourse.\\nThe time for parting came in the morning. That part-\\ning must separate friends and neighbors who were to\\neach other more than friends and neighbors, and in\\nmany cases it must break families for life. They\\nrealized it and for the abundance of sorrow they\\ncould not speak. Falling upon their knees, Robinson\\nentreated God s protection, they silently embraced each\\nother, then one part turned back to lose its identity in\\ntwenty-five years among the Dutch, and the other part\\npassed over the gang-plank and under the English flag,\\nto gain unparalleled fame as the fathers and mothers\\nof a great new State of worldwide significance, and to", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "n\\ngive inspiration to the brightest and broadest and most\\nbeneficent new civilization in world history.\\nBradford says: So they left that goodly and pleas-\\nant city which had been their resting plac(^ near twelve\\nyears: but they knew tliat they were Pihirims.\\nThey were hardly on their way before they began to\\nbe subjected to a system of robbery and treachery\\nwhich was to continue through many years and to\\nwhich they were to submit in patience until they had\\nmany times paid the pound of flesh nominated in the\\nbond, and until they were strong enough to put an end\\nto the disreputable cupidity of their task masters. It\\nwas more than twenty-five years before the little Pil-\\ngrim Republic could say it owed no man anything.\\nFirst they were forced to sell provisions to raise \u00c2\u00a360 to\\npay certain port charges before they could sail, and\\nwhich did not properly devolve upon them. Setting\\nsail, they were out four days when the Speedwell\\nwas reported to be leaking dangerously All bore up\\nfor Dartmouth and ten days were spent in unloading\\nand repairing her from stem to stern, when she was\\npronounced entirely sea-worthy. Starting again, they\\nwere three hundred miles upon their journey when the\\ncaptain of the Speedwell again reported her leaking\\nand insisted upon putting back to the English Ply-\\nmouth, and then, although no leak was found, refused\\nto again undertake the journey. He was resorting to\\ntreachery to avoid his agreement to carry them to\\nAmerica and remain with them a year. Time was\\nvital, however, and so it was arranged that the Speed-\\nwell should be abandoned and return to London.\\nEighteen of her passengers returned with her, the re-\\nmainder crowding into the Mayflower. Fully six\\nweeks after the departure from Leyden the May-\\nflower, with her precious freight, made her third and\\nfinal start, and it was to be more than two, long, bitter\\nmonths before she was to sight the shores of the New\\nWorld.\\nWhile she is slowly making her way amid sunshine\\nand storm over the great deep, let us study her pas-", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "13\\nsengers a little more closely. How they had been win-\\nnowed by repeated separations from the common herd\\nAt old Scrooby they had separated from all the world\\naround them; going from there, the less daring stayed\\nbehind; they had left fnlly half their number, and\\nsurely not the most courageous half, at Leyden; those\\nwho started and became discouraged had returned at\\nthe last moment with the captain of the Speedwell;\\nthe remaining ones were surely cast in an heroic mould,\\nand the blood of an hundred kings was not more royal\\nthan was theirs.\\nThere were ooe hundred and two passengers upon\\nthe vessel, seventy-three males and twenty-nine\\nfemales. There were fifty-nine adults, eleven hired\\nemployes or apprentices, and thirty -two children.\\nNearly all were blessed with plain, old-fashioned\\nEnglish names. One-tifth of the males bore the simple\\nname of John, and almost as many more had that of\\nWilliam or Edward. Catherine, Elizabeth, Dorothy,\\nMary, and Ann predominated among the other sex.\\nThere were no Lizzies or Bessies or Mollies among\\nthem. They were very commonly below middle life,\\nand but one couple, so far as is known, was above fifty\\nyears of age.\\nConcerning the individuals, the chief interest centers\\nin the names of Carver, Brewster, Bradford, Standish,\\nFuller, Howland, Hopkins and Alden. Would that we\\ncould stop to speak a word of each one of them! They\\ndo not need it, for history and literature will keep them\\ngreen in the grateful memory of a mighty nation\\nand of the world through all generations, but perhaps\\nwe might be profited thereby.\\nOn Saturday, November 20, 1620, the Indians on the\\nouter shore of Cape Cod were able to discern a sail\\npiercing the rim of the eastern horizon, for that morn-\\ning the long-deferred, magnetic cry of Land, hoi\\nrang out from the masthead of the Mayflower. The\\nEnglish company had secured certain land rights for\\nthem from the Virginia Company, whose territory was\\nto the south, but of very uncertain limitations. The", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "13\\nvessel was at once put S. S. E., for it was the purpose\\nto go to the mouth of the Hudson, or below. Encoun-\\ntering shoals at evening, the vessel put back for clear\\nwater, and passed the night. It was represented now\\nthat it was dangerous to attempt the southern passage.\\nThe coast was well known to mariners however, and\\nthe captain was a veteran. In any event, it was deter-\\nmined to put into Cape Cod Harbor and continue in the\\nship until they could construct habitations upon the\\nshore. A month was now passed in exploring the\\nshores and journeying upon the land in quest of a safe\\nharbor and a suitable situation for a town. They\\ncoasted in the shallop of the ship over the waters and\\njourneyed upon the land for days together, seeking the\\nbest location for their future home. The safe harbor,\\nthe eastern outlook from a sloping back-ground, the\\nnatural advantages for defense, the quality of the soil\\nand the very sweet brook and the many delicate\\nsprings as Bradford called them, decided the matter,\\nand they brought the Mayflower upon the last twenty-\\nfive miles of her great voyage, past the point where the\\ntwin Gurnet lights now stand, and where it is said that\\nThorwald the old Norse chieftain found his grave, with\\na Christian cross at the head and foot, six hundred\\nyears before, past Saquish Point and in full view of\\nCaptain s Hill, around the most wonderful natural\\nbreakwater on the Atlantic coast, and made her fast in\\ntne harbor of Plymouth.\\nIt was Thursday, December 31, the shortest day in\\nthe year. It had been five long months since the start\\nat Leyden. They had been transplanted from bright\\nSlimmer in the Old World to stern winter in the New.\\nToo well they knew that.\\nThe breaking- waves dashed hig-h\\nOn a stern and rock-bound coast.*\\nUndaunted, they marked out The Street just north\\nof the brook and running from the shore back to the\\nabrupt hill. They decided assignments of land by lot.\\nThey waited for the Sabbath to pass, and on the fol-\\nlowing Monday morning began the building of the rude", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14\\ncabins which marked the first town of Plymouth. What\\nwonder that that street is Leyden Street. Nearest\\nthe shore and on the left was the Common House,\\nand then beyond, on the same side, were six humble\\nn^sidences. Across the street were five more, includ-\\ning the governor s more roomy if not more stately\\nhome. At the end of the street, on the hill, stood the\\nstructure which served for fort and church together,\\nand nearest it, for obvious reasons, was the abode of\\nStandish.\\nThe accommodations seemed meager indeed and close\\nplanning was necessary. The company was separated\\ninto households so that all were measurably provided\\nfor. But, in a way they knew not, there would soon be\\nmore room. Four had died upon the vessel after she\\nreached the harbor. The fair young wife of Bradford,\\nonly twenty-one, had been drowned while lie was away\\nsearching the site of their new home. Before the warm\\ndays of another summer nine husbands and wives had\\nfound burial together. Five husbands had been left\\nwidowers and one wife a widow. But three couples\\nI emained unbroken, and but two were not called upon\\nto mourn some member of their families gone. Five\\nchildren lost both parents, three others were fatherless\\nand three more were motherless. The first year fifty-one\\npersons, exactly half their number, went to final rest\\nand were laid together on Cole s Hill close by their\\nhomes, and their graves were obliterated lest the\\nIndians should learn how weak the colony was and\\nshould fall upon and utterly destroy it. Yet, when the\\nMayflower returned to Old England in the w^armer\\nApril days, while they doubtless went to the hill tops\\nand with breaking hearts and tearful eyes, as Bough-\\nton s famous picture portrays to us, watched her white\\nsails sink below the eastern horizon, not one of them\\nreturned in her. Feebly, but heroically and surely, the\\nspirit of American institutions had gained foothold in\\nthe New World, and the march of empire was not to be\\nbackward and over the sea, but to the westward.\\nWhen this little company came sailing into the har-", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "15\\nbur of Plymouth, they had a new nation with them.\\nThey had established it in the cabin of the Mayflower.\\nDisappointed in not reaching the Hudson or the Dela-\\nware, wliere they assumed their patent from the Vir-\\nginia Company would confer landed rights and impose\\nEnglish law. some of them reasoned that there would\\nbe no authority and no rights upon the soil of New\\nEngland, and that they must at once establish a gov-\\nernment for themselves. Therefore they called all of\\nthe adult males to the cabin and adopted and sub-\\nscribed to a compact to solemnly and mutually, in the\\npresence of God and one of another, covenant and com-\\nbine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our\\nbest ordering and preservation and the furtherance of\\nthe ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, con-\\nstitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances,\\nacts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as\\nshall be thought most meet and convenient for the gen-\\neral good of the colony, unto which we promise all due\\nsubmission and obedience. Then they made John\\nCarver governor for a determinate time, to end with\\ntheir calendar year.\\nHere was a pure democracy with a written constitu-\\ntion, upon the basis of manhood suffrage. It was the\\nfirst known instance of the kind in human history.\\nBancroft says it was the birth of popular constitution\\nal liberty.\\nThe limitations of the hour forbid that we shall fol-\\nlow the narrative longer, and perhaps reveal the fact\\nthat I have already yielded too much to my own inter-\\nest in the details of the fascinating story. But there\\nare some suggestions of a general character which seem\\npertinent to the occasion, for which I must ask your\\nkindly patience.\\nIn the first ten years the colony had, speaking rough-\\nly, increased to five hundred souls, and in the following\\nten years as many more had been added. But in the\\nlast ten years a settlement of the highest importance\\nhad been llioroughly established on Massachusetts\\nBay, forty miles to the north of it. In that time", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1(5\\nmore than twenty thousand English people had made\\nnew homes in Boston. They came in the eleven years\\nwhen Charles governed England without a parliament,\\nonly to make the tyranny of the king sharpen religious\\nhate, stir the mind and nerve the arm of the commons,\\nand clear the road to his prison and his doom. They\\nceased coming when the long parliament had gathered,\\ntaken up gov8rnment in the name of the people, de-\\nveloped Cromwell and the Ironsides, and brought cabi-\\nnet minister and bishop, and finally the king himself,\\nto the bar, and then sent them to the block. These\\nnew neighbors were old acquaintances in a way, for\\nthey were Puritans, representatives of one of the two\\nleading parties in English Protestantism and English\\npolitics.\\nNo word of ours can, even by implication, be made to\\ndo otherwise than yield honor to the spirit of English\\nPui itanism. No greater or more heroic spirit ever\\nbreathed among men. Without intending it, and al-\\nmost in spite of itself, it has been the most potent fac-\\ntor in the growth of individuality, in the upbuilding of\\ncharacter, and in the evolution of popular liberty. Its\\ncoldly logical creed sharpened the faith of men and\\nmade of the faithful the best fightei s the world has\\never seen. For the cause they espoused they could\\ncheerfully die, but never yield. Sincere, undoubting,\\ndreadfully in earnest, singing and praying and preach-\\ning and fighting together, they made the fields of\\nNaseby and Dunbar and Marston Moor grounds which\\ninspire the progress of the human race, for upon them\\nthey taught the Stuart kings and all the world together\\nthe grim lesson that if there are divine rights among\\nmen they are inherent in the people and not in the\\nkings\\nAnd so the Puritan stock was a good one to enter\\ninto the composition of a new nation, but the Puritan\\nspirit must be chastened and moderated before it could\\ngive the artist touch to the spirit of liberty across the\\nsea. It was to be a softened Puritan character, as\\nexemplified in the Pilgrim at Plymouth, rather than", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "the austere typ(% unchanged and unadapted, as seen in\\nthe Ironsides at the Bay, which was to breathe not\\nonly the spirit of Christianity as they interpreted it,\\nbut also of independence, of equality, of liberty, and of\\nnationality into American life, and by these great\\nmarks to distinguish it to all the people of the world.\\nThe Puritan was in a very large sense a Dependent.\\nHe was a devout adherent of the English State Church.\\nIndependence from it was sacrilege to him. Its doc-\\ntrine was his law and gospel. He diflfered with some\\nof its practices, but when he could control its action he\\nwas content. And, truth to tell, when he was in the\\nmajority his way was not so very different from the\\nway of the Conformists when they were in the ma-\\njority. No other man was ever so fond of having his\\nown way as this Puritan father of ours, and when he\\ncould be in charge of the procession he was not much\\ndiscomfited by vestments and ceremonies. He was\\nan unquestioning supporter of the English State as\\nwell as of the English Church. His opposition to the\\nHouse of Stuart was religious, but it was political as\\nwell as religious. But his opposition to the king never\\nled him into opposition to the State. It was in his\\nmind to control and not separate from the State. He\\nwas an excellent leader, but not so good a follower.\\nHe liked to lead and he expected to control the people\\nabout him. He never thought of seceding until after\\nhe had taken his next degree. It never occurred to\\nhim to permit his opposition to bishop or king to lead\\nhim beyond the advantages the state or the church could\\nbestow, and frequently he had ideas of getting to be\\nbishop or king himself.\\nThe Pilgrim was an Independent. He had long\\nbefore gone out of the English Church. He loved the\\nlanguage and the common law, and of course he loved\\nthe hills and the valleys, the high-ways and the struc-\\ntures of Old England. But he was not allowed to look\\nupon the hills and follow the highways without sur-\\nrendering his freedom, and that he would not do.\\nLong ago he had left the English Church and State", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18\\nbehind. Of late he had crossed the wide sea to keep\\nthe language and retain the law of the Mother-land,\\nwhile he organized a Church without asking leave of\\nany one, and set up an English State all by himself.\\nIn thought and act the Pilgrim was thoroughly an\\nIndependent himself, and the rightful founder of an\\nIndependent State.\\nThe Puritan had no understanding and no conception\\nof equality of all men before the law. He had been\\nfamiliar with class distinctions and he did not dislike\\nthem. Indeed, he had never known any other way.\\nThere were many men and women at the Bay\\nwho belonged to the gentry. They brought with them\\nto the New World the English passion for landed pos-\\nsessions. Each man of them wanted a domain for\\nhimself and his descendants. I am not saying that he\\nwas the worse for this, but only that he was not crying\\nfor the corner-stone principle of ^ur American national\\nlife. The first school the Puritan State in Massachu-\\nsetts set up was a college after tlie English plan, to\\ntrain the sons of the higher classes for the offices of the\\nChurch and State. There was little thought of educa-\\ntion for the childfen of the poor. It was naturally so,\\nbut it ii as so. Governor Winthrop frequently talked\\nof the common people. As good an authority as\\nCharles Francis Adams says: The common people\\nwere whipped and set in the stocks when they misbe-\\nhaved themselves. The gentry were fined and admon-\\nished. One of their criminal statutes reads: No\\nman shall be beaten with above forty stripes, nor shall\\nany true gcntleynnn, nor any man aiual to a gentleman,\\nbe punished with whipping, unless his crime be very\\nshameful and his course of life vicious and profligate.\\nThe suffrage was limited to the people of his liking. It\\nis not strange that it was so, but it remains that it\\nwas so.\\nThe Pilgrim, on the other hand, loved the common\\nbrotherhood and put all upon an equal footing. He had\\nseen more of the world and it had widened his outlook\\nand changed his feeling. From the beginning he put", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "19\\nthe suffrage upon the basis of manhood. He had seen\\nwhat his Puritan brother had never seen, the equal\\ndivision of estates among all the children. He put\\nfaith in the mass and, after untrammeled discussion, he\\nsteered his course by the will of the greater number.\\nHe was the best early representative 6f that American\\nspirit which puts all native-born or adopted children of\\nthe Republic upon a common plane and bestows the\\nhighest rewards upon the most assiduous and the most\\ndeserving.\\nThe Puritan was a bigot. He was an exceedingly\\ninteresting bigot, it is true He was a timely bigot and\\nhe had a very salutary influence upon individual and\\nnational life, both in England and America. But he\\nwas a bigot all the same. The Puritan did not cotne to\\nMassachusetts to establish religious liberty. That was\\nthe last thing he wanted for any but himself, and his\\ndemands were moderate in his own direction He came to\\nestablish a theocratic State, and for a considerable\\ntime he accomplished what he undertook. Citizenship\\nwas limited to church membership. In discipline he\\nwas unreasonably severe. He taxed his ingenuity, and\\nit was great, to make Hell dreadful and scare people\\ninto Heaven. He was not uneducated, but he was\\nhighly superstitious. He saw omens for good or evil\\nin the most ordinary occurrenc^^s. Capital offences\\nwere numerous in his State and he would punish when\\nhe was so disposed, law or no law. His will was law.\\nHe knew no such thing as toleration. All who were\\nnot Puritans were of Satan, and he would have none of\\nthem. He was not over-charged with pity. His fear\\nof witchcraft, comets, and the visitation of a material\\ndevil was consuming His theology was logical and\\nsevere, and for it he crucified the flesh. His manners\\nwere strained and his life steady and exact, his spirit\\nunyielding, his worship altogether sincere and entirely\\nuninterrupted, and, withal, his doings made for char-\\nacter, for intellectual activity and for progress.\\nThe Pilgrim was a Puritan, but he had taken a post\\ngraduate degree. He was in advance of Puritan", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nthought. He was a Puritan in character, but he was a\\nPuritan subdued. He had been chastened by his sor-\\nrows. He had lived for twelve years in a land where\\nthere was intellectual freedom and complete religious\\ntoleration The laws which he made in his new State\\nwere more liberal than in any other State upon the\\nearth. He made but eight capital crimes. There were\\nmore than two hundred in England at the beginning of\\nthis century. He executed his laws fearlessly and with\\ncertainty. When it was necessary to show the savages\\nhis strength and teach them a lesson his retribution\\nwas appalling. In personal morality he was no less\\nexacting than his neighbor forty miles away. He wel-\\ncomed all sects if they would earn their own living and\\nconform to his civil law, and he not only welcomed\\nthem but he gave them a part with him in making and\\nadministering the law they were expected to obey.\\nStandish, the strong right arm of his little State, was\\nnot of his Church, and there is some reason to think he\\nwas a child of the old Mother Church of Rome. The\\nPilgrim hung no witches and was remarkably free\\nfrom superstition, for his day and age. He had made\\nmuch progress in courtesy and in generosity. Father\\nDruillette, a French Jesuit, in his journal refers to his\\npleasant entertainment by Bradford, when he visited\\nPlymouth,^ nd speaks of his thoughtfulness in providing\\na fish dinner because it was Friday. The ears of the\\nBaptist were safe at Plymouth. Roger Williams says:\\nThat great and pious soul, Mr. Winslow, melted and\\nkindly visited me and put a purse of gold into the\\nhands of my wife for our support. The Puritan was\\nnot given to liberality and toleration, but the Pilgrim\\nwas, and to a degree in advance of his time\\nThe conditions at the Bay did not permit the building\\nof an independent nation. The traditions and thought,\\nthe alliances and sympathies, the interests of the officials\\nand the preaching of the clergy were all against it.\\nThis was emphatically true after the Puritan party\\ngot the upper hand in English politics. But the wind\\nnever ceased to blow the other way at Plymouth. The", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "21\\nPilgrim had no relations to divert his thought from an\\nultimate nationality of his own, and upon the lines\\nwhich he had been following: since the old days when\\nhe was cheated and robbed and imprisoned and scat-\\ntered abroad, by English power, even in his attempts to\\ngain refuge across the North Sea.\\nThe Puritan theocracy served its time and its pur-\\npose in the plan of the Almighty and then broke doA^n,\\nand we are glad of it. American air would not sustain\\nit. The trend of life in the New World was against it.\\nWhen, seventy years after the landing, the two colonies\\nbecame one they moved forward on lines projected at\\nPlymouth, and steadily and surely towards indepen-\\ndence and nationality. Time and exigencies made\\nSeparatists of the American Puritans. They all moved\\ntogether toward a great climax, that climax an English\\nnation substantially upon the plan started in the cabin\\nof the Mayflower and established upon the rock at\\nPlymouth.\\nThere was never any alliance of State and Church in\\ntlie Old Colony. The civil and military organizations\\nwere always separate there. All who led well-ordered\\nlives were welcomed and the suffrage was univer.^al.\\nPiety was common and the reign of the law was su-\\npreme. They had been the first to combine sovereignty\\nand liberty in one plan. This was the plan upon which\\na new nation would grow. It was incompatible with\\nthe religious and political conditions which prevailed\\nover the sea, and it was out of joint with the plan of\\ngovernment in the Mother-land. Separation was log-\\nical and inevitable. Brewster and Bradford and Win-\\nslow and Standish were the men whose spirits inspired\\nOtis and Franklin and the Adamses and Henry and\\nWashington and Jefferson and Hamilton and John\\nMarshall and all the other patriots of the Revolution\\nand fathers of the Constitution. The famous declara-\\ntion by w^hich the American people became a nation,\\nassumed sovereignty and attained independence, was\\nthe logical and imperative sequence of Separatism", "height": "3062", "width": "1700", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "germinated at old Scrooby, nourished in the Nether-\\nlands and matured at Plymouth.\\nWe should never cease to congratulate ourselves and\\nthank God that we live in a great and happy day. For\\nlis, at lea.st, the old conditions, the old troubles, and the\\nold questions have passed away. We speak of them\\nnow only to illumine the present. The divine rights of\\nkings have given place to the divine rights of the peo-\\nple. We make and administer our own laws and we\\nall stand equal before the law. Church and State are\\ncompletely dissociated. Thought and speech are un-\\nhampered. Worship, in whatever form, in the great\\nCathedral or by the Salvation Army on the\\ncold pavement of a great city, is not only\\nunquestioned but always respected. The old Roman\\nChurch and the younger Protestant Church, Reform-\\nists, Conformists, Non-Conformists, Puritans and Sep-\\naratists, Presbyterians and Quakers, the disciples of\\nLuther and of Wesley, of Ignatius Loyola and of Henry\\nof Navarre, Jews and Gentiles, follow their own religious\\nideas while they gather in peace under one great flag.\\nBetter than that, they find plenty of room and they stim-\\nulate each other to better thinking and to good works.\\nThey rejoice in each other s progress and they grow in\\nfraternal regard. And so the common intelligence ad-\\nvances and the spirit of the Living God marches on to\\nthe redemption of mankind.\\nAnd what scene so typical of all this as this mixed\\ncompany, discussing and approving these things, on a\\nSunday afternoon, under the roof of an American State\\nUniversity?\\nNo matter from whence we come, we are all glad that\\nwe live in this day and in this fair land. Human\\nevents have been divinely directed. As we witness the\\nheroism and feel the pathos of the past, we place a\\nhigher value upon the heritage which the fathers\\nhanded down to us. As we value our inheritance\\nsurely we will not forget the men and women gone\\nbefore. We will see that manhood is above nationality^\\nthat the touch of nature which makes all the world\\nLofC.", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "kin is above dogma, and tliat oneness with tlie (xod of\\nthe Universe is above the artificial works of men. We\\nwill recall contributions to our American institutions\\nand our national life by men and women representing\\nmany nations, speaking many languages and devoted\\nto many creeds. We will revere them all. Surely we\\nwill not forget the Dutch. We will respect and honor\\nEnglish Puritanism and, perhaps above all the rest,\\nwe will lavish our gratitude upon those past-masters\\nof English Puritanism, the sturdy yet gentle men and\\nwomen, who were Pilgrims in the Mayflower and\\nour National Forefathers at Plvmouth\\n3f", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "f(OV 30 1900", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3047", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3052", "width": "1752", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 069 177 A t", "height": "3047", "width": "1637", "jp2-path": "addressatforefat00drap_0032.jp2"}}