{"1": {"fulltext": "E7ZI", "height": "3687", "width": "2762", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "U/,\\n/7lX\\nC4.\\n4C^\\nINTERVENTION IN CUBAN AFFAIRS.\\nWe can make no better beginning than by declaring at the outset that\\nthe Republic is free and independent; and, with this free and independent\\nGovernment as an ally, our cause will have the good will of the lovers of\\nhuman liberty the world over.\\nSPEECH\\nHON. SAMUEL PASCO,\\nOl 1 1^01^113 A,\\nSENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,\\nSaturday, April 16, 1898.\\nWASHINOTOM.\\n189S", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "E 1S.I\\nr* f rr o o", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "nu^\\nN^", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "SPEECH\\nOf\\nHON. SAMUEL PASCO.\\nThe Senate havinpc uiulor consideration the .ioiut resolution fS. R. U9) tor\\nthe recogTiition of the indoi\u00c2\u00bb ii lenie of the people of Cuba, demanding that\\nthe Government of Spain rclimiuish its authority and government in the\\nIsland of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and\\nCuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the\\nlaud and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into\\neffect\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMv. PASCO said:\\nMr. President: Though I have participated but little in the de-\\nbates in the Senate upon the ditl erent phases of the Cuban ques-\\ntion as they have from time to time been presented here, I have\\nbeen greatly interested in the uprising of the people there against\\nthe domination of Spain, and my earnest sympathy has constantly\\nlieen with them in the brave struggle for independence and a re-\\npublican form of government which they have thus far maintained\\nagainst a powerful opponent, superior in numbers, in discipline\\nand training, and in the resources of war. The Cubans are near\\nneighbors to the people of Florida. We have desired and hoped\\nfor their success in this une(iual contest: and in advocating the\\nfullest measure of recognition that our people anil our Govern-\\nment could give them, according to the usage and practice of\\ncivilized nations. I have always been in entire harmony with the\\nbest sentiment of the State which I have the honor in part to\\nrepresent.\\nThe two Houses of Congress were satisfied from the informa-\\ntion that had reached them more than two years ago that the con-\\ntest had advanced beyond a condition of temporary and lawless\\nresistance to constituted authority, beyond a mere revolt or insur-\\nrection, and they solemnly and formally declared by a concurrent\\nresolution that there was a state of war in Cuba with all that is\\nsignified by that expressive word. It meant that the Cubans were\\nan organized force, that they were maintaining an army in the\\ntield, that they were capable of .joining battle with Spain, and that\\nin the opinion of the Senate and the House of Representatives of the\\nUnited States the armed men sent into the tield hy this organized\\nforce were soldiers and not lawbreakers and criminals, and that\\nthey should be treated, whenever they fell into the hands of their\\nenemies, according to the laws of civilized warfare. More than a\\nj-ear later, in May. Isl T. the Senato made a like declaration in tl;e\\nform of a joint resolution, and it was sent to the House of Repre-\\nsentatives, but it was never jia. ^sed by that body. The.se find-\\nings and declarations have heen fully justified by the sul seijuent\\nhistory of the contest.\\nSpain, with all her vast resources, has failed to restore her civil\\nauthority over the island, force has been continually met by force,\\nand a governmental organization with armed soldiers to sustain\\n32tG A", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "it has maintained itself in open defiance of the Spanish Govern-\\nment ever since our first declaration of the existence of actual\\nwar.\\nNotwithstanding this deliberate action of the Senate, twice re-\\npeated, and the terrible array of facts developed during the debates,\\nthere was no response to these resolutions by the Executive, and\\nthe conflict, whether war or not, has gone on till weeks have\\nlengthened into months and months into years.\\nMeanwhile army after army has been sent by Spain to put\\ndown those who have been resisting her authority by force and\\narms. Sections of country have been desolated so that the m-\\nhabitants might have no opportunity to afford aid and comfort\\nto the revolutionists. The people driven from their homes have\\nbeen compelled to remain in towns and villages within the Spanish\\nlines of defense, and the Senate and the country have recently\\nbeen informed by members of this body who have gone to Cuba\\nand witnessed the actual conditions there of the suffering and\\nstarvation and sacrifice of life that has been going on among these\\nreconcentrados and still continues. The civilized world has been\\nshocked by the sad and terrible revelations.\\nTlie time has at last come for some action on the part of Con-\\ngress to settle our differences with Spain and to relieve her vic-\\ntims from the oppression and sufferings which they have long\\nendured. Diplomacy has failed. The President has despaired of\\naccomplishing any results by further negotiation and has turned\\nover the issue to Congress. In doing this he says, I have ex-\\nhausted every eft ort to relieve the intolerable condition of affairs\\nwhich is at our doors, and he is now awaiting our action.\\nThose who have had some experience in war are fully aware of\\nits horrors, and would gladly see this as well as all our inter-\\nnational differences settled by peaceful methods; but these methods\\nhave failed, and the committee to whom the President s message\\nand the resolutions it evoked were referred have, after careful de-\\nliberation, reported their recommendations, some of which I pro-\\npose briefly to discuss before the vote is taken.\\nThe preamble and resolutions of the committee are as follows:\\nJoint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of\\nCuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relmquish its authority\\nand government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval\\nforces from Cu!)a and Cuban waters, and directing the Pi-esident of the\\nUnited States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry\\nthese resolutions into effect.\\nWhereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three\\nbattle ship, with 2M of its oflicers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the\\nharbor of Havana, and ca,n not longer be endured, as has been set forth by\\nthe President of the United States in his message to Congress of April 11,\\n1898, upon which the action of Congress was invited: Therefore, _\\nKesotved bi/ the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of\\nAmeriea in Congress assembled. First. That the people of the Island of Cuba\\nare, and of right ought to be, tree and independent.\\nSecond. That it is the dutv of the United States to demand, and the Gov-\\nernment of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of\\nSpain at once rclinciuish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba\\nand withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.\\nThird. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, di-\\nrected and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United\\nStates and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of\\nthe several States, to such extent as may be necessiiry to carry these resolu-\\ntions into effect.", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A minority of the committee offer the following, amfiulinent,\\nproposing a recognition of the Republic of Cul)a as the true and\\nlawful government of that island, and I favor its adoption:\\nInsert in lino 4, after tho word iudcpoiidcnt, the following: anrl that\\nthe Government of the United States iKM-oby refo^nizes the Republic of\\nCnVia as the true and lawful \u00c2\u00bb?overnment of that island.\\nThis republic is an organization that has maintained itself for\\nmore than three j-ears against the power of Spain. Nearl} two\\nyears ago Consul-Geueral Lee reported to President Cleveland\\nthat the Spaniards stood no chance of ever suppressing the insur-\\nrection, and during the present week he testified before the Com-\\nmittee on Foreign Affairs that he does not think there is the\\nslightest possibility of tlieir being coiuiuered by Spain and that\\npeace can not be restored to the island by that power.\\nIn December, 189(), the Secretary of State in his annual report\\nshowed the strength of the Cuban power at that time, and I make\\nthe following extract from this report:\\nAlthough statistics of their military strength are attainable with difficulty\\nand are not always trustworthy wlion oiitained, enough is certainly known\\nto show that the revolutiimists in the Held greatly exceed in numbers any\\norganization heretofore attempted; that with l;irge accessions from tlie cen-\\ntral and western districts of the island a better military discipline is added to\\niccreasod strength; that instead of mainly drawing, as heretofore, iii)on the\\ncomparatively primitive iiopulation of eastern Cuba, the insurgent armies\\nfairly represent the intelligent asjiiratioiis of a large proportion of the poo-\\npie of the whole island, and that they purpose to wage this contest, on these\\nbetter grounds of vantage, to tlio end and to make the present struggle a\\nsnpiome test of the capacity of the Cuban people to win for themselves and\\ntheir children the heritage of self-government.\\nA notable feature of the actual situation is the tactical skill displayed by-\\nits leaders. When the di ^parity of numbers and the comparatively indefensi-\\nble character of the central and western Vega country are considered, the\\npassage of a considerable force into Pinar del Uio, followed by its successful\\nmaintenance there for many mouths, must be i cgardcd as a military success\\nof a pronounced chai-actcr. I\\nSo, too, the Spanish force, in the field, in garrison on the island, or on it-s\\nway thither from the mother country, is largely beyond any military display\\nyet called for by a Cuban rising, thus affording an independent measure of I\\nthe strength of the insurrection. i\\nFrcmi every accessible indication it is clear that the present relx llion is on V\\na far more formid.ilile scale as to numbers, intelligence, and representative\\nfeatures than any of the preceding revolts of this century; that the corre-\\nsponding effort of Spain for its repression has been enormously augmented,\\nand thai, despite the constant intiux of fresh armies and material of war\\nfrom the metropolis, the rebellion, after nearly two years of successful re-\\nsistance, appears to-day to be in a condition to mdefiuitely prolong the con-\\ntest on its present lines.\\nThere is a white population upon the island of 1,000,000 people,\\nand 700,000 of the.se, according to the testimony before the Sen- I\\nate, are supporting or are in sympathy with this organized gov-\\nerument. This government is an existing fact. It has a written\\nconstitution, adopted in October, IbUo; the supreme power i.-?\\nvested in a President, Vice-President, and four secretaries of\\nstate; its authority is recognized over fully one-half of the terri-\\ntory of Cuba, which, tiie Committeo on Foreign Affairs informs us,\\nis held to the exclusion of Spain; its officers collect taxes and dis-\\ncharge other official functions, and have done so ever since the\\nfirst few months of the war; it has in the field an army of more\\nthan 30,000 men, and represents a force strong and powerful\\nenough to instare domestic tranquillity when the liand of war is\\nwithdrawn.\\nThe President tells us in his recent mes.sage that the long\\ntrial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged war\\ncan not be attained. and with this quotation I can leave this part\\nof the subject.\\n324S", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "I am not troubled by the suggestion that the proposed amend-\\nment trenches upon the prerogative of the Executive upon the\\ntheory that to him exclusively belongs the right to recognize a\\nnew member of the family of nations. Whether this is correct\\nor not, when the recognition is a single act unaccompanied by no\\nother proposition, is a question which Senators learned in the law\\nhave differed upon, but it is not a material question here. We are\\nnow called upon to act under a power granted exclusively to the\\nCongress by the express terms of the Constitution, and the question\\nof recognition is inseparably connected with it.\\nThe President has realized that his powers are inadequate to\\ndeal with the subject. He has remitted it to the Congress. We\\nai-e to reach a result that all admit requires the iinited action of\\ntwo of the great departments of the Government, and the Execu-\\ntive stands back and says the legislative must take the lead. He\\nwill at the appropriate time act upon the pending resolution as a\\nbranch of the legislative department, and if passed with the pro-\\nposed amendment and thus approved, I do not share in the doubt\\nexpressed by the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. Spoonek] as to\\nwhether iinder such circumstances the recognition will be com-\\nplete. What the legislative hand has signed the executive arm\\nwill surely execute.\\nThe war is inevitable. I do not hesitate to say. in view of recent\\nevents, that it has begun. Spain struck the first blow when on the\\nnight of February 15 a Spanish submarine mine, without notice\\nor warning, was sprung in Havana Harbor, and by the explosion\\nthe il/a/^c^ was destroyed and hundreds of her officers, seamen,\\nand marines were hurried into eternity.\\nThis was practically recognized as an act of war on the 8th of\\nMarch when, at the request of the President, the two Houses of Con-\\ngress placed at his disposal \u00c2\u00a750,000,000, to be used in his discretion\\nfor the national defense and every purpose connected therewith.\\nSince that lime the Departments and bureaus have sounded the note\\nof preparation, our vessels have been prepared as rapidly as possible\\nfor active service, new vessels and munitions of war have been pur-\\nchased at home and abroad, our fortifications have been strength-\\nened, and patriotic citizens in all parts of the Union have offered\\ntheir services in defense of their country when the two nations\\nconfront one another in the inevitable conitlict which is approach-\\ning, while in the meantime Spain has employed like diligence in\\nwarlike preparation. The resolutions we are now considering will\\nsoon be followed by the raising of armies and the invasion of Cuba.\\nWhen our forces land there, I agree entirely with the Senator from\\nKentucky [Mr. LtxdsayJ in the proposition contained in his recent\\nresolution, tliat the contemplated military operations of our armies\\nshould be carried on in concert with the forces of the Cuban Repub-\\nlic, commanded by Clen. Maximo Gomez, under suitable and proper\\narrangements to be entered into between the military authorities\\nof the two Governments and with our generals in chief command.\\nThe resolution is as follows:\\nFirst. That the contemplated military operations ajjaiust the Si)ani.sh ar-\\nmies on the Island of Cuba should be carried on in concert with the militarv\\nforces nnder the command of Gen. Maximo (Tomez. such concert to be secured\\nthroujjh arrangements between this (xovernment and the Ciiban revolution-\\nary authorities recognized by said Gomez, and that any offer lookintr to such\\narrangtanents that may be made by those authorities should be tavorably\\nconsidered. j rovidcd it shall oncede to the commanding officer of the United\\nStates troops the right to control and direct all military operations.\\nSecond. That all such military operations should be carried on to the end\\nthat the independence of the Cuban Reiniblic may be secur.^d.\\n32 ir.", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "The two nationalities have a common purpose in view in tliclr\\ndetermination to forever terminate Spanisli domination npon the\\nisland. They are nattiral allies in tliis emergency. The Cuban\\nsoldiers are acclimated; they know the country well and thor-\\noughlj and their cooperation with us must speedily result in the\\noccupation of the ciiies and strongholds by the American and\\nCuban armies.\\nI do not accept the view presented by the President in his re-\\ncent message of the 11th of April, when he says that our forcible\\nintervention to stop the war involves hostile constraint upon\\nboth the parties to the contest, as well to enforce a truce as to\\nguide the eventual settlement. I shrink with abhorrence from\\nany idea that the approaching conflict is likely to result, under\\nany circumstances, in imposing hostile constraint upon the Cubans\\nwho are defending themselves against Spanish tyranny.\\nMany of these people who have soxight our shores to avoid tlie\\nhard conditions now existing in their own land have settled in\\nFlorida, and they are for the most part peaceable and well-disposed\\ncitizens. They supply the skill and labor which have mails an\\nimportant addition to our manufactures at Key West, at Tampa,\\nand at other points, and they have added largely to our wealth\\nand resources. They are a liberty-loving people, and have con-\\ntributed freely of their means to aid their countrj-men who have\\ncarried on this prolonged contest for freedom and independence.\\nThey are an intelligent, well-informed people, interested in the\\neducation and moral training of their children, eager for informa-\\ntion and knowledge and self-advancement.\\nThese people here and at home have been taught to believe that\\nAmericans are their friends and that our Government and our free\\ninstitutions are worthy models for them to follow in building up\\na new republic in the Island of Cuba. There should be nothing\\nin our action here to drive them from us or to give any groimds\\nfor apprehension that a time may come before the coming contest\\nis brought to a termination when the flag of the United States will\\nsymbolize hostile constraint upon those of their countrymen who\\nare in arms against Spain.\\nWe can make no better beginning than by declaring at the out-\\nset that the republic is free and independent, and with this free\\nand independent government as an all} our cause will have the\\ngood will of the lovers of human liberty the world over. Such a\\nrecognition will relieve us of any well-founded charge of aggres-\\nsion or self-aggrandizement if we thus make it clear that we pro-\\npose to claim no power, when the victory has been won. to force\\nupon an unwilling people unwelcome rulers or unreasonable bur-\\ndens or harsh conditions.\\nWe have hitherto labored under an embarrassment in onr ne-\\ngotiations with Spain, because we have not recognized any right\\nin the Cuban Government to be considered or heard with refer-\\nence to subjects in which she has vital interests, and arrange-\\nments are proposed which can only be successfully carried out\\nwith her consent. An armistice was proposed, to continue until\\nOctober next; bi;t how vain an armistice must be unless the Cuban\\nmilitary force is a party to ir. It is often said that it takes two\\nto make a (|uarrel. but it is equally as true that one man can not\\nmaintain the peace when his neighbor continues his attack upon\\nhim.\\nThe Cuban Republic, as a recognized Government, can agi*ee\\nwith Spain, if a proposition for an armistice is offered or can\\n324(4", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8\\nauthorize the United States to speak in her behalf, if we attempt\\nto negotiate for her; but an unorganized population can agree to\\nno armistice, and the pending resohition seems to contemplate\\nonly an unorganized population when it sa.ys that the people of\\nthe Island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and inde-\\npendent.\\nIf the resolution of the committee is thus amended and our ef-\\nforts are to be exerted in behalf of an independent republic and\\nnot to establish a government to be shaped under our dictation\\nhereafter, I shall support the amended resolution. I may do so,\\nthough it will be with extreme reluctance, if the amendment\\nshould fail, in the hope and expectation that a recognition of the\\nrepublic may be accomplished at a later day and that subsequent\\naction may remove any unfavorable results that are apprehended\\nfrom the passage of the resolution as it came from the committee.\\nMr. President, the time at ray disposal is limited, and I can not\\nenter into the details of the subject as I should like, but we have\\npassed the stage of prolonged debate. The time is at hand for\\naction. I have the honor to represent in part a State that is pe-\\nculiarly interested in this result; it is nearest the scene of action.\\nDuring the continuance of the difficulties between Spain and\\nthe revolutionists there has l^een almost daily communication be-\\ntween the different ports of Cuba and our own harbors, and thou-\\nsands of refugees have made their homes in our cities and towns.\\nThe sympathy that has been expressed and manifested for these\\nunfortunate people has engendered the ill will of their enemies.\\nWe have a long line of coast around our State exposed at many\\nimportant points to attack by an armed flotilla, and until recently\\nthere were no preparations for defensive warfare except at two\\npoints.\\nWe may have to bear the brunt of the first shock of war, and\\nour exposed position warns us that the danger of attack and in-\\nvasion is imminent; but if war is necessary to defend the honor\\nof our country, and to defend the young republic established\\nalmost within sight of our peninsula and the keys and islands\\naround our coast, and to assist in making good the declaration of\\nindependence which its people have made, the people of Florida\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0will accept the verdict which we will here render after a deliber-\\nate consideration of the situation as it has been presented, and\\nwill meet whatever results may follow calmly and courageously.\\nand in the full confidence that the God of Battles will give to us\\ntlie ultimate victory.", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nIII I III II\\n012 608 206 A\\nHollinger Corp.\\npH8.5", "height": "3645", "width": "2241", "jp2-path": "interventionincu00pasc_0014.jp2"}}