{"1": {"fulltext": "^7/3\\n/O^/^/\\nE 713\\n.R62\\nCopy 1\\nJ", "height": "3990", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3631", "width": "2194", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "C -g \u00e2\u0080\u0094!i\\nX^^ /f\\nPROPOSED ANNEXATION OF HAWAII.\\nSPEECH\\nOF\\nHon. JOHN F. RIXEY\\nOF VIRGINIA,\\nIN THE\\nHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,\\nSaturdaYj June 11, 189S.\\nW^SHIlSrGrTOlS\\n1898.\\nji. i.", "height": "3621", "width": "2232", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "68\\n5\\nC SPEECn\\nJ^ Co OF\\n11 N JOHN F Ill X E Y\\n\u00c2\u00abn the joint resolution (H. Res. 250) to provide for annexing the Hawaiian\\nIslands to the United States.\\nMr. RIXEY said:\\nMr. Spk.uckk: I am not one of those who hold to such restnc--\\ntion of the powers of the General Government which would forbid\\nour having a foreign policy, but believe that in all matters which\\nconcern our foreign relations this Government has all the at-\\ntributes of sovercigntj- and the powers necessary for the conduct\\nof its foreign relations and further expansion or contraction of\\nour territory.\\nTh-s Government has the power to punish piracies and felonies\\ncommitted on tlie high seas and offenses against the laws of na-\\ntions. It has power to declare war, to raise and equip armies\\nand navies, and to make treaties with foreign nations.\\nThe States are expressly prohibited from declaring war or en-\\ntering into a treaty, alliance, or confederation. Control over the\\nforeign policy of the Government is expressly ceded to the Gen-\\neral Government, and carries with it, in my judgment, the accom-\\npanviiig right to all the powers of a nation in its fullest sense.\\nI doubt not. therefore, the power of Congress to acquire or an-\\nnex territory and to provide for its control and government in any\\nmanner that it sees proper.\\nIt is said that our Constitution does not anticipate the control\\nof any territ iry not de-sirable for statehood. While such may\\nhave been the intention of the framcrs of the Constitution, about\\nwliicli we can not sp-ak with certainty, it is not so nominated\\nin the bond, and as I construe the Constitution, it has full power\\nas to its fiirc ign policy, and the only check is the will of the peo-\\nI)le. Any other view would make us a feeble folk among the\\nnations of the world. I am for upholding the doctrine of State\\nrights within its legitimate sphere, but our foreign policy is ex-\\npressly given in the amplest terms to the General Government,\\nand it is wise to concede to that Government in its treatment\\nof foreign iupstions whatever powers are necessary to meet the\\nexigencies antl emergencies as they arise.\\nMy hesitation to lend support to the annexation of the Hawaiian\\nIslands and my opposition to the policj* of conquest and of per-\\nmanent occupation and control of territory in the Eastern Hemi-\\nRphevfarcnot ])a.sedon the idea of restrictions in the Constitution,\\nbat upon reasuns of domestic economy and of national welfare;\\nand because it t^ uds to change the policy of this Government for\\nthe pa.st centiiry. tnr)i our attention from pursuits of peace to\\nthose of war, from internal to external affairs, entail upon us the\\nenormous annual expense of a great standing army and navy\\n2 3r)C5", "height": "3521", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "to compete first with any iiatiou of the earth, and then with all\\nnations combined.\\nBut it will he said that this is anticipating the march of events.\\nThis is true, but there is no calling or business in life where we\\nare not called upon to and should consider the probable future con-\\nsequences of our present acts. Are they not reasonable deductions?\\nThe history of the world shows that, once let a people become\\ndrunk with the spirit of conquest, and the government, under the\\ninexorable law of nature, with the desire of acquisition, accretion,\\nand power, advances with rapid strides, and there is no limit to\\nwhich it will not go and hut few things it will hesitate to do,\\ngiving as a reason, more or less plausible, that it is a necessity.\\nThis is illustrated by the circumstances attending the considera-\\ntion of the pending resolutions.\\nSix months ago it was conceded that the Senate, to which the\\ntreaty of annexation had been sent and which first had jurisdic-\\ntion of this whole matter, should be allowed to complete its con-\\nsideration; and it was a mooted question whether the resolutions\\ncould command the requisite constitutional majority either in the\\nSenate or in the House. But no sooner is the victory of Manila\\nchronicled than the Republican majority goes wild in its demand\\nfor immediate consideration by this House, and individual mem-\\nbers of that party almost tumble over each other in their eager-\\nness to be counted as the original friends of annexation. The\\nSpeaker s opposition is ignored and his counsel disregarded, and\\nfor the first time since his election as Speaker he finds himself\\nwithout support inside of his o\\\\^^l party. Now the resolutions\\nwill command an overwhelming majority; the result to be that\\njingoes and annexationists, flushed by their victory, will be look-\\ning across the horizon into the Eastern Hemisphere for other fields\\nto conquer and annex.\\nWhere shall we stop? How would propositions to annex the\\nrevolutionary Republics of Central and South America with their\\nSpanish- American people strike the rabid annexationists? Wottld\\nthey not go equally wild in their vociferous declamations as to\\nthe great advantages to be derived from controlling everything\\nin the Western Hemisphere? Are not the reasons for the annex-\\nation of such countries much stronger? They are contiguoits to our\\nown country and have a larger xiopulation and greater commercial\\nadvantages. Yet in their sober moments otir people do not want\\nthese countries; btit let the spirit of annexation and conquest\\ngrow and fatten upon what it feeds on, and who shall say where\\nthis aggressive spirit now abroad in the land will stop?\\nBut it is said again that the permanent annexation of Hawaii,\\nthe Philippine Islands, Cuba, or Puerto Rico, or any or all of\\nthem, doesr not necessarily lead to a spirit of aggression and con-\\nqttest for the world. This I grant, that it does not necessarily do\\nso, btit it inevitably does tend in that direction. A feather cast\\nupon the spring branch may not be carried out to old ocean, but\\ntmless obstructed by otitside matters it will go there. Just so\\nstirely will the unrestrained lust of conqtiest bring us to demand\\na slice in the partition of all territory in Europe. Asia, Africa,\\nand all of the islands of the sea, placing our demand upon the\\nground that we are a first-class nation.\\nFraught with what consequences is sitch a policy for the Ameri-\\ncan people! The most vivid imagination can not mensure thfs\\nprobable length and depth of- such a policy. Alexander-like, may", "height": "3522", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "4:\\n^ve not weep for other workts to conquer, and dying leaye our\\nworld to anarchy and to ruin? Should we not heed the dying\\nadvice of Au-usttis Ciesar, the first an^ wisest of Rome sEmper-\\nors Gibbon says that on the death of that Empei or his testa-\\nment was publicly read in the Senate, and that he bequeathed as\\na valuable legacy to his successors the advice of confining- the\\nEmpire within those limits which nature seemed to have placed as\\nits bul wades and boundaries.\\nA Republic such as ours is intended primanly for the encoux-\\nagpmentand promotion of peace, liberty, and happiness among\\nour own people. Our mission is to enlighten and hold aloft the\\ntorch of freedom snatched from monarchical hands, and not to\\nconquer and appropriate foreign nations, tribes, and peoples, and\\nthe more we depart from this time-honored policy so much the\\nmore will we strengthen the executive at the expense of the legis-\\nlative branch of the Government. Prior to the present war who\\ndreamed that any considerable following in the United States\\nwould ever demand tliat this Government should permanently\\noccupy an-d hold the Philippine Islands in the eastern hemi-\\nsphere?\\nNow. a very large number of people demand that we should hold\\nthe Philippine Islands as invioLibly a part of our territory as we\\nwould California or any other State, and treat with contempt the\\nclaim of conservative men that they should be held for indemnity\\nfor war expenses. News like the following from a daily news-\\npaper is eagerly sought after and indorsed and followed by the\\ngrowing army of annexationists:\\nFrom information just come to light it appears that the Administi-ation\\nhas finally determined upon a state policy concerning the Philippines. It is\\nthe eviden-t intention of this GoTemment to annex the islands and thus in-\\naugurate a system of territorial expansion which shall broaden the interests\\nof the nation to an extent not hitherto dreamed of, and plant oiu flag upon\\nthe seas.\\nIt develops now that this policy of the East has not been hiirriedlyfonira-\\nlated. It was considered and outlined even before Admiral Dewey seized\\nthe Philippines, and will be made operative as soon as the annexatiou of Ha-\\nwaii has been accomplished. Not until this has been done will the Ad:minis-\\ntion proclaim its Philippine policy.\\nI concede there are reasons from a commercial standpoint why\\nthe United States should control the Hawaiian Islands, and prior\\nto the present war, when the matter was receiving dispassionate\\nconsideration, I felt very much inclined to support the proijosed\\nannexation. I concede that it is advisable to have a coaling sta-\\ntion midway the Pacific. I concede that we should control the\\nNicaraguan Canal, if it is ever built, and everything that pertains\\nto it; but when I realize tliat this step is now put forward as an\\ninfant s step, to be followed by the giant s strides for conquest;\\nand attempted colonization, I am forced to stop and consider\\nwhether it is not wiser to at once enter our protest, feeble as it\\nmay be, against the entering wedge which may lift the founda-\\ntion stones of the Republic from their resting place of a century\\nand institute a radical departure from the time-honored traditions\\nand practices of this country. This tendency is well illustrated\\nby a leading editorial in one of the prominent and influential\\njournals of the day, and which I here insert as a part of my re-\\nmarks:\\nIf wo mnst now establish a necessary and vital, as distinguished froTii their\\nawn falsely assumed Hunker traditional policy, let us set at work about", "height": "3521", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "it at once. We have an excellent opportnnity to rlo so. Tho Hawaiif;.! I*\\nanda are of the groiuid ho.er and not oC the traditional kind of noceg-\\nsity to us. We must have thom for purposes of tho Navy coalinpf, tho i)ro-\\ntection of our Pacific coast, and the Nicaraffuan anal. We will liavc them!\\nTha.t being accomplLsheil, it may b3 prcdiirted that the ico of our tradi-\\ntional policy will bo broken, and that narrow provincialism, once having\\nwet its feet, will be induced to wet its hip pockets, and then to wade to tho\\nother side of the stream.\\nTo the devil with traditional policies which are only invoked to keep\\nAmerica in the condition of a counti y school district! This is a great world\\nnation with a grand possession in the Chinese seas. Before the week is out\\nit will have other possessions in the Antilles. And it will keep and defend all\\nthat it gets.\\nIt will be seen that we are uot to confine onrselves to the West-\\nern Hemisphere; even North, Central, and South. Aznerica, with\\nall of their adjacent islands and possessions, are not sufficient.\\nIn the language of the editorial, it is claimed- that this is a gi eat\\nworld nation, with a grand possession in the Chinese seas no\\npent-up Utica to confine our efforts, but, like a Colossus, to be-\\nstride the world, High-sounding phrases these, but whence do\\nthey lead? Has not the time come to consider whither we are\\ndrifting\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to hesitate and to halt? Fools rush in where angels\\nfear to tread. Let us not act in haste and repent at leisure.\\nWhy should Hawaii and the Philippine Islands become perma-\\nnently a part of the United States? They are both agricultural if\\nthey are anything. Tliey will f u,rnish no market for any portion\\nof the agricultural products of this country; on the conti-ary, very\\nmany of their products will come into competition with those of\\nthe United States. It may be that these islands have no manufac-\\ntures, and as the Chinese tariff wall now surrounding this country\\nwould be enlai-ged to take in these new possessions, the protected\\nmanufacturers would have these people added as additional\\nvictims.\\nThe population of these islands is not desirable. It is composed\\nchiefly of natives, Chinese, Japanese, and Malays, as foDows, ac-\\ncording to the census of 1896:\\nPopnlation.\\nNumber.\\nPopnlation.\\nNumber.\\nHawaiians (pure and\\n39, .504\\n25,407\\n21,S16\\n15,291\\nAmericans\\n3,0.^:0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tananf^pf*\\nBritish\\n,A50\\nC]liinp v\\nGermans\\n1,432\\nThe majority of those in the Philippines are said to be little\\nmore than savages. A few years ago Congress absolutely forbid\\nthe further importation of Chinese into this country, passed laws\\nrestricting immigration, and there is now pending upon the Cal-\\nendar of tliis House a bill to further restrict immigration. By\\nthe resolutions now under consideration and other measures to\\nfollow, it is proposed to incorporate into our population Chinese,\\nJapanese, Malays, and a people classed as half savages. It is not\\ndesirable that they should come into competition with the labor\\nof this counti-y. They are not desirable in any respect as citizens.\\nThey are not capitalists, or well-to-do, substantial citizens; their\\nlabor is of an inferior kind, and they make a small per cent of the\\nwages commanded by labor tu this country. Many of the popu-\\nlation of the Hawaiian Islands are afflicted with leprosy, and spe-\\n35C5", "height": "3522", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "cial provision is made in tc-rritory for that class of nnfortnnatea.\\nThe plague-ridden districts and the jungles of the Philippine\\nIslands are even more to be dreaded.\\nL nt the annexation of Hawaii is urged, first, as a commercial\\nnecessity; tliat the commercial bird shall have a place midway the\\nPacific to rest its weary wing and take on additional supplies. The\\nanswer might be, we have progressed very well for a hundred j cars\\nwithout these islands: but the answer is, taking the argument as\\nsound, we already have such a place in Pearl Harbor on the is-\\nlands\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ours by treaty right. The bugbear that the annexationists\\nheck to frighten us with\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that if we do not annex these islands\\nsome foreign country will\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is but a will- o-the-wisp, because, under\\nthe Monroe doctrine as now enlarged and construed, we are as\\nfully committed to resist the encroachment of any foreign coun-\\ntry into the Western Hemisphere as if we owned the islands.\\nBut. secondly, it is urged as a military necessity, and a great deal\\nof military authority is quoted in its support, much of it respect-\\nable and entitled to great weight, but some of it attracting atten-\\ntion only by reason of the high-sounding titles attached to the\\nself-constituted Solomons.\\nThis country ha,s waged a number of wars successfully without\\nthe.se islands. Instead of being a source of strength, to own and\\nL^- responsible for outlying islands 2,000 miles from our shores, it\\nentails added responsibility and is a source of weakness, military\\nexperts to the contrary notwithstanding. This is well illustrated\\nby tlie present war with Spain. Have her islands been a source\\nof strength or weakness to hcrV To ask the question suggests the\\nnegative answer to every sensible man.\\nSehor Sagasta, the premier of Spain, in an interview published\\na few days ago, said:\\nOnr colonies have cost usdear. Within the last twenty five years we have\\n.ipont in thcni 3,(KXJ,i)n(i.0U0 francs in defensive works. Only the most imi;or-\\nt.Tut cities and iioints liave been fortified, as we could not erect works every-\\nwhere. The cost would have been 7,(KXI,U(Xi,U0li or S,UOO,UUO,( M fraues.\\nSpain is struggling\u00e2\u0080\u0094 struggling, oh, how desperately\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to hold\\nislands thousands of milts from her shores which she has owned\\nfor many years! Shall we repeat the story? Shall we annex the\\nPhilippines and Hawaii, all thousands of miles from us? How\\neasy, in case of war, for an enemy to attack those islands, hun-\\ndreds in number, with its fleet! We might have the greatest\\nnavy in the world, but we need it all to defend our Atlantic and\\nPacifu- .seacoasts, stretching thou.sands of miles. How easy for a\\nf ireign lleet to swoop down upon those distant possessions beyond\\nthe .seas!\\nOne of the strongest arguments in favor of the annexation of\\nthe Hawaiian Islands is that, being located in the Western Hemi-\\nspliere, we would not consent under the Monroe doctrine to allow\\nany other country in the Ea.stern to annex them, and, being re-\\nsponsible to some extent for them, it might be better to annex\\nthem. Tliig .same argument, however, would apply to all the\\nCentral and South American .so-called Republics, and no one has\\nhad the liardihood so far to claim that they should be incorporated\\ninto our Ixjdy politic.\\nAs to the i hilippines-and it is proper to consider them in the\\nsame connection, lor they all form part and parcel of the same\\ngeneral policy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they he in the Eastern Hemisphere, 8,000 miles\\nIroin our sliores, and off the coast of China and Japan. What is", "height": "3521", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "to becomo of onr cherished Monroe doctrine, that European\\nnations can not extend their possessions in the Western Hemi-\\nsphere, if we assert our right to extend our possessions into tlio\\nEastern Hemisphere? Can we assert our exclusive right to the\\nWestern Hemisphere and not extend the same right to European\\nnations as to the Eastern? If we do not, maj- it not, and will it\\nnot, in the natural cour;=e of events, lead us, perhaps, into the\\ngreatest war the world has ever seen?\\nI shall vote against the i^ending resolutions for the annexation\\nof Hawaii, not because I can see no reason for their annexation,\\nbut because I consider the reasons against action at the present\\ntime outweigh those in favor of immediate action. This question\\nshould be postponed until this war is concluded, and the annexa-\\ntion of outlying islands and the embarkation upon a policy of colo-\\nnial extension and expansion should be a matter of serious and\\ncareful deliberation, to be entered upon, if at all, by Congress only\\nin time of peace and after the sense of the people is taken upon\\nthe subject,\\nI know tliese resolutions will be adopted by the House and, I\\nsuppose, by the Senate. They will become a law. and when the\\nHawaiian Islands are added to our territory we will protect and\\ndefend them as any other part of our cherished territory. Once\\nadded, nothing can separate. The arbitrament of war has decided\\nthis, and I would n-^t change the fiat in this respect. Wo are loyal\\ncitizens of a comiaon country, and v, ill uphold and defend our\\ncommon flag against the nations of the world. I would, however,\\nthat we might go slow in this new departure. I would that a\\ngeneral election might be held before these questions are pressed\\nto a conclusion. Other matters claimed the attention of the peo-\\nple at the last election: another one is to beheld in a few months,\\nand then the Representatives, fresh from the people, could be in-\\nstructed. But this is not to be. The Hawaiian Islands will be\\nannexed; but let the Eepresentatives know the will of the people\\nas to the new spirit of aggression and annexation which would\\nplunge us headlong into complications with the balance of the\\nworld, the end whereof no man can foresee.\\nThis is not the first time that an island with an undesirable\\npopulation has sought to be annexed to the United States. In\\n1883 Haiti, an island much nearer to our shores, sought annexa-\\ntion by this Government. Mr. Frelinghuysen, the then Secretary\\nof State, replied that\\nThe policy of this Government, as declared on many occasions in the past,\\nhas tended toward the avoidance of possessions disconnected with the main\\ncontinent. Had the tendency of the United Stat-es heeu to extend territorial\\ndominion lieyond intervening seas, opportunities have not been wanting to\\neffect such a purpose, whether on the coast of Africa, in the West Indies, or\\nin the South Pacific. No such opportunity has been hitherto embraced, and\\nbut little hope could be offered that Congress, which must in the ultimate\\nresort be brought to decide the question of such transmarine jurisdiction,\\nwould favorably regard such an acquisition as his excellency proposes. At\\nany rate, in its political aspect merely, this Government is unprepared to\\naccept the proposition without the subjection to such wishes as Congress and\\nthe people of the United States through Congress may see fit to express.\\nIn 1884 Mr. Bayard, the then Secretary of State, wrote our min-\\nister to Germany, Mr. Pendleton, as follows:\\nThe policy of the United States, declared and pursued for more than a\\ncenturv, discountenances, and in practice forbids, distant colonial acquisi-\\ntions, our action in the past, touching the acquisition of territory by pur-\\nchase and cession, and our recorded disinclination to avail ourselves of vol\\n3565", "height": "3522", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "-ibKHKY Uh LUNUKtbb\\n013 717\\n8\\nUiitary pr .ff.is made bv othor powers to place territory under the sovereignty\\nniitl protvctii.il of the Cnited .States arc inattL-rs of historical promiucnce.\\nOur policy as to the annexation of distant territory was very\\nsuccinctly stated l)y President Cleveland in his first message to\\nCongress, as follows:\\nMaintaining, as I do, the tenets of a line of precedents from Washington s\\nday, wliich proscribo entangling alliances with foreign States, I do not favor\\nthe policy of aojuisition of new and distant territory, or the incorporation\\nof remote interests with our own.\\nLet lis stand by the Monroe doctrine. Let lis not covet the\\nEastern Hemisphere. Let the world know we wish to be at peace,\\njealously jzfuardini; and defending our own territorj-, while we\\nconcede to others in the Eastern what we so jealously claim for\\nourselves in the Western Hemispliere. If we do this, I shall not\\nregard the annexation of Hawaii as an unmixed evil, but fearing\\nit is to be made a jirecedent for worse to come, I would halt until\\nwhite-winged peace fans and cools our fevered imagination and\\nbrings ns back to normal conditions.", "height": "3521", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3522", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n013 717 914 3\\nHoUinger Corp.\\npH8.5", "height": "3880", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "proposedannexati00rixe_0012.jp2"}}