{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3026", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class PS\\nBook,^.\\nfafflighfT^ I9 60\\nCOPMRIGHT DEPOSIT.\\nX", "height": "2873", "width": "1742", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "2915", "width": "1762", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE\\nSEX EN LECTIRES\\nRalph aldo E,ncRSor\\nW. B. COXKEY COMPAX\\nPUBLISlfERS", "height": "2915", "width": "1762", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "36086\\nUibwiry of Gonarese\\nTwo Co\u00c2\u00abES Received\\nAUG 18 1900\\nCopyright entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOetivered to\\nOf(D\u00c2\u00a3R DIVISION,\\nAUG 27 1900 I\\nCopyright, 1900, by W. B. Conkky Company.\\n68734", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nI. Uses of Great Men 7\\nII. Plato; or, the Philosopher 37\\nPlato New Readings 75\\nIII. Swedenborg or, the Mystic 85\\nIV. Montaigne or, the Skeptic 135\\nV. Shakspeare or, the Poet 167\\nVI. Napoleon; or, the Man of the World 195\\nVII. Goethe or, the Writer 227", "height": "2915", "width": "1762", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "C3\\nUSES OF GREAT MEN.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "I.\\nUSES OF GREAT MEN.\\ne It is natural to believe in great men. If the\\ncompanions of our childhood should turn out\\nto be heroes, and their condition regal, it\\nwould not surprise us. All mythology opens\\nwith demigods, and the circumstance is high\\nand poetic that is, their genius is paramount.\\nIn the legends of the Gautama, the first men\\nate the earth, and found it deliciously sweet.\\nNature seems to exist for the excellent. The\\nworld is upheld by the veracity of good men\\nthey make the earth wholesome. They who\\nlived with them found life glad and nutritious.\\nI^ife is sweet and tolerable only in our belief\\nin such society; and actually, or ideally, we\\nmanage to live with superiors. We call our\\nchildren and our lands by their names. Their\\nnames are wrought into the verbs of language,,\\ntheir works and effigies are in our houses, and\\nevery circumstance of the day recalls an anec-\\ndote of them.\\nThe search after the great is the dream of\\nyouth, and the most serious occupation of man-\\nhood. We travel into foreign parts to find his\\n7", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nworks, if possible, to get a glimpse of him.\\nBut we are put off with fortune instead. You\\nsay, the English are practical; the Germans\\nare hospitable; in Valencia, the climate is\\ndelicious and in the hills of Sacramento there\\nis gold for the gathering. Yes, but I do not\\ntravel to find comfortable, rich, and hospitable\\npeople, or clear sky, or ingots that cost too\\nmuch. But if there were any magnet that\\nwould point to the countries and houses where\\nare the persons who are intrinsically rich and\\npowerful, I would sell all, and buy it, and put\\nmyself on the road to-day.\\nThe race goes with us on their credit. The\\nknowledge, that in the city is a man who in-\\nvented the railroad, raises the credit of all the\\ncitizens. But enormous populations, if they\\nbe beggars, are disgusting, like moving cheese,\\nlike hills of ants, or of fleas the more, the\\nworse.\\nOur religion is the love and cherishing of\\nthese patrons. The gods of fable are the\\nshining moments of great men. We run all\\nour vessels into one mould. Our colossal theolo-\\ngies of Judaism, Christism, Buddhism, Mahom-\\netism, are the necessary and structural action\\nof the human mind. The student of history is\\nlike a man going into a warehouse to buy\\ncloths or carpets. He fancies he has a new\\narticle. If he go to the factory, he shall find\\nthat his new stuff still repeats the scrolls and\\nrosettes which are found on the interior walls\\nof the pyramids of Thebes. Our theism is the\\npurification of the human mind. Man can", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 9\\npaint, or make, or think nothing- but man. He\\nbelieves that the great material elements had\\ntheir origin from his thought. And our phi-\\nlosophy finds one essence collected or distrib-\\nuted.\\nIf now we proceed to inquire into the kinds\\nof service we derive from others, let us be\\nwarned of the danger of modern studies, and\\nbegin low enough. We must not contend\\nagainst love, or deny the substantial existence\\nof other people. I know not what would hap-\\npen to us. We have social strengths. Our\\naffection toward others creates a sort of vant-\\nage or purchase which nothing will supply. I\\ncan do that by another which I cannot do\\nalone. I can say to you what I cannot first\\nsay to myself. Other men are lenses through\\nwhich we read our own minds. Each man\\nseeks those of different quality from his own,\\nand such as are good of their kind that is, he\\nseeks other men, and the otherest. The\\nstronger the nature, the more it is reactive.\\nLet us have the quality pure. A little genius\\nlet us leave alone. A main difference betwixt\\nmen is, whether they attend their own affair\\nor not. Man is that noble endogenous plant\\nwhich grows, like the palm, from within, out-\\nward. His own affair, though impossible to\\nothers, he can open with celerity and in sport.\\nIt is easy to sugar to be sweet, and to nitre to\\nbe salt. We take a great deal of pains to way-\\nlay and entrap that which of itself will fall\\ninto our hands. I count him a great man who\\ninhabits a higher sphere of thought, into which", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nOther men rise with labor and difficulty; he\\nhas but to open his eyes to see things in a true\\nlight, and in large relations; whilst they must\\nmake painful corrections, and keep a vigilant\\neye on many sources of error. His service to\\nus is of like sort. It costs a beautiful person\\nno exertion to paint her image on our eyes\\nyet how splendid is that benefit It costs no\\nmore for a wise soul to convey his quality to\\nother men. And every one can do his best\\nthing easiest Peu de moyeiis, beaucoup (TeffeC\\nHe is great who is what he is from nature, and\\nwho never reminds us of others.\\nBut he must be related to us, and our life re-\\nceive from him some promise of explanation.\\nI cannot tell what I would know but I have\\nobserved there are persons, who, in their char-\\nacter and actions, answer questions which I\\nhave not skill to put. One man answers some\\nquestions which none of his contemporaries\\nput, and is isolated. The past and passing re-\\nligions and philosophies answer some other\\nquestion. Certain men affect us as rich possi-\\nbilities, but helpless to themselves and to their\\ntimes, the sport, perhaps, of some instinct\\nthat rules in the air they do not speak to our\\nwant. But the great are near we know them\\nat sight. They satisfy expectation, and fall\\ninto place. What is good is effective, gener-\\native makes for itself room, food, and allies.\\nA sound apple produces seed, a hybrid does\\nnot. Is a man in his place, he is constructive,\\nfertile, magnetic, inundating armies with his\\npurpose, which is thus executed. The river", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 11\\nmakes its own shores, and each legitimate idea\\nmakes its own channels and welcome, ^harvest\\nfor food, institutions for expression, weapons\\nto fight with, and disciples to explain it. The\\ntrue artist has the planet for his pedestal the\\nadventurer, after years of strife, has nothing\\nbroader than his own shoes.\\nOur common discourse respects two kinds of\\nuse of service from superior men. Direct giv-\\ning is agreeable to the early belief of men\\ndirect giving of material or metaphysical aid,\\nas of health, eternal youth, fine senses, arts of\\nhealing, magical power, and prophecy. The\\nboy believes there is a teacher who can sell\\nhim wisdom. Churches believe in imputed\\nmerit. But, in strictness, we are not much\\ncognizant of direct serving. Man is endoge-\\nnous, and education is his unfolding. The aid\\nwe have from others is mechanical, compared\\nwith the discoveries of nature in us. What is\\nthus learned is delightful in the doing, and the\\neffect remains. Right ethics are central, and\\ngo from the soul outward. Gift is contrary to\\nthe law of the universe. Serving others is\\nserving us. I must absolve me to myself.\\n**Mind thy affair, says the spirit: coxcomb,\\nwould you meddle with the skies, or with other\\npeople? Indirect service is left. Men have\\na pictorial or representative quality, and serve\\nus in the intellect. Behmen and Swedenborg\\nsaw that things were representative. Men are\\nalso representative; first, of things, and sec-\\nondly, of ideas.\\nAs plants convert the minerals into food for", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nanimals, so each man converts some raw ma-\\nterial in nature to human use. The inventors\\nof fire, electricity, magnetism, iron; lead,\\nglass, linen, silk, cotton the makers of tools\\nthe inventor of decimal notation; the geom-\\neter the engineer musician, severally make\\nan easy way for all, through unknown and\\nimpossible confusions. Each man is, by secret\\nliking, connected with some district of nature,\\nwhose agent; and interpreter he is, as Linnaeus^\\nof plants; Huber, of bees; Fries, of lichens;\\nVan Mons, of pears Dal ton, of atomic forms\\nEuclid, of lines Newton, of fluxions.\\nA man is a center for nature, running out\\nthreads of relation through everything, fluid\\nand solid, material and elemental. The earth\\nrolls every clod and stone comes to the merid-\\nio.n; so every organ, function, acid, crystal,\\ngrain of dust, has its relation to the brain. It\\nwaits long, but its turn comes. Each plant\\n,has its parasite, and each created thing its\\nlover and poet. Justice has already been done\\nto steam, to iron, to wood, to coal, to load-\\nstone, to iodine, to corn, and cotton but how\\nfew materials are yet used by our arts The\\nmass of creatures and of qualities are still hid\\nand expectant. It would seem as if each\\nwaited, like the enchanted princess in fairy\\ntales, for a destined human deliverer. Each\\nmust be disenchanted, and walk forth to the\\nday in human shape. In the history of discov-\\nery, the ripe and latent truth seems to have\\nfashioned a brain for itself. A magnet must\\nbe made man, in some Gilbert, or Sweden-", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 13\\nborg, or Oersted, before the general mind can\\ncome to entertain its powers.\\nIf we limit ourselves to the first advantages;\\na sober grace adheres to the mineral and\\nbotanic kingdoms, which, in the highest mo-\\nments, comes up as the charm of nature, the\\nglitter of the spar, the sureness of affinity, the\\nveracity of angles. Light and darkness, heat\\nand cold, hunger and food, sweet and sour,\\nsolid, liquid, and gas, circle us round in a\\nwreath of pleasures, and, by their agreeable\\nquarrel, beguile the day of life. The eye re-\\npeats every day the finest eulogy on things\\n**He saw that they were good. We know\\nwhere to find them and these performers are\\nrelished all the more, after a little experience\\nof the pretending races. We are entitled, also,\\nto higher advantages. Something is \\\\yanting\\nto science, until it has been humanized. The\\ntable of logarithms is one thing, and its vital\\nplay, in botany, music, optics, and architecture,\\nanother. There are advancements to numbers,\\nanatomy, architecture, astronomy, little sus-\\npected at first, when, by union with intellect\\nand will, they ascend into the life, and re- ap-\\npear in conversation, character and politics.\\nBut this comes later. We speak now only of\\nour acquaintance with them in their own\\nsphere, and the way in which they seem to fas-\\ncinate and draw to them some genius who oc-\\ncupies himself with one thing, all his life long.\\nThe possibility of interpretation lies in the\\nidentity of the observer with the observed.\\nEach material thing has its celestial side has", "height": "2890", "width": "1782", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "li REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nits translation, through humanity, into the\\nspiritual and necessary sphere, where it plays\\na part as indestructible as any other. And to\\nthese, their ends, all things continually ascend.\\nThe gases gather to the solid firmament; the\\nchemic lump arrives at the plant, and grows;\\narrives at the quadruped, and walks; arrives\\nat the man, and thinks. But also the constit-\\nuency determines the vote of the representa-\\ntive. He is not only representative, but par-\\nticipant. Like can only be known by like.\\nThe reason why he knows about them is, that\\nhe is of them; he has just come out of nature,\\nor from being a part of that thing. Animated\\nchlorine knows of chlorine, and incarnate zinc,\\nof zinc. Their quality makes this career and\\nhe can variously publish their virtues, because\\nthey compose him. Man, made of the dust of\\nthe world, does not forget his origin and all\\nthat is yet inanimate will one day speak and\\nreason. Unpublished nature will have its whole\\nsecret told. Shall we say that quartz moun-\\ntains will pulverize into innumerable Werners,\\nVon Buchs, and Beaumonts and the labora-\\ntory of the atmosphere holds in solution I know\\nnot what Berzeliuses and Davys?\\nThus, we sit by the fire, and take hold on\\nthe poles of the earth. This quasi omnipres-\\nence supplies the imbecility of our condition.\\nIn one of those celestial days, when heaven\\nand earth meet and adorn each other, it seems\\na poverty that we can only spend it once we\\nwish for a thousand heads, a thousand bodies,\\nthat we might celebrate its immense beauty in", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 15\\nmany ways and places. Is this fancy? Well,\\nin good faith, we are multiplied by our proxies.\\nHow easily we adopt their labors Every ship\\nthat comes to America got its chart from Co-\\nlumbus. Every novel is debtor to Homer.\\nEvery carpenter who shaves with a foreplane\\nborrows the genius of a forgotten inventor.\\nLife is girt all around with a zodiac of sciences,\\nthe contributions of men who have perished\\nto add their point of light to our sky. Engi-\\nneer, broker, jurist, physician, moralist, theolo-\\ngian, and every man, inasmuch as he has any\\nscience, is a definer and map-maker of the\\nlatitudes and longitudes of our condition. These\\nroad-makers on every hand enrich us. We\\nmust extend the area of life, and multiply our\\nrelations. We are as much gainers by finding\\na new property in the old earth, as by acquir-\\ning a new planet.\\nWe are too passive in the reception of these\\nmaterial or semi-material aids. We must not\\nbe sacks and stomachs. To ascend one step,\\nwe are better served through our sympathy.\\nActivity is contagious. Looking where others\\nlook, and conversing with the same things, we\\ncatch the charm which lured them. Napoleon\\nsaid, you must not fight too often with one\\nenemy, or you will teach him all your art of\\nwar. Talk much with any man of vigorous\\nmind, and we acquire very fast the habit of\\nlooking at things in the same light, and, on\\neach occurrence, we anticipate his thought.\\nMen are helpful through the intellect and the\\naffections. Other help, I find a false appear-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nance. If you affect to give me bread and fire,\\nI perceive that I pay for it the full price, and\\nat last it leaves me as it found me, neither bet-\\nter nor worse but all mental and moral force\\nis a positive good. It goes out from you\\nwhether you will or not, and profits me whom\\nyou never thought of. I cannot even hear of\\npersonal vigor of any kind, great power of per-\\nformance, without fresh resolution. We are\\nemulous of all that man can do. Cecil s say-\\ning of Sir Walter Raleigh, I know that he can\\ntoil terribly, is an electric touch. So are\\nClarendon s portraits, of Hampden; who\\nwas of an industry and vigilance not to be tired\\nout or wearied by the most laborious, and of\\nparts not to be imposed on by the most subtle\\nand sharp, and of a personal courage equal to\\nhis best parts of Falkland; who was so se-\\nvere an adorer of truth, that he could as easily\\nhave given himself leave to steal, as to dis-\\nsemble. We cannot read Plutarch, without a\\ntingling of the blood and I accept the saying\\nof the Chinese Mencius: As age is the in-\\nstructor of a hundred ages. When the manners\\nof Loo are heard of, the stupid become intelli-\\ngent, and the wavering, determined.\\nThis is the moral of biography; yet it is hard\\nfor departed men to touch the quick like our\\nown companions, whose names may not last as\\nlong. What is he whom I never think of?\\nwhilst in every solitude are those who succor\\nour genius, and stimulate us in wonderful man-\\nners. There is a power in love to divine an-\\nother s destiny better than that other can, and", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 17\\nby heroic encouragements, hold him to his\\ntask. What has friendship so signaled as its\\nsublime attraction to whatever virtue is in us?\\nWe will never more think cheaply of our-\\nselves, or of life. We are piqued to some pur-\\npose, and the industry of the diggers on the\\nrailroad will not again shame us.\\nUnder this head, too, falls that homage, very\\npure, as I think, which all ranks pay to the\\nhero of the day, from Coriolanus and Gracchus\\ndown to Pitt, Lafayette, Wellington, Webster\\nLamartine. Hear the shouts in the street!\\nThe people cannot see him enough. They\\ndelight in a man. Here is a head and a trunk\\nWhat a front! What eyes! Atlantean shoul-\\nders, and the whole carriage heroic, with equal\\nmward force to guide the great machine This\\npleasure^ of full expression to that which, in\\ntheir private experience, is usually cramped\\nand obstructed, runs, also, much higher, and\\nis the secret of the reader s joy in literary gen-\\nlus. Nothing is kept back. There is fire\\nenough to fuse the mountain of ore. Shaks-\\npeare s principal merit may be conveyed, in\\nsaying that he, of all men, best understands\\nthe English language, and can say what he\\nwill. Yet these unchoked channels and flood-\\ngates of expression are only health or fortunate\\nconstitution Shakspeare s name suggests\\nother and purely intellectual benefits.\\nSenates and sovereigns have no compliment,\\nwith their medals, swords, and armorial coats,\\nlike the addressing to a human being thoughts\\nout of a certain height, and presupposing his\\n2 Eepresentative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nintelligence. This honor, which is possible in\\npersonal intercourse scarcely twice in a life-\\ntime, genius perpetually pays; contented, if\\nnow and then, in a century, the proffer is ac-\\ncepted. The indicators of the values of matter\\nare degraded to a sort of cooks and confection-\\ners, on the appearance of the indicators of ideas.\\nGenius is the naturalist or geographer of the\\nsupersensible regions, and draws on their map\\nand, by acquainting us with new fields of activ-\\nity, cools our affection for the old. These are\\nat once accepted as the reality, of which the\\nworld we have conversed with is the show.\\nWe go to the gymnasium and the swimming-\\nschool to see the power and beauty of the bodj^\\nthere is the like pleasure, and a higher benefit,\\nfrom witnessing intellectual feats of all kinds;\\nas, feats of memory, of mathematical combina-\\ntion, great power of abstraction, the transmut-\\nings of the imagination, even versatility, and\\nconcentration, as these acts expose the invis-\\nible organs and members of the mind, which\\nrespond, member for member, to the parts of\\nthe body. For, we thus enter a new gymna-\\nsium, and learn to choose men by their truest\\nmarks, taught, with Plato, to choose those\\nwho can, without aid from the eyes, or any\\nother sense, proceed to truth and to being.\\nForemost among these activities, are the sum-\\nmersaults, spells, and resurrections, wrought\\nby the imagination. When this wakes, a man\\nseems to multiply ten times or a thousand times\\nhis force. It opens the delicious sense of in-\\ndeterminate size, and inspires an audacious", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 19\\nmental habit. We are as elastic as the gas of\\ngunpowder, and a sentence in a book, or a\\nword dropped in conversation, sets free our\\nfancy, and instantly our heads are bathed with\\ngalaxies, and our feet tread the floor of the\\nPit. And this benefit is real, because we are\\nentitled to these enlargements, and, once hav-\\ning passed the bounds, shall never again be\\nquite the miserable pedants we were.\\nThe high functions of the intellect are so\\nallied, that some imaginative power usually\\nappears in all eminent minds, even in arithme-\\nticians of the first class, but especially in med-\\nitative men of an intuitive habit of thought.\\nThis class serve us, so that they have the per-\\nception of identity and the perception of reac-\\ntion. The eyes of Plato, Shakspeare, Sweden-\\nborg, Goethe, never shut on either of these\\nlaws. The perception of these laws is a kind\\nof metre of the mind. Little minds are little,\\nthrough failure to see them.\\nEven these feasts have their surfeit. Our\\ndelight in reason degenerates into idolatry of\\nthe herald. Especially when a mind of power-\\nful method has instructed men, we find the ex-\\namples of oppression. The dominion of Aris-\\ntotle, the Ptolemaic astronomy, the credit of\\nLuther, of Bacon, of Locke, in religion the\\nhistory of hierarchies, of saints, and the sects\\nwhich have taken the name of each founder,\\nare in point. Alas! every man is such a victim.\\nThe imbecility of men is always inviting the\\nimpudence of power. It is the delight of vul-\\ngar talent to dazzle and to bind the beholder.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nBut true genius seeks to defeud us from itself.\\nTrue genius will not impoverish, but will lib-\\nerate, and add new senses. If a wise man\\nshould appear in our village, he would create,\\nin those who conversed with him, a new con-\\nsciousness of wealth, by opening their eyes to\\nunobserved advantages; he would establish a\\nsense of immovable equality, calm us with\\nassurances that we could not be cheated; as\\nevery one would discern the checks and guar-\\nanties of condition. The rich would see their\\nmistakes and poverty, the poor their escapes\\nand their resources.\\nBut nature brings all this about in due time.\\nRotation is her remedy. The soul is impatient\\nof masters, and eager for change. House-\\nkeepers say of a domestic who has been valu-\\nable, She has lived with me long enough.\\nWe are tendencies, or rather, symptoms, and\\nnone of us complete. We touch and go, and\\nsip the foam of many lives. Rotation is the\\nlaw of nature. When nature removes a great\\nman, people explore the horizon for a successor;\\nbut none comes and none will. His class is\\nextinguished with him. In some other and\\nquite different field, the next man will appear;\\nnot Jefferson, nor Franklin, but now a great\\nsalesman then a road-contractor then a stu-\\ndent of fishes then a buffalo-hunting explorer,\\nor a semi-savage western general. Thus we\\nmake a stand against our rougher masters; but\\nagainst the best there is a finer remedy. The\\npower which they communicate is not theirs.\\nWhen we are exalted by ideas, we do not owe", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 21\\nthis to Plato, but to the idea, to which, also,\\nPlato was debtor.\\nI must not forget that we have a special debt\\nto a single class. Life is a scale of degrees.\\nBetween rank and rank of our great men are\\nwide intervals. Mankind have, in all ages,\\nattached themselves to a few persons, who,\\neither by the quality of that idea they embodied,\\nor by the largeness of their reception, were en-\\ntitled to the position of leaders and law-givers.\\nThese teach us the qualities of primary nature,\\nadmit us to the constitution of things. We\\nswim, day by day, on a river of delusions, and\\nare effectually amused with houses and towns\\nin the air, of which the men about us are dupes.\\nBut life is a sincerity. In lucid intervals we\\nsay, Let there be an entrance opened for me\\ninto realities; I have worn the fool s cap too\\nlong. We will know the meaning of our\\neconomies and politics. Give us the cipher,\\nand, if persons and things are scores of a celes-\\ntial music, let us read off the strains. We\\nhave been cheated of our reason; yet there\\nhave been sane men, who enjoyed a rich and\\nrelated existence. What they know, they know\\nfor us. With each new mind, a new secret of\\nnature transpires nor can the Bible be closed,\\nuntil the last great man is born. These men\\ncorrect the delirium of the animal spirits, make\\nus considerate, and engage us to new aims and\\npowers. The veneration of mankind selects\\nthese for the highest place. Witness the mul-\\ntitude of statues, pictures, and memorials", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwhich recall their genius in every city, village,\\nhouse, and ship:\\nEver their phantoms arise before us.\\nOur loftier brothers, but one in blood\\nAt bed and table they lord it o er us.\\nWith looks of beauty, and words of good.\\nHow to illustrate the distinctive benefit of\\nideas, the service rendered by those who intro-\\nduce moral truths into the general mind? I\\nam plagued, in all my living, with a perpetual\\ntariff of prices. If I work in my garden, and\\nprune an apple-tree, I am well enough enter-\\ntained, and could continue indefinitely in the\\nlike occupation. But it comes to mind that a\\nday is gone, and I have got this precious noth-\\ning done. I go to Boston or New York, and\\nrun up and down on my affairs they are sped,\\nbut so is the day. I am vexed by the recollec-\\ntion of this price I have paid for a trifling\\nadvantage. I remember the peau cT arte, on\\nwhich whoso sat should have his desire, but a\\npiece of the skin was gone for every wish. I\\ngo to a convention of philanthropists. Do\\nwhat I can, I cannot keep my eyes off the clock.\\nBut if there should appear in the company\\nsome gentle soul who knows little of persons\\nor parties, of Carolina or Cuba, but who an-\\nnounces a law that disposes these particulars,\\nand so certifies me of the equity which check-\\nmates every false player, bankrupts every self-\\nseeker, and apprises me of my independence\\non any conditions of country, or time, or human\\nbody, that man liberates me I forget the clock.", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 23\\nI pass out of the sore relation to persons. I\\nam healed of my hurts. I am made immortal\\nby apprehending my possession of incorruptible\\ngoods. Here is great competition of rich and\\npoor. We live in a market, where is only so\\nmuch wheat, or wool, or land and if I have so\\nmuch more, every other must have so much\\nless. I seem to have no good, without breach\\nof good manners. Nobody is glad in the\\ngladness of another, and our system is one of\\nwar, of an injurious superiority. Every child\\nof the Saxon race is educated to wish to be\\nfirst. It is our system and a man comes to\\nmeasure his greatness by the regrets, envies,\\nand hatreds of his competitors. But in these\\nnew fields there is room: here are no self-\\nesteems, no exclusions.\\nI admire great men of all classes, those who\\nstand for facts, and for thoughts; I like rough\\nand smooth Scourges of God, and Darlings\\nof the human race. I like the first Csesar;\\nand Charles v., of Spain; and Charles XII.,\\nof Sweden; Richard Plantagenet; and Bona-\\nparte, in France. I applaud a sufficient man,\\nan officer, equal to his office captains, minis-\\nters, senators. I like a master standing firm\\non legs of iron, well-born, rich, handsome, elo-\\nquent, loaded with advantages, drawing all\\nmen by fascination into tributaries and sup-\\nporters of his power. Sword and staff, or tal-\\nents sword-like or staff-like, carry on the work\\nof the world. But I find him greater, when\\nhe can abolish himself, and all heroes, by let-\\nting in this element of reason, irrespective of", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\npersons this subtilizer, and irresistible upward\\nforce, into our thought, destroying individu-\\nalism the power so great, that the potentate\\nis nothing. Then he is a monarch, who gives\\na constitution to his people; a pontiff, who\\npreaches the equality of souls, and releases his\\nservants from their barbarous homages an\\nemperor, who can spare his empire.\\nBut I intended to specify, with a little minute-\\nness, two or three points of service. Nature\\nnever spares the opium or nepenthe; but\\nwherever she mars her creature with some de-\\nformity or defect, lays her poppies plentifully\\non the bruise, and the sufferer goes joyfully\\nthrough life, ignorant of the ruin, and incap\\nable of seeing it, though all the world point\\ntheir finger at it every day. The worthless\\nand offensive members of society, whose exist-\\nence is a social pest, invariably think them-\\nselves the most ill-used people alive, and never\\nget over their astonishment at the ingratitude\\nand selfishness of their contemporaries. Our\\nglobe discovers its hidden virtues, not only in\\nheroes and archangels, but in gossips and\\nnurses. Is it not a rare contrivance that lodged\\nthe due inertia in every creature, the conserv-\\ning, resisting energy, the anger at being waked\\nor changed? Altogether independent of the\\nintellectual force in each, is the pride of opinion,\\nthe security that we are right. Not the feeb-\\nlest grandame, not a mowing idiot, but uses\\nwhat spark of perception and faculty is left, to\\nchuckle and triumph in his or her opinion over\\nthe absurdities of all the rest. Difference from", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 25\\nme is the measure of absurdity. Not one has\\nbright thought that made things cohere with\\nthis bitumen, fastest of cements? But in the\\nmidst of this chuckle of self-gratulatioA, some\\nfigure goes by, which Thersites too can love\\nand admire. This is he that should marshal\\nus the way we were going. There is no end\\nto his aid Without Plato, we should almost\\nlose our faith m the possibility of a reasonable\\nbook. We seem to want but one, but we want\\none. We love to associate with heroic persons\\nsince our receptivity is unlimited; and, with\\nthe great, our thoughts and manners easily be-\\ncome great We are all wise in capacity\\nthough so few in energy. There needs but\\none wise man m a company, and all are wise\\nso rapid is the contagion.\\nGreat men are thus a collyrium to clear our\\neyes from egotism, and enable us to see other\\npeople and their works. But there are vices\\nand follies incident to whole populations and\\nages. Men resemble their contemporaries\\neven more than their projenitors. It is ob-\\nserved m old couples, or in persons who have\\nbeen housemates for a course of years, that\\nthey grow alike; and, if they should live long-\\nenough, we should not be able to know them\\nf ^rf- t: abhors these complaisances,\\nwhich threaten to melt the world into a lump\\nand hastens to break up such maudlin agglu-\\ntmations. The like assimilation goes on be-\\ntween men of one town, of one iect, of one\\npolitical party; and the ideas of the time are", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nin the air, and infect all who breathe it.\\nViewed from any high point, the city of New\\nYork, yonder city of London, the western civ-\\nilization, would seem a bundle of insanities.\\nWe keep each other in countenance, and exas-\\nperate by emulation the frenzy of the time.\\nThe shield against the stingings of conscience,\\nis the universal practice, or our contempo-\\nraries. Again it is very easy to be as wise\\nand good as your companions. We learn of\\nour contemporaries, what they know, without\\neffort, and almost through the pores of the\\nskin. We catch it by sympathy, or, as a wife\\narrives at the intellectual and moral elevations\\nof her husband. But we stop where they stop.\\nVery hardly can we take another step. The\\ngreat, or such as hold of nature, and transcend\\nfashions, by their fidelity to universal ideas,\\nare saviors from these federal errors, and defend\\nXLS from our contemporaries. They are the\\nexceptions which we want, where all grows\\nalike. A foreign greatness is the antidote for\\ncabalism.\\nThus we feed on genius, and refresh our-\\nselves from too much conversation with our\\nmates, and exult in the depth of nature in that\\ndirection in which he leads us. What indem-\\nnification is one great man for populations of\\npigmies! Every mother wishes one son a\\ngenius, though all the rest should be mediocre.\\nBut a new danger appears in the excess of influ-\\nence of the great man. His attractions warp us\\nfrom our place. We have become underlings\\nand intellectual suicides. Ah! yonder in the", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 27\\nhorizon is our help: other great men, new\\nqualities, counterweights and checks on each\\nother. We cloy of the honey of each peculiar\\ngreatness. Every hero becomes a bore at last.\\nPerhaps Voltaire was not bad-hearted, yet he\\nsaid of the good Jesus, even, I pray you, let\\nme never hear that man s name again. They\\ncry up the virtues of George Washington,\\nDamn George Washington! is the poor\\nJacobin s whole speech and confutation. But\\nit is human nature s indispensable defense.\\nThe centripetence augments the centrifugence.\\nWe balance one man with his opposite, and\\nthe health of the state depends on the see-saw.\\nThere is, however, a speedy limit to the use\\nof heroes. Every genius is defended from\\napproach by quantities of availableness. They\\nare very attractive, and seem at a distance our\\nown but we are hindered on all sides from\\napproach. The more we are drawn, the more\\nwe are repelled. There is something not solid\\nin the good that is done for us. The best dis-\\ncovery the discoverer makes for himself. It\\nhas something unreal for his companion, until\\nhe too has substantiated it. It seems as if the\\nDeity dressed each soul which he sends into\\nnature in certain virtues and powers not com-\\nmunicable toother men, and, sending it to per-\\nform one more turn through the circle of beings,\\nwrote Not transferable, and Good for this\\ntrip only, on these garments of the soul.\\nThere is somewhat deceptive about the inter-\\ncourse of minds. The boundaries are invisible,\\nbut they are never crossed. There is such", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ngood will to impart, and such good will to\\nreceive, that each threatens to become the\\nother but the law of individuality collects its\\nsecret strength you are you, and I am I, and\\nso we remain.\\nFor Nature wishes every thing to remain\\nitself; and, whilst every individual strives to\\ngrow and exclude, and to exclude and grow,\\nto the extremities of the universe, and to impose\\nthe law of its being on every other creature,\\nNature steadily aims to protect each against\\nevery other. Each is self-defended. Nothing\\nis more marked than the power by which indi-\\nviduals are guarded from individuals, in a\\nworld where every benefactor becomes so easily\\na malefactor, only by continuation of his activ-\\nity into places where it is not due where chil-\\ndren seem so much at the mercy of their fool-\\nish parents, and where almost all men are too\\nsocial and interfering. We rightly speak of\\nthe guardian angels of children. How superior\\nin their security from infusions of evil persons,\\nfrom vulgarity and second thought They shed\\ntheir own abundant beauty on the objects they\\nbehold. Therefore, they are not at the mercy\\nof such poor educators as we adults. If we\\nhuff and chide them, they soon come not to\\nmind it, and get a self-reliance; and if we\\nindulge them to folly, they learn the limitation\\nelsewhere.\\nWe need not fear excessive influence. A\\nmore generous trust is permitted. Serve the\\ngreat. Stick at no humiliation. Grudge no\\noffice thou canst render. Be the limb of their", "height": "2898", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 29\\nbody, the breath of their mouth. Compromise\\nthy egotism. Who cares for that, so thou gain\\naught wider and nobler? Never mind the\\ntaunt of Boswellism the devotion may easily\\nbe greater than the wretched pride which is\\nguarding its own skirts. Be another not thy-\\nself, but a Platonist; not a soul, but a Chris-\\ntian not a naturalist, but a Cartesian not a\\npoet, but a Shakspearian. In vain, the wheels\\nof tendency will not stop, nor will all the forces\\nof inertia, fear, or love itself, hold thee there.\\nOn, and forever onward! The microscope\\nobserves a monad or wheel-insect among the\\ninfusories circulating in water. Presently, a\\ndot appears on the animal, which enlarges to\\na slit, and it becomes two perfect animals.\\nThe ever- proceeding detachment appears not\\nless in all thought, and in society. Children\\nthink they cannot live without their parents.\\nBut, long before they are aware of it, the\\nblack dot has appeared, and the detachment\\ntaken place. Any accident will now reveal to\\nthem their independence.\\nBut great men: the word is injurious. Is\\nthere caste? is there fate? What becomes of\\nthe promise to virtue? The thoughtful youth\\nlaments the superfoetation of nature. Gen-\\nerous and handsome, he says, is your hero;\\nbut look at yonder poor Paddy, whose country\\nis his wheelbarrow look at his whole nation\\nof Paddies. Why are the masses, from the\\ndawn of history down, food for knives and\\npowder? The idea dignifies a few leaders, who\\nhave sentiment, opinion, love, self-devotion;", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand they make war and death sacred; but\\nwhat for the wretches whom they hire and kill?\\nThe cheapness of man is every day s tragedy.\\nIt is as real a loss that others should be low, as\\nthat we should be low for we must have society.\\nIs it a reply to these suggestions, to say,\\nsociety is a Pestalozzian school all are teachers\\nand pupils in turn. We are equally served by\\nreceiving and by imparting. Men who know\\nthe same things, are not long the best company\\nfor each other. But bring to each an intelli-\\ngent person of another experience, and it is as\\nif you let off water from a lake, by cutting a\\nlower basin. It seems a mechanical advantage,\\nand great benefit it is to each speaker, as he\\ncan now paint out his thought to himself. We\\npass very fast, in our personal moods, from\\ndignity to dependence. And if any appear\\nnever to assume the chair, but always to stand\\nand serve, it is because we do not see the com-\\npany in a suilficiently long period for the whole\\nrotation of parts to come about. As to what\\nwe call the masses, and common men; there\\nare no common men. All men are at last of\\na size and true art is only possible, on the con-\\nviction that every talent has its apotheosis\\nsomewhere. Fair play, and an open field, and\\nfreshest laurels to all who have won them!\\nBut heaven reserves an equal scope for every\\ncreature. Each is uneasy until he has pro-\\nduced his private ray unto the concave sphere,\\nand beheld his talent also in its last nobility\\nand exaltation.\\nThe heroes of the hour are relatively great", "height": "2908", "width": "1808", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 31\\nof a faster growth or they are such, in whom,\\nat the moment of success, a quality is ripe\\nwhich is then in request. Other days will\\ndemand other qualities. Some rays escape the\\ncommon observer, and want a finely adapted\\neye. Ask the great man if there be none\\ngreater. His companions are and not the less\\ngreat, but the more, that society cannot see\\nthem. Nature never sends a great man into\\nthe planet, without confiding the secret to\\nanother soul.\\nOne gracious fact emerges from these studies,\\nthat there is true ascension in our love. The\\nreputations of the nineteenth century will one\\nday be quoted to prove its barbarism. The\\ngenius of humanity is the real subject whose\\nbiography is written in our annals. We must\\ninfer much, and supply many chasms in the\\nrecord. The history of the universe is symp-\\ntomatic, and life is mnemonical. No man, in\\nall the procession of famous men, is reason or\\nillumination, or that essence we were looking\\nfor; but is an exhibition, in some quarter, of\\nnew possibilities. Could we one day complete\\nthe immense figure which these flagrant points\\ncompose The study of many individuals leads\\nus to an elemental region wherein the individ-\\nual is lost, or wherein all touch by their sum-\\nmits. Thought and feeling, that break out\\nthere, cannot be impounded by any fence of\\npersonality. This is the key to the power of\\nthe greatest men, their spirit diffuses itself.\\nA new quality of mind travels by night and by\\nday, in concentric circles from its origin, and", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "82 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\npublishes itself by unknown methods the union\\nof all minds appears intimate what gets\\nadmission to one, cannot be kept out of any\\nother the smallest acquisition of truth or of\\nenergy, in any quarter, is so much good to the\\ncommonwealth of souls. If the disparities of\\ntalent and position vanish, when the individ-\\nuals are seen in the duration which is necessary\\nto complete the career of each even more\\nswiftly the seeming injustice disappears, when\\nwe ascend to the central identity of all the\\nmdividuals, and know that they are made of\\nthe same substance which ordaineth and doeth.\\nThe genius of humanity is the right point of\\nview of history. The qualities abide the men\\nwho exhibit them have now more, now less\\nand pass away; the qualities remain on another\\nbrow. No experience is more familiar. Once\\nyou saw phoenixes: thev are gone; the world\\nIS not therefore disenchanted. The vessels on\\nwhich you read sacred emblems turn out to be\\ncommon pottery; but the sense of the pictures\\nIS sacred, and you may still read them trans-\\nferred to the walls of the world. For a time,\\nour teachers serve us personally, as metres or\\nmilestones of progress. Once they were angels\\nof knowledge, and their figures touched the\\nsky. Then we drew near, saw their means,\\nculture, and limits; and they yielded their\\nplaces to other geniuses. Happy, if a few\\nnames remain so high, that we have not been\\nable to read them nearer, and age and com-\\nparison have not robbed them of a ray. But,\\nat last, we shall cease to look in men for com-", "height": "2898", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 33\\npleteness, and shall content ourselves with their\\nsocial and delegated quality. All that\\nrespects the individual is temporary and pros-\\npective, like the individual himself, who is\\nascending out of his limits, into a catholic exist-\\nence. We have never come at the true and\\nbest benefit of any genius, so long as we\\nbelieve him an original force. In the moment\\nwhen he ceases to help us as a cause, he begins\\nto help us move as an eifect. Then he appears\\nas an exponent of a vaster mind and will. The\\nopaque self becomes transparent with the lio-ht\\nof the First Cause.\\nYet, within the limits of human education\\nand agency, we may say, great men exist that\\nthere may be greater men. The destiny of\\norganized nature is amelioration, and who can\\ntell its limits? It is for man to tame the chaos\\non every side, whilst he lives, to scatter the\\nseeds of science and of song, that climate, corn\\nanimals, men, may be milder, and the germs\\nof love and benefit may be multiplied.\\n3 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "^^-^3\\nPLATO; OR, THE PHILOSOPHER.\\n35", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "II.\\nPLATO; OR, THE PHILOSOPHER.\\nAmong books, Plato only is entitled to Omar s\\nfanatical compliment to the Koran, when he\\nsaid, Burn the libraries; for, their value is in\\nthis book. These sentences contain the cul-\\nture of nations; these are the corner-stone of\\nschools: these are the fountain-head of litera-\\ntures. A discipline it is in logic, arithmetic,\\ntaste, symmetry, poetry, language, rhetoric,\\nontology, morals, or practical wisdom. There\\nwas never such range of speculation. Out of\\nPlato come all things that are still written and\\ndebated among men of thought. Great havoc\\nmakes he among our originalities. We have\\nreached the mountain from which all these drift\\nbowlders were detached. The Bible of the\\nlearned for twenty-two hundred years, every\\nbrisk young man, who says in succession fine\\nthings to each reluctant generation, Boethius,\\nRabelais, Erasmus, Bruno, Locke, Rousseau,\\nAlfieri, Coleridge,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is some reader of Plato,\\ntranslating into the vernacular, wittily, his\\ngood things. Even the men of grander pro-\\nportion suffer some deduction from the misfor-\\ntune (shall I say?) of coming after this exhaust-\\ning generalizer. St. Augustine, Copernicus,\\n37", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nNewton, Behmen, Swedenborg, Goethe, are\\nlikewise his debtors, and must say after him.\\nFor it is fair to credit the broadest generalizer\\nwith all the particulars deducible from his\\nthesis.\\nPlato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato,\\nat once the glory and the shame of mankind,\\nsince neither Saxon nor Roman have availed\\nto add any idea to his categories. No wife, no\\nchildren had he, and the thinkers of all civilized\\nnations are his posterity, and are tinged with\\nhis mind. How many great men Nature is\\nincessantly sending up out of night, to be his\\nmen, Platonists! the Alexandrians, a constel-\\nlation of genius; the Elizabethans, not less;\\nSir Thomas More, Henr More, John Hales,\\nJohn Smith, Lord Bacon, Jeremy Taylor,\\nRalph Cudworth, Sydenham, Thomas Taylor;\\nMarcilius Ficinus, and Picus Mirandola. Cal-\\nvinism is in his Phsedo: Christianity is in it.\\nMahometanism draws all its philosophy, in its\\nhand-book of morals, the Akhlak-y-Jalaly,\\nfrom him. Mysticism finds in Plato all its\\ntexts. This citizen of a town in Greece is no\\nvillager nor patriot. An Englishman reads and\\nsays, how English! a German how Teu-\\ntonic! an Italian how Roman and how\\nGreek As they say that Helen of Argos had\\nthat universal beauty that everybody felt\\nrelated to her, so Plato seems, to a reader\\nin New England, an American genius. His\\nbroad humanity transcends all sectional lines.\\nThis range of Plato instructs us what to\\nthink of the vexed question concerning his re-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 39\\nputed works, what are genuine, what spuri\u00c2\u00ab\\nous. It is singular that wherever we find a\\nman higher, by a whole head, than any of his\\ncontemporaries, it is sure to come into doubt,\\nwhat are his real works. Thus, Homer, Plato,\\nRaffaelle, Shakspeare. For these men mag-\\nnetize their contemporaries, so that their com-\\npanions can do for them what they can never\\ndo for themselves; and the great man does\\nthus live in several bodies; and write, or paint,\\nor act, by many hands and after some time,\\nit is not easy to say what is the authentic work\\nof the master, and what is only of his school.\\nPlato, too, like every great man, consumed\\nhis own times. What is a great man, but one I\\nof great affinities, who takes up into himself all\\narts, sciences, all knowables, as his food? He\\ncan spare nothing; he can dispose of every-\\nthing. What is not good for virtue^ is good for\\nknowledge. Hence his contemporaries tax\\nhim with plagiarism. But the inventor only\\nknows how to borrow and society is glad to\\nforget the innumerable laborers who ministered\\nto this architect, and reserves all its gratitude\\nfor him. When we are praising Plato, it seems\\nwe are praising quotations from Solon, and\\nSophron, and Philolaus. Be it so. Every book\\nis a quotation and every house is a quotation\\nout of all forests, and mines, and stone quar-\\nries and every man is a quotation from all his\\nancestors. And this grasping inventor puts\\nall nations under contribution.\\nPlato absorbed the learning of his times,^^\\nPhilolaus, Timaeus, Heraclitus, Parmenides,", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand what else then his master, Socrates and\\nfinding himself still capable of a larger synthe-\\nsis, beyond all example then or since, he\\ntraveled into Italy, to gain what Pythagoras\\nhad for him; then into Egypt, and perhaps\\nstill further east, to import the other element,\\nwhich Europe wanted, into the European\\nmind. This breadth entitles him to stand as\\nthe representative of philosophy. He says, in\\nthe Republic, Such a genius as philosophers\\nmust of necessity have, is wont but seldom, in\\nall its parts, to meet in one man but its differ-\\nent parts generally spring up in different per-\\nsons. Every man, who would do anything\\nwell, must come to it from a higher ground. A\\nphilosopher must be more than a philosopher.\\nPlato is clothed with the powers of a poet,\\nstands upon the highest place of the poet, and\\n(though I doubt he wanted the decisive gift of\\nlyric expression) mainly is not a poet, because\\nhe chose to use the poetic gift to an ulterior\\npurpose.\\nGreat geniuses have the shortest biographies.\\nTheir cousins can tell you nothing about them.\\nThe}^ lived in their writings, and so their house\\nand street life was trivial and commonplace.\\nIf you would know their tastes and complex-\\nions, the most admiring of their readers most\\nresembles them. Plato, especially, has no ex-\\nternal biography. If he had lover, wife, or\\nchildren, we hear nothing of them. He ground\\nthem all into paint. As a good chimney burns\\nits smoke, so a philosopher converts the value", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 41\\nof all his fortunes into his intellectual perform-\\nances.\\nHe was born 430 A. C, about the time of\\nthe death of Pericles was of patrician connec-\\ntion in his times and city and is said to have\\nhad an early inclination for war; but in his\\ntwentieth year, meeting with Socrates, was\\neasily dissuaded from this pursuit, and re-\\nmained for ten years his scholar, until the\\ndeath of Socrates. He then went to Megara;\\naccepted the invitations of Dion and of Diony-\\nsius, to the court of Sicily; and went thither\\nthree times, though very capriciously treated.\\nHe traveled into Italy; then into Egypt,\\nwhere he stayed a long time some say three,\\nsome say thirteen years. It is said, he went\\nfarther, into Babylonia: this is uncertain. Re-\\nturning to Athens, he gave lessons, in the\\nAcademy, to those whom his fame drew\\nthither; and died, as we have received it, in\\nthe act of writing, at eighty-one years.\\nBut the biography of Plato is interior. We\\nare to account for the supreme elevation of this\\nman, in the intellectual history of our race,\\nhow it happens that, in proportion to the cult-\\nure of men, they become his scholars; that, as\\nour Jewish Bible has implanted itself in the\\ntable-talk and household life of every man and\\nwoman in the European and American nations,\\nso the writings of Plato have pre-occupied every\\nschool of learning, every lover of thought,\\nevery church, every poet, making it impossi-\\nble to think, on certain levels, except through\\nhim. He stands between the truth and every", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nman s mind, and has almost impressed lan-\\nguage, and the primary forms of thought, with\\nhis name and seal. I am struck, in reading\\nhim, with the extreme modemness of his style\\nand spirit. Here is the germ of that Europe\\nwe know so well, in its long history of arts\\nand arms; here are all its traits, already dis-\\ncernible in the mind of Plato, and in none\\nbefore him. It has spread itself since into a\\nhundred histories, but has added no new ele-\\nment. This perpetual modernness is the meas-\\nure of merit, in every work of art; since the\\nauthor of it was not misled by anything short-\\nlived or local, but abode by real and abiding\\ntraits. How Plato came thus to be Europe,\\nand philosophy, and almost literature, is the\\nproblem for us to solve.\\nThis could not have happened, without a\\nsound, sincere, and catholic man, alDle to honor,\\nat the same time, the ideal, or laws of the mind,\\nand fate, or the order of nature. The first\\nperiod of a nation, as of an individual, is the\\nperiod of unconscious strength. Children cry,\\nscream and stamp with fury, unable to express\\ntheir desires. As soon as they can speak and\\ntell their want, and the reason of it, they be-\\ncome gentle. In adult life, whilst the percep-\\ntions are obtuse, men and women talk vehe-\\nmently and superlatively, blunder and quarrel\\ntheir manners are full of desperation; their\\nspeech is full of oaths. As soon as, with cult-\\nure, things have cleared up a little, and they\\nsee them no longer in lumps and masses, but\\naccurately distributed, they desist from that", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 43\\nweak vehemence, and explain their meaning\\nin detail. If the tongue had not been framed\\nfor articulation, man would still be a beast in\\nthe forest. The same weakness and want, on\\na higher plane, occurs daily in the education of\\nardent young men and women. Ah! you\\ndon t understand me; I have never met with\\nany one who comprehends me: and they sigh\\nand weep, write verses, and walk alone, fault\\nof power to express their precise meaning. In\\na month or two, through the favor of their good\\ngenius, they meet some one so related as to\\nassist their volcanic estate; and, good commu-\\nnication being once established, they are\\nthenceforward good citizens. It is ever thus.\\nThe progress is to accuracy, to skill, to truth,\\nfrom blind force.\\nThere is a moment, in the history of every\\nnation, when, proceeding out of this brute\\nyouth, the perceptive powers reach their ripe-\\nness, and have not yet become microscopic so\\nthat man, at that instant, extends across the\\nentire scale and, with his feet still planted on\\nthe immense forces of night, converses, by his\\neyes and brain, with solar and stellar creation.\\nThat is the moment of adult health, the culmi-\\nnation of power.\\nSuch is the history of Europe, in all points\\nand such in philosophy. Its early records,\\nalmost perished, are of the immigrations from\\nAsia, bringing with them the dreams of bar-\\nbarians; a confusion of crude notions of mor-\\nals, and of natural philosophy, gradually sub-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nsiding, through the partial insight of single\\nteachers.\\nBefore Pericles, came the Seven Wise Mas^\\nters and we have the beginnings of geometry,\\nmetaphysics, and ethics: then the partialists,\\ndeducing the origin of things from flux or\\nwater, or from air, or from fire, or from mind.\\nAll mix with these causes mythologic pictures.\\nAt last, comes Plato, the distributor, who\\nneeds no barbaric paint, or tattoo, or whoop-\\ning; for he can define. He leaves with Asia\\nthe vast and superlative he is the arrival of\\naccuracy and intelligence. He shall be as a\\ngod to me, who can rightly divide and define.\\nThis defining is philosophy. Philosophy is\\nthe account which the human mind gives to\\nitself of the constitution of the world. Two\\ncardinal facts lie forever at the base: the one,\\nand the two. i. Unity, or Identity; and, 2,\\nVariety. We unite all things, by perceiving\\nthe law which pervades them by perceiving\\nthe superficial differences, and the profound\\nresemblances. But every mental act, this\\nvery perception of identity or oneness, recog-\\nnizes the difference of things. Oneness and\\notherness. It is impossible to speak, or to\\nthink, without embracing both.\\nThe mind is urged to ask for one cause of\\nmany effects; then for the cause of that; and\\nagain the cause, diving still into the profound;\\nself-assured that it shall arrive at an absolute\\nand sufficient one, a one that shall be all.\\nIn the midst of the sun is the light, in the\\nmidst of the light is truth, and in the midst of", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 45\\ntruth is the imperishable being, say the Ve-\\ndas. All philosophy, of east and west, has the\\nsame centripetence. Urged by an opposite\\nnecessity, the mind returns from the one, to\\nthat which is not one, but other or many from\\ncause to effect and affirms the necessary exis-\\ntence of variety, the self-existence of both, as\\neach is involved in the other. These strictly-\\nblended elements it is the problem of thought\\nto separate, and to reconcile. Their existence\\nis mutually contradictory and exclusive; and\\neach so fast slides into the other, that we can\\nnever say what is one, and what it is not. The\\nProteus is as nimble in the highest as in the\\nlowest grounds, when we contemplate the one,\\nthe true, the good, as in the surfaces and ex-\\ntremities of matter.\\nIn all nations, there are minds which incline\\nto dwell in the conception of the fundamental\\nUnit5\\\\ The raptures of prayer and ecstasy of\\ndevotion lose all being in one Being. This\\ntendency finds its highest expression in the\\nreligious writings of the East, and chiefly, in\\nthe Indian Scriptures, in the Vedas, the Bhag-\\navat Geeta, and the Vishnu Purana. Those\\nwritings contain little else than this idea, and\\nthey rise to pure and sublime strains in cele-\\nbrating it.\\nThe Same, the Same friend and foe are of\\none stuff the ploughman, the plough, and the\\nfurrow, are of one stuff and the stuff is such,\\nand so much, that the variations of forms are\\nunimportant. You are fit (says the supreme\\nKrishna to a sage) to apprehend that you are", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nnot distinct from me. That which I am, thou\\nart, and that also is this world, with its gods,\\nand heroes, and mankind. Men contemplate\\ndistinctions, because they are stupefied with\\nignorance. The words I and mine consti-\\ntute ignorance. What is the great end of all,\\nyou shall now learn from me. It is soul, one\\nin all bodies, pervading, uniform, perfect, pre-\\neminent over nature, exempt from birth,\\ngrowth, and decay, omnipresent, made up of\\ntrue knowledge, independent, unconnected with\\nunrealities, with name, species, and the rest,\\nin time past, present, and to come. The\\nknowledge that this spirit, which is essen-\\ntially one, is in one s own, and in all other\\nbodies, is the wisdom of one who knows the\\nunity of things. As one diffusive air, passing\\nthrough the perforations of a flute, is distin-\\nguished as the notes of a scale, so the nature\\nof the Great Spirit is single, though its forms\\nbe manifold, arising from the consequences of\\nacts. When the difference of the investing\\nform, as that of god, or the rest, is destroyed,\\nthere is no distinction. The whole world is\\nbut a manifestation of Vishnu, who is identical\\nwith all things, and is to be regarded by the\\nwise, as not differing from, but as the same\\nas themselves. I neither am going nor coming\\nnor is my dwelling in any one place nor art\\nthou, thou; nor are others, others; nor am\\nI, I. As if he had said, All is for the\\nsoul, and the soul is Vishnu and animals and\\nstars are transient painting; and light is white-\\nwash and durations are deceptive and form", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 47\\nis imprisonment; and heaven itself a decoy.\\nThat which the soul seeks is resolution into\\nbeing, above form, out of Tartarus, and out\\nof heaven,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 liberation from nature.\\nIf speculation tends thus to a terrific unity,\\nin which all things are absorbed, action tends\\ndirectly backwards to diversity. The first is\\nthe course of gravitation of mind; the second\\nis the power of nature. Nature is the mani-\\nfold. The unity absorbs, and melts or reduces.\\nNature opens and creates. These two princi-\\nples reappear and interpenetrate all things, all\\nthought; the one, the many. One is being;\\nthe other, intellect one is necessity the other,\\nfreedom; one, rest; the other, motion; one,\\npower; the other, distribution; one, strength;\\nthe other, pleasure; one, consciousness; the\\nother, definition; one, genius; the other, tal-\\nent, one, earnestness; the other, knowledge;\\none, possession; the other, trade; one, caste;\\nthe other, culture; one king; the other, democ-\\nracy; and, if we dare carry these generaliza-\\ntions a step higher, and name the last tendency\\nof both, we might say, that the end of the one\\nis escape from organization, pure science;\\nand the end of the other is the highest instru-\\nmentality, or use of means, or executive deity.\\nEach student adheres, by temperament and\\nby habit, to the first or to the second of these\\ngods of the mind. By religion, he tends to\\nunity; by intellect, or by the senses, to the\\nmany. A too rapid unification, and an exces-\\nsive appliance to parts and particulars, are the\\ntwin dangers of speculation.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nTo this partiality the history of nations cor-\\nresponded. The country of unity, of immov-\\nable institutions, the seat of a philosophy de-\\nlighting in abstractions, of men faithful in doc-\\ntrine and in practice to the idea of a deaf,\\nunimplorable, immense fate, is Asia; and it\\nrealizes this fate in the social institution of\\ncaste. On the other side, the genius of Europe\\nis active and creative it resists caste by cult-\\nure its philosophy was a discipline it is a land\\nof arts, inventions, trade, freedom. If the\\nEast loved infinity, the West delighted in\\nboundaries.\\nEuropean civility is the triumph of talent,\\nthe extension of system, the sharpened under-\\nstanding, adaptive skill, delight in forms, de-\\nlight in manifestation, in comprehensible re-\\nsults. Pericles, Athens, Greece, had been\\nworking in this element with the joy of genius\\nnot yet chilled by any foresight of the detri-\\nment of an excess. They saw before them no\\nsinister political economy; no ominous Mal-\\nthus no Paris or London no pitiless subdivi-\\nsion of classes, the doom of the pinmakers,\\nthe doom of the weavers, of dressers, of stock-\\ningers, of carders, of spinners, of colliers; no\\nIreland no Indian caste, superinduced by the\\nefforts of Europe to throw it off. The under-\\nstanding was in its health and prime. Art was\\nin its splendid novelty. They cut the Penteli-\\ncan marble as if it were snow, and their per-\\nfect works in architecture and sculpture seemed\\nthings of course, not more difficult than the\\ncompletion of a new ship at the Medford yards,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 49\\nor new mills at Lowell. These things are in\\ncourse, and may be taken for granted. The\\nRoman legion, Byzantine legislation, English\\ntrade, the saloons of Versailles, the cafes of\\nParis, the steam-mill, steamboat, steam-coach,\\nmay all be seen in perspective the town-meet-\\ning, the ballot-box, the newspaper and cheap\\npress.\\nMeantime, Plato, in Egypt, and in Eastern^\\npilgrimages, imbibed the idea of one Deity, in\\nwhich all things are absorbed. The unity of\\nAsia, and the detail of Europe the infinitude\\nof the Asiatic soul, and the defining, result-\\nloving,machine-making, surf ace-seeking, opera-\\ngoing Europe, Plato came to join, and by con-\\ntact to enhance the energy of each. The ex-\\ncellence of Europe and Asia are in his brain.\\nMetaphysics and natural philosophy expressed\\nthe genius of Europe; he substructs the relig-\\nion of Asia, as the base.\\nIn short, a balanced soul was born, percep-\\ntive of the two elements. It is as easy to be\\ngreat as to be small. The reason why we do\\nnot at once believe in admirable souls, is be-\\ncause they are not in our experience. In actual\\nlife, they are so rare, as to be incredible but,\\nprimarily, there is not only no presumption\\nagainst them, but the strongest presumption\\nin favor of their appearance. But whether\\nvoices were heard in the sky, or not whether\\nhis mother or his father dreamed that the in-\\nfant man-child was the son of Apollo whether\\na swarm of bees settled on his lips, or not; a\\nman who could see two sides of a thing was\\n4 Bepreeentative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "60 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nborn. The wonderful synthesis so familiar in\\nnature the upper and the under side of the\\nmedal of Jove; the union of impossibilities,\\nwhich reappears in every object; its real and\\nits ideal power, was now, also, transferred\\nentire to the consciousness of a man.\\nThe balanced soul came. If he loved ab-\\nstract truth, he saved himself by propounding\\nthe most popular of all principles, the absolute\\ngood, which rules rulers, and judges the judge.\\nIf he made transcendental distinctions, he forti-\\nfied himself by drawing all his illustrations\\nfrom sources disdained by orators, and polite\\nconversers from mares and puppies from\\npitchers and soup-ladles from cooks and criers\\nthe shops of potters, horse-doctors, butchers,\\nand fishmongers. He cannot forgive in himself\\na partiality, but is resolved that the two poles\\nof thought shall appear in his statement. His\\narguments and his sentences are self-poised and\\nspherical. The two poles appear; j^es, and\\nbecome two hands, to grasp and appropriate\\ntheir own.\\nEvery great artist has been such by synthesis.\\nOur strength is transitional, alternating; or,\\nshall I say, a thread of two strands. The sea-\\nshore, sea seen from shore, shore seen from\\nsea; the taste of two metals in contact; and\\nour enlarged powers at the approach and at\\nthe departure of a friend; the experience of\\npoetic creativeness, which is not found in stay-\\ning at home, nor yet in traveling, but in tran-\\nsitions from one to the other, which must there-\\nfore be adroitly managed to present as much", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 51\\ntransitional surface as possible this command\\nof two elements must explain the power and\\ncharm of Plato. Art expresses the one, or the\\nsame by the different. Thought seeks to know\\nunity in unity; poetry to show it by variety;\\nthat is, always by an object or symbol. Plato\\nkeeps the two vases, one of sether and one of\\npigment, at his side, and invariably uses both.\\nThings added to things, as statistics, civil his-\\ntor}^ are inventories. Things used as lan-\\nguage are inexhaustibly attractive. Plato\\nturns incessantly the obverse and the reverse\\nof the medal of Jove.\\nTo take an example The physical philoso-\\nphers have sketched each his theory of the\\nworld; the theory of atoms, of fire, of flux, of\\nspirit; theories mechanical and chemical in\\ntheir genius. Plato, a master of mxathematics,\\nstudious of all natural laws and causes, feels\\nthese, as second causes, to be no theories of the\\nworld, but bare inventories and lists. To the\\nstudy of nature he therefore prefixes the\\ndogma, Let us declare the cause which led\\nthe Supreme Ordainer to produce and compose\\nthe universe. He was good; and he who is\\ngood has no kind of envy. Exempt from\\nenvy, he wished that all things should be as\\nmuch as possible like himself. V/hosoever.\\ntaught by wise men, shall admit this as the\\nprime cause of the origin and foundation of\\nthe world, will be in the truth. *A11 things\\nare for the sake of the good, and it is the cause\\nof everything beautiful. This dogma ani-\\nmates and impersonates his philosophy.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nThe synthesis which makes the character of\\nhis mind appears in all his talents. Where\\nthere is great compass of wit, we usually find\\nexcellencies that combine easily in the living\\nman, but in description appear incompatible.\\nThe mind of Plato is not to be exhibited by\\na Chinese catalogue, but is to be apprehended\\nby an original mind in the exercise of its origi-\\nnal power. In him the freest abandonment is\\nunited with the precision of a geometer. His\\ndaring imagination gives him the more solid\\ngrasp of facts as the birds of highest flight\\nhave the strongest alar bones. His patrician\\npolish, his intrinsic elegance, edged by an\\nirony so subtle that it stings and paralyzes,\\nadorn the soundest health and strength of\\nframe. According to the old sentence, If\\nJove should descend to the earth, he would\\nspeak in the style of Plato.\\nWith this palatial air, there is, for the direct\\naim of several of his works, and running\\nthrough the tenor of them all, a certain earnest-\\nness, which mounts, in the Republic, and in\\nthe Phaedo, to piety. He has been charged\\nwith feigning sickness at the time of the death\\nof Socrates. But the anecdotes that have come\\ndown from the times attest his manly interfer-\\nence before the people in his master s behalf,\\nsince even the savage cry of the assembly to\\nPlato is preserved and the indignation towards\\npopular government, in many of his pieces,\\nexpresses a personal exasperation. He has a\\nprobity, a native reverence for justice and\\nhonor, and a humanity which makes him ten-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 53\\nder for the superstitions of the people. Add\\nto this, he believes that poetry, prophecy, and\\nthe high insight, are from a wisdom of which\\nman is not master; that the gods never philoso-\\nphize but, by a celestial mania, these miracles\\nare accomplished. Horsed on these winged\\nsteeds, he sweeps the dim regions, visits worlds\\nwhich flesh cannot enter; he saw the souls in\\npain he hears the doom of the judge he be-\\nholds the penal metempsychosis; the Fates,\\nwith the rock and shears and hears the intoxi-\\ncating hum of their spindle.\\nBut his circumspection never forsook him.\\nOne would say, he had read the inscription on\\nthe gates of Busyrane, Be bold; and on the\\nsecond gate, Be bold, be bold and evermore\\nbe bold; and then again he paused well at the\\nthird gate, Be not too bold. His strength\\nis like the momentum of a falling planet; and\\nhis discretion, the return of its due and perfect\\ncurve, so excellent is his Greek love of bound-\\nary, and his skill in definition. In reading\\nlogarithms, one is not more secure, than in fol-\\nlowing Plato in his flights. Nothing can be\\ncolder than his head, when the lightnings of\\nhis imagination are playing in the sky. He\\nhas finished his thinking, before he brings it to\\nthe reader; and he abounds in the surprises of\\na literary master. He has that opulence which\\nfurnishes, at every turn, the precise weapon\\nhe needs. As the rich man wears no more\\ngarments, drives no more horses, sits in no\\nmore chambers, than the poor, but has that\\none dress, or equipage, or instrument, which is", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "m REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nfit for the honr and the need; so Plato, in his\\nplenty, is never restricted, but has the fit word..\\nThere is, indeed, no weapon in all the armory\\nof wit which he did not possess and use, epic,\\nanalysis, mania, intuition, music, satire, and\\nirony, down to the customary and polite. His\\nillustrations are poetry and his jests illustra-\\ntions. Socrates profession of obstetric art is\\n:good philosophy; and his finding that word\\ncookery, and adulatory art, for rhetoric,\\nin the Gorgias, does us a substantial service\\nstill. No orator can measure in effect with\\nliim who can give good nicknames.\\nWhat moderation, and understatement, and\\nchecking his thunder in mid volley! He has\\n;good-naturedly furnished the courtier and citi-\\nzen with all that can be said against the\\nschools. For philosophy is an elegant thing,\\nif any one modestly meddles with it; but, if\\nhe is conversant with it more than is becoming,\\nit corrupts the man. He could well afford to\\nbe generous, he, who from the sunlike cen-\\ntrality and reach of his vision, had a faith with-\\nout cloud. Such as his perception, was his\\nspeech he plays with the doubt, and makes\\nthe most of it: he paints and quibbles; and by\\nand by comes a sentence that moves the sea\\nand land. The admirable earnest comes not\\nonly at intervals, in the perfect yes and no\\nof the dialogue, but in bursts of light. I,\\ntherefore, Callicles, am persuaded by these\\naccounts, and consider how I may exhibit my\\nsoul before the judge in a healthy condition.\\nWherefore, disregarding the honors that most", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 55\\nmen value, and looking to the truth, I shall\\nendeavor in reality to live as virtuously as I\\ncan and, when I die, to die so. And I invite\\nall other men, to the utmost of my power; and\\nyou, too, I in turn invite to this contest, which,\\nI affirm, surpasses all contests here/\\nHe is a great average man one who, to the\\nbest thinking, adds a proportion and equality\\nin his faculties, so that men see in him their\\nown dreams and glimpses made available, and\\nmade to pass for what they are. A great com-\\nmon sense is his warrant and qualification to\\nbe the world s interpreter. He has reason, as\\nall the philosophic and poetic class have but\\nhe has, also, what they have not, this strong\\nsolving sense to reconcile his poetry with the\\nappearances of the world, and build a bridge\\nfrom the streets of cities to the Atlantis. He\\nomits never this graduation, but slopes his\\nthought, however picturesque the precipice on\\none side, to an access from the plain. He\\nnever writes in ecstasy, or catches us up into\\npoetic rapture.\\nPlato apprehended the cardinal facts. He\\ncould prostrate himself on the earth, and cover\\nhis eyes, whilst he adorned that which cannot\\nbe numbered, orgaiiged, or known, or named:\\nthat of which everything can be affirmed and\\ndenied: that which is entity and nonentity.\\nHe called it super-essential. He even stood\\nready, as in the Parmenides, to demonstrate\\nthat it was so, that this Being exceeded the\\nlimits of intellect. No man ever more fully\\nacknowledged the Ineffable. Having paid his", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nhomage, as for the human race, to the Illimit-\\nable, he then stood erect, and for the human\\nrace affirmed, *And yet things are knowable!\\nthat is, the Asia in his mind was first heart-\\nily honored, the ocean of love and power,\\nbefore form, before will, before knowledge,\\nthe Same, the Good, the One; and now, re-\\nfreshed and empowered by this worship, the\\ninstinct of Europe, namely, culture, returns;\\nand he cries, Yet things are knowable! They\\nare knowable, because, being from one, things\\ncorrespond. There is a scale: and the corres-\\npondence of heaven to earth, of matter to mind,\\nof the part to the whole, is our guide. As\\nthere is a science of stars, called astronomy; a\\nscience of quantities called mathematics; a\\nscience of qualities, called chemistry; so there\\nis a science of sciences, I call it Dialectic,\\nwhich is the intellect discriminating the false\\nand the true. It rests on the observation of\\nidentity and diversity for, to judge, is to unite\\nto an object the notion which belongs to it.\\nThe sciences, even the best, mathematics, and\\nastronomy, are like sportsmen, who seize what-\\never prey offers, even without being able to\\nmake any use of them. Dialectic must teach\\nthe use of them. *This is of that rank that\\nno intellectual man will enter on any study for\\nits own sake, but only with a view to advance\\nhimself in that one sole science which embraces\\nall.\\n**The essence or peculiarity of man is to com-\\nprehend the whole or that which in the divers-\\nity of sensations, can be comprised under a", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "William Shakspeake.\\nKeprerientative Mcu.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 57\\nrational unity. -The soul which has never\\nperceived the truth, cannot pass into the human\\ntorm. I announce to men the intellect I\\nannounce the good of being- interpenetrated\\nby the mmd that made nature: this benefit\\nnamely, that it can understand nature, which\\nIt made and maketh. Nature is good but in-\\ntellect is better: as the law-giver is before the\\nlaw-receiver. I give you joy, O sons of men:\\nthat truth is altogether wholesome; that we\\nhave hope to search out what might be the\\nvery self of everything. The misery of man\\nIS to be balked of the sight of essence, and to\\nbe stuffed with conjecture: but the supreme\\ngood is reality; the supreme beauty is reality\\nand all virtue and all felicity depend on this\\nscience of the real: for courage is nothing else\\nthan knowledge: the fairest fortune that can\\nbefall man, is to be guided by his d^mon to\\nthat which IS truly his own. This also is the\\nessence of justice,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to attend every one his\\nown nay, the notion of virtue is not to be\\narrived at, except through direct contempla-\\ntion of the divme essence. Courage, then for\\nthe persuasion that we must search that which\\nwe do not know, will render us, beyond com-\\nparison, better, braver, and more industrious\\nthan If we thought it impossible to discover\\nwhat we do not know, and useless to search for\\nHe secures a position not to be com-\\nmanded by his passion for reality; valuing\\nphilosophy only as it is the pleasure of convers^-\\nmg with real being.\\nThus, full of the genius of Europe, he said,", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nCulture. He saw the institutions of Sparta,\\\\\\nand recognized more genially, one would say,\\nthan any since, the hope of education. He\\ndelighted in every accomplishment, in every\\ngraceful and useful and truthful performance\\nabove all, in the splendors of genius and intel-\\nlectual achievement. The whole of life, O\\nSocrates, said Glauco, is, with the w4se the\\nmeasure of hearing such discourses as these,\\nWhat a price he sets on the feats of talent, on\\nthe powers of Pericles, of Isocrates, of Parmen-\\nides! What price, above price on the talents\\nthemselves! He called the several faculties,\\ngods, in his beautiful personation. What value\\nhe gives to the art of gymnastics in education\\nwhat to geometry; what to music, what to\\nastronomy, whose appeasing and medicinal\\npower he celebrates! In theTimseus, he indi-\\ncates the highest employment of the eyes. By\\nus it is asserted, that God invented and be-\\nstowed sight on us for this purpose, that, on\\nsurveying the circles of intelligence in the\\nheavens, we might properly employ those of\\nour own minds, which, though disturbed when\\ncompared with the others that are uniform, are\\nstill allied to their circulations and that, hav-\\ning thus learned, and being naturally possessed\\nof a correct reasoning faculty, we might, by\\nimitating the uniform revolutions of divinity,\\nset right our own wanderings and blunders.\\nAnd in the Republic, By each of these disci-\\nplines, a certain organ of the soul is both puri-\\nfied and reanimated, which is blinded and\\nburied by studies of another kind; an organ", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 59\\nbetter worth saving than ten thousand eyes,\\nsince truth is perceived by this alone.\\nHe said, Culture; but he first admitted its\\nbasis, and gave immeasurably the first place to\\nadvantages of nature. His patrician tastes\\nlaid stress on the distinctions of birth. In the\\ndoctrine of the organic character and disposi-\\ntion is the origin of caste. Such as were fit\\nto govern, into their composition the inform-\\ning Deity mingled gold: into the military, sil-\\nver iron and brass for husbandmen and arti-\\nficers. The East confirms itself, in all ages,\\nin this faith. The Koran is explicit on this\\npoint of caste. Men have their metal, as of\\ngold and silver. Those of you who were the\\nworthy ones in the state of ignorance, will be\\nthe worthy ones in the state of faith, as soon\\nas you embrace it. Plato was not less firm.\\nOf the five orders of things, only four can be\\ntaught in the generality of men. In the\\nRepublic, he insists on the temperaments of\\nthe youth, as the first of the first.\\nA happier example of the stress laid on\\nnature, is in the dialogue with the young\\nTheages, who wishes to receive lessons from\\nSocrates. Socrates declares that, if some have\\ngrown wise by associating with him, no thanks\\nare due to him but, simply, whilst they were\\nwith him, they grew wise, not because of him\\nhe pretends not to know the way of it. It is\\nadverse to many, nor can those be benefited by\\nassociating with me, whom the Daemons oppose,\\nso that it is not possible for me to live with\\nthese. With many, however, he does not pre-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nvent me from conversing, who yet are not at all\\nbenefited by associating with me. Such, O\\nTheages, is the association with me; for, if it\\npleases the God, you will make great and rapid\\nproficiency you will not, if he does not please.\\nJudge whether it is not safer to be instructed\\nby some one of those who have power over the\\nbenefit which they impart to men, than by me,\\nwho benefit or not, just as it may happen.\\nAs if he had said, I have no system. I can-\\nnot be answerable for you. You will be what\\nyou must. If there is love between us, incon-\\nceivably delicious and profitable will our inter-\\ncourse be if not, your time is lost, and you\\nwill only annoy me. I shall seem to you\\nstupid, and the reputation I have, false. Quite\\nabove us, beyond the will of you or me, is this\\nsecret affinity or repulsion laid. All my good\\nis magnetic, and I educate, not by lessons, but\\nby going about my business.\\nHe said. Culture; he said. Nature: and he\\nfailed not to add, There is also the divine.\\nThere is no thought in any mind, but it quickly\\ntends to convert itself into a power, and organ-\\nizes a huge instrumentality of means. Plato,\\nlover of limits, loved the illimitable, saw the\\nenlargement and nobility which come from\\ntruth itself, and good itself, and attempted, as\\nif on the part of the human intellect, once for\\nall, to do it adequate homage, homage fit for\\nthe immense soul to receive, and yet homage be-\\ncoming the intellect to render. He said, then,\\nOur faculties run out into infinity, and return\\nto us thence. We can define but a little \\\\vay", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 61\\nbut here is a fact which will not be skipped, and\\nwhich to shut our eyes upon is suicide. All\\nthings are in a scale and, begin where we will,\\nascend and ascend. All things are symbolical\\nand what we call results are beginnings.\\nA key to the method and completeness of\\nPlato is his twice bisected line. After he has\\nillustrated the relation between the absolute\\ngood and true, and the forms of the intelligible\\nworld, he says Let there be a line cut in two\\nunequal parts. Cut again each of these two\\nparts, one representing the visible, the other\\nthe intelligible world, and these two new\\nsections, representing the bright part and the\\ndark part of these worlds, you will have, for\\none of the sections of the visible world,\\nimages, that is, both shadows and reflections;\\nfor the other section, the objects of these\\nimages, that is, plants, animals, and the\\nworks of art and nature. Then divide the\\nintelligible world in like manner; the one sec-\\ntion will be of opinions and hypotheses, and\\nthe other section, of truths. To these four\\nsections, the four operations of the soul corres-\\npond,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 conjecture, faith, understanding, rea-\\nson. As every pool reflects the image of the\\nsun, so every thought and thing restores us an\\nimage and creature of the supreme Good. The\\nuniverse is perforated by a million channels for\\nhis activity. All things mount and mount.\\nAll his thought has this ascension; in Phse-\\ndrus, teaching that beauty is the most lovely\\nof all things, exciting hilarity, and shedding\\ndesire and confidence through the universe,", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwherever it enters; and it enters, in some\\ndegree, into all things: but that there is\\nanother, which is as much more beautiful than\\nbeauty, as beauty is than chaos; namely, wis-\\ndom, which our wonderful organ of sight can-\\nnot reach unto, but which, could it be seen,\\nwould ravish us with its perfect reality. He\\nhas the same regard to it as the source of excel-\\nlence in works of art. When an artificer, in\\nthe fabrication of any work, looks to that\\nwhich always subsists according to the same\\nand, employing a model of this kind, expresses\\nits idea and power in his work it must follow,\\nthat his production should be beautiful. But\\nwhen he beholds that which is born and dies,\\nit will be far from beautiful.\\nThus ever: the Banquet is a teaching in the\\nsame spirit, familiar now to all the poetry,\\nand to all the sermons of the world, that the\\nlove of the sexes is initial and symbolizes, at\\na distance, the passion of the soul for that\\nimmense lake of beauty it exists to seek. This\\nfaith in the Divinity is never out of mind, and\\nconstitutes the limitation of all his dogmas.\\nBody cannot teach wisdom; God only. In\\nthe same mind, he constantly affirms that vir-\\ntue cannot be taught that it is not a science,\\nbut an inspiration that the greatest goods are\\nproduced to us through mania, and are assigned\\nto us by a divine gift.\\nThis leads me to that central figure, which\\nhe has established in his Academy, as the organ\\nthrough which every considered opinion shall\\nbe announced, and whose biography he has like-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 63\\nwise so labored, that the historic facts are lost\\nin the light of Plato s mind. Socrates and\\nPlato are the double star, which the most\\npowerful instruments will not entirely separ-\\nate. Socrates, again, in his traits and genius,\\nis the best example of that synthesis which\\nconstitutes Plato s extraordinary power. Soc-\\nrates, a man of humble stem, but honest\\nenough of the commonest history of a per-\\nsonal homeliness so remarkable, as to be a\\ncause of wit in others, the rather that his\\nbroad good nature and exquisite taste for a\\njoke invited the sally, which was sure to be\\npaid. The players personated him on the\\nstage; the potters copied his ugly face on their\\nstone jugs. He was a cool fellow, adding to\\nhis humor a perfect temper, and a knowledge\\nof his man, be he who he might whom he\\ntalked with, which laid the companion open to\\ncertain defeat in any debate, and in debate he\\nimmoderately delighted. The young men are\\nprodigiously fond of him, and invite him to their\\nfeasts, whither he goes for conversation. He can\\ndrink, too; has the strongest head in Athens;\\nand, after leaving the whole party under the\\ntable, goes away, as if nothing had happened,\\nto begin new dialogues with somebody that is\\nsober. In short, he w^as what our country-people\\ncall an old one.\\nHe affected a good many citizen-like tastes,\\nwas monstrously fond of Athens, hated trees,\\nnever willingly went beyond the walls, knew\\nthe old characters, valued the bores and philis-\\ntines, thought everything in Athens a little", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nbetter than anything^ in any other place. He\\nwas plain as a Quaker in habit and speech,\\naffected low phrases, and illustrations from\\ncocks and quails, soup-pans and sycamore-\\nspoons, grooms and farriers, and unnameable\\noffices, especially if he talked with any super-\\nfine person. He had a Franklin-like wisdom.\\nThus, he showed one who was afraid to go on\\nfoot to Olympia, that it was no more than his\\ndaily walk within doors, if continuously ex-\\ntended, would easily reach.\\nPlain old uncle as he was, with his great\\nears, an immense talker, the rumor ran,\\nthat, on one or two occasions, in the war with\\nBoeotia, he had shown a determination which\\nhad covered the retreat of a troop; and there\\nwas some story that, under cover of folly, he\\nhad, in the city government, when one day he\\nchanced to hold a seat there, evinced a courage\\nin opposing singly the popular voice, which\\nhad well-nigh ruined him. He is very poor;\\nbut then he is hardy as a soldier, and can live\\non a few olives; usually, in the strictest sense,\\non bread and water, except when entertained\\nby his friends. His necessary expenses were\\nexceedingly small, and no one could live as he\\ndid. He wore no undergarment; his upper\\ngarment was the same for summer and winter;\\nand he went barefooted and it is said that, to\\nprocure the pleasure, which he loves, of talking\\nat his ease all day with the most elegant and\\ncultivated young men, he will now and then\\nreturn to his shop, and carve statues, good or\\nbad, for sale. However that be, it is certain", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 65\\nthat he had grown to delight in nothing else\\nthan this conversation; and that, under his\\nhypocritical pretense of knowing nothing, he\\nattacks and brings down all the fine speakers,\\nall the fine philosophers of Athens, whether\\nnatives, or strangers from Asia Minor and the\\nislands. Nobody can refuse to talk with him,\\nhe is so honest, and really curious to know a\\nman who was willingly confuted, if he did not\\nspeak the truth, and who willingly confuted\\nothers, asserting what w^as false and not less\\npleased when confuted than when confuting;\\nfor he thought not any evil happened to men,\\nof such a magnitude as false opinion respecting\\nthe just and unjust. A pitiless disputant, who\\nknows nothing, but the bounds of whose con-\\nquering intelligence no man had ever reached\\nwhose temper was imperturbable whose dread-\\nful logic was always leisurely and sportive so\\ncareless and ignorant as to disarm the weariest,\\nand draw them, in the pleasantest manner, into\\nhorrible doubts and confusion. But he always\\nknew the way out knew it, yet would not tell\\nit. No escape; he drives them to terrible\\nchoices by his dilemmas, and tosses the Hip-\\npiases and Gorgiases, with their grand reputa-\\ntions, as a boy tosses his balls. The tyrannous\\nrealist! Meno has discoursed a thousand\\ntimes, at length, on virtue, before many com-\\npanies, and very well, as it appeared to him;\\nbut, at this moment, he cannot even tell what\\nit is, this cramp-fish of a Socrates has so\\nbewitched him.\\nThis hard-headed humorist, whose strange\\n5 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nconceits, drollery, and bo?i-hommie, diverted\\nthe young patricians, whilst the rumor of his\\nsayings and quibbles gets abroad every day,\\nturns out, in a sequel, to have a probity\\nas invincible as his logic and to be either\\ninsane, or, at least, under cover of this play,\\nenthusiastic in his religion. When accused\\nbefore the judges of subverting the popular\\ncreed, he affirms the immortality of the soul,\\nthe future reward and punishment; and, re-\\nfusing to recant, in a caprice of the popular\\ngovernment, was condemned to die, and sent\\nto the prison. Socrates entered the prison, and\\ntook away all ignominy from the place, which\\ncould not be a prison, whilst he was there.\\nCrito bribed the jailor; but Socrates would not\\ngo out by treachery. Whatever inconvenience\\nensue, nothing is to be preferred before justice.\\nThese things I hear like pipes and drums,\\nwhose sound makes me deaf to everything you\\nsay. The fame of this prison, the fame of\\nthe discourses there, and the drinking of the\\nhemlock, are one of the most precious passages\\nin the history of the world.\\nThe rare coincidence, in one ugly body, of\\nthe droll and the martyr, the keen street and\\nmarket debater with the sweetest saint known\\nto any history at that time, had forcibly struck\\nthe mind of Plato, so capacious of these con-\\ntrasts and the figure of Socrates, by a neces-\\nsity, placed itself in the foreground of the\\nscene, as the fittest dispenser of the intellectual\\ntreasurers he had to communicate. It was a\\nrare fortune, that this ^sod of the mob, and", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 67\\nthis robed scholar, should meet, to make each\\nother immortal in their mutual faculty. The\\nstrange synthesis, in the character of Socrates,\\ncapped the synthesis in the mind of Plato.\\nMoreover, by this means, he was able, in the\\ndirect way, and without envy, to avail himself\\nof the wit and weight of Socrates, to v/hich\\nunquestionably his own debt was great; and\\nthese derived again their principal advantage\\nfrom the perfect art of Plato.\\nIt remains to say, that the defect of Plato in\\ni power is only that which results inevitably\\nfrom his quality. He is intellectual in his\\naim; and, therefore, in expression, literary.\\nI Mounting into heaven, driving into the pit,\\nexpounding the laws of the state, the passion\\nof love, the remorse of crime, the hope of the\\nj parting soal, he is literary, and never other-\\nwise. It is almost the sole deduction from the\\nmerit of Plato, that his writings have not,\\nwhat is, no doubt, incident to this regnancy of\\nI intellect in his work, the vital authority which\\nI the screams of prophets and the sermons of\\nI unlettered Arabs and Jews possess. There is\\nan interval and to cohesion, contact is neces-\\nj sary.\\nI I know not what can be said in reply to this\\ncriticism, but that we have come to a fact in\\nI the nature of things an oak is not an orange.\\nI The qualities of sugar remain with sugar, and\\nthose of salt, with salt.\\nIn the second place, he has not a system.\\nThe dearest defenders and disciples are at\\nfault. He attempted a theory of the universe.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand his theory is not complete or self-evident\\nOne man thinks he means this, and another,\\nthat: he has said one thing in one place, and\\nthe reverse of it in another place. He is\\ncharged with having failed to make the transi-\\ntion from ideas to matter. Here is the world,\\nsound as a nut, perfect, not the smallest piece\\nof chaos left, never a stitch nor an end, not a\\nmark of haste, or botching, or second thought;\\nbut the theory of the world is a thing of shreds\\nand patches.\\nThe longest wave is quickly lost in the sea.\\nPlato would willingly have a Platonism, a\\nknown and accurate expression for the world,\\nand it should be accurate. It shall be the\\nworld passed through the mind of Plato,\\nnothing less. Every atom shall have the Pla-\\ntonic tinge every atom, every relation or qual-\\nity you knew before, you shall know again and\\nfind here, but now ordered; not nature, but\\nart. And you shall feel that Alexander indeed\\noverran, with men and horses, some countries\\nof the planet; but countries, and things of\\nwhich countries are made, elements, planet\\nitself, laws of planet and of men, have passed\\nthrough this man as bread into his body, and\\nbecome no longer bread, but body: so all this\\nmammoth morsel has become Plato. He has\\nclapped copyright on the world. This is the\\nambition of individualism. But the mouthful\\nproves too large. Boa constrictor has good\\nwill to eat it, but he is foiled. He falls abroad\\nin the attempt; and biting, gets strangled: the\\nbitten world holds the biter fast by his own", "height": "2868", "width": "1817", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 69\\nteeth. There he perishes unconquered nature\\nlives on, and forgets him. So it fares with all:\\nso must it fare with Plato. In view of eternal\\nnature, Plato turns out to be philosophical\\nexercitations. He argues on this side, and on\\nthat. The acutest German, the lovingest dis-\\nciple, could never tell what Platonism was;\\nindeed, admirable texts can be quoted on both\\nsides of every great question from him.\\nThese things we are forced to say, if we must\\nconsider the effort of Plato, or of any philos-\\nopher, to dispose of Nature, which will not be\\ndisposed of. No power of genius has ever yet\\nhad the smallest success in explaining exist-\\nence. The perfect enigma remains. But\\nthere is an injustice in assuming this ambition\\nfor Plato. Let us not seem to treat with flip-\\npancy his venerable name. Men, in proportion\\nto their intellect, have admitted his transcend-\\nent claims. The way to know him, is to com-\\npare him, not with nature, but with other\\nmen. How many ages have gone by, and he\\nremains unapproached A chief structure of\\nhuman wit, like Karnac, or the mediaeval\\ncathedrals, or the Etrurian remains, it requires\\nall the breadth of human faculty to know it. I\\nthink it is truliest seen, when seen with the\\nmost respect. His sense deepens, his merits\\nmultiply, with study. When we say, here is a\\nfine collection of fables; or, when we praise\\nthe style; or the common sense; or arithmetic;\\nwe speak as boys, and much of our impatient\\ncriticism of the dialectic, I suspect, is no better.\\nThe criticism is like our impatience of miles", "height": "2849", "width": "1761", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwhen we are in a hurry but it is still best that\\na mile should have seventeen hundred and\\nsixty yards. The great-eyed Plato propor-\\ntioned the lights and shades after the genius of\\nour life.\\n^^Kp\\no\\nK.\\nr^", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "PLATO: NEW READINGS,\\n71", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PLATO: NEW READINGS.\\nThe publication, in Mr. Bohn s Serial\\nLibrary, of the excellent translations of Plato,\\nwhich we esteem one of the chief benefits the\\ncheap press has yielded, gives us an occasion\\nto take hastily a few more notes of the eleva-\\ntion and bearings of this fixed star; or, to add\\na bulletin, like the journals, of Plato at the\\nlatest dates.\\nModern science, by the extent of its general-\\nization, has learned to indemnify the student\\nof man for the defects of individuals, by trac-\\ning growth and ascent in races; and, by the\\nsimple expedient of lighting up the vast back-\\nground, generates a feeling of complacency\\nand hope. The human being has the saurian\\nand the plant in his rear. His arts and sci-\\nences, the easy issue of his brain, look glorious\\nwhen prospectively beheld from the distant\\nbrain of ox, crocodile, and fish. It seems as if\\nnature, in regarding the geologic night behind\\nher, when, in five or six millenniums, she had\\nturned out five or six men, as Homer, Phidias,\\nMenu, and Columbus, was nowise discontented\\nwith the result. These samples attested the\\nvirtue of the tree. These were a clear ameli-\\noration of trilobite and saurus, and a good\\n73", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nbasis for further proceeding. With this artist\\ntime and space are cheap, and she is insensible\\nof what you say of tedious preparation. She\\nwaited tranquilly the flowing periods of pale-\\nontology, for the hour to be struck when man\\nshould arrive. Then periods must pass before\\nthe motion of the earth can be suspected; then\\nbefore the map of the instincts and the culti-\\nvable powers can be drawn. But as of races,\\nso the succession of individual men is fatal and\\nbeautiful, and Plato has the fortune, in the his-\\ntory of mankind, to mark an epoch.\\nPlato s fame does not stand on a syllogism,\\nor on any masterpieces of the Sociatic reason-\\ning, or on any thesis, as, for example, the im-\\nmortality of the soul. He is more than an\\nexpert, or a school-man, or a geometer, or the\\nprophet of a peculiar message. He represents\\nthe privilege of the intellect, the power,\\nnamely, of carrying up every fact to successive\\nplatforms, and so disclosing, in every fact, a\\ngerm of expansion. These expansions are in\\nthe essence of thought. The naturalist would\\nnever help us to them by any discoveries of\\nthe extent of the universe, but is as poor, when\\ncataloguing the resolved nebula of Orion, as\\nwhen measuring the angles of an acre. But\\nthe Republic of Plato, by these expansions,\\nmay be said to require, and so to anticipate,\\nthe astronomy of Laplace. The expansions\\nare organic. The mind does not create what\\nit perceives, any more than the eye creates\\nthe rose.^ In ascribing to Plato the merit of\\nannouncing them, we only say, here was a", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 75\\nmore complete man, who could apply to nature\\nthe whole scale of the senses, the understand-\\ning, and the reason. These expansions, or\\nextensions, consist in continuing the spiritual\\nsight where the horizon falls on our natural\\nvision, and, by this second sight, discovering\\nthe long lines of law which shoot in every\\ndirection. Everywhere he stands on a path\\nwhich has no end, but runs continuously round\\nthe universe. Therefore, every word becomes\\nan exponent of nature. Whatever he looks upon\\ndiscloses a second sense, and ulterior senses.\\nHis perception of the generation of contraries,\\nof death out of life, and life out of death,\\nthat law by which, in nature, decomposition is\\nrecom position, and putrefaction and cholera\\nare only signals of a new creation his discern-\\nment of the little in the large, and the large\\nin the small; studying the state in the citizen,\\nand the citizen in the state; and leaving it\\ndoubtful whether he exhibited the Republic as\\nan allegory on the education of the private\\nsoul his beautiful definitions of ideas, of time,\\nof form, of figure, of the line, sometimes h5 po-\\nthetically given, as his defining of virtue, cour-\\nage, justice, temperance his love of the apo-\\nlogue, and his apologues themselves the cave\\nof Trophonius the ring of Gyges the chariot-\\neer and two horses; the golden, silver, brass,\\nand iron temperaments Theuth and Thamus\\nand the visions of Hades and the Fates fables\\nwhich have imprinted themselves in the human\\nmemory like the signs of the zodiac; his soli-\\nform eye and his boniform soul; his doctrine", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nof assimilation; his doctrine of reminiscence;\\nhis clear vision of the laws of return, or reac-\\ntion, which secure instant justice throughout\\nthe universe, instanced everywhere, but spe-\\ncially in the doctrine, what comes from God\\nto us, returns from us to God, and in Socra-\\ntes belief that the laws below are sisters of the\\nlaws above.\\nMore striking examples are his moral conclu-\\nsions. Plato affirms the coincidence of science\\nand virtue for vice can never know itself and\\nvirtue but virtue knows both itself and vice.\\nThe eye attested that justice was best, as long\\nas it was profitable Plato affirms that it is pro-\\nfitable throughout; that the profit is intrinsic,\\nthough the just conceal his justice from gods\\nand men; that it is better to suffer injustice,\\nthan to do it; that the sinner ought to covet\\npunishment; that the lie was more hurtful\\nthan homicide; and that ignorance, or the in-\\nvoluntary lie, was more calamitous than invol-\\nuntar}^ homicide that the soul is unwillingly\\ndeprived of true opinions; and that no man\\nsins willingly; that the order of proceeding of\\nnature was from the mind to the body and,\\nthough a sound body cannot restore an unsound\\nmind, yet a good soul can, by its virtue, render\\nthe body the best possible. The intelligent\\nhave a right over the ignorant, namely, the\\nright of instructing them. The right punish-\\nment of one out of tune, is to make him play in\\ntune; the fine which the good, refusing to gov-\\nern, ought to pay, is, to be governed by a\\nworse man that his guards shall not handle", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 77\\ngold and silver, but shall be instructed that\\nthere is gold and silver in their souls, which\\nwill make men willing to give them everything\\nwhich they need. This second sight explains\\nthe stress laid on geometry. He saw that the\\nglobe of earth was not more lawful and precise\\nthan was the supersensible; that a celestial\\ngeometry was in place there, as a logic of lines\\nand angles here below; that the world vv^as\\nthroughout mathematical; the proportions are\\nconstant of oxygea, azote, and lime; there is\\njust so much water, and slate, and magnesia;\\nnot less are the proportions constant of moral\\nelements.\\nThis eldest Goethe, hating varnish and false-\\nhood, delighted in revealing the real at the\\nbase of the accidental; in discovering connec-\\ntion, continuity, and representation, every-\\nwhere; hating insulation and appears like the\\ngod of wealth among the cabins of vagabonds,\\nopening power and capability in everything he\\ntouches. Ethical science was new and vacant,\\nwhen Plato could write thus: Of all whose\\narguments are left to the men of the present\\ntime, no one has ever yet condemned injustice,\\nor praised justice, otherwise than as respects\\nthe repute, honors, and emoluments arising\\ntherefrom while, as respects either of them\\nin itself, and subsisting by its own power in\\nthe soul of the possessor, and concealed both\\nfrom gods and men, no one has yet sufficiently\\ninvestigated, either in poetry or prose writ-\\nings, how, namely, that the one is the great-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nest of all the evils that the soul has within it,\\nand justice the greatest good.\\nHis definition of ideas, as what is simple,\\npermanent, uniform, and self-existent, forever\\ndiscriminating them from the notions of the\\nunderstanding, marks an era in the world. He\\nwas born to behold the self-evolving power of\\nspirit, endless generator of new ends; a\\npower which is the key at once to the central-\\nity and the evanescence of things. Plato is so\\ncentered, that he can well spare all his dogmas.\\nThus the fact of knowledge and ideas reveals\\nto him the fact of eternity and the doctrine of\\nreminiscence he offers as the most probable\\nparticular explication. Call that fanciful, it\\nmatters not; the connection between our\\nknowledge and the abyss of being is still real,\\nand the explication must be not less magnifi-\\ncent.\\nHe has indicated every eminent point in\\nspeculation. He wrote on the scale of the\\nmind itself, so that all things have symmetry\\nin his tablet. He put in all the past, without\\nweariness, and descended into detail with a\\ncourage like that he witnessed in nature. One\\nwould say, that his forerunners had mapped\\nout each a farm, or a district, or an island, in\\nintellectual geography, but that Plato first\\ndrew the sphere. He domesticates the soul in\\nnature man is the microcosm. All the circles\\nof the visible heaven represent as many circles\\nin the rational soul. There is no lawless par-\\nticle, and there is nothing casual in the action\\nof the human mind. The names of things, too.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 79\\nare fatal, following the nature of things. All\\nthe gods of the Pantheon are, by their names,\\nsignificant of a profound sense. The gods are\\nthe ideas. Pan is speech, or manifestation;\\nSaturn, the contemplative; Jove, the regal\\nsoul and Mars, passion. Venus is proportion\\nCalliope, the soul of the world Aglaia, inte-\\nlectual illustration.\\nThese thoughts, in sparkles of light, had\\nappeared often to pious and to poetic souls;\\nbut this well-bred, all-knowing Greek geom-\\neter comes with command, gathers them all up\\ninto rank and gradation, the Euclid of holiness,\\nand marries the two parts of nature. Before\\nall men, he saw the intellectual values of the\\nmoral sentiment. He describes his own ideal,\\nwhen he paints in Timaeus a god leading things\\nfrom disorder into order. He kindled a fire so\\ntruly in the center, that we see the sphere illu-\\nminated, and can distinguish poles, equator,\\nand lines of latitude, every arc and node a\\ntheory so averaged, so modulated, that you\\nwould say, the winds of ages had swept through\\nthis rhythmic structure, and not that it was\\nthe brief extempore blotting of one short-lived\\nscribe. Hence it has happened that a very\\nwell-marked class of souls, namely those who\\ndelight in giving a spiritual, that is, an ethico-\\nintellectual expression to every truth by exhib-\\niting an ulterior end which is yet legitimate to\\nit, are said to Platonize. Thus, Michel Angelo\\nis a Platonist, in his sonnets. Shakspeare is a\\nPlatonist, when he writes, Nature is made", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nbetter by no mean, but nature makes that\\nmean, or,\\nHe that can endure\\nTo follow with allegiance a fallen lord,\\nDoes conquer him that did his master conquer,\\nAnd earns a place in the story.\\nHamlet is a pure Platonist, and tis the magni-\\ntude only of Shakspeare s proper genius that\\nhinders him from being classed as the most\\neminent of this school. Swedenborg, through-\\nout his prose poem of Conjugal Love, is a\\nPlatonist.\\nHis subtlety commended him to men of\\nthought. The secret of his popular success is\\nthe moral aim, which endeared him to man-\\nkind. Intellect, he said, is king of heaven\\nand of earth; but, in Plato, intellect is always\\nmoral. His writings have also the sempiternal\\nyouth of poetry. For their arguments, most\\nof them, might have been couched in sonnets;\\nand poetry has never soared higher than in the\\nTima^us and the Phsedrus. As the poet, too,\\nhe is only contemplative. He did not, like\\nPythagoras, break himself with an institution.\\nAll his painting in the Republic must be\\nesteemed mythical, with intent to bring out,\\nsometimes in violent colors, his thought. You\\ncannot institute, without peril of charlatan.\\nIt was a high scheme, his absolute privilege\\nfor the best (which, to make emphatic, he ex-\\npressed by community of women), as the pre-\\nmium which he would set on grandeur. There", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 81\\nshall be exempts of two kinds first, those who\\nby demerit have put themselves below protec-\\ntion, outlaws; and secondly, those who by\\neminence of nature and desert are out of the\\nreach of your rewards let such be free of the\\ncity, and above the law. We confide them to\\nthemselves; let them do with us as they will.\\nLet none presume to measure the irregular-\\nities of Michel Angelo and Socrates by village\\nscales.\\nIn his eighth book of the Republic, he throws\\na little mathematical dust in our eyes. I am\\nsorry to see him, after such noble superiorities,\\npermitting the lie to governors. Plato plays\\nProvidence a little with the baser sort, as peo-\\nple allow themselves with their dogs and cats.\\n6 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "SWEDENBORG; OR, THE MYSTIC.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "III.\\nSWEDENBORG; OR, THE MYSTIC.\\nAmong- eminent persons, those who are most\\ndear to men are not the class which the econo-\\nmists call producers; they have nothing in\\ntheir hands; they have not cultivated corn, nor\\nmade bread they have not led out a colony,\\nnor invented a loom. A higher class, in the\\nestimation and love of this city-building, mar-\\nket-going race of mankind, are the poets, who,\\nfrom the intellectual kingdom, feed the thought\\nand imagination with ideas and pictures which\\nraise men out of the world of corn and money,\\nand console them for the shortcomings of the\\nday, and the meannesses of labor and traffic.\\nThen, also, the philosopher has his value, who\\nflatters the intellect of this laborer, by engag-\\ning him with subtleties which instruct him in\\nnew faculties. Others may build cities; he is\\nto understand them, and keep them in awe.\\nBut there is a class who lead us into another\\nregion, the world of morals, or of will. What\\nis singular about this region of thought, is, its\\nclaim. Wherever the sentiment of right comes\\nin, it takes precedence of everything else. For\\nother things, I make poetry of them but the\\nmoral sentiment makes poetry of me.\\n85", "height": "2890", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nI have sometimes thought that he would\\nrender the greatest service to modern criti-\\ncism, who shall draw the line of relation that\\nsubsists betweenShakespeare and Swedenborg.\\nThe human mind stands ever in perplexity,\\ndemanding intellect, demanding sanctity, im-\\npatient equally of each without the other.\\nThe reconciler has not yet appeared. If we\\ntire of the saints, Shakespeare is our city of\\nrefuge. Yet the instincts presently teach, that\\nthe problem of essence must take precedence\\nof all others, the questions of Whence? What?\\nand Whither? and the solution of these must\\nbe in a life, and not in a book. A drama or\\npoem is a proximate or oblique reply; but\\nMoses, Menu, Jesus, work directly on this prob-\\nlem. The atmosphere of moral sentiment is a\\nregion of grandeur which reduces all material\\nmagnificence to toys, yet opens to every wretch\\nthat has reason, the doors of the universe.\\nAlmost with a fierce haste it lays its empire on\\nthe man. In the language of the Koran, God\\nsaid, the heaven and the earth, and all that is\\nbetween them, think ye that we created them\\nin jest, and that ye shall not return to us? It\\nis the kingdom of the will, and by inspiring\\nthe will, which is the seat of personality,\\nseems to convert the universe into a person\\nThe realms of being to no other bow,\\nNot only all are thine, but all are Thou.\\nAll men are commanded by the saint. The\\nKoran makes a distinct class of those who are\\nby nature good, and whose goodness has an", "height": "2868", "width": "1868", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 87\\ninfluence on others, and pronounces this class\\nto be the aim of creation the other classes are\\nadmitted to the feast of being, only as follow-\\ning in the train of this. And the Persian poet\\nexclaims to a soul of this kind\\nGo boldly forth, and feast on being s banquet;\\nThou art the called, the rest admitted with thee.\\nThe privilege of this caste is an access to the\\nsecrets and structure of nature, by some higher\\nmethod than by experience. In common par-\\nlance, what one man is said to learn by experi-\\nence, a man of extraordinary sagacity is said,\\nwithout experience, to divine. The Arabians\\nsay, that Abul Khain, the mystic, and Abu All\\nSeena, the Philosopher, conferred together;\\nand, on parting, the philosopher said, All\\nthat he sees, I know; and the mystic said,\\n**A11 that he knows, I see. If one should ask\\nthe reason of this intuition, the solution would\\nlead us into that property which Plato denoted\\nas Reminiscence, and which is implied by the\\nBramins in the tenet of Transmigration. The\\nsoul having been often born, or, as the Hin-\\ndoos say, traveling the path of existence\\nthrough thousands of births, having beheld\\nthe things which are here, those which are in\\nheaven, and those which are beneath, there is\\nnothing of which she has not gained the know-\\nledge no wonder that she is able to recollect,\\nin regard to any one thing, what formerly\\nshe knew. For, all things in nature being\\nlinked and related, and the soul having hereto-\\nfore known all, nothing hinders but that any", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nman who has recalled to mind, or, according\\nto the common phrase, has learned one thing\\nonly, should of himself recover all his ancient\\nknowledge, and find out again all the rest, if\\nhe have but courage, and faint not in the\\nmidst of his researches. For inquiry and learn-\\ning is reminiscence all. How much more, if\\nhe that inquires be a holy and godlike soul!\\nFor, by being assimilated to the original soul,\\nby whom, and after whom, all things subsist,\\nthe soul of man does then easily flow into all\\nthings, and all things flow into it: they mix:\\nand he is present and sympathetic with their\\nstructure and law.\\nThis path is difficult, secret, and beset with\\nterror. The ancients called it ecstasy or\\nabsence, a getting out of their bodies to\\nthink. All religious history contains traces of\\nthe trance of saints, a beatitude, but without\\nany sign of joy, earnest, solitar} even sad;\\nthe flight, Plotinus called it, of the alone to\\nthe alone. The trances of Socrates, Plotinus,\\nPorphyry, Behmen, Bunyan, Fox, Pascal,\\nGuion, Swedenborg, will readily come to mind.\\nBut what as readily comes to mind, is the accom-\\npaniment of disease. This beatitude comes in\\nterror, and with shocks to the mind of the re-\\nceiver. It o erinforms the tenement of clay,\\nand drives the man mad or, gives a certain\\nviolent bias, which taints his judgment. In\\nthe chief examples of religious illumination,\\nsomewhat morbid, has mingled, in spite of the\\nunquestionable increase of mental power.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 89\\nMust the highest good drag after it a quality\\nwhich neutralizes and discredits it?\\nIndeed it takes\\nFrom our achievements, when performed at height,\\nThe pith and marrow of our attribute.\\nShall we say, that the economical mother dis-\\nburses so much earth and so much fire, by\\nweight and metre, to make a man, and will not\\nadd a pennyweight, though a nation is perish-\\ning for a leader? Therefore, the men of\\nGod purchased their science by folly or pain.\\nIf you will have pure carbon, carbuncle, or\\ndiamond, to make the brain transparent, the.\\ntrunk and organs shall be so much the grosser\\ninstead of porcelain, they are potter s earth,\\nclay, or mud.\\nIn modern times, no such remarkable exam-\\nple of this introverted mind has occurred, as\\nin Emanuel Swedenborg, born in Stockholm,\\nin 1688. This man, who appeared to his con-\\ntemporaries a visionary, and elixir of moon-\\nbeams, no doubt led the most real life of any\\nman then in the world: and now, when the\\nroyal and ducal Frederics, Cristierns, and\\nBrunswicks, of that day, have slid into obliv-\\nion, he begins to spread himself into the\\nminds of thousands. As happens in great men,\\nhe seemed, by the variety and amount of his\\npowers, to be a composition of several persons,\\nlike the giant fruits which are matured in\\ngardens by the union of four or five single\\nblossoms. His frame is on a larger scale, and\\npossesses the advantage of size. As it is easier", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nto see the reflection of the great sphere in large\\nglobes, though defaced by some crack or blem-\\nish, than in drops of water, so men of large\\ncalibre, though with some eccentricity or mad-\\nness, like Pascal or Newton, help us more than\\nbalanced mediocre minds.\\nHis youth and training could not fail to be\\nextraordinary. Such a boy could not whistle\\nor dance, but goes grubbing into mines and\\nmountains, prying into chemistry and optics,\\nphysiology, mathematics, and astronomy, to\\nfind images fit for the measure of his versatile\\nand capacious brain. He was a scholar from a\\nchild, and was educated at Upsala. At the\\nage of twenty-eight, he was made Assessor of\\nthe Board of Mines, by Charles XII. In 1716,\\nhe left home for four years, and visited the\\nuniversities of England, Holland, France, and\\nGermany. He performed a notable feat of\\nengineering in 17 18, at the siege of Frederics-\\nhall, by hauling two galleys, five boats, and a\\nsloop, some fourteen English miles overland,\\nfor the royal service. In 1721 he journeyed\\nover Europe, to examine mines and smelting\\nworks. He published, in 17 16, his Daedalus\\nHyperboreus, and, from this time, for the next\\nthirty years, was employed in the composition\\nand publication of his scientific works. With\\nthe like force, he threw himself into theology.\\nIn 1743, when he was fifty-four years old,\\nwhat is called his illumination began. All his\\nmetallurgy, and transportation of ships over-\\nland, was absorbed into this ecstasy. He\\nceased to publish any more scientific books,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 91\\nwithdrew from his practical labors, and de-\\nvoted himself to the writing and publication of\\nhis voluminous theological works, which were\\nprinted at his own expense, or at that of the\\nDuke of Brunswick, or other prince, at Dres-\\nden, Liepsic, London, or Amsterdam. Later,\\nhe resigned his office of Assessor: the salary\\nattached to this office continued to be paid to\\nhim during his life. His duties had brought\\nhim into intimate acquaintance with King\\nCharles XIL, by whom he was much consulted\\nand honored. The like favor was continued\\nto him by his successor. At the Diet of 1751,\\nCount Hopken says, the most solid memo-\\nrials on finance were from his pen. In\\nSweden, he appears to have attracted a marked\\nregard. His rare science and practical skill,\\nand the added fame of second sight and extra-\\nordinary religious knowledge and gifts, drew\\nto him queens, nobles, clergy, shipmasters,\\nand people about the ports through which he\\nwas wont to pass in his many voyages. The\\nclergy interfered a httle with the importation\\nand publication of his religious works but he\\nseems to have kept the friendship of men in\\npower. He was never married. He had great\\nmodesty and gentleness of bearing. His\\nhabits were simple; he lived on bread, milk,\\nand vegetables and he lived in a house situated\\nin a large garden he went several times to\\nEngland, where he does not seem to have\\nattracted any attention whatever from the\\nlearned or the eminent and died at London,\\nMarch 29, 1772, of apoplexy, in his eighty-fifth", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "9*J REPRESEN rATlVK MEN.\\nyear. Ho is dosoribod, when in London, as a\\nman of quiet, clerical habit, not averse to tea\\nand cotlee, and kind to children. He wore a\\nsword when in full velvet dress, and, whenever\\nhe walked out, carried a gold-headed cane.\\nThere is a common portrait of him in antique\\ncoat and wig. but the face has a wandering or\\nvacant air.\\nThe genius which was to penetrate the\\nscience oi the age with a far more subtle\\nscience; to pass the bounds of space and time;\\nventure into the dim spirit-realm, and attempt\\nto establish a new religion in the world, be-\\ngan its lessons in quarries and forges, in the\\nsmelting-pot and crucible, in ship-yards and\\ndissecting-rooms. No one man is perhaps\\nable to judge of the merits of his works on so\\nmany subjects. One is glad to learn that his\\nbooks on mines and metals are held in the\\nhighest esteem by those who understand these\\nmatters. It seems that he anticipated much\\nscience of the nineteenth century; anticipated,\\nin astronomy, the discovery of the seventh\\nplanet. but, unhappily, not also of the eighth;\\nanticipated the views of modern astronomy in\\nregard to the generation of earth by the sun\\nin magnetism, some important experiments\\nand conclusions of later students; in chemistry,\\nthe atomic theory; in anatomy, the discoveries\\nof Schlichting, ^lonro, and Wilson; and first\\ndemonstrated the office of the lungs. His ex-\\ncellent English editor magnanimously lays no\\nstress on his discoveries, since he was too\\ngTeat to care to be original and we are to", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. W\\njud^e, by what he can spare, of v/hat re-\\nmains.\\nA colossal soul, he lies vast abroad on his\\ntimes, uncomprehended by them, and requires\\na long local distance to be seen suggest, as\\nAristotle, Bacon, Selden, Humboldt, that a\\ncertain vastness of learning, or quasi omnipres-\\nence of the human soul in nature, is possible.\\nHis superb speculations, as from a tower, over\\nnature and arts, without ever losing sight of\\nthe texture and sequence of things, almost\\nrealizes his own picture, in the Principia,\\nof the original integrity of man. Over and\\nabove the merit of his particular discoveries,\\nis the capital merit of his self-equality. A\\ndrop of water has the properties of the sea, but\\ncannot exhibit a storm. There is beauty of a\\nconcert, as well as of a flute; strength of a\\nhost, as well as of a hero; and, in Sweden-\\nborg, those who are best acquainted with mod-\\nern books, will most admire the merit of mas*:.\\nOne of the missouriums and mastodons of liter-\\nature, he is not to be measured by whole col-\\nleges of ordinary scholars. His stalwart pres-\\nence would flutter the gov/ns of an university.\\nOur books are false by being f ragmentan\\ntheir sentences are bon mots, and not parts of\\nnatural discourse; childish expressions of sur-\\nprise or pleasure in nature; or, worse, owing\\na brief notoriety to their petulance, or aversion\\nfrom the order of nature, being some curi-\\nosity or oddity, designedly not in harmony\\nwith nature, and x^urposely framed to excite a\\nsurprise, as jugglers do by concealing their", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nmeans. But Swedenborg is systematic, and\\nrespective of the world in every sentence; all\\nthe means are orderly given; his faculties\\nwork with astronomic punctuality, and this\\nadmirable writing is pure from all pertness or\\negotism.\\nSwedenborg was born into an atmosphere of\\ngreat ideas. Tis hard to say what was his\\nown yet his life was dignified by noblest pic-\\ntures of the universe. The robust Aristotel-\\nian method, with its breadth and adequate-\\nness, shaming our sterile and linear logic by\\nits genial radiation, conversant with series and\\ndegree, with effects and ends, skilful to dis-\\ncriminate power from form, essence from acci-\\ndent, and opening by its terminology and defi-\\nnition, high roads into nature, had trained a\\nrace of athletic philosophers. Harvey had\\nshown the circulation of the blood Gilbert had\\nshown that the earth was a magnet Descartes,\\ntaught by Gilbert s magnet, with its vortex,\\nspiral, and polarity, had filled Europe with\\nthe leading thought of vortical motion, as the\\nsecret of nature. Newton, in the year in\\nwhich Swedenborg was born, published the\\nPrincipia, and established the universal\\ngravity. Malpighi, following the high doc-\\ntrines of Hippocrates, Leucippus, and Lucre-\\ntius, had given emphasis to the dogma that\\nnature works in leasts, tota i?i tniiiimis ex-\\nistit 7iaturay Unrivalled dissectors, Swam-\\nmerdam, Leeuwenhoek, Winslow, Eustachius,\\nHeister, Vesalius, Boerhaave, had left nothing\\nfor scalpel or microscope to reveal in human", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 95\\nor comparative anatomy; Linnaeus, his con-\\ntemporary, was affirming, in his beautiful sci-\\nence, that Nature is always like herself;\\nand, lastly, the nobility of method, the largest\\napplication of principles, had been exhibited\\nby Leibnitz and Christian Wolff, in cosmology\\nwhilst Locke and Grotius had drawn the moral\\nargument. What was left for a genius of the\\nlargest calibre, but to go over their ground,\\nand verify and unite? It is easy to see, in\\nthese minds, the original of Swedenborg s\\nstudies, and the suggestion of his problems.\\nHe had a capacity to entertain and vivify these\\nvolumes of thought. Yet the proximity of\\nthese geniuses, one or other of whom had\\nintroduced all his leading ideas, makes\\nSwedenborg another example of the difficulty,\\neven in a highly fertile genius, of proving\\noriginality, the first birth and annunciation of\\none of the laws of nature.\\nHe named his favorite views, the doctrine of\\nForms, the doctrine of Series and Degrees, the\\ndoctrine of Influx, the doctrine of Correspond-\\nence. His statement of these doctrines\\ndeserves to be studied in his books. Not\\nevery man can read them, but they will reward\\nhim who can. His theologic works are valu-\\nable to illustrate these. His writings would\\nbe a sufficient library to a lonely and athletic\\nstudent; and the Economy of the Animal\\nKingdom is one of those books which, by the\\nsustained dignity of thinking, is an honor to\\nthe human race. He had studied spars and\\nmetals to some purpose. His varied and solid", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nknowledge makes his style lustrous with points\\nand shooting spicula of thought, and resemb-\\nling one of those winter mornings when the\\nair sparkles with crystals. The grandeur of\\nthe topics makes the grandeur of the style.\\nHe was apt for cosmology, because of that na-\\ntive perception of identity which made mere\\nsize of no account to him. In the atom of\\nmagnetic iron, he saw the quality which would\\ngenerate the spiral motion of sun and planet.\\nThe thoughts in which he lived were, the\\nuniversality of each law in nature; the Pla-\\ntonic doctrine of the scale or degrees the ver-\\nsion or conversion of each into other, and so\\nthe correspondence of all the parts the fine\\nsecret that little explains large, and large, lit-\\ntle the centrality of man in nature, and the\\nconnection that subsists throughout all things:\\nhe saw that the human body was strictly uni-\\nversal, or an instrument through which the\\nsoul feeds and is fed by the whole of matter:\\nso that he held, in exact antagonism to the\\nskeptics, that, the wiser a man is, the more\\nwill he be a worshipper of the Deity. In\\nshort, he was a believer in the Identity-philos-\\nophy, which he held not idly, as the dreamers\\nof Berlin or Boston, but which he experimented\\nwith and established through years of labor,\\nwith the heart and strength of the rudest Vik-\\ning that his rough Sweden ever sent to battle.\\nThis theory dates from the oldest philoso-\\nphers, and derives perhaps its best illustration\\nfrom the newest. It is this: that nature iter-\\nates her means perpetually on successive", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 97\\nplanes. In the old aphorism, nature is always\\nself-similar. In the plant, the eye or germina-\\ntive point opens to a leaf, then to another leaf,\\nwith a power of transforming the leaf into\\nradicle, stamen, pistil, petal, bract, sepal, or\\nseed. The whole art of the plant is still to re-\\npeat leaf on leaf without end, the more or less\\nof heat, light, moisture, and food, determining\\nthe form it shall assume. In the animal,\\nnature makes a vertebra, or a spine of verte-\\nbrae, and helps herself still by a new spine,\\nwith a limited power of modifying its form,\\nspine on spine, to the end of the world. A\\npoetic anatomist, in our own day, teaches that\\na snake, being a horizontal line, and man,\\nbeing an erect line, constitute a right angle\\nand, between the lines of this mystical quad-\\nrant, all animate beings find their place and\\nhe assumes the hair-worm, the span-worm, or\\nthe snake, as the type of prediction of the\\nspine. Manifestly, at the end of the spine,\\nnature puts out smaller spines, as arms at the\\nend of the arms, new spines, as hands at the\\nother end, she repeats the process, as legs and\\nfeet. At the top of the column, she puts out\\nanother spine, which doubles or loops itself\\nover, as a span-worm, into a ball, and forms\\nthe skull, with extremities again; the hands\\nbeing now the upper jaw, the feet the lower\\njaw, the fingers and toes being represented\\nthis time by upper and lower teeth. This new\\nspine is destined to high uses. It is a new\\nman on the shoulders of the last. It can\\nalmost shed its trunk, and manage to live\\n7 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nalone, according to the Platonic idea in the\\nTimaeus. Within it, on a higher plane, all\\nthat was done in the trunk repeats itself.\\nNature recites her lesson once more in a higher\\nmood. The mind is a finer body, and resumes\\nits functions of feeding, digesting, absorbing,\\nexcluding, and generating, in a new and ethe-\\nreal element. Here, in the brain, is all the\\nprocess of alimentation repeated, in the acquir-\\ning, comparing, digesting, and assimilating of\\nexperience. Here again is the mystery of\\ngeneration repeated. In the brain are male\\nand female faculties; here is marriage, here is\\nfruit. And there is no limit to this ascending\\nscale, but series on series. Everything, at the\\nend of one use, is taken up into the next, each\\nseries punctually repeating every organ and\\nprocess of the last. We are adapted to infin-\\nity. We are hard to please, and love nothing\\nwhich ends; and in nature is no end; but\\neverything, at the end of one use, is lifted into\\na superior, and the ascent of these things\\nclimbs into daemonic and celestial natures.\\nCreative force, like a musical composer, goes\\non unweariedly repeating a simple air or theme\\nnow high, now low, in solo, in chorus, ten\\nthousand times reverberated, till it fills earth\\nand heaven with the chant.\\nGravitation, as explained by Newton, is\\ngood, but grandeur, when we find chemistry\\nonly an extension of the law of masses into\\nparticles, and that the atomic theory shows\\nthe action of chemistry to be mechanical also.\\nMetaphysics shows us a sort of gravitation,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 99\\noperative also in the mental phenomena; and\\nthe terrible tabulation of the French statists\\nbrings every piece of whim and humor to be\\nreducible also to exact numerical rations. If\\none man in twenty thousand, or in thirty\\nthousand, eats shoes, or marries his grand-\\nmother, then, in every twenty thousand, or\\nthirty thousand, is found one man who eats\\nshoes, or marries his grandmother. What we\\ncall gravitation, and fancy ultimate, is one fork\\nof a mightier stream, for which we have yet\\nno name. Astronomy is excellent; but it\\nmust come up into life to have its full value,\\nand not remain there in globes and spaces.\\nThe globule of blood gyrates around its own\\naxis in the human veins, as the planet in the\\nsky; and the circles of intellect relate to those\\nof the heavens. Each law of nature has the\\nlike universality; eating, sleep or hybernation,\\nrotation, generation, metamorphosis, vortical\\nmotion, which is seen in eggs as in planets.\\nThese grand rhymes or returns in nature, the\\ndear, best-known face startling us at every\\nturn, under a mask so unexpected that we\\nthink it the face of a stranger, and, carrying\\nup the semblance into divine forms, delighted\\nthe prophetic eye of Swedenborg; and he must\\nbe reckoned a leader in that revolution, which,\\nby giving to science an idea, has given to an\\naimless accumulation of experiments, guidance\\nand form, and a beating heart,\\nI own, with some regret, that his printed\\nworks amount to about fifty stout octaves, his\\nscientific works being about half of the whole", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nnumber; and it appears that a mass of manu-\\nscript still unedited remains in the royal library\\nat Stockholm. The scientific works have just\\nnow been translated into English, in an excel-\\nlent edition.\\nSwedenborg printed these scientific books in\\nthe ten years from 1734 to 1744, and they re-\\nmained from that time neglected; and now,\\nafter their century is complete, he has at last\\nfound a pupil in Mr. Wilkinson, in London, a\\nphilosophic critic, with a co-equal vigor of un-\\nderstanding and imagination comparable only\\nto Lord Bacon s, who has produced his mas-\\nter s buried books to the day, and transferred\\nthem, with every advantage, from their forgot-\\nten Latin into English, to go round the world\\nin our commercial and conquering tongue.\\nThis startling reappearance of Swedenborg,\\nafter a hundred years, in his pupil, is not the\\nleast remarkable fact in his history. Aided, it\\nis said, by the munificence of Mr. Clissold, and\\nalso by his literary skill, this piece of poetic\\njustice is done. The admirable preliminary dis-\\ncourses with which Mr. Wilkinson has enriched\\nthese volumes, throw all the contemporary\\nphilosophy of England into shade, and leave\\nme nothing to say on their proper grounds.\\nThe Animal Kingdom is a book of won-\\nderful merits. It was written with the highest\\nend, to put science and the soul, long es-\\ntranged from each other, at one again. It was\\nan anatomist s account of the human body, in\\nthe highest style of poetry. Nothing can ex-\\nceed the bold and brilliant treatment of a sub-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 101\\nject usually so dry and repulsive. He saw\\nnature wreathing through an everlasting\\nspiral, with wheels that never dry, on axles\\nthat never creak, and sometimes sought to\\nuncover those secret recess is where nature is\\nsitting at the fires in the depths of her labora-\\ntory; whilst the picture comes recommended\\nby the hard fidelity with which it is based on\\npractical anatomy. It is remarkable that this\\nsublime genius decides, peremptorily for the\\nanalytic, against the synthetic method; and,\\nin a book whose genius is a daring poetic syn-\\nthesis, claims to confine himself to a rigid ex-\\nperience.\\nHe knows, if he only, the flowing of nature\\nand how wise was that old answer of Amasis\\nto him who bade him drink up the sea, Yes,\\nwillingly, if you will stop the rivers that flow\\nin. Few knew as much about nature and her\\nsubtle manners, or expressed more subtly. her\\ngoings. He thought as large a demand is made\\non our faith by nature, as by miracles. He\\nnoted that in her proceeding from first princi-\\nples through her several subordinations, there\\nwas no state through which she did not pass,\\nas if her path lay through all things. For\\nas often as she betakes herself upward from\\nvisible phenomena, or, in other words, with-\\ndraws herself inward, she instantly, as it were,\\ndisappears, while no one knows what has be-\\ncome of her, or whither she is gone so that it\\nis necessary to take science as a guide in pur-\\nsuing her steps.\\nThe pursuing the inquiry under the light of", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nan end or final cause, gives wonderful anima-\\ntion, a sort of personality to the whole writing.\\nThis book announces his favorite dogmas. The\\nancient doctrines of Hippocrates, that the\\nbrain is a gland; and of Leucippus, that the\\natom may be known by the mass or, in Plato,\\nthe macrocosm by the microcosm and, in the\\nverses of Lucretius,\\nOssa videlicet e pauxillis atque minutis\\nOssibus sic et de pauxilHs atque minutis\\nVisceribus viscus gigni, sanguenque creari\\nSanguinis inter se multis coeuntibus guttis\\nEx aurique putat micis consistere posse\\nAurum, et de terris terram concrescere parvis\\nIgnibus ex igneis, humorem humoribus esse.\\nLib. I. 835.\\nThe principle of all things entrails made\\nOf smallest entrails bone, of smallest bone,\\nBlood, of small sanguine drops reduced to one\\nGold, of small grains earth, of small sands compacted\\nSmall drops to water, sparks to fire contracted\\nand which Malpighi had summed in his maxim,\\nthat nature exists entirely in leasts, is a\\nfavorite thought of Swedenborg. It is a con-\\nstant law of the organic body, that large, com-\\npound, or visible forms exist and subsist from\\nsmaller, simpler, and ultimately from invisible\\nforms, which act similarly to the larger ones,\\nbut more perfectly and more universally, and\\nthe least forms so perfectly and universally, as\\nto involve an idea representative of their entire\\nuniverse. The unities of each organ are so\\nmany little organs, homogeneous with their", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 103\\ncompound; the unities of the tongue are little\\ntongues those of the stomach, little stomachs\\nthose of the heart are little hearts. This fruit-\\nful idea furnishes a key to every secret. What\\nwas too small for the eye to detect was read by\\nthe aggregates; what was too large, by the\\nunits. There is no end to his application of\\nthe thought. Hunger is an aggregate of very\\nmany little hungers, or losses of blood by the\\nlittle veins all over the body. It is the key\\nto his theology, also. Man is a kind of very\\nminute heaven, corresponding to the world of\\nspirits and to heaven. Every particular idea\\nof man, and every affection, yea, every small-\\nest spark of his affection, is an image and effigy\\nof him. A spirit may be known from only a\\nsingle thought. God is the grand man.\\nThe hardihood and thoroughness of his study\\nof nature required a theory of forms, also.\\nForms ascend in order from the lowest to the\\nhighest. The lowest form is angular, or the\\nterrestrial and corporeal. The second and\\nnext higher form is the circular, which is also\\ncalled the perpetual- angular, because the cir-\\ncumference of a circle is a perpetual angle.\\nThe form above this is the spiral, parent and\\nmeasure of circular forms; its diameters are\\nnot rectilinear, but variously circular, and\\nhave a spherical surface for center; therefore\\nit is called the perpetual-circular. The form\\nabove this is the vortical, or perpetual-spiral\\nnext, the perpetual- vortical, or celestial; last,\\nthe perpetual-celestial, or spiritual.\\nWas it strange that a genius so bold should", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ntake the last step, also, conceive that he might\\nattain the science of all sciences, to unlock the\\nmeaning- of the world? In the first volume of\\nthe Animal Kingdom, he broaches the sub-\\nject, in a remarkable note.\\nIn our doctrine of Representations and Cor-\\nrespondences, we shall treat of both these sym-\\nbolical and typical resemblances, and of the\\nastonishing things which occur, I will not say,\\nin the living body only, but throughout nature,\\nand which correspond so entirely to supreme\\nand spiritual things, that one would swear that\\nthe physical world was purely symbolical of\\nthe spiritual world; insomuch, that if we choose\\nto express any natural truth in physical and\\ndefinite vocalterms, and to convert these terms\\nonly into the corresponding and spiritual terms,\\nwe shall by this means elicit a spiritual truth,\\nor theological dogma, in place of the physical\\ntruth or precept; although no mortal would\\nhave predicted that anything of the kind could\\npossibly arise by bare literal transposition in-\\nasmuch as the one precept, considered sepa-\\nrately from the other, appears to have abso-\\nlutely no relation to it. I intend, hereafter, to\\ncommunicate a number of examples of such\\ncorrespondences, together with a vocabulary\\ncontaining the terms of spiritual things, as well\\nas of the physical things for which they are to\\nbe substituted. This symbolism pervades the\\nliving body.\\nThe fact, thus explicitly stated, is implied in\\nall poetry, in allegory, in fable, in the use of\\nemblems, and in the structure of language.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 105\\nPlato knew of it, as is evident from his twice\\nbisected line, in the sixth book of the Repub-\\nlic. Lord Bacon had found that truth and na-\\nture differed only as seal and print: and he\\ninstanced some physical proportions, with their\\ntranslation into a moral and political sense.\\nBehmen, and all mystics, imply this law in\\ntheir dark riddle-writing-. The poets, in as far\\nas they are poets, use it; but it is known to\\nthem only, as the magnet was known for ages,\\nas a toy. Swedenborg first put the fact into a\\ndetached and scientific statement, because it\\nwas habitually present to him, and never not\\nseen. It was involved, as we explained already,\\nin the doctrine of identity and iteration, be-\\ncause the mental series exactly tallies with the\\nmaterial series. It required an insight that\\ncould rank things in order and series or, rather,\\nit required such Tightness of position, that the\\npoles of the eye should coincide with the axis\\nof the world. The earth has fed its mankind\\nthrough five or six millenniums, and they had\\nsciences, religions, philosophies; and yet had\\nfailed to see the correspondence of meaning-\\nbetween every part and every other part. And,\\ndown to this hour, literature has no book in\\nwhich the symbolism of things is scientifically\\nopened. One would say, that, as soon as men\\nhad the first hint that every sensible object,\\nanimal, rock, river, air, nay, space and time,\\nsubsists not for itself, nor finally to a material\\nend, but as a picture-language, to tell another\\nstory of beings and duties, other science would\\nbe put by, and a science of such grand presage\\n8 Ropresoutativn Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwould absorb all faculties that each man would\\nask of all objects, what they mean Why does\\nthe horizon hold me fast, with my joy and\\ngrief, in this center? Why hear I the same\\nsense from countless differing voices, and read\\none never quite expressed fact in endless pic-\\nture-language? Yet, whether it be that these\\nthings will not be intellectually learned, or,\\nthat many centuries must elaborate and com-\\npose so rare and opulent a soul, there is no\\ncomet, rock-stratum, fossil, fish, quadruped,\\nspider, or fungus,, that, for itself, does not in-\\nterest more scholars and classifiers than the\\nmeaning and upshot of the frame of things.\\nBut Swedenborg was not content with the\\nculinary use of the world. In his fifty-fourth\\nyear, these thoughts held him fast, and his\\nprofound mind admitted the perilous opinion,\\ntoo frequent in religious history, that he was\\nan abnormal person, to whom was granted the\\nprivilege of conversing with angels and spirits;\\nand this ecstasy connected itself with just this\\noffice of explaining the moral import of the\\nsensible world. To a right perception, at once\\nbroad and minute, of the order of nature, he\\nadded the comprehension of the moral laws in\\ntheir widest social aspects; but whatever he\\nsaw, through some excessive determination to\\nform, in his constitution, he saw not abstractly,\\nbut in pictures, heard it in dialogues, con-\\nstructed it in events. When he attempted to\\nannounce the law most sanely, he was forced\\nto couch it in parable.\\nModern psychology offers no similar example", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 107\\nof a deranged balance. The principal powers\\ncontinued to maintain a healthy action and, to\\na reader who can make due allowance in the\\nreport for the reporter s peculiarities, the re-\\nsults are still instructive, and a more striking\\ntestimony to the sublime laws he announced,\\nthan any that balanced dulness could afford.\\nHe attempts to give some account of the modus\\nof the new state, affirming that his presence\\nin the spiritual world is attended with a certain\\nseparation, but only as to the intellectual part\\nof his mind, not as to the will part; and he\\naffirms that he sees, with the internal sight,\\nthe things that are in another life, more clearly\\nthan he sees the things which are here in the\\nworld.\\nHaving adopted the belief that certain books\\nof the Old and New Testaments were exact\\nallegories, or written in the angelic and ec-\\nstatic mode, he employed his remaining years\\nin extricating from the literal, the universal\\nsense. He had borrowed from Plato the fine\\nfable of a most ancient people, men better\\nthan we, and dwelling nigher to the gods;\\nand Swedenborg added, that they used the\\nearth symbolically; that these, when they saw\\nterrestrial objects, did not think at all about\\nthem, but only about those which they signi-\\nfied. The correspondence between thoughts\\nand things henceforward occupied him. The\\nvery organic form resembles the end inscribed\\non it. A man is in general, and in particular,\\nan organizd justice or injustice, selfishness or\\ngratitude. And the cause of this harmony he", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nassigned in the Arcana: The reason why all\\nand single things, in the heavens and on earth,\\nare representative, is because they exist from\\nan influx of the Lord, through heaven. This\\ndesign of exhibiting such correspondences,\\nwhich, if adequately executed, would be the\\npoem of the world, in which all history and\\nscience would play an essential part, was nar-\\nrowed and defeated by the exclusively theo-\\nlogic direction which his inquiries took. His\\nperception of nature is not human and uni-\\nversal, but is mystical and Hebraic. He fas-\\ntens each natural object to a theologic notion\\na horse signifies carnal understanding; a\\ntree, perception the moon, faith a cat means\\nthis; an ostrich, that; an artichoke, this other;\\nand poorly tethers every symbol to a several\\necclesiastic sense. The slippery Proteus is\\nnot so easily caught. In nature, each individ-\\nual symbol plays innumerable parts, as each\\nparticle of matter circulates in turn through\\nevery system. The central identity enables\\nany one symbol to express successively all the\\nqualities and shades of the real being. In the\\ntransmission of the heavenly waters, every\\nhose fits every hydrant. Nature avenges her-\\nself speedily on the hard pedantry that would\\nchain her waves. She is no literalist. Every-\\nthing must be taken genially, and we must be\\nat the top of our condition to understand any-\\nthing rightly.\\nHis theological bias thus fatally narrowed his\\ninterpretation of nature, and the dictionary of\\nsymbols is yet to be written. But the inter-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 109\\npreter, whom mankind must still expect, will\\nfind no predecessor who has approached so\\nnear to the true problem.\\nSwedenborg styles himself, in the title-page\\nof his books, Servant of the Lord Jesus\\nChrist; and by force of intellect, and in effect,\\nhe is the last Father in the Church, and is not\\nlikely to have a successor. No wonder that his\\ndepth of ethical wisdom should give him influ-\\nence as a teacher. To the withered traditional\\nchurch yielding dry catechisms, he let in na-\\nture again, and the worshiper, escaping from\\nthe vestry of verbs and texts, is surprised to\\nfind himself a party to the whole of his religion.\\nHis religion thinks for him, and is of universal\\napplication. He turns it on every side it fits\\nevery part of life, interprets and dignifies every\\ncircumstance. Instead of a religion which\\nvisited him diplomatically three or four times,\\nwhen he was born, when he married, when\\nhe fell sick, and when he died, and for the rest\\nnever interfered with him, here was a teach-\\ning which accompanied him all day, accom-\\npanied him even into sleep and dreams; into\\nhis thinking, and showed him through what a\\nlong ancestry his thoughts descend; into soci-\\nety, and showed by what affinities he was girt\\nto his equals and his counterparts; into nat-\\nural objects, and showed their origin and mean-\\ning, what are friendly, and what are hurtful;\\nand opened the future world, by indicating\\nthe continuity of the same laws. His disciples\\nallege that their intellect is invigorated by the\\nstudy of his books.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nThere is no stich problem for criticism as his\\ntheological writings, their merits are so com-\\nmanding yet such grave deductions must be\\nmade. Their immense and sandy diffuseness\\nis like the prairie, or the desert, and their in-\\ncongruities are like the last deliration. He is\\nsuperfluously explanatory, and his feelings of\\nthe ignorance of men, strangely exaggerated.\\nMen take truths of this nature very fast. Yet\\nhe abounds in assertions; he is a rich discov-\\nerer, and of things which most import us to\\nknow. His thought dvv^ells in essential resem-\\nHances, like the resemblance of a house to\\nthe man who built it. He saw things in their\\nlav7, in likeness of function, not of structure.\\nThere is an invariable method and order in\\nhis delivery of his truth, the habitual proceed-\\ning of the mind from inmost to outmost. What\\nearnestness and weightiness, his eye never\\nroving, without one swell of vanity, or one look\\nto self, in any common form of literary pride\\na theoretic or speculative man, but whom no\\npractical man in the universe could affect to\\nscorn. Plato is a gownsman; his garment,\\nthough of purple, and almost skywoven, is an\\nacademic robe, and hinders action with its vol-\\numinous folds. But this mystic is awful to\\nCsesar. Lycurgus himself would bow.\\nThe moral insight of Swedenborg, the cor-\\nrection of popular errors, the announcement of\\nethical laws, take him out of comparison with\\nany other modern writer, and entitle him to a\\nplace, vacant for some ages, among the law-\\ngivers of mankind. That slow but command-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. Ill\\ning influence which he has acquired, like that\\nof other religious geniuses, must be excessive\\nalso, and have its tides, before it subsides into\\na permanent amount. Of course, what is real\\nand universal cannot be confined to the circle\\nof those who sympathize strictly with his gen-\\nius, but will pass forth into the common stock\\nof wise and just thinking. The world has a\\nsure chemistry, by which it attracts what is\\nexcellent in its children, and lets fall the in-\\nfirmities and limitations of the grandest mind.\\nThat metempsychosis which is familiar in the\\nold mythology of the Greeks, collected in Ovid,\\nand in the Indian Transmigration, and is there\\nobjective, or really takes place in bodies by\\nalien will, in Swedenborg s mind, has a more\\nphilosophic character. It is subjective, or de-\\npends entirely upon the thought of the person.\\nAll things in the universe arrange themselves\\nto each person anew, according to his ruling\\nlove. Man is such as his affection and thought\\nare. Man is man by virtue of willing, not by\\nvirtue of knowing and understanding. As he\\nis, so he sees. The marriages of the world\\nare broken up. Interiors associate all in the\\nspiritual world. Whatever the angels looked\\nupon was to them celestial. Each Satan\\nappears to himself a man to those as bad as\\nhe, a comely man; to the purified, a heap of\\ncarrion. Nothing can resist states; every-\\nthing gravitates; like will to like; what we\\ncall poetic justice takes effect on the spot.\\nWe have come into a world which is a living\\npoem. Every thing is as I am. Bird and", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nbeast is not bird and beast, but emanation and\\neffluvia of the minds and wills of men there\\npresent. Every one makes his own house and\\nstate. The ghosts are tormented with the fear\\nof death, and cannot remember that they have\\ndied. They who are in evil and falsehood are\\nafraid of all others. Such as have deprived\\nthemselves of charity, wander and flee; the\\nsocieties which they approach discover their\\nquality, and drive them away. The covetous\\nseem to themselves to be abiding- in cells where\\ntheir money is deposited, and these to be in-\\nfested with mice. They who place merit in\\ngood works seem to themselves to cut wood.\\n**I asked such, if they were not wearied? They\\nreplied, that they have not yet done work\\neno^igh to merit heaven.\\nHe delivers golden sayings, which express\\nwith singular beauty the ethical laws; as when\\nhe uttered that famed sentence, that, in\\nheaven the angels are advancing continually\\nto the springtime of their youth, so that the\\noldest angel appears the youngest: The\\nmore angels, the more room: The perfec-\\ntion of man is the love of use: Man, in his\\nperfect form, is heaven: What is from\\nHim, is Him: Ends always ascend as\\nnature descends: And the truly poetic\\naccount of the writing in the inmost heaven,\\nwhich, as it consists of inflexions according to\\nthe form of heaven, can be read without in-\\nstruction He almost justifies his claim to pre-\\nternatural vision, by strange insights of the\\nstructure of the human body and mind. It", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 113\\nis never permitted to any one, in heaven, to\\nstand behind another and look at the back of\\nhis head for then the influx which is from the\\nLord is disturbed. The angels, from the\\nsound of the voice, know a man s love; from\\nthe articulation of the sound, his wisdom and\\nfrom the sense of the words, his science.\\nIn the Conjugal Love, he has unfolded\\nthe science of marriage. Of this book, one\\nwould say, that, with the highest elements, it\\nhas failed of success. It came near to be the\\nHymn of Love, which Plato attempted in the\\nBanquet; the love, which, Dante says,\\nCasella sang among the angels in Paradise;\\nand which, as rightly celebrated, in its genesis,\\nfruition, and effect, might well entrance the\\nsouls, as it would lay open the genesis of all\\ninstitutions, customs, and manners. The book\\nhad been grand, if the Hebraism had been\\nomitted, and the law stated without Gothicism,\\nas ethics, and with that scope for ascension of\\nstate which the nature of things requires. It\\nis a fine Platonic development of the science of\\nmarriage teaching that sex is universal, and\\nnot local virility in the male qualifying every\\norgan, act, and thought; and the feminine in\\nwoman. Therefore, in the real or spiritual\\nworld, the nuptial union is not momentary,\\nbut incessant and total; and chastit}^ not a\\nlocal, but a universal virtue; unchastity being\\ndiscovered as much in the trading, or planting,\\nor speaking, or philosophizing, as in genera-\\ntion and that, though the virgins he saw in\\nheaven were beautiful, the wives were incom-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nparably more beautiful, and went on increasing\\nin beauty evermore.\\nYet Swedenborg, after his mode, pinned his\\ntheory to a temporary form. He exaggerates\\nthe circumstance of marriage; and, though\\nhe finds false marriages on the earth, fancies a\\nwiser choice in heaven. But of progressive\\nsouls, all loves and friendships are momentary.\\nDo you love me? means, Do you see the same\\ntruth? If you do, we are happy with the same\\nhappiness but presently one of us passes into\\nthe perception of new truth we are divorced,\\nand no tension in nature can hold us to each\\nother. I know how delicious is this cup of\\nlove, I existing for you, you existing for me\\nbut it is a child s clinging to his toy; an\\nattempt to eternize the fireside and nuptial\\nchamber; to keep the picture-alphabet through\\nwhich our first lessons are prettily conveyed.\\nThe Eden of God is bare and grand: like the\\noutdoor landscape, remembered from the eve-\\nning fireside, it seems cold and desolate, whilst\\nyou cower over the coals; but, once abroad\\nagain, we pity those who can forego the mag-\\nnificence of nature, for candle-light and cards.\\nPerhaps the true subject of the Conjugal\\nLove is conversation, whose laws are pro-\\nfoundly eliminated. It is false, if literally\\napplied to marriage. For God is the bride or\\nbridegroom of the soul. Heaven is not the\\npairing of two, but the communion of all souls.\\nWe meet, and dwell an instant under the tem-\\nple of one thought, and part as though we\\nparted not, to join another thought in other", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 115\\nfellowships of joy. So far from there being\\nanything divine in the low and proprietary\\nsense of, Do you love me? it is only when you\\nleave and lose me, by casting yourself on a\\nsentiment which is higher than both of us, that\\nI draw near, and find myself at your side; and\\nI am repelled, if you fix your eye on me, and\\ndemand love. In fact, in the spiritual world,\\nwe change sexes every moment. You love\\nthe worth in me; then I am your husband:\\nbut it is not me, but the worth, that fixes the\\nlove and that worth is a drop of the ocean of\\nworth that is beyond me. Meantime, I adore\\nthe greater worth in another, and so become\\nhis wife. He aspires to a higher worth in\\nanother spirit, and is wife of receiver of that\\ninfluence.\\nWhether a self-inquisitorial habit, that he\\ngrew into, from jealousy of the sins to which\\nmen of thought are liable, he has acquired, in\\ndisentangling and demonstrating that particu-\\nlar form of moral disease, an acumen which no\\nconscience can resist, I refer to his feeling of\\nthe profanation of thinking to what is good\\nfrom scientifics. To reason about faith, is\\nto doubt and deny. He was painfully alive to\\nthe difference between knowing and doing,\\nand this sensibility is incessantly expressed.\\nPhilosophers are, therefore, vipers, cocka-\\ntrices, asps, hemorrhoids, presters, and flying\\nserpents literary men are conjurers and char-\\nlatans.\\nBut this topic suggests a sad afterthought,\\nthat here we find the seat of his own pain. Pos-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nsibly Swedenborg paid the penalty of intro-\\nverted faculties. Success, or a fortunate\\ngenius, seems to depend on a happy adjust-\\nment of heart and brain on a due proportion,\\nhard to hit, of moral and mental power, which,\\nperhaps, obeys the law of those chemical ratios\\nwhich make a proportion in volumes necessary\\nto combination, as when gases will combine in\\ncertain fixed rates, but not at any rate. It is\\nhard to carry a full cup: and this man, pro-\\nfusely endowed in heart and mind, early fell\\ninto dangerous discord with him^self. In his\\nAnimal Kingdom, he surprises us, by declaring\\nthat he loved analysis, and not synthesis; and\\nnow, after his fiftieth year, he falls into jeal-\\nousy of his intellect; and, though aware that\\ntruth is not solitary, nor is goodness solitary,\\nbut both must ever mix and marry, he makes\\nwar on his mind, takes the part of the con-\\nscience against it, and, on all occasions, tra-\\nduces and blasphemes it. The violence is in-\\nstantly avenged. Beauty is disgraced, love is\\nunlovely, when truth, the half part of heaven,\\nis denied, as much as when a bitterness in men\\nof talent leads to satire, and destroys the judg-\\nment. He is wise, but wise in his own de-\\nspite. There is an air of infinite grief, and\\nthe sound of wailing, all over and through this\\nlurid universe. A vampyre sits in the seat of\\nthe prophet, and turns with gloomy appetite\\nto the images of pain. Indeed, a bird does not\\nmore readily weave its nest, or a mole bore into\\nthe ground, than this seer of souls substructs a\\nnew hell and pit, each more abominable than", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 117\\nthe last, round every new crew of offenders.\\nHe was let down through a column that seemed\\nof brass, but it was formed of angelic spirits,\\nthat he might descend safely amongst the un-\\nhappy, and witness the vastation of souls and\\nheard there, for a long continuance, their\\nlamentations; he saw their tormentors, who\\nincrease and strain pangs to infinity; he saw\\nthe hell of the jugglers, the hell of the assas-\\nsins, the hell of the lascivious the hell of rob-\\nbers, who kill and boil men the infernal tun\\nof the deceitful; the excrementitious hells;\\nthe hell of the revengeful, whose faces resem-\\nbled a round, broad- cake, and their arms ro-\\ntate like a wheel. Except Rabelais and Dean\\nSwift, nobody ever had such science of filth\\nand corruption.\\nThese books should be used with caution.\\nIt is dangerous to sculpture these evanescino^\\nimages of thought. True in transition, they\\nbecome false if fixed. It requires, for his just\\napprehension, almost a genius equal to his\\nown. But when his visions become the stereo-\\ntyped language of multitudes of persons, of all\\ndegrees of age and capacity, they are per-\\nverted. The wise people of the Greek race\\nwere accustomed to lead the most intelligent\\nand virtuous young men, as part of their edu-\\ncation, through the Eleusinian mysteries,\\nwherein, with much pomp and graduation, the\\nhighest truths known to ancient wisdom were\\ntaught. An ardent and contemplative young\\nman, at eighteen or twenty years, might read\\nonce these books of Swedenborg, these myste-", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nries of love and conscience, and then throw them\\naside forever. Genius is ever haunted by-\\nsimilar dreams, when the hells and the heavens\\nare opened to it. But these pictures are to be\\nheld as mystical, that is, as a quite arbitrary\\nand accidental picture of the truth not as the\\ntruth. Any other symbol would be as good\\nthen this is safely seen.\\nSwedenborg s system of the world wants cen-\\ntral spontaneity; it is dynamic, not vital, and\\nlacks power to generate life. There is no in-\\ndividual in it. The universe is a gigantic crys-\\ntal, all those atoms and laminae lie in uninter-\\nrupted order, and with unbroken unity, but\\ncold and still. What seems an individual and\\na will, is none. There is an immense chain of\\nintermediation, extending from center to ex-\\ntremes, which bereaves every agency of all\\nfreedom and character. The universe, in his\\npoem, suffers under a magnetic sleep, and only\\nreflects the mind of the magnetizer. Every\\nthought comes into each mind by influence\\nfrom a society of spirits that surround it, and\\ninto these from a higher society, and so on.\\nAll his types mean the same few things. All\\nhis figures speak one speech. All his inter-\\nlocutors Swedenborgize. Be they who they\\nmay, to this complexion must they come at\\nlast. This Charon ferries them all over in his\\nboat; kings, counselors, cavaliers, doctors, Sir\\nIsaac Newton, Sir Hans Sloane, King George\\nII., Mahomet, or whosoever, and all gather\\none grimness of hue and style. Only when\\nCicero comes by, our gentle seer sticks a little", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 119\\nat saying^ he talked with Cicero, and, with a\\ntouch of human relenting, remarks, *one whom\\nit was given me to believe was Cicero; and\\nwhen the soi disant Roman opens his mouth,\\nRome and eloquence have ebbed away, it is\\nplain theologic Swedenborg, like the rest. His\\nheavens and hells are dull; fault of want of\\nindividualism. The thousand-fold relation of\\nmen is not there. The interest that attaches\\nin nature to each man, because he is right by\\nhis wrong, and wrong by his right, because he\\ndefies all dogmatizing and classification, so\\nmany allowances, and contingencies, and futu-\\nrities, are to be taken into account, strong by\\nhis vices, often paralyzed by his virtues, sinks\\ninto entire sympathy with his society. This\\nwant reacts to the center of the system.\\nThough the agency of the Lord is in every\\nline referred to by name, it never becomes alive.\\nThere is no lustre in that eye which gazes from\\nthe center, and which should vivify the im-\\nmense dependency of beings.\\nThe vice of Swedenborg s mind is its theo-\\nlogic determination. Nothing with him has\\nthe liberality of universal wisdom, but we are\\nalways in a church. That Hebrew muse,\\nwhich taught the lore of right and wrong to\\nman, had the same excess of influence for him,\\nit has had for the nations. The mode, as well\\nas the essence, was sacred. Palestine is ever\\nthe more valuable as a chapter in universal his-\\ntory, and ever the less an available element in\\neducation. The genius of Swedenborg, largest\\nof all modern souls in this department of", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nthought, wasted itself in the endeavor to reani-\\nmate and conserve what had already arrived at\\nits natural term, and, in the great secular\\nProvidence, was retiring from its prominence,\\nbefore western modes of thought and expres-\\nsion. Swedenborg and Behmen both failed by\\nattaching themselves to the Christian symbol,\\ninstead of to the moral sentiment, which car-\\nries innumerable Christianities, humanities,\\ndivinities, in its bosom.\\nThe excess of influence shows itself in the\\nincongruous importation of a foreign rhetoric.\\nWhaL have I to do, asks the impatient\\nreader, with jasper and sardonyx, beryl and\\nchalcedony; what with arks and passovers,\\nephahs and ephods; what with lepers and\\nemerods; what with heave-offerinors and un-\\nleavened bread; chariots of fire, dragons\\ncrowned and horned, behemoth and unicorn?\\nGood for orientals, these are nothing to me.\\nThe more learning you bring to explain them,\\nthe more glaring the impertinence. The more\\ncoherent and elaborate the system, the less I\\nlike it. I say, with the Spartan, Why do you\\nspeak so much to the purpose, of that which is\\nnothing to the purpose? My learning is such\\nas God gave me in my birth and habit, in the\\ndelight and study of my eyes, and not of an-\\nother man s. Of all absurdities, this of some\\nforeigner, purposing to take away my rhetoric,\\nand substitute his own, and amuse me with\\npelican and stork, instead of thrush and robin;\\npalm-trees and shittim-wood, instead of sassa-\\nfras and hickory, seems the most needless.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 121\\nLocke said, God, when he makes the pro-\\nphet, does not unmake the man. Sweden-\\nborg s history points the remark. The parish\\ndisputes, in the Swedish church, between the\\nfriends and foes of Luther and Melancthon,\\nconcerning faith alone, and works alone,\\nintrude themselves into his speculations upon\\nthe economy of the universe, and of the celes-\\ntial societies. The Lutheran bishop s son, for\\nwhom the heavens are opened, so that he sees\\nwith eyes, and in the richest symbolic forms,\\nthe awful truth of things, and utters again, in\\nhis books, as under a heavenly mandate, the\\nindisputable secrets of moral nature, with all\\nthese grandeurs resting upon him, remains the\\nLutheran bishop s son his judgments are those\\nof a Swedish polemic, and his vast enlarge-\\nments purchased by adamantine limitations.\\nHe carries his controversial memory with him,\\nin his visits to the souls. He is like Michel\\nAngelo, who, in his frescoes, put the cardinal\\nwho had offended him to roast under a moun-\\ntain of devils or, like Dante, who avenged, in\\nvindictive melodies, all his private wrongs; or,\\nperhaps still more like Montaigne s parish\\npriest, who, if a hailstorm passes over the vil-\\nlage, thinks the day of doom has come, and\\nthe cannibals already have got the pip.\\nSwedenborg confounds us not less with the\\npains of Melancthon, and Luther, and Wolfius,\\nand his own books, which he advertises among\\nthe angels.\\nUnder the same theologic cramp, many of\\nhis dogmas are bound. His cardinal position\\n1^", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nin morals is, that evils should be shunned as\\nsins. But he does not know what evil is, or\\nwhat good is, who thinks any ground remains\\nto be occupied, after saying that evil is to be\\nshunned as evil. I doubt not he was led by the\\ndesire to insert the element of personality of\\nDeity. But nothing is added. One man, you\\nsay, dreads erysipelas, show him that this\\ndread is evil: or, one dreads hell, show him\\nthat dread is evil. He who loves goodness,\\nharbors angels, reveres reverence, and lives\\nwith God. The less we have to do with our\\nsins, the better. No man can afford to waste\\nhis moments in compunctions. That is ac-\\ntive duty, say the Hindoos, which is not\\nfor our bondage that is knowledge, which is\\nfor our liberation; all other duty is good only\\nunto weariness.\\nAnother dogma, growing out of this perni-\\ncious theologic limitation, is this Inferno.\\nSwedenborg has devils. Evil, according to\\nold philosophers, is good in the making. That\\npure malignity can exist, is the extreme propo-\\nsition of unbelief. It is not to be entertained\\nby a rational agent it is atheism it is the last\\nprofanation. Euripides rightly said,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGoodness and being in the gods are one;\\nHe who imputes ill to them makes them none.\\nTo what a painful perversion had Gothic\\ntheology arrived, that Swedenborg admitted\\nno conversion for evil spirits! But the divine\\neffort is never relaxed; the carrion in the sun\\nwill convert itself to grass and flowers; and", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 123\\nman, though in brothels, or jails, or on gibbets,\\nis on his way to all that is good and true.\\nBurns, with the wild humor of his apostrophe\\nto poor old Nickie Ben,\\nO wad ye tak a thought, and mead!\\nhas the advantage of the vindictive theologian.\\nEverything is superficial, and perishes, but\\nlove and truth only. The largest is always the\\ntruest sentiment, and we feel the more gener-\\nous spirit of the Indian Vishnu, I am the\\nsame to all mankind. There is not one who is\\nworthy of my love or hatred. They who serve\\nme with adoration, I am in them, and they\\nin me. If one whose ways are altogether\\nevil, serve me alone, he is as respectable as\\nthe just man he is altogether well employed\\nhe soon becometh of a virtuous spirit, and ob-\\ntaineth eternal happiness.\\nFor the anomalous pretension of Revela-\\ntions of the other world, only his probity and\\ngenius can entitle it to any serious regard.\\nHis revelations destroy their credit by running\\ninto detail. If a man say, that the Holy Ghost\\nhath informed him that the Last Judgment (or\\nthe last of the judgments) took place in 1757;\\nor, that the Dutch, in the other world, live in a\\nheaven by themselves, and the English in a\\nheaven by themselves; I reply, that the Spirit\\nwhich is holy, is reserved, taciturn, and deals\\nin laws. The rumors of ghosts and hobgoblins\\ngossip and tell fortunes. The teachings of\\nthe high Spirit are abstemious, and, in regard\\nto particulars, negative. Socrates Genius did", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nnot advise him to act or to find, but if he pro-\\nposed to do somewhat not advantageous, it dis-\\nsuaded him. *What God is, he said, I\\nknow not; what he is not I know. The Hin-\\ndoos have denominated the Supreme Being,\\nthe Internal Check. The illuminated Quak-\\ners explained their Light, not as somewhat\\nwhich leads to any action, but it appears as an\\nobstruction to anything unfit. But the right\\nexamples are private experiences, which are\\nabsolutely at one on this point. Strictly speak-\\ning, Swedenborg s revelation is a confounding\\nof planes, a capital offence in so learned a\\ncategorist. This is to carry the law of surface\\ninto the plane of substance, to carry individu-\\nalism and its fopperies into the realm of es-\\nsences and generals, which is dislocation and\\nchaos.\\nThe secret of heaven is kept from age to age.\\nNo imprudent, no sociable angel ever dropt\\nan early syllable to answer the longings of\\nsaints, the fears of mortals. We should have\\nlistened on our knees to any favorite, who, by\\nstricter obedience, had brought his thoughts\\ninto parallelism with the celestial currents,\\nand could hint to human ears the scenery and\\ncircumstance of the newly parted soul. But it\\nis certain that it must tally with what is best\\nin nature. It must not be inferior in tone to\\nthe already knowm works of the artist who\\nsculptures the globes of the firmament, and\\nwrites the moral law. It must be fresher than\\nrainbows, stabler than mountains, agreeing\\nwith flowers, with tides, and the rising and set-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 125\\nting- of autumnal stars. Melodious poets shall\\nbe hoarse as street ballads, when once the pene-\\ntrating key-note of nature and spirit is sounded,\\nthe earth-beat, sea-beat, heart-beat which\\nmakes the tune to which the sun rolls, and the\\nglobule of blood, and the sap of trees.\\nIn this mood, we hear the rumor that the\\nseer has arrived, and his tale is told. But\\nthere is no beauty, no heaven: for angels, gob-\\nlins. The sad muse loves night and death,\\nand the pit. His Inferno is mesmeric. His\\nspiritual world bears the same relation to the\\ngenerosities and joys of truth, of which human\\nsouls have already made us cognizant, as a\\nman s bad dreams bear to his ideal life. It\\nis indeed very like, in its endless power of lurid\\npictures, to the phenomena of dreaming, which\\nnightly turns many an honest gentleman,\\nbenevolent but dyspeptic, into a wretch, skulk-\\ning like a dog about the outer yards and ken-\\nnels of creation. When he mounts into the\\nheavens, I do not hear its language. A man\\nshould not tell me that he has walked among\\nthe angels; his proof is, that his eloquence\\nmakes me one. Shall the archangels be less\\nmajestic and sweet than the figures that have\\nactually walked the earth? These angels\\nthat Swedenborg painrs give us no very high\\nidea of their discipline and culture; they are\\nall country parsons; their heaven is a fete\\ncJiampetre^ and evangelical picnic, or French\\ndistribution of prizes to virtuous peasants.\\nStrange, scholastic, didactic, passionless, blood-\\nless man, who denotes classes of souls as a", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nbotanist disposes of a carex, and visits doleful\\nhells as a stratum of chalk or hornblende He\\nhas no sympathy. He goes up and down the\\nworld of men, a modern Rhadamanthus in gold-\\nheaded cane and peruke, and with nonchal-\\nance, and the air of a referee, distributing souls.\\nThe warm, many-weathered, passionate-peopled\\nworld is to him a grammar of hieroglyphs,\\nor an emblematic freemason s procession.\\nHow different is Jacob Behmen! he is tremu-\\nlous with emotion, and listens awe-struck, with\\nthe gentlest humanity, to the Teacher whose\\nlessons he conveys; and when he asserts that,\\nin some sort, love is greater than God, his\\nheart beats so high that the thumping against\\nhis leathern coat is audible across the centuries.\\nTis a great difference. Behmen is healthily\\nand beautifully wise, notwithstanding the mys-\\ntical narrowness and incommunicableness.\\nSwedenborg is disagreeably wise, and, with all\\nhis accumulated gifts, paralyzes and repels.\\nIt is the best sign of a great nature, that it\\nopens a foreground, and, like the breath of\\nmorning landscapes, invites us onward.\\nSwedenborg is retrospective, nor can we divest\\nhim of his mattock and shroud. Some minds\\nare forever restrained from descending into\\nnature; others are forever prevented from\\nascending out of it. With a force of many\\nmen, he could never break the umbilical cord\\nwhich held him to nature, and he did not rise\\nto the platform of pure genius.\\nIt is remarkable that this man, who, by his\\nperception of symbols, saw the poetic construe-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 127\\ntion of things, and the primary relation of mind\\nto matter, remained entirely devoid of the\\nwhole apparatus of poetic expression, which\\nthat perception creates. He knew the gram-\\nmar and rudiments of the Mother-Tongue,\\nhow could he not read off one strain into music?\\nWas he like Saadi, who, in his vision, designed\\nto fill his lap with the celestial flowers, as pres-\\nents for his friends; but the fragrance of the\\nroses so intoxicated him, that the skirt dropped\\nfrom his hands? or, is reporting a breach of\\nthe manners of that heavenly society? or, was\\nit that he saw the vision intellectually, and\\nhence that chiding of the intellectual that per-\\nvades his books? Be it as it may, his books\\nhave no melody, no emotion, no humor, no re-\\nlief to the dead prosaic level. In his profuse\\nand accurate imagery is no pleasure, for there\\nis no beauty. We wander forlorn in a lack-\\nlustre landscape. No bird ever sang in all\\nthese gardens of the dead. The entire want\\nof poetry in so transcendent a mind betokens\\nthe disease, and, like a hoarse voice in a beauti-\\nful person, is a kind of warning. I think,\\nsometimes, he will not be read longer. His\\ngreat name will turn a sentence. His books\\nhave become a monument. His laurels so\\nlargely mixed with cypress, a charnel-breath so\\nmingles with the temple incense, that boys\\nand maids will shun the spot.\\nYet, in this immolation of genius and fame\\nat the shrine of conscience, is a merit sublime\\nbeyond praise. He lived to purpose he gave\\na verdict. He elected goodness as the clue to", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwhich the soul must cling in all this labyrinth\\nof nature. Many opinions conflict as to the\\ntrue center. In the shipwreck, some cling to\\nrunning rigging, some to cask and barrel,\\nsome to spars, some to mast; the pilot chooses\\nwith science, I plant myself here; all will\\nsink before this; he comes to land who sails\\nwith me. Do not rely on heavenly favor, or\\non compassion to folly, or on prudence, on\\ncommon sense, the old usage and main chance\\nof men; nothing can keep you, not fate, nor\\nhealth, nor admirable intellect; none can keep\\nyou, but rectitude only, rectitude forever and\\never! and, with a tenacity that never swerved\\nin all his studies, inventions, dreams, he ad-\\nheres to this brave choice. I think of him as\\nof some transmigratory votary of Indian le-\\ngend, who says, Though I be dog, or jackal,\\nor pismire, in the last rudiments of nature, un-\\nder what integument or ferocity, I cleave to\\nright, as the sure ladder that leads up to man\\nand to God.\\nSwedenborg has rendered a double service\\nto mankind, which is now only beginning to\\nbe known. By the science of experiment and\\nuse, he made his first steps; he observed and\\npublished the laws of nature and, ascending\\nby just degrees, from events to their summits\\nand causes, he was fired with piety at the har-\\nmonies he felt, and abandoned himself to his\\njoy and worship. This was his first service.\\nIf the glory was too bright for his eyes to bear,\\nif he staggered under the trance of delight, the\\nmore excellent is the spectacle he saw, the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "re O", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 129\\nrealities of being which beam and blaze through\\nhim, and which no infirmities of the prophet\\nare suffered to obscure; and he renders a\\nsecond passive service to men, not less than\\nthe first, perhaps, in the great circle of being,\\nand in the retributions of spiritual nature, not\\nless glorious or less beautiful to himself.\\n9 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "MONTAIGNE: OR, THE SKEPTIC.\\n131", "height": "2880", "width": "1751", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "IV.\\nMONTAIGNE; OR, THE SKEPTIC.\\nEvery fact is related on one side to sensation\\nand, on the other, to morals. The game of\\nthought is, on the appearance of one of these\\ntwo sides, to find the other; given the upper,\\nto find the under side. Nothing so thin, but\\nhas these two faces; and, when the observer\\nhas seen the obverse, he turns it over to see\\nthe reverse.\\nLife is a pitching of this penny, heads or\\ntails. We never tire of this game, because\\nthere is still a slight shudder of astonishment\\nat the exhibition of the other face, at the con-\\ntrast of the two faces. A man is flushed with\\nsuccess, and bethinks himself what this good\\nluck signifies. He drives his bargain in the\\nstreet; but it occurs that he also is bought\\nand sold. He sees the beauty of a human face,\\nand searches the cause of that beauty, which\\nmust be more beautiful. He builds his for-\\ntunes, maintains the laws, cherishes his chil-\\ndren; but he asks himself, why? and whereto?\\nThis head and this tail are called, in the lan-\\nguage of philosophy. Infinite and Finite Rel-\\native and Absolute Apparent and Real and\\nmany fine names beside.\\n133", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nEach man is born with a predisposition to\\none or the other of these sides of nature and\\nit will easily happen that men will be found\\ndevoted to one or the other. One class has the\\nperception of difference, and is conversant with\\nfacts and surfaces cities and persons and the\\nbringing certain things to pass; the men of\\ntalent and action. Another class have the\\nperception of identity, and are men of faith\\nand philosophy, men of genius.\\nEach of these riders drives too fast. Plotinus\\nbelieves only in philosophers; Fenelon, in\\nsaints; Pindar and Byron, in poets. Read\\nthe haughty language in which Plato and the\\nPlatonists speak of all men who are not devoted\\nto their own shining abstractions: other men\\nare rats and mice. The literary class is usually\\nproud and exclusive. The correspondence of\\nPope and Swift describes mankind around\\nthem as monsters; and that of Goethe and\\nSchiller, in our own time, is scarcely more\\nkind.\\nIt is easy to see how this arrogance comes.\\nThe genius is a genius by the first look he\\ncasts on any object. Is his eye creative? Does\\nhe not rest in angles and colors, but beholds\\nthe design he will presently undervalue the\\nactual object. In powerful moments, his\\nthought has dissolved the works of art and\\nnature into their causes, so that the works\\nappear heavy and faulty. He has a concep-\\ntion of beauty which the sculptor cannot em-\\nbody. Picture, statue, temple, railroad, steam-\\nengine, existed first in an artist s mind, with-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 135\\nout flaw, mistake, or friction, which impair the\\nexecuted models. So did the church, the\\nstate, college, court, social circle, and all the\\ninstitutions. It is not strange that these m^en,\\nremembering what they have seen and hoped\\nof ideas, should affirm disdainfully the superi-\\nority of ideas. Having at some time seen that\\nthe happy soul will carry all the arts in power,\\nthey say. Why cumber ourselves with superflu-\\nous realizations? and, like dreaming beggars,\\nthey assume to speak and act as if these val-\\nues were already substantiated.\\nOn the other part, the men of toil and trade\\nand luxury, the animal world, including the\\nanimal in the philosopher and poet also, and\\nthe practical world, including the painful\\ndrudgeries which are never excused to philos-\\nopher or poet any more than to the rest,\\nweigh heavily on the other side. The trade in\\nour streets believes in no metaphysical causes,\\nthinks nothing of the force which necessitated\\ntraders and a trading planet to exist no, but\\nsticks to cotton, sugar, wool, and salt. The\\nward meetings, on election days, are not soft-\\nened by any misgivings of the value of these\\nballotings. Hot life is streaming in a single\\ndirection. To the men of this world, to the\\nanimal strength and spirits, to the men of prac-\\ntical power, whilst immersed in it, the man of\\nideas appears out of his reason. They alone\\nhave reason.\\nThings always bring their own philosophy\\nwith them, that is, prudence. No man acquires\\nproperty without acquiring with it a little", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\narithmetic, also. In England, the richest\\ncountry that ever existed, property stands for\\nmore, compared with personal ability, than in\\nany other. After dinner, a man believes less,\\ndenies more; verities have lost some charm.\\nAfter dinner, arithmetic is the only science;\\nideas are disturbing, incendiary, follies of\\nyoung men, repudiated by the solid portion of\\nsociety and a man comes to be valued by his\\nathletic and animal qualities. Spence relates,\\nthat Mr. Pope was with Sir Godfrey Kneller\\none day, when his nephew, a Guinea trader,\\ncame in. Nephew, said Sir Godfrey, you\\nhave the honor of seeing the two greatest men\\nin the world. I don t know how great men\\nyou may be, said the Guinea man, but I\\ndon t like your looks. I have often bought a\\nman much better than both of you, all muscles\\nand bones, for ten guineas. Thus, the men\\nof the senses revenge themselves on the pro-\\nfessors, and repay scorn for scorn. The first\\nhad leaped to conclusions not yet ripe, and say\\nmore than is true the others make themselves\\nmerry with the philosopher, and weigh man by\\nthe pound. They believe that mustard bites\\nthe tongue, that pepper is hot, friction-matches\\nare incendiary, revolvers to be avoided, and\\nsuspenders hold up pantaloons; that there is\\nmuch sentiment in a chest of tea and a man\\nwill be eloquent, if you give him good wine.\\nAre you tender and scrupulous, you must\\neat more mince-pie. They hold that Luther\\nhad milk in him when he said,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 137\\nWer nicht liebt Wein, Weib, und Gesang\\nDer bleibt ein Narr sein Leben lang;\\nand when he advised a young scholar perplexed\\nwith fore-ordination and free-will, to get well\\ndrunk. The nerves, says Cabanis, they\\nare the man. My neighbor, a jolly farmer,\\nin the tavern bar-room, thinks that the use of\\nmoney is sure and speedy spending. For his\\npart, he says, he puts his down his neck,\\nand gets the good of it.\\nThe inconvenience of this way of thinking\\nis, that it runs into indifferentism, and then\\ninto disgust. Life is eating us up. We shall\\nbe fables presently. Keep cool it will be all\\none a hundred years hence. Life s well\\nenough but we shall be glad to get out of it,\\nand they will all be glad to have us. Why\\nshould we fret and drudge? Our meat will\\ntaste to-morrow as it did yesterday, and we\\nmay at last have had enough of it. Ah, said\\nmy languid gentleman at Oxford, there s\\nnothing new or true, and no matter.\\nWith a little more bitterness, the cynic\\nmoans our life is like an ass led to market by\\na bundle of hay being carried before him he\\nsees nothing but the bundle of hay. There is\\nso much trouble in coming into the world,\\nsaid Lord Bolingbroke, and so much more, as\\nwell as meanness, in going out of it, that tis\\nhardly worth while to be here at all. I knew\\na philosopher of this kidney, who was accus-\\ntomed briefly to sum up his experience of hu-\\nman nature in saying, Mankind is a damned\\n10 Ropreeentutive Mon", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "138 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nrascal: and the natural corollary is pretty\\nsure to follow, The world lives by humbug,\\nand so will I.\\nThe abstractionist and the materialist thus\\nmutually exasperating each other, and the\\nscoffer expressing the worst of materialism,\\nthere arises a third party to occupy the middle\\nground between these two, the skeptic, namely.\\nHe finds both wrong by being in extremes.\\nHe labors to plant his feet, to be the beam of\\nthe balance. He will not go beyond his card.\\nHe sees the one-sidedness of these men of the\\nstreet; he will not be a Gibeonite; he stands\\nfor the intellectual faculties, a cool head, and\\nwhatever serves to keep it cool; no unadvised\\nindustry, no unrewarded self-devotion, no loss\\nof the brains in toil. Am I an ox, or a dray?\\nYou are both in extremes, he says. You\\nthat will have all solid, and a world of pig -lead,\\ndeceive yourselves grossly. You believe your-\\nselves rooted and grounded on adamant and,\\nyet, if we uncover the last facts of our knowl-\\nedge, you are spinning like bubbles in a river,\\nyou know not whither or whence, and you are\\nbottomed and capped and wrapped in delu-\\nsions.\\nNeither will he be betrayed to a book, and\\nwrapped in a gown. The studious class are\\ntheir own victims; they are thin and pale,\\ntheir feet are cold, their heads are hot, the\\nnight is without sleep, the day a fear of inter-\\nruption, pallor, squalor, hunger, and egotism.\\nIf you come near them, and see what conceits\\nthey entertain, they are abstractionists, and", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 139\\nSpend their days and nights in dreaming some\\ndreams; in expecting the homage of society to\\nsome precious scheme built on a truth, but\\ndestitute of proportion in its presentment, of\\njustness in its application, and of all energy of\\nwill in the schemer to embody and vitalize it.\\nBut I see plainly, he says, that I cannot see.\\nI know that human strength is not in extremes,\\nbut in avoiding extremes. I, at least, will\\nshun the weakness of philosophizing beyond\\nmy depth. What is the use of pretending to\\npowers we have not? What is the use of pre-\\ntending to assurances we have not, respecting\\nthe other life? Why exaggerate the power of\\nvirtue? Why be an angel before your time?\\nThese strings, wound up too high, will snap.\\nIf there is a wish for immortality, and no evi-\\ndence, why not say just that? If there are\\nconflicting evidences, why not state them? If\\nthere is not ground for a candid thinker to\\nmake up his mind, yea or nay, why not sus-\\npend the judgment? I weary of these dogma-\\ntizers. I tire of these hacks of routine, who\\ndeny the dogmas. I neither affirm nor deny.\\nI stand here to try the case. I am here to con-\\nsider, to consider how it is. I will try to\\nkeep the balance true. Of what use to take\\nthe chair, and glibly rattle off theories of soci-\\neties, religion, and nature, when I know that\\npractical objections lie in the way, insurmount-\\nable by me and by my mates? Why so talka-\\ntive in public, when each of my neighbors can\\npin me to my seat by arguments I cannot re-\\nfute? Why pretend that life is so simple a", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "140 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ngame, when we know how subtle and elusive\\nthe Proteus is? Why think to shut up all\\nthings in your narrow coop, when we know\\nthere are not one or two only, but ten, twenty,\\na thousand things, and unlike? Why fancy that\\nyou have all the truth in your keeping? There\\nis much to say on all sides.\\nW^ho shall forbid a wise skepticism, seeing\\nthat there is no practical question on which\\nanything more than an approximate solution\\ncan be had? Is not marriage an open question\\nwhen it is alleged, from the beginning of the\\nworld, that such as are in the institution wish\\nto get out, and such as are out wish to get in?\\nAnd the reply of Socrates, to him who asked\\nwhether he should choose a wife, still remains\\nreasonable, that, whether he should choose\\none or not, he would repent it. Is not the\\nstate a question? All society is divided in\\nopinion on the subject of the state. Nobody\\nloves it; great numbers dislike it, and suffer\\nconscientious scruples to allegiance: and the\\nonly defense set up, is, the fear of doing worse\\nin disorganizing. Is it otherwise with the\\nchurch? Or, to put any of the questions which\\ntouch mankind nearest, shall the j^oung man\\naim at a leading part in law, in politics, in\\ntrade? It will not be pretended that a success\\nin either of these kinds is quite coincident\\nwith what is best and inmost in his mind.\\nShall he, then, cutting the stays that hold him\\nfast to the social state, put out to sea with no\\nguidance but his genius? There is much to\\nsav on both sides. Remember the open ques-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 141\\ntion between the present order of competi-\\ntion, and the friends of attractive and asso-\\nciated labor. The generous minds embrace\\nthe proposition of labor shared by all; it is the\\nonly honesty nothing else is safe. It is from\\nthe poor man s hut alone, that strength and\\nvirtue come and yet, on the other side, it is\\nalleged that labor impairs the form, and\\nbreaks the spirit of man, and the laborers i^ry\\nunanimously, We have no thoughts. Cult-\\nure, how indispensable! I cannot forgive you\\nthe want of accomplishment and yet, culture\\nwill instantly destroy that chiefest beauty of\\nspontaneousness. Excellent is culture for a\\nsavage but once let him read in the book, and\\nhe is^ no longer able not to think of Plutarch s\\nheroes. In short, since true fortitude of un-\\nderstanding consists in not letting w^hat we\\nknow be embarrassed by what we do not\\nknow, we ought to secure those advantages\\nwhich we can command, and not risk them by\\nclutching after the airy and unattainable.\\nCome, no chimeras! Let us go abroad; let\\nus mix in affairs; let us learn, and get, and\\nhave, and climb. Men are a sort of moving;\\nplants, and, like trees, receive a great part of\\ntheir nourishment from the air. If they keep\\ntoo much at home, they pine. Let us have\\na robust, manly life; let us know what we\\nknow, for certain what we have, let it be solid,\\nand seasonable, and our own. A world in the\\nhand is worth two in the bush. Let us have\\nto do with real men and women, and not with\\nskipping ghosts.", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "142 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nThis, then, is the right ground of the skep-\\ntic, this of consideration, of self-containing;\\nnot at all of unbelief; not at all of universal\\ndenying, nor of universal doubting, doubting\\neven that he doubts; least of all, of scoffing\\nand profligate jeering at all that is stable and\\ngood. These are no more his moods than are\\nthose of religion and philosophy. He is the\\nconsiderer, the prudent, taking in sail, count-\\ning stock, husbanding his means, believing\\nthat a man has too many enemies, than that he\\ncan afford to be his own that we cannot give\\nourselves too many advantages, in this unequal\\nconflict, with powers so vast and unweariable\\nranged on one side, and this little, conceited,\\nvulnerable popinjay that a man is, bobbing up\\nand down into every danger, on the other. It\\nis a position taken up for better defense, as of\\nmore safety, and one that can be maintained\\nand it is one of more opportunity and range\\nas, when we build a house, the rule is, to set\\nit not too high nor too low, under the wind,\\nbut out of the dirt.\\nThe philosophy we want is one of fluxions\\nand mobility. The Spartan and Stoic schemes\\nare too stark and stiff for our occasion. A\\ntheory of Saint John, and of non-resistance,\\nseems, on the other hand, too thin and aerial.\\nWe want some coat woven of elastic steel, stout\\nas the first, and limber as the second. We\\nwant a ship in these billows we inhabit. An\\nangular, dogmatic house would be rent to chips\\nand splinters, in this storm of many elements.\\nNo, it must be tight, and fit to the form of", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 143\\nman, to live at all as a shell is the architect-\\nure of a house founded on the sea. The soul\\nof man must be the type of our scheme, just\\nas the body of man is the type after which a\\ndwellino^-house is built. Adaptiveness is the\\npeculiarity of human nature. We are golden\\naverages, volitant stabilities, compensated or\\nperiodic errors, houses founded on the sea. The\\nwise skeptic wishes to have a near view of the\\nbest game, and the chief players what is best in\\nthe planet art and nature, places and events,\\nbut mainl)^ men. Everything that is excellent\\nin mankind, a form of grace, an arm of iron,\\nlips of persuasion, a brain of resources, every\\none skilful to play and win, he will see and\\njudge.\\nThe terms of admission to this spectacle are,\\nthat he have a certain solid and intelligible\\nway of living of his own some method of an-\\nswering the inevitable needs of human life;\\nproof that he has played with skill and success;\\nthat he has evinced the temper, stoutness, and\\nthe range of qualities which, among his con-\\ntemporaries and countrymen, entitle him to\\nfellowship and trust. For, the secrets of life\\nare not shown except to sympathy and like-\\nness. Men do not confide themselves to boys,\\nor coxcombs, or pedants, but to their peers.\\nSome wise limitation, as the modern phrase\\nis; some condition between the extremes, and\\nhaving itself a positive quality some stark and\\nsufficient man, who is not salt or sugar, but\\nsufficiently related to the world to do justice\\nto Paris or London, and, at the same time, a", "height": "2890", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nvigorous and original thinker, whom cities can-\\nnot overawe, but who uses them, is the fit\\nperson to occupy this ground of speculation.\\nThese qualities meet in the character of\\nMontaigne. And yet, since the personal re-\\ngard which I entertain for Montaigne may be\\nunduly great, I will, under the shield of this\\nprince of egotists, offer, as an apology for elect-\\ning him as the representative of skepticism, a\\nword or two to explain how my love began and\\ngrew for this admirable gossip.\\nA single odd volume of Cotton s translation\\nof the Essays remained to me from my father s\\nlibrary, when a boy. It lay long neglected,\\nuntil, after many years, when I was newly\\nescaped from college, I read the book, and pro-\\ncured the remaining volumes. I remember\\nthe delight and wonder in which I lived with\\nit. It seemed to me as if I had myself written\\nthe book, in some former life, so sincerely it\\nspoke to my thought and experience. It hap-\\npened, when in Paris, in 1833, that, in the\\ncemetery of Pere le Chaise, I came to a\\ntomb of Augustus Collignon, who died in 1830,\\naged sixty-eight years, and who, said the mon-\\nument, lived to do right, and had formed\\nhimself to virtue on the Essays of Montaigne.\\nSome years later, I became acquainted with an\\naccomplished English poet, John Sterling;\\nand, in prosecuting my correspondence, I\\nfound that, from a love of Montaigne, he had\\nmade a pilgrimage to his chateau, still standing\\nnear Castellan, in Perigord, and, after two\\nhundred and fifty years, had copied from the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 145\\nwalls of his library the inscriptions which\\nMontaigne had written there. That Journal\\nof Mr. Sterling s, published in the Westmin-\\nster Review, Mr. Hazlitt has reprinted in the\\nProlegomenae to his edition of the Essays. I\\nheard with pleasure that one of the newly-dis-\\ncovered autographs of William Shakspeare was\\nin a copy of Florio s translation of Montaigne.\\nIt is the only book which we certainly know\\nto have been in the poet s library. And, oddly\\nenough, the duplicate copy of Florio, which\\nthe British Museum purchased, with a view of\\nprotecting the Shakspeare autograph (as I was\\ninformed in the Museum), turned out to have\\nthe autograph of Ben Jonson in the fly-leaf.\\nLeigh Hunt relates of Lord Byron, that Mon-\\ntaigne was the only great writer of past times\\nwhom he read with avowed satisfaction. Other\\ncoincidences, not needful to be mentioned here,\\nconcurred to make this old Gascon still new\\nand immortal for me.\\nIn 15 71, on the death of his father, Mon-\\ntaigne, then thirty-eight years old, retired from\\nthe practice of law, at Bordeaux, and settled\\nhimself on his estate. Though he had been a\\nman of pleasure, and sometimes a courtier, his\\nstudious habits now grew on him, and he loved\\nthe compass, staidness, and independence of\\nthe country gentleman s life. He took up his\\neconomy in good earnest, and made his farms\\nyield the most. Downright and plain-dealing,\\nand abhorring to be deceived or to deceive, he\\nwas esteemed in the country for his sense and\\nprobity. In the civil wars of the League,", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146 J.ZPP.ZSZirTATR-E MEN.\\nwhich izi i:Tiec. everv house i:i:o a ion. Mon-\\ntaigne hept his gates open, and hfs honse with-\\nont defense. All parties freelv came and\\nwent, his conrage and honor being universally\\nesteemed. The neighc-oring lords and gentry\\nhrc rht -e^e s snd nepers to him for safe-\\nV ns. in these bigoted\\n_-: _.:. .iberality in France.\\nHtnry IV. and Montaigne.\\n_ -:gne is the franhest and honestest of\\n1 rs. His French freedom rnns into\\ne has anticipated all censnres\\nhis own confessions. In his\\nitten to one sex only, and\\n:n in Latin: so that, in a\\ntrs, of a literature\\n.::es. do not allow.\\ni-:.nes5, coupled with\\nmay shnt his pages\\nis\\n^t\\n.g five\\nc.:^^ in\\nr^all Fiv- us\\nsays, as\\nE:: iy\\nr: in invmc-\\n:L 1 ;r 5 mind.\\nWbeni religionsly", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 147\\nconfess myself. I find that the best virtue I\\nhave has in it some tincture of ^-ice and I am\\nafraid that Plato, in his purest virtue (I. who\\nam as sincere and perfect a lover of \\\\-irtue of\\nthat stamp as any other whatever), if he had\\nlistened, and laid his ear close to himself,\\nwould have heard some jarring sound of human\\nmixture: but faint and remote, and only to be\\nperceived by himself.\\nHere is an impatience and fastidiousness at\\ncolor or pretense of any kind. He has been in\\ncourts so long as to have conceived a furious\\ndisgnst at appearances he will indulge himself\\nwith a little cursing and swearing; he will talk\\nwith sailors and g:}-psies. use flash and street\\nballads he has stayed indoors till he is deadly\\nsick; he will to the open air, though it rain\\nbullets. He has seen too much of gentlemen\\nof the long robe, until he wishes for cannibals\\nand is so nervous, by factitious life, that he\\nthinks, the more barbarous man is. the better\\nhe is. He likes his saddle. You may read\\ntheology, and grammar, and metaphysics else-\\nwhere. WTiatever you get here, shall smack\\nof the earth and of real life, sweet, or smart,\\nor stinging. He makes no hesitation to enter-\\ntain you with the records of his disease and\\nhis journey to Italy is quite full of that matter.\\nHe took and kept this position of equilibrium.\\nOver his name, he drew an emblematic pair of\\nscales, and wrote, 0:u SMS-jt-f under it.\\nAs I look at his eflig}- opposite the title-page,\\nI seem to hear him say, Yoii may play old\\nPoz, if you will you may rail and exaggerate,", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nI stand here for truth, and will not, for all\\nthe states, and churches, and revenues, and\\npersonal reputations of Europe, overstate the\\ndry fact, as I see it; I will rather mumble and\\nprose about what I certainly know, my house\\nand barns; my father, my wife, and my ten-\\nants my old lean bald pate my knives and\\nforks; what meats I eat, and what drinks I\\nprefer; and a hundred straws just as ridicu-\\nlous, than I will write, with a fine crow-quill,\\na fine romance. I like gray days, and autumn\\nand winter weather. I am gray and autumnal\\nmyself, and think an undress, and old shoes\\nthat do not pinch my feet, and old friends who\\ndo not constrain me, and plain topics where I\\ndo not need to strain myself and pump my\\nbrains, the most suitable. Our condition as\\nmen is risky and ticklish enough. One cannot\\nbe sure of himself and his fortune an hour, but\\nhe may be whisked off into some pitiable or\\nridiculous plight. Why should I vapor and\\nplay the philosopher, instead of ballasting, the\\nbest I can, this dancing balloon? So, at least,\\nI live within compass, keep myself ready for\\naction, and can shoot the gulf, at last, with\\ndecency. If there be anything farcical in such\\na life, the blame is not mine let it lie at fate s\\nand nature s door.\\nThe Essays, therefore, are an entertaining\\nsoliloquy on every random topic that comes\\ninto his head; treating everything without\\nceremony, yet with masculine sense. There\\nhave been men with deeper insight; but, one\\nwould say, never a man with such abundance", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE ME^N. 149\\nof thoughts; he is never dull, never insincere,\\nand has the genius to make the reader care for\\nall that he cares for.\\nThe sincerity and marrow of the man\\nreaches to his sentences. I know not any-\\nwhere the book that seems less written. It is\\nthe language of conversation transferred to a\\nbook. Cut these words, and they would bleed;\\nthey are vascular and alive. One has the same\\npleasure in it that we have in listening to the\\nnecessary speech of men about their work,\\nwhen any unusual circumstance give moment-\\nary importance to the dialogue. For black-\\nsmiths and teamsters do not trip in their\\nspeech; it is a shower of bullets. It is Cam-\\nbridge men who correct themselves, and begin\\nagain at every half-sentence, and, moreover,\\nwill pun, and refine too much, and swerve from\\nthe matter to the expression. Montaigne talks\\nwith shrewdness, knows the world, and books,\\nand himself, and uses the positive degree;\\nnever shrieks, or protests, or prays; no weak-\\nness, no convulsion, no superlative; does not\\nwish to jump out of his skin, or play any antics,\\nor annihilate space or time but is stout and\\nsolid; tastes every moment of the day; likes\\npain, because it makes him feel himself, and\\nrealize things as we pinch ourselves to know\\nthat we are awake. He keeps the plain he\\nrarely mounts or sinks; likes to feel solid\\nground, and the stones underneath. His writ-\\ning has no enthusiasms, no aspiration con-\\ntented, self-respecting, and keeping the middle\\nof the road. There is but one exception, in", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "150 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nhis love for Socrates. In speaking- of him, for\\nonce his cheek flushes, and his style rises to\\npassion.\\nMontaigne died of a quinsy, at the age of\\nsixty, in 1592. When he came to die, he caused\\nthe mass to be celebrated in his chamber. At\\nthe age of thirty-three, he had been married.\\nBut, he says, might I have had my own\\nwill, I would not have married Wisdom her-\\nself, if she would have had me; but tis to\\nmuch purpose to evade it, the common custom\\nand use of life will have it so. Most of my\\nactions are guided by example, not choice.\\nIn the hour of death he gave the same weight\\nto custom. Que sais-je What do I know.\\nThis book of Montaigne the world has en-\\ndorsed, by translating it into all tongues, and\\nprinting seventy-five editions of it in Europe\\nand that, too, a circulation somewhat chosen,\\nnamely, among courtiers, soldiers, princes,\\nmen of the world, and men of wit and gener-\\nosity.\\nShall we say that Montaigne has spoken\\nwisely, and given the right and permanent\\nexpression of the human mind, on the conduct\\nof life?\\nWe are natural believers. Truth, or the\\nconnection between cause and effect, alone in-\\nterests us. We are persuaded that a thread runs\\nthrough all things all worlds are strung on it,\\nas beads; and men, and events, and life, come\\nto us, only because of that thread; they pass\\nand repass, only that we may know the direc-\\ntion and continuity of that line. A book or", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 151\\nStatement which goes to show that there is no\\nline, but random and chaos, a calamity out of\\nnothing, a prosperity and no account of it, a\\nhero born from a fool, a fool from a hero, dis-\\npirits us. Seen or unseen, we believe the tie\\nexists. Talent makes counterfeit ties genius\\nfinds the real ones. We hearken to the man\\nof science, because we anticipate the sequence\\nin natural phenomena which he uncovers. We\\nlove whatever affirms, connects, preserves;\\nand dislike what scatters or pulls down. One\\nman appears whose nature is to all men s eyes\\nconserving and constructive his presence sup-\\nposes a well-ordered society, agriculture, trade,\\nlarge institutions, and empire. If these did\\nnot exist, they would begin to exist through\\nhis endeavors. Therefore, he cheers and com-\\nforts men, who feel all this in him very readily.\\nThe nonconformist and the rebel say all man-\\nner of unanswerable things against the exist-\\ning republic, but discover to our sense no plan\\nof house or state of their own. Therefore,\\nthough the town, and state, and way of living,\\nwhich our counselor contemplated, might be\\na very modest or musty prosperity, yet men\\nrightly go for him, and reject the reformer, so\\nlong as he comes only with axe and crowbar.\\nBut though we are natural conservers and\\ncausationists, and reject a sour, dumpish un-\\nbelief, the skeptical class, which Montaigne\\nrepresents, have reason, and every man, at\\nsome time, belongs to it. Every superior mind\\nwill pass through this domain of equilibration,\\nI should rather say, will know how to avail", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "152 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nhimself of the checks and balances in nature,\\nas a natural weapon against the exaggeration\\nand formalism of bigots and blockheads.\\nSkepticism is the attitude assumed by the\\nstudent in relation to the particulars which\\nsociety adores, but which he sees to be reverent\\nonly in their tendency and spirit. The ground\\noccupied by the skeptic is the vestibule of the\\ntemple. Society does not like to have any\\nbreath of question blown on the existing order.\\nBut the interrogation of custom at all points is\\nan inevitable stage in the growth of every\\nsuperior mind, and is the evidence of its per-\\nception of the flowing power which remains\\nitself in all changes.\\nThe superior mind will find itself equally at\\nodds with the evils of society, and with the\\nprojects that are offered to relieve them. The\\nwise skeptic is a bad citizen no conservative\\nhe sees the selfishness of property, and the\\ndrowsiness of institutions. But neither is he\\nfit to work with any democratic party that ever\\nwas constituted; for parties wish every one\\ncoip-mitted, and he penetrates the popular\\n--patriotism. His politics are those of the\\nSoul s Errand of Sir Walter Raleigh; or of\\nKrishna, in the Bhagavat, There is none who\\nis worthy of my love or hatred; while he\\nsentences law, physic, divinity, commerce, and\\ncustom. He is a reformer: yet he is no better\\nmember of the philanthropic association. It\\nturns out that he is not the champion of the\\noperative, the pauper, the prisoner, the slave.\\nIt stands in his mind, that our life in this", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 153\\nworld is not of quite so easy interpretation as\\nchurches and school-books say. He does not\\nwish to take ground against these benevo-\\nlences, to play the part of devil s attorney, and\\nblazon every doubt and sneer that darkens the\\nsun for him. But he says. There are doubts.\\nI mean to use the occasion, and celebrate the\\ncalendar-day of our Saint Michel de Montaigne,\\nby counting and describing these doubts or\\nnegations. I wish to ferret them out of their\\nholes, and sun them a little. We must do with\\nthem as the police do with old rogues, who are\\nshown up to the public at the marshal s office.\\nThey will never be so formidable, when once\\nthey have been identified and registered. But\\nI mean honestly by them that justice shall be\\ndone to their terrors. I shall not take Sunday\\nobjections, made up on purpose to be put\\ndown. I shall take the worst I can find,\\nwhether I can dispose of them, or they;of me.\\nI do not press the skepticism of the material-\\nist. I know the quadruped opinion will not\\nprevail. Tis of no importance what bats and\\noxen think. The first dangerous symptom I\\nreport is, the levity of intellect as if it were\\nfatal to earnestness to know much. Knowledge\\nis the knowing that we cannot know. The\\ndull pray; the geniuses are light mockers.\\nHow respectable is earnestness on every plat-\\nform! but intellect kills it. Nay, San Carlo,\\nmy subtle and admirable friend, one of the\\nmost penetrating of men, finds that all direct\\nascension, even of lofty piety, leads to this\\nghastly insight, and sends back the votary or-", "height": "2870", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nphaned. My astonishing San Carlo thought\\nthe lawgivers and saints infected. They found\\nthe ark empty saw, and would not tell and\\ntried to choke off their approaching followers,\\nby saying, Action, action, my dear fellows,\\nis for you! Bad as was to me this detection\\nby San Carlo, this frost in July, this blow from\\na brick, there was still a worse, namely, the\\ncloy or satiety of the saints. In the mount of\\nvision, ere they have yet risen from their\\nknees, they say, We discover that this our\\nhomage and beatitude is partial and deformed\\nwe must fly for relief to the suspected and re-\\nviled Intellect, to the Understanding, the\\nMephistopheles, to the gymnastics of latent.\\nThis is hobgoblin the first; and, though it\\nhas been the subject of much elegy, in our\\nnineteenth century, from Byron, Goethe, and\\nother poets of less fame, not to mention many\\ndistinguished private observers, I confess it\\nis not very affecting to my imagination for it\\nseems to concern the shattering of baby-houses\\nand crockery-shops. What flutters the church\\nof Rome, or of England, or of Geneva, or of\\nBoston, may yet be very far from touching any\\nprinciple of faith. I think that the intellect\\nand moral sentiment are unanimous; and that,\\nthough philosophy extirpates bugbears, yet it\\nsupplies the natural checks of vice, and polar-\\nity to the soul. I think that the wiser a man\\nis, the more stupendous he finds the natural and\\nmoral economy, and lifts himself to a more\\nabsolute reliance.\\nThere is the power of moods, each setting at", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 155\\nnought all but its own tissue of facts and be-\\nliefs. There is the power of complexions, ob-\\nviously modifying the dispositions and senti-\\nments. The beliefs and unbeliefs appear to be\\nstructural; and, as soon as each man attains\\nthe poise and vivacity which allow the whole\\nmachinery to play, he will not need extreme\\nexamples, but will rapidly alternate all opin-\\nions in his own life. Our life is March weather,\\nsavage and serene in one hour. We go forth\\naustere, dedicated, believing in the iron links\\nof Destiny, and will not turn on our heel to\\nsave our life but a book, or a bust, or only\\nthe sound of a name, shoots a spark through\\nthe nerves, and we suddenly believe in will:\\nmy finger-ring shall be the seal of Solomon\\nfate is for imbeciles all is possible to the re-\\nsolved mind. Presently, a new experience\\ngives a new turn to our thoughts: common\\nsense resumes its tyranny: we say, Well, the\\narmy, after all, is the gate to fame, manners,\\nand poetry: and, look you, on the whole,\\nselfishness plants best, prunes best, makes the\\nbest commerce, and the best citizen. Are\\nthe opinions of a man on right and wrong, on\\nfate and causation, at the mercy of a broken\\nsleep or an indigestion? Is his belief in God\\nand Duty no deeper than a stomach evidence?\\nAnd what guaranty for the permanence of his\\nopinions? I like not the French celerity, a\\nnew church and state once a week. This is the\\nsecond negation; and I shall let it pass for\\nwhat it will. As far as it asserts rotation of\\nstates of mind, I suppose it suggests its own", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "156 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nremedy, namely, in the record of larger peri-\\nods. What is the mean of many states of all\\nthe states? Does the general voice of ages\\naffirm any principle, or is no community of\\nsentiment discoverable in distant times and\\nplaces? And when it shows the power of self-\\ninterest, I accept that as a part of the divine\\nlaw, and must reconcile it with aspiration the\\nbest I can.\\nThe word Fate, or Destiny, expresses the\\nsense of mankind, in all ages, that the laws\\nof the world do not always befriend, but often\\nhurt and crush us. Fate, in the shape of\\nKinde or nature, grows over us like grass.\\nWe paint Time with a scythe Love and For-\\ntune, blind and Destiny, deaf. We have too\\nlittle power of resistance against this ferocity\\nwhich champs us up. What front can we make\\nagainst these unavoidable, victorious, malefi-\\ncent forces? What can I do against the influ-\\nence of Race, in my history? What can I do\\nagainst hereditary and constitutional habits,\\nagainst scrofula, lymph, impotence? against\\nclimate, against barbarism, in my country? I\\ncan reason down or deny everything, except\\nthis perpetual Belly; feed he must and will,\\nand I cannot make him respectable.\\nBut the main resistance which the affirmative\\nimpulse finds, and one including all others, is\\nin the doctrine of the Illusionists. There is a\\npainful rumor in circulation, that we have been\\npracticed upon in all the principal perform-\\nances of life, and free agency is the emptiest\\nname. We have been sopped and drugged", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 157\\nwith the air, with food, with woman, with chil-\\ndren, with sciences, with events which leave\\nlis exactly where they found us. The math-\\nematics, tis complained, leave the mind where\\nthey find it: so do all sciences; and so do all\\nevents and actions. I find a man who has\\npassed through all the sciences, the churl he\\nwas; and, through all the offices, learned, civil,\\nand social, can detect the child. We are not\\nthe less necessitated to dedicate life to them.\\nIn fact, we may come to accept it as the fixed\\nrule and theory of our state of education, that\\nGod is a substance, and his method is illusion.\\nThe eastern sages owned the goddess Yogani-\\ndra, the great illusory energy of Vishnu, by\\nwhom, as utter ignorance, the whole world is\\nbeguiled.\\nOr, shall I state it thus? The astonishment\\nof life, is, the absence of any appearance of\\nreconciliation between the theory and practice\\nof life. Reason, the prized reality, the Law,\\nis apprehended, now and then, for a serene and\\nprofound moment, amidst the hubbub of cares\\nand works which have no direct bearing on it;\\nis then lost, for months or years, and again\\nfound, for an interval, to be lost again. If we\\ncompute it in time, we may, in fifty years,\\nhave half a dozen reasonable hours. But what\\nare these cares and works the better? A\\nmethod in the world we do not see, but this\\nparallelism of great and little, which never\\nreact on each other, nor discover the smallest\\ntendency to converge. Experiences, fortunes,\\ngovernings, readings, writings are nothing to", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nthe purpose as when a man comes into the\\nroom, it does not appear whether he has been\\nfed on yams or buffalo, he has contrived to\\nget so much bone and fibre as he wants, out of\\nrice or out of snow. So vast is the dispropor-\\ntion between the sky of law and the pismire of\\nperformance under it, that, whether he is a\\nman of worth or a sot, is not so great a matter\\nas we say. Shall I add, as one juggle of this\\nenchantment, the stunning non-intercourse law\\nwhich makes cooperation impossible? The\\nyoung spirit pants to enter society. But all\\nthe ways of culture and greatness lead to\\nsolitary imprisonment. He has been often\\nbaulked. He did not expect a sympathy with\\nhis thought from the village, but he went with\\nit to the chosen and intelligent, and found no\\nentertainment for it, but mere misapprehen-\\nsion, distaste, and scoffing. Men are strangely\\nmistimed and misapplied; and the excellence\\nof each is an inflamed individualism which sep-\\narates him more.\\nThere are these, and more than these dis-\\neases of thought, which our ordinary teachers\\ndo not attempt to remove. Now shall we, be-\\ncause a good nature inclines us to virtue s side,\\nsay. There are no doubts, and lie for the\\nright? Is life to be led in a brave or in a cow-\\nardly manner? and is not the satisfaction of the\\ndoubts essential to all manliness? Is the name\\nof virtue to be a barrier to that which is vir-\\ntue? Can you not believe that a man of ear-\\nnest and burly habit may find small good in\\ntea, essays, and catechism, and want a rougher", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 159\\ninstruction, want men, labor, trade, farming,\\nwar, hunger, plenty, love, hatred, doubt, and\\nterror, to make things plain to him and has\\nhe not a right to insist on being convinced in\\nhis own way? When he is convinced, he will\\nbe worth the pains.\\nBelief consists in accepting the affirmations\\nof the soul unbelief in denying them. Some\\nminds are incapable of skepticism. The doubts\\nthey profess to entertain are rather a civility or\\naccommodation to the common discourse of\\ntheir company. They may well give them-\\nselves leave to speculate, for they are secure of\\na return. Once admitted to the heaven of\\nthought, they see no relapse into night, but\\ninfinite invitation on the other side. Heaven\\nis within heaven, and sky over sky, and they\\nare encompassed with divinities. Others there\\nare, to whom the heaven is brass, and it shuts\\ndown to the surface of the earth. It is a ques-\\ntion of temperament, or of more or less immer-\\nsion in nature. The last class must needs have\\na reflex or parasite faith not a sight of reali-\\nties, but an instinctive reliance on the seers\\nand believers of realities. The manners and\\nthoughts of believers astonish them, and con-\\nvince them that these have seen something\\nwhich is hid from themselves. But their sen-\\nsual habit would fix the believer to his last\\nposition, whilst he as inevitably advances and\\npresently the unbeliever, for love of belief,\\nburns the believer.\\nGreat believers are always reckoned infidels,\\nimpracticable, fantastic, atheistic, and really", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "160 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nmen of no account. The spiritualist finds him-\\nself driven to express his faith by a series of\\nskepticisms. Charitable souls come with their\\nprojects, and ask his cooperation. How can\\nhe hesitate? It is the rule of mere comity and\\ncourtesy to agree where you can, and to turn\\nyour sentence with something auspicious, and\\nnot freezing and sinister. But he is forced to\\nsay, 0, these things will be as they must be:\\nwhat can you do? These particular griefs and\\ncrimes are the foliage and fruit of such trees\\nas we see growing. It is vain to complain of\\nthe leaf or the berry: cut it off; it will bear\\nanother just as bad. You must begin your\\ncure lower down. The generosities of the\\nday prove an intractable element for him.\\nThe people s questions are not his; their meth-\\nods are not his; and, against all the dictates of\\ngood nature, he is driven to say, he has no\\npleasure in them.\\nEven the doctrines dear to the hope of man,\\nof the divine Providence, and of the immor-\\ntality of the soul, his neighbors cannot put the\\nstatement so that he shall affirm it. But he\\ndenies out of more faith, and not less. He\\ndenies out of honesty. He had rather stand\\ncharged with the imbecility of skepticism, than\\nwith untruth. I believe, he says, in the moral\\ndesign of the universe it exists hospitably for\\nthe weal of the souls; but your dogmas seem\\nto me caricatures; why should I make believe\\nthem? Will any say, this is cold and infidel?\\nThe wise and magnanimous will not say so.\\nThey will exult in his far-sighted good-will,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 161\\nthat can abandon to the adversary all the\\nground of tradition and common belief, with-\\nout losing a jot of strength. It sees to the end\\nof, all transgression. George Fox saw that\\nthere was an ocean of darkness and death but\\nwithal, an infinite ocean of light and love\\nwhich flowed over that of darkness.\\nThe final solution in which skepticism is lost\\nis in the moral sentiment, which never forfeits\\nits supremacy. All moods may be safely tried,\\nand their weight allowed to all objections: the\\nm-oral sentiment as easily outweighs them all,\\nas any one. This is the drop which balances\\nthe sea. I play with the miscellany of facts,\\nand take those superficial views which we call\\nskepticism but I know that they will presently\\nappear to me in that order which makes skep-\\nticism impossible. A man of thought must feel\\nthe thought that is parent of the universe, that\\nthe masses of nature do undulate and flow.\\nThis faith avails to the whole emergency of\\nlife and objects. The world is saturated with\\ndeity and with law. He is content with just\\nand unjust, with sots and fools, with the tri-\\numph of folly and fraud. He can behold with\\nserenity the yawning gulf between the ambi-\\ntion of man and his power of performance, be-\\ntween the demand and supply of power, which\\nmakes the tragedy of all souls.\\nCharles Fourier announced that the attrac-\\ntions of man are proportioned to his destinies;\\nin other words, that every desire predicts its\\nown satisfaction. Yet, all experience exhibits\\nthe reverse of this; the incompetency of power\\n11 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "162 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nis the universal grief of young and ardent\\nminds. They accuse the divine Providence of\\na certain parsimony. It has shown the heaven\\nand earth to every child, and filled him with a\\ndesire for the whole; a desire raging, infinite;\\na hunger, as of space to be filled with plan-\\nets; a cry of famine, as of devils for souls.\\nThen for the satisfaction, to each man is ad-\\nministered a single drop, a bead of dew of vital\\npower per day, a cup as large as space, and\\none drop of the water of life in it. Each man\\nwoke in the morning, with an appetite that\\ncould eat the solar system like a cake; a spirit\\nfor action and passion without bounds; he\\ncould lay his hand on the morning star he\\ncould try conclusions with gravitation or chem-\\nistry but, on the first motion to prove his\\nstrength hands, feet, senses, gave way, and\\nwould not serve him. He was an emperor\\ndeserted by his states, and left to whistle by\\nhimself, or thrust into a mob of emperors, all\\nwhistling: and still the sirens sang, The\\nattractions are proportioned to the destinies.\\nIn every house, in the heart of each maiden,\\nand of each boy, in the soul of the soaring saint,\\nthis chasm is found, between the largest\\npromise of ideal power, and the shabby expe-\\nrience.\\nThe expansive nature of truth comes to our\\nsuccor, elastic, not to be surrounded. Man\\nhelps himself by larger generalizations. The\\nlesson of life is practically to generalize to\\nbelieve what the years and the centuries say\\nagainst the hours to resist the usurpation of", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 163\\nparticulars to penetrate to their catholic sense.\\nThings seem to say one thing, and say the re-\\nverse. The appearance is immoral; the result\\nis moral. Things seem to tend downward, to\\njustify despondency, to promote rogues, to\\ndefeat the just and, by knaves, as by martyrs,\\nthe just cause is carried forward. Although\\nknaves win in every political struggle, although\\nsociety seems to be delivered over from the\\nhands of one set of criminals into the hands of\\nanother set of criminals, as fast as the govern-\\nment is changed, and the march of civilization\\nis a train of felonies, yet, general ends are\\nsomehow answered. We see, now, events\\nforced on, which seem to retard or retrograde\\nthe civility of ages. But the world-spirit is\\na good swimmer, and storms and waves can-\\nnot drown him. He snaps his finger at laws;\\nand so, throughout history, heaven seems to\\naffect low and poor means. Through the\\nyears and the centuries, through evil agents,\\nthrough toys and atoms, a great and beneficent\\ntendency irresistibly streams.\\nLet a man learn to look for the permanent\\nin the mutable and fleeting; let him learn to\\nbear the disappearance of things he was wont\\nto reverence, without losing his reverence let\\nhim learn that he is here, not to work, but to\\nbe worked upon and that, though abyss open\\nunder abyss, and opinion displace opinion, all\\nare at last contained in the Eternal cause.\\n*Tf my bark sink, tis to another sea.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "SHAKSPEARE; OR, THE POET.\\n165", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "V.\\nSHAKSPEARE; OR, THE POET.\\nGreat men are more distinguished by range\\nand extent than by originality. If we require\\nthe originality which consists in weaving, like\\na spider, their web from their own bowels;\\nin finding clay, and making bricks and build-\\ning the house, no great men are original. Nor\\ndoes valuable originality consist in unlikeness\\nto other men. The hero is in the press of\\nknights, and the thick of events; and, seeing\\nwhat men want, and sharing their desire, he\\nadds the needful length of sight and of arm, to\\ncome at the desired point. The greatest\\ngenius is the most indebted man. A poet is no\\nrattlebrain, saving what comes uppermost,\\nand, because he says everything, saying, at\\nlast, something good; but a heart in unison\\nwith his time and country. There is nothing\\nwhimsical and fantastic in his production, but\\nsweet and sad earnest, freighted with the\\nweightiest convictions, and pointed with the\\nmosl determined aim which any man or class\\nknov/s of in his times.\\nThe Genius of our life is jealous of individu-\\nals, and will not have any individual great,\\nexcept through the general. There is no\\n167", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "168 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nchoice to genius. A great man does not wake\\nup on some fine morning, and say, I am full\\nof life, I will go to sea, and find an Antarctic\\ncontinent: to-day I will square the circle: I\\nwill ransack botany, and find a new food for\\nman I have a new architecture in my mind\\nI foresee a new mechanic power; no, but he\\nfinds himself in the river of the thoughts and\\nevents, forced onward by the ideas and necessi-\\nties of his contemporaries. He stands where all\\nthe eyes of men look one way, and their hands\\nall point in the direction in which he should\\ngo. The church has reared him amidst rites\\nand pomps, and he carries out the advice which\\nher music gave him, and builds a cathedral\\nneeded by her chants and processions. He\\nfinds a war raging it educates him by trum-\\npet, in barracks, and he betters the instruction.\\nHe finds two counties groping to bring coal,\\nor flour, or fish, from the place of production\\nto the place of consumption, and he hits on a\\nrailroad. Every master has found his mate-\\nrials collected, and his power lay in his sympa-\\nthy with his people, and in his love of the\\nmaterials he wrought in. What an economy\\nof power! and what a compensation for the\\nshortness of life All is done to his hand.\\nThe world has brought him thus far on his way.\\nThe human race has gone out before him,\\nsunk the hills, filled the hollows, and bridged\\nthe rivers. Men, nations, poets, artisans,\\nwomen, all have worked for him, and he en-\\nters into their labors. Choose any other thing,\\nout of the line of tendency, out of the national", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 1C9\\nfeeling and history, and he would have all to\\ndo for himself his powers would be expended\\nin the first preparations. Great genial power,\\none would almost say, consists in not being\\noriginal at all in being altogether receptive\\nin letting the world do all, and suffering the\\nspirit of the hour to pass unobstructed through\\nthe mind.\\nShakspeare s youth fell in a time when the\\nEnglish people were importunate for dramatic\\nentertainments. The court took offence easily\\nat political allusions, and attempted to suppress\\nthem. The Puritans, a growing and energetic\\nparty, and the religious among the Anglican\\nchurch, would suppress them. But the people\\nwanted them. Inn- yards, houses without\\nroofs, and extemporaneous enclosures at\\ncountry fairs, were the ready theatres of stroll-\\ning players. The people had tasted this new\\njoy; and, as we could not hope to suppress\\nnewspapers now, no, not by the strongest\\nparty, neither then could king, prelate, or\\npuritan, alone or united, suppress an organ,\\nwhich was ballad, epic, newspaper, caucus,\\nlecture, punch, and library, at the same time.\\nProbably king, prelate and puritan, all found\\ntheir own account in it. It had become, by all\\ncauses, a national interest, by no means con-\\nspicuous, so that some great scholar would\\nhave thought of treating it in an English his-\\ntory, but not a whit less considerable, be-\\ncause it was cheap, and of no account, like a\\nbaker s-shop. The best proof of its vitality is\\nthe crowd of writers which suddenly broke into\\n12 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "170 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nthis field; Kyd, Marlow, Greene, Jonson,\\nChapman, Dekker, Webster, Heywood, Middle-\\nton, Peele, Ford, Massinger, Beaumont, and\\nFletcher.\\nThe secure possession, by the stage, of the\\npublic mind, is of the first importance to the\\npoet who works for it. He loses no time in\\nidle experiments. Here is audience and ex-\\npectation prepared. In the case of Shak-\\nspeare there is much more. At the time when\\nhe left Stratford, and went up to London, a\\ngreaty body of stage-plays, of all dates and\\nwriters, existed in manuscript, and were in turn\\nproduced on the boards. Here is the Tale of\\nTroy, which the audience will bear hearing\\nsome part of every week; the Death of Julius\\nCaesar, and other stories out of Plutarch, which\\nthey never tire of; a shelf full of English his-\\ntory, from the chronicles of Brut and Arthur,\\ndown to the royal Henries, which men hear\\neagerly; and a string of doleful tragedies,\\nmerry Italian tales, and Spanish voyages,\\nwhich all the London prentices know. AH the\\nmass has been treated, with more or less skill,\\nby every playwright, and the prompter has the\\nsoiled and tattered manuscripts. It is now no\\nlonger possible to say who wrote them first.\\nThey have been the property of the Theatre so\\nlong, and so many rising geniuses have en-\\nlarged or altered them, inserting a speech, or\\na whole scene, or adding a song, that no man\\ncan any longer claim copyright on this work of\\nnumbers. Happily, no man wishes to. They\\nare not yet desired in that way. We have few", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 171\\nreaders, many spectators and hearers. They\\nhad best lie where they are.\\nShakspeare, in common with his comrades,\\nesteemed the mass of old plays, w^aste stock,\\nin which any experiment could be freely tried.\\nHad the prestige which hedges about a modern\\ntragedy existed, nothing could have been done.\\nThe rude warm blood of the living England\\ncirculated in the play, as in street-ballads, and\\ngave body which he v\\\\-anted to his airy and\\nmajestic fancy. The poet needs a ground in\\npopular tradition on v;hich he may work, and\\nwhich, again, may restrain his art within the\\ndue temperance. It holds him to the people,\\nsupplies a foundation for his edifice; and, in\\nfurnishing so much work done to his hand,\\nleaves him at leisure, and in full strength for\\nthe audacities of his imagination. In short,\\nthe poet owes to his legend what sculpture\\nowed to the temple. Sculpture in Egypt, and\\nin Greece, grew up in subordination to archi-\\ntecture. It was the ornament of the temple\\nwall: at first, a rude relief carved on pediments,\\nthen the relief became bolder, and a head or\\narm was projected from the wall, the groups\\nbeing still arrayed with reference to the build-\\ning, which serves also as a frame to hold the\\nfigures; and when, at last, the greatest free-\\ndom of style and treatment was reached, the\\nprevailing genius of architecture still enforced\\na certain calmness and continence in the statue.\\nAs soon as the statue was begun for itself, and\\nwith no reference to the temple or palace, the\\nart began to decline freak, extravagance, and", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nexhibition, took the place of the old temper-\\nance. This balance-wheel, which the sculptor\\nfound in architecture, the perilous irritabilit}^\\nof poetic talent found in the accumulated dra-\\nmatic materials to which the people were\\nalready wonted, and which had a certain excel-\\nlence which no single genius, however extra-\\nordinary, could hope to create.\\nIn point of fact, it appears that Shakspeare\\ndid owe debts in all directions, and was able to\\nuse whatever he found; and the amount of\\nindebtedness may be inferred from Malone s\\nlaborious computations in regard to the First,\\nSecond, and Third parts of Henry VI., in\\nwhich, out of 6043 lines, 17 71 were written\\nby some author preceding Shakspeare; 2373 by\\nhim, on the foundation laid by his predeces-\\nsors; and 1899 were entirely his own. And\\nthe preceding investigation hardly leaves a\\nsingle drama of his absolute invention.\\nMalone s sentence is an important piece of\\nexternal history. In Henry VIII., I think I\\nsee plainly the cropping out of the original rock\\non which his own finer stratum was laid. The\\nfirst play was written by a superior, thoughtful\\nman, with a vicious ear. I can mark his lines,\\nand know well their cadence. See Wolsey s\\nsoliloquy, and the following scene with Crom-\\nwell, where, instead of the metre of Shaks-\\npeare, whose secret is, that the thought con-\\nstructs the tune, so that reading for the sense\\nwill best bring out the rhythm, here the lines\\nare constructed on a given tune, and the verse\\nhas even a trace of pulpit eloquence. But the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 113\\nplay contains, through all its length, numis-\\ntakable traits of Shakspeare s hand, and some\\npassages, as the account of the coronation^ are\\nlike autographs. What is odd, the compliment\\nto Queen Elizabeth is in the bad rhythm.\\nShakspeare knew that tradition supplies a\\nbetter fable that any invention can. If he lost\\nany credit of design, he augmented his re-\\nsources; and, at that day our petulant demand\\nfor originality was not so much pressed. There\\nwas no literature for the million. The uni-\\nversal reading, the cheap press, were unknown.\\nA great poet, who appears in illiterate times,\\nabsorbs into his sphere all the light which is\\nanywhere radiating. Every intellectual jevizel,\\nevery flower of sentiment, it is his fine office\\nto bring to his people and he comes to value\\nhis memory equally with his invention. He is\\ntherefore little solicitous whence his thoughts\\nhave been derived whether through transla-\\ntion, whether through tradition, whether by\\ntravel in distant countries, whether by inspira-\\ntion; from whatever source, they are equally\\nwelcome to his uncritical audience. Nay, he\\nborrows very near home. Other men say wise\\nthings as well as he; only they say a good\\nmany foolish things, and do not know when\\nthey have spoken wisely. He knows the\\nsparkle of the true stone, and puts it in high\\nplace, wherever he finds it. Such is the\\nhappy position of Homer, perhaps of Chaucer,,\\nof Saadi. They felt that all wit was their wit.\\nAnd they are librarians and historiographers,\\nas well as poets. Each romancer was heir and", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ndispenser of all the hundred tales of the\\nworld,\\nPresenting Thebes and Pelops* line\\nAnd the tale of Troy divine.\\nThe influence of Chaucer is conspicuous in all\\nour early literature; and, more recently, not\\nonly Pope and Dryden have been beholden to\\nhim, but, in the whole society of English\\nwriters, a large unacknowledged debt is easily\\ntraced. One is charmed with the opulence\\nwhich feeds so many pensioners. But Chaucer\\nrs a huge borrower. Chaucer, it seems, drew\\nContinually, through Lydgate and Caxton,\\nfrom Guido di Colonna, whose Latin romance\\nof the Trojan war was in turn a compilation\\nfrom Dares Phrygius, Ovid, and Statins.\\nThen Petrarch, Boccaccio, and the Provencal\\npoets, are his benefactors: the Romaunt of the\\nRose is only judicious translation from William\\nof Lorris and John of Meun Troilus and Cre-\\nseide, from Lollius of Urbino: The Cock and\\nthe Fox, from the Lais of Marie: The House\\nof Fame, from the French or Italian: and poor\\nGower he uses as if he were only a brick-kiln\\nor stone- quarry out of which to build his house.\\nHe steals by this apology, that what he takes\\nhas no worth where he finds it, and the great-\\nest where he leaves it. It has come to be prac-\\ntically a sort of rule in literature, that a man,\\nhaving once shown himself capable of original\\nwriting, is entitled thenceforth to steal from\\nthe writings of others at discretion. Thought\\nis the property of him w^ho can entertain it;", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 175\\nand of him who can adequately place it A\\ncertain awkwardness marks the use of bor-\\nrowed thoughts; but, as soon as we have\\nlearned what to do with them, they become\\nour own.\\nThus, all originality is relative. Every\\nthinker is retrospective. The learned member\\nof the legislature, at Westminster, or at Wash-\\nington, speaks and votes for thousands. Show\\nus the constituency, and the now invisible\\nchannels by which the senator is made aware\\nof their wishes, the crowd of practical and\\nknowing men, who, by correspondence or con-\\nversation, are feeding him with evidence, anec-\\ndotes, and estimates, and it will bereave his\\nfine attitude and resistance of something of\\ntheir impressiveness. As Sir Robert Peel and\\nMr. Webster vote, so Locke and Rousseau\\nthink for thousands and so there were foun-\\ntains all around Homer, Menu, Saadi, or Mil-\\nton, from v/hich they drew; friends, lovers,\\nbooks, traditions, proverbs, all perished,\\nwhich, if seen, would go to reduce the wonder.\\nDid the bard speak with authority? Did he\\nfeel himself overmatched by any companion?\\nThe appeal is to the consciousness of the\\nwriter. Is there at last in his breast a Delhi\\nwhereof to ask; concerning any thought or thing,\\nwhether it be verily so, yea or nay? and to\\nhave answer, and to rely on that? All the debt\\nwhich such a man could contract to other wit,\\nwould never disturb his consciousness of origi-\\nnality: for the ministrations of books, and of", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "176 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nOther minds, are a whiff of smoke to that most\\nprivate reality with which he has conversed.\\nIt is easy to see that what is best written or\\ndone by genius, in the world, was no man s\\nwork, but came by wide social labor, when a\\nthousand wrought like one, sharing the same\\nimpulse. Our English Bible is a wonderful\\nspecimen of the strength and music of the Eng-\\nlish language. But it was not made by one\\nman, or at one time; but centuries and\\nchurches brought it to perfection. There\\nnever was a time when there was not some\\ntranslation existing. The Liturgy, admired\\nfor its energy and pathos, is an anthology of\\nthe piety of ages and nations, a translation of\\nthe prayers and forms of the Catholic church,\\nthese collected, too, in long periods, from\\nthe prayers and meditations of every saint and\\nsacred writer, all over the world. Grotius\\nmakes the like remark in respect to the Lord s\\nPrayer, that the single clauses of which it is\\ncomposed were already in use, in the time of\\nChrist, in the rabbinical forms. He picked\\nout the grains of gold. The nervous language\\nof the Common Law, the impressive forms of\\nour courts, and the precision and substantial\\ntruth of the legal distinctions, are the contri-\\nbution of all the sharp-sighted, strong-minded\\nmen who have lived in the countries where\\nthese laws govern. The translation of Plutarch\\ngets its excellence by being translation on\\ntranslation. There never was a time when there\\nwas none. All the truly diomatic and national\\nphrases are kept, and all others successively", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 177\\npicked out and thrown away. Something like\\nthe same process had gone on, long before,\\nwith the originals of these books. The world\\ntakes liberties with world-books. Vedas,\\n^sop s Fables, Pilpay, Arabian Nights, Cid,\\nIliad, Robin Hood, Scottish Minstrelsy, are not\\nthe work of single men. In the composition\\nof such works, the time thinks, the market\\nthinks, the mason, the carpenter, the merchant,\\nthe farmer, the fop, all think for us. Every\\nbook supplies its time with one good word\\nevery municipal law, every trade, every folly\\nof the day, and the generic catholic genius who\\nis not afraid or ashamed to owe his originality\\nto the originality of all, stands with the next\\nage as the recorder and embodiment of his\\nown.\\nWe have to thank the researches of antiqua-\\nries, and the Shakspeare Society, for ascer-\\ntaining the steps of the English drama, from\\nthe Mj^steries celebrated in churches and by\\nchurchmen, and the final detachment from the\\nchurch, and the completion of secular plays,\\nfrom Ferrex and Porrex, and Gammer Gur-\\nton s Needle, down to the possession of the\\nstage by the very pieces which Shakspeare\\naltered, remodelled, and finally made his own.\\nElated with success, and piqued by the grow-\\ning interest of the problem, they have left no\\nbook- stall unsearched, no chest in a garret un-\\nopened, no file of old yellow accounts to decom-\\npose in damp and worms, so keen was the\\nhope to discover whether the boy Shakspeare\\npoached or not, whether he held horses at the", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "178 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ntheater door, whether he kept school, and why-\\nhe left in his will only his second-best bed to\\nAnn Hathaway, his wife.\\nThere is somewhat touching in the madness\\nwith which the passing age mischooses the\\nobject on which all candles shine, and all eyes\\nare turned; the care with which it registers\\nevery trifle touching Queen Elizabeth, and\\nKing James, and the Essexes, Leicesters,\\nBurleighs, and Buckinghams; and let pass\\nwithout a single valuable note the founder of\\nanother dynasty, which alone will cause the\\nTudor dynasty to be remembered, the man\\nwho carries the Saxon race in him by the in-\\nspiration which feeds him, and on whose\\nthoughts the foremost people of the world are\\nnow for some ages to be nourished, and minds\\nto receive this and not another bias. A popu-\\nlar player, nobody suspected he was the poet\\nof the human race and the secret was kept as\\nfaithfully from poets and intellectual men, as\\nfrom courtiers and frivolous people. Bacon,\\nwho took the inventory of the human under-\\nstanding for his times, never mentioned his\\nname. Ben Jonson, though we have strained\\nhis few words of regard and panegyric, had no\\nsuspicion of the elastic fame whose first vibra-\\ntions he was attempting. He no doubt thought\\nthe praise he has conceded to him generous,\\nand esteemed himself, out of all question, the\\nbetter poet of the two.\\nIf it need wit to know wit, according to the\\nproverb, Shakspeare s time should be capable\\nof recognizing it. Sir Henry Wotton was born", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "REPPvESENTATlVE MEN. 179\\nfour years after Shakspeare, and died twenty-\\nthree years after him; and I find among- his\\ncorrespondents and acquaintances, the follow-\\ning persons: Theodore Beza, Isaac Casaubon,\\nSir Philip Sidney, Earl of Essex, Lord Bacon,\\nSir Walter Rale igh, John Milton, Sir Henry\\nVane, Isaac Walton, Dr. Donne, Abraham\\nCowley, Bellarmine, Charles Cotton, John\\nPym, John Hales, Kepler, Yieta, Albericus\\nGentilis, Paul Sarpi, Ariminius; with all of\\nwhom exist some token of his having communi-\\ncated, without enumerating many others, whom\\ndoubtless he saw, Shakspeare, Spenser, Jon-\\nson, Beaumont, Massinger, two Herberts,\\nMarlow, Chapman, and the rest. Since the\\nconstellation of great men w^ho appeared in\\nGreece in the time of Pericles, there was never\\nany such society yet their genius failed them\\nto find out the best head in the universe. Our\\npoet s mask was impenetrable. You cannot\\nsee the mountain near. It took a century to\\nmake it suspected; and not until two centuries\\nhad passed, after his death, did any criticism\\nwhich we think adequate begin to appear. It\\nwas not possible to write the history of Shaks-\\npeare till now for he is the father of German\\nliterature: it was on the introduction of\\nShakspeare into German by Lessing, and the\\ntranslation of his works by Wieland and Schle-\\ngel, that the rapid burst of German literature\\nwas most intimately connected. It was not\\nuntil the nineteenth century, whose speculative\\ngenius is a sort of living Hamlet, that the\\ntragedy of Hamlet should find such wondering", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "180 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nreaders. Now, literature, i ;hilosophy, and\\nthought are Shakspearized. His mind is the\\nhorizon beyond which, at present, we do not\\nsee. Our ears are educated to music by his\\nrhythm. Coleridge and Goethe are the only\\ncritics who have expressed our convictions with\\nany adequate fidelity but there is in all culti-\\nvated minds a silent appreciation of his super-\\nlative power and beauty, which, like Christi-\\nanity, qualifies the period.\\nThe Shakspeare Society have inquired in all\\ndirections, advertised the missing facts, offered\\nmoney for any information that will lead to\\nproof; and with what results? Beside some\\nimportant illustration of the history of the Eng-\\nlish stage, to which I have adverted, they have\\ngleaned a few facts touching the property, and\\ndealings in regard to property, of the poet. It\\nappears that, from year to year, he owned a\\nlarger share in the Blackfriars Theater: its\\nwardrobe and other appurtenances were his:\\nthat he bought an estate in his native village,\\nwith his earnings, as writer and shareholder\\nthat he lived in the best house in Stratford\\nwas intrusted by his neighbors with their com-\\nmissions in London, as of borrowing money,\\nand the like that he was a veritable farmer.\\nAbout the time when he was writing Macbeth,\\nhe sues Philip Rogers, in the borough-court of\\nStratford, for thirty-five shillings ten pence,\\nfor corn delivered to him at different times;\\nand, in all respects, appears as a good husband,\\nwith no reputation for eccentricity or excess.\\nHe was a good-natured sort of man, an actor", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 181\\nand shareholder in the theater, not in any\\nstriking manner distinguished from other act-\\nors and managers. I admit the importance\\nof this information. It was well worth the\\npains that have been taken to procure it.\\nBut whatever scraps of information concern-\\ning his condition these researches may have\\nrescued, they can shed no light upon that infi-\\nnite invention which is the concealed magnet\\nof his attraction for us. We are very clumsy\\nwriters of history. We tell the chronicle of\\nparentage, birth, birthplace, schooling, school-\\nmates, earning of money, marriage, publication\\nof books, celebrity, death and when we have\\ncome to an end of this gossip, no ray of rela-\\ntion appears between it and the goddess-born;\\nand it seems as if, had we dipped at random\\ninto the Modem Plutarch, and read any\\nother life there, it would have fitted the poems\\nas well. It is the essence of poetry to spring,\\nlike fhe rainbow daughter of Wonder, from\\nthe invisible, to abolish the past, and refuse all\\nhistory. Malone, Warburton, Dyce, and Col-\\nlier, have wasted their oil. The famed thea-\\nters, Covent Garden, Drury Lane, the Park,\\nand Tremont, have vainly assisted. Betterton,\\nGarrick, Kemble, Kean, and Macready, dedi-\\ncate their lives to this genius him they crown,\\nelucidate, obey, and express. The genius\\nknows them not. The recitation begins; one\\ngolden word leaps out immortal from all this\\npainted pedantry, and sweetly torments us\\nwith invitations to its own inaccessible homes.\\nI remember, I went once to see the Hamlet of", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "182 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\na famed performer, the pride of the English\\nstage and all I then heard, and all I now re-\\nmember, of the tragedian, was that in which\\nthe tragedian had no part; simply, Hamlet s\\nquestion to the ghost,\\nWhat may this mean,\\nThat thou, dead corse, again in complete steel\\nRevisit st thus the glimpses of the moon?\\nThat imagination which dilates the closet he\\nwrites into the world s dimension, crowds it\\nwith agents in rank and order, as quickly re-\\nduces the big reality to be the glimpses of the\\nmoon. These tricks of his magic spoil for us\\nthe illusions of the green-room. Can any biog-\\nraphy shed light on the localities into which\\nthe Midsummer Night s Dream admits me?\\nDid Shakspeare confide to any notary or par-\\nish recorder, sacristan, or surrogate, in Strat-\\nford, the genesis of that delicate creation?\\nThe forest of Arden, the nimble air of Scone\\nCastle, the moonlight of Portia s villa, the\\nantres vast and desarts idle, of Othello s cap-\\ntivity, where is the third cousin, or grand-\\nnephew, the chancellor s file of accounts, or\\nprivate letter, that has kept one word of those\\ntranscendent secrets. In fine, in this drama,\\nas in all great works of art, in the Cyclopaeah\\narchitecture of Egypt and India; in the Phi-\\ndian sculpture; the Gothic minsters; the\\nItalian painting; the Ballads of Spain and\\nScotland, the Genius draws up the ladder\\nafter him, when the creative age goes up to", "height": "2868", "width": "1817", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 183\\nheaven, and gives way to a new, who see the\\nworks, and ask in vain for a history.\\nShakspeare is the only biographer of\\nShakspeare; and even he can tell nothing,\\nexcept to the Shakspeare in us; that is, to our\\nmost apprehensive and sympathetic hour.-^ He\\ncannot step from off his tripod, and give us\\nanecdotes of his inspirations. Read the antique\\ndocuments extricated, analyzed, and compared,\\nby the assiduous Dyce and Collier; and now\\nread one of those skyey sentences, aerolites,\\nwhich seem to have fallen out of heaven, and\\nwhich, not your experience, but the man with-\\nin the breast, has accepted as words of fate and\\ntell me if they match if the former account in\\nany manner for the latter; or, which gives the\\nmost historical insight into the man.\\nHence, though our external history is so\\nmeager, yet, with Shakspeare for biographer,\\ninstead of Aubrey and Rowe, we have really\\nthe information which is material, that which\\ndescribes character and fortune; that which,\\nif we were about to meet the man and deal\\nwith him, would most import us to know. We\\nhave his recorded convictions on those ques-\\ntions which knock for answer at every heart,\\non life and death, on love, on wealth and pov-\\nerty, on the prizes of life, and the ways where-\\nby we may come at them; on the characters\\nof men, and the influences, occult and open,\\nwhich affect their fortunes and on those mys-\\nterious and demoniacal powers which defy our\\nscience, and which yet interweave their malice\\nand their gift in our brightest hours. Who", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "184 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\never read the volume of Sonnets, without find-\\ning that the poet had there revealed, under\\nmasks that are no masks to the intelligent, the\\nlore of friendship and of love the confusion\\nof sentiments in the most susceptible, and, at\\nthe same time, the most intellectual of men?\\nWhat trait of his private mind has he hidden\\nin his dramas? One can discern, in his ample\\npictures of the gentleman and the king, what\\nforms and humanities pleased him his delight\\nin troops of friends, in large hospitality, in\\ncheerful giving. Let Timon, let Warwick,\\nlet Antonio the merchant, answer for his great\\nheart. \\\\vSo far from Shakspeare being the\\nleast known, he is the one person, in all mod\\nem history, known to us. What point of mor-\\nals, of manners, of economy, of philosophy, of\\nreligion, of taste, of the conduct of life, has he\\nnot settled? W^hat mystery has he not signified\\nhis knowledge of? What office or function, or\\ndistrict of man s work, has he not remembered?\\nWhat king has he not taught state, as Talma\\ntaught Napoleon? What maiden has not\\nfound him finer than her delicacy? What lover\\nhas he not outloved? What sage has he not\\noutseen? V/hat gentleman has he not in-\\nstructed in the rudeness of his behavior?\\nSome able and appreciating critics think no\\ncriticism on Shakspeare valuable, that does not\\nrest purely on the dramatic merit; that he is\\nfalsely judged as poet and philosopher. I\\nthink as highly as these critics of his dramatic\\nmerit, but still think it secondary. He was a\\nfull man, who liked to talk a brain exhaling", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 185\\nthoughts and images, which, seeking vent,\\nfound the drama next at hand. Had he been\\nless, we should have had to consider how well\\nhe filled his place, how good a dramatist he\\nwas, and he is the best in the world. But it\\nturns out, that what he has to say is of that\\nweight, as to withdraw some attention from\\nthe vehicle and he is like some saint whose\\nhistory is to be rendered into all languages,\\ninto verse and prose, into songs and pictures,\\nand cut up into proverbs so that the occasions\\nwhich gave the saint s meaning the form of a\\nconversation, or of a prayer, or of a code of\\nlaws, is immaterial compared with the univer-\\nsality of its application. So it fares with the\\nwise Shakspeare and his book of life. He\\nwrote the airs for all our modern music he\\nwrote the text of modern life the text of man-\\nners: he drew the man of England and Eur-\\nope; the father of the man in America:\\nhe drew the man and described the day, and\\nwhat is done in it: he read the hearts of men\\nand women, their probity, and their second\\nthought, and wiles; the wiles of innocence,\\nand the transitions by which virtues and vices\\nslide into their contraries: he could divide the\\nmother s part from the father s part in the\\nface of the child, or draw the fine demarcations\\nof freedom and fate: he knew the laws of\\nrepression which make the police of nature:\\nand all the sweets and all the terrors of human\\nlot lay in his mind as truly but as softly as the\\nlandscape lies on the eye. And the importance\\nof this wisdom of life sinks the form, as of", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "186 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nDrama or Epic, out of notice. Tis like mak-\\ning a question concerning the paper on which\\na king s message is written.\\nShakspeare is as much out of the category of\\neminent authors, as he is out of the crowd.\\nHe is inconceivably wise the others, conceiv-\\nably. A good reader can, in a sort, nestle into\\nPlato s brain, and think from thence; but not\\ninto Shakspeare s. We are still out of doors.\\nFor executive faculty, for creation, Shakspeare\\nis unique. No man can imagine it better. He\\nwas the farthest reach of subtlety compatible\\nwith an individual self, the subtilest of\\nauthors, and only just within the possibility of\\nauthorship. With this wisdom of life, is the\\nequal endowment of imaginative and of lyric\\npower. He clothed the creatures of his legend\\nwith form and sentiments, as if they were\\npeople who had lived under his roof; and few\\nreal men have left such distinct characters\\nas these fictions. And they spoke in language\\nas sweet as it was fit. Yet his talents never\\nseduced him into an ostentation, nor did he\\nharp on one string. An omnipresent human-\\nity co-ordinates all his faculties. 1 Give a man\\nof talents a story to tell, and his partiality will\\npresently appear. He has certain observations,\\nopinions, topics, which have some accidental\\nprominence, and which he disposes all to ex-\\nhibit. He crams this part, and starves that other\\npart, consulting not the fitness 9f the thing,\\nbut his fitness and strength. ,But Shaks-\\npeare has no peculiarity, no importunate\\ntopic but all is duly given no veins, no curi-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 187\\nosities: no cow-painter, no bird-fancier, no\\nmannerist is he: he has no discoverable ego-\\ntism the great he tells greatly the small sub-\\nordinately. He is wise without emphasis or\\nassertion; he is strong, as nature is strong,\\nwho lifts the land into mountain slopes without\\neffort, and by the same rule as she floats a\\nbubble in the air, and likes as well to do the\\none as the other. This makes that equality of\\npower in farce, tragedy, narrative, and love-\\nsongs a merit so incessant, that each reader\\nis incredulous of the perception of other read-\\ners. I\\nThis power of expression, or of transferring\\nthe inmost truth of things into music and\\nverse, makes him the type of the poet, and has\\nadded a new problem to metaphysics. This is\\nthat which throws him into natural history, as\\na main production of the globe, and as an-\\nnouncing new eras and ameliorations. Things\\nwere mirrored in his poetry without loss or\\nblur: he could paint the fine with precision,\\nthe great with compass the tragic and comic\\nindifferently, and without any distortion or\\nfavor. He carried his powerful execution into\\nminute details, to a hair point finishes an eye-\\nlash or a dimple as firmly as he draws a moun-\\ntain; and yet these like nature s, will bear the\\nscrutiny of the solar microscope.\\nIn short, he is the chief example to prove\\nthat more or less of production, more or fewer\\npictures, is a thing indifferent. He had the\\npower to make one picture. Daguerre learned\\nhow to let one flower etch its image on his", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "188 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nplate of iodine and then proceeds at leisure to\\netch a million. There are always objects; but\\nthere was never representation. Here is per-\\nfect representation, at last; and now let the\\nworld of figures sit for their portraits. No\\nrecipe can be given for the making of a Shaks-\\npeare but the possibility of the translation of\\nthings into song is demonstrated.\\nHis lyric power lies in the genius of the\\npiece. The sonnets, though their excellence\\nis lost in the splendor of the dramas, are as\\ninimitable as they and it is not a merit of\\nlines, but a total merit of the piece like the\\ntone of voice of some incomparable person, so\\nis this a speech of poetic beings, and any clause\\nas unproducible now as a whole poem.\\nThough the speeches in the plays, and single\\nlines, have a beauty which tempts the ear to\\npause on them for their euphuism, yet the sen-\\ntence is so loaded with meaning, and so linked\\nwith its foregoers and followers, that the logi-\\ncian is satisfied. His means are as admirable\\nas his ends; every subordinate invention, by\\nwhich he helps himself to connect some irrecon-\\ncilable opposites, is a poem too. He is not re-\\nduced to dismount and w^alk, because his horses\\nare running off with him in some distant direc-\\ntion he always rides.\\nThe finest poetry was first experience but\\nthe thought has suffered a transformation since\\nit was an experience. Cultivated men often\\nattain a good degree of skill in writing verses;\\nbut it is easy to read, through their poems,\\ntheir personal history: any one acquainted", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 189\\nwith parties can name every figure this is\\nAndrew, and that is Rachel. The sense thus\\nremains prosaic. It is a caterpillar with wings,\\nand not yet a butterfly. In the poet s mind,\\nthe fact has gone quite over into the new ele-\\nment of thought, and has lost all that is exu-\\nvial. This generosity abides with Shakspeare.\\nWe say, from the truth and closeness of his\\npictures, that he knows the lesson by heart.\\nYet there is not a trace of egotism.\\nOne more royal trait properly belongs to the\\npoet. I mean his cheerfulness, without which\\nno man can be a poet, for beauty is his aim.\\nHe loves virtue, not for its obligation, but for\\nits grace: he delights in the world, in man, in\\nwoman, for the lovely light that sparkles from\\nthem. Beauty, the spirit of joy and hilarity,\\nhe sheds over the universe. Epicurus relates,\\nthat poetry hath such charms that a lover\\nmight forsake his mistress to partake of them.\\nAnd the true bards have been noted for their\\nfirm and cheerful temper. Homer lies in sun-\\nshine; Chaucer is glad and erect; and Saadi\\nsays, It was rumored abroad that I was peni-\\ntent; but what had I to do with repentance?\\nNot less vSovereign and cheerful, much\\nmore sovereign and cheerful is the tone of\\nShakspeare. His name suggests joy and eman-\\ncipation to the heart of men. If he should ap-\\npear in any company of human souls, who\\nwould not march in his troop? He touches\\nnothing that does not borrow health and lon-\\ngevity from his festive style.\\nAnd now, how stands the account of man", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "190 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwith this bard and benefactor, when in soli-\\ntude, shutting our ears to the reverberations\\nof his fame, we seek to strike the balance?\\nSolitude has austere lessons; it can teach us to\\nspare both heroes and poets; and it weighs\\nShakspeare also, and finds him to share the\\nhalfness and imperfections of humanity.\\nShakspeare, Homer, Dante, Chaucer, saw\\nthe splendor of meaning that plays over the\\nvisible world; knew that a tree had another\\nuse than for apples, and corn another than for\\nmeal, and the ball of the earth, than for tillage\\nand roads: that these things bore a second and\\nfiner harvest to the mind, being emblems of\\nits thoughts, and conveying in all their natural\\nhistory a certain mute commentary on human\\nlife. Shakspeare employed them as colors to\\ncompose his picture. He rested in their beauty\\nand never took the step which seemed inevit-\\nable to such genius, namely, to explore the\\nvirtue which resides in these symbols, and im-\\nparts this power, what is that which they\\nthemselves say? He converted the elements,\\nwhich waited on his command, into entertain-\\nments. He was master of the revels to man-\\nkind. Is it not as if one should have, through\\nmajestic powers of science, the comets given\\ninto his hand, or the planets and their moons,\\nand should draw them from their orbits to\\nglare with the municipal fireworks on a holiday\\nnight, and advertise in all towns, very superior\\npyrotechny this evening! Are the agents of\\nnature, and the power to understand them,\\nworth no more than a street serenade, or the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 191\\nbreath of a cigar? One remembers again the\\ntrumpet-text in the Koran The heavens and\\nthe earth, and all that is between them, think\\nye we have created them in jest? As long as\\nthe question is of talent and mental power, the\\nworld of men has not his equal to show. But\\nwhen the question is to life, and its materials,\\nand its auxiliaries, how does he profit me?\\nWhat does it signify? It is but a Twelfth\\nNight, or Midsummer-Night s Dream, or a\\nWinter Evening s Tale: what signifies another\\npicture more or less? The Egyptian verdict\\nof the Shakspeare Societies comes to mind,\\nthat he was a jovial actor and manager. I can-\\nnot marry this fact to his verse. Other admir-\\nable men have led lives in some sort of keep-\\ning with their thought; but this man, in wide\\ncontrast. Had he been less, had he reached\\nonly the common measure of great authors, of\\nBacon, Milton, Tasso, Cervantes, we might\\nleave the fact in the twilight of human fate\\nbut, that this man of men, he who gave to the\\nscience of mind a new and larger subject than\\nhad ever existed, and planted the standard of\\nhumanity some furlongs forward into Chaos,\\nthat he should not be wise for himself, it\\nmust even go into the world s history, that the\\nbest poet led an obscure and profane life,\\nusing his genius for the public amusement.\\nWell, other men, priest and prophet, Israelite,\\nGerman, and Swede, beheld the same objects:\\nthey also saw through them that which was\\ncontained. And to what purpose? The beauty\\nstraightway vanishes; they read command-", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "192 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nments, all-excluding mountainous duty; an\\nobligation, a sadness, as of piled mountains,\\nfell on them, and life became ghastly, joyless,\\na pilgrim s progress, a probation, beleaguered\\nround with doleful histories of Adam s fall and\\ncurse, behind us; with doomsdays and purga-\\ntorial and penal fires before us and the heart\\nof the seer and the heart of the listener sank\\nin them.\\nIt must be conceded that these are half- views\\nof half-men. The world still wants its poet-\\npriest, a reconciler, who shall not trifle with\\nShakspeare the player, nor shall grope in\\ngraves with Swedenborg the mourner; but\\nwho shall see, speak, and act, with equal inspi-\\nration. For knowledge will brighten the\\nsunshine right is more beautiful than private\\naffection and love is compatible with universal\\nwisdom.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "JoHANN Wolfgang von Goethe.\\nRepresentative Men.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "NAPOLEON;\\nOR, THE MAN OF THE WORLD.\\n13 Representative Men 193", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "VI.\\nNAPOLEON; OR, THE MAN OF THE\\nWORLD.\\nAmong the eminent persons of the nine-\\nteenth century, Bonaparte is far the best\\nknown, and the most powerful and owes his\\npredominance to the fidelity with which he\\nexpresses the tone of thought and belief, the\\naims of the masses of active and cultivated\\nmen. It is Swedenborg s theory, that every\\norgan is made up of homogeneous particles\\nor, as it is sometimes expressed, every whole\\nis made of similars; that is, the lungs are\\ncomposed of infinitely small lungs; the liver,\\nof infinitely small livers; the kidney, of little\\nkidneys, etc. Following this analogy, if any\\nman is found to carry with him the power and\\naffections of vast numbers, if Napoleon is\\nFrance, if Napoleon is Europe, it is because\\nthe people whom he sways are little Napoleons.\\nIn our society, there is a standing antago-\\nnism between the conservative and the demo-\\ncratic classes; between those who have made\\ntheir fortunes, and the young and the poor who\\nhave fortunes to make between the interests\\n195", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "196 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nof dead labor, that is, the labor of hands long\\nago still in the grave, which labor is now en-\\ntombed in money stocks, or in land and build-\\nings owned by idle capitalists, and the inter-\\nests of living labor, which seeks to possess\\nitself of land, and buildings, and money stocks.\\nThe first class is timid, selfish, illiberal, hating\\ninnovation, and continually losing numbers by\\ndeath. The second class is selfish also, en-\\ncroaching, bold, self-relying, always outnum-\\nbering the other, and recruiting its numbers\\nevery hour by births. It desires to keep open\\nevery avenue to the competition of all, and to\\nmultiply avenues; the class of business men\\nin America, in England, in France, and through-\\nout Europe; the class of industry and skill.\\nNapoleon is its representative. The instinct\\nof active, brave, able men, throughout the\\nmiddle class everywhere, has pointed out Na-\\npoleon as the incarnate Democrat. He had\\ntheir virtues, and their vices; above all, he\\nhad their spirit or aim. That tendency is\\nmaterial, pointing at a sensual success, and\\nemploying the richest and most various means\\nto that end; conversant with mechanical pow-\\ners, highly intellectual, widely and accurately\\nlearned and skilful, but subordinating all intel-\\nlectual and spiritual forces into means to a\\nmaterial success. To be the rich man, is the\\nend. God has granted, says the Koran, to\\nevery people a prophet in its own tongue.\\nParis, and London, and New York, the spirit\\nof commerce, of money, and material power,", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 197\\nwere also to have their prophet; and Bona-\\nparte was qualified and sent.\\nEvery one of the million readers of anec-\\ndotes, or memoirs, or lives of Napoleon, de-\\nlights in the page, because he studies in it his\\nown history. Napoleon is thoroughly modern,\\nand, at the highest point of his fortunes, has\\nthe very spirit of the newspapers. He is no\\nsaint, to use his own word, no capuchin,\\nand he is no hero, in the high sense. The man\\nin the street finds in him the qualities and\\npowers of other men in the street. He finds\\nhim, like himself, by birth a citizen, who, by\\nvery intelligible merits, arrived at such a com-\\nmanding position, that he could indulge all\\nthose tastes which the common man possesses,\\nbut is obliged to conceal and deny; good soci-\\nety, good books, fast traveling, dress, dinners,\\nservants without number, personal weight, the\\nexecution of his ideas, the standing in the atti-\\ntude of a benefactor to all persons about him,\\nthe refined enjoyments of pictures, statues,\\nmusic, palaces, and conventional honors,\\nprecisely what is agreeable to the heart of\\nevery man in the nineteenth century, this\\npowerful man possessed.\\nIt is true that a man of Napoleon s truth of\\nadaptation to the- mind of the masses around\\nhim becomes not merely representative, but\\nactually a monopolizer and usurper of other\\nminds. Thus Mirabeau plagiarized every\\ngood thought, every good word, that was\\nspoken in France. Dumont relates that he sat\\nin the gallery of the Convention, and heard", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "198 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nMirabeau make a speech. It struck Dumont\\nthat he could fit it with a peroration, which he\\nwrote in pencil immediately, and showed to\\nLord Elgin, who sat by him. Lord Elgin\\napproved it, and Dumont, in the evening,\\nshowed it to Mirabeau. Mirabeau read it,\\npronounced it admirable, and declared he\\nwould incorporate it into his harangue, to-mor-\\nrow, to the Assembly. It is impossible, said\\nDumont, as, unfortunately, I have shown it\\nto Lord Elgin. If you have shown it to\\nLord Elgin, and to fifty persons beside, I shall\\nstill speak it to-morrow: and he did speak it,\\nwith much effect, at the next day s session.\\nFor Mirabeau, with his overpowering person-\\nality, felt that these things, which his presence\\ninspired, were as much his own, as if he had\\nsaid them, and that his adoption of them gave\\nthem their weight. Much more absolute and\\ncentralizing was the successor to Mirabeau s\\npopularity, and to much more than his pre-\\ndominance in France. Indeed, a man of Napo-\\nleon s stamp almost ceases to have a private\\nspeech and opinion. He is so largely recep-\\ntive, and is so placed, that he comes to be a\\nbureau for all the intelligence, wit, and power,\\nof the age and country. He gains the battle\\nhe makes the code; he makes the system of\\nweights and measures; he levels the Alps; he\\nbuilds the road. All distinguished engineers,\\nsavants, statists, report to him so likewise do\\nall good heads in every kind he adopts the\\nbest measures, sets his stamp on them, and\\nnot these alone, but on every happy and mem-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 199\\norable expression. Every sentence spoken by\\nNapoleon, and every line of his writing, de-\\nserves reading, as it is the sense of France.\\nBonaparte was the idol of common men, be-\\ncause he had in transcendent degree the qual-\\nities and powers of common men. There is a\\ncertain satisfaction in coming down to the\\nlowest ground of politics, for we get rid ot\\ncant and hypocrisy. Bonaparte wrought m\\ncommon with that great class he represented,\\nfor power and wealth,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but Bonaparte, spe-\\ncially, without any scruple as to the means.\\nAll the sentiments which embarrass men s\\npursuit of these objects, he set aside. 1 he\\nsentiments were for women and children.\\nFontanes, in 1804, expressed Napoleon s own\\nsense, when, in behalf of the Senate, he ad-\\ndressed him,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sire, the desire of perfection is\\nthe worst disease that ever afaicted the human\\nmind The advocates of liberty, and of pro-\\ngress, are ideologists; a word of contempt\\noften in his mouth Necker is an ideologist\\nLafayette is an ideologist.\\nAn Italian proverb, too well known, de-\\nclares that, if you would succeed, you must\\nnot be too good. It is an advantage, withm\\ncertain limits, to have renounced the dominion\\nof the sentiments of piety, gratitude and gen-\\nerosity; since, what was an impassable bar to\\nus and still is to others, becomes a convenient\\nweapon for our purposes; just as the river\\nwhich was a formidable barrier, winter trans-\\nforms into the smoothest of roads\\nNapoleon renounced, once for all, sentiments", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand affections, and would help himself with\\nhis hands and his head. With him is no mir-\\nacle, and no magic. He is a worker in brass,\\nin iron, in wood, in earth, in roads, in build-\\nings, in money, and in troops, and a very con-\\nsistent and wise master- workman. He is never\\nweak and literary, but acts with the solidity\\nand the precision of natural agents. He has\\nnot lost his native sense and sympathy with\\nthings. Men give way before such a man as\\nbefore natural events. To be sure, there are\\nmen enough who are immersed in things, as\\nfarmers, smiths, sailors, and mechanics gener-\\nally; and we know how real and solid such\\nmen appear in the presence of scholars and\\ngrammarians; but these men ordinarily lack\\nthe power of arrangement, and are like hands\\nwithout a head. But Bonaparte superadded to\\nthis mineral and animal force, insight and gen-\\neralization, so that men saw in him combined\\nthe natural and the intellectual power, as if\\nthe sea and land had taken flesh and begun to\\ncipher. Therefore the land and sea seem to\\npresuppose him. He came unto his own, and\\nthey received him. This ciphering operative\\nknows what he is working with, and what is\\nthe product. He knew the properties of gold\\nand iron, of wheels and ships, of troops and\\ndiplomatists, and required that each should do\\nafter its kind.\\nThe art of war was the game in which he\\nexerted his arithmetic. It consisted, according\\nto him, in having always more forces than the\\nenemy, on the point where the enemy is at-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 201\\ntacked, or where he attacks: and his whole tal-\\nent is strained by endless manoeuvre and evo-\\nlution, to march always on the enemy at an\\nangle, and destroy his forces in detail. It is\\nobivous that a very small force, skilfully and\\nrapidly manoeuvring-, so as always to bring two\\nmen against one at the point of engagement,\\nwill be an overmatch for a much larger body\\nof men.\\nThe times, his constitution, and his early\\ncircumstances, combined to develop this pat-\\ntern democrat. He had the virtues of his\\nclass, and the conditions for their activity.\\nThat common sense, which no sooner respects\\nany end, than it finds the means to effect it\\nthe delight in the use of means; in the choice,\\nsimplification, and combining of means; the\\ndirectness and thoroughness of his work the\\nprudence with which all was seen, and the en-\\nergy with which all was done, make him the\\nnatural organ and head of what I may almost\\ncall, from its extent, the modern party.\\nNature must have far the greatest share in\\nevery success, and so in his. Such a man was\\nwanted, and such a man was born a man of\\nstone and iron, capable of sitting on horse-\\nback sixteen or seventeen hours, of going\\nmany days together without rest or food, ex-\\ncept by snatches, and with the speed and spring\\nof a tiger in action a man not embarrassed by\\nany scruples; compact, instant, selfish, pru-\\ndent, and of a perception which did not suffer\\nitself to be balked or misled by any pretences\\nof others, or any superstition, or any heat or\\n14 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nhaste of his own. My hand of iron, he\\nsaid, was not at the extremity of my arm; it\\nwas immediately connected with my head.\\nHe respected the power of nature and fortune,\\nand ascribed to it his superiority, instead of\\nvaluing himself, like inferior men, on his opin-\\nionativeness and waging war with nature. His\\nfavorite rhetoric lay in allusion to his star: and\\nhe pleased himself, as well as the people, when\\nhe styled himself the Child of Destiny.\\nThey charge me, he said, with the com-\\nmission of great crimes: men of my stamp do\\nnot commit crimes. Nothing has been more\\nsimple than my elevation tis in vain to ascribe\\nit to intrigue or crime it was owing to the\\npeculiarity of the times, and to my reputation\\nof having fought well against the enemies of\\nmy country. I have always marched with the\\nopinion of great masses, and with events. Of\\nwhat use, then, would crimes be to me?\\nAgain he said, speaking of his son, My son\\ncannot replace me I could not replace myself.\\nI am the creature of circumstances.\\nHe had a directness of action never before\\ncombined with so much comprehension. He\\nis a realist, terrific to all talkers, and confused\\ntruth-obscuring persons. He sees where the\\nmatter hinges, throws himself on the precise\\npoint of resistance, and slights all other con-\\nsiderations. He is strong in the right manner,\\nnamely, by insight. He never blundered into\\nvictory, but won his battles in his head, before\\nhe won them on the field. His principal means\\nare in himself. He asks counsel of no other.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 203\\nIn 1796, he writes to the Directory: I have\\nconducted the campaign without consulting any-\\none. I should have done no good, if I had\\nbeen under the necessity of conforming to the\\nnotions of another person. I have gained some\\nadvantages over superior forces, and when\\ntotally destitute of everything, because, in the\\npersuasion that your confidence was reposed in\\nme, my actions were as prompt as my thoughts.\\nHistory is full, down to this day, of the im-\\nbecility of kings and governors. They are a\\nclass of persons much to be pitied, for they\\nknow not what they should do. The weavers\\nstrike for bread and the king and his minis-\\nters, not knowing what to do, meet them with\\nbayonets. But Napoleon understood his busi-\\nness. Here was a man who, in each moment\\nand emergency, knew what to do next. It is an\\nimmense comfort and refreshment to the\\nspirits, not only of kings, but of citizens. Few\\nmen have any next; they live from hand to\\nmouth, without plan, and are ever at the end\\nof their line, and, after each action, wait for\\nan impulse from abroad. Napoleon had been\\nthe first man of the world if his ends had been\\npurely public. As he is, he inspires confidence\\nand vigor by the extraordinary unity of his\\naction. He is firm, sure, self-denying, self-\\npostponing, sacrificing everything to his aim,\\nmoney, troops, generals, and his own safety\\nalso, to his aim not misled, like common ad-\\nventurers, by the splendor of his own means.\\nIncidents ought not to govern policy, he\\nsaid, but policy, incidents. To be hurried", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\naway by every event, is to have no political sys-\\ntem at all. His victories were only so many\\ndoors, and he never for a moment lost sight of\\nhis way onward, in the dazzle and uproar of\\nthe present circumstance. He knew what to\\ndo, and he flew to his mark. He would shorten\\na straight line to come at his object. Horrible\\nanecdotes may, no doubt, be collected from his\\nhistory, of the price at which he bought his\\nsuccesses; but he must not therefore be set\\ndown as cruel but only as one who knew no\\nimpediment to his will not bloodthirsty, not\\ncruel, but woe to what thing or person stood\\nin his way Not bloodthirsty, but not sparing\\nof blood, and pitiless. He saw only the ob-\\nject: the obstacle must give way. Sire, Gen-\\neral Clarke cannot combine with General Junot,\\nfor the dreadful fire of the Austrian battery.\\nLet him carry the battery. Sire, every\\nregiment that approaches the heavy artillery\\nissacrified: Sire, what orders? Forward,\\nforward! Seruzier, a colonel of artillery,\\ngives, in his Military Memoirs, the follow-\\ning sketch of a scene after the battle of Aus-\\nterlitz. At the moment in which the Russian\\narmy was making its retreat, painfully, but in\\ngood order, on the ice of the lake, the Emperor\\nNapoleon came riding at full speed toward the\\nartillery. You are losing time, he cried;\\n*fire upon those masses; they must be en-\\ngulfed; fire upon the ice! The order re-\\nmained unexecuted for ten minutes. In vain\\nseveral officers and myself were placed on the\\nslope of a hill to produce the effect their balls", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 205\\nand mine rolled upon the ice, without breaking\\nit up. Seeing that, I tried a simple method of\\nelevating light howitzers. The almost perpen-\\ndicular fall of the heavy projectiles produced\\nthe desired effect. My method was immedi-\\nately followed by the adjoining batteries, and\\nin less than no time we buried some* thou-\\nsands of Russians and Austrians under the\\nwaters of the lake.\\nIn the plenitude of his resources, every ob-\\nstacle seemed to vanish. There shall be no\\nAlps, he said and he built his perfect roads,\\nclimbing by graded galleries their steepest\\nprecipices, until Italy was as open to Paris as\\nany town in France. He laid his bones to, and\\nwrought for his crown. Having decided what\\nwas to be done, he did that with might and\\nmain. He put out all his strength. He risked\\neverything, and spared nothing, neither am-\\nmunition, nor money, nor troops, nor generals,\\nnor himself.\\nWe like to see everything do its office after\\nits kind, whether it be a milch-cow or a rattle-\\nsnake and, if fighting be the best mode of\\nadjusting national differences (as large major-\\nities of men seem to agree), certainly Bona-\\nparte was right in making it thorough. The\\ngrand principle of war, he said, was, that\\nan army ought always to be ready, by day and\\nby night, and at all hours, to make all the re-\\nsistance it is capable of making. He never\\neconomized his ammunition, but, on a hostile\\nposition, rained a torrent of iron,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 shells, balls,\\n*As I quote at second-hand, and cannot procure Seruzier,\\nI dare not adopt the high figure I find.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "206 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ngrape-shot, to annihilate all defense. On any\\npoint of resistance, he concentrated squadron\\non squadron in overwhelming numbers, until\\nit was swept out of existence. To a regiment\\nof horse- chasseurs at Lobenstein, two days be-\\nfore the battle of Jena, Napoleon said, My lads,\\n3^ou must not fear death when soldiers brave\\ndeath, they drive him into the enemy s ranks.\\nIn the fury of assault, he no more spared him-\\nself. He went to the edge of his possibility.\\nIt is plain that in Italy he did what he could,\\nand all that he could. He came, several times,\\nwithin an inch of ruin and his own person\\nwas all but lost. He was flung into the marsh\\nat Areola. The Austrians were between him\\nand his troops, in the melee, and he was\\nbrought off with desperate efforts. At Lonato,\\nand at other places, he was on the point of\\nbeing taken prisoner. He fought sixty bat-\\ntles. He had never enough. Each victory\\nwas a new weapon. My power would fall,\\nwere I not to support it by new achievements.\\nConquest has made me what I am, and con-\\nquest must maintain me. He felt, with every\\nwise m.an, that as much life is needed for con-\\nservation as for creation. We are always in\\nperil, always in a bad plight, just on the edge\\nof destruction, and only to be saved by inven-\\ntion and courage.\\nThis vigor was guarded and tehipered by the\\ncoldest prudence and punctuality. A thunder-\\nbolt in the attack, he was found invulnerable\\nin his intrenchments. His very attack was\\nnever the inspiration of courage, but the result", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 207\\nof calculation. His idea of the best defense\\nconsists in being still the attacking party.\\nMy ambition, he says, was great, but was\\nof a cold nature. In one of his conversations\\nwith Las Casas, he remarked, As to moral\\ncourage, I have rarely met with the two-\\no clock-in-the-morning kind; I mean unpre-\\npared courage, that which, is necessary on an\\nunexpected occasion; and which, in spite of\\nthe most unforeseen events, leaves full free-\\ndom of judgment and decision; and he did\\nnot hesitate to declare that he was himself\\neminently endowed with this two-o clock- in-\\nthe-morning courage, and that he had met with\\nfew persons equal to himself in this respect.\\nEverything depended on the nicety of his\\ncombinations, and the stars were not more\\npunctual than his arithmetic. His personal\\nattention descended to the smallest particulars.\\nAt Montebello, I ordered Kellermann to at-\\ntack with eight hundred horse, and with these\\nhe separated the six thousand Hungarian gren-\\nadiers, before the very eyes of the Austrian\\ncavalry. This cavalry was half a league off,\\nand required a quarter of an hour to arrive on\\nthe field of action; and I have obser\\\\^ed, that\\nit is always these quarters of an hour that de-\\ncide the fate of a battle. Before he fought\\na battle, Bonaparte thought little about what\\nhe should do in case of success, but a great\\ndeal about what he should do in case of a re-\\nverse of fortime. The same prudence and\\ngood sense mark all his behavior. His instruc-\\ntions to his secretary at the Tuilleries are", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "208 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nworth remembering. During the night,\\nenter my chamber as seldom as possible. Do\\nnot wake me when you have any good news to\\ncommunicate; with that there is no hurry.\\nBut when you bring bad news, rouse me in-\\nstantly, for then there is not a moment to be\\nlost. It was a whimsical economy of the same\\nkind which dictated his practice, when general\\nin Italy, in regard to his burdensome corres-\\npondence. He directed Bourienne to leave all\\nletters unopened for three weeks, and then\\nobserved with satisfaction how large a part of\\nthe correspondence had thus disposed of itself,\\nand no longer required an answer. His\\nachievement of business was immense, and\\nenlarges the known powers of man. There\\nhave been many working kings, from Ulysses\\nto William of Orange, but none who accom-\\nplished a tithe of this man s performance.\\nTo these gifts of nature. Napoleon added the\\nadvantage of having been born to a private\\nand humble fortune. In his latter days, he\\nhad the weakness of wishing to add to his\\ncrowns and badges the prescription of aristoc-\\nracy but he knew his debt to his austere edu-\\ncation, and made no secret of his contempt for\\nthe bom kings, and for the hereditary asses,\\nas he coarsely styled the Bourbons. He said\\nthat, in their exile, they had learned nothing,\\nand forgot nothing. Bonaparte had passed\\nthrough all the degrees of military service, but\\nalso was citizen before he was emperor, and so\\nhad the key to citizenship. His remarks and\\nestimates discover the information and justness", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 209\\nof measurement of the middle class. Those\\nwho had to deal with him found that he was\\nnot to be imposed upon, but could cipher as\\nwell as another man. This appears in all parts\\nof his Memoirs, dictated at St. Helena. When\\nthe expenses of the empress, of his household,\\nof his palaces, had accumulated great debts,\\nNapoleon examined the bills of the creditors\\nhimself, detected overcharges and errors, and\\nreduced the claims by considerable sums.\\nHis grand weapon, namely, the millions\\nwhom he directed, he owed to the representa-\\ntive character which clothed him. He inter-\\nests us as he stands for France and for Europe\\nand he exists as captain and. king, only as far\\nas the Revolution, or the interest of the indus-\\ntrious masses found an organ and a leader in\\nhim. In the social interests, he knew the\\nmeaning and value of labor, and threw himself\\nnaturally on that side. I like an incident men-\\ntioned by one of his biographers at St. Helena.\\nWhen walking with Mrs. Balcombe, some\\nservants, carrying heav}^ boxes, passed by on\\nthe road, and Mrs. Balcombe desired them, in\\nrather an angry tone, to keep back. Napoleon\\ninterfered, saying, Respect the burden. Mad-\\nam. In the time of the empire, he directed\\nattention to the improvement and embellish-\\nment of the market of the capital. The\\nmarket-place, he said, is the Louvre of the\\ncommon people. The principal works that\\nhave survived him are his magnificent roads.\\nHe filled the troops with his spirit, and a sort\\nof freedom and companionship grew up be-", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "210 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ntween him and them, which the forms of his\\ncourt never permitted between the officers and\\nhimself. They performed, under his eye, that\\nwhich no others could do. The best document\\nof his relation to his troops is the order of the\\nday on the morning of the battle of Austerlitz,\\nin which Napoleon promises the troops that he\\nwill keep his person out of reach of fire. This\\ndeclaration, which is the reverse of that ordi-\\nnarily made by generals and sovereigns on the\\neve of a battle, sufficiently explains the devo-\\ntion of the army to their leader.\\nBut though there is in particulars this iden-\\ntity between Napoleon and the mass of the\\npeople, his real strength lay in their convic-\\ntion that he was their representative in his\\ngenius and aims, not only when he courted,\\nbut when he controlled, and even when he dec-\\nimated them by his conscriptions. He knew,\\nas well as any Jacobin in France,, how to phil-\\nosophize on liberty and equality; and, when\\nallusion was made to the precious blood of cen-\\nturies, which was spilled by the killing of the\\nDue d Enghien, he suggested, Neither is my\\nblood ditch-water. The people felt that no\\nlonger the throne was occupied, and the land\\nsucked of its nourishment, by a small class of\\nlegitimates, secluded from all community with\\nthe children of the soil, and holding the ideas\\nand superstitions of a long-forgotten state of\\nsociety. Instead of that vampire, a man of\\nthemselves held, in the Tuilleries, knowledge\\nand ideas like their own, opening, of course, to\\nthem and their children, all places of power", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 211\\nand trust. The day of sleepy, selfish policy,\\never narrowing the means and opportunities of\\nyoung men, was ended, and a day of expansion\\nand demand was come. A market for all the\\npowers and productions of man was opened:\\nbrilliant prizes glittered in the eyes of youth\\nand talent. The old, iron-bound, feudal\\nFrance was changed into a young Ohio or New\\nYork and those who smarted under the im-\\nmediate rigors of the new monarch, pardoned\\nthem as the necessary severities of the mili-\\ntary system which had driven out the oppres-\\nsor. And even when the majority of the people\\nhad begun to ask, whether they had really\\ngained anything under the exhausting levies\\nof men and money of the new master, the\\nwhole talent of the country, in every rank and\\nkindred, took his part, and defended him as its\\nnatural patron. In 1814, when advised to rely\\non the higher classes, Napoleon said to those\\naround him, Gentlemen, in the situation in\\nwhich I stand, my only nobility is the rabble\\nof the Faubourgs.\\nNapoleon met this natural expectation.\\nThe necessity of his position required a hospi-\\ntality to every sort of talent, and its appoint-\\nment to trusts; and his feelings went along\\nwith this policy. Like every superior person,\\nhe undoubtedly felt a desire for men and com-\\npeers, and a wish to measure his power with\\nother masters, and an impatience of fools and\\nunderlings. In Italy, he sought for men, and\\nfound none. Good God! he said, how rare\\nmen are! There are eighteen millions in", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nItaly, and I have with difficulty found two,\\nDandolo and Melzi. In later years, with\\nlarger experience, his respect for mankind was\\nnot increased. In a moment of bitterness, he\\nsaid to one of his oldest friends, Men de-\\nserve the contempt with which they inspire\\nme. I have only to put some gold lace on\\nthe coat of my virtuous republicans, and they\\nimmediately become just what I wish them.\\nThis impatience at levity was, however, an\\noblique tribute of respect to those able per-\\nsons who commanded his regard, not only\\nwhen he found them friends and coadjutors,\\nbut also when they resisted his will. He could\\nnot confound Fox and Pitt, Carnot, Lafayette,\\nand Bernadotte, with the danglers of his court;\\nand, in spite of the detraction which his syste-\\nmatic egotism dictated toward the great cap-\\ntains who conquered with and for him, ample\\nacknowledgements are made by him to Lannes\\nDuroc, Kleber, Dessaix, Massena, Murat, Ney,\\nand Augereau. If he felt himself their patron,\\nand founder of their fortunes, as when he said,\\nI made my generals out of mud, he could\\nnot hide his satisfaction in receiving from\\nthem a seconding and support commensurate\\nwith the grandeur of his enterprise. In the\\nRussian campaign, he was so much impressed\\nby the courage and resources of Marshal Ney,\\nthat he said, I have two hundred millions in\\nmy coffers, and I would give them all for\\nNey. The characters which he has drawn of\\nseveral of his marshals are discriminating, and,\\nthough they did not content the insatiable van-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 213\\nity of French officers, are, no doubt, substan-\\ntially just. And, in fact, every species of\\nmerit was sought and advanced under his gov-\\nernment. I know, he said, the depth and\\ndraught of water of every one of my generals.\\nNatural power was sure to be well received at\\nhis court. Seventeen men, in his time, were\\nraised from common soldiers to the rank of\\nking, marshal, duke, or general; and the\\ncrosses of his Legion of Honor were given to\\npersonal valor, and not to family connection.\\nWhen soldiers have been baptized in the fire\\nof a battle-field, they have all one rank in my\\neyes.\\nWhen a natural king becomes a titular king,\\never}^body is pleased and satisfied. The Revo-\\nlution entitled the strong populace of the\\nFaubourg St. Antoine, and every horse-boy\\nand powder-monkey in the army, to look on\\nNapoleon as flesh of his flesh, and the creature\\nof his party: but there is something in the suc-\\ncess of grand talent which enlists an universal\\nsympathy. For, in the prevalence of sense\\nand spirit over stupidity and malversation, all\\nreasonable men have an interest; and, as intel-\\nlectual beings, we feel the air purified by the\\nelectric shock, when material force is over-\\nthrown by intellectual energies. As soon as\\nwe are removed out of the reach of local and\\naccidental partialities, man feels that Napo-\\nleon fights for him these are honest victories\\nthis strong steam-engine does our work.\\nWhatever appeals to the imagination, by tran-\\nscending the ordinary limits of human ability,", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "214 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwonderfully encourages and liberates us. This\\ncapacious head, revolving and disposing sov-\\nereignly trains of affairs, and animating such\\nmultitudes of agents; this eye, which looked\\nthrough Europe; this prompt invention; this\\ninexhaustible resource; what events! what\\nromantic pictures! what strange situations!\\nwhen spying the Alps, by a sunset in the\\nSicilian sea; drawing up his army for battle,\\nin sight of the Pyramids, and saying to his\\ntroops, From the tops of those pyramids,\\nforty centuries look down on you; fording the\\nRed Sea; wading in the gulf of the Isthmus of\\nSuez. On the shore of Ptolemais, gigantic\\nprojects agitated him. Had Acre fallen, I\\nshould have changed the face of the world.\\nHis army, on the night of the battle of Auster-\\nlitz, which was the anniversary of his inaugura-\\ntion as Emperor, presented him with a bouquet\\nof forty standards taken in the fight. Perhaps\\nit is a little puerile, the pleasure he took in\\nmaking these contrasts glaring; as when he\\npleased himself with making kings wait in his\\nantechambers, at Tilsit, at Paris, and at\\nErfurt.\\nWe cannot, in the universal imbecility, inde-\\ncision, and indolence of men, sufficiently con-\\ngratulate ourselves on this strong and ready\\nactor, who took occasion by the beard, and\\nshowed us how much may be accomplished by\\nthe mere force of such virtues as all men possess\\nin less degrees; namely, by punctuality, by\\npersonal attention, by courage, and thorough-\\nness. The Austrians, he said, do not", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 215\\nknow the value of time. I should cite him,\\nin his earlier years, as a model of prudence.\\nHis power does not consist in any wild or ex-\\ntravagant force in any enthusiasm, like Maho-\\nmet s; or singular power of persuasion; but\\nin the exercise of common sense on each emer-\\ngency, instead of abiding by rules and customs.\\nThe lesson he teaches is that which vigor\\nalways teaches, that there is always room for\\nit. To what heaps of cowardly doubts is not\\nthat man s life an answer. When he appeared,\\nit was the belief of all military men that there\\ncould be nothing new in w^ar as it is the belief\\nof men to-day, that nothing new can be un-\\ndertaken in politics, or in church, or in letters,\\nor in trade, or in farming, or in our social\\nmanners and customs; and as it is, at all times,\\nthe belief of society that the world is used up.\\nBut Bonaparte knew better than society; and,\\nmoreover, knew that he knew better. I think\\nall men know better than they do; know that\\nthe institutions we so volubly commend are go-\\ncarts and baubles; but they dare not trust\\ntheir presentiments. Bonaparte relied on his\\nown sense, and did not care a bean for other\\npeople s. The world treated his novelties just\\nas it treats everybody s novelties, made infi-\\nnite objection: mustered all the impediments;\\nbut he snapped his finger at their objections.\\nWhat creates great difficulty, he remarks,\\nin the profession of the land commander, is\\nthe necessity of feeding- so many men and\\nanimals. If he allows himself to be guided by\\nthe commissaries, he will never stir, and all his", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "216 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nexpeditions will fail. An example of his\\ncommon sense is what he says of the passage\\nof the Alps in winter, which all writers, one\\nrepeating after the other, had described as im-\\npracticable. The winter, says Napoleon,\\nis not the most unfavorable season for the\\npassage of lofty mountains. The snow is then\\nfirm, the weather settled, and there is nothing\\nto fear from avalanches, the real and only dan-\\nger to be apprehended in the Alps. On those\\nhigh mountains, there are often very fine days\\nin December, of a dry cold, with extreme calm-\\nness in the air. Read his accoimt, too, of\\nthe way in which battles are gained. In all\\nbattles, a moment occurs, when the bravest\\ntroops, after having made the greatest efforts,\\nfeel inclined to run. That teiTor proceeds\\nfrom a want of confidence in their own cour-\\nage; and it only requires a slight opportunity,\\na pretense, to restore confidence to them.\\nThe art is to give rise to the opportunity, and\\nto invent the pretense. At Areola, I won the\\nbattle with twenty-five horsemen. I seized\\nthat moment of lassitude, gave every man a\\ntrumpet, and gained the day with this handful.\\nYou see that two armies are two bodies which\\nmeet, and endeavor to frighten each other: a\\nmoment of panic occurs, and that moment\\nmust be turned to advantage. When a man\\nhas been present in many actions, he distin-\\nguishes that moment without difficulty; it is\\nas easy as casting up an addition.\\nThis deputy of the nineteenth century added\\nto his gifts a capacity for speculation on gen-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 217\\neral topics. He delighted in running- through\\nthe range of practical, of literary, and of ab-\\nstract questions. His opinion is always origi-\\nnal, and to the purpose. On the voyage to\\nEgypt, he liked, after dinner, to fix on three\\nor four persons to support a proposition, and\\nas many to oppose it. He gave a subject, and\\nthe discussions turned on questions of religion,\\nthe different kinds of government, and the art\\nof war. One day, he asked, whether the\\nplanets were inhabited? On another, what\\nwas the age of the world? Then he proposed\\nto consider the probability of the destruction\\nof the globe, either by water or by fire; at\\nanother time, the truth or fallacy of presenti-\\nments, and the interpretation of dreams. He\\nwas very fond of talking of religion. In 1806,\\nhe conversed with Fournier, bishop of Mont-\\npelier, on matters of theology. There were\\ntwo points on which they could not agree, viz.\\nthat of hell, and that of salvation out of the\\npale of the church. The Emperor told Jose-\\nphine, that he disputed like a devil on these\\ntwo points, on which the bishop was inexor-\\nable. To the philosophers he readily yielded\\nall that was proved against religion as the work\\nof men and time; but he would not hear of\\nmaterialism. One fine night, on deck, amid\\na clatter of materialism, Bonaparte pointed to\\nthe stars, and said, You may talk as long as\\nyou please, gentlemen, but who made all that?\\nHe delighted in the conversation of men of\\nscience, particularly of Monge and Berthollet\\nbut the men of letters he slighted; they were", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "218 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nmanufacturers of phrases. Of medicine, too,\\nhe was fond of talking, and with those of its\\npractitioners whom he most esteemed, with\\nCorvisart at Paris, and with Antonomarchi at\\nSt. Helena. Believe me, he said to the\\nlast, we had better leave off all these reme-\\ndies: life is a fortress which neither you nor I\\nknow anything about. Why throw obstacles\\nin the way of its defense? Its own means are\\nsuperior to all the apparatus of your laborato-\\nries. Corvisart candidly agreed with me, that\\nall your filthy mixtures are good for nothing.\\nMedicine is a collection of uncertain prescrip-\\ntions, the results of which, taken collectively,\\nare more fatal than useful to mankind. Water,\\nair, and cleanliness, are the chief articles in my\\npharmacopeia.\\nHis memoirs, dictated to Count Montholon\\nand General Gourgaud, at St. Helena, have\\ngreat value, after all the deduction that, it\\nseems, is to be made from them, on account of\\nhis known disingenuousness. He has the good-\\nnature of strength and conscious superiority.\\nI admire his simple, clear narrative of his bat-\\ntles; good as Caesar s; his good-natured and\\nsufficiently respectful account of Marshal\\nWurmser and his other antagonists, and his\\nown equality as a writer to his varying sub-\\nject. The most agreeable portion is the Cam-\\npaign in Egypt.\\nHe had hours of thought and wisdom. In\\nintervals of leisure, either in the camp or the\\npalace, Napoleon appears as a man of genius,\\ndirecting on abstract questions the native", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 219\\nappetite for truth, and the impatience of words,\\nhe was wont to show in war. He could enjoy\\nevery play of invention, a romance, a bo7i mot,\\nas well as a stratagem in a campaig^n. He de-\\nlighted to fascinate Josephine and her ladies,\\nin a dim-lighted apartment, by the terrors of a\\nfiction, to which his voice and dramatic power\\nlent every addition.\\nI call Napoleon the agent or attorney of the\\nmiddle class of modern society; of the throng\\nwho fill the markets, shops, counting-houses,\\nmanufactories, ships, of the modern w^orld,\\naiming to be rich. He was the agitator, the\\ndestroyer of prescription, the internal improver,\\nthe liberal, the radical, the inventor of means,\\nthe opener of doors and markets, the subverter\\nof monopoly and abuse. Of course, the rich\\nand aristocratic did not like him. England,\\nthe center of capital, and Rome and Austria,\\ncenters of tradition and genealogy, opposed\\nhim. The consternation of the dull and con-\\nservative classes, the terror of the foolish old\\nmen and old women of the Roman conclave,\\nwho in their despair took hold of anything, and\\nwould cling to red-hot iron, the vain attempts\\nof statists to amuse and deceive him, of the\\nemperor of Austria to bribe him and the in-\\nstinct of the young, ardent, and active men,\\neverywhere, which pointed him out as the\\ngiant of the middle class, make his history\\nbright and commanding. He had the virtues\\nof the masses*of his constituents; he had also\\ntheir vices. I am sorry that the brilliant pic-\\nture has its reverse. But that is the fatal qual-", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nity which we discover in our pursuit of wealth,\\nthat it is treacherous, and is bought by the\\nbreaking or weakening of the sentiments and\\nit is inevitable that we should find the same\\nfact in the history of this champion, who pro-\\nposed to himself simply a brilliant career, with-\\nout any stipulation or scruple concerning the\\nmeans.\\nBonaparte was singularly destitute of gener-\\nous sentiments. The highest-placed individ-\\nual in the most cultivated age and population\\nof the world, he has not the merit of common\\ntruth and honesty. He is unjust to his gener-\\nals; egotistic, and monopolizing; meanly steal-\\ning the credit of their great actions from Kel-\\nlermann, from Bernadotte; intriguing to\\ninvolve his faithful Junot in hopeless bank-\\nruptcy, in order to drive him to a distance from\\nParis, because the familiarity of his manners\\noffends the new pride of his throne. He is a\\nboundless liar. The official paper, his Mon-\\niteurs, and all his bulletins, are proverbs for\\nsaying what he wished to be believed; and\\nw^orse, he sat, in his premature old age, in his\\nlonely island, coldly falsifying facts, and dates,\\nand characters, and giving to history, a theat-\\nrical eclat. Like all Frenchmen, he has a pas-\\nsion for stage effect. Every action that breathes\\nof generosity is poisoned by this calculation.\\nHis star, his love of glory, his doctrine of the\\nimmortality of the soul, are all French. I\\nmust dazzle and astonish. If I were to give\\nthe liberty of the press, my power could not\\nlast three days. To make a great noise is his", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 221\\nfavorite design. A great reputation is a great\\nnoise the more there is made, the farther off\\nit is heard. Laws, institutions, monuments,\\nnations, all fall; but the noise continues, and\\nresounds in after ages. His doctrine of im-\\nmortality is simply fame. His theory of influ-\\nence is not flattering. There are two levers\\nfor moving men, interest and fear. Love is\\na silly infatuation, depend upon it. Friend-\\nship is but a name. I love nobody. I do not\\neven love my brothers; perhaps Joseph, a lit-\\ntle, from habit, and because he is my elder;\\nand Duroc, I love him too; but why? because\\nhis character pleases me he is stern and reso-\\nlute, and, I believe, the feHow never shed a\\ntear. For my part, I know very well that I\\nhave no true friends. As long as I continue\\nto be what I am, I may have as many pre-\\ntended friends as I please. Leave sensibility\\nto women but men should be firm in heart\\nand purpose, or they should have nothing to\\ndo with war and government. He was thor-\\noughly unscrupulous. He would steal, slander,\\nassassinate, drown, and poison, as his interest\\ndictated. He had no generosity; but mere\\nvulgar hatred; he was intensely selfish; he\\nwas perfidious he cheated at cards he was a\\nprodigious gossip; and opened letters; and\\ndelighted in his infamous police and rubbed\\nhis hands with joy when he had intercepted\\nsome morsel of intelligence concerning the men\\nand women about him, boasting that he knew\\neverything; and interfered with the cutting\\nthe dresses of the women and listened after", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222 --REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nthe hurrahs and the compliments of the street,\\nincognito. His manners were coarse. He\\ntreated women with low familiarity. He had\\nthe habit of pulling- their ears and pinching\\ntheir cheeks, when he was in good humor, and\\nof pulling the ears and whiskers of men, and of\\nstriking and horse-play with them, to his last\\ndays. It does not appear that he listened at\\nkeyholes, or, at least, that he was caught at it.\\nIn short, when you have penetrated through\\nall the circles of power and splendor, you were\\nnot dealing with a gentleman, at last; but with\\nan impostor and a rogue; and he fully deserves\\nthe epithet of Jupiter Scapin, or a sort of\\nScamp Jupiter.\\nIn describing the two parties into which\\nmodern society divides itself, the democrat\\nand the conservative, I said, Bonaparte rep-\\nresents the democrat, or the party of men of\\nbusiness, against the stationary or conservative\\nparty. I omitted then to say, what is material\\nto the statement, namely, that these two par-\\nties differ only as young and old. The demo-\\ncrat is a young conservative the conservative\\nis an old democrat. The aristocrat is the\\ndemocrat ripe, and gone to seed, because\\nboth parties stand on the one ground of the\\nsupreme value of property, which one endeav-\\nors to get, and the other to keep. Bonaparte\\nmay be said to represent the whole history of\\nthis party, its youth and its age yes, and with\\npoetic justice, its fate, in his own. The\\ncounter-revolution, the counter-party, still\\nwaits for its organ and representative, in a", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 223\\nlover and a man of truly public and universal\\naims.\\nHere was an experiment, under the most\\nfavorable conditions, of the powers of intellect\\nwithout conscience. Never was such a leader\\nso endowed, and so weaponed; never leader\\nfound such aids and followers. And what was\\nthe result of this vast talent and power, of these\\nimmense armies, burned cities, squandered\\ntreasures, immolated millions of men, of this\\ndemoralized Europe? It came to no result.\\nAll passed away, like the smoke of his artillery\\nand left no trace. He left France smaller,\\npoorer, feebler, than he found it; and the\\nwhole contest for freedom was to be beg^un\\nagain. The attempt was, in principle, suicidal.\\nFrance served him with life, and limb, and es-\\ntate, as long as it could identify its interest\\nwith him but when men saw that after victory\\nwas another war; after the destruction of\\narmies, new conscriptions and they who had\\ntoiled so desperately were never nearer to the\\nreward, they could not spend what they had\\nearned, nor repose on their down-beds, nor\\nstrut in their chateaux, they deserted him.\\nMen found that his absorbing egotism was\\ndeadly to all other men. It resembled the tor-\\npedo, which inflicts a succession of shocks on\\nany one who takes hold of it, producing spasms\\nwhich contract the muscles of the hand, so that\\nthe man cannot open his fingers; and the ani-\\nmal inflicts new and more violent shocks, until\\nhe paralyzes and kills his victim. So, this\\nexorbitant egotist narrowed, impoverished, and", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "224 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nabsorbed the power and existence of those who\\nserved him and the universal cry of France,\\nand of Europe, in 1814, was, enough of\\nhim; assez de Bonaparte.\\nIt was not Bonaparte s fault. He did all\\nthat in him lay, to live and thrive without\\nmoral principle. It was the nature of things,\\nthe eternal law of man and of the world, which\\nbaulked and ruined him and the result, in a\\nmillion experiments, will be the same. Every\\nexperiment, by multitudes or by individuals,\\nthat has a sensual and selfish aim, will fail.\\nThe pacific Fourier will be as inefficient as the\\npernicious Napoleon. As long as our civiliza-\\ntion is essentially one of property, of fences, of\\nexclusiveness, it will be mocked by delusions.\\nOur riches will leave us sick; there will be\\nbitterness in our laughter and our wine will\\nburn our mouth. Only that good profits, which\\nwe can taste with all doors open, and which\\nserves all men.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "GOETHE; OR, THE WRITER\\n225\\n15 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "VII.\\nGOETHE; OR, THE WRITER.\\nI find a provision in the constitution of the\\nworld for the writer or secretary, who is to\\nreport the doings of the miraculous spirit of\\nlife that everywhere throbs and works. His\\noffice is a reception of the facts into the mind,\\nand then a selection of the eminent and char-\\nacteristic experiences.\\nNature will be reported. All things are en-\\ngaged in writing their history. The planet,\\nthe pebble, goes attended by its shadow. The\\nrolling rock leaves its scratches on the moun-\\ntain; the river, its channel in the soil; the ani-\\nmal, its bones in the stratum the fern and\\nleaf their modest epitaph in the coal. The\\nfalling drop makes its sculpture in the sand or\\nthe stone. Not a foot steps into the snow, or\\nalong the ground, but prints in characters more\\nor less lasting, a map of its march. Every act\\nof the man inscribes itself in the memories of\\nhis fellows, and in his own manners and face.\\nThe air is full of sounds the sky, of tokens\\nthe ground is all memoranda and signatures;\\nand every object covered over with hints,\\nwhich speak to the intelligent.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "228 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nIn nature, this self-registration is incessant,\\nand the narrative is the print of the seal. It\\nneither exceeds nor comes short of the fact.\\nBut nature strives upward; and, in man, the\\nreport is something more than print of the\\nseal. It is a new and finer form of the origi-\\nnal. The record is alive, as that which it re-\\ncorded is alive. In man, the memory is a kind\\nof looking-glass, which, having received the\\nimages of surrounding objects, is touched with\\nlife, and disposes them in a new order. The\\nfacts which transpired do not lie in it inert\\nbut some subside, and others shine; so that\\nsoon we have a new picture, composed of the\\neminent experiences. The man cooperates.\\nHe loves to communicate; and that which is\\nfor him to say lies as a load on his heart until\\nit is delivered. But, besides the universal joy\\nof conversation, some men are born with ex-\\nalted powers for this second creation. Men are\\nborn to write. The gardener saves every slip,\\nand seed, and peach-stone; his vocation is to\\nbe a planter of plants. Not less does the writer\\nattend his affairs. Whatever he beholds or ex-\\nperiences, comes to him as a model, and sits\\nfor its picture. He counts it all nonsense that\\nthey say, that some things are undescribable.\\nHe believes that all that can be thought can be\\n\\\\vritten, first or last; and he would report the\\nHoly Ghost, or attempt it. Nothing so broad,\\nso subtle, or so dear, but comes therefore com-\\nmended to his pen, and he will write. In his\\neyes, a man is the faculty of reporting, and the\\nuniverse is the possibility of being reported.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 229\\nIn conversation, in calamity, he finds^ new\\nmaterials; as our German poet said, some\\ngod gave me the power to paint what I suffer.\\nHe draws his rents from rage and pain. By-\\nacting rashly, he buys the power of talking\\nwisely. Vexations, and a tempest of passion,\\nonly fill his sails; as the good Luther writes,\\nWhen I am angry I can pray well, and preach\\nwell; and if we knew the genesis of fine-\\nstrokes of eloquence, they might recall the\\ncomplaisance of Sultan Amurath. who struck\\noff some Persian heads, that his physician,\\nVesalius, might see the spasms in the muscles\\nof the neck. His failures are the preparation\\nof his victories. A new thought, or a crisis of\\npassion, apprises him that all that he has yet\\nlearned and written is exoteric\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is not the\\nfact, but some rumor of the fact. What then?\\nDoes he throw away the pen? No; he begins\\nagain to describe in the new light which has\\nshined on him,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 if, by some means, he may\\nyet save some true word. Nature conspires.\\nWhatever can be thought can be spoken, and\\nstill rises for utterance, though to rude and\\nstammering organs. If they cannot compass\\nit, it waits and works, until, at last, it moulds\\nthem to its perfect will, and is articulated.\\nThis striving after imitative expression,\\nwhich one meets everywhere, is significant of\\nthe aim of nature, but is mere stenography.\\nThere are higher degrees, and nature has\\nmore splendid endowments for those whom\\nshe elects to a superior office; for the class of\\nscholars or writers, who see connection where", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "230 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nthe multitude see fragments, and who are im-\\npelled to exhibit the facts in order, and so to\\nsupply the axis on which the frame of thino^s\\nturns. Nature has dearly at heart the forma-\\ntion of the speculative man, or scholar. It is\\nan end never lost sight of, and is prepared in\\nthe original casting of things. He is no per-\\nmissive or accidental appearance, but an or-\\nganic agent, one of the estates of the realm,\\nprovided and prepared from of old and from\\neverlasting, in the knitting and contexture of\\nthings. Presentiments, impulses, cheer him.\\nThere is a certain heat in the breast, which\\nattends the perception of a primary truth,\\nwhich is the shining of the spiritual sun down\\ninto the shaft of the mine. Every thought\\nwhich dawns on the mind, in the moment of its\\nemergency announces its own rank, whether\\nit is some whimsy, or whether it is a power.\\nIf he have his incitements, there is, on the\\nother side, invitation and need enough of his\\ngift. vSociety has, at all times, the same want,\\nnamely, of one sane man with adequate pow-\\ners of expression to hold up each object of\\nmonomania in its right relation. The ambi-\\ntious and mercenary bring their last new mum-\\nbo-jumbo, whether tariff, Texas, railroad,\\nRomanism, mesmerism, or California; and, by\\ndetaching the object from its relations, easily\\nsucceed in making it seen in a glare and a\\nmultitude go mad about it, and they are not\\nto be reproved or cured by the opposite multi-\\ntude, who are kept from this particular insan-\\nity by an equal frenzy on another crochet. But", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 231\\nlet one man have the comprehensive eye that\\ncan replace this isolated prodigy in its right\\nneighborhood and bearings, the illusion van\u00c2\u00ab\\nishes, and the returning reason of the commu-\\nnity thanks the reason of the monitor.\\nThe scholar is the man of the ages, but he\\nmust also wish, with other men, to stand well\\nwith his contemporaries. But there is a cer-\\ntain ridicule, among superficial people, thrown\\non the scholars or clerisy, which is of no im-\\nport, unless the scholars heed it. In this\\ncountry, the emphasis of conversation, and of\\npublic opinion, commends the practical man\\nand the solid portion of the community is\\nnamed with significant respect in every circle.\\nOur people are of Bonaparte s opinion concern-\\ning ideologists. Ideas are subversive of social\\norder and comfort, and at last make a fool of\\nthe possessor. It is believed, the ordering a\\ncargo of goods from New York to Smyrna; or,\\nthe running up and down to procure a com-\\npany of subscribers to set a-going five or ten\\nthousand spindles; or, the negotiations of a\\ncaucus, and the practising on the prejudices\\nand facility of country-people, to secure their\\nvotes in November, is practical and com-\\nmendable.\\nIf I were to compare action of a much higher\\nstrain with a life of contemplation, I should\\nnot venture to pronounce with much confidence\\nin favor of the former. Mankind have such a\\ndeep stake in inward illumination, that there\\nis much to be said by the hermit or monk in\\ndefense of his life of thought and prayer. A", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "232 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ncertain partiality, a headiness, and loss of bal-\\nance, is the tax which all action must pay.\\nAct, if you like, but you do it at your peril.\\nMen s actions are too strong for them. Show\\nme a man who has acted, and who has not\\nbeen the victim and slave of his action. What\\nthey have done commits and enforces them to\\ndo the same again. The first act, which was\\nto be an experiment, becomes a sacrament.\\nThe fiery reformer embodies his aspiration in\\nsome rite or covenant, and he and his friends\\ncleave to the form and lose the aspiration.\\nThe Quaker has established Quakerism, the\\nShaker has established his monastery and his\\ndance; and, although each prates of spirit,\\nthere is no spirit, but repetition, which is anti-\\nspiritual. But where are his new things of to-\\nday? In actions of enthusiasm, this drawback\\nappears: but in those lower activities, which\\nhave no higher aim than to make us more com-\\nfortable and more cowardly, in actions of cun-\\nning, actions that steal and lie, actions that\\ndivorce the speculative from the practical fac-\\nulty, and put a ban on reason and sentiment,\\nthere is nothing else but drawback and nega-\\ntion. The Hindoos write in their sacred books,\\nChildren only, and not the learned, speak of the\\nspeculative and the practical faculties as two.\\nThey are but one, for both obtain the selfsame\\nend, and the place which is gained by the fol-\\nlowers of the one is gained by the followers\\nof the other. That man seeth, who seeth that\\nthe speculative and the practical doctrines are\\none. For great action must draw on the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 233\\nspiritual nature. The measure of action is the\\nsentiment from which it proceeds. The great-\\nest action may easily be one of the most private\\ncircumstances.\\nThis disparagement will not come from the\\nleaders, but from inferior persons. The robust\\ngentlemen who stand at the head of the prac-\\ntical class, share the ideas of the time, and\\nhave too much sympathy with the speculative\\nclass. It is not from men excellent in any\\nkind, that disparagement of any other is to be\\nlooked for. With such, Talleyrand s question\\nis ever the main one; not, is he rich? is he\\ncommitted? is he well-meaning? has he this or\\nthat faculty? is he of the movement? is he of\\nthe establishment? but, Is he anybody? does\\nhe stand for something? He must be good of\\nhis kind. That is all that Talleyrand, all that\\nState-street, all that the common sense of\\nmankind asks. Be real and admirable, not as\\nwe know, but as you know. Able men do not\\ncare in what kind a man is able, so only that\\nhe is able. A master likes a master, and does\\nnot stipulate whether it be orator, artist,\\ncraftsman, or king.\\nSociety has really no graver interest than the\\nwell-being of the literary class. And it is not\\nto be denied that men are cordial in their recog-\\nnition and welcome of intellectual accomplish-\\nments. Still the writer does not stand with us\\non any commanding ground. I think this to\\nbe his own fault. A pound passes for a pound.\\nThere have been times when he was a sacred\\nperson he wrote Bibles the first hymns the", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "234 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ncodes the epics tragic songs Sibylline verses\\nChaldean oracles j Laconian sentences in-\\nscribed on temple walls. Every word was true,\\nand woke the nations to new life. He wrote\\nwithout levity, and without choice. Every\\nword was carved, before his eyes, into the earth\\nand sky and the sun and stars were only let-\\nters of the same purport and of no more ne-\\ncessity. But how can he be honored, when he\\ndoes not honor himself; when he loses himself\\nin the crowd; when he is no longer the law-\\ngiver, but the sycophant, ducking to the giddy\\nopinion of a reckless public; when he must\\nsustain with shameless advocacy some bad\\ngovernment, or must bark, all the year round,\\nin opposition; or write conventional criticism,\\nor profligate novels; or, at any rate, write\\nwithout thought, and without recurrence, by\\nday and night, to the sources of inspiration?\\nSome reply to these questions may be fur-\\nnished by looking over the list of men of liter-\\nary genius in our age. Among these, no more\\ninstructive name occurs than that of Goethe,\\nto represent the power and duties of the scholar\\nor writer.\\nI described Bonaparte as a representative of\\nthe popular external life and aims of the nine-\\nteenth century. Its other half, its poet, is\\nGoethe, a man quite domesticated in the cen-\\ntury, breathing its air, enjoying its fruits, im-\\npossible at any earlier time, and taking away,\\nby his colossal parts, the reproach of weak-\\nness, which, but for him, would lie on the\\nintellectual works of the period. He appears", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 235\\nat a time when a general culture has spread\\nitself, and has smoothed down all sharp indi-\\nvidual traits; when, in the absence of heroic\\ncharacters, a social comfort and cooperation\\nhave come in. There is no poet, but scores\\nof poetic writers no Columbus, but hundreds\\nof post-captains, with transit-telescope, bar-\\nometer, and concentrated soup and pemmican\\nno Demosthenes, no Chatham, but any number\\nof clever parliamentary and forensic debaters\\nno prophet or saint, but colleges of divinity\\nno learned man, but learned societies, a cheap\\npress, reading-rooms, and book-clubs, without\\nnumber. There was never such a miscellany\\nof facts. The world extends itself like Ameri-\\ncan trade. We conceive Greek or Roman life,\\n^life in the middle ages to be a simple and\\ncomprehensive affair but modern life to re-\\nspect a multitude of things, which is distract-\\ning.\\nGoethe was the philosopher of this multiplic-\\nity; hundred-handed, Argus-eyed, able and\\nbappy to cope with this rolling miscellany of\\nfacts and sciences, and, by his own versatility,\\nto dispose of them with ease a manly mind,\\nunembarrassed by the variety of coats of con-\\nvention with which life had got encrusted,\\neasily able by his subtlety to pierce these, and\\nto draw his strength from nature, with which\\nhe lived in full communion. What is strange,\\ntoo, he lived in a small town, in a petty state,\\nin a defeated state, and in a time when Ger-\\nmany played no such leading part in the\\nworld s affairs as to swell the bosom of her sons", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "236 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nwith any metropolitan pride, such as might\\nhave cheered a French, or English, or, once, a\\nRoman or Attic genius. Yet there is no trace\\nof provincial limitation in his muse. He is\\nnot a debtor to his position, but was bom with\\na free and controlling genius.\\nThe Helena, or the second part of Faust, is\\na philosophy of literature set in poetry; the\\nv/ork of one who found himself the master of\\nhistories, mythologies, philosophies, sciences,\\nand national literatures, in the encyclopsedical\\nmanner in which modern erudition, with its\\ninternational intercourse of the whole earth s\\npopulation, researches into Indian, Etruscan,\\nand all Cyclopaean arts, geology, chemistry,\\nastronomy and every one of these kingdoms\\nassuming a certain aerial and poetic character,\\nby reason of the multitude. One looks at a\\nking with reverence but if one should chance\\nto be at a congress of kings, the eye would\\ntake liberties with the peculiarities of each.\\nThese are not wild miraculous songs, but elabo-\\nrate forms, to which the poet has confided the\\nresults of eighty years of observation. This\\nreflective and critical wisdom makes the poem\\nmore truly the flower of this time. It dates\\nitself. Still he is a poet, poet of a prouder\\nlaurel than any contemporary, and under this\\nplague of microscopes (for he seems to see out\\nof every pore of his skin), strikes the harp\\nwith a hero s strength and grace.\\nThe wonder of the book is its superior intel-\\nligence. In the menstruum of this man s wit,\\nthe past and the present ages, and their relig-", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 237\\nions, politics, and modes of thinking, are dis-\\nsolved into archetypes and ideas. What new\\nmythologies sail through his head The Greeks\\nsaid, that Alexander went as far as Chaos;\\nGoethe went, only the other day, as far; and\\none step farther he hazarded, and brought him-\\nself safe back.\\nThere is a heart-cheering freedom in his\\nspeculation. The immense horizon which\\njourneys with us lends its majesties to trifles,\\nand to matters of convenience and necessity,\\nas to solemn and festal performances. He was\\nthe soul of his century. If that v/as learned,\\nand had become, by population, compact\\norganization, and drill of parts, one great Ex-\\nploring Expedition, accumulating a glut of\\nfacts and fruits too fast for any hitherto-exist-\\ning savants to classify, this man s mind had\\nample chambers for the distribution of all. He\\nhad a power to unite the detached atoms again\\nby their own law. He has clothed our mod-\\nem existence with poetry. Amid littleness\\nand detail, he detected the Genius of life, the\\nold cunning Proteus, nestling close beside us,\\nand showed that the dullness and prose we\\nascribe to the age was only another of his\\nmasks\\nHis very flight is presence in disguise:\\nthat he had put off a gay uniform for a fatigue\\ndress, and was not a whit less vivacious or rich\\nin Liverpool or the Hague, than once in Rome\\nor Antioch. He sought him in public squares\\nand main streets, in boulevards and hotels;", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "238 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand, in the solidest kingdom of routine and\\nthe senses, he showed the lurking daemonic\\npower; that, in actions of routine, a thread of\\nmythology and fable spins itself and this, by-\\ntracing the pedigree of every usage and prac-\\ntice, every institution, utensil, and means,\\nhome to its origin in the structure of man. He\\nhad an extreme impatience of conjecture and\\nof rhetoric. I have guesses enough of my\\nown if a man write a book, let him set down\\nonly what he knows. He writes in the plain-\\nest and lowest tone, omitting a great deal more\\nthan he writes, and putting ever a thing for a\\nword. He has explained the distinction be-\\ntween the antique and the modern spirit and\\nart. He has defined art, its scope and laws.\\nHe has said the best things about nature that\\never were said. He treats nature as the old\\nphilosophers, as the seven wise masters did,\\nand, with v/hatever loss of French tabulation\\nand dissection, poetry and humanity remain to\\nus; and they have some doctorial skill. Eyes\\nare better, on the whole, than telescopes or\\nmicroscopes. He has contributed a key to\\nmany parts of nature, through the rare turn\\nfor unity and simplicity in his mind. Thus\\nGoethe suggested the leading idea of modem\\nbotany, that a leaf, or the eye of a leaf, is\\nthe unit of botany, and that every part of the\\nplant is only a transformed leaf to meet a new-\\ncondition; and, by varying the conditions, a\\nleaf may be converted into any other organ,\\nand any other organ into a leaf. In like man-\\nner, in osteology, he assumed that one vertebra", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 239\\nof the spine might be considered the unit of\\nthe skeleton the head was only the upper-\\nmost vertebra transformed. The plant goes\\nfrom knot to knot, closing, at last, with the\\nflower and the seed. So the tape- worm, the\\ncaterpillar, goes from knot to knot, and closes\\nwith the head. Men and the higher animals\\nare built up through the vertebrae, the powers\\nbeing concentrated in the head. In optics,\\nagain, he rejected the artificial theory of seven\\ncolors, and considered that every color was the\\nmixture of light and darkness in new propor-\\ntions. It is really of very little consequence\\nwhat topic he writes upon. He sees at every\\npore, and has a certain gravitation toward\\ntruth. He will realize what you say. He\\nhates to be trifled with, and to be made to say\\nover again some old wife s fable, that has had\\npossession of men s faith these thousand years.\\nHe may as well see if it is true as another.\\nHe sifts it. I am here, he would say, to be\\nthe measure and judge of these things. Why\\nshould I take them on trust? And, therefore,\\nwhat he says of religion, of passion, of mar-\\nriage, of manners, property, of paper money,\\nof periods or beliefs, of omens, of luck, or what-\\never else, refuses to be forgotten.\\nTake the most remarkable example that\\ncould occur of this tendency to verify every\\nterm in popular use. The Devil had played\\nan important part in mythology in all times.\\nGoethe would Itave no word that does not cover\\na thing. The same measure will still serve\\nI have never heard of any crime which I", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "240 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nmight not have committed. So he flies at\\nthe throat of this imp. He shall be real; he\\nshall be modern; he shall be European; he\\nshall dress like a gentleman, and accept the\\nmanner, and walk in the streets, and be well\\ninitiated in the life of Vienna, and of Heidel-\\nberg, in 1820, or he shall not exist. Accord-\\ningly, he stripped him of mythologic gear, of\\nhorns, cloven foot, harpoon tail, brimstone,\\nand blue-fire, and, instead of looking in books\\nand pictures, looked for him in his own mind,\\nin every shade of coldness, selfishness, and\\nunbelief that, in crowds, or in solitude, darkens\\nover the human thought, and found that the\\nportrait gained reality and terror by every-\\nthing he added, and by everything he took away.\\nHe found that the essence of this hobgoblin,\\nwhich had hovered in shadow about the habi-\\ntations of men, ever since they were men, was\\npure intellect, applied, as always there is a\\ntendency, to the service of the senses: and\\nhe flung into literature, in his Mephistopheles,\\nthe first organic figure that has been added for\\nsome ages, and which will remain as long as\\nthe Prometheus.\\nI have no design to enter into any analysis\\nof his numerous works. They consist of trans-\\nlations, criticisms, dramas, lyric and every\\nother description of poems, literary journals,\\nand portraits of distinguished men. Yet I can-\\nnot omit to specify the Wilhelm Meister.\\nWilhelm Meister is a novel in every sense,\\nthe first of its kind, called by its admirers the\\nonly delineation of modern society, as if", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 241\\nOther novels, those of Scott, for example, dealt\\nwith costume and condition, this with the spirit\\nof life. It is a book over which some veil is\\nstill drawn. It is read by very intelligent per-\\nsons with wonder and delight. It is preferred\\nby some such to Hamlet, as a work of genius.\\nI suppose no book of this century can compare\\nwith it in its delicious sweetness, so new, so\\nprovoking to the mind, gratifying it with so\\nmany and so solid thoughts, just insights into\\nlife, and manners, and characters; so many\\ngood hints for the conduct of life, so many un-\\nexpected glimpses into a higher sphere, and\\nnever a trace of rhetoric or dullness. A very\\nprovoking book to the curiosity of young men\\nof genius, but a very unsatisfactory one.\\nLovers of light reading, those who look in it\\nfor the entertainment they find in a romance,\\nare disappointed. On the other hand, those\\nwho begin it with the higher hope to read in\\nit a worthy history of genius, and the just award\\nof the laurels to its toils and denials, have also\\nreason to complain. We had an English ro-\\nmance here, not long ago, professing to em-\\nbody the hope of a new age, and to unfold the\\npolitical hope of the party called Young Eng-\\nland, in which the only reward of virtue is a\\nseat in parliament, and a peerage. Goethe s\\nromance has a conclusion as lame and immoral.\\nGeorge Sand, in Consuelo and its continuation,\\nhas sketched a truer and more dignified pict-\\nure. In the progress of the story, the charac-\\nters of the hero and heroine expand at a rate\\nthat shivers the porcelain chess-table of aristo-\\n16 Representative Men", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "242 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\ncratic convention: they quit the societ} and\\nhabits of their rank; they lose their wealth;\\nthey become the servants of great ideas, and\\nof the most generous social ends until, at last,\\nthe hero, who is the center and fountain of an\\nassociation for the rendering of the noblest\\nbenefits to the human race, no longer answers\\nto his own titled name it sounds foreign and\\nremote in his ear.\\nI am only man, he says; I breathe and\\nwork for man, and this in poverty and ex-\\ntreme sacrifices. Goethe s hero, on the con-\\ntrary, has so many weaknesses and impurities,\\nand keeps such bad company, that the sober\\nEnglish public, when the book was translated,\\nwere disgusted. And yet it is so crammed\\nwith wisdom, with knowledge of the world,\\nand with knowledge of laws; the persons so\\ntruly and subtly drawn, and with such few\\nstrokes, and not a word too much, the book\\nremains ever so new and unexhausted, that v/e\\nmust even let it go its way, and be willing to\\nget what good from it we can, assured that it\\nhas only begun its office, and has millions of\\nreaders yet to serve.\\nThe argument is the passage of a democrat\\nto the aristocracy, using both words in their\\nbest sense. And this passage is not made in\\nany mean or creeping way, but through the\\nhall door. Nature and character assist, and\\nthe rank is made real by sense and probity in\\nthe nobles. No generous youth can escape\\nthis charm of reality in the book, so that it is\\nhighly stimulating to intellect and courage.", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 243\\nThe ardent and holy Novalis characterized\\nthe book as thoroughly modern and prosaic;\\nthe romantic is completely leveled in it so is\\nthe poetry of nature; the wonderful. The\\nbook treats only of the ordinary affairs of men\\nit is a poeticized civic and domestic story.\\nThe wonderful in it is expressly treated as\\nfiction and enthusiastic dreaming: and yet,\\nwhat is also characteristic, Novalis soon re-\\nturned to this book, and it remained his favo-\\nrite reading to the end of his life.\\nWhat distinguishes Goethe for French and\\nEnglish readers, is a property which he shares\\nwith his nation, a habitual reference to inte-\\nrior truth. In England and in America there\\nis a respect for talent and, if it is exerted in\\nsupport of any ascertained or intelligible in-\\nterest or party, or in regular opposition to any,\\nthe public is satisfied. In France, there is even\\na greater delight in intellectual brilliancy, for\\nits own sake. And, in all these countries, men\\nof talent write from talent. It is enough if\\nthe understanding is occupied, the taste propi-\\ntiated, so many columns so many hours, filled\\nin a lively and creditable way. The German\\nintellect wants the French sprightliness, the\\nfine practical understanding of the English, and\\nthe American adventure but it has a certain\\nprobity, which never rests in a superficial per-\\nformance, but asks steadily. To what end? A\\nGerman public asks for a controlling sincerity.\\nHere is activity of thought; but what is it for?\\nWhat does the man mean? Whence, whence,\\nall these thoughts?", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "244 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nTalent alone cannot make a writer. There\\nmust be a man behind the book; a personality\\nwhich, by birth and quality, is pledged to the\\ndoctrines there set forth, and which exists to\\nsee and state things so, and not otherwise;\\nholding things because they are things. If he\\ncannot rightly express himself to-day, the same\\nthings subsist, and will open themselves\\nto-morrow. There lies the burden on his mind\\nthe burden of truth to be declared, mere\\nor less understood; and it constitutes his\\nbusiness and calling in the world, to see those\\nfacts through, and to make them known.\\nWhat signifies that he trips and stammers;\\nthat his voice is harsh or hissing; that this\\nmethod or his tropes are inadequate? That\\nmessage will find method and imagery, articu-\\nlation and melody. Though he were dumb,\\nit would speak. If not, if there be no such\\nGod s word in the man, what care we how\\nadroit, how fluent, how brilliant he is?\\nIt makes a great difference to the force of\\nany sentence, whether there be a man behind\\nit, or no. In the learned journal, in the\\ninfluential newspaper, I discern no form only\\nsome irresponsible shadow; oftener some\\nmonied corporation, or some dangler, who\\nhopes, in the mask and robes of his paragraph,\\nto pass for somebody. But, through every\\nclause and part of speech of a right book, I\\nmeet the eyes of the most determined of men:\\nhis force and terror inundate every word: the\\ncommas and dashes are alive; so that the", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 245\\nwriting is athletic and nimble, can go far and\\nlive long.\\nIn England and America, one may be an\\nadept in the writing of a Greek or Latin poet,\\nwithout any poetic taste or fire. That a man\\nhas spent years on Plato and Proclus, does not\\nafford a presumption that he holds heroic\\nopinions, or undervalues the fashions of his\\ntown. But the German nation have the most\\nridiculous good faith on these subjects: the\\nstudent, out of the lecture-room, still broods\\non the lessons and the professor cannot divest\\nhimself of the fancy, that the truths of philos-\\nophy have some application to Berlin and\\nMunich. This earnestness enables them to\\nout-see men of much more talent. Hence,\\nalmost all the valuable distinctions which are\\ncurrent in higher conversation, have been\\nderived to us from Germany. But, whilst men\\ndistinguished for wit and learning, in England\\nand France, adopt their study and their side\\nwith a certain levit} and are not understood\\nto be very deeply engaged, from grounds of\\ncharacter, to the topic or the part they\\nespouse, Goethe, the head and body of the\\nGerman nation, does not speak from talent,\\nbut the truth shines through he is very wise,\\nthough his talent often veils his wisdom.\\nHowever excellent his sentence is, he has\\nsomewhat better in view. It awakens my\\ncuriosity. He has the formidable independ-\\nence which con verse* with truth gives: hear\\nyou, or forbear, his fact abides and your inter-\\nest in the writer is not confined to his story.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "246 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nand he dismissed from memory, when he has\\nperformed his task creditably, as a baker when\\nhe has left his loaf; but his work is the least\\npart of him. The old Eternal Genius who\\nbuilt the world has confided himself more to\\nthis man than to any other. I dare not say\\nthat Goethe ascended to the highest grounds\\nfrom which genius has spoken. He has not\\nworshipped the highest unity; he is incapable\\nof a self-surrender to the moral sentiment.\\nThere are nobler strains in poetry than any he\\nhas sounded. There are writers poorer in\\ntalent, whose tone is purer, and more touches\\nthe heart. Goethe can never be dear to men.\\nHis is not even the devotion to pure truth; but\\nto truth for the sake of culture. He has no\\naims less large than the conquest of universal\\nnature, of universal truth, to be his portion; a\\nman not to be bribed, nor deceived, nor over-\\nawed; of a stoical self-command and self-de-\\nnial, and having one test for all men, What\\ncan you teach me? All possessions are valued\\nby him for that only; rank, privileges, health,\\ntime, being itself.\\nHe is the type of culture, the amateur of all\\narts, and sciences, and events; artistic, but not\\nartist; spiritual, but not spiritualist. There is\\nnothing he had not right to know; there is no\\nweapon in the army of universal genius he did\\nnot take into his hand, but with peremptory\\nheed that he should not be for a moment pre-\\njudiced by his instruments. He lays a ray of\\nlight under every fact, and between himself\\nand his dearest property. From him nothing", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 247\\nwas hid, nothing withholden. The lurking-\\ndaemons sat to him, and the saint who saw the\\ndaemons; and the metaphysical elements took\\nform. Piety itself is no aim, but only a\\nmeans whereby, through purest inward peace,\\nwe may attain to highest culture. And his\\npenetration of every secret of the fine arts will\\nmake Goethe still more statuesque. His affec-\\ntions help him, like women employed by Cicero\\nto worm out the secret of conspirators.\\nEnmities he has none. Enemy of him you\\nmay be, if so you shall teach him aught which\\nyour good-will cannot, were it only what\\nexperience will accrue from your ruin. Enemy\\nand welcome, but enemy on high terms. He\\ncannot hate anybody; his time is worth too\\nmuch. Temperamental antagonisms may be\\nsuffered, but like feuds of emperors, who fight\\ndignifiedly across kingdoms.\\nHis autobiography, under the title of Poetry\\nand Truth Out of My Life, is the expression\\nof the idea, now familiar to the world through\\nthe German mind, but a novelty to England,\\nOld and New, when that book appeared, that\\na man exists for culture not for what he can\\naccomplish, but for what can be accomplished\\nin him. The reaction of things on the man is\\nthe only noteworthy result. An intellectual\\nman can see himself as a third person; there-\\nfore his faults and delusions .interest him\\nequally with his successes. Though he wishes\\nto prosper in affairs, he wishes more to know\\nthe history and destiny of man; whilst the", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "248 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nclouds of egotists drifting about him are only\\ninterested in a low success.\\nThis idea reigns in the DichUing itiid Wahr-\\nhcit, and directs the selection of the incidents;\\nand nowise the external importance of events,\\ntlie rank of the personages, or the bulk of\\nir.comes. Of course, the book affords slender\\nmaterials for what would be reckoned with us\\na Life of Goethe; few dates; no corres-\\npondence; no details of offices or employments;,\\nno light on his marriage and, a period of ten\\nyears, that should be the most active in his life,\\nafter his settlement at Weimar, is sunk in\\nsilence. Meantime, certain love-affairs, that\\ncame to nothing, as people say, have the\\nstrangest importance: he crowds us with\\ndetail: certain whimsical opinions, cosmog-\\nonies, and religions of his own invention, and,\\nespecially his relations to remarkable minds,\\nand to critical epochs of thought: these he\\nmagnifies. His Daily and Yearly Journal,\\nhis Italian Travels, his Campaign in\\nFrance, and the historical part of his Theory\\nof Colors, have the same interest. In the\\nlast, he rapidly notices Kepler, Roger Bacon,\\nGalileo, Newton, Voltaire, etc. and the charm\\nof this portion of the book consists in the\\nsimplest statement of the relation betwixt these\\ngrandees of European scientific history and\\nhimself the mere drawing of the lines from\\nGoethe to Kepler, from Goethe to Bacon, from\\nGoethe to Newton. The drawing of the line\\nis for the time and person, a solution of the\\nformidable problem, and gives pleasure when", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 249\\nIphig^enia and Faust do not, without any cost\\nof invention comparable to that of Iphigenia\\nand Faust.\\nThis lawgiver of art is not an artist. Was\\nit that he knew too much, that his sight was\\nmicroscopic, and interfered with the just per-\\nspective, the seeing of the whole? He is frag-\\nmentary; a writer of occasional poems, and of\\nan encyclopaedia of sentences. When he sits\\ndown to write a drama or a tale, he collects\\nand sorts his observations from a hundred\\nsides, and combines them into the body as fitly\\nas he can. A great deal refuses to incorporate\\nthis he adds loosely, as letters, of the parties,\\nleaves from their journals, or the like. A\\ngreat deal still is left that will not find any\\nplace. This the bookbinder alone can give\\nany cohesion to: and, hence, notwithstanding\\nthe looseness of many of his works, we have\\nvolumes of detached paragraphs, aphorisms,\\nxenien, etc.\\nI suppose the worldly tone of his tales grew\\nout of the calculations of self-culture. It was\\nthe infirmity of an admirable scholar, who\\nloved the world out of gratitude; who knew\\nwhere libraries, galleries, architecture, labora^\\ntories, savants, and leisure, were to be had,\\nand who did not quite trust the compensations\\nof poverty and nakedness. Socrates loved\\nAthens; Montaigne, Paris; and Madame de\\nStael said, she was only vulnerable on that side\\n(namely, of Paris). It has its favorable aspect.\\nAll the geniuses are usually so ill-assorted\\nand sickly, that one is ever wishing them", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "250 REPRESENTATIVE MEN.\\nsomewhere else. We seldom see anybody who\\nis not uneasy or afraid to live. There is a\\nslight blush of shame on the cheek of good\\nmen and aspiring men, and a spice of carica-\\nture. But this man was entirely at home and\\nhappy in his century and the world. None\\nwas so fit to live, or more heartily enjoyed the\\ngame. In this aim of culture, which is the\\ngenius of his works, is their power. The idea\\nof absolute, eternal truth, without reference to\\nmy own enlargement by it, is higher. The\\nsurrender to the torrent, of poetic inspiration\\nis higher but compared with any motives on\\nwhich books are written in England and\\nAmerica, this is very truth, and has the power\\nto inspire which belongs to truth. Thus has\\nhe brought back to a book some of its ancient\\nmight and dignity.\\nGoethe, coming into an over- civilized time\\nand country, when original talent was oppressed\\nunder the load of books, and mechanical aux-\\niliaries, and the distracting variety of claims,\\ntaught men how to dispose of this mountainous\\nmiscellany, and make it subservient. I join\\nNapoleon with him, as being both representa-\\ntives of the impatience and reaction of nature\\nagainst the morgue of conventions, two stern\\nrealists, who, with their scholars, have severally\\nset the axe at the root of the tree of cant and\\nseeming, for this time, and for all time. This\\ncheerful laborer, with no external popularity\\nor provocation, drawing his motive and his\\nplan from his own breast, tasked himself with\\nstints for a giant, and, without relaxation or", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 251\\nrest, except by alternating his pursuits,\\nworked on for eighty years with the steadiness\\nof his first zeal.\\nIt is the last lesson of modern science, that\\nthe highest simplicity of structure is produced,\\nnot by few elements, but by the highest com-\\nplexity. Man is the most composite of all crea-\\ntures: the wheel-insect, volvox globator, is at\\nthe other extreme. We shall learn to draw\\nrents and revenues from the immense patri-\\nmony of the old and recent ages. Goethe\\nteaches courage, and the equivalence of all\\ntimes: that the disadvantages ,of any epoch\\nexist only to the faint-hearted. Genius hovers\\nwith his sunshine and music close by the dark-\\nest and deafest eras. No mortgage, no\\nattainder, will hold on men or hours. The\\nworld is young the former great men call to\\nus affectionately. We too must write Bibles,\\nto unite again the heavens and the earthly\\nworld. The secret of genius is to suffer no\\nfiction to exist for us; to realize all that we\\nknow in the high refinement of modern life,\\nin arts, in sciences, in books, in men, to exact\\ngood faith, reality, and a purpose; and first,\\nlast, midst, and without end, to honor every\\ntruth by use.\\nTHE END.", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "WORKS OF ELLA WHEELER WILCOX (Continued)\\nHOW SALVATOR WON AND OTHER POEMS. 12mo,\\ncloth, $1.00. Presentation Edition white vellum, gold\\ntop, $1.50. Presentation Edition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 half calf, gold top,\\n$2.50.\\nA choice collection of recitations, specially compiled for read-\\ners and impersonators.\\nHer name is a household word. Her great power lies in depict-\\ning human emotions and in handling that grandest of all passions\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094love\u00e2\u0080\u0094 she wields the pen of a master. T^e Saturday Record.\\nCUSTER AND OTHER POEMS. Handsomely illustrated.\\n12mo, cloth, $1.00. Presentation Edition white vellum,\\ngold top. $1.50. Presentation Edition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 half calf, gold\\ntop, $2.50.\\nA grand epic of the exploits and massacre of the immortal\\nCuster.\\n*One cannot help gaining new impetus for the spiritual exist-\\nence from coming in contact, mentally, with such ideal sentiments\\nand emotions as this rarely gifted poetess voices in magnificent\\nverse. iJjiirersai Truth.\\nAN ERRING WOMAN S LOVE. 12mo. cloth. $1.00.\\nPresentation Edition white vellum, gold top, $1.50.\\nPresentation Edition half calf, gold top, $2.50.\\nPower and pathos characterize this magnificent poem. A\\ndeep understanding of life and an intense sympathy are beauti-\\nfully expressed. Triftune.\\nMEN, WOMEN AND EMOTIONS. (Prose.) 12mo, heavy\\nenameled paper cover, 50 cents English cloth, $1.00.\\nA skillful analysis of social habits, customs and follies.\\nHer fame has reached all parts of the world, and her popular-\\nity seems to grow with each succeeding year. American Newsman^\\nTHE BEAUTIFUL LAND OF NOD. (Poems, songs and\\nstories.) With over sixty original illustrations. Quarto.\\ncloth, $1.00.\\nThe delight of the nursery. A charming mother s book.\\nThe foremost baby s book of the world. iV^ety Orleans\\nPicayune.\\nPRESENTATION SETS. Poems of Passion, Maurine,\\nPoems of Pleasure, How Salvator Won, and Custer, are\\nsupplied in sets of 3, 4. or 5 titles, as may be desired, in\\nneat boxes, without extra charge.\\nELLA WHEELER WILCOX S WORKS are for sale by leading book-\\nsellers everywhere, or will be sent postpaid on receipt of price by\\nthe Publishers.\\nW, B, CONKEY COMPANY, Chicago", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "IS. I CoNKEY GoiQPHurs Fdbligbtions\\nCOMPLETE LIST OF THE POETIC AND PROSE\\nWORKS OF\\nElla Wheeler Wilcox\\nPOEMS OP PASSION. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. Presentation\\nEdition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 white vellum, gold top. $1.50. Presentation\\nEdition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 half calf, gold top, $2.50.\\nPOEMS OF PASSION. Quarto, cloth. Illustrated\\nEdition, $1.50.\\nPOEMS OF PASSION. Pocket Edition, Illustrated\u00e2\u0080\u0094 16mo,\\ncloth, 75 cents; full morocco, gold edges, $2.50.\\nHuman nature is less of a mystery after the reading of this book.\\n0nly a woman of genias could produce such a remarkable\\n\\\\roilsi. Illustrated London News.\\nMAURINE AND OTHER POEMS. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.\\nPresentation Edition white vellum, gold top, $1.50.\\nPresentation Edition half calf, gold top, $2.50.\\nBeautiful thoughts and healthy inspiration in every line.\\nMaurine is an ideal poem about a perfect woman, Tfce South,\\nPOEMS OF PLEASURE. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. Presenta-\\ntion Edition white vellum, gold top, $1.50. Presenta-\\ntion Edition half calf, gold top, $2.50.\\nThese poems make life doubly sweet and cheerful.\\nMrs. Wilcox is an artist with a touch that reminds one of\\nLord Byron s impassionate strains. Pans Register.\\nTHREE WOMEN. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. Presentation\\nEdition art binding, gold top, boxed, $1.50.\\nHer [latest and greatest poem. This marvelous narrative of\\nthrilling interest depicts the lives of three good and beautiful\\nwomen in every phase of weakness^ passion, pride, love, sympathy\\nand tenderness.\\nAN AMBITIOUS MAN. (Prose.) 12mo, cloth, $1.00.\\nVivid realism stands forth from every page of this fascinating\\nhook. Every Day,", "height": "2890", "width": "1772", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "W. B. CONKEY COMPANY S PUBLICATIONS\\n1. Abb6 ConBtantin Hal6\u00c2\u00bby\\n2. Adventures of a Brownie. ..Mulock\\n5. All Aboard Optic\\n4. Alice s Adventures in Wonderland\\nCarroll\\n6. An Attic Philosopher in Paris\\nSonvestre\\n6. Autobiography of Benjamin\\nFranklin\\n7. Autocrat of the Breakfast Table\\nHolmes\\n11. Bacon s Essays Bacon\\n12. Barrack Room Ballads. .Kipling\\n15. Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush\\nMaclaren\\n14. Black Beauty Sewall\\n16. Blitbedale Romance.. Hawthorne\\n16. Boat Club Optic\\n17. Bracebridge Hall Irving\\n18. Brooks Addresses\\n19. Browning s Poems Browning\\n24. Childe Harold s Pilgrimage\\nByron\\n26. Child s History of England\\nDickens\\n26. Oranf ord Gnskell\\n27. Crown of Wild Olives Ruskin\\n80. Daily Food for Christians\\n31. Departmental Ditties Kipling\\n82. Dolly Dialogues Hope\\n33. Dream Life Mitchell\\n84. Drummond s Addresses\\nDmmmond\\n87. Emerson s Essays, Vol. 1\\nEmerson\\n38. Emerson s Essays, Vol. 2\\nEmerson\\n89. Ethics of the Dust Ruskin\\n40. Evangeline Longfellow\\n43. Flower Fables Alcott\\n46. Gold Dust Yonge\\n49. Heroes and Hero Worship, Carly le\\n50. Hiawatha Longfellow\\n61. House of Seven Gables\\nHawthorne\\n62. House of the Wolf Weyman\\n67. Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow\\nJerome\\n68. Idylls of the King Tennyson\\n69. Imitation of Christ\\nThoB. a Eempis\\n60. In Memoriam Tennyson\\n64. John Halifax Mulock\\n67. Kept for the Master s Use\\nHavergal\\n68. Kidnapped Stevenson\\n69. King of the Golden River.. Raskin\\n73. Laddie\\n74. Lady of the Lake Scott\\n75. Lalla Rookh Moore\\n76. Let Us Follow Him.. .Sienkiewicz\\n77. Light of Asia Arnold\\n93.\\n100.\\n104.\\n107\\n110.\\n111.\\n112.\\n113.\\n114.\\n116.\\n116.\\n117.\\n118.\\n119.\\n120.\\n121.\\n122.\\n123.\\n128.\\n129.\\n130\\n131.\\n132.\\n133.\\n140.\\n141.\\n142.\\n143.\\n144.\\n145.\\n146.\\n150.\\n154.\\n158.\\n159.\\n160.\\n161.\\nLight That Failed. .Kipling\\nLocksley Hall Tennyson\\nLongfellow s Poems\\nLongfellow\\nLorna Doone Blaokmore\\nLowell s Poems Lowell\\nLucile Meredith\\nMarmion Scott\\nMosses from an Old Manse\\nHawthorne\\nNatural Law in the Spiritual\\nWorld Dmmmond\\nNow or Never Optie\\nParadise Lost Milton\\nPaul and Virginia\\nSaint Pierre\\nPilgrim s Progress Banyan\\nPlain Tales from the Hills\\nKipling\\nPleasures of Life Lubbock\\nPrince of the House of David\\nIngraham\\nPrincess Tennyson\\nPrueand I Curtis\\nQueen of the Air Ruskin\\nKab and His Friends. Brown\\nRepresentative Men. .Emerson\\nReveries of a Bachelor\\nMitchell\\nRollo in Geneva Abbott\\nRollo in Holland Abbott\\nRollo in London Abbott\\nRollo in Naples Abbott\\nRollo in Paris Abbott\\nRollo in Rome Abbott\\nRollo in Scotland Abbott\\nRollo in Switzerland. .Abbott\\nRollo on the Atlantic. ..Abbott\\nRollo on the Rhine Abbott\\nRubaiyat of Omar Khayyam\\nFitzgerald\\nSartor Resartus Carlyle\\nScarlet Letter Hawthorne\\nSesame and Lilies Ruskin\\nSign of the Four Doyle\\nSketch Book Irving\\nStickit Minister Crockett\\nTales from Shakespeare\\nO. and Mary Lamb\\nTanglewood Tales. Hawthorne\\nTrue and Beautiful Ruskin\\nThree Men in a Boat. .Jerome\\nThrough the Looking Glass\\nCarroll\\nTreasure Island Stevenson\\nTwice Told Tales.. Hawthorne\\nUncle Tom s Cabin Stow\u00c2\u00a9\\nVicar of Wakefield. .Goldsmith\\nWhittier s Poems Whittier\\nWide, Wide World .Warner\\nWindow in Thrums Barria\\nWonder Book Hawthorne", "height": "2868", "width": "1797", "jp2-path": "representativeme02emer_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "tUJOMEYGOHnFOBLICilTlONS\\nONE HUNDRED SELECTED POPULAR STANDARD BOOKS,\\nMASTERPIECES OE LITERATURE, BY THE\\nWORLD S MOST FAMOUS AUTHORS\\nPrinted From New, Perfect Putes\\nBOUND IN THREE SERIES, AS FOLLOWS:\\nTHE IVORY SERIES\\nf \u00c2\u00a3E LIST OF TITLES ON NEXT PAGE\\nThree ori^nal fall page illastrations and portrait of the\\nauthor in each book. Beautifully illuminated title page. Printed\\nwith the greatest care on fine laid paper, from clear, oj^en-faced\\ntype. Bound in euperb style with white Tellum cloth and imported\\nfancy paper eides, artistically stamped in gold, with gold top and\\nsilk ribbon marker. Each book in neat covered box. 16mo size.\\nAn exquisite series of gift books. Price. 50C.\\nTHE UNIVERSITY SERIES\\nSEE LIST OF TITLES ON NEXT PAGE\\nAn unexcelled library of standard works. Bound in a beaatiful\\nand durable heavy ribbed cloth, handsomely stamped in gilt and\\ntwo colors of ink. A perfect portrait of the author and three full\\npage original illustrations in each volume. Title page in colors.\\nPrinted on fine laid paper, from new, clear type. Wrapped in neat\\ncolored printed wrappers. 16mo size. Price, 36C.\\nTHE AMARANTH SERIES\\nSEE LIST OF TITLES ON NEXT PAGE\\nThe latest, handsomest, and best selected series of standard\\nbooks at a popular price. Printed on good paper from new type,\\nand bound in strong cloth, artistically stamped with original\\ndesign in two colors of ink. Printed colored wrappers. 16mo size*\\nPrice, 26c.\\nAll of the above series are for sale by leading booksellers\\neverywhere. Ask for them by the name of the series, or\\nwill be sent postpaid, on receipt of price, by the publishers.\\nW. B. CONKEY COMPANY, Chicago\\nWORKS: Hammond. 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