{"1": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I\\nI\\n:r. v3*f\\nV\\nm\\\\", "height": "4160", "width": "3147", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "aass____,_\u00e2\u0080\u0094 _\\nH o c\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT", "height": "3973", "width": "3054", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3054", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3054", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3054", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3981", "width": "2927", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3981", "width": "2927", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3981", "width": "2927", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3981", "width": "2927", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Alexander. Frontispiece.\\nAlexander Viewing the Dead Body of Darius. {Seep. 199.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "jin\\n40305\\n/9cd\\nLibrary of Congress\\n1 wu Copies Received\\nAUG 29 1900\\nCopyright totry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOfctiverol tf\\nORDER DIVISION,\\nSEP 5 190(1\\n74132,", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nHis Childhood and Youth\\n1\\nCHAPTER II.\\nBeginning of his Reign\\n22\\nCHAPTER III.\\nThe Reaction\\n41\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nCrossing the Hellespont\\n60\\nCHAPTER V.\\nCampaign in Asia Minor\\n83\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nDefeat of Darius\\n104\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Siege of Tyre\\n124\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nAlexander in Egypt\\n144\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nThe Great Victory\\n162\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe Death of Darius\\n184\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nDeterioration of Character\\n203\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nAlexander s End\\n218\\n(v)", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Alexander, vi-\\nDemosthenes.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nViewing the Dead Body of Darius\\nFrontispiece.\\nDemosthenes\\npage vi\\nBust of Alexander the Great\\nX\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I.\\n1\\nRelating the Tales of Homer\\nfacing 8\\nThe Banquet of Philip of Macedon\\n19\\nRoman Triumph\\n21\\nHeadpiece, Chapter II.\\n22\\nAt the Wedding of Philip s Daughter\\nfacing 26\\nAnnouncing the Death of Philip\\n30\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\n41\\nMap of Macedon and Greece\\n32 and 42\\nRoman War Chariots\\npage 40\\nSlaughter of the Theban Soldiery\\nfacing 54\\nCelebrating the Victory at Aegse\\n59\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IV.\\n60\\nStatue of Alexander the Great\\nfacing 64\\nMap of the Plain of Troy\\n69\\nIncident in the Siege of Troy\\n75\\nAchilles\\n77\\nThe Romans in Asia\\n82\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\n83\\nMap of the Granicus\\n84\\nThe Macedonian Phalanx\\nfacing 86\\nThe Battle of the Granicus\\n92\\nPersian Galleys\\n103\\n(vii)", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Vlll\\nILLUSTRATIONS.\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VI.\\nMap of the Plain of Issus\\nThe Battle of Issus\\nThe Siege of Tyre\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VII.\\nThe Defences of Tyre\\nArms and Armor\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VIII.\\nJosephus, the Historian\\nA Focus\\nThe xincient City of Alexandria\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX.\\nThe Caltrop\\nAlexander Inspiring his Soldiers\\nPersians Defending the Pass\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X.\\nThe Passage of the Oxus\\nHead of Alexander the Great\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XL\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII.\\nAn Indian Army Elephant\\nAlexander s Triumphal Entry into Babylon\\nThe Death of Alexander the Great\\nfacing\\nfacing\\npage 104\\n110\\n115\\n123\\n124\\n129\\n143\\n144\\n144\\n159\\n160\\n162\\n169\\n175\\n183\\n184\\n200\\n202\\n203\\n218\\n218\\n222\\n231\\nfacing\\nfac", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nAlexander the Great crowded into a brief\\ncareer of twelve years a brilliant series of ex-\\nploits. Reaching the throne of Macedon before\\nhe had attained the age of twenty years, he\\nmet and defeated Darius III. at the river\\nGranicus, and later completely routed him at\\na pass near Issus. He then besieged the city\\nof Tyre, taking it after a siege of seven months.\\nThen Alexander marched through Palestine to\\nEgypt, where he was welcomed as a deliverer.\\nAfter founding Alexandria he again set out to\\nmeet Darius. The battle was fought at Arbela,\\nand the Persian hosts, more than a million\\nstrong, went down before the irresistible Mace-\\ndonian Phalanx. Then Alexander overthrew\\nthe Scythians marched into India, where he\\ndefeated Porus fought his way to the ocean,\\nand then marched back to Susa and Babylon.\\nAlexander was more than a conqueror, for\\nhe diffused the language and civilization of\\nGreece; but his marvellous successes dazzled\\nhis judgment, and he became a slave to de-\\nbauchery capricious, cruel and ungrateful.\\nAt the time of his death he was engaged in\\ngigantic plans for further conquest and civil-\\nization.\\n(ix)", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "Alexander, x\\nAlexander the Great.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nCHAPTEK I.\\nHIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.\\nAlexander the Great died when he was quite\\nyoung. He was but thirty-two years of age\\nwhen he ended his career, and as he was about\\ntwenty when he commenced it, it was only for a\\nperiod of twelve years that he was actually en-\\ngaged in performing the work of his life.\\nNapoleon was nearly three times as long on\\nthe great field of human action.\\nNotwithstanding the briefness of Alexander s\\ncareer, he ran through, during that short pe-\\nriod, a very brilliant series of exploits, which\\nwere so bold, so romantic, and which led him\\ninto such adventures in scenes of the greatest\\nmagnificence and splendor, that all the world\\nlooked on with astonishment then, and man-\\nkind have continued to read the story since,\\nfrom age to age, with the greatest interest and\\nattention.\\nThe secret of Alexander s success was his", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "2 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ncharacter. He possessed a certain combina-\\ntion of mental and personal attractions, which\\nin every age gives to those who exhibit it a\\nmysterious and almost unbounded ascendency\\nover all within their influence. Alexander was\\ncharacterized by these qualites in a very remark-\\nable degree. He was finely formed in person,\\nand very prepossessing in his manners. He\\nwas active, athletic, and full of ardor and en-\\nthusiasm in all that he did. At the same time,\\nhe was calm, collected, and considerate in\\nemergencies requiring caution, and thoughtful\\nand far-seeing in respect to the bearings and\\nconsequences of his acts. He formed strong\\nattachments, was grateful for kindnesses shown\\nto him, considerate in respect to the feelings\\nof all who were connected with him in any\\nway, faithful to his friends, and generous to-\\nward his feos. In a word, he had a noble\\ncharacter, though he devoted its energies un-\\nfortunately to conquest and war. He lived, in\\nfact, in an age when great personal and mental\\npowers had scarcely any other field for their\\nexercise than this. He entered upon his career\\nwith great ardor, and the position in which he\\nwas placed gave him the opportunity to act in\\nit with prodigious effect.\\nThere were several circumstances combined,\\nin the situation in which Alexander was placed,\\nto afford him a great opportunity for the ex-\\nercise of his vast powers. His native country", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 3\\nwas on the confines of Europe and Asia. Now\\nEurope and Asia were, in those days, as now,\\nmarked and distinguished by two vast masses\\nof social and civilized life, widely dissimilar\\nfrom each other. The Asiatic side was oc-\\ncupied by the Persians, the Medes, and the\\nAssyrians. The European side by the Greeks\\nand Romans. They were separated from each\\nother by the waters of the Hellespont, the\\niEgean Sea, and the Mediterranean. These\\nwaters constituted a sort of natural barrier,\\nwhich kept the two races apart. The races\\nformed, accordingly, two vast organizations,\\ndistinct and widely different from each other,\\nand of course rivals and enemies.\\nIt is hard to say whether the Asiatic or\\nEuropean civilization was the highest. The\\ntwo were so different that it is difficult to com-\\npare them. On the Asiatic side there was\\nwealth, luxury, and splendor; on the Euro-\\npean, energy, genius, and force. On the one\\nhand were vast cities, splendid palaces, and\\ngardens which were the wonder of the world;\\non the other, strong citadels, military roads\\nand bridges, and compact and well-defended\\ntowns. The Persians had enormous armies,\\nperfectly provided for, with beautiful tents,\\nhorses elegant caparisoned, arms and muni-\\ntions of war of the. finest workmanship, and\\nofficers magnificently dressed, and accustomed\\nto a life of luxury and splendor. The Greeks", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "4 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nand Romans, on the other hand, prided them-\\nselves on their compact bodies of troops, in-\\nured to hardship and thoroughly disciplined.\\nTheir officers gloried not in luxury and parade,\\nbut in the courage, the steadiness, and implicit\\nobedience of their troops, and in their own\\nscience, skill, and powers of military calcu-\\nlation. Thus there was a great difference\\nin the whole system of social and military\\norganization in these two quarters of the\\nglobe.\\nNow Alexander was born the heir to the\\nthrone of one of the Grecian kingdoms. He\\npossessed, in a very remarkable degree, the\\nenergy, and enterprise, and military skill so\\ncharacteristic of the Greeks and Romans. He\\norganized armies, crossed the boundary be-\\ntween Europe and Asia, and spent the twelve\\nyears of his career in a most triumphant mili-\\ntary incursion into the very center and seat of\\nAsiatic power, destroying the Asiatic armies,\\nconquering the most splendid cities, defeating\\nor taking captive the kings, and princes, and\\ngenerals that opposed his progress. The\\nwhole world looked on with wonder to see\\nsuch a course of conquest, pursued so success-\\nfully by so young a man, and with so small an\\narmy, gaining continual victories, as it did,\\nover such vast numbers of foes, and making\\nconquests of such accumulated treasures of\\nwealth and splendor.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 5\\nThe name of Alexander s father was Philip.\\nThe kingdom over which he reigned was called\\nMacedon. Macedon was in the northern part\\nof Greece. It was a kingdom about twice as\\nlarge as the State of Massachusetts, and one\\nthird as large as the State of New York. The\\nname of Alexander s mother was Olympias.\\nShe was the daughter of the King of Epirus,\\nwhich was a kingdom somewhat smaller than\\nMacedon, and lying westward of it.\\nOlympias was a woman of very strong and\\ndetermined character. Alexander seemed to\\ninherit her energy, though in his case it was\\ncombined with other qualities of a more attrac-\\ntive character, which his mother did not pos-\\nsess.\\nHe was, of course, as the young prince, a\\nvery important personage in his father s\\ncourt. Everyone knew that at his father s\\ndeath he would become King of Macedon, and\\nhe was consequently the object of a great deal\\nof care and attention. As he gradually ad-\\nvanced in the years of his boyhood, it was\\nobserved by all who knew him that he was\\nendued with extraordinary qualities of mind\\nand of character, which seemed to indicate, at\\na very early age, his future greatness.\\nAlthough he was a prince, he was not\\nbrought up in habits of luxury and effeminacy.\\nThis would have been contrary to all the ideas\\nwhich were entertained by the Greeks in those", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "6 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ndays. They had then no firearms, so that in\\nbattle the combatants could not stand quietly,\\nas they can now, at a distance from the\\nenemy, coolly discharging musketry or cannon.\\nIn ancient battles the soldiers rushed toward\\neach other, and fought hand to hand, in close\\ncombat, with swords, or spears or other weap-\\nons requiring great personal strength, so that\\nheadlong bravery and muscular force were\\nthe qualities which generally carried the\\nday.\\nThe duties of officers, too, on the field of\\nbattle, were very different then from what they\\nare now. An officer now must be calm, col-\\nlected, and quiet, His business is to plan, to\\ncalculate, to direct, and arrange. He has to\\ndo this sometimes, it is true, in circumstances\\nof the most imminent danger, so that he must\\nbe a man of great self-possession and of un-\\ndaunted courage. But there is very little occa-\\nsion for him to exert any great physical\\nforce.\\nIn ancient times, however, the great busi-\\nness of the officers, certainly in all the subor-\\ndinate grades, was to lead on the men, and set\\nthem an example by performing themselves\\ndeeds in which their own great personal prowess\\nwas displayed. Of course it was considered\\nextremely important that the child destined to\\nbe a general should become robust and power-\\nful in constitution from his earliest years, aod", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOC\\nthat he should be inured to hardship aiid fa-\\ntigue. In the early part of Alexander s life this\\nwas the main object of attention.\\nThe name of the nurse who had charge of\\nour hero in his infancy was Lannice. She did\\nall in her power to give strength and hardi-\\nhood to his constitution, while, at the same\\ntime, she treated him with kindness and gen-\\ntleness. Alexander acquired a strong affection\\nfor her, and he treated her with great consider-\\nation as long as he lived. He had a governor,\\nalso, in his early years, named Leonnatus,\\nwho had the general charge of his education.\\nAs soon as he was old enough to learn, they\\nappointed him a preceptor also, to teach him\\nsuch branches as were generally taught to\\nyoung princes in those days. The name of\\nthis preceptor was Lysimachus.\\nThey had then no printed books, but there\\nwere a few writings on parchment rolls which\\nyoung scholars were taught to read. Some of\\nthese writings were treatises on philosophy,\\nothers were romantic histories, narrating the\\nexploits of the heroes of those days of course\\nwith much exaggeration and embellishment.\\nThere were also some poems, still more roman-\\ntic than the histories, though generally on the\\nsame themes. The greatest productions of\\nthis kind were the v^ritings of Homer, an an-\\ncient poet who lived and wrote four or five\\nhundred years before Alexander s day. The", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "A v ER THE GREAT.\\nyoung Alexander was greatly delighted with\\nHomer s tales. These tales are narrations of\\nthe exploits and adventures of certain great\\nwarriors at the siege of Troy a siege which\\nlasted ten years and they are written with so\\nmuch beauty and force, they contain such ad-\\nmirable delineations of character, and such\\ngraphic and vivid descriptions of romantic\\nadventures, and picturesque and striking\\nscenes, that they have been admired in every\\nage by all who have learned to understand the\\nlanguage in which they are written.\\nAlexander could understand them very easily,\\nas they were written in his mother tongue.\\nHe was greatly excited by the narrations them-\\nselves, and pleased with the flowing smooth-\\nness of the verse in which the tales were told.\\nIn the latter part of his course of education he\\nwas placed under the charge of Aristotle, who\\nwas one of the most eminent philosophers of\\nancient times. Aristotle had a beautiful copy\\nof Homer s poems prepared expressly for\\nAlexander, taking great pains to have it trans-\\ncribed with perfect correctness, and in the\\nmost elegant manner. Alexander carried this\\ncopy with him in all his campaigns. Some\\nyears afterward, when he was obtaining con-\\nquests over the Persians, he took, among the\\nspoils of one of his victories, a very beautiful\\nand costly casket, which King Darius had\\nused for his jewelry or for some other rich", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 9\\ntreasures. Alexander determined to make use\\nof this box as a depository for his beautiful\\ncopy of Homer, and he always carried it with\\nhim, thus protected, in all his subsequent cam-\\npaigns. Alexander was full of energy and\\nspirit, but he was, at the same time, like all\\nwho ever become truly great, of a reflective\\nand considerate turn of mind. He was very\\nfond of the studies which Aristotle led him to\\npursue, although they were of a very abstruse\\nand difficult character. He made great prog-\\nress in metaphysical philosophy and mathe-\\nmatics, by which means his powers of calcula-\\ntion and his judgment were greatly improved.\\nHe early evinced a great degree of ambition.\\nHis father Philip was a powerful warrior, and\\nmade many conquests in various parts of\\nGreece, though he did not cross into Asia.\\nWhen news of Philip s victories came into\\nMacedon, all the rest of the court would be\\nfilled with rejoicing and delight; but Alexan-\\nder, on such occasions, looked thoughtful and\\ndisappointed, and complained that his father\\nwould conquer every country, and leave him\\nnothing to do.\\nAt one time some ambassadors from the Per-\\nsian court arrived in Macedon when Philip was\\naway. These ambassadors saw Alexander, of\\ncourse, and had opportunities to converse with\\nhim. They expected that he would be inter-\\nested in hearing about the splendors and\\n2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "10 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\npomp and parade of the Persian monarchy.\\nThey had stories to tell him about the famous\\nhanging gardens, which were artificially con-\\nstructed in the most magnificent manner, on\\narches raised high in the air; and about a vine\\nmade of gold, with all sorts of precious stones\\nupon it instead of fruit, which was wrought as\\nan ornament over the throne on which the King\\nof Persia often gave audience; of the splendid\\npalaces and vast cities of the Persians and\\nthe banquets, and fetes, and magnificent enter-\\ntainments and celebrations which they used to\\nhave there. They found, however, to their\\nsurprise, that Alexander was not interested in\\nhearing about any of these things. He would\\nalways turn the conversation from them to in-\\nquire about the geographical position of the\\ndifferent Persian countries, the various routes\\nleading into the interior, the organization of\\nthe Asiatic armies, their system of military\\ntactics, and, especially, the character and\\nhabits of Artaxerxes, the Persian king.\\nThe ambassadors were very much surprised\\nat such evidences of maturity of mind, and of\\nfar-seeing and reflective powers on the part of\\nthe young prince. They could not help com-\\nparing him with Artaxerxes. Alexander,\\nsaid they, is great, while our king is only\\nrich. The truth of the judgment which\\nthese ambassadors thus formed in respect to the\\nqualities of the young Macedonian, compared", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 11\\nwith those held in highest estimation on the\\nAsiatic side, was fully confirmed in the subse-\\nquent stages of Alexander s career.\\nIn fact, this combination of a calm and cal-\\nculating thonghtfulness, with the ardor and\\nenergy which formed the basis of his character,\\nwas one great secret of Alexander s success.\\nThe story of Bucephalus, his famous horse,\\nillustrates this in a very striking manner.\\nThis animal was a war-horse of very spirited\\ncharacter, which had been sent as a present to\\nPhilip while Alexander was young. They\\ntook the horse out into one of the parks con-\\nnected with the palace, and the king, together\\nwith many of his courtiers, went out to view\\nhim. The horse pranced about in a very furi-\\nous manner, and seemed entirely unmanagea-\\nble. No one dared to mount him. Philip,\\ninstead of being gratified at the present, was\\nrather disposed to be displeased that they, had\\nsent him an animal of so fiery and apparently\\nvicious a nature that nobody dared to attempt\\nto subdue him.\\nIn the meantime, while all the other by-\\nstanders were joining in the general condem-\\nnation of the horse, Alexander stood quietly\\nby, watching his motions, and attentively\\nstudying his character. He perceived that a\\npart of the difficulty was caused by the agita-\\ntions which the horse experienced in so strange\\nand new a scene, and that he appeared, also,", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nto be somewhat frightened by his own shadow,\\nwhich happened at that time to be thrown very\\nstrongly and distinctly upon the ground. He\\nsaw other indications, also, that the high ex-\\ncitement which the horse felt was not vicious-\\nness, but the excess of noble and generous im-\\npulses. It was courage, ardor, and the con-\\nsciousness of great nervous and muscular\\npower.\\nPhilip had decided that the horse was use-\\nless, and had given orders to have him sent\\nback to Thessaly, whence he came. Alexander\\nwas very much concerned at the prospect of\\nlosing so fine an animal. He begged his father\\nto allow him to make the experiment of\\nmounting him. Philip at first refused, think-\\ning it very presumptuous for such a youth\\nto attempt to subdue an animal so vicious\\nthat all his experienced horsemen and grooms\\ncondemned him; however, he at length\\nconsented. Alexander went up to the horse\\nand took hold of his bridle. He patted him\\nupon the neck, and soothed him with his\\nvoice, showing, at the same time by his\\neasy and unconcerned manner, that he was\\nnot in the least afraid of him. A spirited\\nhorse knows immediately when any one ap-\\nproaches him in a timid or cautious manner.\\nHe appears to look with contempt on such a\\nmaster, and to determine not to submit to him.\\nOn the contrary, horses seem to love to yield", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 13\\nobedience to man, when the individul who ex-\\nacts the obedience possesses those qualities of\\ncoolness and courage which their instincts en-\\nable them to appreciate.\\nAt any rate, Bucephalus was calmed and\\nsubdued by the presence of Alexander. He\\nallowed himself to be caressed. Alexander\\nturned his head in such a direction as to pre-\\nvent his seeing his shadow. He quietly and\\ngently laid off a sort of cloak which he wore,\\nand sprang upon the horse s back. Then, in-\\nstead of attempting to restrain him, and worry-\\ning and checking him by useless efforts to hold\\nhim in, he gave him the rein freely, and ani-\\nmated and encouraged him with his voice so\\nthat the horse flew across the plains at the top\\nof his speed, the king and the courtiers look-\\ning on, at first with fear and trembling, but\\nsoon afterward with feelings of the greatest\\nadmiration and pleasure. After the horse\\nhad satisfied himself with his run it was easy\\nto rein him in, and Alexander returned with\\nhim in safety to the king. The courtiers over-\\nwhelmed him with their praises and congratula-\\ntions. Philip commended him very highly\\nhe told him that he deserved a larger kingdom\\nthan Macedon to govern.\\nAlexander s judgment of the true character\\nof the horse proved to be correct. He be-\\ncame very tractable and docile, yielding a\\nready submission to his master in everything,", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "14 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nHe would kneel upon his fore legs at Alexan-\\nder s command, in order that he might mount\\nmore easily. Alexander retained him for a\\nlong time, and made him his favorite war-\\nhorse. A great many stories are related by\\nthe historians of those days of his sagacity\\nand his feats of war. Whenever he was\\nequipped for the field with his military trap-\\npings, he seemed to be highly elated with\\npride and pleasure, and at such times he\\nwould not allow any one but Alexander to\\nmount him.\\nWhat became of him at last is not certainly\\nknown s There are two accounts of his end.\\nOne is, that on a certain occasion Alexander\\ngot carried too far into the midst of his\\nenemies, on a battlefield, and that, after fight-\\ning desperately for some time, Bucephalus\\nmade the most extreme exertions to carry him\\naway. He was severely wounded again and\\nagain, and though his strength was nearly\\ngone, he would not stop, but pressed forward\\ntill he had carried his master away to a place\\nof safety, and that then he dropped down ex-\\nhausted, and died. It may be, however, that\\nhe did not actually die at this time, but slowly\\nrecovered for some historians relate that he\\nlived to be thirty years old which is quite an\\nold age for a horse and that he then died.\\nAlexander caused him to be buried with great\\nceremony, and built a small city upon the spot", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH 15\\nin honor of his memory. The name of this\\ncity was Bucephalia.\\nAlexander s character matured rapidly, and\\nhe began very early to act the part of a man.\\nWhen he was only sixteen years of age his\\nfather, Philip, made him regent of Macedon\\nwhile he was absent on a great military cam-\\npaign among the other states of Greece.\\nWithout doubt Alexander had, in this regency,\\nthe counsel and aid of high officers of state of\\ngreat experience and ability. He acted, how-\\never, himself, in this high position, with\\ngreat energy and with complete success and,\\nat the same time, with all that modesty of de-\\nportment, and that delicate consideration for\\nthe officers under him who, though inferior\\nin rank, were yet his superiors in age and ex-\\nperience which his position rendered proper,\\nbut which few persons so young as he would\\nhave manifested in circumstances so well cal-\\nculated to awaken the feelings of vanity and\\nelation.\\nAfterward, when Alexander was about eight-\\neen years old, his father took him with him\\non a campaign toward the south, during which\\nPhilip fought one of his great battles at\\nChseronea, in Boeotia. In the arrangements\\nfor this battle, Philip gave the command of\\none of the wings of the army to Alexander,\\nwhile he reserved the other for himself. He\\nfelt some solicitude in giving his young son so", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "16 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nimportant a charge, but he endeavored to guard\\nagainst the danger of an unfortunate result by-\\nputting the ablest generals on Alexander s\\nside, while he reserved those on whom he could\\nplace less reliance for his own. Thus organ-\\nized, the army went into battle.\\nPhilip soon ceased to feel any solicitude for\\nAlexander s part of the duty. Boy as he was,\\nthe young prince acted with the utmost\\nbravery, coolness, and discretion. The wing\\nwhich he commanded was victorious, and\\nPhilip was obliged to urge himself and the\\nofficers with him to greater exertions, to avoid\\nbeing outdone by his son. In the end Philip\\nwas completely victorious, and the result of\\nthis great battle was to make his power para-\\nmount and supreme over all the states of\\nGreece.\\nNotwithstanding, however, the extraordinary\\ndiscretion and wisdom which characterized\\nthe mind of Alexander in his early years, he\\nwas often haughty and headstrong, and in\\ncases where his pride or his resentment were\\naroused, he was sometimes found very impetu-\\nous and uncontrollable. His mother Olympias\\nwas of a haughty and imperious temper, and\\nshe quarreled with her husband, King Philip\\nor, perhaps, it ought rather to be said that he\\nquarreled with her. Each is said to have\\nbeen unfaithful to the other, and, after a bitter\\ncontention, Philip repudiated his wife and", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 17\\nmarried another lady. Among the festivities\\nheld on the occasion of this marriage, there\\nwas a great banquet, at which Alexander was\\npresent, and an incident occurred which strik-\\ningly illustrates the impetuosity of his char-\\nacter.\\nOne of the guests at this banquet, in saying\\nsomething complimentary to the new queen,\\nmade use of expressions which Alexander con-\\nsidered as in disparagement of the character\\nof his mother and of his own birth. His anger\\nwas immediately aroused. He threw the cup\\nfrom which he had been drinking at the\\noffender s head. Attalus, for this was his\\nname, threw his cup at Alexander in return\\nthe guests at the table where they were sitting\\nrose, and a scene of uproar and confusion\\nensued.\\nPhilip, incensed at such an interruption of\\nthe order and harmony of the wedding feast,\\ndrew his sword and rushed toward Alexander,\\nbut by some accident he stumbled and fell\\nupon the floor. Alexander looked upon his\\nfallen father with contempt and scorn, and ex-\\nclaimed: What a fine hero the states of\\nGreece have to lead their armies a man that\\ncannot get across the floor without tumbling\\ndown. He then turned away and left the\\npalace. Immediately afterward he joined his\\nmother Olympias, and went away with her\\nto her native country, Epirus, where the", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "18 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmother and son remained for a time in a state\\nof open quarrel with the husband and father.\\nIn the meantime Philip had been planning a\\ngreat expedition into Asia. He had arranged\\nthe affairs of his own kingdom, and had\\nformed a strong combination among the states\\nof Greece, by which powerful armies had been\\nraised, and he had been designated to com-\\nmand them. His mind was very intently en-\\ngaged in this vast enterprise. He was in the\\nflower of his years, and at the height of his\\npower. His own kingdom was in a very pros-\\nperous and thriving condition, and his ascend-\\nency over the other kingdoms and states on the\\nEuropean side had been fully established.\\nHe was excited with ambition, and full of\\nhope. He was proud of his son Alexander,\\nand was relying upon his efficient aid in his\\nschemes of conquest and aggrandizement. He\\nhad married a youthful and beautiful bride, and\\nwas surrounded by scenes of festivity, congrat-\\nulation, and rejoicing. He was looking for-\\nward to a very brilliant career, considering all\\nthe deeds that he had done and all the glory\\nwhich he had acquired as only the introduction\\nand prelude to the far more distinguished and\\nconspicuous part which he was intending to\\nperform.\\nAlexander, in the meantime, ardent and im-\\npetuous, and eager for glory as he was, looked\\nupon the position and prospects of his father", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH. 21\\nwith some envy and jealousy. He was im-\\npatert to be monarch himself. His taking\\nsides so promptly with his mother in the\\ndomestic quarrel was partly owing to the feel-\\ning that his father was a hinderance and an\\nobstacle in the way of his own greatness and\\nfame. He felt within himself powers and\\ncapacities qualifying him to take his father s\\nplace, and reap for himself the harvest of\\nglory and power which seemed to await the\\nGrecian armies in the coming campaign.\\nWhile his father lived, however, he could be\\nonly a prince; influential, accomplished, and\\npopular, it is true, but still without any sub-\\nstantial and independent power. He was rest-\\nless and uneasy at the thought that, as his\\nfather was in the prime and vigor of manhood,\\nmany long years must elapse before he could\\nemerge from this confined and subordinate\\ncondition. His restlessness and uneasiness\\nwere, however, suddenly ended by a very ex-\\ntraordinary occurrence, which called him, with\\nscarcely an hour s notice, to take his father s\\nplace upon the throne.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nBEGINNING OF HIS REIGN*\\nAlexander was suddenly called upon to suc-\\nceed his father on the Macedonian throne, in\\nthe most unexpected manner, and in the\\nmidst of scenes of the greatest excitement and\\nagitation. The circumstances were these:\\nPhilip had felt very desirous, before setting\\nout upon his great expedition into Asia, to be-\\ncome reconciled to Alexander and Olympias.\\nHe wished for Alexander s co-operation in his\\nplans; and then, besides, it would be dangerous\\nto go away from his own dominions with such\\na son left behind, in a state of resentment and\\nhostility.\\nSo Philip sent kind and conciliatory mes-\\nsages to Olympias and Alexander, who had\\ngone, it will be recollected, to Epirus, where\\nher friends resided. The brother of Olympias\\nwas King of Epirus. He had been at first in-\\ncensed at the indignity which had been put\\nupon his sister by Philip s treatment of her;\\nbut Philip now tried to appease his anger, also,\\nby friendly negotiations and messages. At\\nlast he arranged a marriage between this King\\n22", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 23\\nof Epirus and one of his own daughters, and\\nthis completed the reconciliation. Olympias\\nand Alexander returned to Macedon, and great\\npreparations were made for a very splendid\\nwedding.\\nPhilip wished to make this wedding not\\nmerely the means of confirming his reconcilia-\\ntion with his former wife and son, and estab-\\nlishing friendly relations with the King of\\nEpirus he also prized it as an occasion for\\npaying marked and honorable attention to the\\nprinces and great generals of the other states\\nof Greece. He consequently made his prepara-\\ntions on a very extended and sumptuous scale,\\nand sent invitations to the influential and\\nprominent men far and near.\\nThese great men, on the other hand, and all\\nthe other public authorities in the various Gre-\\ncian states, sent compliments, congratulations,\\nand presents to Philip, each seeming ambitious\\nto contribute his share to the splendor of the\\ncelebration. They were not wholly disinteres-\\nted in this, it is true. As Philip had been made\\ncommanderin-chief of the Grecian armies which\\nwere about to undertake the conquest of Asia,\\nand as, of course, his influence and power in all\\nthat related to that vast enterprise would be\\nparamount and supreme and as all were ambi-\\ntious to have a large share in the glory of that\\nexpedition, and to participate, as much as\\npossible, in the power and in the renown", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwhich seemed to be at Philip s disposal, all\\nwere, of course, very anxious to secure his\\nfavor. A short time before, they were con-\\ntending against him but now, since he had\\nestablished his ascendency, they all eagerly\\njoined in the work of magnifying it and mak-\\ning it illustrious.\\nNor could Philip justly complain of the\\nhollowness and falseness of these professions\\nof friendship. The compliments and favors\\nwhich he offered to them were equally hollow\\nand heartless. He wished to secure their\\nfavor as a means of aiding him up the steep\\npath to fame and power which he was attempt-\\ning to climb. They wished for his, in order\\nthat he might, as he ascended himself, help\\nthem up with him. There was, however, the\\ngreatest appearance of cordial and devoted\\nfriendship. Some cities sent him presents of\\ngolden crowns, beautifully w r rought, and of\\nhigh cost. Others dispatched embassies, ex-\\npressing their good wishes for him, and their\\nconfidence in the success of his plans. Athens,\\nthe city which was the great seat of literature\\nand science in Greece, sent a poem, in which\\nthe history of the expedition into Persia was\\ngiven by anticipation. In this poem Philip\\nwas, of course, triumphantly successful in his\\nenterprise. He conducted his armies in safety\\nthrough the most dangerous passes and defiles\\nhe fought glorious battles, gained magnificent", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 25\\nvictories, and possessed himself of all the\\ntreasures of Asiatic wealth and power. It\\nought to be stated, however, in justice to the\\npoet, that, in narrating these imaginary ex-\\nploits, he had sufficient delicacy to represent\\nPhilip and the Persian monarch by fictitious\\nnames.\\nThe wedding was at length celebrated, in\\none of the cities of Macedon, with great pomp\\nand splendor. There were games, and shows,\\nand military and civic spectacles of all kinds\\nto amuse the thousands of spectators that as-\\nsembled to witness them. In one of these\\nspectacles they had a procession of statues of\\nthe gods. There were twelve of these statues,\\nsculptured with great art, and they were borne\\nalong on elevated pedestals, with censers, and\\nincense, and various ceremonies of homage,\\nw r hile vast multitudes of spectators lined the\\nway. There was a thirteenth statue, more\\nmagnificent than the other twelve, which repre-\\nsented Philip himself in the character of a god.\\nThis was not, however, so impious as it\\nwould at first view seem, for the gods w-hom\\nthe ancients worshiped were, in fact, only\\ndeifications of old heroes and kings who had\\nlived in early times, and had acquired a repu-\\ntation for supernatural powers by the fame ci\\ntheir exploits, exaggerated in descending by\\ntradition in superstitious times. The ignorant\\nmultitude accordingly, in those days, looked\\n3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "26 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nup to a living king with almost the same rever-\\nence and homage which they felt for their dei-\\nfied heroes and these deified heroes furnished\\nthem with all the ideas they had of God.\\nMaking a monarch a god, therefore, was no\\nvery extravagant flattery.\\nAfter the procession of the statues passed\\nalong, there came bodies of troops, with trum-\\npets sounding and banners flying. The\\nofficers rode on horses elegantly caparisoned,\\nand prancing proudly. These troops escorted\\nprinces, ambassadors, generals, and great\\nofficers of state, all gorgeously decked in their\\nrobes, and wearing their badges and insignia.\\nAt length King Philip himself appeared in\\nthe procession. He had arranged to have a\\nlarge space left, in the middle of which he was\\nto walk. This was done in order to make his\\nposition the more conspicuous, and to mark\\nmore strongly his own high distinction above\\nall the other potentates present on the occasion.\\nGuards preceded and followed him, though at\\nconsiderable distance, as has been already\\nsaid. He was himself clothed with white\\nrobes, and his head was adorned with a splen-\\ndid crown.\\nThe procession was moving toward a great\\ntheater, where certain games and spectacles\\nwere to be exhibited. The statues of the gods\\nwere to be taken into the theater, and placed\\nin conspicuous positions there, in the view of", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 27\\nthe assembly, and then the procession itself\\nwas to follow. All the statues had entered\\nexcept that of Philip, which was just at the\\ndoor, and Philip himself was advancing in the\\nmidst of the space left for him, up the avenue\\nby which the theater was approached, when an\\noccurrence took place by which the whole char-\\nacter of the scene, the destiny of Alexander,\\nand the fate of fifty nations, was suddenly and\\ntotally changed. It was this. An officer of\\nthe guards, who had his position in the pro-\\ncession near the king, was seen advancing im-\\npetuously toward him, through the space which\\nseparated him from the rest, and, before the\\nspectators had time even to wonder what he\\nwas going to do, he stabbed him to the heart.\\nPhilip fell down in the street and died.\\nA scene of indescribable tumult and confu-\\nsion ensued. The murderer was immediately\\ncut to pieces by the other guards. They\\nfound, however, before he was dead, that it\\nwas Pausanias, a man of high standing and\\ninfluence, a general officer of the guards. He\\nhad had horses provided, and other assistance\\nready, to enable him to make his escape, but\\nhe was cut down by the guards before he could\\navail himself of them.\\nAn officer of state immediately hastened to\\nAlexander, and announced to him his father s\\ndeath and his own accession to the throne. An\\nassembly of the leading councilors and states-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "28 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmen was called, in a hasty and tumultuous\\nmanner, and Alexander was proclaimed king\\nwith prolonged and general acclamations.\\nAlexander made a speech in reply. The great\\nassembly looked upon his youthful form and\\nface as he arose, and listened with intense in-\\nterest to hear what he had to say. He was\\nbetween nineteeen and twenty years of age;\\nbut, though thus really a boy, he spoke with\\nall the decision and confidence of an energetic\\nman. He said that he should at once assume\\nhis father s position, and carry forward his\\nplans. He hoped to do this so efficiently that\\neverything would go directly onward, just as\\nif his father had continued to live, and that\\nthe nation would find that the only change\\nwhich had taken place was in the name of the\\nking.\\nThe motive which induced Pausanias to\\nmurder Philip in this manner was never fully\\nascertained. There were various opinions\\nabout it. One was, that it was an act of pri-\\nvate revenge, occasioned by some neglect or\\ninjury which Pausanias had received from\\nPhilip. Others thought that the murder was\\ninstigated by a party in the states of Greece,\\nwho were hostile to Philip, and unwilling that\\nhe should command the allied armies that were\\nabout to penetrate into Asia. Demosthenes,\\nthe celebrated orator, was Philip s great enemy\\namong the Greeks. Many of his most power-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 29\\nful orations were made for the purpose of\\narousing his countrymen to resist his ambi-\\ntious plans and to curtail his power. These\\norations were called his Philippics, and from\\nthis origin has arisen the practice, which has\\nprevailed every since that day, of applying\\nthe term philippics to denote, in general, any\\nstrongly denunciatory harangues.\\nNow Demosthenes, it is said, who was at\\nthis time in Athens, announced the death of\\nPhilip in an Athenian assembly before it was\\npossible that the news could have been con-\\nveyed there. He accounted for his early pos-\\nsession of the intelligence by saying it was\\ncommunicated to him by some of the gods.\\nMany persons have accordingly supposed that\\nthe plan of assassinating Philip was devised in\\nGreece; that Demosthenes was a party to it;\\nthat Pausanias was the agent for carrying it\\ninto execution; and that Demosthenes was so\\nconfident of the success of the plot, and exulted\\nso much in this certainty, that he could not\\nresist the temptation of thus anticipating its\\nannouncement.\\nThere were other persons who thought that\\nthe Persians had plotted and accomplished this\\nmurder, having induced Pausanias to execute\\nthe deed by the promise of great rewards. As\\nPausanias himself, however, had been in-\\nstantly killed, there was no opportunity of\\ngaining any information from him on the", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "30 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmotives of his conduct, even if he would have\\nbeen disposd to impart any.\\nAt all events, Alexander found himself sud-\\ndenly elevated to one of the most conspicuous\\npositions in the whole political world. It was\\nnot simply that he succeeded to the throne of\\nMacedon even this would have been a lofty\\nposition for so young a man but Macedon\\nwas a very small part of the realm over which\\nPhilip had extended his power. The ascend-\\nency which he had acquired over the whole\\nGrecian empire, and the vast arrangements he\\nhad made for an incursion into Asia, made\\nAlexander the object of universal interest and\\nattention. The question was, whether Alex-\\nander should attempt to take his father s place\\nin respect to all this general power, and under-\\ntake to sustain and carry on his vast projects,\\nor whether he should content himself with\\nruling, in quiet, over his native country of\\nMacedon.\\nMost prudent persons would have advised a\\nyoung prince, under such circumstances, to\\nhave decided upon the latter course. But\\nAlexander had no idea of bounding his ambi-\\ntion by any such limits. He resolved to\\nspring at once completely into his father s\\nseat, and not only to possess himself of the\\nwhole of the power which his father had ac-\\nquired, but to commence, immediately, the\\nmost energetic and vigorous efforts for a great\\nextension of it.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN 31\\nHis first plan was to punish his father s\\nmurderers. He caused the circumstances of\\nthe case to be investigated, and the persons\\nsuspected of having been connected with Pau-\\nsanias in the plot to be tried. Although the\\ndesigns and motives of the murderers could\\nnever be fully ascertained, still several persons\\nwere found guilty of participating in it, and\\nwere condemned to death and publicly executed.\\nAlexander next decided not to make any\\nchange in his father s appointments to the\\ngreat offices of state, but to let all the depart-\\nments of public affairs go on in the same hands\\nas before. How sagacious a line of conduct\\nwas this! Most ardent and enthusiastic young\\nmen, in the circumstances in which he was\\nplaced, would have been elated and vain at\\ntheir elevation, and would have replaced the\\nold and well-tried servants of the father with\\npersonal favorites of their own age, inexpe-\\nrienced and incompetent, and as conceited as\\nthemselves. Alexander, however, made no\\nsuch changes. He continued the old officers\\nin command, endeavoring to have everything\\ngo on just as if his father had not died.\\nThere were two officers in particular who\\nwere the ministers on whom Philip had mainly\\nrelied. Their names were Antipater and Par-\\nmenio. Antipater had charge of the civil, and\\nParmenio of military affairs. Parmenio was a\\nvery distinguished general, He was at this", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "32\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ntime nearly sixty years of age. Alexander\\nhad great confidence in his military powers,\\nand felt a strong personal attachment for him.\\nParmenio entered into the young king s serv-\\nryL\\nice with great readiness, and accompanied him\\nthrough almost the whole of his career. It\\nseemed strange to see men of such age, stand-\\ning, and experience, obeying the orders of", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 33\\nSuch a boy but there was something in the\\ngenius, the power, and the enthusiasm of\\nAlexander s character which inspired ardor in\\nall around him, and made everyone eager to\\njoin his standard and to aid in the execution\\nof his plans.\\nMacedon, as will be seen on the accompany-\\ning map, was in the northern part of the country\\noccupied by the Greeks, and the most power-\\nful states of the confederacy and all the great\\nand influential cities were south of it. There\\nwas Athens, which was magnificently built, its\\nsplendid citadel crowning a rocky hill in the\\ncenter of it. It was the great seat of litera-\\nture, philosophy, and the arts, and was thus\\na center of attraction for all the civilized world.\\nThere was Corinth, which was distinguished\\nfor the gayety and pleasure which reigned\\nthere. All possible means of luxury and\\namusement were concentrated within its walls.\\nThe lovers of knowledge and of art, from all\\nparts of the earth, flocked to Athens, while\\nthose in pursuit of pleasure, dissipation, and\\nindulgence chose Corinth for their home. Cor-\\ninth was beautifully situated on the isthmus,\\nwith prospects of the sea on either hand. It\\nhad been a famous city for a thousand years in\\nAlexander s day.\\nThere was also Thebes. Thebes was far-\\nther north than Athens and Corinth. It was\\nsituated on an elevated plain, and had, like", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "34 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nother ancient cities, a strong citadel, where\\nthere was at this time a Macedonian garrison,\\nwhich Philip had placed there. Thebes was\\nvery wealthy and powerful. It had also been\\ncelebrated as the birthplace of many poets and\\nphilosophers, and other eminent men. Among\\nthese was Pindar, a very celebrated poet who\\nhad flourished one or two centuries before the\\ntime of Alexander. His descendants still lived\\nin Thebes, and Alexander, some time after\\nthis, had occasion to confer upon them a very\\ndistinguished honor.\\nThere was Sparta also, called sometimes\\nLacedsemon. The inhabitants of this city\\nwere famed for their courage, hardihood, and\\nphysical strength, and for the energy with\\nwhich they devoted themselves to the work of\\nwar. They were nearly all soldiers, and all\\nthe arrangements of the state and of society,\\nand all the plans of education, were designed\\nto promote military ambition and pride among\\nthe officers, and fierce and indomitable courage\\nand endurance in the men.\\nThese cities and many others, with the states\\nwhich were attached to them, formed a large,\\nand flourishing, and very powerful community,\\nextending over all that part of Greece which\\nlay south of Macedon. Philip, as has been\\nalready said, had established his own ascend-\\nency over all this region, though it had cost\\nhim many perplexing negotiations and some", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 35\\nhard -fought battles to do it e Alexander con-\\nsidered it somewhat uncertain whether the\\npeople of all these states and cities would be\\ndisposed to transfer readily, to so youthful a\\nprince as he, the high commission which his\\nfather, a very powerful monarch and soldier,\\nhad extorted from them with so much difficulty.\\nWhat should he do in the case? Should he\\ngive up the expectation of it? Should he send\\nambassadors to them, presenting his claims to\\noccupy his father s place? Or should he not\\nact at all, but wait quietly at home in Macedon\\nuntil they should decide the question?\\nInstead of doing either of these things,\\nAlexander decided on the very bold step of\\nsetting out himself, at the head of an army, to\\nmarch into southern Greece, for the purpose\\nof presenting in person, and, if necessary, of\\nenforcing his claim to the same post of honor\\nand power which had been conferred upon his\\nfather. Considering all the circumstances of\\nthe case, this was perhaps one of the boldest\\nand most decided steps of Alexander s whole\\ncareer. Many of his Macedonian advisers\\ncounseled him not to make such an attempt\\nbut Alexander would not listen to any such\\ncautions. He collected his forces, and set\\nforth at the head of them.\\nBetween Macedon and the southern states of\\nGreece was a range of lofty and almost im-\\npassable mountains. These mountains extended", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "36 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthrough the whole interior of the country, and\\nthe main route leading into southern Greece\\npassed around to the eastward of them, where\\nthey terminated in cliffs, leaving a narrow pas-\\nsage between the cliffs and the sea. This pass\\nwas called the Pass of Thermopylae, and it\\nwas considered the key to Greece. There was\\na town named Anthela near the pass, on the\\noutward side.\\nThere was in those days a sort of general\\ncongress or assembly of the states of Greece,\\nwhich was held from time to time, to decide\\nquestions and disputes in which the different\\nstates were continually getting involved with\\neach other. This assembly was called the Am-\\nphictyonic Council, on account, as is said, of\\nits having been established by a certain king\\nnamed Amphictyon. A meeting of this council\\nwas appointed to receive Alexander. It was\\nto be held at Thermopylae, or, rather, at\\nAnthela, which was just without the pass, and\\nwas the usual place at which the council as-\\nsembled. This was because the pass was in\\nan intermediate position between the northern\\nand southern portions of Greece, and thus\\nequally accessible from either.\\nIn proceeding to the southward, Alexander\\nhad first to pass through Thessaly, which was\\na very powerful state immediately south of\\nMacedon. He met with some show of resist-\\nance at first, but not much. The country was", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 37\\nimpressed with the boldness and decision of\\ncharacter manifested in the taking of such a\\ncourse by so young a man. Then, too, Alex-\\nander, so far as he became personally known,\\nmade a very favorable impression upon every\\none. His manly and athletic form, his frank\\nand open manners, his spirit, his generosity,\\nand a certain air of confidence, independence,\\nand conscious superiority, which were com-\\nbined, as they always are in the case of true\\ngreatness, with an unaffected and unassuming\\nmodesty these and other traits, which were\\nobvious to all who saw him, in the person and\\ncharacter of Alexander, made everyone his\\nfriend. Common men take pleasure in yield-\\ning to the influence and ascendency of one\\nwhose spirit they see and feel stands on a\\nhigher eminence and wields higher powers than\\ntheir own. They like a leader. It is true,\\nthey must feel confident of his superiority\\nbut when this superiority stands out so clearly\\nand distinctly marked, combined, too, with all\\nthe graces and attractions of youth and manly\\nbeauty, as it was in the case of Alexander, the\\nminds of men are brought very easily and\\nradidly under its sway.\\nThe Thessalians gave Alexander a very favor-\\nable reception. They expressed a cordial\\nreadiness to instate him in the position which\\nhis father had occupied. They joined their\\nforces to his, and proceeded southward toward\\nthe Pass of Thermopylae.\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "38 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nHere the great council was held. Alexander\\ntook his place in it as a member. Of course,\\nhe must have been an object of universal inter-\\nest and attention. The impression which he\\nmade here seems to have been very favorable.\\nAfter this assembly separated, Alexander pro-\\nceeded southward, accompanied by his own\\nforces, and tended by the various princes and\\npotentates of Greece, with their attendants and\\nfollowers. The feelings of exultation and\\npleasure with which the young king defiled\\nthrough the Pass of Thermopylae, thus at-\\ntended, must have been exciting in the extreme.\\nThe Pass of Thermopylae was a scene\\nstrongly associated with ideas of military glory\\nand renown. It was here that, about a hun-\\ndred and fifty years before, Leonidas, a Spar-\\ntan general, with only three hundred soldiers,\\nhad attempted to withstand the pressure of an\\nimmense Persian force which was at that time\\ninvading Greece. He was one of the kings of\\nSparta, and he had the command, not only of\\nhis three hundred Spartans, but also of all the\\nallied forces of the Greeks that had been as-\\nsembled to repel the Persian invasion. With\\nthe help of these allies he withstood the Per-\\nsian forces or some time, and as the pass was\\nso narrow between the qJdffs and the sea, he\\nwas enabled to resist them successfully. At\\nlength, however, a strong detachment from the\\nimmense Persian army contrived to find their", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN. 39\\nway over the mountains and around the pass,\\nso as to establish themselves in a position\\nfrom which they could come down upon the\\nsmall Greek army in their rear. Leonidas,\\nperceiving this, ordered all his allies from the\\nother states of Greece to withdraw, leaving\\nhimself and his three hundred countrymen\\nalone in the defile.\\nHe did not expect to repel his enemies or to\\ndefend the pass. He knew that he must die,\\nand all his brave followers with him, and that\\nthe torrent of invaders would pour down\\nthrough the pass over their bodies. But he\\nconsidered himself stationed there to defend\\nthe passage, and he would not desert his post.\\nWhen the battle came on he was the first to\\nfall. The soldiers gathered around him and\\ndefended his dead body as long as they could\\nAt length, overpowered by the immense num-\\nbers of their foes, they were all killed but one\\nman. He made his escape and returned to\\nSparta. A monument was erected on the spot\\nwith this inscription: Go, traveler, to Sparta\\nand say that we lie here, on the spot at which\\nwe were stationed to defend our country.\\nAlexander passed through the defile. He\\nadvanced to the great cities south of it to\\nAthens, to Thebes, and to Corinth. Another\\ngreat assembly of all the monarchs and poten-\\ntates of Greece was convened in Corinth and\\nhere Alexander attained the object of his ambi-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "40\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ntion, in having the command of the great ex-\\npedition into Asia conferred upon him. The\\nimpression which he made upon those with\\nwhom he came into connection by his personal\\nqualities must have been favorable in the ex-\\ntreme. That such a youthful prince should\\nbe selected by so powerful a confederation of\\nnations as their leader in such an enterprise as\\nthey were about to engage in, indicates a most\\nextraordinary power on his part of acquiring\\nan ascendency over the minds of men, and of\\nimpressing all with a sense of his commanding\\nsuperiority. Alexander returned to Macedon\\nfrom his expedition to the southward in\\ntriumph, and began at once to arrange the\\naffairs of his kingdom, so as to be ready to\\nenter, unembarrassed, upon the great career of\\nconquest which he imagined was before him.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK III.\\nTHE REACTION.\\nThe country which was formerly occupied\\nby Macedon and the other states of Greece is\\nnow Turkey in Europe. In the northern part\\nof it is a vast chain of mountains called now\\nthe Balkan. In Alexander s day it was Mount\\nHaemus. This chain forms a broad belt of\\nlofty and uninhabitable land, and extends from\\nthe Black Sea to the Adriatic.\\nA branch of this mountain range, called\\nKhodope, extends southwardly from about the\\nmiddle of its length, as may be seen by the\\nmap. Bhodope separated Macedonia from a\\nlarge and powerful country, which was occu-\\npied by a somewhat rude but warlike race of\\nmen. This country was Thrace. Thrace was\\none great fertile basin or valley, sloping toward\\nthe center in every direction, so that all the\\nstreams from the mountains, increased by the\\nrains which fell over the whole surface of the\\nground, flowed together into one river, which\\nmeandered through the center of the valley,\\nand flowed out at last into the iEgean Sea,\\n41", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "42 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nThe name of this river was the Hebrus. All\\nthis may be seen distinctly upon the map.\\nThe Balkan, or Mount Hsemus, as it was\\nthen called, formed the great northern frontier\\nof Macedon and Thrace. From the summits\\nof the range, looking northward the eye surveyed\\na vast extent of land, constituting one of the\\nmost extensive m fertile valleys on the globe,", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 43\\nIt was the valley of the Danube. It was in-\\nhabited, in those days, by rude tribes whom\\nthe Greeks and Romans always designated as\\nbarbarians. They were, at any rate, wild and\\nwarlike, and, as they had not the art of writ-\\ning, they have left us no records of their insti-\\ntutions or their history. We know nothing of\\nthem, or of the other half-civilized nations\\nthat occupied the central parts of Europe in\\nthose days, except what their inveterate and\\nperpetual enemies have thought fit to tell us.\\nAccording to their story, these countries were\\nfilled with nations and tribes of a wild and\\nhalf-savage character, who could be kept in\\ncheck only by the most vigorous exertion of\\nmilitary power.\\nSoon after Alexander s return into Macedon,\\nhe learned that there were symptoms of revolt\\namong these nations. Philip had subdued\\nthem, and established the kind of peace which\\nthe Greeks and Romans were accustomed to\\nenforce upon their neighbors. But now, as\\nthey had heard that Philip, w T ho had been so\\nterrible a warrior, was no more, and that his\\nson, scarcely out of his teens, had succeeded\\nto the throne, they thought a suitable occasion\\nhad arrived to try their strength. Alexander\\nmade immediate arrangements for moving\\nnorthward with his army to settle this question.\\nHe conducted his forces through a part of\\nThrace without meeting with any serious resist-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "44 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nance, and approached the mountains. The\\nsoldiers looked upon the rugged precipices and\\nlofty summits before them with awe. These\\nnorthern mountains were the seat and throne,\\nin the imaginations of the Greeks and Komans,\\nof old Boreas, the hoary god of the north wind.\\nThey conceived of him as dwelling among\\nthose cold and stormy summits, and making\\nexcursions in winter, carrying with him his\\nvast stores of frost and snow, over the south-\\nern valleys and plains. He had wings, a long\\nbeard, and white locks, all powdered with\\nflakes of snow. Instead of feet, his body ter-\\nminated in tails of serpents, which, as he flew\\nalong, lashed the air, writhing from under his\\nrobes. He was violent and impetuous in\\ntemper, rejoicing in the devastation of winter,\\nand in all the sublime phenomena of tempests,\\ncold, and snow. The Greek conception of\\nBoreas made an impression upon the human\\nmind that twenty centuries have not been able\\nto efface. The north wind of winter is person-\\nified as Boreas to the present day in the litera-\\nture of every nation of the Western World.\\nThe Thracian forces had assembled in the\\ndefiles, with other troops from the northern\\ncountries, to arrest Alexander s march, and he\\nhad some difficulty in repelling them. They\\nhad got, it is said, some sort of loaded wagons\\nupon the summit of an ascent, in the pass of\\nthe mountains, up which Alexander s forces", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 45\\nwould have to march. These wagons were to\\nbe run down upon them as they ascended.\\nAlexander ordered his men to advance, not-\\nwithstanding this danger. He directed them,\\nwhere it was practicable, to open to one side\\nand the other, and allow the descending wagon\\nto pass through. When this could not be\\ndone, they were to fall down upon the ground\\nwhen they saw this strange military engine\\ncoming, and locking their shields together over\\ntheir heads, allow the wagon to roll on over\\nthem, bracing up energetically against its\\nweight. Notwithstanding these precautions,\\nand the prodigious muscular power with which\\nthey were carried into effect, some of the men\\nwere crushed. The great body of the army was,\\nhowever, unharmed as soon as the force of\\nthe wagons was spent, they rushed up the\\nascent, and attacked their enemies with their\\npikes. The barbarians fled in all directions,\\nterrified at the force and invulnerability of\\nmen whom loaded wagons, rolling over their\\nbodies down a steep descent, could not kill.\\nAlexander advanced from one conquest like\\nthis to another, moving toward the northward\\nand eastward after he had crossed the moun-\\ntains, until at length he approached the.\\nmouths of the Danube. Here one of the great\\nchieftains of the barbarian tribes had taken up\\nhis position, with his family and court, and a\\nprincipal part of his army, upon an island", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "46 ALEXANDER THE GREAT,\\ncalled Pence, which may be seen upon the \\\\nap\\nat the beginning of this chapter. This island\\ndivided the current of the stream, and Alexan-\\nder, in attempting to attack it, found that it\\nwould be best to endeavor to effect a landing\\nupon the upper point of it.\\nTo make this attempt, he collected all the\\nboats and vessels which he could obtain, and\\nembarked his troops in them above, directing\\nthem to fall down with the current, and to land\\nupon the island. This plan, however, did not\\nsucceed very well; the current was too rapid\\nfor the proper management of the boats. The\\nshores, too, were lined with the forces of the\\nenemy, who discharged showers of spears and\\narrows at the men, and pushed off the boats\\nwhen they attempted to land. Alexander at\\nlength gave up the attempt, and concluded to\\nleave the island, and to cross the river itself\\nfarther above, and thus carry the war into the\\nvery heart of the country.\\nIt is a serious undertaking to get a great\\nbody of men and horses across a broad and\\nrapid river, when the people of the country\\nhave done all in their power to remove or de-\\nstroy all possible means of transit, and when\\nhostile bands are on the opposite bank, to em-\\nbarrass and impede the operations by every\\nmode in their power. Alexander, however,\\nadvanced to the undertaking with great resolu-\\ntion. To cross the Danube, especially with a", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 4?\\nmilitary force, was, in those days, in the esti-\\nmation of the Greeks and Romans, a very great\\nexploit. The river was so distant, so broad\\nand rapid, and its banks were bordered and\\ndefended by such ferocious foes, that to cross\\nits eddying tide, and penetrate into the un-\\nknown and unexplored regions beyond, leaving\\nthe broad, and deep, and rapid stream to cut\\noff the hopes of retreat, implied the possession\\nof extreme self-reliance, courage, and decision.\\nAlexander collected all the canoes and boats\\nwhich he could obtain up and down the river.\\nHe built large rafts, attaching to them the\\nskins of beasts sewed together and inflated, to\\ngive them buoyancy. When all was ready,\\nthey began the transportation of the army in\\nthe night, in a place where the enemy had not\\nexpected that the attempt would have been\\nmade. There were a thousand horses, with\\ntheir riders, and four thousand foot soldiers,\\nto be conveyed across. It is customary, in\\nsuch cases, to swim the horses over, leading\\nthem by lines, the ends of which are held by\\nmen in boats. The men themselves, with all\\nthe arms, ammunition, and baggage, had to be\\ncarried over in the boats or upon the rafts.\\nBefore morning the whole was accomplishd.\\nThe army landed in a field of grain. This\\ncircumstance, which is casually mentioned by\\nhistorians, and also the story of the wagons in\\nthe passes of Mount Hsomus, proves that these", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "48 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nnorthern nations were not absolute barbarians\\nin the sense in which that term is used at the\\npresent day. The arts of cultivation and of\\nconstruction must have made some progress\\namong them, at any rate and they proved, by\\nsome of their conflicts with Alexander, that\\nthey were well-trained and well-disciplined\\nsoldiers.\\nThe Macedonians swept down the waving\\ngrain with their pikes, to open a way for the\\nadvance of the cavalry, and early in the morn-\\ning Alexander found and attacked the army of\\nhis enemies, who were utterly astonished at\\nfinding him on their side of the river. As\\nmay be easily anticipated, the barbarian army\\nwas beaten in the battle that ensued. Their\\ncity was taken. The booty was taken back\\nacross the Danube to be distributed among\\nthe soldiers of the army. The neighboring\\nnations and tribes were overawed and subdued\\nby this exhibition of Alexander s courage and\\nenergy. He made satisfactory treaties with\\nthem all took hostages, where necessary, to\\nsecure the observance of the treaties, and then\\nrecrossed the Danube and set out on his return\\nto Macedon.\\nHe found that it was time for him to return.\\nThe southern cities and states of Greece had\\nnot been unanimous in raising him to the office\\nwhich his father had held. The Spartans and\\nsome others were opposed to him. The party", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 49\\nthus opposed were inactive and silent while\\nAlexander was in their country, on his first\\nvisit to southern Greece but after his return\\nthey began to contemplate more decisive action,\\nand afterward, when they heard of his having\\nundertaken so desperate an enterprise as going\\nnorthward with his forces, and actually cross-\\ning the Danube, they considered him as so\\ncompletely out of the way that they grew very\\ncourageous, and meditated open rebellion.\\nThe city of Thebes did at length rebel.\\nPhilip had conquered this city in former\\nstruggles, and had left a Macedonian garrison\\nthere in the citadel. The name of the citadel\\nwas Cadmeia. The officers of the garrison,\\nsupposing that all was secure, left the soldiers\\nin the citadel, and came themselves down to\\nthe city to reside. Things were in this con-\\ndition when the rebellion against Alexander s\\nauthority broke out. They killed the officers\\nwho were in the city, and summoned the gar-\\nrison to surrender. The garrison refused, and\\nthe Thebans besieged it.\\nThis outbreak against Alexander s authority\\nwas in a great measure the work of the great\\norator Demosthenes, who spared no exertions\\nto arouse the southern states of Greece to re-\\nsist Alexander s dominion. m He especially\\nexerted all the powers of his eloquence in\\nAthens in the endeavor to bring over the\\nAthenians to take sides against Alexander.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "50 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nWhile things were in this slate the The-\\nbans having understood that Alexander had\\nbeen killed at the north, and supposing that,\\nat all events, if this report should not be true,\\nhe was, without doubt, still far away, involved\\nin contentions with the barbarian nations,\\nfrom which it was not to be expected that he\\ncould be very speedily extricated the whole\\ncity was suddenly thrown into consternation\\nby the report that a large Macedonian army\\nwas approaching from the north, with Alexan-\\nder at its head, and that it was, in fact, close\\nupon them.\\nIt was now, however, too late for the The-\\nbans to repent of what they had done. They\\nwere far too deeply impressed with a convic-\\ntion of the decision and energy of Alexander s\\ncharacter, as manifested in the whole course of\\nhis proceedings since he began to reign, and\\nespecially by his sudden reappearance among\\nthem so soon after this outbreak against his\\nauthority, to imagine that there was now any\\nhope for them except in determined and suc-\\ncessful resistance. They shut themselves up,\\ntherefore, in their city, and prepared to de-\\nfend themselves to the last extremity.\\nAlexander advanced, and, passing round the\\ncity toward the southern side, established his\\nheadquarters there, so as to cut off effectually\\nall communication with Athens and the south-\\nera cities, Be thea e^twdeci bis posts all", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 51\\naround the place so as to invest it entirely.\\nThese preparations made, he paused before he\\ncommenced the work of Subduing the city, to\\ngive the inhabitants an opportunity to submit,\\nif they would, without compelling him to re-\\nsort to force. The conditions, however, which\\nhe imposed were such that the Thebans thought\\nit best to take their chance of resistance.\\nThey refused to surrender, and Alexander be-\\ngan to prepare for the onset.\\nHe was very soon ready, and with his char-\\nacteristic ardor and energy he determined on\\nattempting to carry the city at once by assault.\\nFortified cities generally require a siege, and\\nsometimes a very long siege, before they can\\nbe subdued. The army within, sheltered be-\\nhind the parapets of the walls, and standing\\nthere in a position above that of their assail-\\nants, have such great advantages in the contest\\nthat a long time often elapses before they can\\nbe compelled to surrender. The besiegers\\nhave to invest the city on all sides to cut off\\nall supplies of provisions, and then, in those\\ndays, they had to construct engines to make a\\nbreach somewhere in the walls, through which\\nan assaulting party could attempt to force\\ntheir way in.\\nThe time for making an assault upon a be-\\nsieged city depends upon the comparative\\nstrength of those within and without, and\\nalso, still more, on the ardor and resolution of", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "52 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthe besiegers. In modern warfare, an army,\\nin investing a fortified place, spends ordi-\\nnarily a considerable time in burrowing their\\nway along in trenches, half under ground,\\nuntil they get near enough to plant their can-\\nnon where the balls can take effect upon some\\npart of the wall. Then some time usually\\nelapses before a breach is made, and the garri-\\nson is sufficiently weakened to render an assault\\nadvisable. When, however, the time at length\\narrives, the most bold and desperate portion\\nof the army are designated to lead the attack.\\nBundles of small branches of trees are pro-\\nvided to fill up ditches with, and ladders for\\nmounting embankments and walls. The city,\\nsometimes, seeing these preparations going on,\\nand convinced that the assault will be success-\\nful, surrenders before it is made. When the\\nbesieged do thus surrender, they save them-\\nselves avast amount of suffering, for the carry-\\ning of a city by assault is perhaps the most\\nhorrible scene which the passions and crimes of\\nmen ever offer to the view of heaven.\\nIt is horrible, because the soldiers, exasper-\\nated to fury by the resistance which they meet\\nwith, and by the awful malignity of the pas-\\nsions always excited in the hour of battle, if\\nthey succeed, burst suddenly into the pre-\\ncincts of domestic life, and find sometimes\\nthousands of families mothers, and children,\\nand defenseless maidens at the mercy of pas-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 53\\nsions excited to frenzy. Soldiers, under-\\nsuch circumstances, cannot be restrained, and\\nno imagination can conceive the horrors of the\\nsacking of a city, carried by assault, after a\\nprotracted siege. Tigers do not spring upon\\ntheir prey with greater ferocity than man\\nsprings, under such circumstances, to the per-\\npetration of every possible cruelty upon his\\nfellow-man. After an ordinary battle upon an\\nopen field, the conquerors have only men,\\narmed like themselves, to wreak their venge-\\nance upon. The scene is awful enough,\\nhowever, here. But in carrying a city by\\nstorm, which takes place usually at an unex-\\npected time, and often in the night, the mad-\\ndened and victorious assaulters suddenly burst\\ninto the sacred scenes of domestic peace, and\\nseclusion, and love the very worst of men,\\nfilled with the worst of passions, stimulated by\\nthe resistance they have encountered, and\\nlicensed by their victory to give all these pas-\\nsions the fullest and most unrestricted gratifi-\\ncation. To plunder, burn, destroy, and kill,\\nare the lighter and more harmless of the\\ncrimes they perpetrate.\\nThebes was carried by assault. Alexander\\ndid not wait for the slow operations of a siege.\\nHe watched a favorable opportunity, and burst\\nover and through the outer line of fortifications\\nwhich defended the city. The attempt to do\\nthis was very desperate, and the loss of life\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "54 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ngreat; but it was triumphantly successful.\\nThe Thebans were driven back toward the inner\\nwall, and began to crowd in through the gates,\\ninto the city, in terrible confusion. The\\nMacedonians were close upon them, and pur-\\nsuers and pursued, struggling together, and\\ntrampling upon and killing each other as they\\nwent, flowed in, like a boiling and raging tor-\\nrent which nothing could resist, through the\\nopen archway.\\nIt was impossible to close the gates. The\\nwhole Macedonian force were soon in full pos-\\nsession of the now defenseless houses, and for\\nmany hours screams, and wailings, and cries\\nof horror and despair testified to the awful\\natrocity of the crimes attendant on the sacking\\nof a city. At length the soldiery were re-\\nstrained. Order was restored. The army re-\\ntired to the posts assigned them, and Alexander\\nbegan to deliberate what he should do with the\\nconquered town.\\nHe determined to destroy it to offer, once\\nfor all, a terrible example of the consequences\\nof rebellion against him. The case was not\\none, he considered, of the ordinary conquest\\nof a foe. The states of Greece Thebes with\\nthe rest had once solemnly conferred upon\\nhim the authority against which the Thebans\\nhad now rebelled. They were traitors, there-\\nfore, in his judgment, not mere enemies, and\\nhe determined that the penalty should be utter\\ndestruction.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 55\\nBut, in carrying this terrible decision into\\neffect, he acted in a manner so deliberate, dis-\\ncriminating, and cautious, as to diminish very\\nmuch the irritation and resentment which it\\nwould otherwise have caused, and to give it its\\nfull moral effect as a measure, not of angry\\nresentment, but of calm and deliberate retribu-\\ntion just and proper, according to the ideas\\nof the time. In the first place, he released all\\nthe priests. Then, in respect to the rest of\\nthe population, he discriminated carefully be-\\ntween those who had favored the rebellion and\\nthose who had been true to~ their allegiance to\\nhim. The latter were allowed to depart in\\nsafety. And if, in the case, of any family, it\\ncould be shown that one individual had been\\non the Macedonian side, the single instance of\\nfidelity outweighed the treason of the other\\nmembers, and the whole family was saved.\\nAnd the officers appointed to carry out these\\nprovisions were liberal in the interpretation\\nand application of them, so as to save as many\\nas there could be any possible pretext for sav-\\ning. The descendants and family connections\\nof Pindar, the celebrated poet, who has been\\nalready mentioned as having been born in\\nThebes, were all pardoned also, whichever side\\nthey may have taken in the contest. The\\ntruth was, that Alexander, though he had the\\nsagacity to see that he was placed in circum-\\nstances where prodigious moral effect in", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "56 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nstrengthening his position would be produced\\nby an act of great severity, was swayed by so\\nmany generous impulses, which raised him\\nabove the ordinary excitements of irritation\\nand revenge, that he had every desire to make\\nthe suffering as light, and to limit it by as\\nnarrow bounds, as the nature of the case would\\nallow. He doubtless also had an instinctive\\nfeeling that the moral effect itself of so dread-\\nful a retribution as he was about to inflict upon\\nthe devoted city would be very much increased\\nby forbearance and generosity, and by extreme\\nregard for the security and protection of those\\nwho had shown themselves his friends.\\nAfter all these exceptions had been made,\\nand the persons to whom they applied had\\nbeen dismissed, the rest of the population were\\nsold into slavery, and then the city was utterly\\nand entirely destroyed. The number thus\\nsold was about thirty thousand, and six thou-\\nsand had been killed in the assault and storm-\\ning of the city. Thus Thebes was made a ruin\\nand a desolation, and it remained so, a monu-\\nment of Alexander s terrible energy and de-\\ncision, for twenty years.\\nThe effect of the destruction of Thebes upon\\nthe other cities and states of Greece was what\\nmight have been expected. It came upon\\nthem like a thunderbolt. Although Thebes\\nwas the only city which had openly revolted,\\nthere had been strong symptoms of disaffection", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 57\\nin many other places. Demosthenes, who had\\nbeen silent while Alexander was present in\\nGreece, during his first visit there, had again\\nbeen endeavoring to arouse opposition to\\nMacedonian ascendency, and to concentrate\\nand bring oiit into action the influences which\\nwere hostile to Alexander. He said in his\\nspeeches that Alexander was a mere boy, and\\nthat it was disgraceful for such cities as\\nAthens, Sparta, and Thebes to submit to his\\nsway. Alexander had heard of these things,\\nand, as he was coming down into Greece,\\nthrough the Straits of Thermopylae, before\\nthe destruction of Thebes, he said, They\\nsay I am a boy. I am coming to teach them\\nthat I am a man.\\nHe did teach them that he was a man. His\\nunexpected appearance, when they imagined\\nhim entangled among the mountains and wilds\\nof unknown regions in the north his sudden\\ninvestiture of Thebes; the assault; the calm\\ndeliberations in respect to the destiny of the\\ncity, and the slow, cautious, discriminating,\\nbut inexorable energy with which the decision\\nwas carried into effect, all coming in such\\nrapid succession, impressed the Grecian com-\\nmonwealth with the conviction that the person-\\nage they had to deal with was no boy in char-\\nacter, whatever might be his years. All symp-\\ntoms of disaffection against the rule of Alex-\\nander instantly disappeared, and did not soon\\nrevive again.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "58 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nNor was this effect due entirely to the terror\\ninspired by the retribution which had been\\nvisited upon Thebes. All Greece was im-\\npressed with a new admiration for Alexander s\\ncharacter as they witnessed these events, in\\nwhich his impetuous energy, his cool and calm\\ndecision, his forbearance, his magnanimity, and\\nhis faithfulness to his friends, were all so con-\\nspicuous. His pardoning the priests, whether\\nthey had been for him or against him, made\\nevery friend of religion incline to hi$ favor.\\nThe same interposition in behalf of the poet s\\nfamily and descendants spoke directly to the\\nheart of every poet, orator, historian, and\\nphilosopher throughout the country, and ten-\\nded to make all the lovers of literature his\\nfriends. His magnanimity, also, in deciding\\nthat one single friend of his in a family should\\nsave that family, instead of ordaining, as a\\nmore short-sighted conqueror would have done,\\nthat a single enemy should condemn it, must\\nhave awakened a strong feeling of gratitude\\nand regard in the hearts of all who could ap-\\npreciate fidelity to friends and generosity of\\nspirit. Thus, as the news of the destruction\\nof Thebes, and the selling of so large a portion\\nof the inhabitants into slavery, spread over the\\nland, its effect was to turn over so great a part\\nof the population to a feeling of admiration of\\nAlexander s character, and confidence in his\\nextraordinary powers, as to leave only a small", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE REACTION. 59\\nminority disposed to take sides with the pun-\\nished rebels, or resent the destruction of the\\ncity.\\nFrom Thebes Alexander proceeded to the\\nsouthward. Deputations from the cities were\\nsent to him, congratulating him on his victo-\\nries, and offering their adhesion to his cause.\\nHis influence and ascendency seemed firmly\\nCelebrating the Victory at iEgse.\\nestablished now in the country of the Greeks,\\nand in due time he returned to Macedon, and\\ncelebrated at iEgse, which was at this time\\nhis capital, the establishment and confirmation\\nof his power, by games, shows, spectacles,\\nilluminations, and sacrifices to the gods,\\noffered on a scale of the greatest pomp and\\nmagnificence. He was now ready to turn his\\nthoughts toward the long-projected plan of the\\nexpedition into Asia.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE IV.\\nCROSSING THE HELLESPONT.\\nOn Alexander s arrival in Macedon, he im-\\nmediately began to turn his attention to the\\nsubject of the invasion of Asia. He was full\\nof ardor and enthusiasm to carry this project\\ninto effect. Considering his extreme youth,\\nand the captivating character of the enterprise,\\nit is strange that he should have exercised so\\nmuch deliberation and caution as his conduct\\ndid really evince. He had now settled every-\\nthing in the most thorough manner, both within\\nhis dominions and among the nations on his\\nborders, and. as it seemed to him, the time\\nhad come when he was to commence active\\npreparations for the great Asiatic campaign.\\nHe brought the subject before his ministers\\nand councilors. They, in general, concurred\\nwith him in opinion. There were, however,\\ntwo who were in doubt, or rather who were, in\\nfact, opposed to the plan, though they ex-\\npressed their non-concurrence in the form of\\ndoubts. These two persons were Antipater\\nand Parmenio, the venerable officers who have\\nbeen already mentioned as having served\\n60", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 61\\nPhilip so faithfully, and as transferring, on\\nthe death of the father, their attachment and\\nallegiance at once to the son.\\nAntipater andParmenio represented to Alex-\\nander that if he were to go to Asia at that\\ntime, he would put to extreme hazard all the\\ninterests of Macedon. As he had no family,\\nthere was, of course, no direct heir to the\\ncrown, and, in case of any misfortune happen-\\ning by which his life should be lost, Macedon\\nwould become at once the prey of contending\\nfactions, which would immediately arise, each\\npresenting its own candidate for the vacant\\nthrone. The sagacity and foresight which\\nthese statesmen evinced in these suggestions\\nwere abundantly confirmed in the end. Alex-\\nander did die in Asia, his vast kingdom at once\\nfell into pieces, and it was desolated with in-\\nternal commotions and civil wars for a long\\nperiod after his death.\\nParmenio and Antipater accordingly advised\\nthe king to postpone his expedition. They\\nadvised him to seek a wife among the prin-\\ncesses of Greece, and then to settle down\\nquietly to the duties of domestic life, and to\\nthe government of his kingdom for a few years\\nthen, when everything should have become\\nsettled and consolidated in Greece, and his\\nfamily was established in the hearts of his\\ncountrymen, he could leave Macedon more\\nsafely. Public affairs would go on more", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "62 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nsteadily while he lived, and, in case of his\\ndeath, the crown would descend, with compar-\\natively little danger of civil commotion, to his\\nheir.\\nBut Alexander was fully decided against any\\nsuch policy as this. He resolved to embark\\nin the great expedition at once. He concluded\\nto make Antipater his vicegerent in Macedon\\nduring his absence, and to take Parmenio with\\nhim into Asia. It will be remembered that\\nAntipater was the statesman and Parmenio the\\ngeneral; that is, Antipater had been employed\\nmore by Philip in civil, and Parmenio in\\nmilitary affairs, though in those days every-\\nbody who was i n public life was more or less a\\nsoldier.\\nAlexander left an army of ten or twelve\\nthousand men with Antipater for the protec-\\ntion of Macedon. He organized another army\\nof about thirty -five thousand to go with him.\\nThis was considered a very small army for\\nsuch avast undertaking. One or. two hundred\\nyears before this time, Darius, a king of\\nPersia, had invaded Greece with an army of\\nfive hundred thousand men, and yet he had\\nbeen defeated and driven back, and now Alex-\\nander was undertaking to retaliate with a great\\ndeal less than one-tenth part of the force.\\nOf Alexander s army of thirty -five thousand,\\nthirty thousand were foot soldiers, and about\\nfive thousand were horse. More than half the", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 63\\nwhole army was from Macedon. The remain-\\nder was from the southern states of Greece. A\\nlarge body of the horse was from Thessaly,\\nwhich, as will be seen on the map,* was a\\ncountry south of Macedon. It was, in fact,\\none broad expanded valley, with mountains all\\naround. Torrents descended from these\\nmountains, forming streams which flowed in\\ncurrents more and more deep and slow as they\\ndescended into the plains, and combining at\\nlast into one central river, which flowed to the\\neastward, and escaped from the environage of\\nmountains through a most celebrated dell called\\nthe Vale of Tempe. On the north of this\\nvalley is Clympus, and on the south the two\\ntwin mountains Pelion and Ossa. There was\\nan ancient story of a war in Thessaly between\\nthe giants who were imagined to have lived\\nthere in very early days, and the gods. The\\ngiants piled Pelion upon Ossa to enable them\\nto get up to heaven in their assault upon their\\ncelestial enemies. The fable has led to a prov-\\nerb which prevails in every language in\\nEurope, by which all extravagant and unheard\\nof exertions to accomplish an end is said to be\\na piling of Pelion upon Ossa.\\nThessaly was famous or its horses and its\\nhorsemen. The slopes of the mountains fur-\\nnished the best of pasturage for the rearing of\\nthe animals, and the plains below afforded\\nAt the commencement of Chapter III.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "64 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nbroad and open fields or training and exercis-\\ning the bodies of cavalry formed by means of\\nthem. The Thessalian horse were famous\\nthroughout all Greece. Bucephalus was\\nreared in Thessaly.\\nAlexander, as king of Macedon, possessed\\nextensive estates and revenues, which were his\\nown personal property, and were independent\\nof the revenues of the state. Before setting\\nout on his expedition, he apportioned these\\namong his great officers and generals, both\\nthose who were to go and those who were to\\nremain. He evinced great generosity in this;\\nbut it was, after all, the spirit of ambition,\\nmore than that of generosity, which led him\\nto do it. The two great impulses which ani-\\nmated him were the pleasure of doing great\\ndeeds, and the fame and glory of having done\\nthem. These two principles are very distinct\\nin their nature, though often conjoined. They\\nwere paramount and supreme in Alexander s\\ncharacter, and every other human principle\\nwas subordinate to them. Money was to him,\\naccordingly, only a means to enable him to\\naccomplish these ends. His distributing his\\nestates and revenues in the manner above de-\\nscribed was only a judicious appropriation of\\nthe money to the promotion of the great ends\\nhe wished to attain it was expenditure, not\\ngift. It answered admirably the end he had\\nin view. His friends all looked upon him as", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Alexander, face p. 6 A\\nAlexander the Great.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 65\\nextremely generous and self-sacrificing. They\\nasked him what he had reserved for himself.\\n4 Hope, said Alexander.\\nAt length all things were ready, and Alexan-\\nder began to celebrate the religious sacrifices,\\nspectacles, and shows which, in those days,\\nalways preceded great undertakings of this\\nkind. There was a great ceremony in honor\\nof Jupiter and the nine Muses, which had long\\nbeen celebrated in Macedon as a sort of annual\\nnational festival. Alexander now caused great\\npreparations for this festival.\\nIn the days of the Greeks, public worship\\nand public amusement were combined in one\\nand the same series of spectacles and cere-\\nmonies. All worship was a theatrical show,\\nand almost all shows were forms of worship.\\nThe religious instincts of the human heart de-\\nmand some sort of sympathy and aid, real or\\nimaginary, from the invisible world, in great\\nand solemn undertakings, and in every momen-\\ntous crisis in its history. It is true that Alex-\\nander s soldiers, about to leave their homes to\\ngo to another quarter of the globe, and into\\nscenes of danger and death from which it was\\nvery improbable that many of them would ever\\nreturn, had no other celestial protection to\\nlook up to than the spirits of ancient heroes,\\nwho, they imagined, had, somehow or other,\\nfound their final home in a sort of heaven\\namong the summits of the mountains, where\\n6\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "66 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthey reigned, in some sense, over human\\naffairs but this, small as it seems to us, was\\na great deal to them. They felt, when sacri-\\nficing to these gods, that they were invoking\\ntheir presence and sympathy. These deities\\nhaving been engaged in the same enterprises\\nthemselves, and animated with the same hopes\\nand fears, the soldiers imagined that the semi-\\nhuman divinities invoked by them would take\\nan interest in their dangers, and rejoice in\\ntheir success.\\nThe Muses, in honor of whom, as well as\\nJupiter, this great Macedonian festival was\\nheld, were nine singing and dancing maidens,\\nbeautiful in countenance and form, and en-\\nchantingly graceful in all their movements.\\nThey came, the ancients imagined, from\\nThrace, in the north, and went first to Jupiter\\nupon Mount Olympus, who made them god-\\ndesses. Afterward they went southward, and\\nspread over Greece, making their residence, at\\nlast, in a palace upon Mount Parnassus, which\\nwill be found upon the map just north of the\\nGulf of Corinth and west of Boeotia. They\\nwere worshiped all over Greece and Italy as\\nthe goddesses of music- and dancing. In later\\ntimes particular sciences and arts were assigned\\nto them respectively, as history, astronomy,\\ntragedy, etc., though there was no distinction\\nof this kind in early days.\\nThe festivities in honor of Jupiter and the", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 67\\nMuses were continued in Macedon nine days,\\na number corresponding with that of the danc-\\ning goddesses. Alexander made very magnifi-\\ncent preparations for the celebration on this\\noccasion. He had a tent made, under which,\\nit is said, a hundred tables could be spread\\nand here he entertained, day after day, an\\nenormous company of princes, potentates, and\\ngenerals. He offered sacrifices to such of the\\ngods as he supposed it would please the soldiers\\nto imagine that they had propitiated. Con-\\nnected with these sacrifices and feastings, there\\nwere athletic and military spectacles and shows\\nraces and wrestlings and mock contests,\\nwith blunted spears. All these things encour-\\naged and quickened the ardor and animation of\\nthe soldiers. It aroused their ambition to\\ndistinguish themselves by their exploits, and\\ngave them an increased and stimulated desire\\nfor honor and fame. Thus inspirited by new\\ndesires for human praise, and trusting in the\\nsympathy and protection of powers which were\\nall that they conceived of as divine, the army\\nprepared to set forth from their native land,\\nbidding it a long, and, as it proved to most of\\nthem, a final farewell.\\nBy following the course of Alexander s ex-\\npedition upon the map at the commencement\\nof Chapter III., it will be seen that his route\\nlay first along the northern coasts of the\\niEgean Sea. He was to pass from Europe into", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "68 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nAsia by crossing the Hellespont between Sestos\\nand Abydos. He sent a fleet of a hundred\\nand fifty galleys, of three banks of oars each,\\nover the iEgean Sea, to land at Sestos, and be\\nready to transport his army across the straits.\\nThe army, in the meantime, marched by land.\\nThey had to cross the rivers which flow into\\nthe iEgean Sea on the northern side; but as\\nthese rivers were in Macedon, and no opposi-\\ntion was encountered upon the banks of them,\\nthere was no serious difficulty in effecting the\\npassage. When they reached Sestos, they\\nfound the fleet ready there, awaiting their\\narrival*\\nIt is very strikingly characteristic of the\\nmingling of poetic sentiment and enthusiasm\\nwith calm and calculating business efficiency,\\nwhich shone conspicuously so often in Alexan-\\nder s career, that when he arrived at Sestos,\\nand found that the ships were there, and the\\narmy safe, and that there was no enemy to\\noppose his landing on the Asiatic shore, he left\\nParmenio to conduct the transportation of the\\ntroops across the water, while he himself went\\naway in a single galley on an excursion of\\nsentiment and romantic adventure. A little\\nsouth of the place where his army was to cross,\\nthere lay, on the Asiatic shore, an extended\\nplain, on which were the ruins of Troy. Now\\nTroy was the city which was the scene of\\nHomer s poems those poems which had ex-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 69\\ncited so much interest in the mind of Alexander\\nin his early years; and he determined, instead\\nof crossing the Hellespont with the main body\\nof his army, to proceed southward in a single\\ngalley, and land, himself, on the Asiatic shore,\\non the very spot which the romantic imagina-\\ntion of his youth had dwelt upon so often and\\nso long.\\nTroy was situated upon a plain. Homer\\ndescribes an island off the coast, named Tene-\\ndos, and a mountain near called Mount Ida.\\nThere was also a river called the Scamander,", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "70 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nThe island, the mountain, and the river re-\\nmain, preserving their original names to the\\npresent day, except that the river is now called\\nthe Mender but, although various vestiges of\\nancient ruins are found scattered about the\\nplain, no spot can be identified as the site of\\nthe city. Some scholars have maintained that\\nthere probably never was such a city that\\nHomer invented the whole, there being nothing\\nreal in all that he describes except the river,\\nthe mountain, and the island. His story is,\\nhowever, that there was a great and powerful\\ncity there, with a kingdom attached to it, and\\nthat this city was besieged by the Greeks for\\nten years, at the end of which time it was\\ntaken and destroyed.\\nThe story of the origin of this war is sub-\\nstantially this. Priam was King of Troy.\\nHis wife, a short time before her son was born,\\ndreamed that at his birth the child turned into\\na torch and set the palace on fire. She told\\nthis dream to the soothsayers, and asked them\\nwhat it meant. They said it must mean that\\nher son would be the means of bringing some\\nterrible calamities and disasters upon the\\nfamily. The mother was terrified, and, to\\navert these calamities, gave the child to a slave\\nas soon as it was born, and ordered him to de-\\nstroy it. The slave pitied the helpless babe,\\nand, not liking to destroy it with his own\\nhand, carried it to Mount Ida, and left it there\\nin the forests to die.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 71\\nA she bear, roaming through the woods,\\nfound the child, and, experiencing a feeling of\\nmaternal tenderness for it, she took care of it,\\nand reared it as if it had been her own off-\\nspring. The child was found, at last, by some\\nshepherds who lived upon the mountain, and\\nthey adopted it as their own, robbing the\\nbrute mother of her charge. They named the\\nboy Paris. He grew in strength and beauty,\\nand gave early and extraordinary proofs of\\ncourage and energy, as if he had imbibed some\\nof the qualities of his fierce foster mother\\nwith the milk she gave him. He was so re-\\nmarkable for athletic beauty and manly cour-\\nage, that he not only easily won the heart of a\\nnymph of Mount Ida, named CEnone, whom\\nhe married, but he also attracted, the attention\\nof the goddessess in the heavens.\\nAt length these goddesses had a dispute\\nwhich they agreed to refer to him. The\\norigin of the dispute was this. There was a\\nwedding among them, and one of them, irri-\\ntated at not having been invited, had a golden\\napple made, on which were engraved the\\nwords: To be given to the most beautiful.\\nShe threw this apple into the assembly her\\nobject was to make them quarrel for it. In\\nfact, she was herself the goddess of discord,\\nand, independently of her cause of pique in\\nthis case, she loved to promote disputes. It\\nis in allusion to this ancient tale that any sub-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "72 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nject of dispute, brought up unnecessarily\\namong friends, is called to this day an apple\\nof discord.\\nThree of the goddesses claimed the apple,\\neach insisting that she was more beautiful than\\nthe others, and this was the dispute which\\nthey agreed to refer to Paris. They accord-\\ningly exhibited themselves before him in the\\nmountains, that he might look at them and\\ndecide. They did not, however, seem willing,\\neither of them, to trust to an impartial deci-\\nsion of the question, but each offered the judge\\na bribe to induce him to decide in her favor.\\nOne promised him a kingdom, another great\\nfame, and the third, Venus, promised him the\\nmost beautiful woman in the world for his wife.\\nHe decided in favor of Venus whether because\\nshe was justly entitled to the decision, or\\nthrough the influence of the bribe, the story\\ndoes not say.\\nAll this time Paris remained on the moun-\\ntain, a simple shepherd and herdsman, not\\nknowing his relationship to the monarch who\\nreigned over the city and kingdom on the plain\\nbelow. King Priam, however, about this\\ntime, in some games which he was celebrating,\\noffered, as a prize to the victor, the finest bull\\nwhich could be obtained on Mount Ida. On\\nmaking examination, Paris was found to have\\nthe finest bull, and the king, exercising the\\ndespotic power which kings in those days made", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 73\\nno scruple of assuming in respect to helpless\\npeasants, took it away. Paris was very indig-\\nnant. It happened, however, that a short time\\nafterward there was another opportunity to\\ncontend for the same bull, and Paris, disguis-\\ning himself as a prince, appeared in the lists,\\nconquered every competitor, and bore away the\\nbull again to his home in the fastnesses of the\\nmountain.\\nIn consequence of this his appearance at\\ncourt, the daughter of Priam, whose name was\\nCassandra, became acquainted with him, and,\\ninquiring into his story, succeeded in ascer-\\ntaining that he was her brother, the long-lost\\nchild, that had been supposed to be put to\\ndeath. King Priam was convinced by the evi-\\ndence which she brought forward, and Paris\\nwas brought home to his father s house.\\nAfter becoming established in his new posi-\\ntion, he remembered the promise of Venus that\\nhe should have the most beautiful woman in\\nthe world for his wife, and he began, accord-\\ningly, to inquire where he could find her.\\nThere was in Sparta, one of the cities of\\nsouthern Greece, a certain king Menelaus, who\\nhad a youthful bride named Helen, who was\\nfamed far and near for her beauty. Paris\\ncame to the conclusion that she was the most\\nlovely woman in the world, and that he was\\nentitled, in virtue of Venus promise, to ob-\\ntain possession of her, if he could do so by any", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "74 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmeans whatever. He accordingly made a jour-\\nney into Greece, visited Sparta, formed an ac-\\nquaintance with Helen, persuaded her to aban-\\ndon her husband and her duty, and elope\\nwith him to Troy.\\nMenelaus was indignant at this outrage.\\nHe called on all Greece to take up arms and\\njoin him in the attempt to recover his bride.\\nThey responded to this demand. They first\\nsent to Priam, demanding that he should re-\\nstore Helen to her husband. Priam refused\\nto do so, taking part with his son. The\\nGreeks then raised* a fleet and an army, and\\ncame to the plains of Troy, encamped before\\nthe city, and persevered for ten long years in\\nbesieging it, when at length it was taken and\\ndestroyed.\\nThese stories relating to the origin of the\\nwar, however, marvelous and entertaining as\\nthey are, were not the points which chiefly in-\\nterested the mind of Alexander. The portions\\nof Homer s narratives which most excited his\\nenthusiasm were those relating to the char-\\nacters of the heroes who fought, on one side\\nand on the other, at the siege, their various\\nadventures, and the delineations of their\\nmotives and principles of conduct, and the\\nemotions and excitements they experienced in\\nthe various circumstances in which they were\\nplaced. Homer described with great beauty\\nand force the workings of ambition, of resent-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Alexander, p. 75\\nIncident in the Siege of Troy.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT.\\n77\\nment, of pride, of rivalry, and all those other\\nimpulses of the human heart which would\\nexcite and control the action of impetuous men\\nin the circumstances in which his heroes were\\nplaced.\\nEach one of the heroes whose history and\\nAchilles.\\nadventures he gives, possessed a well-marked\\nand striking character, and differed in temper-\\nament and action from the rest. Achilles was\\none. He was fiery, impetuous, and impla-\\ncable in character, fierce and merciless; and,\\nthough perfectly undaunted and fearless, en-\\ntirely destitute of magnanimity. There was a\\nriver called the Styx, the waters of which were\\nsaid to have the property of making any one", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "78 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ninvulnerable. The mother of Achilles dipped\\nhim into it in his infancy, holding him by the\\nheel. The heel, not having been immersed,\\nwas the only part which could be wounded.\\nThus he was safe in battle, and was a terrible\\nwarrior. He, however, quarreled with his com-\\nrades and withdrew from their cause on slight\\npretexts, and then became reconciled again, in-\\nfluenced by equally frivolous reasons.\\nAgamemnon was the commander-in-chief of\\nthe Greek army. After a certain victory, by\\nwhich some captives were taken, and were to\\nbe divided among the victors, Agamemnon was\\nobliged to restore one, a noble lady, who had\\nfallen to his share, and he took away the one\\nthat had been assigned to Achilles to replace\\nher. This incensed Achilles, and he withdrew\\nfor a long time from the contest; and, in con-\\nsequence of his absence, the Trojans gained\\ngreat and continued victories against the\\nGreeks. For a long time nothing could in-\\nduce Achilles to return.\\nAt length, however, though he would not go\\nhimself, he allowed his intimate friend, whose\\nname was Patroclus, to take his armor and go\\ninto battle. Patroclus was at first successful,\\nbut was soon killed by Hector, the brother of\\nParis. This aroused anger and a spirit of\\nrevenge in the mind of Achilles. He gave up\\nhis quarrel with Agamemnon and returned to\\nthe combat. He did not remit his exertions", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 79\\ntill he had slain Hector, and then he expressed\\nhis brutal exultation, and satisfied his revenge,\\nby dragging the dead body at the wheels of\\nhis chariot around the walls of the city. He\\nthen sold the body to the distracted father for\\na ransom.\\nIt was such stories as these, which are\\nrelated in the poems of Homer with great\\nbeauty and power, that had chiefly interested\\nthe mind of Alexander. The subjects inter-\\nested him the accounts of the contentions, the\\nrivalries, the exploits of these warriors, the\\ndelineations of their character and springs of\\naction, and the narrations of the various\\nincidents and events to which such a war gave\\nrise, were all calculated to captivate the im-\\nagination of a young martial hero.\\nAlexander accordingly resolved that his first\\nlanding in Asia should be at Troy. He left\\nhis army under the charge of Parmenio, to\\ncross from Sestos to Abydos, while he himself\\nset forth in a single galley to proceed to the\\nsouthward. There was a port on the Trojan\\nshore where the Greeks had been accustomed\\nto disembark, and he steered his course for it.\\nHe had a bull on board his galley which he was\\ngoing to offer as a sacrifice to Neptune when\\nhalfway from shore to shore.\\nNeptune was the god of the sea. It is true\\nthat the Hellespont is not the open ocean, but\\nit is an arm of the sea, and thus belonged", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "80 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nproperly to the dominions which the ancients\\nassigned to the divinity of the waters. Nep-\\ntune was conceived of by the ancients as a\\nmonarch dwelling on the seas or upon the\\ncoasts, and riding over the waves seated in a\\ngreat shell, or sometimes in a chariot, drawn\\nby dolphins or sea-horses. In these excur-\\nsions he was attended by a train of sea-gods\\nand nymphs, who, half-floating, half-swim-\\nming, followed him over the billow s. Instead\\nof a scepter Neptune carried a trident. A\\ntrident was a sort of three-pronged harpoon,\\nsuch as was used in those days by the fisher-\\nmen of the Mediterranean. It was from this\\ncircumstance, probably, that it was chosen as\\nthe badge of authority for the god of the sea.\\nAlexander took the helm, and steered the\\ngalley with his own hands toward the Asiatic\\nshore. Just before he reached the land, he\\ntook his place upon the prow, and threw a\\njavelin at the shore as he approached it, a\\nsymbol of the spirit of defiance and hostility\\nwith which he advanced to the frontiers of the\\neastern world. He was also the first to land.\\nAfter disembarking his company, he offered\\nsacrifices to the gods, and then proceeded to\\nvisit the places which had been the scenes of\\nthe events which Homer had described.\\nHomer had written five hundred years before\\nthe time of Alexander, and there is some doubt\\nwhether the ruins and the remains of cities", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE HELLESPONT. 81\\nwhich our hero found there were really the\\nscenes of the narratives which had interested\\nhim so deeply. He, however, at any rate, be-\\nlieved them to be so, and he was filled with\\nenthusiasm and pride as he wandered among\\nthem. He seems to have been most interested\\nin the character of Achilles, and he said that\\nhe envied him his happy lot in having such a\\nfriend as Patroclus to help him perform his\\nexploits, and such a poet as Homer to celebrate\\nthem.\\nAfter completing his visit upon the plain of\\nTroy, Alexander moved toward the northeast\\nwith the few men who had accompanied him\\nin his single galley. In the meantime Par-\\nmenio had crossed safely, with the main body\\nof the army, from Sestos to Abydos. Alexan-\\nder overtook them on their march, not far from\\nthe place of their landing. To the northward\\nof this place, on the left of the line of march\\nwhich Alexander was taking, was the city of\\nLampsacus.\\nNow a large portion of Asia Minor, although\\nfor the most part under the dominion of\\nPersia, had been in a great measure settled by\\nGreeks, and, in previous wars between the two\\nnations, the various cities had been in posses-\\nsion, sometimes of one power and sometimes\\nof the other. In these contests the city of\\nLampsacus had incurred the high displeasure\\nof the Greeks by rebelling, as they said, on", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\none occasion, against them. Alexander deter-\\nmined to destroy it as he passed. The inhab-\\nitants were aware of this intention, and sent\\nan ambassador to Alexander to implore his\\nmercy. When the ambassador approached,\\nAlexander, knowing his errand, uttered a\\ndeclaration in which he bound himself by a\\nsolemn oath not to grant the request he was\\nabout to make. I have come, said the am-\\nbassador, to implore you to destroy Lamp-\\nsacus. Alexander, pleased with the readi-\\nness of tie ambassador in giving his language\\nsuch a sudden turn, and perhaps influenced by\\nhis oath, spared the city.\\nHe was now fairly in Asia. The Persian\\nforces were gathering to attack him, but so un-\\nexpected and sudden had been his invasion\\nthat they were not prepared to meet him at his\\narrival, and he advanced without opposition\\ntill he reached the banks of the little river\\nGranicus.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK V.\\nCAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOE.\\nAlthough Alexander had landed safely on\\nthe Asiatic shore, the way was not yet fairly\\nopen for him to advance into the interior of\\nthe country. He was upon a sort .cf plain,\\nwhich was separated from the territory beyond\\nby natural barriers. On the south was the\\nrange of lofty land called Mount Ida. From\\nthe northeastern slopes of this mountain there\\ndescended a stream which flowed north into the\\nsea, thus hemming Alexander s army in. He\\nmust either scale the mountain or cross the\\nriver before he could penetrate into the interior.\\nHe thought it would be easiest to cross the\\nriver. It is very difficult to get a large body\\nof horsemen and of heavy-armed soldiers, with\\nall their attendants and baggage, over high\\nelevations of land. This was the reason why\\nthe army turned to the northward after land-\\ning upon the Asiatic shore. Alexander thought\\nthe Granicus less of an obstacle than Mount\\nIda. It was not a large stream, and was easily\\nfordable.\\nIt was the custom in those days, as it is\\n83", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "84 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nnow, when armies are marching, to send for-\\nward small bodies of men in every direction to\\nexplore the roads, remove obstacles, and dis-\\ncover sources of danger. These men are\\ncalled, in modern times, scouts in Alexander s\\nday, and in the Greek language, they were\\ncalled prodromi, which means forerunners. It is\\nthe duty of these pioneers to send messengers\\nback continually to the main body of the\\narmy, informing the officers of everything\\nimportant which comes under their observa-\\ntion.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 85\\nIn this case, when the army was gradually\\ndrawing near to the river, the prodromi came\\nin with the news that they had been to the\\nriver, and found the whole opposite shore, at\\nthe place of crossing, lined with Persian\\ntroops, collected there to dispute the passage.\\nThe army continued their advance, while Alex-\\nander called the leading generals around him\\nto consider what was to be done.\\nParmenio recommended that they should not\\nattempt to pass the river immediately. The\\nPersian army consisted chiefly of cavalry.\\nNow cavalry, though very terrible as an enemy\\non the field of battle by day, are peculiarly\\nexposed and defenseless in an encampment by\\nnight. The horses are scattered, feeding or at\\nrest. The arms of the men are light, and they\\nare not accustomed to fighting on foot; and on\\na sudden incursion of an enemy at midnight\\ninto their camp, their horses and their horse-\\nmanship are alike useless, and they fall an easy\\nprey to resolute invaders. Parmenio thought,\\ntherefore, that the Persians would not dare to\\nremain and encamp many days in the vicinity of\\nAlexander s army, and that, accordingly, if\\nthey waited a little, the enemy would retreat,\\nand Alexander could then cross the river with-\\nout incurring the danger of a battle.\\nBut Alexander was unwilling to adopt any\\nsuch policy. He felt confident that his army\\nwas courageous and strong enough to march", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "86 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\non, directly through the river, ascend the bank\\nupon the other side, and force their way\\nthrough all the opposition which the Persians\\ncould make. He knew, too, that if this were\\ndone it would create a strong sensation\\nthroughout the whole country, impressing\\nevery one with a sense of the energy and power\\nof the army which he was conducting, and\\nwould thus tend to intimidate the enemy, and\\nfacilitate all future operations. But this was\\nnot all he had a more powerful motive still\\nfor wishing to march right on, across the river,\\nand force his way through the vast bodies of\\ncavalry on the opposite shore, and this was the\\npleasure of performing the exploit.\\nAccordingly, as the army advanced to the\\nbanks, they maneuvered to form in order of\\nbattle, and prepared to continue their march\\nas if there were no obstacle to oppose them.\\nThe general order of battle of the Macedonian\\narmy was this. There was a certain body of\\ntroops, armed and organized in a peculiar\\nmanner, called the Phalanx. This body was\\nplaced in the center. The men composing it\\nwere very heavily armed. They had shields\\nupon the left arm, and they carried spears\\nsixteen feet long, and pointed with iron, which\\nthey held firmly in their two hands, with the\\npoints projecting far before them. The men\\nwere arranged in lines, one behind the other,\\nand all facing the enemy sixteen lines, and a", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 87\\nthousand in each line, or, as it is expressed in\\nmilitary phrase, a thousand in rank and six-\\nteen in file, so that the phalanx contained six-\\nteen thousand men.\\nThe spears were so long that when the men\\nstood in close order, the rear ranks being\\nbrought up near to those before them, the\\npoints of the spears of eight or ten of the\\nranks projected in front, forming a bristling\\nwall of points of steel, each one of which was\\nheld in its place by the strong arms of an\\nathletic and well-trained soldier. This wall\\nno force which could in those days be brought\\nagainst it could penetrate. Men, horses, ele-\\nphants, everything that attempted to rush upon\\nit, rushed only to their own destruction.\\nEvery spear, feeling the impulse of the vigor-\\nous arms which held it, seemed to be alive,\\nand darted into its enemy, when an enemy\\nwas at hand, as if it felt itself the fierce hos-\\ntility which directed it. If the enemy re-\\nmained at a distance, and threw javelins or\\ndarts at the phalanx, they fell harmless,\\nstopped by the shields which the soldiers wore\\nupon the left arm, and which were held in such\\na manner as to form a system of scales, which\\ncovered and protected the whole mass, and\\nmade the men almost invulnerable. The pha-\\nlanx was thus, when only defending itself and\\nin a state of rest, an army and a fortification\\nall in one, and it was almost impregnable.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "88 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nBut when it took an aggressive form, put itself\\nin motion, and advanced to an attack, it was\\ninfinitely more formidable. It became then a\\nterrible monster, covered with scales of brass,\\nfrom beneath which there projected forward\\nten thousand living, darting points of iron. It\\nadvanced deliberately and calmly, but with a\\nprodigious momentum and force. There was\\nnothing human in its appearance at all. It\\nwas a huge animal, ferocious, dogged, stub-\\nborn, insensible to pain, knowing no fear, and\\nbearing down with resistless and merciless\\ndestruction upon everything that came in its\\nway. The phalanx was the center and soul of\\nAlexander s army. Powerful and impregnable\\nas it was, however, in ancient days, it would\\nbe helpless and defenseless on a modern battle\\nfield. Solid balls of iron, flying through the\\nair with a velocity which makes them invisible,\\nwould tear their way through the pikes and the\\nshields, and the bodies of the men who bore\\nthem, without even feeling the obstruction.\\nThe phalanx was subdivided into brigades,\\nregiments, and battalions, and regularly offi-\\ncered. In marching, it was separated into\\nthese its constituent parts, and sometimes in\\nbattle it acted in divisions. It was stationed\\nin the center of the army on the field, and on\\nthe two sides of it were bodies of cavalry and\\nfoot soldiers, more lightly armed than the sol-\\ndiers of the phalanx, who could accordingly", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 89\\nmove with more alertness and speed, and carry\\ntheir action readily wherever it might be called\\nfor. Those troops on the sides were called the\\nwings. Alexander himself was accustomed to\\ncommand one wing and Parmenio the other,\\nwhile the phalanx crept along slowly but terri-\\nbly between.\\nThe army, thus arranged and organized, ad-\\nvanced to the river. It was a broad and shal-\\nlow stream. The Persians had assembled in\\nvast numbers on the opposite shore. Some\\nhistorians say there were one hundred thou-\\nsand men, others say two hundred thousand,\\nand others six hundred thousand. However\\nthis may be, there is no doubt their numbers\\nwere vastly superior to those of Alexander s\\narmy, which it will be recollected was less\\nthan forty thousand. There was a narrow\\nplain on the opposite side of the river, next to\\nthe shore, and a range of hills beyond. The\\nPersian cavalry covered the plain, and were\\nready to dash upon the Macedonian troops the\\nmoment they should emerge from the water\\nand attempt to ascend the bank.\\nThe army, led by Alexander, descended into\\nthe stream, and moved on through the water.\\nThey encountered the onset of their enemies\\non the opposite shore. A terrible and a pro-\\ntracted struggle ensued, but the coolness, cour-\\nage, and strength of Alexander s army carried\\nthe day. The Persians were driven back, the", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "90 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nGreeks effected their landing, reorganized and\\nformed on the shore, and the Persians, finding\\nthat all was lost, fled in all directions.\\nAlexander himself took a conspicuous and a\\nvery active part in the contest. He was easily\\nrecognized on the field of battle by his dress,\\nand by a white plume which he wore in his\\nhelmet. He exposed himself to the most im-\\nminent danger. At one time, when desperately\\nengaged with a trooji of horse, which had gal-\\nloped down upon him, a Persian horseman\\naimed a blow at his head with a sword. Alex-\\nander saved his head from the blow, but it\\ntook off his plume and a part of his helmet.\\nAlexander immediately thrust his antagonist\\nthrough the body. At the same moment,\\nanother horseman, on another side, had his\\nsword raised, and would have killed Alexander\\nbefore he could have turned to defend himself,\\nhad no help intervened but just at this in-\\nstant a third combatant, one of Alexander s\\nfriends, seeing the danger, brought down so\\nterrible a blow upon the shoulder of this\\nsecond assailant as to separate his arm from\\nhis body.\\nSuch are the stories that are told. They\\nmay have been literally and fully true, or they\\nmay have been exaggerations of circumstances\\nsomewhat resembling them which really oc-\\ncurred, or they may have been fictitious alto-\\ngether. Great generals, like other great men", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 91\\nhave often the credit of many exploits which\\nthey never perform. It is the special busi-\\nness of poets and historians to magnify and\\nembellish the actions of the great, and this art\\nwas understood as well in ancient days as it\\nis now. We must remember, too, in reading\\nthe accounts of these transactions, that it is\\nonly the Greek side of the story that we hear.\\nThe Persian narratives have not come down to\\nus.\\nAt any rate, the Persian army was defeated,\\nand that, too, without the assistance of the\\nphalanx. The horsemen and the light troops\\nwere alone engaged. The phalanx could not\\nbe formed, nor could it act in such a position.\\nThe men, on emerging from the water, had to\\nclimb up the banks, and rush on to the attack\\nof an enemy consisting of squadrons of horse\\nready to dash at once upon them.\\nThe Persian army was defeated and driven\\naway. Alexander did not pursue them. He\\nfelt that he had struck a very heavy blow.\\nThe news of this defeat of the Persians would\\ngo with the speed of the wind all over Asia\\nMinor, and operate most powerfully in his\\nfavor. He sent home to Greece an account of\\nthe victory, and with the account he forwarded\\nthree hundred suits of armor, taken from the\\nPersian horsemen killed on the field. These\\nsuits of armor were to be hung up in the Par-\\nthenon, a great temple at Athens; the most", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "92 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nconspicuous position for thera, perhaps, which\\nall Europe could afford.\\nThe name of the Persian general who com-\\nmanded at the battle of the Granicus was\\nMemnon. He had been opposed to the plan of\\nhazarding a battle. Alexander had come to\\nAsia with no provisions and no money. He\\nhad relied on being able to sustain his army\\nby his victories. Memnon, therefore, strongly\\nurged that the Persians should retreat slowly,\\ncarrying off all the valuable property, and de-\\nstroying all that could not be removed, taking\\nespecial care to leave no provisions behind\\nthem. In this w 7 ay he thought that the army\\nof Alexander would be reduced by privation\\nand want, and would, in the end, fall an easy\\nprey. His opinion was, however, overruled\\nby the views of the other commanders, and the\\nbattle of the Granicus w T as the consequence.\\nAlexander encamped to refresh his army and\\nto take care of the wounded. He went to see\\nthe wounded men one by one, inquired into the\\ncircumstances of each case, and listened to\\neach one who was able to talk, while he gave\\nan account of his adventures in the battle, and\\nthe manner in which he received his wound.\\nTo be able thus to tell their story to their gen-\\neral, and to see him listening to it with inter-\\nest and pleasure, filled their hearts with pride\\nand joy and the whole army was inspired\\nwith the highest spirit of enthusiasm, and", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 93\\nwith eager desires to have another opportunity\\noccur in which .they could encounter danger\\nand death in the service of such a leader. It\\nis in such traits as these that the true greatness\\nof the soul of Alexander shines. It must be\\nremembered that all this time he was but little\\nmore than twenty-one. He was but just of\\nage.\\nFrom his encampment on the Granicus Alex-\\nander turned to the southward, and moved\\nalong on the eastern shores of the iEgean Sea.\\nThe country generally surrendered to him\\nwithout opposition. In fact, it was hardly\\nPersian territory at all. The inhabitants were\\nmainly of Greek extraction, and had been\\nsometimes under Greek and sometimes under\\nPersian rule. The conquest of the country\\nresulted simply in a change of the executive\\nofficer of each province. Alexander took\\nspecial pains to lead the people to feel that\\nthey had nothing to fear from him. He would\\nnot allow the soldiers to do any injury. He\\nprotected all private property. He took pos-\\nsession only of the citadels, and of such govern-\\nmental property as he found there, and he con-\\ntinued the same taxes, the same laws, and the\\nsame tribunals as had existed before his in-\\nvasion. The cities and the provinces accord-\\ningly surrendered to him as he passed along,\\nand in a very short time all the western part\\nof Asia Minor submitted peacefully to his sway.\\n8\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "94 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nThe Darrative of this progress, as given by\\nthe ancient historians, is diversified by a great\\nvariety of adventures and incidents, which\\ngive great interest to the story, and strikingly\\nillustrate the character of Alexander and the\\nspirit of the times. In some places there\\nwould be a contest between the Greek and the\\nPersian parties before Alexander s arrival.\\nAt Ephesus the animosity had been so great\\nthat a sort of civil war had broken out. The\\nGreek party had gained the ascendency, and\\nwere threatening a general massacre of the\\nPersian inhabitants. Alexander promptly in-\\nterposed to protect them, though they were his\\nenemies. The intelligence of this act of for-\\nbearance and generosity spread all over the\\nland, and added greatly to the influence of\\nAlexander s name, and to the estimation in\\nwhich he was held.\\nIt was the custom in those days for the mass\\nof the common soldiers to be greatly influenced\\nby what they called omens, that is, signs and\\ntokens which they observed in the flight or the\\nactions of birds, and other similar appearances.\\nIn one case, the fleet, which had come along\\nthe sea, accompanying the march of the army\\non land, was pent up in a harbor by a stronger\\nPersian fleet outside. One of the vessels of\\nthe Macedonian fleet was aground. An eagle\\nlighted upon the mast, and stood perched there\\nfor a long time, looking toward the sea. Par-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 95\\nmenio said that, as the eagle looked toward\\nthe sea, it indicated that victory lay in that\\nquarter, and he recommended that they should\\narm their ships and push boldly out to attack\\nthe Persians. But Alexander maintained that,\\nas the eagle alighted on a ship which was\\naground, it indicated that they were to look\\nfor their success on the shore. The omens\\ncould thus almost always be interpreted any\\nway, and sagacious generals only sought in\\nthem the means of confirming the courage and\\nconfidence of their soldiers, in respect to the\\nplans which they adopted under the influence\\nof other considerations altogether. Alexander\\nknew very well that he was not a sailor, and\\nhad no desire to embark in contests from\\nwhich, however they might end, he would him-\\nself personally obtain no glory.\\nWhen the winter came on, Alexander and his\\narmy were about three or four hundred miles\\nfrom home; and, as he did not intend to ad-\\nvance much farther until the spring should\\nopen, he announced to the army that all those\\npersons, both officers and soldiers, who had\\nbeen married within the year, might go home\\nif they chose, and spend the winter with their\\nbrides, and return to the army in the spring.\\nNo doubt this was an admirable stroke of\\npolicy for, as the number could not be large,\\ntheir absence could not materially weaken his\\nforce, and they would, of course, fill all Greece", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "96 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwith tales of Alexander s energy and courage,\\nand of the nobleness and generosity of his\\ncharacter. It was the most effectual way pos-\\nsible of disseminating through Europe the\\nmost brilliant accounts of what he had already\\ndone.\\nBesides, it must have awakened a new bond\\nof sympathy and fellow-feeling between him-\\nself and his soldiers, and greatly increased the\\nattachment to him felt both by those who went\\nand those who remained. And though Alex-\\nander must have been aware of all these advan-\\ntages of the act, still no one could have thought\\nof or adopted such a plan unless he was accus-\\ntomed to consider and regard, in his dealings\\nwith others, the feelings and affections of the\\nheart, and to cherish a warm sympathy for\\nthem. The bridegroom soldiers, full of exul-\\ntation and pleasure, set forth on their return to\\nGreece, in a detachment under the charge of\\nthree generals, themselves bridegrooms too.\\nAlexander, however, had no idea of remain\\ning idle during the winter. He marched on\\nfrom province to province, and from city to\\ncity, meeting with every variety of adventures.\\nHe went first along the southern coast, until\\nat length he came to a place where a mountain\\nchain, called Taurus, comes down to the sea-\\ncoast, where it terminates abruptly in cliffs\\nand precipices, leaving only a narrow beach\\nbetween them and the water below. This", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 97\\nbeach was sometimes covered and sometimes\\nbare. It is true, there is very little tide in\\nthe Mediterranean, but the level of the water\\nalong the shores is altered considerably by the\\nlong-continued pressure exerted in one direc-\\ntion or another by winds and storms. The\\nwater was up when Alexander reached this\\npass; still he determined to march his army\\nthrough it. There was another way, back\\namong the mountains, but Alexander seemed\\ndisposed to gratify the love of adventure which\\nhis army felt, by introducing them to a novel\\nscene of danger. They accordingly defiled\\nalong under these cliffs, marching, as they\\nsay, sometimes up to the waist in water, the\\nswell rolling in upon them all the time from\\nthe offing.\\nHaving at length succeeded in passing safely\\nround this frowning buttress of the mountains,\\nAlexander turned northward, and advanced\\ninto the very heart of Asia Minor. In doing\\nthis he had to pass over the range which he\\nhad come round before; and, as it was winter,\\nhis army were, for a time, enveloped in snows\\nand storms among the wild and frightful defiles.\\nThey had here, in addition to the dangers and\\nhardships of the way and of the season, to en-\\ncounter the hostility of their foes, as the tribes\\nwho inhabited these mountains assembled to\\ndispute the passage. Alexander was victo-\\nrious, and reached a valley through which there", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "98 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nflows a river which has handed down its name\\nto the English language and literature. This\\nriver was the Meander. Its beautiful wind-\\nings through verdant and fertile valleys were\\nso renowned, that every stream which imitates\\nits example is said to meander to the present\\nday.\\nDuring all this timeParmenio had remained\\nin the western part of Asia Minor with a con-\\nsiderable body of the army. As the spring\\napproached, Alexander sent him orders to go to\\nGordium, whither he was himself proceeding,\\nand meet him there. He also directed that\\nthe detachment which had gone home should,\\non recrossing the Hellespont on their return,\\nproceed eastward to Gordium, thus making\\nthat city the general rendezvous for the com-\\nmencement of his next campaign.\\nOne reason why Alexander desired to go to\\nGordium was that he wished to untie the\\nfamous Gordian knot. The story of the Gor-\\ndian knot was this. Gordius was a sort of\\nmountain farmer. One day he was plowing,\\nand an eagle came down and alighted upon his\\nyoke, and remained there until he had finished\\nhis plowing. This was an omen, but what was\\nthe signification of it? Gordius did not know,\\nand he accordingly went to a neighboring town\\nin order to consult the prophets and sooth-\\nsayers. On his way he met a damsel, who,\\nlike Rebecca in the days of Abraham, was", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 99\\ngoing forth to draw water. Gordius fell into\\nconversation with her, and related to her the\\noccurrence which had interested him so\\nstrongly. The maiden advised him to go back\\nand offer a sacrifice to Jupiter. Finally, she\\nconsented to go back with him and aid him.\\nThe affair ended in her becoming his wife, and\\nthey lived together in peace for many years\\nupon their farm.\\nThey had a son named Midas. The father\\nand mother were accustomed to go out some-\\ntimes in their cart or wagon, drawn by the\\noxen, Midas driving. One day they were\\ngoing into the town in this way, at a time\\nwhen it happened that there was an assembly\\nconvened, which was in a state of great per-\\nplexity on account of the civil dissensions and\\ncontests which prevailed in the country. They\\nhad just inquired of an oracle what they should\\ndo. The oracle said that a cart would bring\\nthem a king, who would terminate their eternal\\nbroils. Just then Midas came up, driving\\nthe cart in which his father and mother were\\nseated. The assembly thought at once that\\nthis must be the cart meant by the oracle, and\\nthey made Gordius king by acclamation.\\nThey took the cart and the yoke to preserve as\\nsacred relics, consecrating them to Jupiter;\\nand Gordius tied the yoke to the pole of the\\ncart by a thong of leather, making a knot so\\nclose and complicated that nobody could untie\\ni*t", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "100 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nit again. It was called the Gordian knot.\\nThe oracle afterward said that whoever should\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0untie this knot should become monarch of all\\nAsia. Thus far, nobody had succeeded.\\nAlexander felt a great desire to see this knot\\nand try what he could do. He went, accord-\\ningly, into the temple where the sacred cart\\nhad been deposited, and, after looking at the\\nknot, and satisfying himself that the task of\\nuntying it was hopeless, he cut it to pieces\\nwith his sword. How far the circumstances\\nof this whole story are true, and how far ficti-\\ntious, no one can tell; the story itself, how-\\never, as thus related, has come down from\\ngeneration to generation, in every country of\\nEurope, for two thousand years, and any ex-\\ntrication of oneself from a difficulty by vio-\\nlent means has been called cutting the Gordian\\nknot to the present day.\\nAt length the whole army was assembled,\\nand the king recommenced his progress. He\\nwent on successfully for some weeks, moving\\nin a southeasterly direction, and bringing the\\nwhole country under his dominion, until, at\\nlength, when he reached Tarsus, an event oc-\\ncurred which nearly terminated his career.\\nThere were some circumstances which caused\\nhim to press forward with the utmost effort in\\napproaching Tarsus, and, as the day was\\nwarm, he got very much overcome with heat\\nand fatigue. In this state, he went and", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR. 101\\nplunged suddenly into the river Cydnus to\\nbathe.\\nNow the Cydnus is a small stream, flowing\\nby Tarsus, and it comes down from Mount\\nTaurus at a short distance back from the city.\\nSuch streams are always very cold. Alexander\\nwas immediately seized with a very violent\\nchill, and was taken out of the water shivering\\nexcessively, and, at length, fainted away.\\nThey thought he was dying. They bore him\\nto his tent, and, as tidings of their leader s\\ndanger spread through the camp, the whole\\narmy, officers and soldiers, were thrown into\\nthe greatest consternation and grief.\\nA violent and protracted fever came on. In\\nthe course of it, an incident occurred which\\nstrikingly illustrates the boldness and origi-\\nnality of Alexander s character. The name of\\nhis physician was Philip. Philip had been\\npreparing a particular medicine for him which,\\nit seems, required some days to make ready.\\nJust before it was presented, Alexander re-\\nceived a letter from Parmenio, informing him\\nthat he had good reason to believe that Philip\\nhad been bribed by the Persians to murder\\nhim, during his sickness, by administering\\npoison in the name of medicine. He wrote,\\nhe said, to put him on his guard against any\\nmedicine which Philip might offer him.\\nAlexander put the letter under his pillow,\\nand communicated its contents to no one. At", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "102 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nlength, when the medicine was ready, Philip\\nbrought it in. Alexander took the cup con-\\ntaining it with one hand, and with the other\\nhe handed Philip the communication which he\\nhad received from Parmenio, saying: Head\\nthat letter. As soon as Philip had finished\\nreading it, and was ready to look up, Alexan-\\nder drank off the draught in full, and laid down\\nth\u00c2\u00ab cup with an air of perfect confidence that\\nhe had nothing to fear.\\nSome persons think that Alexander watched\\nthe countenance of his physician while he was\\nreading the letter, and that he was led to take\\nthe medicine by his confidence in his power to\\ndetermine the guilt or the innocence of a per-\\nson thus accused by his looks. Others sup-\\npose that the act was an expression of his im-\\nplicit faith in the integrity and fidelity of his\\nservant, and that he intended it as testimony,\\ngiven in a very pointed and decisive, and, at\\nthe same time, delicate manner, that he was\\nnot suspicious of his friends, or easily led to\\ndistrust their faithfulness. Philip was, at any\\nrate, extremely gratified at the procedure, and\\nAlexander recovered.\\nAlexander had now traversed the whole ex-\\ntent of Asia Minor, and had subdued the entire\\ncountry to his sway. He was now advancing\\nto another district, that of Syria and Palestine,\\nwhich lies on the eastern shores of the Medi-\\nterranean Sea. To enter this new territory,", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR.\\n103\\nhe had to pass over a narrow plain which lay\\nbetween the mountains and the sea, at a place\\ncalled Issus. Here he was met by the main\\nbody of the Persian army, and the great battle\\nof Issus was fought. This battle will be the\\nsubject of the next chapter.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VI.\\nDEFEAT OF DARIUS.\\nThus far Alexander had had only the lieu-\\ntenants and generals of the Persian monarch to\\ncontend with. Darius had at first looked upon\\nthe invasion of his vast dominions by such a\\nmere boy, as he called him, and by so small\\nan army, with contempt. He sent word to\\nhis generals in Asia Minor to seize the young\\nfool, and send him to Persia bound hand and\\nfoot. By the time, however, that Alexander\\nhad possessed himself of all Asia Minor,\\nDarius began to find that, though young, he\\nwas no fool, and that it was not likely to be\\nvery easy to seize him.\\nAccordingly, Darius collected an immense\\narmy himself, and advanced to meet the Mace-\\ndonians in person. Nothing could exceed the\\npomp and magnificence of his preparations.\\nThere were immense numbers of troops, and\\nthey were of all nations. There were even a\\ngreat many Greeks among his forces, many of\\nthem enlisted from the Greeks of Asia Minor.\\nThere were some from Greece itself merce-\\nnaries, as they were called that is, soldiers\\n104", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 105\\nwho fought for pay, and who were willing to\\nenter into any service which would pay them\\nbest.\\nThere were even some Greek officers and\\ncouncilors in the family and court of Darius.\\nOne of them, named Charidemus, offended the\\nking very much by the free opinion which he\\nexpressed of the uselessness of all his pomp\\nand parade in preparing for an encounter with\\nsuch an enemy as Alexander. Perhaps,\\nsaid Charidemus, you may not be pleased\\nwith my speaking to you plainly, but if I do\\nnot do it now, it will be too late hereafter.\\nThis great parade and pomp, and this enor-\\nmous multitude of men, might be formidable\\nto your Asiatic neighbors; but such sort of\\npreparation will be of little avail against Alex-\\nander and his Greeks. Your army is resplen-\\ndent with purple and gold. No one who had\\nnot seen it could conceive of its magnificence\\nbut it will not be of any avail against the terri-\\nble energy of the Greeks. Their minds are\\nbent on something very different from idle\\nshow. They are intent on securing the sub-\\nstantial excellence of their weapons, and on\\nacquiring the discipline and the hardihood\\nessential for the most efficient use of them.\\nThey will despise all your parade of purple\\nand gold. They will not even value it as\\nplunder. They glory in their ability to dis-\\npense with all the luxuries and conveniences of", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "106 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nof life. They live upon the coarsest food\\nAt night they sleeps upon the bare ground.\\nBy day they are always on the march. They\\nbrave hunger, cold, and every species of ex-\\nposure with pride and pleasure, having the\\ngreatest contempt for anything like softness\\nand effeminacy of character. All this pomp\\nand pageantry, with inefficient weapons, and\\ninefficient men to wield them, will be of no\\navail against their invincible courage and\\nenergy and the best disposition that you can\\nmake of all your gold and silver and other\\ntreasures, is to send it away and procure good\\nsoldiers with it, if indeed gold and silver will\\nprocure them.\\nThe Greeks were habituated to energetic\\nspeaking as well as acting, but Charidemus did\\nnot sufficiently consider that the Persians\\nwere not accustomed to hear such plain lan-\\nguage as this. Darius was very much dis-\\npleased. In his anger he condemned him to\\ndeath. Very well, said Charidemus, I\\ncan die. But my avenger is at hand. My\\nadvice is good, and Alexander will soon punish\\nyou for not regarding it.\\nVery gorgeous descriptions are give A the\\npomp and magnificence of the army of Darius,\\nas he commenced his march from the Euphrates\\nto the Mediterranean. The Persians worship\\nthe sun and fire. Over the king s tent there\\nwas an image of the sun in crystal, and sup-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 107\\nported in such a manner as to be in the view\\nof the whole army. They had also silver\\naltars, on which they kept constantly burning\\nwhat they called the sacred fire. These altars\\nwere borne by persons appointed for the pur-\\npose, who were clothed in magnificent costumes.\\nThen came a long procession of priests and\\nmagi, who were dressed also in very splendid\\nrobes. They performed the services of public\\nworship. Following them came a chariot con-\\nsecrated to the sun. It was drawn by white\\nhorses, and was followed by a single white\\nhorse of large size and noble form, which was\\na sacred animal, being called the horse of the\\nsun. The equerries, that is, the attendants\\nwho had charge of this horse, were also all\\ndressed in white, and each carried a golden\\nrod in his hand.\\nThere were bodies of troops distinguished\\nfrom the rest, and occupying positions of high\\nhonor, but these were selected and advanced\\nabove the others, not on account of their cour-\\nage, or strength, or superior martial efficiency,\\nbut ho r a considerations connected with their\\nbirth d rank, and other aristocratic qualities.\\nThere was one body called the Kinsmen, who\\nwere the relatives of the king, or, at least, so\\nconsidered, though*, as there were fifteen thou-\\nsand of them, it would seem that the relation-\\nship could not have been, in all cases, very\\nnear. They were dressed with great magnifi-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "108 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ncence, and prided themselves on their rank,\\ntheir wealth, and the splendor of their armor.\\nThere was also a corps called the Immortals.\\nThey were ten thousand in number. They\\nwore a dress of gold tissue, which glittered\\nwith spangles and precious stones.\\nThese bodies of men, thus dressed, made an\\nappearance more like that of a civic proces-\\nsion, on an occasion of ceremony and rejoic-\\ning, than like the march of an army. The\\nappearance of the king in his chariot was still\\nmore like an exhibition of pomp and parade.\\nThe carriage was very large, elaborately carved\\nand gilded, and ornamented with statues and\\nsculptures. Here the king sat on a very ele-\\nvated seat, in sight of all. He was clothed in\\na vest of purple, striped with silver, and over\\nhis vest he wore a robe glittering with gold\\nand precious stones. Around his waist was a\\ngolden girdle, from which was suspended his\\ncimeter a species of sword the scabbard of\\nwhich was resplendent with gems. He wore a\\ntiara upon his head of very costly and elegant\\nworkmanship, and enriched, like the rest of\\nhis dress, with brilliant ornaments. The\\nguards who preceded and followed him had\\npikes of silver, mounted and tipped with gold.\\nIt is very extraordinary that King Darius\\ntook his wife and all his family with him, and\\na large portion of his treasures, on this expe-\\ndition against Alexander. His mother, whose", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 109\\nname was Sysigambis, was in his family, and\\nshe and his wife came, each in her own chariot,\\nimmediately after the king. Then there were\\nfifteen carriages filled with the children and\\ntheir attendants, and three or four hundred\\nladies of the court, all dressed like queens.\\nAfter the family there came a train of many\\nhundreds of camels and mules, carrying the\\nroyal treasures.\\nIt was in this style that Darius set out upon\\nhis expedition, and he advanced by a slow\\nprogress toward the westward, until at length\\nhe approached the shores of the Mediterranean\\nSea. He left his treasures in the city of\\nDamascus, where they w r ere deposited under\\nthe charge of a sufficient force to protect them,\\nas he supposed. He then advanced to meet\\nAlexander, going himself from Syria toward\\nAsia Minor just at the time that Alexander was\\ncoming from Asia Minor into Syria.\\nIt will be observed by looking upon the map,\\nthat the chain of mountains called Mount\\nTaurus extends down near to the coast, at the\\nnortheastern corner of the Mediterranean.\\nAmong these mountains there are various\\ntracts of open country, through which an\\narmy may march to and fro, between Syria and\\nAsia Minor. Now it happened that Darius,\\nin going toward the west, took a more inland\\nroute than Alexander, *who, on coming east-\\nward, kept nearer to the sea. Alexander did\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "110\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nnot know that Darius was so near; and as for\\nDarius, he was confident that Alexander was\\nretreating before him; for, as the Macedonian\\narmy was so small, and his own forces con-\\nstituted such an innumerable host, the idea\\nthat Alexander would remain to brave a battle\\nwas, in his opinion, Entirely out of the ques-\\ntion. He had, therefore, no doubt that Alex-", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. Ill\\nander was retreating. It is, of course, always\\ndifficult for two armies, fifty miles apart, to\\nobtain correct ideas of each other s movements.\\nAll the ordinary intercommunications of the\\ncountry are of course stopped, and each general\\nhas his scouts out, with orders to intercept all\\ntravelers, and to interrupt the communication\\nof intelligence by every means in their power.\\nIn consequence of these and other circum-\\nstances of a similar nature, it happened that\\nAlexander and Darius actually passed each\\nother, without either of them being aware of it.\\nAlexander advanced into Syria by the plains of\\nIssus, marked a upon the map, and a narrow\\npass beyond, called the Gates of Syria, while\\nDarius went farther to the north, and arrived\\nat Issus after Alexander had left it. Here\\neach army learned to their astonishment that\\ntheir enemy was in their rear. Alexander\\ncould not credit this report when he first heard\\nit. He dispatched a galley with thirty oars\\nalong the shore, up the Gulf of Issus, to ascer-\\ntain the truth. The galley soon came back\\nand reported that, beyond the Gates of Syria,\\nthey saw the whole country, which w r as nearly\\nlevel land, though gently rising from the sea,\\ncovered with the vast encampments of the\\nPersian army.\\nThe king then called his generals and coun-\\ncilors together, informed them of the facts,\\nand made known to them his determination to", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "112 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nreturn immediately through the Gates of Syria\\nand attack the Persian army. The officers re-\\nceived the intelligence with enthusiastic expres-\\nsions of joy.\\nIt was now near the evening. Alexander\\nsent forward a strong reconnoitering party,\\nordering them to proceed cautiously, to ascend\\neminences and look far before them, to guard\\ncarefully against surprise, and to send back\\nword immediately if they came upon any\\ntraces of the enemy. At the present day the\\noperations of such a reconnoitering party are\\nvery much aided by the use of spyglasses,\\nwhich are made now with great care expressly\\nfor military purposes. The instrument, how-\\never, was not known in Alexander s day.\\nWhen the evening came on, Alexander fol-\\nlowed the reconnoitering party with the main\\nbody of the army. At midnight they reached\\nthe defile. When they were secure in the pos-\\nsession of it, they halted. Strong watches\\nwere stationed on all the surrounding heights\\nto guard against any possible surprise. Alex-\\nander himself ascended one of the eminences,\\nfrom whence he could look down upon the\\ngreat plain beyond, which was dimly illumi-\\nnated in every part by the smouldering fires of\\nthe Persian encampment. An encampment at\\nnight is a spectacle which is always grand, and\\noften sublime. It must have appeared sub-\\nlime to Alexander in the highest degree, on", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 113\\nthis occasion. To stand stealthily among these\\ndark and somber mountains, with the defiles\\nand passes below filled with the columns of his\\nsmall but undaunted army, and to look on-\\nward, a few miles beyond, and see the count-\\nless fires of the vast hosts which had got be-\\ntween him and all hope of retreat to his native\\nland to feel, as he must have done, that his\\nfate, and that of all who were with him, de-\\npended upon the events of the day that was\\nsoon to dawn to see and feel these things\\nmust have made this night one of the most\\nexciting and solemn scenes in the conqueror s\\nlife. He had a soul to enjoy its excitement\\nand sublimity. He gloried in it; and, as if\\nhe wished to add to the solemnity of the\\nscene, he caused an altar to be erected, and\\noffered a sacrifice, by torchlight,* to the deities\\non whose aid his soldiers imagined themselves\\nmost dependent for success on the morrow.\\nOf course a place was selected where the lights\\nof the torches would not attract the attention\\nof the enemy, and sentinels were stationed at\\nevery advantageous point to watch the Persian\\ncamp for the slightest indications of movement\\nor alarm.\\nIn the morning, at break of day, Alexander\\ncommenced his march down to the plain. In\\nthe evening, at sunset, all the valleys and de-\\nfiles among the mountains around the plain of\\nIssus were thronged with vast masses of the", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "114 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nPersian army, broken, disordered, and in con-\\nfusion, all pressing forward to escape from the\\nvictorious Macedonians. They crowded all\\nthe roads, they choked up the mountain passes\\nthey trampled upon one another, they fell, ex-\\nhausted with fatigue and mental agitation.\\nDarius was among them, though his flight had\\nbeen so sudden that he had left his mother,\\nand his wife, and all his family behind. He\\npressed on in his chariot as far as the road\\nallowed his chariot to go, and then, leaving\\neverything behind, he mounted a horse and\\nrode on for his life.\\nAlexander and his army soon abandoned the\\npursuit, and returned to take possession of the\\nPersian camp. The tents of King Darius and\\nhis household were inconceivably splendid,\\nand were filled with gold and silver vessels,\\ncaskets, vases, boxes of perfumes, and every\\nimaginable article of luxury and show. The\\nmother and wife of Darius bewailed their hard\\nfate with cries and tears, and continued all the\\nevening in an agony of consternation and\\ndespair.\\nAlexander, hearing of this, sent Leonnatus,\\nhis former teacher, a man of years and gravity,\\nto quiet their fears and comfort them, so far\\nas it was possible to comfort them. In addi-\\ntion to their own captivity, they supposed that\\nDarius was killed, and the mother was mourn-\\ning bitterly for her son, and the wife for her", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 117\\nhusband. Leonnatus, attended by some sol-\\ndiers, advanced toward the tent where these\\nmourners were dwelling. The attendants at\\nthe door ran in and informed them that a\\nbody of Greeks were coming. This threw\\nthem into the greatest consternation. They\\nanticipated violence and death, and threw\\nthemselves upon the ground in agony. Leon-\\nnatus waited some time at the door for the\\nattendants to return. At length he entered the\\ntent. This renewed the terrors of the women.\\nThey began to entreat him to spare their lives,\\nat least until there should be time for them to\\nsee the remains of the son and husband whom\\nthey mourned, and to pay the last sad tribute\\nto his memory.\\nLeonnatus soon relieved their fears. He\\ntold them that he was charged by Alexander to\\nsay to them that Darius was alive, having made\\nhis escape in safety. As to themselves, Alex-\\nander assured them, he said, that they should\\nnot be injured that not only were their per-\\nsons and lives to be protected, but no change\\nwas to be made in their condition or mode of\\nlife they should continue to be treated like\\nqueens. He added, moreover, that Alexander\\nwished him to say that he felt no animosity\\nor ill-will whatever against Darius. He was\\nbut technically his enemy, being only engaged\\nin a generous and honorable contest with him\\nfor the empire of Asia. Saying these things,", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "118 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nLeonnatus raised the disconsolate ladies from\\nthe ground, and they gradually regained some\\ndegree of composure.\\nAlexander himself went to pay a visit to the\\ncaptive princesses the next day. He took\\nwith him Hephaestion. Hephaestion was\\nAlexander s personal friend. The two young\\nmen were of the same age, and, though Alex-\\nander had the good sense to retain in power all\\nthe old and experienced officers which his\\nfather had employed, both in the court and\\narmy, he showed that, after all, ambition had\\nnot overwhelmed and stifled all the kindlier\\nfeelings of the heart, by his strong attachment\\nto this young companion. Hephaestion was\\nhis confidant, his associate, his personal\\nfriend. He did what very few monarchs have\\ndone, either before or since, in securing for\\nhimself the pleasures of friendship, and of in-\\ntimate social communion with a heart kindred\\nto his own, without ruining himself by com-\\nmitting to a favorite powers which he was not\\nqualified to wield. Alexander left the wise\\nand experienced Parmenio to manage the\\ncamp, while he took the young and handsome\\nHephaestion to accompany him on his visit to\\nthe captive queens.\\nWhen the two friends entered the tent, the\\nladies were, from some cause, deceived, and\\nmistook Hephaestion for Alexander, and ad-\\ndressed him, accordingly, w r ith tokens of high", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 119\\nrespect and homage. One of their attendants\\nimmediately rectified the mistake, telling them\\nthat the other was Alexander. The ladies were\\nat first overwhelmed with confusion, and at-\\ntempted to apologize but the king reassured\\nthem at once by the easy and good-natured\\nmanner with which he passed over the mistake,\\nsaying it was no mistake at all. It is true,\\nsaid he, that I am Alexander, but then he is\\nAlexander too.\\nThe wife of Darius was young and very\\nbeautiful, and they had a little son who was\\nwith them in the camp. It seems almost un-\\naccountable that Darius should have brought\\nsuch a helpless and defenseless charge with\\nhim into camps and fields of battle. But the\\ntruth was that he had no idea of even a battle\\nwith Alexander, and as to defeat, he did not\\ncontemplate the remotest possibility of it.\\nHe regarded Alexander as a mere boy ener-\\ngetic and daring, it is true, and at the head of a\\ndesperate band of adventurers but he con-\\nsidered his whole force as altogether too in-\\nsignificant to make any stand against such a\\nvast military power as he was bringing against\\nhim. He presumed that he would retreat as\\nfast as possible before the Persian army came\\nnear him. The idea of such a boy coming\\ndown at break of day, from narrow defiles of\\nthe mountains, upon his vast encampment\\ncovering all the plains, ancj in twelve hours", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "120 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nputting the whole mighty mass to flight, was\\nwhat never entered his imagination at all.\\nThe exploit was, indeed, a very extraordinary\\none. Alexander s forces may have consisted\\nof forty or fifty thousand men, and, if we may\\nbelieve their story, there were over a hundred\\nthousand Persians left dead upon the field.\\nMany of these were, however, killed by the\\ndreadful confusion and violence of the retreat,\\nas vast bodies of horsemen, pressing through\\nthe defiles, rode over and trampled down the\\nfoot soldiers who were toiling in awful confusion\\nalong the way, having fled before the horsemen\\nleft the field.\\nAlexander had heard that Darius had left the\\ngreater part of his royal treasures in Damascus,\\nand he sent Parmenio there to seize them.\\nThis expedition was successful. An enor-\\nmous amount of gold and silver fell into Alex-\\nander s hands. The plate was coined into\\nmoney, and many of the treasures were sent to\\nGreece.\\nDarius got together a small remnant of his\\narmy and continued his flight. He did not\\nstop until he had crossed the Euphrates. He\\nthen sent an ambassador to Alexander to make\\npropositions for peace. He remonstated with\\nhim, in the communication which he made,\\nfor coming thus to invade his dominions, and\\nurged him to withdraw and be satisfied with his\\nown kingdom. He offered him any sum he", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS. 1M\\nmight name as a ransom for his mother, wife,\\nand child, and agreed that if he would deliver\\nthem up to him on the payment of the ransom,\\nand depart from his dominions, he would\\nthenceforth regard him as an ally and a friend.\\nAlexander replied by a letter, expressed in\\nbrief but very decided language. He said\\nthat the Persians had, under the ancestors of\\nDarius, crossed the Hellespont, invaded Greece,\\nlaid waste the country, and destroyed cities and\\ntowns, and had thus done them incalculable in-\\njury and that Darius himself had been plotting\\nagainst his (Alexander s) life, and offering re-\\nwards to any one who would kill him. I am\\nacting, then, continued Alexander, only on\\nthe defensive. The gods, who always favor\\nthe right, have given me the victory. I am\\nnow monarch of a large part of Asia, and your\\nsovereign king. If you will admit this, and\\ncome to me as my subject, I will restore to you\\nyour mother, your wife, and your child, with-\\nout any ransom. And, at any rate, whatever\\nyou decide in respect to these proposals, if\\nyou wish to communicate with me on any sub-\\nject hereafter, I shall pay no attention to what\\nyou send unless you address it to me as your\\nking.\\nOne circumstance occurred at the close of\\nthis great victory which illustrates the mag-\\nnanimity of Alexander s character, and helps\\nto explain the very strong personal attachment", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "122 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwhich everybody within the circle of his in-\\nfluence so obviously felt for him. He found a\\ngreat number of envoys and ambassadors from\\nthe various states of Greece at the Persian\\ncourt, and these persons fell into his hands\\namong the other captives. Now the states and\\ncities of Greece, all except Sparta and\\nThebes, which last city he had destroyed, were\\ncombined ostensibly in the confederation by\\nwhich Alexander was sustained. It seems,\\nhowever, that there was a secret enmity against\\nhim in Greece, and various parties had sent\\nmessengers and agents to the Persian court to\\naid in plots and schemes to interfere with and\\ndefeat Alexander s plans. The Thebans,\\nscattered and disorganized as they were, had\\nsent envoys in this way. Now Alexander, in\\nconsidering what disposition he should make\\nof these emissaries from his own land, decided\\nto regard them all as traitors except the The-\\nbans. All except the Thebans were traitors,\\nhe maintained, for acting secretly against him,\\nwhile ostensibly, and by solemn covenants,\\nthey were his friends.\\nThe case of the Thebans is very different,\\nsaid he. I have destroyed their city, and\\nthey have a right to consider me their enemy,\\nand to do all they can to oppose my progress,\\nand to regain their own lost existence and their\\nformer power. So he gave them their liberty\\nand sent them away with marks of considera-\\ntion and honor.", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF DARIUS.\\n123\\nAs the vast army of the Persian monarch\\nhad now been defeated, of course none of the\\nsmaller kingdoms or provinces thought of\\nresisting. They yielded one after another,\\nThe Siege of Tyre,\\nand Alexander appointed governors of his own\\nto rule over them. He advanced in this man-\\nner along the eastern shores of the Mediter-\\nranean Sea, meeting with no obstruction until\\nhe reached the great and powerful city of Tyre.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE SIEGE OF TYKE,\\nThe city of Tyre stood on a small island,\\nthree or four miles in diameter,* on the east-\\nern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It was,\\nin those days, the greatest commercial city in\\nthe world, and it exercised a great maritime\\npower by means of its fleets and ships, w 7 hich\\ntraversed every part of the Mediterranean.\\nTyre had been built originally on the main-\\nland but in some of the wars which it had tc\\nencounter with the kings of Babylon in the\\nEast, this old city had been abandoned by the\\ninhabitants, and a new one built upon an\\nisland not far from the shore, which could be\\nmore easily defended from an enemy. The\\nold city had gone to ruin, and its place was\\noccupied by old walls, fallen towers, stones,\\ncolumns, arches, and other remains of the\\nancient magnificence of the place.\\nThe island on which the Tyre of Alexander s\\nday had been built was about half a mile from\\nThere are different statements in respect to the size of\\nthis island, varying from three to nine miles in circumfer-\\nence.\\n124", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 125\\nthe shore. The water between was about\\neighteen feet deep, and formed a harbor for\\nthe vessels. The great business of the Tyrians\\nwas commerce. They bought and sold mer-\\nchandise in all the ports of the Mediterranean\\nSea, and transported it by their merchant ves-\\nsels to and fro. They had also fleets of war\\ngalleys, which they used to protect their in-\\nterests on the high seas, and in the various\\nports which their merchant vessels visited.\\nThey were thus wealthy and powerful, and yet\\nthey lived shut up upon their little island, and\\nwere almost entirely independent of the main-\\nland.\\nThe city itself, however, though contracted\\nin extent on account of the small dimensions of\\nthe island, was very compactly built and\\nstrongly fortified, and it contained a vast num-\\nber of stately and magnificent edifices, which\\nwere filled with stores of wealth that had been\\naccumulated by the mercantile enterprise and\\nthrift of many generations. Extravagant\\nstories are told by the historians and geogra-\\nphers of those days, in respect to the scale on\\nwhich the structures of Tyre were built. It\\nwas said, for instance, that the walls were one\\nhundred and fifty feet high. It is true that\\nthe walls rose directly from the surface of the\\nwater, and of course a considerable part of\\ntheir elevation was required to bring them up\\nto the level of the surface of the land; and\\n10 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "126 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthen, in addition to this, they had to be car-\\nried up the whole ordinary height of a city\\nwall to afford the usual protection to the edi-\\nfices and dwellings within. There might have\\nbeen some places where the walls themselves,\\nor structures connected with them, were carried\\nup to the elevation above named, though it is\\nscarcely to be supposed that such could have\\nbeen their ordinary dimensions.\\nAt any rate, Tyre was a very wealthy, mag-\\nnificent, and powerful city, intent on its com-\\nmercial operations, and well furnished with\\nmeans of protecting them at sea, but feeling\\nlittle interest and taking little part in the con-\\ntentions continually arising among the rival\\npowers which had possession of the land.\\nTheir policy was to retain their independence,\\nand yet to keep on good terms with all other\\npowers, so that their commercial intercourse\\nwith the ports of all nations might go on un-\\ndisturbed.\\nIt was, of course, a very serious question with\\nAlexander, as his route lay now through Phoe-\\nnicia and in the neighborhood of Tyre, what he\\nshould do in respect to such a port. He did\\nnot like to leave it behind him and proceed to\\nthe eastward; for, incase of any reverses hap-\\npening to him, the Tyrians would be very likely\\nto act decidedly against him, and their\\npower on the Mediterranean would enable them\\nto act very efficiently against him on all the", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 127\\ncoasts of Greece and Asia Minor. On the\\nother hand, it seemed a desperate undertaking\\nto attack the city. He had none but land\\nforces, and the island was half a mile from the\\nshore. Besides its enormous walls, rising\\nperpendicularly out of the water, it was de-\\nfended by ships well armed and manned. It\\nwas not possible to surround the city and\\nstarve it into submission, as the inhabitants\\nhad wealth to buy, and ships to bring in, any\\nquantity of provisions and stores by sea.\\nAlexander, however, determined not to follow\\nDarius toward the east, and leave such a\\nstronghold as this behind him.\\nThe Tyrians wished to avoid a quarrel if\\nit were possible. They sent complimentary\\nmessages to Alexander, congratulating him on\\nhis conquests, and disavowing all feelings of\\nhostility to him. They also sent him a golden\\ncrown, as many of the other states of Asia had\\ndone, in token of their yielding a general sub-\\nmission to his authority. Alexander returned\\nvery gracious replies, and expressed to them\\nhis intention of coming to Tyre for the pur-\\npose of offering sacrifices, as he said, to Her-\\ncules, a god whom the Tyrians worshiped.\\nThe Tyrians knew that wherever Alex-\\nander went he went at the head of his\\narmy, and his coming into Tyre at all\\nimplied necessarily his taking military pos-\\nsession of it. They thought it might, per-", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "126 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nhaps, be somewhat difficult to dispossess such\\na visitor after he should once get installed in\\ntheir castles and palaces. So they sent him\\nword that it would not be in their power to\\nreceive him in the city itself, but that he could\\noffer the sacrifice which he intended on the\\nmainland, as there was a temple sacred to\\nHercules among the ruins there.\\nAlexander then called a council of his offi-\\ncers, and stated to them his views. He said\\nthat, on reflecting fully upon the subject, he\\nhad come to the conclusion that it was best to\\npostpone pushing his expedition forward into\\nthe heart of Persia until he should have sub-\\ndued Tyre completely, and made himself mas-\\nter of the Mediterranean Sea. He said, also,\\nthat he should take possession of Egypt before\\nturning his arms toward the forces that Darius\\nwas gathering against him in the East. The\\ngenerals of the army concurred in this opinion,\\nand Alexander advanced toward Tyre. The\\nTyrians prepared for their defense.\\nAfter examining carefully all the circum-\\nstances of the case, Alexander conceived the\\nvery bold plan of building a broad causeway\\nfrom the mainland to the island on which the\\ncity was founded, out of the ruins of old Tyre,\\nand then marching his army over upon it to the\\nwalls of the city, where he could then plant\\nhis engines and make a breach. This would\\nseem to be a very desperate undertaking. It", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Alexander, p. Mi*\\nThe Defences of Tyre.", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3973", "width": "3046", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 131\\nis true the stones remaining on the site of the\\nold city afforded sufficient materials for the\\nconstruction of the pier, but then the work\\nmust go on against a tremendous opposition,\\nboth from the walls of the city itself and from\\nthe Tyrian ships in the harbor. It would\\nseem to be almost impossible to protect the\\nmen from these attacks so as to allow the oper-\\nations to proceed at all, and the difficulty and\\ndanger must increase very rapidly as the work\\nshould approach the walls of the city. But,\\nnotwithstanding these objections, Alexander\\ndetermined to proceed. Tyre must be taken,\\nand this was obviously the only possible mode\\nof taking it.\\nThe soldiers advanced to undertake the work\\nwith great readiness. Their strong personal\\nattachment to Alexander; their confidence that\\nwhatever he should plan and attempt would\\nsucceed; the novelty and boldness of this de-\\nsign of reaching an island by building an isth-\\nmus to it from the mainland these and other\\nsimilar considerations excited the ardor and\\nenthusiasm of the troops to the highest degree.\\nIn constructing works of this kind in the\\nwater, the material used is sometimes stone\\nand sometimes earth. So far as earth is em-\\nployed, it is necessary to resort to some means\\nto prevent its spreading under the water, or\\nbeing washed away by the dash of the waves\\nat its sides. This is usually effected by", "height": "3998", "width": "2876", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "132 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ndriving what are called piles, which are long\\nbeams of wood, pointed at the end, and driven\\ninto the earth by means of powerful engines.\\nAlexander sent parties of men into the moun-\\ntains of Lebanon, where were vast forests of\\ncedars, which were very celebrated in ancient\\ntimes, and which are often alluded to in the\\nsacred scriptures. They cut down these trees,\\nand brought the stems of them to the shore,\\nwhere they sharpened them at one end and\\ndrove them into the sand, in order to protect\\nthe sides of their embankment. Others\\nbrought stones from the ruins and tumbled\\nthem into the sea in the direction where the\\npier was to be built. It was some time before\\nthe work made such progress as to attract\\nmuch attention from Tyre. At length, how-\\never, when the people of the city saw it grad-\\nually increasing in size and advancing toward\\nthem, they concluded that they must engage in\\nearnest in the work of arresting its progress.\\nThey accordingly constructed engines on the\\nwalls to throw heavy darts and stones over\\nthe water to the men upon the pier. They\\nsent secretly to the tribes that inhabited the\\nvalleys and ravines among the mountains, to\\nattack the parties at work there, and they\\nlanded forces from the city at some distance\\nfrom the pier, and then marched along the\\nshore, and attempted to drive away the men\\nthat were engaged in carrying stones from the", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 133\\nruins. They also fitted up and manned some\\ngalleys of large size, and brought them up near\\nto the pier itself, and attacked the men who\\nwere at work upon it with stones, darts,\\narrows, and missiles of every description.\\nBut all was of no avail. The work, though\\nimpeded, still went on. Alexander built large\\nscreens of wood upon the pier, covering them\\nwith hides, which protected his soldiers from\\nthe weapons of the enemy, so that they could\\ncarry on their operations safely behind them.\\nBy these means the work advanced for some\\ndistance farther. As it advanced, various\\nstructures were erected upon it, especially\\nalong the sides and at the end toward the city.\\nThese structures consisted of great engines for\\ndriving piles, and machines for throwing\\nstones and darts, and towers carried up to a\\ngreat height, to enable the men to throw stones\\nand heavy weapons down upon the galleys\\nwhich might attempt to approach them.\\nAt length the Tyrians determined on at-\\ntempting to destroy all these wooden works by\\nmeans of what is called in modern times a^re-\\nship. They took a large galley, and filled it\\nwith combustibles of every kind. They loaded\\nit first with light dry wood, and they poured\\npitch, and tar, and oil over all this wood to\\nmake it burn with fiercer flames. They satu-\\nrated the sails and the cordage in the same\\nmanner, and laid trains of combustible mate-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "134 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nrials through all parts of the vessel, so that\\nwhen fire should be set in one part it would\\nimmediately spread everywhere, and set the\\nwhole mass in flames at once. They towed\\nthis ship, on a windy day, near to the enemy s\\nworks, and on the side from which the wind\\nwas blowing. They then put it in motion\\ntoward the pier at a point where there was the\\ngreatest collection of engines and machines,\\nand when they had got as near as they dared\\nto go themselves, the men who were on board\\nset the trains on fire, and made their escape in\\nboats. The flames ran all over the vessel with\\ninconceivable rapidity. The vessel itself\\ndrifted down upon Alexander s works, notwith-\\nstanding the most strenuous exertions of his\\nsoldiers to keep it away. The frames and\\nengines, and the enormous and complicated\\nmachines which had been erected, took fire,\\nand the whole mass was soon enveloped in a\\ngeneral conflagration.\\nThe men made desperate attempts to defend\\ntheir works, but all in vain. Some were killed\\nby arrows and darts, some were burned to\\ndeath, and others, in the confusion, fell into\\nthe sea. Finally, the army was obliged to\\ndraw back, and to abandon all that was com-\\nbustible in the vast construction they had\\nreared to the devouring flames.\\nNot long after this the sea itself came to the\\naid of the Tyrians. Thare was a storm and,", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 135\\nas a consequence of it, a heavy swell rolled in\\nfrom the offing, which soon undermined and\\nwashed away a large part of the pier. The\\neffects of a heavy sea on the most massive and\\nsubstantial structures, when they are fairly ex-\\nposed to its impulse, are far greater than\\nwould be conceived possible by those who had\\nnot witnessed them. The most ponderous\\nstones are removed, the strongest fastenings\\nare torn asunder, and embankments the most\\ncompact and solid are undermined and washed\\naway. The storm, in this case, destroyed in\\na few hours the work of many months, while\\nthe army of Alexander looked on from the\\nshore witnessing its ravages in dismay.\\nWhen the storm was over, and the first shock\\nof chagrin and disappointment had passed\\nfrom the minds of the men, Alexander pre-\\npared to resume the work with fresh vigor and\\nenergy. The men commenced repairing the\\npier and widening it, so as to increase its\\nstrength and capacity. They dragged whole\\ntrees to the edges of it, and sunk them,\\nbranches and all, to the bottom, to form a sort\\nof platform there, to prevent the stones from\\nsinking into the slime. They built new towers\\nand engines, covering them with green hides\\nto make them fireproof; and thus they were\\nsoon advancing again, and gradually drawing\\nnearer to the city, and in a more threatening\\nand formidable manner than ever.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "136 ALEXANDER THE GREAT e\\nAlexander, finding that his efforts were im-\\npeded very much by the ships of the Tyrians,\\ndetermined on collecting and equipping a fleet\\nof his own. This he did at Sidon, which was\\na town a short distance north of Tyre. He\\nembarked on board this fleet himself, and came\\ndown with it into the Tyrian seas. With this\\nfleet he had various success. He chained\\nmany of the ships together, two and two, at\\na little distance apart, covering the inclosed\\nspace with a platform, on which the soldiers\\ncould stand to fight. The men also erected\\nengines on these platforms to attack the city.\\nThese engines were of various kinds. There\\nwas what they called the battering ram, which\\nwas a long and very heavy beam of wood,\\nheaded with iron or brass. This beam was\\nsuspended by a chain in the middle, so that it\\ncould be swung back and forth by the soldiers,\\nits head striking against the wall each time,\\nby which means the wall would sometimes be\\nsoon battered down. They had also machines\\nfor throwing great stones, or beams of wood,\\nby means of the elastic force of strong bars of\\nwood, or of steel, or that of twisted ropes.\\nThe part of the machine upon which the stone\\nwas placed would be drawn back by the united\\nstrength of many of the soldiers, and then, as\\nit recovered itself when released, the stone\\nwould be thrown off into the air with prodig-\\nious velocity and force.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 137\\nAlexander s double galleys answered very\\nwell as long as the water was smooth but\\nsometimes, when they were caught out in a\\nswell, the rolling of the waves would rack and\\ntwist them so as to tear the platforms asunder,\\nand sink the men in the sea. Thus difficul-\\nties unexpected and formidable were continu-\\nally arising. Alexander, however, persevered\\nthrough them all. The Tyrians, finding them-\\nselves pressed more and more, and seeing that\\nthe dangers impending became more and more\\nformidable every day, at length concluded to\\nsend a great number of the women and chil-\\ndren away to Carthage, which was a great com-\\nmercial city in Africa. They were determined\\nnot to submit to Alexander, but to carry their\\nresistance to the very last extremity. And as\\nthe closing scenes of a siege, especially if the\\nplace is at last taken by storm, are awful be-\\nyond description, they wished to save their\\nwives, and daughters, and helpless babes from\\nhaving to witness them.\\nIn the meantime, as the siege advanced, the\\nparties became more and more incensed against\\neach other. They treated the captives which\\nthey took on either side with greater and\\ngreater cruelty, each thinking that they were\\nonly retaliating worse injuries from the other.\\nThe Macedonians approached nearer and\\nnearer. The resources of the unhappy city\\nwere gradually cut off and its strength worn", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "138 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\naway. The engines approached nearer and\\nnearer to the walls, until the battering rams\\nbore directly upon them, and breaches began\\nto be made. At length one great breach on the\\nsouthern side was found to be practicable,\\nas they call it. Alexander began to prepare\\nfor the final assault, and the Tyrians saw be-\\nfore them the horrible prospect of being taken\\nby storm.\\nStill they would not submit. Submission\\nwould now have done but little good, though it\\nmight have saved some of the final horrors of\\nthe scene. Alexander had become greatly ex-\\nasperated by the long resistance which the\\nTyrians had made. They probably could not\\nnow have averted destruction, but they might,\\nperhaps, have prevented its coming upon them\\nin so terrible a shape as the irruption of thirty\\nthousand frantic and infuriated soldiers\\nthrough the breaches in their walls to take\\ntheir city by storm.\\nThe breach by which Alexander proposed to\\nforce his entrance was on the southern side.\\nHe prepared a number of ships, with plat-\\nforms raised upon them in such a manner that,\\non getting near the walls, they could be let\\ndown, and form a sort of bridge, over which\\nthe men could pass to the broken fragments of\\nthe wall, and thence ascend through the breach\\nabove.\\nThe plan succeeded. The ships advanced", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 139\\nto the proposed place of landing. The bridges\\nwere let down. The men crowded over them\\nto the foot of the wall. They clambered up\\nthrough the breach to the battlements above,\\nalthough the Tyrians thronged the passage and\\nmade the most desperate resistance. Hun-\\ndreds were killed by darts, and arrows, and\\nfalling stones, and their bodies tumbled into\\nthe sea. The others, paying no attetntion to\\ntheir falling comrades, and drowning the hor-\\nrid screams of the crushed and the dying with\\ntheir own frantic shouts of rage and fury,\\npressed on up the broken wall till they reached\\nthe battlements above. The vast throng then\\nrolled along upon the top of the wall till they\\ncame to stairways and slopes by which they\\ncould descend into the city, and, pouring down\\nthrough all these avenues, they spread over the\\nstreets, and satiated the hatred and rage,\\nwhich had been gathering strength for seven\\nlong months, in bursting into houses, and kill-\\ning and destroying all that came in their way.\\nThus the city was stormed.\\nAfter the soldiers were weary with the work\\nof slaughtering the wretched inhabitants of the\\ncity, they found that many still remained alive,\\nand Alexander tarnished the character for gen-\\nerosity and forbearance for which he had thus\\nfar been distinguished by the cruelty with\\nwhich he treated them. Some were executed,\\nsome thrown into the sea and it is even said", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "140 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthat two thousand were crucified along the sea-\\nshore. This may mean that their bodies were\\nplaced upon crosses after life had been de-\\nstroyed by some more humane method than\\ncrucifixion. At any rate, we find frequent in-\\ndications from this time that prosperity and\\npower were beginning to exert their usual un-\\nfavorable influence upon Alexander s character.\\nHe became haughty, imperious, and cruel.\\nHe lost the modesty and gentleness which\\nseemed to characterize him in the earlier part\\nof his life, and began to assume the moral\\ncharacter, as well as perform the exploits, of a\\nmilitary hero.\\nA good illustration of this is afforded by the\\nanswer that he sent to Darius, about the time\\nof the storming of Tyre, in reply to a second\\ncommunication which he had received from\\nhim proposing terms of peace. Darius offered\\nhim a very large sum of money for the ransom\\nof his mother, wife, and child, and agreed to\\ngive up to him all the country he had con-\\nquered, including the whole territory west of\\nthe Euphrates. He also offered him his\\ndaughter Steitira in marriage. He recom-\\nmended to him to accept these terms, and be\\ncontent with the possessions he had already\\nacquired that he could not expect to succeed,\\nif he should try, in crossing the mighty rivers\\nof the East, which were in the way of his\\nmarch toward the Persian dominions.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE. 141\\nAlexander replied, that if he wished to\\nmarry his daughter he could do it without his\\nconsent as to the ransom, he was not in want\\nof money in respect to Darius offering to\\ngive him up all west of the Euphrates, it was\\nabsurd for a man to speak of giving what was\\nno longer his own that he had crossed too many\\nseas in his military expeditions, since he left\\nMacedon, to feel any concern about the rivers\\nthat he might find in his way and that he\\nshould continue to pursue Darius wherever he\\nmight retreat in search of safety and protec-\\ntion, and he had no fear but that he should\\nfind and conquer him at last.\\nIt was a harsh and cruel message to send to\\nthe unhappy monarch whom he had already so\\ngreatly injured. Parmenio advised him to\\naccept Darius offers. I would, said he,\\nif I were Alexander.\\nYes, said Alexander, and so would I if\\nI were Parmenio.\\nWhat a reply from a youth of twenty-two to\\na venerable general of sixty, who had been so\\ntried and faithful a friend, and so efficient a\\ncoadjutor both to his father and to himself\\nfor so many years.\\nThe siege and storming of Tyre has always\\nbeen considered one of the greatest of Alexan-\\nder s exploits. The boldness, the perseverance,\\nthe indomitable energy which he himself and\\nall his army manifested, during the seven\\n11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "148 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmonths of their Herculean toil, attracted the\\nadmiration of the world. And yet we find our\\nfeelings of sympathy for his character, and\\ninterest in his fate, somewhat alienated by the\\nindications of pride, imperiousness, and\\ncruelty which begin to appear. While he\\nrises in our estimation as a military hero, he\\nbegins to sink somewhat as a man.\\nAnd yet the change was not sudden. He\\nbore during the siege his part in the privations\\nand difficulties which the soldiers had to en-\\ndure; and the dangers to which they had to be\\nexposed, he was always willing to share. One\\nnight he was out with a party upon the moun-\\ntains. Among his few immediate attendants\\nwas Lysimachus, one of his former teachers,\\nwho always loved to accompany him at such\\ntimes. Lysimachus was advanced in life, and\\nsomewhat infirm, and consequently could not\\nkeep up with the rest in the march. Alexan-\\nder remained with Lysimachus, and ordered\\nthe rest to go on. The road at length became\\nso rugged that they had to dismount from\\ntheir horses and walk. Finally they lost their\\nway, and found themselves obliged to stop for\\nthe night. They had no fire. They saw,\\nhowever, at a distance, some campfires blazing\\nwhich belonged to the barbarian tribes against\\nwhom the expedition was directed. Alexander\\nwent to the nearest one. There were two men\\nlying by it, who had been stationed to take", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE SIEGE OF TYRE.\\n143\\ncare of it. He advanced stealthily to them and\\nkilled them both, probably while they were\\nasleep. He then took a brand from their fire,\\ncarried it back to his own encampment, where\\nhe made a blazing fire for himself and Lysi-\\nmachus, and they passed the night in comfort\\nand safety. This is the story. How far we\\nare to give credit to it, each reader must judge\\nfor himself. One thing is certain, however,\\nthat there are many military heroes of whom\\nsuch stories would not be even fabricated.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VIII.\\nALEXANDER IN EGYPT.\\nAfter completing the subjugation of Tyre,\\nAlexander commenced his march for Egypt.\\nHis route led him through Judea. The time\\nwas about three hundred years before the birth\\nof Christ, and, of course, this passage of the\\ngreat conqueror through the land of Israel\\ntook place between the historical periods of\\nthe Old Testament and of the New, so that no\\naccount pf it is given in the sacred volume.\\nThere was a Jewish writer named Josephus,\\nwho lived and wrote a few years after Christ,\\nand, of course, more than three hundred years\\nafter Alexander. He wrote a history of the\\nJews, which is a very entertaining book to\\nread; but he liked so much to magnify the\\nimportance of the events in the history of his\\ncountry, and to embellish them with marvelous\\nand supernatural incidents, that his narratives\\nhave not always been received with implicit\\nfaith. Josephus says that, as Alexander\\npassed through Palestine, he went to pay a\\nvisit to Jerusalem. The circumstances of this\\nvisit, according to his account, were these.\\n144", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Alexander, face p. 1UA\\nJosephus, the Historian.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 145\\nThe city of Tyre, before Alexander besieged\\nit, as it lived entirely by commerce, and was\\nsurrounded by the sea, had to depend on the\\nneighboring countries for a supply of food.\\nThe people were accordingly accustomed to\\npurchase grain in Phoenicia, in Judea, and in\\nEgypt, and transport it by their ships to the\\nisland. Alexander, in the same manner, when\\nbesieging the city, found that he must depend\\nupon the neighboring countries for supplies of\\nfood and he accordingly sent requisitions for\\nsuch supplies to several places, and, among\\nothers, to Judea. The Jews, as Josephus\\nsays, refused to send any such supplies, say-\\ning that it would be inconsistent with fidelity\\nto Darius, under whose government they were.\\nAlexander took no notice of this reply at the\\ntime, being occupied with the siege of Tyre;\\nbut, as soon as that city was taken, and he\\nwas ready to pass through Judea, he directed\\nhis march toward Jerusalem with the inten-\\ntion of destroying the city.\\nNow the chief magistrate at Jerusalem at this\\ntime, the one who had the command of the\\ncity, ruling it, of course, under a general re-\\nsponsibility to the Persian government, was\\nthe high priest. His name was Jaddus. In\\nthe time of Christ, about three hundred years\\nafter this, the name of the high priest, as the\\nreader will recollect, was Caiaphas. Jaddus\\nand all the inhabitants of Jerusalem were very", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "146 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmuch alarmed. They knew not what to do.\\nThe siege and capture of Tyre had impressed\\nthem all with a strong sense of Alexander s\\nterrible energy and martial power, and they\\nbegan to anticipate certain destruction.\\nJaddus caused great sacrifices to be offered\\nto Almighty God, and public and solemn\\nprayers were made, to implore his guidance\\nand protection. The next day after these serv-\\nices, he told the people that they had nothing\\nto fear. God had appeared to him in a dream,\\nand directed him what to do. We are not to\\nresist the conqueror, said he, but to go\\nforth to meet him and welcome him. We are\\nto strew the city with flowers, and adorn it as\\nfor a festive celebration. The priests are to be\\ndressed in their pontifical robes and go forth,\\nand the inhabitants are to follow them in a civic\\nprocession. In this way we are to go out to\\nmeet Alexander as he advances and all will be\\nwell.\\nThese directions were followed. Alexander\\nwas coming on with a full determination to\\ndestroy the city. When, however, he saw this\\nprocession, and came near enough to distin-\\nguish the appearance and dress of the high\\npriest, he stopped, seemed surprised and\\npleased, and advanced toward him with an air\\nof the profoundest deference and respect. He\\nseemed to pay him almost religious homage\\nand adoration. Everyone was astonished.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 14?\\nParmenio asked him for an explanation.\\nAlexander made the following extraordinary\\nstatement\\nWhen I was in Macedon, before setting out\\non this expedition, while I was revolving the\\nsubject in my mind, musing day after day on\\nthe means of conquering Asia, one night I had\\na remarkable dream. In my dream this very\\npriest appeared before me, dressed just as he\\nis now. He exhorted me to banish every fear,\\nto cross the Hellespont boldly, and to push\\nforward into the heart of Asia. He said that\\nGod would march at the head of my army, and\\ngive me the victory over all the Persians. I\\nrecognize this priest as the same person that\\nappeared to me then. He has the same coun-\\ntenance, the same dress, the same stature, the\\nsame air. It is through his encouragement\\nand aid that I am here, and I am ready to wor-\\nship and adore the God whose ^service he ad-\\nministers.\\nAlexander joined the high priest in the pro-\\ncession, and they returned to Jerusalem to-\\ngether. There Alexander united with them\\nand with the Jews of the city in the celebra-\\ntion of religious rites, by offering sacrifices\\nand oblations in the Jewish manner. The\\nwritings which are now printed together in our\\nBibles, as the Old Testament, were, in those\\ndays, written separately on parchment rolls,\\nand kept in the temple. The priests produced", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "148 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nfrom the rolls the one containing the prophe-\\ncies of Daniel, and they read and interpreted\\nsome of these prophecies to Alexander, which\\nthey considered to have reference to him,\\nthough written many hundred years before.\\nAlexander was, as Josephus relates, very much\\npleased at the sight of these ancient predictions,\\nand the interpretation put upon them by the\\npriests. He assured the Jews that they should\\nbe protected in the exercise of all their rights,\\nand especially in their religious worship, and\\nhe also promised them that he would take their\\nbrethren who resided in Media and Babylon\\nunder his special charge when he should come\\ninto possession of those places. These Jews\\nof Media and Babylon were the descendants of\\ncaptives which had been carried away from\\ntheir native land in former wars.\\nSuch is the story which Josephus relates.\\nThe Greek historians, on the other hand, make\\nno mention of this visit to Jerusalem; and\\nsome persons think that it was never made, but\\nthat the story arose and was propagated from\\ngeneration to generation among the Jews,\\nthrough the influence of their desire to mag-\\nnify the importance and influence of their\\nworship, and that Josephus incorporated the\\naccount into his history without sufficiently\\nverifying the facts.\\nHowever it may be in regard to Jerusalem,\\nAlexander was delayed at Gaza, which, as may", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 149\\nbe seen upon the map, is on the shore of the\\nMediterranean Sea. It was a place of con-\\nsiderable commerce and wealth, and was, at\\nthis time, under the command of a governor\\nwhom Darius had stationed there. His name\\nwas Betis. Betis refused to surrender the\\nplace. Alexander stopped to besiege it, and\\nthe siege delayed him two months. He was\\nvery much exasperated at this, both against\\nBetis and against the city.\\nHis unieasonable anger was very much in-\\ncreased by a wound which he received. He\\nwas near a mound which his soldiers had been\\nconstructing near the city, to place engines\\nupon for an attack upon the walls, when an\\narrow, shot from one of the engines upon the\\nwalls, struck him in the breast. It penetrated\\nhis armor, and wounded him deeply in the\\nshoulder. The wound was very painful for\\nsome time, and the suffering which he endured\\nfrom it only added fuel to the flame of his\\nanger against the city.\\nAt last breaches were made in the walls, and\\nthe place was taken by storm. Alexander\\ntreated the wretched captives with extreme\\ncruelty. He cut the garrison to pieces, and\\nsold the inhabitants to slavery. As for Betis,\\nhe dealt with him in a manner almost too hor-\\nrible to be described. The reader will recollect\\nthat Achilles, at the siege of Troy, after killing\\nHector, dragged his dead body around the", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "150 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwalls of the city. Alexander, growing more\\ncruel as he became more accustomed to war\\nand bloodshed, had been intending to imitate\\nthis example so soon as he could find an enemy\\nworthy of such a fate. He now determined to\\ncarry his plan into execution with Betis. He\\nordered him into his presence. A few years\\nbefore, he would have rewarded him for his\\nfidelity in his master s sevice; but now, grown\\nselfish, hard-hearted, and revengeful, he looked\\nupon him with a countenance full of vindictive\\nexultation, and said\\nYou are not going to die the simple death\\nthat you desire. You have got the worst tor-\\nments that revenge can invent to suffer.\\nBetis did not reply, but looked upon Alex-\\nander with a calm, and composed, and unsub-\\ndued air, which incensed the conqueror more\\nand more.\\nObserve his dumb arrogance, said Alex-\\nander; but I will conquer him. I will show\\nhim that I can draw groans from him, if\\nnothing else.\\nHe then ordered holes to be made through\\nthe heels of his unhappy captive, and, passing\\na rope through them, had the body fastened to\\na chariot, and dragged about the city till no\\nlife remained.\\nAlexander found many rich treasures in\\nGaza. He sent a large part of them to his\\nmother Olympias, whom he had left in Mace-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 151\\ndon. Alexander s affection for Lis mother\\nseems to have been more permanent than\\nalmost any other good trait in his character.\\nHe found, in addition to other stores of valua-\\nble merchandise, a large quantity of frankin-\\ncense and myrrh. These are gums which were\\nbrought from Arabia, and were very costly.\\nThey were used chiefly in making offerings and\\nin burning incense to the gods.\\nWhen Alexander was a young man in Mace-\\ndon, before his father s death, he was one day\\npresent at the offering of sacrifices, and one of\\nhis teachers nnd guardians, named Leonnatus,\\nwho was standing by, thought he was rather\\nprofuse in his consumption of frankincense\\nand myrrh. He was taking it up by handfuls\\nand throwing it upon the fire. Leonnatus\\nreproved him for this extravagance, and told\\nhim that when he became master of the coun-\\ntries where these costly gums w 7 ere procured,\\nhe might be as prodigal of them as he pleased,\\nbut that in the meantime it would be proper\\nfor him to be more prudent and economical.\\nAlexander remembered this reproof, and, find-\\ning vast stores of these expensive gums in\\nGaza, he sent the whole quantity to Leonnatus,\\ntelling him that he sent him this abundant\\nsupply that he might not have occasion to be\\nso reserved and sparing for the future in his\\nsacrifices to the gods.\\nAfter this conquest and destruction of Gaza,", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "152 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nAlexander continued his march southward to\\nthe frontiers of Egypt. He reached these\\nfrontiers at the city of Pelusium. The Egyp-\\ntians had been under the Persian dominion, but\\nthey abhorred it, and were very ready to sub-\\nmit to Alexander s sway. They sent ambas-\\nsadors to meet him upon the frontiers. The\\ngovernors of the cities, as he advanced into the\\ncountry, finding that it would be useless to re-\\nsist, and warned by the terrible example of\\nThebes, Tyre, and Gaza, surrendered to him\\nas fast as he summoned them.\\nHe went to Memphis. Memphis was a great\\nand powerful city, situated in what was called\\nLower Egypt, on the Nile, just above where\\nthe branches which form the mouths of the\\nNile separate from the main stream. All that\\npart of Egypt is flat country, having been\\nformed by the deposits brought down by the\\nNile. Such land is called alluvial; it is\\nalways level, and, as it consists of successive\\ndeposits from the turbid waters of the river,\\nmade in the successive inundations, it forms\\nalways a very rich soil, deep and inexhausti-\\nble, and is, of course, extremely fertile. Egypt\\nhas been celebrated for its unexampled fertility\\nfrom the earliest times. It waves with fields\\nof corn and grain, and is adorned with groves\\nof the most luxuriant growth and richest ver-\\ndure.\\nIt is only, however, so far as the land is", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 153\\nformed by the deposits of the Nile, that this\\nscene of verdure and beauty extends. On the\\neast it is bounded by ranges of barren and\\nrocky hills, and on the west by vast deserts,\\nconsisting of moving sands, from which no\\nanimal or vegetable life can derive the means\\nof existence. The reason of this sterility\\nseems to be the absence of water. The geolog-\\nical formation of the land is such that it fur-\\nnishes few springs of water, and no streams,\\nand in that climate it seldom or never rains.\\nIf there is water, the most barren sands will\\nclothe themselves with some species of vege-\\ntation, which, in its decay, will form a soil\\nthat will nourish more and more fully each\\nsucceeding generation of plants. But in the\\nabsence of water, any surface of earth will soon\\nbecome a barren sand. The wind will drive\\naway everything imponderable, leaving only\\nthe heavy sands, to drift in storms, like fields\\nof snow.\\nAmong these African daserts, however, there\\nare some fertile spots. They are occasioned\\nby springs which arise in little dells, and\\nwhich saturate the ground with moisture for\\nsome distance around them. The water from\\nthese springs flows for some distance, in many\\ncases, in a little stream, before it is finally lost\\nand absorbed in the sands. The whole tract\\nunder the influence of this irrigation clothes\\nitself with verdure. Trees grow up to shade", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "154 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nit. It forms a spot whose beauty, absolutely\\ngreat, is heightened by the contrast which it\\npresents to the gloomy and desolate desert by\\nwhich it is surrounded. Such a green spot in\\nthe desert is called an Oasis. They are the\\nresort and the refuge of the traveler and the\\npilgrim, who seek shelter and repose upon\\nthem in their weary journeys over the trackless\\nwilds.\\nNor must it be supposed that these islands\\nof fertility and verdure are always small.\\nSome of them are very extensive, and contain a\\nconsiderable population. There is one called\\nthe Great Oasis, which consists of a chain of\\nfertile tracts of about a hundred miles in\\nlength. Another, called the Oasis of Siwah,\\nhas, in modern times, a population of eight\\nthousand souls. This last is situated not far\\nfrom the shores of the Mediterranean Sea at\\nleast not very far perhaps two or three hun-\\ndred miles and it was a very celebrated spot\\nin Alexander s day.\\nThe cause of its celebrity was that it was the\\nseat and center of the worship of a famous\\ndeity called Jupiter Aramon. This god was\\nsaid to be the son of Jupiter, though there\\nwere all sorts of stories about his origin and\\nearly history. He had the form of a ram, and\\nwas worshiped by the people of Egypt, and\\nalso by the Carthaginians, and by the people\\nof Northern Africa generally. His temple", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 155\\nwas in this oasis, and it was surrounded by a\\nconsiderable population, which was supported,\\nin a great degree, by the expenditures of the\\nworshipers who came as pilgrims, or other-\\nwise, to sacrifice at his shrine.\\nIt is said that Alexander, finding that the\\nvarious objects of human ambition which he\\nhad been so rapidly attaining by his victories\\nand conquests for the past few years were in-\\nsufficient to satisfy him, began now to aspire\\nfor some supernatural honors, and he accord-\\ningly conceived the design of having himself\\ndeclared to be the son of a god. The heroes\\nof Homer were sons of the gods. Alexander\\nenvied them the fame and honor which this dis-\\ntinction gave them in the opinion of mankind.\\nHe determined to visit the temple of Jupiter\\nAmmon in the Oasis of Siwah, and to have the\\ndeclaration of his divine origin made by the\\npriests there.\\nHe proceeded, accordingly, to the mouth of\\nthe Nile, where he found a very eligible place,\\nas he believed, for the foundation of a com-\\nmercial city, and he determined to build it on\\nhis return. Thence he marched along the\\nshores of the Mediterranean, toward the west,\\nuntil he reached a place called Paraetonium,\\nwhich will be found upon the map. He then\\nleft the seashore and marched south, striking\\nat once into the desert when he left the sea.\\nHe was accompanied by a small detachment of\\n12\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "156 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nhis army as an escort, and they journeyed\\neleven days before they reached the oasis.\\nThey had a variety of perilous adventures in\\ncrossing the desert. For the first two days the\\nsoldiers were excited and pleased with the\\nnovelty and romantic grandeur of the scene.\\nThe desert has, in some degree, the sublimity\\nof the ocean. There is the same boundless\\nexpanse, the same vast, unbroken curve of the\\nhorizon, the same tracklessness, the same soli-\\ntude. There is, in addition, a certain pro-\\nfound and awful stillness and repose, which\\nimparts to it a new element of impressiveness\\nand grandeur. Its dread and solemn silence\\nis far more imposing and sublime than the\\nloudest thunders of the seas.\\nThe third day the soldiers began to be weary\\nof such a march. They seemed afraid to pene-\\ntrate any farther into such boundless and ter-\\nrible solitudes. They had been obliged to\\nbring water with them in goatskins, which\\nwere carried by camels. The camel is the\\nonly beast of burden which can be employed\\nupon the deserts. There is a peculiarity in\\nthe anatomical structure of this animal by\\nwhich he can take in, at one time, a supply of\\nwater for many days. He is formed, in fact,\\nfor the desert. In his native state he lives in\\nthe oases and in the valleys. He eats the her-\\nbage which grows among the rocks and hills\\nthat alternate with the great sandy plains in", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 157\\nall these countries. In passing from one of\\nhis scanty pasturages to another, he has long\\njourneys to make across the sands, where,\\nthough he can find food here and there, there\\nis no water. Providence has formed him with\\na structure adapted to this exigency, and by\\nmeans of it he becomes extremely useful to\\nman.\\nThe soldiers of Alexander did not take a\\nsufficient supply of water, and were reduced,\\nat one time, to great distress. They were\\nrelieved, the story says, by a rain, though\\nrain is extremely unusual in the deserts.\\nAlexander attributed this supply to the mirac-\\nulous interposition of Heaven. They catch\\nthe rain, in such cases, with cloths, and after-\\nward wring out the water; though in this in-\\nstance, as the historians of that day say, the\\nsoldiers did not wait for this tardy method of\\nsupply, but the whole detachment held back\\ntheir heads and opened their mouths, to catch\\nthe drops of rain as they fell.\\nThere was another danger to which they\\nwere exposed in their march, more terrible\\neven than the scarcity of water. It was that\\nof being overwhelmed in the clouds of sand\\nand dust which sometimes swept over the\\ndesert in gales of wind. These were called\\nsand storms. The fine sand flew, in such\\ncases, in driving clouds, which filled the eyes\\nand stopped the breath of the traveler, and", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "158 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nfinally buried his body under its drifts when\\nhe laid down to die. A large army of fifty\\nthousand men, under a former Persian king,\\nhad been overwhelmed and destroyed in this\\nway, some years before, in some of the Egyp-\\ntian deserts. Alexander s soldiers had heard\\nof this calamity, and they were threatened\\nsometimes with the same fate. They, how-\\never, at length escaped all the dangers of the\\ndesert, and began to approach the green and\\nfertile land of the oasis.\\nThe change from the barren and dismal\\nloneliness of the sandy plains to the groves\\nand the villages, the beauty and the verdure of\\nthe oasis, was delightful both to Alexander\\nhimself and to all his men. The priests at\\nthe great temple of Jupiter Ammon received\\nthem all with marks of great distinction and\\nhonor. The most solemn and magnificent\\nceremonies were performed, with offerings,\\noblations, and sacrifices. The priests, after\\nconferring in secret with the god in the tem-\\nple, came out with the annunciation that Alex-\\nander was indeed his son, and they paid him,\\naccordingly, almost divine honors. He is sup-\\nposed to have bribed them to do this by\\npresents and pay. Alexander returned at\\nlength to Memphis, and in all his subsequent\\norders and decrees he styled himself Alexan-\\nder king, son of Jupiter Ammon.\\nBut, though Alexander was thus willing to", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 159\\nimpress his ignorant soldiers with a myste-\\nrious veneration for his fictitious divinity, he\\nwas not deceived himself on the subject; he\\nsometimes even made his pretensions to the\\ndivine character a subject of joke. For in-\\nstance, they one day brought him in too little\\nfire in the focus. The focus, or fireplace\\nused in Alexander s day, was a small metallic\\nstand, on which the fire was built. It was\\nplaced wherever convenient in the tent, and the\\nsmoke escaped above. They had put upon the\\nA Focus.\\nfocus too little fuel one day when they brought\\nit in. Alexander asked the officer to let him\\nhave either some wood or some frankincense;\\nthey might consider him, he said, as a god or\\nas a man, whichever they pleased, but he\\nwished to be treated either like one or the other.\\nOn his return from the oasis Alexander car-\\nried forward his plan of building a city at the\\nmouth of the Nile. He drew the plan, it is\\nsaid, with his own hands. He superintended\\nthe constructions, and invited artisans and", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "160 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nmechanics from all nations to come and reside\\nin it. They accepted the invitation in great\\nnumbers, and the city soon became large, and\\nwealthy, and powerful. It was intended as a\\ncommercial post, and the wisdom and sagacity\\nwhich Alexander manifested in the selection of\\nthe site is shown by the fact that the city\\nrose immediately to the rank of the great seat\\nof trade and commerce for all those shores,\\nand has continued to hold that rank now for\\ntwenty centuries.\\nThere was an island near the coast, opposite\\nthe citj, called the island of Pharos. They\\nbuilt a most magnificent lighthouse upon one\\nextremity of this island, which was con-\\nsidered, in. those days, one of the wonders of\\nthe world. It was said to be five hundred feet\\nhigh. This may have been an exaggeration.\\nAt any rate, it was celebrated throughout the\\nworld in its day, and its existence and its\\ngreatness made an impression on the human\\nmind which has not yet been effaced. Pharos\\nis the name for lighthouse, in many languages,\\nto the present day.\\nIn building the city of Alexandria, Alexan-\\nder laid aside, for a time, his natural and\\nproper character, and assumed a mode of\\naction in strong contrast with the ordinary\\ncourse of his life. He was, throughout most\\nof his career, a destroyer. He roamed over\\nthe world to interrupt commerce, to break in", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER IN EGYPT. 161\\nupon and disturb the peaceful pursuits of in-\\ndustry, to batter down city walls, and burn\\ndwellings, and kill men. This is the true\\nvocation of a hero and a conqueror; bmt at the\\nmouth of the Nile Alexaoder laid aside this\\ncharacter. He turned his energies to the work\\nof planning means to do good. He con-\\nstructed a port; he built warehouses; he pro-\\nvided accommodations and protection for mer-\\nchants and artisans. The nations exchanged\\ntheir commodities far more easily and exten-\\nsively in consequence of these facilities, and\\nthe means of comfort and enjoyment were mul-\\ntiplied and increased in thousands and thou-\\nsands of huts in the great cities of Egypt, and\\nin the rural districts along the banks of the\\nNile. The good, too, which he thus com-\\nmenced, has perpetuated itself. Alexandria\\nhas continued to fulfill its beneficent function\\nfor two thousand years. It is the only monu-\\nment of his greatness which remains. Every-\\nthing else which he accomplished perished\\nwhen he died. How much better -would it\\nhave been for the happiness of mankind, as\\nwell as for his own true fame and glory, if\\ndoing good had been the rule of his life instead\\nof the exception.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE IX.\\nTHE GREAT VICTORY.\\nAll the western part of Asia was now in\\nAlexander s power. He was undisputed mas-\\nter of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Judea, and\\nEgypt. He returned from Egypt to Tyre,\\nleaving governors to rule in his name in all the\\nconquered provinces. The injuries which had\\nbeen done to Tyre, during the siege and at the\\nassault, were repaired, and it was again a\\nwealthy, powerful, and prosperous city. Alex-\\nander rested and refreshed his army there, and\\nspent some weeks in most splendid festivities\\nand rejoicings. The princes and potentates\\nof all the neighboring countries assembled to\\npartake of his hospitality, to be entertained\\nby the games, the plays, the spectacles, and the\\nfeastings, and to unite in swelling his court\\nand doing him honor. In a word, he was the\\ngeneral center of attraction for all eyes, and the\\nobject of universal homage.\\nAll this time, however, he was very far\\nfrom being satisfied, or feeling that his work\\nwas done. Darius, whom he considered his\\n162", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. J 63\\ngreat enemy, was still in the field unsubdued.\\nHe had retreated across the Euphrates, and\\nwas employed in assembling a vast collection\\nof forces from all the Eastern nations which\\nwere under his sway, to meet Alexander in the\\nfinal contest. Alexander therefore made ar-\\nrangements at Tyre for the proper government\\nof the various kingdoms and provinces which\\nhe had already conquered, and then began to\\nprepare for marching eastward with the main\\nbody of his army.\\nDuring all this time th3 ladies of Darius\\nfamily, who had been taken captive at Issus,\\nhad been retrained in captivity, and made to\\naccompany Alexander s army in its marches.\\nAlexander refused to accede to any of the plans\\nand propositions which Darius made and\\noffered for the redemption of his wife and\\nmother, but insisted on retaining them as his\\nprisoners. He, however, treated them with\\nrespect and high consideration. He provided\\nthem with royal tents of great magnificence,\\nand had them conveyed from place to place,\\nwhen his army moved, with all the royal state\\nto which they had been accustomed when in\\nthe court of Darius.\\nIt has been generally thought a proof of\\nnobleness of spirit and generosity in Alexander\\nthat he treated his captives in this manner.\\nIt would seem, however, that true generosity\\nwould have prompted the restoration of these", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "164 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nunhappy and harmless prisoners to the hus-\\nband and father who mourned their separation\\nfrom him, and their cruel sufferings with\\nbitter grief. It is more probable, therefore,\\nthat policy, and a regard for his own aggran-\\nizement, rather than compassion for the suffer-\\ning, led him to honor his captive queens. It\\nwas a great glory to him, in a martial point of\\nview, to have such trophies of his victory in\\nhis train and, of course, the more highly he\\nhonored the personages, the more glorious the\\ntrophy appeared. Accordingly, Alexander did\\neverything in his power to magnify the impor-\\ntance of his royal captives, by the splendor of\\ntheir retinue, and the pomp and pageantry\\nwith which he invested their movements.\\nA short time after leaving Tyre, on the\\nmarch westward, Statira, the wife of Darius,\\nwas taken suddenly ill and died.* The tidings\\nwere immediately brought to Alexander, and\\nhe repaired without delay to Sysigambis tent.\\nSysigambis was the mother of Darius. She\\nwas in the greatest agony of grief. She was\\nlying upon the floor of her tent, surrounded\\nby the ladies of her court, and entirely over-\\nwhelmed with sorrow. Alexander did all in\\nhis power to calm and comfort her.\\nOne of the officers of Queen Statira s house-\\nIt was the birth of an infant that caused her death,\\nexhausted and worn down, as she doubtless was, by her\\ncaptivity and her sorrows.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 165\\nhold* made his escape from the camp imme-\\ndiately after his mistress death, and fled\\nacross the country to Darius, to carry him the\\nheavy tidings. Darius was overwhelmed with\\naffliction. The officer, however, in further\\ninterviews, gave him such an account of the\\nkind and respectful treatment which the ladies\\nhad received from Alexander, during all the\\ntime of their captivity, as greatly to relieve\\nhis mind, and to afford him a high degree of\\ncomfort and consolation. He expressed a very\\nstrong sense of gratitude to Alexander for his\\ngenerosity and kindness, and said that if his\\nkingdom of Persia must be conquered, he sin-\\ncerely wished that it might fall into the hands\\nof such a conqueror as Alexander.\\nBy looking at a map it will be seen that the\\nTigris and the Euphrates are parallel streams,\\nflowing through the heart of the western part of\\nAsia toward the southeast, and emptying into\\nthe Persian Gulf. The country between these\\ntwo rivers, which was extremely populous and\\nfertile, was called Mesopotamia. Darius had\\ncollected an immense army here. The various\\ndetachments filled all the plains ofMesopotamia.\\nAlexander turned his course a little northward,\\nintending to pass the river Euphrates at a\\nfamous ancient crossing at Thapsacus, which\\nmay be seen upon the map. When he arrived\\nA eunuch, a sort of officer employed in Eastern na-\\ntions in attendance upon ladies of high rank.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "166 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nat this place he found a small Persian army\\nthere. They, however, retired as he ap-\\nproached. Alexander built two bridges across\\nthe river, and passed his army safely over.\\nIn the meantime, Darius, with his enormous\\nhost, passed across the Tigris, and moved to-\\nward the northward, along the eastern side of\\nthe river. He had to cross the various\\nbranches of the Tigris as he advanced. At\\none of them, called the Lycus, there was a\\nbridge. It took the vast host which Darius\\nhad collected five days to pass this bridge.\\nWhile Darius had been thus advancing to\\nthe northward into the latitude where he knew\\nthat Alexander must cross the rivers, Alexan-\\nder himself, and his small but compact and\\nfearless body of Grecian troops, were moving\\neastward, tovard the same region to which\\nDarius line of march was tending. Alexander\\nat length reached the Tigris. He was obliged\\nto ford this stream. The banks were steep\\nand the current was rapid, and the men were\\nin great danger of being swept away. To pre-\\nvent this danger, the ranks, as they advanced,\\nlinked their arms together, so that each man\\nmight be sustained by his comrades. They\\nheld their shields above their heads to keep\\nthem from the water. Alexander waded like\\nthe rest, though he kept in front, and reached\\nthe bank before the others. Standing there,\\nhe indicated to the advancing column, by ges-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 16?\\nticulation, where to land, the noise of the water\\nbeing too great to allow his voice to be heard.\\nTo see him standing there, safely landed, and\\nwith an expression of confidence and triumph\\nin his attitude and air, awakened fresh energy\\nin the heart of every soldier in the columns\\nwhich were crossing the stream.\\nNotwithstanding this encouragement, how-\\never, the passage of the troops and the landing\\non the bank produced a scene of great con-\\nfusion. Many of the soldiers had tied up a\\nportion of their clothes in bundles, which they\\nheld above their heads, together with their\\narms, as they waded along through the swift\\ncurrent of the stream. They, however, found\\nit impossible to carry these bundles, but had\\nto abandon them at last in order to save them-\\nselves, as they staggered along through deep\\nand rapid water, and over a concealed bottom\\nof slippery stones. Thousands of these bun-\\ndles, mingled with spears, darts, and every\\nother sort of weapon that would float, were\\nswept down by the current, to impede and em-\\nbarrass the men who were passing below.\\nAt length, however, the men themselves suc-\\nceeded in getting over in safety, though a\\nlarge quantity of arms and of clothing was lost,\\nThere was no enemy upon the bank to oppose\\nthem. Darius could not, in fact, well meet\\nand oppose Alexander in his attempt to cross\\nthe river, because he could not determine at", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "168 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwhat point he would probably make the at\\ntempt, in season to concentrate so large an\\narmy to oppose him. Alexander s troops,\\nbeing a comparatively small and compact body,\\nand being accustomed to move with great\\npromptness and celerity, could easily evade\\nany attempt of such an unwieldy mass of forces\\nto oppose his crossing at any particular point\\nupon the stream. At any rate, Darius did not\\nmake any such attempt, and Alexander had no\\ndifficulties to encounter in crossing the Tigris\\nother than the physical obstacles presented by\\nthe current of the stream.\\nDarius plan was, therefore, not to intercept\\nAlexander on his march, but to choose some\\ngreat and convenient battlefield, where he\\ncould collect his forces, and marshal them ad-\\nvantageously, and so await an attack there.\\nHe knew very well that his enemy would seek\\nhim out, wherever he was, and, consequently,\\nthat he might choose his position. He found\\nsuch a field in an extensive plain at Guaga-\\nmela, not far from the city of Arbela. The\\nspot has received historical immortality under\\nthe name of the plain of Arbela.\\nDarius was several days in concentrating his\\nvast armies upon this plain. He constructed\\nencampments; he leveled the inequalities\\nwhich would interfere with the movements of\\nhis great bodies of cavalry he guarded the\\napproaches, too, as much as possible. There", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 169\\nis a little instrument used in war called a\\ncaltrop.* It consists of a small ball of iron,\\nwith several sharp points projecting from it\\none or two inches each way. If these instru-\\nments are thrown upon the ground at random,\\none of the points must necessarily be upward,\\nThe Caltrop.\\nand the horses that tread upon them are lamed\\nand disabled at once. Darius caused caltrops\\nto be scattered in the grass and along the roads,\\nwherever the army of Alexander would be\\nlikely to approach his troops on the field of\\nbattle.\\nAlexander, having crossed the river, en-\\ncamped for a day or two on the banks, to rest\\nIt receives its name from a kind of thistle called the\\ncaltrop.\\n13\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "170 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nand refresh, and to rearrange his army. While\\nhere, the soldiers were one night thrown into\\nconsternation by an eclipse of the moon.\\nWhenever an eclipse of the moon takes place,\\nit is, of course, when the moon is full, so that\\nthe eclipse is always a sudden, and, among\\nan ignorant people, an unexpected waning of\\nthe orb in the height of its splendor; and as\\nsuch people know not the cause of the pheno-\\nmenon, they are often extremely terrified.\\nAlexander s soldiers were thrown into conster-\\nnation by the eclipse. They considered it the\\nmanifestation of the displeasure of heaven at\\ntheir presumptuous daring in crossing such\\nrivers, and penetrating to such a distance to\\ninvade the territories of another king.\\nIn fact, the men were predisposed to fear.\\nHaving wandered to avast distance from home,\\nhaving passed over such mountains and deserts,\\nand now, at last, having crossed a deep and\\ndangerous river, and thrown themselves into\\nthe immediate vicinity of a foe ten times as\\nnumerous as themselves, it was natural that\\nthey should feel some misgivings. And when,\\nat night, impressed with the sense of solemnity\\nwhich night always imparts to strange and\\nnovel scenes, they looked up to the bright\\nround moon, pleased with the expression of\\ncheerfulness and companionship which beams\\nalways in her light, to find her suddenly wan-\\ning, changing her form, withdrawing her", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. J 71\\nbright beams, and looking down upon them\\nwith a lurid and murky light, it was not sur-\\nprising that they felt an emotion of terror.\\nIn fact, there is always an element of terror in\\nthe emotion excited by looking upon an eclipse,\\nwhich an instinctive feeling of the heart in-\\nspires. It invests the spectacle with a solemn\\ngrandeur. It holds the spectator, however\\ncultivated and refined, in silence while he\\ngazes at it. It mingles with a scientific ap-\\npreciation of the vastness of the movements\\nand magnitudes by which the effect is pro-\\nduced, and while the one occupies the intellect,\\nthe other impresses the soul. The mind that\\nhas lost, through its philosophy, the power of\\nfeeling this emotion of awe in such scenes,\\nhas sunk, not risen. Its possessor has made\\nhimself inferior, not superior, to the rest of\\nhis species, by having paralyzed one of his\\nsusceptibilities of pleasure. To him an eclipse\\nis only curious and wonderful to others it is\\nsublime.\\nThe soldiers of Alexander were extremely\\nterrified. A great panic spread throughout\\nthe encampment. Alexander himself, instead\\nof attempting to allay their fears by reasoning,\\nor treating them as of no importance, im-\\nmediately gave the subject his most serious\\nattention. He called together the soothsayers,\\nand directed them to consult together, and let\\nhim know what this great phenomenon porten-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "172 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nded. This mere committing of the subject to\\nthe attention of the soothsayers had a great\\neffect among all the soldiers of the army. It\\ncalmed them. It changed their agitation and\\nterror into a feeling of suspense, in awaiting\\nthe answer of the soothsayers, which was far\\nless painful and dangerous; and at length,\\nwhen the answer came, it allayed their anxiety\\nand fear altogether. The soothsayers said\\nthat the sun was on Alexander s side, and the\\nmoon on that of the Persians, and that this\\nsudden w r aning of her light foreshadowed the\\ndefeat and destruction which the Persians were\\nabout to undergo. The army wej-e satisfied\\nwith this decision, and were inspired with new\\nconfidence and ardor. It is often idle to at-\\ntempt to oppose ignorance and absurdity by\\nsuch feeble instruments as truth and reason,\\nand the wisest managers of mankind have gen-\\nerally been most successful when their plan has\\nbeen to counteract one folly by means of the\\ninfluence of another.\\nAlexander s army consisted of about fifty\\nthousand men, with the phalanx in the center.\\nThis army moved along down the eastern bank\\nof the Tigris, the scouts pressing forward as\\nfar as possible in every direction in front of\\nthe main army, in order to get intelligence of\\nthe foe. It is in this way that two great\\narmies feel after each other, as it were, like\\ninsects creeping over the ground, exploring the", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 1?3\\nway before them with their antennae. At\\nlength, after three days advance, the scouts\\ncame in with intelligence of the enemy. Alex-\\nander pressed forward with a detachment of his\\narmy to meet them. They proved to be, how-\\never, not the main body of Darius army, but\\nonly a single corps of a thousand men, in ad-\\nvance of the rest. They retreated as Alexander\\napproached. He, however, succeeded in cap-\\nturing some horsemen, who gave the informa-\\ntion that Darius had assembled his vast forces\\non the plain of Arbela, and was waiting there\\nin readiness to give his advancing enemy\\nbattle.\\nAlexander halted his troops. He formed an\\nencampment, and made arrangements for de-\\npositing his baggage there. He refreshed the\\nmen, examined and repaired their arms, and\\nthe made arrangements for battle. These opera-\\ntions consumed several days. At the end of\\nthat time, early one morning, long before day,\\nthe camp was in motion, and the columns,\\narmed and equipped for immediate contest,\\nmoved forward.\\nThey expected to have reached the camp of\\nDarius at daybreak, but the distance was\\ngreater than they had supposed. At length,\\nhowever, the Macedonians, in their march,\\ncame upon the brow of a range of hills, from\\nwhich they looked down upon numberless and\\nendless lines of infantry and cavalry, and", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "174 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nranges after ranges of tents, which filled the\\nplain. Here the army paused while Alexander\\nexamined the field, studying for a long time,\\nand with great attention, the numbers and dis-\\nposition of the enemy. They were four miles\\ndistant still, but the murmuring sounds of their\\nvoices and movements came to the ears of the\\nMacedonians through the calm autumnal air.\\nAlexander called the leading officers together,\\nand held a consultation on the question whether\\nto march down and attack the Persians on the\\nplain that night, or to wait till the next day.\\nParmenio was in favor of a night attack, in\\norder to surprise the enemy by coming upon\\nthem at an unexpected time. But Alexander\\nsaid no. He was sure of victory. He had\\ngot his enemies all before him they were fully\\nin his power. He would, therefore, take no\\nadvantage, but would attack them fairly and in\\nopen day. Alexander had fifty thousand men\\nthe Persians were variously estimated between\\nfive hundred thousand and a million. There\\nis something sublime in the idea of such a\\npause, made by the Macedonian phalanx and\\nits wings, on the slopes of the hills, suspend-\\ning its attack upon ten times its number, to\\ngive the mighty mass of their enemies the\\nchances of a fair and equal contest.\\nAlexander made congratulatory addresses to\\nhis soldiers on the occasion of their having\\nnow at last before them, what they had so long", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "Alexander Inspiring His Soldiers.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 177\\ntoiled and labored to attain, the whole concen-\\ntrated force of the Persian empire. They\\nwere now going to contend, not for single pro-\\nvinces and kingdoms, as heretofore, but for\\ngeneral empire; and the victory which they\\nwere about to achieve would place them on the\\nsummit of human glory. In all that he said\\non the subject, the unquestionable certainty of\\nvictory was assumed.\\nAlexander completed his arrangements, and\\nthen retired to rest. He went to sleep at\\nleast he appeared to do so. Early in the\\nmorning Parmenio arose, summoned the men\\nto their posts, and arranged everything for the\\nmarch. He then went to Alexander s tent.\\nAlexander was still asleep. He awoke him,\\nand told him that all was ready. Parmenio\\nexpressed surprise at his sleeping so quietly at\\na time when such vast issues were at stake.\\nYou seem as calm, said he, as if you had\\nhad the battle and gained the victory.\\nI have done so, said Alexander. I con-\\nsider the whole work done when we have gained\\naccess to Darius and his forces, and find him\\nready to give us battle.\\nAlexander soon appeared at the head of his\\ntroops. Of course this day was one of the\\nmost important ones of his life, and one of the\\nhistorians of the time has preserved an account\\nof his dress as he went into battle. He wore\\na short tunic, girt close around him, and over", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "178 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nit a linen breastplate, strongly quilted. The\\nbelt by which the tunic was held was embossed\\nwith figures of beautiful workmanship. This\\nbelt was a present to him from some of the\\npeople of the conquered countries through\\nwhich he had passed, and it was very much\\nadmired. He had a helmet upon his head, of\\npolished steel, with a neck piece, also of steel,\\nornamented with precious stones. His hel-\\nmet was surmounted with a white plume. His\\nsword, which was a present to him from the\\nKing of Cyprus, was very light and slender,\\nand of the most perfect temper. He carried,\\nalso, a shield and a lance, made in the best\\npossible manner for use, not for display.\\nThus his dress corresponded with the character\\nof his action. It was simple, compact, and\\nwhatever of value it possessed consisted in\\nthose substantial excellences which would give\\nthe bearer the greatest efficiency on the field of\\nbattle.\\nThe Persians were accustomed to make use\\nof elephants in their wars. They also had\\nchariots, with scythes placed at the axles,\\nwhich they were accustomed to drive among\\ntheir enemies and mow them down. Alexan-\\nder resorted to none of these contrivances.\\nThere was the phalanx the terrible phalanx\\nadvancing irresistibly either in one body or in\\ndetachments, with columns of infantry and fly-\\ning troops of horsemen on the wings. Alexan-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 179\\nder relied simply on the strength, the courage,\\nthe energy, and the calm and steady, but re-\\nsistless ardor of his men, arranging them in\\nsimple combinations, and leading them forward\\ndirectly to their work.\\nThe Macedonians cut their way through the\\nmighty mass of their enemies with irresistible\\nforce. The elephants turned and fled. The\\nfoot soldiers seized the horses of some of the\\nscythe-armed chariots and cut the traces. In\\nrespect to others, they opened to the right and\\nleft and let them pass through, when they were\\neasily captured by the men in the rear. In\\nthe meantime the phalanx pressed on, enjoying\\na great advantage in the level nature of the\\nground. The Persian troops were broken in\\nupon and driven away wherever they were\\nattacked. In a word, before night the whole\\nmighty mass was scattering everywhere in\\nconfusion, except some hundreds of thousands\\nleft trampled upon and dead, or else writhing\\nupon the ground, and groaning in their dying\\nagonies. Darius himself fled. Alexander\\npursued him with a troop of horse as far as\\nArbela, which had been Darius headquarters,\\nand where he had deposited immense treasures.\\nDarius had gone through and escaped when\\nAlexander arrived at Arbela, but the city and\\nthe treasures fell into Alexander s hands.\\nAlthough Alexander had been so completely\\nvictorious over his enemies on the day of bat-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "180 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ntie, and had maintained his ground against\\nthem with such invincible power, he was,\\nnevertheless, a few days afterward, driven en-\\ntirely off the field, and completely away from\\nthe region where the battle had been fought.\\nWhat the living men, standing erect in arms,\\nand full of martial vigor, could not do, was\\neasily and effectually accomplished by their\\ndead bodies corrupting on the plain. The\\ncorpses of three hundred thousand men, and an\\nequal bulk of the bodies of elephants and\\nhorses, was too enormous a mass to be buried.\\nIt had to be abandoned; and the horrible\\neffluvia and pestilence which it emitted drove\\nall the inhabitants of the country away. Alex-\\nander marched his troops rapidly off the\\nground, leaving, as the direct result of the\\nbattle, a wide extent of country depopulated\\nand desolate, with this vast mass of putrefac-\\ntion and pestilence reigning in awful silence\\nand solitude in the midst of it.\\nAlexander went to Babylon. The governor\\nof the city prepared to receive him as a con-\\nqueror. The pople came out in throngs to\\nmeet him, and all the avenues of approach were\\ncrowded with spectators. All the city walls,\\ntoo, were covered with men and women, as-\\nsembled to witness the scene. As for Alexan-\\nder himself, he was filled with pride and pleas-\\nure at thus arriving at the full accomplishment\\nof his earliest and long-cherished dreams of\\nglory.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 181\\nThe great storehouse of the royal treasures\\nof Persia was at Susa, a strong city east of\\nBabylon. Susa was the winter residence of\\nthe Persian kings, as Ecbatana, further north,\\namong the mountains, was their summer resi-\\ndence. There was a magnificent palace and a\\nvery strong citadel at Susa, and the treasures\\nwere kept in the citadel. It is said that in\\ntimes of peace the Persian monarchs had been\\naccustomed to collect coin, melt it down, and\\ncast the gold in earthen jars. The jars were\\nafterward broken off from the gold, leaving the\\nbullion in the form of the interior of the jars.\\nAn enormous amount of gold and silver, and of\\nother treasures, had been this collected. Alex-\\nander was aware of this depository before he\\nadvanced to meet Darius, and, on the day of\\nthe battle of Arbela, as soon as the victory was\\ndecided, he sent an officer from the very field\\nto summon Susa to surrender. They obeyed\\nthe summons, and Alexander, soon after his\\ngreat public entrance into Babylon, marched to\\nSusa, and took possession of the vast stores of\\nwealth accumulated there. The amount was\\nenormous, both in quantity and value, and the\\nseizing of it was a very magnificent act of\\nplunder. In fact, it is probable that Alexan-\\nder s slaughter of the Persian army at Arbela,\\nand subsequent spoliation of Susa, constitute,\\ntaken together, the most gigantic case of mur-\\nder and robbery which was ever committed by", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "182 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nman so that, in performing these deeds, the\\ngreat hero attained at last to the glory of hav-\\ning perpetrated the grandest and most impos-\\ning of all human crimes. That these deeds\\nwere really crimes there can be no doubt, when\\nwe consider that Alexander did not pretend to\\nhave any other motive in this invasion than\\nlove of conquest, which is, in other words,\\nlove of violence and plunder. They are only\\ntechnically shielded from being called crimes\\nby the fact that the earth has no laws and no\\ntribunals high enough to condemn such enor-\\nmous burglaries as that of one quarter of the\\nglobe breaking violently and murderously in\\nupon and robbing the other.\\nBesides the treasures, Alexander found also\\nat Susa a number of trophies which had been\\nbrought by Xerxes from Greece for Xerxes\\nhad invaded Greece some hundred years before\\nAlexander s day, and had brought to Susa the\\nspoils and the trophies of his victories. Alex-\\nander sent them all back to Greece again.\\nFrom Susa the conqueror moved on to Per-\\nsepolis, the great Persian capital. On his\\nmarch he had to pass through a defile of the\\nmountains. The mountaineers had been ac-\\ncustomed to exact tribute here of all who\\npassed, having a sort of right, derived from\\nancient usage, to the payment of a toll. They\\nsent to Alexander when they heard that he was\\napproaching, and informed him that he could", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT VICTORY. 183\\nnot pass with his army without paying the\\ncustomary toll. Alexander sent back word\\nthat he would meet them at the pass, and give\\nthem their due.\\nThey understood this, and prepared to de-\\nfend the pass. Some Persian troops joined\\nthem. They built walls and barricades across\\nthe narrow passages. They collected great\\nstones on the brinks of precipices, and on the\\ndeclivities of the mountains, to roll down upon\\nthe heads of their enemies. By these and\\nevery other means they attempted to stop Alex-\\nander s passage. But he had contrived to send\\ndetachments around by circuitous and precipi-\\ntous paths, which even the mountaineers had\\ndeemed impracticable, and thus attack his\\nenemies suddenly and unexpectedly from above\\ntheir own positions. As usual, his plan suc-\\nceeded. The mountaineers were driven away,\\nand the conqueror advanced toward the great\\nPersian capital.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE X.\\nTHE DEATH OF DARIUS.\\nAlexander s march from Susa to Persepolis\\nwas less a march than a triumphal progress.\\nHe felt the pride and elation so naturally re-\\nsulting from success very strongly. The\\nmoderation and forbearance which had charac-\\nterized him in his earlier years gradually dis-\\nappeared as he became great and powerful.\\nHe was intoxicated with his success. He be-\\ncame haughty, vain, capricious, and cruel.\\nAs he approached Persepolis, he conceived the\\nidea that, as this city was the capital and\\ncenter of the Persian monarchy, and, as such,\\nthe point from which had emanated all the\\nPersian hostility to Greece, he owed it some\\nsignal retribution. Accordingly, although the\\ninhabitants made no opposition to his entrance,\\nhe marched in with the phalanx formed, and\\ngave the soldiers liberty to kill and plunder as\\nthey pleased.\\nThere was another very striking instance of\\nthe capricious recklessness now beginning to\\nappear in Alexander s character, which oc-\\ncurred soon after he had taken possession of\\n184", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 185\\nPersepolis. He was giving a great banquet to\\nLis friends, the officers of the army, and to\\nPersians of distinction among those who had\\nsubmitted to him. There was, among other\\nwomen at this banquet, a very beautiful and\\naccomplished female named Thais. Alexander\\nmade her his favorite and companion, though\\nshe was not his wife. Thais did all in her\\npower to captivate and please Alexander during\\nthe feast by her vivacity, her wit, her adroit\\nattentions to him, and the display of her\\ncharms, and at length, when he himself, as\\nwell as the other guests, were excited with\\nwine, she asked him to allow her to have the\\npleasure of going herself and setting fire, with\\nher own hands, to the great palace of the Per-\\nsian kings in the city. Thai3 was a native of\\nAttica in Greece, a kingdom of which Athens\\nwas the capital. Xerxes, who had built the\\ngreat palace of Persepolis, had formerly in-\\nvaded Greece and had burned Athens, and now\\nThais desired to burn his palace in Persepolis,\\nto gratify her revenge, by making, of its con-\\nflagration, an evening spectacle to entertain the\\nMacedonian party after their supper. Alex-\\nander agreed to the proposal, and the whole\\ncompany moved forward. Taking the torches\\nfrom the banqueting halls, they sallied forth,\\nalarming the city with their ahouts, and with\\nthe flashing of the lights they bore. The plan\\nof Thais was carried fully into effect, every\\n14\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "186 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nhalf-intoxicated guest assisting, by putting fire\\nto the immense pile wherever they could get\\naccess to it. They performed the barbarous\\ndeed with shouts of vengeance and exultation.\\nThere is, however, something very solemn\\nand awful in a great conflagration at night,\\nand very few incendiaries can gaze upon the\\nfury of the lurid and frightful flames which\\nthey have caused to ascend without some mis-\\ngivings and some remorse. Alexander was\\nsobered by the grand and sublime, but terrible\\nspectacle. He was awed by it. He repented.\\nHe ordered the fire to be extinguished; but it\\nwas too late. The palace was destroyed, and\\none new blot, which has never since been\\neffaced, w r as cast upon Alexander s character\\nand fame.\\nAnd yet, notwithstanding these increasing\\nproofs of pride and cruelty, which were begin-\\nning to be developed, Alexander still preserved\\nsome of the early traits of character which had\\nmade him so great a favorite in the commence-\\nment of his career. He loved his mother, and\\nsent her presents continually from the treasures\\nwhich were falling all the time into his posses-\\nsion. She was a woman of a proud, imperious,\\nand ungovernable character, and she made\\nAntipater, whom Alexander had left in com-\\nmand in Macedon, infinite trouble. She\\nwanted to exercise the powers of government\\nherself, and was continually urging this.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 187\\nAlexander would not comply with these wishes,\\nbut he paid her personally every attention in\\nhis power, and bore all her invectives and re-\\nproaches with great patience and good humor.\\nAt one time he received a long letter from An-\\ntipater, full of complaints against her; but\\nAlexander, after reading it, said that they were\\nheavy charges it was true, but that a single\\none of his mother s tears would outweigh ten\\nthousand such accusations.\\nOlympias used to write very frequently to\\nAlexander, and in these letters she would\\ncriticize and discuss his proceedings, and make\\ncomments upon the characters and actions of\\nhis generals. Alexander kept these letters\\nvery secret, never showing them to any one.\\nOne day, however, when he was reading one\\nof these letters, Hephsestion, the personal\\nfriend and companion who has been already\\nseveral times mentioned, came up, half-play-\\nfully, and began to look over his shoulder.\\nAlexander went on, allowing him to read, and\\nthen, when the letter was finished he took the\\nsignet ring from his finger and pressed it upon\\nHephsestion s lips, a signal for silence and\\nsecrecy.\\nAlexander was very kind to Sysigambis, the\\nmother of Darius, and also to Darius children.\\nHe would not give these unhappy captives\\ntheir liberty, but in every other respect he\\ntreated them with the greatest possible kind-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "188 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nness and consideration. He called Sysigarabis\\nmother, loaded her with presents presents,\\nit is true, which he had plundered from her\\nson, but to which it was considered, in those\\ndays, that he had acquired a just and perfect\\ntitle. When he reached Susa, he established\\nSysigambis and the children there in great\\nstate. This had been their usual residence in\\nmost seasons of the year, when not at Perse-\\npolis, so that here they were, as it were, at\\nhome. Ecbatana* was, as has been already\\nmentioned, further north, among the moun-\\ntains. After the battle of Arbela, while Alex-\\nander marched to Babylon and to Susa, Darius\\nhad fled to Ecbatana, and was now there, his\\nfamily being thus at one of the royal palaces\\nunder the command of the conqueror, and he\\nhimself independent, but insecure, in the other.\\nHo had with him about forty thousand men,\\nwho still remained faithful to his fallen for-\\ntunes. Among these were several thousand\\nGreeks, whom he had collected in Asia Minor\\nand other Grecian countries, and whom he had\\nattached to his service by means of pay.\\nHe called the officers of his army together,\\nand explained to them the determination that\\nhe had come to in respect to his future move-\\nments. A large part of those, said he,\\nwho formerly served as officers of my govern-\\nment, have abandoned me in my adversity, and\\nThe modern Ispahan.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 189\\ngone over to Alexander s side. They have\\nsurrendered to him the towns, and citadels,\\nand provinces which I intrusted to their\\nfidelity. You alone remain faithful and true.\\nAs for myself, I might yield to the conqueror,\\nand have him assign to me some province or\\nkingdom to govern as his subordinate; but I\\nwill never submit to such a degradation. I\\ncan die in the struggle, but never will yield.\\nI will wear no crown which another puts upon\\nmy brow, nor give up my right to reign over\\nthe empire of my ancestors till I give up my\\nlife. If you agree with me in this determina-\\ntion, let us act energetically upon it. We\\nhave it in our power to terminate the injuries\\nwe are suffering, or else to avenge them.\\nThe army responded most cordially to this\\nappeal. They were ready, they said, to follow\\nhim wherever he should lead. All this ap-\\nparent enthusiasm, however, was very delusive\\nand unsubstantial. A general named Bessus,\\ncombining with some other officers in the\\narmy, conceived the plan of seizing Darius and\\nmaking him a prisoner, and then taking com-\\nmand of the army himself. If Alexander\\nshould pursue him, and be likely to overtake\\nand conquer him he, then thought that by giv-\\ning up Darius as a prisoner he could stipulate\\nfor liberty and safety, and perhaps great re-\\nwards, both for himself and for those who\\nacted with him. If, on the other hand, they", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "190 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nshould succeed in increasing their own forces\\nbo as to make head against Alexander, and\\nfinally to drive him away, then Bessus was to\\nusurp the throne, and dispose of Darius by\\nassassinating him, or imprisoning him for life\\nin some remote and solitary castle.\\nBessus communicated his plans, very cau-\\ntiously at first, to the leading officers of the\\narmy. The Greek soldiers were not included\\nin the plot. They, however, heard and saw\\nenough to lead them to suspect what was in\\npreparation. They warned Darius, and\\nurged him to rely upon them more than\\nhe had done to make them his bodyguard,\\nand to pitch his tent in their part of the en-\\ncampment. But Darius declined these pro-\\nposals. He would not, he said, distrust and\\nabandon his countrymen, who were his natural\\nprotectors, and put himself in the hands of\\nstrangers. He would not betray and desert\\nhis friends in anticipation of their deserting\\nand betraying him.\\nIn the meantime, as Alexander advanced to-\\nward Ecbatana, Darius and his forces retreated\\nfrom it toward the eastward, through the great\\ntract [oi country lying south of the Caspian\\nSea. There is a mountainous region here,\\nwith a defile traversing it, through which it\\nwould be necessary for Darius to pass. This\\ndefile was called the Caspian Gates, the name\\nPylm CaspicB qu the map, which means th\u00c2\u00a7 Caspian\\nGates.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 191\\nreferring to rocks on each side. The march-\\ning of an army through a narrow and danger-\\nous defile like this always causes detention and\\ndelay, and Alexander hastened forward in\\nhopes to overtake Darius before he should\\nreach it. He advanced with such speed that\\nonly the strongest and most robust of his army\\ncould keep up. Thousands, worn out with\\nexertion and toil, were left behind, and many\\nof the horses sank down by the roadside, ex-\\nhausted with heat and fatigue, to die. Alex-\\nander pressed desperately on with all who were\\nable to follow.\\nIt was all in vain, however it was too late\\nwhen he arrived at the pass. Darius had gone\\nthrough with all his army. Alexander stopped\\nto rest his men, and to allow time for those\\nbehind to come up. He then went on for a\\ncouple of days, when he encamped, in order to\\nsend out foraging parties that is to say, small\\ndetachments, dispatched to explore the sur-\\nrounding country in search of grain and other\\nfood for the horses. Food for the horses of an\\natmy being too bulky to be transported far,\\nhas to be collected day by day from the neigh-\\nborhood of the line of march.\\nWhile halting for these foraging parties to\\nreturn, a Persian nobleman came into the\\ncamp, and informed Alexander that Darius\\nand the forces accompanying him were en-\\ncamped about two days march in advance, but", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "192 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthat Bessus was in command the conspiracy\\nhaving been successful, and Darius having\\nbeen deposed and made a prisoner. The\\nGreeks, who had adhered to their fidelity, find-\\ning that all the army were combined against\\nthem, and that they were not strong enought to\\nresist, had abandoned the Persian camp, and\\nhad retired to the mountains where they were\\nawaiting the result.\\nAlexander determined to set forward imme-\\ndiately in pursuit of Bessus and his prisoner.\\nHe did not wait for the return of the foraging\\nparties. He selected the ablest and most\\nactive, both of foot soldiers and horsemen,\\nordered them to take two days provisions,\\nand then set forth with them that very even-\\ning. The party pressed on all that night, and\\nthe next day till noon. They halted till even-\\ning, and then set forth again. Very early the\\nnext morning they arrived at the encampment\\nwhich the Persian nobleman had described.\\nThey found the remains of the campfires, and\\nall the marks usually left upon a spot which\\nhas been used as the bivouac of an army. The\\narmy itself, however, was gone.\\nThe pursuers were now too much fatigued to\\ngo any further without rest. Alexander re-\\nmained here, accordingly, through the day, to\\ngive his men and his horses refreshment and\\nrepose. That night they set forward again,\\nand the next day at noon they arrived at", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS, 193\\nanother encampment of the Persians, which\\nthey had left scarcely twenty-four hours before.\\nThe officers of Alexander s army were excited\\nand animated in the highest degree, as they\\nfound themselves thus drawing so near to the\\ngreat object of their pursuit. They were ready\\nfor any exertions, any privation and fatigue,\\nany measures, however extraordinary, to ac-\\ncomplish their end.\\nAlexander inquired of the inhabitants of the\\nplace whether there were not some shorter road\\nthan the one along which the enemy were\\nmoving. There was one crossroad, but it led\\nthrough a desolate and desert tract of land,\\ndestitute of water. In the march of an army,\\nas the men are always heavily loaded with\\narms and provisions, and water cannot be\\ncarried, it is always considered essential to\\nchoose routes which will furnish supplies of\\nwater by the way. Alexander, however, dis-\\nregarded this consideration here, and prepared\\nat once to push into the crossroad with a\\nsmall detachment. He had been now two years\\nadvancing from Macedon into the heart of Asia,\\nalways in quest of Darius as his great opponent\\nand enemy. He had conquered his armies,\\ntaken his cities, plundered his palaces, and\\nmade himself master of his whole realm. Still\\nso long as Darius himself remained at liberty\\nand in the field, no victories could be con-\\nsidebed as complete. To capture Darius him-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "194 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nself would be the last and crowning act of his\\nconquest. He had now been pursuing him for\\neighteen hundred miles, advancing slowly from\\nprovince to province, and from kingdom to\\nkingdom. During all this time the strength\\nof his flying foe had been wasting away. His\\narmies had been broken up, his courage and\\nhope had gradually failed, while the animation\\nand hope of the pursuer had been gathering\\nfresh and increasing strength from his suc-\\ncesses, and were excited to wild enthusiasm\\nnow, as the hour for the final consummation of\\nall his desires seemed to be drawing nigh.\\nGuides were ordered to be furnished by the\\ninhabitants, to show the detachment the way\\nacross the solitary and desert country. The\\ndetachment was to consist of horsemen entirely,\\nthat they might advance with the utmost\\ncelerity. To get as efficient a corps as possi-\\nble, Alexander dismounted five hundred of the\\ncavalry, and gave their horses to five hundred\\nmen officers and others selected for their\\nstrength and courage from among the foot sol-\\ndiers. All were ambitious of being designated\\nfor this service. Besides the honor of being\\nso selected, there was an intense excitement,\\nas usual toward the close of a chase, to arrive\\nat the end.\\nThis body of horsemen were ready to set out\\nin the evening. Alexander took the command,\\nand, following the guides, they trotted off in", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 195\\nthe direction which the guides indicated.\\nThey traveled all night. When the day\\ndawned, they saw, from an elevation to which\\nthey had attained, the body of the Persian\\ntroops moving at a short distance before them,\\nfoot soldiers, chariots, and horsemen pressing\\non together in great confusion and disorder.\\nAs soon as Bessus and his company found\\nthat their pursuers were close upon them,\\nthey attempted at first to hurry forward, in\\nthe vain hope of still effecting their escape.\\nDarius was in a chariot. They urged this\\nchariot on, but it moved heavily. Then they\\nconcluded to abandon it, and they called upon\\nDarius to mount a horse and ride off with\\nthem, leaving the rest of the army and baggage\\nto its fate. But Darius refused. He said he\\nwould rather trust himself in the hands of\\nAlexander than in those of such traitors as\\nthey. Bendered desperate by their situation,\\nand exasperated by this reply, Bessus and his\\nconfederates thrust their spears into Darius\\nbody, as he sat in his chariot, and then gal-\\nloped away. They divided into different\\nparties, each taking a different road. Their\\nobject in doing this was to increase their\\nchances of escape by confusing Alexander in\\nhis plans for pursuing them. Alexander\\npressed on toward the ground which the enemy\\nwere abandoning, and sent off separate detach-\\nments after the various divisions of the flying\\narmy.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "196 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nIn the meantime Darius remained in his\\nchariot wounded and bleeding. He was worn\\nout and exhausted, both in body and mind, by\\nhis complicated sufferings and sorrows. His\\nkingdom lost; his family in captivity; his be-\\nloved wife in the grave, where the sorrows and\\nsufferings of separation from her husband had\\nborne her; his cities sacked; his palaces and\\ntreasures plundered; and now he himself, in\\nthe last hour of his extremity, abandoned and\\nbetrayed by all in whom he had placed his\\nconfidence and trust, his heart sunk within\\nhim in despair. At such a time the soul turns\\nfrom traitorous friends to an open foe with\\nsomething like a feeling of confidence and at-\\ntachment. Darius exasperation against Bessus\\nwas so intense that his hostility to Alexander\\nbecame a species of friendship in comparison.\\nHe felt that Alexander was a sovereign like\\nhimself, and would have some sympathy and\\nfellow-feeling for a sovereign s misfortunes.\\nHe thought, too, of his mother, his wife, and\\nhis children, and the kindness with which\\nAlexander had treated them went to his heart\\nHe lay there, accordingly, faint and bleeding\\nin his chariot, and looking for the coming of\\nAlexander as for that of a protector and friend,\\nthe only one to whom he could now look for\\nany relief in the extremity of his distress.\\nThe Macedonians searched about in various\\nplaces, thinking it possible that in the sudden", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 197\\ndispersion of the enemy Dariu3 might have\\nbeen left behind. At last the chariot in which\\nhe was lying was found. Darius was in it,\\npierced with spears. The floor of the chariot\\nwas covered with blood. They raised him a\\nlittle, and he spoke. He called for water.\\nMen wounded and dying on the field of battle\\nare tormented always with an insatiable and\\nintolerable thirst, the manifestations of which\\nconstitute one of the greatest horrors of the\\nscene. They cry piteously to all who pass to\\nbring them water, or else to kill them. They\\ncrawl along the ground to get at the canteens\\nof their dead companions, in hopes to find,\\nremaining in them, some drops to drink and\\nif there is a little brook meandering through\\nthe battlefield, its bed gets filled and choked up\\nwith the bodies of those who crawled there, in\\ntheir agony, to quench their horrible thirst,\\nand die. Darius was suffering this thirst. It\\nbore down and silenced, for the time, every\\nother suffering, so that his first cry, when his\\nenemies came around him with shouts of exul-\\ntation, was not for his life, not for mercy, not\\nfor relief from the pain and anguish of his\\nwounds he begged them to give him some\\nwater.\\nHe spoke through an interpreter. The in-\\nterpreter was a Persian prisoner whom the\\nMacedonian army had taken some time before,\\nand who had learned the Greek language in", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "198 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthe Macedonian camp. Anticipating some oc-\\ncasion for his services, they had brought him\\nwith them now, and it was through him that\\nDarius called for water. A Macedonian sol-\\ndier went immediately to get some. Others\\nhurried away in search of Alexander, to bring\\nhim to the spot where the great object of his\\nhostility, and of his long and protracted pursuit,\\nwas dying.\\nDarius received the drink. He then said\\nthat he was extremely glad that they had an\\ninterpreter with them, who could understand\\nhim, and bear his message to Alexander. He\\nhad been afraid that he should have had to die\\nwithout being able to communicate what he\\nhad to say. Tell Alexander, said he, then,\\nthat I feel under the strongest obligations to\\nhim, which I can now never repay, for his\\nkindness to my wife, my mother, and my\\nchildren. He not only spared their lives, but\\ntreated them with the greatest consideration\\nand care, and did all in his power to make\\nthem happy. The last feeling in my heart is\\ngratitude to him for these favors. I hope now\\nthat he will go on prosperously, and finish his\\nconquests as triumphantly as he has begun\\nthem. He would have made one last request,\\nhe added, if he had thought it necessary, and\\nthat was, that Alexander would pursue the\\ntraitor Bessus, and avenge the murder he had\\ncommitted; but he was sure that Alexander", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 199\\nwould do this of his own accord, as the p^tiish-\\nment of such treachery was an object ol com-\\nmon interest for every king.\\nDarius then took Polystratus, the Mace-\\ndonian who had brought him the water, by the\\nhand, saying: Give Alexander thy hand as I\\nnow give thee mine; it is the pledge of my\\ngratitude and affection.\\nDarius was too weak to say much more.\\nThey gathered around him, endeavoring to\\nsustain his strength until Alexander should\\narrive but it was all in vain. He sank grad-\\nually, and soon ceased to breathe. Alexander\\ncame up a few minutes after all was over. He\\ni at first shocked at the spectacle before\\nand then overwhelmed with grief. He\\nbitterly. Some compunctions of con-\\nmay have visited his heart at seeing\\nthus before him the ruin he had made. Da-\\nrius had never injured him or done him any\\nwrong, and yet here he lay, hunted to death\\nby a persevering and relentless hostility, for\\nwhich his conqueror had no excuse but his\\ninnate love of dominion over his fellow-men.\\nAlexander spread his own military cloak over\\nthe dead body. He immediately made ar-\\nrangements for having the body embalmed, and\\nthen sent it to Susa, for Sysigambis, in a very\\ncostly coffiD, and with a procession of royal\\nmagnificence. He sent it to her that she\\nmight have the satisfaction of seeing it de-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "200 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nposited in the tombs of the Persian kings.\\nWhat a present! The killer of a son sending\\nthe dead body, in a splendid coffin, to the\\nmother, as a token of respectful regard\\nAlexander pressed on to the northward and\\neastward in pursuit of Bessus, who had soon\\ncollected the scattered remains of his army,\\nand was doing his utmost to get into a posture\\nof defense. He did not, however, overtake him\\ntill he had crossed the Oxus, a large river flow-\\ning to the northward and westward into the Cas-\\npian Sea. He had great difficulty in crossing\\nthis river, as it was too deep to be forded, and\\nthe banks and bottom were so sandy and yield-\\ning that he could not make the foundations of\\nbridges stand. He accordingly made floats and\\nrafts, which were supported by skins made\\nbuoyant by inflation, or by being stuffed with\\nstraw and hay. After getting his army, which\\nhad been in the meantime greatly reinforced\\nand strengthened, across this river, he moved\\non. The generals under Bessus, finding all\\nhope of escape failing them, resolved on be-\\ntraying him as he had betrayed his com-\\nmander. They sent word to Alexander that if\\nhe would send forward a small force where\\nthey should indicate, they would give up\\nBessus to his hands. Alexander did so, in-\\ntrusting the command to an officer named\\nPtolemy. Ptolemy found Bessus in a small\\nwalled town whither he had fled for refuge,", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "Alexander face p. XOU\\n15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander\\nThe Passage of the Ox us.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF DARIUS. 201\\nand easily took him prisoner. He sent back\\nword to Alexander that Bessus was at his dis-\\nposal, and asked for orders. The answer was:\\nPut a rope around his neck and send him to\\nme.\\nWhen the wretched prisoner was brought\\ninto Alexander s presence, Alexander demanded\\nof him how he could have been so base as to\\nhave seized, bound, and at last murdered his\\nkinsman and benefactor. It is a curious in-\\nstance in proof of the permanence and stability\\nof the great characteristics of human nature,\\nthrough all the changes of civilization and\\nlapses of time, that Bessus gave the same\\nanswer that wrongdoers almost always give\\nwhen brought to account for their wrongs. He\\nlaid the fault upon his accomplices and friends.\\nIt was not his act, it was theirs.\\nAlexander ordered him to be publicly\\nscourged; then he caused his face to be muti-\\nlated in a manner customary in those days,\\nwhen a tyrant wished to stamp upon his victim\\na perpetual mark of infamy. In this condi-\\ntion, and with a mind in an agony of suspense\\nand fear at the thought of worse tortures which\\nhe knew were to come, Alexander sent him as\\na second present to Sysigambis, to be dealt\\nwith, at Susa, as her revenge might direct.\\nShe inflicted upon him the most extreme tor-\\ntures, and finally, when satiated with the\\npleasure of seeing him suffer, the story is that", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "202 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nthey chose four very elastic trees, growing at\\na little ^distance from each other, and bent\\ndown the tops of them toward the central point\\nbetween them. They fastened the exhausted\\nand dying Bessus to these trees, one limb of\\nhis body to each, and then releasing the stems\\nfrom their confinement, they flew upward,\\ntearing the body asunder, each holding its own\\ndissevered portion, as if in triumph, far over\\nthe heads of the multitude assembled to wit-\\nness the spectacle.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nDETERIORATION OF CHARACTER,\\nAlexander was now twenty -six years of age.\\nHe had accomplished fully the great objects\\nwhich had been the aim of his ambition.\\nDarius was dead, and he was himself the un-\\ndisputed master of all western Asia. His\\nwealth was almost boundless. His power was\\nsupreme over what was, in his view, the whole\\nknown world. But, during the process of ris-\\ning to this ascendency, his character was sadly\\nchanged. He lost the simplicity, the temper-\\nance, the moderation, and the sense of justice\\nwhich characterized his early years. He\\nadopted the dress and the luxurious manners\\nof the Persians. He lived in the palaces of\\nthe Persian kings, imitating all their state and\\nsplendor. He became very fond of convivial\\nentertainments and of wine, and often drank\\nto excess. He provided himself a seraglio of\\nthree hundred and sixty young females, in\\nwhose company he spent his time, giving him-\\nself up to every form of effeminacy and dissi-\\npation. In a word, he was no longer the same\\n203", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "204 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nman. The decision, the energy of character,\\nthe steady pursuit of great ends by prudence,\\nforethought, patient effort, and self-denial, all\\ndisappeared nothing now seemed to interest\\nhim but banquets, carousals, parties of pleas-\\nure, and whole days and nights spent in dissi-\\npation and vice.\\nThis state of things was a great cause of\\nmortification and chagrin to the officers of his\\narmy. Many of them were older than him-\\nself, and better able to resist these temptations\\nto luxury, effeminacy, and vice. They there-\\nfore remained firm in their original simplicity\\nand integrity, and after some respectful but\\nineffectual remonstrances, they stood aloof,\\nalienated from their commander in heart, and\\ncondemning very strongly, among themselves,\\nhis wickedness and folly.\\n(On the other hand, many of the younger\\nofficers followed Alexander s example, and be-\\ncame as vain, as irregular, and as fond of\\nvicious indulgence as he. But then, though\\nthey joined him in his pleasures, there was no\\nstrong bond of union between him and them.\\nThe tie which binds mere companions in pleas-\\nure together is always very slight and frail.\\nThus Alexander gradually lost the confidence\\nand affection of his old friends, and gained no\\nnew ones. His officers either disapproved his\\nconduct, sjxd were distant and cold, or else\\njoined him in his dissipation and vice, without", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 205\\nfeeling any real respect for his character, or\\nbeing bound to him by any principle of fidelity.\\nParmenio and his son Philotas were, respec-\\ntively, striking examples of these two kinds of\\ncharacter. Parmenio was an old general, now\\nconsiderably advanced in life. He had served,\\nas has already been stated, under Philip,\\nAlexander s father, and had acquired great ex-\\nperience and great fame before Alexander suc-\\nceeded to the throne. During the whole of\\nAlexander s career Parmenio had been his\\nprincipal lieutenant-general, and he had\\nalways placed his greatest reliance upon him\\nin all trying emergencies. He was cool, calm,\\nintrepid, sagacious. He held Alexander back\\nfrom many rash enterprises, and was the effi-\\ncient means of his accomplishing most of his\\nplans. It is the custom among all nations to\\ngive kings the glory of all that is effected by\\ntheir generals and officers; and the writers of\\nthose days would, of course, in narrating the\\nexploits of the Macedonian army, exaggerate\\nthe share which Alexander had in their per-\\nformances, and underrate those of Parmenio.\\nBut in modern times, many impartial readers,\\nin reviewing calmly these events, think that\\nthere is reason to doubt whether Alexander, if\\nhe had set out on his great expedition without\\nParmenio, would have succeeded at all.\\nPhilotas was the son of Parmenio, but he\\nwas of a very different character. The differ-", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "206 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nence was one which is very often, in all ages\\nof the world, to be observed between those who\\ninherit greatness and those who acquire it for\\nthemselves. We see the same analogy reign-\\ning at the present day, when the sons of the\\nwealthy, who are born to fortune, substitute\\npride, and arrogance, and vicious self-indul-\\ngence, and waste for the modesty, and pru-\\ndence, and virtue of their sires, by means of\\nwhich the fortune was acquired. Philotas was\\nproud, boastful, extravagant, and addicted,\\nlike Alexander his master, to every species of\\nindulgence and dissipation. He was univer-\\nsally hated. His father, out of patience with\\nhis haughty airs, his boastings, and his pomp\\nand parade, advised him, one day, to make\\nhimself less. But Parmenio s prudent ad-\\nvice to his son was thrown away. Philotas\\nspoke of himself as Alexander s great reliance.\\nWhat would Philip have been or have done,\\nsaid he, without my father Parmenio? and\\nwhat would Alexander have been, or have done,\\nwithout me? These things were reported to\\nAlexander, and thus the mind of each was filled\\nwith suspicion, fear, and hatred toward the\\nother.\\nCourts and camps are always the scenes of\\nconspiracy and treason, and Alexander was\\ncontinually hearing of conspiracies and plots\\nformed against him. The strong sentiment of\\nlove and devotion with which he inspired all", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 207\\naround him at the commencement of his career,\\nwas now gone, and his generals and officers\\nwere continually planning schemes to depose\\nhim from the power which he seemed no longer\\nto have the energy to wield or, at least, Alex-\\nander was continually suspecting that such\\nplans were formed, and he was kept in a con-\\ntinual state of uneasiness and anxiety in dis-\\ncovering and punishing them.\\nAt last a conspiracy occurred in which Phi-\\nlotas was implicated. Alexander was informed\\none day that a plot had been formed to depose\\nand destroy him that Philotas had been made\\nacquainted with it by a friend of Alexander s,\\nin order that he might make it known to the\\nking; that he had neglected to do so, thus\\nmaking it probable that he was himself in\\nleague with the conspirators. Alexander was\\ninformed that th9 leader and originator of this\\nconspiracy was one of his generals named\\nDymnus.\\nHe immediately sent an officer to Dymnus to\\nsummon him into his presence. Dymnus ap-\\npeared to be struck with consternation at this\\nsummons. Instead of obeying it, he drew his\\nsword, thrust it into his own heart, and fell\\ndead upon the ground.\\nAlexander then sent for Philotas, and asked\\nhim if it was indeed true that he had been in-\\nformed of this conspiracy, and had neglected\\nto make it known.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "208 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nPhilotas replied that he had been told that\\nsuch a plot was formed, but that he did not\\nbelieve it; that such stories were continually\\ninvented by the malice of evil-disposed men,\\nand that he had not considered the report\\nwhich came to his ears as worthy of any atten-\\ntion. He was, however, now convinced, by\\nthe terror which Dymnus had manifested, and\\nby his suicide, that all was true, and he asked\\nAlexander s pardon for not having taken imme-\\ndiate measures for communicating promptly\\nthe information he had received.\\nAlexander gave him his hand, said that he\\nwas convinced that he was innocent, and had\\nacted as he did from disbelief in the existence\\nof the conspiracy, and not from any guilty\\nparticipation in it. So Philotas went away to\\nhis tent.\\nAlexander, however, did not drop the subject\\nhere. He called a council of his ablest and\\nbest friends and advisers, consisting of the\\nprincipal officers of his army, and laid the\\nfacts before them. They came to a different\\nconclusion from his in respect to the guilt of\\nPhilotas. They believed him implicated in\\nthe crime, and demanded his trial. Trial in\\nsuch a case, in those days, meant putting the\\naccused to the torture, with a view of forcing\\nhim to confess his guilt.\\nAlexander yielded to this proposal. Per-\\nhaps he had secretly instigated it. The ad-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 209\\nvisers of kings and conquerors, in such cir-\\ncumstances as this, generally have the sagacity\\nto discover what advice will be agreeable. At\\nall events, Alexander followed the advice of his\\ncounselors, and made arrangements for arrest-\\ning Philotas on that very evening.\\nThese circumstances occurred at a time when\\nthe army was preparing for a march, the\\nvarious generals lodging in tents pitched for\\nthe purpose. Alexander placed extra guards\\nin various parts of the encampment, as if to\\nimpress the whole army with a sense of the\\nimportance and solemnity of the occasion. He\\nthen sent officers to the tent of Philotas, late\\nat night, to arrest him. The officers found\\ntheir unhappy victim asleep. They awoke\\nhim, and made known their errand. Philotas\\narose, and obeyed the summons, dejected and\\ndistressed, aware, apparently, that his de-\\nstruction was impending.\\nThe next morning Alexander called together\\na large assembly, consisting of the principal\\nand most important portions of the army, to\\nthe number of several thousands. They came\\ntogether with an air of impressive solemnity,\\nexpecting, from the preliminary preparations,\\nthat business of very solemn moment was to\\ncome before them, though they knew not what\\nit was.\\nThese impressions of awe and solemnity\\nwere very much increased by the spectacle", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "210 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nwhich first met the eyes of the assembly after\\nthey were convened. This spectacle was that\\nof the dead body of Dymnus, bloody and\\nghastly, which Alexander ordered to be brought\\nin and exposed to view. The death of Dymnus\\nhad been kept a secret, so that the appearance\\nof his body was an unexpected as well as a\\nshocking sight. When the first feeling of sur-\\nprise and wonder had a little subsided, Alex-\\nander explained to the assembly the nature of\\nthe conspiracy, and the circumstances con-\\nnected with the self-execution of one of the\\nguilty participators in it. The spectacle of\\nthe body, and the statement of the king, pro-\\nduced a scene of great and universal excitement\\nin the assembly, and this excitement was\\nraised to the highest pitch by the announce-\\nment which Alexander now made, that he had\\nreason to believe that Philotas and his father\\nParmenio, officers who had enjoyed his highest\\nfavor, and in whom he had placed the most\\nunbounded confidence, were the authors and\\noriginators of the whole design.\\nHe then ordered Philotas to be brought in.\\nHe came guarded as a criminal, with his hands\\ntied behind him, and his head covered with a\\ncoarse cloth. He was in a state of great dejec-\\ntion and despondency. It is true that he was\\nbrought forward for trial, but he knew very\\nwell that trial meant torture, and that there\\nwas no hope for him as to the result, Alex-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 211\\nander said that he would leave the accused to\\nbe dealt with by the assembly, and withdrew.\\nThe authorities of the army, who now had\\nthe proud and domineering spirit which had\\nso long excited their hatred and envy com-\\npletely in their power, listened for a time to\\nwhat Philotas had to say in his own justifica-\\ntion. He showed that there was no evidence\\nwhatever against him, and appealed to their\\nsense of justice not to condemn him on mere\\nvague surmises. In reply, they decided to\\nput him to the torture. There was no evi-\\ndence, it was true, and they wished, accord-\\ningly, to supply its place by his own confes-\\nsion, extorted by pain. Of course, his most\\ninveterate and implacable enemies were ap-\\npointed to conduct the operation. They put\\nPhilotas upon the rack. The rack is an in-\\nstrument of wheels and pulleys, into which\\nthe victim is placed, and his limbs and ten-\\ndons are stretched by it in a manner which\\nproduces most excruciating pain.\\nPhilotas bore the beginning of his torture\\nwith great resolution and fortitude. He made\\nno complaint, he uttered no cry this was the\\nsignal to his executioners to increase the ten-\\nsion and the agony. Of course, in such a\\ntrial as this, there was no question of guilt or\\ninnocence at issue. The only question was,\\nwhich could stand out the longest, his enemies\\nin witnessing horrible sufferings, or he himself", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "212 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nin enduring them. In this contest the un-\\nhappy Philotas was vanquished at last. He\\nbegged them to release him from the rack, say-\\ning he would confess whatever they required,\\non condition of being allowed to die in peace.\\nThey accordingly released him, and, in an-\\nswer to their questions, he confessed that he\\nhimself and his father were involved in the\\nplot. He said yes to various other inquiries\\nrelating to the circumstances of the conspiracy,\\nand to the guilt of various individuals whom\\nthose that managed the torture had suspected,\\nor who, at any rate, they wished to have con-\\ndemned. The answers of Philotas to all these\\nquestions were written down, and he was him-\\nself sentenced to be stoned. The sentence was\\nput in execution without any delay.\\nDuring all this time Parmenio was in Media,\\nin command of a very important part of Alex-\\nander s army. It was decreed that he must\\ndie but some careful management was neces-\\nsary to secure his execution while he was at so\\ngreat a distance, and at the head of so great a\\nforce. The affair had to be conducted with\\ngreat secrecy as well a3 dispatch. The plan\\nadopted was as follows\\nThere was a certain man, named Polydamas,\\nwho was regarded as Parmenio s particular\\nfriend. Polydamas was commissioned to go\\nto Media and see the execution performed.\\nHe was selected, because it was supposed that", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 213\\nif any enemy, or a stranger, had been sent,\\nParmenio would have received him with sus-\\npicion, or at least with caution, and kept him-\\nself on his guard. They gave Polydamas\\nseveral letters to Parmenio, as if from his\\nfriends, and to one of them thoy attached the\\nseal of his son Philotas, the more completely\\nto deceive the unhappy father. Polydamas\\nwas eleven days on his journey into Media.\\nHe had letters to Oleander, the governor of the\\nprovince of Media, which contained the king s\\nwarrant for Parmenio s execution. He ar-\\nrived at the house of Oleander in the night.\\nHe delivered his letters, and they together\\nconcerted the plans for carrying the execution\\ninto effect.\\nAfter having taken all the precautions neces-\\nsary, Polydamas went, with many attendants\\naccompanying him, to the quarters of Parme-\\nnio. The old general, for he was at this time\\neighty years of age, was walking in his\\ngrounds. Polydamas being admitted, ran up\\nto accost him, with great appearance of cor-\\ndiality and friendship. He delivered to him\\nhis letters, and Parmenio read them. He\\nseemed much pleased with their contents,\\nespecially with the one which had been written\\nin the name of his son. He had no means of\\ndetecting the imposture, for it was very cus-\\ntomary in those days for letters to be written\\nby secretaries, and to be authenticated solely\\nby the seal.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "2H ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nParmenio was much pleased to get good\\ntidings from Alexander, and from his son, and\\nbegan conversing upon the contents of the\\nletters, when Polydamas, watching his oppor-\\ntunity, drew forth a dagger which he had con-\\ncealed upon his person, and plunged it into\\nParmenio s side. He drew it forth imme-\\ndiately and struck it at his throat. The at-\\ntendants rushed on at this signal, and thrust\\ntheir swords again and again into the fallen\\nbody until it ceased to breathe.\\nThe death of Parmenio and of his son in\\nthis violent manner, when, too, there was so\\nlittle evidence of their guilt, made a very gen-\\neral and a very unfavorable impression in re-\\nspect to Alexander; and not long afterward\\nanother case occurred, in some respects still\\nmore painful, as it evinced still more strik-\\ningly that the mind of Alexander, which had\\nbeen in his earlier days filled with such noble\\nand lofty sentiments of justice and generosity,\\nwas gradually getting to be under the supreme\\ndominion of selfish and ungovernable passions:\\nit was the case of Clitus.\\nClitus was a very celebrated general of Alex-\\nander s army, and a great favorite with the\\nking. He had, in fact, on one occasion saved\\nAlexander s life. It was at the battle of the\\nGranicus. Alexander had exposed himself in\\nthe thickest of the combat, and was surrounded\\nby enemies. The sword of one of them was", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 215\\nactually raised over his head, and would have\\nfallen and killed him on the spot, if Clitus\\nhad not rushed forward and cut the man down\\njust at the instant when he was about striking\\nthe blow. Such acts of fidelity and courage as\\nthis had given Alexander great confidence in\\nClitus. It happened, shortly after the death\\nof Parmenio, that the governor of one of the\\nmost important provinces of the empire re-\\nsigned his post. Alexander appointed Clitus\\nto fill the vacancy.\\nThe evening before his departure to take\\ncharge of his government, Alexander invited\\nhim to a banquet, made, partly at least, in\\nhonor of his elevation. Clitus and the other\\nguests assembled. They drank wine, as\\nusual, with great freedom. Alexander became\\nexcited, and began to speak, as he was now\\noften accustomed to do, boastingly of his own\\nexploits, and to disparage those of his father\\nPhilip in comparison.\\nMen half-intoxicated are very prone to\\nquarrel, and not the less so for being excellent\\nfriends when sober. Clitus had served under\\nPhilip. He was now an old man, and, like\\nother old men, was very tenacious of the glory\\nthat belonged to the exploits of his youth. He\\nwas very restless and uneasy at hearing Alex-\\nander claim for himself the merit of his father\\nPhilip s victory at Chaeronea, and began to\\nmurmur something to thoae who sat next to\\n16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "216 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nhim about kings claiming and getting a great\\ndeal of glory which did not belong to them.\\nAlexander asked what it was that Clitus said.\\nNo one replied. Clitus, however, went on talk-\\ning, speaking more and more audibly as he be-\\ncame gradually more and more excited. He\\npraised the character of Philip, and applauded\\nhis military exploits, saying that they were far\\nsuperior to any of the enterprises of their day.\\nThe different parties at the table took up the\\nsubject, and began to dispute, the old men\\ntaking the part of Philip and former days, and\\nthe younger defending Alexander. Clitus be-\\ncame more and more excited. He praised\\nParmenio, who had been Philip s greatest\\ngeneral, and began to impugn the justice of\\nhis late condemnation and death.\\nAlexander retorted, and Clitus, rising from\\nhis seat, and losing now all self-command, re-\\nproached him with severe and bitter words.\\nHere is the hand, said he, extending his\\narm, that saved your life at the battle of the\\nGranicus, and the fate of Parmenio shows what\\nsort of gratitude and what rewards faithful\\nservants are to expect at your hands. Alex-\\nander, burning with rage, commanded Clitus\\nto leave the table. Clitus obeyed, saying, as\\nhe moved away, He is right not to bear free-\\nborn men at his table who can only tell him\\nthe truth. He is right. It is fitting for him\\nto pass his life among barbarians and slaves,", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "DETERIORATION OF CHARACTER. 217\\nwho will be proud to pay their adoration to\\nhis Persian girdle and his splendid robe.\\nAlexander seized a javelin to hurl at Clitus\\nhead. The guests rose in confusion, and with\\nmany outcries pressed around him. Some\\nseized Alexander s arm, some began to hurry\\nClitus out of the room, and some were engaged\\nin loudly criminating and threatening each\\nother. They got Clitus out of the apartment,\\nbut as soon as he was in the hall he broke\\naway from them, returned by another door,\\nand began to renew his insults to Alexander.\\nThe king hurled his javelin and struck Clitus\\ndown, saying, at the same time, Go, then,\\nand join Philip and Parmenio. The com-\\npany rushed to the rescue of the unhappy man^\\nbut it was too late. He died almost imme-\\ndiately.\\nAlexander, as soon as he came to himself,\\nwas overwhelmed with remorse and despair.\\nHe mourned bitterly, for many days, the death\\nof his long-tried and faithful friend, and exe-\\ncrated the intoxication and passion, on his\\npart, which had caused it. He could not,\\nhowever, restore Clitus to life, nor remove\\nfrom his own character the indelible stains\\nwhich such deeds necessarily fixed upon it.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XII.\\nALEXANDER S END,\\nAfter the events narrated in the last chap-\\nter, Alexander continued, for two or three\\nyears, his expeditions and conquests in Asia,\\nand in the course of them he met with a great\\nvariety of adventures which cannot be here\\nparticularly described. He penetrated into\\nIndia as far as the banks of the Indus, and,\\nnot content with this, was preparing to cross\\nthe Indus and go on to the Ganges. His sol-\\ndiers, however, resisted this design. They were\\nalarmed at the stories which they heard of the\\nIndian armies, with elephants bearing castles\\nupon their backs, and soldiers armed with\\nstrange and unheard-of weapons. These rumors\\nand the natural desire of the soldiers not to go\\naway any further from their native land, pro-\\nduced almost a mutiny in the army. At\\nlength, Alexander, learning how strong and\\nhow extensive the spirit of insubordination was\\nbecoming, summoned his officers to his own\\ntent, and then ordering the whole army to\\ngather around, he went out to meet them.\\n218", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "Alexander, fact p. X)8\\nAn Indian Army Elephant.", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 219\\nHe made an address to them, in which he\\nrecounted all their past exploits, praised the\\ncourage and perseverance which they had\\nshown thus far, and endeavored to animate\\nthem with a desire to proceed. They listened\\nin silence, and no one attempted to reply.\\nThis solemn pause was followed by marks of\\ngreat agitation throughout the assembly.\\nThe army loved their commander, notwith-\\nstanding his faults and failings. They were\\nextremely unwilling to make any resistance to\\nhis authority but they had lost that extreme\\nand unbounded confidence in his energy and\\nvirtue which made them ready, in the former\\npart of his career, to press forward into any\\ndifficulties and dangers whatever, where he led\\nthe way.\\nAt last one of the army approached the king,\\nand addressed him somewhat as follows\\nWe are not changed, sir, in our affection\\nfor you. We still have, and shall always re-\\ntain, the same zeal and the same fidelity. We\\nare ready to follow you at the hazard of our\\nlives, and to march wherever you may lead us.\\nStill we must ask you, most respectfully, to\\nconsider the circumstances in which we are\\nplaced. We have done all for you that it was\\npossible for man to do. We have crossed seas\\nand land. We have marched to the end of the\\nworld, and you are now meditating the con-\\nquest of another, by going in search of new", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "220 ALEXANDER THE GREAt.\\nIndias, unknown to the Indians themselves.\\nSuch a thought may be worthy of your courage\\nand resolution, but it surpasses ours, and our\\nstrength still more. Look at these ghastly\\nfaces, and these bodies covered with wounds\\nand scars. Kemember how numerous we w r ere\\nwhen first we set out with you, and see how\\nfew of us remain. The few who have escaped\\nso many toils and dangers have neither courage\\nnor strength to follow you any further. They\\nall long to revisit their country and their\\nhomes, and to enjoy, for the remainder of\\ntheir lives, the fruits of all their toils. For-\\ngive them these desires, so natural to man.\\nThe expression of these sentiments confirmed\\nand strengthened them in the minds of all the\\nsoldiers. Alexander was greatly troubled and\\ndistressed. A disaffection in a small part of\\nan army may be put down by decisive meas-\\nures; but when the determination to resist is\\nuniversal, it is useless for any commander,\\nhowever imperious and absolute in temper, to\\nattempt to withstand it. Alexander, however,\\nwas extremely unwilling to yield. He re-\\nmained two days shut up in his tent, the prey\\nto disappointment and chagrin.\\nThe result, however, was, that he abandoned\\nplans of further conquest, and turned his steps\\nagain toward the west. He met with various\\nadventures as he went on, and incurred many\\ndangers, often in a rash and foolish manner,", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 2gl\\nand for no good end. At one time, while at-\\ntacking a small town, he seized a scaling ladder\\nand mounted with the troops. In doing this,\\nhowever, he put himself forward so rashly and\\ninconsiderately that his ladder was broken,\\nand while the rest retreated he was left alone\\nupon the wall, whence he descended into the\\ntown, and was immediately surrounded by\\nenemies. His friends raised their ladders\\nagain, and pressed on desperately to find and\\nrescue him. Some gathered around him and\\ndefended him, while others contrived to open\\na small gate, by which the rest of the army\\ngained admission. By this means Alexander\\nwas saved; though, when they brought him\\nout of the city, there was an arrow three feet\\nlong, which could not be extracted, sticking\\ninto his side through his coat of mail.\\nThe surgeons first very carefully cut off the\\nwooden shaft of the arrow, and then, enlarging\\nthe wound by incisions, they drew out the\\nbarbed point. The soldiers were indignant\\nthat Alexander should expose his person in\\nsuch a foolhardy way, only to endanger him-\\nself, and to compel them to rush into danger to\\nrescue him. The wound very nearly proved\\nfatal. The loss of blood was attended with\\nextreme exhaustion still, in the course of a\\nfew weeks he recovered.\\nAlexander s habits of intoxication and\\nvicious excess of all kinds were, in the mean 4", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "222 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ntime, continually increasing. He not only in-\\ndulged in such excesses himself, but he encour-\\naged them in others. He would offer prizes\\nat his banquets to those who would drink the\\nmost. On one of these occasions, the man\\nwho conquered drank, it is said, eighteen or\\ntwenty pints of wine, after which he lingered\\nin misery for three days, and then died; and\\nmore than forty others, present at the same\\nentertainment, died in consequence of their\\nexcesses.\\nAlexander returned toward Babylon. His\\nfriend Hephaestion was with him, sharing\\nwith him everywhere in all the vicious indul-\\ngences to which he had become so prone.\\nAlexander gradually separated himself more\\nand more from his old Macedonian friends,\\nand linked himself more and more closely with\\nPersian associates. He married Statira, the\\noldest daughter of Darius, and gave the young-\\nest daughter to Hephaestion. He encouraged\\nsimilar marriages between Macedonian officers\\nand Persian maidens, as far as he could. In\\na word, he seemed intent in merging, in every\\nway, his original character and habits of\\naction in the effeminacy, luxury, and vice of\\nthe Eastern world, which he had at first so\\nlooked down upon and despised.\\nAlexander s entrance into Babylon, on his\\nreturn from his Indian campaigns, was a scene\\nof great magnificence and splendor. Ambas-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 223\\nsadors and princes had assembled there from\\nalmost all the nations of the earth to receive\\nand welcome him, and the most ample prepa-\\nrations were made for processions, shows,\\nparades, and spectacles to do him honor. The\\nwhole country was in a state of extreme excite-\\nment, and the most expensive preparations\\nwere made to give him a reception worthy of\\none who was the conqueror and monarch of\\nthe world, and the son of a god.\\nWhen Alexander approached the city, how-\\never, he was met by a deputation of Chaldean\\nastrologers. The astrologers were a class of\\nphilosophers who pretended, in those days, to\\nforetell human events by means of the motions\\nof the stars. The motions of the stars were\\nstudied very closely in early times, and in\\nthose Eastern countries, by the shepherds, who\\nhad often to remain in the open air, through\\nthe summer nights, to watch their flocks.\\nThese shepherds observed that nearly all the\\nstars were fixed in relation to each other, that\\nis, although they rose successively in the east,\\nand, passing over, set in the west, they did\\nnot change in relation to each other. There\\nwere, however, a few that wandered about\\namong the rest in an irregular and unaccount-\\nable manner. They called these stars the\\nwanderers that is, in their language, the\\nplanets and they watched their mysterious\\nmovements with great interest and awe. They", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "224 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nnaturally imagined that these changes had\\nsome connection with human affairs, and they\\nendeavored to prognosticate from them the\\nevents, whether prosperous or adverse, which\\nwere to befall mankind. Whenever a comet\\nor an eclipse appeared, they thought it por-\\ntended some terrible calamity. The study of\\nthe motions and appearances of the stars, with\\na view to foretell the course of human affairs,\\nwas the science of astrology.\\nThe astrologers came, in a very solemn and\\nimposing procession, to meet Alexander on his\\nmarch. They informed him that they had\\nfound indubitable evidence in the stars that, if\\nhe came into Babylon, he would hazard his\\nlife. They accordingly begged him not to ap-\\nproach any nearer, but to choose some other\\ncity for his capital. Alexander was very much\\nperplexed by this announcement. His mind,\\nweakened by effeminacy and dissipation, was\\nvery susceptible to superstitious fears. It\\nwas not merely by the debilitating influence of\\nvicious indulgence on the nervous constitution\\nthat this effect was produced. It was, in part,\\nthe moral influence of conscious guilt. Guilt\\nmakes men afraid. It not only increases the\\npower of real dangers, but predisposes the\\nmind to all sorts of imaginary fears.\\nAlexander was very much troubled at this\\nannouncement of the astrologers. He sus-\\npended his march, and began anxiously to", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 225\\nconsider what to do. At length the Greek\\nphilosophers came to him and reasoned with\\nhim on the subject, persuading him that the\\nscience of astrology was not worthy of any\\nbelief. The Greeks had no faith in astrology.\\nThey foretold future events by the flight of\\nbirds, or by the appearances presented in the\\ndissection of beasts offered in sacrifice\\nAt length, however, Alexander s fears were\\nso far allayed that he concluded to enter the\\ncity. He advanced, accordingly, with his\\nwhole army, and made his entry under cir-\\ncumstances of the greatest possible parade and\\nsplendor. As soon, however, as the excite-\\nment of the first few days had passed away,\\nhis mind relapsed again, and he became anx-\\nious, troubled, and unhappy.\\nHephsestion, his great personal friend and\\ncompanion, had died while he was on the\\nmarch toward Babylon. He was brought to\\nthe grave by diseases produced by dissipation\\nand vice. Alexander was very much moved by\\nhis death. It threw him at once into a fit of\\ndespondency and gloom. It was some time\\nbefore he could at all overcome the melancholy\\nreflections and forebodings which this event\\nproduced. He determined that, as soon as he\\narrived in Babylon, he would do all possible\\nhonor to Hephaestion s memory by a magnifi-\\ncent funeral.\\nHe accordingly now sent orders tc %U the", "height": "3998", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "226 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\ncities and kingdoms around, and collected a\\nvast sum for this purpose. He had a part of\\nthe city wall pulled down to furnish a site for\\na monumental edifice. This edifice was con-\\nstructed of an enormous size and most elabo-\\nrate architecture. It was ornamented with long\\nrows of prows of ships 5 taken by Alexander in\\nhis victories, and by statues, and columns, and\\nsculptures, and gilded ornaments of every\\nkind. There were images of sirens on the en-\\ntablatures near the roof, which, by means of a\\nmechanism concealed within, were made to\\nsing dirges and mournful songs. The expense\\nof this edifice, and of the games, shows, and\\nspectacles connected with its consecration, is\\nsaid by the historians of the day to have been\\na sum which, on calculation, is found equal to\\nabout ten millions of dollars.\\nThere were, however, some limits still to\\nAlexander s extravagance and folly. There\\nwas a mountain in Greece, Mount Athos,\\nwhich a certain projector said could be carved\\nand fashioned into the form of a man prob-\\nably in a recumbent posture. There was a city\\non one of the declivities of the mountain, and a\\nsmall river, issuing from springs in the\\nground, came down on the other side. The\\nartist who conceived of this prodigious piece\\nof sculpture said that he would so shape the\\nfigure that the city should be in one of its\\nhands, and the river should flow out from the\\nother.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 227\\nAlexander listened to this proposal. The\\nname Mount Athos recalled to his mind the\\nattempt of Xerxes, a former Persian king, who\\nhad attempted to cut a road through the rocks\\nupon apart of Mount Athos, in the invasion of\\nGreece. He did not succeed, but left the un-\\nfinished work a lasting memorial both of the\\nattempt and the failure. Alexander concluded\\nat length that he would not attempt such a\\nsculpture. Mount Athos, said he, is\\nalready the monument of one king s folly I\\nwill not make it that of another.\\nAs soon as the excitement connected with\\nthe funeral obsequies of Hephsestion were\\nover, Alexander s mind relapsed again into a\\nstate of gloomy melancholy. This depression,\\ncaused, as it was, by previous dissipation and\\nvice, seemed to admit of no remedy or relief\\nbut in new excesses. The traces, however, of\\nhis former energy so far remained that he\\nbegan to form magnificent plans for the im-\\nprovement of Babylon. He commenced the\\nexecution of some of these plans. His time\\nwas spent, in short, in strange alternations\\nresolution and energy in forming vast plans\\none day, and utter abandonment to all the ex-\\ncesses of dissipation and vice the next. It\\nwas a mournful spectacle to see his former\\ngreatness of soul still struggling on, though\\nmore and more faintly, as it became gradually\\noverborne by the resistless inroads of intern-\\n17\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "228 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nperance and sin. The scene was at length\\nsuddenly terminated in the following man-\\nner:\\nOn one occasion, after he had spent a whole\\nnight in drinking and carousing, the guests,\\nwhen the usual time arrived for separating,\\nproposed that, instead of this, they should\\nbegin anew, and commence a second banquet\\nat the end of the first. Alexander, half-intox-\\nicated already, entered warmly into this pro-\\nposal. They assembled, accordingly, in a\\nvery short time. There were twenty present\\nat this new feast. Alexander, to show how\\nfar he was from having exhausted his powers\\nof drinking, began to pledge each one of the\\ncompany individually. Then he drank to\\nthem all together. There was a very large\\ncup, called the bowl of Hercules, which he now\\ncalled for, and, after having filled it to the\\nbrim, he drank it off to the health of one of\\nthe company present, a Macedonian named\\nProteas. This feat being received by the\\ncompany with great applause, he ordered the\\ngreat bowl to be filled again, and drank it off\\nas before.\\nThe work was now done. His faculties and\\nhis strength soon failed him, and he sank\\ndown to the floor. They bore him away to his\\npalace. A violent fever intervened, which the\\nphysicians did all in their power to allay. As\\nsoon as his leason returned a little, Alexander", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 229\\naroused himself from his lethargy, and tried\\nto persuade himself that he should recover.\\nHe began to issue orders in regard to the\\narmy, and to his ships, as if such a turning of\\nhis mind to the thoughts of power and empire\\nwould help bring him back from the brink of\\nthe grave toward which he had been so ob-\\nviously tending. He was determined, in fact,\\nthat he would not die.\\nHe soon found, however, notwithstanding\\nhis efforts to be vigorous and resolute, that\\nhis strength was fast ebbing away. The vital\\npowers had received a fatal wound, and he\\nsoon felt that they could sustain themselves but\\nlittle longer. He came to the conclusion that\\nhe must die. He drew his signet ring off\\nfrom his finger; it was a token that he felt\\nthat all was over. He handed the ring to one\\nof his friends who stood by his bedside.\\nWhen I am gone, said he, take my body\\nto the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, and inter it\\nthere.\\nThe generals who were around him advanced\\nto his bedside, and one after another kissed\\nhis hand. Their old affection for him revived\\nas they saw him about to take leave of them\\nforever. They asked him to whom he wished\\nto leave his empire. To the most worthy,\\nsaid he. He meant, doubtless, by this\\nevasion, that he was too weak and exhausted\\nto think of such affairs. He knew, probably,", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "230 ALEXANDER THE GREAT,\\nthat it was useless for him to attempt to con-\\ntrol the government of his empire after his\\ndeath. He said, in fact, that he foresaw that\\nthe decision of such questions would give rise\\nto some strange funeral games after his de-\\ncease. Soon after this he died.\\nThe palaces of Babylon were immediately\\nfilled with cries of mourning at the death of\\nthe prince, followed by bitter and intermina-\\nble disputes about the succession. It had not\\nbeen the aim of Alexander s life to establish\\nfirm and well-settled governments in the coun-\\ntries that he conquered, to encourage order,\\nand peace, and industry among men, and to in-\\ntroduce system and regularity in human affairs,\\nso as to leave the world in a better condition\\nthan he found it. In this respect his course of\\nconduct presents a strong contrast wi-th that of\\nWashington. It was Washington s aim to t\\nmature and perfect organizations which would\\nmove on prosperously of themselves, without\\nhim; and he was continually withdrawing his\\nhand from action and control in public affairs,\\ntaking a higher pleasure in the independent\\nworking of the institutions which he had\\nformed and protected than in exercising, him-\\nself, a high personal power. Alexander, on\\nthe other hand, was all his life intent solely on\\nenlarging and strengthening his own personal\\npower. He was all in all. He wished to\\nmake himself so. He never thought of the", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 233\\nwelfare of the countries which he had subjected\\nto his sway, or did anything to guard against\\nthe anarchy and civil wars which he knew full\\nwell would break out at once over all his vast\\ndominions, as soon as his power came to an\\nend*\\nThe result was as might have been foreseen.\\nThe whole vast field of his conquests became,\\nfor many long and weary years after Alexan-\\nder s death, the prey to the most ferocious and\\nprotracted civil wars. Each general and\\ngovernor seized the power which Alexander s\\ndeath left in his hands, and endeavored to de-\\nfend himself in the possession of it against the\\nothers. Thus the devastation and misery\\nwhich the making of these conquests brought\\nupon Europe and Asia were continued for\\nmany years, during the slow and terrible pro-\\ncess of their return to their original condition.\\nIn the exigency of the moment, however, at\\nAlexander s death, the generals who were in\\nhis court at the time assembled forthwith, and\\nmade an attempt to appoint some one to take\\nthe immediate command. They spent a week\\nin stormy debates on this subject. Alexander\\nhad left no legitimate heir, and he had de-\\nclined, when on his deathbed, as we have\\nalready seen, to appoint a successor. Among\\nhis wives if, indeed, they may be called\\nwives there was one named Roxana, who had\\na son not long after his death. This son was", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "234 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nultimately named his successor; but, in the\\nmeantime, a certain relative named Aridseus\\nwas chosen by the generals to assume the com-\\nmand. The selection of Aridseus was a sort\\nof compromise. He had no talents or capacity\\nwhatever, and was chosen by the rest on that\\nvery account, each one thinking that if such\\nan imbecile as Aridseus was nominally the\\nking, he could himself manage to get posses-\\nsion of the real power. Aridseus accepted the\\nappointment, but he was never able to make\\nhimself king in anything but the name.\\nIn the meantime, as the tidings of Alexan-\\nder s death spread over the empire, it pro-\\nduced very various effects, according to the\\npersonal feelings in respect to Alexander en-\\ntertained by the various personages and powers\\nto which the intelligence came. Some, who\\nhad admired his greatness, and the splendor\\nof his exploits, without having themselves ex-\\nperienced the bitter fruits of them, mourned\\nand lamented his death. Others, whose for-\\ntunes had been ruined, and whose friends and\\nrelatives had been destroyed, in the course, or\\nin the sequel of his victories, rejoiced that he\\nwho had been such a scourge and curse to\\nothers, had himself sunk, at last, under the\\njust judgment of heaven.\\nWe should have expected that Sysigambis,\\nthe bereaved and widowed mother of Darius,\\nwould have been among those who would have", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 235\\nexulted most highly at the conqueror s death;\\nbut history tells us that, instead of this, she\\nmourned over it with a protracted and incon-\\nsolable grief. Alexander had been, in fact,\\nthough the implacable enemy of her son, a\\nfaithful and generous friend to her. He had\\ntreated her, at all times, with the utmost re-\\nspect and consideration, had supplied all her\\nwants, and ministered, in every way, to her\\ncomfort and happiness. She had gradually\\nlearned to think of him and to love him as a\\nson; he, in fact, always called her mother;\\nand when she learned that he was gone, she\\nfelt as if her last earthly protector was gone.\\nHer life had been one continued scene of afflic-\\ntion and sorrow, and this last blow brought\\nher to her end. She pined away, perpetually\\nrestless and distressed. She lost all desire for\\ni cod, and refused, like others who are suffer-\\ning great mental anguish, to take the suste-\\nnance which her friends and attendants offered\\nand urged upon her. At length she died.\\nThey said she starved herself to death but it\\nwas, probably, grief and despair at being thus\\nleft, in her declining years, so hopelessly\\nfriendless and alone, and not hunger, that\\ndestroyed her.\\nIn striking contrast to this mournful scene\\nof sorrow in the palace of Sysigambis, there\\nwas an exhibition of the most wild and tumul-\\ntuous joy in the streets, and in all the public", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "236 ALEXANDER THE GREAT,\\nplaces of resort in the city of Athens, when\\nthe tidings of the death of the great Macedo-\\nnian king arrived there. The Athenian com-\\nmonwealth, as well as all the other states of\\nSouthern Greece, had submitted very reluct-\\nantly to the Macedonian supremacy. They\\nhad resisted Philip, and they had resisted\\nAlexander. Their opposition had been at last\\nsuppressed and silenced by Alexander s terri-\\nble vengeance upon Thebes, but it never was\\nreally subdued. Demosthenes, the orator,\\nwho had exerted so powerful an influence\\nagainst tho Macedonian kings, had been sent\\ninto banishment, and all outward expressions\\nof discontent were restrained. The discontent\\nand hostility existed still, however, as inveter-\\nate as ever, and was ready to break out anew,\\nwith redoubled violence, the moment that the\\nterrible energy of Alexander himself was no\\nlonger to be feared.\\nWhen, therefore, the rumor arrived at\\nAthens for at first it was a mere rumor that\\nAlexander was dead in Babylon, the whole\\ncity was thrown into a state of the most tu-\\nmultuous joy. The citizens assembled in the\\npublic places, and congratulated and har-\\nangued each other with expressions of the great-\\nest exultation. They were for proclaiming\\ntheir independence and declaring war against\\nMacedon on the spot. Some of the older and\\nmore sagacious of their counselors were, how-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 237\\never, more composed arid calm. They recom-\\nmended a little delay, in order to see whether\\nthe news was really true. Phocion, in partic-\\nular, who was one of the prominent statesmen\\nof the city, endeavored to quiet the excitement\\nof the people. Do not let us be so precipi-\\ntate, said he. There is time enough. If\\nAlexander is really dead to-day, he will be\\ndead to-morrow, and the next day, so that\\nthere will be time enough for us to act with\\ndeliberation and discretion.\\nJust and true as this view of the subject was,\\nthere was too much of rebuke and satire in it to\\nhave much influence with those to whom it was\\naddressed. The people were resolved on war.\\nThey sent commissioners into all the states\\nof the Peloponnesus to organize a league,\\noffensive and defensive, against Macedon.\\nThey recalled Demosthenes from his banish-\\nment, and adopted all the necessary military\\nmeasures for establishing and maintaining\\ntheir freedom. The consequences of all this\\nwould doubtless have been very serious, if the\\nrumor of Alexander s death had proved false;\\nbut, fortunately for Demosthenes and the\\nAthenians, it was soon abundantly confirmed.\\nThe return of Demosthenes to the city was\\nlike the triumphal entry of a conqueror. At\\nthe time of his recall he was at the island of\\niEgina, which is about forty miles southwest\\nof Athens, in one of the gulfs of the iEgean", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "238 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nSea. They sent a public galley to receive\\nhim, and to bring him to the land. It was a\\ngalley of three banks of oars, and was fitted up\\nin a style to do honor to a public guest. Athens\\nis situated some distance back from the sea,\\nand has a small port, called the Piraeus, at the\\nshore a long, straight avenue leading from\\nthe port to the city. The galley by which\\nDemosthenes was conveyed landed at the\\nPiraeus. All the civil and religious author-\\nities of the city went down to the port, in a\\ngrand procession, to receive and welcome the\\nexile on his arrival, and a large portion of the\\npopulation followed in the train, to witness\\nthe spectacle, and to swell by their acclama-\\ntions the general expression of joy.\\nIn the meantime, the preparations for Alex-\\nander s funeral had been going on, upon a\\ngreat scale of magnificence and splendor. It\\nwas two years before they were complete. The\\nbody had been given, first, to be embalmed,\\naccording to the Egyptian and Chaldean art,\\nand then had been placed in a sort of sarco-\\nphagus, in which it was to be conveyed to its\\nlong home. Alexander, it will be remembered\\nhad given directions that it should be taken to\\nthe temple of Jupiter Ammon, in the Egyptian\\noasis, where he had been pronounced the son\\nof a god. It would seem incredible that such\\na mind as his could really admit such an\\nabsurd superstition as the story of his divine", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 239\\norigin, and we must therefore suppose that he\\ngave this direction in order that the place of\\nhis interment might confirm the idea of his\\nsuperhuman nature in the general opinion of\\nmankind. At all events, such were his orders,\\nand the authorities who were left in power at\\nBabylon after his death, prepared to execute\\nthem.\\nIt was a long journey. To convey a body,\\nby a regular funeral procession, formed as\\nsoon after the death as the arrangements could\\nbe made, from Babylon to the eastern frontiers\\nof Egypt, a distance of a thousand miles, was\\nperhaps as grand a plan of interment as was\\never formed. It has something like a parallel\\nin the removal of Napoleon s body from St.\\nHelena to Paris, though this was not really an\\ninterment, but a transfer. Alexander s was a\\nsimple burial procession, going from the\\npalace where he died to the proper cemetery\\na march of a thousand miles, it is true, but all\\nwithin his own dominions. The greatness of\\nit resulted simply from the magnitude of the\\nscale on which everything pertaining to the\\nmighty here was performed, for it was nothing\\nbut a simple passage from the dwelling to the\\nburial ground, on his own estates, after all.\\nA very large and elaborately constructed\\ncarriage was built to convey the body. The\\naccounts of the richness and splendor of this\\nvehicle are almost incredible. The spokes", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "240 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nand naves of the wheels were overlaid with\\ngold, and the extremities of the axles, where\\nthey appeared outside at the centers of the\\nwheels, were adorned with massive golden\\nornaments. The wheels and axletrees were so\\nlarge, and so far apart, that there was sup-\\nported upon them a platform or floor for the\\ncarriage twelve feet wide and eighteen feet\\nlong. Upon this platform there was erected a\\nmagnificent pavilion, supported by Ionic\\ncolumns, and profusely ornamented, both with-\\nin and without, with purple and gold. The\\ninterior constituted an apartment, more or less\\nopen at the sides, and resplendent within with\\ngems and precious stones. The space of twelve\\nfeet by eighteen forms a chamber of no incon-\\nsiderable size, and there was thus ample room\\nfor what was required within. There was a\\nthrone, raised some steps, and placed back\\nupon the platform, profusely carved and gilded.\\nIt was empty but crowns, representing the\\nvarious nations over whom Alexander had\\nreigned, were hung upon it. At the foot of\\nthe throne was the coffin, made, it is said, of\\nsolid gold, and containing, besides the body,\\na large quantity of the most costly spices and\\naromatic perfumes, which filled the air with\\ntheir odor. The arms which Alexander wore\\nwere laid out in view, also, between the coffin\\nand the throne.\\nOn the four sides of the carriage were basso", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER S END. 241\\nrelievos, that is, sculptured figures raised from\\na surface, representing Alexander himself,\\nwith various military concomitants. There\\nwere Macedonian columns, and Persian squad-\\nrons, and elephants of India, and troops of\\nhorse, and various other emblems of the de-\\nparted hero s greatness and power. Around\\nthe pavilion, too, there was a fringe or net-\\nwork of golden lace, to the pendents of which\\nwere attached bells, which tolled continually,\\nwith a mournful sound, as the carriage moved\\namong. A long column of mules, sixty-four\\nin number, arranged in sets of four, drew this\\nponderous car. These mules were all selected\\nfor their great size and strength, and were\\nsplendidly caparisoned. They had collars and\\nharnesses mounted with gold, and enriched\\nwith precious stones.\\nBefore the procession set out from Babylon,\\nan army of pioneers and workmen went for-\\nward to repair the roads, strengthen the\\nbridges, and remove the obstacles along the\\nwhole line of route over which the train was to\\npass. At length, when all was ready, the\\nsolemn procession began to move, and passed\\nout through the gates of Babylon. No pen\\ncan describe the enormous throngs of specta-\\ntors that assembled to witness its departure,\\nand that gathered along the route, as it passed\\nslowly on from city to city, in its long and\\nweary way.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "242 ALEXANDER THE GREAT.\\nNotwithstanding all tins pomp and parade,\\nhowever, the body never reached its intended\\ndestination. Ptolemy, the officer to whom\\nEgypt fell in the division of Alexander s em-\\npire, came forth with a grand escort of troops\\nto meet the funeral procession as it came into\\nEgypt. He preferred, for some reason or\\nother, that the body should be interred in the\\ncity of Alexandria. It was accordingly de-\\nposited there, and a great monument was\\nerected over the spot. This monument is said\\nto have remained standing for fifteen hundred\\nyears, but all vestiges of it have now disap-\\npeared. The city of Alexandria itself, how-\\never, is the conqueror s real monument; the\\ngreatest and best, pernaps, that any conqueror\\never left behind him. It is a monument, too,\\nthat time will not destroy its position and\\ncharacter, as Alexander foresaw, by bringing\\nit a continued renovation, secure its per-\\npetuity.\\nAlexander earned well the name and reputa-\\ntion of The Great. He was truly great in all\\nthose powers and capacities which can elevate\\none man above his fellows. We cannot help\\napplauding the extraordinary energy of his\\ngenius, though we condemn the selfish and\\ncruel ends to which his life was devoted.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS*\\nYoung People s Library.\\nPrice, 50 Cents Each.\\nROBINSON CRUSOE His Life and Strange Surprising\\nAdventures. With 70 beautiful illustrations by Walter\\nPaget. Arranged for young readers.\\nThere exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment,\\nwhich has been more generally read, and universally admired.\\nWalter Scott.\\nALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With 42\\nillustrations by John Tenniel.\\nThis is Carroll s immortal story. Athen zum.\\nThe most delightful of children s stories. Elegant and deli-\\ncious nonsense. Saturday Review.\\nTHROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND WHAT\\nALICE FOUND THERE. (A companion to Alice in\\nWonderland.) With 50 illustrations by John Tenniel.\\nNot a whit inferior to its predecessor in grand extravagance of\\nimagination, and delicious allegorical nonsense. Quarterly\\nReview.\\nBUNYAN S PILGRIM S PROGRESS. With 50 full-page\\nand text illustrations.\\nPilgrim s Progress is the most popular story book in the\\nworld.. With the exception of the Bible it has been translated into\\nmore languages than any other book ever printed.\\nA CHILD S STORY OF THE BIBLE. With 72 full-page\\nillustrations.\\nTells in simple language and in a form fitted for the hands of\\nthe younger members of the Christian flock, the tale of God s\\ndealings whh his Chosen People under the Old Dispensation,\\nwith its foreshadowings of the coming of that Messiah who was\\nto make all mankind one fold under one Shepherd.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nA CHILD S LIFE OF CHRIST. With 49 illustrations.\\nGod has implanted in the infant s heart a desire to hear of Jesus,\\nand children are early attracted and sweetly riveted by the won-\\nderful Story of the Master from the Manger to the Throne.\\nIn this little book we have brought together from Scripture every\\nincident, expression and description within the verge of their com-\\nprehension, in the effort to weave them into a memorial garland of\\ntheir Saviour.\\nTHE FABLES OF JESOF. Compiled from the best ac-\\ncepted sources. With 62 illustrations.\\nThe fables of ^Esop are among the very earliest compositions of\\nthis kind, and probably have never been surpassed for point and\\nbrevity, as well as for the practical good sense they display. In\\ntheir grotesque grace, in their quaint humor, in their trust in the\\nsimpler virtues, in their insight into the cruder vices, in their inno-\\ncence of the fact of sex, ./Esop s Fables are as little children\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nfor that reason will ever find a home in the heaven of little chil-\\ndren s souls.\\nTHE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON, or the Adventures of\\na Shipwrecked Family on an Uninhabited Island. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nA remarkable tale of adventure that will interest the boys and\\ngirls. The father of the family tells the tale and the vicissitudes\\nthrough which he and his wife and children pass, the wonderful\\ndiscoveries they make, and the dangers they encounter. It is a\\nstandard work of adventure that has the favor of all who have\\nread it.\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY\\nOF AMERICA. With 70 illustrations.\\nIt is the duty of every American lad to know the story of Chris-\\ntopher Columbus. In this book is depicted the story of his life\\nand struggles of his persistent solicitations at the courts of Eu-\\nrope, and his contemptuous receptions by the learned Geographical\\nCouncils, until his final employment by Queen Isabella. Records\\nthe day -by-day journeyings while he was pursuing his aim and his\\nperilous way over the shoreless ocean, until he gave to Spain a\\nNew World. Shows his progress through Spain on the occasion\\nof his first return, when he was received with rapturous demon-\\nstrations and more than regal homage. His displacement by the", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE* S LIBRARY.\\nOdjeas, Ovandos and Bobadilas his-last return in chains, and the\\nstory of his death in poverty and neglect.\\nTHE STORY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY\\nIN AFRICA. With 80 illustrations.\\nRecords the adventures, privations, sufferings, trials, dangers\\nand discoveries in developing the Dark Continent, from the\\nearly days of Bruce and Mungo Park down to Livingstone and\\nStanley and the heroes of our own times.\\nThe reader becomes carried away by conflicting emotions ot\\nwonder and sympathy, and feels compelled to pursue the story,\\nwhich he cannot lay down. No present can be more acceptable\\nthan such a volume as this, where courage, intrepidity, resource\\nand devotion are so pleasantly mingled. It is very fully illustra-\\nted with pictures worthy of the book.\\nGULLIVER S TRAVELS INTO SOME REMOTE RE-\\nGIONS OF THE WORLD. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn description, even of the most common-place things, his power\\nis often perfectly marvellous. Macaulay says of Swift: Under\\na plain garb and ungainly deportment were concealed some of the\\nchoicest gifts that ever have been bestowed on any of the children\\nof men rare powers of observation, brilliant art, grotesque inven-\\ntion, humor of the mo^t austere flavor, yet exquisitely delicious,\\neloquence singularly pure, manly and perspicuous.\\nMOTHER GOOSE S RHYMES, JINGLES AND FAIRY\\nTALES. With 300 illustrations.\\nIn this edition an excellent choice has been made from the\\nstandard fiction of the little ones. The abundant pictures are well-\\ndrawn and graceful, the effect frequently striking and always deco-\\nrative Critic.\\nOnly to see the book is to wish to give it to every child one\\nknows. Queen.\\nLIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. Compiled from authoritative sources. With\\nportraits of the Presidents and also of the unsuccessful\\ncandidates for the office; as well as the ablest of the\\nCabinet officers.\\nThis book should be in every home and school library. It tells,\\nin an impartial way, the story of the political history of the United\\nStates, from the first Constitutional convention to the last Presi-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\ndential nominations, it is just the book for intelligent boys, and it\\nwill help to make them intelligent and patriotic citizens.\\nTHE STORY OF ADVENTURE IN THE FROZEN\\nSEA. With 70 illustrations. Compiled from authorized\\nsources.\\nWe here have brought together the records of the attempts to\\nreach the North Pole. Our object being to recall the stories of the\\nearly voyagers, and to narrate the recent efforts of gallant adven-\\nturers of various nationalities to cross the unknown and inacces-\\nible threshold and to show how much can be accomplished by\\nindomitable pluck and steady perseverance. Portraits and numer-\\nous illustrations help the narration.\\nILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY. By the Rev.\\nJ. G. Wood. With 80 illustrations.\\nWood s Natural History needs no commendation. Its author\\nhas done more than any other writer to popularize the study. His\\nwork is known and admired overall the civilized world. The sales\\nof his works in England and America have been enormous. The\\nillustrations in this edition are entirely new, striking and life-like.\\nA CHILD S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Charles\\nDickens. With 50 illustrations.\\nDickens grew tired of listening to his children memorizing the\\nold fashioned twaddle that went under the name of English his-\\ntory. He thereupon wrote a book, in his own peculiarly happy\\nstyle, primarily for the educational advantage of his own children,\\nbut was prevailed upon to publish the work, and make its use gen-\\neral. Its success was instantaneous and abiding.\\nBLACK BEAUTY; The Autobiography of a Horse. By\\nAnna Sewell. With 50 illustrations.\\nThis NEW illustrated edition is sure to command attention.\\nWherever children are, whether boys or girls, there this Autobiog-\\nraphy should be. It inculcates habits of kindness to all members\\nof the animal creation. The literary merit of the book is excellent.\\nTHE ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. With\\n50 illustrations. Contains the most favorably known of\\nthe stories.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for the young. It\\nrms an excellent introduction to those immortal tales which have\\nhelped so long to keep th weary world young.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES. By Hans Christian An-\\ndersen. With 77 illustrations.\\nThe spirit of high moral teaching, and the delicacy of sentiment,\\nfeeling and expression that pervade these tales make these won-\\nderful creations not only attractive to the young, but equally accept-\\nable to those of mature years, who are able to understand their\\nreal significance and appreciate the depth of their meaning.\\nGRIMM S FAIRY TALES. With 50 illustrations.\\nThese tales of the Brothers Grimm have carried their names into\\nevery household of the civilized world.\\nThe Tales are a wonderful collection, as interesting, from a lit-\\nerary point of view, as they are delightful as stories.\\nGRANDFATHER S CHAIR; A History for Youth. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 60 illustrations.\\nThe story of America from the landing of the Puritans to the\\nacknowledgment without reserve of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, told with all the elegance, simplicity, grace, clear-\\nness and force for which Hawthorne is conspicuously noted.\\nFLOWER FABLES. By Louisa May Alcott. With colored\\nand plain illustrations.\\nA series of very interesting fairy tales by the most charming of\\nAmerican story-tellers.\\nAUNT MARTHA S CORNER CUPBOARD. By Mary\\nand Elizabeth Kirby. With 60 illustrations.\\nStories about Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Rice and Chinaware, and\\nother accessories of the well-kept Cupboard. A book full of in-\\nterest for all the girls and many of the boys.\\nWATER-BABIES; A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. By\\nCharles Kingsley. With 94 illustrations.\\nCome read me my riddle, each good little man\\nIf you cannot read it, no grown-up folk can.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 70 illustrations.\\nA graphic and full history of the Rebellion of the American Col-\\nonies from the yoke and oppression of England, with the causes", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nthat led thereto, and including an account of the second war with\\nGreat Britain, and the War with Mexico.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 80 illustrations.\\nA correct and impartial account of the greatest civil war in the\\nannals of history. Both of these histories of American wars rre\\na necessary part of the education of all intelligent American boys\\nand girls.\\nYOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH\\nSPAIN. By Prescott Holmes. With 89 illustrations.\\nThis history of our war with Spain, in 1898, presents in a plain,\\neasy style the splendid achievements of our army and navy, and\\nthe prominent figures that came into the public view during that\\nperiod. Its glowing descriptions, wealth of anecdote, accuracy f\\nstatement and profusion of illustration make it a most desirable\\ngift book for young readers.\\nHEROES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. By\\nHartwell James. With 65 illustrations.\\nThe story of our navy is one of the most brilliant pages in the\\nworld s history. The sketches and exploits contained in this vol-\\nume cover our entire naval history from the days of the honest,\\nrough sailors cf Revolutionary times, with their cutlassts and\\nboarding pikes, to the brief war of 1898, when our superbly ap-\\npointed warships destroyed Spain s proud cruisers by the merci-\\nless accuracy of their fire.\\nMILITARY HEROES OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Hartwell James. With 97 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the brave lives and heroic deeds of our military\\nheroes, from Paul Revere to Lawton, are told in the most captiva-\\nting manner. The material for the work has been gathered from\\nthe North and the South alike. The volume presents all the im-\\nportant facts in a manner enabling the young people of our united\\nand prosperous land to easily become familiar with the command-\\ning figures that have arisen in our military history.\\nUNCLE TOM S CABIN; or Life Among the Lowly. By\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. With 90 illustrations.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nThe unfailing interest in the famous old story suggested the need\\nof an edition specially prepared for young readers, and elaborately\\nillustrated. This edition completely fills that want.\\nSEA KINGS AND NAVAL HEROES. By Hartwell\\nJames. With 50 illustrations.\\nThe most famous sea battles of the world with sketches of the\\nlives, enterprises and achievements of men who have become fam-\\nous in naval history. They are stories of brave lives in times of\\ntrial aad danger, charmingly told for young people.\\nPOOR BOYS CHANCES. By John Habberton. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nThere is a fascination about the writings of the author of\\nHelen s Babies, from which none can escape. In this charm-\\ning volume, Mr. Habberton tells the boys of America how they\\ncan attain the highest positions in the land, without the struggles\\nand privations endured by poor boys who rose to eminence and\\nfame in former times.\\nROMULUS, the Founder of Rome. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn a plain and connected narrative, the author tells the stories\\nof the founder of Rome and his great ancestor, ^Eneas. These\\nare of necessity somewhat legendary in character, but are pre-\\nsented precisely as they have come down to us from ancient times.\\nThey are prefaced by an account of the life and inventions of Cad-\\nmus, the Father of the Alphabet, as he is often called.\\nCYRUS THE GREAT, the Founder of the Persian Empire.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 40 illustrations.\\nFor nineteen hundred years, the story of the founder of the an-\\ncient Persian empire has been read by every generation of man-\\nkind. The story of the life and actions of Cyrus, as told by the\\nauthor, presents vivid pictures of the magnificence of a monarchy\\nthat rose about five hundred years before the Christian era, and\\nrolled on in undisturbed magnitude and glory for many centuries.\\nADVENTURES IN TOYLAND. By Edith King Hull.\\nWith 70 illustrations by Alice B. Woodward.\\nThe sayings and doings of the dwellers in toyland, related by\\none of them to a dear little girl. It is a delightful book for chil-\\ndren, and admirably illustrated.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "N\\n8 ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nDARIUS THE GREAT, King of the Medes and Persians.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 34 illustrations.\\nNo great exploits marked the career of this monarch, who was\\nat one time the absolute sovereign of nearly one-half of the world.\\nHe reached his high position by a stratagem, and left behind him\\nno strong impressions of personal character, yet, the history of his\\nlife and reign should be read along with those of Cyrus, Caesar,\\nHannibal and Alexander.\\nXERXES THE GREAT, King of Persia. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 39 illustrations.\\nFor ages the name of Xerxes has been associated in the minds\\nof men with the idea of the highest attainable human magnificence\\nand grandeur. He was the sovereign of the ancient Persian em-\\npire at the height of its prosperity and power. The invasion of\\nGreece by the Persian hordes, the battle of Thermopylae, the burn-\\ning of Athens, and the defeat of the Persian galleys at Salamis are\\nchapters of thrilling interest.\\nTHE ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss\\nMulock, author of John Halifax, Gentleman, etc. With\\n18 illustrations.\\nOne of the best of Miss Murlock s charming stories for children.\\nAll the situations are amusing and are sure to please youthful\\nreaders.\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 51 illustrations.\\nBorn heir to the throne of Macedon, a country on the confines\\nof Europe and Asia, Alexander crowded into a brief career of\\ntwelve years a brilliant series of exploits. The readers of to-day\\nwill find pleasure and profit in the history of Alexander the Great,\\na potentate before whom ambassadors and princes from nearly all\\nthe nations of the earth bowed in humility.\\nPYRRHUS, King of Epirus. By Jacob Abbott. With 45\\nillustrations.\\nThe story of Pyrrhus is one of the ancient narratives which has\\nbeen told and retold for many centuries in the literature, eloquence\\nand poetry of all civilized nations. While possessed of extraordi-\\nnary ability as a military leader, Pyrrhus actually accomplished\\nnothing, but did mischief on a gigantic scale. He was naturally", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE LIBRARY.\\nof a noble and generous spirit, but only succeded in perpetrating\\ncrimes against the peace and welfare of mankind.\\nHANNIBAL, the Carthaginian. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n37 illustrations.\\nHannibal s distinction as a warrior was gained during the des-\\nperate contests between Rome and Carthage, known as the Punic\\nwars. Entering the scene when his country was engaged in peace-\\nful traffic with the various countries of the known world, he turned\\nits energies into military aggression, conquest and war, becoming\\nhimself one of the greatest military heroes the world has ever\\nknown.\\nMIXED PICKLES. By Mrs. E. M. Field. With 31 illus-\\ntrations by T. Pym.\\nA remarkably entertaining story for young people. The reader\\nis introduced to a charming little girl whose mishaps while trying\\nto do good are very appropriately termed Mixed Pickles.\\nJULIUS CAESAR, the Roman Conqueror. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 44 illustrations.\\nThe life and actions of Julius Caesar embrace a period in Roman\\nhistory beginning with the civil wars of Marius and Sylla and end-\\ning with the tragic death of Caesar Imperator. The work is an\\naccurate historical account of the life and times of one of the great\\nmilitary figures in history, in fact, it is history itself, and as such is\\nespecially commended to the readers of the present generation.\\nALFRED THE GREAT, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 40 illustrations.\\nIn a certain sense, Alfred appears in history as the founder of\\nthe British monarchy his predecessors having governed more like\\nsavage chieftains than English kings. The work has a special\\nvalue for young readers, for the character of Alfred was that of an\\nhonest, conscientious and far-seeing statesman. The romantic\\nstory of Godwin furnishes the concluding chapter of the volume.\\nWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 43 illustrations.\\nThe life and times of William of Normandy have always been a\\nfruitful theme for the historian. War and pillage and conquest\\nwere at least a part of the everyday business of men in both Eng-", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "Id ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nland and France and the story of William as told by the author\\nof this volume makes some of the most fascinating pages in his-\\ntory. It is especially delightful to young readers.\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ, the Conqueror of Mexico. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 30 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the author gives vivid pictures of the wild and\\nadventurous career of Cortez and his companions in the conquest\\nof Mexico. Many good motives were united with those of ques-\\ntionable character, in the prosecution of his enterprise, but in\\nthose days it was a matter of national ambition to enlarge the\\nboundaries of nations and to extend their commerce at any cost.\\nThe career of Cortez is one of absorbing interest.\\nTHE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mulock. With\\n24 illustrations.\\nThe author styles it A Parable for Old and Young. It is in her\\nhappiest vein and delightfully interesting, especially to youthful\\nreaders.\\nMARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n45 illustrations.\\nThe story of Mary Stuart holds a prominent place in the present\\nseries of historical narrations. It has had many tellings, for the\\nmelancholy story of the unfortunate queen has always held a high\\nplace in the estimation of successive generations of readers. Her\\nstory is full of romance and pathos, and the reader is carried along\\nby conflicting emotions of wonder and sympathy.\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn strong contrast to the story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is that\\nof Elizabeth, Queen of England. They were cousins, yet im-\\nplacable foes. Elizabeth s reign was in many ways a glorious one,\\nand her successes gained her the applause of the world. The\\nstirring tales of Drake, Hawkins and other famous mariners of\\nher time have been incorporated into the story of Elizabeth s life\\nand reign.\\nKING CHARLES THE FIRST, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 41 illustrations.\\nThe well-known figures in the stormy reign of Charles I. are\\nbrought forward in this narrative of his life and times. It is his-\\ntory told in the most fascinating manner, and embraces the early", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. II\\nlife of Charles the court of James I. struggles between Charles\\nand the Parliament the Civil war the trial and execution of the\\nking. The narrative is impartial and holds the attention of the\\nreader.\\nKING CHARLES THE SECOND, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 38 illustrations.\\nBeginning with his infancy, the life of the Merry Monarch\\nis related in the author s inimitable style. His reign was signal-\\nized by many disastrous events, besides those that related to his\\npersonal troubles and embarrassments. There were unfortunate\\nwars naval defeats dangerous and disgraceful plots and con-\\nspiracies. Trobule sat very lightly on the shoulders of Charles II.,\\nhowever, and the cares of state were easily forgotten in the society\\nof his court and dogs.\\nTHE SLEEPY KING. By Aubrey Hopwood and Seymour\\nHicks. With 77 illustrations by Maud Trelawney.\\nA charmingly-told Fairy Tale, full of delight and entertain-\\nment. The illustrations are original and striking, adding greatly\\nto the interest of the text.\\nMARIA ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. By John S. C.\\nAbbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe tragedy of Maria Antoinette is one of the most mournful in\\nthe history of the world. Her beauty dazzled the whole king-\\ndom, says Lamartine. Her lofty and unbending spirit under\\nunspeakable indignities and atrocities, enlists and holds the sympa-\\nthies of the readers of to-day, as it has donr; in the past.\\nMADAME ROLAND, A Heroine of the French Revux^.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe French Revolution developed few, if any characters more\\nworthy of notice than that of Madame Roland. The absence of\\nplaymates, in her youth, inspired her with an insatiate thirst for\\nknowledge, and books became her constant companions in every\\nunoccupied hour. She fell a martyr to the tyrants of the French\\nRevolution, but left behind her a career full of instruction that\\nnever fails to impress itself upon the reader.\\nJOSEPHINE, Empress of France. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n40 illustrations.", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "9$ ao\\n12 ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nMaria Antoinette beheld the dawn of the French Revolution\\nMadame Roland perished under the lurid glare of its high noon\\nJosephine saw it fade into darkness. She has been called the\\nStar of Napoleon and it is certain that she added luster to\\nhis brilliance, and that her persuasive influence was often exerted\\nto win a friend or disarm an adversary. The lives of the Empress\\nJosephine, of Maria Antoinette, and of Madame Roland are\\nespecially commended to young lady readers.\\nTALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By Charles and Mary\\nLamb. With 80 illustrations.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for young people, but\\na clear and definite outline of each play is presented. Such episodes\\nor incidental sketches of character as are not absolutely necessary\\nto the development of the tales are omitted, while the many moral\\nlessons that lie in Shakespeare s plays and make them valuable in\\nthe training of the young are retained. The b ok is winning, help-\\nful and an effectual guide to the inner shrine of the great\\ndramatist.\\nMAKERS OF AMERICA. By Hartwell James. With 75\\nillustrations.\\nThis volume contains attractive and suggestive sketches of the\\nlives and deeds of men who illustrated some special phase in the\\npolitical, religious or social life of our country, from its settlement\\nto the close of the eighteenth century. It affords an opportunity\\nfor young readers to become easily familiar with these characters\\nand their historical relations to the building of our Republic. An\\n01 cue discovery of America prefaces the work.\\nA WONDER BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the genius of Hawthorne has shaped anew\\nwonder tales that have been hallowed by an antiquity of two or\\nthree thousand years. Seeming never to have been made they\\nare legitimate subjects for every age to clothe with its own fancy\\nas to manners and sentiment, and its own views of morality. The\\nvolume has a charm for old and young alike, for the author has\\nnot thought it necessary to write downward in order to meet\\nthe comprehension of children.\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^^y", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3998", "width": "2842", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "2995", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "m\\nm HI H\\nHub\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n029 906 807 9\\nmmtiBi H\\nHKB\\nI i BMBfln I I\\nH9BR\\nXv\\nMSB\\nI1H\\nII\\n(SHE\\nn\\nBBVinitWHIlMSSIUnimilHi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a091\\nH H\\nHI HH\\nml fflSSB HI Ira\\n\u00c2\u00bbD\\n1\\nH Hi\\nn bsh\\nHI\\nMi bHI\\nH\\nH H\\nS B Hbbhh B Hi H H H UHmniiHI", "height": "4245", "width": "3156", "jp2-path": "historyofalexand01abbo_0304.jp2"}}