{"1": {"fulltext": "E 713\\n.P51\\nCopy 1\\n7\\nANNEXATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nSPEECH\\nHON. RICHARD R PETTIGREW,\\nOK SOUTH D^IvOT^,\\nSENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,\\nJUNE 22 AND 23, 1898.\\n^V A S 1 1 1 N G T O M.\\n1898.", "height": "3473", "width": "1991", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "K d\\nA\\nE^\\n1:5\\n^8552", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "SPEECH\\nHON. RICHAllD r. PETTIGHEW.\\nThe Senate having under consideration the joint resohit ion H. Ros. 259)\\nto provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States\\nMr. PETTIGREW said:\\nMr. PitEsiDEXT: I hadhopeil thatthecontroversy with regard to\\nthe ac(iuisition of new territory, that the contest over changing the\\npolicy of this country as it has existed for a century, that the ques-\\ntion whether we ought to adopt an imperial policy and acrjuiro\\ndistant colonies to be ruled by us against their consent, would, in\\nview of existing circumstances, have been delayed until this war\\nwas over, until the whole question could be considered, ixntil the\\nAmerican people could have thought upon the subject, until we\\ncould have decided upon a policy as to whether we would revolu-\\ntionize the purposes of this Government, and that next winter we\\nwould take up this question, when we would have time to deliber-\\nately act upon the proposition to formulate a colonial policy.\\nNo one for one moment pretends that we intend to admit the\\nAsiatic people of Hawaii or of the Philippines into full citizenship\\nunder the Goverament of this country; but, instead of that, pro-\\njielled by an interest which has gathered around this Capitol for\\nthe past several months or years, an interest in the production of\\nsugar by Hawaiian labor, certain gentlemen, having less of pa-\\ntriotism than I hoped they might possess, bring this question here\\nnow and undertake to force it through Congress as a war measure.\\nI contend that the area of this country is great enough, if we\\nwould maintain free institutions under a republican form of gov-\\nernment. For in a republic, founded upon the principles of equal-\\nity and universal suffrage, it is essential that the individual voter\\nshall have a knowledge of, and be familiar with, the methods of\\ngovernment; and if the country is so vast and the problems of\\ngovernment are so complicated that it is impossible for the voter\\nto have or acquire this familiar knowledge, how is it possible for\\nhim to act intelligently? Htnvis it possible for him to know that\\nby his vote he is sustaining free institutions?\\nPAST UKPL ULKS Of SMAI.F. AltEA.\\nIn the past republics liave been of small area\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a single city per-\\nhaps\u00e2\u0080\u0094with a comparatively small population. Tlio founders of\\nthis Government, recognizing the difficulty of maintaining as a\\nunit a republic of exten.sive proportions, inaugurated the Federal\\nsystem, a union of sovereign States, hoping thereby to extend self-\\ngovernment over vast areas and to maintain therein the jiurityof\\nrepublican principles, each State lieing in itself a repul)lic. each\\nState of necessity containing a population indigenous to its climate\\n3-33 3", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "and possessing a soil that would bountifully respond to the ener-\\nfjizing touch of men capable of governing themselves. There! ore\\nthe founders of our Government made it an unwritten law that\\nno area should be brought within the bounds of the Republic\\nwhich did not and could not sustain a race equipped in all essen-\\ntials for the maintenance of free civilization and capable of uphold-\\ning within its boundaries a republican form of government.\\nFor the purpose of unifying a vast area within the bounds of\\nthe Republic it was enacted that the central Government, the\\nGovernment of the United States, should be a government of lim-\\nited powers, a government possessing only such powers as were\\nconferred upon it by the Constitution, all other sovereign rights,\\nall other powers common to a sovereign, being retained by the\\nStates themselves, retained by the people themselves as inhabi-\\ntants of the States. Therefore, if we adopt a policy of acquiring\\ntropical countries, where republics can not live, and where free,\\nself-governing people have never lived since the world had a his-\\ntory, we overturn the theory npon which this Government is\\nestablished and we do violence to our Constitution.\\nT.MPEKIALISM AND CONQUEST.\\nThe whole theory of our Government precludes centralization\\nof power; the wliole theory of our Government sustains the idea\\nthat the United States as a government shall do only those things\\ndelegated to it in the Constitution.\\nBut, Mr. President, our Federal system has not accomplished\\nthe purpose for which it was created; it has not fultilled the ex-\\npectation of its authors. Before we acquire more territory, before\\nwe start upon a policy of imperiali-sm and of conquest, it is our\\nduty to inipiire whether our area and population are not already\\ntoo great. Centralization has gone on so rapidly since the war of\\nthe rebellion that already our people are looking to the Govern-\\nment of the United States as the source of all power through which\\nall relief must come.\\nMr. President, the concentration of power in the hands of the\\nFederal Government has been followed by encroachments by the\\nFederal courts upon the sovereignty of the States and upon the legis-\\nlative and executive branches of the Government itself, and it has\\nmade tlie courts almost supreme in oiir afifairs.\\nWithin the past thirty years the wealth of the United States,\\nwhich was once fairly distributed, has been accumulated in the\\nhands of a few: so that, according to the last census, 2.JU.000 men\\nown $il,000,OOO.OUO, or over three-fourths of the wealth of this\\ncountry, while 52 per cent of our population practically have no\\nproperty at all and do not own their homes. It would naturally\\nbe supposed that the 4S per cent of the people who still have an\\ninterest in the propertj of the nation would be the governing\\nclasses. Recent events, however, point unmistakably to the fact\\nthat the 2 )0.000 people who own nearly all the wealth have com-\\nbined with the yi per cent of our population who have no prop-\\nerty, and by gaining control of a great patriotic political organ-\\nization have usurped the functions of government and established\\na plutocracy.\\nAmong all plutocracies of the past, as well as among all mon-\\narchies of the past, whenever all power and all property have\\nbeen gatliered into the hands of the few and discontent appears\\namong tlie masses, it has been the policy to acquire foreign po.s-\\nB jssions, to enlarge the army and the navy, to employ discon-", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "tout ami distract its attention. The recent attempt on the part\\nof the United States to acquire foreign territorj coming as it does\\nalong with an ever-increasing clamor for the enlargement of the\\nArmy and for the creation of a great navy, is snflicient to alarm\\npatriotic citizens and lead to an anxious inquiry as to whither\\nAve are drifting.\\nROME RUINED BY COXQrEST.\\nRome was organized as a Republic, and for the first six hundred\\nyears of her history had the best government then existing on the\\nglobe. To be a Roman citizen was greater than to be a king.\\nShe consolidated her power until she ruled all Italy. She began\\nto spread out along the northern coast of the Mediterranean; but\\nwhen the policy of acquiring and governing a people who could\\nhave no part iu her republican form of government began, Rome\\nceased to exist as a Republic and became an Empire. The misery\\nand ruin of her people began. When she conquered Egypt and\\nAsia, having populations the same as those countries possess to-\\nday, of low consuming power and great tenacity of life, the\\nRoman found he was no competitor in the growing of crops and\\nin other industrial enterprises.\\nThe Roman of those days was as the Anglo-Saxon of to-daj- a\\nman of great vitality, requiring excellent nurture, the best of\\nfood, and plenty of it. When lie came into competition with,\\nwhen he conquered and undertook to govern, when he absorbed\\nthe Asiatic races, people with a low vitality and great tenacity of\\nlife, human machines who could subsist upon the least of food\\nand perform the most of work, the Roman farmer was destroyed\\nand the Roman Empire passed away.\\nJames Bryce, in speaking of this period of Roman history, says:\\nThe ostentation of humility which the subtle policy of Augustus had con-\\nceived and the jealous hypocrisy of Tiberius maintained w.is gradually\\ndropped by their successors, imtil despotism became at last recognized in\\njirinciple as the government of the Roman Emi)ire. With an aristoiTa -y do-\\ncayed, a populace degraded, an army no longer recruited from Italy, the\\nsemblance of liljerty that yet survived might be swept away with impunity.\\nRepublican forms had never been known in the provinces at all-\\nWill they be with ours?\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand the aspect which the imperial administration had orig:inally assumed\\nthere soon reacted on its position in the capital. This increased con-\\ncentration of power was mainly required Ijy the necessities of frontier de-\\nfense. For within there wiis more decay than disaffection.\\nThe fact of the matter is that when the Roman Republic was\\nfounded most of its people were farmers. Their farms did not\\nexceed 12 acres in area, indicating a dense rural population. No\\nforeign foe could march through that compact rural i)opulafion\\nof landowners to the wall of Rome. They were successful farmers\\nand prosperous, and they made mighty soldiers. Cincinnatus left\\nthe plow and led legions on to victory. But during the first cen-\\ntury of the Christian era centralization had done its work. The\\nlands had been absorbed by the usurer and gathered into vast es-\\ntates, cultivated by tenants and often by slaves; the mines of gold\\nand silver in Spain and Greece had been worked out.\\nThe price of farm products had fallen, as they were cnmpelled\\nto compete with the rich graiiaries of Egypt. Roman legions were\\nno longer recruited among the farmers who tilled the soil. The\\nsoldiers were foreign mercenaries. Roman institiitions faded\\naway under the influences which gradually took possession of that\\nempire and destroyed its vitality; and the same story can be told", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "of every nation throngb all history from the very moment it de-\\nparted from its i)olicy of peace, its internal policy, and entered\\nnj)on a career of conqnest.\\nOne of the oldest nations in the world to-day is Japan. She has\\nhad a succession of rulers for two thousand seven hundred years.\\nFor two hundred and fifty years previous to 1809 no foreigner was\\nallowed to set foot upon the soil of Japan. She lived witliin her-\\nself. There was no desire for conquest, and no foreign debt.\\nThe result is that, in iny opinion, to-day she possesses the most\\ncivilized people upon the globe, adopting everything that is good\\nand rejecting everything that is bad in modern civilization. Ja-\\npan holds everytliing within her own Governinent. There is no\\nforeign debt. No foreigner is allowed to own stock in any of her\\ncompanies or to own her soil. There is that peace and satisfac-\\ntion, that comfort and contentment among the masses of her peo-\\nple that no other nation I know of possesses. But if she starts\\nupon a career of conciuest, if she allows the best blood of her peo-\\nple to depart to foreign lands to conquer and make serfs of an in-\\nferior i)eople, from that day will date the ruin and decline of\\nJapan.\\necu PAST POLICY IS OUR STRENGTH.\\nI bfelieve these problems, as they have been wrought in the\\ncrucible of the past, are the ones that should absorb the thought-\\nful consideration of our people. 1 believe attention should not be\\ntaken from those great questions of economics and government,\\nfrom the great questions now revitalized in gigantic trusts and\\ncorporations, and should not be distracted by a career of conquest.\\nI believe it is my duty, under these circumstances, to resist on\\nall occasions the acquisition of any territory beyond our borders\\nnot contiguous to our present territory and peopled by an unwill-\\ning and an inferior race.\\nTo-day we have no territory that it requires a navy to defend.\\nThe United States is so situated that she can say whether she will\\nhave peace or war. We possess no territory that can be acquired\\nor held by a foreign foe, even if we owned not one single ship;\\nand no nation, however great or strong, can gain any advantage\\nby a war with us. But the moment we acquire distant posses-\\nsions, we must build a navy to defend them, for in case of war\\nthese possessions would l)e first attacked and taken from us.\\nFrance, England, and Germany have possessions scattered all over\\nthe world, and are consequently compelled to maintain immense\\nnavies to defend them. The.se possessions, in case of war, furnish\\nso many points of attack, so many embarrassments, so many op-\\nportunities for national humiliation, that the strife is to see who\\ncan maintain tlie greatest fleet upon the sea. Shall we enter the\\narena of this contest?\\nFrom our earliest history we have insisted that we would en-\\ngage in no entangling alliances, that we would acquire no territory\\nthat required a navy to defend. We have said that we would at-\\ntend to our own affairs, and that our interests demanded that no\\nEuropean country should gain further foothold upon the Western\\nHemisphere; and so strong has been our moral position that with-\\nout a navy we have been able to enforce this doctrine.\\nWhen the French entered Mexico, we had but to indicate our\\ndispleasure and they departed; but the very moment we adopt the\\npolicy of acquiiing distant territories, the very moment we enter", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "upon a policy of acquisition and annexation, upon a colonial\\nsystem of government, the moral force of our position is ^one. I\\napprehend that, instead of being opposed, Franco and England\\nwould be glad if we would acciuire distant islands and thereby\\nplace ourselves in the position they occupy in relation to the bal-\\nance of the world.\\nThe following from Henry Clews s Weekly Financial Review\\nof June, 18lt8, is in point:\\nThe following is an cxtrar^t from a letter wbich I recently received from\\nan influential nieniber of Parlianieiit representing one of Great Britain s\\nlargest cities, which speaks for itself:\\nJust a lino to say that I do not a\u00c2\u00a3jree with vour circular letter, which I\\nhave just read, whore you suggest tli:it the Philippines should bo given back\\nto Si ain for Cuba. I hope you will kfcp the iMiiliiipines. It is time your\\npeople began to do some work in the world outside vour own country. You\\nwill have to do it eventually, and you may as well begin now a.s wait. 1 am\\nafraid it will not be many years until we have to do some joint account fight-\\ning with continental countries for possession of the parts of the world which\\nare misgoverned at present.\\nThey know too well that colonial acquisition would be an ele-\\nment of weakness: that distant possessions would be hostages for\\nthe safety of which we would yield points of right and surrender\\nquestions of princii)le.\\nTHE MONROE DOCTKIXE AND A COLONIAL POLICY.\\nHow could we invoke the Monroe doctrine and insist that for-\\neign countries should not acquire territory in North and South\\nAmerica if, after our repeated declarations that we had no inten-\\ntion to annex Hawaii, wo should proceed to annex it? Would\\nthey not jtistly claim that we would pursue the same course in\\nregard to the republics of North and South America, with the\\npurpose of ultimately acquiring them ourselves? How could we\\nlonger argue that we only seek to do right; that we only seek to\\nfurnish an example to the world of man s capacity for self-\\ngovernment, the golden rule of doing to others as yoii would be\\ndone by?\\nWhat limit can be set to our future acquisition if we once com-\\nmence a colonial policy and actiitire territory in the Tropics, where\\nself-government is impossible?\\nMr. President, I contend that it has been the tradition and\\npolicy of the people of the United States to acquire no territory\\nthat would require a navy to defend.\\nMr. Jefferson, in writing to President Madison April 27, 1803,\\nsaid:\\nIt will be objected to our receiving Cuba that no limit can then be drawn\\nto our future .icriui.sitions. Cuba can bedefonded by us without a navv; and\\nthis develops the principle which ought to limit our vicw.i. Nothing .should\\never be accepted which would require a navy to defend it.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 5 Jefferson t\\norks, 44;i.\\nSecretary Frelinghuy.sen, in a note to Mr. Langston dated Juno\\n20, 1883, .says:\\nThe policy of this Government, as declared on many occasions in the iia??*,\\nhas tended toward avoidance of pos.sessions disconnected from thj maiu\\ncontinent.\\nIn 1884 he said to the same minister:\\nA conviction that a fixed policy, dating ba^-k to the origin of our constitu-\\ntional Government, was considered to make it inexpedient to attemi)t terri-\\ntorial aggrandizement which would rofpiirc maintenan -e by a navnl force in\\nex e.s.s ol any yet provided for our national uses, has led this tiovernmont to\\ndecline territorial acquisitions. Even as simple coaling stations sucli terri-\\ntorial acquisitions would involve respousibiutv beyond their utility. The\\n:J; 2J", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "United States lias never deemed it needful to their national life to maintain\\nimpretrnable fortresses along tbo world s hijj^hways of commerce.\\nI wish to state distinctly, on tlie general question of annexation of outlying\\nislands or territory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 except in the North, and I make an exception there\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthat I trust we have seen the last of annexation, and in this remark I include\\nthe whole group of the West India Islands and the whole of the Mexican\\nterritory contiguous to the United States, inliabited as it is by a portion of\\nthe Latin races, strangely mixed and deg.-ii Mated bv their mixture with\\nnative races; a population and a territory tliat naturally enfeebles man\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\na popuhition and a territory that I earnestly hope may never bo made an\\nintegral part of the people and a territory of the United States. We oc-\\ncupy a portion of that great northern zone which girdles the world and\\nwhich has been the theater of the greatest achievements of civilization,\\nespecially in the history of the Anglo-Saxon races; but should we extend our\\npossessions into the tropical (.Ilawaiiau; belt, we would weaken the power of\\nour people and Government.\\nAlthougli the treaty is not now hefore us, fn view of tlie fact\\nthat we are considering a subject kindred to the treaty made by\\nMr. Sherman for the annexation of Hawaii, I will read what Mr.\\nSherman had to say upon the subject:\\nThe events of the future are beyond the vision of mankind, but I hope that\\nour people will be content with internal growth and avoid the complications\\nof foreign acquisitions. Our family of States is already large enough to cre-\\nate embarrassment in the Senate, and a republic should not hold dependent\\nprovinces or possessions. Everynewacquisition will create embarrassments.\\nThe Union already embraces discordant elements enough without adding\\nothers. If my life is prolonged I will do all I can to add to the strength and\\nprosperity of the United States, but nothing to extend its limits or to add new\\ndangers by acquisition of foreign territory.\\nI hope those sentiments were largely held by all prominent\\nmembers of the Republican party. I am sorry to know that the\\ngreat Secretary of State, through the exigencies of politics, felt\\nthat he was compelled to place himself in sympathy with an Ad-\\nministration which held a contrary view upon so great and im-\\nportant a question.\\nMr. Bayard, during Cleveland s first Administration, made the\\nfollowing announcement, and I take this from page 580 of Whar-\\nton s Digest of International Law:\\nThe policy of the United States declared and pursued for more than a\\ncentury discountenances and in practice forbids distant colonial acquisitions.\\nOur action in the past touching the acquisition of territory by purchase and\\ncession and our recorded disinclination to avail ourselves of voluntarv prof-\\nfers made by other powers to place territories under the sovereignty or pro-\\ntection of the United States are matters of historical prominence.\\nFor the purpose of showing the unvarying policy of this coun-\\ntry up to the Administration of President Harrison, indorsed by\\nDemocrats and Repulilicans alike, I will read from the first mes-\\nsage of Grover Cleveland in 18s,3. Grover Cleveland had then\\njust come from the people; he had not been contaminated and cor-\\nrupted by association with the busness men who afterwards dis-\\ngraced the Republic by their influence over its President. He\\ntlien spoke the real sentiments, in my opinion, of an honest man.\\nHe said:\\nMaintaining as I do the tenet of a line of precedents from Washington s day,\\nwhiih proscribe entangling alliances with foreign states, I do not favor a\\npolicy of acquisition of new and distant territory or the incorporation of\\nroinoto interests with our own.\\nIt has been said on this floor that ISIr. Cleveland, up to the time\\nhe appointed Mr. Blount to go to Hawaii, was in favor of the an-\\nnexatiun of those islands. This message, sent to Congress in 18S5,\\ncertainly tends not only to disprove that statement, but to refute\\nit altogether, without some positive contrary dsclaration on the\\npart of Mr. Cleveland himself.\\nlii^:::]", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PAST TEintIT 1I{IAL At jriSlTIOXS.\\nIt is true that in the past we have aciiuireil territory, but it has\\nbeen in pursuance of the policy which 1 have already indicated.\\nWe have acquired territory, but always within the temperate zone,\\nalways contiguous to the United States, always adjoining that\\nwhich we already owned, a territory which possessed climate, soil,\\nand (if people it had) people capable of governing themselves.\\nWe purchased by treaty Louisiana and Florida, and we annexed\\nTexas by a joint resolution, admitting her as a State into the\\nUnion after securing the consent of her people and under those\\nprovisions of oiu- Constitution which aih)w us to admit new\\nStates. Florida and Louisiana we also admitted by constitutional\\nmethods, under the power granted by the States to the Federal\\nGovernment admitted by treaty.\\nJohn Quincy Adams argued in favor of the acquisition of Florida\\non the ground of its being contiguous territory, and by inference\\nall through his argument he also argues that he would have been\\nopposed to its annexation if it had not joined us.\\nLet us inquire as to what teiTitory we have rejected, and see\\nhow closely we have adhered to the doctrine laid down. In De-\\ncember, 1S82, the Government of San Salvador, one of the Cen-\\ntral American States, lying well within the Tropics, proposed\\nannexation to the United States and we refused to receive it.\\nPresident Polk, in his message of April 20, 1848, after reciting\\nan offer from Yucatan to transfer the dominion and sovereignty\\nof the peninsula to the United States, said:\\nWhilst it is not my purpose to rocommond the adoption of any measure\\nwith a view to the acquisition of the dominion and sovereignty over Yuca-\\ntan, yet according to our established policy we could not consent to a trans-\\nfer of the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0dominion and sovereignty to any other power.\\nCongress took no action on this message.\\nIt was not even discussed, so far as I can find. If it was, such\\ndiscussion occui-red. in secret session: but the idea of acciuiring\\nsovereignty over a tropical country attracted so little attention\\nthat I can find practically no other record referring to the subject.\\nOf more recent date efforts have been made to acquire territory in\\nthe Tropics, always with the same result. In 1866 a proposition\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was made to acquire Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo lies east of\\nCuba. having an area of 28,000 square miles. including the Repub-\\nlic of Hay ti. It is a tropical country. It lies about 1,000 miles\\nfrom our shore. General Grant, in his second annual message, in\\n1870, makes a statement in regard to the acquisition of Santo Do-\\nmingo, and I am going to read it, because it is word for word and,\\nline for line the argument made for the acquisition of Hawaii.\\nThe Committee on Foreign Relations must have read this message.\\nEvery advocate on the .stump and in the Senate urging the acqui-\\nsition of Hawaii must have read this message, for they come so\\nnear copying the language that we certainly can not believe they\\nwere ignorant of it.\\nl)arinK the last session of Congress a treaty for the annexation of the Re-\\npublic of San Domingo to the United States failed to receive the requisite\\ntwo-thirds vote of the Senate. I wxs thoroughly n.nvincod then tliat the best\\ninterests of this country, commprcially and materially, dt-manded its ratifi-\\ncation. Time has only confirmed me in this ^^ew. I now firmly believe that\\nthe moment it Is known that the United States have entirely aliamloned the\\n)iroject of accci)ti!itc as a part of its territory tlip islami cf San Domingo, a\\nfree port will ne negotiated for by European nations in tlie Riy of SamauR.\\nA largo commercial city will spring up, to which we will l o tributary with-\\nout receiving corresponding benefits, and then will bo seen the folly of our", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "10\\nro.jectiiiK so great a j)rize. The Government of San Domingo has voluntarily\\nsought this aiim-xiitiDn. It is a weak i)owor, numbering probably less than\\nIriO.iKNl sDuls, and yet jiossessing one of the richest territories under the sun,\\ncapable of supiiorting a population of 10,0(J(),iH)(iof people in luxury. The peo-\\nple of San Domingo are nf)t capable of maintaining themselves in their pres-\\nent condition, and must look for outside support. They yearn for the pro-\\ntection of our free institutions and laws\u00e2\u0080\u0094 our progress and civilization. Shall\\nwe refuse them\\nExactly the same argument, a threat of injury, the promise of\\na prize, together with a proposition to furnish a worthless people\\nwith a decent government. There is the very argtiment pre-\\nsented by the advocates of the annexation of Hawaii; first, the\\ndanger to our Pacific coast if we do not accept these islands;\\nsecond, a prize in tlie great richness of tropical products; third,\\nthat we shall furnish these people a share of the Government we\\npossess and protection against incursions which they imagine may\\narise from foreign foes\\nThe acquisition of San Domingo is desirable because of its geographical\\nposition. It commands the entrance to the Caribbean Sea and the Isthmus\\ntransit of commerce. It posse.sses the richest soil, best iind most capacious\\nharbors, most salubrious climate, and the most valuable products of the\\nfore.st, mine, and soil of any of the West India I.slands. Its possession by us\\nwill in a few years build up a coastwise commeicc of immen.se magnitude,\\nwhich will go far toward restoring to us our lost merchant marine.\\nThe same argument exactly. We have been told about the vast\\ncommercial relations with Hawaii and the number of ships that\\ncome and go bearing the American flag.\\nIt will give to us those articles which we consume so largely and do not\\nproduce, thus equalizing our exports and imports. In ca.se of foreign w.ir it\\nwill give us command of all the islands referred to, and thus prevent au\\nenemy from ever again possessing himself of rendezvous upon our very\\ncoast. At present our coast trade between thft States bordering on the At-\\nlantic and those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico is cut into by the Bahamas\\nand the Antilles. Twice we must, as it were, pass through foreign countries\\nto get by sea from (Georgia to the west coast of Florida.\\nSan Domingo, with a staljle government under which her immense re-\\nsources can be developed, will give remunerative wages to tens of thousands\\nof laborers not now upon the island.\\nANNEXATION AND AMERICAN LABOR.\\nThe same argument exactly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 annex Hawaii and the American\\nlaborer will go there. Annex Santo Domingo, Grant said, and\\nAmerican laborers will go there. Then, as now, we were invit-\\ning laborers from other lands to come here, our own country being\\nundeveloped, with vast resources tin touched.\\nThis labor will take advantage of every available means of transportation\\nto abandon the ad.jacent islands and seek the blessings of freedom and its\\nsequence- each inhabitant receiving the reward of liis own labor. Porto\\nKico and Ouba will have toabolish slaverj-, as a measure of self -preservation,\\nto retain their laborers.\\nSan Domingo will li( ome a large consumer of the products of Northern\\nfarms and iiianiifaitorio.s. The cheap rate at which her citizens can be fur-\\nnished with food, tools, and machinery will make it necessary that contigu-\\nous islanils should have the same advantages in order to compete in the pro-\\nduction of sugar, coffee, tobacco, tropical fruits, etc. This will open to us a\\nstill wider market for our products. The production of our own supply of\\nthese articles will cut oil moi e than one hundred millions of our annual im-\\nports, besides largely increasing our exports. With such a picture it is easy\\nto see liow our laige debt abroad is ultimately to bo extinguished. With a\\nbalance of ti-ade against us (including interest on bonds held by foreigners\\nand money spent by our citizens traveling in foreign lands) equal to the en-\\ntire yield of tlie precir us metals in this country, it is not so easy to see bow\\nthis resiilt is to bo otherwise accomiilished.\\nTheac(|uisition of San Domingo is an adherence to the Monroe doctrine:\\nit is a measure of national protection; it is asserting our just claim to a con-\\ntrolling influence over the great commercial traffic soon to flow from west to\\n35:M", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "11\\neast by way of tho Isthinns of Darion; it is to hiiild up our merchant marine;\\nit is to furuLsU uew markets for thu products of our farms, shops, and mauu-\\nfactoriea.\\nIn view of tho importance of this question, I earnestly urfre upon Connress\\nearly action expressive of its views as to tho best means of aciiuiriiij; San Do-\\nmingo. Mv sutrirestion is that, by joint resolution of the two Houses of Con-\\ngross, tho txecutivo be authorized to a] poiiit a conmiissioii to ncgotiab a\\ntreaty witlithe aiithurities ol San l)oniin o fur tlie anjuisition of that i--lanii,\\nand tliat au appropriation be made to defray tho expenses of such commis-\\nsion.\\nSucli a joint resolution was introduced; it passed the Senate,\\nwent to the House, and tliey refused to concur in it. With this\\nfclowin.i; picture, with the great power G-rant possessed however,\\n1 understand there is no record that irant exerted tliat jiower in\\nan unconstitutional manner but witli tlio great power Grant\\njjo.ssessed, lie was unable to secure from Congress one step in the\\ndirection of the acipiisition of Santo Domingo. So firmly in the\\nminds of our i^eoi)le at that time was the determination that our\\narea was large enough, and that only people coukl be admitted to\\nthe privileges of citizenship within this Republic who were capable\\nof self-government, that even the great power and influence of\\nGrant were unable to overturn the practice, precedent, policy, and\\njirinciple upon which this Government was founded and which\\nup to that time had maintained itself.\\nThere is no record, however, that Grant used unfairly, unjustly,\\nunconstitutionally, the power of his position. I believe that Grant\\nwas too patriotic to have done such a thing. But rumors come\\nto our ears that in this contest Senators and iMembers are called\\nto the White House and told that this is the Administration i5ol-\\nicy and that they must support it, and intimations of favors, not\\ndirect, for that is unnecessarj are used to force the Senate of the\\nUnited States to break down the century-old policy of this coun-\\ntry and compel the acquisition of territory within the Tropics and\\nbeyond our O mi borders.\\nMr. Blaiue says in his book, speaking of Santo Domingo:\\nThe territory included in tho Dominican Republic is tho eastern portion\\nof the island of San Doinin^^o, originally known as Ilispauiola. It embraces\\nperhaps two-thirds of tho whole. Tho western jiart forms the Republic of\\nHaiti. With tho exception of Cuba, tho island is the largest of tho West\\nIndia group. Tho total area is about S.(i H) sciuare miles equivalent to Mas-\\ns.achusett3. New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island combined. Presi-\\ndent Grant placed extravagant estimates upon tho value of tho territory\\nwhich ho supposed w;is now ac(iuired under tho Babcock treaties. In his\\nmcss.ago o Congi-ess he expre.s.sed tho belief that tho island would yield to\\ntho United .States all the sugar, colfeo. tobarco. and other tropi -al products\\nwhich the country would consume. The production of cuir suiiply of these\\narticles, said theProsident. will cut olT m jro than ^100,000,000 of our annual\\nimports, besides largely increasing our cxjiorts.\\nMr. President, that is true. If we should acquire a tropical\\ncountry where they produce sugar and coli ee enough for our needs,\\nwe would no longer levy a tarilf upon those jn-oducts, but they\\nwould be admitted free of duty. It would decrease tho balance\\nof trade against us and make it larger in our favor. But what ad-\\nvantage would the people of the United States derive from that if\\nthe popiilation which produced those jiroducts were incapable of\\nself-government, incapable of helping us maintain this Republic,\\nif they were an inferior race?\\nAr.Sf) TIIK UANIsn WKST INDIES.\\nThe next effort at acquisition was the Danish West Indies, and\\nthat is pending. Tho proposition is before us to-day. A resolu-\\ntion is now, I believe, upon the Calendar of the .Sonato to acquire", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "12\\nthe Daiiisli West Indies. The simile ac(iuisition of Hawtaii is not\\nall that is in this contest. It is tho adoption of a policy of con-\\n\u00c2\u00abiuest and acquisition that must destro}- the very fundamental\\nprinciples tipon which this Government is founded.\\nYears a^o tho proposition was presented to acquire the Danish\\nWest Indies. Thoy are three little islands east of Puerto Rico in\\nthe Tropics, in the West Indies. They are inhabited not by white\\nmen, for there are none, and never have been. The Danes tried\\nto live there two centuries ago. The climate was so unhealthy\\nthat they found it impossible to do so. The population there is\\ncomposed of negroes. They produce sugar. If we admit the Dan-\\nish West Indies, we remit the duty we now collect upon sugar\\nfrom that countr} which will amount to \u00c2\u00a7(300,000 a year. It is\\nsimply another sugar job. It is another chance to acquire enor-\\nmous wealth by taxing the i)eople of the United States. That,\\nadded to the remission of duties to Hawaii, would amount to\\nnearly .$10,000,000 a year. Mr. Wharton says:\\nThere is no printed executive summary of the negotiations for the Dan-\\nish West Indies.\\nSo far as can be learned from tho archives of this Department, negotia-\\ntions were commenced by Mr. Howard. Sorretary of State, on .July 17, 1866,\\nby a note to the Dani.sh minister, (ienoral Kaaslotf, offerinfc S- ,(MI,U(K) gold for\\nthe three islands to be; delivered, witli all fixed jniblic ]n operty therein, with-\\noutconditionsoi incumbrances. Jeiieral RausioH having shortly afterwards\\nreturned to Denmark to accept the ministry of war. the negotiations were\\ntransferred to Copenhagen, where they were ecinducted by Mr. Yeaman, our\\nminister there, on our part, and for the Danish (iMvecnment by fount Frijs,\\nminister of foreign affairs, and (ieneral Kaashitf. No counter ]iro])osal was\\nmade until May 17, ]Htl7, by the Danish (iov. rnment. Then Count Frijs told\\nMr. Yeaman that Denmark exj)ected S15,()iKi,0(iU gold for the three islan ls, and\\ntliat it would not cede them without the consent of tho inhabitants: but that\\nas his Uovernment could uotdispo.se of Santa Cruz without the consent of\\nFrance, he was willing to cede St. Thomas and St. John for 5T0,0OO,C0y gold,\\nand to treat separately as to Santa Cruz.\\nOn May :J7, 18tj7, Mr. Seward sent Mr. Yeaman tho draft of a convention\\nsuch as ho desired. In it ho offered i:7,rjO(i,(W)i) for the three islands on the con-\\nditions above .stated. And in addition he instructed Mr. Yeaman that in no\\ncase w.as a stipulation for tlie consent of tlu iidial itauts to be inserted in the\\nconvention; tliat permis.sion would Ix? granted them to leave tho island atany\\ntime within two years after the United States took possession of it, if they\\npreferred their original allegiance io that of the United States; and that tho\\nconvention mu.st be ratified on or before August 4. 1807.\\nThese terms not proving accejitable to Denmark, the negotiations were pro-\\nlimged until finally Mr. Seward gave up the attemT)t to fix the date of ratifi-\\ncation, concurred in a sti]iulation in tho convention for the consent of tho\\ninhabitants, and oflereil j;7,r)iKM)()0 for St. Thomas and St. John.\\nOn this biisis a treaty was concluded on October ;io, 1S()7. This was promptly\\nratified by Denmark, but the United States Senate delayed action on it, and\\nfinally rejected it in the session of 1808, as appears by the records of the De-\\npartment of Slate.\\nDenmark had no particular desire to sell to the United States, but was\\npersuaded to do so. The inhabitants of the islands had already voted to\\naccept tlie United States as their sovereign. Tho late Mr. Charles Sumner,\\nthen chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, who\\nwas engaged in a personal quarrel with tho Administration, simi)lv refu. ad\\nto renort b.ack tho treaty to the Senate, and ho was suiijiorted by a sufliciont\\nnumber of his c.onnnittoe and of Senators to enabli the matter to be left in\\nthis position. It required now negotiations to prolong the terra of ratifica-\\ntion, and it was with groat difficulty that in a subsequent session Ihe treaty\\nwas finally brought before the Senate and rejected. As may be imagined,\\nour friendly relations with Denmark were considerably impaired by this\\nmethod of doing business.\\nSo we have refused on all occasions to acquire territory in the\\nTropics, where the population is not capable of self-government.\\nI At this point, without having concluded his speech, Mr. Pktti-\\nOUKW yielded for a motion to proceed to the consideration of\\nexecutive business.]\\n3533", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "13\\nTh ursdinj, June ;?J, ISDS.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. Mr. President, I undertook to show yes-\\nterday that it was contrary to our theory of government, contrary\\nto our customs and precedents as a people, to acquire territory\\nnot conti,L;nous to our own, and inhabited by an inferior race of\\npeople. Those wlio favor a different policy now and who favor\\na departure from those customs and practices that have created\\nthe proudest pages of our history say it is manifest destinj-.\\nThroughout all recorded time manifest destiny has been the mur-\\nderer of men. It has committed more crimes, done more to op-\\n])rcss and wrong the inhabitants of the world than any other at-\\ntiibute to whicii mankind has fallen heir.\\nTHE ACMir.VKMKNTS (IF MAMl KST DESTINY.\\nManifest destiny has caused the strong to rob the weak and has\\nreduced the weak to slavery. Manifest destiny built the feudal\\ncastle and supplied the castle with its serfs. Manifest destiny\\nimpelled republics that have heretofore existed and perished to go\\nforth and conquer weaker races and to subject their people to\\nslavery, to impose taxation against their Avill, and to inflict gov-\\nernments odious to them. Manifest destiny is simply the cry of\\nthe strong in justification of their plunder of the weak. This cry\\nsent forth the nations of Europe to divide among them the weaker\\nnations of Asia and of Africa. This cry has allowed Great Britain\\nt) gather the harvests on the banks of the Nile, to lay burdens\\nupon the people of Egypt unusual, intolerable, worse than that of\\nindividual slavery.\\nIt is this cry of manifest destiny which causes the guns of Great\\nBritain to echo daily around the world and excuses the massacre\\nand assassination of the weaker people of the earth. Her opera-\\ntions in Africa she justifies by this specious plea. During the last\\nseven years she has killed twenty or thirty thousand of the people\\nof Africa, bombarded towns filled with women and children, and\\nherself has lost in this unecjual contest but seven men\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all this in\\nthe name of manifest destiny. So colonies have been planted by\\nthe nations of Europe. They have gone forth to conquer the\\nweaker nations of the world. But the result upon themselves has\\nnot been such as to induce us to emulate their example.\\nGreat Britain to-day, with all her mighty power and her vast\\npossessions, has not conferred upon the people of England the\\ncomfort and satisfaction and happine.-s which should come with\\na proper and honest national policy. One- tenth of her people are\\npaupers. Two out of three of her laborers who reach the age of\\n()0 years either are or have been paupers. Two hundred and\\ntwentv-two thousand of her people own all the property. More\\nthan two-thirds of the people of Great Britain have no property\\nat all. This is a result of her course in working out to its legiti-\\nmate conclusion the theorj of manifest destiny.\\nIf wo pursue it, if we annex the weaker nations of the world\\nand undertake to govern them, such will be the result with us. If\\nwe annex nations to whicli we can not apply our system of gov-\\nernment, if we acquire territory in the Tropics where men can not\\nlive who are capable of self-goveniment, then republican forms\\ncan not exist in those distant possessions. Tlio vigorous blooil,\\nthe best blood, the young men of our land, will be drawn away to\\nmix with inferior races .ind to hold them in subjection. Gradu-\\nally the reflex action of the contjucst and government of these in-\\nferior races by tyranny, by a new form of government unknown\\n3i23", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "14\\nto ns. will work its effect npon oiir own people, and free institutions\\nwill disappear from this land as well as from the land we conquer\\nand undertake to hold in subjection. Why should we change our\\npolicy as a people? Why should we go back upon our history\\nand our past? What argument can be presented in behalf of an\\nabandonment of the principles and policies that liave made us a\\ngreat nation?\\nTHE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nIs there an exception in the case of these islands in the Pacific?\\nI will not go into their history, but I will allude briefly to their\\nlocality, to their population, and their climate. The Hawaiian\\nIslands are fifteen in number. Five of them are inhabited. They\\nlie between longitude 154 and 1(50 west, and between latitude 18\\nand 22 north. The island of Neehau contains 97 square miles and\\na population of fourteen families. It has an area of 02,000 acres.\\nIt is the first of the group to the westward that has any popula-\\ntion. It is owned by a citizen of Great Britain, a New Zealander,\\nwho bought it from the King many years ago and uses it for\\ngrazing purposes. Upon it are raised from thirty to forty thou-\\nsand sheep, and their wool is admitted to the United States free\\nof duty, although we impose a high duty upon wool from every\\nother country in the world. Certainly no American interest is\\npromoted by our method of dealing with the island of Neehau.\\nKauai, the next island, has 590 square miles, and contains 377,000\\nacres of land, and a population of 15,392. It is owned almost ex-\\nclusively by German planters, who are raising sugar by the em-\\nployment of Asiatic labor, and their products are imported to the\\nUnited States free of duty. There is no American plantation\\nupon this island. Some of the stock in the German companies is\\nowned by the so-called American citizens of Hawaii, but no\\nAmerican citizen owns any property on this island whatever.\\nYet the people of the United States are taxed to sustain the re-\\nmission of duties to the extent of millions of dollars, and the only\\npurpose served through this favoritism is that their products\\ncome in free and they profit enormously on the one side through\\nan abatement of duty on our part and through the medium of\\ncontract or slave labor on the part of the planters,\\nOahu is an island of 600 square miles, containing 384,000 acres,\\nand it has a population of 40,205 people. On this island is situated\\nthe city of Honolulu, containing about 30,000 people. The island\\nalso contains many sugar plantations, owned almost entirely by\\nnatives of the Hawaiian Islands, men whose fathers or grand-\\nfathers were citizens of the United States, who were born on the\\nisland, whose ancestors went there to confer upon those people\\nthe blessings of civilization, and whose sons have beaten them\\nout of their property and out of their Government.\\nMolokai is an island of 270 sciuare miles, containing 172,800\\nacres, with a population of 2,307, 1,200 of whom are lepers. This\\nisland is a leper colony. On one side it is fertile. There are one\\nor two sugar plantations, but the island is given up almost en-\\ntirely to the custody and care of lepers. They are isolated, and\\nhave been placed upon this island because the disease is con-\\ntagious.\\nI notice, as one of the assets paraded by the advocates of annexa-\\ntion, the cost of this leper plant. It is given as one reason why we\\nshould annex the island that this is a part of the property we\\nwill acquire if the Government takes Hawaii. It is a wonderful,\\n55. J3", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "15\\na most (lesirablo, asset! There are 1,000 lepers, and as an indnce-\\nnieut lor iis to ac :ept the island these enterpiisinp: sons of mis-\\nsionaries throw in among the assets the value of this leper colony\\nplant.\\nMaui is an island of 760 square miles, containing 467,000 acres,\\nwith a po]mlation of 17.72(5, engaged in the production of sugar.-\\nThis island is exceedingl}- fertile, and there are vast areas yet un-\\ncultivated and capable of producing sugar, and upon it there is\\nconsiderable in the way of American interests. Upon this island\\nare the plantations of Spreckels and his boy, and the stock in\\ntho. se conii)anits is quite largely held in this country.\\nLaiiai is an island of loO square miles, containing 9C.0O0 acres\\nand has a population of lOo people. There is no American inter-\\nest there. It is a grazing island.\\nHawaii, which is the jirincipal island of the group, has an area\\nof 4. 10 square miles, or 2. Oil), 000 acres. Its population is ;j;j. J.s.j.\\nThis island, like all the others, is a product of volcanic action.\\nThey were thrown up from the bed of the Pacific. The island of\\nHawaii is 14,000 feet in height, and has upon it one of the greatest\\nvolcanoes in the world. The crater upon the sujnmit, which is\\n13,(500 feet above the sea, and Kilauea, the crater upon its side,\\nbeing 4,000 feet above the sea, are always active. This island is\\nexceedingly rich. There are vast areas of tropical vegetation\\ncapable of producing great quantities of the products of tropical\\nlands.\\nThe total area of all these islands is 6,677 square miles, or\\n4.20S,000 acres. The Hawaiian Islands are within the Tropics.\\nThey are capable of producing only the products of the Tropics.\\nThey are susceptible of great development beyond that which has\\nalready occurred. They are capable of maintaining, in my opin-\\nion, three or four times the population that they now possess.\\nIt was argued by the friends of annexation when the debate\\nopened upon the treaty presented for the annexation of these\\nislands that they were enormously rich; that they would produce\\na valuable trade, and would therefore confer a great benefit upon\\nthe people of the United States. I am willing to accept that state-\\nment.\\nNow it is argued that we only need a coaling station and that\\nthe islands are barren, volcanic rocks, not caiiable of population,\\nand therefore that question is unimportant, hardly worthy of cou-\\neideration. We will, however, go into that subject farther along.\\nIf these islands contained a population as dense as that of Iowa\\nto-day. they would be occupied by 240. (mjO people: if a population\\nas dense as that of Illinois, they would have 400,000 people.\\nTROPICAL rOrUr.ATION UNDESIRABLE.\\nBut, Mr. President, tropical countries produce and maintain\\npopulations much more dense than countries in the temperate\\nz ine. because it takes less to clothe and feod and care for their\\npeople, because their demands and wants are less, and Ijecause of\\nthe wonderful food-producing power of the soil of the Tropics.\\nThe island of Java has an area no larger than the State of Iowa,\\nand it contains 24,000,000 people. It is within the Tropics. It is\\nreasonable to suppose that the Hawaiian Islands will maintain a\\npopulation in proportion to their area equal to those of other trop-\\nical countries.\\nBat what kind of a population, Mr. President? The more of\\nthem the worse. What kmd of a population is it, then, that we\\nai3", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "16\\npropose to admit into this country? But our friends who are fa-\\nvorin.i^ annexation s:iy American laborers will go over to Hawaii\\nto till the soil and gain easy subsistence. There is not a colony\\nof European or Anglo-Saxon laborers within 22 of the e;iiiator\\nanywhere on the globe. No English, no French, no Germans, no\\nScandinavians, no Russians, none of the people whose blood flows\\nin the veins of our people have colonized any portion of the globe\\nwithin 22 of the e luator. American nter])rise and Anglo-Saxon\\nthrift seek the region in the northern hemisi)here or the southern\\nhemisphere, if you will, between the thirtieth and fifty-fifth de-\\ngrees of north or south latitude. They will not go elsewhere.\\nIs it claimed that these peojjle ai-e not colonists; that they have\\nnot gone forth to conquer the world and settle new countries? On\\nthe contrary, they have planted their colonies around the world,\\nthough never within this tropical belt, for the reason that they do\\nnot flourish there.\\nJamaica has been an English colony for two hundred years.\\nJamaica has 4,200 square miles, two-thirds as much as the islands\\nof Hawaii. It lies within the Tropics. It has a population of\\nG;33.000 people.. How many Englishmen; how many Europeans?\\nIncluding the garrison, including the officers, including the at-\\ntaches of the Government. 14,000, and that is all. The rest are\\nblacks. This island lies within the Tropics. It has an elevation\\nof 7,000 feet. It is one of the most healthful of all the tropical\\nislands.\\nTHE CAT CASIAN HEQUIRES FROST.\\nThat which may be said of it may be al.so said of Hawaii. And\\nyet the European will not locate there. He goes to New Zealand,\\nto southern Australia, to Canada. He abides where the frost\\nchills mans blood and where clothing made of the wool of the\\nsheep helps to Iccop him warm. I think you can lay it down as a\\nproposition which can not be refuted that self-government and\\nindependence and high civilization are only embraced by people\\nwho find it necessary to wear warm clothes and who feel the\\ntingle of the frost in their veins during a portion of a year.\\nThe Leeward Islands have 701 square miles. They have 123,000\\npeople, 5,000 of whom are Europeans. It is another English\\ncolony.\\nBritish Guiana, on the north coast of South America, has 109,000\\nsquare miles and a population of 280,000 people\u00e2\u0080\u0094 negroes, contract\\nlaborers, coolies from India raising sugar, with 2,583 Europeans,\\nincluding the garrison.\\nHaiti has a population of 600,000 people. It has 10,204 square\\nmiles. The language is French, Nine-tenths of the population\\nare negroes, and the rest are mulattoes. You can say a thousand\\nthings about Haiti, about its healthful climate, about its wonder-\\nful productiveness, about its desirability. White men will not\\nlive there because of the climate.\\nNew Guinea, a British colony, lies between 8 and 10 of the\\nequator, has Ss,000 square miles and a population of 350,000 peo-\\nple. 2. )0 of whom are Europeans.\\nNew Zealand has an area of 104,000 square miles. It is near\\nNew (Guinea. It is between the thirtieth and thirty-fifth degree of\\n.south latitude, and therefore outside of the Tropics. I give this\\nillustration for the purpose of showing that it is a question of\\nclimate whether the white race will occupy a locality or not. Its\\npopulation is 628,000 Europeans, 41,000 natives, and 4,400 China-", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "17\\nmen. It is near New Guinea. It is in the Temperate Zone. So\\nthe Anj;lo-Sa.\\\\t)n wont there and settled, and he has hnilt up a\\ngovernment freer, in my opinion, and better tlian ours, beeauso\\niintrammeled by interl erence. nntrammeh d by older influences.\\nThis colony was planted later than ours, and, unhindered by greed,\\nby a combination of circumstances which have oppressed ns and\\nthe English people, the people of New Zealand have worked out\\nwhat Anglo-Saxon men iintrammeled will always work out\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a\\nfree government pavticipati d in by all the people. In my opinion\\nthey have better laws. In fact, they furnish about the only\\nexample of a tirst-class English government on tlie globe to-day.\\nThe Straits Settlements are within the Trojiics. There is there\\na population of .jI^.OUO natives. Singapore, the commercial city,\\nis a great city, one of the emporiums of the East, right under the\\nequator. It is on the route from the Suez Canal to Ciiina and\\nJapan. It contains .ll J.OOO natives. G.. )UO Europeans and Amer-\\nicans. The Europeans are the English garrison and tlio English\\nofficeholders. The few Americans who are there are engaged in\\ntrade and business with the East, and they go away in the sum-\\nmer. They go up to Japan: they go to the health resorts of that\\ndelightful country to escape the evil eifects of a trojncal climate.\\nIt was supposed that the French people would occupy the Trop-\\nics, but they do not. The Latin race, more or less, has occupied\\nthe Tropics, but the frost of winter has touched the veins of the\\nFrenchman. It has overcome the tendency of his Latin blood to\\nlive within the Tropics, and although they have coiKiuered Ton-\\nquin, with 9,000,000 of people, and Cochin China, with ;J, (100,000\\nmore, there are only o.OUO Frenchmen in the whole country, in-\\ncluding the officers and the garrison. The rest of the troops are\\nnatives.\\nMartini iueis an island on the north coast of South America, of\\nwhich we have heard much of late. Martinique has 187,000 peo-\\nple, and only l,::i(i7 Frenchmen and Europeans of all classes. The\\nbalance of tlie population are blacks.\\nFrench Congo has a population of 7,000,003, and only 300 Euvo-\\npeans, besides the garrison.\\nSo it goes the world over. Look where you will, tropical coun-\\ntries are not inhabited by the people of our race.\\nNO AMKUICAX I.ABOHUUS IN HAWAII.\\nThere are no American laborers in Hawaii, and there never\\nwill be. Annex the islands if yoii will. A number of American\\nlaborers who were taken there years ago to work upon sugar plan-\\ntations have abandoned the business, and to day not one is em-\\nployed in any of their tropical industries. Between 1S!).5 and 1S|J7\\neven the eightj -seven Americans who were put down in the cen-\\nsus of Hawaii as being engaged in the sugar industry as em-\\nployees have disappeared entirelj-. They turn them oil They\\nwere foremen, they were bookkeepers, l)ut the Jap came in.\\nskilled as he is in every art and in every Ijusiness. He wouhl\\nwork for jil2 a month, and the American who was being paid s, )0\\nand $7r) was dismissed. So even in Hawaii, since IHO every Amer-\\nican employed as a laborer on these plantations has been dis-\\nmissed and his place filled by an Asiatic.\\nIt is argued by the friends of annexation that the.se islands,\\nalthough in the Tropics, have a veiy salul)rious climate and that\\nAmericans flourish and grow and reproducf their kind and are\\nwonderfully happy. Witiiout investigation they give the climate\\nl5\u00c2\u00bb-:i", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "18\\nof these islands an average temperature and say that the trade\\nwinds have modified it so that it is an exception to the rule of\\ncountries within the Tropics. This subject will bear investiga-\\ntion on the part of those who oppose annexation, and I propose to\\nshow the tcmperatiires of various tropical countries in comparison\\nwith Hawaii to see whether the claim is well founded. I quote\\nfrom the Hawaiian Annual, by Thrum, a book issued in the inter-\\nests of annexation, containing many falsehoods in furtherance\\nof the designs of the gang of sugar planters who own that country.\\nTherefore statements upon subjects which are against them can\\nat least be supposed not to contain untruths which are to their\\ndisadvantage, it is the only possible indorsement the book is\\nentitled to from anybody, and, with this apology, I quote from it:\\nFor seven years the average temperature of Honolulu, which is\\none of the most northern points in these islands, was 74 82 (for\\nthe whole seven years, taking them alltogether) and the thermom-\\neter ranged from 5-4 to 88 I have not the observations from\\nthe other portions. The main portion of these islands is embraced\\nin the Island of Hawaii, which is very much nearer the equator\\nand, along the coast, undoubtedly very much hotter.\\nHonolulu being on the southwest sitle of a range of mountains,\\nthe trade winds blowing from the northeast lose their moisture\\nagainst the face of these mountains. Consequently the climate of\\nthat locality is dry for the Tropics, but its temperature ranges\\nabout the same as that of tropical countries generally. The range\\nis from ~A to 88 and the average is 7-4 32\\nWe will take Havana, Cuba. For ten years the mean tempera-\\nture was 7().8 the range was from 49 to 100\\\\ It gets slightly\\ncolder and slightly hotter in Havana. That is no indication of un-\\nhealthiness, but the contrary, for in Dakota it ranges between 40\\nbelow and 110 above. It is the even temperature, the continuing\\ntemperature at the same range that makes these countries un-\\nhealthy and xmfit for the habitation of the white race. At San\\nFernando. Cuba, the average is 75 the highest range was 87% and\\nthe lowest 51 In Hawaii the highest range was 88 the lowest\\n54 average 74.32 while at San Fernando. Cuba, the range was\\nfrom 51 to 87 and the average was 75 The range in Kingston,\\nJamaica, was, lowest GG, highest 89 there being only r of differ-\\nence between that and Hawaii, and the average was 78\\nSan Juan. Puerto Rico, another tropical country, and almost\\nthe same distance from the equator as the Hawaiian Islands, the\\naverage was 78.9\\nHAWAIIAN CLIMATE NOT PECULIAR.\\nThe climate, then, of Hawaii is not different from the climate of\\nevery tropical country. The climate of tropical countries is pretty\\neven throughout the year. The thermometer ranges but little.\\nThere is scarcely a tropical country on the globe where the ther-\\nmometer ranges above 88 but the continuous heat, the perpetual\\nheat, the average heat from one year s end to the other, of 73 or\\n75 or 7G, which is about the average of every tropical country on\\nthe globe, is what tells upon the people who are born in the noi-th.\\nTherefore our aggressive, energetic, active, dominating race will\\nnever inhabit those islands. If they would, why have they not\\ngone there?\\nIn 1875 we made a treaty with these people by which we stimu-\\nlated an industry in such a manner and to such an extent as no", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "lit\\nother industry was over stimulated in the worhl. We admitted\\ntheir suf?ar free of dutv. We remitted in duties more than it cost\\nto produce the su.t, ar. It is chiimed that we did it in tlie intirest\\nof the missionavit s who had pone there to convert the pcojjle to\\nCliristianitv and. havini^c abandoned their job, liad proceeded to\\nsteal their hind and steal their (iovernment. Did more Americans\\ngo? The climate had no attractions for them. The population of\\nAmericans in the islands has not increased materially under this\\nwonderful stimulus. Let us see what is tlie nationality of the\\ninhabitants of the islands. Is it desirable; does manifest destiny\\ncompel us to take in such people?\\nIn Hawaii in ISSIO there were ;5-l,4:?6 natives; in 1S9G there were\\nol.om. Of part Hawaiians in l^iiO there were 6,18G; in is jo there\\nwere 8.48. Of Americans in 1890 there were 1,928; in 18% there\\nwere 3,08G.\\nNow. let me explain these figures. That shows a great increase.\\nThe fellows who are running that Government are the shrewd-\\nest lot I ever knew. Their fathers had no communion with the\\ndevil, and their sons have to have enough of that sort of fellow-\\nship to make up for the whole family. They have taken in the\\ncensus of 1800 onlv those Americans who they claimed were\\nAmerican born, and have left out the S-20 of American blood who\\nwere Hawaiian l)orn and Hawaiian citizens.\\nThen they made an extra class in 1n9 and they said Hawaiian-\\nborn foreigners, but in 1S9!J they took all the Hawaiian-born Amer-\\nicans and put them into the class of Americans. So it was with the\\nBritish, the Germans, French, and Norwegian^. The scheme was\\nto make it appear that there had been a wonderful increase in the\\npopulation of Europeans from 1890 to 1890, when in reality there\\nhas been no increase in the population of Americans in those\\nislands, except what was furnished by the fellows they took there\\nfrom San Francisco to arm in order that they might maintain\\ntheir tvrannv after they overthrew the Government in 189:3.\\nThey say in 1S90 there were 1.344 British; in 189( 2,-2. )0: of\\nGermans in 18 .;0 there were 1,034; in 189 J, 1,432: of French in\\n1890 there were 70; in 1890, 101; of Norwegians in 1890 there were\\n227; in 1890, 378.\\nSo, much less than 3 per cent of the population is of American\\ndescent. About 4 i)er cent of the population is British, German,\\nFrench, and Norwegian.\\nOf Portuguese in 1890 there were8,G02; in 189G, 15,191. But that\\napparent increase of Portuguese is fictitious.\\nThe real facts of the matter are that in 1890 the Portuguese-\\nborn in the islands under the head of Hawaiian they classed at\\n7,49. while in 189G they classed all the Portuguese-born in the\\nisland the same as they did the Americans, under the head of\\nPortuguese, making an apparent large increase, although there\\nwas no immigration of Portuguese to the islands during that time\\nany more than there was of Americans. There were of Japanese\\nin 1X90, 12,300; in 1^90, 24,4ii7; there were of Chinese, in 1890,\\n15.301; in 189G, 21, GIG; of Polynesians there were 58^^ in 1890 and\\n4.55 in l89G; of other nationalities there were 419 in 1890 and (500\\nin 1896; of Hawaiian-born foreigners, none in 1890 and 7.495 in\\n1890.\\nIXCltKASi: IN ASIATIC rol CI.ATIOV.\\nIt will be noticed that there is an enormous increase of the\\nAsiatic population. If you look at their commerce, you will find", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "20\\nthat there has been an enormoiis increase of commerce between\\nthese islands and Asia and a decrease of commerce between these\\nishuids and the United States since 1890. Wliy? Because the\\npoimlation is As^iatic and they want nothini? that we prodiice.\\nThey live upon rice and they wear different clothes from what we\\nwear. There is nothing that the United States produces that the\\nlaborers of those islands want. They are the dominant popula-\\ntion, and therefore the dream of enormous commerce fritters\\naway. But what kind of people are they? The same kind of peo-\\nple you would expect in the Troi)ics. What is the difference be-\\ntween the number of males and females? That is iuteresting. Is\\na population where there is a disparity between the sexes desir-\\nable? Here are the figures:\\nTable of sex, by nalionctlitij.\\n[From latest census returns, 1890.]\\nj Hawaiian-l)orn of for-\\neign parents.\\nNationality.\\nMale^- mSes. Tot^^-\\nWhole population.\\nM^l^\u00c2\u00ab;m^ts.|Total.\\nHawaiian\\nPart Hawaiian.\\nAmerican\\nBritish\\nGerman\\nFrench\\nNorwegian\\n401\\n353\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00a3,2\\n10\\n71\\n419\\n360\\n268\\n16\\n91\\n820\\n712\\n5;J0\\n26\\n163\\n16,399\\n4,249\\n1,975\\n1,406\\n866\\n56\\n216\\n14,620\\n4,236\\n1,111\\n844\\n563\\n45\\n162\\n31,019\\n8.485\\no.(l8G\\n2,25.\\n1,4:33\\n101\\n378\\nHere you notice a wonderful disparity between the males and\\nfemales, Americans, British, Norwegians, French, and Germans;\\nand if you look over the population of every tropical country\\nin the world, you will find the same disparity: you will find a pre-\\nponderance of males among the whites. In other words, our race\\ndoes not live in that climate; it can not. I have investigated a\\nlarge number of tropical countries, and find as to the character\\nand sexes of the population of Europeans, as a rule, there are\\nfrom one-fourth to two-thirds more males than females. It seems\\nto me that that is comment enough. But let us see what is\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0worse.\\nHawaiian-horn of for-\\neign parents.\\nWhole population.\\nNationality.\\nMales.\\nFe-\\nmales.\\nTotal.\\nMales, ^^e^-3. Total.\\n3,C06\\n1,054\\n1,204\\n21\\n87\\n3.a-.3\\n1:024\\n1,030\\n89\\n6,959\\n2.078\\n46\\n176\\n8.203\\n19,213\\n19, 167\\n321\\n418\\n6,989\\n5, 195\\n2,449\\ni:\u00c2\u00ab\\n152\\n15.191\\n.lapiineso\\nCliiiii so\\nSo\\\\ith Sea Islanders\\n24,407\\n21,616\\n4. 5\\n600\\nTotal\\n7,058\\n6,675\\n13,r33\\n72,517 36,503\\n109,020\\nThis shows a preponderance of two to one; twice as many males\\nas females. That is the kind of a population you propose to ad-\\nmit in this Union on an equal footing with the rest of us. 1 will", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "21\\ninint with my lenuivks the next table, which shows the difference\\nin population iuul its nationalities since IS, The disparity, so\\nfar as tlie Europeans are concerned, is the same.\\nThe table referred to is as follows:\\nNationality.\\nIf53.\\n1866.*\\n1873.\\n40. (U4\\n1878.\\n1884.\\n1890.\\n1890.\\nXativps\\n70.036\\n57. 125\\n+4.088\\n40.014\\n.34.4:b!\\n31.019\\nI lirt Hiiwaiians\\n9K5\\n1.610\\n1.1.S7\\n3.420\\n4,21S\\ni, IKIi\\nK.4,S5\\nI liinese\\n34;4\\n1,206\\nl. .as\\n5,9Hi\\n17.9.37\\n15.:\u00c2\u00ab)l\\n13.7:\u00c2\u00ab\\nAiuoriciiiis\\nuta\\n889\\n1,276\\n2,066\\n1,928\\n2,266\\n1 luwaiian born for-\\n1\\nI l^nors\\n309\\n849\\n947\\n2.040\\n7.495\\n1.5:w\\nI ritish\\n4;{5\\n(ilO\\n88;j\\n1.282\\n].:m\\n912\\nI ortuKuese\\nm\\n395\\n436\\n9.377\\n\u00c2\u00ab.G\u00c2\u00abI2\\ni:t\\n(ionnans\\n81\\n2,0S\u00c2\u00ab\\n2*24\\n72\\nl,t)(K\\nl.4:u\\n8.2:J3\\nI* rench\\nuo\\n88\\n81\\n192\\n70\\n216\\n.laiumese\\nNorwegian\\nother foreigners\\n116\\n12.3i;0\\n19.;{83\\nH\\n;J62\\n22,329\\n80\\n364\\n666\\n416\\n419\\n409\\nPolynesian\\n4 1\\n956\\n588\\n434\\n1\\nTotal\\n73,138\\n62,959\\n56,897\\n57,985\\n80,578\\n89,990\\n109,030\\nThere was no complete; division of nationalities noted in the census of 1S66.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. In 1897 the estimated population of the\\nHawaiian Islands had increased from 109,020 to 115,97s, as will\\nbe seen from the following table:\\nEstimated population of Ilarraiian Inlands July 1, 1S07.\\nNa-\\ntives.\\nChi-\\nnese.\\nJapa-\\nnese.\\nPortu-\\nguese.\\nAll\\nother\\nfor- Total\\neign-\\nors.\\nPopulation as per census, Sep-\\ntemljer. l.S9()\\n39,504\\n31,616\\n1,377\\n2,908\\n24,407\\n1.673\\n396\\n15,191\\n8,303 109,030\\nExcess of pa.sseiit?er arrivals\\nover departures:\\nFourth quarter. 1896\\nSix months, to July 1, 1897.\\n3.39 3.389\\n207 3,569\\nTotal\\n39,504\\n25,901\\n26,476\\n15,349\\n8,848 115, 9;8\\nLess 3, excess of departures in 189).\\nOver 0,000 people were added to the population of those islands iu\\n1897. Did they come from the United States, hoping to be annexed?\\nNot at all, Mr. President. They came from Japan; they came as\\nKlave laborers, contract laborers. The percentage of Americans\\ndowntherois lessnowthan it was last year: andwhiletheir nnmlier\\nhas not increa.sed at all, the Asiatics have increased li,()00. I went\\nto these islands last summer, and on the boat on which I traveled\\nthere were jDU Japanese, b O of whom were women and I iO men;\\nand they were contract laborers.\\nNow, let us see who toils upon the )ilantatioiis. Here is tlio\\niKitionality of males by the census of LSOO and the number of labor-\\ners on the sugar estates iu IW J.j and IH Jd. I append a table givmjf\\nthe figures.\\n3a2:j", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "22\\nNationality of males, by census of ISOC, and number of laborers on sugar estates\\nin IS j i.\\nNationality.\\nMales, by\\ncensus.\\nMales on\\nestates.\\n1895.\\n1896.\\n20.r48\\ni,!\u00c2\u00bbr5\\nl,4l\u00c2\u00ab\\n8C(i\\n8,20:.\\n19, Hi7\\n321\\n720\\n].:-84\\n84\\n].-)2\\n14(1\\n2,499\\n11,584\\n3,847\\n1*5\\n97\\n1,-584\\nNone.\\nBritish\\nNone.\\nNone.\\n2.2153\\nJaiKiiK se\\n12,893\\n6,289\\n115\\nCOO\\nTotal\\n72,517\\n20,120\\n23, 749\\nCHEAP JAPANESE I.ABOU.\\nWliy is it that there were employed 8i Americans on sngar es-\\ntates in 189.1, and Vhat none were so employed in 189G? Why is it\\nthey were dischart^cd? Because the Japs do the work for $12.50 a\\nmonth, and the Anaericans get from is.lO to s?. a month. Ho the\\nAmerican was not wanted. The men who talk so much of their\\nlove of country and the prospect of American laborers being im-\\n])orted to Hawaii di. :;charged their American employees and tilled\\ntheir places with Asiatics.\\nI will show further that it appears that they discharged the Ger-\\nman and British laborers, as well as the American laborers, and for\\nthe same reason; and yet they tell us an American community is\\ngoing to grow up on tho.se islands and American labor is going\\nthere to find employment!\\nIt appears from the table that in 189.5 there were 2.499 Portu-\\ngurse employed upon the sngar plantations, and in 189G, one year\\nafter, 2,2(58 were employed upon the sugar plantations. Yv hy?\\nThey were discharged and their places were filled by Asiatic la-\\nborers, coming in under contract; and before I get through I will\\nshow what that contract is.\\nOf the Japanese there were 19,212 males in all the islands. In\\n1896, 11,584 were employed upon the sugar plantations, and in\\n1896, 12,893. That shows who took the places of the Europeans\\nwho had been previously employed. Of the Chinese there were\\n19,167 males upon the islands; and in 1895 there were emploj-ed of\\nthis number upon the sugar plantations 3,847; and the next year\\nthere were 6,289 Chinamen employed upon the sugar estates; and\\nj ct we arc told about American people and American interests\\nand American labor; and that is one of the arguments set forth\\nby those advocating the acquisition of this jiaradise of the Pa-\\ncific, inhabited by the males of the human race!\\nOf South Sea Islanders there were, as will be seen by the table,\\n321, according to the census of 1896, upon all the islands. Of\\ntlioso 133 were employed upon the sugar estates in 1895 and 115 in\\n1896; of other nationalities 720 were by the census upon all the\\nislands, and in 1895 there were 97 employed, and in 1896 600 were\\nemployed an increase of laborers employed upon sugar planta-\\ntions from 1895 to 1896 of 3,660.\\nThis is a comment made by Mr. Joseph O. Carter; and I quote\\nthe figures from this same book, the Hawaiian Annual, that the\\nAmerican, British, and German people do not find estate work\\n85;;a", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "desirable, ext ept as skilled laborers. The Ainerieaii farm liaml\\nWduUl find estate work most uninviting.\\nThe figures also prove that the sugar planters find it more\\nl)rotitHble to import new laViorers on tlnee-years contracts tlian\\nto engage labor already on the ground, the reason being that tho\\nnewc-omer works for $1.?.00 per month, while the old baud demands\\na higher wage.\\nTlie smaller percentage of Chinese laborers on estates is due to\\nthe fact that tho Japanese is the cheajier man. Japaiie.se are com-\\ning in by every steamer from the Orient, and must continue to\\ncome or higher wages must prevail.\\nThe number of laborers on .sugar estates in 1890 (the year of the\\ncensus) could not be procured at the Immigration Bureau, pre-\\nsumably because the figures would make a worse showing. I\\nsubsequently procured the figures from Thrums Annual, which\\ncame out after that letter was written.\\nI have here a table showing the percentages:\\nIn 187S c-ach thousanfl of the population w.os composed of tlio following ele-\\nmonts: Xativcs, s;i. Chinese, h^~: Amerioans, 22; EnKlish, 15; Ciermaiis. 5,\\nand other nationalities, l. According to the census of this year the propor-\\ntions are as lollows\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis was in 189G\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe natives have decreased to 3; the Japanese, who did not appear sepa-\\nrately in the earlier census, are now represented by ~Si\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe reason the Japanese do not appear in the census previous to\\n1878 was because they were not there when we made the recii)roc-\\nity treaty with Hawaii and agi-eed to admit her sugar free in 1876,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which stimulated the industry which has peopled those islands\\nwith Asiatics and not with Americans\\nthe Chinese have increased to 198; the Portuguese, anotlier new element,\\nhave i:J!i; tho Americans have 28; the English, 2 i, and the Germans Vi. As a\\nresult of the j)oIicy of protecting the foreign planters pursued by this coun-\\ntry, the American popiilation h.is increased less rajndly than any of the oth-\\ners, and the classi-s that are not likely ever to purchase American goods have\\nincreased out of all proportion to the others.\\nn.VWAIlS NATIO.NAL DKUT.\\nNow, let us see what kind of a population this is. We propose\\nto adopt or accept along with these islands its national debt of\\n\u00c2\u00a74.00(J,(J00. One million two hundred thousand dollars of this\\nnational debt was incurred to encourage contract labor to go to\\nthe islands. Let us see what is the character of these contract\\nlaborers. This testimony which I shall read throws some light\\nupon contract laborers:\\nTESTI.MONY Of CI.AUS SPIIKCKKI.S.\\nQ. .Suppose a contract laborer is idling in the field, what do you do?\\nA. We diK-k him; wo give him onlv one-lialf or threc- iuarters of a dav;\\nand if ho keeps it up, wc resort to the law and have him arrested for rofusiii^\\nto work.\\nThis is the Republic we are going to annex to our country, and\\nthis is a law under which that Republic exists! We fought one of\\nthe greatest wars of modern times to overthrow .slavery. After\\nhaving done that and having incurred a national debt of enor-\\nmous proi)ortions, we propose to add slavery to the yrjoixt free Re-\\npublic. This matter grows worse as you look into ic.\\nQ. W^hat do you acconii)lish by jiutting him in jai!\\nA. K(jrth first offense hf is orderi d back to work, and he h.ostoieven-\\ntually) i)ay tht* cfist of court. If he refuses to olicy orders, he is arrested\\nagain and u light fine is inflicted, which tho i lanter\u00c2\u00abun i)ay and take it out of\\nhis nay, or else ho is jiut on tho road to work. I nr tin- third offou.se ho is\\nlikely to get three months imprisoumeut.\\n3:^23", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "And that is a law of this so-called mlssionar.v Republic, and that\\nwill be one of the laws after otir Hawaiian neighbors come into the\\nUnited States, because we provide that their laws shall continue\\nin force until we enact new laws. Ho we adopt slavery and all;\\nand yet Senators are crazy to press this question in the midst of\\nwar, to take advantage of the patriotic sentiments of our people\\nand restore slavery to this country.\\nThese contracts provide for compelling the laborer to work faithfully by\\nfines and damage suits brought by the planters against them, -with the right\\non the part of the planter to deduct the diimages and cast of suit out of the\\nlaborers wages. They also provide for comi)elling the laborer to remain\\nwith the planter during the contra;:t term. They are santioned by law and\\nenforced uy civil remedies and penal litws.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Blount s report.\\nThen this question is asked, and this is also a pai-t of the tes-\\ntimony in Blounfs report, which he took in investigating this\\nsubject:\\nQ. Those sugar planters who are declaring themselves in favor of an-\\nnexation, how do they look at the labor question in connection with an-\\nnexation\\nA. They think the United States will make a different law for the islands.\\nIf they C(niid not get [cheap 1 labor, they don t want aimexation.\\nQ. But they ai e satisticd they will get such legislation?\\nThe proposition is to appoint a commission: and the same in-\\nterest which was able to accomplish this reciprocity- treaty, which\\nhas cost us $72,000,000, has also been able to perpetiiate and con-\\ntinue that treaty, thus plundering the taxpayers of our country\\nof \u00c2\u00a710.000,000 per annum, will be pretty nearly able to secure what\\nthey want.\\nTHE SUGAR TITTST A rD AX^TEXATTOX.\\nSomeone has said that the sugar trust is opposed to annexation.\\nSo far as I am concerned 1 should think there need be no fear of\\nthe opponents of annexation acting with the sugar trust, when\\nthe chief champions of the sugar trust in this body array them-\\nselves on that side of the question; and so long as they continue\\nthe fierce advocates of annexation I shall conclude that there is\\nno possible danger of my acting with the sngar trust. Here is\\nmore of this evidence:\\nQ. Is it your impression that the calculation of all Hawaiian sugar plant-\\ners, who are in favor of annexation, believe the United States will modify\\ntheir laws against contract labor, so that thoy can maintain a system of\\ncontract labor in the Hawaiian Islands?\\nA. I would not say contract labor. They say we may have to give up\\ncontract labor, but we can get all the labor we want from Japan.\\nQ. How?\\nA. They say we can send an agent there and send money, and he can send\\nlabor to Hawaii, and when it is here then they can make a contract.\\nThoy think in that way the planters can evade the labor laws of the\\nUnited States?\\nA. Yes; they think they can get around it.\\nPresident Dole said to me: I have a belief that the United States will\\ngive us a separate law, so that we can get laborers hei e.\\nTliat is in the testimony taken by Itfr. Blount, on page 975; and\\nit will be found in House Executive Document No. 1, part 3, Fifty-\\nthird Congress, third session.\\nLabor Commissioner Fifzgerald. of California, who was down\\nthere last year, came back and made a report showing that Amer-\\nican laborers could live there. Here is a part of his statement:\\nI have seen ;)0,(KTO barefooted laborers, half of whom work under a penal\\ncontract; I have seen rewards offered for their arrest when they violated\\ntheir contract and desertetl the plantation, with their number printed across\\ntheir photograiJh in convict style.", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "25\\nThese are the people we propose to mliuit to this Republic, and\\nthe men who enacted those laws, tlie sons of the missionaries, who\\nare the cjoverument down tiiere to-day, are the men wlio are land d\\nupon this tloor as the highest typc-sof American manhood, and the\\nSenator from Alabama [Mr. Moucjan] says thej have the best\\ngovermnent he ever saw. The h-enatur from Alabama fought for\\nseveral years to maintain slavery in this eoi:ntry, and perhaps\\nthat has something to do with his opinion. In his opinion a gov-\\nernment that is in favor of human slavery is the best government\\non earth.\\nI wish to have the Secretary read an editorial from the Honolulu\\nIndependent of Friday, November ID, ISiiT, headed Slavery in\\nHawaii.\\nThe PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. G.vllixger in the chair).\\nWithout objection, the Secretary will read as requested.\\nThe Secretary read as follows:\\nHardly a week froes by without reports of serious l.ibor troubles rear-bing\\nthe Houolulu papers. The uuoheckecl and indisrriiniiiate inHux of Asiatic^\\nserving as penal contract laborers has reached a point where the sutjar i)laiit-\\ners begin to realize that there are dangerous squalls ahead and that plaiita-\\ntious eventually will go up in flames to satisfy the cry for vengeance of the\\nitjnorant coolies, who think that thev are b iU -C ill u.sed and illtreatod by\\ntheir employers, and who are justiHod in their lK lii f according to all fair-\\nminded men with experience of plantation life and methfxls.\\nAs stated, a Japanese laborer shipped by the Ewa plantation claims that ha\\nwas assaulted by an overseer, who fractured his arm. The Jap. who has ar-\\nrived recently and does not understand Ens:lish, was advised by his more\\nexperienced countrymen to call upon the district judge and ap!)eal to the\\nstrong hand of the Hawaiian law. The poor devil was. of course, prohibited\\nfrom leavinp the i)lantation by his white bosses. Then ho got angry, and,\\nafter a palaver with his gansi, all decided to quit work and go to Honolulu\\nto see the representative of their Government. Eighty Japanese set out for\\nHonolulu, but were stopped at Pearl City by employees of the plantation, who\\nstarted to reason with the men. In the meantime the agents of the Kvra.\\nSugar t ompany. Messrs. Castle Cooke, had ber^n api)ris -d of the trouble,\\nand at their retiuest Mr. Chester Doyle, the official court interpreter of the\\nJai anese language, proceeded to Ewa to investigate and, if possible, prevent\\nfurther disturbances.\\nMr. Doyle has had great experience in dealing with Japanese laborers on\\nstrike. and at Pearl City ho called the men together and explained to them\\nthat they were committing an unlawful act by leaving work to follow their\\ninjured comrade, and that they ought to return to the plantation at unco,\\nwhile the man who claimed to have been as.saulted could proceed to the\\nproper authorities with his three witnesses and there enter his complaint.\\nAfter considerable talk the men adoi)tod Mr. Doyle s proposition and re-\\nturned to Ewa. There a conferen e w.xs held, aiid it w.is suggested\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nagreed upon by the Japanese\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that all would return to work, but tliat their\\nwages should not be docked and that the injured man .should have medii:al\\nattendance at the expense of the plantation and his wages to go on during\\nhis illness.\\nThe nifiuager. we are told, could not .approve of this reasonable proposi-\\ntion, and insisted in being present, having had translated the conversation\\nbetween Mr. Doyh-and thomen. Heeventuallv insisted in having the eiglity-\\nono Japaui-se jaili d and fined, and, the strict letter of the law being with him,\\nhe curried his jioiiit.\\nEwa jail Is a small buildingcontaining two or three cells suitable to accom-\\nmodate two or thri-e p rsons each. The police force of Ewa is composed of\\ntwo policemen and a daft native deputy sheriff. The manager evidently con-\\nsidering the force insuHlcient to arrest eighty-one men, telephoned to the\\npolice dejiartment in M Uiolulu asking for help or for permission to swear iu\\nmen as special constabU-s.\\nThese re iuests were naturally refused. a.R violation of labor contracts is a\\ncivil and not a criminal offense. The citizens gu.ird, whatever that may bo,\\nwaa then called out, wo are told, and thi- eightyoue Japs were forced to\\ntramp to Ewa jail, wliere tht-y were locked up. How the men were accom-\\nmodated in the cells of tho jail is a mystery. They must have l)cen packed\\nlike sardines in a lx)X. This morning they were to 1m tried before the Ha-\\nwaiian magLstratc of the i)lantation district They huvc no attorncvs, no\\nInterpreter, and no knowledge of our laws. The magistrate will prdljubly\\n0023", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "26\\norder thorn to return to wr)rk and to pay costs, which means that $3 will Ije\\ndeducted from th? $1^ which each of them receives per month.\\nThis is only one instance in hundreds showintj the slavery in Hawaii. It\\nmay be of interest to Senator M iit(;AN and other annexationists who desire,\\nfor a consideration, to saddle the United States with the problems of the\\nHawaiian Islands to know that Ewa Plantation stock is quoted at :tol.5 per\\nshare.\\nVIA HONOLULU THE LOXG ROUTE.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. Now, what are the arguments which are\\npresented whj- we should annex the.se islands, with their pecitliar\\nand undesirable population? The arguments presented in debate\\nbefore were that we should annex these islands because of a won-\\nderful commercial interest; that we should annex these islands\\nbecause their commerce was carried in American ships and under\\nthe American flag; that we should annex these islands because\\nthey were on the routes of commerce of the Orient. All this has\\napparently been abandoned, and the only argument now presented\\nis that an American war vessel can not cross the Pacific without\\ngetting coal; that these islands are absolutely necessary in order\\nthat we may reach the fleet at Manila. That is the argument now\\nIjeing pressed to the front. I am going to investigate this argu-\\nment and see if it is honest.\\nIt is further urged that we can not coal in a neutral port: that\\nthe reason our ships are going byway of Hawaii is because Hawaii\\nhas not declared its neutralit} and Japan has, and that therefore\\nour .ships can not go to Japan to coal and then go on their way to\\nManila.\\nIt is well known that the distance from Honolulu to Manila is\\n4,800 miles; it is well known that the distance from Puget Sound\\nto Yokohama, Japan, is \u00e2\u0096\u00a0it .^OO miles; in other words, the distance\\nfrom Hawaii across the Pacific Ocean to Manila is greater than\\nthe distance from San Francisco or Puget Sound to the port of\\nYokohama, in Japan, and so the argument has to be made that\\nwe can not coal in Japan. Is there anything to sustain it? Noth-\\ning itnder heaven. No authorities have been cited, no grounds\\nhave been given for this statement, but it has been made; and\\nyet ever} Senator knows that coal only under certain circum-\\nstances is contraband of war, and that the vessels of a belligerent\\nmay coal in a neutral port.\\nI wish to repeat again that the distance from San Francisco to\\nYokoliama. Jai)an, is !500 miles shorter than the distance from\\nHonolulu, in the Hawaiian Islands, to Manila by the shortest pos-\\nsiV)le route, and that, too. a rotate which is not usually traveled in\\norder to make it short. The distance from Puget Sound to Yoko-\\nhama is GUI) miles shorter than the distance from Honolulu to\\nManila; and yet they say the Pacific is so wide that none of our\\nvessels can carry coal enough to cross without stopping. The\\nPacific is wider from Honolulu to the coast of Asia than it is from\\nPuget Sound to the coast of Asia. We have traveled 2,000 miles\\nto get farther away, and then declare that our vessels can not\\ncarry coal enough to get across the water.\\nI contend that we could coal in Yokohama, in Japan: that we\\ncould have started our ships from Puget Sound within five days,\\nif we had been carrying on war. after we told Dewey to go to\\nManila. But we made no move then until he had gone there and\\ndestroyed the Spanish fleet. Now it is over fifty days, and we have\\noffered no relief. We have started it by the longest route. A ship\\ncan sail from Puget Soitnd to Manila and save a thousand miles", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "27\\nas compared with going from San Francisco by way of Honoliiln\\nto Manila. A sliip can. therefore, .save four days time. A ship\\ncan LCo from Pnget Sound to ^Manila in twenty-one days, and it is\\ntilty days since Dewey s battle, and during all these dreary tifty\\ndays there has been no fighting anywhere except by the insurgents\\non the Philipi)ine Islands.\\nIf wo had had an active Administration, the moment Dewey\\nwas .sent to Manila we would liave started our tieot from Puget\\nSound and sint him a-sistance and relief. Instead of that, we\\nmust wait, day by day. fifty days, till foreign governments have\\nhad to interfere toprotect their own people, this country having pro-\\nduced a condition of anarchy and disorder there which made their\\nlives unsafe. So we dragged in European complications. If we\\nhad started our ships l)y tlie way of Yokohama from Puget Sound,\\nthey would have sailed a thousand miles loss than the ships will\\nsail which we have finally sent, and we could have coaled at Yo-\\nkohama and in -Tapan and reached Manila a mi)nth ago.\\nMr. r^IAXTLE. If it will not interrupt the Senator from South\\nDakota, I should like to ask him a question. I have heard him\\nsay during the progress of this debate, and I have also heard it\\nstated b}- other Senatbi s. that it is much nearer to reach Japan or\\nChina r the Phili;ipiue Islands by what is called the Aleutian\\nroute\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that is Tip na-th; north of Honolulu\u00e2\u0080\u0094 than it is by way of\\nIlotiolulu. I wis to ask Senators if. as a matter of fact, com-\\nmerce does not take the Honolulu route to those countries. I ask\\nfor information.\\nCOMMERCE DOES XOT TAKE THE HONOLULU KOUTE.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. It is a matter of fact that commerce does\\nnot take the Honolulu route, but, on the contrary, every vessel\\nleaving San Francisco for Japan, unless it has special business\\nin Hawaii which makes it pay, goes .straight across the Pacific.\\nIt saves throe days time. When I retm-ned from the Orient last\\nsnnimcr I wished to remain in Japan nine days longer, but if I\\nhad waited nine daj s longer the next ship belonging to the same\\nline, the Occidental and Oriental, would not go to Honolulu at\\nall. It would come straight across the Pacific and save three days\\nand save the coal and save the expense. Every ship that they\\nsend goes that way unless it has business at Honolulu suflicient\\nto make it profitable to sail JOO miles farther and three days\\nlom, er.\\nMr. MANTLE. I have heard it said, and I have read it, that\\nthere are certain currents in the Pacific Ocean running near to\\nHonolulu and in that direction which more than compensate, be-\\ncause of the aid tliey give vessels in helping to carry them in that\\ndirection, for the longer distance by way of that island. I should\\nlike the Senator to .^ay something upon that subject.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. I will say that if the Senator should goto\\nSan Francisco and desire to go to Japan, the .same steamboat com-\\npany would agree to take him in fifteen days if he went straight\\nacross and eighteen days if lie went by Honolulu. That is asiifJi-\\ncient answer to the talk about currents. Their schedule time is\\nthree days shorter, I do not care whether it is going or coming.\\nIt makes no difference. There are currents in the Pacific. They\\nrun from half a knot to a knot an hour. Those currents are ail\\nthrough the Pacific.\\nBut if a route has the benefit of the current going one way. you\\nhave the disadvantage of the current going the other; and the\\n35-3", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "28\\ncurrent that flows by the Hawaiian Islands flows west. The cnr-\\nront that flows by the Aleutian Islands flows east. And there-\\nfore the ship which goes west by Hawaii goes with the current\\nand conies east against it, and a ship that goes west by the Aleu-\\ntian Islands goes against the current going out and comes with it\\ncoming back. It is only sailing Vessels that pay any attention to\\nthese things. You will find the sailing routes crooked and long.\\nI have a map which I will bring in here showing the routes of\\nsailing vessels on the Pacific. No steamship follows those routes.\\nMr. CAFFERY. I desire to ask the Senator whether or not he\\nhas investigated the matter of fogs which are alleged to sitrround\\nthe route from Vancouver, eay, by the Aleutian Islands?\\nCOALING IN A NUCTKAI. HAIiUOK.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. Both of the Senators have anticipated my\\ndebate. I will reach that question and argue it fully. I should\\nlike to dispose, if the Senator is willing, of the question of coaling\\nin a neutral harbor.\\nMr. CAFFERY. Certainly.\\n]\\\\]r. PETTKiREW. I have here International Law by Snow,\\nand I have heard some of the best international lawyers I know\\nsay he is one of the most competent authorities on the subject;\\nthat he is a writer of great ability and a close student. He says:\\nNor is it neeossarv tli.it tho ports should he habitually used. Melbourne\\nformed a suflicientry good base to the Confederate cruiser Slienondoali dur-\\ning our civil war to enable her after a single stay to carry on a campaign iu\\nthe North Pacific Ocean against our mercantile and whaling vessels without\\nbeing obliged to resort to any other port.\\nA neutral hence has the right to impose such restrictions upon belligerent\\nvessels wliich come within its .iurisdiction as may be deemed necessary for\\nthe euri)rceiiient of its neutrality, and so long as these restrictions are im-\\npartiallv (tarried out -there is no ground for complaint. This right is exer-\\nei.sed at timos to the extent of forbidding all armed cruisers, with or without\\nprizes, to enter certain neutral ports and waters for the purpose of obtaining\\nprovisions, coal, or repaii s.\\nThen he goes on to .show that that is not, however, the rule rec-\\nognized by the great nations of the worltl:\\nThe restrictions and prohibitions imposed by neutrals upon the vessels of\\nbelligerents as to the neutral ports are never extended so tar as to deny the\\nhospitality of those ports in case of immediate danger of want, such as stres.s\\nof weather, want of ])rovisions, etc. Asylum to this extent is required by tho\\nordinary laws of humanity.\\nBv the first proclamation of President Grant, issued August 20, 18.0. at the\\noutljreak of the Franco- Prussian war, among the acts forbidden were those\\nof increasing or augmenting the force, armament, or wai-hke equipment of\\nany bidligerciit vci-scl of war within tho territory of the United States: also\\nthe beginning or setting mi foot or providing or preparing means for any\\nmilitary expedition against the territory of either belligerent.\\nThe movements of the belligerent cruisers on our coast and in our waters\\nlieingsuch as to call for more explicit and stringent rules. President Grant,\\non the 8th of October, iHTd, issued a second proclamation, by which tlio bel-\\nligerent .ships were not permitted to fnMiuent the waters of the United States\\nfor tho purpose ol preparing for hostile oi eratioiis; tliey were forbidden to\\nleave the waters of the United States, from which a vessel of war, privateer,\\nor merchant vessel of tho other belligerent had sailed, until after the expira-\\ntion of twenty-four hours from its dei arture. Belligerent ve.ssels were not\\nto U.SO the Dorts of the United States except in case of necessity, and they\\nwere to leiivc port twenty-four Iiours after i)rovisions had been -ccured or\\nthe necessarv reiiairs effected. No supplies other than those necessary for\\nthe subsistence of the persons on board were to bo taken, and only suflicient\\ncoal to take tho vessel to the nearest European port of her own country, and\\nuntil her return to such port no coal was to be supplied oftener than ones in\\nthree months.\\nThat has become the established law of nations. Efiglnnd has\\nalready adopted it. A vessel of a belligerent may enter the port", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "29\\nof a neutral for the purpose of getting c \u00c2\u00abial ancl provisions while\\non its way to another point, and it may get co:il cnougli so that\\nit may ri-turn to its nearest home port. Grant declared that (Ger-\\nman or French ve.ssels could visit onr coast, remaining twoutj--\\nfonr hours, not leaving witliin twenty-tour hours after another\\nUUigerent .\u00c2\u00abhip had lett; that tliey might take coal enough to re-\\nturn to tlieir ne:irest home port, and that they could not return\\nuntil they had been to a homo port or else had been absent three\\nmonths. In other words, they could sail at once to the coast of\\nthe Athmtic, go to a port in France, and come back again and get\\ncoal once more. Let us see what England has done ou the same\\nsubject. This is what she has done:\\nla order to (ru.inl atrainst a roiiotition of such acts tho British authorities\\ndirected that in the future duriiiK tho war any vessel of either hellitierent\\nentering au English port should bo required to depart and put to sea withiu\\ntwenty-four hours after her entrance into such jiort, exco)it in case of stress\\nof weather or of her requiring provisions or things necessary for the sul\\nsistence of her crew or repairs. In such case the local authorities were to\\nrequire her to jnit to sea as soon as possible after the expiration of such\\nperiod of twenty lour hours. This rule is virtually the same as that incor-\\nporated in the proclamation of President Grant in ISTO.\\nI think it can be fairly stated that that is the settled law.\\nThe Geneva award, and that was cited by the Senator from\\nNew Hampshire the other day, was made under cci tain rules\\nwhich were laid down, and among those rules it is provided that\\nthe port of a neutral can not be used as a base. No one pretends\\nthat it can. But there is no doubt that our ships crossing the Pa-\\ncific can stop at a neutral port to secure coal with which to go on\\ntheir way. and there is no possible question but that they can se-\\ncure coal enough to reach the nearest home port.\\nSpeaking of coal as contraband of war, Russia and France have\\nrefused torecognize it as contraband, because they have little of\\nit. England has recognized it as contraband of war under certain\\nconditions, because she has it all over the world and will have the\\nadvantage of an enemy if she can establish that doctrine. We\\nhave recognized the English rule.\\nEngland, during the Franco-Prussian war, judged of coal in this way: She\\nrefused to consider it as unconditionally contraljand, but vessels were pro-\\nhibited from sailing directly from English ports with coal for tho French\\nfleet in the North Sea. It is probable that nations having a limited coivl sup-\\nplv will strive to keep coal from tho list of contraband articles. France and\\nRussia are at the present time the leading opponents among nations to de-\\nclaring coal as contraband of war.\\nTherefore the port to which anything is to be shipped, the des-\\ntination of the ship, is taken into consideration in determining\\nwhether it is contraband of war or not. That is true of coal jvud\\nmany classes of provisions. If a ship has taken out a bill of lading\\nto a naval station pure and simple, the supposition is that the\\nfreight is contraband of war; but she may have the same freight\\nfor another port in a belligerent country and yet not be contraband\\nof war. It is governed by the circumstances.\\nIt follows, then, that tho Unit^^d States at present hold defined and limited\\nftgre monts as to contraband with Hf)livia. (Colombia, Santo Domingo, Ecua-\\ndor, France, Guatemala, IWiti, tho Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, Prussia, Sal-\\nvador, Spain, Swollen and Norway, and Venezuela.\\nAnd in every treaty we say what shall be contraband of wai\\nand coal is not included.\\nWith other nations than those named above the United States h.as no\\nagreement as to contralKind goods, and the i)rizo courts would determine\\naciording to public law tho character of morchaudiso shipped to encmy a\\nports.\\n3523", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "30\\nWharton, in his Digest of International Law, in thethir J volume,\\nspeaking of coal, says:\\nIt is a product of nature with which some regions are bountifully supplied\\nwhile others are destitute of it, and its transportation, instead of ineeting\\nwitli imiicdiincnts, should be aided and encouraged. Tlie atti^mpt to enable\\nbellitiertut nations to prevent all trade in this most valuable accessory to\\nniechaiiical power has no just claim for support in the law of nations: and the\\nUnited States avow their determination to oppose it so far as their ves.sels\\nare concerned.\\nThis was Mr. Cass, Secretary of State, in a letter to Mr. Mason,\\ndated June 27. 1859. However, since then we have adopted the\\npolicy which I think is clearly outlined in President Grant s proc-\\nhimation of 1870, in relation to the Franco-Prussian war.\\nAgain Wharton says:\\nIt is certainly no breach of neutrality to sell coal for use on a belligerent\\nsteamer visiting the port of sale casually under stress of weather. But it\\nwould plainly bo a breach of neutrality to establish a coaling depot to supply\\nall steamers of any particular belligerent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ir/iarfo)i s Commentaries on\\nAmerican Law, section M.\\nAgain:\\nThe question how far it is a breach of neutrality to supply coal to a bellig-\\nerent has been already incidentally considered isupra. section 3tJiM. It may\\nbe here stated, in connection with the present head, that it is not a breach\\nof neutrality for a neutral state to permit the coaling of belligerent steamers\\nin its ports to the same extent as it permits the coaling of other foreign steam-\\ners resorting to its ports casually and without settled stations established\\nfor them. Nor is It a broach of neutrality for a neutral state to permit the\\nsale of coal to any extent to a belligerent. It would, however, be a breach\\nof neutrality for a neutral to permit a permanent depot or magazine to bo\\n0])ened on its shores, on which a particular belligerent could depend for\\nconstant sii])plies.\\nTo re([uire a neutral to shut up its ports so as to exclude from coaling all\\nbelligerents would expose a nation with ports as numerous as those of the\\nIJnited States to an expense as great as would be imposed by actual belliger-\\nency. It is on the belligerent, who goes to war, not on the neutral, who de-\\nsires to keep out of it, that should be thrown expenses so enormous, and\\nconstitutional strains so severe as those thus required. On the other hand,\\nthe breaking u) of central depots or magazines for the constant suyiply of\\n])articulav belligerents would be within easy range of ordinary national\\npolice. Nor can there be any charge of partiality made in allowing coaling\\nwith the limitation above stated, when the same iirivilege is granted to both\\nbelligerents.\\nTherefore, if Hawaii had declared herself a neutral, and allowed\\nour ships and Spanish ships, if they came, to coal, there would\\nhave been no breach of neutrality. But it has been argued on\\nthis floor that it is a matter of great consideration and to be\\npointed to with pride that Hawaii has not declared herself a neu-\\ntral. Let us s(!e. Was it because she wanted to furnish us coal?\\nNot at all. She had no such idea. She cared nothing about it.\\nBut the Government in Hawaii, the revolutionary government,\\nthe usurping missionary government, was set up in 18 j:5 by the\\nlanding of the marines of the United States, by the overturning\\nof the monarchy of Queen Liliuokalani, by the guns and arms of\\nthe United States, tinder the American flag; and from that day to\\ntliis there never has been a minute that a war ship of tlie United\\nStates lias not been in the harbor with shotted guns bearing di-\\nrectly upon the Government buildings and the Government offices,\\nand within half a mile.\\nIf Hawaii had declared her.self a neuti al, our ship of war. which\\nsup])orts and sustains and makes possible this usurjiing Govern-\\nment, would have to leave the port, and they did not dare to have\\nit leave: and so they did not declare themselves neutral. That is\\nall there is to it. It is a matter of self-preservation. They had", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "31\\nto keep mir ship of war there, or else their ship of stat. woiikl\\nhave i^oiie down.\\nYet it is said that great credit is due to theiu. Senators parade\\nit here as a matter of sublime credit to thoso fellows who have\\nestablished a (.Tovernmi nt not sustained by the prople of Hawaii,\\na revolutionary Government, set up by the (lovernnient of the\\nUnited States, a Government that does not exist by the consent\\nof the governed, a Government that would be overturned (if\\nthose people had a vote) by a vote of 9 to 1: and that Govern-\\nment, in order to preserve itself could not declare neutrality in\\nthis war and have our ships leave the harbor for fear the out-\\nraged and indignant inhabitants of that country would overturn\\ntheir despotism.\\nWharton goes on fiu ther to say\u00e2\u0080\u0094 quoting from Wiiartons Crmii-\\nual Law:\\nBut the mere ooca ^ionfil supplv of coal to a belliLjorcnt rruisor. not from a\\nconstant roalin;, Kiso. or in such quantities as to Rreatly enhance the cruiser s\\ncapacity for destruction, is not of itself a breach of neutrality.\\nI have been unal)le to find any authority to the contrary.\\nWharton then cites President Grant s proclamation on this sub-\\nject, extracts from which I have read, which seems to have be-\\ncdUio the settled law upon the question. Of course that law is\\nknown to the Navy Department and known to this Government,\\nand therefore when they started their ships for Manila, why did\\nthev not start them over the shortest route? Four days longer\\nthey must travel and sail if they go by Hawaii than if they went\\nfrom San Francisco straight across the Pacific. Why did they\\nnot do it? Simply because they wanted to find another argument\\nto bolster up this Hawaiian sugar-planters scheme of getting into\\nthe Union.\\nIf that is not true, if it is not a fair and just criticism of their\\nacts, let the advocates of annexation give a better reason. They\\nsit here silent. They offer to the American people nothing as a\\njustification for their course. I warn them that the American\\npeople will study this question. I believe they are opposed to im-\\nperialism and to conquest and to the acquisition of undesirable\\npopulations, incapable of self-government. You assume that,\\nbacked bv the Administration, you have the brute force to put\\nthrough this unconstitutional measure. It seems to me the Amer-\\nican public are entitled to your reasons.\\nTHE SHOUT houtf: to the ai.ei ttan isi-am s.\\nHere is a map of the northern Pacific, drawn as near as possible\\nlike a globe, showing the exact location of islands and countries\\nand their relation to each other. IMost maps we look at are drawn\\nupon a plane, and parallels of longitude are the same at the equator\\nas at the poles, giving a deceptive idea as to the location of coun-\\ntries upon the globe and their relation to each other. It will bo\\nseen by this map that leaving San Francisco a ship would never be\\nnearer the Hawaiian Islands than it was when it started. If it\\nwent the shortest route it would go by the Aleutian chain, and\\nwould reach Manila, sailing over 500 miles shorter distance thau\\nif it went by Honolulu.\\nIt would have to caiTy coal enough to sail, if it went to Yoko-\\nhama, Japan, 4,oOi) miles. The distance from San Francisco to\\nY okohama is less by several hundred miles than the distance from\\nHonolulu to Manila. If a vessel could not carry coal enough to\\ngo across from San Francisco to Y okohama, then it could not carry", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "32\\ncoal enough to go from Honolulu to Manila. Therefore, the claim\\nthat theyliad to send their boats there to coal falls to the ground,\\nand its dishonesty is obvious to everyone. If a vessel wanted to\\nre ich Hongkong, tlien it coiald save 9U9 miles if it went straight to\\nHongkong rather than by way of Honolulu,\\nIf it wanted to reach Yokohama, it could save 900 miles if it\\nwent direct to Yokohama, rather than going byway of Honolulu,\\nIt would come within sight of the Aleutian Islands, islands which\\nwe already own. If we must have a coaling station in the Pacific,\\nwe already have it if we will only use it. The Island of Kiska\\nhere is a map of it is owned by the United States. It is So miles\\nin length. It has one of the grandest bays in any ocean\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a bay\\nthat will hold all the ships in our Navy. Here are the soundings\\nof this bay and its size: It is 30 feet deep up within a hundred\\nfeet of .sliore: it is GO to 100 feet all the way out. It is absolutely\\nlandlocked. Tiiere are no islands and no shoals on this side of\\nthat island out to the open Pacific. It can bo entered, no matter\\nhow hard the wind blows, no matter what the storm is. at any\\ntime of the year. That island is located at this point on the map.\\n[Indicating.]\\nTU! H.VH150K OF KISKA.\\nKiska is 2,028 miles from San Francisco. It is 3,700 miles from\\nManila. Honolulu is 4,800 miles from Manila. Our own land,\\nour own port, our own harbor, is 3,700 miles from Manila. Why\\ndo we not occupythis port of our own to command the coast of\\nAsia? It is only 1,904 miles from Yokohama. It is only 3,400\\nmiles from Hongkong. We own it; it is ours; it comiuands the\\ncoast of Asia. If we want a port to command the coast of Asia\\nor to protect Alaska, why do we not occupy our own port? I\\nshould like to have the advocates of annexation answer that ques-\\ntion. Why do we not use our own port instead of going 1,000\\nmiles out of the way to use somebody s else?\\nFrom Vancouver, from Port Townsend, from Puget Sound,\\nwhich we also own, the distance is 300 miles shorter than from\\nSan Francisco. A vessel can go from Vancouver to Yokohama\\nby sailing 4,202 miles, and from Yokohama to Manila by sailing\\n1,753 miles, making 0,000 miles; while to go by way of San Fran-\\ncisco and the Hawaiian Islands it must sail 7,000 miles.\\nKiska. this harbor, unsurpassed in the world, is within 3,700\\nmiles of Manila. A vessel leaving this harbor for Manila can\\nsail much faster than a vessel that has to sail 5,000 miles. As we\\nall understand, there is great economy in the use of coal bj- sail-\\ning slow, if a vessel has to go 5,000 miles she must go very slow\\nand economize coal, but if she has to go 3,700 miles she can make\\nmuch greater speed. She can make more miles in a day if she\\nhas a shorter distance to sail than if she has a long distance to\\nsail.\\nSo where is there sense or reason in this argument that we must\\nhave a coaling station? What is there that justifies taking this\\nmeasure up in time of war and dividing our people over a collat-\\neral contest? Why do we not finish the war? We are all iinited\\nupon that question. Why do we not finish the war instead of\\nbringing in this question that divides us? When we have fought\\nthe war out, let us fight out this great question of acquisition of\\nempire. It seems to me that that is the patriotic duty of the Ad-\\nministration instead of bringing in questions of this sort that are", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "33\\nnnnecosparj and tryinp: to crowd them on onr people when we are\\neiiKa,i;eil in a contest witli a foreign foe,\\n1 should like to know how tliey answer this contention. Here\\nis a harbor of our own tliat caji bo entered at any time, no matter\\nwhat the weather may be, and can be departed from without one\\nparticle of ditticulty.\\nISir. BATE. Of what harbor is the Senator speaking?\\n:Mv. PETTIGREW. The harbor of Kiska. It is argued, and\\nthat is the only argument, that this northern route, this straight\\nline, this shortest tlistance, runs through an undesirable sea; that\\nit is foggy; that it is full of rocks; that it is full of storms; that it\\nis imi)assable. Melville says that the harbors are shoal, full of\\nice. I will read from Finh\\\\y s North Pacific Ocean and Japan\\nDirectory with regard to the harbor of Kiska;\\nKisk.i Island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A hilly islaml, I xcoptinp its eastern part, which is low. Its\\nlentrth, NE. by E.aiitl SW. by W.. is I. miles.\\nThe harbor of Kiska is a noblo bay, perfectly protected from all winds,\\nwith gootl holding ground and a niodorato depth of water. The entrance is\\nwide enough to ou.-iblc a sailing vessel to beat in or out at any time. Tliero\\nare no hidden dangers, and the depth of water is sufficient for any vessel.\\nKISKA nAUliOn FRKE FUO^r ICE.\\nAs an additional recommendation, Kiska Harbor never has any\\nice in it. It is in tlic same latitude as the city of London. It is in\\nthe Japan current. It never freezes. No ice ever forms. There is\\na lake of fresh water right on the shore. Why do we not take our\\nown harbors? Oh, you say, there was no coal there when the M ar\\nbroke out. It has been fifty days since the war broke out. We\\ncould have got coal there. By sailing 2,(}28 miles from San Fran-\\ncisco or 2,y00 from Seattle we could have put coal there, plenty\\nof it.\\nNow, let us see what the conditions are concerning the climate.\\nI asked the Weather Bureau with regard to the harbor of Una-\\nlaska, which is east of Kiska and on the .same line, right on the\\nroute to the Orient. This is their reply:\\nU.NiTED States Depart.mext of Aoriculture,\\nWeather Bureau,\\n(ishiniiton, I). C, June 10, 1S93.\\nDear Sir: In reply to yonr letter of the 9th instant, I beg to inclose here-\\nwith a manuscript copy of the monthly mean temperatures for each year\\nduring which obsorvutions were made, at St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, and\\nUualaska.\\nUnala.ska is 2 north of Kiska. and the Pribilof Islands are 4\u00c2\u00b0\\nfarther north.\\nOur reports indicate that the harbor of Unalaska is, on rare occasions,\\ncovered by floating ice, whicli in an unusually cold season may freeze over\\nand become a i)ermanent sheet. Ordinarily, however, the harbor would\\nseem to ho free trom ice.\\nVery respectfully, WILLIS L. MOORE,\\nChief of Bureaxi.\\nHon. R. F. Pettic.rew,\\nUnilcd States .Senate, Washinfjlun, D. C.\\nThe fact of the matter is that I talked on this subject with the\\nSenator from California [Mr. Pkukins] He says that there never\\nhas been ice known in the harbor but once, and his ships havo\\ngone there for the last quarter of a century. That once was suffi-\\ncient. I have seen New York Harbor full of ice, when it was not\\nunnavigablo or unusable. But the harbor of Kiska, which is 2\\nfarther south than Unalaska, is in the Japan current, and from\\nall the information I can secure there ia never any ice within it.", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "34\\nNow, let us see about Unalaska. The Pribilof Islands are di-\\nrectly north of Unalaska. Here is their temperature during the\\nwinter, and we can judge for ourselves whether there is ice or not:\\nTreasury Department,\\nOfb ice of the Coast anu Gf;ouetic Survey,\\nWashinoton, D. June 10, 1S9S.\\nSir: In reply to your letter of June 9, 1 beg leave to forward the follow-ing:\\n2 cmperature {Fahrenheit) at St. Paul, Pribilof Islands.\\nDate.\\n1873,\\n1874,\\nmean.\\nmean.\\no\\n1.5.7\\nSO.P\\n18.0\\n33.5\\n13.0\\n33\\n2i.9\\n34.5\\n3(15\\n39\\n37.0\\n44.4\\n43\\n49.1\\n40.5\\n50.8\\n43\\n47.3\\n37.8\\n4 J.2\\n32.4\\n37.8\\n29.9\\na3.3\\n1375,\\nmean.\\n.January\\nFebruary\\nMan-h\\nApril\\nMay\\n.luoe\\nJuly\\nAuttust\\nScpteniljer\\nOctober...\\nNovember\\nDecember\\n34.9\\n35.3\\n29\\n28.9\\n34.2\\n42\\n47\\n47.9\\n46\\n41.7\\n34.9\\n26.2\\nIt was never either hot or cold. It never reached the freezing\\npoint during the whole j-ear. The lowest point the mercury\\nreached in IbTo was in December, when it was above zero. In\\nregard to the harbor of Unalaska, w^liich Mr. Melville saj-s in his\\nstatement is full of ice, I have the observations given here:\\nTemperature (Fahrenheit) at Iliuliiik Harbor, Unalaska Island.\\nDate.\\nJanuary\\nFebruary\\nMarch\\nApril.\\nMay\\nJune\\n1871-73,\\nmean.\\n29\\n29.2\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S.\\\\A\\n40.7\\n40.6\\n47.2\\nDate.\\nJuly\\nAugust\\nSeptember\\nOctober\\nNovember\\nDecember\\n1871-72,\\nmean.\\n49.3\\n42.5\\n38\\n33.5\\nThe minimum observed in 1872 was 13= Fahrenheit.\\nContinued northers may fill the harbor with fragments of drift ice, bat\\nthis is of rare occurrence. The small harbor is sometimes covered vi-ith skim\\nice. Further data may perhaps be obtained from the Chief of the Weather\\nBureau.\\nRespectfully, yours, HENRY S. PRITCHETT,\\nSuperintendent.\\nHon. R. F. Pettigkew,\\nUnited States Senate, Washington, D. C.\\nMr. WHITE. Mr. President-\\nThe PRESIDING OFFICER (INIr. Faulkner in the chair).\\nDoes the Senator from South Dakota yield to the Senator from\\nCalifornia?\\nMr. PETTIGREW. I yield to the Senator.\\nMr. WHITE. My attention is directed to a tabular statement\\ncontained on page GG07 of the Congressional Record, and also\\nto a note written to Hon. Hugh A. Dinsmore, of the House of\\nRepresentatives, on the previous page, which contains a statement\\n3.J-3", "height": "3286", "width": "1897", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "35\\nas to the temperature at Kiska. I suggest in tliis connection that\\nthe Senator from South Dakota might put in the letter anil also\\nthe tabular statement. It would be interesting to read them.\\nTKMPKRATVHE IN THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. The note referred to is as follows:\\nU.MTKU States Depaut.ment of Aoincri.TrRE,\\nWkatiieu Blheau.\\nIVashiiujton, D. C, June 9, ISuS.\\nDe\\\\u Sir: Ibep to acknowledge the rcwipt of your letter of even date\\nIn roaard to tbo climiito of certain of the Aleutian Islands.\\nI have ploiu^uro in transnlittin^r herewith a copy of the daily extremes of\\ntemperature at Kiska Island for Xovembor and Ueconiljor, IMS. January r.nd\\nFebruary, lt -t the only time during which observations were mado at this\\nplace I also inclose a tabular statement of the lowest teuincratures ever\\nrecorded at Unalaska during. a period of seven years. At the latter point\\nthe lowest temperature ever recorded was 11\u00c2\u00b0 above zero. \\\\N estward tho\\nweather is not nuite so cold.\\nJust as I said, Unalaska is 450 miles east of Kiska. Kiska is in\\nthe .Japan current, which flows up between Kiska and the peniu-\\n.snla of Kamchatka into Bering Sea and through Bering Strait\\ninto the Arctic Ocean.\\nWo have little data as regards tho freedom of the harbor from ice. At\\nUnalaska moving ice obstructed the harbor during a short period in the win-\\nter of 187:2. We should say that interruptions to navigation dtie to ice at\\nKiska, to the westward, are not serious.\\nIt is very serious that there was a little ice once, in 1872. at Una-\\nlaska. That condemns that as a harbor, I suppose. No ice since,\\naccording to this statement, for our ships visit Unalaska Harbor\\nevery month in the year.\\nThe mean winter temperature at Atka Island, longitude I.**. 45 W. from\\nGreenwich, is The sea temperature is, of course, a few degi-ces higher.\\nVery respectfully.\\nChief of Hurccnt.\\nMr. Hron A. Dinsmore,\\nUnited States House of Representatives, Washin(jtou, D. C.\\nThen here are the tables of the temperatures at Kiska, given each\\nday from January, ISbO.\\nOn the 1st dav of January, 188G, the maximum temperature\\nwas 37 the minimum dV above zero: on the LM, the maximum\\nwas 37 the minimum 30 on the 6th, the maximum was 30 and\\nthe minimum 20 above zero; on the 11th of January the maxi-\\nmum was 37 and the minimum 23 on the 12th the maximum\\nwas 30 and the minimum 20 I am giving the last stages, when\\nit was the coldest, selecting those, but will publish all the tables as\\na part of my remarks.\\nOn the 21st of January the maximum was 36% the minimum 29\\non the 27th the maximum was 37 and the minimum 32 on the\\n31st the maximum was 39 and the minimum 33 on the 1st day\\nof Februarv, 188f the maximum was 38 above zero and tho\\nminimum 33 only a difference of 5 night and day, and no freez-\\ning, of course; and on February 28, tho last day of observation,\\nthe maximum was 30 and the minimum 27 In 188. it runs\\njust about the same. It never freezes. Therefore there is never\\nice, and the consequence is that here is one of tho best harbors\\nin tho world, free from ice, and we own it, and it is only 3,700\\nmiles from Manila: but Honolulu, that we are making such a\\nfuss about, is -1,800 miles from Manila. Why do wo not go up\\nto our own harbor, the shortest way, and save the time and resciio\\nour sailors in tho Bay of Manila sooner than wo can do it by this\\naii:^^", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "3G\\ntropical foreij^n missionary port? I should like to have the friends\\nof annexation answer that. I will publish all these other tables\\nwith regard to temperature, without stopping to read them.\\nThe tables referred to are as follows:\\nDaily maximum and minimum temperatures at Kiska, Alaska.\\nJan.,\\n1886.\\nFeb.\\n1866.\\nNov.\\n1885.\\nDec,\\n1885.\\nDay.\\nMaxi-\\nmum.\\nMini-\\nmum.\\nMaxi-\\nmum.\\nMini-\\nmum.\\nMaxi-\\nmum.\\nMini-\\nmirm.\\nMaxi-\\nmum.\\nMini-\\nmum.\\n1\\n37\\n37\\n37\\n36\\na5\\n36\\n36\\n35\\n36\\n37\\n37\\n36\\n38\\n36\\n36\\n36\\n37\\n40\\n39\\n4i\\n39\\n39\\n38\\n40\\n39\\n37\\n37\\n39\\n39\\n39\\n31\\n30\\n33\\n31\\n32\\n29\\n26\\n17\\n2:$\\n20\\n23\\n20\\n30\\n25\\n32\\n25\\n24\\n34\\n33\\n32\\n29\\n3:1\\n31\\n3L\\n32\\n33\\n32\\n33\\n33\\n34\\n35\\n38\\n37\\n36\\n37\\n33\\n34\\n34\\n3S\\n33\\n35\\n41\\n37\\n31\\n33\\n3!}\\n31\\n33\\n35\\n36\\n36\\n38\\n36\\n3t\\n38\\n44\\n36\\n43\\n36\\n33\\n33\\n30\\n28\\n20\\n23\\n23\\n15\\n20\\n2.S\\n33\\n28\\n26\\n26\\n27\\nZi\\n2:5\\n28\\n28\\n28\\n23\\n26\\n20\\n28\\n28\\n23\\n20\\n37\\n40\\n38\\n38\\n43\\n44\\n47\\n46\\n44\\n40\\n43\\n43\\n45\\n46\\n40\\n38\\n38\\n36\\n4;i\\n45\\n88\\n43\\n3t)\\n43-\\n38\\n3;j\\n37\\n35\\n34\\n34\\n39\\n37\\n33\\n28\\n33\\n34\\n38\\n40\\n36\\n34\\n33\\n34\\n35\\n36\\n;jo\\n28\\n30\\n25\\n37\\n36\\n29\\n33\\n28\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Si\\n28\\n2i\\n25\\n35\\n28\\n27\\n18\\n41\\n3r\\n36\\n39\\n39\\n38\\nS\\n38\\n39\\n34\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sr,\\n36\\n3\\n3:^\\n36\\n38\\n43\\n41\\n37\\n30\\n34\\n3n\\n3(3\\n34\\n36\\n36\\n37\\n40\\n39\\n36\\n32\\n2\\n31\\n3\\nSO\\n4\\n30\\n5\\n29\\n6\\n29\\n7\\n21\\n8\\n24\\n9\\n23\\n10\\n29\\n11\\n24\\nu\\n20\\n13\\n23\\n14\\n27\\n15\\n23\\n16\\n24\\n17\\n30\\n18\\n30\\n19\\n33\\n20\\n27\\ngl\\n25\\n23\\n23\\n18\\n31\\n24\\n31\\n25\\n28\\n26\\n26\\n27\\n30\\n28\\n30\\n29\\n30\\n30\\n33\\n31\\n31\\n1\\nMinimum temperature of Unalaska, Alaska.\\nYear.\\na\\nsi\\nP.\\n1\\nD\\na\\na\\nt-3\\nP\\nP.\\nt5\\nQ\\n1873\\n37\\n43\\n1878\\n30\\n37\\n30\\n24\\n31\\n34\\n19\\n1879\\n20\\n19\\n27\\n15\\n24\\n21\\n35\\n?3\\n1880\\n39\\n1881\\n37\\n36\\n34\\n;50\\n34\\n37\\n40\\n40\\n41\\n40\\n43\\n36\\n38\\n41\\n40\\n43\\n37\\n3:3\\n36\\n34\\n36\\n26\\n30\\n26\\n30\\n28\\nZi\\n19\\n2;}\\n23\\n18\\n1883\\n19\\n16\\nl\\n18\\n14\\n13\\n34\\n9\\n9\\n20\\n5\\n16\\n13\\n14\\n31\\n13\\n15\\n20\\n36\\nif\\n31\\n31\\n33\\nl\\n1883\\nU\\n1884\\n78\\n1885\\n1886\\nMean temperature of Atlu Island, Alaska; latitude, C2\u00c2\u00b0 CS north; longitude,\\n117\u00c2\u00b0 ilt tvest.\\nDegrees.\\nJanuary, ia ^1 31.3\\nF ljrinuy, 1881 33.1\\nMarcili. IHSI 29.3\\n35:iJ", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "37\\nCLIMATE OF ALASKA.\\n[By A. J. Henry, Chief of Division of Records and Meteorological Data.]\\nTho statistics of temperature of central and interior Alaska ^iven below\\nare of especial interest at the present time. The climate of tho coast is com-\\nparatively well knovn. cliieHy thron^h the compilation of Dr. William H.\\nball, jint.lishod in the Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska, Appendix I, Meteorology\\nami Hil lioi, ra) hv, Wa.shin^ ton, lf T!t.\\nThe chain of c-oast stations in AK-i.-ska maintamed by the RiRn.il Servico\\n(now Wtather Bureau) was extcmie I ui the Yukon in tho fall of l. .s;. and a\\nlew fragmentary series of nu-ti-oroloj, ical observations were maintained at\\nthe trading posts of the Ahiska Commercial Company during the closed sea-\\nson. As soon as the ii-e went out of tho river observatiims were dJscontiii-\\nned, not to be resumed until tho end of tho onen season, about the middle of\\nSoi)tomber. The observing stations, with their geographical coordinates,\\nare given below. The names of the .stations are those now in use, with the\\nfollowing excei)tions: Nuklukayot is given on the most recent Coast Survey\\nmail of Alaska as Tuklukyet.\\nThe post is but a few mile.s b?low tho .lunction of the Yukon and Tanana\\nrivers; indeed, it is not certain but that observations were made at tho\\nmouth of the Tanana for a portion of the time. Tchatowklin was known in\\n18K1 as Johnny s Village or Klat-ol-Klin (Sch\\\\vatka Tho t o.-vst Survey map\\ngives tho name as Belle Isle. Camp olonna, the station ou the PorL-ujiino\\nRiver at its intersection with the one hundred and fortylirst meridian, was\\noc -apied by tho boundary survey party scut out by the United States Coast\\nand Geodetic Survey, under the leadership of Mr. .1. II. Turner. Camj)\\nDavidson is the station at tho intersection of the one hundred and forty-first\\nmeridian and tho Yukon. It was occupied by a Coa.st Survey party under\\nthe charge of Mr. J. E. McGrath.\\n3o;3", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "38\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0smnorc\\noc M wiow-i ^TOeio .-I -r -r o\\nrH r-lIlTSOTlMi-lrH CC CI C! t-l r-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SJBOj^\\ni.O lO ffj X \u00c2\u00abC N --I CO\\nS\\no OD -o o ra\\nC5 3C -/ri\\ncr. X X =o i-Xj JJ\\nP 0) o\\ncj S c! j 5 5\\nCO XI I CO C! c M\\nO II X X CO to M J~ l- O\\nX;XX!XXXXCOXX\\np.\\nchoices\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e3/ P p o\\nei 71 ri M 3j o\\n00 X X X X X\\nX X X X X X 33\\nlUiinnv\\nw i-^ ?0 1--\\nO CO cj :i t-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.leqraaoaci\\nCO CO OCOiOi-iXX-*\\nT\u00c2\u00bb CO S3 3 =3 o ci ?i o\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094133 t :r\\nCJ 3 l-T ji O\\ni7 i7 M7\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jaqtnaAO^\\nL.- 1-1 X I-\\no S 2 2i r;\\ni 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 o CO C3\\nccxcm-^-tcc-j-oo o\\nCO n CO CO CO CO CO i-l rl\\no I cj t- si\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jaqo^DQ\\nV*^ 3*C0 ^W\\nr-1 CJ l^ CO O -l\\no \u00c2\u00bb.o o: t~ O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jtoqrasidag\\nCO O CO UT C3 LO\\noi TJ u; 3; o LO c\\nV^ \u00c2\u00ab1* CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^snSnv\\nlo o *o uo o ic; o o o CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.Cinf\\nX :c I-\\n5 to\\n00:0 r-1\\nOC3CO:\\nk-O l-O O O O O UO 1.0 CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Gunp\\n\u00c2\u00bbi5ibi-o\u00c2\u00bbo\u00c2\u00bb0 *-^-^co\\n0!C3\\n100\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cpi\\nCS 03 t- f J C3 I\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1.^ CO 1-1 03\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2[lady\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qo.iBIV[\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Jtju.iqojj\\n03 in r1 CO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*co-*co\\nCO J 03 01\\nO 03* rH\\n-*0l\\n0:0 7lCO\u00c2\u00bbo:OM^:OC3X\\nin i- CO CO OJ Q OJ CO i-\\nCO CO CO CO C*i CO CO CO ^H\\nLO O w r- O i.- X\\nCO 03 C\u00c2\u00bb l^ 01 33 O CO O\\nCO OC0t-03C0\\nr-i 03 1-i 03 03 -0\\nM7t M\\nv^.tenuuf\\n0! 0it O in-^\\\\n\\nO CO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2-^OCOt-l-\\nClCOCOOJOlCOCOCO I-H\\nCO rH O X t- N\\nl-J OsiOXt-O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nonTJAoia\\no^^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aptniSaoq\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2opn:}i;t!T[\\n-S3\\n;SSS\\ne-l Ij r-l CO IM \u00e2\u0080\u00941\\n:o CO o :o CO CO \u00c2\u00bb.o\\nX \u00c2\u00ab.0 X CO \u00c2\u00bbo\\nO rH CO M\\nCJ3 3D CO X Jl\\n6j rt UO CI *l\\n1- cot- CO CO CO -H\\n1.0 iQ o irt lO :o i\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nC0i-lc4cOrH\\ne-t CO 1.0 -i\\nCO CO coco CD\\n1\\nI m O\\nii S StW\\n;s;5\\nC Of-\\n3 rt\\n\u00c2\u00a3023\\nst^sss^\\nSSsSS??\\na\\n33 1.0 01\\n13 10 \u00c2\u00bb0 1.0 CO\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\nggs^s\\n1\\nCOl-X\\n^.S\\n(1.\\nss\\nEH\\nCO\\nt^ 01 01 CO X\\nCO t- X it I- CO\\nCO N 01 33 CO -H\\nCO\\nH\\n53S!5?53\\nH\\nt-OOCOl^t-CO\\nCOCOCONCOCO\\n:3SJ:;r, i5J:;\\na\\n1\\n2\\nc\\nr\\na\\nc\\nft\\nc\\npc\\ne3\\nS\\n3\\na\\n-.p.\\ng", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "39\\nI I I 11 1 -g 8\\n-r i\u00c2\u00bb -S\\nJJJJJJI I\\nu 4\\nJ g a I I a 2\\nC 3 c O e! eS S", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "40\\nMr. PETTIGREW. But what is more. Mr. President, when\\nyou get the harbor of Honolulu, most of the ships in our Navy\\ncan not carry coal enough to get fi-om there to Manila. Thei-eare\\nseveral of them in this list. I sent to the Navy Department for\\ninformation and on January 11, 1808, they sent me the following\\nletter:\\nDepartment op the Navy,\\nBureau ov Steam Engineeri.vg,\\nWusltinf/fon, D. C, Janua -y 11, 1?03.\\nSir: 1. Your letter of January 5, 1898, addrossod to the Secretary of the\\nNayy, requesting certain information as to the coal capacity and steaming\\nradnis of first-class battle ships and cruisers of the lirst rate, has been referred\\nto this Bureau.\\n3. In reply the Bureau transmits the following table, which contains the\\ninformation dosirod\\nName.\\nType.\\nCoal-\\nbunker\\ncapacity.\\nSteaming: ra-\\ndius on tills\\ncoal at most\\neconomic\\nrate.\\nSteaming ra-\\ndius on this\\ncoal at maxi-\\nmum speed\\n^Yith forced\\ndraft.\\nFirst-class battle ship\\ndo\\nTons. Knots.\\n1,790 *6,000\\n1,550 4,805\\nKnots.\\n2,355\\n2,671\\nMassachusetts..\\ndo\\ndo\\n1,560\\n1,540\\nl.:!00\\n1,200\\n1,(KX)\\n1,520\\n1,100\\n4;*97\\n5,205\\n4,343\\n4,486\\n*7,000\\n0,834\\n0,105\\n2,285\\n2,448\\nBrooklyn\\nArmored cruiser\\ndo\\n1,404\\n1,344\\nColumbia\\nMinneapolis\\nProtected cruiser\\ndo\\n....do\\n1,840\\n1,565\\ntl,408\\nEstimated.\\nFrom official trial on basis of 3.4 pounds of coal per 1 hor.5epower.\\ni From official trial, actual figures.\\nYery respectfully, MELVILLE,\\nEngineer in Chief, United States y avy, Chief of Bureau,\\nHon. R. P. Pettigrew,\\nUnited States ISenate, Washington, B. C.\\ncoaling ships for MANILA.\\nNow we will tate the Massachusetts. The H[assachi(seits,\\nBteaming at tho most economical rate, can sail 4,71)7 miles. She\\ncan just get from Honolulu, by the shortest route, to Manila if\\nnothing happens, and this distance that she can travel is from the\\nofficial trial. She can not d it in practice. Everybody knows\\nthat the officiaitrial is in excess of what these ships can accom-\\nplish at sea. And so that vessel, which can only carry coal enough\\nto get 4,797 miles, according to the test at her official trial, cannot\\ncarry coal enough to get quite to Manila. She would be 3 miles\\nshort with every favorcable circumstance, with no adverse winds\\nor storms. Yet that is a coaling station for Manila, and we are\\ngoing to annex this undesirable people and their possessions for\\ntiie purpose of getting a place where we can coal ships that can\\nnot carry coal enough to get to the place we want to get to, when\\nwe have a coaling station at our own harbor in tho Aleutian\\nIslands on the shortest route, within 3,700 miles of where we want\\nto go.\\nThere is not a vessel in the Navy that can not coal at Kiska and\\nget to Manila. There is not a single vessel in the Navy but what\\n\u00c2\u00a3523", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "it from Kl^W:l 1\\n\\\\fn!i; ;i\\nI TiiPr\u00c2\u00ab\\nr\u00c2\u00bbvel frt\\nin th- V-\\n41\\ncould carry c x\\\\\\\\ o\\\\u^\\\\\\\\A\\\\ t.. tnl:\\nare several o;\\nand yet won:\\nthe policy of i r\\nto secure a C\\nNow, Ipt lis\\nmored crnis^r, if\\nsail 4,;!JJ mih 9, n;.\\nwhen shit ran out oi coal if lo\\ncoaled at Kiska sho could re.\\nk Tt ill her bunkers.\\nAnd yet this Administration is bound to Bend them bv this for-\\noiirn island t o the int. r If\\nthis ship, tin the arm lO\\ncan sail, she y cover 1. \u00c2\u00abd\\ndraft the consumption of coal ia Hirai iy enormoua. iiut, sniluifj\\nby the most economical use of coal, hailintj slowly, al out !S knots\\nan hour, she ran get within WH) miles of Alanila. And yt t you\\nwaut Honolulu to coal ships for Manila, and so you force this\\nthin^ hero as a war measure.\\nThe Aint\u00c2\u00bb York\\\\ another cruiser, can sail J, l r miles, and then\\nFhe is out of coal, and she is lUO mik-u from Manila if she coals at\\nHonolulu.\\nIf you are going to make the American people believe that this\\nis a war measure and is noce.-^ary in order to rescue Dewey, an-\\nswer these things; do not sit silent and refuse to debate this iuob-\\ntion, but giro us something to justify alxuidoniiig the ceiitury-\\nold policy of oiir coimtry. If tliis ship, the S w rk\\\\ shoifld sail\\nas fast as she is able to sail uuder forced draft, she would only go\\n1,344 miles.\\nWe have other vessels. The Joiwr, a first-class battle ship, ac-\\ncording to these figures, could sail 0,000 miles, but there is not a\\nship in the whole list that can travel under forced draft fr jm\\nHonolulu to San Fi ancis^o and have any coal laft.\\nTHE FOGS OF THE ALKITIAX HOITE.\\nBut it is said this route is obscured by fog. Mr. President,\\nI crossed the ocean on this route, and I asked the sailing mas-\\nter of tfie ship, anticipating this debate, to give mo a map of\\nthe ship s course and the number of miles it sailed each day and\\nour exact location every noon-. The sailing master made me out\\nthi3 map and gave mo the route traveled, the distance we traveled\\neveryday, and the point we were atevery noon. This w.xs in Au-\\ngust. We started from Vancouver. Wo sailed 4.2 JO miles to Yo-\\nkohama. By this route from Vancouver, from our own jiort to\\nManila, it is 0,012 miles. It is a thotisund miles shorter than\\nfrom San Francisco via Honolulu to Manila.\\nWo sailed the first day U09 miles; the next day 330 miles; the\\nnext day 347; the next day 34\u00c2\u00ab; the next day ;r)2; the ne.tt day\\n343; and August 7, when wo were exactly oppobito Unalaska.\\nwe made the biggest day s run\u00e2\u0080\u0094 we made -i^t -l miles. August 8 wo\\nmade345 miles; August I) we made 307 mile^. Wo(j\\\\-ere then exactly\\nsouth of the Island of Kiska and withiu 70 miles of it. We had 1 een\\ngoing along the Aleutian chain for three or four days. We had\\nnot seen the sun since we started. It was foggy, but not ^o foggy\\nas to impede navigation; not so foggy as to do other than obscuro\\nthe sun; not so foggy that you could not see for miles at sea.\\n3533", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "42\\nI asked the sailing master and the captain of the ship if they\\ntraveled that route summer and winter. I was told that they did,\\nand that in winter there was no fog; that the foggiest season was\\nin the warmest weather, and that that never impeded their prog-\\nress or was any impediment to navigation. That line of steamers,\\nthe Canadian Pacitic Line, as fine a line of steamers as crosses any\\nBea, follow that route summer and winter, and they have made\\nthe quickest trips that were ever made across the Pacific Ocean.\\nOne of their ships covered the entire distance in ten days, and\\ncould have gone from Vancouver to Manila, at the same speed, in\\nless than fifteen days. Yet Senators seem determined to have a\\ncoaling station in the Tropics off from the line of travel. To the\\nassumption that this route is covered with fog and obstructed by\\nice, that it has slioal water, is it not a complete answer that this\\nline of steamships travel year in and year out along that line?\\nMr. GRAY. Is that the great circle route?\\nMr. PETTIGREW. It is the great circle route. It is a straight\\nline. It is called the great circle route.\\nMr. GRAY. It is the shortest distance on the surface of the\\nglobe.\\nMr. PETTIGREW. On the surface of the globe. This is prac-\\ntically the great circle. However, the great circle would carry\\na ship north of the Aleutian Islands. Of course they do not go\\nnorth of the Aleutian Islands, because it is unnecessary for the\\nslight advantage that would come in saving distance to go in and\\nout between these islands w hen they have a plain, clear, open\\nocean by holding to a course south of the islands. The ocean\\nwithin oO miles of the Aleutian chain, on the south side, is 18,000\\nfeet deep; there are no rocks and no shoal; it is absolutely an\\nopen sea, and there is no imj)ediment and no obstruction what-\\never to navigation.\\nABSURD EXPERT TESTIMONY.\\nI notice some of the officials of the Navy Department insist upon\\nclaiming that this route is not a good one, and Mr. Melville I\\nnever met him\u00e2\u0080\u0094 tells us that we must have the Sandwich Islands\\nin order to guard Alaska. The man who will make such a propo-\\nsition must be suffering from softening of the brain.\\nThe Committee on Foreign Relations have chosen to piiblish as\\nan appendix to their report a statement by Melville that we must\\nhave the Islands of Hawaii in order to protect our possessions in\\nAlaska. He proceeds to relate the story of a stream of commerce\\ngoing to Alaska. Here is the statement of George W. Melville,\\nEngineer in Chief of the United States Navy, on Alaskan com-\\nmerce exposed to hostile fleets. He says:\\nIn tho event of conflict between the United States and a maritime power\\nthis tlironp; of richly laden but helpless vessels will present to the enemy a\\nnoble fiild for attack by the guerre do course, that commerce d( stroy-\\ning wliich first formed a factor of naval war during the reii, n of Elizabeth\\nof Entrlaud, which was followed with such di/adly elTect by the Alabama and\\nher consorts, and which has at this time many strong advocates, notably in\\nthe United States and Prance.\\nHAWAII COMMANDS ALASKAN ROUTE.\\nNow, Hawaii commands fully this ocean route, at adist.nnco from it of less\\nthan ^,5011 miles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not five days steaming for the cruiser Columbia.\\nIf the Columbia covered the distance in five days, she would not\\nhave a pound of coal, because she would have to sail at her great-\\nest speed, and her coal would be exhausted. What could she do\\nin the way of attacking commerce after sailing a distance of 2,. 500\\n30:. 3", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "4. J\\nluiles at tho ruU of TiOO miles a day? She couKI only ru 1 .soo milef\\nat ctnl wild! slio wmild bo cot of mal, and yet tho\\ntho Navy st-ntls to tls c onnnittoe on Foreign\\nK t of stuff, and thoy retail it to us.\\nTlitju ho tt lis us what u lar^^o coiuuuTi-o we will have witli\\nAlaska\u00e2\u0080\u0094 how tho ships will sjM\u00c2\u00bbed hark and forth loaded with K\u00c2\u00bb Id\\nand ni -n. How thoy would Im\u00c2\u00bb iirotoited from Honolulu I ran not\\nnndorstand. Here is Honolulu lindi(\\\\ itinR on the map], hero is\\nyan I^.incisco limliratiii;;!, and liero is Ali^ska (indicating, Ac-\\ncording; to Mr. l.Ivilli\\\\ wht-n wo want to prott-ct Alaska and tho\\nAleutian chain wt- \u00e2\u0080\u00a2.luiU have our lleet at this pioint iSan Fran-\\nciso) anil run down here to Honolulu, J, KXJ miles directly away\\nfrom Alaska. What is his opinion worth under these circum-\\nstam-es?\\nWho cares anytliing abont tho testimony of exports when they\\ntell us snch stuff as that? How will we protect tho Aleutian\\nchain, fortify I naliiska, fortify tii harbors of the Aleutian chain,\\nfortify the s[)l\u00c2\u00ab ndid ports that wo have all alon^; this chain? 1 do\\nnot think we out;ht to fortify tliem; I do not think it is necessary;\\nbut if we must have fortified places and i orts in tho Pacific, thoso\\nare the ones to fortify. [Indicating.] Prot.rt Ahiska from liere,\\nfrom Kiska and Unalaska; and yet tliat is Melvilles proposition.\\nHere is Unalaska Bay [indicat in.!::|; here is Kiska (iiidicatin;;!,\\nand here is Alaska (indicating], and ho is going to i)rotect it from\\nthis point. He starts from Honolulu, from two to three thonsand\\nmiles from Alaska\u00e2\u0080\u0094 farther from Alaska by a thousand miles tlian\\nSeattle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 gix?s down to within 0 of the e iuator to iSan Francisco\\nto protect Alaska, which extends from oO north latitude to tho\\nNorth Polo. That is tho proposition of Mr. Melville, flio Chief\\nEngineer of the United States Navy. I have never met him and\\ndo not know how old he is, but he is certainly suffering from\\nsoftening of the brain.\\nPOETIC MISINFORMATION.\\nI read from a memorandum prepared for Hon. C. H. GitosvE-\\nNOR, M. C. with respect to the question of the route from San\\nFrancisco to Yokohama:\\nAnyone at all familiar with the soa is aware that one of the irreatost dan-\\ngers to navitration is fop. aud tho m-n about Unalaska is one of the fo^^iest\\nregions in tho whole world. Prol nMy uearlj- every liody prosent has enjoyed\\nreading tho poems of Rudyard Kipling known as Tho Seven Seas, which\\ninclude a short cue called The Khymo of tho Three Sealers\\nI think he has studied Rudyard Kipling more than he has geog-\\nraphy or the weather\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand he there depicts in most graphic style tho density of tho fog which is\\nfound in the neigliborhood of this port which my friends have advertinod as\\nso desirable as a port of call. Of course I have not rested content with Mr.\\nKipling s poem alone, but have taken paius to verify the statements tlii ro\\nmade by inquiring of naval olliccrs and others who have spent coiisideraldo\\ntime near the Aleutian group, and they have Iwld mo that Mr. Kiplinga pic-\\nture is not overdrawn at all\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSo ho was never there himself; and that is what I supposed\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTliere are times, however, in the wintf-r when there iselear weather, but then\\nthis most attractive port is closed by the ice\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAnd yet there has been no ice in it since 1872\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nfor, in spite of the .Tap.an current, which corresponds to tlie 0\u00c2\u00ablf Strcftm ia\\nthe Atlantic, the region around L naloska Ls bl-jckcd with flow ice\\n3523", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "44\\nThis is more testimony from a man who is certainly suffering\\nfrom softening of the brain, for our own Weather Bureau tells us\\nthat tliere has been no ice in Unalaska Harbor since 1872, and their\\nrecord of temperature shows that ice can not form there; and yet\\nthis is what our Chief Engineer of the Navy sends to the House\\nof Representatives\\nThere arc, of course, openings in this ice, and vessels that make a business\\nof arctic cruising miglit utilize them, but it can be readily appreciated that\\nthe fine passenger and freight steamers sailing from San Francisco are not\\ngoing to run tliis risk.\\nThose openings extend from 1872 np to the present time; and\\nyet there is no ice there, and those openings will continue until\\nthere is some ice, I suppose; and j-et Mr. Melville says that vessels\\nused to Arctic cruising can get through those holes in the ice,\\nwhen there is no ice. and this statement is paraded to the country\\nas an argument against a route over which all commerce travels,\\nunless it is given an inducement to go out of its way. He then\\nBays:\\nNow let us compare with th.is region of ice and fog the earthly paradise\\nwhich Hawaii will furnish us.\\nHe then draws the comparison, and those can read it who choose\\nto do so.\\nAnother letter, which was used in the other House by Mr.\\nGrosvenor, was from John R, Bartlett, captain United States\\nNavy, Chief Intelligence Officer, and former Hydrographer. He\\nsays:\\nOn the accompanying chart, which is a copy of the pilot chart of the North\\nPacific Ocean, published by the Hydrographic Office, No. 1401, are shown the\\nvarious routes between San Francisco and Manila which may be discussed.\\nThe route B is the great circle route, and is the shortest. Its length is\\n6, 2.54 miles. This route is best adapted for the eastward voy.age at nearly all\\ntimes of the year, and possibly the westward voyage in the summer months.\\nANOTHER EXPERT TESTIFIES.\\nI took this very rotate in August over this very track, and the\\nformer Chief Hydrographer of the Navy Department, one of Mr.\\nMelville s subordinates, who has been drawing these maps and\\ncharts and seoms to have studied the subject, and even now would\\nnot take his information secondhand or in any other way, abso-\\nlutely contradicts Melville s statement, and says:\\nThe route B is the great circle route, and is the shortest. Its length is\\n6,254 miles. This route is best adapted for the eastward voyage at nearly all\\ntimes of the year.\\nWhy? Because by the eastern voyage you go with the Japan\\ncurrent, and possibly the western voyage in the summer mouths.\\nI will publish a part of his letter as a ijart of my remarks.\\nThe letter referred to is as follows:\\nNavy Department, Office of Navat. Intkm.igence,\\nM ashington, June 13, 1S9S.\\nSir: Your letter of June 11, 1898, addressed to the honorable Secretary of\\nthe Navy, re(iu( sting data in regard to routes from San Francisco to Manila,\\nhas been referred to mo.\\nI take jjloasure in sending hei-ewith the data rerjuestod. It is brief, but I\\nthink covers all the points which you wish. The only way for a steamer to\\ngo to Manila from San Francisco is by a rhumb or straight line during ten\\nmonths in the year, which would take them quite near to the Sandwich\\nIslands. But the most important point is the statement of the Bureau of\\nSteam Engineering that we have not a ship in the service, except the Minne-\\n3523", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "45\\naiMlit and Cotumhia, whirh coaUl mako tUo royaso fruiu Siui Kranriaco I\\nUaiiila without rccoalinK on the wajr.\\n1 bavo tUo bonur to be, rtMitoctfuUT,\\nJOHM K nARTLKTT.\\nf lHtfUi ;rnce OJIcer,aHti furmtr HiftiriMjiaither,\\nU(|IV\u00c2\u00ab.\\nJtovt- m I. w,,\u00e2\u0080\u009e I ..c v,,..,/ i-.i.lhpt nr*^\\nli; Aiif^.\\nt of tho\\nNorlll i .l.lli .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.-.III. ;.ili.ii-:.. .1 i ii .i i ;r.i i.: 1 1 nrtj\\nf howa tho variuuit ruutoH Ltotwovu Sau KraULlMcu auU Mauila wlil^li may lio\\ndLscusstnl.\\nTho route B is tho proat iMrrlo ro;it ar- ii la\\nC.254 will s. This n.uti- w l)^st a.lajittsl fi.r t i .Ul\\ntiiuca of tho year, and i ja:iibl) ihu wcstwar Ua.\\nDIFFKItCXT UOl\u00c2\u00b0TE:i FROM .SAM lUA.M. l.-vi. vJ lu MA.Sll.A.\\nGreat cirrlo rotitc B, 0.2M milos. Advantam*. ahortoat dlat4inc\u00c2\u00ab. DituMlran-\\nta(^, rouKh weather; vuriablo \\\\viud.t udvorau eurreiitit oX about 1 uiilu aa\\nhour; foM.\\nlihumu lino E. usual r ^t n..V\u00c2\u00ab m-If^si Advantat{e3, generally favorable\\nweather; fuvi.rablo\\nSouthern route v. w^o, 0,900 inile^. DLKadvantaKO,\\nlongest route. Adv:.. fair winds; f(\u00c2\u00bbriin\u00c2\u00abi I \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2irrent\\nof nearly 1 milo an li 11. nil ii.u ...r for rt (o:i rat\\nabout one-third tho n.st;ini-e aiTus-s. KurtlierMior\u00c2\u00bb t: ds\\nalong this course, which arc not inhabited, would give ;i ,-oa\\nfor coaling, if necessary.\\nReturning by Honoluln tho ship would run again.st this current, and\\ntherefore tho sh. rtest routo is tho only practical rnute. a.H vou nju.st hava\\na route which i.s theouicKest going and cowing by w.av of the Aleutian Inlands\\nand KLslcv. Going and_coining either way a 8hii could, and they do, save\\nseveral days time either from San Franoisco or I ugct Sound.\\nMr. PETTIGRE W. O? conrso Kiska is south of tho shortest line.\\nThe great circle route, the route ships sail. iias.scd about 70 miles\\nsouth of this island, instead of ;300 miles. iShips take this route be-\\ncause they do not wish to pa.ss in and out bet\\\\\\\\ en the island^s, and\\ntherefore it is a slight modification of the great circle route.\\nLet us see if what he says about currents, etc., is justifieil. If\\nyo}i have an adverse current going one way, you will have it in\\nyotir favor going the other way; and tho Ganadiau Pacific ships\\nfollow the route the year around both ways.\\nAs I say. Mr. President, tho route which we took in cro.*;sing\\nfrom Vancouver to Yokohama, in Japan, went within 70 miles of\\nthe harbor of Kiska. We went within DO niiles of tho Aleutian\\nIslands. Ordinarily in winter vessels go within 4 or .T miles of the\\nAleutian Islands. It is the route to the Orit-nt and is along tho\\nshore of our own country to within ;5,70i) miles of Mauila and to a\\npoint within JOO miles of the coast of ^Vbia.\\n3aS3", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3286", "width": "1871", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "LibKHKY Uh CUNUKti b\\n013 717 888 6", "height": "3442", "width": "2021", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00pett_0048.jp2"}}