{"1": {"fulltext": "E 713\\n.G88\\nCopy 1\\nCyL^ ^;7^^r^\\nX\\nt 9\\\\ Ai.\\nANNEXATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nSlVEECn\\nHON. GALUSHA A. GROW,\\noi rK risrsvi^\\\\ ^v.Ni/s.,\\nIIOl SK OF l{i:i\u00c2\u00bbI{I-]SENTATIV^ES,\\nTuesday, June 14, 1S9S.\\n^v^\\\\.SIIr]^fG ^o^r.\\n1898.", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "4-\\n^t^ ^s-\\n38096", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "S I* KKCIl\\nIIOX. (1 A LTSII A A. (i i:o\\\\V.\\nTlio IIuiiso liiiviii^ un h r i ini.si l\u00c2\u00ab rntiou tli\u00c2\u00ab joint roHnliitlnn i II. lies. iVfi to\\nproviilu for aiiiicxiiiK tlio Ilawiiiinii Islmuls to tlio I uilcil Staton\\nMr. GROW sai.l:\\nMr. SriCAKKU: This nation nt i ls Ihr Hawaiian Island-i f r the\\nbenotit of its connnerc-. in peaco and its itrotortion in war. It is a\\nfact conceddl by everybody that for commerce between the west-\\nern shores of this coTitinent and Asia there must be some inter-\\nmediate land for a coalint^ station for sliipseni^aKCil in commerce.\\nThe Hawaiian Islands hold such a jjosition, bein*^ for all i ractical\\nl)urposes about midway between tlie two continents, witli a land-\\nlocked harbor misurpassed in size and safety. To si curo the\\npossession of this harbor for tho future against all contiuKcncies\\nthe sovereignty of the islands is necessary, for whoever owns tho\\nislands owns the harbor. All treaties whatsoever would fall witk\\na change of ownership.\\nIt is chiimod by tho opponents of annexation that there is an-\\nother route; of eiiual commercial advantage ami le-s in distance\\nfrom continent to continent by the way of Unala.ska. It is a\\nroute discovered in the argument of this question and not here-\\ntofore discovered by commerce. I venture the assertion that few,\\nif any, vessels in trade between the American and Asiatic conti-\\nnents ever yet sailed on this route from Han Franci.sco to any port\\nin Asia, unless it was one in the Arctic .seas.\\nWhen pre.sented in this debate, it i-eminded me of the chap in\\nNew York who surprised the stockbrokers for a short time with\\na declaration that ho had found a railroad route between New\\nYork and Chicago JO miles shorter than any existing one, or any\\nother that could bo constructed, and he could i)rove it by his map.\\nWhen the map was produced, there was a heavy red straight line\\ndrawn from New York to Chicago, which crossed tho Alleghany\\nMountains at tho highest summit in the range. And this was liis\\nshortest route. The map was correct, but the capital to build tho\\nrailroad was not in sight.\\nLines drawn on the map of a wide ocean representing the chan-\\nnels of commerce are very well if commerce follows such lines.\\nBut if it does not, reasons wliy it miglit do so are of little conse-\\n(juence. If tho re;xsons urged against anne.xation now had pre-\\nvailed while the purchase of Alaska was pending, wn should not\\nhave thia new logical route at all, for Alaska itself would still bo\\nRussian territory. There never has been any acejuisition of ter-\\nritory without more or less oi)position at tho time of the acciuisi-\\ntion, and the reasons were very much tho .same as those now\\noffered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 unconstitutional and dangerous to the liberties of the\\ncountry.\\nI will not take the time of the House in di.scu.s.sing any consti-\\ntutional (pieslion relative to tho acquisition of territory by this", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "Government. Mr. Jefferson said in 1803 that there was no grant\\nof power in the Constitution for such acquisition; yet, beginning\\nwith his Administration, we have acquired foreign territory in\\narea more than three times as great as that claimed by the original\\nthirteen colonies or which the Government owned at the time of\\nthe adoption of our present Constitution.\\nFor almost a century, beginning with Jefferson, the nation has\\nbeen acquiring territory by treaty and by joint resolution and\\nunder Administrations of different political parties. If anything\\ncan be settled by the uniform practice of the Government, the\\npower to acquire territory ought to be settled by this uniform,\\nunbroken practice for almost a century, sustained t}y every branch\\nof the Government and ratified universally by the people.\\nI am content to follow this uniform, unbroken practice m the\\nexercise of a power that must certainly rest somewhere in the\\nGovernment, or it could not have been thus sustained by all de-\\npartments of the Government for this long period.\\nThis question is not a law to be construed; it is a power of gov-\\nernment to be exercised. And by that exercise in the past and by\\nthat alone the nation has in this first hundred years of its exist-\\nence been enabled to expand from thirteen feeble colonies, hemmed\\nin by the Atlantic Ocean in front, the Mississippi River m the\\nrear, and Spanish and French dominion on the south, to forty-five\\nindependent Commonwealths, spanning a whole continent from\\nocean to ocean and extending through almost every zone.\\nFor the exercise of this power to acquire territory it only needs\\na clear, unequivocal commercial necessity for the American peo-\\nple and a willing consent of the people occupying the territory to\\nbe acquired. In such case, while there could be no question as to\\nconstitutional power, the circumstances existing at the time would\\ndetermine as to the wisdom of its exercise.\\nThe great reason for the exercise of this power now by the Con-\\ngress of the United States applies to Hawaii and not to any other\\nportion of the earth. It does not apply to Mexico, Canada, Cuba,\\nor any other territory on the American continent. For the rea-\\nson that after Cuba shall have established a republic, the institu-\\ntions of all these countries being substantially republican can not\\nbe a menace in any way to our liberties, and there are no great\\ncommercial necessities, nor can there be any, requiring any gov-\\nernment changes in our territorial relations with either of these\\nnations. Hence in our commercial necessities Hawaii stands\\nalone, separate and distinct from any other portion of the earth s\\nsurface, and in no way connected with any question that may\\nhereafter arise as to other nations.\\nThe ultimate annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United\\nStates is not a new question. Every President except one for\\nhalf a century has notified the nations of the earth that the people\\nof these islands could never unite their destinies with any nation\\nexcept our own. When England, in 1843, took possession of these\\nislands, Mr. Legare. then Secretary of State, notified the Govern-\\nment of Great Britain of our position, and she withdrew. Later,\\nwhen France attempted to take possession, Mr. Webster, then\\nSecretary of State, repeated to France in substance Mr. Legare s\\ndispatch to England, and France withdrew.\\nFor fifty years every President except Cleveland has notified\\nthe world that no other nation would be permitted to estabhsh\\ntheir sovereignty over these islands, and that the people thereon\\nmust be allowed to control their own destiny. Grover Cleveland\\n3137", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "was the first official in the adiniuiHtration of thin tovcrnuK nt to\\nattcnipt a reversal uf its hi^^t^)rical nolii-y rt-Utivo to Hawaii.\\nlio undertook to n storu ovor that p oi U a monarchy over-\\nthrown hy its lihirty-lovint, subjects and, usiuj, tho ruvi-uuc cut-\\nters and war sliijis o t tlie nation with shoUvd trims as a m nacc-in\\nthe harbor of Hawaii, lie directed his ;iciredit\u00c2\u00ab- l ;i;^ iMit t j tlu\u00c2\u00bb now\\nlii-public to demand, in the n;imo of the Tnitecl States, that it\u00c2\u00bb\\nchosen otlicials should alMli ate tlieir powers, and. knetiliuj; iual\\nject submission at the foot of t ho restored throne, kiss the extende l\\nhand of its dusky C^ueen. This attempt by the President of the\\nUnited Stales to restore a defunct m..n;iri-hy will brand Gruver\\nCleveland throu.-h all time in the annals of impartial history uh\\nrecreant to liberty and false to the spirit and geniua of free inati-\\ntutions.\\nIf I had any doubt as to the vital importance of these islands to\\nthe future commercial well-beiut, ot the United States, 1 should\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2hesitiite long before setting np my own judgment against the\\nunited opinions of the long line of eminent statesmen wh have\\nbeen intrivsted with the administration of public allairs, and who\\nare held in so high estimation for political wisdom by their coun-\\ntrymen of all political parties. The gentleman from Arkansas\\n[Mr. DiNSMoRii] quoted a general opinion by Mr. Sherman against\\nthe acquisition of foreign territory, and then attcuijited to impeach\\nhis own witness, who, as Secretary of State, signed the treaty for\\nthe acquisition of these very islands included in the resolutions\\nbefore us.\\nHe could have quoted with equal force from Mr. Legan- and\\nMr. Webster in their correspondence with England and France,\\nin which they declared that it was not the policy of this Goveni-\\njuent to acquire colonial possession, and yet they b(jth insisted\\nthat these islands, by the consent of their people, must some day\\nbecome a part of American territory, or at least that they never\\ncould by our consent become a part of any other. And now when\\ntheir people desire to cast their political fortunes with ours and we\\nrefuse, will it be claimed by anybody that henceforth wo can\\nrightfully prevent them from casting their lot with any other na-\\ntion? Such a refusal would be an attcnipt on our part to iinpose\\nnpou them a despotic control more odious than was that of (Jleve-\\nTli e gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. Dinsmorf] ^aid that the\\ntime might c ome when it would be. i.erhajis. advisable to anne.\\\\\\nthe.se islands, but not now. Now is the only time tliat the L nited\\nStates can rightfully dispose of that question. After our rejec-\\ntion the destiny of these islands is in the keeping of their people,\\nand to bo determined bv them alone. Whether their fortunes\\nshall then be cast witli England, France, Japan, or any other\\nnation will be for them to determine.\\nAll questions arising out of tlie existing war with Spam proi erly\\nbelong by them.selves and are to be settled in view of the circum-\\nstiinccs and conditions existing at the tim- of their settlement.\\nIn the discu-ssion on the (question Ix ore us wo have heard much\\nabout wars and their dangers to liberty. War prosocute\u00c2\u00abl for\\nselfish ends in upholding despotic dynasties or for tlio m re ex-\\ntension of territorial domiuion is an unmitigated, inexcusable\\nbarbarism.\\nBut wars, with all their miseries and woes, in the interest of\\nhumauitv. in behalf of struggling raecs or nationalities, to secure\\nor regain their inalienable rights, have been of great benefit to\\n34}7", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "luaiikiiul. In the world s decisive itt.les from Marathon to Get-\\ntysburg, such battles as have changed for all time the current of\\nhuman events and the destiny of empires, great battalions have\\nalways marched in the rear of great ideas.\\nThe generation of the American people now fast passing away\\nhave had not a little home experience in the horrors of war. They\\nhave seen their country shrouded in the sable habiliments of\\nmourning and woe and flooded with widows and orphans teai-s.\\nAnd to the end of this generation an occasional tear for the un-\\nreturning brave will glisten in the eye of bereavement around\\ndisconsolate firesides. But the new Republic is worth over the\\nold the priceless sacrifice of blood and sorrow which it cost.\\nWhile peace has its victories no less renowned than war, yet\\nmost of the mighty achievements in the onward progress of the\\nrace to a better civilization have been wrought by the sword.\\nIt seems to be a part of the plans of Divine Providence that\\nevery marked advance in civilization must begin in mighty con-\\nvulsions. The moral law was first proclaimed in the thimders of\\nSinai, and the earthly mission of the Saviour of mankind closed\\nwith the rending of mountains and the throes of the earthquake.\\nThe Goddess of Liberty herself was born in the shock of battle,\\nand amid its carnage has carved out some of our grandest vic-\\ntories, while o er its crimson fields the race has marched on to\\nhigher and nobler destinies. As the lightnings of heaven rend\\nand destroy only to purify and reinvigorate, so freedom s cannon\\nfurrows the fields of decaying empires and seeds them anew with\\nhuman gore, from which springs a more vigorous race to cherish\\nthe hopes and guard the rights of mankind.\\nThe millennium, long promised, when the lion and the lamb\\nwill lie down together and a little child shall lead them, will\\nsome time come. But not till all governments are based on the\\nconsent of the governed and every human being is in the enjoy-\\nment of liberty protected by law. Then, and not till then, can the\\nsword be beat into plowshares and the spear into pruning hooks.\\nUntil that time tiie ear of humanity will be pained with the roar\\nof hostile cannon and the angels must weep over the martyred\\nbrave.\\nWhen tlie smoke vanished from the last battlefield of the Amer-\\nican civil war and its armed hosts returned to their homes, lay-\\ning aside their armor for the implements of the various avocations\\nof peace, there was a universal belief that the Republic had seen\\nits last war. It was not thought then that any circumstances\\ncould possibly ever arise for the Government to call its citizens\\nagain from their peaceful pursuits to the tented field. But such\\na summons has gone forth, and the drumbeat and tramp of\\nmarching armies are again heard, and the thrilling reports of un-\\nprecedented naval victories come floating over the seas.\\nThis nation is at war with Spain to end her brutal warfare upon\\nwomen and children and to put a stop to the infliction of her\\ncruel atrocities upon a neighboring people, and because she failed\\nto maintain in the Island of Cuba a government able and willing\\nto protect the lives of American seamen under the flag of their\\ncountry on a mission of peace to her ports.\\nIn justice to the memory of the hero martyrs who died under the\\nflag of their country by Spanish treachery, and in behalf of the\\nclaims of a common humanitj of a people doomed to extermina-\\ntion by starvation and the sword, this nation demanded that Spain", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Bhould witlidrnw lifr Hag mid forever abnndun her sovereignty\\novor tlin Islaiiil of C libn.\\nFor this 1)Uij)oho tlio President was authorized tointrrveno with\\nthe Army and tho Nuvy of Iho United States and Ktop thiHdonhly\\neruel and It.irliarous warfare. WIk-u that Hhall havo Leen ihjne\\nthe iie.)i)leof Cuba can tlien eBtalilinh for theni.se vea a fnH- and\\nindei)endent j, overnnient to ho recognized by Iho L uilod States of\\nAnioriea as a sister rej)nblic.\\nIn tho (bschargo of thi.s national obbpation to hurannity and to\\nliberty, as well as tho hi;(her oblipition ami duty of J)rotectin^;\\ntlio lives of American .-eatnen, under tho lla.if ol their country\\nwherever it floats, tliis nation h;us intervened witli it.s ^reat power\\nfor till) acccjiiiplislmieiit of sucli a jjurpose. And wlien it hIihII\\nhave beenacconiplislied, tho vindication of tJie patriot heroes who\\nfound a watery K avo in tlio harbor of Havana will bo the expul-\\nsion forever of Spanish sovereif, nty from tho American Continent.\\nAnd these heroes will not tlien have died in vain. Tb\u00c2\u00ab tablet\\nthat will bear their memory through all time can then bo in-\\nscribed:\\nWhether on tho scaflTuld high\\nOr in tho hatlli- M van,\\nTlio 111 test phK o whoro man can die\\nIs whoro uo dies for umnl\\nTho objects to bo obtained, and the only ones ox]\u00c2\u00bbected when\\nConprrces passed tho declaration of war against Spain, were con-\\nfined to tho Island of Cuba. And the gentleman from .Missouri\\n[Mr. Bland] and the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. Rkhakd-\\nsox I quoted the declared purpose in that declaration of war to\\nsustain their positions against any acquisition of territory as a\\nresult of the war.\\nI agree with tlicm that when that declaration of war passed there\\nwas no purpose or thought by anybixly of ac(iuiring additional\\nterritory as a result of tliis war. Humanity alone controlled\\nin the passage of this declaration. But a nation which appeals\\nto battle for the settlement of any question must bo ready to meet\\nany and all responsibilities resulting therefrom, whether foreseen\\nor not.\\nThe same Congress of tho United States which authorized the\\nequipment of 500,f)iX) men to preserve this Union declared by re-so-\\nlution that the war was not to be prosecuted for tho emancipation\\nof slaver} Yet the first gun fired in that conflict was the death\\nknell of hnman bondage, and the sun in hus course across the con-\\ntinent from ocean to ocean uo longer rises on a master or seta on\\na slave.\\nIn our national di stiny what new pathways may be blazed out\\nbv American cannon on land and battle sliips on tho seas no pro-\\nphetic ken can now foresee. And how and in what way the Amer-\\nican people ought to discharge the new, unforsei-n, unexpected\\nresponsibilities cast ui)on them in far off Asia no human siigacity\\ncan now foretell.\\nIf the intervention of this nation in the affairs of Spain in bo-\\nhalf of humanity and liberty in Cuba ehall result, in the provi-\\ndences of God, in the emancipation of ten millions of i eoiile in\\nher colonics from her despotic rule, shall the American people\\nshrink from these new responsibilities in behalf of lil)rrty and\\nhumanity? Has tho rule of Spain in the Philippines l)oen any\\nmore humane than in Cuba? Through a long liistory her cruelty\\nin peace and brutality in war have jiroduced at intervals long or\\n:!437", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "LIUKHKY Uh UUNUKtbb\\n013 744 611 P\\nshort tlie Alvas and the Weylers, counterpai ts of the Neros and\\nCaligulas of pagan Rome in the zenith of her briital shows of\\ndying gladiators and women and children torn to pieces by wild\\nbeasts in the arena of her Coliseum, a gala-day spectacle for\\nRoman hohdays.\\nWithin a week after the declaration of war against Spain by the\\nCongress of the United States 8,000,000 of people in the Philip-\\npines that had been subjected for four hundred years to the des-\\npotic, cruel rule of Spain, such as she had exercised over the Island\\nof Ciiba, were liberated from their thraldom by a naval victory\\nin battle unparalleled in the world s history, unexpected and iiu-\\nthought of when the declaration of war against Spain passed.\\nCommodore Dewey, with a squadron of the American Navy,\\ncruising in Asiatic waters on the customary mission of his Gov-\\nernment to friendly nations, suddenly finds himself shut out of\\nthe ports and harbors of every nation by the enforcement of the\\ninternational law of strict neutrality between bellisrerents. With\\nthe Stars and Stripes flying at the masthead of his squadron he\\nenters a harbor of Spain, destroying its land fortifications and\\nsinking a formidable navy moored there for their defense, with-\\nout the loss of a man or a ship, and with slight injury to either.\\nDoes anyone who believes in the control of an overruling\\nProvidence in the affairs of men believe that such a victory was\\na mere accident? There is a divinity in the destiny of nations as\\nwell as in the lives of individuals\\nThat shapes our ends, rough hev/ them how we will.\\nIn the retributions for organized national wrongs it is fixed in\\nthe immutable decrees of that overruling Providence that nations\\nwhich incorporate into their institutions, their customs, or their\\nlaws a barbarism that blunts the sense of justice and chills the\\nhumanity of their people will soon or late surely die. It is the\\ngreat fact stamped on all the crumbling ruins that strew the path-\\nway of empires.\\nIf we divest ourselves of the egotistical belief so congenial to\\nhuman nature that the generation of thejn eseut is wiser than any\\nthat will succeed it, we can then safely intrust the settlement of\\nall public questions to the considerate judgment of the generation\\nthat may be called upon to settle them, in full confidence that it\\nwill be done quite as wisely and as well as it would be if done by\\nourselves. Let the present generation with bold and manly hearts\\nmeet its own responsibilities to liberty and humanity, and settle\\nthem in its own best judgment in view of surrounding circum-\\nstances, without reference to supposed conjectural conditions iu\\nthe future.\\nTrust no future, howe or pleasant I\\nLet the dead past bury its dead!\\nAct. act in the living present!\\nHeart within, and God o erhead!\\nThe starry banner of our fathers, baptized in patriot blood in\\nthe first and second war of American independence, and re-\\nchristened in the mighty conflict of arms in the history of the\\nrace, will henceforth, over whatever portion of the earth s surface\\nit may float, be the emblem of liberty, justice, and the inalienable\\nrights of mankind.\\n3427\\no", "height": "3581", "width": "2026", "jp2-path": "annexationofhawa00grow_0008.jp2"}}