{"1": {"fulltext": "TN 873\\n.B8B8", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "*p V\\no\\nB l* v 0\\nv- v wm v *v\\nO\\no\\nr.\\nv* a 0 V/*.\\nBV*. V o, 0 V\\no, A*fr .A\\nHq.\\n0 O t .A v\\n*0 6 0 1*1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009eo w,\\nA V C*\\nafltg: i\u00c2\u00a3M\\\\ Sato*.\\nV\\nO\\nA v 1\\n*-NK^**\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2,\u00c2\u00aeC 1 {5\\nf V y v *-TT^ .o 5\\nP vi^L v o\\nA**\\nsr .v\\nv^. 1 5 4 5\\naV\\n(f V\\n#9 0 V o A\\n.o v *v: **o t ft\\nc sL#**Z*\\nr v o /kxS^MLA\\ny o -.T..\u00e2\u0080\u0099 0\\nftC- v 4 *y. v* 0 \u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0098ittiC*-\\nl \u00e2\u0099\u00a6^Sr/k *V 4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e0\\n0^ c\\nA\\n^0 V ,\u00c2\u00b0^w\\no\\no\\nr\\nr\\\\ 11 o A/ a.\\nc\u00c2\u00b0 \u00c2\u00b0o\\n.V X.V V _\\nI\\nV o.\\n.ff;\\ng \\\\s\\nC v q rj _ I\\njs xsSVw**\u00e2\u0080\u0099 o\\no w 4 p\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\n.H o*\\nO O ^U\\\\\\\\\\\\XX\u00c2\u00a3 ki\\nf c f\\n0 V\\no y\\no -.W^ 0\\n1* A 0 V\\nf*\\\\ 0 I\\n\\\\Va V j^\\n5 J ^V il=7^ Cy\\n0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f\\nX S* .\u00e2\u0080\u0098w^. c\u00c2\u00b0\\nO V W.x A Q\\nv\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2V 1\\n\\\\v\\nffr v* \u00e2\u0080\u009c-W** t \u00e2\u0080\u00a2-W/\\nS\\na\u00e2\u0080\u0099 JS\u00e2\u0080\u0099r i ^t O -i* 1 /\u00c2\u00bbao 0\\no_\\nV. *.7o* 6 rTi ,0 sK Z xk 9\\nt O A A A,\\nJw- xO. A ^5 A t *W*. V 1 0 0\\nV^v r; V: v/ v V A V jA-O; A\\n0\\n4^4 0\\nA\\nav A\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009dV\\nS^^. V\\n0 V x v o 4 .G^** A\\naP -.V 0 0 a\\\\\\nO O /\u00c2\u00bbao_ i\u00c2\u00bbVJ ii O \u00c2\u00bbv t\\n*i V,;i^V-. \u00c2\u00a3hr. pv. rf;", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "v\\no V\\no 0 \\\\ywfs o y o\\nV V\\n0^o*sV\u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u009c^\\nr titter. V _\u00c2\u00ab c x\\n4 O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a? vo\\nv~\\ncv\\nO. i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2V\\nv* V\\n0 t\\n,v-* y% ^iif: v\\n/v\\n,41 S r\\\\ L* ^\\\\\\\\l l ^Sk\\nT- 11\\nh\\\\ J A\\nV V\\nSV V*\\nV CV ,0 s s\\n:M/i\\\\ ve v\\nv\\ny\\n4 A v i* j _ _\\nA 0* O\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nk v\\n,-r\\nI\\\\ ^^^OAlL^nk V-* j tV\\nU O V\\n01\\n4? W\u00c2\u00ab aV 4\\nts 4 A V V r{\u00c2\u00bb 4- V\\n,Cr \\\\s A .0\\nO^ ^o ,0^\\nc .\\\\?s$$W. w Tf, 4 C\\nv\\nW J\\n4 L r^A ^iZ LVJ^!7\\nr *\u00c2\u00ab7vT* o\\n-0 V o \u00c2\u00b0_ w o 1\\no x\\nO 0\u00c2\u00b0^\\naV** o\\nv\\no v\\n0 V c 0 ^o\\no^ \u00c2\u00b0y3\u00c2\u00a7i2!k -o v\\n.v v\\nvp v\\n0 A\\ns\\nJ\\nX VHWSf 0 \u00e2\u0080\u0098*^3\\nt O \\\\9 4\\nA*^ vvx\\nC^^rv .0^ \u00c2\u00abW^* C\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a06 A Vj ti A _ cf/ O\u00e2\u0080\u0099* V N C*#*\\nx} ^rU +^A$#r h V\\n^.T- -0* s o o..*\\n0 -.0^ o\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\no 4 t a?v?^b, V c cf\\nI \u00e2\u0080\u00a2ife- ^0\u00e2\u0080\u009c*\\n-i\\ny\\no A 9 V v\u00c2\u00bb V\\n^4. -S^ VX y. \\\\V \u00e2\u0080\u0098ift^i A*\\nA V. V\\no\\na -y\\n0~\u00e2\u0080\u0098\\nv\\nI \\\\vr y v/V 5^ ^j. a X V v\\\\ 0 yi W* O \u00c2\u00b0A. 1\\ny\\\\ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2.v\\nc s MX- .m\\nCV", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "S38BS0\\na\\nThe Oil-Bearing Shales\\nOF THE\\nCoast of Brazil\\nBY\\nJOHN C. BRANNER,\\nSTANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.\\nA Paper read before the American Institute of Mining\\nEngineers, at the Canadian Meeting,\\nAugust, 1900.\\nAUTHOR\u00e2\u0080\u0099S EDITION.\\n1 900.\\nP r\\nA y", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "The Oil-Bearing Shales of the Coast of Brazil.\\nBY JOHN C. BRANNER, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.\\n(Canadian Meeting, August, 1900.)\\nShales rich in oil are found at several places along the coast\\nof Brazil. The material has been prospected at several places,\\nand samples have been examined and reported upon by com\u00c2\u00ac\\npetent authorities. So far as I am acquainted with them, these\\noil-bearing beds are of Tertiary age. A glimpse at the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntribution and character of the Tertiary rocks of the region\\nshould give as some idea of the possible distribution of these\\noil-bearing shales. Tertiary rocks skirt the northeast coast\\nof Brazil from the northern part of the State of Espirito Santo\\nalmost or quite to the Amazon valley. Here and there this\\nnarrow strip is cut in two by the encroachment of the sea, and\\nthe underlying gneisses, granites or other crystalline rocks are\\nexposed upon the beach. In other places, the Tertiary belt\\nwidens out until it is 80 kilometers or more in width. Fig. 1\\nis a sketch-map of a part of the coast-area referred to.\\nAlong the coast from Prado, in the State of Bahia, north\u00c2\u00ac\\nward to Natal, there is a line of bluffs from 15 to 90 meters\\nhigh, interrupted here and there by stream-valleys. As seen\\nfrom the sea, these bluffs are rather conspicuous and highly\\ncolored yellow, brown, red, white, black, and purple. These\\ncolors are often so mingled as to give the beds a mottled or\\nparti-colored appearance. Fig. 2 shows a characteristic bit of\\nthe coast in the State of Parahyba do Norte. In some places,\\nespecially in the southern part of the State of Sergipe, and in\\nthe northern part of Rio Grande do Norte, the immediate\\ncoast is covered with sand-dunes. Here and there these sand-\\ndunes have been carried inland over the top of the Tertiary\\nbeds, and the subsequent encroachment of the sea has exposed\\nthe Tertiary rocks again, where they form the bases of the\\nbluffs. This is well shown in Fig. 3, from a photograph taken\\nat Bahia Formosa, on the coast of Rio Grande do Norte.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Fig. 1.\\nThe width of the Tertiary\\nbelt has been determined at\\nseveral places. Owing partly\\nto the fact that the landward\\nmargin of the beds is generally\\nmore or less ragged, and partly\\nto the lack of good maps, these\\nmeasurements must be ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncepted as only approximately\\ncorrect:\\n1. From Porto Alegre, just\\nsouth of Caravellas in southern\\nBahia, along the Rio Mucury\\nto the Serra dos Aymores, 80\\nkilometers. This does not in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclude the Abrolhos islands of\\nthe coast, which are also Eo\u00c2\u00ac\\ncene Tertiary.\\n2. At Ilheos, Bahia, there\\nare no sedimentary beds; the\\ncrystalline rocks appear on the\\nshore.\\n3. At Camamu, 22 kilome\u00c2\u00ac\\nters.\\n4. From Bahia to the west\u00c2\u00ac\\nern margin of the series near\\nNazareth, 50 kilometers.\\n5. From Bahia in the direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of Feira de Santa Anna,\\n82 kilometers.\\n6. Across the axis of the\\nbasin at Alagoinhas, Bahia, 80\\nkilometers.\\n7. From Aracaju to the\\nSerra dTtabaianinha, 80 kilo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeters.\\n8. Along the Rio Sao Fran\u00c2\u00ac\\ncisco from its mouth to Pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npria, 60 kilometers.\\n9. FromMaceio toCachoeira\\nalong the Alagoas railway, 33\\nkilometers.\\n10. At Pedra do Conde,", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\n3\\nsouth of Tamandare 0 kilometers; granite is exposed on the\\nbeach.\\n11. At the mouth of Rio Formoso, State of Pernambuco, 3\\nkilometers.\\n12. At Cape Santo Agostinlio, Pernambuco, 0 kilometers\\ngranites and porphyries on the beach.\\n13. At Pernambuco along the Great Western of Brazil rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nway, the granite is exposed J kilometer above Macacos; 7 kilo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeters.\\n14. On the Central de Pernambuco railway the inland mar\u00c2\u00ac\\ngin of the Tertiary is about kilometer 10, two kilometers\\nabove Tigipio. On the Recife ao Sao Francisco railway the\\nTertiary beds are not exposed, the first recognizable beds\\nbeing crystalline rocks at Cabo, kilometer 31.\\n15. At Parahyba do ISTorte on the Conde d\u00e2\u0080\u0099Eu railway, 30\\nkilometers.\\n16. At the Rio Grande do jN orte the FTatal aRova Cruz rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nway does not cut square across the Tertiary, but runs southward\\nparallel with the coast and on Tertiary beds for most of its\\nlength. It crosses the Matahu river on the gneiss, so that the\\nTertiary varies in width here from 15 to 50 kilometers.\\nAt Bahia, Tertiary beds are let down by a fault behind a\\nnarrow strip of crystalline rock which, northeast of that city\\nfor many kilometers, separates them from the ocean.\\nIn my work upon the stone and coral reefs of Brazil, a trip\\nwas made on foot along the beach from Pernambuco to Maceio,\\nin the State of Alagoas. This trip afforded an excellent oppor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntunity for seeing the best exposures of these rocks to be found\\nin the country.\\nThe series to which the oil-shales belong is exposed in many\\nplaces about Cape Santo Agostinlio, Rio Formoso, Tamandare,\\nAbreu de Una and Maragogy; but at these places the un\u00c2\u00ac\\nweathered shales were not found.\\nGoing south from Pernambuco, the oil-bearing shales were\\nfirst found upon the beach just south of the mouth of Rio\\nMaragogy, 9\u00c2\u00b0 3 S. latitude, in the State of Alagoas. At this\\nplace they are uncovered at low tide and extend seaward for a\\nfew hundred meters, forming a wave-cut bench. They are also\\nexposed in the bank above the reach of high tide. The beds\\nare more or less wrinkled, and a small syncline is plainly shown", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "4 THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nupon the bench at low tide. The dips observed are 10\u00c2\u00b0 S. 71\u00c2\u00b0\\nAY., and 6\u00c2\u00b0 S. 31\u00c2\u00b0 AY., magnetic. The shales all dip landward\\nand beneath the red and mottled beds exposed in the cliffs or\\nline of hills that follow along close to and parallel with the\\ncoast at this place.\\nBetween the mouth of Rio Maragogy and the village of Sao\\nBento, at a venda called Carnaxo, the sea has cut into a bed of\\nheavy conglomerate rocks that underlie the shale beds. Im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmediately south of these conglomerates, black shales are\\nexposed at low water. These shales contain many finely broken\\nplant-remains. The dips of the shales at this locality vary as\\nfollows: 9\u00c2\u00b0 S. 60\u00c2\u00b0 AY., 4\u00c2\u00b0 S. 80\u00c2\u00b0 AY., 4\u00c2\u00b0 S. 33\u00c2\u00b0 AY., 10\u00c2\u00b0 S.\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 AY., all magnetic.\\nIt is noticeable in all these cases that the dips carry the rocks\\ndownward toward the hills that follow the coast-line.\\nAt Japaratuba, just south of the mouth of a small stream,\\nlow tide exposes conglomerates, sandstones and shales, dipping\\nS. 80\u00c2\u00b0 AY. The exposure extends seaward about 300 meters\\nfrom the beach.\\nIn front of Pitingui (9\u00c2\u00b0 7 S. lat.) shales are exposed at low\\ntide dipping 9\u00c2\u00b0 N. 70\u00c2\u00b0 AY. and 7\u00c2\u00b0 due west. Just north of\\nPitingui, however, a red cliff* rises to an elevation of something\\nlike 90 meters.\\nThere is another interesting exposure of the shales at a place\\ncalled Barreira do Boqueirao, between one and two leagues\\nnorth of Porto das Pedras. Here the sea has cut into the foot\\nof one of the red hills and has exposed about 7 meters of\\nmottled, gray and red sandstones. The shale is visible to the\\nsouth of this exposure, partly covered by soil and vegetation\\nfrom the hills above. The shale where exposed is about 2 meters\\nthick, but it is possible that it has a thickness of 3 or 4 meters.\\nAlong the shore the exposure is about 100 or 150 meters long.\\nThe dip varies considerably both in amount (10\u00c2\u00b0 to 15\u00c2\u00b0) and\\ndirection; but for the most part the dip is inland and toward\\nthe red hills of the coast. The hills above this particular place\\nare about 60 meters high.\\nAt the mouth of the Rio Manguaba (sometimes called Rio\\nPorto Calvo), in the edge of the town of Porto das Pedras (S.\\nlat. 9\u00c2\u00b0 10 these beds are exposed again at the ferry. Here\\nthe rocks are mostly sandstones; but they are of the same", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SIIALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL\\n5\\nThe Red and Mottled Cliffs, 3 kilom. N. of Traiyao, State of Parahyba do Norte.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "6 THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nBluffs, 200 feet High, Capped with Sand, at Bahia Formosa, State of Rio Grande do Norte.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Wave-Cut Terrace of Oil-Shales in the Foreground.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8\\nTHE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nThe Oil-Shales, 2 kilom. South of Morro de Camaragibe.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL. 9\\nseries, and the shales are interhedded with them. The dip is\\nsouthwest about 3\u00c2\u00b0 or 4\u00c2\u00b0.\\nIn the bottom of the embayment south of Marcenerio, the\\nshales are exposed at low water, with a coral reef overlapping*\\nthem, as shown in the section, Fig. 6.\\nThe dips observed are 10\u00c2\u00b0 N. 39\u00c2\u00b0 W., and 13\u00c2\u00b0 K 57\u00c2\u00b0 W.,\\nmagnetic; about 185 meters south of this place the dip is 12\u00c2\u00b0\\nK 25\u00c2\u00b0 W.\\nAt the Barra do Passo or Barra do Camaragibe there is one\\nset of exposures north of the mouth of the river off the town,\\nand another a league south of there at a place called Morro de\\nCamaragibe or Barreira do Morro.\\nOn the beach in front of the town of Barra the shales dip\\ninland toward the town at an angle of from 70\u00c2\u00b0 to 10\u00c2\u00b0, and\\nFig. 6.\\nGeological Section at the Bottom of the Embayment S. of Marcenerio, Showing the\\nShales Dipping Landward and Overgrown with Coral-Reefs.\\nplunge beneath the hills back of the town. A section at this\\nplace would be something like Fig. 7.\\nThe exposures on the cape just south of the Camaragibe at\\nthe Barreira or Morro de Camaragibe are unusually good,\\nespecially at low tide.\\nThe cliffs are from 75 to 90 meters high. The upper beds\\nare the well-known red, yellow and mottled beds of the coast;\\nwhile at the base of the bluffs and uncovered at low tide are\\nthe shales and sandstones dipping landward. The lower beds\\nform a wave-cut terrace about 150 meters wide. At the northern\\nexposure of the bluffs on the beach are many large boulders\\nof pink granite, apparently washed from a basal conglomerate\\nunderlying the series exposed on the hills. Some of these", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10 THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nwater-worn granite boulders (see Fig. 8) are about a meter\\nin diameter. The sandstones at the base of the bluff contain\\nalso rolled lumps of clay. The angle of the dip of the beds is\\nusually low, (from 5\u00c2\u00b0 to 10\u00c2\u00b0). Several pits have been sunk\\nabout and south of the cape by an English company that\\nFig. 7.\\nSection through Passo de Camaragibe, Showing the Shales Exposed Between Tides,\\nand their Relation to the Mottled Beds in the Hills back of the Town.\\nprospected these shales some 10 or 12 years ago. Many of the\\nshale beds contain large quantities of fragments of plants,\\nso finely pulverized that no recognizable forms were found.\\nThe exposures in the bluffs here show in a satisfactory manner\\nthat the mottled and highly-colored beds exposed in the cliffs\\nFig. 8.\\nSection at the Morro de Camaragibe, Showing Wave-Cut Shelf of Shales, with Boulders of\\nGranite. Dip somewhat exaggerated.\\nalong this coast are the weathered parts of the Eocene beds.\\nFig. 4 is from a photograph taken from the wave-cut\\nplatform of shales on the seaward side of the hill. The beds\\nshown in this picture have a marked dip, and the portions\\nof the rock at the base of the hill are gray and unaffected by", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL. 11\\nthe weather. Following the beds with the eye, one can trace\\nmany of the strata high up into the mottled and parti-colored\\nbeds that form the tops of the hills. To one near at hand, the\\ntransition from the unweathered to the weathered beds seems to\\nbe very gradual; but to one standing a hundred meters away\\nfrom the face of the bluff there seems to be a well-defined line\\nof demarkation between the gray beds below and the highly-\\ncolored ones above. This coloration affects all the rocks of the\\ntop of the bluff down to an elevation of about 4 or 5 meters\\nabove tide-level. In the observations made on the spot I find\\nthis note I see absolutely no difference between this cliff\\nand hundreds of others I have set down as Tertiary.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe company that prospected this locality for oil-shales sank\\n6 pits south of the village of Barreira, one of which was 6\\nmeters deep. The following are the determinations made by Mr.\\nBoverton Redwood of the composition of the shales taken\\nfrom the pits at this place:\\nComposition of the Camaragibe Shales.\\nNon-volatile\\nVolatile.\\nCombustible.\\nAsh.\\nPer cent.\\nPer cent.\\nPer cent.\\n30.55\\n9.45\\n60.0\\n24.8\\n4.3\\n70.9\\n27.1\\n12.2\\n60.7\\n25.5\\n2.2\\n72.3\\n7.8\\n2.9\\n89.3\\nTwo kilometers south of the village of Barreira the shales\\nform a wave-cut terrace, and the beds dip west at an angle of\\n10\u00c2\u00b0. (See Fig. 5.)\\nGoing south from this locality there are several kilometers\\nof the red and mottled cliffs before one reaches the Barra de\\nSanto Antonio. These cliffs are the beds above the oil-shales,\\nor the weathered portions of the oil-shales themselves.\\nThe bluffs are about 30 meters high, and the colors are\\nvariegated and most brilliant. Seen a distance, the colors\\nseem to be due to the bedding of the rocks; but upon examine\\ntion close at hand they are found to he due partly to structure\\nand partly to weathering.\\nThe next considerable exposures of the oil-shales south of\\nSanto Antonio Grande are at Riacho Doce (S. lat. 9\u00c2\u00b0 36 and\\nL.ofC.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12\\nTHE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nbetween that stream and another small one known as Gar^a\\nTorta.\\nThe exposures at Riacho Doee are very much like the others\\nmentioned above. Inland about half a kilometer from the\\nbeach is a steep-faced escarpment, 60 to 90 meters high, of\\nhighly colored beds; while on the beach itself are exposed\\nshales, sandstones, and heavy conglomerates, containing large\\ngranite blocks. The dips taken on the beach at low tide vary\\nconsiderably, showing that the rocks here have been much\\nwrinkled. I noted also some faults and overthrusts. The\\ngeneral structure can best be shown by a section, such as is\\ngiven in Fig. 9, which would answer for almost every one of the\\nFig. 9.\\nSection at Riacho Doce, Showing the Relations of the Shales to the Conglomerates, and\\nto the Cliffs West of the Village.\\nexposures seen. The heavy granite blocks indicate the near\\npresence, at almost all of the exposures, of the granite which\\nunderlies them. The shales all overlie the heavy granite con\u00c2\u00ac\\nglomerates.\\nThe only fossils found in these rocks thus far are diatoms,\\nplant-fragments and fish-remains. The diatoms so far as ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namined have no diagnostic value further than to show that the\\nbeds are of fresh-water origin, while the other plant-remains\\nare so fragmentary as to be unrecognizable. The fish-remains\\nhave been kindly examined for me by Prof. F. A. Lucas of the\\nU. S. National Museum, who finds them to belong to the genus\\nDiplomystus \u00e2\u0080\u0094a genus already reported from the fresh-water", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL. 13\\nEocene beds of Bahia,* where the fossils were collected by Mr.\\nJoseph Mawson at Itacaranha, Plata form a, and Agua Comprida.\\nA section made across country from the coast inland at\\nalmost any point shows the same geology, with only local varia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. In some places the shales are thicker; in others they are\\nentirely wanting.\\nThe same company that prospected the oil-shales south of\\nthe Rio Camaragihe has dug several pits near the beach at\\nRiacho Doce also. Boverton Redwood found the shales from\\nthis place to be richer in oil than those of Camaragihe district.\\nThe following table is taken from his report upon them :f\\nComposition of the Riacho Doce Shales.\\nVolatile.\\nNon-Volatile\\nCombustible.\\nAsh.\\nNo.\\nPer cent.\\nPer cent.\\nPer cent.\\n1\\n34.9\\n1.1\\n64.0\\n2\\n46.3\\n19.5\\n34.2\\n3\\n26.9\\n8.1\\n65.0\\n4\\n32.8\\n14.6\\n52.6\\n5\\n25.4\\n10.5\\n64.1\\nfurther\\nexamination\\nwas made by Mr.\\nRedwood of the\\nrichest of these shales (No. 2). This contained 4.7 per cent,\\nof sulphur, and upon distillation yielded 44.73 gallons of crude\\noil and 19.58 gallons of ammoniacal water to the ton. Mr.\\nRedwood says further, in regard to these oil-shales\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe presence of sulphur would not, however, be a serious drawback, if the\\ncrude oil were used as a liquid fuel, or as a source of gas for illuminating pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes. One ton of such oil would, if properly burned, afford rather more heat\\nthan two tons of good steam coal, and from each gallon of oil about 90 cubic feet\\nof 60-candle gas could be produced.\\nAs regards the quality of the crude oil, it should be remarked that results\\nobtained on the laboratory-scale of working are less satisfactory than those yielded\\nwhen the shale is distilled on the manufacturing-scale in retorts of suitable con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction. The difference is far greater in the case of the ammoniacal liquor,\\nand a yield of probably as much as four times the quantity of sulphate of\\nammonia may be reckoned upon.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cOn two deep-bodied species of the clupeoid genus Diplomystus.\u00e2\u0080\u009d By A.\\nSmith Woodward. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Jan., 1895., pp. 1-2.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA Contribution to the Vertebrate Paleontology of Brazil.\u00e2\u0080\u009d By E. D. Cope.\\nProc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Jan., 1886, xxiii, 3-4.\\nf Report on the Riacho Doce and Camaragihe Shale Deposits on the Coast of Brazil,\\nnear Maceio. By Boverton Bedwood and William Topley. (London, 1891.)", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nThe parti-colored beds follow the coast southward from\\nRiacho Doce to the city of Maceio and beyond.\\nAt Maceio the lighthouse stands upon the summit of this\\nsame Tertiary plateau. The beds exposed in and about the\\ncity are all more or less mottled, and along the line of the\\nrailway that runs westward between the lake and the hills\\nthese strata are cut at several places. No fossils were found in\\nthese rock either at Maceio or along the line of the Alagoas\\nrailway. At the Instituto Archeologico e Geographico Ala-\\ngoano, Dr. Costa Leite, the Secretary, showed me two fossil\\nfishes, said to have been found at Fernao Velho, 14 kilometers\\nfrom Maceio. The rock containing these fossils is a limestone\\nconcretion closely resembling that in which the fossil fishes of\\nCeara are found. Although the rocks at the base of the hills\\nat Fernao Velho are yellow, cream-colored, and gray, that is,\\nnot so highly colored as the beds further up the hills, I am dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed to think that no importance should be attached to the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nported origin of these fossils. The Ceara fishes have been\\ncarried all over Brazil, as curiosities; and it is quite possible\\nthat these specimens came from the Ceara beds, and, through\\nsome accident, have appeared at Fernao Velho, or have been\\nreported from there by mistake.\\nThe Tertiary series is crossed almost at right angles by\\nthe Alagoas railway. About a kilometer and a half east of\\nUtinga station gray shales like those of Riacho Dfyce are 0\\nexposed by the side of the railway. At several places along\\nthe line between E rnao Velho and Albuquerque are heavy\\nbeds of water-worn crystalline rocks, which I take to be the\\nbasal conglomerates of the Tertiary series. One of these\\nexposures is immediately east of Cachoeira, where the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nglomerate bed is about 10 meters thick. At kilometer 33\\nbetween Cachoeira and Albuquerque, the next station, the\\nsedimentary series ends, and the railway west of these runs\\nover granites and other crystalline rocks only. One cannot fail\\nto observe the similarity of all these sections across the Tertiary,\\nso far as their main features are concerned, though this one\\nfrom Maceio to Albuquerque is much longer than the others.\\nFig. 10 is an ideal section on the Alagoas railway. South\\nof Maceio the Eocene beds are exposed about the shores of\\nLagoa Manguaba, on Rio Jiquia and on Rio Cururipe, but I", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL. 15\\ndo not know the western limits of the series in that direction\\nexcept near the Rio Sao Francisco.\\nWhere the shales are exposed about the east side of the Bay of\\nBahia they bear the strongest possible resemblance to the\\noil-hearing shales of Alagoas. I am not aware of any ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namination or attempted working of the oil-shales near the city of\\nBahia or on the island of Itaparica. Turfa beds, however, are\\nreported from the northern part of the island of Tinhare, 40\\nkilometers south of Bahia, and from Rio Itahipe in south\\nlatitude 14\u00c2\u00b0 44\\nThe turfa beds on Rio Marahu, just south of the Bay of\\nCamamu, and 115 kilometers south of the city of Bahia, have\\nbeen known for many years, and the material has been much\\nisss-talked about in Brazil. Hartt says of this turfa :f\\nFig. 10.\\nIdeal Section from Maceio to Albuquerque along the Alagoas Kailway (35 kilom.), Showing\\nthe Eocene Sediments Overlying the Crystalline Rocks.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe material burned readily when ignited in a candle, affording an abund\u00c2\u00ac\\nant smoky flame.The material appears to be merely a mud impreg\u00c2\u00ac\\nnated with bitumen, and as it appears to exist in large quantities, it would be very\\nvaluable for gas-making or the manufacture of kerosene.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHartt quotes from Mr. Aicolay to the effect that the Camamu\\nseries does not appear to be in any way connected with that of\\nBahia or with those of the south, unless, as has been reported,\\nturfa is found in the Rio de Contas. This series, it is said, may\\nbe designated as follows:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIn a basin of gneissose rocks are bituminous schists, sands and marls con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining fossils (fresh-water?), and, it is presumable, above that, the turfa.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHenrique Praguer in the Revista do Instituto Geographico da Bahia, vol.\\niv, p. 429.\\nf Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil. By Chas. Fred. Hartt. Boston,\\n1870. pp. 263-4. In quoting Hartt I have substituted turfa the word used by\\nthe Brazilians, for the turba erroneously used by him.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16 THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nMr. Hicolay gives the following section of a shaft put down\\nin the turfa district.*\\nFt.\\n20\\n3\\n4\\n0\\n0\\n1\\n1\\n2\\n2\\n12\\n15\\n45\\nSection of Shaft in Turf a District.\\nIn.\\n0\\n0\\no\\n9\\n9\\n6\\n6\\n6\\n0\\n0\\n0\\n0\\nClayey and sandy shales.\\nBituminous clay.\\nFerruginous sandstone.\\nShale with lignite.\\nBituminous stratum.\\nMicaceous shale.\\nShale with lignite and bitumen.\\nSlialy strata.\\nBituminous strata.\\nShalv rocks.\\nBituminous strata.\\nGneissose rocks.\\n108 feet.\\nWithin a few years the oil-sliale deposits of Marahu passed\\ninto the hands of a company controlling abundant means, and\\nthe most extravagant preparations were made to manufacture\\nsoap, paraffine, various kinds of oils, and I know not what.\\nA town was built about the extensive factories; vast quantities\\nof expensive machinery and supplies of every kind were im\u00c2\u00ac\\nported from England; and the establishment started operations\\non a scale out of all proportion to the possibilities of the mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nket. As might have been expected, the whole business col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlapsed within a few months, and much of the machinery is\\nnow rusting in the mud of the mangrove swamps, and the\\nempty houses are being devoured by white ants* I believe\\nthis is the only effort that has been made to utilize the oil-bear\u00c2\u00ac\\ning shales of Brazil. It is to be regretted that the business\\nwas not conducted in a more conservative manner, for after\\nso colossal a failure other companies will hesitate to embark\\nin any enterprise that attempts to utilize the oil-shales of Brazil.\\nIt is worth noting, however, that the Brazilian government\\naffords all the protection that any industry can reasonably\\nask in the way of high import-duties, and if it is found that\\nthese shales can be utilized, import-duties will be freely laid\\nupon all the products that can be made from them.\\nIn giving this section I have altered the wording somewhat to express the\\nevident meaning of Mr. Nicolay he uses the words schist and schistose where shale\\nand shaly are meant.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF TIIE COAST OF BRAZIL. 17\\nResume. The oil-shales of the Brazilian coast are of Tertiary\\nage, and the parti-colored beds exposed in the bluffs along\\nthat coast are for the most part the weathered portions of this\\nsame series. The Tertiary strata rest upon granites, gneisses\\nand other crystalline rocks, with a bed of very coarse conglomer\u00c2\u00ac\\nates forming the base ot the series. The only known exception\\nto this is in the Serra d\u00e2\u0080\u0099ltabaiana, in the State of Sergipe, where\\nthere is a series of Cretaceous beds with older beds between the\\ngranites and the Cretaceous, that appear to be Paleozoic, though\\nno fossils have been found in them. The failure of the Marahu\\nCompany was evidently due to extravagance and mismanage\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, and cannot be regarded as a sufficient reason for con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndemning the oil-shales of Brazil as unworkable.\\nThe total thickness of the Tertiary beds does not much\\nexceed the total thickness of the mottled and parti-colored beds\\nexposed on the coast\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, from 30 to 90 meters (100 to 300\\nfeet). This is shown by the fact that at many places the basal\\nconglomerates are exposed, while at several points the crystal\u00c2\u00ac\\nline rocks themselves are uncovered.\\nXo oil-shales are now known in Pernambuco, Parahyba, Bio\\nGrande do Xorte, Sergipe or Espirito Santo; but they may be\\nexpected in any of those States within the Tertiary area.\\nPostscript.\\nWhen this paper was sent to the Secretary the oil-bearing\\nbeds referred to were set down as Cretaceous; and they are so\\nclassified in the pamphlet edition. This was done because the\\nsediments of the Bahia basin had been accepted as Cretaceous\\nwithout question since the publication of Hartt s book* in\\n1870. An examination of the paleontologic evidence, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, fails to reveal any satisfactory reason for this correlation.\\nThere are true Cretaceous beds in the State of Sergipe, just\\nnorth of Bahia; but they are marine deposits, with a rich fossil\\nfauna, and are not connected with the fresh-water beds of the\\nBahia basin. The marine sediments at Pernambuco, Maria\\nFarinha, Itamaraca, Parahyba, Piabas, and other intermediate\\npoints along the coast, which were supposed to be Cretaceous,\\nGeology and Physical Geography of Brazil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by C. F. Hartt, Boston, 1870.", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 TIIE OIL-BEARING SHALES OF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nturn out to be Eocene Tertiary. Upon this subject I have asked\\nthe views of Dr. Gilbert D. Harris, of Cornell University, one\\nof our best authorities on the Eocene, who writes:\\nI can assure you most emphatically that neither in that work [Dr. White\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nreport upon the Brazilian Mesozoic fossils], nor in our specimens [at Cornell Uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nversity], nor in those I have seen in the United States National Museum from\\nMaria Farinha, can I find a trace of any fauna other than the Midway Eocene.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAn examination in 1899 of the geology of the coast, from\\nNatal, State of Rio Grande do Norte, to the southern part of\\nthe State of Bahia, led me to the conclusion that the highly-\\ncolored beds of the coast (Pernambuco, Maria Farinha, Para-\\nhyba, Alagoas, etc.) were approximately of the same age as the\\nfresh-water beds of the Bahia basin. If this is correct, then\\nthe Bahia basin is Eocene Tertiary, instead of Cretaceous. In\\ncalling them Tertiary, however, we are but going back to their\\nearlier classification by Darwin* in 1841, by Pissis in 1842,f\\nand to the age suggested by the Entomostraca described from\\nBaliia by Professor T. Rupertjin 1859.\\nThe requisite corrections hive been accordingly made in the\\ntext of the pamphlet edition lof this paper, before the present\\nrepublication of it.\\nGeological Observations,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by C larlesDarwin, 2ded., p. 193, London, 1876.\\nt Mem. sur la position geologique des erraines de la partie australe du Bresil etc.,\\npar M. A. Pissis. (Pr6sent6 a FAcadimie des Sciences, le 27 Jilin, 1842.)\\nQuar. Jour. Geol. Soc., December J4, 1859, xvi., 266-268.\\n4", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "lyW* y\\\\\\na- o\\nO A*k 0 0 Q* 0 4^ 6 0\\nN r iW/^ n\\nA\\n\u00c2\u00ab5 -AflBS^V\\nL l v O 4.\\n\u00c2\u00b0*u 0 a 0 V, X V\\nV aO V V x 1\\n4 jfotik*.\\nV V, vjc- \\\\K av %X xrZ aS o m\\njwr o. v v* ^/TUi alv c.\\n.O 4 O A *-7%. 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V\\nA r T ,G^\\ng 0 \\\\AA^\\n4 O\\na/ -f*\\nK o o\\nv\\n^V c A a0\\n*v\\nA^V\\ny o\\n0 O\\nv ^a A\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 \u00c2\u00b0A\\n0\\nA 1\\nA s*\\nc -o\\n1 ^O A 0 (No ^A\\nA\\no\\nr o v\\nV A\u00c2\u00b0\\n^r.\\nA V- a\\nV A\\nA o 0 N ^A\\nA V*\\n,o V 5*\\nv\\na9 V 1 A? c\\n,9 V V c^ ^9\\nu\\n.OT W v *W!W^*\u00e2\u0080\u0098 v\\nA G^ A A .0^ O,\\nt o A*. 0 c o .-^4 b o\\ny\\n^*o\\nD0B8S BROS.\\nLIBRAMY BlMOINO\\nST. AUGUSTINE\\nFLA.\\n4 \u00c2\u00b0A\\n\\\\5 32084\\nj.\\n\u00c2\u00b0ct o\\n0 A 0\\nv ^*V aO\\nC^ ^V\\naV^,\\nA V\\n4", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4307", "width": "2420", "jp2-path": "oilbearingshales00bran_0032.jp2"}}