{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2272", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "O CJ\\nlO\\n^0\\noK\\n,4\\na\\\\\\ny t\\n^Ov.\\n,-^oj\\n^o\\nlO", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "DISSERTATION\\nON THE\\nSCIENCE OF METHOD;\\nOR,\\nTHE LAWS AND REGULATIVE PRINCIPLES\\nOP\\nEDUCATION\\nBr\\nSAMUEL TAYLOK COLEEIDGE.\\nEIGHTH EDITION,\\nLONDON:\\nCHARLES GRIFFIN AND COMPANY,\\nSTATIONERS HALL COURT.", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "M NDON PRINTED BV W CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STUEE C.", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS,\\nSECTION 1.\\nOxV THE PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF METHOD.\\nPage\\nFrom disregard of the Principles of Method no Encyclopaedia has ever yet been\\nmethodically arranged -13\\nIt is fit to commence the present work by an explanation of the Principles, and\\nau application of them to the chain of the Arts and Sciences 14\\nThis work :laimsto be a Methodical Compendimn of human knowledge- 14\\nThe word Method, derived from the Greek, signifies a way of transit. Method\\nimplies Imity with progression. Method must be an act of the Mind itself,\\nwhich alone unites or makes many one. An universal Method must be\\nsought in the very centre of the Human Intellect. Method is never arbitraiy 14\\nRelations of things are the materials of Method, which is the way of transit from\\none to the other of related things --------15\\nRelation of Law is that whereby we understand that a thing must he Relation\\nof Theory that whereby we perceive that it is 15\\nRelations of Law belong to the Pure Sciences, which deal with necessary truths,\\npredetermined by the Mind itself, and ever existing in and for the Mind alone\\nand in a looser sense, to the Mixed Sciences, in which truths originating in the\\nMind are applied to the world without, and constitute the great Laws ot\\nNature -16\\nRelations of Theory are subsei^vient to the Scientific Arts, such as Medicine.\\nChemistry, Physiology -16\\nThe Method of the Fine Arts lies between Law and Theory. In it Laws of\\nTaste predominate, but it contains other Laws dependent on external objects 1 6\\nTinkling verse and the Harmonica are alike unsatisfactory, because in them the\\nmaterial encroaches on the mental, a proof how truly the Fine Arts involve\\nLaws of the Mind and Relations of Law -16\\nethod implies a uniting and a progressive power. Law and Idea are coiTela-\\ntive terms the one (Law) is the laying down of the rule or mode of union,\\nthe mental act the other (Idea) is the rule laid down, the mental object.\\nThus Idea and Law differ as Being and Truth the mind objective and sub-\\njective, L e., considered as self-beheld and beholding, the subject being that\\nwhich, in all workings and movements, of which we are conscious, is iiv-\\nferred, as the agent, quod jacet subter, which lies under what appears the\\nobiect that in us, whence the subject is infen ed, id qiuxl jacet oh oculos 17\\nB 2", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "IV SYNOPSIS.\\nPage\\nThe Idea may exist in a distinct form, or as an unconscious impulse 17\\nLanguage is well adapted to lead from the vague sense to the clear beholding\\nof the Idea 17\\nThe Progi-ession in Ideas, which is true Method, starts from a rightly chosen\\nInitiative ------------18\\nThe habit of Method results from a certain education. Objects of sense stimu-\\nlate the mind, which again acts on the food received from without 18\\nExcess in methodizing is opposed to the accumiJation of fresh material of\\nthought 19\\nAccording to the true Laws of Method, ideas of Reason and Faith must be held\\nparamount, those of Physical Experience subordinate. This subordination is\\nindependent of immediate practical utility, which is determined by circum-\\nstances of the moment -19\\nIdeas have a certain relative rank among themselves 20\\nMetaphysical Ideas relate to the essence of things as possible, and are inde-\\npendent of actual existence these are of the highest class. Physical Ideas\\nconcern the nature of things actually existing 20\\nThe word Nature signifies either the reality of a thing as existent, or the sum\\nof sensuous things a physical Idea, or a sensible Impression 21\\nMere arrangement is not Method -21\\nSummary ------------21\\nMethod is founded on Relations. There are relations of Law and of Theory.\\nThe Method of the Fine Arts comprises both. The Principles of Method are\\nUnion and Progression. Progress requires in the Mind a due mean between\\npassiveness under outward impression and activity of abstract reflection 21\\nSECTION II.\\nILLUSTRATION OF THE PRECEDING PRINCIPLES.\\nThe Principles already stated are to be tested by particular references 23\\nMethod is important generally, not in processes of intellect alone, but equally\\nso in the ordering of active and domestic life 23\\nThe truly methodical man gives a life to Time, distinguishing its parts, which\\nwould otherwise glide on massed together like a stream realizing its ideal\\ndimensions, giving individuality to its moments 24\\nMethod in discourse is the sign of mental power and cultivated intellect 24\\nThere must be Method in the performance of Moral Duty 25\\nMethod in speculative meditation is conducive to worldly interest in the pro-\\nmotion and regulation of useful discovery 25", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS. V\\nPage\\nColumbus was led to success by a guiding Idea 25\\nIn the strength of this Idea he conquered at last, though his noble hope was\\nlong contemned, both by Princes and the common People 26\\nAn Initiative, or previous mental act, is indispensable in physical, as well as in\\nmathematical studies -26\\nIn Mathematics the perfect Idea makes the object the definition precedes the\\nreasoning in Physics the definition is representative not constitutive, and\\nfollows the reasoning ----------27\\nDiscoveries of Experimental Philosophy, till they lead to some Law, are in-\\nsecure and unproductive -27\\nThe Idea of the Theory of Electricity is one and sure amid various and inse-\\ncure hypotheses. On this depends the method of arranging the phaenomena.\\nThe Law of Polarity operates in all Electrical phaenomena 28\\nMagnetism is contrasted with Electricity in furnishing no Idea, leading to no\\nLaw, and hence to no Method. There is an hypothesis which considers\\nMagnetism, Electricity, and Galvanism, as results of one power essential to\\nall material construction -28\\nThe Fictions of the Electrician contain an idea the Suppositions of the Magnet-\\nists do but repeat the same fact in a magnified form. This leads us to recog-\\nnise the importance of the enlightening fact, which proclaims an Idea. One\\nfact is often as good as a thousand -------30\\nZoology was without unity or system till Hunter, in the preparations for his\\nMuseum, announced, though imperfectly, an Idea, and thereby led to noble\\nresults ------------31\\nAn Idea is wanted indispensably for methodical arrangement in Botany 31\\nBotany is obliged to Linnaeus for a serviceable scheme of arrangement. But for\\nlack of an Initiative Idea, the true Idea of Sex and of Vegetation itself, he\\nwas unable to systematize the Vegetable with the Animal and Mineral\\nKingdoms ------------32\\nWant of insight into the Idea of Sex precludes a perfect methodical arrange-\\nment of vegetable productions. With all the multitude and variety of\\nparticular informations on the subject, brought together by numerous able\\ninvestigators. Botany remains merely a vast nomenclature and catalogue, from\\ndefault of a methodizing Idea --------33\\nThe Idea which has occurred to some, that the harmony between the Vegetable\\nand Animal Worlds rests upon contrast, not likeness, if proved an objective\\ntruth, would produce scientific Method -------33\\nThe charm of Chemistry consists in the anticipation of a Law, whereof the\\nvariety of substances, assumed to be indecomposable, are exponents. It is a\\npursuit after unity of principle through variety of forms 34\\nThere is a con*espondence between Physical Science and Poetry, Nature being\\nidealized by the Poet, Poetry substantiated by the Natural Philosopher 35", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "VI SYNOPSIS.\\nPage\\nThe position that Poetry is capable of Method is founded on the very Philo-\\nsophy here set forth, and is evidenced in the Plays of Shakspeare 35\\nShakspeare s information has been shown to be extensive. But his knowledge\\nwas no rude mass, it was methodized by a perception of Relations. He\\nstudied Mankind in the Idea of the Race, and followed out that Idea into its\\nvarieties by a guiding Method ------__ 35\\nCompare Mrs. Quickly s account of FalstafPs debt, with Hamlet s narration to\\nHoratio of what took place in his voyage to England 36\\nBoth discourses are immethodical in form but that of the hostess wants order\\nresulting from power of thought, while that of Hamlet is governed by reflec-\\ntion. The former is a mere report of passive impressions the latter is in-\\nterrupted by the propensity to generalize -___-. 38\\nMrs. Quickly s want of method is common in real life and, on the other hand,\\nmany intelligent men, from the disposition to generalize in excess, are apt to\\noverlook the relation of objects to the apprehension and sympathies of\\nhearers -38\\nThe habit of Method brings the Remote into Contiguity the absence of it pro-\\nduces distance and disconnection between the parts of a discourse treating of\\nthings near in Time and Space -39\\nNot only is there consistency in Shakspeare s Characters his just display of\\nPassion arose from the contemplation of Ideas. It was not in the former only\\nthat he followed an accurate philosophic Method 39\\nCondemnatory criticism on Shakspeare may, for the most part, receive two an-\\nswers first that, working from an Idea, he better understood the fit mode of\\nexpressing Passion, had a more methodical sense of Harmony, than his\\ncritics secondly, that he pursued two Methods at once, the poetical and the\\npsychological _______-. ,--40\\nShakspeare s moral conceptions are guided by philosophic Method. He exhibits\\ncrime in union with intellectual vigour, never, like less methodic moralists,\\nconjoined with magnanimity, or as part of a character upon the whole\\namiable and admirable -41\\nShakspeare is methodical in his style. No other man ever so exquisitely\\nadapted the discourse of poetic personages to wide varieties of rank and cha-\\nracter. It was Method that led him to the choice of such happy words and\\nidioms, still fresh as in their first bloom -41\\nShakspeare has been called not methodical in the structure of his Fable but\\nthe contrary may be proved. He has been said to have violated the unities\\nof time, place, and action. But Unity is the subject of Ideal Law, and this\\nis Shakspeare s own peculiar ground, the ground of Idea. Who could alter\\nthe plan of one of his great plays, or transpose its parts, without destroying\\nthe sublime and moving effect of scenes and passages 42\\nIf the wondrous excellence of Shakspeare, in all provinces of the poetic drama,\\nwas thus attributable to Method, let it never be said that Poetry is inde-\\npendent of philosophical principles of Method 43", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS. vii\\nPage\\nPhilosophy, to which belongs the education of Mind, is herself wholly conver-\\nsant with Method -----.-___ 44\\nThe Ancients had their spurious intellectual Methods. But their Philosophers\\npursued a diflferent course from the Sophists. The species, Philosophy, is\\nsufficiently exemplified by two varieties, Plato and Bacon 44\\nThe object of the better works of Plato is to teach the art of Method. This is\\nthe clue to guide us through his labyrinth. His aim was not so much to\\nteach any particular tnith, as to clear the way for the reception of Truth at\\nlarge to excite in the soul those faculties, by the operation whereof it be-\\ncomes self-enriched, rather than to fill it with knowledge from without.\\nPlato and Shakspeare dealt with ideas, but were only so much the more\\nawake to actual existences. Plato s philosophy was most wrongfully accused\\nof neglecting fact and experience he pursued the false intellectualism of the\\nSophists, even oftener and more vehemently than the usurpation of the\\nSenses --..-----__. 45\\nLord Bacon, though he is strangely cited as authority against Plato, followed the\\nPlatonic method in his own scheme ---__\u00c2\u00ab_ 45\\nCicero, the great Philosopher of Eome, venerated Plato. Bacon s detraction\\nfrom him is easier to explain than to justify. He was influenced by the Fathers\\nof the Reformation and by misinterpreters -46\\nBacon was invidious also to his contemporaries. But we are here concerned\\nwith his philosophical principles only -\u00c2\u00ab47\\nThe superficial talkers about Bacon s Philosophy form a wrong and inadequate\\nestimate of it, from considering only those parts the soundness of which may\\nbe fairly disputed _-_.---___ 47\\nBacon collected Particulars in order to concentrate them into Universals but\\nby these means it would have been impossible to have arrived at Law, the\\nsole object of bringing them together -------48\\nBacon performed a worthier task by constructing a methodical system de-\\nveloped in his Novum Organum. If we extract from Plato and from Bacon\\nwhat constitutes the true philosophy of each writer, we shall find it identical\\nin regard to the Science of Method although in both authors, from imper-\\nfect acquaintance with the laws of nature, the inductions are often erroneous\\nand the proposed applications impracticable 4\\nBacon, as much as we, demands the mental initiative, namely, as the motive\\nand guide of philosophical experiment, some well-grounded purpose, some\\ndistinct impression of the probable results. With him, as with us, an Idea\\nis an experiment proposed an experiment is an Idea realized 49\\nWhat forms the purpose and adapts thereto the experiment The under-\\nstanding of the experimenter lux Intellectus. This light, he argues, is ob-\\nscured by idols or false opinions. He distinguishes the various kinds of idols,\\nand, like Plato, prescribes remedies for the blindness they produce he shows\\nthat Idols are empty notions, whilst Ideas are the very impresses of Nature,\\ncorresponding perfectly to the outward things to which they belong. Bacon s\\nstyle betrays in some respects a faulty Method 50", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "VUl SYNOPSIS.\\nPage\\nBacon teaches that there are innate idols or mental fallacies that as the mind\\nin every individual is more or less enfeebled and impaired, it misrepresents,\\nlike an imperfect miiTor, what is presented to it that consequently man is\\nled to take the mechanism of his own reflective faculty for the measure of\\nNature and of Deity. According to Plato, as well as to Bacon, so long as\\nforms merely subjective are taken for the moulds of objective truth, no\\nfruitful and secure method can be expected 5C\\nBacon suggests that the imperfection of the human Intellect may and must be\\nremedied by a higher power. He assumes that the evidence of the Judgment,\\n^eset with Idols, may be corrected by the Judgment, enlightened by Ideas.\\nThis corrector and purifier is one and the same light of truth, the condition\\not all pure science. Hence Plato calls Ideas living Laws Bacon names the\\nLaws of Nature Ideas. What Plato extolled under the title of Dialectic, is\\nthe discipline whereby the human mind is cleansed from Idols, and raised to\\nthe contemplation of Ideas, or distinguishable powers self-affirmed 52\\nPlato treated principally of Truth as manifested in the world of Intellect Bacon\\nof the same Truth in the world of Sense. The one cultivated Metaphysics\\nmost the other Natural Philosophy. Botn proceeded on the same prin-\\nciples of Unity and Progression, and alike followed Method as here de-\\nscribed ------------52\\nThat the Method treated of is founded in the laws and necessary conditions of\\nhuman existence, may be inferred from the History of the Human Race, which\\nhas its Infancy, Youth, Manhood, and Middle Age 54\\nIn the first period the Obedience of the Will was taught to Man. Some in that\\nEarly Age cultivated the Moral Sense, gained spiritual knowledge and spiritual\\nhopes, and therefore cared little to acquire Arts and Sciences and improve\\nearthly possessions. The latter exclusively observed outward things as the\\nsole realities. The vicious of Mankind receded from cultivation, while they\\nhui ried toward civilization. They worshipped the material elements, and\\nfinally bowed down before material Idols. Here were two opposite Methods\\nthat of looking for the good and the true within the mind, and that of finding\\nit only in the material -54\\nIn the second period Providence awakened Man to the pursuit of an idealized\\nMethod in the development of his faculties. Bards began to spiritualize\\nPolytheism. Hence the Mysteries shaped themselves into Epic Poetry and\\nHistory on one hand, on the other into Tragedy and Philosophy. The Fine\\nArts shot up at once to perfection by a Method founded on a Mental Initia-\\ntive. The progress of the Ancients in all things that originate in Mind was\\ncontrasted with their slow advance in Natural History and Philosophy 55\\nThe Romans were mere imitators of the Greeks in Science and Art. The Dark\\nAges, which brought the sensual Barbarians from the North to meet the\\ninfluences of Christianity in the South, require no long consideration. But\\none effect of that influence must be noticed, namely, the gi-adual abolition of\\ndomestic slavery. The Idea of a Human Being, as a Person, in opposition\\nto a Thing, excludes the Idea of property in that Being 56", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS. IX\\nPage\\nThe Leaders of the Reformation were advocates of the Ideal and Internal\\nagainst the External or Imaginative. The Revolution of Thought and its\\neffects on the Science of Method became visible beyond the pale of the Church\\nor the Cloister. Bacon s attempt to introduce a new method into Learning\\nwas completely successful -57\\nA complete and genuine Philosophy can only exist when one and the same Ideal\\nMethod is applied to external nature and to intellectual existence. The work\\nof Bacon, in its general scope, contemplates physical Ideas. This fact,\\ntogether with some of his expressions, misled many of his followers into the\\nbelief that he hel-i the things of sense to be the only worthy objects of Man s\\nattention. Hence the modern French school of Philosophy and the monstrous\\npuerilities of Condillac and Condorcet, whose pupils are important only by\\ntheir number _------\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00ab-- 57\\nSECTION III.\\nAPPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF METHOD TO THE GENERAL\\nCONCATENATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF STUDIES.\\nA savage Indian, unacquainted with letters, attempting to make use of the\\nBible, in the sense that his fate is in some way connected with its contents,\\nmay represent Arrangement guided by no Idea, Orderliness without Method 59\\nWhen the Missionary, arriving, explains to him the nature of written words, he\\ncommunes with the spirit of the volume. Thenceforth his vain Arrangement\\nis discarded the results of Method are to him light and truth 60\\nThe attempt to bind together the whole body of the Sciences has been, in some\\ninstances, worse than immethodical. The insinuation of sceptical principles\\ninto works of Science is full of danger to posterity Q^\\nThe Encyclopaedia Metropolitana has been projected to keep up an interest in\\nthe Drinciples of Method -61\\nAn Universal Dictionary of Knowledge is not undertaken in this work, but to\\nbuild, by a philosophical Method, the Useful on the Essential in Science, the\\nElegant and Agreeable on both -61\\nThis Method consists in subordinating particxJar things to a preconceived Idea,\\nor to some lower form of the latter -61\\nThe Moral Origin and Tendency of true Science is the master thought of the\\nplan 61\\nThe Pure Sciences are built on the Relations of Ideas to each other the Mixed\\nor Applied on the Relations of Ideas to the External World 62\\nThe Pure Sciences represent pure Acts of Mind 62\\nIn them we distinguish between Formal and Real. The former teach the\\nForms of Thinking the latter treat of Being itself, the true nature and exist-\\nence of the External Universe, of the Guiding Principles within us, and of\\nthe Great Cause of all 62", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "X SYNOPSIS.\\nPai 6\\nThe Formal Sciences are Grammar, Logic, Mathematics the Sciences that\\ndeal with substantial realities are Metaphysics, Morals, Theology. These\\nSciences are conversant about relations of Law, therefore have all the purity\\nand certainty of the positive and absolute. In the proper philosophical\\nMethod the speculative knowledge of Metaphysics is united with the reality\\nof ethical sentiments, and both are consummated in Theology 62\\nThe INIixed and Applied Sciences, as they concern our relations to the external\\nworld, not pure acts of mind alone, depart from Law to embrace Theory, and\\nthus require a Method adapted to themselves 64\\nPhysical Theories, the materials of which they are constructed being supplied\\nfrom without, continually change form, and are imperfect because necessarily\\nprogressive. The Initiative in such cases is supplied by an Hypothesis, an\\nactual fact represented as universally present, or a fact imagined, being\\nplaced, as it were, centrally, to the support of other facts arranged by the\\ntheory into a certain form ---------65\\nTrue Theory is always a locum tenens of Law. A Law occupying the centre,\\nthe circumference may be extended without derangement of the entire scheme,\\nor alteration of its character --------65\\nThis will show the connexion of the Mixed and Applied with the Pure Sciences,\\nand the reference of the former to the Human Mind. The terms Science and\\nLaw, however, are used in a less strict sense in reference to the Mixed and\\nApplied Sciences than to the Pure, since they cannot have the absolute cer-\\ntainty of the others. The former might best be entitled Studies ^Q\\nThe Mixed Studies or Sciences are those in which certain Ideas of the Mind are\\napplied to the general properties of bodies, as Mechanics, Hydrostatics,\\nOptics, and Astronomy- -67\\nThe Applied Sciences are those in which Ideas or Images that represent them\\nare applied, not to the investigation of the general and permanent properties\\nof all bodies, but of certain changes in those properties, or of properties\\nexisting in bodies partially. Such are Magnetism, Electricity, Galvanism, the\\nlaws of Light and Heat, c. The uncertainty of the first principles in these\\nStudies has already been shown --------68\\nThe Fine Arts are Sciences applied to the purposes of Pleasure through the\\nImagination. They are Poetry, Painting, Music, Sculpture, Architecture. In\\nthese the Mental Initiative must proceed from within in the Mixed and in\\nthe first class of Applied Sciences it may have been received from without.\\nThe Method to be observed in them, as before stated, lies between that ot\\nLaw and that of Theory. As operating by sensible impressions, they belong\\nto the outward world and yet the true Poet is impelled by an inward\\npower, an impulse, which gradually brightens into an Idea 68\\nUseful Pursuits Political Economy, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufac-\\ntures are reducible to Method, and refer to Ideas, being dependent on the\\nSciences already named -69\\nThe failure of Linnaeus in fixing the three great kingdoms of Natural History on\\na firm basis is owing to the want of precision in the first Ideas of his Theory 70", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS. xi\\nPage\\nNatural History is a rule for the dependent pursuits, such as Medicine, Surgery,\\nand Anatomy. The desire to improve these should be regulated by a due\\nregard to the place each holds in the circle of the Sciences, and by observino-\\nthe only proper method that can be pursued in its cultivation 70\\nThe plan of this Encyclopaedia embraces the History of the Human Race. The\\ngreat end of History is to acquaint us with the History of Man, and this end is\\nbest answered by giving the most exact portrait. But there must be some\\nmode of grouping and connecting the Individuals, who are themselves the\\ngreat landmarks in the map of Human Nature. Accordingly Histoiy will\\nsometimes be presented in the form of Biography. The Uses of History will\\nbe treated in an Introduction, and there will be inter-connecting Chapters on\\nthe events of distinguishing periods, as well as on Political Geography and\\nChronology _--__---- _ 70\\nThese views relate the Philosophical and Historical branches of the Work.\\nOf the Miscellaneous and Alphabetical it is not necessary to make any detailed\\nstatement ------------72\\nTo the Philosophical, as most important, every other part of the arrangement is\\nsuboi dinated. The Philosophical governs and regulates the Alphabetical 73\\nTrade and Literature, the one of which has for its object the wants of the body,\\nthe other the wants of the mind, are the two great impulses of Modern times.\\nWithout these combined there can be no Nation without Commerce and\\nScience no bond of Nations. Our Method embraces this two-fold distinction\\nof human activity .----.-..-74\\nThis conducts us to the distinguishing object of the present undertaking, in ex-\\nplaining which we have dwelt on Method, the main characteristic of every just\\nan-angement of Knowledge. To convey methodically the pure and unsophisticated\\nknowledge of the Past, so as to aid the progress of the Future, has been already\\nannounced as the dlstingnishing claim of the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "SECTION I.\\nON THE PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF METHOD.\\nThe word Encyclopaedia is too familiar to Modem Literature Nature of\\nto require, in this place, any detailed explanation. It is current\\namongst us as the title of various Dictionaries of Science, whose\\nprofessed object is to furnish a compendium of Human Know-\\nledge, whatever may be their plan. But to methodize such a\\ncompendium has either never been attempted, or the attempt\\nhas failed, from the total disregard of those general connecting\\nprinciples, on which Method essentially depends. In presenting,\\ntherefore, to the Public an entirely new Work, intended to be\\nMethodically arranged, we are not insensible to the difficulties\\nof our undertaking but we trust that we have found a clue to\\nthe labyrinth in those considerations which we are now about\\nto submit to the reader.\\nAs Method is thus avowed to be the principal aim and dis- The Ency-\\ntinguishing feature of our publication, it becomes us at the Metropoli-\\ncommencement, clearly to explain in this Introduction what ^^;j^;^f\\nwe mean by that word to exhibit the Principles on which Compen-\\nT i dium of\\nalone a correct Philosophical Method can be founded to Human\\nillustrate those principles by their apphcation to distinct studies\\nand to the History of the Himian Mind and lastly to apply\\nthem to the general concatenation of the several Arts and\\nSciences, and to the most perspicuous, elegant, and useflil\\nmanner of developing each particular study. Such are the\\nobjects of this Essay, which we conceive must form a necessary\\nIntroduction to a Work, that is designated in its title from the", "height": "3553", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. I.\\nplace whence it originates, Encyclopedia Metropolitana\\nbut claims from its mode of execution to be also called a\\nMethodical Compendium of Human Knowledge^\\nThe word Tlie word Method (fxidodoo) being of Grecian origin, first\\nformed and applied by tliat acute, ingenious, and accurate\\nPeople, to the purposes of Scientific arrangement, it is in the\\nGreek Language that we must seek for its primary and funda-\\nmental signification. Now, in Greek, it literally means a way,\\nor path, of transit. Hence the first idea of Method is a pro-\\ngressive transition from one step in any course to another and\\nwhere the word Method is applied with reference to many such\\ntransitions in continuity, it necessarily implies a Principle oi\\nUNITY WITH progression. But that which unites, and makes\\nmany things one in the Mind of Man, must be an act of the\\nMind itself, a manifestation of intellect, and not a spontaneous\\nand uncertain production of circumstances. This act of the\\nMind, then, this leading thought, this key note of the\\nharmony, this subtile, cementing, subterraneous power,\\nborrowing a phrase from the nomenclature of legislation, we\\nmay not inaptly call the INITIATIVE of all Method. It is mani-\\nfest, that the wider the sphere of transition is, the more com-\\nprehensive and commanding must be the initiative and if we\\nwould discover an universal Method, by which every step in our\\nprogress through the whole circle of Art and Science should\\nbe directed, it is absolutely necessary that we should seek it in\\nthe very interior and central essence of the Human intellect.\\nThe Science To this point wc are led by mere reflection on the meaning\\nof the word Method. We discover that it cannot, otherwise\\nthan by abuse, be applied to a dead and arbitrary arrangement,\\ncontaining in itself no Principle of progression. We discover,\\nthat there is a Science of Method and that that Science, like\\nall others, must necessarily have its Principles which it there-\\nfore becomes our duty to consider, in so far at least as they", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "SEC. I.] PRIXCIPLES OF THE SCIEXCE OF METHOD. 15\\nmay be necessary to tlie arrangement of a Methodical Encyclo-\\npaedia.\\nAU things, in us, and about us, are a Chaos, without Method Its Objects\\nand so long as the mind is entirely passive, so long as there is Relations,\\nan habitual submission of the Understanding to mere events\\nand images, as such, without any attempt to classify and\\narrange them, so long the Chaos must continue. There may\\nbe transition, but there can never be progress there may be\\nsensation^ but there cannot be thought for the total absence of\\nMethod renders thinking impracticable as we find that partial\\ndefects of Method proportionably render thmking a trouble and\\na fatigue. But as soon as the mmd becomes accustomed to\\ncontemplate, not things only, but likewise relations of things,\\nthere is immediate need of some path or way of transit from\\none to the other of the things related there must be some law\\nof agreement or of contrast between them there must be some\\nmode of comparison; in short, there must be Method. We\\nmay, therefore, assert that the relations of things form the\\nprime objects, or, so to speak, the materials of 3Iethod and\\nthat the contemplation of those relations is the indispensable\\ncondition of thinking Methodically.\\nOf these relations of things, we distinguish two principal\\nkinds. One of them is the relation by which we understand\\nthat a thing must be the other, that by which we merely per-\\nceive that it is. The one, we call the relation of Law, usmg\\ntliat word in its highest and original sense, namely, that of\\nlaying down a rule to which the subjects of the Law must\\nnecessarily conform. The other, we call the relation of\\nTheory.\\nThe relation of Law is in its absolute perfection conceivable Relation of\\nonly of Gi-OD, that Supreme Light, and Living Law, in whom\\nwe live and move, and have our being who is h Travn, and 7rp6\\n7 u)v TrdvTiop. But yet the Human Mind is capable of viewing", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "16 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. I.\\nsome relations of tilings as necessarily existent that is to say,\\nas predetermined by a truth in the Mind itself, pregnant with\\nthe consequence of other truths in an indefinite progression.\\nOf such truths, some continue always to exist in and for the\\nMind alone, forming the Pure Sciences, moral or intellectual\\nwhilst others, though originating in the Mind, constitute what\\nare commonly called the great Laws of Nature, and form the\\ngroundwork of the Mixed Sciences, such as those of Mechanics\\nand Astronomy.\\nfteiation of The second relation is that of Theory, in which the existing\\nforms and qualities of objects, discovered by observation, suggest\\na given arrangement of them to the Mind, not merely for the\\npurposes of more easy remembrance and communication but\\nfor those of understanding, and sometimes of controlling them.\\nThe studies to which this class of relations is subservient, are\\nmore properly called Scientific Arts than Sciences. Medicine,\\nChemistry, and Physiology are examples of a Method founded\\non this second sort of relation, which, as well as the former,\\nalways supposes the necessary connection of cause and effect.\\nMiddle or The relations of Law and Theory have each their Methods.\\nMethod of Between these two, lies the Method of the Fine Arts, a\\nArts Method in which certain great truths, composing what are\\nusually called the Laws of Taste, necessarily predominate but\\nin which there are also other Laws, dependent on the external\\nobjects of sight and sound, which these Arts embrace. To\\nprove the comparative value and dignity of the first relation, it\\nwill be sufficient to observe that what is called tinkling\\nverse is disagreeable to the accomplished Critic in Poetry, and\\nthat a fine Musical taste is soon dissatisfied with the Harmonica,\\nor any similar instrument of glass or steel, because the body of\\nthe sound, (as the Italians phrase it,) or that effect which is\\nderived from the materials, encroaches too far on the effect\\nderived from the proportions of the notes, which proportions", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "FEC. I.] PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 17\\nare, in fact. Laws of tlie Mind, analogous to the Laws of\\nArithmetic and Greometry.\\nWe have stated, that Method implies both an uniting and a principle\\nprogressive power. Now the relations of tilings are not united\\nin Human conception at random hiimano capiti cervicem\\nequinam but there is some rule, some mode of imion, more or\\nless, strictly necessary. Where it is absolutely necessary, we\\nhave called it a relation of Law and as by Law we mean\\nthe la} ing down the rule, so the rule laid down we call, in the\\nancient and proper sense of the word, an Idea and conse- Ideas,\\nquently the words Idea and Law are correlative terms, differing\\nonly as object and subject, as Being and Truth. It is extremely\\nnecessary to advert to this use of the word Idea; since, in\\nModern Philosophy, almost any and every exercise of any and\\nevery mental faculty has been abusively called by this name, to\\nthe utter confusion and immethodizing of the wdiole Science of\\nthe Human Mind, and indeed of all other Knowledge what-\\nsoever.\\nThe Idea may exist in a clear, distinct, definite form, as that Definite or\\n.-.-._. -p Instinctive\\n01 a circle m the Mmd oi an accurate (ieometncian or it may\\nbe a mere instinct, a vague appetency towards something which\\nthe Mind incessantly hunts for, but cannot find, like a name\\nwhich has escaped our recollection, or the impulse which fills\\nthe yoimg Poet s eye with tears, he knows not why. In the\\ninfancy of the Human Mind all our ideas are instincts and\\nLanguage is happily contrived to lead us from the vague to the\\ndistinct, from the imperfect to the full and finished form the\\nboy knows that his hoop is round, and this, in after years,\\nhelps to teach him, that in a circle, all the lines drawn from\\nthe centre to the circumference are equal. It wiU be seen, in\\njhe sequel, that this distinction between the instinctive approach\\ntoward an Idea, and the Idea itself, is of high importance in\\nMethodizing Art and Science.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "18 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. I.\\nThere is a From the first, or initiative Idea, as from a seed, successive\\nprogTrssion I^i^as germinate. Thus, from the Idea of a triangle, necessarily\\nin Ideas. foUows that of equality between the sum of its three angles and\\ntwo right angles. This is the Principle of an indefinite, not to\\nsay infinite. Progression but this progression, which is truly\\nMethod, requires not only the proper choice of an initiative,\\nbut also the following it out through all its ramifications. It\\nrequires, in short, a constant wakefuhiess of Mind so that if\\nwe wander but in a single instance from our path, we cannot\\nreach the goal, but by retracing our steps to the point of diver-\\ngency, and thence beginning our progress anew. Thus, a ship\\nbeating off and on an unknown coast, often takes, in nautical\\nphrase, a new departure and thus it is necessary often to\\nrecur to that regulating process, which the French Language so\\nhappily expresses by the word s orienter, i. e. to find out the\\nEast for ourselves, and so to put to rights our faulty reck-\\noning.\\nstate of The habit of Method should always be present and effective\\nadapted to but in Order to render it so, a certain training, or education of\\ni etiKK ^-j^^ Mind, is indispensably necessary. Events and images, the\\nlively and spirit-stirring machinery of the external world, are\\nlike light, and air, and moisture, to the seed of the Mind,\\nwhich would else rot and perish. In all processes of mental\\nevolution the objects of the senses must stimulate the Mind\\nand the Mind must in turn assimilate and digest the food which\\nit thus receives from w^ithout. Method, therefore, must result\\nfrom the due mean, or balance, between our passive impressions\\nand the Mind s reaction on them. So in the healthful state of\\nthe Human body, waking and sleeping, rest and labour, reci-\\nprocally succeed each other, and mutually contribute to liveli-\\nness; and activity, and strength. There are certain stores\\nproper, and, as it were, indigenous to the Mind, such as the\\nIdeas of number and figure, and the logical forms and com-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "SEC. I.J PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 19\\nbinations of conception or thought. The Mind that is rich Excess in\\nand exuberant in this intellectual wealth, is apt, like a miser, j^g opposed\\nto dwell upon the vain contemplation of its riches, is disposed the accu-\\nto ffenerahze and methodize to excess, ever philosopliizinff, and of fresh\\nmaterial of\\nnever descending to action spreading its wmgs high in the thought.\\nair above some beloved spot, but never flying far and wide over\\nearth and sea, to seek food, or to enjoy the endless beauties of\\nKature the fresh morning and the warm noon, and the dewy\\neve. On the other hand, still less is to be expected, toward\\nthe Methodizing of Science, from the man who flutters about\\nin blindness, like the bat or is carried liither and thither, like\\nthe turtle sleeping on the wave, and fancying, because he moves,\\nthat he is in progress.\\nThe patlis in which we may pursue a Methodical course are Proper\\nmanifold at the head of each stands its pecuHar and guiding Method.\\nIdea and those Ideas are as regularly subordinate in dignity,\\nas the paths to which they point are various and eccentric in\\ndirection. The world has sufiered much, in modem times,\\nfrom a subversion of the natural and necessary order of Science\\nfrom elevating the terrestrial, as it has been called, above the\\ncelestial and from summoning Eeason and Faith to the bar of\\nthat Hmited Physical experience, to which, by the true laws of\\nMethod, they owe no obedience. The subordination, of which\\nwe here speak, is not that which depends on immediate prac-\\ntical utility for the utility of Human powers, in their practical\\nappHcation, depends on the circumstances of the moment and\\nat one time strength is essential to our very existence, at\\nanother time skill and even Cassar in a fever could cry.\\nGive me some drink, Titinius,\\nAs a sick girl.\\nIn truth there is scarcely any one of the powers or faculties\\nwith which the Divine Goodness has endowed his creatures,\\nwhich may not in its turn be a source of paramount benefit and\\nC2", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "20 LNTKODUCTION. [SEC. I.\\nusefulness for every thing around us is full of blessings nor\\nis there any line of honest occupation in which we would dare\\nto affirm, that by a proper exercise of the talent committed to\\nhis charge, an individual might not justly advance himself to\\nhighest praise. But we now allude to the subordination which\\nnecessarily arises among the different branches of Knowledge,\\naccording to the difference of those Ideas by which they are\\nGradation initiated and directed for there is a gradation of Ideas, as of\\nranks in a well-ordered State, or of commands in a well-regu-\\nlated army and thus above all partial forms, there is one uni-\\nversal form of GOOD and FAIR, the Ka\\\\oKq.yaQov of the Platonic\\nPhilosophy. Hence the expressions of Lord Bacon, who in his\\ngreat Work, the N ovum Organum, speaks so much and so\\noften of the lumen siccum, the pure light, which from a central\\nfocus, as it were, diffuses its rays all around, and forms a lucid\\nsphere of Knowledge and of Truth.\\nJMotaphy- We distinguish Ideas into those of essential property, and\\nPhysical those of natural existence in other words, into Metaphysical\\n.deas. Physical Ideas. Metaphysical Ideas, or those which relate\\nto the essence of things as possible, are of the highest class.\\nThus, in accurate language, we say, the essence of a circle, not\\nits nature because, in the conception of forms purely Geome-\\ntrical, there is no expression or implication of their actual\\nexistence and our reasoning upon them is totally independent\\nof the fact, whether any such forms ever existed in Nature, or\\nnot. Physical Ideas are those which we mean to express, when\\nwe speak of the nature of a thing actually existing and cogni-\\nzable by our faculties, whether the thing be material or imma-\\nterial, bodily or mental. Thus, the laws of memory, the laws\\nof vision, the laws of vegetation, the laws of crystallisation, are\\nall Physical Ideas, dependent for their accuracy, on tlie more\\nor less careful observation of tilings actually existing.\\nIn speaking of the word Nature, however, wc must dis-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "eEC. I.] PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 21\\ntinffuisli its two principal uses, viz. first, tliat to which we have Two uses of\\nr r ^j^g ^Qj,^l\\nadverted, and according to which it signifies whatever is Nature,\\nrequisite to the reality of a thing as existent, such as the\\nnature of an aninial or a tree, distmguished from the animal or\\ntree itself and secondly, the sum total of things, as far as they\\nare objects of our senses. In the first of these two meanings,\\nthe word Nature conveys a Physical Idea, in the other only a\\nmaterial or sensible Impression.\\nEven natural substances, it is true, may be classed and Mere ar-\\n-I p rangement\\narranged for various purposes, m a certain order. Such mere is not\\narrangement, however, is not properly Methodical, but rather a\\npreparation toward Method as the compilation of a Dictionary\\nis a preparation for classical study.\\nThe limits of our present Essay will not allow us to do more Summary,\\nthan briefly to touch the chief topics of a general dissertation\\non Method but enough we trust has here been said, to render\\nintelhgible the principles on which our Methodical Encyclo-\\npaedia must be constructed. We have shown that a Method,\\nwhich is at all comprehensive, must be founded on the relatimis\\nof things that those relations are of two sorts, according as\\nthey present themselves to the Human Mind as necessary, or\\nmerely as the result of observation. The former we have\\ncalled relations of Law, the latter of Theory. Where the\\nformer alone are in question, the Method is one of necessary\\nconnection throughout; where the latter alone, though the\\nconnection be considered as one of cause and effect, yet the\\nnecessity is less obvious, and the connection itself less close.\\nWe have observed, that in the Fine Arts there is a sort of\\nmiddle Method, inasmuch as the first and higher relations are\\nnecessary, the lower are only the results of observation. The\\ngreat principles of all Method we have shown to be two, viz.\\nUnion and Progression. The relations of things cannot be\\nunited by accident they are united by an Idea either definite", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "22 INTRODUCTION^. [SEC. I.\\nUnion and or instinctive. Their union, in proportion as it is clear, is also\\nProgression r\u00c2\u00bbTifl-TT -i tit\\nare the progressive. Ine state oi Mmd adapted to such progress holds\\nof^Method mean between a passiveness imder external impression,\\nand an excessive activity of mere reflection and the progress\\nitself follows the path of the Idea from wliich it sets out\\nrequiring, however, a constant wakefulness of Mind, to keep it\\nwithin the due limits of its course. Hence the orbits of Thought,\\nso to speak, must differ among themselves as the initiative\\nIdeas differ and of these latter, the great distinctions are into\\nPhysical and Metaphysical. Such, briefly, are the views by\\nwhich we have been guided, in our present attempt to Methodize\\nthe great mass of Human Knowledge.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "28\\nSECTION II.\\nILLUSTRATION OF THE PRECEDING PRINCIPLES\\nThe Principles wKicli have been exliibited in the preceding Test of the\\nSection, and in respect to which we claim no other merit, tiie princi-\\nthan that of having drawn them from the purest sources of ^^^f\\nPhilosophy, ancient and modem, are, we trust, sufficiently\\nplain and intelligible in themselves but as the most satisfactory\\nmode of proving their accuracy, we proceed to illustrate them\\nby a consideration of some particular studies, pursuits, and\\nopinions; and by a reference to the general History of the\\nHuman Mind.\\nAnd first, as to the general importance of Method what General\\nneed have we to dilate on this fertile topic For it is not of jiethod*^\\nsolely in the formation of the Human Understanding, and in\\nthe constructions of Science and Literature, that the employ-\\nment of Method is indispensably necessary but its importance\\nis equally felt, and equally acknowledged, in the whole business\\nand economy of active and domestic life. From the cottager s in the\\nhearth or the workshop of the artisan, to the Palace or the aitive a^d\\nArsenal, the first merit, that which admits neither substitute J^omestic\\nhie.\\nnor equivalent, is, that ever?/ thing is in its place. Where this\\ncharm is wanting, every other merit either loses its name, or\\nbecomes an additional ground of accusation and regret. Of one,\\nby whom it is eminently possessed, we say proverbially, that\\nhe is like clockwork. The resemblance extends beyond the\\npoint of regularity, and yet faUs short of the truth. Both do,\\nindeed, at once divide and announce the silent and otherwise", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "24 IxXTRODUCTION. fSEC. II.\\nCharacter indistinguishable lapse of time; but the man of Methodical\\nmethodical industry and honourable pursuits, does more; he realizes its\\nideal divisions, and gives a character and individuality to its\\nmoments. If the idle are described as killing time, he may be\\njustly said to call it into life and moral being, wliile he makes\\nit the distinct object not only of the consciousness, but of the\\nconscience. He organizes the hours, and gives them a soul\\nand to that, the very essence of which is to fleet, and to have\\nbeen, he communicates an imperishable and a spiritual nature.\\nOf the good and faithful servant, whose energies, thus directed,\\nare thus methodized, it is less truly affirmed, that he lives in\\nTime, than that Time lives in him. His days, months, and\\nyears, as the stops and punctual marks in the records of duties\\nperformed, will survive the wreck of worlds, and remain extant\\nwhen Time itself shall be no more.\\nMethod in Let US carry our views a step higher. What is it that first\\nthe^sis^n V strikes us, and strikes us at once in a man of education, and\\nmental which, among educated men, so instantly distinguishes the man\\nof superior Mind Not always the weight or novelty of his\\nremarks, nor always the interest of the facts which he com-\\nmunicates for the subject of conversation may chance to be\\ntrivial, and its duration to be short. Still less can any just\\nadmiration arise from any peculiarity in his words and phrases\\nfor every man of practical good sense will follow, as far as the\\nmatters under consideration will permit him, that golden rule\\nof C\u00c2\u00absar Insolens verhum, tanquam scopulum, evitare. The\\ntrue cause of the impression made on us is, that his mind is\\nand of methodical. We perceive tliis in the unpremeditated and\\nmtellect, evidently habitual arrangement of his words, flowing spon-\\ntaneously and necessarily from the clearness of the leading\\nIdea from which distinctness of mental vision, when men are\\nfully accustomed to it, they obtain a habit of foreseeing at the\\nbeginning of every instance how it is to end, and how all its", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SEC. II. J ILLUSTRATIOXS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 25\\nparts may be brouglit out in the best and most orderly suc-\\ncession. However irregular and desultory the conversation\\nmay happen to be, there is MetJwd in the fragments.\\nLet us once more take an example which must come home Method in\\nto every man s business and bosom. Is there not a Method in formance of\\ntlie discharge of all our relative duties And is not he the\\ntruly virtuous and truly happy man, who seizing first and\\nlaymg hold most firmly of the great first Truth, is guided by\\nthat divine light through all the meandring and stormy courses\\nof his existence To him every relation of life afibrds a\\nprolific Idea of duty by pursuing which into all its practical\\nconsequences, he becomes a good servant or a good master, a\\ngood subject or a good sovereign, a good son or a good father\\na good friend, a good patriot, a good Christian, a good man\\nIt cannot be deemed foreign from the purposes of our Method in\\nDisquisition, if we are anxious, before we leave this part of the conducive\\nsubiect, to attract the attention of our readers to the importance to /worldly\\nJ -T interest m\\nof speculative meditation (wliich never wiU be fruitful unless it the promo-\\nbe methodical) even to the worldly mterests of mankind. We regulation\\ncan recall no incident of human history that impresses the discovery,\\nimagination more deeply than the moment, when Columbus, on\\nan unknown ocean, first perceived that startling fact, the\\nchange of the magnetic needle How many such instances\\noccur in History, where the Ideas of Nature presented to\\nchosen minds by a Higher Power than Nature herself) suddenly\\nunfold, as it were, in prophetic succession, systematic views\\ndestined to produce the most important revolutions in the state\\nof Man The clear spirit of Columbus was doubtless eminently Cohimbus\\nmethodical. He saw distinctly that great leading Idea, which cess by a\\nauthorized the poor pilot to become a promiser of kingdoms f^^a^\\nand he pursued the progressive development of the mighty\\ntruth with an unyielding firmness, which taught him to rejoice\\nin lofty labours. Our readers will perhaps excuse us for", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "26\\nINTRODUCTION.\\nIn the\\nstrength of\\nan Idea he\\nconquers,\\nat last,\\nthough long\\ncontemned\\nboth by\\nPrinces\\nand the\\nPopulace.\\nAn initia-\\ntive or\\nprevious\\nmental act\\nindispensa-\\nble in\\nphysical as\\nwell as in\\nmathema-\\ntical\\nstudies.\\n[sec. II.\\nquoting, as illustrative of what we have here observed, some\\nlines from an Ode of Chiabrera s, which, in strength of thought\\nand lofty majesty of Poetry, has but few peers in ancient or\\nin modern Song.\\nColumbus.\\nCerto da cor, ch alto destin non scelse.\\nSon I imprese magnanime neglette\\nMa le beir alme alle bell opre elctte\\nSanno gioir nelle fatiche eccelse\\nNe biasmo popolar, frale catena,\\nSpirto d onore, il suo cammin raifrena.\\nCos! lunga stagion per modi indegni\\nEuropa disprezzo I inclita speme,\\nSchernendo il vulgo, e seco i Regi insierae,\\nNudo nocchier, promettitor di Regni\\nMa per le sconosciute onde marine\\nL invitta prora ei pur sospinse al fine.\\nQual tiom, che torni alia gentil consorte,\\nTal ei da sua magion spiego I antenne\\nL ocean corse, e i turbini sostenne,\\nVinse le crude immagini di morte\\nPoscia, deir ampio mar spenta la guerra,\\nScorse la dianzi favolosa teiTa.\\nAllor dal cavo pin scende veloce,\\nE di grand orma il nuovo mondo imprime\\nNe men ratto per 1 aria erge sublime,\\nSegno del Ciel, I insuperabil Croce\\nE porge umile esempio, onde adorarla\\nDebba sua gente. Chiabrera, P. I. 12.\\nWe do not mean to rest our argument on the general utility\\nor importance of Method. Every Science and every Art\\nattests the value of the particular principles on which we have\\nabove insisted. In Mathematics they will, doubtless, be readily\\nadmitted; and certainly there are many marked differences\\nbetween mathematical and physical studies; but in both a\\nprevious act and conception of the mind, or what we have\\ncalled an initiative, is indispensably necessary, even to the\\nmere semblance of Method. In Mathematics, the definition\\nmakes the object, and pre-establishes the terms, which alone\\ncan occur in the after reasoning. If an existing circle, or what", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIEXCE OF METHOD. 27\\nis supposed to be such, be found not to bave the radii from the In Mathe-\\ncentre to the circumference perfectly equal, it will in no pei-fect Idea\\nmanner affect the Mathematician s reasoning on the properties ^^.^^J ^Jj^^\\nof circles it will only prove that the figure in question is not definition\\nA TV r 1 1 P^^^^ the\\na circle according to the previous definition. A Mathematical reasoning.\\nIdea, therefore, may be perfect. But the place of a perfect\\nIdea cannot be exactly supplied, in the sciences of experiment\\nand observation, by any theory built on generalization. For\\nwhat shall determine the mind to one point rather than another\\nwithin what limits, and from what number of individuals, shaU\\nthe generalization be made The theory must still require a\\nprior theory for its own legitimate construction. The Physical I Physics\\ny thedefini-\\ndefimtion follows and does not precede the reasoning. It is tion is\\nrepresentative, not constitutive, and is indeed little more than tivTiwt^\\nan abbreviature of the preceding observation, and the deduc- JPJ^stitu-\\ntions therefrom. But as the observation, though aided by /o^^o\u00c2\u00ab^s the\\nMT i n Tr\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab reasoning.\\nexperiment, is necessarily limited and imperfect, the definition\\nmust be equally so. The history of theories, and the fre-\\nquency of their subversion by the discovery of a single new\\nfact, supply the best illustrations of this truth.\\nBut in Experimental Philosophy, it may be said, how much Discoveries\\ndo we not owe to accident Doubtless but let it not be for- mental\\ngotten, that if the discoveries so made stop there if they do yaiuele?^\\nnot excite some master Idea if they do not lead to some *^^y\\nT 1 1 J lead to\\nLaw (m whatever dress of theory or hypothesis the fashions some Law.\\nand prejudices of the time may disguise or disfigure it the\\ndiscoveries may remain for ages limited in their uses, insecure\\nand unproductive. How many centuries, we might have said\\nmillennia, have passed since the first accidental discovery of\\nthe attraction and repulsion of light bodies by rubbed amber,\\nc. Compare the interval with the progress made within less\\nthan a century, after the discovery of the pJicenomena that led\\nimmediately to a theory of Electricity. That here, as in", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "28 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nEictricity. many other instances, the theory was supported by insecure\\nhypotheses; that by one theorist two heterogeneous fluids\\nwere assumed, the vitreous and the resinous; by another,\\na plus and minus of the same fluid that a third considered\\nit. a mere modification of Hght; while a fourth composed the\\nelectrical aura of oxygen, hydrogen, and caloric all this does\\nbut place the truth we have been insistmg on in a stronger and\\nclearer light. For, abstract from all these suppositions, or\\nrather unaginations, that which is common to, and involved in\\nthem all; and there will remain neither notional fluid or\\nfluids; nor chemical compounds, nor elementary matter,\\nbut the Idea of two opposite forces, tending to rest by equi-\\nlibrium. These are the sole factors of the calculus, alike in\\nall the theories these give the Law and with it the Method of\\narranging the phcenomena. For this reason it may not be rash\\nto anticipate the nearest approaches to a correct system of Elec-\\ntricity from those Philosophers, who, since the year 1798, have\\npresented the Idea most distinctly as such, rejecting the\\nhypothesis of any material substratum, and contemplating in\\nall Electrical phenomena the operation of a Law wliich reigns\\nthrough all Nature, viz. the law of polarity, or the manifesta-\\ntion of one power by opposite forces.\\nMagnetism. How great the contrast between Electricity and Magnetism\\nFrom the remotest antiquity, the attraction of iron by the\\nmagnet was known, and noticed but century after century it\\nremained the undisturbed property of poets and orators. The\\nfact of the magnet, and the fable of the phoenix, stood on the\\nsame scale of utility, and by the generality of mankind, the\\nlatter was as much credited as the former, and considered far\\nmore interesting. In the Xlllth century, however, or perhaps\\nearlier, the polarity of the magnet, and its communicability to\\niron, were discovered. We remain in doubt whether this dis-\\ncovery were accidental, or the result of theory if the former.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 29\\nthe purpose wliich it soon suggested was so grand and important,\\nthat it may well be deemed the proudest trophy ever yet raised\\nby accident in the service of mankind. But still it furnished\\nno genmne Idea it led to no Law, and, consequently, to no\\nMethod though a variety of phenomena, as startling as they\\nare at present mysterious, have forced on us a presentiment of\\nits intimate connection with other great agencies of Nature.\\nWe would not be understood to assume the power of predicting\\nto what extent, or in what directions, that connection may\\nhereafter be traced but amidst the most higenious hypotheses\\nthat have yet been formed on the subject, we may notice that\\nwhich, corabining the three primary Laws of Magnetism, Hypothesis\\nElectricity, and Galvanism,^ considers them all as the results of considers\\none common power, essential to all material construction in the ^f \u00c2\u00b0f ^-^^J\\nworks of Nature. It is, perhaps, more an operation of the Gaiva-\\n1 nism as\\nFancy than of the Eeason, which has suggested that these three results of\\nmaterial powers are analogous to the three dimensions of space. ess^enSrHo\\nHypothesis, be it observed, can never form the groundwork of ^l^t^\\nconstruc-\\na true scientific method, unless when the hypothesis is either a tion.\\ntrue Idea projDOsed in an hypothetical form, or at least the\\nsymbol of an Idea as yet unknown, of a Law as yet undis-\\ncovered and in tliis latter case the hypothesis merely performs*\\nthe function of an unknown quantity in Algebra, and is\\nassumed for the purpose of submitting the plicenomena to a\\nscientific calculus. But to recur to the contrast presented\\nby Electricity and Magnetism, in the rapid progress of the\\nformer, and the stationary condition of the latter What is the\\ncause of this diversity? Fewer theories, fewer hypotheses\\nhave not been advanced in the one than in the other but the\\ntheories and fictions of the Electricians contained an Idea, and\\nall the same Idea, which has necessarily led to Method;\\nSee the experiments of Coulomb, Brugmans, and Goethe. To which may be\\nadded, should they be confirmed, the curious observations on crystallisation, first\\nmade in Corsica, and since pursued in France.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "30 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. 11.\\nimplicit indeed, and only regulative liitherto, but wliich\\nrequires little more tlian the dismission of the imagery to\\nbecome constitutive, like the Ideas of the Geometrician. On\\nthe contrary, the assumptions of the Magnetists (as, for instance,\\nthe hypothesis that the earth itself is one vast magnet, or that\\nan immense magnet is concealed within it or that there is a\\nconcentric globe within the earth, revolving on its own inde-\\npendent axis) are but repetitions of the same fact ox phcenomemoriy\\nlooked at through a magnifying glass; the reiteration of the\\nImportance problem, not its solution. This leads to the important con-\\nlightening sideration, so often dwelt upon, so forcibly urged, so powerfully\\nm-ociaimr ^i^P^ifi^d and explained by our great countryman ^Bacon, that\\nan Idea. Qj^g f^c^ ig often worth a thousand. 8atis scimus, says he,\\naxiomata recte inventa, tota agmina operum secum trahere.\\nHence his indignant reprobation of the vis experimentalis, cceca,\\nstupida, vaga, prcerupta I Hence his just and earnest exliort-\\nations to pursue the experimenta lucifera, and those alone;\\ndiscarding, for their sakes, even the fructifera experimemta.\\nThe Natural Philosopher, who cannot, or will not see, that it is\\nthe enlightening fact, which really causes all the others to\\nhe facts, in any Scientific sense he who has not the head to\\ncomprehend, and the soul to reverence this parent experiment\\nhe to whom the evpr]ica is not an exclamation of joy and\\nrapture, a rich reward for years of toil and patient suffering\\nto him no auspicious answer will ever be granted by the Oracle\\nof Nature.\\nZoology. We have said that improgressive arrangement is not Method\\nand in proof of this we appeal to the notorious fact, that\\nZoology, soon after the commencement of the latter half of\\nthe last century, was falling abroad, weighed doAvn and crushed\\nas it were by the inordinate number and multiplicity of facts\\nand phcenomena apparently separate, without evincing the least\\npromise of systematizing itself by any inward combination of its", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "SEC. il] illustrations of the science of method. 31\\nparts. John Hunter, wlio liad appeared, at times, almost a\\nstranger to the grand conception, wliicli yet never ceased to\\nwork in Hm, as liis genius and governing spirit, rose at length\\nin the horizon of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy. In\\nhis printed Works, the finest elements of system seem ever-\\nmore to flit before liim, twice or thrice only to have been seized,\\nand after a momentary detention, to have been again suffered\\nto escape. At length, in the astonishing preparations for his\\nMuseum, he constructed it, for the Scientific apprehension, out\\nof the unspoken alphabet of Nature. Yet notwitlistanding the\\nimperfection in the annunciation of the Idea, how exliilarating\\nhave been the results 1 It may, we believe, be afiirmed, with\\nsafety, that whatever is grandest in the views of CuviER, is\\neither a reflection of this light, or a continuation of its rays,\\nwell and wisely directed, through fit media, to its appropriate\\nobject.\\nFrom Zoology, or the laws of animal life, to Botany, or Botany,\\nthose of vegetable life, the transition is easy and Natural. In\\nthis pursuit, how striking is the necessity of a clear Idea, as\\ninitiative of aU Method! How obvious the importance of\\nattention to the conduct of the Mind in the exercise of Method\\nitself The lowest attempt at Botanical arrangement consists\\nin an artificial classification of plants, for the preparatory\\npurpose of a nomenclature but even in this, some antecedent\\nmust have been contributed by the Mind itself; some purpose\\nmust be in view or some question at least must have been\\nproposed to Nature, grounded, as all questions are, upon some\\nIdea of the answer. As for instance, the assumption.\\nThat two great sexes animate the world.\\nFor no man can confidently conceive a fact to be universally\\ntrue who does not proportionally anticipate its necessity, and\\nwho does not believe that necessity to be demonstrable by an\\ninsight into its nature, whenever and wherever such insight", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "32 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nObligations can be obtained. We acknowledge, we reverence, tlie obliga-\\nte Linnaus tions of Botany to LlNN^US, wlio adopting from Bartliolinus\\nservtceable otliers the sexuality of plants, grounded thereon a sclieme\\nscheme of of classific and distinctive marks, by wliick one man s experience\\narrange-\\nmeat, may be communicated to others, and the objects safely reasoned\\non .while absent, and recognized as soon as and wherever they\\noccur. He invented an universal character for the Language\\nof Botany, chargeable with no greater imperfections than are\\nto be found in the alphabets of every particular Language.\\nThe first requisites in investigating the works of Nature, as in\\nstudying the Classics, are a proper Accidence and Dictionary\\nand for both of these Botany is indebted to the illustrious\\nSwede. But the inherent necessity, the true Idea of Sex, was\\nnever fully contemplated by Linnaeus, much less that of vege-\\ntation itself. Wanting these master-lights, he was not only\\nunable to discern the collateral relations of the Vegetable to the\\nMineral and Animal Worlds; but even in respect to the\\ndoctrine which gives name and character to his system, he\\nonly avoided Scylla to fall upon Charybdis and such must be\\nthe case of every one, who in this uncertain state of the\\ninitiative Idea, ventures to expatiate among the subordinate\\nnotions. If we adhere to the general notion of sex, as abstracted\\nfrom the more obvious modes in which the sexual relation\\nmanifests itself, we soon meet with whole classes of plants to\\nwhich it is found inapplicable. If, arbitrarily, we give it\\nindefinite extension, it is dissipated into the barren truism, that\\nall specific products suppose specific means of production.\\nThus a growth and a birth are distinguished by the mere verbal\\ndefinition, that the latter is a whole in itself, the former not\\nand when we would apply even this to Nature, we are baffled\\nby objects (the flower polypus, c. c.) in which each is the\\nother. All that can be done by the most patient and active\\nindustry, by the widest and most continuous researches all", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SEO. n.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 33\\nthat tKe amplest survey of the vegetable realm, brought under\\nimmediate contemplation by the most stupendous collections of\\nspecies and varieties, can suggest all that minutest dissection\\nand exactest chemical analysis can unfold; all that varied\\nexperiment and the position of plants and their component\\nparts in every conceivable relation to light, heat, and whatever\\nelse we distinguish as imponderable substances to earth, air,\\nwater to the supposed constituents of air and water, separate\\nand in all proportions in short, all that chemical agents and re-\\nagents can disclose or adduce all these have been brought, as\\nconscripts, into the field, with the completest accoutrement, in\\nthe best discipline, under the ablest commanders. Yet after\\nall that was effected by Linnaeus himself, not to mention the\\nlabours of Caesalpinus, Ray, Gresner, Tournefort, and the other\\nheroes who preceded the general adoption of the Sexual system,\\nas the basis of artificial arrangement after all the successive\\ntoils and enterprises of Hedwig, Jussieu, Mirbel, Simith,\\nKnight, Ellis, c. c. wliat is Botany at this present hour\\nLittle more than an enormous nomenclature a huge catalogue.\\nMen arrange, yearly and monthly augmented, in various\\neditions, each with its own scheme of technical memory and its\\nOAvn conveniences of reference The innocent amusement,\\nthe healthful occupation, the ornamental accomplislnnent of\\namateurs it has yet to expect the devotion and energies of the\\nphilosopher. Whether the Idea which has glanced across some\\nminds, that the harmony between the Vegetable and Animal\\nWorld is not a harmony of resemblance, but of contrast, may\\nnot lead to a new and more accurate Method in this engaging\\nScience, it becomes us not here to determine but should its\\nobjective truth be hereafter demonstrated by induction of facts\\nin an unbroken series of correspondences in Nature, we shall\\nthen receive it as a Law of organic existence and shall thence\\nobtain another splendid proof, that with the knowledge of Law\\nD", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "34 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nalone dwell power and propKecy, decisive experiment, and\\nscientific Method.\\nChemistry. Such, too, is the case with the substances of the Laboratory,\\nwhich are assumed to be incapable of decomposition. They\\nare mere exponents of some one Law, which the Chemical\\nPhilosopher, whatever may be his Theory, is incessantly\\nlabouring to discover. The Law, indeed, has not yet assumed\\nthe form of an Idea in his Mind it is what we have called an\\nInstinct; it is a pursuit after unity of principle, through a\\ndiversity of forms. Thus as the lunatic, the lover, and the\\npoet, suggest each other to Shakspeare s Theseus, as soon as\\nhis thoughts present to him the ONE FORM, of which they are\\nbut varieties so water and flame, the diamond, the charcoal,\\nand the mantling champagne, with its ebullient sparkles, are\\nconvoked and fraternized by the theory of the Chemist. This\\nis, in truth, the first charm of Chemistry, and the secret of the\\nalmost universal interest excited by its discoveries. The serious\\ncomplacency which is afforded by the sense of truth, utility,\\npermanence, and progression, blends with and ennobles the\\nexhilarating surprise and the pleasurable sting of curiosity,\\nwhich accompany the propounding and the solving of an\\nenigma. It is the sense of a principle of connection given by\\nthe mind, and sanctioned by the correspondency of Nature.\\nHence the strong hold which in all ages Chemistry has had on\\nthe imagination. If in the greatest poets we find Nature\\nidealized through the creative power of a profound yet observant\\nmeditation, so through the meditative observation of a Davt, a\\nWoLLASTON, a Hatchett, or a Murray,\\nBy som\u00e2\u0082\u00ac connatural force,\\nPowerful at greatest distance to unite\\nWith secret amity things of like kind,\\nwe find poetry, as it were, substantiated and realized.\\nTliis consideration leads us from tlie paths of Physical", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF iHE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 35\\nScience into a region apparently very different. Those who Poetry\\ntread the enchanted ground of Poetry, oftentimes do not even Method,\\nsuspect that there is such a thing as Method to guide their\\nsteps. Yet even here we undertake to show that it not only\\nhas a necessary existence, but the strictest Philosophical appli-\\ncation and that it is founded on the very Philosophy which\\nhas furnished us with the Principles already laid down. It\\nmay surprise some of our readers, especially those who have\\nbeen brought up in Schools of foreign taste, to find that we\\nrest our proof of these assertions on one single evidence, and\\nthat that evidence is Shakspeare, wdiose Mind they have,\\nprobably, been taught to consider as eminently immethodical. cAndenced\\nIn the first place, Shakspeare was not only endowed with great piays of\\nnative genius, (which indeed he is commonly allowed to have ^P^^^^-\\nbeen,) but what is less frequently conceded, he had much\\nacquired knowledge. His information, says Professor\\nWilde, was great and extensive, and his reading as great as\\nhis knowledge of Languages could reach. Considering the bar\\nwhich liis education and circumstances placed in his way, he\\nhad done as much to acquire knowledge as even Milton. A\\nthousand instances might be given of the intimate knowledge\\nspeare s\\nthat Shakspeare had of facts. I shall mention only one. I do knowledge\\nnot say, he gives a good account of tlie Salic law, though a by his\\nmuch worse has been given by many antiquaries. But he who of rdatious,\\nreads the Archbishop of Canterbury s speech in Henry the\\nFifth, and who shall afterwards say that Shakspeare was not a\\nman of great reading and information, and who loved the thing\\nitself, is a person whose opinion I would not ask or trust upon\\nany matter of investigation. Then was aU this reading, all\\nthis information, all this knowledge of our great dramatist, a\\nmere rudis indigestaque moles Very far from it. Method,\\nwe have seen, demands a knowledge of the relations which\\nthings bear to each other, or to tlie observer, or to the state and\\nd2", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "36 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nappreliension of the hearers. In all and eacli of these was\\nShakspeare so deeply versed, that ha the personages of a play,\\nhe seems to mould his mind as some incorporeal material\\nalternately into all their various forms. In every one of his\\nvarious characters we still feel ourselves commmiing with\\nthe same human nature. Everywhere we find mdividuality\\nnowhere mere portrait. The excellence of his productions\\nconsists in a happy union of the universal with the particular.\\nBut the universal is an Idea. Shakspeare, therefore, studied\\nmankind in the Idea of the human race and he followed out\\nthat Idea into all its varieties, by a Method which never failed\\nto guide his steps aright. Let us appeal to him to illustrate,\\nby example, the difference between a sterile and an exuberant\\nmind, in respect to what we have ventured to call the Science\\nComparison of Method. On the one hand observe Mrs. Quickly s relation\\nQuickly s of the circumstanccs of Sir John Falstaff s debt\\nrelation of Falstaff. What is the gross sum that I owe thee\\nfalstaff s \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^jj.g^ Quickly, Marry, if thou wert an honest man, thyself and the money too.\\nThou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my dolphin chamber,\\nat the round table, by a sea-coal fire, on Wednesday in Whitsun week, when the\\nprince broke thy head for likening his father to a singing man in Windsor thou\\ndidst swear to me then, as I was washing thy wound, to marry me and make me\\nmy lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it Did not goodwife Keech, the Butcher s\\nwife, come in then and call me gossip Quickly coming in to borrow a mess of\\nvinegar telling us she had a good dish of prawns whereby thou didst desire to eat\\nsome whereby I told thee they were ill for a green wound, c. c. c.\\n{Henry IV. P. I. Act 11. Scene I.)\\nOn the other hand consider the narration given by Hamlet\\nto Horatio, of the occurrences during his proposed transporta-\\ntion to England, and the events that interrupted liis voyage.\\n{Act V. Scene II)\\na narration Ham. Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting\\nof Hamlet That would not let me sleep methought I lay\\nto Horatio. Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly,\\nAnd prais d be rashness for it Let us know,\\n6 T^v eavTOv ipvxh Si-T\u00e2\u0082\u00aci vArjv riva acrwfiaTOV fj.op pa7s Troi/ctAaTs fxopcpdoaai.\\nTHEiUSllUS.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "SEC. TI.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 37\\nOur indiscretion sometimes serves us vcell,\\nWhen our deep plots do fail and that should teach us\\nT/iere s a Divinity that shapes our ends^\\nHough-hew them how we will.\\nHon. That is most certain.\\nHam. Up from my cabin,\\nMy sea-gown scarfd about me, in the dai k\\nGrop d I to find out them had my desire\\nFinger d their packet; and, in fine, withdrew\\nTo my own room again making so bold.\\nMy fears forgetting manners, to unseal\\nTheir grand commission where I found, Horatio,\\nA royal knavery an exact command.\\nLarded with many several sorts of reasons,\\nImporting Denmark s health, and England s toOf\\nWith ho such bugs and goblins in my life,\\nThat on the supervise, no leisure bated.\\nNo, not to stay th? grinding of the axe,\\nMy head should be strucK off\\nHOR. Is t possible\\nHam. Here s the commission. Read it at more leisure.\\nI sat me down\\nDevis d a new commission wrote it fair.\\nonce did Jtold it, as our statists do,\\nA baseness to write fair, and labour d much\\nJIow to forget that learning but, sir, now\\nIt did me yeoman s senice. Wilt thou know\\nThe effect of what I wrote\\nHoR. Ay, good my lord.\\nHam. An earnest conjuration from the king,\\nAs England was his faithful tributary\\nAs love between them, like the palm, might flourish\\nAs peace should still her wheaten garland wear,\\nAnd many such like As^s of great charge\\nThat, on the view and knowing of these contents,\\nHe should the bearers put to sudden death,\\nNo shriving time allowed.\\nHoR. How was this sealed\\nHam. Why, even in that was heaven ordinant.\\nI had my father s signet in my purse,\\nWhich was the model of that Danish seal\\nFolded the writ up in the form of the other\\nSubscribed it gave t the impression plac d it safelj\\nThe changeling never known. Now, the next day\\nWas our sea-fight and what to this was sequent\\nThou knowest already", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "38 INTKODUCTION. [SEC. II\\nBoth dis- If, overlooking the different value of the matter in these two\\ncourses ira- t i i\\nmethodical narrations, we consider only the lorm, it must be confessed that\\nm form. immethodieol. We have asserted that Method results\\nfrom a balance between the passive impression received from\\noutward things, and the internal activity of the mind in re-\\nflecting and generalizing but neither Hamlet nor the Hostess\\nThat of holds this balance accurately. In Mrs. Quickly, the memory\\nQuickly alone is called into action, the objects and events recur in the\\nresulting narration in the same order, and with the same accompani-\\nrrom the ments, howcver accidental or impertinent, as they had first\\npower of i. J\\nthought, occurred to the narrator. The necessity of taking breath, the\\nefforts of recollection, and the abrupt rectification of its failures,\\nproduce all her pauses, and constitute most of her connections.\\nThat of But when we look to the Prince of Denmark s recital the case\\ngovernedby is widely different. Here the events, with the circumstances\\nreflection place, are all stated with equal compression and\\nrapidity not one introduced which could have been omitted\\nwithout injury to the intelligibility of the whole process. If\\nany tendency is discoverable, as far as the mere facts are in\\nquestion, it is to omission and accordingly the reader will\\nobserve that the attention of the narrator is called back to one\\nmaterial circumstance, which he was hurrying by, by a direct\\nquestion (How WAS THIS SEALED from the friend to whom\\nthe story is communicated. But by a trait, which is indeed\\npeculiarly characteristic of Hamlet s mind, ever disposed to\\ngeneralize, and meditative to excess, all the digressions and\\nenlargements consist of reflections, truths, and principles of\\ngeneral and permanent interest, either directly expressed or\\ndisguised in playful satire.\\nInstances of the want of generalization are of no rare occur-\\nrence and the narration of Shakspeare s Hostess differs from\\nthose of the ignorant and unthinking in ordinary life, only by\\nits superior humour, the poet s own gift and infusion, not by", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIEXCE OF METHOD. 39\\nits want of Method, wliicli is not greater tlian we often meet The Hos-\\nwitli in that class of minds of which she is the dramatic repre- of methoil\\nsentative. Nor will the excess of generalization and reflection ?J!\\nhave escaped our obser\\\\^ation in real life, though the great Poet\\nhas more conveniently supplied the illustrations. In attending\\ntoo exclusively to the relations wliich the past or passing events\\nand objects bear to general truth, and the moods of his own\\nmind, the most intelligent man is sometimes in danger of over-\\nlooking that other relation, in which they are likcAvise to be\\nplaced to the apprehension and sympathies of his hearers. His\\ndiscourse appears like soliloquy intermixed with dialogue. But\\nthe uneducated and unreflecting talker overlooks all mental\\nrelations, and consequently precludes all Method that is not\\npurely accidental. Hence, the nearer the things and incidents\\nin time and place, the more distant, disjointed, and impertinent\\nto each other, and to any common purpose, will they appear in\\nhis narration and this from the absence of any leading thought\\nin the narrator s own mind. On the contrary, where the habit\\nof Method is present and eiFectire, things the most remote and\\ndiverse in time, place, and outward circumstance, are brought\\ninto mental contiguity and succession, the more strildng as the\\nless expected. But while we would impress the necessity of\\nthis habit, the illustrations adduced give proof that in undue\\npreponderance, and when the prerogative of the mind is\\nstretched into despotism, the discourse may degenerate into the\\nwayward, or the fantastical.\\nShakspeare needed not to read Horace in order to give his Consistency\\ncharacters that Methodical Unity which the wise Roman so speare s\\nstrongly recommends characters.\\nSi quid inexpertum scenae oommittis, et audes\\nPersonam fonnare novara servetur ad imum\\nQualis ab incoepto processerit, et sibi constet.\\nBut this was not the only way in wliich he followed an accu-\\nrate Philosophic Method we quote the expressions of SCHI/E-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "40 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II:\\nHis just GEL, a foreign critic of great and deserved reputation If\\nof Passion Shakspeare deserves our admiration for his characters, he is\\narose from ^q^allj deserving of it for his exhibition of Passion, taking\\ntempiation this word in its vddest signification as including every mental\\ncondition, every tone, from indifference or familiar mirth to the\\nwildest rage and despair. He gives us the history of minds\\nhe lays open to us, in a single word, a whole series of preceding\\nconditions r This last is a profound and exquisite remark\\nand it necessarily implies, that Shakspeare contemplated Ideas,\\nin which alone are involved conditions and consequences ad\\ninfinitum. Purblind critics, whose mental vision could not\\nreach far enough to comprise the whole dimensions of our\\npoetical Hercules, have busied themselves in measuring and\\nspanning him muscle by muscle, till they fancied they had\\nCoiidemna- discovered some disproportion. There are two answers appli-\\ncisms on Cable to most of such remarks. First, that Shakspeare under-\\nanswered^*^ stood the true language and external workings of Passion better\\nthan his critics. He had a higher, and a more Ideal, and con-\\nsequently a more Methodical sense of harmony than they. A\\nvery slight knowledge of Music will enable any one to detect\\ndiscords in the exquisite harmonies of Haydn or Mozart and\\nBentley has found more false grammar in the Paradise Lost\\nthan ever poor boy was whipped for through all the forms of\\nEton or Westminster but to know why the minor note is\\nintroduced into the major key, or the nominative case left to\\nseek for its verb, requires an acquaintance with some preliminary\\nsteps of the Methodical scale, at the top of which sits the author.\\nHis and at the bottom the critic. The second answer is, that\\n^loeUcal^and Shakspeare was pursuing two Methods at once and besides\\npsychoio- the Psychological^ Method, he had also to attend to the\\nWe beg pardon for the use of this insolens verbum but it is one of which our\\nLanguage stands in great need. We have no single term to express the Philosophy\\nof the Human J^Iind and what is worse, the Principles of that Philosophy are\\ncommonly called Metaphysical, a word of very different meaning.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 41\\nPoetical. Now the Poetical Method requires above all tilings\\na preponderance of pleasurable feeling and where the interest\\nof the events and characters and passions is too strong to be\\ncontinuous without becoming painful, there Poetical Method\\nrequires that there should be what Sclxlegel calls a musical\\nalleviation of our sympathy. The Lydian mode must temper\\ntJie Dorian. This we call Method.\\nWe said that Shakspeare pursued two Methods. Oh he\\npursued many, many more both oar and ^sail and the\\nguidance of the helm, and the heaving of the lead, and the\\nwatchful observation of the stars, and the thunder of his grand\\nartillery. Wliat shall we say of his Moral conceptions Not\\nmade up of miserable clap-traps, and the tag-ends of mawkish\\nNovels and endless sermonizing; ^but furnisliing lessons of\\nprofound meditation to frail and fallible Human Nature. He\\nshows us Crime and Want of Principle clothed not with a Shak-\\nspurious greatness of soul, but with a force of intellect wliich ^qyz\\\\ con-\\ntoo often imposes but the more easily on the weak, misjudging ^^P^^*^fs\\nmultitude. He shows us the innocent mind of Othello plimged ptilosophi-\\n1 1 r* n method,\\nby its own unsuspectmg, and therefore unwatchful confidence,\\ninto guilt and misery not to be endured. Look at Lear, look\\nat Eichard, look in short at every Moral picture of this mighty\\nMoralist Whoso does not rise from their attentive perusal\\na sadder and a wiser man let him never dream that he\\nknows anything of Philosophical Method.\\nNay, even in his style, how Methodical is our sweet His stylo\\nShakspeare. Sweetness is, indeed, its predominant character-\\nistic and it has a few immethodical luxuriances of wit and\\nhe may occasionally be convicted of words, which convey a\\nvolume of thought, when the business of the scene did not\\nabsolutely require such deep meditation. But pardoning him\\nthese dulcia vitia, who ever fashioned the English Language,\\nor any Language, ancient or modern, into such variety of appro-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "42 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. U.\\n__^ priate apparel, from the gorgeous pall of scepter d tragedy,\\nto the easy dress of flowing pastoral\\nMore musical than lark to shepherd s ear,\\nWhen wheat is green and hawthorn buds appear.\\nWlio, like him, could so Methodically suit the very flow and\\ntone of discourse to characters lying so widely apart in rank,\\nand habits, and peculiarities, as Holofernes and Queen Katha-\\nrine, FalstafF and^Lear When we compare the pure English\\nstyle of Shakspeare with that of the very best writers of liis\\nday, we stand astonished at the Method by which he was\\ndirected in the choice of those words and idioms, which are as\\nfresh now as in their first bloom nay, w^hich are at the present\\nmoment at once more energetic, more expressive, more natural,\\nand more elegant, than those of the happiest and most admired\\nliving speakers or writers.\\nBut Shakspeare was not Methodical in the structure of his\\nFable. Oh, gentle critic be advised. Do not trust too much\\nto your professional dexterity in the use of the scalping knife\\nand tomahawk. Weapons of diviner mould are wielded by\\nyour adversary and you are meeting him here on his own\\npeculiar ground, the ground of Idea, of Thought, and of inspi-\\nShak- ration. The very point of this dispute is Ideal. The question\\nalleo-ed is one of Unit?/ and Unity, as we ha e shown, is wholly the\\nIhe Unices subject of Ideal law. There are said to be three great Unities\\nexamined, wliich Shakspeare has violated; those of Time, Place, and\\nAction. Now the Unities of Time and Place we will not\\ndispute about. Be ours the Poet,\\nqui pectus inaniter angit\\nIrritat, mulcet, falsis terrorihus implet\\nUt magus, et mode me Thebis, mode ponit Athenis.\\nThe Dramatist who circumscribes liimself within that Unity of\\nTime which is regulated by a stop-watch, may be exact, but\\nis not Methodical or his Method is of the least and lowest\\nclass. But", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SEC. n.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 43\\nWhere is he living dipt in with the sea,\\nThat chides the banks of England, Wales, or Scotland,\\nwho can transpose the scenes of Macbeth, and make the seated\\nheart knock at the ribs with the same force as now it does,\\nwhen the mysterious tale is conducted from the open heath, on\\nwhich the Weird Sisters are ushered in with thunder and light-\\nning, to the fatal fight of Dunsinane, in which their victim\\nexpiates with life, his credulity and his anfbition To the dis-\\ngrace of the English Stage, such attempts have, indeed, been\\nmade on almost all the Dramas of Shakspeare. Scarcely a\\nseason passes which does not produce some varepov Trporepoy of\\nthis kind, in which the mangled limbs of our great Poet are\\nthrown together in most admired disorder. There was once\\na noble Author, who, by a refined species of murder, cut up\\nthe play of Julius C\u00c2\u00absar into two good set Tragedies. Voltaire,\\nwe believe, had the grace to make but one of it but whether\\nhis Brutus be an improvement on the model from which it was\\ntaken, we trust, after what we have already said, we shall\\nhardly be expected to discuss.\\nThus we have seen that Shakspeare s mind, rich in stores of Poetry\\nacquired knowledge, commanded all these stores and rendered whole\\nthem disposable, by means of his intimate acquaintance with the j^^^jj\\ngreat laws of Thought, which form and regulate Method. We\\nhave seen him exemplifying the opposite faults of Method in\\ntwo different characters; we have seen that he was liimself\\nMethodical in the delineation of character, in the display of\\nPassion, in the conceptions of Moral Being, in the adaptations\\nof Language, in the connection and admirable intertexture of\\nliis ever-interesting Fable. Let it not after this be said that\\nPoetry and under the word Poetry we will now take leave\\nto include all the Works of the higher Imagination, whether\\noperating by measured sound, or by the harmonies of form and\\ncolour, or by words, the more immediate and universal repre-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "44 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. IT.\\nsentatives of Tliouglit is not strictly Methodical nay, does\\nnot owe its wliole cliarm, and all its beauty, and all its power,\\nto the Pliilosopliical Principles of Method.\\nPhilosophy g^t what of Philosophy herself? Shall she be exempted\\nWholly\\nconversant from the Laws, which she has imposed on all the rest of the\\nMothod. known Universe? Longe absitl To Philosophy properly\\nbelongs the Education of the Mind and all that we have\\nhitherto said may be regarded as an indication (we have room\\nfor no more) of the chief Laws and regulative Principles of that\\neducation. Philosophy, the Parent of Life, according to\\nthe expression of the wise Eoman Orator the Mother of\\nGood Deeds and of Good Sayings, the Medicine of the\\nMind, is herself wholly conversant with Method.\\nTrue it is that the Ancients, as well as the Moderns, had\\ntheir machinery for the extemporaneous coinage of intellect,\\nby means of wliich the scholar was enabled to make a figure on\\nany and all subjects, on any and all occasions. They too had\\ntheir glittering vapours, which (as the Comic Poet tells us) fed\\na host of Sophists\\nfieydXai 6ea\\\\ avdpdffiv apyo7i,\\na lTrep yv(tifj.T}v kol did\\\\e^LV Kol vovv riixiu Tcap4xov(Ti,\\nKoi TepaTciav, Koi irepiAe^LV, Kal Kpovcriv, koi KaTaXrjrpiv.\\nAPI2T0$. Nee/). 316.\\nGreat goddesses are they to lazy folks,\\nWho pour down on us gifts of fluent speech,\\nSense most sententious, wonderful fine effect,\\nAnd how to talk about it and about it.\\nThoughts brisk as bees, and pathos soft and thawy.\\nBut the Philosophers held a course very different from that of\\nthe Sophists. We shall not trouble our readers with a com-\\nparative view of many Systems, but we shall present to their\\nadmiration one mighty Ancient, and one illustrious Modern,\\nPlato and Bacon. These two varieties will sufficiently\\nexemplify the species.\\nOf Plato s Works, tlie larprer and more valuable portion", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "SEC. n.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 45\\nhave all one common end, wliicli comprehends and shines Plato\\nthrough the particular purpose of each several Dialogue; and art1)f\\nthis is, to establish the sources, to evolve the Principles, and to ^^^thod.\\nexemplify the Art of Method. This is the clue, without\\nwliich it would be difficult to exculpate the noblest productions\\nof the Divine Philosopher from the charge of being tortuous\\nand labyrinthine in their progress, and unsatisfactory in their\\nostensible results. The latter, mdeed, appear not seldom to\\nhave been drawn, for the purpose of startiag a new problem,\\nrather than of solving the one proposed as the subject of previous\\ndiscussion. But with the clear insight that the purpose of the\\nwriter is not so much to establish any particular truth, as to\\nremove the obstacles, the continuance of which is preclusive of\\nall truth, the whole scheme assumes a different aspect, and\\njustifies itself in all its dimensions. We see that the Education\\nof the Intellect, by awakening the Method of self-developement,\\nwas liis proposed object, not any specific information that can be\\nconveyed iiito it from without. He- desired not to assist in\\nstoring the passive Mind with the various sorts of knowledge\\nmost in request, as if the Human Soul were a mere repository,\\nor banqueting-room, but to place it in such relations of circum-\\nstance as should gradually excite its vegetating and germinating\\npowers to produce new fruits of Thought, new Conceptions, and\\nImaginations, and Ideas. Plato was a Poetic Philosopher, as\\nShakspeare was a Pliilosophic Poet. In the Poetry, as well as\\nin the Philosophy, of both, there was a necessary predominance\\nof Ideas but tliis did not make them regardless of the actual\\nexistences around them. They were not visionaries, nor\\nmystics but dwelt in the sober certainty of waking know-\\nledge. It is strange, yet characteristic of the spirit that was at Plato\\nwork during the latter half of the last century, that the writings accused of\\nof Plato should be accused of estranging the Mind from plain JJ^S^e^tiug\\nexperience and substantial matter-of-fact, and of debauclung it experience.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "46 INTKODUCTIOX. [SEC. II\\nby fictions and generalities. Plato, wliose Method is inductive\\ntlirongliout, wlio argues on all subjects not only from, but in\\nand bt/, inductions of facts who warns us, indeed, against the\\nusurpation of the Senses, but far oftener, and with more un-\\nmitigated hostility, pursues the assumptions, abstractions,\\ngeneralities, and verbal legerdemain of the Sophists. Strange 1\\nbut still more strange, that a notion so groundless should be\\nBacon. entitled to plead in its behalf the authority of Lord Bacox,\\nwhose scheme of Logic, as applied to the contemplation of\\nNature, is Platonic throughout 1 It is necessary that we should\\nexplain this circumstance at some length, in order to establish,\\nby the concurrence of authorities, vulgarly supposed to be con-\\ntradictory, the truth of a System which we have already main-\\ntained on so many other grounds.\\nWhat Lord Bacon was to England, Cicero was to Rome\\nthe first and most eloquent advocate of Philosophy. It is need\\nless to remind the classical scholar of that almost religious\\nveneration with which the accomplished Roman speaks of Plato,\\nwhom indeed he calls, in one instance, deus ille noster, and in\\nother places the Homer of Philosophers their Prince\\nthe most weighty of all who ever spoke, or ever wrote;\\nmost wise, most holy, divine. This last appellation, too, it\\nis well known, long remained, even among Christians, as a dis-\\ntinguishing epithet of the great ornament of the Socratic School.\\nWhy Bacon should have spoken detractingly of such a man,\\nHis depreci- why he should have stigmatized him with the name of\\nI Jato. Sophist, and described his Philosophy (with the tyrant\\nDionysius), as verba otiosorum senum ad imperitos juvenes, it is\\nmuch easier to explain than to justify, or even to palliate. He\\nwas, perhaps, influenced in part by the tone given to thinking\\nMinds by the Reformation the founders and fathers of which\\nsaw in the Aristotelians, or Schoolmen, the antagonists of Pro-\\ntestantism, and in the Italian Platonists (as they conceived) the", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 47\\nsecret enemies of Christianity itself. In part, too. Bacon may\\nhave formed his notions of Plato s doctrines from the absurdities\\nof his misinterpreters, rather than from an -unprejudiced and\\ndiligent study of his Works. Be it remembered, however, that\\ntliis unfairness was not less manifested to his contemporaries\\nthat his treatment of Gilbert was cold, invidious, and imjust\\nand that he seems to have disdained to learn either the exist-\\nence or the name of Shakspeare. At this conduct no one can\\nbe surprised who has studied the life of this\\nwisest, brightest, meanest of mankind.\\nBut our present business is not with his weaknesses, or his\\nfiiilings, but with those Philosophical Principles which, espe-\\ncially as displayed in the Novum Organuniy have deservedly\\nobtained for him the veneration of succeeding Ages.\\nThose who talk superficially about Bacon s Philosophy, that\\nis to say, nineteen-twentietlis of those who talk about it at all,\\nknow little more than his induction, and the application which\\nhe makes of his own Method to particular classes of Physical\\nfacts applications which are at least as crude, for the Age of\\nGilbert, Galileo, and Kepler, as were those of Aristotle (whom\\nhe so superciliously reprehends) for the Age of Pliilip and\\nAlexander. Or they may, perhaps, have been struck with his\\nrecommendation of tabular collections of particulars, and hence\\nhave placed him at the head of a Body of men, but too nume- The Minute\\nrous in modem days the Minute Philosophers. We need phgi-g.\\nscarcely say that this is venturing his reputation on a very\\ntottering basis. Let any unprejudiced ISTaturalist turn to\\nBacon s questions and proposals for the investigation of single\\nproblems to his Discourse on the Winds or to what may\\nalmost be called a caricature of his scheme, in the Method of\\nimproving Natural Philosophy, by PiOBERT HoOKE (the\\nWe refer particularly to p. 22 to 42 of the above-mentioned Work and we\\nwould, above all, notice the following admii able specimen of conlliscd and dis-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "48 INTRODUCTION. [sEC. II.\\nliistory of whose PHlosopliical life is alone a sufficient answer\\nto all sucLl schemes) and then let him fairly say whether any\\ndesirable end could reasonably be hoped for, from this process\\nwhether by this mode of research any important discovery ever\\nwas made, or ever could be made Bacon, indeed, always\\ntakes care to tell us that the sole purpose and object of col-\\nlecting together these particulars is to concentrate them, by\\ncareful selection, into universals but so immense is their\\nnumber, and so various and almost endless the relations in wliich\\neach is to be separately considered, that the life of an antedi-\\nluvian Patriarch would be expended, and his strength and\\nspirits wasted, long before he could commence the process of\\nsimplification, or arrive in sight of the Law, which was to reward\\nthe toils of the over-tasked PsYCHE.^\\norderly minuteness The history of potters, tobacco-pipe-makers, glaziers,\\nglass-grinders, looking-glass-makers or foilers, spectacle-makers and optic-glass\\nmakers, makers of counterfeit pearl and precious stones, bugle-makers, lamp-\\nblowei s, colour-makers, colour-grinders, glass-painters, enamellers, varnishers,\\ncolour-sellers, painters, limners, picture-drawers, makers of baby-heads, of little\\nbowling stones or marbles, fustian-makers, (query, whether Poets are included in\\nthis trade?) music-masters, tinsey-makers, and taggers; the history of school-\\nmasters, writing-masters, printers, book-binders, stage-players, dancing-masters,\\nand vaulters, apothecaries, chirurgeons, seamsters, butchers, barbers, laundresses,\\nand cosmetics c. c. c. (the true nature of each of which being exactly deter-\\nmined,) WILL HUGELY FACILITATE OUR INQUIRIES IN PHILOSOPHY\\nIn parallel, or rather in contrast, with the advice of Mr. Robert Hooke, may be\\nfairly placed that of the celebrated Dr. Watts, which was thought by Dr. Knox to\\nbe worthy of insertion in the Elegant Extracts, vol. ii. p. 456, under the head of\\nDirections concerning our Ideas.\\nFurnish yourselves with a rich variety of Ideas. Acquaint yourselves with\\nthings ancient and modern, things Natural, Civil, and Religious things of your\\nnative land, and of foreign countries things domestic and national things present,\\npast, and future and above all, be well acquainted with God and yourselves with\\nanimal nature, and the workings of your own spirits. Such a general acquaintance\\nwith things will be of very great advantage.\\n5 See the beautiful allegoric tale of Cupid and Psyche in the original of Apuleius.\\nThe tasks imposed on the hapless nymph, through the jealousy of her mother-in-\\nlaw, and the agency by which they are at length self-performed, are noble instances\\nof that hidden wisdom where more is meant than meets the ear", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.l ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIEXCE OF METHOD. 49\\nHad Bacon done no more than propose these impracticable Bacon s\\nprojects, we should have been far from sharing the sentiments Organum.\\nof respect everywhere attached to his Pliilosophical character.\\nBut he has performed a task of infinitely greater importance,\\nby constructing that Methodical System, wliich is so elegantly\\ndeveloped in the Novum Organum. It is this wliich we pro-\\npose to compare with the Principles long before enunciated by\\nPlato. In both cases the inductions are frequently as crude\\nand erroneous as might readily be anticipated from the infant\\nstate of Katural History, Chemistry, and Physiology, in their\\nseveral Ages. In both cases the proposed appKcations are often\\nimpracticable but setting aside these considerations, and ex-\\ntrajctiag from each writer that wliich constitutes his true Phi-\\nlosophy, we shall be convinced that it is identical, in regard to\\nthe Science of Method, and to the grounds and conditions of\\nthat Science. We do not see, therefore, how we can more\\nappropriately conclude this section of our inquiry than by a\\nbrief statement of our renowned Countryman s own Principles\\nof Method, conveyed, for the greater part, in his own words\\nor in what more precise form we can recapitulate the substance\\nof the doctrines asserted and vindicated in the preceding pages.\\nFor we rest our strongest pretensions to approbation en the\\nfact, that we have only re-proclaimed the coinciding precepts\\nof the Athenian Verulam and the British Plato.\\nIn the first instance. Lord Bacon, equally with ourselves, The com-\\ndemands, as the motive and guide of every Philosophical experi- of Plato\\nment, what we have ventured to call the intellectual or mental\\ninitiative namely, some well-grounded purpose, some distinct\\nimpression of the probable results, some self-consistent anticipa^\\ntion, the ground of the prudens qucestio, (the forethoughtfid\\nmquiry,) wliich he affirms to be the prior half of the knowledge\\nsought, dimidium scientice. With him, therefore, as with us,\\niin Idea is an experiment proposed, an experiment is an Idea", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "50 INTKODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nrealized. For so lie himself informs us Neque scientiam\\nmolimur tarn sensu, vel instrumentis, quam experimentis\\netenim experimentorum longe major est suhtilitas, quam sensus\\nipsius, licet instrumentis exquisitis adjuti. Nam de iis loquimur\\nexperimentis, quoe, ad intentionem ejus quod quoeritur, perite,\\net secundum artem excogitata et apposita sunt. Itaque per-\\nceptioni sensus immediatce et proprice non multum tribuimus\\nsed eo rem deducimus, ut sensus tantum de experimento, experi-\\nmentum de re judicet. The meaning of tliis last sentence is in-\\ntelligible enough, though involved in antithesis, merely because\\nBacon did not possess, Hke Shakspeare, a good Method in his\\nstyle.. Wliat he means to say is, that we can apprehend,\\nthrough the organs of sense, only the sensible phaenomena pro-\\nduced by the experiment but by the mental power, in virtue\\nof which we shaped the experiment, we can determine the\\ntrue import of the phcenomena.\\nBacon s Now, he had before said, that he was speaking only of those\\nMind. experiments, which were skilfully adapted to the intention or\\npurpose of him who conducted the research. But what is it\\nthat forms the intention, or purpose, and adapts thereto the\\nexperiment What Bacon calls lux intellectus viz. the Un-\\nderstanding of the individual man, who makes the experiment.\\nThis light, however, as he argues at great length, is obscured\\nby Idols, which are false and spurious notions. His peculiar\\nuse of the word Idols is again a proof of faulty Method in his\\nstyle, for it gives a sort of pedantic air to his reasonings but,\\nin truth, he means no more by it than what Plato means by\\nOpinion, (3o^a,) which the latter calls a medium between\\nknowledge and ignorance. So, Bacon distinguishes the Idols\\nof the Mind into various kinds, {Idola specus, trihus, fori,\\ntheatri,) that is. Opinions derived from the passions, prejudices^\\nand peculiar habits of each man s Understanding and as these\\nIdols, or Opinions, confessedly produce a sort of mental obscu-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 51\\nrity, or blindness, so the ancient and tlie modem master of\\nPMlosopliy botli agree in prescribing remedies and operations\\ncalculated to remove tbis disease to coucb tbe Mind s eye/\\nand to restore it to tbe enjoyment of a purer vision. Bacon\\nestablisbes an unerring criterion between tbe Ideas and the\\nIdols of the Mind namely, that the latter are empty notions,\\nbut the former are the very seals and impresses of Nature Id^as and\\n6111 pty\\nthat is to say, they always fit and cohere with those classes of notions,\\ntilings to which they belong as the Idea of a circle fits and\\ncoheres with all true circles. His words are these Non leve\\nquiddam interest inter humance Mentis Idola, et divinoe\\nMentis Ideas, hoc est, inter placita qucedam inania, et veras\\nsignaturas atque impressiones factas in ereaturis, prout ratione\\nsand et sicci luminis, quam, docendi causa, interpretem\\nNaturae vocare consuevimus, iiiveniuntur. Novum Organum,\\nxxiii. and xxvi.\\nSome Idols, says Bacon, are adventitious to the Mind others\\ninnate. And here, we may observe, that he goes somewhat\\nfurther than the mere doctrine of innate Ideas, by holding that\\nof innate Idols. However, we say not this in disparagement of\\nhis system, which is clear and correct nor, on the other hand,\\ndo we mean to espouse all its parts, which must be left to speak\\nfor themselves. A^Hiat he means by innate Idols, he thus illus-\\ntrates not only do the rays of Truth, from without, faU\\nobHquely on the mirror of the Mind, but that mirror itself is not\\npure and plane; it discolours, it magnifies, it diminishes, it\\ndistorts. Hence, he uses the words intelleetus humanus, mens\\nhominis, c. in a sense now peculiar, but in liis day conformable\\nto the language of the Schools, to signify not Intellect in general,\\nor Mind ia its perfection, but the Intellect or Mind of man\\nweakened and corrupted, as it is, more or less, in every indi-\\nvidual. A necessary consequence of this corruption, is the\\narrogance which leads Man to take the forms and mechanism\\ne2", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "52 INTRODUCTION [SEC. IT.\\nof Ms own reflective faculty as tlie measure of Nature and of\\nthe Deity. Of all Idols, or of all Opinions, this is the most\\ndifficult to remedy or extirpate and therefore, in this view,\\nthe Intellect of Man is more prone to error than even his\\nSenses. Such is the sound and incontrovertible doctrine of\\nBacon but herein he does no more than repeat what both\\nPlato and Heraclitus had long before urged with most impressive\\nargument. The forms of the reflective facahy are subjective\\nthe truths to be embraced are objective but according to Plato\\nas well as to Bacon, there can be no hope of any fruitful an\\nsecure Metliod, so long as forms, merely subjective, are arbi\\ntrarily assumed to be the moulds of objective Truth, the seal\\nand impresses of Nature.\\nBacon s What then Does Bacon abandon the hope of rectifjdng th\\nrectifyino- obliquitics of the Human Intellect or does he suggest, tha\\nlutellecT^^^ they will be remedied by the casual operation of external im\\npressions? Neither of these. He considers that its weak\\nnesses and imperfections require to be strengthened and mad\\nperfect by a higher power and that this is possible to be done\\nHe supposes, that the Intellect of the individual, or homm\\nparticuUer, may be refined by the Intellect of the Ideal Man\\nor homme general. He assumes, that as the evidence of th\\nSenses is corrected by the Judgment, so the evidence of th*\\nJudgment, beset with Idols, may be corrected by the Judg\\nment, walking in the light of Ideas. It is surely superfluou\\nto urge, that this corrector and purifier of aU reasoning, tlii;\\ninextinguishable Pole-star\\nWhich never in the ocean waves was wet\\nwhether it be called, as by Bacon, lumen siccum, or as by\\nPlato, vovg, or (pCjg voepuv, is one and the same light of Truth,\\nthe indispensable condition of aU pure Science, contemplative or\\nexperimental. Hence, it will not surprise us, that Plato so\\noften denominates Ide^as living Laws, in and by whicli the", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIOXS OF THE SCIENCE OF ^METHOD. 53\\nMind has its whole true being and permanence or that Bacon,\\nvice versa, names the Laws of Nature, Ideas and represents\\nthe great leading facts of Science as signatures, impressions,\\nand symbols of those Ideas. A distinguishable pov/er self-\\naffirmed, and seen in its unity with the Eternal Essence, is,\\naccording to Plato, an Idea and the discipline by which the\\nHuman Mind is purified from its Idols, and raised to the con-\\n^templation of Ideas, and thence to the secure and progressive\\ninvestigation of truth and reahty, by Scientific Method, com-\\nprehends what the same Philosopher so highly extols, under\\nthe title of Dialectic. According to Lord Bacon, as describing\\nthe same Truth, applied to Natural Philosophy, an Idea would\\nbe defined as Intuitio, sive inventio, quoe in perceptione sensus\\nnon est (ut quoe puree et sicci luminis Intellectioni sit propria)\\nIdearum Divince Mentis, prout in creaturis, p)er signaturas\\nsuas, sese patefaciant. That, saith the juclicious HoOKER,\\nwhich doth assign to each thing the kind, that which deter-\\nmineth the force and power, that which doth appoint the form\\nand measure of working, the same we term a Law.\\nFrom all that has been said, it seems clear, that the only Difference\\ndifference between Plato and Bacon was, that, to speak in p^lJ^7o^!^nd\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0popular language, the one more especially cultivated Natural Bacon.\\nPhilosophy, the other Metaphysics. Plato treated principally\\nof Truth, as manifested in the world of Intellect Bacon of the\\nisame Truth, as manifested in the world of Sense but far from\\nidisagreeing, as to the mode of attaining that Truth, far from\\ndiffering in their great views of the education of the Mind,\\nthey both proceeded on the same principles of unity and pro-\\ngression and conseqiiently both cultivated alike the iSeience\\nof Method, such as we have here described it. If we are\\ncorrect in these statements, then may we boast to have solved\\nthe great problem of conciliating ancient and modern Phi-\\nlosophy.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "54 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. n.\\nHistorical That the Method, of which we have hitherto treated, is not\\nview.\\nperiod.\\narbitrarily assumed in any, or all of the pursuits, to which we\\nhave adverted nor is peculiar to these in particular, but is\\nfounded in the Laws and necessary conditions of Human exist-\\nence, is further to be inferred from a general view of the\\nHistory of the Human race. As in the individual, so in the\\nwhole community of Mankind, our cogitations have an infancy\\nof aimless activity; and a youth of education and advance\\ntowards order and an opening manhood, of high hopes and\\nexpectations; and a settled, staid, and sober middle age, of\\nripened and deliberate judgment.\\nFirst The antiquity of time was the youth of the world and\\nof knowledge, said Bacon. In that early age, the obedience\\nof the ivill was first taught to Man. He was required to look\\nup, in submission, to that Spirit of Truth, wliich, after all, we\\nfind to be at the head of wisdom. This innocent age was\\nhappily prolonged among those whose first care was to cidti-\\nvate the Moral sense, and to seek in Faith the evidence of\\nthings not seen. To them were propounded a Spiritual\\nCreator, and a Spiritual worship, and the assured hope of\\na future and Spiritual existence and therefore they were less\\ncurious to watch the motions of the stars, or to become arti-\\nficers in brass and iron, or to handle the harp and the\\norgan. They were less wise in their generation than the\\nmighty men of old, the men of renown but their Ideas\\nwere plain and distinct; they were just and perfect men;\\nand they walked with God whilst, of the others, every\\nimagination of the thoughts of the heart was only evil con-\\ntinually. For the latter wilfully chose an opposite Method:\\nthey determined to shape their convictions and deduce their\\nknowledge from without, by exclusive observation of outward\\nthings, as the only realities. Hence they became rapidly\\ncivilized. They built cities, and refined on the means of sensual", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SEC. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF IMETHOD. 55\\ngratification, and tlie conveniences of courtly intercourse. Tliey\\nbecame the great masters of the agreeable, which fraternized\\nreadily with cruelty and rapacity; these being, indeed, but\\nalternate moods of the same sensual selfishness. Thus, both\\nbefore and af iter the Flood, the vicious of Mankind receded from\\nall true cultivation, as they hurried towards civilization.\\nFinally, as it was not in their power to make themselves\\nwholly beasts, and to remain without a semblance of Eeligion,\\nand yet, as they were faitliful to their original maxim, deter-\\nmined to receive nothing as true, but what they derived, or\\nbelieved themselves to derive, from their senses, or (in modem\\nphrase) what they could prove a posteriori, they became\\nIdolaters of the Heavens, and of the material elements and\\nfinally, out of the Idols of the Mind, they formed material\\nIdols and bowed down to stocks and stones, as to the unformed\\nincorporeal Divinity.\\nA new era next appeared, representative of the youth and Second\\nT)6rio(l\\napproaching manhood of the Hiunan Intellect and again.\\nProvidence, as it were, awakened men to the pursuit of an\\nIdealized Method, in the development of their faculties.\\nOrpheus, Linus, Musasus, and the other Mythological Bards,\\nor perhaps Brotherhoods of Bards impersonated under indi-\\nvidual names, whether deriving their light, imperfectly and\\nindirectly, from the inspired writings of the Hebrews, or gra-\\nciously visited, for high and important purposes, by a dawning\\nof Truth in their own breasts, began to spiritualize Polytheism,\\nand thereby to prevent it from producing all its natural,\\nbarbarizing effects. Hence the Mysteries and Mythological\\nHymns which, on the one hand, gradually shaped themselves\\ninto Epic Poetry and History, and, on the other, into Tragedy\\nand Philosophy whilst to the lifeless Statuary of the Egyptians\\nwas superadded a Promethean animation; and the Ideal in\\nSculpture soon extending itself to Painting and to Archi-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "56 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. II.\\nlecture, tlie Fine Arts at once sKot up to perfection by a\\nMethod founded wliolly on a mental initiative, and conducted\\nthrougliout its progress by the development of Ideas. Tliis rapid\\nadvance, in all tilings which owe their existence and character\\nto the Mind s own acts, intellectual or imaginative, forms a\\nsingular contrast with the rude and imperfect manner in which\\nthose acts were applied to the investigation of Physical Laws\\nand phaenomena. Wliile Phidias, Apelles, Homer, Demosthenes,\\nThucydides, and Plato, had, each in his individual sphere,\\nattained almost the summit of conceivable excellence, the\\nNatural History and the Natural Philosophy of the whole World\\nmay be said to have lain dormant especially if we compare\\nthem with the efforts which the Moderns made in these direc-\\ntions, in the very morning of their strength.\\nRomaus. Of the Eoman era it is scarcely necessary to speak -at large,\\ninasmuch as the Eomans were confessedly mere imitators of the\\nGreeks in everything relative to Science and Art. They sus-\\ntained a very important part in the Civil, and Military, and\\nEcclesiastical History of Mankind and their devotion to these\\nobjects was, in their own eyes, a sufficient apology for their\\nwant of originality in what they held to be far inferior pur-\\nsuits.\\nExcudent alii spirantia mollius sera\\nCredo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore vviltus\\nTu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento.\\nDark Ages. Still less wiU it be expected, that we should devote much\\nspace to the consideration of those Dark Ages, which brought\\nthe comitless hordes of sensual Barbarians from their ISTorthern\\nforests to meet, in the Southern and middle parts of Europe,\\nthe spiritualizing influence of Christianity but one remarkable\\neffect of that influence we cannot suffer to pass unnoticed.\\nWe allude to the gradual abolition of domestic slavery, in virtue\\nof a Principle essential to Christianity, by which a person is", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "SEO. II.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 57\\neternally difierenced from a thing so tliat the Idea of a\\nHirnian Being necessarily excludes the Idea of property in\\ntKat Being.\\nWe come down, tlien, to the great period of the Eeforma- Reforma-\\nTIOX, which, regarded as an epoch in the education of the\\nHuman Mind, was second to none for its striking and durable\\neffects. The defenders of a simple and Spiritual worsMp,\\nagainst one which was full of outward forms and ceremonies\\nthe partisans of Eeligious liberty, against the dominion of a\\nVisible Head over the whole Cliristian Church and, generally\\nspeaking, the advocates of the Ideal and internal against the\\nexternal or imaginative, ^maintained a zealous, and in great\\npart of Europe, a prosperous conflict. But the revolution of\\nThought, and its effects on the Science of Method, were soon\\nvisible beyond the pale of the Church or the Cloister and the\\nSchoohnen were attacked as warmly in their Philosopliical, as\\nthey had before been in their Ecclesiastical character. It is\\nneedless to dwell on the various attempts towards introducing\\ninto Learning a totally new Method. That of our illustrious\\ncountryman, Bacon, was completely successful and we have\\nalready shown that it was, in truth, the completion of the\\nIdeal System, by applying the same Method to external Nature\\nwliich Plato had before appHed to intellectual existence.\\nIt is only in the union of these two branches of one and the nyiofjgj.,,\\nsame Method that a complete and genuine Philosophy can be Philosophy,\\nsaid to exist. To this consideration the great mind of Bacon\\ndoes not seem to have been fully awake and hence, not only\\nis the general scope of his Work directed almost exclusively to\\nthe contemplation of Physical Ideas, but there are occasional\\nexpressions which seem to have misled many of liis followers\\ninto a behef that he considered aU Wisdom and aU Science\\nboth to begin and to end with the objects of the senses. In\\nthis gross error are laid the foundations of the modern French", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "58 INTEODUCTION. [sEC. IT.\\nSchool, wliicli has grown up mto the monstrous puerilities oi\\nCONDILLAC and CoNDORCET men whose names it would be\\nabsolutely ridiculous to mention in a History of Science, if their\\npupils did not unliappily compensate, in number, what their\\nWorks want in common sense and intelligibility and if upon\\nsuch Writers, the French Nation did not mainly rest its pre-\\ntensions to give the law to Europe in matters of Science and\\nPhilosophy.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "59 I\\nSE(]TioK nr.\\nAPPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF IVIETHOD TO THE GENERAL\\nCONCATENATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF STUDIES.\\nWe have alread)r dwelt so mucli on the general importance of Systematic\\n_ Ignoranca\\nMethod ^we have recurred to it so irequently we have illustrated,\\nplaced it in so many various lights, that we ought perhaps\\nto apologize for venturmg on one more attempt to illustrate\\nour meamng, partly in the way of simile, and partly of example.\\nLet us, however, imagine an unlettered African, or rude, but\\nmusing Indian, poring over an illumined manuscript of the\\ninspired volume with the vague, yet deep impression, that his\\nfates and fortunes are, in some unknown manner, connected\\nYsrith its contents. Every tint, every group of characters, has its\\nseveral dream. Say that, after long and dissatisfying toils, he\\nbegins to sort, first, the paragraplis that appear to resemble\\neach other then the lines, the words nay, that he has at\\nlength discovered, that the whole is formed by the recurrence\\nand interchange of a limited number of ciphers, letters, marks,\\nand points, wliich, however, in the very height and utmost\\nperfection of his attainment, he makes twenty-fold more\\nnumerous than they are, by classing every different form of\\nthe same character, intentional or accidental, as a separate\\nelement. And yet the whole is without soul or substance,\\na talisman of superstition, or a mockery of Science; or is\\nemployed perhaps, at last, to feather the arrows of death, or to\\nsliine and flutter amid the plumes of savage vanity. The poor", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "60 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. III.\\nIndian too truly represents the state of learned and systematic\\nOrderliness ignorance arrangement guided by tlie light of no leading\\nwithout T T 1 n/r t\\nMethod. idea; mere ordernness without METHOD\\nBut see, the friendly missionary arrives He explains to\\nhim the nature of written words, translates them for him into\\nhis native sounds, and thence into the thoughts of his heart\\nhow many of these thoughts are then first unfolded into con-\\nsciousness, which yet the awakening disciple receives not as\\naliens 1 Henceforward the book is unsealed for him the depth\\nis opened; he communes with the spirit of the volume, as\\nwith a living oracle. The words become transparent he sees\\nthem, as though he saw them not whilst he mentally devours\\nthe meaning they contain. From that moment, his former\\nchimerical and useless arrangement is discarded, and the results\\nof Method are to him life and truth.\\nIf some particular studies are yet confessedly deficient in the\\nvivifying power of Method, we much fear that the attempts to\\nbind together the whole Body of Science have been, in certain\\ninstances, worse than immethodical. A slight glance at the\\nparticular department of Literature which we have chosen,\\nespecially as it has been filled on the Continent, from the\\nmemorable combination of Deistical talent in the Dictionnaire\\nEncyclopediqiie, to a Work on the same principles, said to be\\nnow publishing in France, will demonstrate, that the best\\ninterests of Mankind have sufiered serious injury from this\\ncause that the fountains of education may be poisoned, where\\nthe stream appears to flow on with increasing power and\\nsmoothness and that the insinuation of sceptical principles\\ninto Works of Science is fraught with the greatest danger\\nto posterity.\\nTo oppose an eiFectual barrier to the rage for desultory\\nknowledge, on the one hand, and to support that body of inde-\\npendent attachment to the best principles of all knowledge.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "SEC. ni.] ^:^plicatio:t of the science of method. 61\\nwMdi happily distinguislies tliis country, on tlie other, the Encyclo-\\nEnCYCLOP^DIA MeTROPOLITANA has been projected. tropoiitan a\\nWe do not undertake, what the most gigantic efforts of Man\\ncould not acliieve, a Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, in principles\\nof Method.\\nthe most absolute sense of the terms. But estunatmg the\\nimportance of our task rather by the principles of unity and\\ncompression than by those of variety and extent, we have\\nlaboured to build upon what is essential that which is obviously\\nuseful, and upon both whatever is elegant or agreeable in\\nScience and this, we conceive, cannot be well and usefully\\neffected, but by such a Philosophical Method as we have\\nabeady iudicated.\\nWe have shown that this Method consists in placing one\\nor more particular tilings or notions, in subordination, either\\nto a preconceived universal Idea, or to some lower form of the\\nlatter; some class, order, genus, or species, each of wliich\\nderives its intellectual significancy, and scientific worth, from\\nbeing an ascending step toward the universal from being its\\nrepresentative, or temporary substitute. Without this master-\\nthought, therefore, there can be no true Method and according\\nas the general conception more or less clearly manifests itself\\ntliroughout all the particulars, as their comiective and bond of\\nunity; according as the light of the Idea is fireely diffiised\\ntlirough, and completely illumines, the aggregate mass the\\nMethod is more or less perfect.\\nThe first preconception, or master-thought, on which our The mwal\\nplan rests, is the moral origin and tendency of all true Science tendency\\nin other words, our great objects are to exliibit the Arts and\\nSciences in their Philosophical harmony to teach Philosophy the master.\\nin imion mth Morals and to sustain Morahty by Eevealed the plan.\\nReligion.\\nThere are, as we have before noticed, two sorts of relation,\\non the due observation of which aU Method depends. The", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "62 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. Ill\\nfirst is that whioK the Ideas or Laws of the Mind bear to each\\nother the second, that wliich they bear to the external world\\non the former are built the Pure Sciences on the latter those\\nwhich we call Mixed and Applied.\\nPure The Pure Sbiences, then, represent pure acts of the Mind,\\nand those only whether employed in contemplating the forms\\nunder which things in their first elements are necessarily viewed\\nand treated by the Mind, or in contemplating the substantial\\nreality of those things.\\nFoi-mal Hence, in the Pure Sciences, arises the known distinction of\\naiid Real.\\nformal and real and of the first, some teach the elementary\\nforms, which the Mind necessarily adopts in the processes of\\nreasoning and others, those under which alone all particular\\nobjects can be grasped and considered by the Mind either as\\ndistinguishable in quantity and number, or as occupying parts\\nof space. The real Sciences, on the other hand, are conversant\\nwith the true nature and existence, either of the created\\nUniverse around us, or of the guiding Principles within us, in\\nthe^r various modifications and distinguishing movements or,\\nlastly, with the real nature and existence of the great Cause\\nof all.\\nGrammar. We begin, then, with that class of Pure Sciences which we\\nhave called formal and of these, the first two that present\\nthemselves to us are Qrammar and Logic. By Grammar we\\nare taught the rules of that speech which serves as the mediimi\\nof Mental intercourse between man and man by Logic, the\\nMental operations are themselves regulated and bound together\\nin a certain Method or order. As the communication of know-\\nledge is the more immediate object of our present discussion,\\nso we begin with that Science by which it is regulated in its\\nforms. Granunar, then, apart from the mere material con-\\nsideration of the sound of words, or shape of letters, and\\nregarding speech only as a tiling significant, teax^hes that there", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SEC. IIlJ APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 63\\nare certain laws regulating that signification laws wliich are\\ninunutable in their very nature for tlie relation wliich a noun\\nbore to a verb, or a substantive to an adjective, was the same\\nin the earliest days fxipo-n-wy avOpu^iroiv, in the first inteUigible\\nconversations of men, as it is now nor can it ever vary so\\nlong as the powers of Thought remain the same in the Human\\nMind. Tliis, then, is a Pure Science proceeding fi:om a simple\\nor elementary Idea of the form necessary for tlie conveyance of\\na single thought, and thence spreading and diffusing itself over\\nall the relations of significant Language.\\nGrammar brings us, naturally, to the Science of Logic, or Logic,\\nthe knowledge of those forms which the conceptions of the\\nMind assume in the processes of reasoning. And it is manifest\\nthat this Science is no less subject than the former to fixed\\nlaws for the reasoning power in Man can operate only witliin\\nthose limits which Almighty Wisdom has thought fit to pre-\\nscribe. It is a discursive faculty, moving in a given path, and\\nby allotted means. There is no possibility of subverting or\\naltering the elementary rules of Logic for they are not\\nhypothetical, or contingent, or conventional, but positive and\\nnecessary.\\nUnder the general term Mathematics are comprised the j\\\\Lithe-\\nSciences of Geometri/, which is conversant about the laws of\\nfigure, or limitations of space and Arithmetic, wliich concerns\\nthe laws of number. Now these laws are purely Ideal. It is\\nnot externally to us that the general notion of a square, or a\\ntriangle, of the nimiber three, or the number five, exists nor\\ndo we seek for external proof of the relations of those notions\\nbut on the contrary, by contemplating them as Ideas in the\\nMind, we discover truths which are appHcable to external\\nexistence.\\nThe Sciences which we have hitherto noticed relate to the\\nforms of our Mental conceptions but it is natural for Man to", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "64 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. III.\\nseek to compreliend the principles and conditions of real exist-\\nence, both with regard to the Universe in general, with regard\\nto his own internal mover, or conscience, and, above all, with\\nregard to the cause by which conscience and the whole Uni-\\nverse were called into being, and continue to exist, namely,\\nMeta- God. Hence, as we advance from form to reality, the Sciences\\nMorals, and of Metapliysics and Morals first present themselves to view,\\nand these lead ns forward to the summit of Human Know-\\nledge for at the head of all Pure Science stands Theology, ol\\nwhich the great fountain is Eevelation. It is obvious that\\nboth Metaphysics and Morals are conversant solely about those\\nrelations which we have called Eolations of Law; for it would\\nbe a contradiction to say, that a real existence could be, at the\\nsame time, a mere theory or hypothesis. These Sciences have,\\ntherefore, all the purity and all the certainty which belong to\\nthat which is positive and absolute and as far as they are dis-\\ntinctly apprehended by the Mind, they approach the nearest to\\nthat clear intellectual light which, in the peculiar phraseology\\nof Jliord Bacon, is called lumen siccum. In the proper Philo-\\nsophical Method, the reahty of our speculative knowledge,\\nexhibited in the Science of Metaphysics, unites itself at last\\nwith the reality of our Ethical sentiments displayed in that of\\nMorals and both together are at once lost and consummated in\\nTheology, which rises above the light of Eeason to that of Faith.\\nSlixed and These are all the Sciences which embrace solely relations of\\nSciences. Law and it is plain that in these, not only the initiative, but\\nevery subsequent step, must be an act of the Mind alone. But\\nwhen we descend to the second order of relations, namely,\\nthose which we bear to the external world, Theory is imme-\\ndiately introduced new Sciences are formed, which, in contra-\\ndistinction from the Pure, are called the Mixed and Applied\\nSciences and in these, new considerations relative to Method\\nnecessarily find a place.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "SEC. III.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 65\\nEvery Physical Theory is in some measure imperfect, because Physical\\nTheories\\nit IS 01 necessity progressive and because we can never be imperfect\\nassured that we have exhausted the terms, or that some new \u00e2\u0080\u009e!^!^ff\\ndiscovery may not affect the whole scheme of its relations, progressive.\\nThe discoveries of the ponderabiKty of air, of its compound\\nnature, of the increased weight of the calces, of the gases in\\ngeneral, of Electricity, and more recently the stupendous\\ninfluences of Galvanism on the successive Chemical Theories\\nare all so many exemphfications of tliis truth. The doctrines\\nof vortices, of an universal ether, of a two-fold magnetic\\nfluid, c., are Theories of Gravitation: but the Science of\\nAstronomy is founded on the Law of Gravitation, and remains\\nunaffected by the rise and fall of the Theories. In the lowest\\ncondition of Method, the initiative is supplied by an hypothesis\\nof which we may distinguish two degrees. In the former, a\\nfact of actual experience is taken, and placed experimentally as\\nthe common support of certain other facts, as equally present\\nin all thus, that oxygen is a principle of acidification and com-\\nbustion is an experienced fact, and became a hypothesis by the\\nassumption that it is the sole principle of acidification and\\ncombustion. In the latter, a fact is imagined as, for instance,\\nan atom or physical point, preternaturally hard, and therefore\\ninfrangible, in the Corpuscular Philosophy or a primitive\\nunalterable figure, in some systems of Crystallisation.\\nIn all this we see, that Knowledge is a matter not of neces- True\\nsary connection, but of a connection arising from observation lo^^Jn\\nor supposition that is, it consists not of Law, but of Theory ^f^^\\nor Hypothesis. True Theory is always in the first and purest\\nsense a locum tenens of Law when it is not, it degenerates\\ninto hypothesis, and hypothesis melts away into conjecture.\\nBoth in Law and in Theory there must be a mental ante-\\ncedent but in the latter, it may be an image or conception\\nreceived through the senses, and originating from without;\\nF", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "iD6 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. III.\\nyet even then there is an inspiring passion, or desire, or in-\\nstinctive feeling of the truth, wliich is the inmiediate and\\nproper oifspring of the Mind. Now, we may consider the\\nfacts which are to be reduced to Theory, as arranged over the\\nwhole surface of a plane circle. If, by carrying the power of\\nTheory to a near identity with Law, we find the centre of the\\ncircle, then, proceeding toward the circumference, our insight\\ninto the whole may be enlarged by new discoveries it never\\ncan be wholly changed. A magnificent example of this has\\nbeen realized in the Science of Astronomy a recent addition\\nof facts has been effected by the discovery of other Planets, and\\nour views have been rendered more distinct by the solution of\\nthe apparent irregularities of the Moon s motion, and their\\nsubsumption under the general Law of Grravitation. But the\\nNewtonian was not less a system before than since the dis-\\ncovery of the Georgium Sidus not by having ascertained its\\ncircumference, but by having found its centre the livuig and\\nsalient point, from which the Method of discovery diverges,\\nthe Law in which endless discoveries are contained implicitly,\\nand to wliich, as they afterwards arise, they may be referred\\nin endless succession.\\nTransition These reasonings, it is hoped, will sufficiently explain the\\nP^ nature of the transition from the JPure Sciences to the Mixed\\nfh^^M-^^ J^ and Applied Sciences, and will serve to trace the inseparable\\nand Applied connection of the latter with the constitution of the Human\\nMind. And as each of these great divisions of Knowledge has\\nits own department in the grand Moral Science of Man, it is\\nobvious that a scheme, which, like our own, not only contains\\neach separately, but combines both as indivisible, the one from\\nthe other, must present, in the most advantageous point of\\nview, whatever is usefiil and beautiful in either. In speaking\\nof the Mixed and Applied Sciences we must be permitted,\\nhowever, to remark that the word Science is evidently used in", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "SEC. III.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 67\\na looser and more popular form tlian wlien we denominate\\nMathematics, or Metaphysics, a Science for we know not, for\\ninstance, the truth of any general result of observation in\\nNosology, as we know that two and two make four, or that a\\nHuman person cannot be identical with another Human person.\\nAnd, in like manner, when the word Law is used with relation\\nto the Mixed and Applied Sciences, as when we speak of any\\nsupposed Law of Vegetation, we use a more popular language\\nthan when we speak of a Law of the Conscience, wliich is not\\nto be prevaricated. The strictness of ancient Philosophy, there-\\nfore, refused the name of Science to these pursuits and it\\nmight at least be convenient, if in speaking generally of the\\nPure, the Mixed, and the Applied Sciences, we gave them\\nthe common name of Studies, inasmuch as we study them aU\\nalike, but we do not know them all with the same sort of\\nknowledge.\\nOf these, then, (be they Studies or Sciences,) we call those Mixed\\nMixed in which certain Ideas of the Mind are applied to the\\ngeneral properties of bodies, solid, fluid, and aerial to the\\npower of vision, and to the arrangement of the Universe;\\nwhence we obtain the Sciences of Mechanics^ Hydrostatics\\nPneumatics, Optics, and Astronomy. It is matter, not of\\ncertain Science, but of observation, that such properties do\\nreally exist in bodies, that vision is effected in such or such a\\nmanner, and that the Universe is disposed in this or that\\nrelative position, and subjected to certain movements of its\\nparts. Therefore, these Sciences may vary, and notoriously\\nhave varied and though Kepler would demonstrate that\\nEuclid Oopernieised, or had some knowledge of the System\\nafterwards adopted by Copernicus yet of tliis there is little\\nproof: and certainly, for many ages after Euclid, it was the\\nuniversal opinion, that the Earth was the fixed and immoveable\\ncentre of the Universe. Nor have we here unadvisedly used\\nf2", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "68 INTKODUCTION. [SEC. IIL\\nthe word opinion since, as we before showed, it is the ancient\\nexpression signifying a medium between Knowledge and Igno-\\nrance and well did that acute Italian exclaim, Opinione,\\nregina del mondo for, as it is impossible that Ignorance,\\nwhich cannot govern itself should govern anything else, so to\\nexpect that all the world should be wise enough to submit to\\nthe government of Wisdom, would be to show that we had\\nfollowed very little Method in our study either of History, of\\nliving men, or even of ourselves.\\nApplied When certain Ideas, or images representative of Ideas, are\\napplied still more particularly, not to the investigation of the\\ngeneral and permanent properties of all bodies, but of certain\\nchanges in those properties, or of properties existing in bodies\\npartially, then we popularly call the Studies relative to such\\nmatters by the name of Applied Sciences such are Magnetism,\\nJElectricity, Gralvanism, Chemistry, the Laws of Light and\\nExperi- Heat, c. We have already so fully shown the uncertainty oi\\nPhilosophy, the first Principles in these Studies, and have so distinctly\\ntraced the cause of that uncertainty, in every case, to a want\\nof clearness in the first Idea or Mental initiative of the Science,\\nthat it will be unnecessary here to do more than refer to our\\npreceding observations.\\nFine Arts. We come now to another class of Applied Sciences, namely,\\nthose which are applied to the purposes of pleasure through\\nthe medium of the Imagination and which are commonly\\ncalled the Fine Akts. These are Poetry, Painting, Music,\\nSculpture, Architecture. We have before said, that the Method\\nto be observed in these, holds a sort of middle place between\\nthe Method of Law, or Pure Science, and the Method of\\nTheory. In regard to the Mixed Sciences, and to the first\\nclass of Applied Sciences, the Mental initiative may have been\\nreceived from without but it has escaped some Critics, that\\nin the Fine Arts the Mental initiative must necessarily proceed", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "SEC. III.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 69\\nfrom witliin. Hence wg find tliem giving, as it were, recipes\\nto form a Poet, by placing liim in certain directions and posi-\\ntions as if tliey thought that every deer-stealer might, if he\\npleased, become a Shakspeare, or that Shakspeare s mind was\\nmade up of the shreds and patches of the books of his day,\\nwliich by good fortune he happened to read in such an order\\nthat they successively fitted into the scenes of Macbeth, Othello,\\nThe Tempest, As you like it, c. Certainly the Fine Arts\\nbelong to the outward world, for they all operate by the images\\nof sight and sound, and other sensible impressions and without\\na delicate tact for these, no man ever was, or could be, either\\na Musician or a Poet nor could he attain to excellence in any\\none of these Arts but as certainly he must always be a poor\\nand unsuccessful cultivator of the Arts if he is not impelled\\nfirst by a mighty, inward power, a feeling, quod nequeo mon-\\nstrare, et sentio tantum nor can he make great advances in\\nhis Art, if, in the course of his progress, the obscure impulse\\ndoes not gradually become a bright, and clear, and living\\nIdea!\\nPursuits of utility, we daily find are capable of being reduced Useful\\nto Method. Thus Political Economy, and Agriculture, and\\nCommerce, and Manufactures, are now considered scientifically,\\nor, as the more prevalent expression is. Philosophically. It\\nmay, perhaps, be difficult, at first, to persuade the experi-\\nmental Agiiculturist that he also pursues, or ought to pursue,\\nan Ideal Method nor do we mean by this that he must deal\\nonly in ideal sheep and oxen, and in the groves and meads of\\nFairy Land. But these Studies, soberly considered, will be\\nfound wholly dependent on the Sciences of which we have\\nalready stated. It is not, surely, in the Country of Arkwright,\\ntliat the Philosophy of Commerce can be thought independent\\nof Mechanics and where Davy has delivered Lectures on\\nAgriculture, it would be folly to say that the most Pliilosopliic", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "70\\nINTRODUCTION.\\nNatural\\nHistory.\\nAppli-\\ncations of\\nNatural\\nHistory.\\nHistoiy and\\nBiography.\\n[SEC. III.\\nviews of Cliemistry were not conducive to tlie making our\\nvalleys laugh -witli corn.\\nWe have already spoken of LiNN^US, the illustrious Swede,\\nto whom the three kingdoms, as they are aptly called, of\\nNatural History are so deeply indebted and if, with all liis\\ngreat talents, he yet failed in establishing the united empire of\\nthose three mighty monarchies on firm laws and a fixed con-\\nstitution, we have shown, that it was only owing to a want\\nof precision in the first Ideas of his theory.\\nNatural History itself becomes a rule for dependent pur-\\nsuits, such as those of Medicine (under which are Pharmacy\\nand the Materia Medico) and Surgery, in which is included\\nAnatomy. That in these and the other theoretical studies so\\nmuch still remains to be done, ought not to be a subject for\\nregret, but, on the contrary, for a laudable and generous\\nambition. Yet that ambition should be regulated and mode-\\nrated by a due consideration of the place which the particular\\npursuit in question holds in the great circle of the Sciences,\\nand by observing the only proper Method which can be pur-\\nsued for its improvement. If, in what we have here said, we\\nhave done anything towards the excitement, the regulation,\\nand the assistance of that ambition; if we have faintly sketched\\nan outhne of the great laws of Method, which bind together\\nthe various branches of Human Knowledge, we may not im-\\nproperly indulge a hope that the ensuing Work, in its progress,\\nwill be found conducive to the promotion of the best interests\\nof Mankind.\\nOur Plan would not completely meet the views of those to\\nwhom such Works as the following are eminently useful and\\nagreeable, if, besides the Philosophic Method already described,\\nwe did not present some view of the actual History of Man-\\nkind. We have therefore devoted a large portion of our\\nlabours to the History of the Human Pace, on a new, and, we", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "SEC. III.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 71\\ntrust it will be foimd, an improved System. Biograpliy and\\nHistory tend to tlie same points of general instruction, in two\\nways the one exhibiting Human Principles and Passions,\\nacting upon a large scale tlie other showing them as they\\nmove in a smaller circle, but enabling us to trace the orbit\\nwhich they describe with greater precision. The one brings\\nMan into contact with Society, actuated by the interests which\\nagitate and stimulate him in the various social combinations of\\nhis existence and Human Nature presents itself in the varied\\nshapes impressed upon it by the different ranks wliich it occu-\\npies. The other brings before us the individual when he\\nstands alone, his passions asleep, his native impulses under no\\nexternal excitement in the undress of one who has retired\\nfrom the stage, on which he felt he had a part to sustain and\\neven the Monarch, forgetting the pomp and circumstance of\\nhis royalty, remembers here only that he is a Man. Assuredly\\nthe great use of History is to acquaint us with the Xature of\\nMan. Tliis end is best answered by the most faithful portrait\\nbut Biography is a collection of portraits. At the same time\\nthere must be some mode of grouping and connecting the\\nindividuals, who are themselves the great landmarks in the\\nMap of Hmnan Nature. It has therefore occurred to us,\\nthat the most effectual mode of attaining the chief objects of\\nHistorical knowledge will be occasionally to present History\\nin the form of Biography, chronologically arranged. This\\nwill be preceded by a general Introduction on the Uses of\\nHistory, and on the line which separates its early Facts from\\nFable and it will, in the course of its progress, be interspersed\\nwith connecting Chapters on the events of large and distin-\\nguishing periods of time as well as on Political Geography and\\nChronology. Thus will a large portion of History be con-\\nveyed, not only in its most interesting, but in its most philo-\\nsopliical and real form while the remaining facts will be", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "72 INTRODUCTION. [SEC. III.\\ninterwoven in tlie preliminary and connecting Chapters. If\\nin tracing thus the eventful History of Man, and particu-\\nlarly of our own Country, we should perceive, as we must\\nnecessarily do in all that is human, evils and imperfections,\\nthese will not be without their uses, in leading us back to the\\nimportance of intellectual Method as their grand and sovereign\\nremedy. Hence shall we learn its proper national application,\\nnamely, the education of the Mind, first in the Man and\\nCitizen, and then, inclusively, in the State itself.\\nAlphabetic Such are our views in the Philosophical and Historical\\nm nt^*^ branches of our Work. Of the Miscellaneous or Alphabetical\\nDivision we have little to add. But well aware that Works of\\ntliis nature are not solely useful to those who have leisure and\\ninclination to study Science in its comprehensiveness and unity,\\nbut are also valuable for daily reference on particular points,\\nsuggested by the desires or business of the individual, we\\ncould not hold ourselves dispensed from consulting the conve-\\nnience of a numerous and most respectable class of Eeaders\\nwhile the preceding remarks will go to prove that, for many J\\nlocal and supplementary illustrations of Science, no other\\ndepository could be furnished.\\nAs the Philosophical arrangement is, however, most con-\\nducive to the purposes of intellectual research and information\\nas it will most naturally interest men of Science and Literature I\\nwill present the circle of Knowledge in its harmony will give\\nthat unity of design and of elucidation, the want of which we J\\nhave most deeply felt in other Works of a similar kind, where I]\\nthe desired information is divided into innumerable fragments\\nscattered over many volumes, like a mirror broken on the\\nground, presenting, instead of one, a thousand images, but\\nnone entire, this Division must, of necessity, have that\\nprominence in the prosecution of our design wliich our con-", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "SEC. ni.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 73\\nviction of its importance to the due execution of the plan\\ndemands and every other part of the arrangement must be\\nconsidered as subordinate to this principal organization. With\\nrespect to the whole Work, it should be observed, that in what\\nconcerns references we are guided by principle, not by caprice\\nnor do we ever recur to them as our only means of escape\\nfrom an exigency. Throughout the Encyclopedia Metro- The Phi-\\nPOLITANA, the Philosophical arrangement predominates and arrange-\\nregulates the Alphabetical arrangement; and the references,\\nwhether to it or from it, are auxiliary. We never refer regulates\\nT 1 p 1 y Alpha-\\nfrom the first and second Divisions to the fourth, or from the betical.\\narst to the second, for the explanation of a term, the establish-\\nment of a Principle, or the demonstration of a Proposition.\\nThe reference, whenever it occurs, unless it be retrospective, is\\nnot for the purpose of essential information, but for that which\\nis collateral and subordinate. The theory of the Balance, for\\nexample, is given where it ought to be in the Treatise on\\nMechanics but they who wish to acquaint themselves with the\\nvarious constructions of Balances for the purposes of Commerce\\nor Philosophy, knowing that these cannot be introduced into a\\nScientific Treatise without destroying the symmetry of its\\nparts by a suspension of the Logical order, will naturally turn,\\nwhether there be a reference or not, to the Alphabetical\\nDepartment of the Work. So again, the Principles of the\\nTelescope are given in the Treatise on Optics the varieties of\\nconstruction in the Alphabetical Department the Principles\\ncf the Thermometer, when treating of the effects of Heat its\\nvarieties of construction in the Alphabetical Department.\\nPractical detail, and niceties or peculiarities of construction,\\ncan seldom be interwoven with propriety among the regular\\ndeductions of a Methodical Treatise in all cases where they\\ncannot, our general Principle, as it comprehends proportion,\\naccuracy, utility, and convenience, demands a reference, whether", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "74\\nINTEODUCTION.\\nTrade and\\nLiterature\\nessential to\\nthe exist-\\nence of a\\nNation.\\nDistin-\\nguishing\\nobject of\\nthe Ency-\\nclopaedia\\nMetropo-\\nlitana.\\n[sec. III.\\nexpressed or not, to tlie appropriate place for all that is sub-\\nservient that is, to the fourth or Alphabetical Division.\\nThis final Division of our Work will bring the whole into\\nunison with the two great impulses of Modern times, Trade\\nand Literature These, after the dismemberment of the Eoman\\nEmpire, gradually reduced the conquerors and the conquered\\nat once into several nations and a common Christendom. The\\nnatural Law of increase, and the instincts of Family, may pro-\\nduce Tribes, and, under rare and peculiar circumstances.\\nSettlements and Neighbourhoods; and Conquests may form\\nEmpires. But without Trade and Literature combined, there\\ncan be no Nation without Commerce and Science, no bond of\\nNations. As the one has for its object the wants of the body,\\nreal or artificial, the desires for wliich are for the greater part\\nexcited from without, so the other has for its origin, as well\\nas for its object, the wants of the Mind, the gratification of\\nwhich is a natural and necessary condition of its growth and\\nsanity. In the pursuits of Commerce the Man is called into\\naction from without, in order to appropriate the outward world,\\nas far as he can bring it within his reach, to the purposes of m\\nhis corporeal nature. In his Scientific and Literary character\\nhe is internally excited to various studies and pursuits, the\\ngroundwork of which is in himself\\nThis, again, will conduct us to the distinguishing object of\\nthe present undertaking, in endeavouring to explain which we\\nhave dwelt long upon General Principles but not too long, if\\nwe have established the necessity of what we conceive to be\\nthe main characteristic of every just arrangement of Knowledge.\\nOur Method embraces the twofold distinction of Human\\nactivity to which we have adverted, ^the two great directions\\nof Man and Society, with their several objects and ends.\\nWithout advocating the exploded doctrine o^ perfectibility, we\\ncannot but regard all that is Human in Human Nature, and all", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "5EC. III.] APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF METHOD. 75\\nthat in Nature is above herself, as together working forward\\nthat far deeper and more permanent revolution in the Moral\\nWorld of which the recent changes in the Political World may-\\nbe regarded as the pioneering whirlwind and storm. But woe\\nto that revolution which is not guided by the historic sense\\nby the pure and unsopliisticated knowledge of the past and\\nto convey this Methodically, so as to aid the progress of the\\nfuture, has been already announced as the distinguishing claim\\nof the Encyclopedia Metropolitana.\\nJanuary, 1818.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "LONDON\\nFBINTSO BT \\\\V. CLOWES AND SONS, STAllFOBI) STREET\\nAND CHABING CEOSS.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PLAN\\nOF THE\\nENCYCLOPEDIA METROPOLITANA.\\nSECOND EDITION", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "PLAN OF THE ENCYCLOP/EDIA METROPOLITANA.\\nThe INTRODUCTION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the Laws and regulative Principles of EDUCATION\\nor in the Language of the Schools, the Elements of METHODOLOGY.\\nFIRST DIVISION.\\nPURE SCIENCES.\\nSection I. Formal Sciences.\\nPhilosophy of Language.\\nLogic.\\nRhetoric.\\nMathematics\\nGeometry.\\nArithmetic.\\nAlgebra.\\nGeometrical Analysis.\\nTheory of Numbers.\\nTrigonometry.\\nAnalytical Geometry.\\nConic Sections.\\nDifferential and Integral Calculus.\\nCalculus of Variations.\\nCalculus of Finite Differences.\\nCalculus of Functions.\\nTheory of Probabilities.\\nDefinite Integrals.\\nSection II. Real Scienceo.\\nMoral and Metaphysical Philosophy.\\nLaw\\nGeneral Principles of Law.\\nRoman Law.\\nEnglish Law\\nLaws of England.\\nLaws of Ireland.\\nLaws of Scotland.\\nColonial Law.\\nCanon Law.\\nPolitics\\nLaw of Nations\\nDiplomacy.\\nPolitical Philosophy\\nStatistics,\\nPolitical Economy\\nCommerce.\\nTheology\\nNatural Theology.\\nEvidences of Revelation.\\nScripture Doctrine.\\nBiblical Literature.\\nBiblical Antiquities.\\nReligions and Religious Customs.\\nSECOND DIVISION.\\nMIXED AND APPLIED SCIENCES.\\nSection I.\\nMechanical Philosophy-.\\n(Mixed Mathematics.^\\nMechanics.\\nHydrodynamics.\\nPneumatics.\\nOptics.\\nAstronomy\\nPlane Astronomy.\\nNautical Astronomy.\\nPhysical Astronomy.\\nFigure of the Earth.\\nTides and Waves.\\nSection II.\\nExperimental Philosophy.\\nMagnetism.\\nElectro-Magnetism.\\nElectricity.\\nGalvanism.\\nHeat.\\nLight.\\nChemistry.\\nSound.\\nMeteorology.\\nSection III. The Fine Arts.\\nArchitecture.\\nSculpture.\\nPainting.\\nHeraldiy.\\nNumismatics.\\nPoetry.\\nMusic.\\nEngraving.", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Section IV. The Useful Arvs.\\nAgriculture.\\nHorticulture.\\nFloriculture.\\nArboriculture.\\nCarpentry and Joineiy.\\nFortification.\\nEngineering.\\nNaval Arcliitectui e.\\nManufactures.\\nMechanical Arts.\\nCheniical Arts.\\nSection V. ^Natukal History.\\nInanimate Crystallography.\\nMineralogy.\\nGeology.\\nInsentient Botany.\\nAnimate Zoology.\\nPhysiology.\\nComparative Anatomy\\nVertebrals Mammalia.\\nBirds.\\nReptiles.\\nFishes.\\nIn vertebrals\\nMolluscs.\\nInsects.\\nCrustaceans.\\nArachnidans.\\nMyriapods.\\nSpined Skins.\\nSia Nettles.\\nInfusories.\\nPolyps.\\nSection VI.\\nApplications of Natural HisTOKr*\\nAnatomy.\\nMateria Medica\\nMedicine.\\nSurgery.\\nVeterinary Art.\\nPhannacy.\\nTHIRD DIVISION.\\nHISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND GEOGRAPHY.\\nIntroduction\\nDissertation on the Uses of History.\\nChronology.\\nChronological Tables.\\nEthnology.\\nAncient History\\nSacred History.\\nGreece.\\nGreek Literature.\\nGreek Philosophy and Ail.\\nAncient Oriental Nations.\\nRome.\\nRoman Literature.\\nRoman Philosophy.\\nClassical Antiquities.\\nHeathen Mythology.\\nMiddle Ages.\\nModern History\\nThe Christian Church.\\nGreek Empire.\\nOttoman Empire.\\nThe Crusades.\\nItaly.\\nGermany.\\nFrance.\\nSpain.\\nPortugal.\\nNetherlands.\\nSwitzerland.\\nBritain.\\nNorthern Europe.\\nAmerica.\\nIndia.\\nPopular Antiquities\\nPhysical Geographi\\nPolitical Geography\\nEuropean.\\nAmerican.\\nOriental.\\nAfrican.\\nClassical.\\nBritish Topography,\\nFOURTH DIVISION.\\nLEXICOGRAPHICAL.\\nINDEX VOLUMR", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "i^", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u0094or \\\\J\\ni iaL^ P ^O t O^ c\\no V", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2256", "jp2-path": "dissertationonsc00cole_0084.jp2"}}