{"1": {"fulltext": "f\\ni\\n8MB", "height": "4208", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "-n:- n\\n9~y\\nr\u00c2\u00a3-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2V\\n9 I A\\nV", "height": "4234", "width": "2513", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "v*\\nvv\\nv v\\nP\\n$P c**^\\n^x\\n.-CV\\ni\\n5\\n,0 c.\\nbo*\\nr. r\\nv v\\n.0\\n-y\\n*p.\\nv**\\nV", "height": "4234", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A t#\\nCOMPANION\\nTO THE\\nUnited States Pharmacopoeia\\nBEING A\\nCommentary on the Latest Edition of tie Plarmacopa\\nAND CONTAINING THE\\nDESCRIPTIONS, PROPERTIES, USES, AND DOSES OF ALL\\nOFFICIAL AND NUMEROUS UNOFFICIAL DRUGS AND\\nPREPARATIONS IN CURRENT USE IN THE UNITED\\nSTATES, TOGETHER WITH PRACTICAL HINTS,\\nWORKING FORMULAS, ETC.\\nDESIGNED AS\\nA BEADY REFERENCE BOOK FOR PHARMACISTS,\\nPHYSICIANS, AND STUDENTS\\ntUttl) croer 650 original Mustrationa\\nBY\\nOSCAE OLDBERG-, Phar.D.\\nMEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE OF REVISION OF THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE UNITED STATES AUTHOB\\nOF THE UNOFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA. THE METRIC SYSTEM IN MEDICINE, ETC. J\\nFORMEBLY MEDICAL PURVEYOR OF THE UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL\\nSERVICE, AND PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA IN THE NATIONAL\\nCOLLEGE OF PHARMACY, WASHINGTON, D. C, ETC.\\nAND\\nOTTO A. WALL, M.D., Ph.G.\\nPROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACY IN THE MISSOURI MEDICAL COLLEGE, AND\\nOF MATERIA MEDICA AND BOTANY IN THE ST. LOUIS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MEMBER OF THE\\nCOMMITTEE OF REVISION OF THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.\\nNEW YORK 0PWASHl\\nP\\nWILLIAM WOOD k COMP\\n56 58 Lafayette Place\\n1884", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "n x\\nt)^\\nCopYbight\\nWILLIAM WOOD COMPANY\\n1884\\nTROW 8\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0HINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY,\\nNEW YORK.", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe Sixth Kevision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, to\\nwhich this book is intended to be a companion, commentary, and sup-\\nplement, differs essentially from its predecessors in many respects.\\nIt introduces decimal proportions in the determination of the strength\\nof its preparations it abolishes fluid measures and substitutes parts\\nby weight in the formulae for all liquid preparations, except the fluid\\nextracts it has greatly improved the descriptions and definitions of\\ndrugs and chemicals, and placed its standards of quality and purity\\nfar above those formerly official it has materially improved upon\\nmost of the working formulae, giving better processes for many of the\\nchemical preparations, and more appropriate menstrua for most of\\nthe liquid galenical preparations and it makes many real improve-\\nments in the direction of a correct and systematic nomenclature.\\nThe new Pharmacopoeia has its defects but it is none the less a\\ngreat step forward.\\nIn accounting for the appearance of the Companion to the United\\nStates Pharmacopoeia, it is necessary to state that we believe that\\nsome of the features of the new Pharmacopoeia will temporarily de-\\nmand much labor on the part of a great majority of the pharmacists\\nwho use it, and that one of the objects of the Companion is to lighten\\nthis labor, if not to obviate it. The new methods are so unlike those\\nwith which the professions are familiar, and are so out of harmony\\nwith the prevailing manner of prescribing and administering liquid\\nmedicines, that although the changes in the strength of the phar-\\nmacopceial preparations are few and generally unimportant, the\\nold and the new cannot be readily compared, and this in itself is a", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "IV PREFACE.\\nmaterial disadvantage. We refer the reader to the article parts by\\nweight under the title Weights and Measures in the latter part of\\nthis book.\\nThe Companion is also designed as a ready reference book and\\nworking manual. In its preparation we have endeavored to give\\ndue regard to the actual conditions and requirements of the trade\\nand of the professions concerned, and to give only such information as\\nphysicians and pharmacists have constant use for in their daily busi-\\nness. Hence botanical descriptions of mother plants, the physiological\\nactions of medicines, and much other information not daily referred\\nto, are omitted, and the practical facts and suggestions given are\\nthus found at a glance. Works of a more encyclopaedic character\\ncannot be as suitable for ready reference.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia treats of but a limited number of the drugs\\nand preparations in current use, and omits many which are used\\nquite extensively. The Companion supplements the Pharmacopoeia\\nin treating of the official drugs and preparations, and translates the\\nparts by weight of its working formulse into definite quantities by\\nweight and measure. It does not repeat descriptions, tests, etc., given\\nin the Pharmacopoeia. It is, in fact, as its title implies, a com-\\npanion to the Pharmacopoeia, and not a substitute for it.\\nThe Companion treats of all drugs and preparations used to any\\nconsiderable extent in the current practice of medicine, without\\nreference to their real or supposed virtues or want of virtues.\\nThe illustrations are nearly all from original drawings by Pro-\\nfessor Otto A. Wall. Most of these drawings are from actual speci-\\nmens of the respective objects a few are from Berg and Schmidt,\\nand other sources. Our thanks are tendered to Messrs. Lehn Pink,\\nW. H. Schieffelin Co., and McKesson Bobbins, of New York\\nB. O. G. C. Wilson, of Boston Thomsen Muth, of Baltimore,\\nand Wallace Bros. Stephenson, of Statesville, N. C, for specimens\\ngenerously sent us.\\nThe arrangement of the titles in the Companion is, in the opinion\\nof the authors, preferable to any other in practical utility. All the", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nprincipal drags and chemicals are arranged in alphabetical order, and\\nall the preparations of each drug or chemical are put alphabetically\\nunder it. This enables the reader to compare most readily all the\\nvarious forms in which each medicine is used.\\nIn regard to the nomenclature used in the Companion, it is proper\\nto say that it is the one best adapted to the above-described arrange-\\nment of the titles. In onr opinion the pharmacopoeia! nomenclature\\nought to be in accordance with the same general plan, because it com-\\nbines systematic classification with alphabetical order. It should be\\nremembered that a pharmaceutical nomenclature made up of words\\nfrom the Latin is, after all, not Latin, but simply technical termin-\\nology, and should be made to serve its purposes as perfectly as\\npossible without regard to any nice requirements of the Latin lan-\\nguage. Thus we would even prefer that the titles of Latin origin\\nchosen to make up the pharmacopceial nomenclature be, in fact, treated\\nas indeclinable words, thus abolishing the genitive, as illustrated in\\nthe Unofficial Pharmacopoeia by one of the authors of the Com-\\npanion.\\nFormulae are contained in the Companion for perhaps nearly all\\nthe tinctures, extracts, fluid extracts, syrups, the principal elixirs, and\\nother pharmaceutical preparations used.\\nThe differences in strength and other differences, where any exist,\\nbetween preparations of the old and the corresponding preparations\\nof the new Pharmacopoeia, are plainly stated.\\nThe weights and measures used in the working formulae, as given\\nin the Companion, are both metric, and avoirdupois weight, and\\nmetric as well as United States (or wine measure, side by side.\\nThe Companion gives concisely the medicinal properties and uses\\nof all the medicines of which it treats, and states the dose after\\neach article. Care has been taken to give the correct doses in the\\nsimplest terms, rather than to give the exact equivalents according to\\nthe two systems, which would involve odd fractions. It also contains\\nneedful practical information relative to the preparation and use of\\nhypodermic and other injections, as well as inhalations, baths, and", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\nother forms of medication not usually referred to in books of similar\\ndescription.\\nA chapter giving practical suggestions as to the use of the micro-\\nscope in pharmacognosy is added, in view of the great importance of\\nthe subject and the want of any handbook specially adapted to this\\nstudy. For similar reasons the authors have also included a brief ac-\\ncount of the microscopic structure of plants. Both of these chapters\\nare the work of Professor Otto A. Wall.\\nA general reference to the proximate principles of plants and\\ndrugs will be found under the title Extracta Fltiida. Chapters on\\nthe modes of administration of medicines, and on prescription writ-\\ning, are also added, in the hope that they may prove useful.\\nThe tables of equivalents of weights and measures, thermometric\\ndegrees, etc., are comprehensive. The relation of weight to volume\\nand vice versa is generally given wherever requisite. Tables of\\nextensive practical applicability are placed on the insides of the\\ncovers and on the opposite pages of the fly-leaves, where they can be\\nfound without delay.\\nThat the pharmaceutical and chemical portions of the Companion\\nare largely the work of Professor Oscar Oldberg, and the therapeutical\\nportions the work of Professor Otto A. Wall, will be understood.", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGB\\nPREFACE iii\\nMATERIA MEDIC A, PHARMACY, AND THERAPEUTICS 1\\nTHE USE OF THE MICROSCOPE IN PHARMACOGNOSY 1035\\nTHE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF PLANTS 1067\\nON THE ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES 1105\\nEXTEMPORANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS 1111\\nSIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS 1116\\nDOSES 1120\\nAPPROXIMATE MEASURES 1122\\nWEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1123\\nSPECIFIC GRAVITY 1 134\\nSPECIFIC VOLUME 1135\\nAPPENDIX 1139\\nINDEX 1145", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4002", "width": "2525", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION\\nTO THE\\nUNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\nAbsinthium IT. S.\\nAbsinthium.\\nAbsinthii Summitates Wermuth, G. Absinthe commune, Grande\\nabsinthe, Armoise amere, F.; Ajenjo, Sp.; Malbrt, Sw.; Worm-\\nwood.\\nOrigin. Artemisia Absinthium, Linne (Compositee).\\nHabitat. Northern hemisphere; cultivated.\\nParts used. The leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 1. A good drug, is\\nfree from coarse stems, consists chiefly of leaves and flowers, and has a\\ncharacteristic, strong, aromatic odor. Wild wormwood, which is better\\nthan the cultivated, is more hairy.\\nConstituents. The aroma is due to a volatile oil, of which it\\ncontains from one-half to one and one-half per cent. The bitterness\\nbelongs to a peculiar substance called absinthin, which is freely soluble\\nin alcohol and slightly so in hot water. The bitter taste of the absinthin\\nis known to be imparted to the milk, urine, and even flesh of animals\\nfeeding upon wormwood.\\nMedicinal Properties. Wormwood is a powerful aromatic bitter\\ntonic, useful in atonic and flatulent dyspepsia and impaired digestion\\ndue to general debility of the intestinal tract. In over-doses it is\\nsaid to produce disturbance of the cerebral functions, and even convul-\\nsions.\\n1", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIt is one of the ingredients of absinthe, an intoxicating liqueur\\nor bitters used in France and elsewhere, an abusive use of which leads to\\nserious mental and physical derangement but these results can be\\nonly partly ascribed to the wormwood, as the alcohol and other ingre-\\ndients tend to produce the same effects.\\nABSINTHII EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract op Absinthium. Extract of Wormwood.\\nEvaporate the fluid extract to the pilular consistence, and then add\\nfive per cent, glycerin.\\nBrownish green. Yield about twenty-five per cent. Used chiefly as\\na corrigent in pills.\\nDose. 0.30 to 0.65 gram (five to ten grains).\\nABSINTHII EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Absinthium. Fluid Extract of Wormwood.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent, 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nUse five hundred grams (or its equivalent, 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces)\\nof the drug in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum, use diluted alcohol. Moisten the drug with two\\nhundred and fifty grams (about 9f fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack\\nit tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macer-\\nate forty-eight hours then percolate. Reserve four hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of the first percolate. Continue the perco-\\nlation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four\\nhundred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nVery dark greenish brown.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (8 to 40 minims).", "height": "4322", "width": "2571", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\nABSIFTHII ESTFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Absinthium. Infusion of Wormwood.\\nTake thirty grams (1 ounce) wormwood to make three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of colature.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluid-\\ndrachms). The fluid extract is preferable.\\nABSINTHII TUSTCTUKA.\\nTincture of Absinthium. Tincture of Wormwood.\\nFrom sixty grams (2 ounces) coarsely powdered wormwood make\\nthree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of tincture by percola-\\ntion with diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2| fluidrachms).\\nAbsinthii Oleum.\\nOil of Absinthium. Absinthii ^Etheroleum Volatile Oil of\\nAbsinthium. Oil of Wormwood.\\nThis is the dark-green volatile oil from wormwood. It possesses, in\\na high degree, the powerful aromatic odor of the drug. Adulterations\\nand substitutions of various kinds are not uncommon.\\nIt is a powerful vascular and nervous stimulant, increasing the peri-\\nstaltic motion of the intestines. It has, therefore, been used to promote\\nthe expulsion of intestinal worms. In large doses the oil is narcotic,\\ncausing pain in the epigastrium, nausea, vomiting, headache, vertigo,\\nand delirium.\\nDose. From one to three drops.\\nSalts of Wormwood is occasionally called for even to this day.\\nOriginally this was simply the potash washed out of the ash of worm-\\nwood. Now it is customary to dispense pearl-ash under that name, and\\nsometimes a little oil of wormwood is added. The real salts of worm-\\nwood, which now no longer exists, never contained any oil of wormwood.\\nAbstract a.\\nAbstracts.\\nThis class of preparations is new. Abstracts are powdered sacchar-\\nated extracts, of a definite strength, representing uniformly twice their\\nweight of the crude drug. They are dry powders, containing the ex-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION TO THE\\ntracted soluble constituents of the crude drugs, diluted with powdered\\nmilk-sugar in such proportions that each pound of abstract represents\\ntwo pounds of the drug from which it was made. An abstract is, in\\nother words, twice the strength of the fluid extract of the same drug.\\nThe advantages of these preparations are The dose is compara-\\ntively small, and its relation to the dose of the drug or of the fluid ex-\\ntract easily remembered. An abstract keeps better than a fluid or solid\\nextract, for it is neither liable to the changes which in time occur in\\nliquid preparations, nor does it dry up like an extract or a pill, nor fer-\\nment, as certain solid extracts are liable to do. In the preparation of\\nan abstract it is easier to avoid an injurious exposure to heat, even on a\\nsmall scale, than in the preparation of powdered extracts. The tritura-\\ntion which constitutes the last step in the process of making an abstract,\\ncan be so thoroughly carried out as to reduce the active constituents of\\nthe drug to the finest state of division possible to a dry preparation.\\nFinally, being a dry powder, an abstract is most conveniently weighed\\nout and divided without waste.\\nThe liquid form is obviously the one most favorable to prompt and\\neffective medicinal activity. In dry substances the finest possible state\\nof division is for similar reasons desirable. The value of the abstracts\\nwill, therefore, very materially depend upon their fineness, which can-\\nnot be exasperated.\\nPreparation. As seen in the text of the Pharmacopoeia, the drug,\\nin powder of requisite fineness, is first exhausted by percolation with\\nthe proper menstruum; the fluid extract thus obtained is mixed with\\none-fourth its weight of powdered milk-sugar, and the mixture dried in\\na moderately warm place (not over 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, equal to 122\u00c2\u00b0 F.), after which\\nan additional quantity of powdered milk-sugar is added, so that the\\nwhole finished product shall weigh one-half as much as the crude drug\\noperated upon, and the trituration to fine powder finishes the process.\\nIt is obvious that abstracts can be made only of drugs yielding less\\nthan fifty per cent, of dry solid extract, and that it would be useless\\nto make snch preparations of drugs, the doses of which are compara-\\ntively large, as large quantities of dry powders cannot be conveniently\\ntaken.\\nThe official abstracts in the new Pharmacopoeia are eleven in number,\\nviz.: aconite root, belladonna root, conium fruit, digitalis, hyoscyamus\\nleaves, ignatia, jalap, nux vomica, podophyllum, senega, and valerian.\\nTli is list might advantageously be largely extended.\\nDoses. The dose of any abstract is one-half the weight of the dose\\nthe fluid extract of the same drug.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\nAcacia XT. S.\\nAcacia.\\nAcacice Gummi y Gummi Arabicum Arabisches Gummi, G.; Gomme\\nArabique, F. Goma Ardbiga, Sp. Arabiskt Gummi, Sw. (rim\\nArabic.\\nOrigin. Acacia Verek, Guillemin et Perrottet, and other species\\nof Acacia (Leguminosae).\\nHabitat. Africa.\\nPart used. The dry gummy exudation.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 8. Select No. 1 gum\\narabic the kind pharmacists use for medicinal purposes is the grade\\ndescribed in the Pharmacopoeia. It must be free from impurities or\\ndiscolored pieces; has but a faint, peculiar, not the least sourish odor;\\nis completely soluble in an equal weight of water, forming mucilage.\\nVarieties and Grades. The best acacia comes from Kordofan.\\nSenaar gum is also of fine quality.\\nSome varieties of gum arabic, although of handsome appearance, do\\nnot dissolve completely in water, having probably been dried too far or\\nexposed to a too high temperature in drying, whereby the arabic acid\\nis altered (see mucilage).\\n/Senegal gum is more clear or transparent than Kordofan gum,\\nhaving but few fissures; the tears are also larger in this variety of\\nacacia but it is always more or less colored (yellowish or reddish), and\\nits taste is not as pure.\\nMezquite gum is also discolored, and a mucilage made from it does not\\ngive a precipitate with subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, or borax. The\\ndifferent grades of gum arabic in the market are designated by numbers,\\nNo. 1 being the best tears selected from the whole lot. The next best\\nselection becomes No. 2, and so on, until about five selections have been\\nmade. The remainder, consisting of more or less colored pieces and all\\nthe impurities, receives the designation sorts. The term sorts,\\nhowever, sometimes means the unsorted gum arabic containing all the\\ngrades, or consists of all except the first and second grades. Jobbers\\nsometimes distinguish between strong and weak gums, these\\ndesignations having reference partly to the relative quantity of mois-\\nture contained in the drug, the strong gums being the drier; and\\npartly to the degree of solubility, the weaker gums being those which\\nswell in water but do not completely dissolve.\\nOriginal Packages. Picked gum arabic is sold in cases of two", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION TO THE\\nhundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty pounds; sorts in bales\\nof three hundred to four hundred and fifty pounds. First select gum\\narabic Turkey is quoted at three times the price of sorts.\\nForms. Gum arabic in tears has been already described above.\\nGranulated gum arabic is of necessity always made from the very\\nbest quality of the gum, as any lower grade would be readily recog-\\nnized by its appearance. It should have a perfectly pure white color,\\nand be free from fine powder. Should also be dry and have no odor,\\nexcept the faint one properly belonging to prime gum arabic. Granu-\\nlated gum arabic dissolves in water more readily than the powdered.\\nPowdered gum arabic should be perfectly white, dry, mobile, and\\nfine.\\nConstituents. Pure gum arabic consists almost entirely of gum-\\nmate of calcium. The amount of moisture averages about seventeen\\nper cent.\\nTests. As gum arabic dissolves entirely in cold water any portion\\nremaining undissolved is an impurity or adulteration. The faintest\\nsourish odor being developed when a handful of the drug is blown upon\\nwith a pure moist breath is an indication of poor quality.\\nPowdered gum arabic is sometimes adulterated with starch or flour.\\nThis may be detected by dissolving the sample in cold water, in which\\nthe starch will not dissolve. If the acacia is pure a very nearly clear\\nsolution will be obtained, with scarcely any undissolved sediment.\\nPreservation. Acacia must be kept in a dry place. Powdered\\nacacia, especially, must be well protected from moisture to prevent it\\nfrom caking and from becoming mouldy or sourish.\\nMedicinal Uses. Gum arabic is a valuable demulcent. It can\\nbe given ad libitum. In the form of mucilage it is used in inflam-\\nmations of the stomach or intestines, dysentery, typhoid fever, etc.\\nIt is often prescribed in the summer complaint of children, and then\\nsomewhat diluted; in cases of this kind, where an astringent and stimu-\\nlant is indicated, the domestic wine known as Virginia Seedling is a\\nfavorite remedy in combination with mucilage among Western physicians.\\nTo allay cough resulting from irritation in the pharynx or about the\\nepiglottis, or in any cases of pharyngitis or laryngitis, gum arabic may\\nbe dissolved slowly in the mouth or used in the form of lozenges.\\nPharmaceutical Uses. It is used as an excipient in pills and\\nlozenges, mixtures, etc., and for disguising the taste of some acrid reme-\\ndies. Tincture of cantharides, chloroform, ammonium carbonate, etc.,\\nare less apt to irritate when given with mucilage of acacia. In mixtures\\nin which insoluble powders are dispensed, the addition of gum arabic", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\nprevents the powder from precipitating too rapidly, as in mistura cretce\\neomposita.\\nThe use of acacia in forming pill masses is not always attended with\\nthe best results, as the mass is liable to dry too hard. As a coating for\\npills it is, however, very good, especially when combined with gelatine.\\nThe use of acacia for preparing emulsions, for which purpose no\\nother agent will answer as well, will be discussed under the title Emul-\\nsions, on page 422.\\nACACIA MUCILAGO U. S.\\nMucilage op Acacia.\\nPreparation. Put one hundred and seventy grams (6 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of acacia in pieces into a bottle capable of holding from four\\nhundred and fifty to five hundred cubic centimeters (from 15 to 17 fluid-\\nounces); pour upon it about two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (or\\nabout half a pint) of cold water, shake it up a second or two, and after\\nthe acacia has settled somewhat pour away the water, the object of this\\nwashing being simply the removal of dust. Now add to the acacia three\\nhundred and thirty cubic centimeters (11 fluidounces) of tepid distilled\\nwater, cork tightly, shake together, and then lay the bottle down on its\\nside. Turn it over occasionally so that the cake of acacia may be at the\\ntop. The solution formed will settle to the bottom, leaving the acacia\\nalways in contact with a fresh supply of solvent, thus materially hasten-\\ning the process. When the acacia is all dissolved strain the mucilage.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia does not prescribe the use of distilled water,\\nbut the preparation is less liable to ferment if the organic ferments con-\\ntained in ordinary water be avoided. The use of tolu water (see page\\n997) is also a decided improvement, not only because it will preserve the\\nmucilage from decomposition, but because, in addition, it makes the\\npreparation very agreeable. To pick out the finest and clearest tears of\\nacacia for making mucilage will add no little to its quality, and the\\nresult will justify the trifling additional trouble.\\nThe use of boiling water will not hasten the solution of the gum. It\\nmakes the product thicker and very difficult to strain, probably because\\na portion of the arabic acid is changed to metarabic acid, which simply\\nswells but does not dissolve in the water.\\nSpecific Gravity and Strength. The official mucilage of acacia\\nhas a specific gravity of 1.13 to 1.14 that is, one hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters of it will weigh one hundred and thirteen to one hundred and\\nfourteen grams, and ninety-six fluidounces weigh one hundred and\\nthirteen to one hundred and fourteen avoirdupois ounces. To make one", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION TO THE\\nhundred cubic centimeters of mucilage requires 38.6 grams of acacia,\\nand to make ninety-six fluidounces would take thirty-eight ounces and\\ntwo hundred and sixty grains of it. Thus 38.6 grams of acacia, when\\ndissolved in water, will add twenty-five cubic centimeters to the volume\\nof the liquid, and thirty-eight and one-half avoirdupois ounces of acacia\\ndissolved in water occupies the space of twenty-four fluidounces.\\nOpaque. Mucilage of acacia is not perfectly colorless and clear,\\nbut at best slightly opaque.\\nPreservation. It keeps best when put into small bottles (holding\\nabout one hundred and eighty cubic centimeters, or six fluidounces),\\nwhich must be quite filled, tightly corked, and put in a cool place.\\nUses. Mucilage is much used to emulsify fixed oils, etc. To tritu-\\nrate the oil with powdered gum arabic and afterward with the water is\\na far better process. However, thirty grams (1 ounce) mucilage will be\\nrequired for sixty grams (2 ounces) fixed oil, and the same quantity for\\ntwenty grams (f ounce) of copaiba. Its emulsifying properties are\\ngreatly impaired and finally destroyed by fermentation. Mucilage which\\nhas begun to ferment is wholly unfit for any use.\\nACACIJE SYKUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Acacia.\\nPrepared by eimply mixing one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains)\\nmucilage of acacia and four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains)\\nsimple syrup. As one hundred grams mucilage will measure about\\n88.33 cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces), and four hundred grams syrup\\nthree hundred and five cubic centimeters (10J fluidounces), the pro-\\nduct measures about three hundred and ninety-three cubic centimeters\\n(13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces).\\nAs this preparation does not keep sweet but a very short time, the\\nPharmacopoeia prescribes that it be made fresh whenever wanted for\\nuse.\\nIt is colorless and almost as clear as pure water.\\nAceta.\\nVinegars.\\nEssige, G. Vinaigres, F. Vmagre, Sp. Attikor, Sw.\\nSeveral of the active principles of drugs, among which are certain\\nAlkaloids, volatile oils, resins, and acrid principles, may be dissolved out\\nby the use of diluted acetic acid or vinegar. Other solvents are, how-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 9\\never, so much better in most cases that the number of official vinegars\\nis now quite limited, there being only four in our present Pharmacopoeia,\\nviz., those of lobelia, opium, sanguinaria, and squill, each of which repre-\\nsents one-tenth the strength of the drug, being prepared from one part\\nof the drug to ten parts of the menstruum.\\nThe medicated vinegars do not keep very well, and are, on the whole,\\nunsatisfactory and disagreeable preparations. They are therefore rarely\\nused, with the exception of the vinegar of squill, which is used only as\\na constituent of the syrup of squill.\\nAcetum.\\nVlNEGAE.\\nAcetum Commune; Acetum Vini Essig, G.; Vinaigre, F.; Vinagre,\\nSp. Attika, Sw.\\nA liquid containing from four to five per cent, of anhydrous acetic\\nacid (C 4 H 6 3 or five to six per cent, absolute acetic acid (HC 2 H 3 2\\nobtained by fermentation from cheaper grades of wine, or from grape-\\njuice, cider, weak spirit, malt, or unmalted grain.\\nThe best vinegar is that made from pure white wine white wine\\nvinegar Cider vinegar is also of good quality when properly made.\\nGood vinegar has an agreeable acid taste and odor, free from all\\nacrid and empyreumatic matters, which, when present, impart to vinegar\\na disagreeable, smokish odor and taste.\\nTests. The presence of metallic impurities, such as lead, copper,\\ntin, iron, or calcium, are detected by the tests given for acetic acid by\\nthe Pharmacopoeia. When supersaturated with an alkali or alkaline\\nsalt it should not develop a smoky odor or taste. Sulphuric acid is de-\\ntected by the precipitate it forms upon the addition of solution of barium\\nchloride. Sharp acrid substances, such as pepper, mustard, etc., if pres-\\nent, are recognized by the odor and taste upon neutralizing the vinegar\\nwith magnesium carbonate.\\nPharmaceutical and Household Uses. Pure diluted acetic\\nacid is now substituted in the Pharmacopoeia for the vinegar formerly\\nofficial. Unless the acid be perfectly pure, however, good vinegar is\\npreferable. But common vinegar is itself frequently made by diluting\\nimpure acetic acid (contaminated with empyreumatic products) such\\nvinegar is extremely offensive, and unfit for either pharmacal or table\\nuses.\\nMedicinal Uses. Vinegar is a household remedy that is often em-\\nployed both internally and externally. It assuages thirst when taken", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 A COMPANION TO THE\\ninternally, and for this purpose may be given in water with sugar to suit\\nthe taste. In febrile conditions it produces a cooling effect.\\nIt may also be employed externally in the form of a lotion, one part\\nto four or five parts of water, to be sponged over the surface of the\\nbody, and not merely over the forehead and hands, as is often done.\\nSponging a large part of the surface of the body abstracts much heat by\\nthe evaporation of the liquid, and thus reduces the temperature, the\\nvinegar adding markedly to the sense of refreshing relief.\\nFor reasons of convenience this sponging is often preferred to the\\nwet pack or bath, either of which acts more powerfully and promptly,\\nand one of these methods of reducing temperature is therefore to be\\npreferred in dangerous exacerbations of the febrile state.\\nVinegar is a good antidote in cases of poisoning by alkalies or their\\ncarbonates, producing the comparatively harmless acetates, and as it is\\nkept in every household it is the handiest remedy in that unfortunately\\ntoo frequent accident, the drinking of lye by children.\\nVinegar is a styptic when applied directly to bleeding surfaces, but\\nis not as effective as some of the iron preparations, for instance. Being\\neasily obtained it may, however, often serve a useful purpose in emer-\\ngencies until other remedies can be obtained.\\nA mixture of castor oil, vinegar, and water is a popular enema in\\nfevers, especially in children, and this combination may also be used to\\nexpel threadworms from the rectum.\\nIn excessive doses vinegar produces an anaemic condition which is\\nfrequently seen in chlorotic girls as a consequence of over-indulgence in\\npickles. The health may be permanently undermined and ruined by\\nthe excessive use of this condiment, and especially if mineral acids are\\ncontained in the vinegar to increase its acidity.\\nDose. For internal use from a tea- to a tablespoonful in water (5\\nto 15 cubic centimeters). For enemas a tablespoonful to a wineglass-\\nful, in water (15 to GO cubic centimeters).\\nAcetum Aromaticum.\\nAromatic Vinegar.\\nGewiirz Essig, G. Vinaigre Aromatique, Vinaigre Vulneraire, F.;\\nVinagre Antiseptico, Sp. KrydddttiJca, Sw.\\nMix one cubic centimeter (16 minims) of each of spirit of rosemary,\\nspirit of lavender, spirit of juniper, spirit of lemon, and spirit of pepper-\\nmint ten cubic centimeters (1G0 minims) spirit of cloves fifteen cubic\\ncentimeters fluidounce) glacial acetic acid; twenty cubic centimeters", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 11\\nfluidounce) alcohol and sufficient distilled water to make the whole\\nmeasure one hundred cubic centimeters (3J fluidounces). Let the mix-\\nture stand five days, shaking it occasionally; then filter. To get a\\nperfectly clear preparation it is well to first shake it with about four\\ngrams (-J ounce) filter-paper scraps.\\nIt is very grateful, and much used as a cooling and cleansing appli-\\ncation.\\n[The Acetum Prophylacticum, or Acetum Quatuor Latronum\\nYinaigre de quatre voleurs, F. Vinagre de los cuatro ladrones, Sp.\\nor Four Thieves vinegar, was a once celebrated preparation, made from\\none and one-half ounce each of southernwood, Roman wormwood,\\ncrisped mint, rosemary, rue, and sage; two ounces lavender flowers; one-\\nfourth ounce each of sweet flag, cloves, and nutmeg, and one gallon vine-\\ngar. Sometimes a little camphor was added, previously dissolved in\\nglacial acetic acid. It is said to have received its name from the fact of\\nfour persons, who robbed the dead bodies of the victims of a pestilence\\nin Marseilles, being protected from the contagion by the use of this\\nvinegar.]\\nAchillea.\\nAchillea.\\nMillefolii Summitates. Schafgarbe, Schafrippe, G. Millefeicille, Herbe\\naux charpentiers, F. Mile/olio, Milenrama, Sp. IZdlleJca, Sw. Yar-\\nrow, Milfoil.\\nOrigin. Achillea Millefolium, Linne (Compositae).\\nHabitat. Northern hemisphere.\\nParts used. The flowering tops and the leaves.\\nDescription. The flower heads are flat, and consist of numerous\\ngreenish- white flowers; the leaves are from five to twenty-five centi-\\nmeters (2 to 10 inches) long, pointed, pinnately cleft. Odor strong,\\naromatic, reminding of chamomile taste, bitter. Should be free from\\ncoarse stems.\\nConstituents. The flowers contain a small quantity of a blue or\\nbluish-green volatile oil. A different volatile oil exists in other parts of\\nthe plant. The bitterness of the drug is due to achillein, which is a\\nglucoside, amorphous, and soluble in water. There is also some tannin,\\nresin, and traces of aconitic acid in the drug.\\nMedicinal Properties. Achillea is an aromatic, bitter tonic, re-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsembling chamomile in its medicinal virtues, but with special effect upon\\nthe organs of the pelvis. It is a popular remedy in leucorrhcea and\\nmenorrhagia, and as these conditions are usually associated with general\\nwant of tone of the system, achillea, being a stomachic and stimulant,\\noften proves beneficial.\\nACHILLEA EXTKACTUM.\\nExteact of Achillea. Extract op Yarrow.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract, to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nACHILLEA EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Achillea. Fluid Extract of Yarrow.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent, 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nUse five hundred grams (or its equivalent, 17f avoirdupois ounces)\\nof the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol. Moisten the drug with two\\nhundred and fifty grams (about 9f fluidounces) of the menstruum.\\nPack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum.\\nMacerate forty-eight hours; then percolate. Reserve four hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (13 J fluidounces) of the first percolate. Continue the perco-\\nlation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four\\nhundred and fifty-five and two-third grains; and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 13\\nACHILLEA ISTFUSUM.\\nIntusiox of Achillea. Infusion of Yarrow.\\nFrom thirty grams (1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make three\\nhundred cubic centimeters (equal to about 10 fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 597.)\\nDose. Ten to fifteen cubic centimeters (2|- to 4 fluidrachms) at\\nintervals of one or two hours.\\nAcidum Aceticum U. S.\\nAcetic Acid.\\nEssigsaure, G. Acide acetique, F. Acido Acetico, Sp. Attiksyra, Sw.\\nAcetic acid is now largely manufactured from wood. There are\\nthree different strengths of acetic acid in the new U. S. Pharmacopoeia.\\nThe one bearing the title acetic acid has the specific gravity 1.048 at\\n15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.), corresponding to about 6.8\u00c2\u00b0 Baume. One hundred\\npounds of this acetic acid contains thirty-six pounds absolute acetic acid\\n(HC 2 H 3 2 and sixty-four pounds of water or, which is the same,\\n30.55 pounds acetic anhydride (C 4 H 6 3 and 69.45 pounds water. Thus\\nthe acetic acid of the new Pharmacopoeia is 2.86 per cent, stronger than\\nthe acetic acid of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, which contained thirty-\\nfive per cent, of absolute acetic acid, and had the specific gravity 1.047\\ncorresponding to about 6.3\u00c2\u00b0 Baume\\\\\\nTo neutralize ten grams of the official acetic acid requires six grams\\npotassium bicarbonate. For description and tests see the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, pages 9 and 10.\\nUnless acetic acid is quite up to the standard of the Pharmacopoeia\\nas to purity, it is liable to be extremely disagreeable to the taste when\\nneutralized with an alkali or alkaline carbonate. (See ammonii aceta-\\ntis liquor, page 121.)\\nPreservation. Must be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM; U. S.\\nDiluted Acetic Acid.\\nMix one hundred and seventy grams (6 ounces) acetic acid with\\neight hundred and thirty grams (29 ounces 120 grains) distilled\\nwater. This preparation is an acetic acid of 1.0083 specific gravity,\\ncorresponding to about 1.2\u00c2\u00b0 Baume\\\\ It contains six per cent, absolute\\nacetic acid, or nearly 5.1 per cent, acetic anhydride. This new diluted", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14 A COMPANION TO THE\\nacetic acid is, therefore, one-third stronger than the preparation of 1870\\nof the same title, which contained only four and one-half per cent, abso-\\nlute acetic acid. The new diluted acetic acid of our Pharmacopoeia\\n(1880) is of the same strength as that of the German Pharmacopoeia.\\nTo neutralize ten grams of diluted acetic acid requires about one\\ngram potassium bicarbonate.\\nACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE U. S.\\nGlacial Acetic Acid.\\nEisessig, G.; Vinaigre glacial, F.; Isattiha, Sw.\\nThis acetic acid is solid at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.), having at that tempera-\\nture a specific gravity of 1.056 to 1.058, corresponding to nearly 8\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume. It consists almost wholly of absolute acetic acid, the minimum\\nstrength allowed by the Pharmacopoeia being ninety-nine per cent.\\nTo neutralize ten grams of this acid will require not less than 16.7\\ngrams potassium bicarbonate if the acetic acid be of standard strength.\\nThere was no glacial acetic acid prescribed in the U. S. Pharma-\\ncopoeia of 1870. Glacial acetic acid crystallizes into an ice-like mass,\\nor only partially, so that while large transparent masses of crystals are\\nformed, a portion of the acid still remains liquid, giving it the appear-\\nance of a supersaturated solution.\\nWhen glacial acetic acid is diluted with water the density (specific\\ngravity) increases while the temperature falls until the mixture contains\\nabout seventy-seven to eighty per cent, of absolute acetic acid; when\\nfurther diluted the specific gravity of the liquid decreases and the tem-\\nperature rises. An acetic acid containing forty-seven per cent, absolute\\nacetic acid has about the same specific gravity as the official glacial ace-\\ntic acid, which is more than twice as strong. The fact that acetic acids\\nof so widely different strengths still may have the same density renders\\nit necessary to ascertain the strength of glacial acetic acid, and other\\nstrong acetic acids by other means. The safest way is to find the quan-\\ntity of volumetric solution of soda, or the quantity of potassium bicar-\\nbonate, required to neutralize the acid.\\nCaution. Glacial acetic acid is so destructive in its effects upon\\norganic matter as to render it necessary to be cautious in handling it,\\nas in removing the stopper from the containing bottle.\\nSolvent Properties. Glacial acetic acid dissolves sulphur, phos-\\nphorus, ether, chloroform, gun-cotton, resins, gum-resins, volatile oils,\\ncamphor, etc., in greater or less proportions. According to Duflos, one\\ngram acetic acid containing not more than four per cent, of water will", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 15\\nmix clear with one gram oil of cloves, or with ten centigrams oil of\\nlemon.\\nAcetic Acids of Commerce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The acid sold by chemical manu-\\nfacturers as No. 8 acetic acid is an impure acid of variable strength,\\nbut usually containing about twenty-nine per cent, absolute acetic acid,\\nhaving the specific gravity 1.040. The so-called 0. P. acetic acid\\ngenerally sold is of the same strength but less impure. Both are one-\\nfourth weaker than the acid heretofore known to the drug trade as\\nU. S. P. acetic acid, specific gravity 1.047, containing thirty-five per\\ncent, absolute acid. The commercial glacial acetic acid is usually\\nabout 1.065 specific gravity, and contains about ninety-five and one-half\\nper cent, absolute acetic acid. Pure acetic acid is worth four or five\\ntimes as much as No. 8.\\nMedicinal Uses. Acetic acid is seldom employed internally. The\\neffects of the diluted acid are like those of vinegar, but as it is less\\ngrateful to the senses the latter is preferred. The glacial acetic acid is\\nused for external application as a caustic, rubefacient or vesicant. As\\nit has the property of slowly softening and dissolving dry epithelial\\ncells, it is useful for the removal of accumulations of horny epithelial\\nmasses, as corns.\\nIt is also used in some skin diseases of a parasitic nature, to destroy\\nthe animal or vegetable organisms which cause the disease. For this\\npurpose it often requires dilution with an equal weight, or more, of\\nglycerin.\\nOn account of the pungent smell, the strong acetic acid, or prefer-\\nably the glacial acetic acid, is useful when applied to the nostrils in\\ncases of headache or syncope. The glacial acetic acid is often put up\\nin smelling-bottles.\\nACIDUM ACETICUM AEOMATICUM; G.\\nAromatic Acetic Acid.\\nMix thirty-four cubic centimeters (1-J fluidounce) oil of cloves,\\ntwenty-four cubic centimeters (6 fluidrachms) oil of lavender, twenty-\\nfour cubic centimeters (6 fluidrachms) oil of lemon, twelve cubic centi-\\nmeters (3 fluidrachms) oil of bergamot, twelve cubic centimeters oil of\\nthyme, four cubic centimeters (1 fluidrachm) oil of cassia, and ninety\\ngrams (3 ounces) glacial acetic acid. Macerate, shaking occasionally,\\nuntil dissolved.\\nAs a grateful contents of the smelling-bottle this preparation is used\\nin headaches, fainting fits, and similar attaoks. It is also used to dis-\\nguise disagreeable odors in the sick-room.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAcidum Benzoicum; U. S.\\nBenzoic Acid.\\nFlores Benzo es Benzoesciure, Benzoeblumen, G. Acide benzoique,\\nFleurs de benjoin, F. Acido Benzoico, Flores de Benjui, Sp.\\nBenzoesyra, Sw. Natural Benzoic Acid, English Benzoic Acid.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 11. The\\ndescription and tests given exclude from medicinal use any other than\\nthe natural benzoic acid prepared from the benzoin by sublimation. It\\nmust be free from the odor of bitter almond or of stale urine belonging\\nto impure artificial benzoic acid made from hippuric acid. Benzoic acid\\nis also made from naphthalin by oxidation with nitric acid, when phthalic\\nacid is formed, which when heated with lime gives benzoate of calcium.\\nThe calcium benzoate is then decomposed with hydrochloric acid. Lately\\nbenzoic acid is manufactured also from toluol.\\nA perfectly pure artificial benzoic acid, free from all odor, can be\\nmade, and the true odor of benzoin (always present in genuine natural\\nbenzoic acid) can be imparted to it by subliming it with a little benzoin.\\nNo test is known by which this artificial product can be distinguished\\nfrom the true sublimed natural benzoic acid. Benzoic acid made from\\nbenzoin by boiling it with lime and then precipitating with hydrochloric\\nacid is not fragrant. That made from the putrid urine of herbivorous\\nanimals retains a faint odor of urine.\\nIn the American trade the true benzoic acid, made by sublimation\\nfrom benzoin from gum benzoin is known as English benzoic\\nacid, while the false is known as German benzoic acid not because\\nthe English make more of the true than of the artificial acid, nor that\\nnatural benzoic acid is not made in Germany, but because the artificial\\nacid was first made by German chemists.\\nThe fragrant odor of true sublimed benzoic acid is due to volatile\\noil (ethyl benzoate). Many consider this as being the only medicinally\\nactive constituent of the official preparation. Even artificial benzoic\\nacid is antiseptic in its properties, but these properties are not the only\\nones expected of benzoic acid. It is therefore clear that the natural sub-\\nlimed acid, which is the only one containing the volatile oil (or ethyl\\nbenzoate), is the only one that should be used.\\nSolubility. Benzoic acid is practically insoluble in pure cold water.\\nIt dissolves in fifteen parts boiling water. Borax aids its solution, one\\npart benzoic acid and one part borax dissolving together in one hundred\\nparts water.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 17\\nPreservation. The preparation must be kept in well-closed bot-\\ntles and protected from the light.\\nSold in the market in one-pound and one-ounce bottles. It takes a\\nfour-ounce bottle to hold one ounce. English benzoic acid fetches\\na twenty-five per cent, higher price than German benzoic acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Benzoic acid, when taken internally, acts as a\\nstimulant blennorrhetic upon the bronchial mucous membranes and in-\\ncreases the expectoration. It is therefore useful, either alone or with\\nsenega, squills, etc., in chronic bronchitis, especially that form known as\\ndry catarrh or dry bronchitis which is accompanied by a distress-\\ning dyspnoea resembling asthma. A solution in the form of spray\\n(atomization) is often used in chronic laryngeal and bronchial affec-\\ntions.\\nBenzoic acid (or benzoate of ammonium) is also useful in rendering\\nammoniacal urine acid, part of the medicine being eliminated with the\\nurine as benzoic, part as hippuric acid. As alkaline urine is generally\\naccompanied by irritation or inflammation of the lining membrane of the\\nbladder {cystitis), and may be accompanied with incontinence of urine\\nor the deposits of phosphates (phosphatic calculi), these symptoms and\\nconsequences may be removed and avoided by this medicine. Even\\nshould phosphatic calculi {gravel or stone in the bladder) have been\\nformed, they may often be redissolved by a long-continued use of the\\nbenzoic acid.\\nBenzoic acid also possesses valuable antiseptic properties, and solu-\\ntions have been employed with good results in dressing foul ulcers and\\nsores.\\nDose. From 0.5 to 2.5 grams (10 to 40 grs.) once or twice a day,\\nor in smaller doses more frequently repeated.\\nAcidum Boricum U. S.\\nBoric Acid.\\nAcidum Boracicum, Sal Sedativum Hombergii Borsdure, G.; Acide\\nborique, F.; Acido Borico, Sp. Borsyra, Sw.; Boracic Acid.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 11 and 12.\\nIt is soluble in four parts of glycerin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Boric acid possesses powerful antiseptic prop-\\nerties, and being at the same time mild and harmless, and absolutely\\nnon-irritant when pure, it is often preferred to carbolic acid. Lister\\n2", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18 A COMPANION TO THE\\nuses it extensively. In order to be effective it must be in actual contact\\nwith the surface which it is intended to purify or keep healthy.\\nLint dipped in a boiling saturated solution of boric acid in water,\\nand then dried, forms an excellent antiseptic dressing.\\nACIDI BOEICI UNGUENT DM.\\nBoric Acid Ointment.\\nMix fifteen grams (J ounce) boric acid with ninety grams (3 ounces)\\npetroleum ointment, triturating until perfectly smooth.\\nA disinfecting dressing for wounds, ulcers, etc.\\nAcidum Carbolicum IT. S.\\nCarbolic Acid.\\nPhenol; Acidum Phenicum Acidum Phenylicum Carbolsdure,\\nPhenylsdure, Phenylalkohol, Gr. Acide phenique, Acide carbolique,\\nHydrate de phenyle, F.; Acido Carbolico, Sp.; Karbolsyra, Phenyl-\\nalcohol, Phenol, Sw. Phenol, Phenic Acid, Phenylic Acid, Phenyl\\nHydrate, Phenylic Alcohol, Pure Crystallized Carbolic Acid.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 12.\\nThis extensively used substance is not an acid, although so called.\\nIt doubtless derived its improper name from its corrosive properties.\\nInstead of being an acid, it belongs to the alcohol series of chemical\\ncompounds, and its proper name is phenol.\\nThe pinkish tint which pure carbolic acid sometimes acquires when\\nexposed to light or air may be due to traces of anilin, pyrrhol, or some\\nother related bodies, or it may be rosoleic acid. It does not in the least\\ndetract from the medicinal value or strength of the article.\\nCarbolic acid does not redden blue litmus paper.\\nIt should be hard and comparatively dry. In dry, cool weather the\\ncrystallized acid scarcely becomes moist, even when exposed to the air,\\nbut when the temperature is above 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) it liquefies more or\\nless, even in a well-corked or glass-stoppered bottle.\\nOne part by weight of warm water will mix perfectly with from four\\nto nine parts of melted carbolic acid, and the mixture may even remain\\nperfect at ordinary temperatures, but the acid separates again at tem-\\nperatures below 5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (41\u00c2\u00b0 F.) if more than seven parts of crystallized\\nacid is added.\\nA mixture of one part crystallized carbolic acid with fifteen parts\\nwater will mix clear with any additional quantity of water four parts", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 19\\ncarbolic acid dissolves in seven parts olive oil seven parts dissolves in\\ntwo parts glycerin five parts in one part alcohol four parts in one\\npart ether three parts in one part chloroform.\\nSolution of chlorinated lime takes away the odor of carbolic acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Carbolic acid is a powerful antiseptic and disin-\\nfectant. It prevents the growth of and destroys the minute organisms\\non which fermentation, putrefaction, and many of the infectious diseases\\nare supposed to depend. Carbolic acid is valuable as a disinfectant of\\nalvine discharges in cholera, typhoid fever, etc., and for the purification\\nof water-closets, sewers, and drains.\\nIt is often used in the form of a one or 2.5 per cent, solution as a\\nwash for the hands and instruments of the surgeon and his assistants,\\nbefore proceeding to an operation, while the air is kept charged with\\na spray of the same solution during the operation. The dressings of the\\nwound are also impregnated with the carbolic acid. This treatment,\\nwhich has proved of great value, especially in abdominal surgery when\\nthe peritoneum is exposed, is not without danger, as a number of deaths\\nhave been observed from the absorption of the acid and the consequent\\ncarbolic acid poisoning.\\nThis substance is often applied to foul ulcers, and prevents suppura-\\ntion by preventing the proliferation of pus corpuscles. For this purpose\\nit may be applied in solution in water or oil, the latter method being\\nless liable to give rise to symptoms of absorption and poisoning.\\nIt hardens and corrugates the surface of the ulcer, hastening cicatri-\\nzation, but its power to prevent cell-formation and cell-life is also apt to\\ninterfere with the proper formation of granulations when this process is\\nnecessary to supply a deficiency of tissue, and in such cases carbolic\\nacid may delay the healing process, or even prove injurious by causing\\nthe deterioration and breaking down of granulations already formed.\\nIt is also used as an external application in gangrene and small-pox.\\nIt is a local anaesthetic, and when applied to the skin whitens it and\\nrenders it insensible, so that small operations, like opening abscesses,\\nmay be performed without pain.\\nIn weak solution it is also employed as a gargle and mouth-wash in\\nputrid sore throat, diphtheria, or in foul breath from carious teeth, etc.;\\nalso as a spray in phthisical or other lung troubles, gangrene of the\\nlungs, and chronic bronchitis, if they are accompanied by purulent or\\noffensive expectoration.\\nInternally it has been given, but without any great benefit, in vari-\\nous infectious and zymotic diseases, as scarlatina, small-pox, and also in\\nmalarial fevers.\\nIn larger quantities it acts as an irritant poison, corroding the stomach,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 A COMPANION TO THE\\nforming eschars surrounded by intense congestion and inflammation.\\nIt also produces stupor or coma and convulsions, followed by death.\\nThe local effects on the stomach should be counteracted by administer-\\ning large quantities of white of egg, milk, oil, mucilage, etc., of which\\nthe first mentioned is most effective. Opium, cooling demulcent drinks,\\nand appropriate diet must be given for some time, until convalescence\\nfrom the inflammatory action has occurred. As its escharotic action is\\nrather superficial, it is not so liable to be followed by subsequent con-\\nstriction of the oesophagus as after swallowing of lye and some other\\ncorrosive poisons.\\nThe cerebral effects must be combated with cold douches and with\\ncounter-irritation and stimulation, the latter being made by subcutane-\\nous injection of ether, ammonia, or musk, if the patient cannot swallow.\\nIf taken in large quantities the effect is often exceedingly rapid, and\\ndeath may result before any efforts to help can be made.\\nIn cases where strong carbolic acid by accident comes in direct con-\\ntact with any part of the body, it should be immediately washed off with\\nwarm water. Loss of the eyesight or other serious results might follow\\nfrom a careless handling of it.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.06 gram (one-half to one grain) two to four times\\ndaily, and made into a pill with soap or marshmallow powder and traga-\\ncanth, or suspended in emulsion or mucilage (0.06 to 0.125 gram to 30\\ncubic centimeters 1-2 grains to 1 fluidounce).\\nACIDUM CARBOLICUM LIQUIDUM PUHUM.\\nPure Liquid Medicinal Carbolic Acid.\\nThis is a clear, colorless solution of ninety-five parts crystallized car-\\nbolic acid in five parts distilled water, or nineteen parts in one part. It\\nis called ninety-five per cent, medicinal carbolic acid in the trade. It\\ndoes not mix clear with an additional quantity of water unless at least\\none-fourth as much by weight as the crystallized acid used be added,\\nwhen it will become clear again.\\nOne minim of this liquid represents one grain of crystallized acid.\\nACIDI CAEBOLICI SOLUTIO.\\nCarbolic Acid Solution, No. 1.\\nThis is a clear, colorless, eighty per cent, solution of crystallized\\ncarbolio acid in distilled water, made by mixing four parts melted car-\\nbolic acid with one part of warm distilled water.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 21\\nCarbolic Acid Spray consists of a solution of one-eighth to one-\\nhalf ounce crystallized carbolic acid in one pint of water.\\nWhen carbolic acid is used for inhalation it is most convenient to\\ndilute the liquid medicinal carbolic acid (95 per cent.) to the requisite\\nstrength. Fifteen to twenty drops of the liquid medicinal carbolic acid\\nmay be diluted with one pint water, to be used warm (60\u00c2\u00b0 0., or 140\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nFor dry inhalation the liquid acid is used without dilution, the patient\\ninhaling the fumes which arise spontaneously from the vessel.\\nFor a gargle a solution of one to two grains crystallized carbolic\\nacid to each fluidounce of water is used.\\nAs an injection, one grain to four fluidounces.\\nCarbolized Oil is a solution of one ounce crystallized carbolic acid\\nin twenty ounces olive oil, or linseed oil.\\nThe carbolized oil in which catgut ligatures are preserved is made of\\none ounce crystallized carbolic acid to four ounces linseed oil.\\nFor hypodermic injection three-fourths grain of crystallized carbolic\\nacid in twenty drops of water is used (Squire).\\nCarbolic Acid Camphor. This is an oily liquid, prepared by dissolv-\\ning two hundred and fifty grams powdered camphor in a solution made\\nof ninety grams crystallized carbolic acid and ten grams alcohol. It is\\nmiscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether, and sweet oil of almonds.\\nIodized Phenol consists of fifteen grams ounce) iodine and thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) crystallized carbolic acid, mixed by the aid of gentle\\nheat.\\nLiquid Iodized JPhenol consists of fifty-five grams iodized phenol,\\nthirty-five grams crystallized carbolic acid, and ten grams water.\\nACIDUM CAEBOLICUM CKITDUM U. S.\\nCrude Carbolic Acid.\\nAn impure, somewhat colored phenol, contaminated with cresylic\\nacid or cresol. It should not contain more than five per cent, water.\\nThe well-known Calvert s Carbolic Acid, No. 5 well represents the\\nkind intended to be used under the name of crude carbolic acid. There\\nare several manufacturers in the United States who make similar acid\\nfully equal to Calvert s, and at a less cost. For description and tests\\nsee the Pharmacopoeia, pages 12 and 13.\\nCrude carbolic acid is intended for free use as a disinfectant in hos-\\npital wards, out-houses, alleys, water-closets, drains, etc.\\nThe following mixture is much used\\nDisinfectant of Copperas and Carbolic Acid. Dissolve two thou-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsand grams (about 70 ounces avoirdupois) copperas and three hundred\\ngrams (about 10\u00c2\u00a3 ounces avoirdupois) crude carbolic acid in fifteen liters\\n(about 4J gallons) of water.\\nACIDI CAKBOLICI AQUA Phar. 1870.\\nCarbolic Acid Water.\\nWas prepared by mixing ten fluidrachms of glycerite of carbolic\\nacid with fourteen and three-fourths fluidounces of distilled water.\\nPractically it contains one-fourth ounce crystallized carbolic acid in six-\\nteen fluidounces. A convenient way to prepare it is to mix one-fourth\\nounce crystallized carbolic acid with one-fourth ounce glycerine in a\\nmortar, and then to add sixteen fluidounces of distilled water.\\nUsed as a wash, gargle, spray, or for internal use.\\nOne fluidrachm contains about one grain of the acid.\\nDose. One to two fluidrachms (4 to 8 cubic centimeters) two or\\nthree times daily.\\nACIDI CAKBOLICI GLYCERITUM; Phar. 1870.\\nGlycerite of Carbolic Acid.\\nGlycerin and crystallized carbolic acid can be combined in all pro-\\nportions by triturating them together, forming a clear solution. Such\\na solution containing equal parts of the two substances is miscible with\\nwater in all proportions.\\nThe glycerite of carbolic acid of the United States Pharmacopoeia\\n(1870) was a solution of one troy ounce crystallized carbolic acid in four\\nfluidounces of glycerin.\\nIt is used as an external application. Carbolic acid water was pre-\\nscribed in the United States Pharmacopoeia of 1870 to be made from\\nthe glycerite.\\nACIDI CARBOLICI SUPPOSITORIA.\\nCarbolic Acid Suppositories.\\nEach suppository contains one grain crystallized carbolic acid and\\nthirty grains cacao butter or one grain of the acid with fifteen grains\\npowdered castile soap and three and one-half grains glycerite of starch\\n(Squire).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEXA 23\\nACIDI CAKBOL1CI UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nCarbolic Acid Ointment.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) crystallized carbolic acid intimately with\\ntwo hundred and seventy grams (9 ounces) simple ointment.\\nMust be made fresh whenever wanted for use.\\nAcidum Chromicum U. S.\\nChromic Acid.\\nChromsaure, G. Acide chromique, F. Acido Chromico, Sp. Krom-\\nsyra, Sw.\\nMust be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pa*e 13.\\nIt is usually very much contaminated with sulphuric acid, and never\\nentirely free from it. Being, however, used only externally as an es-\\ncharotic, caustic, or antiseptic, a small quantity of sulphuric acid does\\nnot condemn the preparation.\\nIt dissolves perfectly in less than its own weight of water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used to remove venereal growths on the geni-\\ntals, and to destroy superficial parasitic eruptions of the skin, such as\\nbarber s itch, etc. Its action is not very deep, and it is therefore also\\nused to stimulate chronic ulcers. Gynecologists use it as an application\\nto the neck of the womb in cancers and ulcers of that organ. Chromic\\nacid is also used to remove warts and other growths on the skin and\\nmucous membranes.\\nStrong solutions should be applied with a glass rod, but weaker solu-\\ntions may be applied with a camel s-hair brush which must immediately\\nthereafter be well washed in water.\\nA dilute solution of one-half to two per cent, in strength is much\\nused by microscopists to harden histological or pathological specimens\\nwhich it is desired to cut in thin sections. This method of hardening is\\nespecially valuable for nervous tissues.\\nAcidum Chrysophanicum.\\nChrysophanic Acid.\\nThe substance used under the above name in the treatment of skin\\ndiseases is chrysarobin, which see.\\nTrue chrysophanic acid is found in some lichens, in rhubarb, rumex,\\netc., of which it is the principal coloring matter. When pure it is ob-\\ntained in bright yellow crystals.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAcidum Cinnamicum.\\nCinnamic Acid.\\nZimmtsaure, G.; Acid Cinnamique, F. Acido Cinnamico, Sp. Kanel-\\nsyra, Sw.\\nAn aromatic acid existing in the balsams of Peru, Tolu, and Storax.\\nIt is also found in old resinified oil of cinnamon. At present it is pre-\\npared in large quantities artificially by Schering of Berlin. It resembles\\nbenzoic acid in appearance and properties, and is attracting attention\\nas an antiseptic.\\nTrue cinnamic acid may be conveniently prepared from old, hard\\nbalsam of tolu, by boiling the tolu with water and lime, filtering while\\nhot, and immediately precipitating with hydrochloric acid.\\nAcidum Citricum U.\\nCitric Acid.\\nCitronensaure, G. Acide citrique, Acide du citron, F. Acido Citrico,\\nSp.; Citronsyra, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 13 and\\n14. Permanent in the air at ordinary temperatures if pure. Soluble in\\ntwice its weight of glycerin.\\nTo neutralize ten grams citric acid dissolved in water requires fif-\\nteen grams potassium bicarbonate; twelve grams potassium carbonate;\\ntwelve grams sodium bicarbonate; twenty-one grams crystallized sodium\\ncarbonate; nine grams ammonium carbonate; 9.8 grams water of am-\\nmonia; 3.5 grams stronger water of ammonia; 7.8 grams magnesium\\ncarbonate; or, 3.5 grams magnesia.\\nDensity of Solutions. According to Schiff the specific gravities\\nof solutions of citric acid of different strengths are as follows:\\nA four per cent, solution has the specific gravity 1.0150; an eight\\nper cent, solution has the specific gravity 1.0306; a twelve per cent,\\nsolution has the specific gravity 1.0470; a sixteen per cent, solution has\\nthe specific gravity 1.0G34; a twenty-four per cent, solution has the\\nspecific gravity 1.0979; a thirty-six per cent, solution has the specific\\ngravity 1.1540; a fifty per cent, solution has, according to Gerlach, the\\nspecific gravity 1.2204, and a sixty per cent, solution the specific gravity\\n1.2738.\\nAqueous solutions of citric acid soon become mouldy.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 25\\nOriginal Packages of citric acid are kegs containing one hundred\\nand twelve pounds each.\\nMedicinal Uses. Citric acid is a remedy of great value in scurvy,\\nand in the form of lime-juice is used as a preventive of that disease on\\nvessels that are on the sea for any length of time. It is also used as a\\nrefrigerant, and forms a grateful drink for feverish patients, on account\\nof its power to allay thirst. In the form of lemon-juice it enjoys the\\npopular reputation of curing and preventing biliousness. It is given\\nin sweetened water to suit the taste.\\nArtificial Lemon-juice is made by dissolving thirty grams (1 ounce)\\ncitric acid in four hundred grams (13J fluidounces) water.\\nArtificial Lemonade is prepared by dissolving sixty grams (2 ounces)\\ncitric acid in one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) water,\\nand adding two hundred and fifty grams (8| ounces) sugar previously\\nrubbed up with ten drops of oil of lemon.\\nACIDI CITKICI SYKUPUS IT. S.\\nSyrup of Citric Acid.\\nMix four grams (5 fluidrachms) spirit of lemon with nine hundred and\\neighty grams (34 ounces 250 grains) simple syrup in a liter (or quart)\\nbottle. Add gradually eight grams (124 grains) citric acid dissolved\\nin eight grams (2 fluidrachms) water, shaking the bottle after each\\naddition, until all is thoroughly mixed. The final product should weigh\\none thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains), and will measure about\\nseven hundred and sixty-five cubic centimeters (nearly 26 fluidounces).\\nAcidum Cresylicum.\\nCresol. Cresylic Acid. Cresyl Alcohol.\\nThis is an uncrystallizable, clear, colorless liquid when pure. As\\nusually sold it has a reddish tint. It is a coal-tar product which always\\naccompanies impure carbolic acid. A mixture of equal parts of pure\\ncarbolic acid and glycerin can be diluted in any proportions with\\nwater, forming a clear mixture, but cresylic acid forms a turbid mixture\\nwhen similarly treated.\\nCresylic acid is a powerful disinfectant, perhaps more powerful than\\ncarbolic acid. Its medicinal properties, as far as known, are similar to\\nthose of phenol. Used as a vapor by heating over a small lamp.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAcidum Formicicum.\\nFormic Acid.\\nAmeisensaure, G.; Acide formique, F.; Myrsyra, Sw.\\nA colorless liquid of a pungent acid odor. It mixes readily with\\nwater and alcohol. When applied to the skin it causes a burning sen-\\nsation, acting as an irritant poison and producing blisters.\\nThe stinging effect of the hairs of nettle, and of the stings of certain\\ninsects, are caused by formic acid, which is also present in and has de-\\nrived its name from red ants.\\nProperties. Stimulant.\\nSPIKITUS FORMICAKUM G.\\nMacerate five hundred grams (17f ounces) bruised red ants with\\nseven hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1^- pint) water and eight\\nhundred cubic centimeters (about 34 fluidounces) alcohol for two days\\nin a retort. Then distil off one thousand grams (35^ ounces).\\nDose. 1 to 4 cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nAcidum Gallicum; IT. S.\\nGallic Acid.\\nGallussaure, G.; Acide galliqiie, F. Acido Gallico, Sp.; Gallusyra, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 14. It\\ndissolves in twenty times its weight of glycerin. An alcoholic solution\\nmixes clear with water in all proportions, but turns brown by keeping.\\nSold in one-pound boxes and in one-ounce bottles. It requires a\\nfour-ounce bottle to hold one ounce.\\nMedicinal Uses. For internal use gallic acid is to be preferred to\\ntannic acid, as the latter is changed to gallic acid in the blood. For\\nhemorrhage from the kidneys, gallic acid is the best remedy we possess.\\nIt is not styptic when employed externally, and therefore cannot be sub-\\nstituted for tannic acid when we desire the local effect.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.0G to 0.65 Gram (1 to 10 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 27\\nACIDI GALLICI GLYCEELTUM.\\nGlycerite of Gallic Acid.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) gallic acid in one hundred and\\nfifty grams (5 ounces, or about 4 fluidounces) glycerin by the aid of\\nheat. On cooling, a portion of the gallic acid separates, and must be\\nremoved, as it does not re-dissolve.\\nACIDI GALLICI UNGUENT UM; U. S.\\nOintment of Gallic Acid.\\nMix thoroughly thirty grams (1 ounce) gallic acid and two hundred\\nand seventy grams (9 ounces) benzoinated lard. Use a horn spatula,\\nas iron would discolor the product.\\nAcidum Hydriodicum.\\nHydriodic Acid.\\nJodwasserstoffsaure, G. Acide iodhydrigue, F. Acido iodohidrico, Sp.\\nJbdvatesyra, Sw. Solution of Hydrogen Iodide.\\nThis is hydrogen iodide dissolved in water. The acid contains over\\nninety-nine per cent, iodine. A ten per cent, strong acid would thus\\ncontain nearly ten per cent, iodine. The hydriodic acid, formerly of-\\nficial in the United States, had a specific gravity of 1.112, and contained\\nfifteen per cent, iodide of hydrogen, or nearly fifteen per cent, iodine.\\nIt should be colorless and clear. As the bromine strength of hydro-\\nbromic acid is greater than that of any other bromide, so is the iodine\\nstrength of hydriodic acid greater than that of any other iodide. Hence\\ntheir use in medicine.\\nHydriodic acid does not keep. It turns reddish brown from free\\niodine. The addition of a small quantity of hyposulphite of sodium is\\nsaid to retard the decomposition. The only preparation of hydriodic\\nacid fit for use (on pharmaceutical grounds) is the syrup.\\nACIDI HYDEIODICI SYEUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Hydriodic Acid.\\nDissolve ten grams (154^ grains) iodine in eighty grams (meas-\\nuring about 3J fluidounces) alcohol, in a loosely stoppered chemical\\nflask, using very gentle heat to avoid loss of iodine by vaporization.\\nAdd the solution to one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains)", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsimple syrup previously mixed with one hundred and fifty grams (5\\nfluidounces) water. Put the mixture in a tall glass vessel, shake well,\\nand then pass into it a current of hydrosulphuric acid gas until it turns\\na purely yellowish color and no longer gets brown on shaking it. Filter\\nthe liquid through white filter paper, returning what passes until it\\ncomes through clear. Wash the filter with a little distilled water, and\\nevaporate the filtrate and washings in a weighed porcelain dish on a\\nwater-bath at not over 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (131\u00c2\u00b0 F.), stirring constantly, until all\\nodor of hydrosulphuric acid has been removed. Now set the evaporat-\\ning dish aside until the contents are cool. Then add five grams (77\\ngrains) spirit of orange and four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains)\\nsugar, and enough water to make the whole weigh one thousand grams\\n(35 ounces. 120 grains). When the sugar has dissolved (without the\\naid of heat) strain the syrup through a plug of loose cotton put in the\\nstem of a funnel, keeping the latter covered.\\nPreservation. Fill the product in bottles holding not more than\\ntwo hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) each, which\\nmust be quite filled and corked with corks dipped in melted paraffin or\\nwax. Keep these bottles in a cool, dark place. The preparation is not\\neasily made to keep well.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 318. It\\ncontains one per cent, absolute hydriodic acid, or nearly one per cent.\\niodine (combined).\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nAcidum Hydrobromicum.\\nHydrobromic Acid.\\nBromwasserstoffsaure, G.; Acide bromhydrique, F.; Acido bromohi-\\ndrico, Sp.; Bromvdtesyra, Sw. Solution of Hydrogen Bromide.\\nThe official hydrobromic acid is\\nACIDUM IIYDROBEOMICUM DILUTUM; U. S.\\nDiluted Hydrobromic Acid.\\nThis is a pure acid of ten per cent, strength.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 14. When\\nfirst introduced into medicine in this country the acid was made of ten\\nper cent, strength by decomposing eighty grains potassium bromide\\nwith one hundred grains of tartaric acid. This preparation was impure,\\ncontaining both potassium bitartrate and undecomposed potassium", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 29\\nbromide. The hydrobromic acid gained its reputation as a remedy by\\nthe use of a ten per cent, acid, and this would seem to be sufficiently\\nstron\u00c2\u00b0\\\\ Absolute hydrobromic acid is hydrogen bromide, containing\\nninety-eight and three-fourths per cent, bromine and one and one-fourth\\nper cent, hydrogen. It contains more bromine than any other bromide.\\nPotassium bromide contains about two-thirds of its weight of bromine,\\nand lithium bromide about ninety-two per cent. Dr. Squibb prepares\\na hydrobromic acid containing thirty-four per cent, of hydrogen bro-\\nmide (or absolute hydrobromic acid), which represents one-half the\\nbromine strength of an equal weight of potassium bromide, Squibb s\\nhydrobromic acid containing 33.58 per cent, bromine, and the potassium\\nbromide containing 67.17 per cent.\\nHydrobromic acid keeps well when pure. Should be put in glass-\\nstoppered bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is useful in the same kind of cases in which\\nbromide of potassium is indicated. Headache, accompanied by conges-\\ntion of the brain, as evidenced by the beating and throbbing of the\\npulsations, is readily relieved by it; also, the tinnitus aurium experienced\\nafter taking quinine. It fails to do good in epilepsy.\\nDose. Of the diluted acid, from 2 to 4 cubic centimeters (J to 1\\nfluidrachm).\\nAcidum Hydrochloricum; U. S.\\nHydrochloric Acid.\\nAcidum Hydrochloratum Acidum Muriaticum y Acidum Chlorhy-\\ndricum Salzsciure, G. Acide chlorhydrique, Acide muriatique, F.\\nAcido chlorohidrico, Acido hidrochlorico, Acido muriatico, Sp.;\\nSaltsyra, ITlorvdtesyra, Sw. Muriatic Acid, Hydrogen Chloride.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 14 and\\n15. Hydrochloric acid is commonly called muriatic acid. The old name,\\nspirit of salt, is rarely used any more. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia\\ndoes not sanction the use of commercial hydrochloric or muriatic acid\\nfor medical or pharmacal purposes, requiring the chemically pure in all\\ncases.\\nThe official or U. S. P. acid is, therefore, a C. P. acid. It has\\n1.16 specific gravity, and contains 31.9 per cent, hydrochloric acid gas\\n(chloride of hydrogen). Chemical manufacturers sell it in one-pound\\nbottles and in six-pound bottles, under the designation of C P. muriatic\\nacid of 20\u00c2\u00b0 Baume strength. The muriatic acid of the Pharmacopoeia\\nof 1870 was of the same strength.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCommercial muriatic acid is usually very impure, containing arsenic,\\niron, and sulphuric and sulphurous acids. It is used in the arts, and\\nsold for this purpose by all druggists. Manufacturers sell several grades\\nof it, viz.: 18\u00c2\u00b0 Baume 1.14 specific gravity twenty-eight per cent.\\nabsolute acid; 20\u00c2\u00b0 Baume 1.16 specific gravity thirty-two per\\ncent, absolute acid; and 22\u00c2\u00b0 Baume 1.18 specific gravity 35.5 per\\ncent, absolute hydrochloric acid. Carboys of muriatic acid contain about\\none hundred and twenty pounds each.\\nStrong hydrochloric acid gives off white vapors in the air. This is\\npartly due to the difference in percentage of moisture in the air and in\\nthe acid, and partly to the ammonia contained in the atmosphere, which,\\nwhen it meets the hydrochloric acid forms a light cloud of chloride of\\nammonium.\\nBottles containing hydrochloric acid, or other acids, frequently\\nbecome covered with a light cloud or coat which is easily wiped or\\nwashed off. This is ammonium salt, formed from the ammonia in the\\nair uniting with the vapors passing off from the acid bottle.\\nGlass-stoppered bottles are necessary for keeping hydrochloric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Mineral acids have certain properties in common.\\nIn a concentrated form they are highly corrosive escharotics, which ab-\\nstract water with great avidity from the tissues.\\nHydrochloric acid aids digestion. A gland is stimulated by applying\\nto the opening of its duct a solution of an opposite reaction to that of\\nits secretion, and its action is diminished by an application of the same\\nreaction as that of its secretion.\\nIn heartburn, due to excessive secretion of gastric juice, alkaline\\ntreatment, as magnesia or bicarbonate of soda, is only palliative, since\\nit merely neutralizes the acidity of the gastric juice, while it rather aug-\\nments than diminishes the amount of it. If given at all in such a case,\\nsuch substances should be given after meals.\\nIt is better to give diluted hydrochloric acid before meals, when it\\nwill check the flow of gastric juice and cure the trouble.\\nIn atonic dyspepsia, which is due to a diminished secretion of\\ngastric juice, the reverse is true. The hydrochloric acid must be given\\nafter meals to assist the digestion.\\nHydrochloric acid largely diluted with sweetened water forms an\\nexcellent drink to allay thirst and increase the appetite and digestion in\\nfevers, especially during convalescence. Externally it is occasionally\\nemployed as a local escharotic in syphilitic ulcers, mucous patches, etc.\\nIt is given in the form of the diluted acid.\\nPoisonous Effects. If taken in concentrated form it destroys the", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 31\\nmucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, oesophagus, and\\nstomach, producing intense pain and distress. As antidotes we give\\nmagnesia, chalk, alkalies, soda, lime, soap, etc., to neutralize, and albu-\\nmen, oil, milk, etc., to mechanically protect the tissues. Calcined mag-\\nnesia is preferable to the carbonates, because the liberated carbonic\\nacid may distend and rupture the corroded walls of the stomach.\\nAfter-treatment opium, stimulants, etc.\\nACIDUM HYDROCHLOKICITM DILUTUM; IT. S.\\nDiluted Hydrochloric Acid.\\nDiluted Muriatic Acid, Phar., 1870.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces 50^- grains) of hydrochloric acid with one\\nhundred and thirty grams (4 ounces 256 grains) distilled water.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 15. It\\ncontains ten per cent, of absolute hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chlo-\\nride has the specific gravity 1.049, corresponding to 7\u00c2\u00b0 Baume and is\\nabout thirty per cent, stronger than the diluted muriatic acid of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870, which had a specific gravity of 1.038, containing\\n7.7 per cent, of absolute acid.\\nDose. From 0.3 to 1.50 cubic centimeter (5 to 25 minims), largely\\ndiluted, and taken through a straw or a glass tube to prevent the acid\\nfrom injuring the teeth.\\nAcidum Hydrocyamicum Dilutum XT. S.\\nDiluted Hydrocyanic Acid.\\nAcidum Hydrocyanatum Acidum Sorussicum Cyanwasserstoff-\\nsaure, JBlausdure, G. Acide cyanhydrique, Acide hydrocyanique, F.\\nAcido cianhidrico, Acido hidrocianico, Acido Prusico, Sp. Cyan-\\nvdtesyra, Blasyra, Sw. Prussic Acid. Solution of Hydrogen\\nCyanide.\\nExtremely poisonous, and never administered alone.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 15 and\\n16. The official preparation contains two per cent, hydrogen cyanide.\\nKeeps well in small bottles about thirty cubic centimeters capacity,\\nor one fluidounce with well-ground glass stoppers, in a cool, dark\\nplace.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe alternate formula of the Pharmacopoeia for preparing diluted\\nhydrocyanic acid from cyanide of silver by decomposition with hydro-\\nchloric acid yields a perfectly pure product, but seems to be superfluous.\\nIt is not probable that any considerable number of pharmacists ever\\nmake their own hydrocyanic acid, and a physician who is unable to find\\nhydrocyanic acid in a case of emergency, would be even more likely to\\nfail to find cyanide of silver.\\nScheele s Hydrocyanic Acid, so called, which is sometimes called for\\neven now, contains five per cent, absolute hydrocyanic acid, being thus\\ntwo and one-half times the strength of the U. S. P. preparation.\\nMedicinal Uses. Hydrocyanic acid is a most powerful poison.\\nEven the inhalation of its vapor has resulted in death. For medicinal\\nuse only the diluted acid can be employed. In small or medicinal doses\\nits action is that of a calmative or sedative. It is a valuable remedy in\\ncertain affections depending upon an irritation of the pneumogastric\\nnerve; in nervous vomiting, of pregnancy, or of cerebral disorders, or\\nthe reflex vomiting of phthisis which occurs after severe spells of cough-\\ning; also in irritable cough or whooping-cough some forms of dyspep-\\nsia, gastralgia, etc.\\nApplied externally it allays itching in urticaria, lichen, or pruritus,\\npruritus ani or vulvas, etc. For this purpose it may be used by diluting\\none-half to one fluidrachm of dilute acid in six to eight fiuidounces of in-\\nfusion (cold process) of marshmallow or sassafras pith, or in an emul-\\nsion of almonds.\\nPoisonous Effects. It is very rapidly absorbed, and if taken in a\\nlarge dose the effect is perceptible in a few seconds, while death may\\nresult within four or five minutes. The symptoms are sudden giddiness\\nalmost instantly followed by insensibility, cold extremities, clammy\\nsweat, slow, jerking respiration, and very feeble pulse. If the effects\\nare slower, convulsions, lockjaw, and opisthotonus may occur.\\nAntidotes and Treatment. All chemical antidotes are worth-\\nless, as they are absorbed much too slowly. If the dose was large, the\\nprobability is that all help will be too late. The treatment consists in\\ncold douches and affusions to the head and spine, and the inhalation\\nand hypodermic injection of ammonia.\\nDose. 1 to 3 minims (0.05 to 0.20 cubic centimeter) several times\\na lay in some neutral vehicle.\\nFor inhalation a mixture of ten to fifteen minims of diluted acid in\\nsixty minims of water is used (0.G6 to 1.0 cubic centimeter in 4 cubic\\ncentimeters water.)", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 33\\nHYDKOCYANATA EMULSIO.\\nHydrocyaxated Emulsion.\\nBeat twenty-five grams (386 grains) blanched sweet almond in a\\nmortar with enough water, gradually added, to obtain two hundred and\\ntwenty-five cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) emulsion, to which add\\ntwenty-five cubic centimeters (6f fluidrachms) simple syrup. Macerate\\nwith this during one hour three grams (46 grains) amygdalin, shaking\\nbriskly from time to time.\\nDuring the maceration hydrocyanic acid is formed, the quantity of\\nwhich is accurately estimated from the quantity of amygdalin used.\\nPrepared as here indicated, the preparation contains two centigrams of\\nanhydrous hydrocyanic acid in every thirty cubic centimeters (nearly\\none-third grain in each fluidounce.)\\nThis is a reliable hydrocyanic acid preparation when made freshly as\\nrequired for use.\\nDose. 2 to 5 cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nAcidum Hypophosphorosum,\\nHypophosphorous Acid.\\nPrepared by decomposing hypophosphite of calcium with oxalic acid.\\nIt is a colorless acid liquid, containing, as commonly made, about ten per\\ncent, of the acid (hydrogen hypophosphite), each fluidrachm represent-\\ning six grains hypophosphorous acid, containing two and one-fourth\\ngrains of combined phosphorus. It is hardly ever used except for the\\npreparation of syrups and solutions of the hypophosphites.\\nDose. 0.6 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims).\\nAcidum Lacticum; U. S.\\nLactic Acid.\\nMilchsaure, G.; Acide lactique, F. Mjolksyra, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 16 and\\n17. It has the specific gravity 1.212, corresponding to nearly 25.5\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume, and contains seventy-five per cent, absolute lactic acid, being of\\nthe same strength as in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Should be kept in\\nglass-stoppered bottles.\\nLacto- Phosphates are simply solutions of phosphates in lactic\\nacid. Lacto-phosphate of lime is, when properly made, phosphate of\\ncalcium dissolved in lactic acid.\\n3", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLacto-Peptin is a mixture the published formula of which is re-\\nmarkable. The popularity of the preparation is probably due to the fact\\nthat it contains some free lactic acid, which aids the digestive power\\nof the principal constituent, pepsin.\\nMedicinal Uses. This acid is a valuable aid in impaired digestion,\\natonic dyspepsia, and that form of the latter disease accompanied by\\ndiarrhoea in which the stools contain undigested food. It may be com-\\nbined with pepsin.\\nIn heartburn it may be given before meals, like hydrochloric acid, but\\nis preferable to the latter as it is one of the natural ingredients of the\\ngastric juice.\\nA solution of one part in sixteen parts of water is an excellent sol-\\nvent of false membranes in croup or diphtheria. It may be applied with\\na probang or brush if the membranes do not extend into the larynx, or\\nas a spray by inhalation if they do.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims), in sweet-\\nened water.\\nAcidum Nitricum IT. S.\\nNitric Acid.\\nAcidum azoticum Salpeterstiure, G.; Acide azotique, Acide nitrique,\\nF. Acido JVitrico, Sp. Salpetersyra, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 17. The\\nofficial nitric acid of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia is a chemically pure acid\\nof 1.42 specific gravity, corresponding to 43\u00c2\u00b0 Baume. It contains 69.4\\nper cent, absolute nitric acid, and is of the same strength as the nitric\\nacid of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Should be quite colorless. It is\\nextremely corrosive.\\nCommercial nitric acid is very impure, containing sulphuric acid,\\nchlorine, and iron, and is usually more or less colored. It is sold in one-\\npound glass-stoppered bottles and in seven-pound glass-stoppered bottles,\\nand also in carboys of about one hundred and twenty to one hundred and\\nforty pounds each, the strength of the acid usually sold being 30\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume, or 1.33 specific gravity, containing fifty-two per cent, absolute\\nacid 38\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, or 1.355 specific gravity, containing fifty-seven per\\ncent.; 40\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, or 1.38 specific gravity, containing 61.5 per cent.\\n41\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, or 1.30 specific gravity, containing sixty-two per cent.; 42\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaum6, or 1.41 specific gravity, containing 67.5 per cent.; and 43\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume, or 1.42 specific gravity, containing 60.4 per cent, of absolute", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 35\\nnitric acid. The commercial acid is unfit for pharmacopoeial or medicinal\\nuses.\\nNitric acid must be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nFuming Nitric Acid is a very strong nitric acid containing hypo-\\nnitric acid which escapes as reddish brown fumes when the stopper is\\nremoved from the bottle. It is reddish yellow from the hyponitric acid.\\nGreat care should be exercised in handling fuming nitric acid, especially\\nin removing the stopper from a full bottle, when the confined gas may\\nsuddenly expand and throw a portion of the liquid out. This acid has\\na specific gravity of 1.52 (G. P.), or 49.5\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nNitrous Acid is of the same composition as fuming nitric acid but\\nweaker. Sold in one-pound glass-stoppered bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. The general effects of nitric acid are like those\\nof other mineral acids, which were described under Hydrochloric Acid.\\nIt is used for the same purposes as that acid, but is perhaps to be pre-\\nferred in diseases accompanied by inactivity of the liver. Only the\\ndiluted acid is given internally.\\nExternally, nitric acid is often used as an escharotic for the destruc-\\ntion of phagedenic chancre or chancroids. It stains the skin yellow.\\nIt is applied with a soft stick, and its action may be limited to a certain\\nextent of surface by applying a piece of surgeon s adhesive plaster which\\nhas a hole exposing the desired surface, and any superfluous acid may be\\nneutralized with an alkaline wash.\\nNitric acid is also used to destroy piles or small ncevi {mother s-\\nmarks), but it must be used with care for the latter purpose, as we re-\\nmember to have seen a case in which its application to the face of a\\nyoung lady for the latter purpose was followed by frightful cicatrices.\\nThe poisonous effects are like those of hydrochloric acid those of a\\ncorrosive poison. The nature of the acid, when swallowed, will be be-\\ntrayed by the yellow discoloration of the lips. Antidotes and treatment\\nare like those for poisoning with hydrochloric acid.\\nACIDUM NITEICUM DILUTUM; U. S.\\nDiluted Niteic Acid.\\nMix thirty grams (or 1 ounce) nitric acid with one hundred and\\neighty grams (or 6 ounces) distilled water.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 17 and 18.\\nIt is a chemically pure nitric acid, containing ten per cent, of absolute\\nacid and having the specific gravity 1.059.\\nThe diluted nitric acid of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 had the specific", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "30 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngravity 1.101, and contained fifteen per cent, of absolute nitric acid, being\\nthus fifty per cent, stronger than the present preparation.\\nDose. 2 to 20 drops, well diluted with water, several times daily,\\ntaken through a straw or a glass tube, the mouth being afterward well\\nrinsed to protect the teeth from injury.\\nFor medicinal effects, see Nitric Acid above.\\nAcidum Nitrohydrochloricum U. S.\\nNITROHYDROCHLORIC AdD.\\nAcidum Nitromuriaticum Nitre-muriatic Acid.\\nThis is prepared by mixing forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) of the\\nofficial nitric acid with one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127\\ngrains) of the official hydrochloric acid.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 18. It is not\\na mere mechanical mixture. A chemical reaction with considerable rise\\nof temperature takes place, which may cause quite violent effervescence.\\nHence the precaution to mix the acids in an open and capacious\\nvessel to put the mixture in bottles only after effervescence has\\nceased, and to pour the bottles half full only, to allow ample space for\\nthe gases which are formed. These gases are chlorine and chloro-nitrous\\nacid. The properties of the nitrohydrochloric acid depend chiefly upon\\nthe free chlorine in it.\\nThe proportions between the nitric and the hydrochloric acid in the\\nnew formula are such as will yield the greatest amount of chlorine.\\nThe preparation must be kept in bottles with well-fitting glass stop-\\npers, and in a cool, dark place.\\nFormerly a mixture of nitric acid with hydrochloric acid was called\\nAqua Regia, owing to its royal power of absorbing gold, which no other\\nacid attacks.\\nMedicinal Uses. The general effects of nitrohydrochloric acid are\\nlike those of other mineral acids as described under hydrochloric acid.\\nIt is, however, preferred to other mineral acids in diseases involving the\\nfunctions of the liver.\\nIt is useful in chronic hepatic troubles, and in dysentery and dropsy\\nof hepatic origin; also in jaundice accompanying malarial diseases.\\nThe internal use should be accompanied by the use of the nitrohydro-\\nchloric acid bath applied to the right hypochondriac region or to the\\nwhole surface of the body.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 37\\nIt is also given internally in syphilitic cachexia and in some cutane-\\nous diseases. Its use must be continued for some time.\\nThe poisonous effects and antidotes and treatment are like those of\\nits component acids.\\nACIDUM NITKOHYDEOCHLOEICUM DILUTUM; U. S.\\nDiluted Niteohydeochloeic Acid.\\nAcidum Nitromuriaticum Dilutum Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid,\\nPhar., 1870.\\nMix forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) nitric acid with one hundred\\nand fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) hydrochloric acid in the same\\nmanner as in making nitrohydrochloric acid (see above). After the re-\\naction has subsided add seven hundred and sixty grams (26 ounces\\n350 grains) distilled water.\\nThe chemical reaction by which the chlorine and chloro-nitrous acid\\nare formed can take place only when the acids are strong, and will be\\nentirely prevented by using previously diluted acids. After long keep-\\ning this preparation contains hyponitric and hydrochloric acids.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 18.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.50 cubic centimeter (5 to 25 minims) several times\\na day, largely diluted, and taken through a straw or a glass tube to pre-\\nvent injury to the teeth.\\nNitrohydrochloric Acid Bath. Bartholow gives the following direc-\\ntions for this bath: Three ounces of nitrohydrochloric acid to a gallon of\\nwater. The feet to be placed in the bath, and the legs, arms, and abdo-\\nmen to be alternately sponged. The temperature of the bath should be\\nabout 35.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (96\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nSquire gives the proportions of eight ounces by measure to one\\ngallon of pure water; temperature, 35.5\u00c2\u00b0 to 36.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (96\u00c2\u00b0 to 98\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nLet a flannel roller of ten or twelve inches wide, and sufficient to encircle\\nthe body twice, be soaked in this fluid and then wrung so as to remain\\nonly damp. Apply this immediately to the bod} 7- covering it with a\\npiece of oiled silk to avoid dampening the dress. It should be worn\\nconstantly, but should be renewed morning and evening. This bath\\nshould be prepared in glass or glazed earthenware vessels.\\nAcidum Oleicum; U. S.\\nOleic Acid.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 18 and\\n19. It should be, at most, pale yellowish in color, and nearly odorless,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 A COMPANION TO THE\\nand have the specific gravity mentioned, viz., 0.80 to 0.81. True plas-\\nters and soaps are oleates, or salts of oleic acid.\\nOleic acid is introduced in the Pharmacopoeia for use in the prepara-\\ntion of the new class of official preparations called oleata, which are\\nsolutions of oleates in an excess of oleic acid. Oleates made without an\\nexcess of oleic acid, and dissolved in fat or petroleum ointment, are much\\nto be preferred whenever it is possible to make them. Oleate of mer-\\ncury can readily be made without any excess of oleic acid, and then\\nremains always free from the rancid acridity which is almost sure to\\ncome in oleic acid after long keeping. (See Hydrargyri Oleatum.) Brown\\nor rancid oleic acid is unfit for pharmacopoeial uses, and may, in fact,\\ndo great harm on account of its acridity if employed in the preparation\\nof oleates.\\nAcidum Oxalicum.\\nOxalic Acid.\\nOxalsaure, Kleesaure, G.; Acicle oxalique, Acide carboneux, F.; Acido\\nOxalico, Sp. Oxalsyra, Sw.\\nObtained by the action of nitric acid on sugar or starch. It is in\\nperfectly white, odorless crystals, soluble in eight parts cold water, and\\nin less than its own weight of boiling water. Soluble in two and one-\\nhalf parts cold, and in 1.8 part boiling alcohol. It has a very acid taste.\\nIs not used in medicine, but is mentioned here on account of its being\\nsold in every drug store, and because it is used as a reagent, being em-\\nployed to determine the strength of alkalies and alkaline carbonates,\\nand for the detection of calcium salts. It is also used to remove rust\\nand ink-spots from white fabrics.\\nA solution of freshly precipated ferrocyanide of iron in oxalic acid\\nand water makes a good blue ink.\\nPoisonous Action. In large doses it is an irritant poison, pro-\\nducing burning pain, vomiting, drowsiness or stupor with collapse and\\ndeath. Powdered chalk or whitewash from the walls mixed with water\\nshould be given as an antidote, and the inflammation combated on gen-\\neral principles.\\nAcidum Phosphoricum IT. S.\\nPhosphoric Acid.\\nI liosphorsdure, G. Acide Phosfyhorique, F. Acido Fosforico, Sp.;\\nFosforsyra, Sw.\\nThe new Pharmacopoeia prescribes a phosphoric acid of 1.347 specific\\ngravity, corresponding to 37.2\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, containing fifty per cent, ortho-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 39\\nphosphoric acid. As it is improbable that pharmacists will generally\\nprepare their own phosphoric acid, we will omit here the process of prep-\\naration.\\nFor working formula, description, and tests, see the Pharmacopoeia,\\npages 19 and 20. The official tests are such as require a perfectly pure\\nphosphoric acid. The one prepared from phosphorus by oxidation with\\nnitric acid is the only kind which the Pharmacopoeia intends should be\\nused; and it must be quite colorless and absolutely free from arsenic,\\nphosphorous acid, and nitric acid. It must be kept in glass-stoppered\\nbottles.\\nACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM D1LUTUM; IT. S.\\nDiluted Phosphoric Acid.\\nPrepared by mixing thirty grams (or 1 ounce) phosphoric acid with\\none hundred and twenty grams (or 4 ounces) of distilled water all by\\nweight.\\nThis preparation contains ten per cent, orthophosphoric acid, and is\\na trifle stronger than the diluted phosphoric acid of the Pharmacopoeia\\nof 1870. The specific gravity of the new diluted phosphoric acid is\\n1.057, while the specific gravity of the former preparation was 1.056.\\nDiluted phosphoric acid must not be made from glacial phosphoric\\nacid, as permitted in the old Pharmacopoeia, as the glacial acid is gener-\\nally impure.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 20.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diluted phosphoric acid is employed for the\\nsame purposes as the other mineral acids, such as hydrochloric or nitric\\nacids. It may be given for the same purposes as the hydrochloric acid,\\nalthough in most cases where either would be appropriate, the latter\\nmay be preferred. It is used in heartburn, dyspepsia, indigestion, affec-\\ntions of the bones, nightsweats, hectic fevers, etc. It possesses the\\nproperty of assuaging thirst in a marked degree, and has been given to\\nmoderate the excessive secretion of urine in diabetes by reducing the\\nquantity of water imbibed.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims) largely diluted\\nwith water.\\nPhosphoric Acid Lemonade is made by mixing twelve grams (185\\ngrains) diluted phosphoric acid (measuring about 3 fluidrachms) with\\nninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) simple syrup, and enough water\\nto make the whole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 A COMPANION TO THE\\nACIDUM PHOSPHOEICUM GLACIALE.\\nGlacial Phosphoric Acid.\\nThis is meta-phosphoric acid. It has the appearance of ice or broken\\nglass. Usually it contains a considerable quantity of sodium phosphate.\\nSyrupy Phosphoric Acid from phosphorus is also sold by manufac-\\nturing chemists. It i\u00c2\u00bb generally pure. Since the introduction into the\\nnew Pharmacopoeia of a phosphoric acid of fifty per cent, strength, it\\nis probable that the syrupy phosphoric acid will be largely displaced by\\nthe official preparation.\\nAcidum Picricum.\\nPicric Acid.\\nAcidum carbazoticum Pikrinsaure, Trinitrocarbolsaure, Welter sches\\nBitter, G. Acide picrique, Acide carbazotique, Acide nitroxan-\\nthique, Jau?ie-amer, F. Acido picrico, Sp. Pikrinsyra, Sw. Car-\\nbazotic Acid, Trinitrophenol.\\nThis is tri-nitro-carbolic acid [C 6 H 3 (N0 2 3 0], formed when carbolic\\nacid is slowly dropped into fuming nitric acid, and the mixture after-\\nward heated.\\nBright yellow crystals of an acid and excessively bitter taste, solu-\\nble in eighty-six parts of water, and very readily in alcohol and ether.\\nIt is used as a dyestuff. Stains the skin persistently and intensely\\nyellow. Most picrates (or carbazotates) are explosive by percussion or\\nheat. In large doses it is poisonous.\\nPicrate of Ammonium (carbazotate of ammonia) has been used as\\na remedy in ague and in trichinosis.\\nDose. From one to ten centigrams (-J- to 1J grain).\\nAcidum Pyrogallicum.\\nPyrogallic Acid.\\nLight, flaky, white crystals of a somewhat pearly lustre. They\\nblacken on exposure to light. Soluble in water, of which sixty cubic\\ncentimeters (2 fluidounces) will dissolve thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains),\\nthe resulting solution measuring seventy-five cubic centimeters (about\\n2^ fluidounces).\\nUses. It is much used by photographers. A solution of one part", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 41\\npyrogallic acid in sixteen parts water is used with a solution of one part\\nnitrate of silver in thirty parts of water as a black hair-dye.\\nMedicinally, it is employed in psoriasis in the form of an ointment,\\nmade of one gram (15 grains) of the acid to thirty grams (1 ounce)\\nbenzoinated lard, or petroleum ointment.\\nAcidum Pyrolignosum.\\nPyeoligneous Acid.\\nAcetum Pyroxylicum Holzessig, G. Acide pyroxyliqtie, F. Trd-dt-\\ntika, Sw. Wood-vinegar,\\nCrude pyroligneous acid is a brown liquid of 1.015 to 1.030 specific\\ngravity, having an acid and smoky odor and taste, and containing acetic\\nacid, methyl-alcohol, besides a great number of other products of the\\ndestructive distillation of wood, by which the pyroligneous acid is ob-\\ntained.\\nRectified pyroligneous acid is less dark colored, and pure acetic acid\\nis now largely manufactured from wood-vinegar or pyroligneous acid.\\nFor medicinal purposes the acid should be one, twenty parts of\\nwhich will neutralize one part dried sodium carbonate, and which will\\nleave, on evaporation, about six to ten per cent. tar.\\nMedicinal Uses. For the purification of gangrenous, and other\\nill-natured sores, pyroligneous acid is sometimes applied.\\nAcidum Salicy licum U. S.\\nSalicylic Acid.\\nSalicylsdure, G. Acid Salicylique, F. Acido salicylico, Sp. Salicyl-\\nsyra, Sw. Ortho-oxyoenzoic Acid.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 21. The\\nofficial description rejects the common amorphous, and frequently pink-\\nish-colored salicylic acid, which is impure. It requires a perfectly pure\\nacid, in fine, white, prismatic, needle-shaped crystals, which are well\\ndeveloped, present a very handsome appearance, and always furnish a\\ngood indication of purity.\\nBesides the solubilities stated in the Pharmacopoeia we have to add\\nthat it dissolves in sixty parts glycerin, and in two parts olive oil. The\\nsolution of one part salicylic acid in two parts olive oil is effected by\\nheat, and although a partial separation takes place on standing, the\\nmixture becomes homogeneous as:ain when shaken.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSalicylic acid dissolves more readily in solutions of acetate of potas-\\nsium, acetate of ammonium, citrate of potassium, phosphate of ammo-\\nnium., etc.\\nA solution of twenty grains salicylic acid to each fluidounce is the\\nmost commonly employed strength. To prepare it, triturate the salicylic\\nacid with an equal weight of acetate of potassium, and use equal parts\\nof glycerin and water as a solvent.\\nThe inhalation of the dust of salicylic acid causes coughing and\\nsneezing.\\nCrystallized salicylic acid is pure and odorless precipitated acid has\\na peculiar taste, more disagreeable than that properly belonging to the\\nacid itself and the sublimed acid is often pink-colored and smells of\\nphenol. The dialyzed salicylic acid is the best.\\nMedicinal Uses. Salicylic acid is an antiseptic and anti-ferment-\\native. Added to beer, cider, or milk, it prevents souring. Eggs laid\\nin a concentrated solution may be kept fresh for a long time. It pre-\\nvents putrefaction of urine, or arrests this process after it has com-\\nmenced. These properties make it valuable as an application to wounds,\\npromoting primary union and preventing suppuration and infection.\\nWhen given internally in fevers it reduces the temperature, and it has\\nbeen given with good results in typhoid fever, erysipelas, pneumonia,\\nphthisis also as an antipyretic and antiperiodic in intermittent fevers.\\nIt is especially valuable in septicemic fevers depending on blood-\\npoisoning, as in diphtheria, pyaemia, traumatic fevecs, etc. but its\\nmost important results seem to be achieved in acute rheumatism, at-\\ntacks of this disease often yielding in as many days as they otherwise\\nwould last weeks.\\nIt is also much used as a local disinfectant and deodorizing applica-\\ntion in fetid perspiration (for example, of the feet or axilla), or as an\\ningredient of dentifrices in foul breatli from carious teeth. It is equal\\nto carbolic acid in the treatment of wounds but, unlike the latter, it\\ndoes not produce poisoning. It may be applied in powder to cancerous\\nor gangrenous wounds, or as a dressing by soaking cotton in an alco-\\nholic solution and then drying. For external application a solution\\nmay be made by adding eight parts of borate of sodium to one hundred\\nparts of boiling water, and when dissolved gradually adding ten parts\\nof salicylic acid, filtering on cooling, if necessary.\\nSalicylic acid is extremely irritating to the mucous surfaces, and\\nshould therefore never be given in pill form or even in powder, which may\\nremain for some time in direct contact with the membrane. It is better\\nto give it in solution. On account, however, of the exceedingly dis-\\nagreeable taste of the preparation, which makes it impossible for some", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 43\\npatients to take it in that form, it will be found best to prescribe salicy-\\nlic acid suspended in some pleasant-tasting syrup.\\nDose. For internal use, from ten grains to one drachm. It is\\nclaimed that small doses frequently repeated are more successful in their\\naction than large doses at longer intervals. It does not appear to be\\npoisonous, though large doses may cause vomiting.\\nFor inhalation, a solution of fifteen grams (-J ounce) of salicylic\\nacid, fifteen grams ounce) borax, and five hundred cubic centimeters\\n(17 fluidounces) boiling water is used.\\nSALICYLIC ACID MIXTUEE.\\nDissolve five grams (75 grains) salicylic acid, and ten grams (150\\ngrains) potassium acetate in fifteen grams (300 grains) glycerin and\\nenough distilled water to make the whole measure one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (3^- fluidounces). Contains twenty-five centigrams salicylic\\nacid in each five cubic centimeters, or four grains to the teaspoonful.\\nSALICYLATUM OLEUM.\\nSalicylated Oil.\\nDissolve fifteen grams ounce) salicylic acid in thirty grams (1\\nounce) olive oil by the aid of heat.\\nTo be shaken before each application.\\nACIDI SALICYLICI UNGUENTITM.\\nSalicylic Acid Ointment.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) salicylic acid with two hundred and\\nseventy grams (9 ounces) petroleum butter in a porcelain evaporating\\ndish, and heat gently until dissolved.\\nAcidum Succinicum.\\nSuccinic Acid.\\nSal Succini Bernsteinsaure, G. Acide succinique, F. Acido sucinico,\\nSal voldtil de sucino, Sp. JBemstenssyra, Sw. Acid of Amber.\\nOccurs in amber, from which it is obtained by dry distillation. Pure\\nsuccinic acid is perfectly white and odorless. This, however, is not the\\nkind used in medicine. The medicinal succinic acid is in yellowish crys-\\ntals, which should smell and taste of oil of amber. The small percentage\\nof volatile oil in the acid is deemed to be the only active portion.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIt is soluble in about twenty-four parts of cold water, and in two\\nand one-half parts boiling water. Readily soluble in alcohol, but insol-\\nuble in ether.\\nUses. In making solution of succinate of ammonium. Succinic\\nacid itself is probably of little, if any, value.\\nDose. 0.30 to 1 gram (5 to 15 grains).\\nAcidum Sulphuricum IT. S.\\nSulphuric Acid.\\nSchwefelsaure, Vitriol dl, G. Acide sulphurique, Huile de vitriol, F.\\nAcido sulfurico, Sp. Svafvelsyra, Vitriololja, Sw. Oil of Vitriol,\\nDescriptor) and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 21.\\nThe official preparation is a chemically pure acid of 1.840 specific\\ngravity, or 66.3\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, containing not less than ninety-six per cent.\\nabsolute sulphuric acid (hydrogen sulphate), or eighty per cent, anhy-\\ndride. Must be colorless, and to keep it so, as well as to keep it from\\nabsorbing moisture, and thus become weaker, it must be kept in bottles\\nwith well-ground glass stoppers.\\nCommercial sulphuric acid, commonly called oil of vitriol, is an im-\\npure acid containing arsenic, lead, nitric acid, etc. The lead sulphate\\nprecipitates if the acid is diluted with more than three times its weight\\nof water and allowed to stand for a day.\\nThe oil of vitriol sold by the manufacturers usually has a specific\\ngravity of 1.835, corresponding to 66\u00c2\u00b0 Baume, and contains about\\nninety-four per cent, of absolute sulphuric acid. It is put up in nine-\\npound bottles, and in carboys of about one hundred and seventy pounds\\neach.\\nMedical Uses. The concentrated acid is sometimes used exter-\\nnally to destroy morbid growths or fungoid granulations, chancroids,\\netc. It is a powerful escharotic, abstracting water or its equivalents of\\noxygenated hydrogen from organic substances and charring them. To\\ncontrol and confine its action it is best applied in the form of a paste\\nmade by saturating asbestos or powdered charcoal with the acid.\\nPoisonous Effects and Antidotes. When taken internally its\\nnature may be known from the blackened appearance of the lips and\\nother parts of the mouth. It corrodes all the parts with which it comes\\ninto contact, producing intense pain with efforts to vomit. Collapse\\nand death often occur rapidly as the consequence of the intense conges-\\ntion accompanying the destruction of the lining membrane of the", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 45\\noesophagus and stomach, and even if death does not ensue rapidly, it is\\ngenerally brought about later by the subsequent strictures of the oesoph-\\nagus.\\nThe antidotes are as in hydrochloric acid, with the exception that\\nwater cannot be given in large quantities, as it produces intense heat\\nwith the sulphuric acid. Chalk, magnesia, soap, alkalies, and their\\ncarbonates, oil, white of egg, etc., are all appropriate. If recourse be\\nhad to the stomach-pump it is to be used with care, as shreds of the lin-\\ning membrane of the stomach are apt to be sucked into the mouth of\\nthe tube and then torn off. After-treatment consists of demulcents,\\nopiates, etc., with liquid diet.\\nStrong sulphuric acid has frequently been applied externally for\\ncriminal purposes, especially in France, to destroy the beauty of a suc-\\ncessful rival or to avenge the wrongs, or supposed wrongs, inflicted by a\\nlover. This practice has most frequently been indulged in by jealous\\nor revengeful women, called vitreulleuses. The pouring of this acid\\nover the face, neck, and bosom produces intense pain and destruction\\nof tissue. The eyes may be destroyed, and when healed the entire face\\nmay be horribly disfigured by the contraction of the cicatrices. Chalk,\\nor plaster from the wall, magnesia, alkalies, or their carbonates, etc.,\\nshould be applied as soon as possible, to be followed by oil and emolli-\\nents. To relieve the pain, opium may be given internally.\\nACIDUM SULPHURICUM FUMANS.\\nNORDHATTSEIS- AdD.\\nFuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid, is made by\\nheating sulphate of iron. This is really the original oil of vitriol,\\nbeing the oily liquid obtained from vitriol or copperas. Now it is made\\nby first oxidizing the copperas in the air and then heating it in retorts.\\nIt has 1.86 to 1.87 specific gravity, and is a mixture of hydrogen sul-\\nphate (sulphuric acid) and sulphuric anhydride. It is generally more\\nor less dark colored by charred dust, etc.\\nACIDI SULPHURICI LIQUOR HALLERI.\\nAcidus Liquor Halleri (Haller s Acid Drops) is a mixture of equal\\nparts by weight of sulphuric acid and alcohol. The acid should be\\ngradually added to the alcohol with constant stirring, taking care that\\nthe temperature does not rise too high, when the liquid will boil vio-\\nlently, vaporizing the alcohol. The mixture contains ether, alcohol,\\nsulphuric acid, and sulph-ethylic acid.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIf the alcohol contain fusel oil the preparation is liable to be yel-\\nlowish otherwise it is colorless, or very nearly so. It has a specific\\ngravity of 1.20. Its medicinal uses are about the same as those of aro-\\nmatic sulphuric acid. Must be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nACIDI SULPHUKICI PASTA.\\nSulphuric Acid Paste is sulphuric acid mixed with sufficient pow-\\ndered charcoal to form a stiff paste. It must be kept in a glass or por-\\ncelain jar with cover of the same material. It is used to cauterize syphi-\\nlitic ulcers, etc.\\nACIDUM SULPHUKICTJM AROMATICUM; U.S.\\nAromatic Sulphuric Acid.\\nJSIixtura Aromatica Acida, Tinctura Aromatica Adda Elixir of\\nVitriol.\\nPut seven hundred grams (24 ounces 300 grains) of alcohol (meas-\\nuring 29\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) in a half gallon, w T ide-mouthed bottle. Stir it\\naround briskly with a glass rod so as to set it in rapid rotatory motion.\\nPour into it gradually, and in a small stream, two hundred grams (7\\nounces 24 grains) sulphuric acid. Allow the mixture, which will become\\nvery hot from the chemical action, to get cool again. Then add forty-\\nfive grams (1 ounce 257 grains) tincture of ginger (measuring 1^ fluid-\\nounce), one gram (15 grains) oil of cinnamon, and enough alcohol to\\nmake the whole weigh one thousand grains (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 22. It\\nmust be preserved in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nEthyl-sulphuric acid is formed by the action of the sulphuric acid on\\nthe alcohol, and is a constituent of the preparation.\\nThe above preparation (U. S. P., 1880), is an improvement upon that\\nof the old Pharmacopoeia (1870). In the old preparation a compound\\ntincture of ginger and cinnamon was mixed with the sulphuric acid and\\nalcohol. Thus a larger quantity of organic matter was introduced into\\nthe preparation, which, constantly acted on by the sulphuric acid,\\ncaused a continuous formation of precipitate. In the new formula the\\nsubstitution of oil of cinnamon for the crude drug lessens the amount\\nof precipitate considerably, though it does not entirely prevent it. The\\npresent preparation is lighter colored than the old. Both are reddish\\nbrown.\\nThe new official aromatic sulphuric acid contains twenty per cent.,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 47\\nbv weight, of the official sulphuric acid, whereas the preparation of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870 contained only nineteen per cent.\\nThe name Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum is an awkward one,\\nas the preparation is not an acid, still less an aromatic acid. It should\\nhave been called tinctura aromatica acida, or, still better, mixtura aro-\\nmatica acida.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is useful in the same diseases in which sul-\\nphuric acid is indicated, and is preferred on account of its more pleasant\\ntaste. It is frequently employed in night-sweats, especially of phthisi-\\ncal or hectic patients, in excessive menstrual discharge, or menorrhagia.\\nIf given for any length of time it is apt to derange the digestion.\\nThe preparation is prescribed alone, to be taken in water. It is\\nalso much used in combination with sulphate of quinine, both in solution\\nand in pills, aiding considerably the efficacy of the quinine by rendering\\nit easily soluble.\\nDose. 0.5 to one cubic centimeter (10 to 20 minims).\\nACIDUM SULPHUKICUM DILUTUM; U.S.\\nDiluted Sulphuric Acid.\\nPrepared by mixing thirty grams (or 1 ounce), by weight, of sulphu-\\nric acid with two hundred and seventy grams (or 9 ounces) of distilled\\nwater. In making it be careful to put the water in a vessel capable of\\nholding at least one-third more than the total volume of the two liquids\\nthen set the water in rapid rotatory motion by stirring it around vigor-\\nously in one direction with a glass rod, after which pour the sulphuric\\nacid gradually, and in a small stream, into the center of the moving\\nwater. There will then be no danger of a sudden boiling over of the\\nmixture, which sometimes takes place when sulphuric acid and water\\nare mixed. To add the water to the sulphuric acid instead of the con-\\ntrary, would almost certainly cause such a violent commotion as to\\nthrow the liquid out, and perhaps cause serious injury to the operator.\\nDescription and Tests. See Pharmacopoeia, page 22. Contains\\nten per cent, of the official sulphuric acid, and has a specific gravity\\nof 1.069. Must be perfectly clear and colorless, and kept in glass-\\nstoppered bottles. The diluted acid of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 had\\na specific gravity of 1.094, and contained 11.14 per cent, of sulphuric\\nanhydride, S0 3 or 12.38 per cent, absolute sulphuric acid, H 2 S0 4 The\\nacid of 1880 is therefore less than five-sixths as strong as that of 1870.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sulphuric acid is generally given internally in\\nthe form of diluted sulphuric acid, or as aromatic sulphuric acid. The", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "43 A COMPANION TO THE\\neffects are described under the latter heading. Sulphuric acid possesses\\nthe general properties of mineral acids, but is more astringent.\\nDose of the diluted acid. Ten to thirty drops, largely diluted, and\\ntaken through a straw or glass tube to prevent injury to the teeth.\\nACIDI SULPHURICI LEMON ADUM.\\nSulphuric Acid Lemonade is made by mixing two grams (31 grains)\\nsulphuric acid with about five hundred cubic centimeters of water, and\\nthen adding ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) simple syrup and\\nenough water to make the whole about one thousand cubic centimeters\\n(or 34: fluidounces).\\nIt is much used as a prophylactic against cholera.\\nACIDI SULPHURICI SYRUPUS.\\nSulphuric Acid Syrup.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted sulphuric acid and\\ntwo hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nAcidum Sulphurosum U. S.\\nSulphurous Acid.\\nSchweflige Sihtre, G. Acide sulfureux, F. Swafvelsyrlighet, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 22 and\\n23. It is improbable that any great number of pharmacists will prepare\\nsulphurous acid, and hence we omit the process of preparation.\\nThe preparation is a solution of sulphurous acid gas in water. It\\ncontains three and one-half per cent, of the acid, and has the specific\\ngravity 1.022. Smells like the fumes of burning sulphur. Should be\\nclear and colorless.\\nPreservation. It must be kept in small and quite filled, dark,\\namber-colored bottles, with well ground glass stoppers, and in a cool\\nplace.\\nSulphurous acid is an energetic deoxidizing agent, and hence\\nbleaches vegetable colors.\\nMedicinal Uses. Internally it has been given in zymotic diseases,\\nbut the sulphites are generally preferred. The sulphurous acid is espe-\\ncially useful in the vomiting of frothy or yeasty matters containing\\nsarcince ventriculi. Externally it is used as a disinfectant and deodor-\\nizer. It is useful as an application in parasitic skin diseases.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 49\\nThe fumes of burning sulphur (sulphurous acid gas) are an excellent\\ndisinfectant for rooms or hospital wards. The patients having been re-\\nmoved, a dish of sulphur is placed in the room and ignited. The doors\\nand windows are tightly closed and the room left for some time so that\\nthe fumes may penetrate into all parts of the apartment. It must be\\nrecollected that this procedure will bleach and destroy textile fabrics, as\\ncurtains, carpets, etc., if left in the room.\\nDose of the acid for internal use. One to two fluidrachms (4 to 8\\ncubic centimeters) largely diluted with water.\\nAcidum Tannicum IT. S.\\nTannic Acid.\\nAcidum G alio- Tannicum, Tanninum Gerbsaure, Tannin, G. Acide\\ntannique, Tannin, F. Acido Tanico, Tanino, Sp. Galltipple-\\ngarfsyra, Tannin, Sw. Tannin.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 23. It\\nconsists of pale yellowish and very light porous masses, or coarse pow-\\nder made up of small shining scales. It often has a greenish tint.\\nTannic acids of various kinds exist in numerous plants, as in the as-\\ntringent drugs; thus there is quercitannic acid in oak bark, cinchotannic\\nacid in cinchona, catechutannic acid in catechu, etc. The official tannic\\nacid is s:allotannic acid the one extracted from nut-o-alls.\\nTurkish galls contain sometimes as much as sixty-five per cent., and\\nChinese galls even more. The tannic acid from Chinese galls has a\\nlighter color.\\nHeat aids the solution of tannin in its solvents. The solutions\\ndarken by age and exposure to air, and even dry tannic acid darkens\\nin the light of the sun.\\nIt takes a ten-ounce bottle to hold one ounce tannin without crush-\\ning or shaking it down. It is sold in one-ounce bottles and one-pound\\nboxes. An ordinary flour barrel holds about twenty -five pounds.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is a powerful astringent and is\\nuseful in all relaxed conditions of the tissues, especially of the mucous\\nmembranes. It is indicated for internal use in diarrhoeas, fluxes, and\\nhemorrhages. In hemorrhage from the kidney it is especially useful.\\nIt is also used in the form of a spray (in solution) in hemorrhage from\\nthe lungs. All hemorrhages, especially if of a passive nature, will be\\ndiminished or arrested by this substance.\\nTannic acid coagulates the fibrin when added to the blood, forming\\nclots, and is therefore an excellent local styptic, and may be applied in\\n4", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthe form of powder to the bleeding surfaces, as in bleeding from the\\nnose, vagina, rectum, leeclibites, etc. It is also good in spongy and\\nbleeding gums as a wash; in leucorrhoea, gleet, and gonorrhoea after the\\nfirst acute painful stage is passed, as an injection; in pharyngitis as a\\ngargle, and in profuse sweating as a wash.\\nWhen bedsores threaten to form, the skin may be washed over the\\nprominences with a solution of tannic acid, alcohol, and water.\\nIn the eczema, especially of children, we have used it frequently and\\nfound it to act well. In the moist condition of this disease a dusting\\npowder consisting of tannic acid, with or without lycopodium, may be\\napplied with a puff. If dry crusts have formed, we loosen and remove\\nthe crusts with tepid soap-water and apply an ointment of tannic acid,\\nfive grams, with oxide of zinc ointment, forty grams, on lint.\\nIn prolapsus ani the protruded part of the gut may be dusted over\\nwith tannic acid in fine powder, and the bowel then returned.\\nThe dose for internal use is from 0.20 to 0.50 gram (3 to 8 grains),\\nin pill, wafer, or capsule. It is very difficult to swallow it in solution.\\nCOLLODIUM STYPTICUM; IT. S.\\nStyptic Collodion.\\nDissolve twenty grams (309 grains) tannic acid in a mixture of five\\ngrams (77 grains, measuring 100 minims) alcohol, twenty grams (309\\ngrains, measuring about 7 fluidrachms) ether, and fifty-five grams (1\\nounce 411 grains) collodion, by agitating these ingredients together in\\na bottle. When solution is completed, keep the product in well-closed\\nbottles in a cool place away from fire or flames. The bottles should not\\nbe more than three-fourths filled.\\nThis preparation is new to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nUses. It combines the styptic properties of tannin with the pro-\\ntective ones of the collodion. Used in superficial hemorrhage of capil-\\nlary origin or from small wounds. The reduction of the size of the\\nsmall vessels by the contraction of the collodion materially assists in\\ncontrolling the hemorrhage.\\nCOLLODIUM BLEMOSTATICUM (PAVESI).\\nPavesi s Haemostatic Collodion.\\nDissolve five grams benzoic acid and five grams tannic acid in one\\nhundred grams collodion then add ten grams crystallized caibolic acid,\\nand shake well.\\nUses. The same as those of styptic collodion. The antiseptic\\nproperties of carbolic are here added.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 51\\nACIDI TANNICI GLYCEEITUM.\\nGlycerite of Tannin.\\nGlycerole of Tannin.\\nTriturate fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) tannin in a Wedgewood\\nmortar with two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) glycerin\\nuntil thoroughly mixed. Then put the mixture into a porcelain evapo-\\nrating dish and heat it until solution is effected.\\nThe preparation is not clear, more or less scum rising to the surface,\\nwhich must be skimmed off. It has a brownish color.\\nUsed externally as an astringent local application rarely inter-\\nnally, in doses of from one to four grams (15 to 60 grains).\\nAcidi Tannici Injectio is made from one gram (15 grains) tannic\\nacid to one hundred cubic centimeters (3^- fluidounces) rose-water.\\nThis is used both for injections and with the spray apparatus.\\nACIDI TANNICI LINIMENTUM.\\nLiniment op Tannin.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) tannic acid in sixty grams (2 ounces)\\nolive oil.\\nUsed as an application to burns.\\nACIDI TANNICI PILUL^E.\\nTannic Acid Pells.\\nOne gram (15 grains) of glycerin makes a proper pill mass, with four\\ngrams (60 grains) tannic acid. This mass is most conveniently divided\\ninto forty pills, each pill thus containing 0.10 gram (1-J grain).\\nACIDI TANNICI SUPPOSITOKIA\\nTannic Acid Suppositories.\\nIncorporate four grams (or 60 grains) tannic acid with twenty grams\\n(or 300 grains) cacao butter, and divide the mixture into twelve sup-\\npositories.\\nThey are best made on a moist board, with an elastic, well nickel-\\nplated spatula, An iron spatula (not plated) should not be used, as\\nthis metal will blacken the mass.\\nA vaginal plug for stopping hemorrhage may be made from four", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngrams (60 grains) tannic acid and 0.50 gram (7 minims) glycerin. It is\\nheld in place by a piece of sponge.\\nSchusters Pastiles are urethral suppositories made of two grams (30\\ngrains tannic acid, 0.06 gram (1 grain) opium, and a sufficient quantity\\nof glycerin to form a mass which is made up into cylinders.\\nACIDI TANNICI TKOCHISCI; IT. S.\\nTannic Acid Troches.\\nMix 6.50 grams (or 100 grains) tannic acid, sixty-five grams (1,000\\ngrains) powdered sugar, and 1.60 gram (25 grains) powdered traga-\\ncanth, and make the mixture into a suitable mass with a sufficient\\nquantity of orange-flower water. Divide the mass into one hundred\\ntroches.\\nACIDI TANNICI UNGUENT UM; U. S.\\nTannin Ointment.\\nMix intimately five grams (77 grains) tannic acid, and forty-five\\ngrams (1 ounce 257 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nDo not use an iron spatula, but a nickel-plated or a horn spatula.\\nACIDI TANNICI YINUM.\\nTannin Wine.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) tannic acid in two hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (6f fluidounces) of pure claret wine. Filter.\\nUsed as an injection in gonorrhoea.\\nAcidum Tartaricum U. S.\\nTartaric Acid.\\nWeinsaure, Weinsteinsdure, G. Acide tartrique, Acide de Tartre, F.\\nAcido Tartdrico, Sp. Vinsyra, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 24. Tar-\\ntaric acid in crystals is rarely to be found in the shops, the powdered\\nbeing preferred for the sake of convenience.\\nThe whole acid is in transparent, colorless crystals, odorless, of a\\npure, strongly acid taste. The crystals are not affected by the air. The\\npowder is of a pure white color and dry. It is soluble in two-thirds its\\nweight of water, and easily in three times its weight of ninety per cent.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 53\\nalcohol. One hundred grains of tartaric acid neutralizes one hundred\\nand thirty -three grains of bicarbonate of potassium.\\nWhen dry tartaric acid is triturated in a mortar in the dark, it\\nemits light. At 15.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.), a forty -two per cent, solution of tar-\\ntaric acid has a specific gravity of 1.22 a forty per cent, solution, 1.207\\na thirty per cent, solution, 1.149 twenty-five percent., 1.121 twenty\\nper cent., 1.095 fifteen per cent., 1.070 ten per cent., 1.045 and a\\nfive per cent, solution, 1.021 (Hager).\\nOriginal packages of tartaric acid in crystals are barrels containing\\nabout three hundred pounds the powdered tartaric acid is sold in bar-\\nrels of two hundred and seventy-five pounds, and in boxes of fifty\\npounds each.\\nIt is used for the same purposes as citric acid, and is often substi-\\ntuted for the latter on account of its being cheaper.\\nACIDI TAETARIOI SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Tartaric Acid.\\nMix four grams (5 fluidrachms) spirit of lemon with nine hundred\\nand eighty grams (34 ounces 250 grains, measuring about 25 fluid-\\nounces) simple syrup in a liter (or quart) bottle. Add gradually eight\\ngrams (124 grains) tartaric acid, dissolved in eight grams (2 fluidrachms)\\nwater, shaking the bottle after each addition, until all is thoroughly\\nmixed. The final product should weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains), and will measure about seven hundred and sixty-five cubic\\ncentimeters (nearly 2G fluidounces).\\nTartaric Acid Lemonade is made by mixing one hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (3i|- fluidounces) of syrup of tartaric acid with nine hundred\\ncubic centimeters (30\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nAcidum Valerianicum.\\nValerianic Acid.\\nAcidum Valericum Baldriansdure, Valeriansaure, G. Acide Vcderi-\\nanique, Acide Valerique, F. Acido Valerianico, Acido Valerico,\\nSp. Vdleriansyra, Sw.\\nPreparation.. Originally made from valerian, from w T hich it de-\\nrives its name. Now made chiefly by oxidizing fusel oil with chromic\\nacid.\\nDescription. A colorless oily liquid, of a penetrating, disagree-\\nable, sour, valerian-like odor, reminding at the same time of old cheese.\\nTastes acrid, acid, disagreeable. Dissolves one-fifth its weight of water", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nand itself dissolves in thirty times its weight of water. Is miscible in\\nall proportions with alcohol and ether. Its specific gravity is 0.933\\nto 0.935.\\nUsed for making valerianate of ammonium and other valerianates.\\nAconitum U. S.\\nAconite.\\nTuber Aconiti Aconiti Radix Eisenhutknollen, Sturmhutknollen,\\nG.; Racine d aco?iit, F.; Raiz de Aconito, Sp.; Stormhattrot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Aconitum Napettus, Linne (Ranunculacece).\\nHabitat. Europe, Asia, and North America.\\nPart Used. The tuber, or tuberous root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 24. The root (tuber)\\nis now the only part of this plant that is recognized by the Pharmaco-\\nA.N\\nI -5.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Aconite tubers. A.N., Aconitum Napollus, single and double tubers, natural\\nsize, and transverse section slightly enlarged. A.C., same of Aconitum oammarum.\\npoeia, and the only species of aconite from which the root is to be col-\\nlected is the Aconitum Napellus. Formerly both the leaves and the root", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n05\\nwere separately official, and in some countries the roots and leaves of\\nother species of aconitum besides Aconitum Napellus are used (A.\\ncammarum, and A. variegatum). It is from twelve to sixteen milli-\\nmeters to f- inch) thick at the top, where frequently a small rem-\\nnant of the stem is left, from twenty-five to seventy-five millimeters\\n(1 to 3 inches) long, and tapering to a blunt point. It is usually very\\nmuch wrinkled, and brownish black, externally, and often two tubers\\nmother and daughter are seen adhering together. When tasted,\\nor when the dust is inhaled, or any of its preparations taken, it causes\\na burning sensation in the throat. It must be sound, not discolored\\nexternally or internally, and free from mites.\\nConstituents. The chief constituents are the alkaloids aconitine\\nand pseudaconitine, which are found in all parts of the plant, probably\\ncombined with aconitic acid.\\nOther Aconite Roots. The tubers of Aconitum cammarum and Aco-\\nnitum ferox are shown beside\\nthe one of Aconitum Napellus\\nin the illustration. Japanese,\\nor Chinese aconite root is also\\nshown; it is obtained from\\na species not yet ascertained,\\nand contains a somewhat dif-\\nferent alkaloid from the aco-\\nnitine, called japaconitine^\\nwhich is even more poisonous\\nthan aconitine.\\nThe Indian aconite root\\n(bish, or bikh) from Aconitum\\nferox is about double the size\\nof the official drug, and a\\ngreat deal stronger and more\\npoisonous; but it does not\\nyield aconitine, containing\\ninstead only pseudaconitine\\n(called also acraconitine, na-\\npelline, and nepaline).\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Aco-\\nnite is a powerful sedative or motor depressant, reducing the force and\\nnumber of heartbeats and the arterial tension. If a full medicinal dose\\nis given, weakness of the limbs, tongue, and lips, and a sense of con-\\nstriction of the fauces occur. It paralyses the sensory as well as the\\nmotor nerves, the action beginning at the peripheral ends.\\nFigs. 6-7. A.F., Aconitum ferox, natural size.\\nJ. A., Japanese aconite, natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThis remedy is used to reduce fevers. It is especially useful in in-\\nflammatory diseases of the lungs, in tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis, over-\\nexcitement of the heart, etc. In neuralgia it may be used advan-\\ntageously externally as well as internally.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.12 gram to 2 grains) of the powdered root.\\nAverage dose about 0.03 gram grain).\\nThe doses of aconite preparations, as quoted by various authorities,\\ndiffer materially, and this fact, in addition to the variability of the\\nquality of the drug itself, makes it difficult to state doses. It is safest\\nto commence with small doses and carefully increase them until the de-\\nsired effect is obtained.\\nPoisonous Effects. In an overdose aconite is a powerful narcotic\\npoison. The effects begin in a few minutes after the taking of the\\nexcessive dose, the patient complaining of excessive weakness and\\nfatigue, to which is added stupor as the paralysis proceeds from the\\nperiphery to the centres, finally affecting the brain. The patient dies\\nfrom paralysis of the muscles of respiration and of the heart, which\\nlatter organ ceases to beat in diastole, being too weak to contract.\\nAntidotal treatment requires the prompt evacuation of the stomach\\nand the administration of alcohol, ether, ammonia, or digitalis. Arti-\\nficial heat must be applied to the surface, and the failure of the heart s\\naction overcome by subcutaneous injection of atropine or alcohol. The\\npatient should lie down to prevent cessation of heart action through\\nsyncope.\\nACONITI [RADIC1S] ABSTRACTUM IT. S.\\nAbstract of Aconite [Root].\\nOne thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) of aconite root in No.\\nCO powder is moistened uniformly (by rubbing between the hands) with\\nfour hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains, measuring 16f fiuidounces) of\\nalcohol, in which has been dissolved ten grams (154 grains) powdered\\ntartaric acid. The moist powder is run through a coarse sieve, to break\\nup any lumps, and is then packed tightly in a cylindrical percolator,\\nwhich is to be properly labelled. More alcohol is now poured on until\\nthe whole mass is entirely permeated, and liquid begins to drop from\\nthe exit tube, while a layer of the alcohol remains covering the top of\\nthe packed drug. The exit tube of the percolator is now closed tightly,\\nand the top carefully covered to prevent evaporation. The whole is\\nallowed to stand forty-eight hours to macerate. Then the percolator is\\ntpened below and the percolation proceeded with, adding alcohol on\\ntop, from time to time, so as to keep the drug always covered, until", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 57\\neight hundred and fifty grams (30 ounces, measuring about 35 fluid-\\nounces) of percolate has been collected, which is set aside and properly\\nlabelled reserved percolate. A new receiving bottle is placed under\\nthe percolator and the percolation continued in the same way as before,\\nuntil the drug is completely exhausted. If the drug was well packed\\nand the percolator tall enough in proportion to its diameter, the point\\nof exhaustion will have been reached before the total percolate amounts\\nto twice the weight of the drug, or before in all two thousand grams\\n(a little over 70 ounces, measuring about 80 fluidounces) of percolate\\nhas been received. The second percolate that collected after the\\nreserved percolate is now put into a weighed porcelain evapo-\\nrating dish and evaporated down until it weighs one hundred and fifty\\ngrams (5 ounces 127 grains), which is mixed with the reserved perco-\\nlate, the total weight of the fluid extract thus beino- the same as that\\nof the drug used. If need be, the liquid is to be filtered, after which it\\nis put into a tared evaporating dish together with two hundred and\\nfifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) powdered sugar of milk the dish is\\ncovered with a thin piece of muslin to protect the contents from dust,\\nand is then set in a warm place, not over 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, 120\u00c2\u00b0 F., until the con-\\ntents are dry. A sufficient quantity of powdered sugar of milk is then\\nadded to make the total weight of the contents of the dish five hundred\\ngrams (17 ounces 279 grains), and the whole is triturated until a very\\nfine and perfectly uniform powder results. When large quantities are\\noperated upon the greater portion of the alcohol in the second percolate\\nmay be recovered by distillation in the usual way. The addition of tar-\\ntaric acid to the menstruum in a proportion amounting to one per cent,\\nof the drug used facilitates the extraction of the aconitine.\\nThis preparation is more uniform in strength and more easily dis-\\npensed than the extract.\\nThe Dose is about 0.015 to 0.5 gram to 1 grain).\\nACCXNTTI CHLOKOFOEMUM.\\nAconite Chloroform.\\nA fluid extract of aconite root made with chloroform as a menstruum.\\nUsed for neuralgia.\\nACONITI EMPLASTKUK\\nAconite Plaster.\\nEvaporate five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) fluid ex-\\ntract of aconite root to the consistence of a thick, soft extract. Incor-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 A COMPANION TO THE\\nporate intimately with it a sufficient quantity of melted resin plaster to\\nmake the whole product weigh five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 ounces).\\nA good anodyne plaster in painful rheumatism, neuralgia, etc.\\nACONITI [RADICIS] EXTEACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Aconite [Root].\\n(Ought to be called extract of aconite root, being several times the\\nstrength of the Extract of Aconite of 1870, which was made from\\nthe leaves).\\nThe official process for its preparation is as follows To make the ex-\\ntract from five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of the drug in\\nNo. CO powder Moisten with a solution of five grams (l ounce) tartaric\\nacid in two hundred grams (8^- fluidounces) alcohol. Pack tightly in a\\ncylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate twenty-four\\nhours. Percolate. Reserve four hundred and fifty grams (about 15 fluid-\\nounces) of first percolate. Continue percolation until the aconite is ex-\\nhausted, or until 1,050 grams (about 43 fluidounces) second percolate has\\nbeen collected. Evaporate the second percolate to fifty grams (If ounce)\\nbefore adding it to the first percolate. Evaporate the mixture to a pilular\\nconsistence. To the remainder add one-twentieth part of its weight of\\nglycerin.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract to the pilular consistence and then incorporating the five per\\ncent, of glycerin. It is dark brown.\\nDose. 0.005 to 0.015 gram (y 1 to grain).\\nCaution. Be careful in dispensing extract of aconite to deter-\\nmine whether the extract of the root Extract of Aconite, U. S.\\nPharmacopoeia, 1880), or the extract of the leaf Extract of Aconite,\\nU. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1870), or the extract of the fresh leaves and flower-\\ning tops Extract of Aconite, B. P.), is intended, and whether the\\ndose is a safe one, as these several extracts of aconite vary greatly in\\nstrength, while they all have the same name and are in actual use, and\\ngenerally found in the shops, with the exception of the official extract\\nof the new Pharmacopoeia of the United States, which is not yet in com-\\nmon use.\\nThe new extract of aconite (from the root) is at least four times the\\nstrength of the extract of aconite of the old U. S. Pharmacopoeia, which\\nis now in stock in all drug stores, and at least twice the strength of the\\nEnglish Extract of Aconite, which is used a great deal in this coun-\\ntry (Allen s).\\nPhysicians prescribing extract of aconite ought to designate which", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 59\\nkind they intend, for the pharmacist must otherwise either ignore the\\nPharmacopoeia and dispense the old discarded preparation, or the prepa-\\nration of the British Pharmacopoeia, or he must run a fearful risk, if the\\ndose is a full one, and he should dispense the now official preparation.\\nWe cannot do otherwise than to advise pharmacists not to dispense the\\nextract of aconite root when Extract of Aconite is prescribed, unless\\nthey are quite positive that the new extract is really intended.\\nNomenclature. We regret that the recommendation made to the\\nCommittee of Revision of the Pharmacopoeia that the plant part used\\nbe specified throughout the pharmacopceial nomenclature was not\\nadopted. The preparations of aconite furnish strong illustrations of\\nthe serious risks that are possible on account of this omission. Conium\\nfurnishes other illustrations.\\nThe instances where different parts of the same plant are used, and\\nthe preparations of two or three different parts of the same plant kept\\nside by side on the pharmacist s shelf are many, and although the cases\\nwhere this fact may result in serious harm on account of a failure\\nto give each preparation its proper full name may not be numerous,\\nthe cases where this omission may lead to disappointment are too\\nplentiful, and even in the cases of comparatively innocent drugs the\\nonly correct nomenclature is surely that which at once distinguishes the\\ndrug or preparation from any other that may be at all used, whether\\nofficial or unofficial. The answer that the Pharmacopoeia should not or\\nneed not recognize the existence of drugs or preparations not included\\nin it, is, in our opinion, wrong. Cognizance should be taken of every\\nfact which is liable to lead to conflict or error unless due precaution be\\nobserved. Even in some cases where only one part of a certain plant is\\nnow used it is not at all improbable that some other part of the same\\nplant may be preferred by one or by many physicians at any future\\ntime; and if the one part now used monopolizes the generic name of\\nthe plant without qualification, it is evident that there will be no cer-\\ntainty of avoiding confusion should two or more parts of the plant be\\nused side by side, or a new part of the plant take the place of the old\\ndrug.\\nACOOTTI [EADICIS] EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM XL S.\\nFluid Extract op Aconite [Root.]\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17\\nU. S. fluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f\\navoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "GO A COMPANION TO THE\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about\\n8-^- fluidounces) alcohol, and five grams (77 grains) tartaric acid.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol. Moisten the drug with the\\nfirst menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate. Reserve\\nfour hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of the\\nfirst percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second men-\\nstruum to make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17\\nfluidounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.12 cubic centimeters (1 to 2 minims), with care.\\nACONITI LINIMENTUM.\\nAconite Liniment.\\nDissolve ten grams (150 grains) camphor in sixty cubic centimeters\\n(2 fluidounces) fluid extract of aconite, and then add sufficient soap\\nliniment to make the whole measure one hundred and twenty cubic\\ncentimetres (4 fluidounces).\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 the preparation called Liniment of\\nAconite was simply fluid extract of aconite, which name the prepara-\\ntion now bears.\\nFluid extract of aconite root may be a good liniment in some cases,\\nbut we have seen its application cause severe vesication. A diluted\\npreparation like the one above suggested will probably prove sufficiently\\nstrong in most cases.\\nUses. An embrocation, exceedingly valuable in painful affections\\nor inflammations, as rheumatism, enlarged joints, neuralgia, etc.\\nACONITI [RADICIS] TTNCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Aconite [Root].\\nMoisten four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) aconite root in\\nNo. 60 powder with two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains, measuring\\n-v 1 fluidounces) alcohol, in which has been previously dissolved four\\ngrams (62 grains) powdered tartaric acid. Macerate twenty-four hours.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 61\\nThen pack it tightly in a cylindrical glass percolator, and percolate\\nuntil one thousand grains (35 ounces 120 grains, measuring about 42\\nfluidounces) of tincture has been obtained. Tartaric acid aids the ex-\\ntraction of the alkaloid.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.25 cubic centimeters (1|- to 4 minims).\\nThis tincture is (according to Dr. Squibb s JEphemeris, September,\\n1882) twenty-eight times the strength of tincture of aconite leaf. Do\\nnot dispense tincture of aconite root where tincture of aconite leaf is\\nintended.\\nDispensing clerks are usually instructed by careful pharmacists not\\nto dispense this tincture unless the prescription specifically designates\\nthe tincture of aconite root.\\nACONIT1 TINCTUKA FLEMINGII.\\nFleming s Tincture op Aconite.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of aconite root\\nin No. 60 powder make seven hundred and ten cubic centimeters (24\\nfluidounces) of tincture by percolation with alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.20 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims). This is\\nnearly twice the strength of the official tincture.\\nAconiti Folia.\\nAconite Leaf.\\nOrigin, habitat, and constituents the same as in Aconitum.\\nDescription. Dark green leaves formed as seen in Fig. 9. A\\ndiscolored or bleached drug must be rejected. As met with in the\\nmarket it usually consists of the whole flowering tops.\\nAconite leaf is not now official, having given place in the Pharma-\\ncopoeia to the root, which is stronger and more* uniform in quality when\\ncollected from the proper plant. The leaves are, however, still used to\\na very considerable extent, being found in a majority of the drug stores.\\nIt is, therefore, unfortunate that the aconite root should be simply\\ncalled aconite, instead of being named in full.\\nMedicinal Uses. The same as those of the root. The leaves are\\nweaker and more variable in strength.\\nDose. From 0.06 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nACONITI [FOLIOKUM] EXTKACTUM; B.\\nEnglish Extract of Aconite.\\nThe fresh leaves and flowering tops of aconite are bruised in a stone\\nmortar and the juice pressed out. Heat it gradually to 130\u00c2\u00b0 F., and\\nseparate the green coloring matter (chlorophyll) on a muslin strainer.\\nFig. 8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Aconite, flowering top reduced; a, section of flower; flower with sepals removed.\\nHeat the strained liquid to 200\u00c2\u00b0 F., to coagulate albumen, and then\\nstrain again. Evaporate on a water-bath to the consistence of syrup.\\nTo this add the separated chlorophyll, and then continue the evapora-\\ntion at a heat not above 140\u00c2\u00b0 F., stirring assiduously, until the extract\\nhas the proper consistence.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n03\\nBrownish green.\\nDose. 0.015 to 0.03 gram to grain).\\nCaution. This extract, which is sold in the market as English\\nExtract of Aconite is not the Extract^of Aconite of the present U. S.\\nFig. 9. Aconite leaf, reduced.\\nPharmacopoeia (nor of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870). The Extract\\nof Aconite, U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1880, is at least twice as strong as\\nthe above preparation.\\nACONITI FOLIOEUM EXTEACTUM ALCOHOLICUM.\\nAlcoholic Extract of Aconite Leaves.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract of aconite leaves\\nto the pilular consistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm,\\none-twentieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrownish green. Yield about twenty-five per cent. This was the\\nExtract of Aconite of 1870; it is not now official. The new Extract\\nof Aconite of 1880 is at least four times as strong.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.02 to 0.06 gram (J to 1 grain).\\nACONITI FOLIOKUM EXTRACTUM FLTILDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aconite Leaves.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water, mixed in the proportion of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8^- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of thejirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-third grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeters (1 to 3 minims), with care.\\nACONITI SUCCITS.\\nAconite Juice.\\nMix three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of juice ex-\\npressed from bruised fresh aconite herb with one hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (3^ fluidounces) alcohol; let stand seven days, and then filter.\\nDose. About one cubic centimeter (16 minims).\\nACONITI FOLIORUM TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Aconite Leaf.\\nMake two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) tinc-\\nture by percolation with diluted alcohol from 31.1 grams (480 grains)\\naconite leaf in No. 40 powder.\\nDose. 0.5 to one cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nThis tincture is, according to Dr. Squibb, only one twenty-eighth\\n(^th) the strength of the official tincture of aconite root, and one forty-\\neighth (^th) the strength of Fleming s tincture of aconite.\\nAconitina.\\nAconitine.\\nThis alkaloid is the most important constituent of aconite. It is in\\npure, white, well-developed crystals, soluble in alcohol and in dilute\\nacids. The true aconitine can best be obtained by precipitation from", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 65\\nDuquesnel s crystallized nitrate of aconitine. No other aconitine ought\\nto be used internally because no other aconitine is reliable.\\nA substance so powerful as aconitine must be extremely dangerous\\nto use unless of tolerably uniform quality and strength. The pure true\\naconitine in white crystals cannot but be uniform. But there are\\nseveral other substances sold in the market and dispensed in the shops\\nunder the name of aconitine, and the difference in strength between\\nthem ranges from one scarcely stronger than the powdered aconite root\\nto the pure alkaloid which is over one hundred times as strong. Dr.\\nSquibb s Ephemeris for September, 1882, mentions four different\\nkinds of aconitine used in this country, the relative strength of which\\nwas found to be as follows: 1, An amorphous aconitine of unknown\\nmake, one grain (65 milligrams) of which was equal in effect to one\\ngrain powdered aconite root; 2, Merck s ordinary aconitin, of which\\none-eighth grain (8 milligrams) was equal in effect to one grain pow-\\ndered aconite root; 3, Merck s aconitin from Himalaya root (proba-\\nbly pseudaconitine from Aconitam ferox), one eighty-third grain (0.78\\nmilligram) of which was equal in effect to one grain powdered aconite\\nroot; and 4, Duquesnel s aconitine, one one-hundred-and-eleventh grain\\n(0.59 milligram) of which was equal in effect to one grain of the pow-\\ndered aconite root.\\nAmorphous aconitine (not in crystals) varies from an extract-like\\nmass to a light brown powder, is of uncertain source, and variable\\nstrength and therapeutic action. It is, therefore, dangerous and unfit\\nto be used.\\nPseudaconitine is a different alkaloid from (real) aconitine, and\\nhas different medicinal effects from those obtained from aconitine.\\nThe pseudaconitine is extracted from the Indian aconite root (A.\\nferox), and is the same thing as sold by Merck under the name of\\naconitine from Himalaya root. It is light brown and amorphous\\nnever pure white and in well-developed crystals, which true aconitine\\nalways is.\\nThe Aconitin of the Eclectic Medicine (American) is still another\\npreparation of altogether indefinite composition.\\nIf a physician prescribes aconitine for internal use, basing his dose\\nupon results obtained with some one of the other substances called by\\nthat name, but of variable character and composition, and frequently\\nnot containing any aconitine at all, pure or true aconitine might be\\ndispensed and serious results ensue, as the one one-hundredth part of a\\ngrain may prove fatal.\\nOf true aconitine the one two-hundredth part of a grain is a dose.\\nThe other kinds should never be used except for external purposes.\\n5", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Aconitine may be used internally for the same\\npurposes as aconite, but is mainly employed for external application in\\nthe form of solution or ointment in neuralgia.\\nDose. Maximum, for internal use, 0.0003 gram (^fo grain).\\nExternally a solution of 0.075 gram in five cubic centimeters (1J\\ngrain in 75 minims) of alcohol may be applied with a brush, or an oint-\\nment, containing 0.05 to 0.20 gram in five grams (1 to 3 grains in a\\ndrachm) of simple cerate may be used.\\nACONITIK/E OLEATUM.\\nOleate of Aconitine.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) of aconitine thoroughly with a little\\noleic acid in a warm mortar to a smooth paste. Then add enough oleic\\nacid to make the whole mixture weigh one hundred grams (1,500 grains),\\nand set the mortar in a warm place, triturating the contents occasionally\\nuntil the aconitine is dissolved. Contains one per cent, aconitine.\\nUsed externally in neuralgia, etc.\\nACONITIl^E UJSTGUENTUM.\\nAconitine Ointment.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) aconitine in six grams (2 fluidrachms)\\nalcohol, and mix the solution intimately with enough benzoinated lard\\nto make the whole weigh one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains\\navoirdupois).\\nUses. Externally in neuralgia, sciatica, etc.\\nActsea.\\nACT^E A. BaNEBEERT.\\nOrigin. Actoea rubra and A. alba, Bigelow (Cimicifugeai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart Used. The rhizome with the rootlets.\\nDescription. Blackish gray roots resembling cimicifuga. Inodor-\\nous. Taste bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents and Properties. Similar to those of cimicifuga.\\nUses. Emetic and cathartic. Has been recommended for asthma.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) during the day.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 67\\nAdeps IT. S.\\nLard.\\nAxungia, Axungia Porci, Adeps Suillus Schweineschmalz, G. Axonge,\\nGraisse de pore, F. Grasa de Cerdo, Sp. Ister, Svinister, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 24 and 25.\\nThe best, freshly rendered hog s lard. Must be free from rancidity, con-\\ntain no water nor salt, and have a perfectly white color when solidified.\\nWhen semifluid it has a watery-white color.\\nRendering lard is a rather slow process. All membranes must be\\ncarefully picked out. The fat should be cut into small pieces, and\\nwashed well with cold water to remove blood, etc., which, if allowed to\\nremain, would cause the lard to spoil rapidly. It is then heated by\\nsteam, or on a water-bath in a porcelain or tinned copper vessel, to the\\nboiling point; it is next strained through flannel, again heated until all\\nmoisture has been expelled, and then put into jars of glass or porcelain,\\nwhich must be quite filled, tightly covered, and kept in a cool place.\\nLard consists of about thirty-eight per cent, tri-stearin and tri-\\npalmitin, and sixty-two per cent, tri-olein. Its composition, color, and\\nkeeping qualities vary considerably, however. The best lard is that\\ntaken from young animals in the coldest months of the year, when it is\\nmore firm and white, and keeps better. Lard melts at from 30\u00c2\u00b0 to 35\u00c2\u00b0\\nC, according to the percentage of olein, the best lard being tha^t with\\nthe higher melting-point, which is the only kind sanctioned by the\\nPharmacopoeia.\\nAfter lard has once become rancid it cannot again be made fit for\\npharmaceutical purposes. Hence the necessity for preserving it well.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia prescribes that it be preserved in vessels imper-\\nvious to fat. This is imperatively necessary if it has to be kept more\\nthan a week, or if the same vessel is used as a container for lard from\\nweek to week. Earthenware is easily penetrated by lard, and even\\nglazed white jars soon become impregnated, so that these are not fit\\ncontainers for lard or ointments. Glass alone is unexceptionable, though\\nsmall, new tin cans will answer the purpose if tightly closed and filled\\nonly once. Whatever may be the receptacle used, it should be scrupu-\\nlously cleaned, and every portion of the old stock removed from it,\\nbefore refilling it. New lard, or a new lot of ointment containing lard,\\nmust never be allowed to come in contact with any leavings of the old\\nlot.\\nLard is the base of most of our ointments. It is, however, at best,\\na very unsatisfactory article for any pharmaceutical use, and it would", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 A COMPANION TO THE\\nbe a great improvement from the pharmacist s standpoint to substitute\\nthe soft petroleum paraffinoids, of which one is now officially recognized\\nin the Pharmacopoeia under the name of Petrolatum. (See that title.)\\nThe only official ointment in which lard may be required (for chemical\\nreasons) is the ointment of nitrate of mercury, and even this prepara-\\ntion might perhaps be better made with some other base. The keeping\\nqualities of lard are so poor, and the melting point so low, that in the\\nwarmer portions of this country, and in summer, the use of lard becomes\\na positive nuisance. And yet it is questionable whether any perfect\\nsubstitute for lard can be had when we take into consideration the well-\\nknown fact that no other fatty substances are able to soften and pene-\\ntrate the skin as well as animal fats do. Lard and lard oil are far better\\nmediums for inunction than olive oil, cotton-seed oil, petroleum paraf-\\nfinoids (such as vaseline, cosmoline, petrolina, etc.), or any\\nother vegetable or mineral fatty matter.\\nMedicinal Uses. Lard is mostly employed as an ingredient of\\nointments but sometimes also for inunction in scarlatina and measles,\\nso as to prevent the itching and the occurrence of complications, such as\\ntaking cold, scarlatinal dropsy, etc.\\nIn fevers with hot, dry skin the inunction with lard reduces the\\ntemperature and pulse. It is very generally employed as a lubricant to\\nthe hot and dry membrane of the vagina in tedious or difficult labors,\\ncausing the parte to become soft and moist and facilitating the passage\\nof the^cetus; it is also used as an inunction to facilitate the removal of\\nthe sebaceous substances from the surface of the newborn child.\\nBadly nourished, cachectic children are often much benefited by\\ninunctions with lard or oils, and warm baths followed by inunctions of\\nlard or cod-liver oil over the body, just before going to bed, will greatly\\nimprove the condition of delicate and spare women, who wish to gain\\nfulness of form. The same treatment is of great benefit in cases of\\nconsumption, both by nourishing the patient and by preventing the\\ntaking cold by changes of temperature.\\nWhen taken internally it acts as a laxative, having this property in\\ncommon with other oils and fats.\\nADEPS BENZOIN ATUS U. S.\\nBenzoinated Lard.\\n[Benzoated Bard Ointment of Benzoin (1870).]\\nTie thirty grams (1 ounce) of benzoin, in coarse powder, loosely, in a\\nbag of coarse muslin and suspend it in one thousand five hundred grams", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 69\\n(50 ounces) of lard melted in a porcelain or tin vessel over a water-bath.\\nThe whole is stirred frequently, and the heat continued for two hours,\\nthe vessel being kept covered in the intervals between stirring, and care\\nbeing taken not to allow the heat to exceed 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Then the\\nba\u00c2\u00b0 of benzoin is removed, and the benzoinated lard is strained and al-\\nlowed to cool, stirring it constantly while cooling.\\nThis is a good working formula. Still better, however, is to pick\\nout whole pieces or tears, not smaller than peas, of clean, light-colored\\nbenzoin, free from foreign substances and from any small particles, and\\nto put these pieces directly into the melted lard. In good benzoin it is\\nquite easy to pick out good white almonds or tears of the resin\\nfrom a freshly broken lump. The resin dissolves readily in the melted\\nlard. It is necessary to stir the benzoinated lard constantly while cool-\\ning, because otherwise a granular product will be obtained. Constant\\nstirring while cooling also makes the preparation whiter. The prepara-\\ntion should be white and possess a decided odor of benzoin.\\nBenzoinated lard keeps remarkably well, considering how rapidly\\nlard itself spoils. It is not the benzoic acid in the benzoin which alone\\npreserves the lard, but the very small quantity of volatile oil contained\\nin the resin contributes to keep the preparation sweet. Other volatile\\noils preserve fats in the same way, but are more or less objectionable\\non account of their strong odor and irritating qualities. Oil of sassa-\\nfras is used in the proportion of from one to four drops to the ounce to\\npreserve some of the proprietary all-healing ointments sold in this\\ncountry. Any of the balsamic resins will preserve fats equally as well\\nas benzoin, such as tolu, peru, storax, etc., all of which contain either\\nbenzoic or cinnamic acid, or both. The fragrant resin of poplar buds is\\nas efficient.\\nIt is used for the same purposes generally as lard.\\nADIPIS OLEUM; U. S.\\nLard Oil.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, p. 232. Must be perfectly\\nbland and free from rancidity. It does not keep long. Should be kept\\nin a cold place.\\nUsed for external application as an ingredient of liniments, etc. It\\nis more easily absorbed than vegetable oils.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\n[ADIPIS] UISTGUENTUM; U. S.\\nOintment.\\nSimple Ointment.\\nMelt four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) yellow wax, and then\\nadd gradually one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) lard, stirring\\nthe mixture until cool.\\nIt is a curious fact that although Simple Ointment was prescribed in\\nthe Pharmacopoeia of 1870 to be made from yellow wax, the preparation\\nis comparatively rarely seen other than white. The singular feature\\nFigs. 10-12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Maidenhair Fern (p. 71), natural size a, edge of frond flattened out, enlarged;\\nby section through edge of frond, enlarged, showing the insertion of sporangia.\\nabout it is that an ointment made with yellow wax, as officially pre-\\nscribed, is cheaper as well as better, and white ointment seems to be\\npreferred solely on account of the color.\\nUsed simply as a base for medicated ointments.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA 71\\nAdiantum.\\nAdiantum. Maidenhair Fern.\\nAdiantum pedatum, Linne (Filices).\\nDescription. Common in the woods in the United States, and its\\nappearance is familiar. The illustration represents it better than a ver-\\nbal description. It has a slight aromatic odor, a sweetish, somewhat bit-\\nter and astringent taste. It is demulcent and somewhat astringent.\\nUsed in pulmonary catarrh and bronchorrhcea, in the form of a syrup.\\nADIANTI SYEUPUS.\\nSyrup of Adiantum.\\nInfuse thirty grams (1 ounce) of the drug in three hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (10 fluidounces) of boiling water for half an hour. Strain.\\nDissolve five hundred grams (17 ounces 279 grains avoirdupois) sugar\\nin the strained infusion. Used as an ingredient of expectorant mixtures.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 drachms) or\\nmore.\\nJEther U. S.\\nEther.\\neither Sulphuricus Aether, Schwefelather, G. Ether hydrique, Ether\\nculfurique, F. Eter, Eter sulfurico, Sp. Ether, Sw. Sulphuric\\nEther.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 25. Con-\\ntaining about seventy-four per cent, ethyl oxide, and about twenty-six\\nper cent, alcohol (with a little water) specific gravity 0.750 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(59\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\n^ETHEE FORTIOB; U. S.\\nStronger Ether.\\nContaining about ninety-four per cent, ethyl oxide, and about six\\nper cent, alcohol (with a little water).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 26. Its\\nspecific gravity is not over 0.725 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.), or 0.716 at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(77\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\n.In trade, ether is generally called sulphuric ether to distinguish\\nit from other ethers. The compound does not contain sulphuric acid,\\nhowever, although sulphuric acid is used in its production, and, there-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfore, the name is incorrect and not analogous to such names as nitrous\\nether, butyric ether, etc.\\nThe price-lists of chemical manufacturers include three kinds of\\nether, viz.: sulphuric ether, U. S. P., washed sulphuric ether, and\\nconcentrated sulphuric ether.\\nThe sulphuric ether, U. S. P. is, of course, understood to corre-\\nspond to the standard of the Pharmacopoeia for ether, which was the\\nsame in 1870 as in the new revision. The sulphuric ether, washed\\n[Letheon] has a specific gravity of about 0.735 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). The\\nsulphuric ether, concentrated has a specific gravity of 0.733 to 0.725.\\nAbsolute ether has a specific gravity of 0.710 to 0.712 at 20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nto 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nAccording to Boullay, absolute ether (ethyl oxide) is soluble in\\nfourteen parts of water, and, on the other hand, it dissolves one thirty-\\nsixth part of its weight of water that is, water is soluble in thirty-six\\nparts of ether. Pharmacopoeial stronger ether requires only eight\\nparts of water to dissolve it.\\nEther freely dissolves iodine and bromine, fixed and volatile oils,\\nmany resins, corrosive sublimate, etc. It dissolves sulphur and phos-\\nphorus less freely. It must be preserved in well-stoppered bottles [or\\nsealed tin cans] in a cool place, and where no fire or flame can ignite its\\nvapor, as it is extremely inflammable. The vapor of ether mixed with\\nair in certain proportions produces a powerful explosive mixture. This\\ncircumstance renders- the use of ether as an anaesthetic extremely haz-\\nardous at night, as in child-bed cases, puerperal convulsions, etc., in\\nwhich cases chloroform is preferred on this account.\\nAs the tension of ether gas varies considerably with the temper-\\nature, the bottles, tin cans, or other containers in which ether or any\\nethereal tincture or other liquid, as, for instance, collodion, is put,\\nought not to be over two-thirds filled.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ether is a valuable diffusible stimulant. Given\\ninternally it produces a sense of burning or warmth, followed by a sen-\\nsation of cooling. Increased action of the heart, flushing of the face,\\nand diaphoresis follow very soon. There is a state of exhilaration,\\nshortly after followed by a period of quiet, and sleep may be produced.\\nThe effects resemble the intoxication by alcohol, but are more quickly\\nproduced and more transient in their nature.\\nEther is used internally in syncope (sudden failure of the heart s\\naction); in spasmodic asthma; in flatulent colic; in the painful symp-\\ntoms caused by the passage of renal or bilious calculi in hysteria\\nhysterica] convulsions, etc. It is also given as an inhalation to meet the\\nsame indications. In cases of collapse from any cause, as in poisoning,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 73\\nor syncope, or extreme debility following excessive loss of blood, shock,\\netc., ether may be given by subcutaneous injection, and is the promptest\\nstimulant for such cases, even taking the place of transfusion of blood\\nin some cases.\\nDose. Internally, two to four cubic centimeters (-J- to 1 fluidrachm),\\nsuspended in syrupy or mucilaginous liquid. For hypodermic injec-\\ntion, fifteen minims (1 cubic centimeter), repeated at short intervals,\\nif necessary, half a dozen times or more.\\nEther as an Anwsthetic. When inhaled the vapor of ether produces\\ntotal relaxation of the muscular system with complete loss of conscious-\\nness or sensation. It is, therefore, used as an anaesthetic in surgical\\noperations. It must be pushed to its full extent quickly, by causing\\nthe patient to inhale as much of the vapor as possible. It sometimes\\nproduces nausea and vomiting, especially if the patient ate shortly\\nbefore its administration. The patient should, therefore, not eat any-\\nthing for some time before the operation. Ether is preferred as an\\nanaesthetic by many, as its administration is claimed to be accompanied\\nby less danger than the use of chloroform.\\nLocally a stream of the vapor in the form of spray from the rubber\\nspray apparatus causes insensibility of the skin, and is used in this\\nmanner for minor operations, as opening abscesses, cutting out ingrown\\nnails, etc.\\n^THEKIS SPIPJTUS IT. S.\\nSpirit of Ether.\\nJEther Spirituosus Hoff marts Anodyne without Ethereal Oil of Wine.\\nA mixture of three hundred grams (14 fluidounces) Stronger Ether\\nand seven hundred grams (29 fluidounces) alcohol. The preparation\\nis new to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and was introduced because it is be-\\nlieved that many prefer Hoffman s anodyne without the ethereal oil of\\nwine, and because most of the Hoffman s anodyne sold or dispensed is\\nactually prepared by this formula.\\nDose. Two to five centimeters (30 to 80 minims). Best kept in\\nglass-stoppered bottles in a cool place away from any flame.\\nJEther Aceticus U. S.\\nAcetic Ether.\\nEssigather, G.; Ether acetique, F. Eter Acetico, Sp.; Attikether, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 25 and\\n26. A colorless inflammable liquid of a refreshing odor, reminding", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsomewhat of acetic acid and ether. Should be carefully preserved in\\nwell-stoppered bottles in a cool place, and away from all lights or fire,\\nthe bottles containing it to be only two-thirds full. It is a constituent\\nof the tinctura ferri acetatis, which is now for the first time official in\\nthe U. S. Pharmacopoeia (see Tinctura Ferri Acetatis).\\nAcetic ether is used in making certain artificial fruit flavors, and\\nalso as a refreshing addition to cologne water for use in the sick-room.\\nJEihereum. Oleum U. S.\\nEthereal Oil.\\nHeavy Oil of Wine.\\nThe preparation consists of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and\\nstronger ether. As few pharmacists will prepare their own ethereal oil,\\nwe omit here the process of its preparation. (See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 232.) It is pale straw-colored. For further description see the\\nPharmacopoeia.\\nOnly used as an ingredient of the following preparation.\\nJETHERIS SPIRITUS COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Spirit of Ether.\\nHoffman s Anodyne.\\nMix three hundred grams (14 fluidounces) stronger ether, six hundred\\nand seventy grams (28 fluidounces) alcohol, and thirty grams (1 ounce\\n25 grains) ethereal oil. Must be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away\\nfrom lights and fire, and in a cool place.\\nDose. 0.5 to four cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims).\\nJEtheris Nitrosi Spiritus U. S.\\nSpirit of Nitrous Ether.\\nSpiritus JVitri Dulcis. Sweet Spirit of Nitre.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npages 304 and 305. This preparation must be kept in small, glass-\\nstoppered vials, in a dark place, remote from lights or fire. It consists\\nof alcohol, aldehyd, water, ethyl acetate, and ethyl nitrite. It is best\\npreserved in amber bottles of one hundred grams capacity or less. The", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 75\\nPharmacopoeia requires at least four per cent, ethyl nitrite. The\\noreater the percentage of ethyl nitrite the yellower is the liquid.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nJEtherolea.\\nVolatile Oils.\\nThe title iEtheroleum is applied to volatile oils in the pharmaco-\\npoeias of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. In all other pharmacopoeias\\nthe title Oleum is applied to fixed oils (real oils) and volatile oils\\nindiscriminately. That the so-called volatile oils are not oils in any\\nsense whatever, is universally recognized. These two classes of sub-\\nstances oils and volatile oils have no properties in common beyond\\nthe fact that both are usually liquid. There would be as great propriety\\nin calling glycerin, sulphuric acid, ether, or water, oil, as in giving any\\nvolatile oil that title. Moreover, many plants contain both fixed and\\nvolatile oils. We have oils and volatile oils of almonds, mustard seed,\\nnutmeg, etc. It would seem, therefore, to be highly desirable that our\\npharmaceutical nomenclature should make proper distinction between\\nthese essentially different classes of bodies. The best title so far recom-\\nmended for the volatile oils is the one which has been in actual use in\\nthe pharmacopoeias named for nearly a century. The necessity of a\\ndistinction crops out in the adjectives volatile, essential, ether-\\neal, etc., which have been used in connection with the word oleum\\nto designate volatile oils. In the living languages there is actually no\\none single word yet set apart as a title for these interesting compounds.\\nAttention is called to the subject here for the purpose of inviting dis-\\ncussion of an exceedingly important practical question, and to familiarize\\nour readers with the only suitable title yet proposed.\\nThe title aetheroleum has been objected to for three reasons:\\nfirst, because it is a long and unfamiliar term, but it is no longer than\\noleoresin, suppositories, etc., and we cannot expect that a new term\\n(and a new term must be used) will sound familiar; the second objec-\\ntion is that the first part of the word 03thero\\\\Q\\\\xm suggests that the vola-\\ntile oil contains ether or has some connection with ether, but that, we\\nthink, is hypercritical; the third objection is that we would still say\\noleum. But it is not claimed that the term aetheroleum is the best\\nthat can be found it is simply the only intelligible title yet used or\\nproposed, if we except the term otto (or attar which has had a\\nlimited application in perfumery, and those made up of more than one\\nword.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "76 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAg-arlcus Albus.\\nWhite Agaric.\\nBoletus Laricis Larchenschwamm, G. Agaric blanc, Agaric pur-\\ngatif, F.; Agarico Blanco, Sp.; Ldrktradswamp, Sw.; Purging\\nAgaric.\\nOrigin. Polyporus officinalis, Linne {Fungi).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nDescription. A fungus growing on the trunks of old larch trees.\\nAs found in the shops it is broken up into irregular pieces, the outer\\nrind having been removed, and is of a dirty-white color, light in weight,\\nof a close, fibrous texture, difficult to powder. The odor resembles that\\nof new flour; the powder causes violent sneezing. The taste is at first\\nsweetish, but finally very acrid and disagreeably and persistently bitter.\\nAgaric is often damaged by an insect (Anobium festivum). Very\\nhard and dense pieces of a yellow color should be rejected, and also such\\nas have become tasteless by age. Contains from thirty-six (Bley) to\\nseventy-two (Braconnot) per cent, of resins. Bucholz found forty-nine\\nper cent. One of the resins, soluble in cold alcohol, is intensely bitter.\\nSchoonbroodt found a white, crystalline substance, agaricin, which has,\\nat first, an insipid, then sweet, then bitter, and finally acrid taste.\\nAgaric acid has also been found in the drug, crystallizing in needles,\\nnearly insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Was formerly used as a drastic purgative in\\ndoses of from two to four grams (30 to 60 grains). Lately used in\\ndoses of ten to twenty centigrams (1\u00c2\u00a3 to 3 grains), to check sweating.\\nAgaricus Cliirurg orum.\\nSurgeons Agaric.\\nFeuerschicamm, Zunder, G.; Bolet amadouvier, F.; Agarico de Mi~\\ncina, Sp.; Fioskswamp, Sw.; Spunk.\\nOrigin. Polyporus fomentarius, Fries (Fungi).\\nHabitat. The best surgeons agaric is collected from beech-trees\\nin Sweden, Bohemia, Hungary, and Switzerland. That growing on\\nbirches or on oaks is not so gfood.\\nPart used. The interior of the fungus.\\nDescription. It is thin, soft, velvety, rust brown. Before being\\nfit for use it must be soaked in hot, weak lye, then boiled, and finally\\nbeaten with mallets. As thus prepared, it occurs in light, thin, yellow-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 77\\nish brown, soft and pliable flat pieces, with somewhat corrugated sur-\\nfaces and margins, not glossy. Has no odor nor taste. It is almost\\npure cellulose. Hard, uneven surgeons agaric is useless.\\nUses. It is an excellent mechanical hsemostatic, causing coagula-\\ntion by the absorption of a portion of the fluid constituents of the blood.\\n(When used as a tinder it is first soaked in a strong solution of potas-\\nsium nitrate and dried.)\\nAgrimonia.\\nAgrimony.\\nHerba Agrimonia? Odermennig, Leberplette, G.; Aigremoine, Eupa-\\ntoire des Grecs, F. Agrimonia, Sp. and Sw.\\nOrigin. Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linne {Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nParts used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. A simple stem with green leaves about twelve and\\none-half centimeters (5 inches) long, pinnate, with coarsely toothed\\nleaflets flowers yellow. Odor feebly aromatic taste astringent, some-\\nwhat bitter.\\nConstituents. Tannin, about four or five per cent.\\nUses. Stimulant, astringent. Internally in hemorrhages and diar-\\nrhoeas. Externally as a wash for ulcers, as a gargle in sore-throat, and\\nas a mouth-wash. It is also used in poultices, fomentations, and injec-\\ntions.\\nDose. Two to ten grams to 2-J- drachms). Best in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\nAGKIMONI/E EXTRACTUM FLOIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Agrimonia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7-\u00c2\u00a7- fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^- fluidounces) of thejirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION TO THE\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (-J- to 2 fluidrachms).\\nAilanthus.\\nAlLANTHUS.\\nGotterbaum, G. Tree of Heaven, Chinese Sumach.\\nOrigin. Ailanthus glandulosa, Desfontaines {Simarubacem).\\nHabitat. North America, Europe, and Asia.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Externally brownish gray, smooth; internally yel-\\nlowish. Or the corky layer is removed and the bark yellowish on both\\nsurfaces. Fibrous. Odor feeble. Taste very bitter.\\nConstituents. Ailanthic acid, the calcium salt of which is said\\nto impart the bitterness to the drug. A little volatile oil and tannin\\nhave also been found in it.\\nUses. Bitter tonic and stomachic. Employed in atonic conditions\\nof the digestive organs, atonic dyspepsia, want of appetitej etc. It also\\npossesses toenicide properties.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), best given in fluid extract.\\nAILANTIII EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ailanthus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8J\\nfluidounces) alcohol, and one hundred grams (about 3 J fluidounces) water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of thefirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 79\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nAkazga.\\nAkazga.\\nBoundon, Ikaju, Quai.\\nOrigin. Probably a species of Strychnos.\\nHabitat. Western Africa.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Orange yellowish, light red in spots, covered with\\nyellow tubercles. The inner surface light brown, and characterized by a\\nlayer of hardened parenchyma. Inodorous. Very bitter.\\nConstituents. An alkaloid called alcazgine, which is intensely\\nbitter, extremely poisonous, and resembling strychnine in its action.\\nNo uses have been made of this drug. Its effects resemble those of\\nnux vomica. In Africa it is used to prepare an ordeal drink.\\nAlcohol.\\nAlcohol.\\nSpiritus Yini Rectified Spirit Weingeist, G. Alcool, F. Alcohol,\\nSp. /Sprit, Sw.\\nSource. Obtained by fermentation, directly or indirectly, from sub-\\nstances rich in sugar, starch, or inulin, the alcohol formed being sepa-\\nrated by distillation.\\nProperties. Pure alcohol is a colorless, transparent, volatile liquid\\nof a peculiar odor and sharp taste. It has a perfectly neutral reaction\\ntoward litmus paper moistened with water. It boils at 78\u00c2\u00b0 C. (183\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nreadily ignites, and burns with a blue flame and without smoke.\\nAlcohol is an indispensable and widely useful solvent. In pharmacy\\nit is employed to extract alkaloids, resinous substances, volatile oils,\\nneutral principles, etc., and to dissolve many substances which are not\\nacted upon by water. Camphor, iodine, castor oil, phosphorus, potassa,\\na great number of salts, etc., are more or less soluble in alcohol.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAlcohol mixes clear and in all proportions with water, ether, gly-\\ncerin, or chloroform.\\nTests. On evaporating fifty cubic centimeters (about 1J fluidounce)\\nof the alcohol in a small capsule no residue must be left. Mix ten cubic\\ncentimeters (2J fluidrachms) of the alcohol with ten cubic centimeters\\nof water and two cubic centimeters fluidrachm) glycerin, soak a piece\\nof blotting-paper in the mixture, and then dry it after the alcohol has\\nevaporated from the wet paper no foreign odor should be present.\\nConcentrate ten cubic centimeters (2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) of the mixture by\\nevaporation to two cubic centimeters fluidrachm), and then add to it\\ntwo cubic centimeters fluidrachm) of strong sulphuric acid no red-\\ndish coloration should appear. Both these tests are intended to discover\\nfusel oil, which has an irritating odor and can be recognized by it if\\npresent only to the extent of one-tenth per cent., and which is colored\\nred by sulphuric acid. Aldehyd, if present, is detected by a dark colora-\\ntion, which appears after adding to the alcohol an. equal volume of solu-\\ntion of potassa.\\nPreservation. Being inflammable and volatile it must be kept in\\ntightly stoppered bottles, in a cool place, and where it will be safe from\\nany flame or fire.\\nStrength of Alcohol. Its strength is most conveniently deter-\\nmined by means of the alcoholometer (with jar), which can be purchased\\nwith double scale, showing percentage and degrees proof, and combined\\nwith a thermometer for ascertaining the temperature at the same time\\nthat the degree is read off. The scales of the alcoholometer register\\ncorrectly only at the standard temperature to which they were adjusted.\\nIn the United States alcohol is bought and sold with reference to the\\npercentage by measure of absolute alcohol it contains. In the collection\\nof the revenue the term proof-spirit signifies a spirit containing fifty\\nper cent, by measure of absolute alcohol that is, an alcohol of which\\none hundred gallons contain fifty gallons of absolute alcohol. Each\\ndegree above or below proof represents one-half per cent, more or less.\\nThus one hundred degrees above proof represents fifty per cent, nuore\\nof absolute alcohol than proof-spirit contains or, in other words, one\\nhundred per cent, absolute alcohol, or all absolute alcohol. On the\\nother hand, one hundred degrees below proof means fifty per cent, less\\nof absolute alcohol than is contained in proof-spirit or, in other words,\\nno alcohol at all, or all water. As proof-spirit is denoted as one hun-\\ndred degrees, it will be seen that absolute alcohol is two hundred de-\\ngrees (being one hundred degrees above proof while water is 0\u00c2\u00b0\\n(being one hundred degrees below proof The pharmacopceial alco-\\nhol, which is the strongest alcohol generally produced at the distilleries,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n81\\nis one hundred and eighty-eight degrees, or eighty-eight degrees above\\nproof, and contains forty-four (one-half of eighty-eight) per cent, more\\nof absolute alcohol than proof-spirit contains, and as proof-spirit con-\\ntains fifty per cent, the alcohol described contains fifty plus forty-four,\\nor ninety-four per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. To ascertain\\nthe volume percentage strength, the most convenient and direct method\\nwill be to use the alcoholometer combining Tralle s scale (which shows\\nthe per cent, by volume direct) and the U. S. Custom-House standard\\nscale (which shows the degree above or below proof), with thermometer,\\nand scale for corrections for variations of temperature. In our country\\nthe standard temperature to which the scale of the alcoholometer is ad-\\njusted is sixty degrees Fahrenheit (15.55\u00c2\u00b0 C). When the spirit tested\\nis of exactly that temperature, that degree on the scale which coincides\\nwith the level of the liquid in the jar when the instrument is suspended\\nin it will indicate exactly the strength of the spirit. But if the tem-\\nperature is above 60\u00c2\u00b0 F. the indication on the alcoholometer will be\\nhigher than the actual strength of the alcohol by one-fifth per cent, for\\nevery degree above the standard temperature (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and if below\\n60\u00c2\u00b0 F. the actual strength of the alcohol will be greater than shown by\\nthe alcoholometer, the error being in this case also one-fifth per cent,\\nfor every degree of variation of the temperature from the standard.\\nThus, if the thermometer shows 65\u00c2\u00b0 F. and the alcoholometer scale reads\\noff eighty per cent., the difference in temperature being five degrees,\\nfive times one-fifth (or one) per cent, must be deducted from the read-\\ning, leaving seventy-nine per cent, as the actual strength.\\nThe pharmacist may also use the specific gravity bottle, or the ordi-\\nnary areometer for liquids lighter than water, to find the specific gravity\\nof the spirit, and afterward by reference to the following table, the cor-\\nresponding strength. This table is prepared with reference to a stand-\\nard temperature of 15.55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nSpecific\\nGravity.\\n100 Measures Spirit\\nContain\\nContraction\\nof Volume\\nMeasures.\\nSpecific\\nGravity.\\n100 Measures Spirit\\nContain\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nContraction\\nMeasures of\\nAbsolute\\nAlcohol.\\nMeasures\\nof Water.\\nMeasures of\\nAbsolute\\nAlcohol.\\nMeasures\\nof Water.\\nof Volume\\nMeasures.\\n1.0000\\n.9985\\n.9970\\n.9956\\n.9942\\n.9928\\n.9915\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n100.000\\n99.055\\n98.111\\n97.176\\n96.242\\n95.307\\n94.382\\n.055\\n.111\\n.176\\n.242\\n.307\\n.382\\n.9902\\n.9890\\n.9878\\n.9866\\n.9854\\n.9843\\n.9832\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n93 458\\n92.543\\n91.629\\n90.714\\n89.799\\n88.895\\n87.990\\n.458\\n.543\\n.629\\n.714\\n.799\\n.895\\n.990", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\n100 Measubes Spirit\\n100 Measures Spirit\\nContain\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nContain\\nContraction\\nof Volume\\nMeasures.\\nSpecific\\nGravity.\\nContraction\\nSpecific\\nGeavitt.\\nMeasures of\\nAbsolute\\nAlcohol.\\nMeasures\\nof Water.\\nMeasures of\\nAbsolute\\nAlcohol.\\nMeasures\\nof Water.\\nof Volume\\nMeasures.\\n.9821\\n14\\n87.086\\n1.086\\n.9178\\n58\\n45.693\\n3.693\\n.9811\\n15\\n86.191\\n1.191\\n.9156\\n59\\n44.678\\n3.678\\n.9800\\n16\\n85.286\\n1.286\\n.9134\\n60\\n43.664\\n3.664\\n.9790\\n17\\n84.392\\n1.392\\n.9112\\n61\\n42.649\\n3.649\\n.9780\\n18\\n83.497\\n1.497\\n.9090\\n62\\n41.635\\n3.635\\n.9770\\n19\\n82.603\\n1.603\\n.9067\\n63\\n40.610\\n3.610\\n.9760\\n20\\n81.708\\n1.708\\n.9044\\n64\\n39.586\\n3.586\\n.9750\\n21\\n80.813\\n1.813\\n.9021\\n65\\n38.561\\n3.561\\n.9740\\n22\\n79.919\\n1.919\\n.8997\\n66\\n37.526\\n3.526\\n.9729\\n23\\n79.014\\n2.014\\n.8973\\n67\\n36.492\\n3.492\\n.9719\\n24\\n78.119\\n2.119\\n.8949\\n68\\n35.457\\n3 457\\n.9709\\n25\\n77.225\\n2.225\\n.8925\\n69\\n34.423\\n3.423\\n.9698\\n26\\n76.320\\n2.320\\n.8900\\n70\\n33378\\n3.378\\n.9688\\n27\\n75.426\\n2.426\\n.8875\\n71\\n32.333\\n3.333\\n.9677\\n28\\n74.521\\n2.521\\n.8850\\n72\\n31.289\\n3.289\\n.9666\\n29\\n73.617\\n2.617\\n.8825\\n73\\n30.244\\n3.244\\n.9655\\n30\\n72.712\\n2.712\\n.8799\\n74\\n29.190\\n3.190\\n.9643\\n31\\n71.797\\n2.797\\n.8773\\n75\\n28.135\\n3.135\\n.9631\\n32\\n70.883\\n2.883\\n.8747\\n76\\n27.080\\n3.080\\n.9618\\n33\\n69.958\\n2.958\\n.8720\\n77\\n26016\\n3.016\\n.9605\\n34\\n69.034\\n3.034\\n.8693\\n78\\n24.951\\n2.951\\n.9592\\n35\\n68.109\\n3.109\\n.8666\\n79\\n23.877\\n2.877\\n..9579\\n36\\n67.184\\n3.184\\n.8639\\n80\\n22.822\\n2.822\\n.9565\\n37\\n66.250\\n3.250\\n.8611\\n81\\n21.747\\n2.747\\n.9550\\n38\\n65.305\\n3.305\\n.8583\\n82\\n20.673\\n2.673\\n.9535\\n39\\n64.361\\n3.361\\n.8555\\n83\\n19.598\\n2.598\\n.9519\\n40\\n63.406\\n3.406\\n.8526\\n84\\n18.514\\n2514\\n.9503\\n41\\n62 451\\n3.451\\n.8496\\n85\\n17.419\\n2.419\\n.9487\\n42\\n61.497\\n3.497\\n.8466\\n86\\n16.324\\n2.324\\n.9470\\n43\\n60.532\\n3.532\\n.8436\\n87\\n15.230\\n2.230\\n.9452\\n44\\n59.558\\n3.558\\n.8405\\n88\\n14.121\\n2.121\\n.9435\\n45\\n58.593\\n3.593\\n.8373\\n89\\n13.011\\n2.011\\n.9417\\n46\\n57.618\\n3.618\\n.8339\\n90\\n11.876\\n1.876\\n.9399\\n47\\n56.644\\n3.644\\n.8306\\n91\\n10.751\\n1.751\\n.9381\\n48\\n55.669\\n3.669\\n.8272\\n92\\n9.617\\n1.617\\n.9362\\n49\\n54.685\\n3.685\\n.8237\\n93\\n8.472\\n1.472\\n.9343\\n50\\n53.700\\n3.700\\n.8201\\n94\\n7.318\\n1.318\\n.9323\\n51\\n52.705\\n3.705\\n.8167\\n95\\n6.153\\n1.153\\n.9303\\n52\\n51.711\\n3.711\\n.8125\\n96\\n4.968\\n.968\\n.9283\\n53\\n50.716\\n3.716\\n.8084\\n97\\n3.764\\n.764\\n.9263\\n54\\n49.722\\n3.722\\n.8041\\n98\\n2.539\\n.539\\n.9242\\n55\\n48.717\\n3.717\\n.7995\\n99\\n1.285\\n.285\\n.9221\\n56\\n47.712\\n3.712\\n.7946\\n100\\n0.\\n.9200\\n57\\n46.708\\n3.708\\nWhen alcohol and water are mixed the temperature of the liquids\\nrises while the volume contracts. The greatest contraction of volume", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 83\\ntakes place when 52.3 measures of absolute alcohol are mixed with 47.7\\nmeasures of water, the total volume being only 96.23 measures instead\\nof one hundred. The volume of this mixture, therefore, when either\\nwater or alcohol is added, expands beyond the added measure.\\nAs seen from the above table it requires fifty-four measures of abso-\\nlute alcohol and 49.722 measures of water to make one hundred meas-\\nures of spirit of 0.9263 specific gravity, the contraction of volume being\\nthus 3.722 volumes (nearly 3f per cent.). The table shows the volume\\nper cent, of spirit, of any specific gravity named in the first column, and\\nthe specific gravity of alcohol, of any percentage strength named in the\\nsecond column. It also shows how much water and how much alcohol\\nof any given strength are necessary to make a given number of meas-\\nures of spirit of any other strength, by very simple calculations. Thus,\\nsuppose you have alcohol of 0.820 specific gravity, and you desire to\\nmake ten gallons spirit of fifty per cent, strength (by measure). By\\nreference to the table you find that alcohol of 0.820 specific gravity con-\\ntains (at 60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) ninety-four per cent, of absolute alcohol. The rule is:\\nmultiply the percentage strength desired by the number of gallons to\\nbe made, and then divide the product by the percentage strength of the\\n50 x 10\\nalcohol to be diluted. Thus, g-r 5.32). The quotient is the\\nnumber of gallons of the stronger spirit which is required to make the\\ndesired quantity of the weaker spirit. It therefore requires 5.32 gal-\\nlons of ninety-four per cent, alcohol to make ten gallons of fifty per\\ncent, alcohol.\\nThis rule is, in oar opinion, preferable to that of the Pharmacopoeia\\n(see p. 89).\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 there were three separate strengths\\nof alcohol prescribed, viz.: Alcohol Fortius Stronger Alcohol,\\nAlcohol, and Alcohol Dilutum. The Alcohol Fortius was ninety-\\nfive per cent, (by volume) alcohol specific gravity, 0.817. Alcohol of\\nthis strength is difficult to obtain, and as a ninety-four per cent, alcohol\\nis sufficiently strong for pharmacopceial purposes the stronger alcohol\\nwas wisely dropped and the ninety-four per cent, alcohol, which is always\\nreadily obtainable, was substituted for it in the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nThe Alcohol of 1870 had a specific gravity of 0.835, and contained\\nninety per cent, of absolute alcohol. It was dropped as unnecessary,\\nsince any strength between the ninety-four per cent, alcohol and the\\nofficial Diluted Alcohol may be readily mixed at any time when wanted\\nfor use. To make the alcohol of the standard of the Pharmacopoeia of\\n1870, mix twenty (20) measures of ninety-four per cent, alcohol with one\\n(1) measure of water this will make the resulting mixture almost ex-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "84 A COMPANION TO THE\\nactly (lacking only one-thirtieth per cent, of water) ninety per cent.\\nstrength by volume.\\nThe Diluted Alcohol of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870) was a mix-\\nture of equal measures of ninety-five per cent, alcohol and distilled water.\\nIt had the specific gravity 0.941, and contained about forty-six and one-\\nhalf per cent., by measure (thirty-nine per cent, by weight), of absolute\\nalcohol, being nearly seventeen per cent, weaker than the now official\\nDiluted Alcohol (U. S. P., 1880).\\nALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM.\\nAbsolute Alcohol.\\nThis is nearly pure ethyl alcohol, containing over ninety-nine per\\ncent, real absolute alcohol if properly made. It is prepared by mixing\\nninety-four per cent, alcohol with powdered unslaked lime, and distil-\\nling the mixture after a day s maceration.\\nAbsolute alcohol has the specific gravity 0.794 at 15.55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nIt dissolves a number of resins, alkaloids, phosphorus, and other sub-\\nstances not readily dissolved by ordinary commercial alcohol.\\nALCOHOL; U. S.\\nAlcohol.\\nThe alcohol of the new Pharmacopoeia (1880) is one hundred and\\neighty-eight degrees proof, or contains ninety-four per cent, by volume\\nof absolute alcohol, one hundred gallons of it containing ninet} T -four gal-\\nlons absolute alcohol and 7.318 gallons water (the contraction of volume\\nin combining the two liquids in the proportions named being 1.318 gal-\\nlon). The statement in the Pharmacopoeia that it contains six per cent,\\nby volume of water is to be understood as meaning that six per cent, by\\nvolume of the liquid consists of water if the contraction of volume be\\nignored. One hundred pounds of it contain ninety-one pounds absolute\\nalcohol and nine pounds water. It has the specific gravity 0.820 at\\n15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and 0.812 at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nTo state the strength of alcohol by volume (measure) has the disad-\\nvantage of being always incorrect, for as the volume of the mixture of\\nalcohol and water contracts it is practically impossible to know the rela-\\ntive proportions by volume of the two component parts of the liquid. We\\ndo not know whether both the alcohol and the water contract, or only", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 85\\none of them, nor could the contraction of each be measured separately\\nif both are condensed, as is probably the case. Hence we really do not\\nknow how great a proportion of the space occupied by the liquid is taken\\nup by the alcohol in it, and how much by the water and all that we do\\nknow is the space that the absolute alcohol in it occupies when separated\\nfrom the water. In other words, we know that one hundred gallons of\\nofficial alcohol of 0.820 specific gravity at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) will result\\nfrom ninety-four gallons of absolute alcohol and enough water to make\\nup the one hundred gallons, which will require not six gallons but 7.318\\ngallons.\\nThe per cent, by weight, however, may always be correctly ascer-\\ntained.\\nRelation of Volume to Weight op the Official Alcohol.\\nAt about 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 to 22\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 to 71.6\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the following equivalents of\\nalcohol are approximately correct\\n1 liter (1,000 cubic centimeters) weighs 816 grams.\\n1 U. S. pint 6,000 grains.\\n1 imperial pint 7,200 grains.\\n1,000 grams measure 1,220 cubic centimeters.\\n16 troy ounces 20| IJ. S. fluidounces.\\n16 avoirdupois ounces 18 T 8 o U. S. fluidounces, or\\n19J imp. fluidounces.\\nAt 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the folloioing equivalents of alcohol are exact:\\n1 liter weighs 820 grams.\\n1 pint (U. S.) 13| avoirdupois ounces.\\n100 avoirdupois ounces measure 117 U. S. fluidounces (or 122\\nimp. fluidounces).\\n100 troy ounces 128 U. S. fluidounces (or 134\\nimp. fluidounces).\\nAt 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the following equivalents of alcohol are exact:\\n1 liter weighs 812 grams.\\n1 U. S. pint 13.53 avoirdupois ounces.\\n100 avoirdupois ounces measure 118 U. S. fluidounces (or 123\\nimp. fluidounces).\\n100 troy ounces 129 U. S. fluidounces.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nTable showing the volume measure of different quantities, by weight, of\\nthe official alcohol (0.812 specific gravity at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C, or 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nGrams.\\nAvoirdupois weight.\\nCubic centi-\\nmeters.\\nGrams.\\nAvoirdupois weight.\\nCubic centi-\\nmeters.\\n1\\n15.43 grs.\\n1.23\\n0.33\\n200\\n7 ozs. 24 grs.\\n246.76\\n8.34\\n2\\n30.86 grs.\\n2.47\\n0.67\\n225\\n7 ozs. 409f grs.\\n277.60\\n9.38\\n3\\n46.30 grs.\\n3.70\\n1.00\\n250\\n8 ozs. 358 grs.\\n308.44\\n10.43\\n4\\n61.73 grs.\\n4.94\\n1.33\\n275\\n9 ozs. 306\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n339.28\\n11.47\\n5\\n77.16 grs.\\n6.17\\n1.67\\n300\\n10 ozs. 255 grs.\\n370.13\\n12.52\\n6\\n92.59 grs.\\n7.40\\n2.00\\n325\\n11 ozs. 203i grs.\\n400.97\\n13.56\\n7\\n108.03 grs.\\n8.64\\n2.33\\n350\\n12 ozs. 151\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n431.82\\n14.60\\n8\\n123.46 grs.\\n9.87\\n2.67\\n375\\n13 ozs. 99| grs.\\n462.66\\n15.64\\n9\\n138.89 grs.\\n11.10\\n3.00\\n400\\n14 ozs. 48 grs.\\n493.51\\n16.69\\n10\\n154.32 grs.\\n12.34\\n3.34\\n425\\n14 ozs. 433| grs.\\n524.35\\n17.73\\n15\\n231.48 grs.\\n18.51\\n5.01\\n450\\n15 ozs. 382i grs.\\n555.20\\n18.77\\n20\\n308.65 grs.\\n24.67\\n6.67\\n475\\n16 ozs. 330^ grs.\\n586.04\\n19.81\\nFluid-\\n500\\n17 ozs. 279 grs.\\n616.89\\n20.86\\nounces.\\n525\\n18 ozs. 227 grs.\\n647.73\\n21.90\\n25\\n385.81 grs.\\n30.84\\n1.04\\n550\\n19 ozs. 175\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n678.58\\n22.95\\n30\\n1 oz. 25| grs.\\n37.01\\n1.25\\n575\\n20 ozs. 124 grs.\\n709.42\\n24.00\\n35\\n1 oz. 102 j grs.\\n43.18\\n1.46\\n600\\n21 ozs. 72\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n740.27\\n25.03\\n40\\n1 oz. 180 grs.\\n49.35\\n1.67\\n650\\n22 ozs. 406\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n801.96\\n27.12\\n45\\n1 oz. 257 grs.\\n55.52\\n1.87\\n700\\n24 ozs. 303 grs.\\n863.65\\n29.20\\n50\\n1 oz. 334 grs.\\n61.69\\n2.08\\n750\\n26 ozs. 199| grs.\\n925.34\\n31.29\\n55\\n1 oz. 411 grs.\\n67.86\\n2.29\\n800\\n28 ozs. 96 grs.\\n987.00\\n33.38\\n60\\n2 ozs. 50\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n74.03\\n2.50\\n850\\n29 ozs. 430 grs.\\n1,048.69\\n35.46\\n65\\n2 ozs. 127\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n80.19\\n2.71\\n900\\n31 ozs. 327 grs.\\n1,110.41\\n37.55\\n70\\n2 ozs. 205 grs.\\n86.36\\n2.92\\n950\\n33 ozs. 223\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n1,172.09\\n39.63\\n75\\n2 ozs 282 grs.\\n92.53\\n3.13\\n1,000\\n35 ozs. 120 grs.\\n1,233.78\\n41.72\\n80\\n2 ozs. 359 grs.\\n98.70\\n3.33\\n1,500\\n52 ozs. 399 grs.\\n1,850.67\\n62.58\\n85\\n2 ozs. 436| grs.\\n104.87\\n3.54\\n2,000\\n70 ozs. 240 grs.\\n2,467.57\\n83.44\\n90\\n3 ozs. 76| grs.\\n111.04\\n3.75\\n2,500\\n88 ozs. 82 grs.\\n3,084.45 104.30\\n95\\n3 ozs. 153| grs.\\n117.21\\n3.96\\n3,000\\n105 ozs. 360 grs.\\n3,701.35125.16\\n100\\n3 ozs. 230f grs.\\n123.38\\n4.17\\n4,000\\n141 ozs. 42\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n4,935.13166.88\\n125\\n4 ozs. 179 grs.\\n154.22\\n5.21\\n5,000\\n176 ozs. 1621 grs.\\n6,168.92 208.60\\n150\\n5 ozs. 127 grs.\\n185.07\\n6.26\\n10,000\\n352 ozs. 325 grs.\\n12,337.85 417.20\\n175\\n6 ozs. 75\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n215.91\\n7.30\\n1\\nWeight of a barrel of ninety -four per cent, alcohol, net.\\nAt any temperature,\\n40 gallons at the standard temperature weighs 273\u00c2\u00a3 pounds.\\nm\\n41\\n414\\n42\\n43\\n44\\n44i\\nit\\na\\na\\na\\nit\\nit\\na\\ntt\\na\\nu\\ntt\\ntt\\ntt\\na\\ntt\\na\\na\\ntt\\n276f\\n280|\\n2834\\n287\\n290$\\n293*\\n297i\\n300f\\n303 T V", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n87\\nWeight of a barrel of ninety-four per cent, alcohol, net. Continued.\\nAt any temperature.\\n45 gallons at the standard temperature weighs 307J pounds.\\n45J\\nt a\\nn\\n46\\ni a\\ntt\\n46\u00c2\u00a3\\nt a\\ntt\\n47\\nt tt\\ntt\\nm\\nI tt\\ntt\\n48\\ntt\\ntt\\n48\u00c2\u00a3\\nt tt\\na\\n49\\nt tt\\na\\n49\u00c2\u00a3\\nt it\\ntt\\n50\\nt it\\na\\n310 T 9 o\\n314*\\n317f\\n321*\\n324*\\n328\\n331|\\n334f\\n337i\\n341}\\nThe most convenient way to ascertain the correctness of stated con-\\ntents of barrels of alcohol is to find the net weight, which, if the strength\\nof the alcohol is known, will always furnish reliable data for calculating\\nthe measure. The gauger s certificates on the alcohol barrels are\\ngenerally pretty correct if the barrel and contents have been recently\\ngauged; but as a rule it will be found profitable to weigh every barrel\\nimmediately upon receiving it, then empty it into suitable receptacles,\\nafter which weigh the empty barrel then deduct the weight of the\\nbarrel from the gross weight to get the net weight of the alcohol, which\\nshould correspond with the figures given in the above table, and will do\\nso if the alcohol is of proper strength, and if the number of gallons be\\nas stated. The weights given refer to alcohol of 0.820 specific gravity\\n15. G\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and measured at that temperature. It is obvious that\\nalthough forty-five gallons of alcohol at 60\u00c2\u00b0 F. will measure more than\\nforty -five gallons at a higher, and less than forty-five gallons at a lower\\ntemperature, it will weigh exactly the same number of pounds at any\\ntemperature, viz.: three hundred and seven and one-half pounds, if of\\nninety-four per cent, strength. If stronger than ninety-four per cent,\\nit will weigh less, and if weaker, more, and hence it is necessary to find\\nalso its strength by means of the alcoholometer at 60\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nALCOHOL DILUTUM; U. S.\\nDiluted Alcohol.\\nThe diluted alcohol of the new Pharmacopoeia (1880) is one hundred\\nand six degrees proof, or contains fifty-three per cent, by volume of\\nabsolute alcohol, one hundred gallons of it containing fifty-three gallons", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof absolute alcohol, and 50.716 gallons or water, the contraction of\\nvolume in combining the two liquids in these proportions being 3.716\\ngallons. One hundred pounds of it contains forty-five and one-half\\npounds of absolute alcohol, and fifty-four and one-half pounds water.\\nIts specific gravity is 0.928 at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and 0.920 at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(77\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is about seventeen per cent, stronger that the diluted alco-\\nhol of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870), which contained only about forty-\\nsix and one-half per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol.\\nRelation of Weight to Volume of the Official Diluted Alcohol.\\nAt about 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 to 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the following equivalents of\\ndiluted alcohol are approximately correct\\n1 liter (1,000 cubic centimeters) weighs about 924 grams.\\n1 U. S. pint\\n1 imperial pint\\n1,000 grams measure\\n16 troyounces\\n16 avoirdupois ounces\\n6,800 grains.\\n8,000 grains.\\n1,075 cubic centimeters.\\n18-J- U. S. fluidounces.\\n16f U. S. fluidounces (or\\n17^ imp. fluidounces).\\nAt 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the following equivalents of diluted alcohol are\\napproximately correct\\n1 liter weighs 928 grams.\\n1 U. S. pint 15.47 avoirdupois ounces.\\n100 avoirdupois ounces measure 103^ U. S. fluidounces (or\\n107\u00c2\u00a7- imp. fluidounces).\\n100 troyounces 113J U. S. fluidounces (or\\n118 imp. fluidounces).\\nAt 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the following equivalents of diluted alcohol are approx-\\nimately correct\\n1 liter weighs 920 grams.\\n1 U. S. pint 15\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois ounces.\\n100 avoirdupois ounces measure 104^ U. S. fluidounces (or\\n108| imp. fluidounces).\\n100 troyounces 114\u00c2\u00a3 U. S. fluidounces (or\\n119 imp. fluidounces).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n89\\nTable showing the volume measure of different quantities, by weight,\\nof the official diluted alcohol (0.920 specific gravity at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C, or\\n77\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nGrams.\\nOunces and Grains.\\nCubic\\ncentimeters.\\nFluid-\\nounces.\\nGrams.\\nOunces and Grains.\\nCubic\\ncentimeters.\\nFluid-\\nounces.\\n30\\n1 oz. 25-\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n32.25\\n1.09\\n175\\n6 ozs. 75\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n188.12\\n6.36\\n40\\n1 oz. 180 grs.\\n43.00\\n1.45\\n200\\n7 ozs. 24 grs.\\n215.00\\n7.27\\n50\\n1 oz. 334 grs.\\n53.75\\n1.81\\n225\\n7 ozs. 409|grs.\\n250.87\\n8.17\\n60\\n2 ozs. 50| grs.\\n64.50\\n2.18\\n250\\n8 ozs. 358 grs.\\n268.75\\n9.08\\n70\\n2 ozs. 205 grs.\\n75.25\\n2.54\\n275\\n9 ozs. 306\u00c2\u00b1grs.\\n304.62.\\n10.00\\n80\\n2 ozs. 359 grs.\\n86.00\\n2.90\\n300\\n10 ozs. 255 grs.\\n322.50\\n10.90\\n90\\n3 ozs. 76\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n96.75\\n3.27\\n350\\n12 ozs. 15 1\u00c2\u00a3 grs.\\n376.25\\n12.72\\n100\\n3 ozs. 230| grs.\\n107.50\\n3.63\\n400\\n14 ozs. 48 grs.\\n430.00\\n14.54\\n125\\n4 ozs. 179 grs.\\n143.37\\n4.54\\n500\\n17 ozs. 279 grs.\\n537.50\\n18.17\\n150\\n5 ozs. 127 grs.\\n161.25\\n5.45\\n1,000\\n35 ozs. 120 grs.\\n1,075.00\\n36.34\\nRule for diluting alcohol to any given strength. The rule given in\\nthe Pharmacopoeia for diluting alcohol of any higher strength to the\\nofficial standard for diluted alcohol is very simple, and alcohol of any\\nstrength can be diluted to any lower percentage by a similar process.\\nThis rule is 1. Find the percentage strength of the alcohol to be di-\\nluted (the per cent, by volume if the alcohol is to be diluted to a cer-\\ntain volumetric strength or the percentage strength of the alcohol by\\nweight if the diluted alcohol is to be of a certain* per cent, by weight).\\n2. Divide the number representing the percentage strength of the al-\\ncohol which is to be diluted by the number representing the percentage\\nstrength of the diluted alcohol to be made. 3. From the quotient so\\nobtained subtract 1. 4. The remainder represents the number of parts\\nof water (by weight or volume as the case may be) which must be added\\nto each part of the alcohol to be diluted. Thus, for example It is de-\\nsired to dilute a ninety per cent, alcohol (by weight) to a strength of\\nthirty per cent, (by weight). Divide 90 by 30; this gives 3 as the quo-\\ntient; subtract 1 from this, which leaves 2. We thus find that two\\nparts, by weight, of water must be added to each part, by weight, of\\nninety per cent, alcohol in order to get a thirty per cent, alcohol.\\nWhen the volumetric per cent, is referred to the process is the same,\\nand the result shows how many measures of water must be added to\\neach measure of the alcohol which is to be diluted; but the answers\\nwhen the volumetric strength is referred to are not absolutely correct\\nbecause the degree of contraction or expansion taking place produces\\na greater or less deviation. For most purposes, however, it is suffi-\\nciently correct.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "90 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Alcohol is one of the most valuable remedies,\\nbeing a stimulant of great power and general applicability.\\nIt is usually administered in the form of wine or liquor (whiskey or\\nbrandy), or in combination with other remedies, in tinctures, medicated\\nwines, etc.\\nIt is an article of common use in all countries and by all people, in\\nthe form of beverages produced by the fermentation of grain or fruit,\\nor their juices. In moderate doses these beverages are similar in their\\naction to spices and condiments, increasing the appetite and digestion,\\nquickening the circulation, and promoting gland action, preventing tis-\\nsue waste and favoring an accumulation of fat. Its moderate use is\\ntherefore of much benefit, especially to those who are weak and in poor\\nphysical condition. To a certain extent alcohol may be considered as a\\nfood in such cases.\\nThe deleterious effects produced by drinking alcoholic beverages re-\\nsult mainly from the use of the stronger liquors, which coagulate and\\nprecipitate pepsin and bring about a condition of gastric irritation or\\nby drinking excessive quantities of the weaker alcoholic beverages, as\\nbeer or wine, which dilute the gastric juice and thereby prevent di-\\ngestion.\\nIn excessive doses alcohol produces intoxication, loss of co-ordina-\\ntion, mental excitement followed by stupor, and perhaps unconscious-\\nness. Generally this effect gradually wears off as the alcohol is elimi-\\nnated, but it may result in death by a suspension of respiration and\\ncirculation.\\nSometimes long-continued habitual excess in drinking produces deli-\\nrium tremens.\\nAlcohol is a valuable stomachic and tonic in atonic dyspepsia, indi-\\ngestion, debility, and during convalescence from acute diseases. It is\\nvaluable in all low conditions when the pulse is weak, the tongue dry,\\ndigestion poor, and sleep unrefreshing. Such conditions exist in ady-\\nnamic diseases, typhoid stages of various fevers, later stages of con-\\nsumption, etc. Alcohol is best combined with egg y milk, etc., as egg-\\nnog, milk-punch, and similar preparations.\\nIn annemic persons sleeplessness is often relieved by a dose of alco-\\nhol, as wine, brandy, toddy, beer, or ale before going to bed.\\nIn consumption alcohol is a very valuable remedy, some observers\\ngoing so far as to say that drunkards very seldom are afflicted with\\nphthisis.\\nIn snakebite large quantities of whiskey can be taken without pro-\\nducing intoxication, and this treatment is one of the best in cases of\\nthat kind.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 91\\nExternally, alcohol mixed with water is an excellent lotion to pre-\\nvent bed-sores, to relieve pain in inflammation, and as a wash to ulcers\\nand sores. The dose is difficult to state, as it depends on the condition\\nof the patient as well as upon the form in which it is given.\\nPure diluted alcohol is preferable to doubtful whiskey or brandy,\\nand, in fact, to any of the ordinary liquors for medicinal purposes.\\nAlcohol Amylicum.\\nAmylic Alcohol.\\nAmylalcohol, Fuselol, G. Alcohol amylique, Huile de Grain, F.\\nFinkelolja, Sw. Fusel-oil, Potato-oil.\\nOrigin. Fusel-oil is to be found in all unrectified alcohol made\\nfrom potatoes, grain, or starch, in any form. It is not an oil, however,\\nas the name would indicate, but an alcohol.\\nDescription. A colorless, clear liquid, with a penetrating, oppres-\\nsive odor, and a hot taste. Its specific gravity is 0.818. It is soluble\\nin alcohol in all proportions, and also in ether and in volatile oils, but\\nin water only to a very small extent. When oxidized with chromic\\nacid it yields valerianic acid. It is poisonous when inhaled or taken\\ninternally. The irritating qualities of fusel-oil are discernible even if it\\nbe present only to the extent of one-tenth per cent, in alcohol.\\nAlcohol Methylicum.\\nMethylic Alcohol.\\nSpiritus Pyroxylicus, Holzgeist, Methylalcohol, G.; Alcool methylique,\\nAlcool formique, Alcool de bois, Esprit de bois, Esprit pyroligneux,\\nF. Alcohol metylico, Sp.; Trdalkohol, llethylalkohol, Sw. Wood\\nAlcohol, Wood Spirit, Alcoholine, Pyroligneous Spirit, Pyroxylic\\nSpirit, Wood Naphtha.\\nPreparation. Methylic alcohol or wood alcohol is contained in the\\ndistillate from the dry distillation of wood, together with acetic acid,\\netc. It is separated by neutralizing the acetic acid with lime, and re-\\ndistilling, and afterward the product is purified by a series of manipu-\\nlations.\\nDescription. A light, clear, colorless liquid, of a strong odor, re-\\nminding of alcohol and acetic ether, but having at the same time a\\npeculiar burnt-wood odor. Its specific gravity is 0.798 at 20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nF.). It mixes clear in all proportions with water, alcohol, and ether,\\nand dissolves fixed and volatile oils, several resins, etc.\\nUses. In the arts and manufactures wood alcohol is frequently\\nsubstituted for the ordinary (or ethylic) alcohol as a solvent, etc. In\\nmanufacturing chemistry and pharmacy it is rarely used, and only as a\\nsolvent in cases where it can be afterward entirely eliminated, and will\\nnot in any way contaminate the product.\\nMethylic alcohol itself is rather offensive, and causes headache, diz-\\nziness, and nausea, and hence it is never used as a constituent of any\\nmedicinal preparation. Its presence is, moreover, so readily detected\\nby odor and taste that it could not be used as an adulteration of alcohol\\nwithout detection. It was formerly used as an ingredient in prepara-\\ntions intended for the relief of phthisis, chronic catarrh, etc. A Com-\\npound Elixir of Tar is used in the\\nDistrict of Columbia, which contains\\nabout five per cent, rectified wood\\nnaphtha.\\nAletris.\\nAletris.\\nAletridis Radix Unicorn Root, Colic\\nRoot, Starwort Root, Stargrass\\nRoot, Blazing Star Root.\\nOrigin. Aletris farinosa, Linne\\n(Hcemodoracece)\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. About twenty-five\\nto thirty-five millimeters (1 to 1 J inch)\\nlong, and three to ten millimeters\\nto inch) thick, jointed, externally\\ngrayish brown, internally white and\\nmealy, inodorous taste bitter. Rem-\\nnants of leaves are seen above and rootlets attached below. The root-\\nlets are fifty to seventy-five millimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, the older\\nones being dark and tough, the younger light colored and softer. Con-\\ntains a bitter principle which is soluble in alcohol.\\nJlelonias is also called unicorn root and frequently sold under\\nthat name.\\nUses. Bitter tonic and stomachic. Employed in flatulent colic,\\nFig. 13. Aletris, natural size.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 93\\ndvspepsia, etc. It is claimed to be a valuable stimulant and tonic to the\\nuterus, counteracting a tendency to miscarriage.\\nDose of the powder, 0.3 to one gram (5 to 15 grains). Average\\ndose about 0.6 gram (10 grains), best given in the form of fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nALETR1DIS EXTRACTUM FLTTIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aletris.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6^ fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of the Jirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-third grains and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. One to 2.5 cubic centimeters (15 to 40 minims).\\nAlkanna.\\nAlkanet Root.\\nAnchusce Radix Alkannawurzel, G. Orcanette, F. Ancusa de tintes\\norcaneta, Sp. AlJcannarot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch (Boragi?iacem).\\nHabitat. Collected in large quantities in Hungary. Indigenous to\\nAsia and parts of Europe.\\nPart used. The thicker upper portion of the root with the under-\\nground stem.\\nDescription. It is about thirty centimeters (1 foot) or less long in", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 A COMPANION TO THE\\nits entire state, but as found in trade is considerably broken up finger\\nthick underground stem frequently beset with remnants of the hairy\\nleaf stalks. The outer and middle barks, in thin layers, envelop the\\nroot loosely, but the inner bark adheres firmly to the wood. The barks\\nare purple.\\nAlkanet root which has been deprived of its thin foliaceous bark is\\nworthless.\\nConstituents. Contains a rich purplish-red coloring matter called\\nalkanet red (alkannin) or anchusin, which is found principally in the\\ninner cell-layers of the middle bark and the outer cells of the inner bark.\\nIt is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and volatile oils, and still\\nmore soluble in ether and in fixed oils. When isolated the anchusin is a\\nreddish-brown, resinous mass. With alkalies and alkaline earths it\\nforms blue compounds.\\nThe root is used in pharmacy simply to color cerates, pomades, and\\nfixed oils, which is done by heating them moderately with the alkanet root\\nand then straining. The color produced is quite handsome, but fades\\non exposure to light.\\nALKANNJS OLEUM.\\nAlkanet Oil.\\nDigest two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) alkanet\\nroot (whole) during five days with one liter (34 fluidounces) olive oil (or\\ncotton-seed oil), shaking occasionally. Strain.\\nUsed for coloring hair oils, pomades, cerates, etc., purplish red.\\nALKANN^E TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Alkanet.\\nDigest two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) alkanet\\nroot with one liter (34 fluidounces) alcohol during five days, shaking\\noccasionally.\\nUsed to color alcoholic liquids purplish red.\\nAllium; U. S.\\nGarlic.\\nAllil Bulbus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Knoblauch, G.; Ail, F.; Ajo, Sp.; Ilmtloh, Sw.\\nOrigin. Allium sativum, Linne (Liliacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n95\\nPart used. The bulb.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 27. Only sound, fresh,\\npungent bulbs should be used. Figs. 14-16 well show the structure\\nof garlic.\\nPreservation. Must not be kept in tightly closed receptacles, as it\\nwill then soon spoil, become mouldy, and smell badly. It is best kept\\nin dry sand, in a dry, cool place.\\nPigs. 14-16.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Garlic, with and without scales, and showing insertion of cloves on stalk;\\nall natural size.\\nConstituents. The most important constituent of garlic is a vola-\\ntile oil, which is brownish yellow, has an extremely pungent odor, and\\nblisters the skin. It is heavier than water, and contains sulphur.\\nProperties and Uses. Garlic is a stimulant carminative and in-\\ncreases the appetite. It causes the expulsion of flatus.\\nDose. About two grams (30 grains), best in the form of syrup.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 A COMPANION TO THE\\nALL1I SYRUPUS; U. S.\\nStkup of Gaelic.\\nMacerate one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) sliced\\nand bruised fresh garlic with two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358\\ngrains, measuring about 8^- fluidounces) diluted acetic acid in a quart\\nbottle for four days. Express the liquid, mix the residue with an addi-\\ntional quantity of one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains,\\nmeasuring about 5 fluidounces) diluted acetic acid, and express again.\\nFilter the liquids. The total quantity of liquid expressed should, after\\nfiltration, weigh four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains). Shake this\\nin the quart bottle with six hundred grams (21 ounces) sugar until all is\\ndissolved.\\nTo get this preparation colorless and clear it is necessary to remove\\nall of the old dry outer leaves, and to use only the inner, fresh juicy\\nportions.\\nMust be kept in filled bottles, well corked, and in a cool place.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nAlnus Rubra.\\nAlnus Rubra.\\nAlni Rubral Cortex Tag Alder, American Alder, Black Alder.\\nOrigin. Alnus serrulata, Aiton (Betulaceoe).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. In quills or troughs, externally dark brownish gray,\\nmarked by corky warts which tend to run together transversely. The\\ninner surface is orange brown, and marked by scattered, coarse, narrow,\\nshort ridges or striae. Odor feeble taste bitter and astringent. Its\\nconstituents are not known with any certainty except that it contains\\ntannin.\\nUses. Astringent. Used internally in diarrhoea, hematuria, and\\nas a gargle and mouth-wash in sore-throat, spongy gums, etc. Also\\nused as an injection in leucorrhcea. It is said to be alterative and\\nemetic, and has been given in scrofula, syphilis, and various cutaneous\\ndiseases.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n97\\nALNI KUBILE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Tag Alder.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8J\\nFigs. 17-19. Alnus rubra, whole, outer and inner surface, natural size and transverse sec-\\ntion enlarged.\\nfluidounces) alcohol, and one hundred grams (about 3^ fluidounces)\\nwater.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 7\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\n7", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "08 A COMPANION TO THE\\ndred and fifty.-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2.50 cubic centimeters (8 to 40 minims).\\nAloe.\\nAloe, G. and Sw.; Aloes, F.; Acibar, Sp. Aloes.\\nOrigin. Aloe socotrina, Lamarck A. vulgaris, Lamarck A.\\nspicata, Thunberg; and other species of Aloe (Liliacece).\\nHabitat. Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean shores, the West Indies.\\nDrug. The inspissated juice from the leaves.\\nVarieties. In the new Pharmacopoeia of the United States there\\nis but one kind of aloes recognized the Socotrine. In the previous\\nPharmacopoeia (1870) three kinds were official Socotrine, Baebadoes,\\nand Cape.\\nThe several varieties of aloes were at one time divided into Aloe\\n1/ucida, with a bright shining fracture, and Aloe Hepatica with a\\ndull, liver-colored fracture. Cape aloes is always an Aloe I/ucida, and\\nBarbadoes and Curacoa aloes are always Aloe Hepatica, but Socotrine\\naloes may be one or the other.\\nProperties common to all Aloes. Dark-brown masses hav-\\ning a strong odor reminding of saffron, and an extremely bitter taste.\\nAloes is almost completely soluble in about four times its weight of\\nboiling water, and this concentrated solution deposits resinous matter\\non cooling or when diluted with water, but is not precipitated by the\\naddition of alcohol. Diluted alcohol dissolves aloes almost entirely,\\ntaking up fully one-half its own weight, and the solution is permanent.\\nCold water dissolves more or less of the aloes, according to its quality.\\nThe portion dissolved by cold water was formerly called Aloe-Bitter,\\nwhile the remainder constituted the Aloe-Resin. The aloe-resin\\nbeing soluble in a very concentrated aqueous solution of aloe-bitter, but\\nnot soluble in such a solution when less concentrated, explains why a\\nsolution of one part aloes in four parts water precipitates when more\\nwater is added.\\nConstituents. Aloe-Bitter, or that portion of aloes which is\\nsoluble in cold water, is the valuable portion, while the Aloe-Resin\\nis almost inert. Alkalies dissolve the resin, which is re-precipitated by\\nthe addition of acid.\\nAll aloes contain Aloin. Long boiling in water renders the aloin\\namorphous. This circumstance may account, in a great measure, for", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 99\\nthe differences noted between the several principal varieties of aloes as\\nto their aloin, which is sometimes crystalline and sometimes amorphous.\\nThus good socotrine aloes contains numerous crystals of aloin, while no\\ncrystalline particles are visible in Cape aloes.\\nThe value of aloes depends upon soundness and freedom from for-\\neign substances. Carelessness in the process of making it may cause\\nfermentation, resulting in a sourish, disagreeable odor in the finished\\ndrug, or the aloes may have more or less dirt mixed with it. The\\ninspissation of the juice may also be carried out in various ways, a\\ncontinued exposure to high heat being the cause of the absence of\\ncrystallized aloin in some kinds (as Cape Aloes). If the mode of pre-\\nparing the drug were the same in all places where it is produced, the\\ndifferences between Socotrine, Barbadoes, and Cape aloes might, per-\\nhaps be less marked.\\nALOINUM.\\nAloin.\\nTrue aloin is a neutral principal peculiar to aloes. Sometimes it is\\ncrystalline, and sometimes amorphous. As usually met with in the trade\\nand in the shops, it is an amorphous, dirty, yellowish-brown powder. T.\\nH. Smith, of Edinburgh and London, the discoverers of aloin, pre-\\npare pure Barbaloin and Socaloin, which have a clean yellow color and\\ncrystalline structure. Aloin is odorless, and has an at first sweetish, but\\nafterward extremely bitter, taste. It is almost insoluble in cold water,\\nbut readily soluble in boiling water and in alcohol. Crystalline aloin is\\nchanged into the amorphous variety by long boiling in water. Alkalies\\nand alkaline salts, when present, hasten this alteration, while acids pre-\\nvent it.\\nSocaloin the aloin from Socotrine aloes crystallizes in needles.\\nIt is of a dark lemon-yellow color, and is soluble in thirty parts alcohol\\nand in ninety parts water. Nitric acid has no effect upon it.\\nBarbaloin aloin from Barbadoes aloes is much darker than soc-\\naloin, being of an orange-yellow color, and crystallizes in prismatic\\nneedles. It dissolves readily in warm, but not as readily in cold, water\\nor alcohol as socaloin. With a drop of nitric acid it turns crimson. By\\nthe action of nitric acid upon it chrysammic acid is one of the products\\nformed.\\nNataloin from Natal (an inferior kind of African hepatic) aloes\\nis very light yellow, and crystallizes in scales. It turns crimson with\\nnitric acid, but yields no chrysammic acid with it.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "100 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAloe U. S.\\nAloes.\\nSocotrine Aloes.\\nFrom Aloe Socotrina, Lamarck.\\nSocotrine aloes comes from Eastern Africa, and from Socotora and\\nother islands of the Indian Ocean.\\nDescription. In masses it is apparently amorphous, with a resin-\\nous fracture, opaque, sometimes soft in the interior, and of an orange-\\nbrown or yellowish-brown color. When mixed with alcohol and exam-\\nined under the microscope, Socotrine aloes is seen to contain numerous\\ncrystals of aloin. In thin splinters the best aloes is translucent with a\\nbrownish-red or garnet-red color. The powder is yellowish brown. The\\nsaffron odor of aloes is in the Socotrine variety modified by a peculiar,\\nrather pleasant odor of its own. The odor is most distinct when the\\ndrug is exposed to warm moisture, as when breathed upon.\\nTests. Good Socotrine aloes is almost entirely free from foreign\\n(mechanical) impurities, has a pleasant odor and a reddish tinge in thin\\nfragments. It should not be liver-colored, nor exhibit a greenish hue.\\nSocotrine aloes brings nearly twice the price of Barbadoes aloes, and\\nabout three times the price of Cape aloes. It is put up in boxes and\\nkegs of sixty to one hundred and fifty pounds. (Tare in v. or actual.)\\nALOE PUKIFICATA IT. S.\\nPurified Aloes.\\nHeat three hundred grams (or 10 avoirdupois ounces) of Socotrine\\naloes in a dish on a water-bath until melted. Then add forty-five grams\\n(or 1-J- avoirdupois ounce, equal to If U. S. fluidounce) of alcohol stir\\nuntil thoroughly mixed strain through a No. 60 sieve, which has been\\njust before dipped into boiling water. Evaporate the strained mixture\\nby water-bath heat, stirring constantly, until a small quantity, taken\\nout and allowed to cool, is found to be brittle. Then, when cold, break\\nit into pieces and put it into dry, warm bottles, which must be at once\\nwell corked.\\nThe preparation has a dull brown color and the odor of Socotrine\\naloes. It is almost completely soluble in alcohol.\\nThe object of subjecting the aloes to this straining process is, as the\\nname implies, a purification from mechanical impurities such as the sieve\\nwill remove. The process is the same as in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nPowdered aloes for dispensing ought always to be made from the", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 101\\npurified aloes. The use of purified aloes is also properly prescribed by\\nthe present Pharmacopoeia in making all the official preparations of aloes\\nexcept the extract, which is of course prepared from the crude aloes.\\nMedicinal Uses. Aloes is used in small doses as a tonic stomachic\\nand is an ingredient of many of the popular bitters. In medium doses\\nit is laxative without increasing the fluidity of the stools, while in large\\ndoses it is actively purgative. The effect takes place about twelve hours\\nafter taking, and is increased by combining with soap or alkalies.\\nAloes stimulates the function of the liver and increases the flow of\\nbile, and is therefore of use in many cases of simple jaundice. It also\\nstimulates the peristaltic action of the bowels, especially of the large in-\\ntestine, and is therefore a valuable remedy in chronic constipation due\\nto atony of the intestines. It is best combined with iron and belladonna,\\nas in the formula for pills given below.\\nAloes causes a determination of blood to the pelvic organs, and is\\nmuch employed in amenorrhoea. As this condition often depends on\\nanaemia, the latter trouble must also receive attention. This drug is\\nmuch used in hypochondriasis, biliousness, etc.\\nContrary to expectation based on a knowledge of its effect in causing\\nhyperaemia of pelvic organs, this drug is a valuable remedy in hemor-\\nrhoids due to an atonic condition of the parts following parturition. It\\nis given with iron, cinchona, bitter tonics, etc., or in some cases with\\nhyoscyamus or opium.\\nDose. As a tonic, 0.05 to 0.12 gram (1 to 2 grains) as a laxative\\nor purgative, 0.2 to one gram (3 to 15 grains).\\nALOES DECOCTUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Decoction of Aloes.\\nBourne de Vie.\\nTake four grams (60 grains) aqueous extract of aloes and three grams\\n(45 grains) myrrh, reduce them to coarse powder and put them, together\\nwith two grams (30 grains) potassium carbonate and twenty grams (300\\ngrains) extract of liquorice into a suitable vessel, add two hundred and\\nfifty cubic centimeters (about 8 fluidounces) of water, cover the vessel,\\nboil the contents gently for five minutes, then add three grams (45\\ngrains) Spanish saffron. Let the decoction cool, then add one hundred\\nand twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) compound tincture of car-\\ndamom; cover the vessel closely and set it aside for two hours. Finally,\\nstrain through flannel, adding enough water through the strainer to", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "102 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmake the total product measure four hundred and eighty cubic centi-\\nmeters (16 fluidounces).\\nContains 0.33 gram (5 grains) in forty cubic centimeters (1J fluid-\\nounce) eight cubic centimeters (about 2 fluidrachms) of the prepara-\\ntion contains 0.066 gram (about 1 grain) of aloes.\\nIt is a mild cathartic, tonic, and antacid. In England it is by many\\nconsidered one of the most valuable preparations of aloes. It is not\\ndrastic in its effects, does not gripe, and is, moreover, palatable as made\\nby the above formula, which differs from the British Pharmacopoeia by\\nan increase of the quantity of extract of liquorice added, in accordance\\nwith the recommendation of Peter Squire.\\nDose. Fifteen to sixty cubic centimeters (J to 2 fluidounces).\\nALOES ENEMA; B. P.\\nEnema of Aloes.\\nDissolve 2.65 grams (40 grains) aloes and one gram (15 grains) potas-\\nsium carbonate in three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) de-\\ncoction (mucilage) of starch. These quantities are intended for one\\nenema.\\nUses. Purgative. Also removes threadworms Ascaris vermicularis)\\nfrom the rectum for this purpose one hundred to one hundred and\\ntwenty cubic centimeters (3 to 4 fluidounces) should be injected at a\\ntime and retained for a while.\\nALOES EXTRACTUM AQUOSUM; U. S.\\nAqueous Extract of Aloes.\\nMix five hundred grams (17f- avoirdupois ounces) of Socotrine aloes,\\nin pieces, with five liters (about 10\u00c2\u00a3 wine-pints) of boiling distilled water\\nin a jar or other suitable vessel. Stir from time to time until the aloes\\nis disintegrated and softened, after which let it rest twelve hours. Then\\ndecant the clear liquid from the sediment, strain the residue through\\nmuslin (without using force), mix the liquids, and evaporate the mixture\\nto dryness by steam or water-bath heat.\\nNotes. This preparation ought, for the sake of convenience, to be\\nreduced to powder and kept in that form.\\nAbout one-third of the aloes remains undissolved and is to be thrown\\naway. Boiling water being used, it is probable that a portion of the\\nresin of the drug dissolves at first in the liquor, but, on cooling, it de-\\nposits again. It is dark brown.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 103\\nAlthough long and extensively used, and highly valued by many, the\\nAqueous Extract of x\\\\loes was not official in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nIt is official im the British Pharmacopoeia, which also prescribes an\\nAqueous Extract of Barbadoes Aloes made by the same process.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.2 gram (j- to 3 grains), preferably in pill form.\\nALOES EXTRACTUM LIQUIDUM.\\nLiquid Extract of Aloes.\\nSold sometimes in the United States as Fluid Extract of Aloes.\\nDissolve five hundred grams (or 17f avoirdupois ounces) of Socotrine\\naloes in coarse powder in one liter (or 34 fluidounces) diluted alcohol by\\nthe aid of moderate heat. Strain. Evaporate the strained liquid until\\nit measures one liter (34 fluid ounces). Nearly the whole of the aloes\\ndissolves.\\nAs one liter (or 34 fluidounces) of the liquid cannot hold in solution\\none kilogram (35J avoirdupois ounces) of aloes, a Fluid Extract of\\nAloes of the same relative strength as other fluid extracts is of course\\nan impossibility. The preparation quoted on the price-lists of manu-\\nfacturers as Fluid Extract of Aloes is, at least in several if not in\\nall instances, the half-strength preparation obtained according to the\\nabove formula, which ought to be called Liquid Extract of Aloes to dis-\\ntinguish it from what it cannot be, except in name.\\nDose. 0.30 to one cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims).\\nALOES PILLULE; IT. S.\\nPills of Aloes.\\nMake a pill mass of one hundred and thirty centigrams (20 grains)\\npurified aloes, in fine powder, and one hundred and thirty centigrams\\n(20 grains) powdered soap, with a little water, and divide it into ten (10)\\npills. Each pill contains thirteen centigrams (2 grains) of aloes.\\nALOES ET AS AFCETID^E PILUL^E U. S.\\nPills of Aloes and Asafetida.\\nMake a pill mass of two hundred and sixty centigrams (40 grains)\\npurified aloes, two hundred and sixty centigrams asafetida, and two\\nhundred and sixty centigrams soap all in fine powder using a little\\nwater to form the mass. Divide this mass into thirty (30) pills. Each\\npill contains 8.66 centigrams (1-J- grain) each of aloes and asafetida.\\nDose. Two to five pills.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "104 A COMPANION TO THE\\nALOES ET FEKRI PILULE; U. S.\\nPills of Aloes and Iron.\\nMake a pill mass of sixty-five centigrams (10 grains) purified aloes,\\nin fine powder, sixty-five centigrams dried sulphate of iron, sixty-five\\ncentigrams aromatic powder, and a sufficient quantity of confection of\\nrose, and divide this mass into ten (10) pills. Each pill contains 6.5\\ncentigrams (1 grain) each of aloes and dried sulphate of iron.\\nDose. Two to four pills.\\nALOES ET MASTICHES PILULE; U. S.\\nPills of Aloes and Mastic.\\nLady Webster 9 s Dinner Pills.\\nMake a pill mass of one hundred and thirty centigrams (20 grains)\\npurified aloes, 32.5 centigrams (5 grains) mastic, and 32.5 centigrams (5\\ngrains) red rose, all in fine powder, using a little water to form the\\nmass, and divide it into ten (10) pills. Each pill contains thirteen cen-\\ntigrams (2 grains) aloes.\\nDose- One to two pills.\\nALOES ET MYRRILE PILULE; U. S,\\nPills of Aloes and Myrrh.\\nHufus s Pills.\\nMake a pill mass of one hundred and thirty centigrams (20 grains)\\npurified aloes and sixty-five centigrams (10 grains) myrrh, both in fine\\npowder, 32.5 centigrams (5 grains) aromatic powder, and a sufficient\\nquantity of simple syrup to form the mass, and divide it into ten (10)\\npills. Each pill contains thirteen centigrams (2 grains) aloes and 6.5\\ncentigrams (1 grain) myrrh.\\nDose. From three to six pills.\\nIn the British and several other Pharmacopoeias saffron is used in-\\nstead of aromatic powder. Thus the Pilulce Aloes Crocatce of the\\nSwedish Pharmacopoeia are made as follows Mix twenty -five centigrams\\n(4 grains) myrrh, twenty-five centigrams saffron, fifty centigrams (8\\ngrains) aloes, and enough simple syrup to form the mass. Divide this\\ninto ten (10) pills. Each pill contains 2.5 centigrams (about -fa grain)\\naloes.\\nDose. From three to twelve pills.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 105\\nALOES ET FEREI PILULE CUM BELLADONNA.\\nPills of Aloes, Ikon, and Belladonna.\\nMix two grams (30 grains) aqueous extract of aloes, two grams (30\\ngrains) dried sulphate of iron, and fifty centigrams (8 grains) extract\\nof belladonna, using a little confection of rose, if necessary, to form the\\nmass, and divide it into thirty (30) pills.\\nDose. One pill morning and evening; the frequency of this dose\\nto be decreased as the natural tone of the bowels is restored.\\nUsed for chronic constipation.\\nALOES ET CANELLA PULVIS.\\nPowder of Aloes and Canella.\\nHiera Picra.\\nMix intimately four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) powdered\\nsocotrine aloes and one hundred grains (3 ounces 230 grains) powdered\\ncanella alba.\\nDose. One to 1.50 gram (15 to 22 grains).\\nALOES TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Aloes.\\nMix fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) purified aloes and fifty grams\\nextract of glycyrrhiza (black liquorice), both in moderately fine powder,\\nwith four hundred grams (14^- fluidounces) diluted alcohol, and macerate\\nseven days in a closed vessel. Then filter. Add enough diluted alcohol\\nthrough the filter to make the whole product weigh five hundred grams\\n(17 ounces 279 grains).\\nThis preparation differs very considerably from the corresponding\\ntincture of the same name in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, the new prep-\\naration being three times the strength of the old. (The preparation of\\n1870 contained one troyounce aloes in two pints, and the alcoholic\\nstrength of the menstruum has been more than doubled.)\\nThe Tincture of Aloes of our Pharmacopoeia is now somewhat\\nstronger than that of the British Pharmacopoeia, instead of being less\\nthan one-half its strength, as formerly. The tinctures of the German\\nand French Pharmacopoeias are twice the strength of the tincture of\\naloes, U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1880.\\nDose of the old tincture of aloes, 1870 Laxative, four to eight", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "106 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncubic centimeters (1 to 2 fl uidrachms) purgative, fifteen cubic centi-\\nmeters (J fluidounce).\\nDose of the present tincture of aloes, 1880: Laxative, one to three\\ncubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims); purgative, five cubic centimeters\\n(1^ fluidrachm).\\nALOES ET MYKEH^E TINCTUBA; U. S.\\nTincture of Aloes and Myrrh.\\nElixir Proprietors Paracelsi.\\nMix fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) purified aloes and fifty grams\\nmyrrh, both in moderately fine powder, with four hundred grams (16f\\nfluidounces) alcohol, and macerate in a bottle for seven days. Filter,\\nadding enough alcohol through the filter to make the total product\\nweigh five hundred grams (17 ounces 279 grains). This preparation is\\nthe same strength as that of the old Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1\u00c2\u00a3 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nIn some Pharmacopoeias saffron is added, as in the case of the pills\\nof aloes and myrrh.\\nALOES TINCTUKA COMPOSITA; G.\\nCompound Tincture of Aloes.\\nElixir ad long am vitam; Lebenselixir, G.; Elixir de longue vie, F.;\\nSwedish Bitters.\\nMix eighteen grams (278 grains) aloes, two grams (30 grains) gen-\\ntian, two grams rhubarb, two grams zedoary, two grams saffron, and two\\ngrams agaric, with four hundred grams (14 fluidounces) alcohol of 0.892\\nspecific gravity, for seven days, after which express and filter.\\nALOES VINUM; IT. S.\\nWine of Aloes.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) purified aloes, five grams (-J- ounce)\\ncardamom, and five grams (i ounce) ginger reduce all to a moderately\\ncoarse powder (No. 40), and macerate with four hundred and fifty grams\\n(about 15J fluidounces) stronger white wine (see page 1022) for seven\\ndays, shaking occasionally. Filter, and add enough wine through the", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 107\\nfilter to make the product weigh five hundred grams (17 ounces 279\\ngrains).\\nDose. Fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce). Same strength as\\nin 1870.\\nALOE BABBADENSIS.\\nBarbadoes Aloes.\\nObtained in the West Indies from Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck.\\nDescription. It is dark liver-colored, has a dull waxy fracture,\\nand is imported in gourds. The saffron odor is more prominent in Bar-\\nbadoes aloes than in any other. It is believed by some to be stronger\\nthan Socotrine aloes, two grains of the Barbadoes being considered equal\\nto three grains of the Socotrine aloes. Water dissolves about seventy-\\nfive per cent, of its weight.\\nCuragoa aloes and JBonaire aloes are varieties of Barbadoes aloes,\\nand answer the description given above. Cura^oa aloes is very clean.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.10 gram (f to 1J grain) as a tonic laxative 0.2\\nto 0.6 gram (3 to 10 grains) as a purgative.\\nBarbadoes, Curagoa, and Bonaire aloes fetch about the same prices.\\nThey are worth nearly twice as much as Cape aloes, but not much more\\nthan half the price of Socotrine aloes. Ordinary Barbadoes aloes is put\\nup in boxes and casks of fifty pounds to three hundred pounds the\\nother varieties in boxes of fifty to one hundred pounds.\\nIn the British Pharmacopoeia there are a few preparations of Barba-\\ndoes aloes corresponding to those of Socotrine aloes.\\nALOE CAPEKSIS.\\nCape Aloes.\\nAloe iMcida, Capaloe, G.\\nOrigin. Aloes spicata, Thunberg, and other species of Aloe.\\nDescription. This is more brittle and has a more shining fracture\\nthan the other varieties of aloes. In thin pieces it is quite transparent\\nand clear. The color is olive (or greenish) brown, and the pieces are\\nfrequently covered with a film of greenish yellow powder. In bulk the\\npowder is almost lemon yellow with a greenish cast. Cape aloes has\\na less prominent saffron odor than the Barbadoes or the Socotrine aloes.\\nSometimes the odor is disagreeably sourish (in poor grades). Under\\nthe microscope there are no crystals visible in Cape aloes. Cold water\\ndissolves about sixty per cent., leaving a soft resinous mass together\\nwith the impurities.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "108 A COMPANION TO THE\\nUses. The same as of the other two varieties.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.15 gram (f to 2\\\\ grains) as a tonic laxative 0.2\\nto 0.65 gram (3 to 10 grains) as a purgative.\\nValue. Cape aloes is cheaper than either Barbadoes or Socotrine\\naloes. It is worth only half as much as Barbadoes, and only about one-\\nthird the price of the best Socotrine.\\nIt is sold in original cases of two hundred to five hundred pounds.\\n(Tare 18 per cent.)\\nPreparations. In countries where this variety of aloes is official,\\nsimilar preparations are made of it as have been described under aloe\\n(Socotrina). The preparations of Cape\\naloes have the greenish tint of that drug,\\nand lack the saffron odor of the other two\\nkinds.\\nAlstonia Constricta.\\nAlstonia Constricta.\\nAustralian Fever JBarJc.\\nOrigin. Alstonia constricta, F. Muel-\\nler {Apocynacew).\\nH ab i tat Australia.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Quills or troughs of\\nvarious lengths from ten to sixty centi-\\nmeters (a few inches to 2 feet), from twelve\\nFig. 20.-Alstonia constricta, nat- to sixty millimeters to 2\u00c2\u00a3 inches) thick,\\nural slze covered externally by a rough, fissured,\\ncorky layer, which is grayish brown, spongy, friable, and in cross sec-\\ntion mottled, yellow, and brownish. The inner bark is about six milli-\\nmeters (J- inch) thick, firm, fibrous, tough, with longitudinal ridges on\\nthe inner surface, yellowish in cross section.\\nConstituents. The drug appears to contain an alkaloid, alstonine,\\nwhich is very bitter.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is a bitter tonic and antiperiodic, and\\nhas been found useful in all cases in which cinchona barks are generally\\nemployed. It is not as reliable in its action, however, and seems to be\\nalready falling into disuse again, although introduced only a few years\\nago.\\nDose. Five to fifteen grams (1 to 4 drachms), best given in fluid\\nextract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n109\\nALSTONS CONSTKICT^E EXTKACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extract of Alstonia Constricta.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces):\\nUse five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 ounces) of Alstonia constricta in No. 60\\npowder, and alcohol as a menstruum. Moisten with one hundred and\\nfifty grams (6J- fluidounces). Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with more menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Perco-\\nlate. Reserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of the\\nfirst percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted. Evaporate the second percolate to the con-\\nsistence of honey, and then dissolve it in the first perco-\\nlate. Add enough alcohol to make the whole product\\nmeasure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces).\\nFor details, see p. 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter represents the soluble matter\\nof one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents\\nfour hundred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains and\\neach fluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nAlthaea; U. S.\\nAlthaea.\\nAlthmce Radix Eibischwurzel, Altheeiourzel, G. Racine\\nde Guimauve, F.; Altea, Malvabisco, Sp. Altearot,\\nSw. Marshmallow Root.\\nt\\nOrigin. Althcea officinalis, Linne\\n(Malvacem).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Europe.\\nPart used. Peeled root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 28. It has no pith. Must be\\nwhite and dry. A discolored or mouldy\\nroot, or one having a disagreeable or sour-\\nish odor or taste, must be rejected.\\nConstituents. Althaea root is rich in mucilage and starch, con-\\ntaining about thirty-five per cent, of each. It also contains two per\\ncent, of asparagin, eleven per cent, pectous matter, ten per cent, sugar,\\nand one per cent, fixed oil. There is no tannin in it.\\nPig. 21.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Al\\nthaea root, natu\\nral size; 1\\nspecimen.\\n,rge\\nFig. 22.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trans-\\nverse section of\\nAlthaea root,\\nslightly enlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "110 A COMPANION TO THE\\nUses. Of the mucilaginous drugs althaea root must be considered\\nas one of the foremost. It has no active medicinal properties, but is\\nunquestionably one of the best demulcents. It is very generally used\\nin pectoral teas and syrups, especially in Europe.\\nPowdered althaea root, with a sufficient quantity of hot water to\\ngive it the right consistence, makes a good emollient poultice.\\nThe powdered drug is also much used as an excipient in pill masses\\nand troches, and is for that purpose to be greatly preferred to powdered\\nliquorice root.\\nALTELEJ3 DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Althaea.\\nMake five hundred grams (about 17 fluidounces) of decoction from\\nfifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) of cut althaea root. For details, see\\npage 401.\\nDose. Use freely as a demulcent drink. It is also used as an\\ninjection.\\nALTHJEJE RAD1CIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Althaea Root.\\nA Fluid Extract of Marshmallow Root is on several of the manufac-\\nturers lists. From the nature of the drug such a preparation is quite\\nimproper and useless. We have seen some specimens of this fluid ex-\\ntract, all of them dark colored, and we have also seen syrup of althaea\\nmade from the fluid extract. When so made the syrup is dark colored,\\nunsightly, and altogether a very different thing from a proper syrup of\\nalthaea, which is always to be made as follows\\nALTELE^ SYRUPUS; U. S.\\nSyrup of Althaea.\\nPut thirty grams (1 ounce) cut althaea into a sixteen-ounce wide-\\nmouthed bottle, pour about two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8\\nfluidounces) cold water on it, shake, and then pour the water away. The\\nobject is to remove dust. Now put four hundred and fifty cubic centi-\\nmeters (15\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) water on the washed althaea and macerate one\\nhour, stirring frequently, but not so actively as to cause the separation\\nof solid particles from the drug. Then strain through flannel without", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. Ill\\nusing any force. Weigh off three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains)\\nof this strained infusion, and dissolve in it by shaking, and without heat,\\nfour hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 382 grains) sugar.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs that this preparation be freshly made\\nwhenever wanted for use.\\nTo get the preparation perfectly clear the infusion ought to be fil-\\ntered. If hot water is used, the starch will enter into the preparation,\\nand not only render it thick and unclear, but the product will then not\\nkeep nearly so well and if expression is resorted to, the infusion will\\nalso be unclear.\\nWhen properly made, from good white althaea, the preparation is\\npale, straw-colored, perfectly clear, and keeps quite well for several\\nweeks if put in a cool place. In the Swedish Pharmacopoeia the prepa-\\nration is flavored with orange-flower water, which makes it very pleasant,\\nWithout flavoring of any kind it is insipid.\\nALTELE^E PULVIS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Powder of Althaea.\\nPulvis Gummosus, Sw.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered althaea, sixty grams (2 ounces)\\npowdered acacia, and sixty grams (2 ounces) powdered sugar.\\nUsed as a vehicle for more active remedies.\\nThus the Pulvis Gummosus Stibiatus of the Swedish Pharma-\\ncopoeia consists of one gram (15 grains) kermes mineral, nine grams\\n(138 grains) sugar, and thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) of the com-\\npound powder of althaea (or pulvis gummosus).\\nALTH^E^E SPECIES COMPOSITE.\\nGerman Breast Tea.\\nSpecies Pectorales, G. P. Brust Thee.\\nMix eighty grams (2 ounces 359 grains) cut althaea root, thirty grams\\n(1 ounce 25 grains) peeled and cut glycyrrhiza, ten grams (154 grains)\\ncut or crushed orris root, forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) cut tussilago\\n(colt s-foot herb), twenty grams (308 grains) mullein flowers, and twenty\\ngrams (308 grains) bruised star anise.\\nA popular demulcent drink as tea in bronchial affections, coughs,\\ncolds, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAlthaeas Flores.\\nAlthaea Flowers.\\nMarshmallow Flowers.\\nAbout fifteen millimeters inch) long, tubular, greenish-yellow.\\nThey have a nine-cleft involucel, five sepals, and five pale rose-colored\\npetals, which are heart-shaped with the point at the base. Mucilaginous.\\nALTH^E^E FLOEUM EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Althaea Flowers.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and twenty-five grams (about\\n8-J- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nEeserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13|- fluidounces) of the^rs^\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to fluidrachms).\\nAluminium.\\nAluminium.\\nCommon clay is a silicate of aluminium. Alum is a sulphate of\\naluminium and potassium, and the metal was named after it.\\nThe metal is white as tin, is malleable, may be filed, and can be\\ndrawn into fine wire. Does not oxidize in air either at the ordinary\\ntemperatures or in fire. It is not attacked by dilute acids except hydro-\\nchloric acid. When heated with solution of potassa or soda it dissolves,\\nhydrogen being given off and aluminates formed.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 113\\nAluminium is one of the hardest of metals. Its specific gravity is\\n2.56.\\nWeights made of aluminium foil and wire are very convenient, and\\nmay be obtained of great accuracy. Owing to the lightness of the\\nmetal they are considerably larger than weights made of platinum,\\nsilver, or brass, and are thus less liable to get lost and their great\\nhardness, as well as the fact that this metal does not oxidize or tarnish,\\nmakes them exceptionally durable. They can be easily cleaned with\\ndilute sulphuric acid.\\nThe salts of aluminium are colorless, and those that are soluble in\\nwater (chloride, sulphate) have a sweetish, acidulous, astringent taste,\\nand acid reaction.\\nRotten Stone is a soft, finely divided, friable clay of a dark\\nbrownish-gray color. It is used to polish steel instruments, etc.\\nAlumen XT. S.\\nAlum.\\nAluminio-Potassicus Sulphas Aluminio-Potassic Sulphate Aluminii\\net Potassii Sulphas Sulphate of Aluminium and Potassium\\nAlaun, Kalialaun, G. Alun, Sulfate d^alumine et de potasse, F.\\nAlumbre, Sidfato Aluminico-potasico, Sp. Alun, Sw. Potash\\nAlum Potassa Alum.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 29.\\nAttention is invited to the fact that the Alum of the present Phar-\\nmacopoeia is the potassa alum instead of the ammonia alum, which was\\nthe Alum of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. The name Alum prop-\\nerly belongs to the potassa alum, and for medicinal purposes this kind\\nof alum is to be preferred to the sulphate of aluminium and ammonium.\\nMost, if not all, of the article sold under the name of Alum in this\\ncountry is ammonia alum, and in order to obtain the true alum potassa\\nalum which is now the only one officially recognized, it will be neces-\\nsary in ordering it to distinctly specify Potassa Alum.\\nAlum is soluble in about ten parts of water at the ordinary temper-\\nature. At 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. (212\u00c2\u00b0 F.) its solubility in water is unlimited as it\\nmelts in its water of crystallization alone. It is soluble in glycerin,\\nbut insoluble in alcohol, diluted alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, and\\nin volatile and fixed oils.\\nAmmonia alum is distinguished from the official alum by the odor\\nof ammonia developed when solution of potassa or soda is added.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Alum is an astringent and is used internally for\\nthe purpose of checking passive hemorrhages, diarrhoeas, and fluxes.\\nExternally and locally it is also used as an haemostatic in nose-bleed-\\ning, bleeding gums, leech-bites, etc. as an injection in bleeding from\\nthe anus or vagina as a gargle and mouth-wash in tender gums, relax-\\nation of the uvula, or in pharyngitis; as an injection in leucorrhcea, etc.\\nAlum is also an emetic, useful in cases of poisoning it is given for\\nthis purpose in large doses, followed by copious draughts of warm water.\\nDose. Five to thirty grains (0.33 to 1.33 gram) in some pleasant\\nsyrup for internal use, two or three times daily.\\nAs an emetic, one to two drachms (4 to 8 grams).\\nAs a gargle or wash, or as an injection in leucorrhcea, one-half to\\none ounce in one pint (15 to 30 grams in 500 cubic centimeters) of\\nwater.\\nAs a local hemostatic, in saturated solution.\\nAlum curd may be made by rubbing white of egg with a lump of\\nalum until it is coagulated this forms an excellent application in in-\\nflamed eyes or eyelids, and in recent ecchymoses.\\nAlum Whey. Boil four grams (60 grains) of alum in three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of milk and strain. Dose, a wine-\\nglassful.\\nUsed internally for the same purposes as alum. The caseous curd\\nmay be used for the same purposes as the albumen curd.\\nALUMEN EXSICCATUM; IT. S.\\nDried Alum.\\nAlumen TJstum Gebrannter Alaun, G. Alun calcine, dessecM ou\\nbrule, F. Alumbre calcinado, Sulfato aluminico-potasico anhidro,\\nSp. Brdnnd alun, Sw. Burnt Alum.\\nPrepared by exposing one hundred and eighty-three ounces of alum\\nfor several days to a heat of about 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until it has entirely\\neffloresced then heating it in a porcelain dish at about 200\u00c2\u00b0 C. (392\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nuntil it is perfectly white, light, and porous, and weighs one hundred\\nounces. When cold it is powdered.\\nMust be kept in well-closed bottles, as it is capable of absorbing a\\nlarge amount of moisture if exposed to the air. It dissolves extremely\\nslowly, but yet perfectly, in twenty-three times its weight of water at\\n15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). At a boiling heat two ounces dissolve quickly in three\\nounces of water.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is a powerful astringent and stimulant,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 115\\nand may be escharotic when applied to forming granulations, as in\\nproud flesh. It is used externally in hemorrhages from leech-bites, from\\nthe gums after drawing of teeth, etc. Also as a snuff in bleeding from\\nthe nose.\\nLocally it is applied to stimulate chronic ulcers, to repress- fungoid\\ngranulations, in ingrown nails, etc.\\nAluminii Chloridum.\\nChloride of Aluminium.\\nAluminicum Chloridum Aluminium Chloride Tho?ierdechlorid, G.;\\nChlorure d alumine, F.; Chloruro aluminico, Sp. Aluminium\\nKlorid, Sw.\\nObtained pure in white crystals by dissolving the hydrate of alumin-\\nium in hydrochloric acid, and evaporating carefully. In an impure\\nstate, though sufficiently pure for disinfecting purposes, it may be ob-\\ntained in solution as follows Forty-five grams (1^- ounce) fused chloride\\nof calcium is dissolved in two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8\\nfluidounces) of water, and ninety grams (3 ounces) alum is dissolved in\\nseven hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (24 fluidounces) hot water\\nthe solution of chloride of calcium is added to the solution of alum, the\\nprecipitate removed by filtration, and enough water added to make the\\nwhole measure nine hundred and sixty cubic centimeters (32 fluidounces).\\nSolution of impure chloride of aluminium has been extensively used\\nas a disinfectant under the name of chlor-alum.\\nAluminii Hydras U. S.\\nHydrate of Aluminium.\\nHydrated Alumina.\\nDissolve three hundred and thirty grams (11 ounces) of alum in five\\nliters (or 10 pints) of distilled water. Also dissolve three hundred grams\\n(10 ounces) of carbonate of sodium in another five liters (10 pints) of\\ndistilled water. Heat both solutions until they boil. Then pour the\\nsolution of alum into the solution of carbonate of sodium, stirring\\nconstantly, and then add about three liters (6 pints) boiling distilled\\nwater. The solutions must be mixed in a capacious vessel, because\\nthere is a brisk evolution of carbon dioxide. After the precipitate\\nhas subsided, the clear liquid is siphoned off, or decanted, and six liters\\n(12 pints) more of boiling distilled water is poured upon the precipitate.\\nAfter the precipitate has settled, the clear liquid is again poured off", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "116 A COMPANION TO THE\\n(or best drawn off with a rubber siphon) and the precipitate is trans-\\nferred to a muslin strainer and washed with hot distilled water until\\nthe washings no longer give a precipitate with solution of chloride of\\nbarium (a faint cloudiness is allowed). The precipitate is left to drain\\nthoroughly, and is then dried at not above 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and powdered.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, p. 30.\\nIt is a dry, white powder, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble\\nwithout residue in hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, solution potassa,\\nor solution of soda.\\nThe sulphate of aluminium and the chloride may be prepared by\\ndissolving the hydrate in the acids, respectively.\\nHydrate of aluminium is seldom used in medicine. It is a mild\\nastringent in diarrhoeas of children, etc., but is generally combined with\\nmore active remedies, as opium, powdered mace, etc.\\nDose. 0.125 to 0.6 gram (2 to 10 grains).\\nAluminii Sulphas IT. S.\\nSulphate of Aluminium.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 30 and 31.\\nPrepared by dissolving the hydrate of aluminium in diluted sul-\\nphuric acid.\\nA white crystalline powder, soluble in one and one-fifth part water\\nat 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and very soluble in boiling water, but insoluble in\\nalcohol.\\nIt should be dry, but, as usually seen, it is a white, more or less\\nmoist, crystalline mass.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is seldom if ever given inter-\\nnally. A diluted solution is useful as a disinfectant and astringent local\\napplication in foul ulcers, leucorrhcea, etc. A concentrated solution is\\na powerful astringent and escharotic and has been used to destroy fun-\\ngoid or polypoid growths, and to stimulate chronically inflamed tissues.\\nAmbra Grisea.\\nAmbergris.\\nA peculiar substance secreted in the intestines of Physeter macro-\\ncephalus, Linn 6.\\nGray or brownish gray, streaky and dotted, crumbles easily when\\ncold, and melts in hot water. Soluble in hot alcohol, and in ether and\\nvolatile oils. J las a peculiar fragrance, but no taste.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 117\\nWhen heated on platinum foil it should not give off any acrid\\nvapors, and only a small residue should be left.\\nUses. Similar to musk. It is supposed to act as a stimulant and\\nantispasmodic, and has been used in the typhoid conditions of various\\ndiseases and fevers.\\nIt is seldom used at present as a medicine, but is often employed jn\\nperfumes.\\nAmmoniacum U. S.\\nAmmoniac.\\nAmmoniacum Gummi-Resina Ammoniak-gummi, G. Ammoniaque,\\nGomme-resine ammoniaque, F. Goma amoniaco, Sp. Ammonia-\\ncum, Sw. Gum Ammoniac.\\nOrigin. Dorema Ammoniacum, Don (ZTmbelliferw).\\nHabitat. Persia, Turkestan.\\nPart used. The concreted gum-resin.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 31.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia requires the use of ammoniac in tears only.\\nMust be free from dark-colored pieces, and from all foreign admixtures,\\nbark, stems, seeds, sand, etc. The tears are light yellow, or yellowish\\nbrown externally, and freshly broken or cut they show a bluish milk-\\nwhite interior. At ordinary temperatures they are hard, but soften\\nwith the warmth of the hand. Ammoniac can be powdered only with\\ndifficulty and in the cold. Triturated with water it must yield a fine,\\nrich, milk-white emulsion. About four-fifths of the gum-resin dissolves\\nin ninety per cent, alcohol.\\nAmmoniac deteriorates by age. Dark-colored gum-resin with but a\\nfaint odor must be rejected.\\nThe most important constituents of the drug are volatile oil, resin,\\nand gum. The volatile oil is colorless and has a very strong odor, but\\ndoes not contain sulphur. The medicinal value probably depends upon\\nthis volatile oil, of which the gum-resin contains a very variable amount,\\nfrom less than one-half per cent, up to as much as four per cent, having\\nbeen found by various investigators. There is from sixty-eight to\\nseventy-two per cent, resin, and from eighteen to twenty-three per cent,\\ngum. The resin is a mixture of two kinds, one acid and the other in-\\ndifferent. The latter contains sulphur.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ammoniac is antispasmodic and blennorrhetic,\\nand resembles asafetida in its action.\\nIt is employed in chronic bronchitis, as an alterative expectorant, and", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "118 A COMPANION TO THE\\nis used externally as a rubefacient in cases of rheumatism, chronic ca-\\ntarrh, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to two grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nAMMONIACI EMPLASTEUM; U. S.\\nAmmoniac Plaster.\\nMade by digesting two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) ammo-\\nniacum in three hundred grains (10 ounces .255 grains) of diluted\\nacetic acid in an earthenware, porcelain, or glass vessel, until thoroughly\\nsoftened, forming a uniform, soft, pasty mixture, which is then strained\\nand evaporated on water-bath during uninterrupted stirring with a\\nwooden spatula until a sample taken out hardens on cooling. No iron\\nspatula or other metallic implement must be allowed to come in contact\\nwith the plaster, as that would discolor it.\\nUses. This plaster is used as a stimulant discutient, being espe-\\ncially applicable for the promotion of absorption of chronic indolent tu-\\nmors and swellings showing no inflammatory symptoms, as in scrofulous\\nswellings* of glands or joints.\\nAMMONIACI EMPLASTEUM CUM H YDEAEGYEO U. S.\\nAmmoniac Plaster with Mercury.\\nDigest seven hundred and twenty grams (26 ounces 46 grains)\\nammoniac in clean tears with one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains)\\ndiluted acetic acid in a jar until quite liquefied or emulsionized strain\\nthe liquid and then evaporate it on a water-bath in a porcelain evapo-\\nrating dish during constant stirring until a sample removed from the\\ndish hardens on cooling.\\nHeat eight grams (123 grains) olive oil and add to it gradually one\\ngram (15 grains) sublimed sulphur, stirring the mixture until all is dis-\\nsolved to this sulphurated oil add one hundred and eighty grams (6\\nounces 152 grains) mercury and triturate until the metal is extinguished\\nand no globules further visible. Now add to the mercury mixture the\\nhot ammoniac emulsion, and a sufficient quantity of lead plaster, pre-\\nviously melted, to make the whole product weigh one thousand grams\\n(35 ounces 120 grains), and mix thoroughly.\\nThis is a great improvement on the process of the old Pharmacopoeia,\\nwhich directed boiling the ammoniac with water until liquefied, and then\\nstraining. Diluted acetic acid exerts a solvent action on the con-\\nstituents of the gum-resin, and hence liquefies it without the use of a", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 119\\nhigh degree of temperature. During the evaporation of the emulsion,\\nhowever, the greater portion of the volatile oil is liable to be expelled.\\nSulphur is added simply to help extinguish the mercury, whereby\\nsome mercury sulphide is formed, which renders the plaster dark colored.\\nRarely used. It is a discutient, and is sometimes prescribed as an\\napplication to syphilitic swellings.\\nAMMONIACI MISTITEA; U. S.\\nAmmoniac Mixture.\\nTriturate twelve grams (185 grains) selected clean tears of ammoniac\\nin a stone or Wedgewood mortar with three hundred cubic centimeters\\n(10 fluidounces) water until an emulsion is formed, and then strain.\\nIt requires considerable and firm rubbing to reduce the whole of the\\nammoniac to a smooth paste, and only a small quantity of water is to be\\nadded at a time to accomplish this before the bulk of the water is put in.\\nAmmonium.\\nAmmonium.\\nA compound radical (H 4 N) which in its compounds closely resembles\\npotassium and sodium.\\nAmmonium salts are generally prepared from ammonia (H 3 N)\\nthey are mostly colorless, and readily soluble in water. Mixed with\\npotassa, soda, or lime, they give off ammonia gas, which is recognized\\nby the odor, or by the white cloud formed when a glass rod moistened\\nwith hydrochloric acid is held near the mixture.\\nAmmonise Aqua U. S.\\nWater of Ammonia.\\nAmmonici Hydratis Solutio; Solution of Ammonium Hydrate. Li-\\nquor Ammonia?. Ammoniacum Causticum. Salmiakgeist, Aetz-\\nammoniak, Ammoniakflussigkeity G. Amrnoniaque liquide, Eau\\nd 1 ammoniaque, F.; Amoiiiaco liquido, Alcali volatil, Espiritu de\\nsal amoniaco, Sp. Ammoniak, Kaustik Ammoniak, Sw. Solution\\nof Ammonia, Spirit of Hartshorn.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 41. A\\nsolution of ammonia in water, containing ten per cent, by weight of the\\ngas. It has a specific gravity of 0.956 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.), corresponding", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 A COMPANION TO THE\\nto 16\u00c2\u00b0 Baume. Should be perfectly colorless and limpid, and free from\\nempyreuma. The latter is discovered by the odor on neutralizing the\\nammonia with diluted sulphuric acid, or by diluting it largely with dis-\\ntilled water and rubbing it in the hands.\\nCare is necessary in handling water of ammonia, so as not to sud-\\ndenly inhale too much of the gas. It is very caustic.\\nAMMONITE AQUA FORTIOK; U. S.\\nStronger Water of Ammonia.\\nDescriptor! and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 41. Con-\\ntains twenty-eight per cent, by weight of ammonia gas. Specific grav-\\nity 0.900 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs the preservation of stronger water of\\nammonia in strong, glass-stoppered bottles, only partially filled, and put-\\nin a cool place. This is to prevent accidents which might prove serious.\\nIf the bottles are too full, or not strong enough, the}*- may burst, espe-\\ncially if the contents are warm. Never open a bottle of water of am-\\nmonia having a tight-fitting stopper without turning your face aside in\\norder to avoid injury to the eyesight. Ammonia is excessively pungent\\nand acrid. Do not smell it without due caution.\\nSo-called FFF Ammonia, sold by chemical manufacturers, is a seven-\\nteen and one-half per cent, solution, having the specific gravity 0.933,\\ncorresponding to 20\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nTen pounds stronger water of ammonia, diluted with eighteen\\npounds distilled water, will make twenty-eight pounds of the official\\nwater of ammonia and ten pounds FFF water of ammonia, diluted\\nwith seven and one-half pounds distilled water, will make seventeen\\nand one-half pounds of the official water of ammonia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Aqua ammonias is seldom given internally. It is\\nsometimes used as an inhalation by holding the mouth of the bottle\\ncontaining it to the nostrils of a person who has fainted. Externally it\\nis used as a stimulating ingredient of liniment in rheumatism, etc. The\\nstronger water of ammonia may also be used as a vesicant, by placing a\\nbit of cotton saturated with it on the skin and covering with a pill-box\\nor other small vessel to prevent the escape of the vapor. In a few min-\\nutes a blister will form.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15-30 drops) largely diluted\\nwith water.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 121\\nAMMONITE LINIMENTUM: U. S.\\nAmmonia Liniment.\\nMix ninety grams (3 ounces) water of ammonia with two hundred\\nand ten grams (7 ounces) cotton-seed oil.\\nThe ammonia liniment in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 was one fluid-\\nounce water of ammonia to two troyounces olive oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. This liniment is a useful stimulant and counter-\\nirritant application in rheumatism, neuralgia, etc.\\nAMMOKLE SPIRIT US U. S.\\nSpirit of Ammonia.\\nPut eight hundred grams (28 ounces 96 grains, measuring about 31\\nfluidounces) of recently distilled alcohol (which has not been kept in a\\nbarrel, but in glass) into a glass receiver. Put four hundred and fifty\\ngrams (15 ounces 382 grains) stronger water of ammonia into a flask.\\nConnect the flask and receiver in the usual way. Heat the flask care-\\nfully and gradually to not over 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and keep the contents\\nat that temperature about ten minutes. Now disconnect the flask from\\nthe receiver. Determine the relative quantity of ammonia by weight\\ncontained in the alcohol by ascertaining the quantity of volumetric\\nsolution of oxalic acid required to saturate it. Then dilute the liquid\\nwith alcohol to such a quantity by weight that the final product shall\\ncontain ten per cent, of ammonia.\\nPreservation. Spirit of ammonia must be kept in bottles with\\nwell ground glass stoppers and in a cool place.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 305.\\nThe use of alcohol from an oaken barrel gives a colored, unclear\\nproduct.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose similar to those of aqua ammoniae.\\nAmmonii Acetatis Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Acetate of Ammonium.\\nSpiritus Minder eri y Spirit of Mindererus.\\nAdd carbonate of ammonium to diluted acetic acid until the latter is\\nperfectly neutralized/ so as to no longer affect litmus paper. It must\\nbe made fresh each time it is wanted for use, because, by keeping, it\\nloses both acetic acid and carbonic acid.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe Pharmacopoeia gives an alternate process, intended to enable\\nthe pharmacist to dispense the preparation at a moment s notice, as\\nfollows\\n1. Dissolve thirty grams (463 grains) of carbonate of ammonium in\\ntwo hundred and forty grams (8 fluidounces) distilled water, filter the\\nsolution and keep it in a well-stopped bottle.\\n2. Mix eighty-four grams (1,296 grains) acetic acid (not the diluted)\\nwith one hundred and eighty-six grams (6-J- fluidounces) distilled water,\\nand keep this also separately in a well-closed bottle.\\nWhenever solution of acetate of ammonium is required, mix equal\\nparts, by weight, of the two liquids.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia requires that the solution of acetate of ammo-\\nnium shall be free from empyreuma, that is, free from smoky odor. This\\ncondition can never be attained except with the use of perfectly pure\\nacetic acid and carbonate of ammonium. The odor and taste of solution\\nof acetate of ammonium, made from the ordinary (impure) acetic acid\\nand carbonate of ammonium is extremely offensive to sensitive persons\\nwhereas, on the other hand, the same preparation, when made with cold\\ndistilled water and absolutely pure materials, is not at all unpleasant.\\nA good test for the freedom of both acetic acid and ammonium carbo-\\nnate from empyreuma, is just the preparation of this solution from\\nthem. If the product has a pure saline taste, and a clean odor, the\\nmaterials are good; if it has a smoky odor and taste, the materials were\\nimpure.\\nAs much of the carbonic acid (set free from the carbonate of ammo-\\nnium) ought to be retained in the solution as possible. Hence, the prep-\\naration ought to be made with cold water, and in a strong bottle which\\nshould be corked and shaken at intervals while the acetic acid is being\\nneutralized, the cork being occasionally removed.\\nSolution of acetate of ammonium has a specific gravity of 1.022 and\\ncontains 7.6 per cent, acetate of ammonium. It should be perfectly\\nclear.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is a valuable diaphoretic, much employed\\nin the early stages of febrile and inflammatory diseases. It is often\\ngiven in expectant treatment before a positive diagnosis is made, as\\nduring the prodromic stages of scarlatina, measles, variola, etc.\\nAs a diffusible stimulant, it is given in typhus, typhoid, and other\\nfevers. Externally, it is occasionally, though seldom, employed as an\\napplication to bruises, contusions, and inflammatory swellings.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce)\\ndiluted with water, and rendered palatable by flavoring syrups.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 123\\nAmmonii Benzoas U. S.\\nBenzoate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Benzoas Ammonium Benzoate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 31. Must\\nbe perfectly white, made from the true benzoic acid (from benzoin), and\\nshould have a slight odor of benzoin.\\nSoluble in five times its own weight of water and in twenty-eight\\ntimes its weight of alcohol. Ten grams (154 grains) of the salt dissolve\\nin fifteen grams fluidounce) boiling water, and in eighty grams (3^\\nfluidounces) boiling alcohol.\\nIf necessary, it may be extemporaneously made in solution by taking\\nseven-eighths as much benzoic acid as the quantity of benzoate of am-\\nmonium required, and neutralizing with water of ammonia.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is employed for the same purposes as baft-\\nzoic acid alone, but is often preferred on account of its greater solubility.\\nDose. 0.33 to 1.33 gram (5 to 20 grains).\\nAmmonii Bromidum U. S.\\nBromide of Ammonium.\\nAmmonieum Bromidum _\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 Ammonium Bromide Hydrobr ornate of\\nAmmonia.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 31 and\\n32. At 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\nof water will dissolve two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) ammo-\\nnium bromide. Of alcohol it takes eleven pints to dissolve one ounce.\\nIn diluted alcohol the salt dissolves readily.\\nShould be kept in well-closed bottles. When exposed to the air a\\nlong time it turns yellowish.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve two hundred grams (7\\nounces 24 grains avoirdupois) of the bromide of ammonium in enough\\ndistilled water to make the finished solution measure four hundred\\ncubic centimeters (13^ fluid ounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one-half gram of the\\nsalt one hundred and five minims contain fifty grains.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used like bromide of potassium in epilepsy,\\nwhooping-cough, and other neuroses. It is doubtful whether it pos-\\nsesses any properties that render it preferable to the potassium salt,\\nand it certainly is more disagreeable to the taste.\\nDose. 0.33 to 2.0 grams (5 to 30 grains) three times daily.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAmmonii Carbonas; U.S.\\nCarbonate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Carbonas Ammonium Carbonate. Sesquicarbonas Am-\\nmonicus Supercarbonas Ammonicus y Ammonium Carbonicum\\nSal Volatile Sal Cornu Cervi. Kohlensaures Ammonium, Flitch-\\ntiges Laugensalz, Hirschhomsalz, G.; Carbonate d? ammoniaque,\\nAlkali Volatile Concret, Sel Volatil d Angleterre, F. Carbonato\\nAmmonico, Sp. Sur Kolsyrad Ammoniumoxid, Hjorthornssalt,\\nSw. Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia, Bicarbonate of Ammonia,\\nHartshorn.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 32.\\nOn exposure the preparation gradually loses both ammonia and car-\\nbonic acid, this loss amounting finally to from forty-three to forty-four per\\nc%it. By this change it becomes more and more opaque, and is finally\\nconverted into friable porous lumps, or white powder consisting of bi-\\ncarbonate of ammonium. The Pharmacopoeia accordingly directs that\\nthis preparation shall be kept in well-stopped bottles in a cool place.\\nWater dissolves one-fourth its weight of carbonate of ammonium at\\n15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Alcohol dissolves out the carbamate of ammonium only,\\nleaving the bicarbonate of ammonium.\\nMust be hard and translucent and perfectly free from any discolora-\\ntion and from empyreumatic (smoky) odor. When dissolved in pure\\ndiluted acetic or diluted sulphuric acid it must not give a solution that\\ntastes or smells of empyreumatic (smoky) matters. A carbonate of\\nammonium which is at all impure is unfit for preparing solution of ace-\\ntate of ammonium.\\nMedicinal Uses. The carbonate of ammonium is a good prepara-\\ntion of ammonia for purposes of general stimulation, in typhoid con-\\nditions.\\nDose. 0.25 to 0.5 gram (4 to 8 grains) in syrup or mucilage of\\nacacia every hour or two, if necessary. Average dose about 0.25 gram\\n(4 grains).\\nAMMONII CAKBONAS PYKOLEOSUS.\\nEmpykeumatic Hartshorn.\\nTriturate together three grams (4G grains) Dippel s animal oil, and\\nninety-seven grams (3 ounces 184 grains) ammonium carbonate, in\\npowder, until thoroughly mixed.\\nUsed to prepare liquor ammonii succinatis.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 125\\nSTOKES S EXPECTOEANT.\\nDissolve five grams (75 grains) ammonium carbonate in ninety cubic\\ncentimeters (3 fluidounces) water add 7.50 cubic centimeters (J fluid-\\nounce) fluid extract of squill, 7.50 cubic centimeters fluidounce) fluid\\nextract of senega, sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) camphorated\\ntincture of opium, and enough syrup of tolu to make the whole mixture\\nmeasure three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces).\\nDose. Five cubic centimeters (1 teaspoonf ul).\\nAMMONITE SPIRITUS AKOMATICUS IT. S.\\nAromatic Spirit of Ammonia.\\nPut one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) water of ammonia\\nand one hundred and forty grams (4f fluidounces) distilled water in ,a\\nquart flask add forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) ammonium carbonate\\npreviously reduced to a moderately fine powder. Then close the flask\\nand shake it until the ammonium carbonate is all dissolved. Put seven\\nhundred grams (24 ounces 300 grains, measuring about 29^ fluidounces)\\nof alcohol (which has been recently distilled and kept in glass vessels\\nonly) into a tared half-gallon bottle add to it twelve grams (185 grains)\\noil of lemon, one gram (15 grains) oil of lavender flowers, and one gram\\n(15 grains) oil of pimento and finally, the solution of ammonium car-\\nbonate, prepared as described above, together with sufficient distilled\\nwater to make the final product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains, measuring 37 fluidounces). Filter the spirit through white\\nfilter paper, keeping the glass funnel well covered to prevent evapora-\\ntion.\\nMust be kept in glass-stoppered bottles and in a cool place.\\nShould have no empyreumatic odor from the use of impure ammo-\\nnium carbonate, and should be nearly colorless, or of a very pale straw-\\ncolor. Clean pieces of ammonium carbonate should be picked out for\\nthis preparation. The oil of pimento makes this a more agreeable prep-\\naration than that of 1870.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 306. It\\ndarkens by long keeping.\\nMedicinal Uses. Frequently employed as a stimulant and expec-\\ntorant in sick headaches, fainting spells, etc.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters to 2J fluidrachms) in sweet-\\nened water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAmmonii Chloridum IT. S.\\nChlokide of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicum Chloridum; Ammonium Chloride. Ammonias Marias\\nAmmonia Muriatica, Ammonium Hydrochloratum Salmiak,\\nChlor ammonium, G. Chlorure aVammonium, Sel ammoniac. Mu-\\nriate d ammoniaque, F. Cloruro Amonico, Sal Amoniaco Pari-\\nficada, Sp. Klorammonium, Salmiak, Sw. Muriate of Ammonia.\\nDescription and Tests. Seethe Pharmacopoeia, pages 32 and 33.\\nThe use of commercial so-called muriate of ammonia sal am-\\nmoniac is not permitted for pharmacopoeial purposes. Only a per-\\nfectly white, odorless, crystalline (granulated) powder is to be used, and\\nthe tests prescribed require a pure chloride of ammonium. When\\nheated it sublimes without residue and without first fusing. It has a\\nsalty bitter taste. Ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water dis-\\nsolve thirty grams (1 ounce) chloride of ammonium at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nbut when boiling water is used only forty cubic centimeters (1-J- ounce)\\nwill dissolve the same quantity of the salt. A saturated aqueous solu-\\ntion has a specific gravity of 1.076 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (Gerlach) and contains 26.2\\nper cent. salt. In alcohol it is only sparingly soluble.\\nFluid extract of glycyrrhiza will be found to overcome, to a very\\ngreat extent, the bitter taste of the chloride of ammonium. It is incom-\\npatible with alkalies, alkaline earths, or their carbonates.\\nMedicinal Uses. Expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative,\\ncholagogue, and emmenagogue.\\nIt is much used in chronic bronchitis, and is of value, especially in\\nthose cases accompanied by scanty expectoration of viscid tenacious\\nmucus.\\nIn dyspepsia, due to gastric catarrh, it has been found very satisfac-\\ntory, especially if there is vomiting of mucus. It may be given in\\nsingle doses, larger than usually quoted, thirty to forty, or even more\\ngrains, in the morning on an empty stomach, in a cup of warm milk,\\nand continued for a week or more. It is disagreeable to the taste, and\\nmay produce vomiting once or twice, but after that the dose will be re-\\ntained. It may be used alone, or together with pepsin, strychnine, etc.,\\nand in both ways with much success.\\nIt has been used in chronic inflammation of the liver to prevent sup-\\npuration, in rheumatism, neuralgia, etc.\\nExternally, in solution, it is useful in acne, bursa?, indolent tumors,\\nchronic inflammations, and swelling of glands or joints, corns, warts,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA. 127\\nand the recent ecchymosis following contusions, as in the black eye\\nresulting from an encounter with a fist.\\nDose. Five to forty grains (0.33 to 2.66 grams), or even more.\\nCHLOEIDE OF AMMONIUM LOTION\\nusually consists of about thirty grams (1 ounce) ammonium chloride,\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) alcohol, and three hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (10 fluidounces) water. Sometimes vinegar is substituted\\nfor one-half of the water.\\nUsed to bathe bruises, or applied on dressings for contusions.\\nCHLOEIDE OF AMMONIUM MIXTUKE.\\nDissolve five grams (75 grains) ammonium chloride in a mixture of\\nfive cubic centimeters (1^- fluidrachm) fluid extract of glycyrrhiza and\\nninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) of fennel water.\\nDose. Twenty cubic centimeters (a tablespoonfid).\\nAMMOKII CHLOEIDI TEOCHISCI; U. S.\\nTkoches of Chloride of Ammonium.\\nA mixture of thirteen grams (or 200 grains) chloride of ammonium,\\nsixty-five grams (or 1,000 grains) sugar, and 1.60 gram (25 grains) trag-\\nacanth, all in fine powder, made up into a mass with a sufficient quantity\\nof syrup of tolu, will make one hundred troches.\\nAmmonii Iodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicum Iodidum; Ammonium Iodide. Hydriodate of Am-\\nmonia.\\nDescription and Tests. Seethe Pharmacopoeia, page 33. Must\\nbe odorless and white, not yellowish or brownish from partial decompo-\\nsition, when it smells of iodine. Thirty grams (1 ounce) dissolves in\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) water, and in two hundred and\\nseventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDiscolored ammonium iodide may be restored by washing with\\nstronger ether and rapidly drying, as suggested in the Pharmacopoeia.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Similar to the other alkaline iodides it is pre-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 A COMPANION TO THE\\nscribed in syphilis, etc. Its effects are said to be more active, but less\\nlasting.\\nExternally, it is used as an ointment in syphilitic eruptions or glan-\\ndular swellings.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 8 grains) in syrup.\\nAMMOim IODIDI UNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Ammonium Iodide.\\nMix five grams ounce) ammonium iodide with fifty grams (If\\nounce) petroleum ointment.\\nAmmonii Nitras U. S.\\nNitrate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Nitras Ammonium Nitrate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 33. It is\\nsoluble in less than its own weight of water, and in twenty times its\\nweight of alcohol. It is used for preparing the laughing gas (nitrous\\noxide) used by dentists.\\nAmmonii Phosphas U. S.\\nPhosphate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Phosphas Ammonium Phosphate.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 34. Sol-\\nuble in four times its weight of water.\\nUses. To produce and maintain an alkaline condition of the blood\\nin gout, rheumatism, and diabetes.\\nDose. 0.50 to 1.50 gram (8 to 20 grains) three times a day.\\nAmmonii Succinatis Liquor.\\nSolution of Succinate of Ammonium.\\nPr in sen s Akta Droppar, Sw.\\nDissolve fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) succinic acid in four hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) water, and then add enough\\nempyreumatic hartshorn (see Ammonii Carbonas Pyroleosus to neu-\\ntralize the acid. Set the whole aside for twenty-four hours in a cool\\nplace, shaking it occasionally. Then filter.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 129\\nAmmonii Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Sulphas y Ammonium Sulphate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 34. Forty\\ncubic centimeters (1J fluidounce) water dissolves thirty grams (1 ounce)\\nof the salt. Nearly insoluble in alcohol.\\nRarely, if ever, used in medicine.\\nAmmonii Valerianas U. S.\\nValerianate of Ammonium.\\nAmmonicus Valerianas Ammonium Valerianate.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 34. It is\\nliable to gradually lose ammonia, and thus to give solutions with acid\\nreaction, which may be neutralized by the careful addition of water of\\nammonia.\\nMedicinal Uses. In nervous disorders, as hysteria, insomnia,\\nheadache, etc.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains) in solution average dose,\\nabout 0.25 gram (4 grains).\\nammonii valerianatis elixir.\\nElixir of Valerianate of Ammonium.\\nValerianate of ammonium is extensively prescribed by physicians in\\nthis country, and almost exclusively in the form of elixir.\\nElixir of valerianate of ammonium may be prepared by simply dis-\\nsolving fifteen grams (230 grains) of crystallized valerianate of ammo-\\nnium in 1,000 cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) of elixir of orange, and\\nneutralizing carefully with water of ammonia. It is usually colored\\nred with caramel or with tincture of cudbear, or both mixed.\\nThe elixir of valerianate of ammonium prepared by this formula is\\nof the usual strength 0.015 gram (0.23 grain) to each cubic centi-\\nmeter (16 minims), or, in other words, two grains to each teaspoon*\\nful.\\n9", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAmpelopsis.\\nAmpelopsis.\\nVirginia Creeper, American Ivy.\\nOrigin. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michaux (Ditacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The young branches and bark.\\nDescription. Transverse segments, about finger thick or less; light\\ngray, thin bark, which frequently splits off wood, white odor, none\\ntaste, bitter.\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. Alterative, expectorant, astringent, and tonic\\nproperties have been ascribed to this drug, and it has been given in\\nscrofula and syphilis. Best given in the form of fluid extract.\\nAMPELOPSIDIS EXTRACTUM FLITIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ampelopsis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces). Use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nAmygdala Amara U. S.\\nBitter Almond.\\nAmygdali Semina Amara Bittere Mandeln, G. Amandes ameres,\\nF. Almendra amarga, Sp. Bittermandel, Sw.\\nOrigin. Amygdalus communis, var. amara, Linne (fiosaceai).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Southern Europe.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 35. Bitter almond is\\nsomewhat smaller and less Hat than the sweet almond. Emulsion of\\nbitter almond has an odor of hydrocyanic acid.\\nThe best bitter almond comes from Sicily and France. Must be\\nsound and quite white interiorly.\\nConstituents. About thirty to fifty per cent. Jlxed oil (sweet oil\\nof almond), twenty to thirty per cent, emidsin, and one to three per", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 131\\ncent, amygdalin. The fixed oil is the same that exists in sweet\\nalmond.\\nThe development of hydrocyanic acid when bitter almond is tritu-\\nrated with water is due to the fact that the amygdalin is decomposed\\nby the emulsin in the presence of water, yielding glucose, oil of bitter\\nalmond, and hydrocyanic acid. As heat destroys the emulsin, cold\\nwater should be employed to bring about this reaction. Emulsin emul-\\nsifies the fixed oil when almonds (bitter or sweet) are beaten up with\\nwater.\\nUses. Probably never used except for flavoring purposes. Bitter\\nalmonds are poisonous in large doses. The medicinal effects of hydro-\\ncyanic acid are better obtained by giving hydrocyanated emulsion or\\ndiluted hydrocyanic acid than from any preparation of bitter almond,\\nwild cherry, cherry-laurel, or any other drug containing hydrocyanic\\nacid.\\nAmygdalae Amax*se Oleum U. S.\\n[Volatile] Oil of Bitter Almond.\\nAmygdalce Amarm JEtheroleum y Oleum Amygdalarum JEthereum\\nJBittermandelol, Gr. Essence d amandes amhres, F. Aceite de almen-\\ndras amargas, Sp. Bittermandelolja, Sw.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 233. Volatile oil of\\nbitter almond is benzaldehyd (C 7 H 6 0). Ordinarily it contains hydro-\\ncyanic acid, the presence of which is allowed by the Pharmacopoeia.\\nAs to nomenclature, see page 75.\\nArtificial Oil of Bitter Almond, or Essence of Mirbane is\\nnitrobenzol, which has an odor closely resembling that of oil of bitter\\nalmond. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes a test for its detection. It is\\nused for odorizing soap, etc., the powerful odor of the nitrobenzol being\\nsufficient to overcome the disagreeable one of inferior soap fats.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of diluted hydrocyanic acid. Best given\\nin the form of bitter almond water.\\nDose of the oil 0.01 to 0.06 cubic centimeter (J to 1 drop).\\nAMYGDALAE AMAE^E AQUA; U.S.\\nBitter Almond Water.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of bitter almond in one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) of distilled water by shak-\\ning them together in a bottle, and then filter the solution through a\\nwell-wetted filter.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nThe volatile oil of bitter almond dissolves readily in the water with-\\nout the use of cotton or any other medium for its distribution.\\nBitter almond water does not keep well, and should therefore be\\nmade only in small quantities, or when wanted for use.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used almost exclusively for flavoring purposes,\\nas its medicinal strength (or the quantity of hydrocyanic acid it con-\\ntains) is extremely variable.\\nDose- Three to ten cubic centimeters (50 to 120 minims).\\nAMYGDALAE AMARJE SPIRXTUS.\\nSpirit of Bitter Almond.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of bitter almond in one\\nhundred cubic centimeters (2^ fluidounces) alcohol.\\nFlavoring extract of almond is made by dissolving fifteen cubic\\ncentimeters (-J- nuidounce) of the volatile oil in five hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (17 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nAmygdala Dulcis U. S.\\nSweet Almond.\\nAmygdali Semina Dulcia JSilsse Mandeln, G. Amandes douces, F.\\nAlmendra dulce, Sp. Sdtmandel, Sw.\\nOrigin. Amygdalus communis, variety dulcis, Linne 1 {Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Southern Europe.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 35. Larger and flatter than bitter\\nalmond. An emulsion of sweet almond does\\nnot have the odor of hydrocyanic acid any\\nsuch odor would prove the presence of bitter\\nalmond. Sweet almond should be large,\\nsound, clean, whole, and perfectly white in-\\nternally.\\nBlanched almonds are obtained by putting\\nthe almonds (bitter or sweet) in lukewarm\\n23^-Sweet Almond, water for a short time after which the Seed\\nputamen and seed, whole and coa t is readily removed. Hot water must not\\ntransverse section, natural size. i i_\\nbe used, as the emulsin is altered by a high\\ntemperature cold water can be used if the almonds are soaked longer;\\nbut warm water is best.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 133\\nConstituents. About forty -five to fifty-six per cent, fixed oil, of\\nthe same kind as found in the bitter almond (sweet oil of almond).\\nSweet almond also contains enudsin, but no amygdalin.\\nUses. Sweet almond is used as an article of diet in diabetes, and\\nto prepare an emulsion and a syrup which are employed as demulcent\\nvehicles.\\nAMYGDALAE MASSA.\\nAlmond Paste.\\nAmygdalarum Pasta Mandelnteig, G. Pate d^amandes, F. Man-\\ndelmassa, Sw.\\nBeat together in a Wedgewood or stone mortar ten grams (154\\ngrains) bitter almond and two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358\\ngrains) sweet almond, both previously blanched, with the gradual addi-\\ntion of orange-flower water, until reduced to a firm, smooth paste. Then\\nincorporate with it two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains)\\npowdered sugar, and mix thoroughly.\\nThe paste should be of such consistence that it does not adhere to\\nthe fingers when handled.\\nWhen freshly prepared, this preparation forms with water a very\\npleasant demulcent drink (almond milk).\\nAMYGDALAE MISTUKA; U. S.\\nAlmond Mixture.\\nAmygdalce Emidsio y Emulsio Amygdalina Emulsio Simplex Man-\\ndelemulsion, G. and Sw.; Mandelmilch, G.; Lait d amandes, Emul-\\nsion simple, F.; Mandelmjolk, Sw. Milk of Almonds.\\nBlanch thirty grams (1 ounce) sweet almond, beat it into a smooth\\npaste together with five grams (77 grains) powdered acacia and fifteen\\ngrams (J ounce) sugar. Then triturate the paste with five hundred cu-\\nbic centimeters (17 fluidounces) distilled water, gradually added, until\\na rich white emulsion is obtained. Strain.\\nA perfectly white emulsion cannot be made from the sweet almonds\\nas ordinarily obtained without blanching them i.e., removing their\\nbrown seed coats, or at least washing away the powder which adheres\\nto them by shaking vigorously with cold water and pouring this off.\\nUses. Almond mixture is an agreeable cooling drink, and a vehicle\\nfor other substances. Under the name of Compound Emulsion of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "134 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAlmonds the German Pharmacopoeia prescribes a preparation made from\\nfour parts sweet almond, one part hyoscyamus seed, sixty-four parts\\ndiluted bitter almond water, six parts sugar, and one part magnesia.\\nAMYGDALAE PULYIS COMPOSITUS B.\\nCompound Powder of Almonds.\\nBlanch sixty grams (2 ounces) sweet almonds. Wipe them well dry\\nwith a soft cloth. Triturate them lightly to a smooth paste. Add\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) powdered sugar, and eight grams (J ounce)\\npowdered acacia, and mix thoroughly, reducing the whole to a coarse\\npowder. Keep the preparation in a tightly covered jar.\\nUses. For making almond milk, for which purpose seventy-five\\ngrams (2^ ounces) of the powder is triturated with five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (17 fluidounces) of distilled water.\\nAMYGDALAE SYKUPUS; U.S.\\nSyrup of Almond.\\nBlanch one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) sweet almond, and\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) bitter almond, and beat them to a smooth paste,\\nadding gradually thirty grams (1 fluidounce) water, and one hundred\\ngrams (3 ounces 230 grains) coarsely powdered sugar. Triturate the\\npasty mixture with fifty grams (13J- fluidrachms) orange-flower water,\\naud three hundred grams (10 fluidounces) water. Strain the emulsion,\\nusing strong pressure, and add enough water to the residue, expressing\\nit again, to obtain a total colature of six hundred grams (21 ounces 70\\ngrains). In this dissolve four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains)\\ncoarsely powdered sugar by shaking, using no heat, and strain the\\nfinished syrup through muslin. This preparation does not keep well.\\nIt should be kept in small (500 cubic centimeters), well-filled, tightly\\ncorked bottles in a cool place.\\nUses. For flavoring or as a vehicle.\\nAmygdalae Oleum Expressum U. S.\\nExpressed Oil of Almond.\\nAmygdalarum Oleum Fixed Oil of Almond Mandelol, G.; Ilaile\\nd amandes donees, F. Aceite de almendras dulces, Sp. Mandelolja,\\nSw.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 233. It is thinner than\\nolive oil, and paler thickens at 10\u00c2\u00b0 C. (14\u00c2\u00b0 F.), becomes whitish from\\nsolidified particles of palmitin at 1G\u00c2\u00b0 C. (3.2\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and gets solid at 21\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 135\\nC. (5.8\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is non-drying, should be perfectly clear, pale, and cor-\\nrespond in all respects to the pharmacopoeial requirements. Rancid oil\\nof almond leaves an acrid sensation in the fauces.\\nThis oil is frequently adulterated with oils from the seeds of peaches,\\napricots, etc. The most reliable test for the purity of expressed oil of\\nalmond is the congealing point; if pure, it will not congeal above 20\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(4\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nConstituents. It consists almost wholly of olein, the remainder\\nbeing palmitin.\\nPreservation. Is best kept in small, dry, well-filled and tightly\\ncorked bottles, in a cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sweet almond oil is a bland and unirritating\\noil much used as a demulcent. It is generally given in the form of an\\nemulsion, sweetened to suit the taste.\\nDose. Ten to fifteen cubic centimeters (2J to 4 fluidrachms).\\nLINCTUS OLEOSUS.\\nWhite Cough Syrup.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) finely powdered gum Arabic with\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) sweet oil of almond then add gradually twenty\\ncubic centimeters (f fluidounce) bitter almond water, triturating con-\\nstantly finally add thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) syrup of\\nalthaea, and mix the whole well.\\nThis forms an elegant and agreeable emulsion.\\nAmygdalinum.\\nAmygdalin.\\nA crystalline neutral principle, extracted from bitter almond by\\nmeans of boiling alcohol. White crystals of a pearly lustre inodorous,\\nbut of a somewhat bitter taste. It is colored red by strong sulphuric\\nacid. Soluble in twelve times its weight of cold water, but in its own\\nweight of boiling water in one thousand times its weight of cold alco-\\nhol, but in ten times its weight of boiling alcohol.\\nIt is a glucoside. While the amygdalin itself is not poisonous it\\nmay, when taken into the body, come into contact with some animal\\nferment and give rise to hydrocyanic acid.\\nWhen brought together with emulsin it gives rise to hydrocyanic\\nacid, volatile oil of bitter almonds, and sugar. Thus hydrocyanic acid\\nis found in all plant parts where amygdalin and emulsin simultaneously\\nexist, as in bitter almond, peach kernels, wild-cherry bark, the leaves\\nof Prunus Laurocerasus, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "136 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAmyl Nitris; U.S.\\nNitrite of Amyl.\\nAmylicus JVitris Amyl Nitrite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 35.\\nMust be kept in small, glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place.\\nIt is obtained by the action of fuming nitric acid on fusel oil.\\nThe smell of nitrite of amyl often produces headache. The odor is\\npenetrating.\\nMedicinal Uses. Amyl nitrite is usually administered by inhala-\\ntion. It relieves spasm depending on nervous irritation, and it dilates\\nthe capillaries of the brain and face, causing flushing of the face.\\nIt is used in epilepsy, spasmodic asthma, whooping-cough, angina\\npectoris, persistent hiccough, and has been found to moderate the severity\\nof hydrophobia, though it did not have any curative effect in the latter\\ndisease.\\nInternally it may be given in two- to five-drop doses in aromatic\\nspirit, but it is better given by inhalation in three- to five-drop doses.\\nGlass beads containing nitrite of amyl are sold which contain each\\na suitable average dose. These beads are broken in the handkerchief,\\nand the amyl nitrite inhaled, when required.\\nAmylum U. S.\\nStarch.\\nTritici Amylum Wheat Starch. Starke, Kraftmehl, Weizenstdrke, G.\\nFecule de froment, Amidon de ble, F.; Almidon, Sp.; StarJcelse,\\nSvetestdrJcelse, Sw.\\nOrigin. Prepared from the seeds of Triticum vulgar e, Villars\\nGraminaceai).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 36.\\nWheat starch is the only kind used for pharmacopceial purposes.\\nStarch is separated from the wheat by soaking the grains in warm\\nwater, first rendered just alkaline with sodium hydrate until soft, after\\nwhich they are ground under water and then washed upon sieves under\\na slow stream of water, when the starch passes through and is collected\\nafter subsidence. The gluten, which differs from the starch by contain-\\ning nitrogen, is held in the (alkaline) liquid. This process is sometimes\\ncalled fecidation, and starch from various sources is termed fecula.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 3G.\\nIt occurs in white columnar masses, or in the form of a pure white,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 137\\nfine, soft powder has a peculiarly slippery feel when rubbed between\\nthe fingers. The specific gravity is 1.5 to 1.6. By continued strono-\\ntrituration enough starch may be taken up by cold water to strike a\\nblue color on the addition of iodine. With hot water starch forms a\\nsemi-transparent mucilage. With heated glycerin it forms a jelly.\\nUnder the microscope the granules of wheat starch are seen to be of\\nsubstantially two kinds as to size, the large granules being about 0.025\\nto 0.030 millimeter (a little over yoVo i ncn i diameter, the smaller\\nones being only about one-sixth that diameter, there being scarcely any\\ngranules of intermediate sizes. The large wheat starch granules, which\\nare the important ones for purposes of identification, are lenticular, thus\\nhaving the appearance of being globular when seen on their flat sur-\\nface. The hilum, and the layers forming the concentric rings in\\nother starch granules, are rarely distinguishable in wheat starch.\\nUses. For powdering, and thus protecting, irritated, inflamed, or\\nchafed surfaces, in urticaria, prickly heat, etc. Starch jelly or paste is\\nsometimes used as a vehicle for other remedies, especially in enemas\\nor alone as a demulcent in gastro-intestinal irritation. It is also a nu-\\ntrient.\\nStarch paste, or starch mixed with water, is the best antidote in\\ncases of poisoning by iodine, but must be followed by emetics and lax-\\natives.\\nStarch is also used for bandages, and finally as a conspergative for\\npills, suppositories, troches, etc.\\nFor other starches, see Mays, Oryza, etc.\\nAMYLI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Stakch.\\nStarch Paste.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce) starch with one thousand cubic cen-\\ntimeters (34 fluidounces) water, gradually added, and then bring the\\nmixture to the boiling point.\\nThe preparation is finished when the white mixture becomes a homo-\\ngeneous semitransparent paste of the consistence of honey.\\nUses. Used alone as a soothing enema in irritation of the bowels\\nused also as a vehicle for other remedies.\\nFormerly starch paste was much more frequently employed than\\nnow for stiffening bandages, plaster-of-Paris having taken its place to a\\ngreat extent.\\nDose. Ad libitum.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "138\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 26. Wheat starch, magnified.\\nFig. 27. Starch of barley, magnified.\\nFig. 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Potato starch, enlarged.\\nFig. 29.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sago starch, magnified.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n139\\nFig. 30. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tapioca starch, magnified\\nFig. 31. Maranta arrowroot, magnified.\\nFig. 32.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Corn starch, enlarged.\\nFig. 33.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rice starch, magnified.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "140 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAMYLI GLYCEBITXJM; U. S.\\nGlyceeite of Staech.\\nRub one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) starch into powder,\\nand sift it through a No. 60 sieve. Then weigh out nine hundred grams\\n(31 ounces 337 grains) glycerin (corresponding to 722 cubic centimeters,\\nor 24J fluidounces), and triturate the starch in a mortar with a portion\\nof the glycerin until well mixed. Then add the remainder of the gly-\\ncerin, transfer the whole to a porcelain evaporating dish, and apply a\\nheat between 140\u00c2\u00b0 and 144\u00c2\u00b0 C. (284\u00c2\u00b0 to 291\u00c2\u00b0 F.), stirring constantly\\nwith a horn spatula until the starch is completely combined with the\\ngtycerin, forming a translucent jelly.\\nWhen the starch begins to swell near the bottom or the sides of the\\ndish, the heat should be somewhat lowered to avoid the formation of\\nlumps, which it would be difficult, if not impossible, afterward to rub\\ndown. The water in the glycerin is necessary to the formation of the\\njelly, as the starch would not swell if the water present is insufficient in\\nquantity. Sometimes, when the glycerin is exceptionally concentrated,\\nthe addition of a very small quantity of distilled water materially hastens\\nand facilitates the process.\\nGlycerite of starch is a semisolid, semitranslucent, grayish-white,\\ngelatinous mass. It is used as a vehicle for medicaments intended for\\nexternal application, and has the advantage of being easily washed off\\nwith water whenever desired. Eye-salves, as, for instance, ointment of\\nyellow oxide of mercury, when prescribed for anointing the eyelids,\\nmay well be made with glycerite of starch in place of fat, provided the\\nglycerin from which it was made was perfectly pure.\\nGlycerite of starch is also used per se as a soothing application to\\nchafed surfaces, chapped hands, etc.\\nAnacardium Occidentale.\\nOccidental (oe Teue) Anacaedium.\\nAnacardii Occidentalis Fructus Cashew Nut.\\nOrigin. Anacardium occidentale, Linne (Anacardiacece).\\nHabitat. Tropical America naturalized in Africa and the East\\nIndies.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription and Constituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Figs. 34 and 35. A kidney-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n141\\nshaped, grayish-brown nut about twenty-five millimeters (1 inch) long,\\neighteen millimeters (f inch)\\nbroad, and eight millimeters\\ninch) thick. It is marked by a\\nscar at one end. The shell is hard\\nand brittle, and contains a very\\nacrid, vesicating, yellowish or\\nreddish oil, some acrid resin, tan-\\nnin, etc. The kernel is white and\\ncontains some bland fixed oil.\\nUses. The kernel, raw or\\nroasted, is edible. The rind fur-\\nnishes an acrid juice, sometimes\\nemployed to destroy warts and vegetations. The oil from the rind has\\nbeen employed as a vermifuge in doses of 0.2 gram (3\\ndrops).\\nANACAEDIUM OEIENTALE.\\nOriental Cashew Nut.\\nThe Oriental Cashew Nut, from Semecarpus Ana-\\ncardium of East India, is heart-shaped, flattish, blackish\\nbrown, contains a brown acrid juice in the shell. Like\\nthe true Anacardium in constituents and properties.\\nSee Fig. 36.\\nFigs. 34, 35.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cashew Nut, whole and longi-\\ntudinal section, natural size.\\nFig. 36. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Orien-\\ntal Cashew Nut,\\nnatural size.\\nAnemopsis.\\nAnemopsis.\\nAnemopsidis Radix Yerba Mansa.\\nOrigin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Anemopsis californica, Hooker (Saururacem).\\nHabitat. Southern California and Northern Mexico.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Brown, wrinkled pieces, from six to twelve milli-\\nmeters (i to i inch) in diameter, with four to ten fleshy rootlets in a\\nbunch on one side of the upper part of the root near the leaf bases. It\\nis pinkish within. Odor pungent, disagreeable, and the taste biting,\\nafterward leaving an impression of astringency. Sometimes grass\\nstems grow through the substance of the roots, entering and emerging\\nat points several inches distant in some cases (Lloyd).\\nConstituents. About five per cent, of a pungent aromatic vola-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "142\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ntile oil, which is heavier than water, and turns blue when agitated with\\nhydrochloric acid. Also tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be of use in diarrhoea and dysentery\\ndepending on malaria also in intermittent or malarial fever.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains) best in fluid extract.\\nAnethum.\\nDill Feuit.\\nAnethi Fructus.\\nOrigin. Anethum graveolens, Linne Umbelliferm).\\nH ab itat. Cultivated.\\nDescription. See Figs. 37-\\n39.\\nBrown, oval, flat, about three\\nmillimeters (-J- inch) long, with three\\ndorsal, sharp-keeled ribs, and the\\ntwo lateral ribs forming a thin\\nbroad margin. Odor and taste aro-\\nmatic.\\nConstituents. The principal\\nconstituent is a volatile oil.\\nUses. Aromatic, stimulant,\\nand carminative. Used in flatu-\\nlent colic, indigestion, etc. Fre-\\nquently employed as a condiment in soups, sauces, pickles, etc.\\nFigs. 37-39.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dill Fruit, natural size, en-\\nlarged, and transverse section, enlarged.\\nAngelicas Radix.\\nAngelica Root.\\nOrigin. Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffman (Umbelliferm).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nDescription. About ten to fifteen centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long,\\nand one to two centimeters (about inch) thick, grayish-brown, wrinkled\\nexternally, whitish or yellowish, spongy within. The bark is about the\\nsame thickness as the woody portion. Large resin ducts are found in\\nthe bark. Must not be so dry as to be brittle. Has a strongly aromatic\\nodor and a sweetish pungent taste. The powder is light yellowish-\\ngray.\\nAmerican angelica root has not been analyzed, but it evidently con-\\ntains the same principles as have been found in the European drug,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n143\\nwhich is obtained from Archangelica sativa, Fries, and -which is not\\nused in this country. These constituents are a colorless volatile oil of a\\nstrong aromatic odor and camphoraceous\\ntaste, a pungent but odorless resin (called\\nangeliciri), valerianic acid, and angelicic\\nacid, which is pungent and aromatic. There\\nis also a bitter principle present.\\nShould not be so dry as to be brittle, and\\nmust not be damaged by insects.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is aro-\\nmatic, stimulant, and carminative. In large\\ndoses expectorant and diaphoretic or diure-\\ntic; occasionally emetic.\\nUsed in flatulent colic, urinary troubles,\\nchronic bronchitis, etc.\\nDose.\\ngrains).\\n-One to five grams (15 to 75\\nANGELICA KADICIS EXTRACTUM\\nFLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extkact of Angelica Root.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters\\n(or its equivalent 17 U. S. fluidounces),\\nuse five hundred grams (or its equivalent\\n17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No.\\n60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water,\\nmixed in the proportion of three hundred\\ngrams (about 12\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to\\nevery one hundred grams (about 3-J fluid-\\nounces) of water. For suggestions as to\\ndetails, see page 451.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters\\n(30 to 75 minims).\\nFig. 40.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -German Angelica\\nRoot, natural size.\\nANGELICA SP1KITUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Spieit of Angelica.\\nPut one hundred and sixty grams (5 ounces 280 grains) angelica\\nroot, forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) valerian, and forty grams (1", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "144 A COMPANION TO THE\\nounce 180 grains) juniper berries, previously cut and bruised, into a\\npharmaceutical still. Add nine hundred cubic centimeters (30 fluid-\\nounces) alcohol and one thousand two hundred cubic centimeters (40\\nfluidounces) water. Macerate twenty-four hours. Distil off one liter\\n(34 fluidounces). Dissolve twenty grams (308 grains) camphor in the\\ndistillate. Filter.\\nAngelicas Fructus.\\nAngelica Fruit.\\nThe fruit of Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffman.\\nYellow, flat, elliptic, the mericarps having three thick-heeled dorsal\\nFig. 41. Angelica Fruit, whole, natural size, and enlarged, and transverse section enlarged.\\nridges and two broad-winged lateral ridges. The fruit contains numer-\\nous oil-ducts. Contains an aromatic volatile oil.\\nUsed as a flavoring agent.\\nAngnstura.\\nAngustura.\\nAngusturos Cortex.\\nOrigin. Oalipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire (Rutaceaz).\\nHabitat. South America, along the Orinoco.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. Troughs or quills, several inches or even a foot or", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n145\\nmore long, and one-twenty-fourth to one-eighth inch thick. Externally\\nvellowish-gray, or, if the outer bark\\nis removed, reddish-brown inner\\nsurface cinnamon brown. Fracture\\nsmooth, resinous, reddish- brown,\\nshowing dark oil-cells and shining\\ncrystals of oxalate of calcium. Has\\nan aromatic odor and a bitter taste.*\\nConstituents. Contains vola-\\ntile oil, resin, and a bitter principle\\ncalled cusparin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Angustura is\\na simple bitter tonic in doses of 0.5\\nto 2 grams (8 to 30 grains). Average\\ndose about one gram (15 grains).\\nFig. 42.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Angustura Bark, transverse\\nsection, magnified.\\nANGUSTURA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Angustura.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f- avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3-^ fluidounces) of water.\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. 1 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (15 to 40 minims).\\nANGUSTURA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Angustura.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). About the\\nsame strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).\\nFalse Angustura Bark is a myth or tradition, coming to us from the begin-\\nning of this century, when a bark of a variety of strychnos. by accident or through\\nignorance, was sold instead of Angustura bark. The term should be dropped, espe-\\ncially as the two barks do not resemble each other at all.\\n10", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAnilina.\\nAniline.\\nAn alkaloid obtained as a product of the distillation of coal-tar.\\nIt is a colorless, oily, inflammable liquid of a peculiar odor, remind-\\ning of wine, and of a burning, aromatic taste.\\nForms crystallizable salts with the acids.\\nAniline colors are obtained by the action of various chemicals on\\naniline. Red, blue, purple, violet, yellow, green, and all possible shades\\nof colors have been produced in the way of coal-tar dyes.\\nSolutions of these aniline colors in dilute alcohol are used for color-\\ning flavoring extracts, etc., and very weak solutions will be found to\\nanswer the purpose best. Yellow aniline is a much better coloring agent\\nthan the old-fashioned turmeric, or even saffron. The quantity re-\\nquired for coloring is so infinitesimal as to be wholly unobjectionable.\\nInks are made by dissolving aniline colors in hot water, with enough\\nalcohol added to aid their solution and to keep the ink from spoiling, a\\nlittle gum arabic and sugar being also put in to give body and luster to it.\\nViolet and green inks, for instance, are made from five grams (75 grains)\\naniline color, four hundred cubic centimeters (13 fluidounces) hot water,\\nseventy-five cubic centimeters (2J fluidounces) alcohol, eight grams (120\\ngrains) gum arabic, and eight grams (120 grains) sugar. The aniline is\\nto be dissolved in the alcohol, previously mixed with twice its volume of\\nwater the gum arabic and sugar are dissolved in the remainder of the\\nwater, and the two liquids are mixed. The addition of about five cubic\\ncentimeters (1|- fluidrachm) fluid extract of cloves tends to improve the\\nkeeping qualities of the ink.\\nPoisonous Effects. Aniline colors are of interest to the physician,\\non account of the poisonous effects produced by some of these colors.\\nFabrics dyed with aniline have produced eczematous eruptions, and\\neven such effects on the nervous system as giddiness, headache, stag-\\ngering, etc.\\nAnisum U. S.\\nAnise.\\nAnisi Fructus A?iis, G., F., Sp., and Sw.\\nOrigin. Pimpinella Anisum, Linne Umbelliferm).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Italy, Germany, England, etc.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 36. Must be sound,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n147\\nclean, and have the strong, sweet, aromatic odor and taste belonging to\\nit. See Figs. 43-46.\\nConstituents. Contains about two per cent, volatile oil.\\nFigs. 43-46. Anise, natural size, enlarged, and longitudinal and transverse sections\\nenlarged.\\nMedicinal Uses. Anise is a stimulant carminative used \\\\r\\\\flatu-\\nlent colic, etc. It is also used as a condiment and as a flavoring agent.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nANISI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Anise.\\nInfuse fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) bruised anise about fifteen\\nminutes in five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) hot water,\\nand then strain.\\nAnisi Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Anise.\\nAnisi Aether oleum Volatile Oil of Anise,\\nOrigin. The new Pharmacopoeia permits the use of either volatile\\noil of anise, or volatile oil of star anise, both being designated as oil\\nof anise.\\nMost or nearly all of the Essential Oil of Anise on the market is\\nreally volatile oil of star anise.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 233. It will be seen\\nthat volatile oil of anise congeals readily at above 10\u00c2\u00b0 C. (50\u00c2\u00b0 F.) while\\nthe volatile oil of star anise does not congeal until at about 2\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\n(35.6\u00c2\u00b0 E\\\\).\\nUsed for the same purposes as the fruit in doses of 0.3 to 1 cubic\\ncentimeter (5 to 15 drops),", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "148 A COMPANION TO THE\\nANISI AQUA IT. S.\\nAnise Water.\\nDistribute one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of anise on two grams\\n(30 grains) cotton, and percolate through it five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (17 fiuidounces) of distilled water. (See Aquae Aromaticse.)\\nAnise water is an aromatic and slightly carminative vehicle for other\\nmedicines in colic, etc.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (J- to 1 fluidounce).\\nANISI EL^OSACCHARUM.\\nAnise Sugae.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of anise w T ith fifty grams\\n(1 ounce 330 grains) finely powdered sugar until intimately mixed.\\nUsed to flavor powders.\\nAOTSI ELIXIR.\\nAnise Cordial.\\nBruise one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) anise and macerate\\nit five days with two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8J fluid-\\nounces) alcohol. Strain, filter, and then add three hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (12 fiuidounces) simple syrup and enough anise water\\nto make the whole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces).\\nAnise cordial is used in infantile colic.\\nDose. For an infant, from one to twenty drops.\\nANISI ESSENTIA B.\\nEssence of Anise.\\nDissolve thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) volatile oil of anise\\nin one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fiuidounces) rectified\\nspirit (strength 90 per cent, by volume of alcohol).\\nDose. 0.50 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims). This prepa-\\nration of the British Pharmacopoeia should not be confounded with the\\nspirit of anise of the United States Pharmacopoeia (see below).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 149\\nANISI PULVIS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Anise Powder.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces) heavy magnesia, thirty grams (1 ounce)\\npowdered rhubarb, 7.5 grams ounce) volatile oil of anise, and ten\\ngrams (154 grains) alcohol.\\nThe volatile oil is first dissolved in the alcohol and then triturated\\nwith the magnesia, after which the rhubarb is added, and the whole\\nmixed intimately.\\nThe preparation has a pink or brownish-pink color.\\nIt is used in the summer diarrhoeas of children, especially if caused\\nby the presence of indigestible substances in the alimentary canal, and\\nif accompanied with colic.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0,5 gram (5 to 8 grains).\\nANISI SPIRITUS U. S.\\nSpirit of Anise.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) oil of anise in ninety grams (3f\\nfluidounces) alcohol.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nANISI SPIRITUS AMMONIATUS.\\nAmmoniated Spirit of Anise.\\nLiquor Ammonii Anisatus, G.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) volatile oil of anise in two hundred\\nand forty grams (8 ounces 200 grains, measuring about 10 fluidounces)\\nalcohol, and add fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains, or about If fluidounce)\\nwater of ammonia.\\nThe product is clear, yellowish.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nANISI SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Anise.\\nDissolve six hundred and fifty grams (23 ounces) sugar in three hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) anise water without\\nusing heat.\\nUsed for flavoring.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "150\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nAnthemis IT. S.\\nAnthemis.\\nAnthemidis Flores Chamomilla Romana Romische Kamille, *G.;\\nChamomille Romaine, F.; Romersk Kamomilla, Sw. Roman\\nChamomile English Chamomile,\\nOrigin. Anthemis nobilis, Linne (Compositce).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Europe.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The flower head.\\nDescription. See the figures, and the Pharmacopoeia, page 37.\\nMust have a bright, good color,\\nstrong, pleasant, aromatic odor,\\nand bitter taste. A discolored\\ndrug must be rejected.\\nTill! Constituents. From\\n.111] three-fifths to four-fifths per\\ncent, of blue or greenish volatile\\noil, and a bitter principle not\\nwell known.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chamo-\\nmile is a stimulant tonic and\\ncarminative. In large doses\\nemetic. Most frequently em-\\nployed as a diaphoretic, in\\ncopious draughts of hot but\\nweak infusion, while the patient\\nis covered up in bed. The dia-\\nFigs. 47-52.-Anthemis. Whole flower-head, phoretic effect is mainly due to\\nvertical section of flower-head, ray and disk florets, t h e hot water, though promoted\\nstigma and fruit, all enlarged.\\nby the relaxation produced by\\nthe nauseating effect of the chamomile. Externally chamomile is often\\nused to relieve pain, in the form of hot fomentations over the abdomen\\nin colic, in retention of urine, etc.\\nSmall bags or pillows filled with chamomile, applied warm, often re-\\nlieve toothache ox facial neuralgia.\\nChamomile is generally given in tea.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 151\\nANTHEMID1S INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Anthemis.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). About the\\nsame strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. About fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidrachms).\\nANTHEMIDIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Anthemis.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nDark brown. According to the British Pharmacopoeia it is made\\nby boiling the flowers with water, straining, evaporating, and finally\\nadding some volatile oil of chamomile. This is an inferior process.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.65 gram (2 to 10 grains).\\nANTHEMIDIS OLEUM INFUSUM.\\nInfused Oil of Chamomile.\\nChamomile Liniment.\\nDigest one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) anthemis for two\\nhours on a water-bath with one thousand grams (35 ounces) olive oil,\\nstirring occasionally. Strain by expression and filter.\\nUsed as a liniment.\\nAnthemidis Oleum.\\nOil of Chamomile.\\nAnthemidis JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Anthemis.\\nA volatile oil lighter than water and having a blue or greenish color\\nand the strong characteristic odor of Roman (or English) chamomile.\\nSeldom employed.\\nAntiaris.\\nUpas Antiae.\\nJavanese Arrow-Poison.\\nOrigin. Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch (Urticacem).\\nHabitat. Java.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "152 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. A gum-resinous exudation. It is a reddish-brown,\\nwaxy substance, of an extremely bitter, acrid taste. Forms an emul-\\nsion with water, and is partially soluble in alcohol. The poisonous con-\\nstituent is antiarin, which has been obtained in white crystalline scales,\\nis soluble in alcohol, and is present in the gum-resin.\\nUpas Antiar is the most if not the only important ingredient in the\\ncelebrated Upas arrow -poison of Java.\\nMedicinal Properties. It has not been used in medicine, but its\\neffects resemble those of Calabar bean.\\nAntimonium.\\nAntimony.\\n/Stibium JRegulus Antimonii Antimo?i, G. Antimoine, F.; Anti-\\nmonio, Sp.; Antimon, Sw.\\nA bright, tin-white, heavy metal of crystalline structure; brittle and\\npulverizable; melting at 425\u00c2\u00b0 C. (nearly 800\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is not affected by\\nhydrochloric acid, nor by cold sulphuric acid. Nitric acid oxidizes it,\\nthe oxide being in the form of an insoluble powder. Nitro-hydrochloric\\nacid dissolves the metal.\\nAlloys of antimony are much used. Britannia metal consists of\\none part antimony and one part tin type metal contains three to four\\nparts lead and one part antimony, with occasionally some copper or\\nbismuth added.\\nThe salts of antimony are decomposed by water unless a sufficient\\nquantity of free acid is present. Tartaric acid prevents precipitation.\\nPotassa or ammonia gives a white precipitate with antimony salts the\\nprecipitate is soluble in an excess of potassa, but not in ammonia. Acid\\nsolutions of antimony compounds give orange-red precipitates with\\nhydrosulphuric acid.\\nThe only medicinal chemical preparation of antimony which is solu-\\nble in water to any considerable extent is the tartrate of antimony and\\npotassium.\\nAntimonii Chloridi Liquor; B.\\nSolution of Chloride of Antimony.\\nButter of Antimony.\\nPrepared by boiling finely powdered sulphide of antimony with hy-\\ndrochloric acid until saturated, and boiling down the solution to 47\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume (1.48 specific gravity).\\nIt is an acid liquid of yellowish-red color (from iron chloride), and", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 153\\nyields a white precipitate when mixed with water. This precipitate is\\noxy chloride of antimony, also called AlgarotNs powder.\\nMust be kept in glass-stoppered bottles, being too corrosive for\\ncorks.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully escharotic, and employed to destroy\\ndiseased tissues, as in bites of rabid animals, malignant pustule, chancre,\\nsyphilitic vegetations, etc. If taken internally it is an exceedingly cor-\\nrosive poison, to be combated with chalk, magnesia, etc.\\nAntimonii et Potassii Tartras U. S.\\nTaktrate of Antimony and Potassium.\\nAntimonioso- Potassicus Tartras Antimonium Tartar atum Tartarus\\nStibiatus Tartras Stibico-Kalicus Brechweinstein, G. Tartrate\\ndepotasse et d antimoine, Tartrate emetique, Tartre Stibie, F. Tar-\\ntrato Antimonico-Potasico, Tartrato emetico, Sp. Krakvinsten,\\nKrakscdt, Sw. Tartar Emetic, Tartar ated Antimony.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 37.\\nAn aqueous solution of tartrate of antimony and potassium soon\\nspoils, like most solutions containing compounds of the organic acids.\\nIt is insoluble in alcohol, but a small quantity of alcohol added to the\\naqueous solution will prevent this from moulding.\\nMust be kept in well-closed bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is the form in which antimony is generally\\nemployed in medicine. In small doses it is nauseant, and, like other\\nremedies of this kind, produces increased secretion of saliva, increased\\nperspiration and expectoration, and flow of bile.\\nIn larger doses, 0.05 gram (1 grain) or more, it produces vomiting ac-\\ncompanied by much nausea and depression. The evacuations from the\\nbowels become profuse until they resemble the rice-water discharges\\nof cholera.\\nThe depression and relaxation of the tissues, caused by tartar emetic,\\nfavor subsequent absorption of other remedies.\\nTartar emetic is much used in small doses as an expectorant and\\nnauseant in the first stages of many diseases, such as acute catarrh,\\nbronchitis, etc.\\nPoisonous Effects. In toxic doses this remedy produces intense\\ngastro-intestinal irritation, vomiting, purging, epigastric pain, extreme\\ndepression, collapse, occasionally convulsions and death.\\nTannic acid and preparations containing it, forming insoluble tan-\\nnates, are useful as antidotes for tartar emetic.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe gastrointestinal irritation and the depression must be combated\\nwith demulcents, opium, and stimulants.\\nDose as an expectorant and nauseant, 0.005 to 0.015 gram (y 1 to J\\ngrain); as an emetic, 0.03 to 0.12 gram (-J to 2 grains).\\nANTIMONII EMPLASTKUM.\\nAntimony Plaster.\\nMelt together one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) Burgundy-\\npitch and fifteen grams ounce) yellow wax, strain the mixture, then\\nadd thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered tartrate of antimony and potas-\\nsium, and stir well until the mixture thickens by cooling.\\nThe tartrate of antimony and potassium must be in extremely fine\\n(impalpable) powder.\\nThis preparation was official in the old Pharmacopoeia (1870), but\\nwithout the yellow wax, the addition of which improves its consistence.\\nIt is not in the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nUses. A suppurant application to produce counter-irritation.\\nAOTIMONII UNGUENTUM.\\nAntimonial Ointment.\\nAntimonioso-Potassici Tartratis TJnguentum Unguentum Stibiatum\\nJPocke?isalbe, G. Pommade Stibiee, Pommade d Authe?irieth, F.\\nOintment of Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium.\\nMix intimately one gram (15 grains) tartrate of antimony and po-\\ntassium, in impalpable powder, with four grams (60 grains) lard.\\nAn improvement in this preparation would be the substitution of\\npetroleum ointment for the lard.\\nMedicinal Uses. Now very rarely employed. Formerly used as\\na suppurative counter-irritant in tubercular meningitis, etc. It pro-\\nduces no good results, and is apt to leave disfiguring scars which are\\npermanent.\\nANTIMONII VINUM; IT. S.\\nWine of Antimony.\\nVinum Stibiatum Brechwein, G. Vin antimonie, Vin Stibie, F.;\\nVino de Tartrato Antimonico Potasico y Vino emetico y Sp. Krak-\\nvin, Sw. Antimonial Wine.\\nDissolve four grams (62 grains) tartrate of antimony and potassium\\nin sixty grams (2 fiuidounces) boiling water, and mix the hot solution", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 155\\nwith six hundred grams (21 ounces 70 grains) stronger white wine (see\\npage 1022). Filter through paper, and then add through the filter\\nenough stronger white wine to make the filtered liquid weigh one thou-\\nsand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nMedicinal Uses. It is used as an expectorant and nauseant, but\\nseldom as an emetic. Frequently added to cough mixtures.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims), repeated at short\\nintervals until the effect is produced.\\nAntimonii Oxidum U. S.\\nOxide of Antimony.\\nAntimoniosum Oxidum y Antimonious Oxide Stibium Oxy datum\\nOxidum Stibicum Antimonoxyd, G.; Oxyde d a?iti?noi?te, F.; Ox-\\nido antimonico, Sp. Antimonoxid, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 37 and 38.\\nUses. For preparing antimonial powder. It has the properties of\\nother antimony preparations, but in a milder degree owing to its com-\\nparative insolubility.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).\\nAOTIMONIALIS PULYIS; U. S.\\nAntimonial Powder.\\nJames Powder.\\nMix intimately, by trituration, thirty-three grams oxide of antimony\\nand sixty-seven grams precipitated phosphate of calcium, or one ounce\\nof the former with two ounces of the latter.\\nThe original and genuine James powder was a preparation of\\nvariable and uncertain composition, and this official preparation is a\\ndecided improvement upon the genuine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of oxide of antimony.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.1 gram to 2 grains) as a diaphoretic; 0.25 to 1\\ngram (4 to 15 grains) as an emetic.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "156 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAntimonii Oxysulphuretum.\\nOXYSULPHURET OF ANTIMONY.\\nKermes Mineralis Stibium Sulphuratum Rubeum Sulphur Stibia*\\nturn Rubeum Alkermes aurificum minerale Miner \u00e2\u0080\u00a2alkermes, G.\\nSulfure d antimoine hydrate, Kermes Mineral, Poudre des chartreux,\\nF.; Quermes mineral, Oxisulfuro de Antimonio hidratado, Sp.\\nKermes, Sw. Kermes Mineral.\\nWhen properly prepared this is a beautiful soft, velvety, dark pur-\\nplish-brown (not brown or red) powder. It is a mixture of antimonious\\nsulphide with antimonious oxide in varying proportions. On account\\nof its variable composition it has been dropped from the Pharmacopoeia\\n(1880). The discontinuance of its use would perhaps be no sacrifice,\\nsince other similar preparations of antimony remain, all having about\\nthe same effects.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of antimonium sulphuratum.\\nIt has been much praised as an emetic in croup. In some parts of Eu-\\nrope it is frequently prescribed in powders and mixtures for coughs.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.05 gram to 1 grain) two or three times daily.\\nAs an emetic, 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nThe Swedish Pharmacopoeia has an expectorant cough powder un-\\nder the title of\\nPULVIS GUMMOSUS STIBIATUS,\\nwhich consists of 2.50 grams (38-J- grains) kermes mineral, 22.50 grams\\n(350 grains) sugar, and seventy-five grams (2 ounces 280 grains) com-\\npound althaea powder (see page 111).\\nAntimonii Sulphidum U. S.\\nSulphide of Antimony.\\nAntimoniosum Sulphidum Antimonious Sulphide Antimonii Sxd-\\nphuretum y Antimonium Nigrum Stibium Sulphuratum Sid-\\nfuretum Stibicum Schwefelspiessglanz, G. Sulfure d antimoine,\\nAntimoine crue, F. Antimonio crudo, Sulfuro antimonico, Sp.\\nSpetsglans, Svafvelantimon, Sw. Black Antimony Black Sul-\\nphur et of Antimony.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 38. Much\\nof the commercial Black Antimony or Black Sulphuret of Anti-\\nmony in powder is largely adulterated. As it is used only in powder,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 157\\nhowever, and as pharmacists cannot conveniently powder it, the neces-\\nsity of testing the powdered sulphide of antimony is obvious. It must\\ndissolve in hydrochloric acid with but a slight residue.\\nUses. For making other preparations of antimony. Medicinal\\nproperties similar to those of sulphurated antimony.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains). Usually given in combina-\\ntion with drastic purgatives.\\nAOTIMONII SULPHIDUM PUKIFICATUM U. S.\\nPurified Sulphide of Antimony.\\nAntimoniosum Sidphidum Purification Purified Antimonious Sul-\\nphide.\\nNot in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Prepared according to the new\\nPharmacopoeia (1880) by macerating the native sulphide of antimony,\\nin finest powder, with water of ammonia for several days, and then\\nwashing the residue- with water. This removes all but traces of arsenic.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, pages 38 and 39.\\nUsed for the preparation of sulphurated antimony.\\nAntimonii Sulpbidum Flavum.\\nYellow Antimony Sulphide.\\nAntimonicum Sidphidum Antimonic Sulphide Pentasidphide of\\nAntimony.\\nThis sulphide of antimony is official in several pharmacopoeias, and\\nis probably less liable to variation or change than the sulphurated anti-\\nmony or the oxysulphuret of antimony. It is prepared as follows\\nPreparation. Mix three hundred and sixty grams (12 ounces 300\\ngrains) purified sulphide of antimony and eighty grams (2 ounces 360\\ngrains) sublimed sulphur. Put one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains) solution of soda (containing twenty per cent. Na 2 0, or having a\\nspecific gravity of 1.29) in a clean iron pot add the mixture of sulphide\\nof antimony and sulphur. Boil the contents of the pot, replacing the\\nwater lost by evaporation from time to time and stirring constantly,\\nuntil no more of the powder dissolves. Filter. Evaporate the filtrate\\nto crystallization. Rinse the crystals carefully with a little weak soda\\nsolution, and dry them by pressing them between blotting-paper. These\\ncrystals are Schlippe s Salt.\\nDissolve one kundred parts of these crystals in four hundred parts\\ndistilled water. Filter. Dilute the filtrate with six hundred parts dis-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "158 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntilled water pour the diluted solution slowly and during constant stir-\\nring into a cold mixture of thirty-six parts sulphuric acid and six hun-\\ndred parts distilled water. Wash the precipitate as rapidly as possible\\nby affusion and decantation with distilled water, express the remainder\\nof the water, dry the precipitate at a low heat, and powder it. Must be\\nkept in small well-filled bottles, tightly closed with paraffined corks.\\nDescription. It is a fine orange-yellow powder. Must be odorless\\nand tasteless. By exposure to sunlight or moisture it becomes dis-\\ncolored or acquires an odor of hydrosulphuric acid. It has a very\\nslightly acid reaction, yields nothing to water, is entirely soluble in\\nabout twelve parts ammonia water, and if prepared as described does\\nnot contain arsenic.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.05 gram to 1 grain) every three or four hours.\\nAntimonium Sulphuratum U. S.\\nSulphurated Antimony.\\nAntimonii Sulphuretum Aureum y Stibium sulfuratum aurantiacum\\nGoldschwefel, G. Soufre clore antimoine, F. Golden Sulphur et of\\nAntimony Golden Sidphur.\\nConsists of precipitated antimonious sulphide mixed with a small\\nquantity of antimonious oxide.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 39. It is a reddish-brown, odorless, and tasteless powder, insoluble\\nin water, but nearly all dissolved by hydrochloric acid when treated\\nwith it.\\nMedicinal Uses. Frequently added to cough mixtures in ca-\\ntarrhal or inflammatory affections of the pulmonary organs. Useful in\\ncases accompanied by difficult and scanty secretion of tough mucus in\\nchronic bronchitis also in bronchorrhoea and blenorrhcea. Often com-\\nbined with squill, senega, ipecac, and other expectorants.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.06 gram (-J- to 1 grain) every three or four hours.\\nApium.\\nCelery Seed.\\nOrigin. Apium graveolens, Linne Umbettiferm).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. About one millimeter inch) long, oval, com-\\npressed, brown, divided into two mericarps, each with five fine ribs, and\\ncontaining twelve oil tubes. Qdor and taste aromatic.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n159\\nConstituents. A volatile oil.\\nProperties and Uses. An aromatic carminative and stimulant\\nalso diuretic. Used chiefly as a flavoring agent.\\nDose. About one gram (15 grains).\\nApocynum U. S.\\nApocynum.\\nApocyni Cannabini Radix. Canadian, Hemp, or Black Indian\\nHemp Apocynum Cannabinum.\\nOrigin. Apocynum cannabinum, Linne* (Apocynacew).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See thePhar-\\nmacopoeia, page 40.\\nThe pharmacopceial descrip-\\ntion is erroneous in two particu-\\nlars It states that the root is\\nexternally pale brown, and\\nthat it contains a thin pith,\\nwhereas it is ash-gray, and con-\\ntains no pith. Confusion has\\nexisted in regard to the roots\\nof Apocynum cannabinum and\\nApocynum androsaemifolium.\\nAt the present time, and for\\nyears past, these drugs have been\\nconfounded with each other,\\nmixed with each other, and\\nmixed with the stems of both\\nplants, and the stem of one or\\nthe other has been described as\\nthe root. It has been stated\\nthat in the trade the roots of\\nboth plants usually occur mixed,\\nwhen, in fact, this is of less fre-\\nquent occurrence than a mixture\\nFigs. 53, 54\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Apocynum cannabinum. a.\\n01 the root With the Stem of the stem, natural size undeveloped buds b and\\nsame SDecips c r00 natura size ratner above the average size.\\nWe have had opportunity to examine numerous specimens of drugs\\nsold respectively as Apocynum cannabinum, and as Apocynum androsse-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "160\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nmifolium. Most of these specimens consisted chiefly of roots and stems\\nof Apocynum cannabinum, although many of them were sent to us as\\nspecimens of the root of Apocynum androssemifolium. In one single in-\\nstance only did we receive unmixed samples of the roots of the two\\nspecies respectively.\\nIn the Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association for\\n1881 (Vol. 29) is a paper on the microscopic structure of the two roots,\\nwhich contains material errors, notably in describing and figuring sec-\\ntions of stems as sections of the root of Apocynum androsaemifolium. In\\nanother description the whole of the wood is referred to as medullary\\nmatter, while at the same time a figure is given showing bark, wood,\\nand pith, whereas the roots of both plants under consideration lack pith,\\nthe delicate medullary rays simply meeting at the center, where at most\\nonly apparent traces of a slender medullary column may sometimes be\\nfound.\\nAs the root and stem are mixed in the drug as generally occurring\\nin the market, we give here a differential diagnosis of the two\\nRoot.\\nAbout three to twelve millimeters to\\ninch) in diameter, the greater portion of\\nthe pieces being most frequently about\\nseven millimeters on the average.\\nExternally ash-gray.\\nHas thick, blunt wrinkles lengthwise.\\nHas deep transverse, often gaping, fis-\\nsures through the bark.\\nHas no buds.\\nBark thick its thickness being in the\\ndry drug about one-fourth the entire di.\\nameter of the root, or one- half the diame-\\nter of the wood.\\nBark in small young pieces of root is\\ninteriorly white or lighter in color than\\nthe wood, but in older pieces brown or\\ndarker in the fracture than the wood.\\nRoot seldom splits or tears longitudi-\\nnally.\\nWoody portion of root is yellowish, and\\nin young pieces brittle and porous, while\\nin older pieces it is fibrous and tough.\\nHas no pith or central cavity.\\nTaste extremely bitter, disagreeable.\\nStem.\\nWhere the stem starts from the root it\\nis usually thicker than the latter. At the\\nsame time the detached pieces of stem\\nmixed with the root are generally some-\\nwhat less thick than the pieces of root.\\nExternally brown.\\nHas fine wrinkles lengthwise.\\nHas no deep fissures.\\nShows buds.\\nBark thin.\\nBark always brown or darker than the\\nwood.\\nStem frequently splits longitudinally.\\nWoody portion always more or less\\ntough.\\nEither has a plain pith, or is hollow in\\nthe center.\\nTaste slightly or scarcely bitter.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n1G1\\nThe root of Apocynum cannabinum has a reddish-brown cambium\\nline between bark and wood. In the stem this is also the case, and a\\nsimilar brown line separates the woody ring of the stem from its pith.\\nThe thin corky layer of the bark of both root and stem sometimes chips\\noff in large blotches. When thoroughly dry the root breaks readily\\nwith an abrupt fracture but when not dry it bends before breaking.\\nOften the bulk of the drug consists of pieces of stem, usually of\\nsmaller diameter than the accompanying pieces of root. In its interior\\nthe bark of the root varies from nearly white to dark brown. Old dark-\\nFigs. 55-57. Apocynum cannabinum. Transverse sections a, of root, natural size,\\ndry b of root, enlarged, by reflected light, after soaking in water c, of root, enlarged, by\\ntransmitted light, after removal of cell-contents by caustic lye.\\ncolored bark has plainly visible resin ducts, and sometimes a glistening\\nfracture.\\nThe medullary rays of the wood are continued into the inner bark,\\nand the large vessels in the woody portion are more or less concentri-\\ncally arranged, while the resin ducts or laticiferous vessels in the bark\\nare scattered.\\nIn illustrating the general appearance of the two drugs, the pieces\\nwere purposely selected so as to show the close resemblance between the\\nroots, the only obvious differences being in the relative thicknesses and\\nthe color of their barks.\\nDifferences between the root of Apocynum cannabinum and the root\\nof Apocynum androsazmifolium\\nRoot of A. cannabinum.\\nDiameter generally averages seven mil-\\nlimeters (^5 inch).\\n11\\nRoot of A. andros^emifolium.\\nDiameter generally averages about four\\nmillimeters inch), although pieces as\\nsmall and as large as any of A.pocynum\\ncannabinum are found.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "162 A COMPANION TO THE\\nRoot op A. cannabinum. Root op A. andros^emifolium.\\nThickness of bark about one-fourth the Thickness of bark about one-sixth the\\nentire diameter of the dried root. entire diameter of the dried root.\\nHas coarse, but blunt or smooth wrin- Has sharp, rough wrinkles,\\nkles.\\nExternal color ash-gray. External color rusty red-brown.\\nVessel^ in the woody portion more nu- Vessels less numerous and nearly all in\\nmerous relative to the diameter of the one circle near the outer edge of the\\nwood, and arranged more or less concen- wood, only a few being scattered within\\ntrically. that circle.\\nThe stems of both plants closely resemble each other, but the stem\\nof Apocynum androssemifolium is more frequently split longitudinally.\\nBoth stems resemble in color the root of Apocynum androsgemifolium\\nand this has led to the prevailing confusion between the drugs.\\nSamples of Euphorbia ipecacuanha in our possession contain pieces\\nof roots and stems which resemble the roots and stems of Apocynum\\nandrosgemifolium, but have a more fibrous and tough wood.\\nConstituents. Bitter extractive, resin, tannin, etc.\\nNomenclature. In the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 the name Indian\\nHemp was unfortunately given to Apocynum cannabinum, prob-\\nably by some oversight. The drug is very generally called Black\\nIndian Hemp. The name Indian Hemp belongs- to Cannabis in-\\ndica alone, and should not be applied to Apocynum cannabinum. We\\nhave before us several drug lists and fluid extract lists on which appear\\nIndian Hemp, Indian Hemp, Foreign, Indian Hemp, White, and\\nIndian Hemp, Black. We have not found the name Canadian\\nHemp on any price list. On the other hand, we recently received a parcel\\nof roots and stems of Apocynum cannabinum labelled Cannabis Indica,\\nsent us in response to a request for the last-named drug. This case\\nfurnishes an illustration in point of the necessity of substituting the\\nbotanical names generic or specific, or both for the vernacular Eng-\\nlish names, as has been done to a considerable extent in the new Phar-\\nmacopoeia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Apocynum cannabinum is a powerful emetic\\nand hydragogue cathartic. In emetic doses it produces general relaxa-\\ntion of the emunctories, and diaphoresis or diuresis generally occurs.\\nIt is used in dropsies to remove accumulations of fluid. In small doses\\nit is alterative and tonic.\\nDose. The dose as a diaphoretic is 0.30 gram (5 grains) as an\\nemetic, 1 to 1.30 gram (15 to 20 grains). It is best administered in the\\nform of fluid extract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n163\\nAPOCYJSTI CANJSABINI EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Apocynum Cannabinum.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 10 grains) two or three times a day.\\nAPOCY^I CANNABIS! EXTRACTUM ELUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Apocynum Cannabinum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of alcohol and water in the propor-\\ntion of two hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces)\\nalcohol, and one hundred grams (about 3-J fluid-\\nounces) water.\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. 0.20 to two cubic centimeters (3 to 30\\nminims).\\nApocynum Androssemifplium,\\nApocynum Andros^emifolium.\\nApocyni Androscemifolii Radix Bitter Root;\\nDogsbcme.\\nOrigin Apocynum androscemifolium, Li nn e\\n(Apocynacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. Pieces of various lengths, rarely\\nexceeding three or four inches, and of from three\\nmillimeters inch) to twelve millimeters inch)\\nin diameter, the diameter of the largest proportion\\nof pieces being about four (or five) millimeters (-J-\\ninch) rusty reddish-brown externally, with rough,\\nsharp wrinkles running lengthwise, and deep,\\nsometimes gaping, transverse fissures, through\\nwhich the white wood is exposed. The thickness of the bark is about\\none-sixth the entire diameter of the dried root. The wood is porous,\\nFigs. 58, 59.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Apocy-\\nnum androsfemifolium.\\nstem, natural size\\nundeveloped buds Z\\nroot, natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "164\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nbrittle, and gives a short, even fracture. Odor, none taste, very\\nbitter.\\nThe drug is usually mixed with pieces of the stem of the same plant,\\nwhich may be distinguished from the root by their buds and pith,\\nboth of which are absent in the root.\\nTrue Apocynum androssemifolium (root) is not readily obtained in\\nthe market.\\nEuphorbia ipecacuanha has been mistaken for Apocynum androsse-\\nmifolium, which it somewhat resembles. The woody portion of the root\\n(and stem) of Euphorbia ipecacuanha is stringy and tough, which is\\nFigs. 60-62. Apocynum androssemifolium. Transverse sections of root, natural size,\\ndry of root, enlarged, by reflected light, after soaking in water c, of stem, enlarged, by\\nreflected light, after soaking in water.\\nrarely the case in the root of Apocynum androssemifolium, only a few\\npieces of old root having been found to contain a fibrous wood.\\nSee also article on Apocynum cannabinum.\\nConstituents. Bitter principle and resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Emetic, diaphoretic, and laxative in small\\ndoses alterative and tonic. Useful in hepatic derangements with con-\\nstipation, dyspepsia, and amenorrhea.\\nIt is probable that the effects of Apocynum androsaemifolium and\\nApocynum cannabinum are very nearly alike, if not identically the same,\\nso that a careful differential diagnosis between the two roots is of im-\\nportance only because of the absolute necessity in medicine of calling\\neach several drug by its own proper name, without which no reliable\\nknowledge of pharmaco-dynamics can exist.\\nDose. As an alterative and tonic, one gram (15 grains) during the\\nday as a laxative, one to two grams (15 to 30 grains) and as an\\nemetic, 2.5 to five grams (40 to 75 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 165\\nAPOCYNI AISTDROS^EMIFOLII EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Apocynum Andros^emifolium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of alcohol and water in the propor-\\ntion of two hundred grams (about 8-^- fluidounces) alcohol, and one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-^- fluidounces) water.\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. 0.50 to two cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nApomorphinse HydrocMoras IT. S.\\nHydrochlorate of Apomorphine.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 40. Apomorphine is\\nan artificial alkaloid prepared from morphine. The hydrochlorate mu-\\nriate keeps better than the alkaloid itself. It is, however, spoiled by\\nexposure to light, and hence the Pharmacopoeia directs that it be kept\\nin a dark glace. Exposure to air is also deleterious, and it is therefore\\nbest to keep the preparation in small vials.\\nIt is soluble in 6.8 parts water.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is a prompt emetic, the use of which is not\\nwithout danger, as it may produce collapse. It is indicated in cases of\\npoisoning, over-loaded stomach, impaction of food in the oesophagus,\\netc.\\nDose. For adults, 0.002 to 0.004 gram to -fa grain) by hypo-\\ndermic injection 0.008 gram grain) by mouth.\\nAqua; U. S.\\nWater.\\nNatural water in its purest attainable state. See the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 40.\\nMust be colorless, clear, odorless, and tasteless it must not contain\\nmore than one part fixed impurities in ten thousand parts (about 1 grain\\nin 22 U. S. fluidounces) and not more than traces of organic matter.\\nWater is the most important article of the whole materia medica\\nlist. It is also the most important solvent in the household economy,\\nand in the arts and manufactures. In pharmacy and chemistry it is in-\\ndispensable.\\nMelted ice gives a very pure water. Bain water, collected in clean", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "166 A COMPANION TO THE\\nvessels as it falls from the clouds (not from roofs) after it has been\\nraining awhile, is also very pure water.\\nRiver loater is usually comparatively pure, and being generally free\\nfrom calcium and magnesium salts, is called soft water. It may, how-\\never, and frequently does, contain both these and other impurities,\\nespecially organic matters. Although containing no unwholesome im-\\npurities, the water may be so unclear from the matters dissolved or\\nheld in suspension in it as to be entirely unfit for any chemical or\\npharmacal purposes.\\nThe Mississippi River water is not a bad drinking water, but it is\\nnever clear, and at times very muddy. It cannot be made clear except\\nby very careful and troublesome filtration.\\nSpring water is usually hard water, i.e., it contains calcium and\\nmagnesium salts, which produce insoluble compounds with soap. By\\nboiling, hard water can be made less hard, because most of the calcium\\nand magnesium carbonates will deposit so soon as the free carbonic acid\\nis driven off by the heat.\\nWell water is most liable to be impure, especially in thickly in-\\nhabited towns. Sewage, and organic matter from the air and soil, are\\nconstantly washed into the wells. Well water thus contains, ammonia.\\nAlum purifies water by decomposition w 7 ith the ammonia contained\\nin it, whereby also a mechanical clarification results through the precip-\\nitation of the hydrate of aluminium, which carries much of the organic\\nmatters with it in settling.\\nWater containing much organic matter putrefies on standing.\\nGums, sugar, mucilage, and numerous salts are soluble in water.\\nStarch is also taken up by boiling water, but not in perfect solution.\\nResins, volatile oils, fixed oils, and alkaloids, which are the most impor-\\ntant constituents of organic drugs, are comparatively insoluble in water.\\nA partial solution of these substances is however effected when the\\ncrude drugs are macerated, digested, or boiled with water, owing to the\\nfact that the presence of the extractive matter, etc., contributes to their\\nsolution.\\nAquae Aromaticse.\\nAromatic Waters.\\nDistilled aromatic waters are the finest. Rose water and orange-\\nflower water are, however, the only aromatic waters of the present\\nPharmacopoeia which are directed to be prepared by distillation.\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 most of the aromatic waters were\\ndirected to be prepared by triturating the volatile oil with carbonate of", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 167\\nmagnesium, and then with the distilled water, after which the whole\\nwas thrown on a filter, the filtrate being the finished product. This\\nprocess was objectionable because the water dissolved an appreciable\\nquantity of magnesium carbonate.\\nThe present Pharmacopoeia introduces an entirely new process pro-\\nposed by Mr. W. S. Thompson, of Washington. By this method two\\nparts of the volatile oil is distributed through four parts of clean carded\\ncotton (absorbent cotton is the best) by adding the volatile oil gradually\\nand picking the cotton apart after each addition. The saturated cot-\\nton is then packed in a percolator and distilled water is percolated\\nthrough it until one thousand parts has been obtained, which consti-\\ntutes the finished product. The process is excellent, and the products\\nobtained by it are of superior quality. It is well to put a layer of dry\\nloose cotton into the neck of the percolator, and over that a layer of\\ncotton wetted with distilled water, or a layer of dry sand, before intro-\\nducing the cotton saturated with the volatile oil and it is also safer to\\nweight the whole down by coarse sand, to prevent it from being pushed\\nup by the water, especially if a conical percolator is used as directed\\n(see Elixir of Orange).\\nAromatic waters are seldom used except as vehicles for other and\\nmore active medicines.\\nAqua Distillata U. S.\\nDistilled Water.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 44. A colorless, odorless, tasteless\\nwater, which should leave no residue on evaporation.\\nA distilled water absolutely free from chlorides and sulphates may\\nnevertheless contain ammonia compounds and other gaseous substances\\nof organic origin which impart to it a very perceptible and sometimes a\\nquite disagreeable odor. When carefully prepared as directed by the\\nPharmacopoeia it is pure. Distilled water obtained by condensing the\\nsteam from steam boilers in factories is never odorless, and sometimes\\nhas a nauseating smell.\\nAralia Hispida.\\nAralia Hispida.\\nAralice Hispidce JRhizoma Dwarf Elder.\\nOrigin. Aralia hispida, Michaux (Araliacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 United States.\\nPart used. The rhizome.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "168\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. Cylindrical pieces, from two to six millimeters (y 1\\nto inch) diameter, not branched, longitudinally wrinkled, marked by\\nthe scars of rootlets grayish-brown odor and taste faintly aromatic.\\nConstituents. Probably a small amount of volatile\\noil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be diuretic and alterative,\\nand useful in dropsy gravel, and other urinary troubles.\\nDose. Two to five grams to 1 drachm), best given\\nin the. form of fluid extract.\\nAEALI^E HISPIDJE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extkact of Aealia Hispida.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equiva-\\nlent 17 U. S. fluidounces), use five hundred grams (or\\nits equivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in\\nNo. 40 powder.\\nAsa menstruum use diluted alcohol. For suggestions\\nas to details, see page 451.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 min-\\nims).\\nAralia Nudicaulis.\\nAealia Nudicaulis.\\nAralice Nudicaulis Rhizoma American Sarsaparilla\\nFalse Sarsaparilla.\\nOrigin. Aralia nudicaulis, Linne (Araliaceai).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Cylindrical, thirty centimeters (12\\ninches) or more in length, but usually broken into shorter\\npieces, about six millimeters (i inch) thick, longitudin-\\nally wrinkled, annulate above, with cup-shaped scars from\\nstems; rootlets few or absent; bark grayish-brown, exfol-\\niating internally white or pale yellowish pith spongy;\\nodor slightly aromatic taste insipid, somewhat disagreeable. See\\nFig. G3.\\nConstituents. A little volatile oil, resin, etc.\\nFig. 63.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 False\\nSarsaparilla,\\nnatural size.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 169\\nMedicinal Uses. Alterative. Employed similarly to sarsaparilla\\nalso in pulmonary diseases.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains). Best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract.\\nARALI^E NUDICAULIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aralia Nudicaulis.\\nPrepared in the same manner as the fluid extract of Aralia hispida.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters 1 to 1J fluidrachm).\\nAralia Racemosa.\\nAralia Racemosa.\\nAralice Racemosm Rhizoma American Spikenard Petty morr el.\\nOrigin. Aralia racemosa, Linne (Araliacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Rhizomes ten to fifteen centimeters (4 to 6 inches)\\nlong, about twenty-five millimeters (1 inch) thick, and beset with large\\nconcave scars from the stems rootlets many and long. Externally\\nbrown internally whitish. Odor and taste aromatic.\\nConstituents. Probably a little volatile oil, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of Aralia nudicaulis. Altera-\\ntive. Popularly used in pulmonary affections.\\nDose. Two to ten grams to 2\\\\ drachms). Best given as fluid\\nextract.\\nThe bark of Aralia spinosa has also been used as an emetico-purga-\\ntive and alterative. The dose is the same as of A. racemosa.\\nARALICE RACEMOSE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aralia Racemosa.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol. For suggestions as to details,\\nsee page 451.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "170\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nAraroba.\\nAraroba.\\nGoa-powder.\\nA grayish-brown powder deposited in the cavities formed by decay\\nin the wood of one or more unknown Brazilian trees (probably Caesal-\\npinia echinata, Lamarck). Odorless. Taste bitter. Contains about\\neighty per cent, of chrysarobin (which see).\\nAreca.\\nAreca Nut.\\nArecce Semina Betel Nut.\\nOrigin. Areca Catechu, Linne\\\\\\nHabitat. East Indies.\\nPart used. The seed.\\nDescription. See Figs. 64-66. It is in the shape of a short,\\nrounded cone, scarcely an inch long.\\nThe base has a depressed center.\\nThe outer coat is brownish and\\ncovered with a network of reddish\\nveins which penetrate through it\\ninto the albumen of the seed, giving\\nto the areca nuts an appearance\\nresembling that of nutmegs. The\\nseed is heavy, hard, dense, and diffi-\\ncult to cut or break. When freshly\\nbroken the fragments have a cheese-\\nlike odor. The taste is astringent.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contains four-\\nlower surface c, transverse section, slightly teen to fifteen per cent, tannin, re-\\nenlarged. *i\\nsembhng that of catechu, and about\\nfourteen per cent, of fixed oil, which is crystalline at ordinary tempera-\\ntures.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is an astringent and also an anthelmintic.\\nThe charcoal from areca nuts, which has a greater density than ordi-\\nnary charcoal, is greatly esteemed as a constituent in dentifrices.\\nDose. As an astringent from fifty to one hundred centigrams (8 to\\n15 grains), and for the expulsion of trenia from fifteen to twenty -five\\ngrams, given best in the form of fluid extract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 171\\nAKECLE EXTRA CTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Areca Nut.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nArgentum.\\nSilver.\\nSilber, G. Argent, F. Plata, Sp. Silfver, Sw.\\nSoluble in nitric acid insoluble in hydrochloric acid and in sul-\\nphuric acid, and not affected by alkalies. Its salts are generally white\\nor pale yellowish. Nitrate of silver is soluble in water the other sil-\\nver compounds are insoluble.\\nArg enti Cyanidum U. S.\\nCyanide of Silver.\\nArgenticum Cyanidum, Silver Cyanide. Argentum Cyanatum\\nCyansilber, G. Cyanure d argent, F. Cianuro de Plata, Sp.\\nSilfvercyanid, Cyansilfver, Sw.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 46.\\nMust be kept in dark, amber-colored bottles or in a dark place.\\nUses. Only in the alternate* process for making hydrocyanic acid,\\nif that process is ever used.\\nArgenti Iodidum IT. S.\\nIodide of Silver.\\nArgenticum Iodidum, Silver Iodide Argentum Iodatum Jodsilber,\\nG. Iodure d argent, F. loduro de Plata, Sp. Jodsilfver, Silfverj-\\nodid, Sw.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 46. Now officially\\nrecognized for the first time.\\nPreservation. In amber-colored bottles, to prevent alteration by\\nlisrht.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "172 A COMPANION TO THE\\nUses. For the same purposes as silver nitrate, but said to be with-\\nout the danger of discoloration of the skin.\\nDose. From 0.06 to 0.125 gram (1 to 2 grains) three times daily in\\npill form.\\nArgent! Nitras IT. S.\\nNitrate of Silver.\\nArgenticus Nitras, Silver Nitrate. Argentum Nitricum Azotas\\nArgenticus Salpetersaures Silberoxyd, Silbersalpeter, G. Azotate\\nd argent, Nitre lunaire, F. Nitrato de Plata cristalizado, Nitrato\\nargentico, Sp. jSalpetersyrad jSilfveroxid, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 46. It\\ncontains no water, unless very small quantities mechanically adhering\\nto or enclosed between and in the clumps of crystals. Darkens by ex-\\nposure to light, especially when in contact with organic matters.\\nGranulated nitrate of silver is the purest, is free from water, and is\\nmore readily dispensed than larger crystals.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in amber-colored bottles or in a\\ndark place.\\nSolutions should be prepared with distilled water, and dispensed in\\namber-colored (not blue) vials.\\nMedicinal Uses. Nitrate of silver is occasionally used internally\\nin chronic gastric catarrh, chronic dysentery and diarrhoea, etc. It was\\nformerly much used in epilepsy and other nervous affections. It appears\\nprobable that nitrate of silver given internally is changed into insoluble\\nchloride of silver by the free hydrochloric acid and chlorides of the\\ngastric juice.\\nIf locally applied, nitrate of silver is a superficial escharotic, coagu-\\nlating albumen and producing a white eschar, which turns dark brown,\\nor nearly black, in the light.\\nApplied to inflamed mucous membranes, a solution of five to fifteen\\ngrains to the ounce of distilled water (0.3 gram in 30 cubic centimeters)\\noften produces a valuable alterative effect, as in tonsillitis, follicidar\\npharyngitis, etc. It is also useful in onychia, paronychia, and indo-\\nlent ulcers in various skin diseases, as eczema and pruritus in granu-\\nlar lids or chronic conjunctivitis or as an injection to abort gonor-\\nrhoea, or to obliterate the sacs in cysts, hydrocele, old abscesses,, etc.\\nExternally it is applied in solid stick or in solutions of various", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 173\\nstrength. Accidental spots produced by the solution may be removed\\nby applying strong solution of iodine and then washing with ammonia\\nwater.\\nThe Dose is one-fourth to one-half grain (0.015 to 0.03 gram), in\\npill, three times daily. Avoid the use of salt. In poisonous doses ni-\\ntrate of silver produces gastro-enteritis. As it forms an insoluble chlo-\\nride with common salt, the latter is the antidote for it.\\nARGENTI NITRAS DILUTUS; U.S.\\nDiluted Nitrate of Silver.\\nPure fused nitrate of silver, in sticks, is very brittle. Hence it is\\ndangerous to use it in the throat or in cavities, where it might be\\nbroken, and poisoning result from the piece swallowed or remaining\\nin the cavity. Moreover, pure nitrate of silver is in most cases too\\nstrong, or unnecessarily strong, and a milder caustic answers as well or\\nbetter. Hence it has long been customary to use a diluted nitrate of\\nsilver. Manufacturers sell several kinds, designated by numbers No. 1\\nis one-third nitrate of silver and two-thirds nitrate of potassium No. 2\\nis one-fourth nitrate of silver and three-fourths nitrate of potassium\\nNo. 3 is two-ninths nitrate of silver and seven-ninths nitrate of potas-\\nsium and No. 4 is one-fifth nitrate of silver, and four-fifths nitrate of\\npotassium. Several pharmacopoeias have official formulas for diluted ni-\\ntrate of silver, among which may be mentioned the German, Russian, and\\nScandinavian Pharmacopoeias. In the Swedish Pharmacopoeia, for in-\\nstance, we find Nitras Argenticus Mitigatus, consisting of equal\\nparts of nitrate of silver and nitrate of potassium the same proportions\\nas now official in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States and also\\nNitras Argenticus bis Mitigatus, which consists of one-third nitrate\\nof silver and two-thirds nitrate of potassium, which is the same as the\\nArgentum Nitricum cum Kali Nitrico of the German Pharmacopoeia,\\nand the Russian Argentum Nitricum bis Mitigatum.\\nMust be white, firm, and have the composition prescribed by the\\nU. S. Pharmacopoeia, viz., equal parts of nitrate of silver and nitrate of\\npotassium. (See, also, Argenti Nitras Fusus.\\nKeep it in small, amber-colored bottles in a dark place.\\nUsed for external application, like nitrate of silver, but is milder in\\nits action.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "174 A COMPANION TO THE\\nARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS U. S.\\nMoulded Nitrate of Silver.\\nArgenticus JVitras Fusus, Fused Silver Nitrate Lapis Infemalis\\nHdllenstein, G. Pierre infernale, F. Nitrato argentico fundido,\\nPiedra infernal, Sp. Lapis, Sw. Lunar Caustic.\\nPrepared by fusing nitrate of silver and adding one ounce hydro-\\nchloric acid for every twenty-five ounces of nitrate of silver. The prod-\\nuct will contain about five per cent, of chloride of silver, which imparts\\na firmness and tenacity to the nitrate of silver which is quite a desider-\\natum in its practical use.\\nNitrate of silver for cauterization is conveniently used in the form\\nof sticks or pencils. Usually the sticks are cylindrical, smaller in dia-\\nmeter than an ordinary quill, and about two or three inches long. Some-\\ntimes the nitrate of silver is moulded in conical sticks or points about\\nan inch long, suitable for the caustic case, which is undoubtedly most\\nconvenient.\\nShould be white, not brittle, and must be preserved in black or\\namber-colored bottles, or in a dark place. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 47.\\nIt is used for local application.\\nARGENTI NITRAS PLUMBATUS.\\nNitrate of Silver with Lead.\\nMelt together in a porcelain dish fifteen grams (-J ounce) of nitrate\\nof lead and eighty-five grams (2|- ounces) of nitrate of silver, stirring\\nwell until the mixed and melted mass flows smoothly. Then pour it into\\nsuitable moulds.\\nThis caustic is recommended as preferable to pure nitrate of silver\\non the ground of greater cohesiveness. The stick can be sharpened\\ndown to a point like a lead-pencil, making it very convenient and safe.\\nArgenti Oxidum U. S.\\nOxide of Silver.\\nArgenticum Oxidum, Silver Oxide. Argentum Oxydatum Silber-\\noxyd, G. Oxyde d\\\\irgent, F. Oxido argentico, Oxido de Plata,\\nSp. Silfveroxid, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 48.\\nAn olive-brown or brownish-black powder, nearly insoluble in water,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 175\\nthough sufficiently soluble to impart an alkaline reaction to it. It has\\na metallic taste. Exposure to light causes its reduction to metallic\\nsilver. It easily parts with its oxygen. Contact with organic matters\\nreduces the oxide. Even moderate heat alone splits it up into metal\\nand oxygen. With easily oxidizable substances it is, therefore, liable\\nto cause explosions. With ammonia it forms a very violently explosive\\ncompound (fulminating silver).\\nMust be kept in dark, amber-colored vials in a dark and cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Oxide of silver is recommended by Bartholowin\\ngastralgia after the ingestion of food, the digestion being good also\\nin chronic gastric catarrh with pain, pyrosis, eructation of food with\\nsour matters. It may be combined with equal quantities of extract of\\nhyoscyamus. It is also valuable in ulcer of the stomach.\\nDose. One-half to two grains (0.03 to 0.125 gram) in the form of\\npills.\\nArmoracia.\\nHorseradish Root.\\nArmoracice Radix.\\nOrigin. Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne (CrucifercB).\\nH ab itat Cultivated.\\nDescription. Familiar garden product.\\nConstituents. Contains a volatile oil of the same composition as\\nvolatile oil of mustard, and also some bitter resin and salts. The vola-\\ntile oil is formed in a manner analogous to that by which the volatile oil\\nof mustard is formed it is light yellowish when fresh, but darkens by\\nage.\\nMedicinal Uses. A common article of diet, used as a condiment.\\nIt is stimulant, stomachic, diuretic, and anti-scorbutic. It is used in\\nscurv.y, dyspepsia, etc. Externally it is counter-irritant and rubefacient.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five grams (1 to 6 drachms) several times a\\nday.\\nARMORACIA SPIRITUS COMPOSITUS; B.\\nCompound Spirit of Horseradish.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces) fresh, grated and sliced horseradish\\nsixty grams (2 ounces) bitter orange peel, cut small and bruised 1.50\\ngram (25 grains) nutmeg, bruised four hundred and eighty cubic centi-\\nmeters (16 fluidounces) proof spirit, and one hundred and twenty cubic", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "176\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ncentimeters (4 fluidounces) water, in a suitable still, and distil off four\\nhundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16 fluidounces).\\nA colorless, spirituous liquid, of pungent, aromatic odor and taste.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 3 fluidrachms).\\nArnicas Flores U. S.\\nArnica Flowers.\\nWohlverleihbluthen, Amikabluthen, G. Fleurs d arnique, F. Arnica,\\nSp. Hastfibleblommor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Arnica montana, Linne (Compositoe).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 48 also Figs. 67-70.\\nConsists of the young flowers collected before the fruit begins to form.\\nMust be of a bright yellow color from\\nthe florets. Should not be grayish-\\nhairy from pappus, and must be free\\nfrom insects. The powder causes\\nsneezing. The drug has a faint aro-\\nmatic odor, but a bitter acrid taste.\\nFor chemical constituents see Ar-\\nnicse Radix.\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom, if\\never, given internally. It has been\\nsaid to be of use in typhoid condi-\\ntions, intermittent fever, paralyses,\\netc. Externally it is very often used as an application to bruises, con-\\ntusions, etc., but occasionally produces irritation of the skin. Dose of\\nthe flowers for internal use, 0.5 to 1.5 gram (10 to 20 grains), best given\\nin the form of fluid extract.\\na.\\nFigs. 67-70.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arnica Flowers. in-\\nvolucre 6, ray floret c, disk floret d,\\nhair from pappus all natural size.\\nAKNICLE FLOKUM EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Arnica Flowers.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown. Yield about thirty per cent. Was official in the Pharma-\\ncopoeia of 1870, but is now dropped, the extract of the root having\\ntaken its place.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 177\\nARNICLE FLOEUM EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Arnica Flowers.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\nARNICLE FLORUM TINCTITRA IT. S.\\nTincture of Arnica Flowers.\\nThis is the Tincture of Arnica of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870),\\nbut is about fifteen per cent, weaker.\\nIt is prepared by macerating one hundred grams (3 ounces 230\\ngrains) arnica flowers in No. 20 powder, with two hundred grams (7\\nounces 24 grains) diluted alcohol for twenty-four hours, and then pack-\\ning the macerated drug firmly into a cylindrical percolator, and per-\\ncolating with a sufficient quantity of diluted alcohol to obtain five hun-\\ndred grams (17| avoirdupois ounces) of tincture.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is the form in which arnica is popularly\\nemployed for external use.\\nDose for internal use, one to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45\\nminims).\\nArnicse Radix U. S.\\nArnica Root.\\nWohlverleihicurzel, Arnikawurzel, G. Racine d amique, F.; Raiz de\\nArnica, Sp. Hastfiblerot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Arnica montana, Linne (Compositce).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 48 also Figs. 71-75.\\nA transverse section of arnica root shows plainly four strata, viz.,\\nouter bark, middle bark, wood, and pith. The middle bark is much\\nthicker than the brown outer bark, and consists of white parenchyma,\\ncontaining interiorly a circle of resin cells. The odor is faintly aromatic;\\nthe taste pungent, aromatic, and bitter.\\nConstituents. Those of arnica flowers and arnica root are simi-\\n12", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "178\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nlar. They both contain volatile oil, arnicin, acrid resin, and tannin.\\nThe root contains more volatile oil than the flowers, but less arnicin.\\nThe volatile oil of the root is yellowish, soluble in twice its weight of\\ndiluted alcohol, and is found to the extent of one to one and a half per\\ncent. whereas the volatile oil of the flowers is yellowish or brownish-\\ngreen, and requires one hundred times its weight of diluted alcohol to\\nFigs. 71-75. Arnica Root, natural size. r transverse section of rhizome, natural size\\nand enlarged r, ditto of rootlets.\\ndissolve it. The two volatile oils are therefore different. Arnicin is\\nnot sufficiently investigated. The name is variously applied to a resin-\\nous principle or mixture, and to a substance having the properties of an\\nalkaloid.\\nArnica root, being less bulky, is easier to handle in making pharma-\\nceutical preparations.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of the flowers.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.5 to 1.5 gram (10 to 20 grains).\\nAKNICLE EMPLASTRUM; U. S.\\nArnica Plaster.\\nMelt one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) resin plaster, and\\nthen incorporate with it fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) solid extract of\\narnica root.\\nThe substitution of extract of arnica root for the extract of arnica", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 179\\nflowers used in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 is a pharmaceutical improve-\\nment. The proportions are the same.\\nUses. This is a popular plaster, used as a strengthening plaster,\\nin weak back, local pains, etc.\\nARNICA RADICIS EXTRACTUM; U. S.\\nExtract of Arnica Root.\\nFrom five hundred grams (or 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in\\nNo. 60 powder. Use diluted alcohol. Moisten with two hundred grams\\n(7\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces). Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate to exhaustion,\\nor until one thousand five hundred grams (about 56 fluidounces) is ob-\\ntained. Distil off the alcohol. Evaporate the remainder to a solid ex-\\ntract and incorporate with it one-twentieth of its weight of glycerin.\\nIt is dark brown.\\nNow for the first time introduced in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, taking\\nthe place of the Extract of Arnica from the flowers, formerly official.\\nUsed for preparing the plaster.\\nARNKLE KADICIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Arnica Root.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7J fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "180 A COMPANION TO THE\\nARNICLE EADICIS TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Arnica Root.\\nMacerate fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) arnica root, in No. 40 pow-\\nder, for twenty-four hours with fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) diluted\\nalcohol then pack it firmly into a cylindrical percolator, and with a\\nsufficiency of diluted alcohol percolate five hundred grams (17 ounces\\n279 grains) of tincture.\\nNew to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. It is only half the strength of the\\ntincture of arnica flowers.\\nDose. Two to six cubic centimeters to 1J- fluidrachm).\\nArnottac\\nArnotta.\\nOrellana, Orleana, Annatto.\\nA pasty, or hard, red coloring matter from the seeds of Bixa orellana,\\nLinne.\\nIt is nearly insoluble in water, which it simply colors yellow. Odor\\npeculiar, cheesy. Taste bitter, saline.\\nIt dissolves almost completely in alcohol, ether, oils, and alkalies,\\nwith an orange-red or dark-red color, and is used on this account as a\\ncoloring agent for pomades, butter, cheese, etc.\\nAromaticus Pulvis U. S.\\nAromatic Powder.\\nTriturate fifteen grams (230 grains) crushed cardamom seeds, with-\\nout the capsules, and fifteen grams (230 grains) nutmeg, in No. 20\\npowder, with twenty grams (309 grains) cinnamon, in No. 60 powder,\\nuntil all is reduced to a fine powder. Then add fifteen grams (230\\ngrains) more of the cinnamon, and thirty-five grams (1 ounce 103 grains)\\nginger, both in No. 60 powder, and mix intimately.\\nThe manipulations are an improvement on the working formula in\\nthe old Pharmacopoeia, which prescribed fine powders of all the consti-\\ntuents to be mixed, which cannot be effected without loss of the vola-\\ntile oils in the drying necessary before the cardamom seeds and nutmeg\\ncan be reduced to No. 60 powder separately.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 181\\nMedicinal Uses. Mainly as an aromatic excipient for the admin-\\nistration of disagreeable substances. Useful also as a stimulant car-\\nminative.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.5 gram (3 to 10 grains).\\nAROMATICA CONFECTIO.\\nAromatic Confection.\\nMix aromatic powder thoroughly with an equal weight of honey, or\\na sufficient quantity to form a stiff paste. Was official in 1870, but\\ndropped from the new Pharmacopoeia. Used as a pill excipient.\\nAEOMATICUM EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nAromatic Fluid Extract.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of aromatic powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n7-g- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nArsenium.\\nArsenic.\\nArsenum. Arsenicum Arsenik, G. and Sw.; Arsenic, F.; Fly-stone,\\nCobaltum, Metallic Arsenic.\\nA dull, steel-gray metal, in more or less well-developed crystals of a\\nrather dull metallic appearance. It slowly oxidizes in water to arsenious\\nacid, and hence cobaltum is used as a fly-poison.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "182 A COMPANION TO THE\\nArseniosum Acidum U. S.\\nAksenious Acid.\\nArseniosum Oxidum, Arsenious Oxide; Acidum Arsenicosum, Ar-\\nsenicum Album Arsenige Saure, Weisser Arsenik, G. Acide ar-\\nsenieux, Arsenic blanc, Fleurs d Arsenic, F.; Acido arsenioso, Ar-\\nsenico bianco, Sp. Arsenik, Arseniksyrlighet, Hmt Arsenik, Sw.;\\nArsenic, White Arsenic, Arsenious Anhydride.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 10 and 11.\\nWhen recently prepared the arsenious acid is transparent like glass.\\nAs it generally occurs in the trade, however, it consists of quite white\\nand opaque solid masses, less transparent than china, but more shining\\nthan porcelain. Glassy in the fracture. The powder has a dead, white\\ncolor. The opaque arsenious acid is more soluble in water than the\\nglassy transparent form. A solution of opaque arsenious acid made\\nwith boiling water will contain over ten per cent., but on cooling only\\n2.9 per cent of the arsenic remains in solution. It dissolves more freely\\nin acids, especially in hydrochloric acid.\\nThe commercial powdered arsenic is generally quite impure. Ar-\\nsenious acid in lumps is easily powdered by trituration in a Wedgewood\\nmortar. To avoid the poisonous dust arising during the operation the\\narsenious acid should be kept moistened with alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Arsenious acid and its soluble salts are violent\\npoisons and must be used with caution.\\nArsenic is sometimes used to improve the complexion and general\\nappearance and condition. A tolerance for this substance may be es-\\ntablished which will permit the habitual arsenic-eater to take daily doses\\nthat would prove fatal to one not accustomed to the poison, but the\\nnumber of deaths from this pernicious abuse of arsenic is not inconsider-\\nable. In small doses given for some time arsenic is a stimulant tonic,\\nincreasing the digestion and improving, the tone of the system. Its\\ntonic effects are permanent.\\nIt is also a valuable stomachic, proving of marked benefit in all cases\\nof gastric irritation accompanied by vomiting, or even in many cases\\nunaccompanied by the latter symptom, as in ulcer or cancer of the\\nstomach, gastralgia, dyspepsia, or the morning sickness or vomiting\\nof pregnancy.\\nThe morning nausea or vomiting of old topers often yields promptly\\nto two- or three-drop doses of Fowler s solution three times daily. The\\nsame is true of that form of diarrhoea consisting mainly of the evacua-\\ntion of undigested food, or of that form of dyspepsia or indigestion in\\nwhich an urgent desire to go to stool is felt immediately after or even", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA 183\\nwhile partaking of food. Tn these cases one- to three-drop doses of\\nFowler s solution should be given before meals, in combination with\\nvegetable bitters.\\nArsenical preparations possess valuable alterative properties in\\nchronic intermittent and malarial fevers, and are also useful in prevent-\\ning the relapses of these affections if given for some weeks after the\\nacute attack has been checked by other medication.\\nFive-drop doses of Fowler s solution three times daily will be found\\nuseful in some skin diseases, and especially in those chronic forms of a\\nscaly or scabby nature and of non-syphilitic origin.\\nArsenic is of no use in syphilitic skin diseases. This remedy has\\nalso proved valuable in various nervous aifections, such as epilepsy,\\nchorea, etc.\\nThe dose of arsenious acid is 0.002 to 0.005 gram to grain).\\nChildren bear the remedy well and in comparatively large doses.\\nPoisonous Effects. In poisonous doses arsenic produces symp-\\ntoms of gastro-intestinal irritation or of cerebral oppression. The former\\nsymptoms are more frequent, and consist in burning pain in the epi-\\ngastrium and abdomen, distressing vomiting, dryness in the mouth and\\nfauces, and intense thirst; bloody stools often passed involuntarily;\\nstrangury or hematuria, or, in females, hemorrhage from the uterus\\nextreme depression, anxiety, and collapse, and finally death, without\\nprevious unconsciousness. In the cerebral form of acute poisoning\\ncoma occurs early and suddenly and is soon followed by death.\\nThe quantity capable of producing death varies greatly according to\\nthe nature of the patient or other circumstances. If the stomach is full\\nand the dose large, as in most cases of attempted poisoning by the ad-\\ndition of arsenic to the food, absorption will be slow and vomiting\\nprompt, so that most, if not all, of the poison is ejected. An ounce or\\nmore has been taken without serious consequences under such circum-\\nstances.\\nIf the poison is retained, from 0.125 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains) may\\nprove fatal.\\nIncompatibles and Antidotes. Salts of iron, magnesia, and\\nlime, and vegetable astringents are incompatible with arsenic, producing\\ncomparatively insoluble compounds. None of these compounds are\\nperfectly insoluble, however, and when formed in the stomach or intes-\\ntines they must be promptly evacuated from the bowels. In a case of\\npoisoning by arsenic the stomach should be promptly emptied by irri-\\ntant emetics, mustard, alum, sulphates of copper or zinc, or the subcu-\\ntaneous injection of apomorphia, assisted by copious draughts of warm-\\nwater.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "184 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHydrated Oxide of Iron with Magnesia of the present Pharma-\\ncopoeia is the best antidote. (See U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1880, page 1G3.)\\nLarge quantities of this substance, freshly prepared, may be given with\\nthe emetics. The stomach may then be thoroughly washed out by\\nmeans of the stomach-pump, and then the above-mentioned iron prepa-\\nration may be given in teaspoonful or tablespoonful doses every few\\nminutes. Too much cannot be given, as it is harmless in itself.\\nHydrated Oxide of Iron (U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1870) is used in the\\nsame manner. If neither of these preparations can be obtained, mag-\\nnesia, chalk, and lime-water are useful, and oil, milk, eggs, or mucilage\\nmay be given in copious draughts, so as to mechanically prevent absorp-\\ntion and irritation. Emetics should follow these remedies.\\nThe irritation of the alimentary canal and the other symptoms must\\nbe treated on general principles, and collapse be prevented, if possible,\\nby stimulants and external applications of warmth.\\nARSENIOSI ACIDI LIQUOR; U. S.\\nSolution op Arsenious Acid.\\nLiquor Arsenici Chloridi, Pharm., 1870.\\nBoil thirty grams (or 1 ounce) arsenious acid, in small fragments (or,\\nbetter, in powder), with sixty grams (or 2 ounces) hydrochloric acid and\\nsix hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) distilled water, until dis-\\nsolved. Filter, and add enough distilled water through the filter to make\\nthe whole three thousand grams (or 100 ounces, or about 6 pints).\\nThe title Solution of Chloride of Arsenic was erroneously given\\nto this preparation in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 (which was almost ex-\\nactly the same strength). It does not contain chloride of arsenic,\\nbut is a solution of arsenious acid in water acidulated with hydrochloric\\nacid. The proportion of arsenious acid in it is one per cent, by weight.\\nTo make\\nVALANGIN S SOLUTION OF AESENIC\\nfrom the official preparation, mix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluid-\\nounce) of the solution of arsenious acid with thirty-eight and one-half\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidounce and 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) of distilled water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of arsenious acid.\\nDose. 0.20 to 0.33 cubic centimeter (3 to 5 minims).\\nAESENICAL PASTE FOE DENTISTS USE.\\nMix two grams (30 grains) arsenious acid and one gram (15 grains)\\nmorphine sulphate with a sufficient quantity of creasote to form a stiff\\npaste.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 185\\nThis is used to kill dental nerves, a quantity about the size of a pin s\\nhead being sufficient for each application, and generally sufficient to\\nrender the nerves of a decayed tooth insensible, so as to enable the fill-\\ning of carious teeth.\\nAESENICAL POWDERS.\\nFive milligrams (about grain) arsenious acid mixed with five centi-\\ngrams grain) calomel.\\nARSENICAL SOAP.\\nMix three hundred and twenty grams (11 ounces 130 grains) arse-\\nnious acid, one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) potas-\\nsium carbonate, and three hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (10|-\\nfluidounces) distilled water in a porcelain capsule. When effervescence\\nhas ceased boil the liquid until the arsenic is all dissolved. Then add\\nthree hundred and twenty grams (11 ounces 130 grains) Castile soap in\\nthin shavings, and, finally, forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) powdered\\nunslaked lime and ten grams (154 grains) camphor, and mix all inti-\\nmately.\\nArsenii Antidotum.\\nAntidote against Arsenic.\\nSee Ferri Oxidum Hydratum cum Magnesia.\\nArsenias Sodii XT. S.\\nArseniate of Sodium.\\nArsenas Sodicus, Sodium Arsenate,\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 294.\\nUsed only in the form of the solution\\nAESENIATIS SODII LIQUOR U. S.\\nSolution of Arseniate of Sodium.\\nArsenatis Sodii Solutio.\\nDissolve one gram (15| grains) arsenate of sodium, from which the\\nwater of crystallization has been previously driven off by a heat not ex-\\nceeding 150\u00c2\u00b0 C. (302\u00c2\u00b0 F.), in ninety-nine grams (33J fluidounces) of\\ndistilled water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of arsenious acid.\\nDose. About 0.20 to 0.40 cubic centimeters (3 to 6 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "186 A COMPANION TO THE\\nArsenii Iodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Arsenic.\\nArseniosum Iodidum, Arsenious Iodide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 49.\\nMust be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle, in a cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. The effects of iodide of arsenic are similar to\\nthose of Fowler s solution.\\nDose. 0.003 gram grain) three times a day, and gradually in-\\ncreased until its full effects are noted, as shown by gastric irritation or\\ndryness of the throat.\\nArsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi Liquor IT. S.\\nSolution op Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury.\\nDonovan s Solution.\\nTriturate three grams (46 grains) iodide of arsenic and three grams\\nred iodide of mercury with forty -five grams (1J fluidounce) of distilled\\nwater until dissolved. Warm water will dissolve the iodides much more\\nrapidly than cold. Filter the liquid and pass enough distilled water\\nthrough the filter to make the final product three hundred grams (or\\nmeasure 10 fluidounces). A pale, clear, straw-colored liquid. It con-\\ntains one per cent., each, of iodide of arsenic and red iodide of mercury.\\nMedicinal Uses. This preparation has been given in obstinate\\nskin diseases, both of syphilitic and of non-syphilitic character.\\nDose. 0.20 to 0.33 cubic centimeter (3 to 5 minims), diluted and\\nafter meals. The dose may be gradually increased as required.\\nArsenitis Potassii Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Arsenite of Potassium.\\nSolutio Potassici Arsenitis, Solution of Potassium Arsenite Fowler s\\nSolution.\\nBoil ten grams (154J grains) arsenious acid and ten grams bicarbo-\\nnate of potassium in a chemical flask with one hundred grams (3\u00c2\u00a3 fluid-\\nounces) of distilled water, until all of the arsenious acid shall have\\nbeen completely dissolved. To aid the solution, use the arsenious acid\\nin powder. (See Acidum Arseniosum.) Then add thirty grams (1\\nfluidounce) compound spirit of lavender and enough distilled water to\\nmake the whole weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nSet the mixture aside for eight days, and then, filter it.\\nIt contains one per cent, arsenious acid, being about fourteen per", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 187\\ncent, stronger than the preparation of 1870. One cubic centimeter (16\\nminims) of the present preparation contains one centigram (nearly\\ngrain) of arsenious acid.\\nThe official preparation is unclear. The preparation can be made\\nbeautifully clear by using the corresponding quantities of volatile oils\\ninstead of the compound spirit of lavender. To have a clear prepara-\\ntion is of material value, because a badly made solution may contain\\nundissolved arsenic hidden by the cloudiness of the liquid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of arsenious acid.\\nDose. About 0.20 to 0.40 cubic centimeter (3 to 6 minims, con-\\ntaining -^5- to T V grain of arsenious acid).\\nArtemisia Abrotanum.\\nArtemisia Abrotanum.\\nSouthernwood, Old Man.\\nOrigin. Artemisia Abrotanum, Linne (Compositor).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. Flowering tops.\\nDescription. Resembles somewhat the other artemisias, but is at\\nonce recognized by its peculiar, agreeable, aromatic odor. Taste bitter.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and a bitter principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tonic and anthelmintic.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains.)\\nArtemisia Vulgaris.\\nArtemisia Vulgaris.\\nArtemisice Vulgaris Radix Mugwort.\\nOrigin. Artemisia vulgaris, Linne (Composite).\\nHabitat. Europe; naturalized in North America.\\nPart used. Root.\\nDescription. Grayish-brown, scarcely branched, long fibres. The\\nthickness of the bark is about one-half the diameter of the wood. Be-\\ntween the middle and inner layers of bark is a circle of resin ducts, ar-\\nranged in from three to six groups. Odor aromatic taste aromatic\\nand bitter.\\nContains volatile oil and an acrid, bitter resin.\\nUses. Tonic anthelmintic.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "188\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nArum Triphyllum.\\nArum Triphyllum.\\nArt Triphylli Tubera Indian Turnip.\\nOrigin. Arum triphyllum, Linne (Aracece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. Tubers.\\nDescription. Occurs in transverse slices from twenty to fifty\\nmillimeters (f to 2 inches) in diameter, and about three to six milli-\\nmeters to inch) thick. The outer edge covered with epidermis is\\nFigs. 76, 77. Arum Triphyllum, natural size. Slices as in drug, and starch enlarged.\\ndark gray and beset with rootlets. The flat surfaces are white, mealy.\\nInodorous. Taste acrid.\\nConstituents. Contains a volatile acrid principle soluble in ether;\\nalso a large quantity of starch, etc. The acrid taste, which is most\\nprominent in fresh tubers, is sometimes wholly lost in the dried drug.\\nWithout this acrid burning taste the drug is inert.\\nEUROPEAN ARUM\\n(dragon root, Danish ginger) is obtained from Arum maculatum, Linn6,\\nand is similar to the above.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic, and car-\\nminative.\\nDose of the powdered drug, one to two grams (15 to 30 grains), in\\nmucilage or syrup of acacia, three or four times a day.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 189\\nARI TRIPHYLLI EXTR ACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Arum Triphyllum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces; alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to two cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nAsafoetida; XT. S.\\nASAFETLDA.\\nAsafoetida Gummi-Resina Stinlcasant, Teufelsdreck, G. Ase fetide^\\nF.; Asafetida, Sp. Dyfvelstrdck, Assafetida, Sw.\\nOrigin. Ferula JVdrt7iex, Boissier, and Ferula Scorodosma, Ben-\\ntham and Hooker Umbelliferce).\\nHabitat. Persia, and other countries on the Arabian Sea.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 49. Asafetida is to\\nbe found of various grades of purity and quality. The principal dis-\\ntinction is between tears and masses. Asafoetida in tears is almost\\nalways good; that in masses may be either good or very bad.\\nThe finest asafetida is firm (neither hard and dry, nor sticky and\\nsoft); free from admixtures of bark or other foreign substances; exter-\\nnally yellowish-brown; internally milk-white when freshly broken, but\\nchanging gradually to yellow, pink, purplish-red, or brown; has a strong,\\npeculiar, garlicky odor and bitter taste, and yields a rich milk-white\\nemulsion when triturated with water.\\nTears are usually preferred. These have a milk-white fracture, and\\nthe color of the freshly fractured surface does not generally turn pink\\nuntil after several hours, or it only turns yellow.\\nAsafetida in masses is the most plentiful. Sometimes it is very\\nfine, consisting of white almonds or large tears embedded in a some-\\nwhat softer yellowish or brownish mass. When these almonds make up\\nabout three-fourths of the whole mass the drug is to be considered good.\\nDry, hard, dark brown, dirty, or sticky asafetida, as well as one\\nwhich shows a brown color in the fresh fracture, should be rejected.\\nAsafetida can be powdered only in cold. The powdering is facili-\\ntated by drying the gum-resin over lime, and the powder retains its\\npulverulent condition when kept in paper parcels over lime.\\nThe powdered asafetida to be found in the trade is frequently of ex-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "190 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntremely poor quality, being made from the refuse after sorting the drug\\nin its whole state. The best evidence of its inferiority is that it will\\nnot yield a good white emulsion when triturated with water, and some-\\ntimes scarcely makes a milky mixture at all when so treated. Such in-\\nferior powdered asafetida is of a dark brown color, drier than it is\\npossible to get the best quality of the drug, has a weaker odor, and does\\nnot yield half its weight to alcohol, although even an inferior grade of\\nthe drug, consisting largely of sticky, granular, yellowish-brown, resin-\\nous matter, with but a small proportion of white tears or almonds, will\\ndissolve more readily in alcohol than the almonds themselves.\\nConstituents. The constituents of asafetida are from three to\\nfour per cent, volatile oil, from twenty -four to sixty-five per cent, resin,\\nand from twelve to fifty per cent, gum and bassorin. The volatile oil\\nis light yellow, thin, has a penetrating odor, is scarcely at all soluble in\\nwater, but readily so in alcohol or ether. It contains sulphur. On ex-\\nposure to air it is gradually altered in composition and properties. The\\nisolated resin of asafetida is almost odorless, yellowish-white, and turns\\npink or purple red on exposure to the air. It is stated to consist of\\ntwo resins, one acid and the other indifferent, both containing sulphur.\\nIn the resin are found numerous needle-like crystals of ferulaic acid.\\nThis is tasteless, insoluble in cold, but soluble in boiling water.\\nThe present Pharmacopoeia requires that at least sixty per cent, of\\nthe asafetida should dissolve in alcohol. This rejects a large propor-\\ntion of the drug now in the market for pharmacopceial uses.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is used as a nervine and antispas-\\nmodic in convulsions, hysteria, etc. It is most valuable, however, in\\nflatulent colic, to promote the expulsion of wind from the bowels. It\\nis given in pill, emulsion, or injection.\\nDose. 0.2 to one gram (3 to 15 grains).\\nASAFCETID^E EMPLASTKUM U. S.\\nAsafetida Plaster.\\nPut thirty-five grams (or 1-J- ounce) asafetida and fifteen grams (or\\nounce) galbanum with 120 grams (or 4 ounces 5 fluidounces) of alco-\\nhol in a vessel, and digest on a water-bath until the gum-resins are\\nthoroughly disintegrated. Strain while hot, and then evaporate to the\\nconsistence of honey Then add thirty-five grams (or 1-J- ounce) lead\\nplaster and fifteen grams (or ounce) yellow wax, previously melted to-\\ngether mix the whole well, and evaporate to the proper consistence.\\nAlmost identical with the preparation of 1870.\\nLocally stimulant, and perhaps slightly antispasmodic.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 191\\nASAFCETIDJS ENEMA.\\nEnema of Asafetida.\\nMake an emulsion of two grams (30 grains) asafetida with one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) water.\\nThis is nearly one-half the strength of the official Mistura Asafoe-\\ntidas.\\nAntispasmodic and calmative in flatulent colic or in reflex convul-\\nsions of children, caused by the presence of undigested and irritating\\nfood in the alimentary canal.\\nASAFCETID^E MISTURA; IT. S.\\nAsafetida Mixture.\\nAsafoetidce Emulsio, Emulsion of Asafcetida Milk of Asafetida.\\nTriturate 4 grams (62 grains) asafetida with one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (3^ fluidounces), water gradually added, until a perfect emul-\\nsion is obtained, and then strain.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (4 to 8 fluidrachms).\\nASAFOETIDCE PILUL^E IT. S.\\nAsafetida Pills.\\nMix 19.5 grams (300 grains) asafetida and 6.5 grams (100 grains)\\nsoap, in fine powder, with enough water to form a pill mass, and divide\\nthis into one hundred pills.\\nDose. Two to five pills.\\nASAFCETID^E SITPPOSITORIA.\\nAsafetida Suppositories.\\nEvaporate thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) tincture of asafe-\\ntida spontaneously in an evaporating dish until reduced to a thick\\nsyrupy liquid. Mix this thoroughly with four grams (60 grains) cacao\\nbutter. Finally incorporate with the mixture twenty grams (300 grains)\\ncacao butter. Divide the mass into twelve suppositories.\\nASAFCETID^E SYRUPITS COMPOSITITS.\\nCompound Syrup of Asafetida.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce) asafetida and sixty grams (2\\nounces) magnesium carbonate with five hundred grams (17 fluidounces)\\ninfusion of wild cherry, gradually added, until thoroughly mixed. Fil-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "192 A COMPANION TO THE\\nter, adding enough infusion of wild cherry, through the filter, to make\\nthe filtrate measure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces). To\\nthis add seven hundred and fifty grams (26|- ounces) sugar, dissolve it\\nwithout heat, and strain. Finally, add enough simple syrup to make\\nthe final product measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces).\\nThe disagreeable odor and taste of asafetida are well masked- in this\\npreparation.\\nDose. A teaspoonful.\\nASAFCETID^E TINCTURA IT. S.\\nAsafetida Tincture.\\nMacerate two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) asafetida for seven\\ndays in a closed vessel with eight hundred grams (28 ounces 96 grains)\\nalcohol. Filter through paper, and then add through the filter enough\\nalcohol to make the filtrate weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nAsarum.\\nASARUM.\\nAsari Radix Canada Snake Hoot, Wild Ginger.\\nOrigin. Asarum canadense, Linne (Aristolochiacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. Rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. From seventy-five to one hundred and fifty milli-\\nmeters (3 to 6 inches) long, and about three millimeters (-J inch) thick\\nrhizomes, with thin rootlets about five to eight centimeters (2 or 3\\ninches) long. The joints are about twelve millimeters inch) or more\\napart. Externally, dark purplish-brown internally, whitish. The bark\\nis one-sixth the thickness of the rhizome, and the pith large. The odor is\\nagreeable, aromatic the taste pungent, bitter.\\nConstituents. Contains volatile oil and a pungent resin, both aro-\\nmatic.\\nMedicinal Uses. A spicy stimulant and carminative, used in\\nflatulent colic and painful bowel affections.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 drachms), best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n193\\nASARI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Asarum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J- avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J\\nfluidrachms).\\nASARI SYRUPUS COMPOSITLTS.\\nCompound Syrup of Asarum.\\nMix three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) alcohol with three hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (10 fluidounces) water, and macerate seventy-\\nfive grams (2 ounces 350 grains) asarum in coarse\\npowder with the mixture for twenty-four hours.\\nThen strain, transfer the drug to a cylindrical perco-\\nlator, and percolate the colature through it, return-\\ning the percolate until it passes clear. Continue\\nthe percolation with water until five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (17 fluidounces) percolate has been re-\\nceived. To this add five grams (75 grains) cochineal,\\npowdered, ten grams (150 grains) carbonate of\\npotassium, forty cubic centimeters (1-J fluidounce)\\nwine of ipecac, and seven hundred and fifty grams\\n(26 ounces 200 grains) sugar. Shake the mixture\\noccasionally until the sugar is dissolved. Then\\nstrain. Add, finally, enough simple syrup to make\\nthe whole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces)\\nMuch used in some sections of this country in cough mixtures.\\nDose. Five cubic centimeters (teaspoonful).\\nAsclepias TJ. S.\\nASCLEPIAS.\\nAsclepiadis Tuberosce Bhizoma Pleurisy Boot, Butterfly-weed.\\nOrigin. Asclepias tuberosa, Linne (Asclepiadacece).\\nHabitat. United States, along the Atlantic coast.\\n13\\nFigs. 78, 79.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asarum.\\nWhole and transverse\\nsection, natural size,\\nrather thick specimens.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "194\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPart used. The root.\\nD e s c r i pt i o n. See the\\nPharmacopoeia, page 49.\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870\\nthere were three roots derived\\nfrom different species of ascle-\\npias. It is unfortunate that now\\nwhen only one is official, it should\\nbe called simply Asclepias,\\nwithout distinction in name from\\nthe other two drugs which are\\nstill used.\\nThe Asclepias of the\\npresent Pharmacopoeia is known\\nto the trade under the name of\\nPleurisy Root. The drug\\nshould be sound and white, or\\nyellowish -white (never gray)\\nwithin.\\nC n St it U e ntS T w o res-\\nins, fixed oil, volatile oil, et\\nThe so-called asclepidin is an\\nimpure resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Pleurisy\\nroot is said to be diaphoretic,\\nexpectorant, and carminative,\\nand in large doses emetic and\\npurgative. It has been given in\\nrheumatism, bronchitis, flatulent\\ncolic, pneumonia, and pleurisy.\\nDose. Two to ten grams\\n(30 to 150 grains), best given as\\nFig. 80. Asclepias tuberosa, natural size. lluid extract.\\nASCLEPIADIS TUBEROSE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Asclepias Tuberosa.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2 J fluidrachms).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n195\\nAsclepias Cornuti.\\nAsclepias Cornuti.\\nAsclepiadis Cornuti Rhizoma Milkweed, Silkweed, Wild Cotton.\\nOrigin. Asclepias cornuti, Decaisne (Asclepiadaceaz)\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. Rhizome.\\nDescription. Cylindrical pieces, of from ten to twenty centi-\\nmeters (4 to 8 inches) length, and six to twelve millimeters (J to inch)\\nthickness wrinkled, grayish-brown, somewhat tough breaks with an\\nabrupt, white fracture thick bark with laticiferous ducts yellowish,\\nporous wood odor, none taste, bitter, disagreeable, somewhat acrid.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle, resin, caoutchouc, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of Asclepias tuberosa.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (8 to 40 minims).\\nASCLEPIADIS CORNUTI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Asclepias Cornuti.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equiva-\\nlent 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60\\npowder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2.50 cubic centimeters (8 to 40\\nminims).\\nAsclepias Incarnata.\\nAsclepias Incarnata.\\nAsclepiadis Incarnatce Radix White Indian Hemp;\\nFlesh-colored Asclepias Swamp Milkweed.\\nOrigin. Asclepias incarnata, Linne (Asclepia-\\ndacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. The rhizome is about two centi-\\nmeters inch) in diameter, knotty, with a thin,\\nyellowish-brown bark, and hard, white wood. The\\nlight brown rootlets are several inches long, and have a thick, white\\nbark. Odor, none taste, sweetish bitter, acrid.\\nFig. 81.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ascle-\\npias incarnata, with-\\nout rootlets natural\\nsize.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "196\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. Said to contain an alkaloid, not described, besides\\ntraces of volatile oil and two acrid resins.\\nFig. 82. Asclepias incarnata natural size.\\nMedicinal Uses. Alterative, diuretic, and diaphoretic in large\\ndose, emetic and cathartic. Said to be also anthelmintic.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2.5 grams (8 to 40 grains) best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nASCLEPIADIS INCAKNAT^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDTJM.\\nFluid Extract of Asclepias Incarnata.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 IT. S.\\nfluidounces),use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.60 to 2.50 cubic centimeters (10 to 40 minims).\\nAsparagus.\\nAsparagus.\\nThe young shoots of Asparagus officinalis, Linn6. Well known\\narticle of food.\\nConstituents. Contains asparagin, which is found in many plant\\njuices, among others in althaea. It is obtained in large colorless crys-\\ntals.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic, in dropsies.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "UXITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n197\\nASPAKAGI SYRUPUS.\\nAsparagus Syrup.\\nClarify the fresh juice of the asparagus shoots by heating it to 200\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nand then straining. In three hundred grams (10 ounces) of the filtered\\ncolature dissolve five hundred and seventy grams (19 ounces) of sugar.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters (1-j- to 3 fluidounces).\\nAspidium; U. S.\\nASPIDIUM.\\nAspidii Rhizoma Filix Mas Radix Filicis Maris Wurmfarnwur-\\nzel, Wdldfarnicurzel, Johanniswurzel, G. Rhizome defougere Male,\\nF.; Helecho Macho, Sp.; Ormbunkerot, Sw. Male Fern; Male\\nShield Fern.\\nOrigin Aspidium filix\\nmas, Swartz and Aspidium\\nmarginale, Willdenow (Filices).\\nHabitat. North America;\\nNorthern Europe.\\nDescription. See the\\nPharmacopoeia, page 50. Col-\\nlected in x\\\\ugust to October.\\nThe rhizome should be covered\\nby the closely overlapping bases\\nof the foot-stalks, so that the\\ndrug is about double the thick-\\nness of the rhizome itself.\\nExternally it is covered with\\nbrown scales, from among which\\nthe root-fibres protrude.\\nThe rhizome, which is the\\ninnermost portion, should be\\nover one-half inch in diameter,\\nspongy, fleshy, easily cut, and\\ndistinctly pale green internal^.\\nThe powder is greenish\\nwhen fresh, but soon changes\\nto a brown color and loses its\\nvirtues. The taste is at first\\nsweet, afterward astringent, bitter, repulsive and the odor is disagree-\\nable, heavy, persistent.\\nThere is in the market pared rhizomes of male fern, having a\\nFigs. 83-85. Male Fern, a, whole; b, stipe\\nunpeeled c, stipe peeled (all natural size).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "198 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngreenish color when not long kept, which are principally from Aspidium\\nmarginale, being smaller than the drug as obtained exclusively from\\nAspidium filix mas.\\nA new supply must be obtained every year, and preserved in a tin\\ncan with close-fitting cover.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia clearly excludes the pared rhizomes. The inert\\ncoverings and brown portion must be removed only immediately before\\nthe drug is to be prepared for use. It keeps better while covered.\\nSome specimens of the drug which we have seen consisted entirely\\nof the stipes either peeled or unpeeled. Such a drug is often\\nbrown and dry, and as it is not the rhizome\\nat all, should be rejected.\\nConstituents. Aspidium (or male fern)\\ncontains nearly seven per cent, of filixolin a\\ngreen oil with at first mild, afterward acrid\\ntaste. The green color is due to chlorophyll.\\nThe drug also contains about four per cent.\\nof resin, a small quantity of volatile oil, and a\\ntannin soluble in diluted alcohol, which colors\\nFig. 86.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Male Fern. Trans- ferric salts olive green. The most important\\nverse section natural size.\\nprinciple of the drug, however, seems to be\\nfilicic acid, which has been isolated from the ethereal extract in white\\ncrystals of faint odor and taste, insoluble in water, but soluble in boiling\\nalcohol and in ether. The volatile oil possibly aids the filicic acid in the\\nmedicinal action.\\nMedicinal Uses. Male fern is a valuable tsenicide. The bowels\\nshould be emptied by a slight laxative, and a light diet only be taken\\nfor a day, and then from ten to thirty drops of oleoresin of male fern\\nmixed with four to six grams (60 to 90 grains) of freshly powdered\\nmale fern may be given in the morning, fasting or, preferably, from\\nfive to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) of the fluid extract\\nmay be given instead. These quantities may be given in one dose or\\nin divided doses, and should be followed in a few hours by a purgative.\\n(See also note under title Granatum.\\nASPIDII EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aspidium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfhiidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n199\\nASPIDII OLEOKESINA U. S.\\nOleoeesln- of Aspidium.\\nFilicis Oleoresina Oleum Filicis Maris Oil of Male Fern.\\nPack two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) aspidium, in No. CO\\npowder, firmly into a cylindrical glass percolator (furnished with a cover\\nand receptacle for operations with volatile liquids), and gradually pour\\nupon it a sufficient quantity of stronger ether, percolating until three\\nhundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) percolate has been obtained. The\\npercolation must be slow. The greater portion of the ether is recovered\\nby distillation on a water-bath, and the remainder is then put into an\\nevaporating dish and allowed\\nto evaporate spontaneously\\nuntil all the ether has disap-\\npeared.\\nPreservation. Must be\\nkept in a well-corked bottle.\\nAfter a time the preparation\\nusually separates into two\\nlayers one a clear, dark\\ngreen liquid, and the other a\\nlight green, granular crystal-\\nline sediment. It must be\\nshaken, so as to be thoroughly\\nmixed before dispensing.\\n(See Aspidium for uses\\nand dose.)\\nAspidosperma.\\nAsPEDOSPEEMA.\\nAspidospermoz Cortex Que-\\nbracho Bark Quebracho\\nBlanco True Quebracho\\nBark\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Quebracho.\\nOrigin. Aspidosperma\\nQuebracho, Schlechtenthal\\n{Apocynaceai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brazil.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. Large pieces, more or less curved, about eighteen\\nmillimeters (f inch) thick, the rough, corky layer and the inner bark\\nbeing about of equal thickness. The corky external bark is deeply fis-\\nTrue Quebracho (Blanco) Bark nat-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "200\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nsured, both longitudinally and transversely, the longitudinal fissures\\nbeing wide. In these fissures the bark is grayish from lichenous\\ngrowths, while the elevations between them are rust-brown. Interiorly\\nthe corky layer is rust-brown with dark lines of true cork and minute,\\nwhitish spots of bast-cells, indicating that the corky layer is secondary\\nsuber. The inner bark is fawn-colored, and marked by fine longitudinal\\nlines on the inner surface, which\\nis otherwise nearly smooth. The\\nfracture is fibrous, irregular.\\nOdorless; corky layer tasteless;\\ninner bark very bitter.\\nConstituents. Two alka-\\nloids, aspidospermine and que-\\nbrachine, have been found in the\\ndrug also other alkaloids not\\nyet described.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used to\\nrelieve dyspnoea from various\\ncauses, as from emphysema,\\nphthisis, chronic bronchitis, asth-\\nma, etc. also as an antiperiodic\\nand stomachic.\\nDose. 0.5 to three grams\\n(10 to 45 grains).\\nQuebracho Colorado.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dark\\nquebracho, or false quebracho, is\\nobtained from Loxopterygium\\nLorentzii, Grisebach Terebin-\\nthacem). It is heavy, dark brown\\nexternally, and fissured light\\nbrown on the inner surface,\\nwhich is marked by a great num-\\nber of prominent longitudinal\\nIt is about thirteen millimeters (J inch) thick. In the speci-\\nFiGS. 88, 89.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 False Quebracho Bark (Colo\\nrado). Whole, natural size, and transverse sec\\ntion enlarged.\\nridges\\nmens we have seen there were tangled fibres all through the fissures of\\nthe corky layer, probably the rootlets of some climbers. Odorless\\ntaste slightly resinous, not bitter. Valueless.\\nASPIDOSPERMJE ABSTKACTUM.\\nAbstract of Asfidosperma.\\nThis preparation may be prepared in the same manner as the official\\nabstracta. We prefer, however, tq make it from the fluid extract, one", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 201\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) yielding five hundred grams\\n(17f avoirdupois ounces) of the finished abstract. (See article Ab-\\nstracta.\\nThis preparation is especially adapted to be carried by the patient\\nwho is subject to attacks of dyspnoea, and who may in his travels be\\nunable to obtain the remedy otherwise. It is an active and convenient\\npreparation of the drug.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 gram (5 to 22 grains).\\nASPIDOSPERM^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Aspidospekma.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12|- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-g- fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nASPIDOSPERM^E TINCTURA.\\nTincture op Aspidosperma.\\nThis tincture is superfluous, as the fluid extract is much superior.\\nIt is used, however, and hence we give a formula for it. It is most con-\\nveniently prepared by mixing thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce)\\nfluid extract of quebracho bark with one hundred and twenty cubic\\ncentimeters (4 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nAspidospermina.\\nAspidospermine.\\nOne of the alkaloids of quebracho bark. It may be found in the\\ntrade in the form of a light brown amorphous powder of a very bitter\\ntaste. The pure alkaloid is soluble in fifty parts absolute alcohol.\\nAtropina; IT. S.\\nAtropine.\\nAtropia.\\nAn alkaloid from belladonna.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 50.\\nA solution of atropine or any of its s.:Us strongly dilates the pupil", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "202 A COMPANION TO THE\\nwhen applied to the eye but the same effect is produced by daturine,\\nduboisine, hyoscyamine, which are isomeric with atropine.\\nMust be kept in a well-corked bottle and in a dry place. In damp\\nair it loses its crystalline form, bakes together, becomes discolored, and\\nacquires a tobacco-like odor.\\nMedicinal Uses. Atropine may be used whenever belladonna is\\nindicated. It is to be preferred for subcutaneous injection.\\nOculists use it for the purpose of dilating the pupils to facilitate ex-\\namination of the eye, to decrease intraocular arterial pressure, and to\\ngive relief in photophobia etc.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.0005 to 0.001 gram T y to ^_. gra in).\\nATEOPIN^E OLEATUM.\\nOleate op Atropine.\\nTwo grams (30 grains) atropine is thoroughly triturated with ninety-\\neight grams (or 1,470 grains) oleic acid, and the mixture is gently\\nwarmed and occasionally stirred until the alkaloid is entirely dissolved.\\nATROPINE UNGUENTUM.\\nAtropine Ointment.\\nDissolve two grams (30 grains) atropine in six grams (90 grains)\\nchloroform, and incorporate the solution with ninety-eight grams (1,470\\ngrains) petroleum ointment. Put the mixture into a porcelain capsule\\nand gently warm it, constantly stirring, until the chloroform has evap-\\norated.\\nAtropinse Sulphas 17. S.\\nAtropine Sulphate.\\nAtropias Sulphas, Phar. 1870.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 51.\\nOne drop of a solution of grain of this salt in one hundred grains\\ndistilled water should distinctly dilate the pupil when applied to the\\neye.\\nThe sulphate of atropine contains eighty-five and one-half per cent,\\natropine.\\nA solution of one gram (15 grains) atropine sulphate in one hun-\\ndred grams (1,500 grains) distilled water is official in the British Phar-\\nmacopoeia under the title of Liquor Atropise Sulphatis.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n203\\nAurantii Amari Cortex; U. S.\\nBitter Orange Peel.\\nPomeranzenschale, G. Ecorces d oranges ameres, llcorce d\\nF. Ndranjo Agrio, Sp. Pomeransskal, Sw.\\nOrigin. Citrus vulgaris, Risso (Aurantiacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Southern Europe.\\nPart used. The rind of the fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 51. Either in spiral\\nbands (or ribbons or in quarters dark brownish-green externally,\\nand covered internally by\\na thin spongy white layer.\\nThe best bitter orange\\npeel is that obtained from\\nthe rather small fruit of\\na variety of orange grown\\non the Island of Curacao,\\nin the West Indies. It\\nis called Curacao orange\\npeel, and has externally a\\ndirty green color. Next\\nin quality is the peel from\\nan orange grown in South-\\nern France, which is said\\nto be green when ripe.\\nMuch of the so-called\\nCuracao orange peel sold\\nin the market is probably\\nnot from either of these\\nsources, but from unripe though full-grown oranges grown in Southern\\nEurope.\\nBesides the green bitter orange peel, there is also a reddish-brown\\nvariety, not as fragrant nor as bitter as the green.\\nConstituents. The dry drug contains about one per cent, of vola-\\ntile oil (about per cent, is said to be obtained from the fresh orange\\npeel). It also contains a bitter neutral substance called hesperidin,\\nwhich has been isolated in a crystalline form.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, carminative, and stomachic.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nFig. 90.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Curafoa Orange Peel, in ribbons natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "204\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFigs. 91-93. Bitter Orange Peel, in quarters,\\ninner and outer surface and transverse section; cal percolator,\\nall natural size. A/r\\nmenstruum. Macerate\\nAUKAISTTII AMAKI EXTRACTITM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Bitter Orange Peel.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in\\nNo. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol\\nand water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of two hundred grams\\n(about 8J fluidounces) alcohol\\nto every one hundred grams\\n(about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one\\nhundred and seventy-five grams\\n(about 7\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces) of the\\nmenstruum.\\nPack it moderately in a coni-\\nSaturate with\\nforty-\\neight hours. Then percolate. Reserve four hundred cubic centimeters\\n(13-J fluidounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until\\nthe drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nAURANTII AMARI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Bitter Orange Peel.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). About the\\nsame strength as the preparation of the British Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18\\nfluidrachms).\\nAURANTII AMARI TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Bitter Orange Peel.\\nTinctura AurantW of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870).\\nMoisten two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) bitter orange peel,\\nin No. 30 powder, with an equal weight of diluted alcohol. Macerate", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n205\\ntwenty-four hours. Pack it moderately in a conical percolator and per-\\ncolate with diluted alcohol until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains) of tincture has been collected.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nAurantii [Amari] Corticis Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Bitter Orange Peel.\\nThe Oil of Orange Peel of the new Pharmacopoeia (1880) may be\\nthe volatile oil of either the bitter orange peel or the sweet orange peel.\\nThis we believe to be unwise, for there is a material difference between\\nthe two volatile oils.\\nThe volatile oil of bitter orange peel is paler and has a less sweet\\nfragrance than the volatile oil of sweet orange peel. Distinction is\\nproperly made between them in the trade.\\nThe volatile oil of sweet orange peel is much to be preferred for the\\npurposes for which the Pharmacopoeia\\ndirects the use of Oil of Orange Peel.\\nUsed only as a flavoring agent.\\nAurantii Dulcis Cortex;\\nU. S.\\nSweet Orange Peel.\\nApfelsinenschalen, G.; J corce d oran-\\nges douces, F. JVaranjo dulce, Sp.\\nApelsins7ccd, Sw.\\nO rigi n Citrus Aurantium, Risso\\n(Aurantiacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Southern\\nEurope, and in Florida and the West\\nIndies.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The rind of the fruit.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 51.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resembling those\\nof the bitter orange peel. The volatile\\noil of sweet orange peel is, however, a\\ndifferent one from that of the bitter orange peel, and the bitter hes-\\nperidin is not found in as large a proportion in the sweet orange peel.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a stimulant carminative, but is employed\\nmostly as an excipient to improve or disguise the disagreeable taste of\\nother medicines.\\nFigs. 94, 95.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sweet Orange Peel,\\nnatural size section of peel, enlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "206 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAUKANTII CONFECTIO.\\nConfection of Orange Peel.\\nRemove the peel from a sufficient number of sweet oranges and grate\\nit. Then beat it up with three times its weight of sugar until a uniform\\nmixture results.\\nAUEAKTII SYRUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Orange.\\nMacerate fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) sweet orange peel, freshly\\nremoved from the fruit, deprived of the inner white fleshy layer, and\\ncut into small pieces, with fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) alcohol for\\nseven days. Then press out the liquid. Triturate this with ten grams\\n(154 grains) precipitated phosphate of calcium and three hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (10 fluidounces) water gradually added. Filter the mix-\\nture, and add enough water through the filter to make the final product\\nweigh four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains). Dissolve in it six\\nhundred grams (21 ounces 70 grains) sugar without the aid of heat.\\nStrain.\\nMust be kept in a cool place.\\nAUKANTII DULCIS TINCTtTRA; U. S.\\nTincture of Sweet Orange Peel.\\nGrate two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) fresh sweet orange\\npeel deprived of the inner white fleshy layer macerate it twenty-four\\nhours with four times its weight of alcohol then pack it into a conical\\npercolator, moderately, and percolate one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains) tincture.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms), or as a\\nflavoring agent.\\nAurantii [Dulcis] Corticis Oleum U. S.\\nOil of [Sweet] Orange Peel.\\nSee remarks under the head of Aurantii [Amari] Corticis Oleum.\\nOil of orange peel does not keep well. When purchased fresh it\\nmust be immediately mixed with about one-twentieth of its weight of\\nalcohol in order to keep from becoming terebinthaceous, unclear, and\\nunfit for use.\\nUsed only for flavoring.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 207\\nAURANTII ELIXIR IT. S.\\nElixir of Orange.\\nSimple Elixir Aromatic Elixir.\\nTake seven grams (about ounce) absorbent cotton, or other clean\\ncarded cotton, and pour upon it, a little at a time, 3.50 grams (-J- ounce)\\noil of sweet orange peel, picking the cotton apart after each addition\\nso as to thoroughly distribute the oil through it. Put a plug of dry\\ncotton in the neck of a cylindrical percolator, and over that a layer of\\nwetted cotton. Then introduce upon this the cotton impregnated with\\nthe volatile oil as directed and pack tightly. To prevent the cotton\\nfrom rising to the surface of the liquid, which sometimes happens dur-\\ning the subsequent percolation, it is well to put a perforated diaphragm\\n(or two pieces of earthenware, glass, or metal, laid over each other in.\\nthe form of a cross) on top of the packed cotton. Mix two hundred\\ngrams (or seven fluidounces) alcohol with six hundred grams (20 fluid-\\nounces) water, and gradually pour this mixture on the cotton in the\\npercolator. When the liquid has passed through, pour on enough water\\nand alcohol mixed in the same proportions as before, and continue\\nthe percolation until the total quantity of percolate, received weighs\\nseven hundred grams (25 ounces). In this dissolve three hundred and\\nfifty grams (12J ounces) sugar without the aid of heat, strain, and filter.\\nThis is a very agreeable and satisfactory simple elixir.\\nUsed as a vehicle for the more agreeable administration of certain\\nunpleasantly tasting remedies.\\nAUKANTII SPIKITUS U. S.\\nSpirit of Orange.\\nMix six grams (92|- grains) volatile oil of sweet orange and ninety-\\nfour grams (3 ounces 138 grains) alcohol.\\nAurantii Floras IT. S.\\nOrange Flowers.\\nOrangenblilthen, Pomeranzenbluthen, G.; Fleurs d orange, F.; La Flor\\nde JVaranjo, Sp. Pomeransblommor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aurantium, Risso.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 51.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia permits the use of orange flowers salted clown in\\ncrocks, tightly covered, and kept in a cool place.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "208\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMust have a powerful fragrance.\\nDried orange flowers are worthless.\\nConstituents. The only valuable one is the volatile oil (called oil\\nof neroli).\\nOrange flowers are taken up in the Pharmacopoeia because orange\\nflower water may be made from them. It would have been better to\\nFigs. 96-99. Orange Flower, a, unopened, natural size expanded, natural size\\nshowing stamens, enlarged d, pistil and disk, enlarged.\\nmake the imported French orange flower water official, for that is the\\nkind generally used and it is better than any made from salted flowers.\\nAUKANTII FLOEUM AQUA IT. S.\\nOrange Flower Water.\\nMade by distillation, the product being ten pounds from four pounds\\nof the recent orange flowers.\\nOrange flower water must be kept in well-stopped bottles in a dark\\ncool place. Sometimes it becomes mucilaginous and is then unfit for\\nuse.\\nSo-called Triple Orange Flower Water is imported from France\\nwhich is of excellent quality, and as fresh orange flowers can rarely be\\nhad, the practical way is to use the imported water. Six pounds of the\\nTriple Orange Flower Water, with four pounds distilled water, will\\nmake ten pounds of orange flower water corresponding to the pharma-\\ncopoeial strength. Of the Quadruple Orange Flower Water, four\\npounds, with six pounds distilled water, will make te n pounds orange\\nflower water.\\nOrange flower water cannot be made from the oil of neroli (the vola-\\ntile oil of orange flowers).\\nOrange flower water makes a good flavoring agent for medicated\\nsyrups, etc.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 209\\nAURANTII FLORUM SYRUPUS.\\nOrange Flower Water Syrup.\\nDissolve eight hundred and fifty grams (30 ounces) sugar in four\\nhundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces) orange flower\\nwater, without the aid of heat, after which strain or filter.\\nAurantii Florum Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Orange Flowers.\\nAurantii Florum JEther oleum Oleum JVeroli.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 234.\\nOil of neroli is the most important of all the ingredients in good\\ncologne water.\\nAurantii Folia.\\nOrange Leaves.\\nOrigin. Citrus vulgaris, Risso (Aurantiacem).\\nSmooth, oval-oblong, undivided, leathery, transparently dotted, of\\ngood green color, fragrant odor, and aromatic taste.\\nUses. As a flavoring ingredient in infusions, tinctures, etc.\\nAurantii Fructus Immaturi.\\nUnripe Orange Fruit.\\nUnreife Pomeranzen, G. Orangettes, Petits grains, F.; Pomerans-\\nJcnopp, Sw. Orange berries.\\nOrigin. Citrus vulgaris, Risso (Aurantiacew).\\nThe drug consists of the unripe fruit gathered either from the trees\\nor from the ground after falling. The unripe fruit in its dry state as\\nmet with in trade is round ver} r hard varying from three to fifteen\\nmillimeters (J- to inch) in diameter externally of a very dark green-\\nish-brown odor fragrant taste bitter aromatic.\\nThe orange berries vary from the size of small peas to the size\\nof large cherries. Occasionally the drug is sorted, the different sizes\\nbeing sold separately. Those of about twelve millimeters inch)\\ndiameter are the best.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil oil of petits grains\\nUses. Mainly for flavoring. Also, but rarely, as issue peas.\\n14", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "210 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAurantii Succus.\\nOrange Juice.\\nThe juice of fresh sweet oranges.\\nPale yellowish, slightly turbid, agreeably sweetish, acidulous, and\\nhaving a faint odor of orang-e.\\nUsed for making\\nAURANTII SUCCI SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Orange Juice.\\nHeat four hundred cubic centimeters (13^ fluidounces) fresh orange\\njuice to the boiling point add twenty grams (300 grains) fresh sweet\\norange peel. Let the whole stand well covered until cold. Then filter\\nthe liquid and dissolve in it, without the aid of heat, six hundred grams\\n(21 ounces) sugar. Strain.\\nA very agreeable flavoring syrup.\\nAuri et Sodii Chloridum U. S.\\nChloride of Gold and Sodium.\\nAurico- Sodicum Chloridum,\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 52.\\nA mixture of equal parts of chloride of gold and chloride of sodium.\\nA yellow, crystalline, deliquescent powder.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been employed in some of the neuroses, in\\nmelancholia and hypochondria also in syphilis, seminal weakness,\\nchronic Brighfs disease from granular and fibroid kidney, etc. It is\\nseldom used at present.\\nDose. 0.002 to 0.006 gram V to grain) three times daily in\\npill.\\nA venae Crimna.\\nOatmeal.\\nOaten. Groats.\\nContains the same constituents as the other cereals but more fixed\\noil (about 4 per cent.).\\nIt is used for the same purposes and in the same manner as hor-\\ndeum (barley). Oatmeal gruel is given after cathartics, and is also\\nused for enemas.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 211\\nAzedarach U. S.\\nAZEDAKACH.\\nAzedarachtce Cortex Zedrachrinde, G. iScorce d Azedarach, jScorce\\nde Margousier, F. Pride of India Pride of China.\\nOrigin. Melia Azedarach, Linne (3Ieliaceoe).\\nHabitat. China, India. Naturalized in Southern Europe and in\\nthe United States aftmg the Gulf of Mexico.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 52.\\nThe bark of roots of medium size and not too old should be pre-\\nierred, and the corky outer layer rejected.\\nConstituents. One or more bitter principles, resins, and volatile\\noil.\\nMedicinal Uses. As a vermifuge for lumbricoid worms, resem-\\nbling spigelia in its effects. In overdoses it may produce narcotic\\npoisoning. It has been administered in decoction made by boiling sixty\\ngrams (2 ounces) of the bruised bark in five hundred cubic centimeters\\n(17 fluidounces) water until two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8-j-\\nfluidounces) remains. The dose of this decoction for a child is a table-\\nspoonful every two or three hours until it affects the bowels. It should\\nbe followed by a cathartic.\\nBalnea.\\nBaths.\\nBaths are used for local or general effects, and are cold, tepid, or\\nhot, simple or medicated, according to the requirements of the case.\\nWhen applied to the whole surface of the body they are simply\\ncalled baths if applied to the hips, by sitting in them, sitz-baths or\\nhip-baths if applied to the feet, foot-baths if applied with a sponge,\\nsponge-baths.; if in a stream or rain from a perforated nozzle, douches,\\netc.\\nThe cold bath is one having a temperature of about 20\u00c2\u00b0 C (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nor less, and is used to reduce the temperature of the body in various\\nfevers, as in typhus, eruptive fevers, congestions and inflammations,\\ncoup de soleil, etc.\\nIt is also a powerful stimulant, and in narcotic poisoning is a remedy\\nof much value.\\nBefore entering the bath cold water should be poured over the head\\nand shoulders to prevent congestion of the brain, and after leaving it\\nthe patient s skin should be rubbed with towels until reaction occurs.\\nIf the patient cannot enter the bath, the effects of the cold water", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "212 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmay be obtained by wrapping him in cloths dipped in cold water, which\\nmust be frequently renewed, or by pouring or sprinkling the water over\\nthe exposed body from a douche, hose, or sprinkling can.\\nThe cold bath may be partial, as when cold water or ice is applied to\\nthe head in some brain troubles, to the chest in pneumonia or pleuritis,\\nto the abdomen in peritonitis, etc.\\nFor the purpose of reducing the temperature by dry cold the patient\\nmay be placed dry upon a rubber mattress filled wifh cold water.\\nThe luke-warm or tepid bath may vary in temperature from about\\n20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to 35\u00c2\u00b0 C. (95\u00c2\u00b0 P.). This bath is used mainly for cleans-\\ning purposes. If a patient is immersed in a bath only a few degrees\\nbelow the temperature of the body the water will abstract heat, and the\\ntepid bath is therefore a valuable means of reducing temperature, al-\\nthough it does so more slowly than the cold bath.\\nThe ic arm or hot bath varies in temperature from 35\u00c2\u00b0 C. (95\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nto 41\u00c2\u00b0 C. (106\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is relaxing and soothing in its effects, and is\\nmuch used for the purpose of allaying convulsions, etc., especially in\\nchildren. By relaxing the skin it promotes sweating and the pores\\nbecome cleansed. As a diaphoretic it may be applied by wrapping the\\npatient in a sheet wrung out of water, which need not be warm, and then\\ncovering him up. The heat of the body soon raises the temperature of\\nthe water in the sheet and it becomes a warm pack.\\nThe warm bath is useful as a stimulant in shock, collapse, great ex-\\nhaustion, convulsions, sleeplessness, etc. For the latter purpose it\\noften suffices to sponge the spine with as hot water as the patient can\\nbear, just before going to bed.\\nWhen a patient enters a hot bath congestion of the brain may take\\nplace, to prevent which cold affusions to the head may be used, or the\\npatient maybe placed into water of about 35\u00c2\u00b0 C. (95\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and hot water\\ngradually added until the temperature is raised to the desired degree.\\nCare must be taken not to scald the patient when adding the hot water.\\nMedicated baths consist of water in which some medicinal substance\\nis held in solution. The most commonly employed bath of this kind is\\nthe mustard-bath for counter-irritation. Other baths are used in skin\\ndiseases, syphilis, etc.\\nThe Roman bath consists in the exposure of the body to dry warm\\nair, which stimulates perspiration, relaxes the tissues, and opens the\\npores of the skin this is followed by a plunge into cold water and then\\nfriction with towels in a moderately warm room. Often useful in\\nchronic rheumatism, skin diseases, etc. In the latter cases the body\\nmay be anointed during the frictions with appropriate ointments, which\\nwill find easier entrance into the pores of the skin.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 213\\nThe Turkish bath as employed in Turkey consists of a room the\\ntemperature of which is about 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) in which the bather lies\\non a slab and is shampooed with soap, water and towels and the gloves\\nof the attendant until clean, after which he is wrapped in cloths and\\ntaken to a room of a temperature of about 35\u00c2\u00b0 0. (95\u00c2\u00b0 F.), where he re-\\nclines until he is cooled.\\nThe Turkish bath, as generally used in this country, differs from\\nthe genuine in regard to the temperature, which is here much higher,\\noften being raised to 66\u00c2\u00b0 C. (150\u00c2\u00b0 F.) or more, while the gentle sham-\\npooing of the orientals is replaced by a coarse and rough massage and\\nkneading by the occidentals. This massage of course may be indicated,\\nespecially in cases of rheumatic joint-disease.\\nThe Russian bath is a hot vapor-bath. The temperature of the\\nvapor varies from 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to 66\u00c2\u00b0 C. (150\u00c2\u00b0 F.j. Shampooing,\\nfriction, etc., are added. To prevent injury from inhaling the hot vapor,\\nthe bather breathes through a sponge dipped in cold water which is held\\nover his mouth and nostrils. A cold plunge follows the hot vapor-bath,\\nafter which the bather immediately returns to a hot room and dresses.\\nThe sun-bath is a valuable hygienic measure unfortunately too sel-\\ndom employed. It consists in exposing the naked body to the rays of\\nsunlight entering through a window into a warm room without air-\\ndrafts. As we live now, all of our body, except the head and hands,\\nis in continual darkness, which is not conducive to good health. The\\nsun-bath will be found of great value in debilitated conditions, incipient\\nconsumption, nervousness, etc. This bath was very popular among the\\nancient Romans. A few years ago it was introduced into this country\\nin the form of the blue-glass mania. Alternate sheets of blue and white\\nglass were set into the window, checker-board style.\\nThe blue glass was useless charlatanry, and people allowed them-\\nselves to be ridiculed out of the use of this form of sun-bath. Unfor-\\ntunately, however, they poured out the baby with the bath and ceased\\nto expose their bodies to the plain, simple health-giving rays of the sun\\nwhen they ordered the blue glass to be taken out of their windows.\\nBaptisia.\\nBaptisia.\\nBaptisim Radix Wild Indigo.\\nOrigin. Baptisia tinctoria, Robert Brown (Zeguminosw).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Short, knotty, branched, the head five to eight cen-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "214 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntimeters (2 to 3 inches) and the branches about twelve millimeters (J\\ninch) thick. Bark grayish-brown externally and whitish in the inte-\\nrior. Wood tough. Inodorous. Taste of bark bitter and acrid.\\nConstituents. Contains an alkaloid and resin, neither of which\\nhas been fully examined.\\nBaptisin is an impure resin, probably containing some of the\\nalkaloid. It has been made by precipitating an alcoholic extract with\\nwater.\\nMedicinal Uses. A stimulant, purgative, and emetic also re-\\nputed to be antiseptic.\\nUsed in poultices and fomentations as an application to foul and\\nchronic ulcers.\\nDose. About one gram (15 grains) several times a day.\\nBAPTISIJS EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Baptisia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1.50 cubic centimeter (4 to 20 minims).\\nBarium.\\nBarium.\\nOne of the alkaline earth metals. Its salts are mostly white and\\nmany of them insoluble in water. Barium sulphate is quite insoluble,\\neven in dilute acids. The carbonate is also insoluble, while the chloride\\nand nitrate are readily soluble, in water.\\nBarii Carbonas.\\nBarium Carbonate.\\nBaricus Carbonas.\\nA white powder insoluble in water but soluble without residue in\\ndilute hydrochloric acid, and this solution gives a heavy white precipi-\\ntate with sulphuric acid.\\nEmployed in making other barium salts.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 215\\nBarii Chloridum.\\nBarium Chloride.\\nBarieum Chloridum.\\nColorless crystals, not affected by exposure to the air, and readily\\nsoluble in water. The aqueous solution gives a heavy white precipitate\\nwith sulphuric acid. Inodorous. Taste bitter, salty, astringent.\\nIts solution is used as a reagent for sulphuric acid and sulphates.\\nBarii Nitras.\\nBarium Nitrate.\\nBaricus Nitras.\\nWhite crystals readily soluble in water. Inodorous, taste bitter.\\nUsed as the barium chloride.\\nBeberinse Sulphas.\\nSulphate of Beberine.\\nBeberine is an alkaloid obtained from nectandra or bebeeru bark.\\nThe sulphate of beberine is used in medicine. It is in thin dark brown\\ntransparent scales inodorous, but having a very bitter taste. Soluble\\nin water and in alcohol.\\nMust not be confounded with berberine sulphate.\\nMedicinal Uses. A bitter tonic. Also said to be antiperiodic.\\nDose. As a tonic, 0.05 to 0.15 gram (1 to 3 grains) as an anti-\\nperiodic, 0.30 to 0.60 gram (5 to 10 grains).\\nBela.\\nBael Fruit.\\nelm Fructus Bengal Quince.\\nOrigin. JEgrle marmelos, De Candolle {Aurantiaceoe).\\nHabitat. East Indies.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The unripe fruit.\\nDescription. Orange shaped, five to ten centimeters (2 to 4\\ninches) in diameter, but as found in the trade it is broken. The rind is\\nexternally brownish-gray, smooth, hard, two to three millimeters to\\ninch) thick. The pulp, which adheres to the rind, is reddish-brown,\\ninternally whitish, mucilaginous, acidulous, and encloses oblong, flat,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "216\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nhairy seeds. The drug is inodorous. The taste of the rind is slightly\\nastringent.\\nConstituents. Contains a small amount of tannin, besides muci-\\nlage, sugar, a bitter substance, and a minute quantity of volatile oil.\\nFigs. 100, 101. Bael Fruit, natural size, inner and outer surface.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent, aromatic, and demulcent much\\nused in India in bowel complaints, diarrhoeas, and dysentery.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), preferably given in the\\nform of strong infusion.\\nBelladonnse Folia U. S.\\nBelladonna Leaves.\\nTollkirschenblatter, Wolfskirschenblatter, Tollkraut, G. Feuilles de Bel-\\nladonne, F. La Hoja de Belladonna, Sp. Belladonnablad, Sw.\\nOrigin. Atropa Belladonna, Linn6 (Solanacem).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Europe and America.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 53.\\nIn drying, the leaves become very much wrinkled and acquire a\\nbrownish hue on their upper surface.\\nThe lateral veins of the larger leaves form a large angle with the", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n217\\nmidrib, and the upper surface of the parenchyma shows under the mi-\\ncroscope numerous whitish dots on the brown background.\\nThe odor, if any, is somewhat narcotic. The taste is disagreeable,\\nbitter.\\nMust consist of tolerably whole and well-preserved leaves.\\nConstituents (of leaves and roots). Two alkaloids, one called\\natropine, of which the root contains more than the leaves but not over\\none-fourth per cent., and the other called belladonnine, of which little\\nFigs. 103-104. Belladonna Leaves, Flower, and Fruit, all natural size.\\nis known. It is amorphous, and dilates the pupil of the eye as atropine\\ndoes. Recent investigations would seem to show that the seeds and\\nfruit contain more atropine than any other part of the plant, at least\\nin the fresh state.\\nMedicinal Uses. Belladonna is an excito-motor, increasing the\\npower of the heart s action, and rendering this remedy useful in opium\\nor chloroform poisoning or in collapse with threatening paralysis of the\\nheart from any cause.\\nThis remedy checks the secretions from the salivary, mammary, and\\nsudoriferous glands the fauces become dry, perspiration is suppressed,\\nand the flow of milk decreased or entirely checked. It is used to check\\nnigli\\\\- sweats, excessive sweating, and other anomalous conditions of per-\\nspiration also to suppress the flow of milk and to prevent abscesses", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "218 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof the breasts. For these purposes it is used both internally and ex-\\nternally.\\nBelladonna increases the peristaltic action of the intestines, and is a\\nvaluable ingredient of prescriptions for the relief of chronic constipation.\\nIt is used as an anodyne and antispasmodic in asthma, whooping-\\ncough, etc. also in neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, ovarian or uterine colic,\\netc.\\nIt has proved of great use in typhoid conditions of various fevers,\\nand often induces sleep in the insomnia accompanying these conditions.\\nIncontinence of %irine, especially of children, is generally promptly\\nrelieved by this drug unless it is due to excessive acidity of the urine,\\nwhen that condition calls for additional treatment.\\nBelladonna dilates the pupil of the eye. (See Atropina.\\nExternally belladonna is often applied to painful swellings, rheu-\\nmatic joints or muscles, etc.; also, as indicated above, to correct anoma-\\nlous perspiration, check secretion of milk, subdue inflammation of the\\nmammary glands, etc. It may be applied in the form of ointment,\\nplaster, or poultice.\\nDose. Of belladonna leaves in powder, 0.06 to 0.66 gram (1 to 10\\ngrains) of the root in powder, 0.06 to 0.33 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nPoisonous Effects. In toxic doses the stimulation of the heart\\nis followed by subsequent relaxation and depression which may pro-\\nduce death. Cerebral and visual disturbances, headache, vertigo, blind-\\nness, delirium, illusions, and hallucinations may occur. Incoordination\\nand weakness of the muscles, progressing to a condition of complete\\nmotor paralysis, stupor, and perhaps convulsions, precede death.\\nAfter a poisonous dose has been taken the stomach should be\\npromptly evacuated, and opium or physostigma given to counteract the\\naction of the poison on the nervous system.\\nBELLADONNA CIGARETTES FOR ASTHMA {Trousseau).\\nBelladonna leaves, 0.33 gram (5 grains) hyoscyamus leaves, stra-\\nmonium leaves, each 0.2 gram (3 grains) extract of opium, 0.012\\ngram grain) cherry laurel water, q. s.\\nThe leaves are moistened with a solution of the opium in the cherry\\nlaurel water and when dry made into a cigarette. Two to four such\\ncigarettes may be smoked daily.\\nBELLADONNA CATAPLASMA.\\nBelladonna Poultice.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) coarsely powdered belladonna leaf\u00c2\u00abwith\\nninety grams (3 ounces) flaxseed meal, and stir the mixture gradu-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 219\\nally into three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) boiling\\nwater.\\nA better result may be obtained by adding thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) fluid extract of belladonna leaf to three hundred grams\\n(10 ounces) hot linseed poultice.\\nUsed as a soothing application over the lower abdomen in painful\\naffections of the pelvic organs, as in irritation of the bladder, uterine\\ncolic, dysmenorrhea, etc. Its effect is often prompt and grateful.\\nBELLADONNA EXTRACTUM; Phar. 1870.\\nExtract of Belladonna.\\nBruise five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of fresh bella-\\ndonna leaves in a stone mortar, sprinkling a little water on the drug, and\\nthen express the juice, heat it to the boiling point, strain, and evaporate\\nto the consistence of pill mass.\\nBrown. Yield about three and one-half per cent.\\nOught to be called Extract of Fresh Belladonna Leaves\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.015 to 0.03 gram (J to grain).\\nBELLADONNA EXTRACTUM [FOLIORUM] ALCOHOLI-\\nCUM U. S.\\nAlcoholic Extract of Belladonna [Leaves].\\nFrom five hundred grams (or 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug in\\nNo. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use first a mixture of one thousand grams (about\\n41f fluidounces) of alcohol mixed with five hundred grams (about 17\\nfluidounces) of water. Moisten the powder with two hundred grams\\n(about 8 fluidounces) of the mixture. Pack tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours.\\nThen percolate. Reserve four hundred and fifty grams (about 16 J-\\nfluidounces) of first percolate. Continue until the drug is exhausted, or\\nuntil one thousand and fifty grams (about 42 fluidounces) of second per-\\ncolate has been collected, using diluted alcohol as a second menstruum\\nafter the first mixture of alcohol and water has been all used. Evapo-\\nrate the second percolate to fifty grams (If ounce) and mix that with\\nthe first percolate. Then evaporate the mixture to a pilular consistence.\\nTo the solid extract obtained add one-twentieth of its weight of gly-\\ncerin.\\nPractically the same product is received by evaporating fluid extract", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "220 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof belladonna leaves to a solid extract and then incorporating five per\\ncent, of glycerin.\\nGreenish brown. Yield about twenty-two per cent.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.03 gram (-J- to -J grain).\\nBELLADONNA FOLIOKUM EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Belladonna Leaves.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent^ 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8^- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (3 to 5 minims).\\nBELLADONNA OLEUM INFUSUM.\\nInfused Oil of Belladonna.\\nBeat five hundred grams (17f ounces) fresh belladonna leaves with a\\nsmall quantity of olive oil into a poultice. Then add one thousand grams\\n(34 fluidounces) olive oil and heat the mixture over a water-bath until\\nthe moisture has evaporated, after which express the oil and filter it.\\nUsed for external application.\\nBELLADONNA SUCCUS.\\nBelladonna Juice.\\nBruise a convenient quantity of fresh leaves and young branches of\\nbelladonna in a stone mortar. Press out the juice, and add to it one-\\nthird of its measure of alcohol. Set the mixture aside for seven days,\\nand then filter.\\nMust be kept in a cool place.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nBELLADONNA SUPPOSITOKIA.\\nBelladonna Suppositories.\\nMix intimately forty centigrams (about 6 grains) alcoholic extract\\nof belladonna and twenty grams (about 309 grains) cacao butter, the\\nextract being first triturated with a drop or two of water to form a\\nsmooth soft paste. Make twelve suppositories.\\nIntroduced into the rectum in cases of painful affections oi the pel-\\nvic onrans.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n221\\nBELLADONNA [FOLIOKUM] TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Belladonna [Leaves].\\nMoisten one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) bella-\\ndonna leaves, in No. 60 powder, with two hundred grams (7 ounces 24\\ngrains) diluted alcohol macerate for twenty-four hours pack it tightly\\nin a cylindrical percolator and percolate with a sufficient quantity of\\ndiluted alcohol to obtain one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains)\\ntincture.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nBELLADONNA UNGUENTUM; U. S.\\nBelladonna Ointment.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) alcoholic extract of belladonna with\\nsix grams (92|- grains) diluted alcohol until a uniform soft paste is ob-\\ntained, and mix this thoroughly with eighty-four grams (2 ounces 420\\ngrains) benzoinated lard, gradually added.\\nApplied externally to relieve pain. Also applied to check excessive\\nsweating, or to the breasts, to check the secretion of milk or avert in-\\nflammation of the mammary gland.\\nBelladonnas Radix U. S.\\nBelladonna Root.\\nTollkirschenwurzel, Wolf shirs chen-\\nwurzel, G. Hacine de Belladonne,\\nF. La Raiz de Belladonna, Sp.\\nBelladonnarot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Atropa Bellado?ina,\\nLinne {Solanaceoe).\\nDescription. See the Pharma-\\ncopoeia, page 53.\\nThe root from young flowering\\nplants is the best. Old roots are known\\nby their large wood. Must be per-\\nfectly sound. It is not infrequently decayed, worm-eaten, discolored,\\nor mouldy. Belladonna root contains a large amount of starch.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See under title Belladonna Folia.\\nFig. 105.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Belladorina Root, from a\\nyoung plant transverse section, enlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "222\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nBELLADONNA ABSTKACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Belladonna.\\nTwo hundred (200) parts by weight of belladonna root, in No. 60\\npowder, is moistened uniformly (by rubbing between the hands) with\\neighty (80) parts by weight of\\nninety-four per cent, alcohol. The\\nmoist powder is packed tightly in\\na tall cylindrical percolator. More\\nalcohol is now added until the mass\\nis saturated and the liquid begins\\nto drop at the lower end of the per-\\ncolator, while a layer of the alcohol\\nstill covers the upper surface of the\\ndrug. The exit of the percolator is\\nnow closed and the top covered to\\nprevent evaporation. The whole is\\nallowed to stand forty-eight hours.\\nThen the percolation is started,\\nadding alcohol as required to keep\\nthe drug always covered. When\\none hundred and seventy (170) parts\\nby weight of the percolate has been\\nobtained, set that portion aside.\\nPlace another receiver under the\\npercolator and continue the process\\nuntil the drug is exhausted. Evapo-\\nrate this second percolate down\\nuntil it weighs thirty (30) parts.\\nMix this with the reserved portion.\\nThe mixed liquids (weighing to-\\ngether two hundred (200) parts) are\\nput in a tared evaporating dish with\\nfifty (50) parts of powdered milk\\nsugar, and set in a place where the\\ntemperature is between 40\u00c2\u00b0 and 50\u00c2\u00b0\\nC, or from 104\u00c2\u00b0 to 122\u00c2\u00b0 F., until\\nthe mixture is dry. Then enough\\npowdered sugar of milk is added to\\nmake the total weight of the contents of the dish one hundred (100)\\nparts. The whole is now triturated until a uniform and very fine pow-\\nder is obtained.\\nFig. 106.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Belladonna Root, natural size\\n(from an old plant).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 223\\nThe same product may be obtained by evaporating one thousand\\ncubic centimeters of the fluid extract of belladonna root with the requi-\\nsite quantity of milk sugar, making five hundred grams finished product.\\n[Two avoirdupois pounds of powdered belladonna root will yield one\\npound of abstract. This will require one-half pint alcohol for moisten-\\ning, and about half a pint more for saturating the drug preparatory to\\nthe forty-eight hours maceration. The reserved portion will measure\\nabout two pints, and the second percolate, after evaporation to the\\nprescribed point, will measure nearly six fluidounces.] Is more uniform\\nthan the extract and more easily dispensed.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.1 gram to 2 grains).\\nBELLADONNA EMPLASTRUM U. S.\\nBelladonna Plaster.\\nEvaporate five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) of fluid\\nextract of belladonna root to the consistence of thick, soft extract, and\\nthen incorporate with it thoroughly enough resin plaster, previously\\nmelted, to make the whole weigh five hundred grams (16f avoirdupois\\nounces). Almost identical with the Belladonna Plaster of 1870.\\nIt is dark brown not green. When green it cannot be the official\\nplaster, but has probably been made from the extract of the leaves.\\nThis is an excellent application to relieve neuralgic or rheumatic\\npains. It is one of the best local applications in intercostal neuralgia.\\nBelladonna plaster should not be applied except to unbroken skin, as it\\nis apt to produce the toxic effects of belladonna by the absorption of its\\nactive principle through a wound.\\nBELLADONNA EADICIS EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Belladonna Root.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.008 to 0.015 gram to grain), two to three times daily.\\nBELLADONNA [RADICIS] EXTKACTUM FLUID UM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Belladonna [Root].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "224 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n7-J- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second yyercolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nBELLADONNA LINIMENTUM; U. S.\\nBelladonna Liniment.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) camphor in five hundred and seventy\\ngrams (19 ounces) fluid extract of belladonna root.\\nThis is a valuable anodyne for external application in rheumatism,\\nneuralgia, etc.\\nBELLADONNA EADICIS TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Belladonna Root.\\nMake one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) tincture, by\\npercolation, from one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains)\\nbelladonna root in No. 60 powder, using alcohol as a menstruum.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims), commencing\\nwith small doses and increasing these if necessary.\\nBenzinum U. S.\\nBenzin.\\nPetroleum Benzin, Petroleum Ether.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 54.\\nBeing very inflammable it must be kept in tight bottles or tin cans\\nin a cool place, away from fire or lights.\\nMust not be confounded with benzol, which is sometimes erroneously\\ncalled benzin, but which dissolves in less than its own volume of alcohol\\nand has a specific gravity of 0.85 to 0.90, whereas benzin requires six\\ntimes its own volume of alcohol to dissolve it, and has a specific gravity\\nof 0.070 to 0.675.\\nUses. Benzin is a powerful solvent of fixed oils, caoutchouc, paraf*", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 225\\nfin, mastich, damar, and other matters. It is accordingly much used\\nin the arts. In the new Pharmacopoeia it is introduced because of its\\npharmaceutical uses in the preparation of sinapism paper, oleo-resins,\\netc. Druggists sell considerable quantities of benzin for removing\\ngrease spots.\\nBenzoinum U. S.\\nBenzoin.\\nBenzoe Resina, Asa Dulcis Benzoe, G. and Sw. Benzoin, F.; Benjui,\\nSp. Gum Benjamin.\\nOrigin. Styrax Benzoin, Dryander (Styracacew).\\nHabitat. Siam, Sumatra, etc.\\nPart used. The resin.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 54.\\nA balsamic resin in agglutinated masses of yellowish-brown, opaque,\\ninternally white tears, held together by a translucent, yellowish-brown\\nresin, or in reddish-brown masses having a marbled appearance from the\\nwhite almonds or tears imbedded in it.\\nThere are three principal kinds of benzoin, viz.\\n/Siam Be?izoin in tears, consisting of separate tears, about twenty-\\nfive millimeters (an inch) long, externally of a pale reddish-yellow color,\\ninternally waxy and milk-white. In small splinters it is more or less\\ntransparent. This is the finest benzoin obtainable, and has a most\\nagreeable odor, reminding of vanilla.\\nSiam Benzoin in masses, which consists of the tears or almonds\\njust described as Siam Benzoin in tears, imbedded and held together\\nin solid masses by a reddish-brown or almost brick-colored resin. The\\nvalue of this variety of benzoin depends directly upon the proportion of\\nalmonds in it. It is called also Amygdaloid Benzoin.\\nBoth kinds of Siam benzoin, described above, dissolve almost entirely\\nin moderately warm alcohol. Only partially soluble in ether. When\\nheated it emits irritating but fragrant vapors of benzoic acid.\\nSumatra or Penang Benzoin is in grayish-brown, sometimes pale\\nchocolate-brown, masses, with no distinct almonds, an agreeable odor\\nbut reminding of storax, and fainter than the odor of Siam benzoin.\\nUsually full of pieces of bark. Contains about ten per cent, cinnamic\\nacid, besides the benzoic acid, of which it has less than Siam benzoin. It\\nis very inferior benzoin, and excluded by the Pharmacopoeia, not answer-\\ning its description of the drug to be used.\\nIt is to be regretted that the English name of the resin described\\nBenzoin should be at the same time the botanical name of the\\n15\\ni", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "226 A COMPANION TO THE\\nspice bush, of which the bark and the fruit are both more or less used\\nfor medicinal purposes. (See Lindera.\\nConstituents. About eighty per cent, resins of various kinds,\\ndiffering as to their respective solubilities in alcohol, ether, and solution\\nof potassa from twelve to twenty per cent, benzoic acid and traces\\nof volatile oil. It is stated that there is more benzoic acid in the semi-\\ntranslucent reddish-brown resin between the almonds than in the al-\\nmonds themselves. There is little if any cinnamic acid^n Siam benzoin.\\nUses. To prepare the tincture of benzoin and benzoinated lard\\nin cosmetic lotions for fumigations in perfumery for the prepara-\\ntion of benzoic acid etc.\\nNot used per se in medicine.\\nBENZOINI TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Benzoin.\\nMacerate two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) benzoin, in mod-\\nerately coarse powder, with three hundred and twenty grams (13J fluid-\\nounces) alcohol for seven days in a closed vessel then filter the tincture\\nthrough paper, adding enough alcohol, through the dregs in the filter,\\nto make the whole product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains, measuring 40 fluidounces).\\nSeldom used internally. Externally it is used as a cosmetic, being\\nadded to water and used as a wash to remove freckles, etc.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nBENZOINI TINCTUEA COMPOSITA U. S.\\nCompound Tincture or Benzoin.\\nJFriar^s Balsam.\\nMacerate a mixture of one hundred and twenty grams (about 4\\nounces 100 grains) benzoin, and twenty grams (309 grains) aloes, both\\nin coarse powder, eighty grams (2 ounces 359 grains) storax, and forty\\ngrams (1 ounce 180 grains) tolu balsam with seven hundred and fifty\\ngrams (26 ounces 300 grains) alcohol in a closed vessel for seven days.\\nFilter through paper, adding enough alcohol, through the dregs in the\\nfilter, to make the final product one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains). Uses similar to those of the simple tincture.\\nBENZOINI UNGUENTUM.\\n(See Benzoinated Lard, page 68.)", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "TOTTED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 227\\nBenzol.\\nBenzol.\\nA petroleum product, having a strong odor of coal gas. It is color-\\nless, has great refractive power, and is very inflammable. It has a\\nspecific gravity of from 0.85 to 0.90, and boils at 80.4\u00c2\u00b0 to 85\u00c2\u00b0 C. (177\u00c2\u00b0\\nto 185\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Chemically pure benzol boils at 80.4\u00c2\u00b0 C. (177\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and\\nhas a specific gravity of 0.88 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is used chiefly as a\\nsolvent, its properties as such resembling very much those of Benzin,\\nwhich see.\\nBerberina.\\nBeebeeine.\\nBerberine is an alkaloid which exists in many plants belonging to\\nthe natural orders Berberidacese, Menispermacege, and Ranunculacese.\\nIt is found in berberis, coptis, columbo, podophyllum, hydrastis, xan-\\nthorrhiza, xanthoxylum, menispermum, etc.\\nShould not be confounded with the alkaloid Bebeerine from Nectan-\\ndra bark.\\nPure Berberine is in fine yellow prismatic crystals of strongly bitter\\ntaste, soluble in hot water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Its\\nsalts are bright yellow, crystallizable. When a small quantity of test-\\nsolution of iodine is added to a solution of berberine, brilliant green\\nscales are deposited, if care is taken not to add the iodine in excess.\\nMedicinal Uses. Berberine is a bitter tonic and stomachic, pos-\\nsessing also febrifuge and cholagogue properties. It has been used\\nwith good effect in atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea accompanying malarial\\ntroubles, and similar complaints.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains).\\nBerberis Oregonensis.\\nBeebeeis Aquifolium.\\nOregon Grape, Oregon Berberis.\\nOrigin. Berberis aquifolium, Pursh Berberis nervosa, Pursh\\nand Berberis repens, Lindley (Berberidacew).\\nHabitat. Pacific coast from Colorado westward.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The roots.\\nDescription. All of these roots are used under the name of\\nBerberis aquifolium. The roots of Berberis aquifolium are large,\\nbranched, more or less knotty, and extremely tough. They vary in", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "228\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nthickness from three to fifty millimeters to 2 inches). The bark is,\\nexternally, thin, brownish, and on the inner side yellow. Wood yellow,\\nvery hard and tough, quite difficult to powder. Odor none; taste bitter.\\nThe roots of Berberis repens and Berberis nervosa are seldom over three\\nmillimeters inch) in diameter, while Berberis aquifolium is usually\\nsix to twenty-five millimeters (J to 1 inch). They are equal in medicinal\\nquality and effect.\\nAs the name Berberis Aquifolium cannot be correctly applied to\\nthe roots of other plants, we have designated the drug by the general\\nand more proper title of Berberis Oregonensis.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid berberine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Like those of other drugs containing the alka-\\nloid berberine, as a bitter tonic and stomachic. It increases the appe-\\ntite, aids digestion, and is of value in debilitated conditions of the mucous\\nmembranes of the alimentary canal, dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, etc.\\nBerberis Oregonensis is also said to be a tonic alterative in syphilis,\\nskin diseases, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), best given in the form of a\\nfluid extract.\\nBEEBERIDIS OREGONENSIS EXTRACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extract of Berberis Aquifolium.\\nTo make 500 cubic centimeters (or its equivalent, 17 U. S. fluidounces),\\nuse 500 grams (or its equivalent, 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed\\nin the proportion of 200 grams (about 8 J fluid-\\nounces) alcohol to every 100 grams (about 3J\\nfluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic ctm. (8 to 30 minims).\\nBerberis Vulgaris.\\nBerberis Vulgaris.\\nCommon Barberry Bark.\\nOrigin. Berberis vulgaris, Linne {Ber-\\nber idaceoe).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nDescription. Thin slices, externally rough\\nbrownish gray, on the inner side yellow. Her-\\nbaceous odor, and a pure, very bitter taste. Colors the saliva yellow.\\nFio. 106X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barberry Bark\\nnatural size.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 229\\nConstituents. Contains two alkaloids, berberine and axyacan-\\nthine, and some tannin.\\nBerberine is yellow and soluble in hot water, while oxyacanthine is\\nwhite and insoluble in water. (See further, article Berberina. 3\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic and stomachic in atonic dyspepsia,\\nchronic diarrhoea, etc.\\nDose. Two to ten grams (30 to 150 grains), best given in fluid\\nextract.\\nBEKBEHIDIS VULGAKIS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Berberis Vulgaris.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2|- fluidrachms).\\nBerg-amii Oleum XT. S.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\nBergamice ^Etheroleum Volatile Oil of Bergamot.\\nOrigin. Citrus Bergamia, var. vulgaris, Risso et Poiteau (Auran-\\ntiacece).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 234.\\nDoes not keep well. Should therefore be obtained in moderate\\nquantities at a time, and kept in a small, well-filled, and tightly corked\\nbottle, in a cool place.\\nUses. Only employed as a perfume for scenting hair-oils, soaps,\\nand other toilet preparations.\\nBetulse Pyroleum.\\nEmpyreumatic Oil of Birch.\\nOrigin. Betulaalba, Linne (Betulaceos).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nDrug. The empyreumatic oil obtained by destructive distillation\\nof the bark.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "230 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. A thick, brownish-red, or reddish-brown tar, having\\na strong persistent odor of Russia leather.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, creosote, besides most of the constitu-\\nents contained in common pine tar. Its peculiar odor is due to the\\nvolatile oil of birch, and probably also to some birch camphor.\\nUses. Reputed to be remarkably beneficial as an external applica-\\ntion in skin diseases.\\nBismuthum,\\nBismuth.\\nBismutum.\\nOne of the less abundant metals. It is grayish white with a pinkish\\ncast, crystalline, brittle enough to be readily pulverizable, fusing at\\n264\u00c2\u00b0 C, insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and in sulphuric acid (unless\\nconcentrated and warm), but readily soluble in nitric acid.\\nThe bismuth compounds are generally insoluble in water and have\\na white color. Many are decomposed in the presence of water, unless\\nfree acid is present. Citrate of bismuth is, however, soluble in ammo-\\nnia water.\\nBismuth alloys. Fusible Metal. A mixture of two parts bis-\\nmuth, one part tin, and one part lead, melts at +94\u00c2\u00b0 C. (201.2\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nBismuth! Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Bismuth.\\nBismutosus Citras Bismuthous Citrate.\\nPrepared by boiling three hundred grams (10 ounces) of subnitrate\\nof bismuth with two hundred aud ten grams (7 ounces) of citric acid,\\nand one thousand two hundred grams (40 ounces) of distilled water un-\\ntil a drop of the turbid mixture makes a clear solution with water of\\nammonia five hundred ounces of distilled water is then added, the\\nprecipitate is allowed to settle, and is then washed by decantation, and\\nfinally on a strainer until the washings are tasteless. The product is\\ndried at about 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 54.\\nIt is a heavy, white, odorless, and tasteless powder, insoluble in\\nwater or in alcohol, but soluble in water of ammonia.\\nMainly used to make the soluble citrate of bismuth and ammonium.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n231\\nBismuth! et Ammonii Citras.\\nCitrate of Bismuth and Ammonium.\\nBismutoso-Ammonicus Citras.\\nPrepared by mixing three hundred grams (10 ounces) citrate of bis-\\nmuth with six hundred grams (20 ounces) distilled water, and then\\ngradually adding water of ammonia until complete solution is effected\\nand the liquid shows a faintly alkaline reaction. The solution is then\\nfiltered and scaled.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 55.\\nThe scales are thin, pearly, translucent, but become opaque when ex-\\nposed to the air by loss of ammonia. The preparation is odorless, has a\\nslightly acidulous and metallic taste, and a neutral or slightly alkaline\\nreaction. Readily soluble in water, especially by the aid of heat, but\\nnearly insoluble in alcohol.\\nTo prevent the loss of ammonia whereby the preparation becomes\\npartially insoluble, it is necessary to keep it in tightly corked bottles in\\na cool place.\\nCitrate of bismuth and ammonium which has become partially in-\\nsoluble by exposure or long keeping may be rendered soluble again by\\nadding a little ammonia to the water in which it is to be dissolved.\\nThe aqueous solution of this preparation, however, never keeps long\\nwithout getting cloudy unless rendered alkaline.\\nMedicinal Uses. As the properties of subnitrate and subcarbo-\\nnate of bismuth depend on their insolubility, and are of a mechanical na-\\nture, the use of soluble salts of bismuth for similar purposes can only\\nbe disappointing.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).\\nBISMUTHI LIQUOR.\\nLiquid Bismuth.\\nDissolve twenty-five grams (386 grains) citrate of bismuth and am-\\nmonium in five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) hot water.\\nThen add water of ammonia carefully until the liquid becomes clear and\\nhas a perfectly neutral reaction to litmus paper. Filter, and finally add\\none hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) glycerin, and\\nenough water to make the whole product measure one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces). Each cubic centimeter of this solution\\ncontains twenty-five milligrams (or 1 fluidrachm contains about 15 grains)\\nof the citrate of bismuth and ammonium.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "232 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBismuthi Nitras.\\nNitrate of Bismuth.\\nBismutosus Nitras Tris-nitrate of Bismuth, Neutral Nitrate of\\nBismuth,\\nLarge, colorless, transparent, tabular crystals. Odor faintly acid,\\ntaste metallic. Insoluble in water, which decomposes it into subnitrate\\nof bismuth and an acid nitrate of bismuth which remains in solution.\\nSoluble in glycerin.\\nThe preparation is not official in any pharmacopoeia. It is obtained\\nby evaporating a solution of bismuth in nitric acid.\\nBISMUTHI 1STITRA.TIS GLYCEKLTUM.\\nGlycerite of Nitrate of Bismuth.\\nDissolve nine hundred and sixty grains of neutral nitrate of bismuth,\\nin clear crystals, in a sufficient quantity of glycerin to make the whole\\nmeasure eight fluidounces (W. W. Moorhead).\\nThis solution is perfectly clear, and mixes clear with cold water in\\nall proportions.\\nBismuthi Subcarbonas U. S.\\nSUBCARBONATE OF BlSMUTH.\\nBismutosus Subcarbonas Bismuthous Subcarbonate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 56. A\\nrather faintly yellowish-white powder, which is odorless, tasteless, and\\ninsoluble in water or in alcohol. The softer and finer it is the better.\\nCommercial metallic bismuth nearly always contains more or less\\narsenic, which will be found in both the subcarbonate and the subnitrate\\nof bismuth, unless carefully separated in the process of manufacture.\\nHence it is necessary to test these preparations with great care, for\\nwhich the Pharmacopoeia gives ample directions.\\nUses. Similar to those of subnitrate of bismuth.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) suspended in mucilage\\nor syrup.\\nBismuthi Subnitras U. S.\\nSubnitrate of Bismuth.\\nBismutosus Subnitras Bismuthous Subnitrate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 56. It is\\nfaintly yellowish, odorless, and tasteless. When moistened it gives", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 233\\na slightly acid reaction on litmus paper. Insoluble in water or in\\nalcohol. Should be fine and light. A coarse granular subnitrate of\\nbismuth of nitrous odor and acid taste should be rejected. Must be\\nfree from arsenic. (See Bismuthi Subcarbonas.)\\nMedicinal Uses. It is insoluble in the intestinal canal and exerts\\na protective action on the surface of the mucous membranes similar to\\nthat of lycopodium or starch in external excoriations and inflammations.\\nIt is given in painful affections, such as ulcer of the stomach or intes-\\ntines, gastralgia, some forms of dyspepsia. Also to relieve vomiting,\\npurging, dysentery, cholera infantum, etc. When given internally it\\ncolors the stools black. Externally it is very useful as an application\\nin burns, scalds, excoriations, fissure of the nipple, chafed surfaces, as\\nfrom walking, etc.\\nDr. C. J. Maguire, of New York, employed subnitrate of bismuth\\nas a topical application to the gangrenous spots in cancrum oris, arrest-\\ning the progress of the disease and saving the patient in twenty suc-\\ncessive cases. (Ifedical Record, N. Y., February 3, 1883.)\\nIn some skin diseases, as eczema and acne, it has also proved of value.\\nUsed also as an ingredient of face powders. It has been recommended\\nas an efficient remedy in coryza, used as a snuff.\\nIn all these external uses it exerts the same local protective action\\nit has in the intestines. Its use is preferable to that of subcarbonate of\\nbismuth. Its value for these purposes depends greatly upon its fineness\\nand lightness.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) several times a day.\\nAverage dose, one gram (15 grains).\\nLarge doses produce no deleterious effects. Sixty grams (2 ounces)\\nhave been given in one day to an adult, and more than nine grams (135\\ngrains) have been given to a child of ten months in the same time.\\nA perfectly pure preparation (entirely free from arsenic) should,\\nhowever, always be used.\\nIn gastralgia, etc., the remedy is best taken dry in powder or wafer.\\nBismuthi Tannas.\\nTan^ate of Bismuth.\\nJBismutosus Tannas Bismuthous Tannate.\\nA yellowish powder, insoluble in water or in alcohol, and tasteless.\\nSomewhat astringent but very rarely employed. It is used in the same\\nmanner and same doses as the subnitrate.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "234\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nBismuth! Valerianas.\\nValerianate of Bismuth.\\nBismutosus Valerianas JBismuthous Valerianate.\\nA white powder, insoiuble in water or in alcohol, having an odor of\\nvalerianic acid. Of little if any medicinal effect other than that of the\\nsubcarbonate or subnitrate of bismuth, although usually given in much\\nsmaller doses.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains).\\nBistorta.\\nBlSTOETA.\\nBistortw Bhizoma Wiesenknoterich, Natterwurtz, G. Bistorte, Cou-\\nleuvrine, F.; Bistort, /Snakeweed.\\nOrigin. Polygonum Bistorta, Linne (Polygonacem).\\nHabitat. Asia, Europe, and America.\\nPart Used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. About fifteen centimeters (6 inches) long, eighteen\\nFiQS. 107, 108. Bistorta, natural size; transverse section, enlarged.\\nmillimeters (f inch) broad, and ten millimeters inch) thick; firm, bent\\ntwice upon itself (whence the name, bis torta), flattened on one side,\\nplump on the other, marked by transverse rings and by scars from the\\nrootlets externally blackish brown brownish red within has a some-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 235\\nwhat thick bark, and a large pith. Usually broken. Odor none taste\\nvery astringent.\\nConstituents. About twenty per cent, tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Simple astringent. Used both internally and\\nexternally.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) every few hours. Best\\ngiven in form of fluid extract.\\nBISTOET^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Bistorta.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nBlatta.\\nBlatta. Cockroach.\\nBlatta orientaliSy Linne, and other species of Blatta.\\nCockroaches are about twenty-five to fifty millimeters (1 to 2 inches)\\nlong, reddish-brown or blackish-brown insects, very common in warm,\\ndamp rooms, especially in kitchens. Odor offensive.\\nConstituents. The cockroach contains a fetid oil, and a crystal-\\nlizable substance called antihydropin.\\nUses. The drug has diuretic properties, and is given either in\\npowder or in tincture.\\nDose of powder about 0.25 to 0.5 gram (4 to 8 grains).\\nBLATT^E TIKCTUEA.\\nTincture of Blatta.\\nFrom sixty grams (2 ounces) cockroach, in No. 60 powder, make\\nthree hundred grams (10 ounces, or 9f fluidounces) of tincture bj per-\\ncolation with alcohol.\\nDose. 1.5 to 3 cubic centimeters (25 to 45 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "236\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nBoldus.\\nBOLDO.\\nSoldi Folia.\\nOrigin. Peumus Boldus, Molina (Monimiacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chili.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaves.\\nDescription. About five centimeters\\n(2 inches) long, rough from raised glands\\non both sides, glossy on the upper, hairy\\non the under surface brownish-green\\ndisagreeably fragrant taste pungent, aro-\\nmatic, bitter. See Fig. 109.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About two per cent,\\nvolatile oil, one-tenth per cent, of the alka-\\nloid boldine, some aromatic resin, tannin,\\netc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant of the\\nnervous system and circulation. Has been\\nused and recommended in anaemia and\\ngeneral debility.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 8 grains), best given as fluid extract.\\nFig. 109.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boldo Leaf, natural size.\\nBOLDI EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Boldo.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (1 to 10 minims).\\nBoli.\\nBoluses.\\nBoli are spheroidal or spherical masses of solid substances incor-\\nporated with suitable excipients. They are larger than pills, weighing\\nfrom forty to one hundred centigrams (0 to 15 grains) or more, and are\\nmade of a softer consistence than pills, which they resemble in all other\\nrespects. Boluses are now majnly used encased in gelatine capsules.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 237\\nBolus Alba.\\nWhite Bole.\\nTerra Alba.\\nDescription. A white soft clay, adhering to the moist tongue\\nwhen brought in contact with it insoluble in water. It is powdered,\\nelutriated, and made up into paste, which is formed into rolls or cakes.\\nConstituents. Composed of alumina and silica, with traces of\\nmagnesia.\\nUses. Externally as an absorbent and astringent. Sometimes\\nadded to urethral injections in order to prevent the active constituent\\nfrom washing out too soon, the finely powdered bole being retained in\\nthe urethra, and thus mechanically keeping a portion of the injected so-\\nlution in the tube.\\nIt is also used to remove grease spots from wood, a paste being\\nmade of the bole and applied in a layer an inch thick or less, according\\nto the quantity of oil to be absorbed. It is very effective for this pur-\\npose, but requires to be left on the stained surface for several hours.\\nBolus Armena.\\nArmenian Bole.\\nThis is similar to white bole in all respects except in color, which is\\nbrown red and due to the ferric oxide it contains in addition to the con-\\nstituents mentioned as making up the bolus alba.\\nIt is used for the same purposes as the white bole, but cannot be\\nused to remove oil from white wood, as it would leave a stain of its own.\\nBrayera U. S.\\nBrayera.\\nBrayerm Mores Kousso, Kooso, Koosso, Cousso, Cusso, Cosso.\\nOrigin. Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Abyssinia.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The female flowers.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 57.\\nIn the trade distinction is made between the Red Kousso, which\\nis the best (and the kind described in the Pharmacopoeia), and the\\nBrown Kousso, which is mixed with male flowers. In Bed Kousso\\nthe sepals (leaf-like parts of the outer envelopes of the flowers) are red-\\ndish in Brown Kousso they are greenish or brownish, and smaller than\\nin the former variety.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "238\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMust consist of tolerably well preserved clusters with-\\nout the coarse stems; not of crushed flowers with pieces\\nof the stem. The odor, though faint, reminds of elder-\\nflowers. The taste is slight at first, but afterward becomes\\nbitter and somewhat acrid.\\nConstituents. The principal constituent is koussin,\\na resinous, white or yellowish, odorless substance of bitter\\ntaste and acid reaction. It is soluble in boiling alcohol,\\nbut not in water. There has also been found in brayera\\nabout twenty-four per cent, of tannin and traces of vola-\\ntile oil, valerianic and acetic acid, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Brayera is used as a tsenicide.\\nIt is not as reliable as some other remedies in expelling\\nthe tapeworm, as it often fails to bring out the head. It\\nalso produces much distress, and is gradually falling into\\ndisuse in consequence.\\nDose. Eight to fifteen grams (2 to 4 drachms), in in-\\nfusion or mixed with honey or syrup.\\nS\\n*}m\\nBEAYEE^E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Brayera.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equiva-\\nlent 17 U. S. fluidounces), use five hundred grams (or\\nits equivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in\\nNo. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8J\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a\\ncylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Mace-\\nrate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percola-\\ntion until the drug is exhausted.\\nIlltiWm Evaporate the second percolate to the consistence of\\nhoney, and then dissolve it in the first percolate. Add\\nenough of the menstruum to make the whole measure five\\nBundle of Bray- hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\noS- third Lt- For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nural size. E ac h cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents\\nthe soluble matter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce repre-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n239\\nsents four hundred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains and each\\nfluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nBKAYEKJE INFUSUM;\\nU. S.\\nInfusion of Brayera.\\nInfusion of ICousso.\\nPour two hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (17 fluidounces)\\nof boiling water on fifteen grams\\navoirdupois ounce) of brayera,\\nin No. -20 powder, and macerate a Figs. 111-116. -Brayera. section of\\n1 flower, with fruit partly matured o, pistil; c,\\nin a covered jar until cool. section of female flower, abortive anthers d,\\nDispense the infusion without ^S| toZtll lue^l L\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 f WeV U\\nstraining it.\\nTo be taken at one dose.\\nBromum XT. S.\\nBromine.\\nBrominium, Phar. 1870 Brom, G. and Sw.; Br6me,F.; Bromo, Sp.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 57.\\nMust be kept in small bottles, not more than two-thirds filled, closed\\nby well-ground glass stoppers, and put in a cool place.\\nBromine must be handled with great caution, as its vapors are suf-\\nfocating, extremely irritating, and poisonous. In cases of accident, when\\nsevere exposure to bromine vapors results from breaking a bottle, or\\notherwise, the face and hands may be bathed with alcohol and then\\nwashed with castile soap and water.\\nMedicinal Uses* It has been used in cases in which iodine was\\nknown to be beneficial. It is disinfectant.\\nIt is sometimes applied in solution, with several times its own vol-\\nume of alcohol, in cancer, cancer of the womb, gangrene, etc. The ap-\\nplication is painful.\\nIt is not used internally except in combination, as in bromides, etc.\\nBKOMINE SOLUTION.\\nDissolve two grams (30 grains) bromine and four grams (120 grains)\\nbromide of potassium in two hundred cubic centimeters (6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces)\\nof water.\\nUsed externally for cauterizing ugly ulcers, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "240\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nSTKONGEK BROMINE SOLUTION.\\nFor Surgical Use.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces) bromine and twenty grams (f ounce)\\npotassium bromide in three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidomnces)\\nwater.\\nUsed as a caustic.\\nBryonia U. S.\\nBryonia.\\nBryonim Radix Gichtwurzel, Zaunrube, Gichtrube, G. Bryone, Cou-\\nleuvree, F. Brionia, Nueza, Sp.; Bryonia, Sw.\\nOrigin. Bryonia alba and Bryonia dioica, Linne Cucurbit aceae).\\nH ab itat. Europe.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 57.\\nMust be recently dried. An old drug\\nis useless.\\nThe fresh green root has also\\nbeen used, and is by some held to be\\nmore active. The fresh plant contains\\nsome acrid substance which blisters the\\nskin.\\nConstituents. Contains the glu-\\ncoside bryonin, which has been obtained in pearly crystals, having a\\nbitter, acrid taste, or in white powder. It is soluble in water and in\\nalcohol, but insoluble in ether.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is a drastic cathartic, and is used in\\ncases in which jalap would be also indicated. It was at one time used\\nquite frequently, then became entirely obsolete, and only of late years\\nhas come into use again.\\nIt has been used in dropsies, chronic constipation, hypochondriasis,\\nepilepsy, mania, etc.\\nIt is said to have acted well in paralysis of the rectum and bladder.\\nIt is sometimes emetic in large doses, but this effect is uncertain.\\nExternally the bruised fresh root has been used in chronic skin dis-\\neases.\\nDose of the powder, 0.5 to 4 grams (10 to 60 grains).\\nFlG. 117.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Bryony, natural\\nsize.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 241\\nBKYOKLE EXTEACTUM FLUIDITM.\\nFluid Extract of Bryonia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims).\\nBRYONIA TINCTURA IT. S.\\nTincture of Bryonia.\\nMoisten one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) recently dried\\nbryonia, in No. 40 powder, with one hundred grams (4^- fluidounces) of\\nalcohol, and macerate twenty-four hours then pack firmly in a cylin-\\ndrical percolator, and percolate until one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains) tincture has been received, using alcohol in sufficient quan-\\ntity.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 fluidrachms),\\nbeginning with the smaller doses.\\nBuchu U. S.\\nBuchu.\\nBuchu Folia, Barosmce Folia Buckublatter, Buccobldtter, G.\\nFeuilles de bucco,, F. Buckoblad, Sw.\\nOrigin. Barosma betulina, Bartling Barosma cremdata, Hook-\\ner and Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow (Rutacew).\\nHabitat. Southern Africa.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 58.\\nThe leaves of the two first named species constitute the so-called\\nShort Buchu, and those of the third are the Long Buchu.\\nShort buchu and long buchu are sold separately. Long buchu is\\nthe dearer, but is certainly less active, as it contains less of the active\\nprinciple volatile oil\u00e2\u0080\u0094 than the short buchu.\\nBoth kinds usually require careful garbling. The impurities in short\\nbuchu are readily detected and separated. In long buchu, however, are\\nsometimes found the leaves of Empleurum serrulatum, which appear\\n16", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "242\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nlike the true buchu leaves until more carefully examined. All are here\\nfigured, full size.\\nTrue buchu leaves have conspicuous oil glands on the under surface\\nand margin.\\nShort buchu is pale yellowish-green long buchu green. In both\\nkinds the leaves are paler on\\nthe under side.\\nBuchu has a very strong,\\nmint-like odor, and a bitter\\npungent taste, reminding of\\nspearmint.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ac-\\ntive constituent is a volatile\\noil, of which Bedford found\\ntwo-thirds per cent, in long\\nbuchu, and one and one-fifth\\nper cent, in short buchu.\\nAllen and Hanbury found\\n1.63 per cent, in the latter.\\nThe deep green coloring\\nmatter is chiefly chlorophyll.\\nThere is also much vegetable\\nFigs. 118-125. A, leaf of barosma crenulata, mucilage in buchu. Barosma\\nnatural size a. enlarged JB, leaf of barosma betu-\\nlina, natural size 6, enlarged (7, leaf of barosma campnor IS a white crystalline\\nZ^tAtt^L e ^ZZr la]S tUm body which deposits from the\\nvolatile oil of buchu in cold.\\nMedicinal Uses. Buchu is an aromatic stimulant and stomachic,\\nincreasing the appetite and digestion, but it is seldom used for this pur-\\npose.\\nIt is frequently given in chronic catarrhs of the urinary organs, in\\ncystitis, pyelitis, and urethritis.\\nDose. 1.33 to 2.66 grams (20 to 40 grains), in powder or in infu-\\nsion. The best form of administering this drug is the fluid extract.\\nBUCHU EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Buchu.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water, mixed in the proportion of", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 243\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5 fluid-}\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14^- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-third grains and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nBTTCHU INFTTSUM.\\nInfusion of Buchu.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 597.)\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. About twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18\\nfluidrachms).\\nBITCH U T1NCTUKA.\\nTincture of Buchu.\\nPercolate two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) buchu, in No. 60\\npowder, with a menstruum composed of two parts alcohol and one part\\nwater, until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) percolate has\\nbeen obtained.\\nThis is an ineligible form for the administration of buchu, as the\\ncases in which this drug is indicated are usually such that large doses\\nof alcohol are inadmissible or productive of harm. It contains too much\\naicohol and too little buchu.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "244 A COMPANION TO THE\\nButyrum.\\nButter.\\nButter, G. Beurre, F. Smor, Sw.\\nUnsalted fresh butter is an excellent base for ointments. Must have\\na neutral reaction, a pure, sweet odor, and mild taste.\\nConsists of about thirty per cent, olein, sixty-eight per cent, palmitin\\nand stearin, and the glycerides of butyric and other fatty acids.\\nMedicinal Uses. Butter may be given in large quantities in\\ncases in which cod-liver oil is indicated but cannot be tolerated by the\\nstomach.\\nCadmium.\\nCadmium.\\nA metal sometimes accompanying zinc in the ores. It is tin white,\\nmalleable, soluble in nitric acid. Its salts are generally white. The\\nchloride, iodide, and sulphate are soluble salts.\\nCadmii Iodidum.\\nIodide of Cadmium.\\nWhite, handsome, pearly, scale-like crystals, soluble in somewhat\\nmore than their own weight of water, and also soluble in alcohol.\\nCADMII IODIDI UNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Iodide of Cadmium.\\nMix fifteen grams ounce) cadmium iodide with one hundred and\\nfifty grams (5 ounces) petroleum ointment.\\nUsed in skin diseases. Does not color the skin.\\nCadmii Sulphas.\\nSulphate of Cadmium.\\nLarge colorless crystals. It dissolves in one and one-half times its\\nweight of water.\\nUsed externally as an astringent in the same manner as sulphate of\\nzinc. It is more powerful than the latter.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n245\\nFigs. 126-128.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coffee, natural size,\\ntransverse section enlarged, and section of\\nseed-coats more highly enlarged.\\nCaflfea.\\nCoffee.\\nCaffece Semina Kaffee, G.; Cafe, F.; Kaffe, Sw.\\nOrigin. Coffea arabica, Linne (Rubiacea?)\\nHabitat. Cultivated in most tropical and subtropical countries.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. Plano-convex, oval, with a groove through the\\nlength of the flat side, to which pieces of the thin brownish-yellow shell\\nmay be seen attached. Odor peculiar,\\nTaste of unroasted seeds bitter.\\nVarieties. Mocha coffee, grown\\nin Arabia, consists of very small\\ngrains, of dark color, and very\\nplump. It has a fine flavor and is\\nmuch esteemed but is usually em-\\nployed mixed with Java or some\\nother variety of coffee. JRio coffee\\nis also comparatively small and dark\\ncolored, but not so plump as Mocha, and has when prepared for use, as\\nwell as unroasted, a peculiar flavor, stronger than that of any other kind,\\nand not so delicate. Java coffee, with large, flattish, light-colored grains,\\nhas a fine delicate flavor. 3Iaracaibo coffee resembles the Java. Li-\\nberia coffee, which has the largest seeds of all, is also light colored, and\\nhas a fine flavor.\\nConstituents. iVbout four-fifths per cent, of Caffeine (which see).\\nAlso caffeo-tannic acid, about thirteen per cent, fixed oil, a trace of\\nvolatile oil, etc.\\nRoasting. To roast coffee properly is no small art. It must be\\nroasted as rapidly as possible without burning. The heat must be thor-\\noughly under control and sufficient to evenly and fully brown the seeds,\\nbut not hot enough to blacken them. If the coffee is not browned suf-\\nficiently, the product will have a disagreeable, insipid, somewhat bitter\\ntaste; if burnt, the coffee will have none of its peculiar, fine aroma, and\\nwill be bitter. When browned properly, the seeds have a shining, rich,\\ndark brown color, which is uniform all through the lot, and have an\\nagreeable, fragrant odor.\\nTo extract the flavor and properties from the roasted coffee, it must\\nbe ground fine, and exhausted with boiling hot water by percolation, to\\nobtain a strong extract such as pharmacists require for flavoring soda-\\nwater syrup.\\nUses. Coffee is used as a daily drink by a large portion of the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "246 A COMPANION TO THE\\nhuman race. It moderates tissue waste, improves digestion, produces\\nmental exhilaration and physical activity. It should not be taken\\nat other times than with meals, nor in excessive quantities, as it may\\notherwise produce nervous derangements, disturbance of the digestion,\\nhepatic troubles, insomnia, etc.\\nOn account of its stimulant effects it is used in various diseases, but\\nespecially in such as are apt to be accompanied by stupor and cerebral\\ndepression, as in typhoid conditions, in alcoholic intoxication, and in\\nopium-poisoning.\\nCoffee is also diuretic.\\nNo dose of this drug can be stated, as it is employed in various\\nquantities by different persons. In opium-poisoning large quantities\\nof strong coffee may be given.\\nCaffeina U. S.\\nCaffeine.\\nCaffeia, Coffeinum, Coffein.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 58. It is\\na feeble alkaloid. Exists in the seeds and leaves of the coffee plant, in\\ntea leaves, guarana (seeds), mate leaves {Ilex paraguayensis), yaupon\\nleaves {Ilex cassine), cola nuts (seeds of Cola acuminata), the leaves of\\nCyclopia genistoides, and the leaves of JVeea theifera.\\nIt is usually prepared from tea or guarana. It can also be made\\nsynthetically from guanin, a substance existing in guano.\\nMedicinal Uses. Caffeine is used for the same purposes as coffee,\\nbut probably with less beneficial results.\\nCaffeine has been given as a diuretic.\\nValerianate of caffeine has been given in hysterical vomiting and\\ntohooping-cough.\\nCaffeine has been used for subcutaneous injection, with questionable\\nsuccess or with positive failure, in hemicrania, hysterical headaches,\\noccipital neuralgia, and in opium-poisoning.\\nDose. One to three grains (0.06 to 0.20 gram) in sweetened water.\\nCaffeinse Citras.\\nCitrate of Caffeine.\\nA white, light, silky, flexible, crystalline mass. Soluble in sixty\\nparts of water, and in greater proportion in diluted alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic. Employed in cardiac dropsy.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) average dose about 0.2\\ngram (3 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 247\\nCajuputi Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Cajuput.\\nCajuputi ^Ether oleum -Volatile Oil of Cajuput.\\nOrigin. Melaleuca cajuputi, Roxburgh (Myrtacem).\\nHabitat. The Molucca Islands.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 234. Bluish-green.\\nMedicinal Uses. Probably very rarely used. Is said to be, and\\nprobably is, a stimulant carminative like other volatile oils.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (2 to 8 drops), on sugar.\\nCAJUPUTI SPIKITUS.\\nSpirit of Cajuput.\\nMix one gram (15 grains) oil of cajuput and forty-nine grams (1\\nounce 320 grains) alcohol.\\nUsed like oil of cajuput.\\nDose. One to ten cubic centimeters (15 to 150 minims) diluted\\nwith water.\\nCalamus U. S.\\nCalamus.\\nCalami Rhizoma, Radix Acori Kahnuswurzel G. Acore vrai, Acore\\nodor ant, F.; Acoro, Acoro verdadero, Sp.; Kalmusrot, Sw. Sweet\\nFlag.\\nOrigin. Acorus Calamus, Linn6 (Aracem).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used. The unpeeled rhizome.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 58.\\nUnpeeled root (rhizome) is the only kind to be used. The peeled\\ncalamus is very handsome, especially when bleached, but it is much less\\nactive medicinally, and when bleached (with chlorinated lime or sulphu-\\nrous acid) utterly unfit for use.\\nThe thickness of the part on the outer side of the nucleus sheath\\n(sometimes erroneously called bark should be over one-half the\\nshortest diameter of the portion included within the nucleus sheath.\\nThe oil cells are visible only by the aid of a microscope, and are more\\nnumerous in the outer than in the inner part.\\nThe odor is strong and aromatic the taste acrid, bitter, aromatic.\\nConstituents. The drug contains volatile oil and acorin, which", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "248\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nis a bitter glucoside (possibly an alkaloid) containing nitrogen. The\\nvolatile oil, of which there is about one per cent, in the bark, but only\\none-fourth per cent, in the peeled root, is yellow, or yellowish-brown,\\nand has the odor and taste of the drug.\\nThe acorin is a yellowish-brown, soft,\\nresinous-looking mass. Fliickiger got\\ncrystals from the tannin precipitate.\\nAcorin is insoluble in water, but soluble\\nin alcohol or in ether. There is also\\nsome benzoic acid in calamus, besides\\nstarch, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. A valuable aro-\\nmatic stomachic, often used in combi-\\nnation with bitters as an appetizer in\\nflatulent dyspepsia, etc. It is an ingre-\\ndient of almost all of the popular bit-\\nters of the day.\\nIt is best given in the form of fluid\\nextract or in infusion.\\nCALAMI EXTKACTUM FLUI-\\nDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Calamus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or\\nits equivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces)\\nof the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred\\nand seventy-five grams (about 7\u00c2\u00a3 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum.\\nPack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum.\\nMacerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces)\\nof the fir st percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nFigs. 129, 130.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Calamus, upper and\\nlower surfaces, natural size.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 249\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nFor suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\npose- One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCALAMI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Calamus.\\nPrepared by infusing thirty grams (1 ounce) cut unpeeled calamus\\nin three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) boiling water, about\\na quarter of an hour, and then straining.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce).\\nCALAMI TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Calamus.\\nPrepared by percolating thirty grams (1 ounce) calamus in No. 60\\npowder with alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCalcium.\\nCalcium.\\nAn alkaline earth metal, the carbonate and sulphate of which are\\nabundant, forming whole mountain ranges. Calcium phosphate is the\\nprincipal constituent of bone. Calcium carbonate makes up the shells\\nof oysters, etc.\\nCalcium salts are colorless or white. Many of them are insoluble in\\nwater, as the carbonate, phosphate, oxalate. Sulphate dissolves only\\nto a very limited extent. Nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide are\\nreadily soluble.\\nCalcii Bromidum U. S.\\nBeomide of Calcium.\\nCalcicum Bromidum Calcium Bromide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 59. White,\\ngranular, deliquescent soluble in less than its own weight of water.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in tightly glass-stoppered bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. The same as of other alkaline bromides. Said\\nto act more promptly in epilepsy.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains). Best given in syrup.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "250 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCalcii Bisulphis.\\nBisulphite of Calcium.\\nCalcicus JBisulphis Calcium Bisulphite.\\nA nearly white, amorphous salt, usually occurring in a lumpy pow-\\nder of a somewhat sulphurous odor and taste soluble to some extent\\nin hot water.\\nUses. See Calcii Sulphis.\\nCalcii Carbonas Prsecipitatus U. S.\\nPrecipitated Carbonate op Calcium.\\nCalcicus Carbonas Prwcipitatus Precipitated Calcium Carbonate,\\nPrecipitated Carbonate of Lime.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 59. A\\nwhite, impalpable powder odorless, tasteless, insoluble in water and in\\nalcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antacid and astringent. Used internally to\\ncheck diarrhoea, especially if the stools are acid and frothy and there\\nare sour eructations.\\nDose. 0.5 to 5 grams (8 to 75 grains), suspended in mucilage and\\nsyrup or .n powder.\\nCalcii Chloridum U. S.\\nChloride of Calcium.\\nCalcicum Chloridum Calcium Chloride, Fused Chloride of Calcium.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 60. White\\nor nearly colorless, somewhat translucent pieces very deliquescent\\nodorless acrid. Two hundred grams will dissolve in three hundred\\ngrams of water solubility in boiling water unlimited.\\nPreservation. On account of its deliquescent nature it must be\\nkept in tightly corked or glass-stoppered bottles, tied over with bladder\\nor otherwise snugly capped.\\nUses. Employed in chemical processes to dry gases and salts, and\\nfor the preparation of other calcium salts.\\nIn medicinal doses it is given to reduce scrofulous glandular swell-\\nings and in various skin diseases. In large doses it produces gastro-\\nintestinal irritation and inflammation.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains), largely diluted in water or\\nmucilaginous drinks.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 251\\nCalcii Hypophosphis U. S.\\nHypophosphite of Calcium.\\nCakicus Hypophosphis Calcium Hypophosphite, Hypophosphite of\\nLime.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 60. Snowy\\nwhite, small, crystalline scales odorless bitter dissolves in six times\\nits own weight of water. Heat scarcely aids its solution.\\nMedicinal Uses. Considered to be of value in nervous depression\\nand exhaustion^ cachectic and debilitated conditions, anosmia, scrofula,\\ntuberculosis, rickets, caries, etc.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains) three times a day. Best\\ngiven on a full stomach or at meal-times.\\nCALCII HYPOPHOSPHITIS SYKITPITS.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphite of Calcium.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphite of Lime.\\nDissolve twenty-five grams (386 grains) hypophosphite of calcium\\nin five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) of boiling distilled\\nwater, and filter. In the filtrate dissolve seven hundred and fifty grams\\n(26-J ounces) sugar, and then add thirty cubic centimeters (lfluidounce)\\norange-flower water, and enough water to make the whole measure one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces). Filter.\\nDose. A teaspoonful (5 cubic centimeters) containing thirteen\\ncentigrammes (2 grains) hypophosphite of calcium.\\nCalcii Iodidum.\\nIodide of Calcium.\\nCalcicum Iodidum Calcium Iodide, Iodide of Lime.\\nWhite, crystalline, usually occurring in irregular pieces of the fused\\nsalt, deliquescent, soluble in one-half its weight of water odorless,\\nbitter.\\nMedicinal Uses. Given internally as an alterative and antiseptic\\nto reduce suppuration, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "A COMPANION TO THE\\nCALCII IODIDI SYRUPUS.\\nSyeup of Iodide of Calcium.\\nDissolve twenty-five grams (386 grains) iodide of calcium in five\\nhundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 ounces) boiling water, and filter. Add six hun-\\ndred grams (21J ounces) sugar, fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce)\\ntincture of vanilla, and enough water to make the whole measure one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces). Dissolve the sugar and\\nfilter the syrup.\\nDose. A teaspoonful (5 cubic centimeters), containing about thir-\\nteen centigrams (2 grains) of calcium iodide.\\nCalcii Lactophospliatis Syrupus U. S.\\nSyeup of Lactophosphate of Calcium.\\nSyrup of Lactophosphate of Lime.\\nMix twenty-two grams (340 grains) precipitated phosphate of cal-\\ncium with three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) cold water,\\nand then add just enough hydrochloric acid to dissolve the whole of the\\nphosphate. Filter the solution through paper. Dilute the filtrate with\\ntwelve hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces) cold water, and then\\nadd, gradually, enough ammonia water to impart a slight but perma-\\nnent odor of ammonia to the liquid. Throw the whole liquid on a fine\\nmuslin strainer, previously well wetted with water. When the liquid\\nhas drained off, put the magma-like precipitate in a jar, mix it with an-\\nother twelve hundred grams (40 fluidounces) cold water, and then\\nagain transfer it to the muslin strainer. When the liquid has drained\\naway, mix the magma with thirty-three grams (1 ounce 72 grains) lactic\\nacid, and stir until all is dissolved. Now add eighty grams (2 ounces\\n3G0 grains) orange-flower water and enough distilled water to make the\\nwhole weigh three hundred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains),\\nfilter, and add sufficient water through the filter to make the whole fil-\\ntrate weigh four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains). To this add six\\nhundred grams (21 ounces 100 grains) sugar, and dissolve the latter by\\nshaking, without the aid of heat, and finally strain or filter.\\nThis preparation does not contain any definite compound of calcium\\nphosphate with lactic acid, but is simply a flavored syrup containing\\ncalcium phosphate held in solution by free lactic acid. There is no\\nsuch compound known to chemistry as lactophosphate of calcium or\\nlactophosphate of lime. Prepared as directed by the Pharmacopoeia\\nit soon gets unclear and mouldy. Should therefore be freshly made.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as those of the phosphate of lime.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (1 teaspoonful).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 253\\nCalcii Phosphas Prsecipitatus U. S.\\nPrecipitated Phosphate op Calcium.\\nCalcicus Phosphas Prcecipitatus Precipitated Calcium Phosphate,\\nPrecipitated Phosphate of Lime.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 60. A\\nfine, white, odorless, and tasteless powder, insoluble in water and in\\nalcohol, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.\\nPharmaceutical Uses. As a filtering medium for neutral, aque-\\nous, or alcoholic liquids containing volatile oils, etc., it is generally\\neffective, and much to be preferred to magnesium carbonate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Occasionally prescribed in rickets, caries, un-\\nunited fractures, etc.; also in tubercidosis, with the hope of bringing\\nabout calcareous degeneration of the tubercles.\\nIn ill-nourished pregnant females the teeth are often absorbed to\\nfurnish calcareous salts for the formation of bone for the foetus. To\\nprevent this, lime preparations are often given, and this is a good prep-\\naration for the purpose.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nCalcii Sulphas TJstus.\\nCalcined Sulphate of Calcium.\\nCalcicus Sulphas Ustus Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate, Gypsum,\\nPlaster-of Paris.\\nA white, amorphous powder, which when stirred up with some water\\nto form a thin paste sets to a hard solid mass in from two to five\\nminutes.\\nMust be kept in well-corked bottles, in a dry place.\\nUses. Employed for making plaster-of-Paris bandages, plaster-of-\\nParis jackets, etc.\\nMixed with flour and sugar it is sometimes used as a rat poison.\\nWater is placed in accessible places, and the rats, after eating and\\ndrinking, perish on account of the solid mass which forms in their\\nstomachs and intestines.\\nCalcii Sulphis.\\nSulphite of Calcium.\\nCalcicus Sulphis Calcium Sulphite.\\nA white, or nearly white, powder, without odor, but having a some-\\nwhat sulphurous taste it is soluble in eight hundred parts water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "254 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Probably seldom used internally. It prevents\\nfermentation and suppuration. It is used to prevent the former process\\nin cider, fruit juices, wines, etc.\\nCalcis Linimentum U. S.\\nLime Liniment.\\nEqual parts by weight of lime-water and cotton-seed oil, shaken\\nwell. It has the appearance of a thick cream.\\nThe lime liniment of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 consisted of eight\\nfluidounces lime-water and seven troyouhces of linseed oil. Lime\\nliniment made with linseed oil is called Carron Oil. In the British\\nPharmacopoeia the lime liniment consists of equal parts by volume of\\nlime-water and olive oil. In the French and Belgian Pharmacopoeias\\noil of sweet almond is used, and forms a preferable mixture.\\nMedicinal Uses. A proper application in burns and scalds.\\nCalcis Liquor U. S.\\nSolution op Lime.\\nCalcici Hydratis Solutio Solution of Calcium Hydrate Aqua Cal-\\ncis, Aqua Calcarice Lime Water, E. Kalkwasser, G. Eau de\\nchaux, F. Aqua de cal, Sp. Kalkvatten, Sw.\\nSlake thirty grams (1 ounce) lime with about one hundred and\\neighty grams (6 fluidounces) water gradually added. Then add nine\\nhundred cubic centimeters (about two pints) more water. Stir the\\nmixture occasionally during half an hour. Then allow it to settle, de-\\ncant the water which separates and throw it away. Now add to the\\nremaining magma 9 liters (about 19 pints) distilled water, stir well, and\\nafter the coarser and heavier particles of solid matter have subsided,\\npour off the milky mixture together with the suspended, undissolved,\\nbut finely divided lime into a glass-stoppered bottle, which is then to\\nbe closed and set aside. When lime-water is wanted for use, pour off\\nthe clear solution from the sediment.\\nIt is clear, colorless, nearly odorless, has a specific gravity of 1.0015\\nat 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (29\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and contains 0.15 per cent, of calcium hydrate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Lime-water is a valuable addition to drinks,\\nespecially milk, in cases of diarrhoea due to gastro-intestinal irritation\\ncaused by acid fermentation, such as is met with so frequently in chil-\\ndren during the hot summer months. The milk for bottle-nursed chil-\\ndren should contain one-third or one-fourth part of lime-water. The\\ncaseous coagula are more flocculent than when cow s milk is given with-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 255\\nout this addition. It is also used in vomiting, chronic diarrhoea, thrush,\\nand in the ailments of ill-nourished infants and children. In vomiting\\ndue to ulcer or cancer of the stomach it is often very useful. In\\nrickets it supplies the necessary lime for the formation of hard bone.\\nThe continued inhalation of spray of lime-water and of vapors from\\nslaking lime has been employed with good results for loosening mem-\\nbranous deposits in croup or diphtheria.\\nDose. Twenty-five to two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1\\nto 8 fluidounces) several times a day with milk.\\nCalcis Syrupus IT. S.\\nSyrup of Lime.\\nCcdcis Liquor Saccharatus Saccharate of Lime, Saccharated Lime,\\nSaccharated Solution of Lime.\\nTriturate fifty grams (L ounce 334 grains) lime with three hundred\\ngrams (10 ounces 255 grains) sugar in a Wedgewood mortar until in-\\ntimately mixed then put five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains)\\nboiling water in a bright copper or tinned iron vessel, add the mixture\\nof lime and suo-ar, and boil the whole together for five minutes, stirring\\nconstantly. Now add five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains) more\\nof water, and then filter through paper. Lastly evaporate the syrupy\\nliquid until it weighs one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nA clear, thin syrup, containing about one per cent, of lime.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of phosphate of lime.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (1 teaspoonful).\\nCalx U. S.\\nLime.\\nCalcicum Oxidum Calcium Oxide Calx TJsta, Calx Viva, Galea-\\nria Usta Kalk, Gebrannter Kalk, G.; Chaux, Chaux Vive, F.\\nCal, Col Viva, Sp.; Kalk, Brannd Kalk, Sw.; Quick-lime, Un-\\nslaked Lime.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 61.\\nGood quick-lime, or unslaked lime. Unless kept in tight\\nvessels in a dry place it absorbs moisture and carbonic acid from the\\nair, falls to powder, and is then air-slaked.\\nOdor faint, if any. Taste sharp and caustic. Soluble in seven hun-\\ndred and fifty parts of water at ordinary temperatures much less solu-\\nble in boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol.\\nAbsorbs about half its weight of water to form hydrate (slaked lime).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "256 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLime which is very hard and apparently remains unacted upon by cold\\nwater may, nevertheless, be slaked by hot water. A great amount of\\nheat is generated by the chemical action in slaking lime.\\nUses. Generally used only for the preparation of lime compounds.\\nAn ointment containing five per cent, of quick-lime has been found\\nuseful in chronic psoriasis and other skin diseases and ulcers.\\nCalx Chlorata U. S.\\nChlorinated Lime.\\nCalx Chlorinata, Calcaria Chlorata, Calcii Hypochloris Chlorkalk,\\nBleichkalk, G. Chlorure de chaux, Poudre de Tennant, Poudre de\\nKnox, F. Hipoclorito calcico clorurado, Cloruro de Col, Sp.\\nKlorkaTk, Sw. Chloride of Lime, Bleaching Powder, Hypo-\\nchlorite of Lvne.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 62.\\nChlorinated lime is commonly called Chloride of Lime. It should\\nbe a white, or nearly white, dry powder, containing at least twenty-five\\nper cent, available chlorine. By available chlorine is meant the\\ntotal amount of free chlorine obtained when the chlorinated lime is\\nmixed with an acid. The Pharmacopoeia provides a simple reliable test\\nby which an insufficiency of chlorine may be discovered. Must be kept\\nin tightly closed vessels, in a cool but especially a dry place, and pro-\\ntected from sunlight.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is mainly employed as a disinfectant for\\nprivies, water-closets, sewers, and to remove the foul odors caused by\\ncancer of the uterus, gangrene, etc. Internally it has been given in\\nseptic and typhoid fevers, putrid sore throat, etc.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 5 grains) in solution, six to ten times\\na day.\\nAs a gargle in sore throat a one per cent, solution may be prescribed.\\nCalx Sulphurata U. S.\\nSulphurated Lime.\\nSulphide of Lime, Sulphuret of Lime, Sidphide of Calcium.\\nIt is a mixture of sulphide of calcium and hyposulphite and sul-\\nphate of calcium. When physicians prescribe sulphide of calcium, this\\npreparation is understood to be the one intended.\\nPreparation. Tt is prepared by thoroughly mixing three hundred\\ngrams (10 ounces) finely powdered lime and two hundred and seventy", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 257\\ngrams (9 ounces) precipitated sulphur, packing the mixture with mod-\\nerate pressure into a Hessian crucible of such size that it will be nearly\\nfilled, luting down the cover, and heating at a low red heat for an hour\\nin a charcoal fire.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 62. It is\\na grayish or yellowish white powder which smells somewhat of hydro-\\nsulphuric acid sulphuretted hydrogen and has an offensive caustic\\ntaste, and alkaline reaction. It is not readily soluble in water and quite\\ninsoluble in alcohol. Must be kept in tightly corked bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is given to arrest or prevent the\\nformation of pus in diseases of all grades of severity from the slight\\npustule of acne to the confluent pustules of small-pox, the discharge of\\npus from the ear or in purulent bronchorrhoea, or abscesses, as in boils,\\nabscess of the liver, or lumbar abscesses.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.25 gram (-J- to 4 grains) in pills or granules, re-\\npeated several times daily.\\nCALCIS SULPHUKAT^ LIQUOR\\nSolution of Sulphurated Lime.\\nBoil one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) sublimed sulphur and\\ntwo hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) lime with one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces) water in a porcelain evaporating dish for\\none hour, stirring occasionally with a glass rod, and adding more water\\nfrom time to time to preserve the same volume. Remove the dish from\\nthe heat, let the contents settle, decant the clear solution, and keep it\\nin well-corked or glass-stoppered bottles, well filled and put in a cool\\nplace.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed externally as a wash in shin diseases.\\nCalculi Cancrorum.\\nCbabs Eyes.\\nLapilli Cancrorum Crabs Stones.\\nWhite, about the size of a pea, round, somewhat flattened, smooth,\\nwith the convex edge raised all around above the plane surface so as to\\nform a pit or groove on the flat side. Composed of concentric layers\\nof organic membrane containing deposits of calcium carbonate, and\\nother calcium salts. Inodorous and tasteless. When put into boiling\\nwater they turn rose colored. Hydrochloric acid dissolves out the cal-\\ncium salts, leaving the organic framework. Contains about sixty-three\\n17", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "258 A COMPANION TO THE\\nper cent, calcium carbonate, seventeen per cent, calcium phosphate,\\nfrom twelve to fifteen per cent, animal matter, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sometimes employed, like carbonate of lime, as\\nan antacid. The practice of introducing them under the eyelids to re-\\nmove foreign bodies from, the eye is liable to injure this delicate organ.\\nCalendula; U. S.\\nCalendula.\\nCalendidce Herba JRingelblume, G. Fleurs de tout les mois, F. Ming-\\nblommor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Calendula officinalis, Linne (Composite).\\nHabitat. Cultivated everywhere.\\nParts used. The official drug is the fresh flowering herb. The\\ndrug most used heretofore has been the flowers (ray-florets) alone. In\\nfact the official drug is, at this writing, scarcely obtainable in the market.\\nDescription. The plant has a rough, angular stem alternate,\\nthick, hairy, spatulate leaves flower heads five centimeters (2 inches)\\nbroad, with conspicuous bright yellow ray-florets. The odor is some-\\nwhat narcotic taste bitter and salty.\\nConstituents. A trace of volatile oil, an amorphous bitter princi-\\nple, yellow coloring matter (tasteless calendulin), etc.\\nSubstitutions. For marigold flowers the so-called French or Af-\\nrican marigold (Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula) have been generally\\nsold (Maisch).\\nMedicinal Uses. Calendula is reputed to possess tonic and alter-\\native, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue properties.\\nA tincture of the flowers has been much used, externally, for similar\\npurposes as the tincture of arnica flowers, and is reported to act very\\nsatisfactorily.\\nCALENDULA EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Calendula.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAsa menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n259\\nCALENDULA TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTinctuke of Calendula.\\nMoisten two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) calendula, in No. 20\\npowder, with four hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (16 fluid-\\nounces) diluted alcohol, and macerate twenty-four hours then pack it\\nfirmly in a cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour alcohol upon it,\\ncontinuing the percolation until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains, or 41 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCalumba U. S.\\nCalumba.\\nCalumbw Radix Columbo Root Kolumbowurzel, G. Columbo, F..;\\nColombo, Sp. Kolumborot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers (Menispermacece).\\nHabitat. Africa.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 61. The outer surface\\nis yellowish brown and wrinkled.\\nThe slices are about twenty-five to\\nsixty-five millimeters (1 to 2-| inches)\\nin diameter, and six to twelve milli-\\nmeters to inch) thick. The flat\\nsurfaces are concave, so that the\\nslice is thinner in the centre than at\\nthe circumference. The color of the\\ncut surface is greenish yellow or yel-\\nlowish gray, the yellow color being\\nbrightest under the epidermis. The\\ndrug is heavy, and easily crushed or\\npowdered.\\nMust have a good color. Worm-eaten columbo root is more common\\nthan a sound drag, and should be rejected. The gray cambium ring,\\ncrossed by radiating lines, to be observed between the bark and the\\nwood, is a good sign by which to distinguish true calumba from other\\ntransversely sliced roots, as bryonia, etc.\\nConstituents. Calumbin, calumbic acid, berberine, and starch.\\nCalumbin forms colorless or white crystals is odorless, but very bitter.\\nCalumbic acid is a yellow, amorphous powder of bitter taste. Ber-\\nFlG. 131. Calumba, natural size.\\ni", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "260 A COMPANION TO THE\\nberine is a yellow crystalline alkaloid, found in berberis and many other\\ndrugs. There is no tannin in calumba.\\nMedicinal Uses. Vegetable bitters stimulate the appetite and\\ndigestion, and are general tonics. Calumba is one of the best drugs\\nof this class, and is useful, either alone or as an adjuvant to other\\nremedies, in vomiting of pregnancy, atonic dyspepsia, chronic gastric\\ncatarrh, flatulence, etc. In convalescence from fen ers it is exceptionally\\nbeneficial in restoring appetite and digestion.\\nDose. Ten to thirty grains (0.66 to 2 grams), preferably as fluid\\nextract.\\nCALUMB^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM IT. S.\\nFluid Extkact of Calumba.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5\u00c2\u00a3 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted. Evaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey,\\nand then dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces). For suggestions as to details, see page 451.\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCALUMBJS 1NFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Calumba.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 597.)\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 261\\nCALFMB^E TINCTUEA; U. S.\\nTincture of Caltjmba.\\nMix three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) alcohol and two\\nhundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) water. Moisten one hun-\\ndred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) calumba, in No. 20 powder, with one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) of the mixed alco-\\nhol and water. Macerate twenty-four hours. Pack it in a cylindrical\\npercolator, and percolate with the remainder of the menstruum and as\\nmuch more, mixed in the same proportions, as may be necessary to\\nobtain one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, or 38 fluidounces) of\\ntincture.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2-J- fluidrachms).\\nCambogia TJ. S.\\nGamboge.\\nCambogiicm Gammi- Resina, Gummi-Resina Guttce, Gutta Gamba,\\nGambogium, Gambogia Gummigutt, Gutti, G. Gutte, Gomme-\\ngutte, F.; Gutagamba, Sp.; Gummi-gutta, Sw.\\nOrigin. Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker Alius (Guttiferce).\\nHabitat. Siam.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 63. The drug is a\\ngum-resin. There are two kinds known to the trade. The Siam gam-\\nboge in sticks, ov pipe gamboge, is the best, and the only kind referred\\nto by the Pharmacopoeia. Cake gamboge is not to be used for phar-\\nmacopoeial purposes, being very inferior and containing usually from\\nfive to twenty per cent, starch.\\nConstituents. Contains from seventy-one to seventy-four per\\ncent, resin, called gambogic acid, and from sixteen to twenty-four per\\ncent. gum. Gambogic acid is cherry red, yellow in powder, odorless\\nand tasteless, of acid reaction, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and\\nether. It is not known what the acrid taste of the gamboge is due to.\\nPure gamboge contains no starch.\\nUses. Gamboga* is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, generally\\ngiven in combination, as in the compound cathartic pills.\\nThe dose is about 0.06 to 0.33 gram (1 to 5 grains). As a hydra-\\ngogue cathartic to remove dropsical effusions it is best given in small\\ndoses, 0.06 gram (1 grain) every two hours.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "262 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCamphoi*a IT. S.\\nCamphor.\\nKampfer, G. Camphre, F. Alcanfor, Sp. Kamfer, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cinnamomum Camphora, F. Nees et Ebermaier (Lau-\\nrqcece).\\nHabitat. China, Japan, Formosa.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 63.\\nThe re-sublimed camphor, which is the official kind, consists entirely\\nof the stearopten C 30 H 16 O. It floats on water, in which it is but very\\nsparingly soluble (1 ounce in 54 pints). It is very readily soluble in\\nalcohol (1 ounce in 1\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounce), ether, chloroform, bisulphide of car-\\nbon, benzin, fixed and volatile oils, strong acetic acid, sulphuric acid,\\nand diluted nitric acid. By heating with a large quantity of sulphuric\\nacid, or with strong nitric acid, the camphor is, however, changed\\ninto other compounds. Equal parts of camphor and chloral hydrate\\ntriturated together form a homogeneous liquid. When three grams (45\\ngrains) of camphor is rubbed together with one gram (15 grains) crys-\\ntallized carbolic acid a clear liquid is formed.\\nThe appearance, odor, and taste of camphor are characteristic and\\nfamiliar. Camphor having any color (yellowish and pinkish camphor is\\nnot uncommon) is impure and unfit for the requirements of the Pharma-\\ncopoeia, and a soft, smeary, or very granular camphor should also be\\nrejected. A good drug is tough, colorless, and crystalline.\\nCamphor cannot be powdered by trituration, except when moistened\\nwith a little alcohol, ether, or chloroform, either of which renders pul-\\nverization easy. The powder obtained in this way, however, crystal-\\nlizes soon again. By grating and sifting, a powder can be obtained\\nwhich retains its pulverulent condition for a long time.\\nBalsam of tolu masks the odor of camphor, and the same effect is\\nproduced by asafetida, ammoniac, and galbanum.\\nMedicinal Uses. Camphor is a stimulant of the brain and the cir-\\nculation, and causes mental excitement. It is given as a stimulant in the\\ntyphoid conditions of many diseases, to check the muttering delirium\\nand siibsultus tendinum in the exanthemata, typhoid, typhus, variola,\\netc. It allays maniacal excitement if given in large doses. It is much\\nused, with or without opium, in the first stages\u00c2\u00abof Asiatic cholera, in\\ncholera morbus, etc. In large doses it is anaphrodisiac, and allays\\nsexual excitement. It is useful in priapism, nymphomania, chordee,\\netc. It is a popular remedy for external use in bruises, rheumatism,\\nheadache, etc. It is often added to liniments.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 263\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.33 gram (1 to 5 grains) as a stimulant in low\\nfevers, and as an anaphrodisiac up to 0.66 gram (10 grains) in mani-\\nacal excitement, about 1.33 gram (20 grains). It is best given suspended\\nin mucilage.\\nPoisonous Effects. In large doses camphor may produce toxic\\neffects, gastro-intestinal inflammation, pale and cold skin, weak pulse,\\nstupefaction, convulsions, insensibility, and death.\\nCoffee and alcohol may be given as antidotes.\\nCAMPHOPwE ACETUM.\\nCamphor Vinegar*\\nTriturate twenty-five grams (386 grains) camphor with five grams\\n(77 grains) glacial acetic acid until reduced to a fine powder then\\nadd, gradually, twenty grams (308 grains) more of glacial acetic acid,\\ncontinuing the trituration, and finally add enough diluted acetic acid\\nto make the whole one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains). Set the\\nwhole aside during five days, shaking it occasionally. Lastly, filter.\\nEmployed as a prophylactic and antiseptic, as, for instance, to\\ncleanse the hands after dissecting also as a refreshing and stimulating\\nsmelling- vinegar.\\nCAMPHORS AQUA IT. S.\\nCamphor Water.\\nDissolve eight grams (123 grains) camphor in sixteen grams (247\\ngrains, or 5 fluidrachms) alcohol. Distribute this solution on clean\\ncotton, as described under the title Aquae Aromaticas. The cotton is\\nthen exposed to the air until the alcohol has nearly all evaporated.\\nThen it is packed into the percolator and distilled water is percolated\\nthrough it until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, or 34 fluid-\\nounces) of percolate has been obtained.\\nThis camphor water is very good.\\nUsed as an adjuvant in diarrhoea mixtures, etc.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce).\\nCAMPHOR M CERATCM; U.S.\\nCamphor Cerate.\\nMix three grams (46 grains) camphor liniment and twelve grams\\n(185 grains) olive oil, and incorporate the mixture with eighty-five\\ngrams (3 ounces) simple cerate.\\nIn case camphor liniment is not at hand, use instead its component", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "264 A COMPANION TO THE\\nparts, 0.6 gram (9^ grains) camphor and 2.4 grams (37 grains) cotton-\\nseed oil.\\nThis is a new preparation of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, introduced\\nfor the purpose of constructing an easy formula for making cerate of\\nsubacetate of lead extemporaneously. (See Plumbi Subacetatis Ceratum.)\\nCAMPHORS CERATUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCamphor Ice.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered camphor in 120 grams (4\\nounces) oil of almond by the aid of moderate heat. Then melt with\\nthis thirty grams (1 ounce) spermaceti, thirty grams (1 ounce) white\\nwax, and sixty grams (2 ounces) paraffine. Strain, and mould it into\\ncakes.\\nThis is a good product. It may be perfumed with a few drops oil\\nof lavender flowers or with any other suitable agent.\\nExtensively used for chapped hands, lips, etc.\\nCAMPHORATA EMULSIO.\\nCamphorated Emulsion.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) powdered camphor and five grams\\n(75 grains) powdered acacia with three hundred cubic centimeters (10\\nfluidoiunces) almond emulsion, graduall} added.\\nAn elegant preparation for the internal administration of camphor.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters 1 to 1 fluidounce).\\nCAMPHORS LINIMENTUM U. S.\\nCamphor Liniment.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces) powdered camphor in 240 grams (8\\nounces) cotton-seed oil by the aid of moderate heat.\\nThis is the same as the preparation of 1870, except that olive oil was\\nprescribed instead of cotton-seed oil.\\nAn anodyne liniment, used in sprains, bruises, rheumatism, and\\npainful swellings.\\nCAMPHORJE MIXTURA ACIDA.\\nHope s Camphor Mixture.\\nMix fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) fuming nitric acid, ten\\ncubic centimeters (2-J- fluidrachms) tincture of opium, and nine hundred\\nand seventy-five cubic centimeters (33 fluidounces) camphor water.\\nDose. Fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) every few hours in\\ndiarrhoeas, etc.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 265\\nCAMPHOE^E MIXTUEA AKOMATICA.\\nParrish s Camphor Mixture.\\nMix two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) com-\\npound tincture of lavender, thirty grams (1 ounce) sugar, and sufficient\\ncamphor water to make the whole measure one thousand cubic centime-\\nters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) every few hours in\\ndiarrhoeas, etc.\\nCAMPHOE^E OLEUM.\\nOil of Camphor.\\nCamphorw JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Camphor.\\nA yellowish brown volatile oil (elaeopten) of the odor and taste of\\ncamphor, readily soluble in alcohol. It is obtained from crude camphor,\\nfrom which it separates in the tanks where the drug is stored before it\\nis packed for exportation from the Chinese ports. It is called in the\\ntrade Camphor Oil of Formosa.\\nSeldom used. Action similar to that of camphor.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nCAMPHOE PHENOL.\\n(See Carbolic Acid Camphor, page 21.)\\nCAMPHOE^E SPIEITUS IT. S.\\nSpirit op Camphor.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) camphor in two hundred and ten\\ngrams (7 ounces, or 8J fluidounces) alcohol add sixty grams (2 fluid-\\nounces) water, and then filter.\\nUsed externally as an application to bruises, etc.; also as a stimu-\\nlating application to the nostrils and face in fainting spells or sick head-\\naches.\\nCAMPHOE^E SPIEITUS ^ETHEEEUS.\\nCamphorated Spirit op Ether.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) camphor in one hundred and eighty\\ngrams (6 ounces) spirit of ether.\\nDose. About two cubic centimeters (30 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "266 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCamphora Monobromata U. S.\\nMonobromated Camphor.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 64. It\\nrepresents a molecule of camphor in which one of the atoms of hydrogen\\nhas been replaced by an atom of bromine. Should be perfectly white\\nand in well developed crystals.\\nMonobromate of camphor is useful to allay irritation of the nervous\\nsystem. It is employed in epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, insomnia from ex-\\ncessive mental work or excitement, etc.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) in pill, several times a day.\\nAverage dose about 0.25 gram (4 grains).\\nCanella.\\nCanella.\\nCanellai Albm Cortex Weisser Zimmt, Weisser Kaneel, G. Canelle\\nblanche, F. Hvit kanel, Sw.\\nOrigin. Canella alba, Murray (Canellacew).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The West Indies.\\nPart used. The bark of the stem.\\nDescription. Hard white quills, troughs, or irregular fragments,\\ntwo to four millimeters (about -J inch) thick. The outer bark is absent.\\nExternally pale brownish red or brownish yellow, and smooth, except\\nthat it is marked by long, white, round scars. The thicker pieces of\\nbark from older branches are rough on the outside, but constitute only\\na small proportion of the drug. The inner surface is white, smooth.\\nBreaks with an even granular white fracture, showing numerous yellowish\\nresin cells in the middle bark and bast fibres. Odor spicy, reminding of\\ncassia taste bitter, hot, aromatic.\\nConstituents. Contains about one per cent, volatile oil and\\ntwenty per cent, acrid aromatic resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. A stimulant tonic similar in its action to other\\naromatics. Used to prevent griping of purgatives, as of aloes (in Hi-\\nera Picra etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2.5 grams (8 to 40 grains) in powder or fluid extract.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 267\\nCANELL^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Canella.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCannabis Americana U. S.\\nAmerican Cannabis.\\nAmerican Hemp, Phar. 1870.\\nOrigin. Cannabis sativa, Linne (Cannabinacece).\\nHabitat. The Southern States of the United States.\\nPart used. The flowering plant.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 64.\\nConstituents. Its constituents and properties are probably the\\nsame as those of the Indian cannabis, although the American cannabis\\nis so much weaker that it seems to be a superfluous addition to the\\nmateria medica list. (See Cannabis Indica.)\\nCANNABIS AMERICANS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of American Cannabis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (2 to 6 minims).\\nCannabis Indica U. S.\\nIndian Cannabis.\\nCannabis Indicaz Summitates Indischer Hanf, G. Chanvre Indien,\\nF. Canamo Indico, Sp. Cannabis Indica, Sw. Guaza, Gunjah,\\nGanjah, Hasheesh.\\nOrigin. Cannabis sativa, Linne (Cannabinacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The East Indies.\\nPart used. The flowering tops of the female plants, only.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 64. The Indian can-\\nnabisreferred to in the Pharmacopoeia is the kind known in East India", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "268 A COMPANION TO THE\\nas Ganja and in the London market as Guaza. It consists of the flower-\\ning tops of the female plant, with a few leaves and a considerable num-\\nber of fruits, the whole having an appearance of being glued together\\nby resinous matter. The drug has a dark brownish green color, is easily\\nbroken, and has a peculiar, somewhat narcotic, but not unpleasant odor.\\nThe taste is resinous, very slightly bitterish.\\nA much crumbled, or discolored, or nearly odorless drug must be re-\\njected.\\nVarieties of the Drug. Besides the official variety of the drug\\nthere is a dark green substance called Bhang, which is smoked with or\\nwithout tobacco in India, consisting of coarsely broken dried leaves and\\nsmall stalks, together with a few fruits. This kind of cannabis indica\\ndoes not reach Europe and America, and is probably much inferior to\\nthe ganja.\\nAlthough the European, American, and Indian cannabis sativa are\\none and the same plant botanically, the Indian cannabis differs very\\ngreatly from the plant grown in Europe or America as to its medicinal\\npower. It is also stated that in India the plant grown at an elevation\\nof over six thousand feet above the sea exhibits a marked difference from\\nthat grown on the plains, the largest amount of resin being produced in\\nthe plants in the highest altitudes. Temperature also seems to have a\\ndecided influence, an elevated temperature being favorable to an in-\\ncreased formation of resin.\\nConstituents. The most important Constituent of Indian cannabis\\nis its resin, which is a brown, amorphous substance first separated by\\nT. and H. Smith, of Edinburgh. A powerful narcotic effect was obtained\\nfrom two-thirds of a grain of this resin, and complete intoxication fol-\\nlowed the administration of one grain. The potent effects of the drug\\nare probably chiefly due to this constituent. There is also found in the\\ndrug a small quantity of volatile oil, which has a yellow or yellowish\\nbrown color, and a strong odor of hemp. This volatile oil also possesses\\nnarcotic properties.\\nNomenclature. The Indian Cannabis is called on some drug-\\nlists Foreign Indian Hemp, to distinguish it from the American Can-\\nnabis, which is sometimes quoted as Cannabis sativa, and also to\\ndistinguish it from Asclepias incamata, the root of which goes by the\\nname of White Indian Hemp, and from the root of Apocynum can-\\nnabinum, which is called Canadian Hemp, but more commonly Black\\nIndian Hemp. To avoid confusion it is to be hoped that the term In-\\ndian Hemp be discontinued altogether, and that the names Indian\\nCannabis, American Cannabis, Asclepias incarnata, and Apo-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 2G9\\ncynum cannabinum be used to designate respectively the drugs men-\\ntioned. See also paragraph under the head of Apocynum cannabinum.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cannabis indica is an intoxicant and exhilarant.\\nIt has been used for this purpose in various forms in the oriental coun-\\ntries from time immemorial to the present day, and is the haschish of\\nthose countries. It is also, like other intoxicants, as alcohol, etc., a nar-\\ncotic poison in large doses.\\nGiven in full doses, but short of toxic quantities, it produces pleas-\\nant intoxication and queer hallucinations in regard to time, space, and\\nsound. Ages seem to be crowded into minutes, and objects and sounds\\nappear to be or come from immense distances though in the same room.\\nSometimes a cataleptic condition may occur, during which the limbs\\nremain fixed in whatever condition they are placed by attendants.\\nAfter poisonous doses the mind often wanders, the patient experi-\\nencing first pleasant, then horrible dreams, and this stage may be fol-\\nlowed by collapse, stupor, extreme debility, or convulsions. Anaesthesia\\nalso occurs, but death from this drug is rare. These effects may be pro-\\nduced by the internal use of the drug or by smoking it.\\nAs a medicine this remedy is used in tetanus, and in some nervous\\ndisorders, insanity and delirium tremens, especially if accompanied by\\nanosmia of the brain.\\nIt is an unreliable remedy, and its administration must be com-\\nmenced with the smallest doses when a new lot of any of its prepara-\\ntions is employed.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains), best given as fluid extract.\\nCANNABIS INDIC^E ABSTRACTUM.\\nAbstract of Indian Cannabis.\\nPut three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) fluid extract of\\nIndian cannabis into a porcelain evaporating dish add seventy-five\\ngrams (2 ounces 280 grains) powdered sugar of milk cover the dish\\nwith a piece of thin gauze muslin, and set it in a place where the tem-\\nperature does not exceed 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until the mixture is dry. Add\\nnow enough powdered sugar of milk to make the whole weigh one hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains), and triturate thoroughly\\nuntil reduced to a very fine powder. Keep it in tightly closed bottles.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.06 to 0.15 gram (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 grains).\\nCANNABIS INDICJE EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Indian Cannabis.\\nFrom five hundred grams (or 17| avoirdupois ounces) of the drug\\nin No. 60 powder.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "270 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol. Moisten with one hundred and fifty\\ngrams (6J fluidounces). Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Sat-\\nurate with menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate until\\nexhausted, or until fifteen hundred grams (about 60 fluidounces) of\\npercolate has been obtained. Recover the alcohol in the usual way,\\nand then evaporate the remainder to solid extract. No glycerin is\\nadded to this extract.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid ex-\\ntract to the pilular consistence.\\nDark green.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.03 gram (i to -J grain).\\nCANNABIS INDICJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Indian Cannabis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6J fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J- fluidounces)\\nof the. first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted. Evaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey,\\nand then dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nCANNABIS INDIC M TINCTURA IT. S.\\nTincture of Indian Cannabis.\\nMoisten one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) cannabis indica,\\nin No. 40 powder, with one hundred grams (about 4-J fluidounces) alco-\\nhol, and macerate twenty-four hours. Then pack it firmly in a cylindri-\\ncal percolator, and percolate with alcohol until five hundred grams (17f\\navoirdupois ounces, measuring about 22 fluidounces) tincture has been\\nobtained.\\nThe tincture of Indian cannabis of the new Pharmacopoeia (1880) is\\nforty per cent, weaker than that of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870).\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims^.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 271\\nCannabis Oleum.\\nHempseed Oil.\\nHempseed yields about twenty-five per cent, of a drying fixed oil\\nby expression. It is greenish, but becomes lighter by age, especially if\\nexposed to the action of light. Specific gravity 0.93. Odor disagree-\\nable taste bland, unless it is rancid.\\nHempseed oil is used in the manufacture of green soft soap, which is\\nso much and so deservedly used as an external application in certain\\nskin diseases.\\nCantharis IT. S.\\nCantharides.\\nSpanische Fliegen, Canthariden, G. Cantharides, F. Cantarida]\\nSp. BpansJca Flugor, Sw. Spanish Flies.\\nOrigin. Cantharis vesicatoria, De Geer (Coleqptera).\\nHabitat. Spain, Russia, etc.\\nPart used. The whole insect.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 64.\\nThe largest and best cantharides is the Russian. The odor of can-\\ntharides is peculiar and easily recognized. The taste is burning.\\nCantharides should not be powdered without properly protecting the\\nnose, mouth, and eyes of the operator. This may be effected by means\\nof a wet cloth or sponge and a pair of coquilles goggles\\nPreservation. Cantharides is frequently attacked by mites, which\\neat the soft parts. To prevent this, the Pharmacopoeia directs that the\\ndrug be kept in well -closed vessels containing a little camphor.\\nCamphor is preferable to ether, chloroform, or turpentine for this pur-\\npose. The most important precaution as regards the preservation of\\nthe drug is, however, to see to it that it is thoroughly dry. If not dry,\\nit is more liable to be attacked by mites, and, moreover, may partially\\ndecompose and acquire an exceedingly offensive somewhat ammoniacal\\nodor. The drug should be well dried at about 35\u00c2\u00b0 to 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (95\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) before being put in its proper receptacle. The best receptacle\\nis, perhaps, a tin can with close-fitting, flat cover.\\nConstituents. The active constituent is cantharidin. This sub-\\nstance may be a stearopten or a fatty acid. When pure it is in white\\ncrystals soluble in boiling alcohol, and more soluble in chloroform,\\nvolatile oils, fixed oils, acetic acid, acetic ether, and in ether.\\nThe cantharidin is contained chiefly in the soft parts of the bugs,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "272 A COMPANION TO THE\\nwhere it has been found to the extent of one-fourth per cent. It is a\\npowerfully acrid poison, the one-hundredth part of a grain being suffi-\\ncient to blister the skin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Internally it acts as a stimulant to the circula-\\ntion and is diuretic. It is occasionally employed in gleet, debility of the\\nbladder with incontinence of urine in old men, and in vesical catarrh.\\nExternally it is stimulant, rubefacient, and, if allowed to remain in\\ncontact with the skin for some time, vesicant.\\nThe latter property renders the drug valuable as a counter-irritant\\nin chronic effusions into joints, general dropsy, pericarditis, chronic\\npleurisy, etc. Blisters are sometimes useful when there is a tendency\\nto coma in typhus or typhoid fever, but it must be borne in mind that\\nthe denuded surface in such cases often refuses to heal, but suppurates.\\nCantharides is an ingredient of most of the so-called Hair-restorers.\\nIt is given internally only in the form of tincture.\\nDose. Of the tincture, 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nCANTHAKIDIS ACETUM.\\nVinegar of Cantharides.\\nMix one hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (6 fluidounces) of\\nacetic acid with thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) of glacial acetic\\nacid, and digest thirty grams (1 ounce) of powdered cantharides in the\\nmixture for two hours at a temperature of 95\u00c2\u00b0 0. (203\u00c2\u00b0 F.). After\\ncooling transfer the whole to a glass percolator and let the liquid per-\\ncolate. Continue the percolation with acetic acid until three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of final product has been obtained,\\nwhich filter.\\nThis preparation is a strong vesicant, producing blisters in two or\\nthree hours.\\nCANTIIARIDIS CERATUM U. S.\\nCantharides Cerate.\\nBlistering Cerate.\\nMelt together one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) yellow wax,\\none hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) resin, and one hundred and\\nfifty grams (5 ounces) lard. Strain through muslin. Then incorporate\\ntwo hundred and ten grams (7 ounces) of powdered cantharides and\\nkeep the mixture in a liquid condition by means of a water-bath for half", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 273\\nan hour, stirring occasionally. Then remove it from the water-bath\\nand stir it until cool.\\nCaution. By the use of too great heat, vapors containing canthari-\\ndin will rise, which are very acrid and affect the eyes and face of the oper-\\nator, sometimes very seriously. In any event it is best not to stand with\\nthe face over the melted cantharidal mixture longer than is absolutely\\nnecessary to watch the job. To wear coquilles is a wise precaution.\\nVYhen the cantharides is added the mixture sometimes froths over if the\\nheat is too great.\\nCantharidal cerate should be put up in earthenware, glass, or tins.\\nThe practice of rolling it into sticks and wrapping these in paper is\\nslovenly and improper. If the cerate is worth anything it is worthy of\\nbeing properly preserved.\\nThe new cantharides cerate is a substantial improvement upon that\\nof the previous Pharmacopoeia, which was too soft. Even the new prep-\\naration would be further improved for use in the southern parts of\\nour country by using one-fifth less lard, or equal parts of wax, resin,\\nand lard, which would make the proportions three hundred and ninety\\ngrams (13 ounces) of each of the wax, resin, and lard, with six hundred\\nand thirty grams (21 ounces) cantharides, corresponding to the official\\nstrength. The cantharides cerate of 1870 was slightly weaker, the can-\\ntharidal strength of that preparation being thirty-three and one-third\\nper cent. while that of the new is thirty -five per cent.\\nThis is the ordinary form of using cantharides as a blistering agent.\\nCANTHARIDIS CHAETA; IT. S.\\nCanthaeides Papee.\\nMix two hundred and forty grams (8 ounces) white wax, ninety\\ngrams (3 ounces) spermaceti, one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces)\\nolive oil, thirty grams (one ounce) Canada turpentine, thirty grams (1\\nounce) powdered cantharides (No. 60), and three hundred grams (10\\nounces) water in a shallow, flat-bottomed tin pan, and boil the mixture\\ngently for two hours, stirring constantly. Strain through flannel with-\\nout using any force. Put the strained mixture back into the same pan\\nagain, and set it in a water-bath to keep the contents liquid. Now pass\\nstrips of sized paper over the surface of the melted plaster, so as to coat\\nthem on one side. When dry, cut them into rectangular pieces.\\nThe preparation is identical with that of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nIt is best preserved in tin boxes.\\nIt is the most convenient method of using cantharides for producing\\nblisters.\\n18", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "274 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCAOTHAKIDIS COLLODIUM; U. S.\\nCollodion with Cantharides.\\nCantharidal Collodion.\\nPack one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) of powdered canthar-\\nides (No. 60) tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and exhaust it by per-\\ncolation with commercial chloroform, or until about seven hundred and\\nfifty grams (25 ounces) of tincture has been obtained. Distil off six\\nhundred grams (20 ounces) of the chloroform. Evaporate the remainder\\nover a water-bath until it weighs forty-five grams (1J ounce). Dissolve\\nthis in two hundred and fifty-five grams (8- 1 ounces) flexible collodion.\\nLet the whole mixture stand and settle, after which pour off the clear\\nand put into small bottles, which must be only two-thirds filled, well\\ncorked, and tied over with wetted bladder. Must be kept in a cool\\nplace away from any flame.\\nThe cantharidal strength is about the same as that of the prepara-\\ntion of 1870, at least as to the quantity of powdered cantharides used.\\nThe cantharidin is, however, much better extracted by the chloroform\\nprescribed in the new Pharmacopoeia than by the ether and alcohol used\\nin the old.\\nThis is the most cleanly preparation for obtaining the vesicating ef-\\nfects of cantharides. It is brushed over the part desired to be blistered.\\nCANTHARIDIS EMPLASTRUM.\\nCantharidal Plaster.\\nBlistering Plaster.\\nThis is the cerate described on page 272.\\nCANTHAKEDIS EMPLASTRUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Cantharidal Plaster.\\nEmplastrum Calefaciens, B. Warming Plaster.\\nInfuse one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) powdered canthar-\\nides in six hundred grams (20 ounces) boiling water for six hours\\nstrain and press it through calico evaporate until reduced to one-third\\nthen add one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) expressed oil of\\nnutmeg, one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) yellow wax, one\\nhundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) resin, one thousand five hundred\\nand sixty grams (52 ounces) soap plaster, and nine hundred and sixty\\ngrams (32 ounces) resin plaster. Melt and mix all together. Used as\\na mild counter-irritant in chronic rheumatism, joint affections, etc.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 275\\nEMPLASTRUM PICIS CUM CANTHARIDE U. S.\\nPitch Plaster with Cantharides.\\nWarming Plaster.\\nHeat thirty grams (1 ounce) cerate of cantharides at about 100\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(212\u00c2\u00b0 F.) on a water-bath for fifteen minutes, and strain through a\\nmuslin strainer close enough to retain the powdered cantharides. To\\nthe strained cerate add three hundred and forty-five grams (1LJ ounces)\\nof Burgundy pitch melt the whole together on a water-bath, and then\\nafter removing the vessel from the source of heat, stir the plaster con-\\nstantly until cool. More counter-irritant than simple Burgundy pitch\\nplaster, and less so than cantharidal plaster. Used in chronic rheumatic\\nswellings, etc.\\nCANTHARIDIS EXTRACTI CERATUM; U. S.\\nCerate of Extract op Cantharides.\\nMoisten ninety grams (3 ounces) powdered cantharides (No. 60) with\\nfifty-four grams (1.8 ounce, or about 2} fluidounces) of alcohol, and\\npack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Then percolate with alcohol\\nuntil five hundred and forty grams (18 ounces, or about 21\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces)\\nof percolate has been obtained, or until the drug is exhausted. Then\\ndistil off about two-thirds of the alcohol, using water-bath heat, and\\nhaving put the remainder of the liquid into a tared porcelain evaporating\\ndish, evaporate it on a water-bath until reduced to forty-five grams (1\u00c2\u00a3\\nounce). Add this to a mixture consisting of forty-five grams (1\u00c2\u00a3\\nounce) resin, one hundred and five grams (3J ounces) yellow wax, and\\none hundred and five grams (3J ounces) lard, which have been melted\\ntogether. Keep the whole mixture melted for fifteen minutes on the\\nwater-bath then strain through muslin and stir until cool.\\nThe strength is thirty per cent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 about the same as in the Pharma-\\ncopoeia of 1870. Cleaner and nicer than the ordinary cantharidal cerate.\\nCANTHARIDIS LINIMENT UM; U. S.\\nCantharides Liniment.\\nDigest ninety grams (3 ounces) of powdered cantharides (No. 60\\npowder) with six hundred grams (20 ounces) oil of turpentine in a closed\\n3ssel, by water-bath heat, for three hours. Strain, and then add\\nnough oil of turpentine through the strainer to make the liniment\\nweigh six hundred grams (20 ounces).\\nSame as the preparation of 1870.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "276 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCANTHAKIDIS LIQUOR EPISPASTICUS.\\nBlistering Fluid.\\nLiquor Epispasticus, B.\\nMacerate sixty grams (2 ounces) powdered cantharides in thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) acetic acid for twenty -four hours pack in a cylindrical\\npercolator and percolate with ether until one hundred and fifty* cubic\\ncentimeters (5 fluidounces) has been obtained.\\nCANTHAEIDIS TELA.\\nAlbespeyre s Vesicatory.\\nMelt fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) linseed oil, one hundred and\\nfifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) yellow wax, and four hundred and\\nfifty grams (15 ounces 382 grains) black pitch together. Then incor-\\nporate three hundred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains) powdered\\ncantharides. While the cerate is still hot spread it on wax-cloth, the\\nreverse of which is marked by intersecting lines forming squares of one\\ncentimeter (f inch) each.\\nCANTHAEIDIS TINCTUEA IT. S.\\nTincture of Cantharides.\\nMoisten fifteen grams ounce) powdered cantharides with nine\\ngrams (3 fluidrachms) alcohol pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator\\nand percolate with alcohol until three hundred grams (about 12\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nThe new tincture is about forty per cent, stronger than that of the\\nformer Pharmacopoeia.\\nThis preparation is the one generally employed for the internal ad-\\nministration of cantharides.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims) in mucilage, or\\npreferably in emulsion of almond or hemp seeds, as oils are said to favor\\nabsorption and prevent irritation.\\nCapsella.\\nCapsella.\\nCapselloe Ilerba.\\nOrigin. Capsella Bursa pastoris, Moench (CrucifercB).\\nHabitat. Europe, America a common yard weed.\\nPart used. The herb.\\nDescription. Stem slender, usually simple, about thirty centi-", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 277\\nmeters (12 inches) or more long, root leaves pinnately cleft, serrate the\\nflowers are white, fruit flattened, with a narrow partition in the centre,\\nand numerous brown seeds. Inodorous. Taste pungent, acrid, bitter.\\nConstituents. About six per cent, soft resin and a volatile oil\\nidentical with the volatile oil of mustard. The seeds contain the vola-\\ntile oil they also contain about twenty-nine per cent, fixed oil and\\ntwenty-six and one-half per cent, protein compounds.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a stimulant and aromatic, used in diar-\\nrhoea, dysentery, menorrhagia, etc.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 drachms) may be given at a dose,\\nin infusion.\\nCapsicum U. S.\\nCapsicum.\\nCapsici Fructus Spanischer Pfeffer, Pother Pfeffer, G. Capsique,\\nPiment des Jardins, Corail des Jardins, Poivre d Inde, Poivre de\\nGuinee, Poivre de Cayenne, Piment rouge, F.; Pimiento, Sp.;\\nSpansk Peppar, Sw. Cayenne Pepjper, African Pepper, Bed Pep-\\nper, Pod Pepper, Guinea Pepper, Chillies, Bird Pepper.\\nOrigin. Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume (Solanaceoz).\\nHabitat. Africa, South America, etc.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, p. 65. The Pharmacopoeia\\norders the small capsicum pods which are obtained from Capsicum fas-\\ntigiatum. The pods are one-half to three-fourths inch long and about\\none-fifth inch in diameter. They are red, and contain about eighteen\\nseeds. The taste is fiery, and the odor pungent and peculiar. It is far\\nstronger than the Large Pod Pepper.\\nConstituentS.-^The extreme acridity of capsicum is probably\\nchiefly due to capsaicin, a substance obtained in colorless crystals by\\nThresh. The thick, yellowish red liquid called capsicin (Bucholtz and\\nBraconnot) was probably an ethereal extract containing capsaicin, resin,\\netc. A volatile alkaloid has also been obtained from capsicum, the odor\\nof which resembles that of coniine.\\nLarge Pod Pepper. The pods of Capsicum annuum constitute the\\nlarge red pepper, and were official, together with the smaller variety, in\\nthe Pharmacopoeia of 1870 but they are not official in the present\\nPharmacopoeia. These pods are two or three inches long. The ordi-\\nnary ground red pepper, or bird pepper of the market, is probably this\\nvariety.\\nMedicinal Uses. Capsicum has an exceedingly hot and pungent", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "278 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntaste, producing irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, and\\na flow of saliva. It is frequently used as a condiment, especially in hot\\nclimates, causing a sense of warmth in the stomach and increasing the\\nappetite and digestion.\\nIn medicinal doses it is a stimulant, stomachic, and carminative, and\\nas such is employed in various forms of dyspepsia (especially in drunk-\\nards), and also of flatulent colic. It is also often employed, either alone\\nor in combination with opium, in cholera, cholera morbus, diarrhoea, etc.\\nIt is a valuable ingredient in mixtures given as a substitute for liquor,\\nto check the morbid appetite for alcoholic drinks.\\nLike all spices, it is injurious in oases of genito-urinary irritation or\\ninflammation. Externally, capsicum is used as a counter-irritant.\\nDose. Five to ten grains (0.33 to 0.66 gram) in powder or pill.\\nCAPSICI CERATUM COMPOSITE!!.\\nSpice Plaster.\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) cloves, ten grams cinnamon, ten grams\\nginger, five grams (77 grains) capsicum, and five grams camphor, all\\npowdered, and then incorporate with sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains)\\nsimple cerate.\\nUsed as a rubefacient.\\nCAPSICI EMPLASTRLTM; U. S.\\nCapsicum Plaster.\\nCoat strips of spread adhesive plaster with a thin coating of oleo-\\nresin of capsicum by means of a camel s-hair pencil or other suitable\\nbrush, leaving a margin along the edges all around. One grain of oleo-\\nresin of capsicum should be put on every square inch of surface. The\\nadhesive margin around the capsicum plaster is obtained cleanest and\\nbest by the use of Duckett s plaster square, or some other convenient\\ncontrivance for covering all of the adhesive plaster around the part that is\\nto be coated. Strips of stiff brown paper will answer, but not so perfectly.\\nThis preparation is a new one to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.\\nCounter-irritant and stimulant.\\nCAPSICI EXTRACTITM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Capsicum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 279\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and fifty grams (about 10J fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nThis preparation must be handled with great caution, owing to its\\nextreme acridity.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (3 to 8 minims).\\nCAPSICI IJSTFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Capsicum.\\nFrom fifteen grams (or about -j- avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). See direc-\\ntions on page 597.\\nA trifle weaker than the preparation of 1870.\\nEmployed as a gargle or topical application in putrid sore throat of\\nscarlatina, etc. It is seldom employed internally.\\nCAPSICI OLEO-KESINA; U. S.\\nOleo-Resin of Capsicum.\\nPack five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) capsicum, in No.\\n60 powder, into a cylindrical percolator constructed with tight cover and\\na receptacle adapted to operations with volatile menstrua (see Oleore-\\nsinse and percolate slowly with stronger ether until seven hundred and\\nfifty grams (about 1,000 cubic centimeters, or 34 fluidounces) of percolate\\nhave been obtained. Distil off the greater part of the ether and expose\\nthe residue for spontaneous evaporation in a porcelain evaporating dish\\nuntil the remaining ether has disappeared. The product is then allowed\\nto settle, the liquid portion is poured off, and the remainder put on a\\nstrainer when the fatty matter has separated and become thoroughly\\ndrained, it is rejected the liquid portions are then mixed.\\nThe yield is about four per cent. Oleo-resin of capsicum is terribly\\nacrid and fiery, and should be handled with caution.\\nUsed externally in plasters or liniments for local stimulant and\\nrubefacient purposes.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "280 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCAPSICI TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Capsicum.\\nThe menstruum consists of a mixture of alcohol and water in the\\nproportion of nineteen parts by weight of alcohol (23J parts by measure)\\nand one part of water. Moisten fifteen grams ounce) capsicum, in\\nNo. 30 powder, with nine grams (2J drachms) of the menstruum then\\npack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with the same\\nmenstruum until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, measuring\\nabout 12J fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nThis tincture (U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1880) is about forty per cent,\\nstronger than that of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870). In fact it is prob-\\nable that most of the tincture of capsicum is made from the common red\\npepper (from the pods of Capsicum annuum, which was official in the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870), and a tincture made in accordance with the\\nnew Pharmacopoeia is therefore more than twice as strong.\\nA useful preparation in cases in which capsicum is indicated.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCarboneum.\\nCaebon.\\nThe principal constituent of animal and vegetable matter. Druggists\\nhave to deal with it in the following forms\\nCarbo Animalis TJ. S.\\nAnimal Chaecoal.\\nPrepared from bone.\\nA coarse, granular, black powder. Odorless. Nearly tasteless. See\\nthe Pharmacopoeia, page 65.\\nUsed only for preparing purified animal charcoal.\\nCAKBO ANIMALIS PUKIFICATUS U. S.\\nPueified Animal Chaecoal.\\nAnimal charcoal from which the calcium compounds have been re-\\nmoved by means of dilute hydrochloric acid.\\nIt is used simply to decolorize (and sometimes to deodorize) organic\\nsubstances in solution.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 281\\nCarbo Ligni IT. S.\\nCharcoal.\\nCarbo Vegetabilis.\\nPrepared Charcoal consists of carbon, with generally from one to\\nthree per cent. ash.\\nCharcoal from soft wood, such as willow, poplar, etc., is best, be-\\ncause most porous. Also prepared from oak, beech, birch, etc. When\\nfreshly heated it is a powerful deodorizing agent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Charcoal absorbs gases and is a deodorizer. It\\nis an ingredient of the charcoal poultice. Taken internally it absorbs\\nsome of the gases and fluids in the alimentary tract, and is useful in\\nheartburn, eructations of gases or sour liquids, flatulence, and dyspepsia.\\nDose. One to two teaspoonfuls, mixed with water.\\nCAKBONIS CATAPLASMA, B.\\nCharcoal Poultice.\\nIs made by macerating one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) of\\nbread crumbs for ten minutes with nine hundred grams (30 ounces) of\\nhot water, then adding one hundred and thirty-five grams (4\u00c2\u00a3 ounces)\\nflaxseed meal, stirring constantly until a soft homogeneous mass is\\nformed. With this incorporate three-fourths of an ounce of powdered\\ncharcoal, and sprinkle as much more powdered charcoal over the surface\\nof the poultice.\\nA deodorizing and cleansing application to foul ulcers.\\nCarbonei Bisulphidum U. S.\\nBisulphide op Carbon.\\nDisulphide of Carbon.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 66.\\nColorless, refractive, very diffusive. Odor strong and very offensive.\\nTaste acrid. Does not mix with water. Mixes with alcohol, ether,\\nchloroform, and fixed or volatile oils. Specific gravity 1.272. Inflam-\\nmable like ether.\\nMust be kept in tightly corked bottles, in a cool place, away from\\nany flame.\\nHas powerful solvent properties, dissolving caoutchouc, many resins,\\nfats, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "282\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCardamomum IT. S.\\nCakdamom.\\nCardamomi Fructus Kardamomen, G. Cardamomes, F.; Carda-\\nmomo, Sp. Kardemummor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton (Zingiber acea}).\\nHabitat. Malabar, etc.\\nPart used. The seeds inclosed in their capsules.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 66.\\nVarieties. Malabar and Aleppy cardamoms are the kinds\\nimported into the United States. Besides these there are Madras car-\\ndamoms and Ceylon cardamoms.\\nAll kinds of cardamoms are besides designated according to size and\\nFigs. 132-142.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a and b, short Malabar Cardamom c, medium, and d, long Malabar Car-\\ndamom e, transverse section, slightly enlarged Ceylon Cardamom g, Cardamom seed\\nA, same, enlarged i, transverse, and j, longitudinal, sections of seed k, round Cardamom,\\nnatural size and Z, transverse section of same, slightly enlarged.\\nshape, by the terms, shorts, short-longs or mediums, and longs,. Shorts\\nare from four-tenths to six-tenths inch long; short-longs are from\\nseven-tenths to nine-tenths inch long and longs are from one to\\ntwo inches.\\nMalabar cardamoms are the finest. They are either shorts or short-\\nlongs, bleached or unbleached. The choicest are plump, heavy, and\\nhave a pale straw or buff color without any green tint, and yield three-\\nfourths or more of their weight of sound and mature seeds. Shorts are\\nbest.\\nMadras cardamoms are pale, and not plump, short-longs.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 283\\nAleppy cardamoms are shorts, of a somewhat greenish tint, and are\\nnot so good.\\nCeylon cardamoms are longs, dark grayish brown, and have a dif-\\nferent odor and taste from the above three kinds.\\nThese several kinds are figured on opposite page, in their natural sizes\\nrespectively.\\nThe shells are tough, inodorous, and tasteless, and have no value.\\nThe only reasons why the Pharmacopoeia prescribes cardamom to be the\\nwhole fruit (the pericarp with the seeds) are, that the seeds, which alone\\nconstitute the active part of the drug, are better protected, and their\\nvolatile oil retained when they are inclosed in their proper thick cap-\\nsules, and that the kind and quality of the drug is more readily recog-\\nnized in this form than in the form of seeds separately.\\nSeveral pharmacopoeias, among which the British, direct that when\\nthe drug is to be used the seeds must be removed from and weighed\\nand used without the capsules, which are to be rejected. This the U. S.\\nPharmacopoeia does not direct, except in the formula for aromatic\\npowder.\\nConstituents. The only important constituent of cardamom is the\\nvolatile oil, which is pale yellow, has the odor and taste of the seeds, in\\nwhich alone it is contained, and exhibits a neutral reaction,, About\\nfour and a half per cent, has been obtained.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cardamom is used as a spice and as an aromatic\\ncarminative and stomachic. It is much used as a flavoring excipient,\\nand also as a corrective to prevent griping in colic, flatulence, and simi-\\nlar conditions.\\nDose. About one gram (15 grains).\\nCARDAMOMI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM COMPOS1TUM.\\nCompound Fluid Extract of Cardamom.\\nMix two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) cardamom, two hun-\\ndred grams cinnamon, one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) cara-\\nway, and fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) cochineal, and reduce the\\nmixture to No. 60 powder.\\nThen, using alcohol as a menstruum, make four hundred and forty\\ncubic centimeters (15 fluidounces) of fluid extract by re-percolation, and\\nto this product add sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) glycerin.\\nThis preparation is much to be preferred to the compound tincture\\nof cardamom. It is three times the strength of the preparations ordi-\\nnarily sold under the title Compound Fluid Extract of Cardamom.\\nDose. One cubic cen,timeter (15 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "284 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCARDAMOMI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Cardamom.\\nFour grams (1 drachm) of bruised cardamom to five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (17 fluidounces) of water. Make an infusion.\\nDose. A wineglassful several times a day.\\nCARDAMOMI TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Cardamom.\\nMoisten forty-five grams (1J ounce) cardamom, in No. 30 powder,\\nwith forty-five grams (measuring about If fluidounce) diluted alcohol,\\nand macerate twenty-four hours then pack it firmly in a cylindrical\\npercolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams\\n(about 11 fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2% fluidrachms).\\nCARDAMOMI TINCTURA COMPOSITA; U. S.\\nCompound Tincture of Cardamom.\\nMix twenty grams (308 grains) cardamom, twenty grams cinnamon,\\nten grams (154 grains) caraway, and five grams (77 grains) cochineal,\\nand reduce them to No. 40 powder. Moisten with twenty -five grams\\n(nearly 1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol pack firmly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until nine hundred and forty\\ngrams (about 35 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained. To this add\\nsixty grams (2 ounces) glycerin.\\nThis tincture affords the physician the means of not only imparting\\na pleasant flavor but also a pleasing appearance to various mixtures,\\nemulsions, etc. The corresponding fluid extract is, however, preferable.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2-J fluidrachms).\\nCarduus Benedictus.\\nCarduus Benedictus.\\nCardui Benedicti Folia Blessed Thistle, E. Benedictendistel, G.\\nChar don b enit, F. Kardbenedihtblad, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cnicus Benedictus, Gaertner (Composite).\\nHabitat. Asia and Europe.\\nParts used. The leaves sometimes also the flowering tops.\\nDescription. The leaves are hairy on both sides, especially near", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 285\\nthe base the veins are well marked in the dried state light green\\ninodorous taste saline, bitter.\\nConstituents. A bitter neutral principle called cnicin, which\\ncrystallizes in colorless prisms, readily soluble in alcohol, less readily so\\nin water. The drug also contains potassium nitrate.\\nA dose of thirty-six centigrams (6 grains) cnicin has occasioned\\nvomiting and diarrhoea.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a bitter tonic, formerly much used in di-\\ngestive derangements, atonic dyspepsia, chronic hepatic troubles, and\\nsimilar ailments.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) several times during the\\nday best given in extract or fluid extract.\\nCARDUI BENEDICTI EXTRACTUM.\\nExteact oe Caeduus Benedictus.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (10 to 30 grains).\\nCAKDUI BENEDICTI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Caeduus Benedictus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCarminum.\\nCaemine.\\nCarminic Acid.\\nThe red coloring matter of cochineal. As occurring in commerce\\nthe best carmine is carminic acid, combined with one or two per cent, of\\nalumina, or, occasionally with oxide of tin or with albumen.\\nIt is entirely soluble in water of ammonia, forming a purplish-red\\nliquid. Any portion remaining undissolved is an impurity.\\nUsed as a coloring agent.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "286 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCarnis Extractum.\\nExtract of Meat.\\nAn aqueous extract prepared from lean beef deprived of fat, albu-\\nmen, and gelatin, as far as practicable.\\nDark brown. Has the odor of roasted meet. Yields a clear solution\\nwith water, in which it is entirely soluble. Dried at 110\u00c2\u00b0 C. (230\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nit should not lose more than twenty-two per cent, of its weight. Alco-\\nhol of ninety per cent, strength (0.822 specific gravity) should dissolve\\nat least fifty-six per cent, of the extract.\\nThe above is Liebig s extract of meat. In its preparation a small\\nquantity of salt and hydrochloric acid are usually employed. The albu-\\nmen, fat, and gelatin being removed, this extract is not nutritive, but\\nsimply stimulant.\\nExtract of beef is nutritive when made at such a low temperature\\nthat the albumen remains in the preparation. It is also nutritive when\\nin its preparation the fibrin is ground up into a smooth paste which is\\nincorporated in the extract.\\nMedicinal Uses. Beef extract is often employed as a stimulant.\\nIt is not valuable as a nutritive agent, but resembles alcohol in action,\\nalthough it is much weaker.\\nCARNIS INFUSUM.\\nBeef-Tea.\\nMay be made by placing chopped beef into a wide-mouthed bottle\\nand covering with water. The bottle is then loosely corked and placed\\nin a vessel with water and then over the fire. The water is slowly\\nbrought to the boiling point, and the beef is kept simmering for some\\ntime, and the liquid finally separated by rubbing through coarse muslin\\nor a fine sieve until only a small portion of exhausted fibrous substance\\nis left on the strainer. Prepared in this way, beef-tea is nutritive as\\nwell as stimulant, and may be given to invalids or ill-nourished children.\\nIt may be spiced to suit the taste.\\nBeef-tea, as often made by boiling a piece of beef in water and then\\npouring off the liquid, resembles urine in chemical composition and is a\\nweak stimulant but not a nutritive.\\nCARNIS INFUSUM FRIGIDE PARATUM.\\nCold-prepared Beef-Tea.\\nMacerate five hundred grams (17-J fluidounces) beef, free from fat\\nand finely chopped, for one hour, with five hundred cubic centimeters", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 287\\n(17 fluidounces) water, to which four grams (60 grains) sodium chloride\\nand one gram (15 grains) diluted hydrochloric acid have been added.\\nStrain through muslin, adding enough water through the cloth to ob-\\ntain a total colature (without using pressure) of five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (17 fluidounces).\\nContains all the albumen of the beef, and is stronger than beef-tea\\nmade by heat.\\nCARNIS YINUM.\\nWine of Beef.\\nBeef and Winer\\nDissolve fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) of Liebig s extract of\\nbeef in one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) water.\\nAdd three grams (45 grains) bruised allspice, and macerate twenty-four\\nhours. Then add six hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) sherry\\nwine, one hundred and twenty grams (4 fluidounces) simple syrup, and\\nenough water to make the whole product measure one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces). Filter.\\nThis makes the popular preparation so extensively used under the\\nerroneous impression that it is nutritive. Extract of beef is itself not\\nnutritive, and no preparation of beef such as a wine or elixir, can be\\nmade which has nutritive properties. It is simply stimulant.\\nCAKJSTS YINUM FERRATUM.\\nFerrated Wine of Beef.\\nBeef, Wine, and Iron?\\nDissolve twenty grams (308 grains) soluble phosphate of iron in\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) hot water, add fifteen cubic cen-\\ntimeters (i fluidounce) solution of citrate of sodium, and then enough\\nwine of beef to make the whole measure three thousand cubic centi-\\nmeters (102 fluidounces).\\nA popular stimulant tonic.\\nCarota.\\nCarrot Fruit,\\nCarotm Fructus.\\nOrigin. Daucus Carota, Linne (Umbelliform).\\nHabitat. Europe.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "288\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. Grayish brown, about three millimeters (J inch)\\nlong odor and taste aromatic. See the figure.\\na. *b.\\nFig. 143.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Carrot Fruit, a, outer, and inner, surface, enlarged.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant and diuretic. Used occasionally in\\nstrangury and dropsy.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains) in powder.\\nCarthamus.\\nCakthamus.\\nCarthami Flores Safflower, American Saffron,\\nOrigin. Carthamus tinctorius, Linne (Comjiositai).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in India, Asia, Africa, Europe.\\nPart used. The flowers.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tubular, about two centimeters inch) long, slen-\\nder, orange red odor, feeble, peculiar taste, bitterish.\\nConstituents. Contains a coloring matter called carthamin,\\nwhich dissolves in alcohol with a purple color, turning yellow by\\nheat.\\nCarthamus is frequently substituted for saffron. So common is this\\npractice that preparations of carthamus have been quoted on price-lists\\nas preparations of Saffron (Crocus sativus), at prices, which prove\\nthat true saffron was not the drug meant.\\nIt is chiefly used as a coloring agent.\\nMedicinal Uses. As a diaphoretic in the form of hot infusion.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n289\\nCarum U. S.\\nCaraway.\\nCari Fnwtus Kummel, G. Carvi, Cumin des pres, F. Alcaravea,\\nSp. Kummin, Sw. Caraway Seeds.\\nOrigin. Carum carvi, Linne Umbelliferm).\\nHabitat. Europe cultivated.\\nPart used. The fruit, ripe and dried.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 67. The fruits, ac-\\ncording to variety, differ in size, color, and aroma. English caraway is\\nFig. 144. Caraway, natural size, enlarged, and longitudinal and transverse sections.\\nusually preferred, and this is plump and short. The drug must be\\nfree from stalks and other admixtures, and from dust.\\nConstituents. The value of the drug depends upon its volatile\\noil, of which from three to five, and even as high as seven and nine per\\ncent., has been obtained. (See Oleum Cari.)\\nMedicinal Uses. Caraway is in general use as a condiment. It\\nis a stimulant, carminative, and stomachic useful in flatulence, etc.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.5 to 2 grams (10 to 30 grains).\\nCari Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Caraway.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 235. Oil of cumin is\\nsometimes sold for oil of caraway. The oil of cumin has a coarser\\nodor. Carminative in doses of 0.05 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (1 to 8\\nminims).\\n19", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "290\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCAM EL^EOSACCHARUM.\\nTriturate 0.1 gram (3 drops) oil of caraway with five grams (75\\ngrains) of powdered sugar.\\nUsed as a vehicle or diluent in powders.\\nCAKI SPIKITUS.\\nSpirit op Caraway.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) oil of caraway in six hundred grams\\n(20 ounces, or 24^ fluidounces) of alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2|- fluidrachms).\\nCaryophyllus U. S.\\nCloves.\\nCaryophylli Flores Immaturce Geioiirznelken, JVagelein, G. Girofles,\\nClous aromatique. F. Clavo de especia, Sp. KryddnejliJeor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg (Myrtacece).\\nHabitat. Africa, etc.\\nPart Used. The flower-buds, or unexpanded flowers of the clove-\\ntree.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 67.\\nThey are slightly over half an inch long, and consist of a long cylin-\\ndrical calyx, which at the upper\\nend is divided into four spreading\\nsepals surrounding the four petals\\nwhich overlap each other forming\\na globular bud about one-fifth inch\\nin diameter. They have a rich\\nbrown color, a strong spicy odor,\\nand a pungent aromatic taste.\\nCloves to be good must be\\nplump, heavy, of good dark brown\\ncolor, and rich in volatile oil.\\nZanzibar cloves are the only\\nkind imported into the United\\nStates.\\nConstituents. About fifteen\\nto twenty per cent, volatile oil (see Oleum Caryophylli), a tasteless\\ncrystalline substance called eugenin, a little salicylic acid, ;md a neu-\\ntral, tasteless, odorless body named caryophyllin, which crystallizes in\\nneedles. The only constituent of any value is the volatile oil, which is\\nso abundant in cloves that it exudes simply on pressure with the nail.\\nFig. 145. clove, natural size mother\\nclove, natural size c, clove, enlarged d, lon-\\ngitudinal section of clove, enlarged.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 291\\nCloves should be preserved in well-closed vessels.\\nClove-stalks are the flower-stalks of the clove-tree.\\nMother cloves consist of the whole fruit, which is* about an inch!\\nlong, and oblong in shape.\\nGround cloves as sold by some spice-dealers are adulterated with clove-\\nstalks, mother cloves, allspice, and other substances.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cloves are a much prized spice and condiment.\\nThey are stimulant, carminative, and stomachic, and are used in colic,\\nflatulence, etc.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) in infusion.\\nCAEYOPHYLLI IKFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Cloves.\\nFrom ten grams (or about J avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 597.) A trifle stronger than the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Ten to fifteen cubic centimeters (2\u00c2\u00a3 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCaryophylli Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Cloves.\\nCaryophylli JEtherolewm Volatile Oil of Cloves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, p. 235.\\nUsed for flavoring. Also as an addition to paste, pill-masses, etc.,\\nto prevent moulding. A pledget of cotton saturated with this oil and\\npressed into the cavity of the tooth is a popular remedy for toothache in\\ndental caries.\\nCARYOPHYLLI SPIKITUS.\\nSpirit of Cloves.\\nMix 2.50 cubic centimeters (40 minims) volatile oil of cloves with one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nCascarilla U. S.\\nCascamlla.\\nCascarillm Cortex Kaskarillrinde, G. iZcorce de Cascarille, iScorce\\nElutherienne, F.; Kaskarillbark, Sw.; Swestwood Bark, Eleuthera\\nBark.\\nOrigin. Croton Eluteria, Bennett (Euphorbiaceod).\\nHabitat. The Bahamas.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "292\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 67. The drug consists\\nof quills or troughs, from one to three inches\\nlong and about one-half inch in diameter, or\\nbroken up into smaller fragments. The cas-\\ncarilla imported into the United States usually\\nconsists of young bark, which is of a dull brown\\ncolor, partly or entirely covered by a silver-white\\nlichenous growth.\\nWhen burnt, the drug emits a fragrant\\nodor.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About one per cent, of\\nvolatile oil, a small quantity of a bitter neutral\\nprinciple called cascarillin, which has been ob-\\ntained in white crystals, and about fifteen per\\ncent, of resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. A stimulant stomachic\\nin atonic conditions of the stomach, or in dys-\\npepsia accompanied by vomiting and flat ulence.\\nIt is often added to smoking tobacco to im-\\nFia UU, 146.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cascarilla, nat- P art a flavor to the latter. If the fumes are in-\\nuralsize. haled they produce a kind of intoxication.\\nDose of the powder, about thirty grains (2 grams) in powder.\\nCASCAEILL^E EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Cascarilla.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.50 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains).\\nCASCARILLA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Cascarilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12} fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n293\\nCASCAKILL^E INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Oascaeilla.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make five\\nhundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See directions on\\npage 597.)\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms)\\nseveral times a day.\\nCASCARILLJE TINCTUKA.\\nTinctuee of Oascaeilla.\\nPercolate fifteen grams ounce) powdered cascarilla with diluted\\nalcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) tincture\\nis obtained.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2J fluidrachms).\\nCassia Fistula; U. S.\\nCassia Fistula.\\nCassia? Fistula? Fructus Rdhrencassie, G. Casse\\nCannefice, Fruit de Cannejicer, F. Carta Fistula,\\nSp. Cassia Fistula, Sw. Purging Cassia.\\nOrigin. Cassia Fistula, Linn6 (Leguminosw).\\nHabitat. West Indies.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 67.\\nCylindrical pods of a dark rich brown color, and con-\\ntaining in separate cells from twenty-five to one hun-\\ndred seeds, and a dark brown, soft, sweet pulp, having\\nan odor like prunes, and containing about sixty per\\ncent, sugar.\\nGood cassia fistula yields at least thirty per cent, of\\nthe pulp, which is the only valuable part of the drug.\\nIt is not known to what the certain though mild\\nlaxative effects of the drug are to be ascribed.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cassia fistula is a mild laxa-\\ntive, but is seldom employed except in combination\\nwith other remedies, as confection of senna.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As a laxative, four to eight grams (1 to 2 drachms) of the\\npulp as a purgative, thirty to sixty grams (1 to 2 ounces).\\nFig. 147. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cassia\\nFistula, piece, nat-\\nural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "294\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCastanea; U. S.\\nCastanea.\\nCastanece Folia Chestnut Leaves.\\nOrigin. Castanea vesca, Linne (Cupuliferaj).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nPart used. The green leaves collected in September or October.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 68. They should have\\na good green color and an astringent taste.\\nConstituents. Tannin is one of the active constituents. It proba-\\nbly contains also other active substances,\\nbut it has not yet been sufficiently accu-\\nrately analyzed.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug has\\nbeen used with success in whooping-\\ncough, in which disease it affords marked\\nrelief. The best form for administration\\nis the fluid extract.\\nDose of the fluid extract, two to\\nfive cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims)\\nevery three to four hours.\\nCASTANET EXTEACTUM\\nFLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Exteact of Castanea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (or its equivalent 17 U. S. fluid-\\nounces), pour two thousand five hundred\\ncubic centimeters (about 5-| wine pints)\\nof boiling water on five hundred grams\\n(17f avoirdupois ounces) of castanea, in\\nNo. 30 powder, and macerate for two\\nhours. Express the strong infusion.\\nTransfer the wet drug to a percolator,\\npack it moderately firmly, and percolate\\nwith water until exhausted. Mix the per-\\nFiG. 143.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chestnut Leaf, reduced. n\\ncolate with the reserved infusion and\\nevaporate on water-bath to one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces). When cool, add three hundred cubic centimeters (about 12|\\nfluidounces) of alcohol, shake well, and set aside. When the sediment\\nhas quite subsided draw off the clear liquid, evaporate it to four hundred", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n295\\ncubic centimeters (about 13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) and, when cold, add to it one\\nhundred cubic centimeters (3J fluidounces) of alcohol.\\nEach cubic centimeter represents one gram of the drug, and each\\nfluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (36 to 75 minims).\\nCastoreum.\\nCastoreum.\\nBibergeil, G. Castoreum, F. Castoreo, Sp. Bafvergall, Sw. Castor.\\nOrigin. Castor fiber, Linne {Mammalia).\\nHabitat. Northern parts of\\nAsia, Europe, and America.\\nPart used. A concrete sub-\\nstance, formed from secretions from\\nthe preputial follicles of the beaver.\\nDescription. Both the male\\nand the female animals yield castor.\\nThe drug consists of the two pear-\\nshaped sacs between the rectum\\nand genitals. The sacs are several\\ninches long, and adhere to each\\nother at the narrow end. After\\nbeing cut out from the killed beaver\\nthe castor sacs are dried, usually by\\nbeing smoked. Occur in commerce\\nin pairs. They are dark brown,\\nalmost black, tough, and when\\nbroken have a resinous fatty appear-\\nance. The odor is strong and pecu-\\nliar, and the taste bitter and pun-\\ngent. The mass is scarcely at all\\nsol uble in water, but alcohol dissolves\\nmore than one-half of its weight.\\nContains a pale yellow volatile\\noil of a very strong odor, carbolic\\nacid (or creosote, formed by the FlG ^-Castoreum, naturalsize.\\nsmoking of the sacs a brown resin which makes up from one-sixth to\\nover one-half of the castor.\\nThere are two principal varieties American or Canadian castor, and", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "296 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSiberian or Russian castor. If, as seems probable, the properties of\\nthe drug depend upon the volatile oil and the resin, then the Russian\\ncastor is much the better of the two, the Russian castor containing two\\nper cent, volatile oil, and about fifty-eight per cent, resin, while the\\nAmerican contains only one per cent, of the volatile oil and less than\\ntwenty-five per cent, resin. Russian castor sacs are about twice the\\nweight of the American, the former weighing from sixty to two hundred\\nand forty grams (2 to 8 ounces) while the latter weigh from thirty to\\none hundred and twenty grams (1 to 4 ounces).\\nRussian castor is never glossy, but earthy looking, yellowish brown,\\nor darker, and has a much stronger odor and taste than the American\\nvariety, which is often glossy, brownish red, or blackish.\\nRussian castor is rarely sold in the United States. It fetches many\\ntimes the price of the American.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of musk. Stimulant and anti-\\nspasmodic. Used in hysteria, hysterical convulsions, etc.\\nDose. -Very variable. Stated to be from 0.5 to 5 grams (8 to 75\\ngrains), according to quality of drug.\\nCASTOREI TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Castoreum.\\nMacerate thirty grams (1 ounce) coarsely powdered castoreum for\\nfive days with a mixture of two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8\\nfluidounces) alcohol, and ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2J fluidrachms).\\nCASTOREI TINCTURA THEBAICA.\\nTincture of Castor with Opium.\\nAhta Moderdroppar, Sw.\\nMacerate together for five days ten grams (154 grains) opium in\\npowder, thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) empyreumatic hartshorn,\\nsixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) coarsely powdered asafcetida, one hun-\\ndred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) coarsely powdered castor,\\nsix hundred and sixty cubic centimeters (22 fluidounces) alcohol, and\\nthree hundred and sixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) water. Ex-\\npress and filter.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 297\\nCataplasmata.\\nPoultices.\\nConsist of some emollient substance mixed with warm water, and are\\nused for external application.\\nThey are usually made with linseed meal and water as a base, though\\nthey may be made from bread-crumbs, powdered slippery-elm bark, or\\ncornmeal with hot water or milk.\\nThe poultice may be made anodyne by adding tincture of opium, or\\nfluid extract of belladonna, conium, or hyoscyamus, or the leaves of\\nthese drugs cooling, by adding solution of subacetate of lead stimu-\\nlant, by the addition of yeast or turpentine, or by using powdered mus-\\ntard deodorizing, with charcoal disinfectant and antiseptic, with\\ncarbolic acid, etc.\\nThe warmth and moisture of a poultice soften and relax the tissues\\nand allay pain and inflammation. If applied for a longer time poultices\\npromote suppuration, and are therefore useful as applications to forming\\nabscesses, carbuncles, glandular enlargements, etc., while they must be\\nused cautiously about the joints.\\nIn peritonitis, pneumonia, or pleurisy, a large and warm poultice\\noften affords marked relief. In some cases dry applications of pillows\\nwith warm bran or cornmeal, with chamomile or hops, give even more\\nrelief than the moist poultices.\\nPoultices should not be applied directly to. the skin, as is so often\\ndone, but should be folded between two thicknesses of thin muslin, so as\\nto leave the skin clean when they are removed.\\nCataria.\\nCat am a.\\nCatarice Herba Katzenmiinze, Katzenkraut, G. Cataire, Herbe aux\\nchats, Menthe de chats, F. Catnep, Catmint.\\nOrigin. Nepeta Cataria, Linne {Labiatce).\\nHabitat. Asia, Europe, North America.\\nParts used. The leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. Stem and leaves hairy, grayish green flowers whit-\\nish odor peculiar, mint-like taste aromatic, bitter.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, bitter extractive, and a little tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant and tonic. Used as a stomachic in\\nindigestion, but most frequently as a remedy for the flatulent colic of\\ninfants.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) in infusion or fluid ex-\\ntract several times daily.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "298 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCATAEI^E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Cataria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of. the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nCATAEI^E INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Cataria.\\nFrom fifty grams (about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U\u00e2\u0080\u009e S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 597.)\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCatechu U. S.\\nCatechu.\\nCatechu JExtr actum Crudum JTatechu, Pegu- Catechu, G. Cachou\\nJYbir, F. Catecu, Cato, Tierra Japonica, Sp. Kateku, Sw.\\nBlack Catechu, Cutch, Terra Japonica.\\nOrigin. Acacia Catechu, Willdenow {Leguminosm).\\nHabitat. From Pegu.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 68. It comes in large\\nmasses, which are hard and brittle, internally porous and glossy odor,\\nslight taste, strongly astringent and sweetish. Only a portion of it is\\ndissolved out by water, leaving the catechin undissolved. The drug is\\nalmost entirely dissolved by alcohol.\\nConstituents. The constituents of cutch, or black catechu, are\\ncatechu-tannic acid and catechin.\\nThe astringency is due to catechu-tannic acid. It exists, already\\nformed, in the catechu to the extent of fifty per cent., and may be dis-\\nsolved out with cold water. It is also soluble in alcohol and in a mix-\\nture of alcohol and ether, but insoluble in ether. With ferric salts\\n(solution of chloride of iron, or of tersulphate of iron) it forms greenish-\\nbrown precipitates. Catechu-tannic acid is formed from catechin, the\\nlatter being converted by continued boiling into catechu-tannic acid.\\nCatechin (also called catechuic acid) is insoluble in cold water, but\\nsoluble in alcohol and ether, and somewhat soluble in boiling water. It", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 299\\nhas been obtained in white, needle-like crystals. As already stated, it\\nis converted into catechu-tannic acid by heat.\\nSquire states that cold water dissolves eighty-eight per cent, of this\\nvariety of catechu, forming a very turbid solution and that six ounces\\nof gelatine precipitates all of the astringent matter from the watery\\nsolution obtained from ten ounces of the drug.\\nSee also Areca.\\nMedicinal Uses. Catechu is a powerful vegetable astringent. It\\nis used to check diarrhoea also as a gargle and mouth-wash in a re-\\nlaxed condition of the uvula or pharyngeal mucous membrane, and in\\nspongy gums as an injection in leucorrhcea, etc.\\nDose. One to thirty grains (0.06 to 2 grams).\\nCATECHU EXTKACTUM LIQUIDUM.\\nLiquid Extract of Catechu.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use two hundred and fifty grams (or its equivalent 8-f\\navoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol. Mix the drug with an equal\\nbulk of clean sand of about the same fineness. Moisten the drug with\\none hundred grams (about 3f fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it\\nin a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-\\neight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13|- fluidounces) of the\\nfirst percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the. first percolate. Add enough of the menstrxium to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluiJ-\\nounces). (For suggestions as to details, see page 451.)\\nEach cubic centimeter of the liquid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one-half gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents two\\nhundred and twenty-seven and five-sixths grains and each fluidrachm\\nnearly twenty-eight and a half grains.\\nFluid Extract of Catechu of the same relative strength as other\\nfluid extracts cannot be made. (See Liquid Extract of Aloes.)\\nDose. 0.6 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nCATECHU TUSTCTUEA COMPOSITA; U.S.\\nCompound Tincture of Catechu.\\nMix thirty-six grams (555 grains) catechu and twenty-four grams\\n(370 grains) cinnamon, both in powder of No. 40 fineness. Moisten", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "300 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthe mixture with forty-five grams (about If fluidounce) diluted alcohol.\\nMacerate twenty-four hours. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator\\nand percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams (about 10\\nfluidounces) tincture is obtained.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCATECHU TROCHISCI tL S.\\nCatechu Troches.\\nMix 6.50 grams (100 grains) catechu, sixty-five grams (1,000 grains)\\nsugar, and 1.60 gram (25 grains) tragacanth, all in fine powder. Then\\nform the mass with a sufficient quantity of orange-flower water, and\\ndivide it into one hundred troches.\\nCatechu Pallidum.\\nPale Catechu.\\nUncariod JExtractum Crudum Gambir.\\nOrigin. Uncaria Gambir, Roxburgh (Rubiacece).\\nHabitat. East Indian Islands.\\nDescription. A dry extract obtained by evaporating a decoction\\nprepared by boiling the leaves and young shoots in water. Usually in\\nsquare masses, brown externally, pale grayish brown internally often\\nsomewhat soft and sticky usually dry and showing crystalline particles\\nunder the microscope partially soluble in water inodorous, astringent,\\nsomewhat sweetish.\\nConstituents. Catechin and some catechu-tannic acid, formed\\nfrom the catechin in the process of inspissating the decoction. It is\\ninferior to the black catechu, as the medicinal value of the drug de-\\npends upon the catechu-tannic acid, of which the gambir contains much\\nless than true catechu.\\nCaulophyllum U. S.\\nCaulophyllum.\\nCaulophylli Radix Blue Cohosh, Pappoose Moot, Squaw Hoot,\\nBlueberry Root.\\nOrigin. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michaux (Berberidacem).\\nHabitat. Canada and the northern portions of the United States.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 68.\\nMust be sound and free from dirt. An admixture of golden seal,", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 301\\nwhich is not uncommon, will be at once detected by the yellow color\\nshown by the latter on breaking it.\\nConstituents. Saponin and two resins.\\nCaulophyllin is a preparation containing the resins, prepared by pre-\\ncipitation from a concentrated alcoholic tincture (half strength of the\\nfluid extract) by pouring this into eight times its volume of water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Blue cohosh is said to be demulcent, diapho-\\nretic, diuretic, anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue, and parturient. It is\\ngiven to facilitate parturition in those cases of delay which are due to\\ndebility or fatigue. It is also said to be useful in rheumatism, dropsy,\\ncolic, hysteria, etc.\\nDose. 1 to 2.5 grams (15 to 40 grains).\\nCAULOPHYLLI EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Caulophyllum.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) three times a day.\\nBrown.\\nCAULOPHYLLI EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Caulophyllum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-j- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 1 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (15 to 40 minims).\\nCera Alba XT, S.\\nWhite Wax.\\nWeisses Wachs, G. Cire blanche, F.; Cera blanca, Sp.; Hvitt vax, Sw.\\nOrigin, Description, Tests, and Uses. See Cera Flava.\\nSee also Pharmacopoeia, page 68.\\nWhite wax is obtained by bleaching yellow wax by exposure to\\nmoisture, light, and air.\\nIt always has a slightly yellowish hue. The odor is peculiar but not", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "302 A COMPANION TO THE\\nunpleasant. Comes usually in round cakes, about one decimeter (4\\ninches) in diameter, or in rectangular ones about seven and one-half by\\nten centimeters (3 by 4 inches). Must not be unctuous to the touch.\\nWhite wax turns rancid much more rapidly than the yellow, and\\nought not to be used in ointments, cerates, etc., where yellow wax can\\nbe made use of.\\nCERATA CHAKTA.\\nWax Paper.\\nThis is best prepared by rubbing sheets of thin, fine (French) letter-\\npaper with melted wax by means of cotton-waste or a ball of loose\\ncotton or woollen yarn. The paper must be laid on a clean piece of\\nboiler plate, or on a sheet of copper, kept hot on the stove, and only a\\nsmall quantity of the melted wax is needed to impregnate the paper,\\nthe cotton-waste being dipped lightly into the wax and rubbed into the\\npaper with considerable force. Only one sheet can be finished at a time,\\nand not more than two sheets of paper ought to be laid on the plate,\\nthe under sheet being intended simply to prevent the other from being\\nsoiled. Paraffine may be used in place of wax.\\nWax paper, or paraffine paper, is vary useful in a drug store. Plas-\\nters in rolls and cerates are wrapped, and even ointments may be neatly\\nput up in it, unless very soft. It is also used to cover spread plasters,\\nand tie-over jars, and finally, for putting up powders containing vol-\\natile or hygrometric substances.\\nCOLD CKEAM\\nis made by melting together thirty grams (1 ounce) white wax, thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) spermaceti, and one hundred and eighty grams (6\\nounces) oil of almonds, then adding two hundred and seventy grams\\n(9 fiuidounces) rose-water, and enough oil of rose to perfume it. The\\nrose-water and oil of rose are added when the melted mixture is still\\nliquid, and the whole then stirred briskly until cold.\\nUsed as an application to chapped hands, etc., and as a cosmetic\\npreparation to render the skin soft and smooth.\\nCera Flava U. S.\\nYellow Wax.\\nGelbes Wachs, G.; Cire jaune, F Cera, Sp.; Oult vax, Sw.\\nOrigin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 yl/ is melliflca, Linn6 (Ilymenopterd).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 69. In large yellow,\\nor pale brownish yellow cakes. Odor pleasant, reminding of honey.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 303\\nWax, both yellow and white, is very frequently adulterated with paraf-\\nfine, ceresin, etc. These adulterations are detected by the tests given in\\nthe Pharmacopoeia. Wax adulterated with paraffine has not a level\\nupper surface after cooling, as pure wax has, but a concave one.\\nConstituents. CeHn or cerotio acid, about seventy-three per\\ncent., insoluble in alcohol myricin or melissyl palmitate, about twenty-\\ntwo per cent., soluble in alcohol and about five per cent, of a fat called\\ncerolein, which gives the odor and color to the yellow wax.\\nMedicinal Uses. Both white and yellow wax are used as ingre-\\ndients of cerates, ointments, and plasters. Used with olive oil or lard\\nthey form simple protective ointments. White wax is apt occasionally\\nto produce irritation, being more liable to become rancid, and yellow\\nwax is, therefore, preferable for all uses to which wax is put, the objec-\\ntion being mainly that the preparations do not present as beautifully\\nwhite an appearance.\\nCEK^E EMULSIO.\\nEmulsion of Wax.\\nTriturate 6.50 grams (100 grains) yellow wax in a warmed Wedge-\\nwood mortar with 6.50 grams (100 grains) yolk of egg, 13 gram (200\\ngrains) sugar, and enough boiling water, gradually added, to make an\\nemulsion measuring three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces).\\nDemulcent.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce).\\nCerata.\\nCerates.\\nThese preparations are mixtures of fatty, substances, mostly contain-\\ning wax, having at ordinary temperatures a much firmer consistence\\nthan ointments, but not as firm as plasters, and melting only at tem-\\nperatures above 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.). They are intended for external ap-\\nplication, dressings on lint, etc.\\nCeratum IT. S.\\nCerate.\\nCeratum Adipis, Ceratum Simplex Cerat, G., F., and Sw. Cerato,\\nSp.; Simple Cerate, Lard Cerate.\\nIn the new Pharmacopoeia the simple cerate is made by melting to-\\ngether ninety grams (3 ounces) white wax and two hundred and ten\\ngrams (7 ounces) lard, stirring until cool.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "304 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe proportions in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 were three ounces\\nwax to six ounces lard, which was somewhat too firm, at least for the\\nclimate in the northern part of the United States. We think yellow\\nwax should be used instead of white. (See Cera Alba.)\\nMedicinal Uses. Simply a bland and soothing protective appli-\\ncation to raw surfaces. Also used as a vehicle for more active remedies\\nfor external application.\\nCeresinum.\\nCeresin.\\nEarth Wax, Mineral Wax.\\nThis is the Gallician mineral ozokerite, which resembles wax and is\\nused as an adulterant of wax. It is scarcely at all acted upon by strong\\nsulphuric acid, and can in that way be distinguished from wax which is\\ncompletely destroyed by that acid. Naturally it is almost black, but by\\npurification it is rendered yellow or even white.\\nCerium.\\nCerium.\\nA comparatively rare metal, occurring in the mineral cerite, associ-\\nated with lanthanum and didymium. The oxalate of cerium is much\\nused in medicine, and lately to some extent also the nitrate.\\nCerii Nitras.\\nNitrate or Cerium.\\nCerosus Nitras Cerous Nitrate.\\nA colorless or slightly pinkish-colored salt, crystalline, freely solu-\\nble in water and in alcohol.\\nUsed like oxalate of cerium, and in similar doses.\\nCerii Oxalas U S.\\nOxalate of Cerium.\\nCerosus Oxalas Cerous Oxalate.\\nA heavy, white, somewhat granular, odorless, tasteless powder, in-\\nsoluble in water or in alcohol.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 72.\\nMedicinal Uses. Oxalate of cerium is used in vomiting of reflex", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 305\\norigin, when there is no lesion of the stomach itself. It is especially\\nuseful in the morning sickness, or vomiting of pregnancy.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.5 gram (1 to 8 grains) in powder, three times a\\nday, commencing with the smaller doses and increasing if necessary.\\nCetaceum U. S.\\nSpermaceti.\\nWalrath, G. Blanc de baleine, Cetine, Ambre blanc, F. Esperma de\\nBallena, Sp.; Walrat, Sw.\\nOrigin. A solid, crystalline fat, obtained from the head of the\\nsperm-whale, Physeter macrocephalus, Linne (Cetacea).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 72. Unlike other fats\\nit does not yield glycerin when saponified, but ethal. The drug is al-\\nmost pure cetin, or palmitate of cetyl. It melts at 50\u00c2\u00b0 0. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nand is soluble in ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon, and in boiling\\nalcohol.\\nMust be perfectly snow-white, translucent, crystalline, odorless, and\\nfree from rancidity. It is not acted upon by a boiling dilute solution\\nof soda, and leaves no grease spot on paper.\\nPreservation. Should be kept in a cool place, and best in a tin\\ncan with tight cover.\\nUses. Employed almost exclusively for external application as an\\ningredient of ointments. It is occasionally used in emulsion with yolk\\nof eggs or acacia as a lenitive and demulcent in irritation of the bowels.\\n(See Cerse Emulsio.\\nSpermaceti is often used in the laundry, boiled with starch, for im-\\nparting a glossier and smoother finish to fine linen, etc.\\nCETACEI CEEATUM IT. S.\\nSpermaceti Cerate.\\nMelt together thirty grams (1 ounce) spermaceti and one hundred\\nand five grams (3-J- ounces) white wax then add one hundred and sixty-\\nfive grams (5-j- ounces) olive oil, and stir the mixture until cool.\\nVery nearly the same as that of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nUsed as a simple and unirritating protective application in burns,\\nscalds, or excoriations. Used also as a vehicle for more active remedies\\nfor external application.\\n20", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "306 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCETACEUM SACCHAKATUM G.\\nSaccharated Spermaceti.\\nIs made by triturating thirty grams (1 ounce) spermaceti with ninety\\ngrams (3 ounces) sugar until intimately mixed and reduced to a very\\nfine powder.\\nDemulcent and lenitive.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 drachms).\\nCetraria U. S.\\nCetraria.\\nIsldndisches Moos, I/imgenmoos, G. Lichen d lslande, F. Liquen,\\nLiquen Islandico, Sp.; Islandsmossa, Islandslaf, Sw.; Iceland\\nMoss.\\nOrigin. Cetraria islandica, Acharius (Lichenes).\\nHabitat. Northern hemisphere.\\nPart used. The entire dried lichen.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 72.\\nIt is stiff and brittle, but becomes soft and assumes its natural shape\\nwhen immersed in water. It is brownish and spotted, paler on the\\nunder side. Odorless. Taste bitter, mucilaginous. Boiled with thirty\\nparts water it forms a jelly.\\nConstituents. The principal constituent is lichenin, or lichen\\nstarch, of which it contains about seventy per cent. This forms the\\njelly when cetraria is boiled with water. The bitter taste of the drug\\nis from cetrarin or cetraric acid, about two to three per cent. This can\\nbe removed by washing with weak alkali. (See Cetraria Lota.) When\\npure it forms fine colorless needles, soluble in alcohol, but nearly insoluble\\nin water.\\nMedicina! Uses. Cetraria is a demulcent and bitter tonic. It\\nenjoys popular confidence as a remedy in pulmonary diseases, but its\\neffects probably depend entirely on its indirect action in being nutrient,\\nand at the same time stimulating appetite for other food and furthering\\ndigestion.\\nThese properties also indicate its use in chronic dysentery and diar-\\nrhoea, especially as it also has a local demulcent or lenitive effect.\\nDose. Ad libitum.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "TJKETED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 307\\nCETRARIA LOTA.\\nWashed Iceland Moss.\\nIceland moss makes a very dark, dirty-looking decoction or jelly,\\nunless previously washed. To wash it use a solution made of thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) pearlash in five liters (11 pints) of water, pouring\\nenough of this on the drug to cover it well. After letting it stand\\ntwelve hours, pour off the liquid, and then wash the lichen with cold\\nwater until the washings are perfectly tasteless, after which dry it.\\nUsed for the same purposes as cetraria.\\nCETRARIA DECOCTUM; U.S.\\nDecoction of Ceteaeia.\\nIceland Moss Decoction.\\nThirty grams (1 ounce) cetraria is covered with two hundred and\\nforty grams (8 ounces) cold water. After half an hour the liquid is\\npressed out and thrown away. Six hundred grams (20 ounces) of water\\nare now poured on the drug and boiled with it for half an hour. The\\ndecoction is strained, and enough water added through the strainer to\\nmake the whole product weigh six hundred grams (20 ounces it -will\\nmeasure about nineteen fluidounces).\\nThis is the best form for giving cetraria.\\nDose. Three to four fluidounces several times daily.\\nCharts\u00c2\u00a9 Medicatse.\\nMedicated Papees.\\nPreparations consisting of (unsized) paper impregnated with some\\nmedicament, for external use, or for fumigation or inhalation. (Wax\\npaper is made of either sized or unsized paper. See page 302.)\\nChelidonium U. S.\\nChelidontum.\\nChelidonii Herha Schotlkraut, G. Chelidoine, Herbe ct Vhirondelle,\\nF. Celidonia, Celidonia Mayor, Sp. Chelidonium, Sw. Celan-\\ndine, Tetterwort.\\nOrigin. Chelidonium majus, Linne (Papaveracece).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The whole herb.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 74.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "308 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. The drug contains, combined with chelidonic acid\\n(or succinic acid two alkaloids. One is named chelidonine, in color-\\nless crystals, insoluble in ether. It has a bitter, acrid taste, and forms\\ncolorless salts with the alkalies. The other alkaloid is chelerythrine (or\\npyrrhopine), which is identical with sanguinarine, the alkaloid found in\\nsanguinaria (blood-root). (See Sanguinaria, p. 881.) Besides these two\\nalkaloids there is in this drug a yellow crystalline substance, of a bitter\\ntaste, called by Probst chelidoxanthin, which is freely soluble in hot\\nwater, sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, and not affected\\nby acids or by alkalies.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug had been obsolete for some time, but\\nof late years has again come into use. It was praised by Rademacher\\nas a valuable remedy in jaundice and all hepatic troubles, etc.\\nIt is probably simply a drastic purgative, and less reliable than many\\nother remedies for the same purpose.\\nExternally the fresh juice or freshly bruised herb is irritating.\\nDose. Of the fresh juice, 2 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (30 to 40\\ndrops) of the extract, about 0.5 gram (8 grains).\\nThe fluid extract is the only preparation used in this country.\\nCHELIDONII EXTRACT QM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Chelidonium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8- 1 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 6\\\\ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nChelone.\\nChelone.\\nBalmony, S?iakehead, Turtlehead, Shellfloioer.\\nOrigin. Chelone glabra, Linne (Scrophidariacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The herb.\\nDescription. About sixty to one hundred centimeters (2 to 3 feet)\\nhigh, with large white or purple flowers. The corolla is supposed to\\nresemble in its shape the head of a reptile, whence the names. Ex-\\ntremely bitter.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 309\\nConstituents. The intense bitterness of the drug does not belong\\nto a tonic principle, for it is purgative. It has not been analyzed.\\nUses. Laxative or purgative. Best given in the form of fluid ex-\\ntract. It is also sometimes used as an anthelmintic.\\nCHELONES DECOCTUM.\\nMade from thirty grams (1 ounce) to three hundred cubic centimeters\\n(10 fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifty cubic centimeters (If fluidounce).\\nCHELONES EXTRACT UM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Chelone.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2|- fluidrachms).\\nChenopodium; IT. S.\\nChenopodium.\\nChenopodii Fructus Amerikanischer Wurmsamen, G. Sentences de\\nchenopode anthelmintique, F. American Wormseed.\\nOrigin. Chenopodium ambrosioides i Linne (Chenopodiacece).\\nHabitat. North America, Europe.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruits.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 74. Very small fruits,\\ncommonly called seeds. They are of a dull greenish yellow color. When\\nold they are brown. Offensively aromatic.\\nConstituents. A considerable quantity of volatile oil, which is\\nprobably the only active constituent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Wormseed is given as an anthelmintic or vermi-\\nfuge for lumbricoid or round worms, in the form of electuary, made of\\nthe powdered fruit with honey or syrup, or preferably in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\nThe remedy should be given two or three times a day for several days,\\nand should then be followed by a purgative.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "310 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCHENOPODII EXTRACTUH FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Chenopodium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose* One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nChenopodii Oleum; XT. S.\\nOil of Chenopodium.\\nChenopodii JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Chenopodium. Oil of Amer-\\nican Wormseed.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 235. Pale yellowish,\\nof a very disagreeable odor.\\nUsed for the same purposes as the drug itself, in doses of 0.25 to 0.5\\ncubic centimeter (4 to 8 minims).\\nChise Semina.\\nChia Seed.\\nSalvia Espanola Mexican Sage Seed.\\nSmall dark -brownish seeds, of a very mucilaginous\\ncharacter, yielding an agreeable mucilaginous drink\\nwhen put into cold water. It is used in Mexico for\\nFig. 150. Chia that purpose, the drink being flavored with fresh\\nSeed, natural size\\nand enlarged. orange.\\nChimaphila U. S.\\nChimaphila.\\nChimaphilm Folia Doldenbliithiges Hamkraut, Wintergriin, G. Jlerbe\\nde Pyrole umbellee, F. Pipsissewa, Prince s Pine, Wintergreen.\\nOrigin. Chimaphila umbellata, Nuttall {Ericaceoe).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The leaves.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 311\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 74.\\nConstituents. They contain a colorless, bitter, crystalline, neutral\\nprinciple called arbutin, and also an odorless and tasteless substance in\\nFig. 151. Chimaphila, twig and leaf, natural size.\\nyellow crystals called chimaphilin. The fresh leaves also contain some\\nirritant principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic, alterative, astringent, and tonic. Used\\nlike uva ursi in urinary disorders.\\nExternally the fresh leaves, bruised and applied to the skin, produce\\nvesication.\\nOnly given in the form of fluid extract or infusion.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "12 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCHIMAPHILA DECOCT UM.\\nDecoction of Chimaphila.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fiuidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 399.)\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. One hundred cubic centimeters (3 fiuidounces) every two or\\nthree hours.\\nCHIMAPHILA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Chimaphila.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfiuidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 9J fiuidounces) alcohol, two hundred and twenty -five grams\\n(about 7J- fiuidounces) water, and fifty grams (about 1^ avoirdupois\\nounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4$- fiuidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^ fiuidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7|- fiuidounces) of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Satu-\\nrate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fiuidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nChina.\\nChina.\\nChinaz Rhizoma Chinawurzel, G. Squine, Racine de Chine, F.\\nRaiz del China, Sp. Kinarot, Sw. China Root.\\nOrigin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smilax glabra, Roxburgh and Smilax China, Linne\\n(Smilaceai).\\nHabitat. China and Japan.\\nPart used. The rhizome.", "height": "4243", "width": "2579", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n313\\nDescription. Stout fibrous tubers from five to twenty centimeters\\n(2 to 8 inches) long, two to six centimeters to 2 inches) thick, knotty,\\ndense, tough externally, reddish brown, with several deep, circular, fun-\\nnel-shaped stem scars on the upper surface interiorly pale pinkish or\\npale brownish-white, darker toward\\nthe centre. Inodorous; taste at first\\ninsipid, afterward bitterish; slightly\\nastringent, and acrid. Contains nu-\\nmerous brown resin cells near the\\ncentre.\\nMust be heavy, hard, and sound,\\nand not too pale.\\nConstituents. Contains the\\nsame constituents as sarsaparilla, and\\nhas the same properties.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to\\nthose of sarsaparilla, but somewhat\\nmore active.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to\\n75 grains) several times a day. Best\\ngiven in fluid extract made with di-\\nluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nChinoidinum U. S.\\nChinoidin. Qtjinoidin.\\nAn amorphous, nearly black, resin-\\nous mass, of the consistence of hard\\npitch, containing a mixture of amor-\\nphous alkaloids, obtained from cin-\\nchona in the manufacture of quinine,\\netc.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See\\nthe Pharmacopoeia, page 75.\\nMedicinal Uses. This sub- FlG 152.-^-China Root, natural size,\\nstance is employed as a cheap substitute for quinine. It is antiperiodic, but\\nmust be given in larger doses than quinine. It is best taken in pill form.\\nDose. 0.2 to 1 gram (3 to 15 grains) several times a day..\\nCHINOIDINI TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Chinoidin.\\nThe formula of the German and Scandinavian Pharmacopoeias, using\\nalcohol and hydrochloric acid of the strengths prescribed by the U. S.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "314 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPharmacopoeia for each respectively, is as follows Dissolve sixty grams\\n(2 ounces) of chinoidin in a mixture of four hundred and eighty grams\\n(16 ounces, or about 19^ fluidounces) of alcohol, 37.50 grams (1J ounce)\\nof hydrochloric acid, and 22.50 grams (f ounce) distilled water.\\nIt mixes with water without precipitating.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms) three\\ntimes daily as an antiperiodic. The taste may be improved by adding\\nfifteen drops of chloroform to each fluidounce.\\nChinolina.\\nChinoline.\\nQuinoline Leukoline.\\nThis alkaloid is a constituent of coal tar. Recently it has been pre-\\npared by treating aniline or nitrobenzol with glycerin in the presence of\\na dehydrating agent. It is a colorless, oily liquid, darkening on ex-\\nposure to light. Boils at 255\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\nTartrate of Chinoline is in shining, silky crystals, comparatively\\npermanent in the air, soluble in water. It has an odor reminding of\\nbitter almonds, and a pungent taste resembling that of peppermint\\nwater.\\nChinoline is in its chemical character closely related to the alkaloids\\nof cinchona bark, and its physiological effects are also, according to Dr.\\nJulius Donath, identical with those of quinine, being a powerful anti-\\npyretic and antiseptic. The tartrate is the salt chiefly used.\\nMedicinal Uses. As an antipyretic in fevers, and in general in\\nall cases where quinine is indicated. It is best given in wafers, or in\\nsolution flavored with syrup of raspberries. It has been used with\\nmarked success in whooping-cough and in diphtheria. Occasionally it\\nis liable to act as an emetic.\\nDose. From 0.50 to 1 gram (8 to 16 grains) twice a day for adults\\nchildren in proportion.\\nChionantlius.\\nChionanthus.\\nFringe Tree BarJc.\\nOrigin Chionanthus virgitiica, Linne Oleacece).\\nHabitat. The United States, south of Pennsylvania.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. Irregular, either tortuous or nearly straight troughs\\nand pieces, averaging from twenty-five to one hundred millimeters (1 to", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 315\\n4 inches) in length, and twelve to twenty-five millimeters (-J to 1 inch)\\nin breadth externally rough, brown, marked by warts transverse\\nrido-es, and irregular scars. It is two to five millimeters\\n(JL to inch) thick. The inner surface is pale brownish-\\nyellow, finely striated. The bark is brittle, and its frac-\\nture is pale yellowish, or nearly white, with yellowish-\\nbrown spots, indicating the positions of bundles of bast\\ncells; porous. Odor faint, slightly reminding of rancid\\ncacao butter; taste bitter.\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be alterative, aperient,\\nand diuretic, and to have been of use in various forms of\\nintermittent, bilious, and typhoid fevers.\\nDose. Two to eight grams to 2 drachms); best\\ngiven in the form of fluid extract.\\nCHIONANTHI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Chionanthtjs.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equi- onanthus Bark,\\nvalent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 17 U, S. fluidounces), use five hundred grams natlIral size\\n(or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60\\npowder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nChirata U. S.\\nChirata.\\nChiratw Herba Chiretta.\\nOrigin. Ophelia Chirata, Griesbach (Gentianacem).\\nHabitat. India.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 75. The drug comes\\nin bundles, such as shown by the accompanying figure on next page.\\nShould be freed from the coarser woody stems, which contain none\\nof the bitter constituents.\\nChirata is more intensely bitter than gentian or other plants of the\\nsame natural order, and contains no tannin.\\nConstituents. It contains two amorphous, bitter principles,\\nnamed by their discoverer (Hohn) ophelic acid and chiratin, and pos-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "316\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 154. Bundle of Chirata, re-\\nduced to one-fifth natural cize.\\nsibly also chiratogeni?i, another amor-\\nphous, bitter substance formed by the\\nsplitting up of the ophelic acid.\\nCHIKAT^E EXTKACTUM FLUI-\\nDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Chirata.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or\\nits equivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces)\\nof the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture\\nof two hundred and twenty-five grams\\n(about 9-J- fluidounces) alcohol, and two\\nhundred and twenty-five grams (about\\n7-J fluidounces) water, and fifty grams\\n(about 1|^ avoirdupois ounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol\\nand water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4-|- fluid-\\nounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred\\nand seventy-five grams (about 6-J fluid-\\nounces) of the first menstruum. Pack\\nit tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate\\nforty-eight hours. Then percolate. Re-\\nserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic\\ncentimeters (14^ fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation\\nuntil the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to\\nthe consistence of honey and then dis-\\nsolve it in the first percolate. Add\\nenough of the second menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred\\ncubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centime-\\nters (30 to 75 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 317\\nCHIKAT^E INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Chirata.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about -J avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions under title Infusa.\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters (12 to 25 fluidrachms).\\nCHIRAT^E TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Chirata.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) chirata in No. 40 powder, with thirty\\ngrams (about 1^- fluidounce) diluted alcohol macerate twenty-four\\nhours pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with di-\\nluted alcohol until three hundred grams (10 fluidounces) tincture has\\nbeen obtained.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2-J fluidrachms).\\nChloral U. S.\\nChloral.\\nChloralicus Hydras Chloral Hydrate, Hydrate of Chloral,\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 75.\\nOnly separate crystals which are colorless and transparent are per-\\nmitted by the Pharmacopoeia to be used. It must be dry, and at ordi-\\nnary temperatures must have a rather pleasant ethereal odor, not acrid.\\nWhen kept in a warm place its odor is acrid. Taste bitter and caustic.\\nReaction must be neutral. Opaque crusts or lumps of chloral hydrate\\n(very commonly seen in the shops) must not be used, as they are gener-\\nally very impure and extremely acrid from products of decomposition.\\nChloral (generally called hydrate of chloral) is freely soluble in water,\\nalcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, benzol, benzin, bisulphide of carbon,\\nfixed oils, and volatile oils. When triturated with crystallized carbolic\\nacid, or with camphor, it forms with either substance a clear homogene-\\nous liquid.\\nPreservation. This preparation must be kept in bottles with well-\\nground glass stoppers in a cool and dark place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chloral produces a calm and refreshing sleep,\\nin sleeplessness from bodily or mental overwork, anxiety or excitement,\\ni in brain diseases, mania, or delirium tremens.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "318 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIt is useful in puerperal mania, puerperal convulsions, convulsions\\nof children due to reflex irritation in spasmodic asthma, whooping-\\ncough, pseudo-croup, tetanus, etc. in collapse of cholera, cholera mor-\\nbus, and in strychnine poisoning. In sea-sickness it is also of much use.\\nChloral should not be given to relieve pain, as it does not have this\\neffect except in dangerously large doses. Externally, cloths saturated\\nin solution of chloral are an excellent antiseptic dressing to foul ulcers.\\nThis substance is also used as an injection to preserve cadavers in good\\ncondition for dissection.\\nDose. 0.3 to 2 grams (5 to 30 grains). In mania, delirium tre-\\nmens, tetanus, convulsions, etc., much larger doses may be required, but\\nmust be given with great caution, as 1.5 to 2 grams (20 to 30 grains)\\nhave been known to produce fatal results.\\nPoisonous Effects. Chloral in overdoses produces profound nar-\\ncotic poisoning, unconsciousness, superficial breathing, weak pulse, and\\ngreat reduction of the temperature.\\nBy destroying the functions of the cerebrum there occurs a relaxa-\\ntion of the muscular tissue which may include the involuntary muscles\\nof respiration and of the heart, producing death by paralysis and failure\\nof these vital organs. This is especially apt to occur in heart diseases, as\\nfatty degeneration, atheroma, and in advanced diseases of the lungs.\\nOne of the authors has seen very alarming symptoms produced by a\\ndose of 0.5 gram (7-J grains) of this remedy.\\nThe above-described dangerous symptoms call for prompt stimula-\\ntion by ammonia, alcohol, atropia, electricity, and artificial respiration.\\nArtificial heat should be applied externally by means of jugs filled with\\nwarm water, and ammonia may be administered by subcutaneous in-\\njection.\\nSOLUTION FOE DISPENSING PURPOSES.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains avoirdupois) of\\nthe chloral hydrate in enough distilled water to make the finished solu-\\ntion measure two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one-half gram of the\\nsalt one hundred and five minims contain fifty grains. Should be\\nfrequently renewed, and not kept ready made unless constantly used.\\nChloroformum Puriflcatum U. S.\\nPurified Chloroform.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 76. Chlo-\\nroform has remarkable solvent properties, dissolving most alkaloids,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 319\\nnumerous resins, gutta-percha, caoutchouc, paraffine, iodine, bromine,\\nfixed and volatile oils, etc-\\nThe object of the purification of the commercial chloroform, as pre-\\nscribed by the Pharmacopoeia in the process for preparing the purified\\nchloroform, is to destroy and remove the hydrocarbons that contaminate\\nthe crude or commercial article. The absence of all impurities, such as\\nacids, free chlorine, aldehyd, and hydrocarbons should always be ascer-\\ntained, for which purpose ample tests are prescribed by the Pharmaco-\\npoeia. Chloroform is unfit for anaesthetic uses unless absolutely pure.\\nPreservation. Purified chloroform should be kept in glass-stop-\\npered bottles in a cool, dark place. It is not inflammable.\\n[Sixteen ounces chloroform measures about 10-J U. S. fluidounces.]\\nMedicinal Uses. Chloroform is frequently employed as an anaes-\\nthetic, being given for this purpose by inhalation of its vapor mixed with\\na plentiful supply of atmospheric air. Its effect is often increased by\\nthe subcutaneous injection of morphine half an hour before its adminis-\\ntration.\\nCare should be exercised that the patient is in a recumbent position,\\nwith the clothing, such as neckbands, waistbands, corsets, etc., perfectly\\nloose. The inhalation of chloroform should not take place shortly after\\na meal as troublesome vomiting may occur.\\nNo operation, even if only of a trifling character, should be under-\\ntaken until complete anaesthesia occurs, as otherwise there is much\\ndanger of paralysis of the heart from reflex action.\\nDuring the entire time, from the beginning of the inhalation until\\nrecovery is complete, the patient must be kept under close observation,\\nand the pulse and respiration be carefully watched.\\nChloroform inhalations are used in surgical and obstetrical opera-\\ntions, and also in asthma, convulsions, spasm of the glottis, and other\\nspasmodic troubles. Also in puerperal convulsiojis and in rigid os during\\nparturition, but in these cases it is apt to be followed by insufficient\\ncontraction of the uterus and post-partum hemorrhage.\\nInhalations of chloroform are counter-indicated in shock, diseases of\\nthe brain, heart, or lungs, and in drunkards.\\nInternally chloroform is a sedative, valuable in nausea, vomiting,\\nflatulent, renal, or biliary colic, cough, etc. It is best given by mixing\\nit with three or four times its own volume of olive or sweet almond oil,\\nand emulsifying the oil with acacia as if no chloroform were present.\\nExternally chloroform is often used as an anodyne embrocation in\\nneuralgia, rheumatism, etc., generally mixed with oil to form a liniment.\\nDose. Internally, 0.1 to 2 cubic centimeters (2 to 30 minims).\\nPoisonous Effects. In overdoses chloroform is an irritant poison,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "320 A COMPANION TO THE\\nproducing violent inflammation of the stomach and bowels, excitement,\\nfollowed by prostration, stupor, and death. jThere is no chemical anti-\\ndote. Large draughts of oil, followed by emetics or the use of the\\nstomach-pump, artificial respiration, galvanism, etc., may be employed,\\nand the inflammatory after-effects be treated on general principles.\\nIf dangerous symptoms, cessation of breathing or of the heart s\\naction, or stertorous breathing, occur during the inhalation of chloro-\\nform, the administration must be at once suspended, the patient s\\ntongue drawn forward to allow free access of air to the glottis, cold\\nwater dashed on the chest, and ammonia held to the nostrils for inhala-\\ntion. If that does not suffice to restore respiration, no time should be\\nlost in establishing artificial respiration, and in applying the electrodes\\nof a galvanic battery to the respiratory muscles.\\nThe body should be kept warm by artificial heat, and the head of\\nthe patient lowered by holding him on the table and raising the lower\\nend. Efforts of resuscitation should be unabated until the patient re-\\ncovers or is unmistakably dead.\\nFailure of the heart s action is generally fatal. It calls for acupunc-\\nture of the heart, galvano-puncture, subcutaneous injection of atropine,\\nand the treatment given above. All efforts to restore the heart s failing\\naction will probably prove ineffectual, but should be persevered in until\\nall hope is gone.\\nCHLOKOFOKMI AQUA.\\nChloroform Water.\\nShake five grams (75 grains) purified chloroform with seven hundred\\nand fifty cubic centimeters (25-J fluidounces) distilled water until per-\\nfectly dissolved.\\nTo relieve colic. Also as a vehicle for nauseous medicines, such as\\ncastor oil, when it temporarily renders the gustatory nerve insensitive.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCIILOKOFORMI MISTUEA U. S.\\nChloroform Mixture.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) yolk of egg in a mortar until\\nsmooth then add two grams (30 grains) camphor dissolved in eight\\ngrams (123 grains) chloroform, continuing the trituration, and finally\\nadd gradually eighty grams (2J fluidounces) water, and make a uniform\\nemulsion.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 321\\nCHLOEOFOEMI MIXTUEA HYDEOCYAKATA.\\nCompound Chloeofoem Mixtuee.\\nMix fifty centigrams (7\u00c2\u00a3 grains) morphine sulphate, fifty centigrams\\noil of peppermint, ten grams (154 grains) ether, ten grams alcohol,\\ntwenty-five grams (386 grains) diluted hydrocyanic acid, one hundred\\nand ninety grams (3 ounces 230 grains) chloroform, and enough simple\\nsyrup to make the whole weigh five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois\\nounces).\\nThis is a good substitute for the celebrated Collis Browne s Chloro-\\ndyne.\\nCHLOEOFOEMI SPIE1TUS IT. S.\\nSpieit of Chloeofoem.\\nMix thirty grams (or 1 ounce) purified chloroform, and two hundred\\nand seventy grams (or 9 ounces) alcohol.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nChloroformum Venaie U. S.\\nCOMMEECIAL CHLOEOFOEM.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 77. A\\nlimpid liquid containing at least ninety-eight per cent, of real chloro-\\nform. Specific gravity not below 1.47.\\nOnly traces of impurities are allowed in this chloroform, as will be\\nseen from the official tests prescribed. The bulk of the chloroform\\nmanufactured and sold in this country will be found to stand the tests\\nfor commercial chloroform, while not answering the tests for purified\\nchloroform.\\nFor general properties of chloroform see Chloroformum Purificatum.\\nUses. Commercial chloroform is intended for external use and for\\nmaking the purified chloroform.\\nCHLOEOFOEMI LINIMENT LTM IT. S.\\nChloeofoem Liniment.\\nMix one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) commercial chloro-\\nform and one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) soap liniment.\\nThis is a very different preparation from that of the Pharmacopoeia\\nof 1870, which was composed of three ounces purified chloroform and\\nfour ounces olive oil.\\nAn anodyne liniment to relieve acute pain in sciatica, neuralgia,\\nrheumatism, etc.\\n21", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "322 A COMP ANION TO THE\\nCHLOROFORMI LINIMENTUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Chloroform Liniment.\\nMix sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) soap liniment, thirty\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) chloroform, and thirty cubic centime-\\nters (1 fluidounce) oil of turpentine. The mixture is clear.\\nChlorophyllum.\\nChlorophyll.\\nThis is the green coloring matter of plants. It is of a resinous\\ncharacter, soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in water.\\nCHLOROPHYLLI TINCTURA.\\nMacerate two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) recently\\ndried spinach in one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) alcohol,\\nfor five days express and filter.\\nUsed for coloring alcoholic liquids green. Many of the fluid and\\nsolid extracts in the market are colored green with this substance to\\nmake it appear as if they were prepared from fresh green leaves.\\nChlorum.\\nChlorine.\\nOccurs in nature chiefly in combination with sodium as sodium chlo-\\nride (common salt).\\nIt is obtained free, in the gaseous state, by heating black oxide of\\nmanganese, with hydrochloric acid, or with hydrochloric and sulphuric\\nacids mixed. (See Chlori Aqua.)\\nIt is a greenish-yellow gas, having a strong, peculiar, suffocating\\nodor. Can be condensed into a liquid by cold and compression. Its\\nspecific gravity is 2.45 (air being 1). It is soluble in water, which\\nat plus 9\u00c2\u00b0 C. (48.2\u00c2\u00b0 F.) is capable of absorbing three times its volume of\\nchlorine gas.\\nUses. Chlorine has a powerful affinity for hydrogen. Hence its\\nenergetic bleaching properties, its unequalled disinfecting power, and\\nits injurious effects on the respiratory organs when inhaled.\\nCHLOEINE FUMIGATION.\\nFor fumigating confined spaces with chlorine gas, which is the most\\npowerful and certain disinfectant known, mix ten grams ounce) com-\\nmon salt, five grams (-J- ounce) black oxide of manganese, 7.50 grams (i", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 323\\nounce) concentrated sulphuric acid, and 7.50 grams (J- ounce) water, in\\na soup-plate or earthenware dish, and set this in the middle of the\\nroom. The quantities just named are ordinarily sufficient for the disin-\\nfection of twenty to thirty cubic meters (680 to 1,000 cubic feet), or a\\nroom ten by ten by ten feet. In fumigating with chlorine the room should\\nbe vacated, and all openings closed. In epidemics of infectious diseases\\nlike yellow fever, cholera, etc., fumigation with chlorine is the best\\nmeans of purifying infected rooms or houses but in such cases the\\nquantities used must be very considerably increased say, ninety grams\\n(3 ounces) salt, forty-five grams (1^- ounce) black oxide of manganese,\\nand seventy-five grams (2J ounces) each of sulphuric acid and water, to\\na room twelve to fifteen feet square. Of course no one must be in the\\nroom while it is being fumigated as the gas is poisonous when inhaled\\nin large quantities. Chlorine fumigation may also be effected by mixing\\nfifty grams (If ounce) black oxide of manganese, in powder, with one\\nhundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) crude hydrochloric acid or by\\npouring vinegar on chlorinated lime.\\nChlorine is also generated when a mixture of alcohol and a small\\nquantity of chloroform is burned in a saucer. This is a convenient\\nmethod for fumigating a room.\\nChlori Aqua U. S,\\nChlorine Water.\\nChlori Solutio; Aqua Chlorinii, Phar. 1870 Chlorwasser, G. Eau\\nchloree, Chlore liquide, F. Aqua de Cloro, Sp. Klorvatten, Sw.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 43.\\nPrepared by conducting chlorine gas into distilled water and shak-\\ning them together until the distilled water is quite saturated with the\\nchlorine.\\nChlorine water is a greenish-yellow liquid, having the suffocating\\nodor of chlorine. It instantly decolorizes dilute solutions of litmus or\\nindigo.\\nThe colorless, weak, so-called chlorine water usually seen does\\nnot answer this description.\\nPreservation. It is necessary to keep the chlorine water in tightly\\nglass-stoppered amber-colored bottles, completely filled so as to exclude\\nair, and in a cool place. Otherwise it will soon spoil. Each time the\\nstopper is removed some of the chlorine escapes. The chlorine water\\ncan be made much stronger than required by the Pharmacopoeia (the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "324 A COMPANION TO THE\\nminimum being 0.4 per cent., while it may be readily obtained contain-\\ning 0.6 per cent, chlorine), but it does not keep so long when stronger,\\nand then soon contains hydrochloric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chlorine water is a disinfectant and antiseptic\\nwhen locally applied. Tt is used in dilution for cleansing foul ulcers\\nand pustules. Formerly it was much used internally in dilution to\\ncounteract or destroy the disease germs on which zymotic diseases\\nare supposed to depend, as in measles, scarlatina, small-pox, etc.\\nIt is not often used for this purpose now, except as a gargle in the\\nsore-throat accompanying these ailments.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) largely\\ndiluted. For a gargle, one part of chlorine water to seven parts of sweet-\\nened water.\\nChloratae Sodse Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Chlorinated Soda.\\nLabarraqutfs Solution.\\nTriturate eighty grams (2 ounces 359 grains) of chlorinated lime\\ninto a smooth paste with four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluid-\\nounces) of water. Put it into a weighed jar with a well-fitting cover, or\\ninto a bottle which is to be corked. Dissolve one hundred grams (3\\nounces 230 grains) carbonate of sodium in four hundred grams (13J\\nfluidounces) boiling water, and then pour this solution into the solution\\nof chlorinated lime. Close the vessel tightly. When cold add enough\\nwater to make the whole weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains). Strain through bleached muslin, or let settle and draw off the\\nclear solution with a siphon.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nDescription. Clear, pale greenish, smelling faintly of chlorine\\nhas a salty taste and an alkaline reaction. Specific gravity 1.044. The\\naddition of any acid causes an evolution of chlorine and carbonic acid\\ngas. It contains two per cent, of available chlorine, that is, the free\\nchlorine which is liberated on the addition of an acid amounts to two\\nper cent.\\nEmployed as a topical disinfectant wash for gangrenous or foul\\nulcers, etc.\\nIt is also used as a disinfectant for sinks, privies, water-closets,\\nsowers, etc.; and in sick rooms, hospitals, prisons, ships, and wherever\\ninfectious material may be produced.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 325\\nCHLOKATA CATAPLASMA.\\nChlorinated Poultice.\\nThis is made by incorporating sixty grams (2 ounces) of solution of\\nchlorinated soda with a poultice prepared from one hundred and twenty\\ngrams (4 ounces) flaxseed meal and two hundred and forty cubic centi-\\nmeters (8 fluidounces) boiling water.\\nUsed to cleanse and stimulate foul suppurating ulcers.\\nCIILORATUS LINCTUS.\\nChlorinated Honey.\\nMix fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) solution of chlorinated\\nlime, sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) water, and sixty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (2 fluidounces) strained honey.\\nChondrus IT. S.\\nChondrus.\\nFucus Crispus Carrageen, Knorpeltang, Irldndisches Moos, Perl-\\nmoos, G. Mousse marine perlee, Carragaheen, Mousse dPrlande, F.\\nMusgo Marino Perlado, Sp. Caragheen, Perlmossa, Sw.; Irish\\nMoss.\\nOrigin. Consists of the two sea-algae Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye,\\nand Chondrus mamillosus, Greville, bleached and dried by exposure to\\nthe sun.\\nHabitat. Both algae occur on the rocky shores of the Atlantic and\\nare collected on the coasts of New England and Ireland.\\nDescription. The first has elliptical sori or sporocarps imbedded\\nin the branches, producing a depression on the opposite side the\\nsecond has spherical sori projecting from the surface on short stalks.\\nThe Chondrus mamillosa is of a darker brownish purple, and is of a\\nlooser texture than the Chondrus crispus.\\nThe general appearance of chondrus is horny, translucent, pale yel-\\nlowish white. The drug swells considerably in water, assuming its\\nnatural shape and becoming soft, slippery, and cartilaginous. Boiled\\nwith twenty to thirty parts water it forms a jelly of the somewhat saline\\nmucilaginous taste of the drug and a distinct seaweed odor. Must be\\nlight colored and clean.\\nConstituents. Chondrus contains mucilage to the extent of nearly", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "326\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nninety per cent. Starch is absent. Traces of iodine and bromine are\\nfound in the ash. Nitrogen is present to the extent of one per cent.\\nFigs. 155-159. Chondrus, natural size, after soaking in water, a, section through\\nsporocarp, enlarged 5, small bodies in sporocarp c, small piece of chondrus inamillosus\\nd t section through a sporocarp, eularged.\\nMedicinal Uses. A demulcent and nutrient substance, but with-\\nout the virtues generally ascribed to it by the laity in pulmonary and\\nbronchial affections.\\nCHOKDKI GELATIN A.\\nCarrageen Jelly.\\nBoil sixty grams (2 ounces) chondrus in one liter (34 fluidounces)\\nwater for one hour. Strain. Dissolve ninety grams (3 ounces) sugar in\\nthe decoction while hot. Set aside to cool.\\nChromum.\\nChromium.\\nComparatively rare. Occurs associated with iron, which it resembles\\nin its chemical behavior.\\nWhen containing water the salts of chromium have a bluish or green\\ncolor. The salts of chromic acid are yellow or red.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 327\\nChrysarobinum U. S.\\nCheysaeobin.\\nChrysophatiic Acid.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 77.\\nThis is the substance generally known, prescribed, and dispensed\\nunder the name of Chrysophanic Acid. It is a yellow crystalline\\npowder extracted from goa-powder (Araroba) (which see).\\nChrysarobin is odorless, tasteless, nearly insoluble in water, slightly\\nsoluble in alcohol, but quite soluble in ether and in boiling benzol. It\\nresembles chrysophanic acid so nearly that it was first supposed to be\\nidentical with it. (See Acid. Chrysophanicum.)\\nUses. This is a valuable remedy in parasitic skin diseases of a\\nvegetable origin and superficial character. It is especially useful in\\npsoriasis, and is the best remedy for this troublesome disease. It should\\nbe used with caution about the face as it is irritant.\\nThe yellow stains which it produces on the skin or clothing may be\\nremoved with a weak solution of chlorinated lime. It is usually applied\\nin the form of an ointment containing from five to fifteen per cent, of\\nthis drug.\\nChrysarobin has also been given internally with success in cases of\\npsoriasis, etc., in doses of eight milligrams Q- grain), gradually increased.\\nCKLRYSAROBIKL UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nChrysarobin Ointment.\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) chrysarobin intimately with ninety grams\\n(3 ounces 76 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nCichorium.\\nChicoey.\\nSuccory.\\nOrigin. The root of Cichorium intybus, Linne {Compositce).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America. Cultivated in Europe.\\nDescription. Resembles taraxacum, but is of a lighter color, and\\nthe laticiferous vessels are in chicory radiating instead of concentrically\\narranged.\\nContains a bitter substance, besides inulin, etc. Roasted chicory is\\na common adulterant in ground coffee.\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom employed in medicine. Tonic, laxative,\\nand diuretic. Supposed to be especially indicated in hepatic derange-\\nments.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) several times a day.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "328\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCimicifuga IT. S.\\nClMICIFUGA.\\nCirnicifugoe Radix Black Cohosh, Bughane, Black Snake Root.\\nOrigin. Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott (Ranunculacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome\\nand rootlets.\\nDescription. See the\\nPharmacopoeia, page 78, and\\nthe figures. The rootlets have\\nfrom three to five or six woody\\nrays, often dividing near the\\ncambium zone. In the middle\\nbark is a layer of cells some-\\nwhat resembling the nucleus\\nsheath of monocotyledons.\\nFig. 160. -Cimicifuga, natural size. Constituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A neutral\\nprinciple of intensely acrid taste has been extracted from the fresh root\\nwhich is soluble in water, dilute alcohol, chloroform, or ether. Its\\nchemical character is not known, nor has it been named.\\nFig. 161. Transverse section of rootlet of Cimicifuga, magnified.\\nCimicifugin, or macrotin, is the resinoid obtained by precipita-\\ntion from a strong alcoholic tincture with water.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 329\\nMedicinal Uses. Cimicifuga is used in a large number and\\nvariety of diseases. It is a sedative to the nervous and circulatory sys-\\ntems, producing nervous depression and weakened pulse if given in\\nlarge doses. It is used to allay pain, reduce the frequency and force of\\nthe pulse, and prevent cerebral congestions. It does not produce alarm-\\nins: narcotic effects. In smaller doses it is used as a tonic. It is also\\nused in rheumatism, lumbago, and in disturbances of the menstrual\\nfunctions, as in amenorrhoea, ovarian inflammation, etc.\\nExternally a saturated tincture is used to relieve pain in rheumatism,\\nneuralgia, and similar affections. The best and most reliable form of\\nadministering this drug is the fluid extract.\\nDose of powdered cimicifuga, 1.5 to 2 grams (20 to 30 grains).\\nCIMICIFUGA DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Cimicifuga.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\n.five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).\\nCIMICIFUGA EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Cimicifuga.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrownish black.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains), three times a day.\\nCIMICIFUGA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Cimicifuga.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol. Moisten the drug with one hundred\\nand twenty-five grams (about 5^- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack\\nit tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Mac-\\nerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\ni Evaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "330 A COMPANIQN TO THE\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose* 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nCIMICIFUG^E SYRUPUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Sykup of Cimicifuga.\\nCompound Syrup of Actcea.\\nMix sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) fluid extract of cimici-\\nfuga, thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of senega,\\nfifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) fluid extract of ipecacuanha,\\nsixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) fluid extract of glycyrrhiza, sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) fluid extract of wild cherry bark, and\\none thousand two hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces) simple\\nsyrup.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims), in cough\\nmixtures.\\nCIMICIFUGA TINCTURA; U.S.\\nTincture of Cimicifuga.\\nMoisten one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) cimicifuga in No.\\n60 powder with ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) alcohol mac-\\nerate twenty-four hours then pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator\\nand percolate with alcohol until five hundred grams (17 ounces 280\\ngrains measuring about 20^- fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nCinchona; U. S.\\nCinchona.\\nCinchonas Cortex, Chinm Cortex Chinarinde, G. Quinquina,\\niZcorce de Quinquina, F.; Quina, Sp.; Kinabark, Sw. Peruvian\\nHark.\\nOrigin. Several species and varieties of Cinchona. \\\\Rubiacem,\\n(Cincho?ieo3).~\\\\\\nHabitat. South America, on the eastern slope of the Andes, in\\nBolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and New Granada. Now largely\\ncultivated in Java and India, the barks from the extensive plantations\\nin these countries being at present those most sought after.\\nDescription. They are yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, of fibrous", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 331\\nfracture, bitter astringent taste, and only a faint odor (except loxa bark,\\nwhich has a distinctive odor).\\nBark from young stems and branches is of a grayish tint, while the\\nliber or solid bark of old trunks possess the characteristic shades of\\nbrown which are looked for in select cinchona bark.\\nStandard Strength. By the term cipchona is meant, according\\nto the new Pharmacopoeia, any cinchona bark containing not less than\\nthree per cent, of total cinchona alkaloids, of which the only important\\nones are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.\\nProcesses of assay are now given in the Pharmacopoeia both for as-\\ncertaining the total quantity of all the alkaloids in cinchona barks, and\\nfor finding the quantity of quinine alone. (See Pharmacopoeia^ pages 78\\nand 79.)\\nA good deal of bark is bought and sold and used in medicine under\\nthe name of Cinchona, Pale Cinchona, Commercial Calisaya Bark,\\nCommercial Red Bark, etc., which is not fit to be sold under any\\nname apt to convey the impression that the drug is a fair average\\nquality of cinchona. Some of the commercial bark which we have\\nseen is not cinchona at all. Price-lists and invoices quoting cinchona\\nbark at a few cents per pound, and fluid extract of cinchona at a much\\nlower price than the materials would cost if it were made in accordance\\nwith the pharmacopceial requirements, leave no room for doubt concern-\\ning their quality.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia of 1870 having failed to fix the minimum per-\\ncentage of alkaloids in pale cinchona, that term seems to be applied not\\nonly to good pale cinchona, and to the most inferior kinds of loxa bark,\\nbut also to all sorts of barks, cinchona or not, sold as commercial\\nbarks at from five to fifteen cents per pound, when fair loxa bark stood\\nat about fifty to ninety cents.\\nTest. A very simple, convenient, and reliable test by which the\\ngenuineness (and roughly even the relative quantity of alkaloids) of\\ncinchona barks of any kind may be ascertained is the following\\nPut a small quantity of the powdered bark into a long test-tube and\\nheat it in the flame of a spirit lamp, or a gas flame, holding the test-\\ntube in an oblique direction. If the bark contains any cinchona alka-\\nloids a handsomely red, oily liquid will collect in the upper part of the\\ntube, whereas if no cinchona alkaloids are present only the usual brown\\nproducts of destructive distillation will be formed.\\nConstituents. The constituents of cinchona barks in general are\\n1, alkaloids quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinamine,\\nand conquinamine 2, acids kinic, cincho-tannic, and quinovic acids\\nnone of which has any medical value except the cincho-tannic acid, which", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "332 A COMPANION TO THE\\nis astringent 3, the different amorphous substances quinovin and cin-\\nchona red, the former of which is a bitter principle, while the latter is a\\nproduct of cincho-tannic acid, and is abundant in red bark.\\nThe alkaloids are the important constituents. The proportion of\\ntotal alkaloids, as well as the relative proportion of one alkaloid as\\ncompared with that of another, are subject to great variation.\\nIn India the total alkaloids are extracted from cinchona barks by-\\nmeans of acidulated water, precipitated with soda, and dried, the prod-\\nuct, which is called cinchona febrifuge, being very extensively used,\\nespecially by the British Government, for the treatment of fevers among\\nthe troops. The average composition of the cinchona febrifuge was\\nfifteen and one-half per cent, quinine, thirty-three and one-half per\\ncent, cinchonine, twenty-nine per cent, cinchonidine, seventeen per cent.\\namorphous alkaloids, and five per cent, coloring matters. Dr. De Vrij s\\nQuinetum is of similar character.\\nQuinine and quinidine possess about equal medicinal powers. Qui-\\nnidine, however, occurs in but small quantities in the barks. Cinchoni-\\ndine, of which a large quantity is obtained from red bark, comes next\\nin antiperiodic effect, and one and one-half grain of it equals one grain\\nof quinine or quinidine. Cinchonine is less powerful and less certain.\\nQuinine in J3arJc other than Cinchona. It was until recently sup-\\nposed that quinine and the other cinchona alkaloids did not exist in any\\nother plants except the cinchonas. This has proved to be erroneous.\\nAt least two species of the genus Remijia have been found to furnish\\nbarks containing quinine which are now articles of commerce under the\\nname of Cuprea Bark.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cinchona is a most valuable astringent bitter\\ntonic, increasing the appetite and digestion. On account of its astrin-\\ngency it cannot be given for this purpose for any great length of time\\nas it then causes constipation and deranges the digestion. Cinchona is\\nalso an antiseptic, the alkaloid quinia proving very destructive to lower\\norganisms, on which account powdered cinchona applied to offensive\\nulcers, putrid sore throat, etc., rapidly cleanses the wounds.\\nWhile it is true in a general sense that cinchona owes its action to\\nthe alkaloids, especiall} quinine, these are not the only active constitu-\\nents, since cinchona in powder or in the form of fluid extract possesses\\nvaluable effects due to the natural combination of its constituents, which\\nare not produced by the isolated alkaloids.\\nCinchona and its alkaloids are stated to be tonic, febrifuge, and anti-\\nperiodic, but the first of these properties is exerted best by the drug\\nitself, the last best by its isolated alkaloid quinine, or its salts.\\nWhen simply a tonic is required, as in general debility, deficient", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 333\\ndigestion, convalescence, etc., no preparations prove more valuable than\\nthose of cinchona, or, if there be also anaemia, a combination of cin-\\nchona with iron salts.\\nFor most other diseases in which this drug is employed the alkaloids\\nwill either do just as good or better service, especially if these troubles\\nbe of malarial origin or of a periodic character.\\nDose. As a tonic four grams (60 grains) of the powder three times\\ndaily but cinchona is seldom given in this form, the fluid extract being\\na much more eligible mode of administering it. As an antiperiodic\\nfrom half to one ounce is required, but it is probably never given in\\nthis form now, the alkaloids being in universal use.\\nCinchona Flava IT. S.\\nYellow Cinchona.\\nCinchonce Calisayce Cortex, Cinchona Megia, China JRegia Konigs-\\nchina, Calisayarinde, G. Quinquina Calisaya, Quinquina jaune\\nroyal, F. Quina Calisaya, Quina Amarilla, Sp. JSjungsJcina,\\nSw. Calisaya JBarh.\\nOrigin. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell (Rubiacea?, Cinchonem).\\nHabitat. Peru and Bolivia. Also cultivated in India.\\nPart Used. The bark of the trunk or branches, when containing\\nnot less than two per cent, quinine (not merely two per cent, of total\\nalkaloids).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 79 and 80.\\nThe calisaya bark is the most valuable of the cinchona barks, con-\\ntaining more quinine proportionately than any other. Good specimens\\nof flat calisaya contain five or six per cent, quinine, and a variety of\\nyellow cinchona, called Cinchona ledgeriana (cultivated in Java), is\\nthe richest in quinine, containing sometimes up to as much as thirteen\\nand one-fourth per cent, of that alkaloid.\\nGood flat calisaya is now difficult to find in this market. Cultivated\\ncalisaya in troughs or quills of excellent quality can be readily had.\\nUses. As described under Cinchona. This is the best bark to be\\nused simply as a tonic.\\nCINCHONA FLAV^E DECOCTtTM.\\nDecoction of Yellow Cinchona.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "334 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms)\\nthree to six times a day.\\nt\\nCINCHONA EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Cinchona.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of yellow cin-\\nchona, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use first a mixture of fifteen hundred grams (62\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) alcohol and five hundred grams (17 fluidounces) water,\\nand afterward diluted alcohol as much as required. Moisten the pow-\\nder with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 7 fluidounces).\\nPack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum.\\nMacerate twenty-four hours. Then percolate until the cinchona is ex-\\nhausted, or fifteen hundred grams (about 56 fluidounces) of percolate\\nhas been received. Recover the alcohol in the usual way, and evapo-\\nrate the remainder to solid extract, to which add one-twentieth of its\\nweight of glycerin, and mix thoroughly.\\nReddish-brown.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nCINCHONA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Cinchona [Calisaya].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of three hundred and seventy-\\nfive grams (about 15J fluidounces) alcohol and one hundred and twenty-\\nfive grams (about 4-f avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion\\nof three hundred grams (about 12\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3-J- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6 fluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and seventy-five cubic centimeters (12$ fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted. Evaporate the second percolate to the consistence of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 335\\nhoney, and then dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the\\nsecond menstruum to make the whole measure five hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCINCHONJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM AROMATICUM.\\nAromatic Fluid Extract op Cinchona.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17\\nfluidounces), use four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) yellow cin-\\nchona, in No. 60 powder, and one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains)\\naromatic powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of four hundred and seventy-\\nfive cubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) alcohol and one hundred and\\ntwenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nCINCHONA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM DETANNATUM.\\nDetannated Fluid Extract of Cinchona.\\nMacerate one liter (34 fluidounces) fluid extract of cinchona for sev-\\neral days with four hundred grams (14 ounces) freshly precipitated, well-\\nwashed and still moist ferric hydrate, shaking frequently, until the\\nliquid, after filtration, no longer forms a precipitate with tincture of\\nchloride of iron.\\nCUSTCHOSLE EXTRACTUM LIQUIDUM, B.\\nLiquid Extract of Cinchona.\\nMacerate 453.6 grams (16 ounces) yellow cinchona in coarse powder\\nwith one thousand two hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces)\\nwater for twenty-four hours then pack it in a cylindrical percolator,\\nand percolate with water until about seven thousand cubic centimeters\\n(240 fluidounces) has been collected, or until the bark is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the percolate to six hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluid-\\nounces) at a temperature not exceeding 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.), filter, and\\nafterward continue the evaporation until only about ninety cubic centi-\\nmeters (3 fluidounces) remain, or until the liquid has, when cold, a\\nspecific gravity of 1.20. Then add gradually thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) rectified spirit, stirring constantly.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "336 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIt will be observed that the only solvent employed in making this\\npreparation is water, the alcohol being added afterward to preserve it.\\nThis extract therefore differs widely from the U. S. fluid extract, both\\nin character and strength.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nCINCHONA INFUSUM; U. S.\\nInfusion of Cinchona.\\nMix five grams (75 grains) of aromatic sulphuric acid with two hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water, and mois-\\nten thirty grams (1 avoirdupois ounce) of cinchona in No. 40 powder\\nwith fifteen grams fluidounce) of the mixture. Then pack the mois-\\ntened drug into a conical glass percolator and gradually pour upon it,\\nfirst, the remainder of the mixture, and afterward enough water, con-\\ntinuing the percolation until five hundred grams (about 17 fluidounces)\\nof percolate has been obtained.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs that when the variety of cinchona bark\\nto be used is not specified by the physician, yellow cinchona (calisaya\\nbark) must be used.\\nThis preparation contains all of the active constituents of cinchona\\nin combination, and is a valuable bitter tonic. Useful in derangements\\nof the digestion and as an appetizer during convalescence from severe\\nsickness.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 24 flui-\\ndrachms) several times a day.\\nCINCHONAS TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTinctuke of Cinchona.\\nMix one hundred grams (2 ounces 230 grains) glycerin, six hundred\\nand fifty grams (22 ounces 406 grains, or about 28 fluidounces) alcohol,\\nand two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) water.\\nMoisten two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) yellow cinchona, in\\nNo. 60 powder, with two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains, or about\\n7\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of this mixture. Macerate twenty-four hours. Pack\\nit tightly in a cylindrical glass percolator. Now percolate, first with\\nthe remainder of the mixture, and afterward with a mixture consisting\\nof alcohol and water in the proportion of one hundred and fifty-six\\ngrams (5 ounces 220 grains, or about 6\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to every", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 337\\nsixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) water. Continue the percolation\\nwith the latter menstruum until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (J to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCINCHONA TUSTCTUKA DETANNATA.\\nDetannated Tincture of Cinchona.\\nMacerate one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) tincture\\nof cinchona with eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) freshly precipitated,\\nwell washed, and still moist ferric hydrate, shaking frequently, for sev-\\neral days, until the liquid after filtration no longer is blackened by the\\naddition of tincture of chloride of iron.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (J to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCINCHON ^E VINUM, G.\\nWine of Cinchona.\\nChinee Vinum Chinawein, G.\\nMacerate fifteen grams (-j- ounce) coarsely powdered yellow cinchona\\nfor eight days with three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\nport wine. Express and filter.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidounce).\\nCinchona Pallida.\\nPale Cinchona.\\nCinchoncB Pallidal Cortex, Cinchona Grisea, China Fusca Braune\\nChinarinde, Graue Chinarinde, Loxarinde, Kronchina, G.; Quin-\\nquina gris deBoxa, F. Quina de Boja, Sp. Gra Kinabark, Sw.;\\nLoxa Bark, Crown Bark.\\nOrigin Cinchona officinalis. Hooker.\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ecuador.\\nDescription. Small quills or troughs, from three to eighteen milli-\\nmeters (J to f inch) in diameter, and of two millimeters (y^ inch) or less\\nthickness. Brownish -gray. Breaks easily with short fibres. Has a\\ndistinct, peculiar, though not strong odor.\\nSouth American loxa bark, or pale bark, is of variable quality. Some\\nI of the drug sold contains little quinine. Good loxa bark can be had,\\n22", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "338 A COMPANION TO THE\\nhowever, containing over two per cent, alkaloids, and some of the pale\\nbark cultivated on the cinchona plantations in India is quite rich. This\\nrich pale bark unfortunately does not reach our market.\\nUsed as an antiseptic astringent. As such it is an excellent and\\nvaluable remedy, depending upon its cinchotannic acid for its astringent\\nproperties, and upon its quinine and other alkaloids for the antiseptic\\npowers it unmistakably possesses.\\nIt is also used as a bitter tonic like the other cinchona barks.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nCItfCHONJS PALLIDA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Pale Cinchona.\\nMade as fluid extract of yellow cinchona, using same menstruum,\\nand five hundred grams (or 17\u00c2\u00a7- avoirdupois ounces) of pale cinchona, in\\nNo. 60 powder, to obtain five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces) of the fluid extract.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (1^ fluidrachm).\\nCinchona Rubra U. S.\\nRed Cinchona.\\nCinchonoB Rubrm Cortex China Rubra Rothe Chinarinde, G.\\nQuinquina rouge, F. Rod Kinabark, Sw. Red Bark, Red Pern-\\nman Bark.\\nOrigin. Cinchona succimtbra, Pavon.\\nHabitat. Ecuador. Cultivated on extensive plantations in Java,\\nCeylon, etc.\\nPart used. The bark from the trunk and the branches.\\nStandard Strength. Must contain not less than two per cent.\\nquinine (not two per cent, of total alkaloids only).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 80. The fracture of\\nred cinchona is less coarse than that of calisaya bark.\\nThe larger the pieces the better the quality of the bark. Flat South\\nAmerican red cinchona is, however, generally poorer than the culti-\\nvated Indian quill red cinchona, which sometimes contains as much as\\nten per cent, of total alkaloids, one-third quinine.\\nCinchona Shavings of excellent quality are now taken from liv-\\ning trees at the Ceylon plantations and imported to this market.\\nConstituents. The red color of this variety of cinchona is due to\\ncinchona red, an amorphous powder of indefinite composition, contain-\\ning, besides coloring matter, some cinchotannic acid, starch and traces of\\nalkaloids, as usually precipitated from hot acidulated infusions on cool-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 339\\nino\\\\ The red cinchona contains much more cinchona red than the\\nother kinds of cinchona bark.\\nThere is a larger proportion of cinchonine and cinchonidine in red\\nbark than in yellow, in proportion to the quinine. Red cinchona also\\ncontains less quinine, as a general rule, than yellow cinchona.\\nMedicinal Uses. As described under Cinchona. Red bark is\\ndecidedly more astringent than the yellow bark, and is to be preferred\\nas a tonic when the debility is accompanied with a relaxed condition of\\nthe bowels.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) in powder.\\nCINCHONA RUBERS DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Red Cinchona.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms)\\nthree to six times a day.\\nCINCHONA RUBR^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Red Cinchona.\\nPrepared from red cinchona, in No. 60 powder, in the same manner\\nas fluid extract of yellow cinchona, using the same menstruum.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nMay be detannated in the same manner as the fluid extract of yellow\\ncinchona.\\nCINCHONJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Fluid Extract of Cinchona.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces), use two\\nhundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) red cinchona, two hun-\\ndred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) bitter orange peel, and fifty grams (1\\nounce 334 grains) serpentaria, all in No. 60 powder.\\nAs first menstruum, use a mixture of four hundred and seventy-five\\ncubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) alcohol and one hundred grams (3\\nounces 230 grains) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol.\\nThis fluid extract is twice the strength of the compound fluid extract\\nof cinchona usually sold.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "340 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCINCHONA TINCTURA COMPOSITA IT. S.\\nCompound Tincture of Cinchona.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) glycerin, eight hun-\\ndred grams (28 ounces 96 grains, measuring about 35 fluidounces) alco-\\nhol, and one hundred cubic centimeters (3^ fluidounces) water. Mix\\nalso one hundred grams (3 ounces 23 grains) red cinchona, eighty grams\\n(2 ounces 360 grains) bitter orange peel, and twenty grams (308 grains)\\nserpentaria, all in No. 60 powder. Moisten the mixed powder with two\\nhundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) of the menstruum. Macerate\\ntwenty-four hours. Pack tightly in a cylindrical glass percolator.\\nPour on the remainder of the mixture. Continue the percolation with\\na mixture of alcohol and water made in the proportion of two hundred\\nand forty grams (8 ounces 204 grains, measuring about 10 fluidounces)\\nalcohol to each thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) water, until one\\nthousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nHUXHAM S TXNCTUEE OF BABK (1788).\\nThis preparation is still used. It is made by digesting for three or\\nfour days one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) powdered red cin-\\nchona, ninety grams (3 ounces) orange peel, 5 20 grams (80 grains) ser-\\npentaria, 10.40 grams (160 grains) Spanish saffron, and 5.20 grams (80\\ngrains) cochineal, in twelve hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces)\\nbrandy, and then expressing and filtering.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nMay be detannated in the same manner as the tincture of cinchona.\\nSerrated Iluxhani s tincture of bark (ferrated compound tincture\\nof cinchona) is obtained by adding to one liter (34 fluidounces) of the\\nabove tincture a solution of twenty grams (308 grains) soluble phos-\\nphate of iron in thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) hot water.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (one teaspoonf ul).\\nMISCELLANEOUS CINCHONA BAEKS USED FOE THE MANUFAC-\\nTUEE OF QUININE.\\nColumbian or Carthagena barks and Pitaya bark are not used in\\npharmacy. They vary considerably as to the percentage of alkaloids\\nthey contain. They are generally of a brown or orange-brown color.\\nCuprea barks have lately become a source from which the alkaloids,\\nheretofore supposed to be peculiar to the cinchonas, are extracted. (See\\nCinchona Cuprea.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 341\\nCinchona Cuprea.\\nCuprea Bark.\\nOrigin. The bark of JRemijia Purdieana, Weddel, and Hemijia\\npedunculated Triana.\\nDescription. Hard, very compact, comparatively heavy. Epider-\\nmis of a dull coppery color inner surface smooth, wine-red. Fracture\\nnot fibrous.\\nConstituents. They contain quinine, quinidine, and cinchonine,\\nbut no cinchonidine has yet been found in them. A new alkaloid, cin-\\nchonamine, has been found in the bark of the Remijia Purdieana, but\\nnot in the other variety of cuprea bark.\\nThe percentage of quinine varies, two per cent, being the maximum.\\nThere is more quinidine in cuprea than in the barks of the cinchonas.\\nHabitat. These barks are from Colombia, South America, and are\\nused by quinine manufacturers.\\nCinchonicina.\\nClNCHONICINE.\\nCinchonicia.\\nThe amorphous base produced by fusing cinchonine or cinchonidine\\nin the presence of an acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of quinine, but weaker and un-\\ncertain.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nCinchonidina.\\nCinchonidine.\\nCinchonidia.\\nAn alkaloid in anhydrous crystals. Soluble in seventy-six parts of\\nether, and in twenty parts of alcohol. Readily soluble without fluores-\\ncence in dilute acids. Its solution in water with the aid of diluted acid\\ndoes not give a green color or precipitate with chlorine water and am-\\nmonia. (See Quinine.)\\nMedicinal Uses. Cinchonidina and its salts may be employed for\\nthe same purposes as quinina. It is somewhat less active, and slightly\\nlarger doses must be given to obtain an equal effect. Its action is\\nalmost equal to that of quinina.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains), according to the effect\\ndesired, the smaller doses being used as tonics, the larger as antiperi-\\nodics.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "342 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCinchonidinsB Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Cinchonidine.\\nSulphate of Cinchonidia.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 80. Its appearance\\nresembles that of sulphate of quinine. An acidulated solution of it is,\\nhowever, not fluorescent, as an acid solution of sulphate of quinine\\nalways is. Moreover, the salts of cinchonidine do not give a green\\ncolor or a green precipitate with chlorine water and ammonia, as do the\\nquinine salts.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nCinchonina; U. S.\\nClNCHONINE.\\nCinchonia.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 81. White anhydrous\\ncrystals, requiring three hundred and seventy-one parts of ether for\\ntheir solution. Aqueous solutions of its salts with a little diluted sul-\\nphuric acid added do not show a blue fluorescence, as similar solutions\\nof the salts of quinine. The alkaloid is soluble in one hundred and ten\\nparts alcohol. Readily soluble in dilute acids. (See Quinine.)\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of quinine, but less certain and\\nactive.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains), the larger doses being\\nantiperiodic.\\nCINCHOJSTEN^E PITLVIS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Powder of Cinchonine.\\nMix sixteen grams (247 grains) cinchonine, 1.50 gram (23 grains)\\nsodium bicarbonate, and 88.50 grams (3 ounces 45 grains) sugar of milk,\\nall in fine powder.\\nCinchoninse HydrocMoras.\\nHydrochlorate of Cinchonine.\\nMuriate of Cinchonia.\\nA white salt, in fine silky needles, resembling quinine sulphate in ap-\\npearance. It contains eighty-one per cent, of cinchonine, and is soluble\\nin twenty-four parts of water, and in less than twice its weight of eighty\\nper cent, alcohol.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n343\\nBy the white precipitate its solution forms with solution of silver\\nnitrate, and also by the absence of blue fluorescence in an acid solution,\\nthe cinchonine hydrochlorate is readily distinguished from sulphate of\\nquinine.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nCinchoninse Sulphas; U S.\\nSulphate of Cinchonine.\\nSulphate of Cinchonia.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 81.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nCinnamomum U. S.\\nCinnamon.\\nCinnamomi Cortex Zimmt, ITaneel, G. Canelle, F. Canela, Sp.;\\nITanel, Sw.\\nOrigin Cinnamomum zeylanicum,\\nBreyne, and other species of Cinnamo-\\nmum (Lauraceai).\\nHabitat. Ceylon and China.\\nPart used. The inner bark from the\\nshoots.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 82.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia permits -the use of\\neither Ceylon cinnamon or Chinese cinna-\\nmon (Cassia cinnamon, Cassia lignea), or\\nboth indiscriminately.\\nCeylon cinnamon comes in long quills\\nconsisting of several pieces rolled together;\\neach quill has eight or more layers of a\\nbark not much thicker than ordinary brown\\nmanilla paper. It has a light yellowish-\\nbrown color. Outer surface smooth.\\nChinese cinnamon consists of single\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e:ii cs j f. Figs. 162-165.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chinese and Cey-\\nquills, not several inserted one Within the Ion Cinnamon, whole and transverse\\nother as in Ceylon cinnamon. Quills irregu- sections, natural size,\\nlar in form. Outside somewhat rough. Bark thicker and of variable\\nthickness. Brown.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "344\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 166.\\n-Ceylon Cinnamon, transverse section,\\nenlarged.\\nBoth kinds of cinnamon\\nhave a pleasant fragrant\\nodor, and a warm, aromatic,\\nsweetish taste.\\nCeylon cinnamon is\\nstronger as well as finer in\\naroma than the Chinese.\\nSaigon cinnamon is a\\nvariety of Chinese cinna-\\nmon which is now obtain-\\nable in the market. It is in\\nvery large regular quills,\\noften over three-fourths of\\nan inch in diameter, very\\nrough in appearance, but\\npossessing a strong and fine\\nflavor. It is of fine quality,\\nand being stronger than either Ceylon or Chinese cinnamon ought to\\nbe preferred for medicinal uses.\\nConstituents. The drug contains from one-half to one per cent,\\nvolatile oil, some cinnamic acid, sugar, etc. (See Oleum Cinnamomi.)\\nFigs. 167-171. Saigon Cinnamon, large and small quills, natural size, a, transverse sec-\\ntion of large quill 6, transverse section of small quill, both natural size c, lichen on bark\\n{(iraplda eleyam), enlarged.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cinnamon is a warm, agreeable, aromatic and\\nstimulant, much used as a flavoring excipient. It enjoyed the reputa-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 345\\ntion of controlling uterine hemorrhages, and, was formerly much, and is\\neven now occasionally, employed for this purpose. It is generally\\ncombined with other remedies, as sulphuric acid, etc. We do not be-\\nlieve that it possesses any power to check such hemorrhages, but that\\nthe effect must be ascribed to the other ingredients of the combinations.\\nIt is most frequently employed as a spice in culinary preparations.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) or more.\\nCINISTAMOMI AQUA SPIRIT UOS A.\\nSpirituous Cinnamon Water.\\nPut two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) cinnamon, in coarse\\npowder, two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) diluted alcohol,\\nand two liters (68 fluidounces) water, into a pharmaceutical still, and\\ndistil off one liter (34 fluidounces). In the distillate dissolve twenty\\ngrams (308 grains) sugar.\\nThis preparation is not clear when just made, but becomes so upon\\nstanding.\\nCUSTNAMOMI TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Cinnamon.\\nMix six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains, measuring about 26\\nfluidounces) of alcohol with four hundred cubic centimeters (13^- fluid-\\nounces) water. Moisten one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) cin-\\nnamon, in No. 40 powder, with fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains, meas-\\nuring about two fluidounces) of the mixture pack it into a percolator,\\nand percolate with the remainder of the menstruum, and as much more,\\nmixed in the same proportions, as may be necessary to obtain one\\nthousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) of tincture.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCinnamomi Oleum U S.\\nOil of Cinnamon.\\nCinnamomi JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Cinnamon.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 235. The Pharmaco-\\npoeia allows the use of either Oil of Cassia or Oil of Ceylon Cinna-\\nmon. This is, of course, equivalent to making Oil of Cassia the\\nofficial oil of cinnamon, as the price of that is only about one-thirtieth\\nto one-twentieth part of the price of the oil of Ceylon cinnamon.\\nThe specific gravity of oil of Ceylon cinnamon is about 1.040 that\\nof oil of Chinese cinnamon (Cassia) is about 1.060.\\nUsed for flavoring.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "346 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCINNAMOMI AQUA U. S.\\nCinnamon Water.\\nOne gram (15 grains) volatile oil of cinnamon, and two grams (30\\ngrains) cotton are required to make five hundred cubic centimeters (17\\nfluidounces) of cinnamon water. (See Aquas Aromaticae, page 166.)\\nCinnamon water is a stimulant aromatic and carminative vehicle for\\nother remedies in colic diarrhoea.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce).\\nCINNAMOMI EL^EOSACCHARUM.\\nTriturate ten centigrams (2 drops) volatile oil of cinnamon with five\\ngrams (77 grains) powdered sugar.\\nCINNAMOMI SPIEITUS; U. S.\\nMix thirty grams (1 fluidounce) oil of cinnamon and two hundred\\nand seventy grams (measuring about 11 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nUsed as a carminative in doses of one to two cubic centimeters (15\\nto 30 minims).\\nCINNAMOMI SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Cinnamon. m\\nDissolve six hundred and fifty grams (22 ounces 400 grains) sugar\\nin three hundred and sixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) cinnamon\\nwater.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nCinnamomi Fructus Immatura.\\nCassia Buds.\\nCassim Flores.\\nThe unripe fruits of the Chinese cinnamon tree. In appearance\\nthey resemble cloves somewhat, but are smaller, drier, and of a lighter\\ngrayish-brown color. The odor and taste resemble those of cinnamon,\\nbut are much weaker and perhaps less agreeable.\\nCivetta.\\nCivet.\\nZibetha.\\nOrigin. An unctuous secretion taken from a sac between the rec-\\ntum and genitals of Viverra zibetha and V. civetta, Schreb.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPGEIA. 347\\nDescription. Yellowish-brown, or brown, fusible, insoluble in\\nwater, soluble in hot absolute alcohol, only partially soluble in ether,\\nhas a strong musky odor, and a bitter nauseous taste.\\nConstituents. It contains fixed and volatile oil, resin, etc.\\nImported in horns.\\nUsed for perfumery.\\nCocculus Indicus.\\nCocculus Indicus.\\nCocculi Fructus Kokkelskomer, Fischkomer, G. Coque du Levant,\\nF.; Kockelkarnor, Sw.; Fish-berries.\\nOrigin. Anamirta Cocculus, Wight and Arn (Menispermacew).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The East Indies.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. Blackish-brown, wrinkled, brittle, inodorous, and\\nnearly tasteless, except the\\nshrivelled embryo, which is\\nbitter. Form, size, and\\nstructure are seen in the\\nillustration.\\nConstituents. The\\nkernel contains a neutral\\nprinciple called picrotoxin\\n(or picrotOXlC acid), which FlGS 172-174.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cocculus Indicus, whole, natural\\nsize; whole, enlarged; and longitudinal section, enlarged,\\nis poisonous. It crystallizes\\nin needles, and is soluble in hot alcohol, but only slightly soluble in\\ncold water or alcohol. (See Picrotoxinum.)\\nThe shell contains the alkaloids menispermine and par amenisper mine,\\ncombined with hypopicrotoxic acid.\\nThe drug also contains a considerable quantity of fixed oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cocculus indicus is seldom administered inter-\\nnally. It is said to have produced valuable results in chorea, epilepsy,\\nind some forms of paralysis. It is more frequently employed externally\\nn the form of decoction or ointment to kill lice and to cure ringworm\\nof the scalp.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains). Best given in the form of\\nluid extract.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "348 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCoccus U. S.\\nCochineal.\\nCoccio?iella Cochenille, G. and F. Cochinilla, Grana, Sp.; Konsio-\\nnell, Sw.\\nOrigin. The female of Coccus cacti, Linne (Hemiptera).\\nHabitat. Mexico and Central America. The insects feed on sev-\\neral species of opuntia and other cactus plants.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 82. The females are\\nwingless, bluish-red, and less than one-tenth of an\\nf|^-.-a. i ncn l\u00c2\u00b0 ri g before fecundity, but twice that size after\\nimpregnated, when the} 7 are killed with hot water,\\nand then dried.\\nFigs. 175, 176. The shape of the insect and the different organs\\nCochineal, a, dry, as 1\\nin drug, natural size; can be seen alter putting the dried coccus into water\\nnatural size m W an( allowing it to swell and assume its natural form\\nand proportions.\\nCochineal varies in color, according to the process of drying, from\\ngrayish-white to reddish-black. In the market we find the silver-gray\\nand the black, both of which may be good, bad, or indifferent, accord-\\ning to soundness. Its quality can be judged of by its clearness, plump-\\nness, freedom from any marked odor, good weight, and the intensity of\\nthe color given with ammonia.\\nConstituents. The coloring matter is carminic acid. (See Car-\\nminum.)\\nMedicinal Uses. Cochineal is used almost altogether as a color-\\ning agent. It has been supposed to have antispasmodic effects, and has\\nbeen given in whooping-cough, but it is very doubtful whether any good\\neffects are obtained from its use in that disease.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.2 gram to 3 grains).\\nCOCCI PITLVIS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Powder of Cochineal.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered cochineal, thirty grams (1\\nounce) powdered alum, thirty grams (1 ounce) potassium carbonate, and\\nsixty grams (2 ounces) potassium bitartrate.\\nCOCCI TINCTUEA.\\nTincture of Cochineal.\\nPercolate sixty grams (2 ounces) powdered cochineal with enough\\ndiluted alcohol to obtain three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) tincture.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 349\\nCOCCI TINCTURA COMPOSITA.\\nCompound Tincture of Cochineal.\\nMacerate one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) compound pow-\\nder of cochineal during twelve hours in a warm place with one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) diluted alcohol. Filter.\\nUsed for coloring various liquids.\\nCochlearia.\\nCOCHLEARIA.\\nCochlearice Herba Loffelkraut, G. Herbe au Scorbut, F. Coclearia,\\nSp. Skorbjuggsort, Skedort, Sw. Scurvy Grass.\\nOrigin. Cochlearia officinalis, Linne (Cruciferos).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe.\\nPart used. The whole herb in the fresh state.\\nDescription. The root leaves have long petioles, and are rounded\\nor broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, toothed the stem leaves are spirally\\narranged, sessile (the upper ones clasping), ovate, sagittate, or heart-\\nshaped, fleshy, bright green. Flowers white. When bruised the herb\\nemits a pungent odor. The taste is saline, bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. From one-fourth to one-half per cent, volatile oil\\nis obtained by distillation after macerating the bruised herb with cold\\nwater, by which the formation of this volatile oil is induced. It resem-\\nbles the volatile oil of mustard.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antiscorbutic and diuretic. A good remedy\\nin scurvy, bleeding gums, hemorrhages from mouth and nose, etc. Ex-\\nternally the fresh herb, bruised, is used as an application to scrofulous\\nind indolent ulcers.\\nThe juice, or a saturated tincture, has been used as a valuable in-\\ngredient of gargles and mouth-washes in scurvy, etc.\\nDose. It may be eaten as a salad, fifty to one hundred grams (1-J-\\no 3 ounces) during the day, or the expressed juice may be taken in\\niablespoonful doses several times daily.\\nCOCHLEARLE SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Cochlearia.\\nMacerate two thousand grams (70 ounces 240 grains) fresh, bruised\\nochlearia in a closed vessel with one thousand cubic centimeters (34\\niUidounces) water for twenty-four hours then add one thousand one", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "350 A COMPANION TO THE\\nhundred cubic centimeters (37-J- fluidounces) diluted alcohol, introduce\\nthe whole in a still and distil off one thousand cubic centimeters (34\\nfluidounces).\\nCOCHLEAEI^E SPIRITUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Spirit of Cochleaeia.\\nAlcoolate of Cochlearia.\\nBeat together until well mixed one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains) fresh, bruised cochlearia and one hundred and thirty grams (4\\nounces 256 grains) fresh grated horseradish add one hundred and\\neighty cubic centimeters (6 fluidounces) water let stand in a closed\\nvessel twenty-four hours then add one thousand cubic centimeters (34\\nfluidounces) alcohol introduce the whole into a still and distil off one\\nliter (34 fluidounces).\\nCodeina U. S.\\nCodeine.\\nCodeia.\\nAn alkaloid from opium. Large, colorless, or slightly yellowish\\ncrystals. For further properties see the Pharmacopoeia, page 82.\\nMedicinal Uses. Its effects are similar to those of morphine in\\nproducing sleep, but codeine is weaker and not followed by the dis-\\nagreeable after-effects of morphine.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.015 to 0.06 gram to 1 grain).\\nCODEI1SLE SYRUPUS.\\nSyeup of Codeine.\\nTriturate 0.50 gram (7\u00c2\u00a3 grains) codeine with thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) water heat until the codeine is dissolved then add two\\nhundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nDose. One to two teaspoonfuls.\\nColchici Radix U. S.\\nColciiicum Root.\\nColchici Cormus Zeitlosenknollen, G. Bulbe de colchique, Bulbe d*\\nsafran bdtard, F. Colquico, Sp. Tidloserot, Colchicumrot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Colchicum autumnale^ Linn6 (3fela?U/iacece).\\nH ab itat. Europe.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n351\\nA colchicum root\\nPart used. The corm.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 83. Must be inodor\\nous, sound, and have a bitter, acrid after-taste\\nwhich is dark colored or\\nhorny is unfit for use.\\nColchicum root is less\\nactive than colchicum\\nseed. (See Colchici Se-\\nmen.)\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe only active constit-\\nuent is the powerful\\nand poisonous alkaloid\\ncolchicine, of which the\\nroot contains less than\\none-tenth per cent.\\nColchicine is amor-\\nphous, white or yellow-\\nish, has a saffron-like\\nodor and a bitter taste.\\nIt is soluble in water and\\nin alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses.\\nThe preparations of the corm or seeds may be used indiscriminately,\\ndue allowance being made for difference in strength. Colchicum in\\nmedicinal doses produces an increased secretion from the bowels and\\nkidney, and probably from the liver. In large doses it causes vomiting\\nand purging. It is used in gout, in which disease it is of great value.\\nIt should be given in doses sufficiently large to produce diaphoresis,\\nincreased action of the bowels and kidneys, but not purging or vomit-\\ning. It is also useful in rheumatic gout, chronic rheumatism, and urce-\\nmic poisoning.\\nDose of the powdered corm, 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains) every\\nfour to six hours of the powdered seeds, 0.05 to 0.35 gram (1 to 5\\ngrains).\\nPoisonous Effects and Antidotes. In excessive doses colchicum\\nproduces gastro-intestinal irritation, watery stools, pain in the bowels,\\nand collapse which may be followed by death. It is an irritant poison,\\nthe evil effects of which must be counteracted by prompt administra-\\ntion of emetics and purgatives, followed by opium and alcoholic stimu-\\nlants.\\nFigs. 177-185. Colchicum, in transverse and longitu-\\ndinal sections, natural size, as it occurs in the drug.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "352 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCOLCHICI EXTEACTUM; B.\\nFresh colchicum root is peeled and bruised, after which the juice is\\nexpressed, allowed to settle, heated to 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. (212\u00c2\u00b0 F.), strained\\nthrough flannel, and then evaporated on a water-bath at a temperature\\nnot exceeding 71\u00c2\u00b0 C. (160\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to the consistence of extract.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.03 to 0.15 gram to 2J grains).\\nCOLCHICI EADICIS EXTEACTUM IT. S.\\nExtract of Colchicum.\\nTake five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of colchicum root\\nin No. 60 powder. As a menstruum use, first, a mixture of one hundred\\nand seventy-five grams (6 ounces 75 grains) acetic acid, and seven hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (25J fluidounces) water this mixture, when all\\nused, to be followed by water. Moisten with two hundred and fifty\\ngrams (about 8J fluidounces) of the acetic acid mixture. Pack it mod-\\nerately in a cylindrical percolator made of glass. Saturate with men-\\nstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Then percolate to exhaustion.\\nEvaporate the percolate in a porcelain dish on a water-bath at not above\\n80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to solid extract.\\nBrown. Has an acetous odor.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.10 gram to 1J grain).\\nCOLCHICI EADICIS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Colchicum Eoot.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8 X fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3 1 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 7\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it moderately in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nEeserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14 1 fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the dru\u00c2\u00a3\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 353\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.35 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nCOLCHICI RADICIS TIJSTCTUEA.\\nTincture of Colchicum Root.\\nMoisten ninety grams (3 ounces) colchicum root, in No. 30 powder,\\nwith forty-five cubic centimeters (1^- fluidounce) diluted alcohol. Mac-\\nerate twenty-four hours. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and\\npercolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10\\nfluidoimces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.3 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\nCOLCHICI VINUM RADICIS IT. S.\\nWine of Colchicum Root.\\nMoisten one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) colchi-\\ncum root, in No. 30 powder, with thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains, or\\nabout 1^ fluidounce) of stronger white wine. (See page 1022.) Pack\\nit moderately tight in a conical percolator, and percolate with stronger\\nwhite wine until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, or about\\n10 fluidounces) percolate has been obtained.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nColchici Semen U. S.\\nColchicum Seed.\\nZeitlosensamen, G-. Remences cle Colchique, F.\\nOrigin. Colchicum antumnale, Linne (Melanthaceaz).\\nH ab itat. Europe.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fully ripe seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 83. About the size of\\nwhite mustard seed. Shrunken seeds collected and dried before fully\\nripe should be rejected.\\nColchicum seeds are extremely tough, and can be powdered only\\nwith great difficulty.\\nWhen made from properly powdered drug the preparations of col-\\nchicum seed are about double the strength of corresponding preparations\\n23", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "354\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nmade from the root, using the same amount of drug in proportion to the\\nmenstruum. Thus fluid extract of colchicum seed should be, with proper\\nmanagement in its preparation, about twice the therapeutic strength of\\nthe fluid extract of colchicum root.\\nAlthough diluted alcohol extracts more\\nor less of the medicinal virtues from\\neven unbroken colchicum seeds by the\\naid of heat, the exhaustion of the drug\\ncannot be perfectly accomplished un-\\nless the seeds are properly ground.\\nConstituents. The dried seeds\\ncontain from one-fifth to one-third per\\ncent, colchicine (see under title Colchici Radix They also contain\\nfrom six to eight per cent, fixed oil.\\nFigs. 186-188.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colchicum Seed, nat-\\nural size and enlarged, and longitudinal\\nsection, enlarged.\\nMedicinal Properties and Uses.\\nRadix.\\n-See under title Colchici\\nDose. From 0.05 to 0.35 gram (1 to 5 grains), best given in the\\nform of fluid extract.\\nCOLCHICI SEMINIS EXTR ACTUM FLUIDITM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.50 cubic centimeter (2 to 8 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 355\\nCOLCHICI [SEMINIS] TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Colchicum [Seed].\\nMoisten forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) colchicum seed, in\\nNo. 30 powder, with forty-five grams (about 1J fiuidounce) diluted alco-\\nhol macerate twenty-four hours pack moderately in a cylindrical\\npercolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams\\n(10 ounces 255 grains, measuring about 10\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) tincture has\\nbeen obtained.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nCOLCHICI SEMINIS VINUM; U. S.\\nWine of Colchicum Seed.\\nTo forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) colchicum seed, in No. 20\\npowder, with two hundred and seventy grams (about 9-J fluidounces)\\nstronger white wine, and macerate seven days, shaking it occasionally\\nthen filter through paper, adding, through the filter, enough stronger\\nwhite wine (see p. 1022) to make the filtered liquid weigh three hun-\\ndred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, measuring about 11|- fluidounces).\\nDose. One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nColchici Flores.\\nColchicum Flowers.\\nOrigin. Colchicum autumnale, Linne (Melanthacece).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nDescription. They resemble crocus flowers, are six-parted, with a\\nlilac or rose-colored border, and a whitish tube six inches or more long.\\nConstituents. When carefully dried the colchicum flowers con-\\ntain a large amount of colchicine, over one-third per cent, having been\\ni found in one specimen, which is more than three times as much as the\\nroot contains, and a little over the maximum amount found in the seeds\\n(Nat. Disp.).\\nColchicum flowers would undoubtedly be more convenient to pre-\\npare extracts, etc., from than the seeds, which are so extremely tough\\nthat they can be powdered only with great difficulty, and are liable to\\nibe of widely differing degrees of fineness, which results m correspond-\\ning differences in strength of the preparations prepared from different\\nlots.\\n..i The flowers, however, are necessarily dear.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "356\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCOLCHICI FLOKUM TINCTUKA.\\nTlNCTURE OF COLCHICUM FLOWERS.\\nDigest one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) fresh colchicum\\nflowers with five hundred grams (17f ounces, measuring about 20 fluid-\\nounces) diluted alcohol for seven days. Express and filter.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nCollinsonia.\\nCOLLINSONIA.\\nGollinsonim Radix Stone-Root, Horsebalm, Richweed, Knobroot,\\nHeal-all.\\nOrigin. Collinsonia canadensis, Linne (Labiate?).\\nHabitat. North America, north of South Carolina.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. A knotty, tubercular, branched rhizome, grayish-\\nbrown, about seven to ten centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, marked by\\nFigs. 189, 190.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Collinsonia. Whole and transverse section, natural size.\\nshallow stem-scars, and with thin rootlets, or remnants of rootlets.\\nBark, thin. Wood extremely hard and tough. Odor, none. Taste,\\ndisagreeable, nauseous.\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a stimulant, having special effect upon the", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 357\\nmucous membrane of the bladder, and is useful in vesical catarrh, cal-\\nculous deposits in the bladder, and in dropsy.\\nIt is also said to be expectorant and stimulant in chronic pulmonary\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\nCOLLINSONI^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Collinsonia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces), of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to everyone hundred\\ngrams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nCollodium U. S.\\nCollodion\\nPrepared by dissolving sixty grams (2 ounces) soluble gun-cotton in\\none thousand and fifty grams (35 ounces, or about 47 fluidounces)\\nstronger ether, and three hundred and ninety grams (13 ounces, or\\nabout 17 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nThe pyroxylin is first put into a tared bottle capable of holding half\\nas much again as the total quantity of collodion to be made. Then the\\nalcohol is added so as to wet all of the gun-cotton with it. After fifteen\\nminutes the ether is poured in and the whole shaken until the gun-cot-\\nton is all dissolved. The bottle is then corked, or tied over with a\\nWetted piece of hog s bladder, and set aside in a cool place to allow the\\ncollodion to become clear. When the sediment has settled perfectly,\\nthe clear collodion is poured off and at once put in small bottles, to be\\nonly about two-thirds full, which must be tightly corked, the corks be-\\ning capped with bladder.\\nThe collodion official in the German, Swedish, and several other\\nPharmacopoeias is much stronger, i.e., contains more gun-cotton.\\nCollodion is very inflammable, and must be kept away from any\\nflame. It must also be kept in a cool place on account of the liability\\nto expansion by heat sufficient to. burst the bottle. Must be clear, and\\nleave a transparent cohesive film on the skin when applied and allowed\\nto evaporate. In drying collodion contracts, sometimes painfully to", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "358 A COMPANION TO THE\\nremedy this castor-oil, glycerin, etc., have been added with successful\\nresults. (See Collodium Elasticum and Collodium Flexile.) The con-\\ntraction is greater the thicker the collodion is. It is, therefore, best to\\nhave it as thin as practicable. This is the case with the preparation of\\nthe U. S. Pharmacopoeia, which has just sufficient body to insure a con-\\ntinuous elastic film over the surface upon which it is applied.\\nMedicinal Uses. Collodion is used to protect wounds and abra-\\nsions from the air, thus facilitating healing by first intention.\\nWhen wounds are held in apposition by isinglass plaster and collo-\\ndion, instead of stitches, the resulting scar will be less unsightly.\\nIt is also locally astringent, for as the film contracts it mechanically\\npresses the blood from the vessels, and on account of this action it is\\noften used to abort inflammation and forming abscesses. It is also a\\nuseful application in fissure of the nipple.\\nCOLLODIUM ELASTICUM.\\nElastic Collodion.\\nThis is simply official collodion with one-half per cent, glycerin\\nadded say five grams (1J drachm) glycerin to one thousand grams (35\\nounces) of collodium. Being very plastic this is not as painful as pure\\ncollodion.\\nCOLLODIUM FLEXILE U. S.\\nFlexible Collodion.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) castor-oil, fifty grams (If ounce) Canada\\nturpentine, and nine hundred and twenty grams (30J ounces) of collo-\\ndion, all by weight. Keep it in tightly corked bottles, capped, only\\ntwo-thirds filled, and put away in a cool place, remote from any flame.\\nNearly identical with the preparation of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nColocynthis U. S.\\nCOLOCYNTH.\\nColocynthidis Fructus Koloquinten, G. Coloquinte, F. Coloquintida,\\nSp.; Koloqvint, Sw. Bitter Apple.\\nOrigin. Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader Cucurbit acem).\\nHabitat. Spain, Western Asia, etc.\\nPart used. The pulp of the fruit, after the separation of the seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 85. Usually about\\nthe size of a small orange.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs that the whole fruit be obtained, although", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 359\\nthe pulp only is to be used, because it is easier to judge of the quality\\nof the drug in that condition. Were it deprived of its seeds it would\\nnecessarily be crumbled almost to powder. The seeds are medicinally\\nalmost inert. They constitute about three-fourths of the whole dried\\nfruit, and are to be removed before weighing out the drug for use in\\nmaking preparations.\\nColocynth is liable to absorb moisture, and unless kept in a dry place\\nwill become mouldy. Discolored colocynth, as well as a drug with hard\\npulp, is unfit for use.\\nSpanish colocynth is the most common kind in our country, and is\\nusually of very fair quality. Turkish or Levantic colocynth is the best,\\nbut is difficult to obtain.\\nConstituents. A yellow, either amorphous or crystalline, bitter\\nprinciple, called colocynthin, which is soluble in water and alcohol, and\\nis very bitter. Also resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. In small doses it is almost a simple bitter, im-\\nproving appetite and digestion, and increasing the secretions from the\\nintestines slightly. In larger doses it is a powerful drastic and hydra\\ngogue cathartic, useful in constipation or dropsies to remove large fecal\\nor dropsical accumulations. In overdoses colocynth produces violent\\npurging, griping, and gastro-intestinal irritation. It is generally given\\nin combination with other drugs rhubarb, scammony, or aloes and on\\naccount of its intensely bitter taste is preferably given in pills.\\nDose. As a laxative, 0.10 to 0.30 gram (2 to 5 grains), and as a\\npurgative, 0.30 to 0.60 gram (5 to 10 grains).\\nCOLOCYKTHLDIS EXTKAOTUM; U. S.\\nExtkact of Colocynth.\\nRemove all the seeds from two thousand grams (70 ounces 240 grains)\\ncolocynth, which must be quite dry. Reduce the pulp to coarse powder\\nand macerate it with five thousand grams (about 12 pints) of diluted\\nalcohol for four days, stirring occasionally. Press out all the liquor, and\\nstrain it through flannel. Pack the residue tightly into a cylindrical per-\\ncolator, cover it with the straining cloth used, and percolate with diluted\\nalcohol until the percolate obtained, together with the macerate, weighs\\nten thousand grams (22 pounds 325 grains). Recover the alcohol by dis-\\ntillation in the usual way, discontinuing the process when six thousand\\ngrams (15 wine pints and 10J fluidounces) has been collected in the re-\\nceiver. Evaporate the residue by water-bath heat to dryness and pow-\\nder it.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "360 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe yield is from seven to fifteen per cent. Extract of colocynth\\nhas a rich brown color. It absorbs moisture from the air and should\\ntherefore be kept in tightly closed bottles.\\nThe colocynth seeds are not only medicinally inert, but if allowed to\\nremain with the pulp in preparing the extract would spoil the product\\nby leaving it contaminated with fixed oil.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.10 gram (1 to 1J grain).\\nCOLOCYNTHIDIS EXTRACTUM COMPOSITITM; IT. S.\\nCompound Extract of Colocynth.\\nMelt one hundred grams (3 ounces 230|- grains) socotrine aloes on a\\nwater-bath add twenty grams (6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidrachms) alcohol, stir well, and\\nthen strain the mixture through a No. 60 sieve which has been made\\nwet and hot by dipping it into boiling water. Add to the strained\\naloes thirty-two grams (1 ounce 56^ grains) extract of colocynth, twenty-\\neight grams (432 grains) resin of scammony, and twenty-eight grams\\n(432 grains) white Castile soap, and heat the whole mixture at a tem-\\nperature not above 135\u00c2\u00b0 C. (275\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until it becomes perfectly smooth\\nand uniform, and a sample of it gets brittle on cooling. Now take the\\nmixture off the source of heat, incorporate thoroughly with it twelve\\ngrams (185 grains) cardamom, in No. 60 powder, and cover the whole\\nwell until cold. Then reduce the product to fine powder.\\nMust be kept in tightly closed bottles.\\nGood compound extract of colocynth has a rich dark-brown color\\nand an agreeable aromatic odor.\\nA valuable purgative in chronic and obstinate constipation. In\\nsmall doses it generally produces one or two pulpy stools. This prepa-\\nration is often combined with extract of hyoscyamus or of belladonna\\nto prevent griping and to increase its action.\\nDose. 0.25 to 0.5 gram (4 to 8 grains).\\nCOLOCYNTHIDIS EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Colocynth.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the pulp, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. 0.25 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (4 to 8 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 361\\nCOLOCYNTHIDIS TINCTURA.\\nTlNCTUKE OF CoLOCYNTH.\\nPercolate diluted alcohol through sixty grams (2 ounces) coarsely\\npowdered colocynth, packed in a conical percolator, until three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nUsed simply as a bitter stomachic in doses of 0.2 to 0.5 gram (3 to\\n8 minims).\\nConfectiones.\\nConfections.\\nConserven, \u00c2\u00a3atwergen, G. Electuaires, Saccharoles mous, Conserves,\\nF. Moser, Sw. Electuaries, Conserves.\\nPrepared by incorporating moist medicinal substances with sugar, or\\nby mixing dry powders with honey or syrup, the object being not only\\nto render the preparations comparatively palatable, but also to preserve\\nthe active constituents from change, which in properly prepared confec-\\ntions is certainly effected. Soft electuaries, however, do not keep well,\\nand are intended to be always prepared extemporaneously when wanted\\nfor use. This class of preparations is almost obsolete. Those enumer-\\nated in this work perhaps constitute the greater number of all that are\\nnow used, and none of them is extensively employed, even the formerly\\npopular confection of rose and the confection of senna being largely\\nsupplanted by other preparations.\\nA distinction is sometimes made between conserves and electuaries,\\nthe first being made by incorporating moist drugs with dry sugar, while\\nthe latter are prepared by incorporating dry powdered drugs with moist\\nsaccharine substances, as honey or syrup.\\nConium U. S.\\nCONIUM.\\nConii Fructus, Conii Semen Schierlingsfrucht, G. Fruits de Cigu e,\\nF. Cicuta, Sp. Odortfrukt, Sw. Conium Seed, Conium Fruit,\\nHemlock Fruit.\\nOrigin. Conium maculatum, Linne Umbelliferm).\\nHabitat. Europe, North America.\\nPart Used. The full-grown fruit, gathered while it is yet green.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 86. Conium fruit is\\nrather smaller than anise.\\nConstituents. The constituents of conium are three alkaloids, a\\ni\\nI", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "362\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFigs. 191, 193. Conium Fruit, whole and transverse\\nsection, both enlarged.\\nlittle volatile oil, and also some fixed oil. Coniine is the most impor-\\ntant alkaloid, and has the properties of the drug. It is a colorless, oily\\nliquid, having a strongly alkaline reaction. Its odor resembles that of\\nthe urine of rats, and the taste is acrid, tobacco-like. Readily soluble\\nin alcohol only slightly\\nsoluble in water. It is\\nvery volatile, and rapidly\\nchanges and decomposes\\nwhen exposed to the air or\\nto heat. In the nearly ripe\\nfruit of the plant in the\\nsecond year the alkaloid\\nhas been found to the ex-\\ntent of four-fifths per cent.\\nMethyl-coniine, another al-\\nkaloid, in the constitution of which one hydrogen atom of the coniine\\nis replaced by methyl, is found in the commercial coniine, and probably\\nexists in the drug. The third alkaloid is conhydrine, which is crystal-\\nlizable, convertible into coniine by abstracting the elements of one\\nmolecule of water. It is medicinally active, but less poisonous than\\nconiine.\\nThe volatile oil is not poisonous.\\nNomenclature. Conium leaves being still in use, we consider it\\nunfortunate that the fruit should be called Conium instead of\\nConii Fructus.\\nMedicinal Uses. Conium is a remedy of much value to restrain\\nexcessive motor excitement or muscular agitation. It is much em-\\nployed in the treatment of the insane, especially those suffering from\\nacute mania without organic brain trouble. It is also administered\\nwith good effect in chorea, whooping-cough, asthma, etc.\\nLike almost all other remedies that exert any influence on the ner-\\nvous system, conium has also been given in epilepsy, but not with as\\ngood success as can be obtained by the use of the bromides.\\nConium is very useful in erotic insanity and in the mental and ner-\\nvous disorders resulting from masturbation.\\nConium also has been much used as a discutient in cancerous tu-\\nmors, being used internally and externally also in cases of scrofular\\nswellings of glands with equal success.\\nThe leaves, mixed with linseed meal, and used as a poultice, form\\nan excellent anodyne application to painful swellings.\\nDose. Of the leaves in powder, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (3 to 8 grains) of\\nthe fruit in powder, 0.03 to 0.25 gram (J to 4 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 363\\nCaution. Different specimens of conium vary much in strength, so\\nthat a new lot of any of its preparations must be given in minimum doses,\\ngradually to be increased until the effects of the drug are produced.\\nWant of care in this regard has often resulted in fatal poisoning from\\ndoses that were not larger than those of another lot of the same kind\\nof preparation which had been previously employed.\\nPoisonous Effects. Excessive doses of conium preparations pro-\\nduce gastric irritation, nausea, and vomiting. Disturbed vision, dulness\\nof the mind, dizziness and numbness, and an inability to properly ar-\\nticulate words, indicate the effects of the drug on the motor nerves. If\\na fatal dose is taken, paralysis of the voluntary muscles, commencing\\nwith those of the legs, sets in, and as the paralysis affects the respira-\\ntory muscles, death from asphyxia results.\\nPhysiologically nux vomica and its alkaloids are antidotes.\\nActive and enforced muscular exertion, as in opium-poisoning, is\\nalso the best treatment in conium-poisoning.\\nCOOTI ABSTKACTUM; U.S.\\nAbstract of Conium.\\nTwo hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) of conium fruit, in No. 40\\npowder, is moistened uniformly with a mixture of six grams (92-J- grains)\\nof hydrochloric acid (of U. S. P. standard) and eighty grams (2 ounces\\n359 grains, or about 3^- fluidounces) of ninety-four per cent, alcohol.\\nThe moist powder is packed tightly in a tall cylindrical percolator.\\nMore alcohol is now added until the mass is saturated and the liquid\\nbegins to drop at the lower end of the percolator, while a layer of the\\nalcohol still covers the upper surface of the drug. The exit of the per-\\ncolator is now closed and the top covered to prevent evaporation. The\\nwhole is allowed to stand forty-eight hours. Then the percolation is\\nstarted, adding alcohol as required to keep the drug always covered.\\nWhen one hundred and seventy (170) parts by weight of the percolate\\nhas been obtained, set that portion aside. Place another receiver under\\nthe percolator and continue the process until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate this second percolate down until it weighs thirty (30) parts.\\nMix this with the reserved portion. The mixed liquids (weighing to-\\ngether two hundred (200) parts) are put in a tared evaporating dish\\nwith fifty (50) parts of powdered milk sugar, and set in a place where\\nthe temperature is between 40\u00c2\u00b0 and 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, or from 104\u00c2\u00b0 to 122\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\nuntil the mixture is dry. Then enough powdered sugar of milk is\\nadded to make the total weight of the contents of the dish one hundred", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "364 A COMPANION TO THE\\n(100) parts. The whole is now triturated until a uniform and very fine\\npowder is obtained.\\nThe same product may be obtained by evaporating one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) of the fluid extract of conium fruit\\nwith the requisite quantity of milk sugar, making five hundred grams\\n(17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) finished product.\\nDose. About six to twenty centigrams (1 to 3 grains).\\nCONII [FKUCTUS] EXTR ACTUM ALCOHOLICUM; U. S.\\nAlcoholic Extract op Conium [Fruit or Seed\\nTake five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of conium fruit in\\nNo. 30 powder. As a menstruum use diluted alcohol. Moisten with\\none hundred and fifty grams (5f- fluidounces). Pack tightly in a cylindri-\\ncal percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours.\\nPercolate. Reserve four hundred and fifty grams (about 17 fluidounces)\\nof first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted\\nor until one thousand and fifty grams (39 fluidounces) of second percolate\\nhas been obtained. Add fifteen grams (230 grains) hydrochloric acid\\nto the second percolate and then evaporate it to a soft extract. Mix\\nthis with the first percolate, evaporate the mixture to a pilular consist-\\nence, and finally add five per cent, glycerin.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract of conium (fruit) to the pilular consistence and incorporating\\nfive per cent, glycerin with the solid extract remaining.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.02 to 0.06 gram (j to 1 grain).\\nNomenclature. The Alcoholic Extract of Conium of the\\nU. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870 was made from the leaves and without\\nadding hydrochloric acid previous to evaporation. The conium fruit, as\\nwill be sees in the statement of the chemical constituents of conium\\nleaves, is liable to be three times as strong as the latter. The addition\\nof hydrochloric acid has for its object the conversion of the alkaloid as\\nit exists naturally in the drug into a hydrochlorate which will better\\nwithstand the heat and exposure during the evaporation. We have,\\ntherefore, in the new alcoholic extract of conium a preparation that\\nmust be used in far smaller doses than required of the preparation whinli\\nin the Pharmacopoeia just superseded bore the same name. The fact\\nthat the fruit contains more of the alkaloids than the leaves is not the\\nonly factor which renders the two extracts different in strength, for the\\ndisparity is further increased by the fact that the yield of solid extract\\nfrom fruits like the drug under consideration is much smaller than the\\nyield from leaves.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 365\\nCONII [FRIICTUS] EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Conium [Fruit].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4-| fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5f fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nAdd fifteen grams (231J grains) hydrochloric acid to the second\\npercolate.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose* 0.12 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nCONII [FRUCTUS] TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Conium [Fruit].\\nMoisten forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) conium fruit, in No.\\n30 powder, with a mixture of fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce)\\ndiluted alcohol and one hundred and twenty centigrams (18\u00c2\u00a3 grains)\\ndiluted hydrochloric acid. Macerate twenty-four hours; pack moderately\\nin a conical glass percolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol until\\nthree hundred grams (about 10 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims), increasing\\nif necessary.\\nConii Folia.\\nConium Leaves.\\nSchierlingsblatter, G. Feuittes de Cigu e, F. Cicuta, Sp. Odortsblad,\\nSw. Hemlock ^Leaves.\\nOrigin. Conium maculatum^ Linne (Umbettiferce).\\nHabitat. Europe, North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The leaves gathered from the plant in its second year.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "366\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. They are dark green, smooth, oval in general out-\\nline, and pinnately decompound. When dried they are much wrinkled,\\nFigs. 193, 194.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaf and leaflet of Conium. (Leaf reduced leaflet natural size.)\\nhave a pale, bluish-green color, a disagreeable, narcotic odor, and a\\nsweetish, nauseating, acrid taste.\\nConstituents. The conium leaves contain the same alkaloids as\\nthe conium fruit seeds but in extremely small proportions. Their\\nuse ought to be discontinued and the fruit only employed. The latter\\nis at least three times as strong.\\nCONII CATAPLASMA; B.\\nHemlock Poultice.\\nCoarsely powdered hemlock leaf, sixty grams (2 ounces) flaxseed\\nmeal, one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) boiling water, six\\nhundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces). Stir the mixed powders\\ninto the water.\\nOr half a fluidounce of fluid extract of hemlock maybe added to\\neight or ten ounces of linseed poultice. This is a smaller proportion of the\\nanodyne to the mass of the poultice, but is much more easily absorbed,\\nso that it is, perhaps, even more active than the poultice prepared as\\nabove.\\nUsed as a soothing application to painful swellings it must be ap-\\nplied with caution to sores and ulcers.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 367\\nCONII EMPLASTKUM.\\nConium Plaster.\\nJEmplastrum Cicutce Hemlock Plaster.\\nMelt together two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains)\\nlead plaster, fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) yellow wax, and ten grams\\n(154 grains) resin then, after letting the plaster mass cool somewhat,\\nincorporate forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) alcoholic extract of conium\\nleaves, previously triturated with a little water so as to form a uniform\\nsmooth paste.\\nCONTI EXTRACTUM; B.\\nExtract of Conium.\\nFresh conium leaves are bruised in a stone mortar, a little water be-\\ning sprinkled over the drug during the operation. The juice is ex-\\npressed, heated to the boiling point, filtered, and then evaporated to\\nextract, either in a vacuum apparatus by the aid of heat, or at the or-\\ndinary temperature in a shallow evaporating dish by means of a current\\nof air directed over the surface of the liquid.\\nUnless prepared with extreme care the preparation is worthless.\\nOwing to its uncertain strength, the alkaloid coniine being so volatile,\\nthis extract of conium is always dangerous to use.\\nGreenish brown. Yield about five per cent.\\nDose. About 0.10 to 0.25 gram (1J to 4 grains).\\nNomenclature Caution. This and the old alcoholic extract of\\nconium ought not to be used. They are taken up in this book for the\\nsake of completeness, and especially in order to point out the differences\\nbetween the several extracts of conium. As conium is a potent and\\ndangerous poison, it would be unsafe to ignore the recently abolished\\nextracts before they have entirely passed out of use, especially as the\\nnew Alcoholic Extract of Conium, having the same name as the one\\nbut yesterday dropped from the Pharmacopoeia, is at least three times as\\nstrong and far more reliable and uniform, for if the old extract should\\nbe prescribed, basing the dose on the average strength of that prepara-\\ntion, the new extract should certainly not be dispensed. (See Extr.\\nAconiti Fol.)\\nCONII FOLTOEUM EXTKACTUM ALCOHOLICUM.\\nAlcoholic Extract of Conium Leaves.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "368 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGreenish brown. Yield about twenty per cent.\\nDose. About 0.10 to 0.20 gram (LJ- to 3 grains).\\nThis preparation was official in the late Pharmacopoeia of 1870 under\\nthe name of Alcoholic Extract of Conium, this title being now given\\nin the new Pharmacopoeia to a much more powerful preparation made\\nfrom the unripe fruit (so-called Conium Seed, or Hemlock Seed\\nSee Conii Extractum Alcoholicum, under Conii Fructus.\\nCONII FOLIORUM EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Conium Leaves.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.75 cubic centimeter (3 to 12 minims).\\nCONII OLEUM INFUSUM.\\nInfused Oil of Conium.\\nBeat one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) fresh conium\\nleaves into a pulp with a little cotton-seed oil. Then add two thousand\\ngrams (70 ounces 240 grains) cotton-seed oil, and heat the mixture on a\\nwater-bath until all the moisture has evaporated. Express and filter.\\nUsed as an ingredient of anodyne liniments.\\nCONII SUCCUS.\\nConium Juice.\\nHemlock Juice.\\nBruise a quantity of fresh conium leaves express the juice add to\\nit one-third of its volume of rectified spirit. Let stand seven days, and\\nthen filter.\\nDose* Two to four cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidrachm) a very\\nunreliable preparation which ought not to be used.\\nCONII FOLIORUM TINCTURA (Piiar. 1870).\\nTincture of Conium Leaves.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) conium leaves, in No. 30 powder, with\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol pack in a cylin-\\ndrical percolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until two hundred and\\nforty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidrachm).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "TJKETED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 369\\nCONII UNGUENTUM.\\nConium Ointment.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) extract of conium, previously rubbed\\nwith a little water to a soft paste, with two hundred and ten grams (7\\nounces) benzoinated lard.\\nAnodyne application for external use.\\nCONII YAPOE.\\nConium Inhalation.\\nMix one gram (15 grains) extract of conium, one gram (15 grains)\\nsolution of potassa, and ten grams nuidounce) water. Put from one\\nto two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 drops) of this mixture on a sponge,\\nin an inhalation apparatus, so that the vapors from boiling water may\\npass over it and then be inhaled.\\nTo allay cough and irritation of the larynx and br-onchias in bron-\\nchitic affections, consumption, etc.\\nConvallaria Majalis.\\nCONVALLARIA. LlLT OF THE V ALLEY.\\nMaiblumen, G. Mugxiet, F. Liljekonvalj, Sw.\\nOrigin. Convallaria majalis, Linne {Liliaceoe).\\nHabitat. Europe, Northern Asia, and the United States, in the\\nSoutheastern States.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Whitish, branched, about the thickness of a quill.\\nConstituents. Convallamarin, a bitter glucoside, which has been\\nobtained in a white crystalline powder and an acrid principle, conval-\\nlarin, which crystallizes in rectangular prisms, and which foams in\\nwatery solution like saponin.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug exerts a powerfully stimulant action\\non the heart, and the fluid extract has been given internally or hypoder-\\nmically injected, with benefit in collapse, opium narcosis, etc. It also\\npossesses purgative properties resembling those of aloes. It has further\\nbeen used in intermittent fever and epilepsy, and as a vermifuge.\\nDose. 1 to 2.5 grams (15 to 40 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\n24", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "0*70 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCONYALLARI^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Convallaria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims) for sub-\\ncutaneous injection, 0.3 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 8 minims).\\nCopaiba U. S.\\nCopaiba.\\nCopaibm Oleoresina, Oleo-resin of Copaiba; Balsamum Copaivos\\nCopaivabalsam, G. Copahu, Baume ou OVeo-resine de copahu, F.\\nBalsamo de copaiba, Sp. Kopaivabalsam, Sw.; Balsam of Copaiba.\\nOrigin, Copaifera Langsdorfii, Desfontaines, and other species of\\nCopaifera (Leguminosoe).\\nHabitat. Brazil.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 86. It is\\nnot a balsam but an oleoresin.\\nVarieties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Para copaiba (Maranham, Brazil, copaiba) is the best.\\nIt is pale in color and rich in volatile oil, containing about seventy to\\neighty-five per cent. Four fiuidrachms of this copaiba will mix clear\\nwith 1J fluidrachm water of ammonia, when shaken in a test-tube.\\nMaracaibo copaiba (Colombia copaiba) is thicker, darker, not always\\nclear.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, and two resins which are dissolved in\\nthe oil. One of the resins is copaivic acid. This is crystallizable, of\\nfaint odor, bitter taste, insoluble in water, easily soluble in absolute\\nalcohol soluble also in ammonia, with which the oleo-resin (balsam)\\nmixes clear if a sufficient quantity of the copaivic acid is present. Bal-\\nsam of copaiba containing enough copaivic acid will solidify with mag-\\nnesia (see Massa Copaibae). Clear, thin-flowing Para copaiba, rich in\\nvolatile oil, has, however, been met with, which contains no copaivic\\nacid.\\nMaracaibo copaiba contains metacopaivic acid instead of copaivic\\nacid, does not mix clear with ammonia, and does not solidify with mag-\\nnesia. It is also poor in volatile oil, containing little more than half as\\nmuch as the Para copaiba.\\nThe most active constituent is supposed to be the volatile oil. The\\ncopaivic acid, however, is also said to have great medicinal activity.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 371\\nThe more of volatile oil the copaiba contains, the lighter is its color, the\\nlower its specific gravity, and the stronger its odor. When old, by the\\nevaporation of volatile oil, the copaiba gets darker and thicker, and has\\na weaker odor.\\nAdulterations. Copaiba may be, and undoubtedly in the past was,\\nfrequently adulterated with fixed oils, principally castor-oil, alcohol,\\nturpentine, other oleo-resinous mixtures, volatile oils, etc. When a\\nsample evaporated to dryness leaves a clear brittle resin; no foreign odor\\ncan be detected when a few drops of the copaiba, dropped on filter paper,\\nare cautiously warmed it mixes clear with ammonia and solidifies with\\nmagnesia and it holds the pbarmacopceial test for detecting gurjun\\nbalsam then the copaiba is of good quality.\\nMedicinal Uses. Copaiba is eliminated through the mucous\\nmembranes of the bronchial tubes, the kidneys, and skin, and is expec-\\ntorant, blennorrhetic, diuretic, and diaphoretic. It is almost altogether\\nemployed in gonorrhoea after acute symptoms have subsided. Seldom\\nused in any of the other diseases in which it is useful, on account of\\nits bad taste and the disagreeable eructations which follow its admin-\\nistration.\\nIt is a good stimulant in chronic bronchorrhcea.\\nDose. 0.66 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims), in capsules\\nor emulsion, alone or combined with oil of cubebs or of sandal-wood,\\nand repeated every four to six hours.\\nCOPAIB^E MASS A; U. S.\\nCopaiba Mass.\\nPihilce Copaibce, 1870 Solidified Copaiba.\\nShake one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) Maracaibo copaiba\\nthoroughly, from time to time, for an hour with sixty grams (2 fluid-\\nounces) of distilled water. Then let it stand until the water separates\\nfrom the balsam. Decant the balsam, separating the last by means of\\na separatory funnel. Mix nine hundred and forty grams (33 ounces\\n70 grains) of this balsam intimately with sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains)\\nlight magnesia, and set the mixture aside until it forms a solid semi-\\ntranslucent mass, stiff enough to be formed into pills.\\nThe success of the process depends very much upon the quality of\\nthe materials. The copaiba must be one that is rich in copaivic acid\\n(resin) rather than in volatile oil, and which also contains a sufficient\\nquantity of water, unless the magnesia contains enough moisture. The\\nmagnesia must be one that has not been dead-burnt, but which is", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "372 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncapable of becoming hydrated and then acted upon by the copaivic\\nacid. The application of a moderate degree of heat for about fifteen\\nminutes will hasten the process.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nCOPAIBA MIXTUEA COMPOSITA.\\nCompound Copaiba Mixture.\\nLafayette s Mixture, Chapman s Mixture Improved.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) copaiba and fifteen\\ngrams ounce) volatile oil of cubeb by trituration in a Wedgewood\\nmortar with one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) glycerite of yolk\\nof eggs. Then add gradually three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) syrup of peppermint water, and triturate briskly until a perfect\\nmixture is obtained. Then add, with continued stirring, sixty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (2 fluidounces) solution of potassa, thirty cubic centimeters (1\\nfluidounce) compound tincture of cardamom, sixty cubic centimeters\\n(2 fluidounces) spirit of nitrous ether, and sufficient peppermint water to\\nmake the whole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. Four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCopaibse Oleum; IT. S.\\nOil of Copaiba.\\nCopaibce JEtherolexim Volatile Oil of Copatba.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 235.\\nDose. 0.6 to 1 cubic centimeter (10 to 15 minims).\\nCopaibse Resina U. S.\\nCopaiba Resin.\\nThe residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from copaiba.\\nIt consists of copaivic acid.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 280.\\nCoptis.\\nCOPTIS.\\nCoptidis Trifolim JTerba Gelbe Niesswurz, G. Coptide, F. Gold-\\nthread.\\nOrigin. Coptis trifolia, Salisbury (Ranunculaceas).\\nHabitat. North America, and Northern Europe, and Asia.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 373\\nPart used. The entire plant.\\nDescription. Leaves trifoliate, the leaflets being about one centi-\\nmeter (f inch) long, three-lobed. The rhizome is threadlike, and of a\\nbright golden yellow color. The flower (single) is yellowish-white. In-\\nodorous. Taste bitter.\\nConstituents. It contains the yellow crystalline alkaloid berbe-\\nrine, a white alkaloid called coptine, besides resin, etc. It contains no\\ntannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a powerful, pure, bitter tonic, used like\\nquassia or gentian, as a stomachic and appetizer in dyspepsia, want of\\nappetite during convalescence, etc.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract.\\nCOPTIDIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Coptis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nCoptis Teeta.\\nEast Indian Coptis.\\nCoptidis Teetoe JRhizoma Mishmi Bitter, Tita.\\nOrigin. Coptis Teeta, Wallich (Ranunculacem).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Tita is about the thickness of a quill, and occurs in\\npieces twenty-five to fifty millimeters (1 to 2 inches) long. Some-\\ntimes it is branched at the crown, and bears remains of leaf-stalks and\\nrootlets, giving it a rough, spiny appearance. It is yellowish-brown, and\\nfrequently contorted. Wood, bright yellow. Inodorous. Intensely\\nbitter.\\nConstituents. It contains more berberine than any other drug\\nknown eight and a half per cent, having been obtained.\\nProperties. It is a pure bitter tonic.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "374\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nCoraliium.\\nCoral.\\nEither white or red, contains about eighty-three per cent, calcium\\ncarbonate, three and a half per cent, magnesium carbonate, seven to\\neight per cent, animal water and in the red coral about four per cent,\\nof ferric oxide.\\nFinely powdered coral is sometimes used as an ingredient in tooth-\\npowder.\\nCoriandrum U. S.\\nCoriander.\\nCoriandri Fmcctus Koriander, G. and Sw. Coriandre, F. Cilan-\\ntro, Sp.\\nOrigin. Coriandrum sativum, Linne* Umbelliferce).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe cultivated.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 87. The coriander\\nfruits, like many others,\\nare commonly but errone-\\nously called seeds. Their\\nagreeable aroma is brought\\nout plainly by crushing\\nthem.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From\\none-half to one per cent.\\nvolatile oil is the only im-\\nThe fruit also contains about thirteen per cent, fixed\\nFigs. 195-197.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coriander. Whole, transverse, and\\nlongitudinal sections, all enlarged.\\nportant one\\noil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Coriander is aromatic, stimulant, and carmina-\\ntive. It is used almost altogether as a flavoring excipient with other\\nremedies, or as a corrective to prevent the griping effects of senna and\\njalap.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (10 to 30 minims), or according to taste.\\nCOEIANDEI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Coriander.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 375\\nCoriandri Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Coeiandee.\\nCoriandri JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Coriander,\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 236.\\nCarminative in doses of 0.05 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (1 to 5 minims).\\nCORIANDKI SPIEITUS.\\nSpieit op Coeiandee.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) oil of coriander with two\\nhundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 nuidrachm).\\nCoriaria.\\nCOEIAEIA.\\nCoriarioe Folia Curriers Sumach.\\nOrigin. Coriaria myrtifolia, Linne (Coriariacem),\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Southern Europe and Northern Africa.\\nPart Used. The leaves.\\nDescription. They are twenty-five to forty millimeters (1 to 1-|\\ninch) long, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, bluish green, smooth, shin-\\ning on the upper surface on the under surface, pale green. Inodorous.\\nTaste astringent, bitter, somewhat acrid. (See Fig. 505, page 915.)\\nConstituents. Tannin, and an exceedingly bitter, poisonous, neu-\\ntral principle called coria-myrtin, crystallizing in white, colorless prisms,\\nsoluble in water and in alcohol.\\nProperties. A violent poison, resembling picrotoxin in its effects.\\nThree grains of coria-myrtin killed a large dog, and T 3 grain killed a\\nrabbit in twenty-five minutes.\\nUses. Not medicinally employed. Said to be sometimes found\\namong senna leaves.\\nCornus XT. S.\\nCOENUS.\\nCornus Floridm Badicis Cortex Dogwood Bark, Boxwood Bark,\\nOrigin. Cornus Jlorida, Linne (Cornaceos).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The inner bark of the root.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "376 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 87.\\nWhen the bark is freshly broken the fractured surfaces appear either\\npinkish or whitish. Some pieces have remains of the brownish suber\\nadhering in spots on the outside, or thin portions of the white wood on\\nthe inner side. Odor slight, reminding of tan-bark taste bitter and\\nastringent. (See Fig. 653, page 1102.)\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The drug contains a bitter principle called comin\\nor comic acid, which has been obtained in white, silky, needle-like\\ncrystals. It is soluble in water and in alcohol. Its aqueous solution is\\naltered or destroyed by exposure to air or heat, and therefore a decoc-\\ntion of dogwood (Phar. 1870) is not a proper preparation to make, nor\\nwould an aqueous extract be. The drug also contains a crystallizable\\nresinous substance, and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug belongs to the class of vegetable bit-\\nters. It is tonic and stomachic, and somewhat astringent in its action.\\nDose. 1.3 to 4 grams (20 to 60 grains) of the powder.\\nCORN US FLORIDA DECOCT UM.\\nDecoction of Cornus Florida.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions on page 399.)\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870. It is an un-\\nscientific preparation.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nCORNUS FLORIDA EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Cornus Florida.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) three times a day.\\nCORNUS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Cornus [Florida].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8\u00c2\u00a3", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 377\\nfluidounces) alcohol, two hundred grams (about 6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces) water,\\nand one hundred grams (about 3|- avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4-|- fluidounces) alcohol in every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5-J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14^ fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum.\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nCornus Circinata.\\nCORNUS CiRCINATA. RoUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD.\\nCornus Circinata^ Cortex.\\nOrigin. Cornus circinata, L Her (Cornacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. Bark.\\nDescription. Thin, greenish-gray, or brownish-gray quills or\\ntroughs, marked by corky warts inner surface cinnamon colored.\\nConstituents. Cornin, tannin, resin, etc.\\nProperties and Doses. Similar to those of Cornus Florida.\\nCornus Sericea.\\nCornus Sericea. Swamp Dogwood.\\nCornus Sericeoe Cortex.\\nOrigin. Cornus sericea, L Her (Cornacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. Bark.\\nDescription. Thin purplish-brown, or grayish quills or troughs.\\nResembles the Cornus florida, and especially the Cornus circinata.\\nConstituents, Properties, and Doses. Similar to those of Cor-\\nnus florida.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "378 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCorydalis.\\nCORYDALIS.\\nDicentrce Tuber a Turkey Corn, Turkey Pea, Squirrel Corn.\\nOrigin. Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle (Fumariacem).\\nHabitat. North America, north of Kentucky.\\nPart used. The tubers.\\nDescription. Round, from three to twelve millimeters (^to -J inch)\\nin diameter, gum-like, of a tawny yellowish color, and semitranslucent\\ninternally whitish-yellow horny inodorous taste persistently bitter.\\nSome tubers are dark brownish, opaque, and vary in diameter from\\nFigs. 198-202. Corydalis, large specimens, natural size a, upper, side, and c, lower\\nsurface of the united tubers.\\ntwelve millimeters (J inch) down to the size of barley grains. Manr\\nare found to consist of two triangular halves, with a small round body\\nbetween.\\nThese various forms are found attached to each other by rootlets,\\nshowing them to be from the same plant.\\nConstituents. An alkaloid called corydaline, w T hich is very bitter,\\nand in the drug exists combined with fumaric acid. Corydalis also\\ncontains acrid resin, bitter extractive, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Corydalis is a bitter tonic, diuretic, and altera-\\ntive, much employed in cases of syphilis and other conditions of debility\\nwhen tonics are indicated.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract.\\nCORYDALIS EXTRACT UM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Corydalis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n379\\nCoto.\\nCoto Baek.\\nCoto Cortex.\\nOrigin. Some unknown South American tree.\\nHabitat. Bolivia.\\nDescription. The bark is in pieces of from ten to sixty centi-\\nmeters (4 to 24 inches) length, three to ten centimeters (1 to 4 inches)\\nbreadth, and about twelve to eighteen\\nmillimeters to J inch) thickness.\\nGrayish-brown on the outer surface,\\nbrown internally, and rust-brown on\\nthe inner surface. Golden yellow\\nspots abound in the fracture. It is\\nfibrous, firm, and somewhat tough.\\nOdor aromatic, reminding of cinna-\\nmon and mace taste aromatic, pun-\\ngent, bitter, acrid. The powder is\\nirritating.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A bitter, acrid\\nprinciple called cotoin, of a pale yel-\\nlow color. This substance is crystal-\\nlizable and soluble in alcohol and in\\nboiling water. The bark also con-\\ntains a yellowish, pungent, volatile\\noil and two resins, one of which is\\nacrid. It contains no tannin.\\nProperties and Uses. Highly\\nrecommended as a remedy for acute\\nand chronic diarrhoea.\\nD osea 0.06 to 1 gram (1 to 15 Fig. 203.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 True Coto Bark. Outer sur-\\nface, natural size,\\ngrains).\\nParacoto Bark is thicker than true coto bark, and has a fainter\\nodor. It contains paracotoin, leucotin, oxyleucotin, hydrocotoin, vola-\\ntile oil, etc. Its medicinal properties are similar to those of the\\ngenuine coto bark, but it is not nearly so effective.\\nCOTO ABSTHACTUM.\\nAbstract of Coto Bark.\\nThis is prepared from fluid extract of coto made without glycerin,\\nusing two liters (68 fluidounces) of the fluid extract to make one", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "380 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) of the abstract, and adding\\nsugar of milk, as described under the title Abstracta.\\nCOTO EXTRACT UM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Goto Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of three hundred grams (about\\n12^- fluidounces) alcohol and one hundred grams (about 3^ avoirdupois\\nounces) glycerin. As a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed\\nin the proportion of three hundred grams (about 12^ fluidounces) alco-\\nhol to every one hundred grams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7 fluidounces of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Satu-\\nrate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) of the\\nfirst percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second men-\\nstruum to make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or\\n17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.05 to one cubic centimeter (1 to 15 minims).\\nCreasotum IT. S.\\nCreasote.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 87.\\nOne of the products of the destructive distillation of wood. Ob-\\ntained by fractional distillation from wood tar.\\nUnlike carbolic acid, pure creasote does not coagulate albumen or\\ncollodion. A mixture of equal volumes of creasote and glycerin is\\nclear but when diluted with twice its bulk of water it gets turbid and\\nthe creasote separates. out again. Carbolic acid and glycerin will re-\\nmain clear when mixed with water in the same proportions. Its be-\\nhavior toward ferric chloride, as described in the Pharmacopoeia, affords\\nanother distinction from carbolic acid.\\nBeechwood creasote is of superior quality.\\nMedicinal Uses. Creasote is used internally mainly to check\\nvomiting. It is also useful in diarrhoeas in which the stools appear to\\nhave undergone fermentation and are of a frothy appearance.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 381\\nCreasote solution is also used in inhalations in bronchorrhoea ac-\\ncompanying chronic bronchitis or consumption.\\nPledgets of cotton dipped in creasote and placed in the cavity of\\ncarious teeth are often used to relieve toothache.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.125 gram (1 to 2 drops) in pill or emulsion, or in\\naromatic water.\\nCEEASOTI AQUA; U.S.\\nCreasote Watek.\\nShake four grams (J ounce) creasote in a bottle with four hundred\\ncubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of distilled water until dissolved.\\nThen filter through a paper-filter previously well wetted with distilled\\nwater.\\nA good form for administering creasote.\\nDose. Four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nCEEASOTI INHALATIO.\\nCreasote Inhalation.\\nMix twenty centigrams (about 3 drops) of creasote with four cubic\\ncentimeters (about 1 fluidrachm) of alcohol and thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) of water, and inhale in the form of a spray.\\nCreta Prseparata TJ. S.\\nPrepared Chalk.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 88.\\nChalk freed from coarse, heavy particles by means of elutriation.\\nIt is usually in small cones, white, of a faint earthy odor and taste\\ninsoluble in water and alcohol. Gives a copious effervescence with di-\\nlute acids, and dissolves in hydrochloric, nitric, or acetic acid, with but\\nslight residue.\\nShould be free from gritty particles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antacid. Prepared chalk is useful in diar-\\nrhoeas with acidity of the discharges. It is often combined with other\\nremedies, as with opium, kino, etc. It is an antidote for poisoning by\\nacids, especially oxalic acid, with which it forms the insoluble oxalate\\nof lime.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 grams (10 to 60 grains), in powder or suspended in\\nniucilasre.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "382 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCRET^E MISTUKA; U.S.\\nChalk Mixture.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) compound chalk powder\\nwith sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) cinnamon water and sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) water, gradually added, until thor-\\noughly mixed.\\nMust be freshly made whenever wanted for use, as it does not keep.\\nPopular remedy in summer diarrhoeas of children.\\nDose. Five to fifty cubic centimeters (1 to 12 fluidrachms).\\nCRET^E PULVIS COMPOSITUS II. S.\\nCompound Chalk Powder.\\nMix nine grams (139 grains) prepared chalk, six grams (92J grains)\\npowdered acacia, and fifteen grams (231|- grains) powdered sugar.\\nUsed only for preparing chalk mixture. The quantities given above\\nmake about one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces)\\nof chalk mixture.\\nCRET^E PULYIS AROMATICUS.\\nAromatic Chalk Powder.\\nMix eleven grams (170 grains) prepared chalk, four grams (62 grains)\\npowdered cinnamon, three grams (46 grains) powdered nutmeg, three\\ngrams (46 grains) Spanish saffron, 1.50 gram (23 grains) powdered\\ncloves, one gram (15 grains) powdered cardamom, and twenty-five grams\\n(386 grains) powdered sugar.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nCRETJE PULYIS AROMATICUS CUM OPIO.\\nAromatic Chalk Powder with Opium.\\nMix one gram (15 grains) powdered opium thoroughly with thirty-\\nnine grams (1 ounce 164 grains) aromatic chalk powder.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nCRETJE TROCIIISCI; U. S.\\nChalk Troches.\\nMix thoroughly twenty-six grams (400 grains) prepared chalk, 6.50\\ngrams (100 grains) powdered acacia, one gram (15 grains) nutmeg, in\\nfine power, and thirty-nine grams (600 grains) powdered sugar. Then\\nmake a mass by adding gradually a sufficient quantity of water, and\\nkneading with the pestle. Divide this mass into one hundred troches.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n383\\nCrocus U. S.\\nSaffron.\\nCroci Stigmata Safran, G. and F. Azafran, Sp. Saffran, Sw.\\nSpanish Saffron, True Saffron.\\nOrigin. Crocus sativus, Linne (Iridaceai).\\nHabitat. Spain, France, etc. cultivated.\\nPart used. The stigmas alone.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 88.\\nSpanish saffron, as it is called in the trade, is richly orange brown,\\nsoft, flexible, not dry and harsh, has a strong peculiar odor, and an aro-\\nmatic bitterish taste, and when chewed colors the\\nsaliva deep golden yellow. The style bears three\\nstigmas, and these stigmas constitute the drug,\\nand although they are usually united, having been\\npicked with a portion of the style attached, there\\nmust not be a considerable portion of the styles\\nin the drug. The styles are yellow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 much lighter\\nin color than the stigmas, which alone are the\\nvaluable part.\\nAdulterations and Substitutions. Owing\\nto the high price of Spanish saffron it is often\\nadulterated, or substituted by cheaper substances\\nbearing more or less resemblance to it. As it re-\\nquires from fifty to sixty thousand flowers to get\\none pound of the stigmas, it is readily understood\\nhow the drug becomes so expensive.\\nThe ray-florets of calendula, the flowers of carthamus tinctorius,\\netc., have been used as adulterations, but they are readily detected by\\nany one having any familiarity with the appearance of saffron. By\\ndropping a pinch of the suspected saffron on the surface of some warm\\nwater the peculiar shape of the true saffron stigma will be brought out.\\nTo make the saffron heavy it is sometimes loaded by dressing it with\\ncolored carbonate of lime. This fraud is also detected by putting the\\nsaffron in clear water, which will become turbid immediately if chalk is\\npresent.\\nAlthough true saffron has a greasy feel and touch, it does not con-\\ntain any fixed oil. Spurious saffron is sometimes treated with oil in\\norder to imitate the appearance and feel of the genuine. This is de-\\ntected by a grease spot being left by it on unsized paper.\\nVarieties. Austrian saffron is the finest, because it consists of the\\nFigs. 204-206.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Saffron,\\nnatural size. Stigma, en-\\nlarged, and papillae of mar-\\ngin of stigma, still more\\nenlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "384 A COMPANION TO THE\\nstigmas alone, no portion of the style being present in it. Next comes\\nthe Gatinais saffron, from France then other French saffron, and\\nSpanish and Italian. The bulk of the saffron sold in this country is\\nSpanish.\\nSaffron of good quality is cultivated to some extent in Pennsylva-\\nnia. So-called American saffron is not saffron at all, but safftower\\nthe flowers of carthamus tinctorius (see Carthamus). So general is the\\nsubstitution of carthamus for crocus that it appears to be commonly be-\\nlieved that the American saffron is not only the article meant by the\\nterm saffron, but that it is the kind obtained from crocus sativus.\\nMedicinal Uses. Saffron is seldom employed for other purposes\\nthan that of a coloring asrent.\\nIt is a stimulant aromatic, possessing some anodyne and antispas-\\nmodic properties.\\nDose. 0.3 to 2 grams (5 to 30 grains) repeated at short intervals.\\nCEOCI TINCTUEA; U. S.\\nTinctuke of Saffron.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) saffron with thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol macerate twenty-four hours pack it\\ntightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol\\nuntil three hundred grams (10 ounces, or about 10 fluidounces) tincture\\nhas been obtained.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCubeba U. S.\\nClJBEB.\\nCubeboe Fructus Kubeben, G. Cubebe, JPoivre a queue, F. Cubeba,\\nSp. Kubeber, Sw. Cubebs, Cubeb Berries.\\nOrigin. Cubeba officinalis, Miquel (Piperaceai).\\nHabitat. Java cultivated.\\nPart used. The unripe fruit, dried.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 88.\\nCubeb is about the size and shape of black pepper, dark grayish-\\nbrown, often covered with an ash-gray bloom, very much wrinkled on\\nthe outside by the drying of the fleshy covering, the wrinkles radiating\\nfrom the stalk internally light colored, hollow, either empty or contain-\\ning a shrunken undeveloped seed. Odor strong, aromatic, somewhat\\nreminding of thyme and of camphor taste bitter, pungent.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n3S5\\nFigs. 207-211.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cubebs. Natural size, enlarged,\\ntransverse and longitudinal sections and embryo,\\nenlarged.\\nA good drug is recognized by the strong odor brought out when\\nthe berries are crushed. A drug containing a considerable quantity of\\nstalks, or of pale, smooth,\\nripe berries, which look dry\\nwhen broken, should be. re-\\njected.\\nAdulterants of cubeba\\nhave not been met with in\\nthis country.\\nConstituents. A vola-\\ntile oil, of which the drug\\nyields all the way from four\\nto fifteen per cent., four per cent, resin (including the cubebic acid),\\nsome cubebin, fixed oil, etc.\\nThe volatile oil is the most important constituent. For description,\\nsee Qubebm Oleum. Cubebic acid is present to the extent of about one\\nper cent., constituting one-fourth of the resin of the cubeb, the remain-\\ning three-fourths being indifferent resin. [According to other author-\\nities the drug contains 3.4 per cent, cubebic acid, besides 3.5 per cent.\\nresin.~\\\\ The resins are said to possess the medicinal properties of the\\ndrug in common with the volatile oil.\\nCubebin is a crystallizable substance. It has -no medicinal effect.\\nMedicinal Uses. In moderate doses it is a spicy aromatic and\\nstomachic, and increases the appetite. In overdoses it causes gastro-\\nintestinal irritation.\\nIt is a useful stimulant to the mucous membranes of the fauces in\\nchronic pharyngitis, and of the bronchial tubes in chronic bronchitis it\\nis much used as an ingredient of various troches used in these troubles.\\nIt is mainly employed, however, in gonorrhoea, and may be used in\\nall stages. It is often combined with cOpaiba.\\nIt is also useful in catarrh of the bladder, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 10 grams (10 grains to drachms) in powder inclosed\\nin wafer or capsule.\\nCUBEB^E EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Ctjbeb.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrownish black.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), several times a day.\\n25", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "386 A COMPANION TO THE\\nCUJBEB^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Cubeb.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and twenty-five grams (about\\n5^ fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second p ercolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nCUBEB^E OLEO-RESINA; U. S.\\nOleo-kesust of Cubeb.\\nPack five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) cubeb, in No. 60\\npowder, into a cylindrical percolator, constructed with tight cover and\\na receptacle adapted to operations with volatile menstrua (see page 721),\\nand percolate it slowly with stronger ether until seven hundred and\\nfifty grams (about 1 liter, or 34 fluidounces) of percolate has been ob-\\ntained. Distil off the greater portion of the ether, and expose the resi\\ndue for spontaneous evaporation in a porcelain evaporating dish, until\\nthe remaining ether has disappeared. The product is then put into a\\nwide-mouthed bottle to stand until it ceases to deposit wax and crys-\\ntalline matter (cubebin), after which the oleo-resin is poured off.\\nThe product is dark brown and consists of volatile oil, resin, some\\nfixed oil, and coloring matter. The yield is twenty to twenty-five per\\ncent. Should be kept in well-corked bottles.\\nDose. 0.25 to 2 cubic centimeters (4 to 30 minims).\\nCUBEB^E SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Cubeb.\\nTriturate ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) fluid extract of\\ncubeb with thirty grams (1 ounce) precipitated phosphate of calcium,\\nand add gradually, with continued trituration, four hundred and eighty", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 387\\ncubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) water. Filter. In the filtrate dis-\\nsolve six hundred grams (\u00c2\u00a30 ounces) sugar, without the aid of heat.\\nUsed as an ingredient of cough mixtures.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2-J fluidrachms).\\nCUBEB^E TINCTUKA; U. S.\\nTincture of Cubeb.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) powdered cubeb with\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol; macerate\\ntwenty-four hours pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and per-\\ncolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255\\ngrains, or about 11 fluidounces) tincture is obtained.\\nThis tincture is thirty-three per cent, weaker than that of the Phar-\\nmacopoeia of 1870. The menstruum should have been alcohol.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nCUBEB^E TKOCHISCI U. S.\\nCubeb Troches.\\nMix thoroughly 3.25 grams (50 grains) oleo-resin of cubeb, one gram\\n(15 grains) oil of sassafras, twenty-six grams (400 grains) extract of\\nglycyrrhiza, in fine powder, thirteen grams (200 grains) powdered\\nacacia, and a sufficient quantity syrup of tolu to form a proper mass,\\nfrom which make one hundred troches.\\nOne every few hours in bronchitis, etc.\\nCubebse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Cubeb.\\nCubebce JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Cubeb.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 236. It is usually\\npale greenish.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims) given in syrup,\\nmucilage, or in combination with copaiba, as in Copaibse Mistura Com-\\nposita.\\nCucumis Citrullus.\\nWatermelon Seed.\\nCucumis Citrulli Semina.\\nOrigin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cucumis Citrullus, Linne (Cucurbitacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cultivated.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "388 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPart used. Seeds.\\nDescription. About twelve millimeters inch) long, blackish or\\nbrown, spotted, or pale brown with black edge,\\noval, flat.\\nConstituents. Fixed oil, etc.\\nT Properties. Diuretic, demulcent, and an-\\nFigs. 212-215. Water- thelmintic. A decoction or tea is used ad libi-\\nmelonSeed. a, side; 6, edge; tum.\\nand c, transverse section, of\\nseed d, embryo. Medicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Often employed as a\\ndiuretic and demulcent drink in catarrh of the bladder, retention of the\\nurine, etc.\\nDose. Ad libitum.\\nCucumis Sativus.\\nCucumber.\\nCucumis Sativi Semina.\\nOrigin. Cucumis sativus, Linne {Cucurbitacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated everywhere.\\nParts used. The fresh fruit is used for making cucumber ointment;\\nthe seeds contain fixed oil, and are diuretic and anthelmintic.\\nCUCUMBEK OINTMENT.\\nGrate seven pounds fresh cucumbers express the juice melt to-\\ngether fifteen ounces suet and twenty-four ounces lard when the mix-\\nture of the fats begins to thicken, incorporate with it the clear cucumber\\njuice, one-third at a time. Stir well. When the fat has been impreg-\\nnated with the odor of the cucumber, pour off the liquor, remelt the fat,\\nstrain it, and then preserve it in well-covered jars, covered with a little\\nrose-water. When wanted for use it is triturated with rose-water until\\nwhite.\\nThe suet and lard of this ointment have emollient properties.\\nCuminum.\\nCumin.\\nCumini Fructus Mutterkilmmel, Kreuzkummel, Langer, oder R 6-\\nmischer Kummel, MohrenkUmmel, G. Graines de Cumin, F.\\nComino, Sp. Spiskummin, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cuminum Cyminum, Linne (Umbelliferw).\\nHabitat. Europe cultivated.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA.\\n389\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. It is nearly\\ntwice the size of caraway, and\\nresembles the latter closely in its\\nodor and taste, although cumin is\\nless agreeable. See figure S.\\nConstituents. Contains\\nabout three per cent, volatile oil.\\n(See also Cari Oleum.)\\nMedicinal Uses. A mild\\naromatic stimulant, carminative,\\nand stomachic.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains)\\nFigs. 216-218.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cumin. Natural size, en-\\nlarged, and transverse section, enlarged.\\nCumini Oleum.\\nOil of Cumin.\\nCumini ^Etheroleum Volatile Oil of Cumin.\\nDescription. Pale yellowish, thin, of 0.975 specific gravity, solu-\\nble in three parts alcohol. It is a mixture of cuminol (an aldehyd) and\\ncymol (a hydrocarbon). Odor and taste resembling those of oil of cara-\\nway, but somewhat camphoraceous and coarser.\\nCarminative in doses of 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 minims).\\nCuprum,\\nCopper.\\nKupfer, G. Cuivre, F. Cobre, Sp. Koppar, Sw.\\nThe salts of copper are blue or green. Cupric chloride, sulphate,\\nand nitrate are soluble in water.\\nCupri Acetas U. S.\\nAcetate of Coppee.\\nCupricus Acetas Copper Acetate.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 89.\\nPure crystallized acetate of copper is made by dissolving green (not\\nthe blue variety of) verdigris in a slight excess of diluted acetic acid,\\nfiltering the solution, and evaporating to crystallization at a tempera-\\nture not exceeding 60\u00c2\u00b0 to 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 to 176\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It must be kept in\\nwell-closed bottles. The preparation consists of handsome crystals of a", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "390 A COMPANION TO THE\\ndark green color, and a faint odor of acetic acid. It is soluble in four-\\nteen parts water, giving a blue solution.\\nMedicinal Uses. Salts of copper exert a peculiar influence on the\\nnervous centres and are given in epilepsy, chorea, and other disturbances\\nof nerve-action. They are tonic in small doses.\\nAcetate of copper in crystals is more active than the common im-\\npure subacetate. It has been given in the above-mentioned neuroses,\\nand also in syphilis.\\nExternally it may be applied to indolent ulcers, with flabby granula-\\ntions and sanious secretion. It may be applied in ointment. It has\\nalso been used to destroy warts and corns.\\nDose. Internally, 0.008 to 0.016 gram to grain) two or three\\ntimes daily, until gastric disturbance occurs. Externally in ointment,\\nas a strong escharotic, four grams to thirty grams (-J- ounce to 1 ounce);\\nor in solution as a milder stimulant alterative application to ulcers, 0.1\\nto 1.5 gram in fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (2 to 20 grains in -J to\\n1 fluidounce) of water.\\nPoisonous Effects. Copper salts produce gastro-intestinal irrita-\\ntion and vomiting. If this latter symptom does not occur, intoxication\\nwith hyperemia of heart and lungs may result, and death may occur\\nfrom paralysis of the heart.\\nAntidotes. White of egg and milk may be freely administered,\\naccompanied or followed by emetics and the use of the stomach-pump.\\nFerrocyanide of potassium has been recommended as a chemical an-\\ntidote. An intimate moist mixture of seven parts iron by hydrogen,\\nand four parts flowers of sulphur has also been recommended also\\nmagnesia suspended in water. No chemical antidote should be relied\\non to the exclusion of emetics or the stomach-pump. The inflammation\\nof the stomach or intestines must be treated on general principles with\\nopium, demulcents, etc.\\nCUPRI ACETATIS CEEATUM.\\nCerate of Copper Acetate.\\nCeratum JEruginis, Ceratum Viride Green Cerate.\\nMelt together fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) yellow wax, twenty-\\nfive grams (38G grains) Burgundy pitch, and fifteen grams (230 grains)\\nEuropean turpentine strain incsrporate thoroughly five grams (77\\ngrains) finely powdered acetate of copper. Pour the cerate into moulds\\nto form cakes of about one centimeter (f inch) thickness. Applied to\\ncorns, warts, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 391\\nCUPKI ACETATIS TISTCTURA EADEMACHERI.\\nRademacher s Tincture of Acetate of Copper.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) crystallized acetate of copper in one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluid ounces) warm water, and\\nthen add sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains, measuring about 2-J fluid-\\nounces) alcohol.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nCupri Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Copper.\\nCupricus Sulphas Copper Sulphate, Blue Vitriol, Bluestone.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 89.\\nBy transmitted light a solution of copper sulphate is blue by re-\\nflected light, green.\\nBeing insoluble in alcohol this salt may be precipitated from a sat-\\nurated hot aqueous solution by pouring it into alcohol. It is then ob-\\ntained in small pale-blue crystals granulated\\nMedicinal Uses. Sulphate of copper is a valuable emetic in croup\\nand in cases of poisoning as it causes prompt and prolonged vomiting\\nwithout much nausea or depression. It is a simple irritant emetic.\\nIn small doses it is a neurotic, tonic, and astringent. Externally it\\nis a valuable topical astringent stimulant in indolent granulations, old\\nulcers, and chronic inflammations of mucous membranes.\\nGranular conjunctivitis, gleet, leucorrhcea, and similar affections are\\ngreatly benefited by the application of its solution.\\nDose. As an emetic, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains) every ten or\\nfifteen minutes until the effect is produced as a tonic, 0.01 to 0.06\\ngram to 1 grain) in pill and as a local application in solution, 0.06\\nto 0.6 gram (1 to 10 grains) in thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce)\\nof water.\\nFEHLING S SOLUTION,\\nWhich is used as a reagent for glucose, may be made as follows\\nDissolve fifty-two grams (1 ounce 364 grains) sulphate of copper in\\nthree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) distilled water.\\nDissolve three hundred and forty-six grams (12 ounces 90 grains)\\nRochelle salt in twelve hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces) solu-\\ntion of soda (specific gravity 1.12).\\nWhen the reagent is to be used, pour the solution of sulphate of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "392 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncopper into the solution of Rochelle salt, add sufficient distilled water\\nto make the whole measure two liters (68 fluidounces) and filter.\\nThis solution should not be kept a long time, requiring to be re-\\ncently made in order to be reliable.\\nCupri Sulphas Ammoniacalis Sw.\\nAmmoniated Sulphate of Copper.\\nCupricus Sutyhas Ammoniacalis.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) pure sulphate of copper in ninety\\ncubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water of ammonia, and then add\\none hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces, or about 6J fluidounces) of\\nninety per cent, (by volume) alcohol. Collect the precipitate on a fil-\\nter, dry it between filter-paper as rapidly as possible without the aid of\\nheat, and put into small bottles, which must be tightly corked (the\\ncorks to be dipped in melted paraffin). Its formula is (H 3 N) 2 CuO.\\nA beautiful, deep-blue, crystalline powder thirty grams (1 ounce)\\ndissolves in forty-five grams (1-| ounce) water.\\nMedicinal Uses. This salt possesses the properties of copper\\nsalts in a marked degree. It has been highly praised for its effects in\\nchronic neuroses, epilepsy, chorea, etc., especially if accompanied by\\nweakness of the digestive organs, or if complicated with syphilitic or\\nother cachexias. It has also been employed in hysteria.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.2 gram (J to 3 grains), three times a day, with\\nmeals. Best given in pills coated with gelatine or tolu.\\nCuprum Aluminatum.\\nAluminated Copper.\\nLapis Divinus.\\nMelt thirty grams (1 ounce) copper sulphate, thirty grams potassa\\nalum, and thirty grams potassium nitrate in a porcelain evaporating\\ndish. Pour the melted mass upon a plate. When cold rub it into\\npowder, and mix with it, intimately, two grams (30 grains) camphor.\\nKeep the product in a tightly closed bottle.\\nOnly used externally as a stimulant astringent application to ulcers,\\netc., and in solution as an eye-wash.\\nCuprum Ammoniatum.\\nAmmoniated Copper.\\nTriturate three grams (46 grains) ammonium carbonate with four\\ngrams (61 grains) copper sulphate until effervescence has ceased. Then", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 393\\nfold the mixture in filter -paper and dry it in a moderately warm place.\\nKeep the product in a well-corked bottle.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose similar to those of ammoniated sul-\\nphate of copper.\\nCurare.\\nCurare.\\nTIrari, Wourari, Wourali, Wburara.\\nOrigin. Unknown. Presumed by some to be from a species of\\nStrychnos or Cocculus, or both. Considering its action it is improbable\\nthat it should be obtained from any variety of strychnos.\\nGeographical Source. South America, where it is used as an\\narrow-poison.\\nDescription. A blackish-brown, dry, extract-like, brittle sub-\\nstance, which is soluble in water inodorous, very bitter. It is very\\nvariable in its composition and properties.\\nConstituents. It is evidently a mixture of several substances.\\nThe principal constituent is the extremely poisonous alkaloid curarine.\\nMedicinal Uses. The property of woorara to cause paralysis of\\nthe voluntary muscles has led to its employment in several nervous dis-\\norders accompanied by spasm, especially tetanus. When given by the\\nstomach it generally produces no effect, therefore it must be given\\nhypodermically.\\nIt has been given in doses of 0.006 to 0.02 gram (y 1 to grain), the\\nfirst being the average dose. This substance is extremely poisonous,\\nand must be used with caution owing to its variability.\\nCurcuma.\\nCurcuma.\\nCurcumas Rhizoma Kurkuma, Gelbwurz, G.; Curcuma, Souchet des\\nIndes, F. Gurkmeja, Sw. Turmeric.\\nOrigin. Curcuma longa, Linne (Zingiber acew).\\nHabitat. Southern Asia.\\nPart used. The rhizomes.\\nDescription. Oblong, from three to five centimeters (1 to 2 inches)\\nlong, and half as thick, being then called round turmeric y or only about\\none centimeter inch) thick, being then called long turmeric. It is\\nyellowish gray externally, marked by more or less distinct transverse\\nrings internally it is orange yellow, or brownish yellow. It has a slight\\nginger-like odor, and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste. The powder is rich\\ndeep yellow, and turns brown with alkalies.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "394\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nVarieties. In the trade distinction is made between light and dark\\nturmeric (or yellow and red turmeric), and between long and round tur-\\nmeric.\\nChinese turmeric is the best, but does not occur in our market.\\nMadras comes next it is generally large, orange yellow. Bengal tur-\\nmeric is gray externally, and smoother than the Madras variety,, and has\\na darker red color within.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, resin, and an orange-yellow, resinous\\nFigs. 219-221. Long and round Turmeric large specimens, natural size and transverse\\nsection of long turmeric, enlarged.\\ncoloring matter called curcumin, which in solution has a greenish fluo-\\nrescence.\\nMedicinal Uses. Curcuma is a stimulant carminative, resembling\\nginger in its action, but it is not employed internally.\\nIt is used to prepare a test-paper and as a coloring agent.\\nPowdered turmeric is occasionally used as an adulterant to spices,\\netc., to impart a fresh color. The form of its starch is easily recognized\\nunder the microscope.\\nCURCUMA TINOTURA.\\nTincture of Turmeric.\\nPercolate diluted alcohol through two hundred and fifty grams (8\u00c2\u00a3\\nounces) ground turmeric, previously moistened and packed firmly in a\\ncylindrical percolator, until five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluid-\\nounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nUsed for coloring alcoholic liquids. It is, however, rather unsatis-\\nfactory on account of the greenish fluorescence it imparts, and will be\\nsuperseded by yellow anilin.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n895\\nCURCUMA PULVIS AHOMATICUS.\\nCuKRY POWDEK.\\nMix well thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) turmeric, thirty grams\\ncoriander, twenty grams (308 grains) black pepper, ten grams (154\\ngrains) fenugreek, ten grams ginger, two grams (31 grains) Cayenne\\npepper, and two grams cumin, all in moderately fine powder.\\nCydonium XT. S.\\nCydonium.\\nCydonii Semina Quittensamen, Quitte?ikerne, G. Sentences de Going y\\nPepins de Going, F.; Membrillo, Sp. Qvittenkdrnor, Sw. Quince\\n/Seed.\\nOrigin. Cydonia vulgaris, Persoon (Hosacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ripe seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 89.\\nThey are grayish brown, triangularly com-\\npressed, about the size of apple seeds, odorless,\\nand swell in water, forming an insipid, clear\\nmucilage.\\nMust be clean, whole, sound, odorless, and\\nyield a good mucilage.\\nConstituents. The only important consti-\\ntuent is the vegetable mucilage, of which it yields\\nabout twenty per cent., and which is contained\\nin the epithelial cells. In making the mucilage\\nthe seeds need not be broken.\\nApple and pear seeds, mixed with the drug,\\nmay be recognized by their smooth oval form,\\nand by the fact that they do not become surrounded by mucilage when\\nput into water.\\nFigs. 222-225.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cydo-\\nnium. a, natural size\\nb, agglutinated, natural\\nsize c, enlarged d, sec-\\ntion through seedcoats,\\nenlarged.\\nCYDONII MUCILAGO U. S.\\nMucilage of Cydonium.\\nMacerate six grams (93 grains) cydonium (whole) about half an hour\\nin a bottle with three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) dis-\\ntilled water, shaking frequently,\\npressure.\\nStrain through muslin without usin", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "396 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMust be freshly made when wanted. Rose-water, instead of water,\\nis often used.\\n(The preparation of the German Pharmacopoeia is made as above,\\nwith the exception that 6.5 grams (or 100 grains) of quince seed are\\ntaken instead of six grams.\\nThe mucilage of quince seeds may be used like that of acacia as a\\ndemulcent in inflammation of the skin or of the mucous membranes of\\nthe alimentary canal also as a demulcent vehicle for more active reme-\\ndies. It is given ad libitum,\\nBANDOLIN.\\nOne hundred and twenty grains (8 grams) of quince seeds are mac-\\nerated in one pint (500 cubic centimeters) of water, and the mucilage is\\nstrained through a cloth. One fluidounce of Cologne water, with or\\nwithout other scents, is added.\\nMuch used as a cosmetic preparation for the toilet. It is applied to\\nthe hair, which is then dressed, and retains its position well upon the\\ndrying of the bandolin.\\nCynoglossum.\\nCynoglossum.\\nCynoglossi Radix Houndstongue, E. Hundszunge, G. JLangue de\\nchien, F. Cinoglosa, Lengua de perro, Sp. Cynoglossum, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cynoglossum officinale, Linne (JSoraginea?).\\nHabitat. Asia, Europe, and North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Cylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled, sometimes\\nsliced lengthwise, crowned by remnants of stems and the broad, hairy\\nleaf-stalks externally blackish brown, whitish within. Brittle when\\nwell dried, but readily absorbs moisture and becomes tough. In the\\nfresh state it has a disagreeable odor, reminding of rats when dry it is\\ninodorous. Taste sweetish, mucilaginous.\\nConstituents. Buchheim found in it a brown, amorphous, hygro-\\nscopic substance, soluble in water and alcohol, and having an alkaline\\nreaction, which he found to possess narcotic properties, and gave the\\nname cynoglossine.\\nMedicinal Properties. Said to be analogous in its effects to\\ncurare.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 397\\nCypripedium U. S.\\nCypripedium.\\nCypripedii Radix Ladies Slipper, American Valerian.\\nOrigin. Cypripedium pubescens, Willdenow, and Cypripedium\\nparviflorum, Salisbury Orchidaceoe).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizomes and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 90. The rootlets are\\ngolden brown. Odor strong (not faint heavy, very disagreeable.\\nConstituents. A small quantity of volatile oil, a volatile acid,\\nresinous matters, and some tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ladies slipper, or American valerian, as the\\nlatter name implies, possesses the general properties of valerian. It is\\ntonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic.\\nIt is useful in cases of nervous excitability unaccompanied by or-\\nganic lesions, as in hysteria, nervous headache, morbid wakefulness, etc.\\nIt sometimes ameliorates the symptoms of epilepsy when depending on\\nreflex irritation.\\nThe dose of the powder is one to two grams (15 to 30 grains), re-\\npeated as required. It is preferably given in the form of fluid extract.\\nCYPEIPEDII EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Cypripedium.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrownish black.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) two or three times a day.\\nCypripedin, or Oleo-resin of Cypripedium of the eclectic phy-\\nsicians is simply an impure alcoholic extract.\\nCYPRIPEDII EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Cypripedium\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 7\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "398\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is\\nexhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nDamiana.\\nD AMI ANA.\\nTurnerw Folia.\\nOrigin. Turner a aphrodisiaca, Ward and Vasey T. microphylla y\\nDe Candolle, and other species of Turnera Turner aceve).\\nHabitat. Mexico and Lower California.\\nPart Used. The leaves.\\nDescription. The form and size of the leaves are shown in the fig-\\nures. The drug is usually so broken up that it is difficult to find any*\\nFlGS. 226-230. Damiana. 0, c, varieties of Mexican damiana; d, California damiana;\\ne, Aplopappus leaf.\\nwhole leaves in it. It has a sound light green color, and an agreeable\\naromatic odor, and a slightly aromatic taste. Mexican damiana consists\\nof very small leaves, which are smooth Figs, a, b, c California dami-\\nana consists of larger and broader leaves\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fig. d.\\nFalse Damiana.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The leaves of Aplopappus discoideus, De Candolle,\\nare frequently sold as damiana. Their appearance is shown in e. They\\nare generally mixed with some of the flower-heads, and may be readily\\ndistinguished from true damiana. False damiana has a very different\\nodor and taste, from those of the genuine, resembling somewhat Grin-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 399\\ndelia. Aplopappus leaves contain resinous matter, but do not possess\\nthe aroma of damiana.\\nConstituents. True damiana contains volatile oil and resin.\\nProperties. Largely used for its supposed aphrodisiac effects. It\\nis stimulant and diuretic.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2J fluidrachms) in the form of fluid\\nextract.\\nDAMIAN^E EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Damiana.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.15 to 0.75 gram (2J to 12 grains).\\nDAMIAN^E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Damiana.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2-J- fluidrachms).\\nDecocta.\\nDecoctions.\\nAbkochungen, G.; Decoctions, F.; Uocimiento, Sp. DeJcohter, Sw.\\nDecoctions are aqueous preparations made by subjecting the drug\\nto the solvent action of water at the boiling-point. Mucilaginous and\\nastringent drugs are those from which decoctions are principally pre-\\npared. Tough and dense Woods, roots, barks, etc., not readily pene-\\ntrated by solvents are subjected to continued treatment with boiling\\nwater in preference to making infusions of them. Drugs containing\\nvolatile principles which would be dissipated by heat, and those con-\\ntaining substances altered in character at the boiling-point of water are\\nnot to be made into decoctions. In fact, the dru^s from which decoc-\\ntions may be advantageously prepared are limited in number. The long\\nlists of decoctions formerly used, when pharmacy was less advanced,\\nhave at length been so reduced that in the new Pharmacopoeia of the\\nUnited States only two remain. With the exception of decoctions of\\nbarley, cetraria, and a few similar drugs, we believe decoctions to be", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "400 A COMPANION TO THE\\nextremely crude preparations which can be advantageously dispensed\\nwith in favor of the fluid extracts or other rational preparations. While\\ndecoction of logwood is efficient, fluid extract of logwood is more so.\\nA fluid extract is stronger, thus requiring a smaller dose to be given,\\nand it represents the soluble active constituents of the drug more per-\\nfectly and uniformly, while at the same time it keeps permanently.\\nIt is not strictly true that resins, alkaloids, and other substances or-\\ndinarily nearly or quite insoluble in water are not taken up in decoc-\\ntions, for by the aid of other substances associated with them in the\\ndrug they do enter into solution in both infusions and decoctions to an\\nappreciable extent but the fluid extracts, made with the menstrua best\\nadapted to the extraction of the constituents of the drug in each case,\\nmust be superior to aqueous solutions obtained from drugs the activity\\nof which depends upon substances only partially soluble in water even\\nunder the most favorable conditions and insoluble in it when isolated\\nfrom the drug.\\nWith the exception of starch, gum, and albuminous matters, which\\nare insoluble or nearly so in alcoholic liquids, the constituents extracted\\nby water alone are even more freely dissolved by water and alcohol\\ncombined, besides which an alcoholic menstruum exhausts drugs over\\nwhich water has no effective solvent power.\\nDecoctions always contain all the mucilage and starch that was in\\nthe drug if the latter was in such comminuted condition as to be pene-\\ntrated by the boiling water. It coagulates, however, and separates in\\nthat way, all the albuminous matter. But the coagulated albumen is\\napt to so envelop the drug that the water can not freely penetrate it\\nto dissolve other substances which it is intended to extract. Alcohol,\\non the other hand, extracts the active substances to the exclusion of\\nthe inert gum, starch, and albumen. This is a material advantage in\\nevery case where the virtues of the drug do not depend upon the muci-\\nlage or starch.\\nKeeping Qualities. Decoctions will not keep even a week in\\nwarm weather. Ordinarily, in hot weather, they spoil within forty-eight\\nhours unless some substance is added which will prevent decomposition,\\nor retard it.\\nDecoctions from Fluid Extracts. To make decoctions\\nby mixing the fluid extract with hot water is entirely wrong. This\\npractice should be discouraged by all means. A fluidounce of fluid ex-\\ntract mixed with a pint of boiling water is a very different thing from\\na pint of decoction made in a proper manner from one ounce of the\\ndrug. Nevertheless it is customary to publish directions for making\\ndecoctions, infusions, etc., from the fluid extracts, in price-lists and on", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 401\\nlabels. It is difficult to understand why this slovenly practice should\\nbe tolerated when it is a fact that decoctions and infusions are seldom\\nprescribed and might well be dispensed with altogether.\\nOfficial Process. The Pharmacopceial general directions for pre-\\nparing decoctions are as follows\\nWhen an ordinary unofficial decoction is prescribed by the phy-\\nsician without specifying its strength, the crude drug, coarsely com-\\nminuted (cut, crushed, or bruised), together with ten times its weight\\nof water is to be put into a suitable vessel, such as a pan which can be\\nwell covered, and the contents are boiled fifteen minutes, after which\\nthe decoction is allowed to cool to about 45\u00c2\u00b0 C. (113\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and strained,\\nadding enough water through the strainer to make the weight of the\\nproduct just ten times the weight of the crude drug used. In other\\nwords, to make any ordinary decoction, take thirty grams (1 ounce)\\ndrug to make three hundred grams (about 10 fluidounces) of decoction,\\nproceeding as described.\\nThe decoctions of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870) were, as a general\\nrule, prepared from thirty-one grams (1 troyounce) drug to about four\\nhundred and eighty grams (16 fluidounces) of finished product. Decoc-\\ntions made according to the general rule of the present Pharmacopoeia\\nwill, therefore, be about thirty per cent, stronger.\\nWe give give below a list of all the decoctions of the two editions\\nof the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1870 and 1880, and their respective\\nstrengths. The figures all represent weight. It will be found that one\\navoirdupois ounce of drug will, according to the proportions of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870, yield fourteen and one-half U. S. fluidounces of\\ndecoction, this corresponding to sixteen fluidounces from each troy-\\nounce y and fourteen and one-half fluidounces of decoction will weigh\\nabout fifteen avoirdupois ounces. Hence\\n1870.\\nDecoctum Cetrariae 1 to 30\\nChimaphilas 1 15\\nCinchonas Flavas 1 15\\nCinchonas Rubrae 1 15\\nCornus Florida? 1 15\\nDulcamaras 1 15\\nHasmatoxyli 1 15\\nHordei 1 15\\nQuercus Albas 1 15\\nSarsaparillas Comp 1 10\\nSenegas 1 15\\nUvas^Ursi 1 15\\n26\\n1880.\\n1\\nto\\n20\\n1\\na\\n10\\n1\\ntt\\n10\\n1\\nu\\n10\\n1\\nit\\n10\\n1\\na\\n10\\n1\\na\\n10\\n1\\nIt\\n10\\n1\\ntt\\n10\\n1\\ntt\\n10\\n1\\ntt\\n10\\n1\\na\\n10", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "402 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIn Decoctum Sarsaparillse Compositum the proportion of Mezereon\\nhas been increased sixty per cent. (See Sarsap. Decoct. Comp.)\\nThe increase in strength of the decoctions is an improvement.\\nDelphinium.\\nDelphinium.\\nDelphinii Semina Larkspur Seed; Rittersporn- Samen, G.; Sentence\\nde pied d alouette, F.\\nOrigin. Delphinium consolida, Linne (JRanunculacew).\\nHabitat. Central Europe.\\nPart used. Seeds.\\nDescription. Flat, angular, four-sided, ex-\\nternally black, internally whitish, oily. Odor,\\nnone taste, bitter, acrid. See Figs. 231, 232.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid delphinine,\\nwhich is very poisonous. The seeds also contain\\nFigs. 231, 232. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Delphi- fixed ol1\\nmum natural size and en- Properties. Diuretic, cathartic, emetic; ex-\\nternally rubefacient seldom used.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains).\\nDELPHIMI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Delphinium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nDialysis.\\nIn pharmacy dialysis means the diffusion of certain substances in\\nsolution through a septum consisting preferably of parchment paper.\\nA dicdyzer may be constructed of a hoop, a sieve, a short piece of sewer-\\npipe, or any other shallow vessel, by simply tying the parchment paper\\nsecurely over it so as to form a receptacle for the liquid to be\\ndialyzed. Dialyzers are usually made about two to five inches deep,\\nand from five to twelve inches in diameter. They are placed on sup-\\nports in a large vessel of distilled water, in such a way that the surface\\nof the liquid in the dialyzer is slightly above the level of the water out-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 403\\nside it. The vessels being arranged in this manner the crystallizable\\nsubstances contained in the liquid in the dialyzer will diffuse through\\nthe septum of parchment paper and mix with the water in the outer\\nvessel, while the uncrystallizable colloid substances remain in the\\ndialyzer. The water in the outer vessel must be frequently changed.\\nThe liquid remaining in the dialyzer after diffusion has ceased is called\\nthe dialysate. The law of osmosis endosmosis and exosmosis\\nupon which the process of dialysis depends, will be found explained in\\nworks on physics and chemistry.\\nDigitalis IT. S.\\nDigitalis.\\nDigitalis Folia Digitalis Leaves Fingerhutkraict, G. Feuilles de\\ndigitate, F.; Digital, Dedalera, Sp. Fingerborgortblad, Digitalis,\\nSw.; Foxglove.\\nOrigin. Digitalis purpurea, Linne (Serophulariacece).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nPart used. The leaves (collected from the plant in its second\\nyear s growth while flowering, and carefully dried).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 91. Wrinkled, downy\\non the underside, and coarsely net-veined midrib thick.\\nA tasteless, bleached, or discolored drug must be rejected.\\nThe supply must be renewed every season. Must be preserved in\\nwell-closed vessels and protected from the light.\\nDigitalis, matico, and mullein leaves have been confounded with\\neach other. By comparing the figures of digitalis and matico the dif-\\nferences between these two drugs will be found sufficiently obvious.\\nMullein leaf is covered with branched hairs, which distinguish it from the\\nother drugs.\\nConstituents. There has been no alkaloid found in digitalis.\\nThe constituents of digitalis are Digitoxin, which has been obtained\\nin colorless scales and needles, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alco-\\nhol. Its alcoholic solution is intensely bitter. It is so extremely pow-\\nerful a poison that its discoverer (Schmiedeberg) considers it unfit for\\nmedicinal uses in an isolated form. It possesses in a high degree the\\nmedicinal properties of the drug.\\nDigitalin, as obtained in colorless needle-shaped crystals (by Nati-\\nvelle), is also an exceedingly powerful poison possessing the properties\\nof digitalis. It is not an alkaloid. It has an extremely bitter taste.\\nWhen moistened with hydrochloric acid it assumes an intense emerald", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "404\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ngreen color. This digitalin is not at all like the Digitalin which\\nwas official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870 (see below).\\nAnother constituent of digitalis is called digitalein. It is chemically\\nindifferent. Its medicinal properties have not been investigated.\\nMedicinal Uses. Digitalis is an excito-motor, stimulating the ac-\\ntion of the heart. By increasing the power of the contraction of the\\nFigs. 233, 234. Digitalis, a, second year s leaf, natural size 6, outlines of first year s leaf,\\nnatural size.\\nheart, and at the same time prolonging the diastole, digitalis enables one\\nbeat of the heart to be more effectual in propelling the blood than two\\nor three beats were before, and therefore reduces the number of heart-\\nbeats. The use of this drug is therefore indicated when the action of\\nthe heart is rapid and weak, with insufficient aeration of the blood, as\\nshown by cyanosis. Digitalis also possesses the power to contract the\\nsmall arterioles, and is useful, like ergot, in haemoptysis, monorrhagia,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 405\\nand other hemorrhages. It is also diuretic, especially in infusion, valu-\\nable in dropsies depending on mechanical impediments, in cardiac dis-\\neases, and in scarlatinal dropsy. In some nervous diseases digitalis has\\nbeen given with good effect, as in delirium tremens, acute mania, etc.,\\nand in these diseases large doses were found to be tolerated.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.3 gram (-J- to 5 grains) of the powdered leaf.\\nPoisonous Effects. In overdoses this drug may kill by causing\\ntoo powerful contraction or tetanic spasm of the heart. If the effect is\\nnot sudden, the over-excitement of the heart may be followed by a cor-\\nresponding exhaustion which may prove fatal more slowly.\\nIn toxic doses it produces headache, dizziness, exhaustion, and some-\\ntimes delirium, and destroys the sensibility of both motor and sensory\\nnerves.\\nThe poisonous effects must be counteracted by opium, aconite, or\\nother remedies which exert a depressing or paralyzing effect on the\\nheart. Still these are not perfect physiological antagonists. Bartholow\\nstates that saponin is the most perfect antagonist known. In case of\\ndepression stimulants must be given.\\nCumulative Effects. Digitalis is apt to produce a cumulative ef-\\nfect, and care is therefore required in its use.\\nDIGITALIS ABSTKACTUM IT. S.\\nAbstract of Digitalis.\\nTwo hundred (200) parts by weight of digitalis leaves, in No. 60\\npowder, is moistened uniformly (by rubbing between the hands) with\\neighty (80) parts by weight of ninety-four per cent, alcohol. THe moist\\npowder is packed tightly in a tall cylindrical percolator. More alcohol\\nis now added until the mass is saturated and the liquid begins to drop\\nat the lower end of the percolator, while a layer of the alcohol still\\ncovers the upper surface of the drug. The exit of the percolator is now\\nclosed and the top covered to prevent evaporation. The whole is al-\\nlowed to stand forty-eight hours. Then the percolation is started, add-\\ning alcohol as required to keep the drug always covered. When one\\nhundred and seventy (170) parts by weight of the percolate has been\\nobtained, set that portion aside. Place another receiver under the per-\\ncolator and continue the process until the drug is exhausted. Evaporate\\nthis second percolate down until it weighs thirty (30) parts. Mix this\\nwith the reserved portion. The mixed liquids (weighing together two\\nhundred (200) parts) are put in a tared evaporating dish with fifty (50)\\nparts of powdered milk sugar, and set in a place where the temperature\\nis between 40\u00c2\u00b0 and 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, or from 104\u00c2\u00b0 to 122\u00c2\u00b0 F., until the mixture is", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "406 A COMPANION TO THE\\ndry. Then enough powdered sugar of milk is added to make the total\\nweight of the contents of the dish one hundred (100) parts. The whole\\nis now triturated until a uniform and very fine powder is obtained.\\nThe same product may be obtained by evaporating one thousand\\ncubic centimeters of the fluid extract of digitalis leaf with the requisite\\nquantity of milk sugar, making five hundred grams finished product.\\n[Two avoirdupois pounds of powdered digitalis leaf will yield one\\npound of abstract. This will require one-half pint alcohol for moisten-\\ning, and about half a pint more for saturating the drug preparatory to\\nthe forty-eight hours maceration. The reserved portion will measure\\nabout two pints, and the second percolate, after evaporation to the\\nprescribed point, will measure nearly six fluidounces.]\\nThe dose is about 0.05 to 0.20 gram (1 to 3 grains).\\nDIGITALIS EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Digitalis.\\nTake five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) recently dried\\ndigitalis leaves, in No. 60 powder. As a menstruum use first a mixture\\nof one thousand grams (about 41f fluidounces) alcohol, and five hundred\\ngrams (17 fluidounces) water, to be followed afterward by diluted alcohol\\n(1880). Moisten with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of the\\nmixture. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with men-\\nstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Then percolate until the drug is\\nexhausted or until one thousand five hundred grams (about 56 fluid-\\nounces) of percolate has been received. Distil off the alcohol in the\\nusual way. Evaporate the remainder to the pilular consistence, and\\nincorporate with the extract, while still warm, one-twentieth of its\\nweight of glycerin.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract of digitalis to the proper consistence and then adding the five\\nper cent, of glycerin.\\nGreenish brown. Yield about twenty to twenty-five per cent.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.03 gram to grain).\\nDIGITALIS EXTEACTUM FLUID UM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Digitalis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 407\\nof three hundred grams (about 12^- fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n7 fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 cubic centimeters (3 to 30 minims) large doses\\nwith care\\nDIGITALIS INFUSUM; U. S.\\nInfusion of Digitalis.\\nMix six grams (90 grains) digitalis, in No. 20 powder, and six grams\\n(90 grains) cinnamon, in No. 20 powder pour upon the mixture three\\nhundred and seventy cubic centimeters (12^- fluidounces) of boiling\\nwater, and macerate two hours in a covered jar. Then strain the infu-\\nsion, add thirty grams (10 fluidrachms) alcohol, and pass enough water\\nthrough the strainer to make the infusion weigh four hundred grams\\n(or measure about 13^- fluidounces).\\nThe strength of this infusion is about the same as that of the prep-\\naration of the old Pharmacopoeia.\\nThis preparation is a valuable diuretic which is often used in cases\\nof dropsy, especially if dependent on cardiac trouble. It is often com-\\nbined with saline diuretics.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce) sev-\\neral times a day.\\nDIGITALIS TINCTURA IT. S.\\nTinctuke of Digitalis.\\nMoisten forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) digitalis, in No. 60\\npowder, with forty-five cubic centimeters (1J fluidounce) diluted alcohol;\\nmacerate twenty-four hours pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator,\\nand percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces\\n255 grains, or about 10J fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. 0.3 to 4 cubic centimeters (5 to 60 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "408 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDigitalimun U. S, 1870.\\nDlGITALIN.\\nThis preparation has been expunged from the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nAs prepared by the process given in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 (identi-\\ncal with that of the British Pharmacopoeia) it was of very variable com-\\nposition and therapeutic energy; But this is not all. While the digi-\\ntalin of the Pharmacopoeia was white or yellowish white, and dry, the\\nkinds of digitalin actually in the shops are frequently nearly black, ex-\\ntract-like. The official digitalin was nearly insoluble in water, while\\nGerman digitalin is readily soluble in that solvent. Hydrochloric acid\\nvapors turn German digitalin brown, but French, English, or American\\ndigitalin green.\\nBeing in one shop a dry white powder, and in another a blackish\\nsoft extract in one case nearly insoluble in water, and in another quite\\nsoluble, it is not surprising that the preparation came into disrepute.\\nThe different kinds of digitalin on the market are mixtures of several\\nsubstances, the most important of which is digitoxin (see Digitalis).\\nTheir therapeutic properties may be similar in kind, but differ greatly\\nin degree.\\nMedicinal Uses. The same as those of digitalis. We believe it\\nto be a dangerous and uncertain remedy.\\nIt is given in doses of 0.001 to 0.003 gram to grain), usually\\nin the form of granules.\\nDioscorea.\\nDlOSCOREA.\\nDioscoreoe Hhizoma Wild Yam.\\nOrigin. Dioscorea villosa, Linne (Dioscoracece)\\nHabitat. The United States, east of the Mississippi.\\nPart Used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. The drug is well represented in the figure. It has\\na pale brownish color externally, and is whitish and starchy within. It\\nis very firm and tough, being very difficult to powder. The bark is thin.\\nIt is inodorous, and has no perceptible taste unless chewed for a minute\\nor longer, when it develops an acrid impression.\\nProf. J. U. Lloyd, of Cincinnati, states that there are two distinct\\nvarieties of dioscorea, viz., the one shown in the figure, obtained from", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n409\\nDioscorea villosa with pubescent leaves, and another from Dioscorea vil-\\nlosa (var. Glabra) with glabrous leaves. The former is the only kind\\nnow found in the market, whereas the latter is said to be the drug-\\noriginally introduced by eclectic physicians, and the only true drug pos-\\nsessing the properties for which\\nthe wild yam is valued.\\nConstituents. An acrid\\nresin is said to be contained in\\nthe drug.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is\\nsaid to be almost a specific in\\nbilious colic, cholera morbus\\nwith cramps, spasmodic hic-\\ncough, etc.\\nIt is also claimed to be ex-\\npectorant and diaphoretic.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8\\nto 30 grains), given in infusion\\nor fluid extract.\\nDIOSCOEEJE EXTRAC-\\nTUM.\\nExtract of Dioscorea.\\nEvaporate any desired quan-\\ntity of the fluid extract to the\\npilular consistence.\\nDark brown.\\nThis extract, when dried and\\npowdered, is frequently called\\nP Dioscorein FlG 235 Dioscorea\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains), repeated if necessary.\\nDIOSCOREA EXTRACTtTM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Dioscorea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "410\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDiospyros.\\nPersimmon.\\nDiospyri Fructus.\\nOrigin. Diospyros virginiana, Linne (Ebenaceos).\\nHabitat. United States.\\nFigs. 236, 237.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fruit of Persimmon,\\nnatural size, whole, and in transverse sec-\\ntion.\\nPart used. Unripe fruit.\\nDescription. Form and size as\\nseen in the figures green, smooth,\\nwith a pleasant fruit-like odor. The\\nvery astringent taste of the persim-\\nmon disappears upon exposure to\\nfrost, and the fruit becomes, instead,\\nacidulous and sweet.\\nConstituents. Tannin, malic\\nacid, etc.\\nProperties. It is astringent.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains).\\nDipterix.\\nTonka Bean.\\nDiptericis Semina.\\nOrigin. Dipterix odorata and Dipterix oppositi-\\nfolia, Willdenow (Papilionacece).\\nHabitat. Guiana.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. They are four to five centimeters (1-J\\nto 2 inches) long, and about eight millimeters inch)\\nbroad. The form is shown in Fig. 238. Externally the\\nbeans are blackish brown, wrinkled, sometimes covered\\nwith small, white, needle-like crystals of coumarin inter-\\nnally pale brown, oily. Odor fragrant taste aromatic,\\nbitter.\\nVarieties. Dutch tonka beans are the best. They\\nare rather larger, plumper, and more frequently found\\ncovered with crystals than the English.\\nConstituents. The pleasant aroma, which is sweet\\nand reminds of vanilla, is due to coumariti, a neutral, odorous, crystal-\\nline principle, soluble in diluted alcohol. The tonka bean also contains\\nfixed oil, sugar, mucilage.\\nUses. For flavoring purposes.\\nFig. 238.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTonka Bean,\\nnatural size.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 411\\nDIPTEKICIS T1NCTUKA.\\nTinctuee of Tonka.\\nMake one liter (34 fluidounces) tincture from five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (Iff avoirdupois ounces) ground tonka bean by percolation\\nwith diluted alcohol.\\nDipterocarpi Balsamum.\\nGuejun Balsam. f\\nWood Oil\\nOrigin. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertner, and other species of\\nthe same genus (Dipterocarpaceoe).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nDrug used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The oleo-resin flowing from the wounded tree.\\nDescription. Thick, oily, opaque, and grayish brown by reflected\\nlight, but brown and transparent by transmitted light soluble in chlo-\\nroform, and partially soluble in alcohol, ether, and volatile oils. The\\nsolutions show a greenish fluorescence. When heated above 130\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(266\u00c2\u00b0 F.) it gelatinizes and becomes permanently solid. Odor peculiar,\\nbalsamic, reminding of copaiba taste bitter.\\nConstituents. From forty to seventy per cent, of volatile oil,\\nsome resin, and gurjunic acid.\\nProperties and Uses. Similar to those of copaiba. It has been\\nused with success in leprosy, being given internally and applied ex-\\nternally.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 cubic centimeters (8 to 60 minims) in emulsion.\\nDita.\\nDlTA.\\nDitm Cortex Dita BarJc.\\nOrigin. Alstonia scholar is, Robert Brown (Apocynacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Philippines.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Thick troughs of various lengths say from five to\\ntwenty centimeters (2 to 8 inches) long, and three to five centimeters\\n(about 1J to 2 inches) wide. Leather brown, fissured, rough, frequently\\nmarked by black spots externally. The inner surface is brownish gray\\nand marked by lines running lengthwise. When broken the bark ap-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "412\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 239.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dita Bark, natural size.\\npears light yellowish internally. The\\nfracture is short, hard the powder yel-\\nlowish gray. Odor, none taste, bit-\\nterish.\\nConstituents. About two per\\ncent of ditai?i, an uncrystallizable, bitter\\nsubstance one-fiftieth per cent, of a\\nbitter alkaloid, ditamine, soluble in alco-\\nhol and another alkaloid soluble in\\nwater is also said to have been found.\\nMedicinal Uses. This bark re-\\nsembles Alstonia constricta in its action,\\nbut is weaker. It has been used as an\\nantiperiodic in malarial fever.\\nDose. Four to fifteen grams (1 to 4\\ndrachms), best given as fluid extract.\\nDIT^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Dita Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (or its equivalent 17 U. S. fluid-\\nounces), use five hundred grams (or its\\nequivalent 17f avoirdupois ounces) of\\nthe drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nDraco.\\nDragon s Blood.\\nJResina Draconis, Sanguis Draconis Draehenblut, G.; Sang-dragon,\\nF.; Drakblod, Sw.\\nOrigin. Calamus Draco, Willdenow (Palmacece).\\nHabitat. Sumatra and Borneo.\\nPart used. The resin from the fruit.\\nDescription. Occurs in sticks or reeds, and in lumps. That in\\nsticks is of better quality, being cleaner. The external surface is dark\\nreddish-brown internally it is of a brighter red. Fracture rough,\\ngranular, resinous. Soluble in alcohol, benzol, and chloroform, leaving", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n413\\nabout five to twenty per cent, of impurities. Devoid of odor and taste,\\nbut when heated it develops the agreeable odor of benzoic acid.\\nConstituents. Resin, fixed oil, and cinnamic and benzoic acids.\\nUses. As a coloring matter for plasters, varnishes, tooth-powders,\\netc. Also occasionallv in sealing wax to render it fragrant.\\nDracontium.\\nDracontium.\\nDracontii Radix\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Skunk Cabbage.\\nOrigin Dracontium foetidum, Linne (Aracece),\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. From five to ten centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long\\nand about five centimeters (2 inches) thick, gra} r ish-brown externally,\\nand whitish within. Several rootlets are attached to the upper portion\\nFigs. 240, 241. Dracontium, whole and transverse section, natural size.\\nof the rhizome, but are usually trimmed off in the dried drug. It is\\nusually transversely sliced, or longitudinally quartered as found in the\\ntrade. When freshly ground or triturated, the root emits a very dis-\\nagreeable odor, reminding of the smell of the polecat. The taste is\\nvery pungent, acrid.\\nConstituents. The principle to which the acridity is due has not\\nbeen isolated. It seems to be volatile, and is destroyed by heat. The\\ndrug also contains resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antispasmodic. Used in hysteria, chorea, etc.\\nExternally irritant.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 grams (10 to 60 grains) of the recently dried Boot.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "414 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDRACONTII EXTRACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extract of Deacontium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces, use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims).\\nDrosera.\\nDeoseea.\\nDroserm Ilerba, Herba Rorellce Sundew.\\nOrigin. Drosera rotundifolia, Linne (Droseracece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe and North America.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. Leaves small, fleshy, round, bristly on the upper sur-\\nface, arranged in a circle around the neck of the root the flower-stalk\\nis about ten centimeters (4 inches) long, and crowned with a raceme of\\nsmall white flowers. Inodorous taste acidulous, bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. Acrid resin and a peculiar acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been recommended for chronic bronchitis,\\nasthma, and whooping-cough.\\nDose. One hundred to one hundred and twenty-five cubic centi-\\nmeters (3 to 4 fluidounces) of the expressed juice has been given during\\nthe day. This probably did not contain the acrid resin. Fluid extract\\nis the form in which this drug is usually employed, in doses of 0.5 to 1\\ncubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nDROSERCE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Deoseea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 cubic centimeter (4 to 15 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n415\\nDuboisia.\\nDUBOISIA.\\nDuboisice Folia Duboisia Leaves.\\nOrigin. Duboisia myoporoides, Robert\\nBrown (Solanacew)\\nHabitat. Australia.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Form and size are shown in\\nthe figure. They are smooth and have a short\\nstalk. Odor slight, but disagreeable if any\\ntaste bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. The poisonous alkaloid du-\\nboisine, chemically related to the atropine of\\nbelladonna, and producing the same effect on\\nthe pupil of the eye (dilatation). Duboisine is\\ntwice as soluble in water as atropine. It pro-\\nduces a reddish-brown color with cold concen-\\ntrated sulphuric acid.\\nPitury leaves are the leaves of Duboisia\\nHopwoodii, containing the same alkaloid and\\nhaving the same medicinal properties.\\nUsed for the preparation of duboisina.\\nDUBOISIA EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Duboisia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or\\nits equivalent 17 U. S. fluidounces), use five\\nhundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-j- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3-J- fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.30 cubic centimeter (1 to 5 minims).\\nDuboisinae Sulphas.\\nSulphate op Duboisine.\\nA yellowish, soft, gum-like mass, soluble in water. For reactions\\ndistinguishing it from atropine sulphate, see above under constituents\\nof duboisia leaves.\\nFig. 242. Duboisia Leaf.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "416 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. It may be employed in cases in which atropia is\\nemployed to cause dilatation of the pupil. Its effects wear off again\\nsooner than those of atropia.\\nDose. Duboisina has been given hypodermically in doses of 0.001\\ngram (-J^ grain) for ophthalmological uses a solution of 0.125 gram (2\\ngrains) in fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) of distilled water may\\nbe employed.\\nDulcamara U. S.\\nDulcamara.\\nDulcamaras Stipites Dittersiiss, G. Douce ameres, Morelle grimpante,\\nF. Dulcamara, Sp. Qvesved, Sw. Bittersweet, Woody Night-\\nshade.\\nOrigin. Solarium Didcamara, Linne (Solanacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used.- The twigs, gathered in the first, second, or third\\nyear, and dried.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Immediately under the thin, yellowish, outer bark\\nis a green (if fresh; yellow, if old) inner bark. The wood is greenish\\nor yellowish according to age. The central pith cavity is usually empty.\\nOdor slight, herb-like. Taste at first bitter, especially of the bark\\nafterward sweet, from the wood.\\nConstituents. The drug contains a bitter amorphous substance,\\nwhich when decomposed yields the bitter alkaloid solanine. Solanine\\ncrystallizes in small white prisms or needles, is readily soluble in boiling\\nalcohol, but only slightly soluble in water. It forms amorphous salts,\\nreadily soluble in water and*in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. In large doses dulcamara is somewhat narcotic,\\nproducing dizziness, trembling, and dryness and constriction of the\\nthroat. In medicinal doses it does not produce these effects.\\nThis remedy is employed as an alterative diaphoretic in chronic and\\npainful non-syphilitic skin diseases and in chronic rheumatism. It is of\\ndoubtful value.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (75 to 150 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nDULCAMAKiE DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Dulcamara.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fiuitlounces). (See title\\nDecoctions.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 417\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms) three times a day.\\nDULCAMAE^E EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Dulcamara.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown. Yield about twenty per cent.\\nDose. 0.35 to 0.65 gram (5 to 10 grains).\\nDULCAMAE.E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Dulcamara.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfiuidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7-J- fiuidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fiuidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fiuidounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nDULCAMAE^E INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Dulcamara.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fiuidounces). (See title\\nInfusions.\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).\\n27", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "418 A COMPANION TO THE\\nElaeosacchara.\\nAromatic Sugars.\\nThese preparations are simply mixtures of powdered sugar with aro-\\nmatic volatile oils, usually in the proportion of one part volatile oil to\\nfifty parts of sugar. They are made by simple trituration. Aromatic\\nsugars are thus made from the volatile oils of anise, bitter almond, cin-\\nnamon, fennel, etc.\\nUses. For flavoring powders.\\nElaterinum U. S.\\nElaterin.\\nOrigin. Ecballium JElaterium, A. Richard (Cucurbitacece).\\nHabitat. Europe cultivated.\\nCharacter, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia\\n(1880), page 92. This is a colorless, crystalline, chemically indifferent\\nsubstance extracted from JElaterium (see Elaterium). JElaterin now\\nfor the first time official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia is several times\\nstronger therapeutically than the formerly official Elaterium, which has\\nbeen expunged on account of its variable character.\\nGreat care should be exercised in writing, reading, and dispensing\\nprescriptions for Elaterium and for Elaterinum, in order that the\\ntwo may not be confounded on account of the similarity of their names.\\nThe elaterin consists of small shining crystals odorless intensely\\nbitter, and acrid. Readily soluble in chloroform, fusel oil, or in bisul-\\nphide of carbon.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as those of Elaterium. Violently purga-\\ntive.\\nDose. Elaterin being stronger should be given in doses not ex-\\nceeding 0.004 gram grain) at first, to be increased only as occasion\\nrequires. It is usually given in pill, and the tendency to gripe may be\\novercome by combination with hyoscyamus.\\nELATEEmi TR1TURATIO II. S.\\nTrituration of Elaterin.\\nPrepared by triturating nine grams (130 grains) sugar of milk, in\\nmoderately fine powder, together with one gram (15^ grains) elaterin,\\nuntil the mixture is reduced to a very fine powder and the whole inti-\\nmately mixed.\\nThis is the only representative in the Pharmacopoeia of the new class", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 419\\nof preparations introduced under the name of Triturations (see that\\ntitle).\\nThe elaterin itself is so powerfully active and its dose so minute that\\nthe above-described preparation becomes a very useful and safe dilution\\nof it.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.03 to 0.04 gram Q- to grain).\\nElaterium.\\nElaterium.\\nOrigin. Ecballium Elaterium, A. Richard (Cucurbitacea?).\\nHabitat. Europe cultivated.\\nDescription. This is a peculiar resinous substance obtained from\\nthe fresh juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium squirting cucum-\\nber\\nThe juice is clear when fresh from the fruit, but soon becomes turbid\\nfrom the elaterium which deposits from it. The deposit is collected on\\nmuslin, and dried as rapidly as possible, and then constitutes the drug,\\nElaterium comes in flat pieces of variable thickness (from to T 3 g-\\ninch, about) and irregular size (usually averaging less than f inch long\\nby about f inch wide). When fresh the pieces have a dull, pale-green\\ncolor when older gray, or even buff and sometimes showing minute\\ncrystals on the surface. On one side they show the imprint of the\\ncloth on which the elaterium was dried. They are dry, light in weight,\\nand easily broken. No odor taste very acrid and bitter.\\nMust not be confounded icith the several times stronger elaterin (see\\nElaterinum\\nOn account of its variable quality, this elaterium has been expunged\\nfrom the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and the more reliable and uniform elate-\\nrin introduced in its place.\\nConstituents. The only important constituent in elaterium, and\\nthe one to which it owes its medicinal properties, is elaterin, which has\\nnow taken its place in the Pharmacopoeia. Elaterium contains from\\nfifteen to forty per cent, of the elaterin, the average being about thirty\\nper cent. The elaterin may be extracted by means of chloroform, and\\nprecipitated from its solution in that solvent by the addition of ether, in\\nwhich it is nearly insoluble. The yield in crystals ought not to be less\\nthan one-fourth the weight of the elaterium treated with the chloroform.\\nSometimes elaterium has been found adulterated with chalk or with\\nstarch. If it contains chalk it will effervesce with acids. If it contains\\nstarch, a little water boiled with a small quantity of the drug will strike\\na blue color on the addition of a drop of compound solution of iodine.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "420 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEnglish elaterium is deemed to be the best Clutterbuck s\\nGerman elaterium is a dark, extract-like mass obtained by evaporating\\nthe forcibly expressed juice of the fruit.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, its action\\nbeing often accompanied by vomiting and griping.\\nIt is used only to produce profuse watery discharges, as in dropsies\\nor threatened cerebral congestion, or in oedema of the lungs. Its best\\neffects are noticed in abdominal dropsy.\\nIt must be used cautiously.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.008 to 0.015 gram (J to J grain).\\nElectuaria.\\nElectuaries.\\nThese are confections of a consistence resembling that of thick\\nhoney, or thick, enough to be retained in a jar when inverted. They\\nare made by mixing dry medicinal powders with honey or syrup. (See\\nConfectiones.\\nElemi.\\nElemi.\\nElemi Oleo-resina.\\nOrigin. Canarium commune, Linne (^Burseracece).\\nHabitat. Philippine Islands.\\nDrug. The oleo-resin flowing from the wounded tree.\\nDescription. A yellowish resinous mass, resembling in appearance\\nthick granular honey when old it becomes more solid, friable. The\\nodor is balsamic, reminding of a mixture of turpentine, fennel, and\\nlemon. The taste is pungent and bitter.\\nConstituents. About ten per cent, volatile oil, sixty per cent,\\namorphous resin (brein), and twenty-five per cent, crystallizable resin\\n(amyrin), besides bryoidin, which is a crystallizable, bitter, acrid sub-\\nstance, breidin, and elemic acid.\\nProperties. Stimulant, irritant. Used only in plasters and oint-\\nments.\\nELEMI UNGIJENTUM.\\nOintment of Elemi.\\nMix intimately equal parts, by weight, of elemi, Venice turpentine,\\nsuet, and lard.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 421\\nZlixiria.\\nElixirs.\\nA recently introduced class of preparations which cannot be said to\\nform a well-defined group pharmaceutically. However, the general in-\\nterpretation of the term elixir is that it is an agreeably flavored\\nliquid preparation in which the odor and taste of the medicinally active\\ningredients are sufficiently masked to render the preparation compara-\\ntively palatable, the bulk of the liquid consisting of alcohol (12 to 25\\nper cent.), water, and sugar (25 to 35 per cent.). Among the elixirs\\nmost used are such as contain preparations of iron, the cinchona alka-\\nloids, bismuth-ammonium citrate, strychnine, pepsin, ammonium valeri-\\nanate, potassium bromide, etc., etc. Many of the elixirs on the market\\nare not only badly made, but do not deserve the name elixir zx all, being,\\nif possible, more disagreeable to take than the active constituents in a\\nsimpler form would be. Other elixirs have been found not to contain\\nthe medicines indicated on the labels. It is, therefore, not surprising\\nthat these preparations, as a class, have met with sweeping condemna-\\ntion from conscientious physicians and pharmacists. When well and\\nproperly made, however, we regard the elixirs as reliable, efficient, and\\nuseful. In an appendix on page 1139 we give a series of excellent for-\\nmulas for the principal elixirs in use.\\nEmplastra.\\nPlasters.\\nPflaster, G.; JEmpldtres, F.; Plaster, Sw.\\nSolid compounds of a pliable, tenacious consistence, insoluble in\\nwater, and suitable for covering limited areas of the surface of the\\nbody. They are usually prepared from oleate of lead (lead plaster),\\nresins, wax, etc., with which more active constituents are frequently in-\\ncorporated, such as cantharides, mercury, narcotic extracts, etc.\\nPlasters must be perfectly smooth and homogeneous. They soften\\nin contact with the warm surface of the body.\\nIt requires from eight to twelve grams (2 to 3 drachms) plaster to\\ncover one hundred square centimeters (20 square inches, or 4 x 5 inches)\\nof surface. Plasters are usually spread on chamois skin, kid skin, or\\nmuslin.\\nAdhesive plaster is spread on muslin. Isinglass plaster is spread on\\nsilk or on muslin, and is not a plaster in the proper sense.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "422 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEmuisiones.\\nEmulsions.\\nEmulsions are liquid preparations in which oil, oleo-resin, balsam, or\\nresin is suspended in water by the aid of some viscid excipient. The\\nPharmacopoeia makes no distinction between mixtures and emulsions,\\nalthough a great practical difference exists. We have an example of\\nthe preparations properly termed mixtures in the official mistura\\ncretce composita, in which chalk is suspended in the liquid.\\nEmulsions have been divided into two kinds, the so-called emul-\\nsiones verce, or true emulsions, and the emulsiones spicrice, or false emul-\\nsions. The distinction is based on a difference in the materials used.\\nThe true emulsion is one in which both the oily or resinous and the\\nmucilaginous substances are combined in the drug, as in mistura asa-\\nfoetidce, mistura amygdalae, or mistura ammoniaci. The drug is simply\\ntriturated in a mortar with water, and the emulsion thus directly obtained.\\nThe false emulsion, called colostrum by some of the older writers, is\\nmade by adding gum or yelk of egg, or some other similar emulsifying\\nagent, to the oily or resinous substance, as we see in emulsions of castor-\\noil or copaiba.\\nDifferent methods of manipulation have been employed. To shake\\nthe oil and mucilage together in a vial makes a poor emulsion. To rub\\nthe gum-arabic in a mortar with not exceeding one and one-half times\\nits own weight in water, and then add the oil gradually, is also likely\\nto produce unsatisfactory results. Experience leads us to recommend\\nthe following method as by far the best\\nAdd the oil, oleo-resin or balsam, to a quantity of powdered acacia\\nas given in the table below, mixing both well in a wedgewood mortar\\nat least five or six inches in diameter, to permit free movement of the\\npestle. When the two are mixed add water equal to half the weight of\\nboth the oil and acacia, and then triturate rapidly and without cessation\\nuntil the emulsion is perfectly homogeneous and white. Then slowly\\nadd the remainder of the water, stirring continually, and finally the other\\ningredients.\\nThe proportions which will most surely and uniformly give good re-\\nsults are as follows\\nFixed oils or copaiba\\nOil of turpentine.\\nPeruvian balsam\\nOil.\\nGum.\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n2\\nWater.\\n1\\nu", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 423\\nThe figures express parts by weight. The quantity of water is as-\\ncertained in each case by adding the quantities of gum and oil together\\nand dividing by two.\\nFor instance, to emulsify an ounce of copaiba we require half an\\nounce of powdered acacia, which is placed in the mortar, and the co-\\npaiba is added carefully to prevent it from being smeared over the\\nsides of the mortar or pestle. [Any part of the oil not mixed with the\\ngum will probably be found swimming on top in the finished prepara-\\ntion.] Then three-fourths of an ounce of water is added, and the three\\ningredients thoroughly mixed. The balance of the water is then gradu-\\nally added.\\nThe quantity of finished emulsion should not be more than six or\\neight times that of the oil. Alcoholic tinctures in large quantities should\\nnot be added to emulsions, but syrups improve the taste of these prep-\\narations.\\nDark-colored fluid extracts make unsightly mixtures with emulsions,\\nwhich look best when perfectly white. Sometimes they are flavored,\\nand at the same time colored with compound spirits of lavender or com-\\npound tincture of cardamom.\\nWe may use one yelk of egg instead of half an ounce of gum-arabic\\nand make good emulsions. This excipient is perhaps best adapted to\\nemulsion of cod-liver oil, but the preparation cannot be kept long.\\nChloroform may be given in a most pleasant form by mixing it with\\ntwice or three times its own weight of sweet almond oil, and then mak-\\ning an emulsion of the oil precisely as if no chloroform were present.\\nThe emulsion may be flavored with syrup according to taste.\\nOne ounce of glyconin emulsifies three ounces of fixed oil.\\nEmulsions made by adding alkaline chemicals are not really emul-\\nsions but solutions of soaps, and should not be employed when emulsions\\nare ordered. In emulsions the oil undergoes no chemical change what-\\never, but is merely mechanically suspended, like butter in milk. Under\\nthe microscope we can readily see the oil globules. A well-made emul-\\nsion should not separate into oil and water even after long standing,\\nbut only into a creamy and a serous layer, just as in fresh milk. We\\nhave prepared an emulsion and have kept it for over five years, and\\neven at the end of that time the emulsion was still perfect as far as the\\nsuspension of the oil was concerned. Of course an emulsion may spoil\\nby fermentation or by the oil becoming rancid, but it should remain an\\nemulsion.\\nAll emulsions not specially prepared so as to keep indefinitely ought\\nto be freshly made whenever prescribed.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "424 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEnemata.\\nEnemas.\\nClysters, Injections, E.; Klystiere, G.; Lavements, Clysteres, F.; Lave-\\nmanger, Klistirer, Sw.\\nInjections for the rectum. Always prepared extemporaneously, and\\nrarely by the pharmacist. Decoctions of starch, barley, or oats, are often\\nused, the medicaments, if any, being added to them. A few specimens\\nof injections in common use are given under the respective titles of the\\nmaterials from which they are made.\\nDemulcent enemas are used in irritated conditions of the bowel, in\\ntenesmus, etc., and consist generally of decoction of starch with or with-\\nout opiates.\\nLaxative enemas are generally watery solutions of laxative remedies,\\nor mixtures of castor-oil, soap-suds, etc. Cold water injections are val-\\nuable in chronic constipation. Large enemas of any kind are usually\\nlaxative, for even if they contain no cathartic remedies, the mechanical\\ndistention of the lower bowel causes contraction and consequent expul-\\nsion of the contents of the rectum. If the enema shall be retained it\\nshould not, as a rule, be more than twenty-five to one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (6 to 24 fluidrachms).\\nNutritive enemas consist of nourishing substances, as defibrinated\\nblood, eggs, milk, chopped beef, etc.\\nA very good form of nutritive enema is prepared by mixing finely\\ndivided lean beef and clean pancreas in the proportions of four hundred\\nand fifty grams (1 pound) of the former to one hundred and fifty grams\\n(J pound) of the latter. The bowel is to be cleaned by an injection in\\nthe morning and then the above mixture is injected in several doses\\nduring the day.\\nStimulant enemas are sometimes of use in collapse, typhoid condi-\\ntions, extreme debility, etc. Beef-tea and beef-broth enemas are simply\\nstimulant and not nutritive. Warm toddies, diluted brandy, and simi-\\nlar substances are sometimes used in this manner.\\nVermifuge enemas consist of solutions of anthelmintics, as aloes,\\nsantonin, salt, etc., mainly for the removal of thread-worms from the\\nrectum.\\nEnemas are sometimes used simply as washes to cleanse the bowel\\nin dysentery or fissure of the anus.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 425\\nEpig-aea.\\nEpig^ea.\\nEpigcece Folia Trailing Arbutus, Gravel Plant\\nOrigin,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Epigcea repens, Linne* (EiHcaceoe).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Green, bristly, entire, cordate-ovate. Odorless, as-\\ntringent, bitter.\\nConstituents. Tannin from three to four per cent., besides arbu-\\ntin, ursone, etc., also found in Uva Ursi, which see.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those in Uva Ursi. Used in vesical\\ncatarrh, etc.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (J to 2 drachms) in infusion or fluid\\nextract.\\nEPIG^E^E EXTRACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extkact of Epig^ea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (J to 2 fluidrachms).\\nEquisetum.\\nEquisetum.\\nEquiseti Herba Schachtelhalm, G. Prele, F. Horse-tail, Scouring\\nMush.\\nOrigin. Equisetum arvense, Linne, and Equisetum hyemale, Linne\\n(Equisetacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used. The stems.\\nDescription. Simple, long, slender, bright green, harsh to the\\nfeel, jointed, about sixty centimeters (2 feet) long, and four millimeters\\nfj- inch) in diameter.\\nConstituents. The ash contains silica in large quantity. This is\\nthe substance which renders the horse-tail so rough and so useful for", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "426 A COMPANION TO THE\\nscouring metallic vessels. The plant also contains resin, which is the\\nonly medicinal constituent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic and astringent. Has been employed\\nin renal affections, dropsy, etc. The pulverized ashes have been used in\\ndyspepsia.\\nDose. Five grams (75 grains) in infusion during the day.\\nErg ota U. S.\\nErgot.\\nSecale Comutum Mutterkorn, Kornmutter, Zapfenkorn, G.; Ergot,\\nSeigle Ergote, Bl e cornu, F.; Comezuelo del centeno, Centeno de\\nComezuelo, Sp.; Mjoldryga, Sw.; Ergot of Rye, Spurred Bye.\\nOrigin Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne (Fungi).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe, etc. Large quantities are imported\\nfrom Spain and from Southern Russia.\\nPart used. The sclerotium (compact spawn), or middle (second)\\nstage of development of the fungus, which grows within the flower of\\nthe common rye (secale cereale, Linne) displacing the grain.\\nThere are ergot growths on several kinds of grasses besides rye.\\nThe only official kind, however, is the ergot of rye.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 98 and 99.\\nErgot consists of grain-like bodies about one to two inches long and\\none-eighth to one-sixth inch thick. The ordinary size of\\nfair ergot is about one inch long and one-eighth inch\\nthick. The grains are nearly triangular, somewhat curved,\\nmarked lengthwise by three grooves, of which the one on\\nthe inner side of the curve is the most distinct. The\\ngrains are thickest about the middle, tapering toward both\\nends, which are blunt. On the outside they are of a very\\ndark purplish color, with a slight coating of a cloudy\\nFig 243 bluish bloom. They should be full, firm, and somewhat\\nErgot, natural elastic, but are easily broken. The broken surface is\\neven, whitish toward the center, but has, in a good drug,\\na pinkish tint increasing toward the circumference. Sometimes the\\ngrains are transversely superficially cracked. The drug has a peculiar,\\noffensive, rancid, heavy odor and a fatty, mawkish, disagreeable taste.\\nThe strong odor developed when ergot is triturated with solution of\\npotassa reminds of herring brine, and is probably due to trimethylamine.\\nThe ergot grains are very close and tough, not easily penetrated by\\nwater, and difficult to powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA 427\\nThis drug is frequently attacked by mites. To prevent this, and to\\npreserve its medicinal activity, it should be carefully dried at not above\\n50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.) before putting it away, and is best kept in well-covered\\ntin cans. It is also advisable to put a few drops of chloroform in with\\nit.\\nThe stock must be renewed every year. It is collected in August.\\nPowdered ergot soon loses its medicinal activity, and should there-\\nfore never be kept in stock except for a very brief period. Best is to\\npowder it in an iron mortar.\\nMuch broken, small, lean, unclean, worm-eaten, mouldy, or too hard\\nand dry ergot is totally unfit for use also a drug having an ammo-\\nniacal odor, or one having no odor at all.\\nConstituents. Two alkaloids ecbolina (0.16 per cent.), and ergo-\\nUna (0.12 per cent.) have been described as isolated from ergot. The\\nformer has been stated to be much more active medicinally than the\\nlatter, which is said not to produce the characteristic effects of the drug\\ncontractions of the muscles. They were both described as brown,\\namorphous, feebly bitter substances having an alkaline reaction, and\\nreadily soluble in water and alcohol, and insoluble in ether. The proba-\\nbility is that they are both one and the same thing.\\nThere is also about thirty per cent, of non-drying fixed oil, and seven\\nper cent, resin in ergot.\\nA number of uncrystallizable compounds have been obtained in\\ntreating the drug with chemicals. Most of them, perhaps (including\\necboline and ergotine) do not exist naturally in ergot, but are formed by\\nthe action of the chemicals, the heat employed, etc.\\nSince the investigations of Dragendorff and Podwissotzky it is\\ndoubted whether ecbolina, to which the activity of ergot was -formerly\\nascribed (at least in great part), itself possesses the properties of the\\ndrug. The chemists named obtained four to four and one-half percent.\\nsclerotic acid, and two to three per cent, scleromiccin, which have been\\nused medicinally and are active ecbolics. Sclerotic acid is an amor-\\nphous, yellowish-brown, inodorous, tasteless substance, soluble in water\\nscleromucin is darker in color and insoluble in water after drying.\\nSclererythrin is also an active constituent of ergot.\\nThe fixed oil has no medicinal properties. It may be extracted with\\nether.\\nThe ergotin of Wiggers is simply an alcoholic extract of ergot\\nwhile the ergotin of Bonjean is an aqueous extract precipitated by al-\\ncohol. Both are active preparations notwithstanding the opposite\\nmethods of preparation. The ergotin manufactured by various pharma-\\nceutical chemists in this country is usually an extract obtained by evap-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "428 A COMPANION TO THE\\norating the fluid extract to the proper consistence. It is now official\\nunder the name of Extractum Ergotae, which see.\\nOther Ergots. Wheat ergot is shorter and thicker, and oat ergot\\nmuch more slender than the ergot of rye. The ergot growing on\\nArundo ampelodesmos, a grass of Northern Africa, is from one to four\\ninches long but extremely slender it has been tried in France and said\\nto be twice as active as the ergot of rye.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ergot belongs to the class of medicines known\\nas spinants or excito-motors. The principal and most valuable effect\\nof ergot is its stimulating action on the vaso-motor nervous system,\\ncausing contraction of unstriped or involuntary muscular fibre, as of\\nthe arterioles, the sphincter muscles, the womb, etc. After excessive\\ndoses this contraction extends to all the muscles, respiration becomes\\nlabored on account of tetanic contraction of the diaphragm and respi-\\nratory muscles opisthotonus, tetanic spasms, delirium, insensibility,\\nand even death may occur. In pregnant females abortion may result.\\nThe most important use of ergot is in midwifery practice, when\\nit is given for the purpose of causing contraction of the uterus but it\\nmust be recollected that the pains become longer in duration and more\\ntetanic, and large doses may produce a continuous expulsive pain that\\nmay injure the child.\\nThe use of this drug is indicated in inertia uteri, when the want of\\nprogress of labor is not due to any obstruction but to an atonic condi-\\ntion of the womb. It is counter-indicated in cases of rigid os or rigid\\nperineum, pelvic tumors or exostoses, deformed pelvis, etc., for if used\\nunder such circumstances death of the fcetus from continued pressure,\\nand of the mother from rupture of the uterus, may result.\\nErgot is also given in the last stage of labor to prevent post-partum\\nhemorrhage.\\nThis drug is also useful in hemorrhages, haemoptysis, hematuria,\\nuterine hemorrhages, menorrhagia, bleeding hemorrhoids, etc.; or in\\nthreatened hemorrhage in the brain or lungs in aneurism, internally,\\nor injected into the tissues adjacent to the lesion in spermatorrhoea,\\nparalysis of the bladder, incontinence of urine, prolapse of the rectum,\\nuterine fibroids and polypi, congestion of the brain or spinal cord, cere-\\nbro-spinal meningitis, and in various mental diseases, especially such as\\nrecurrent, chronic, and epileptic mania.\\nErgot is also used in large doses in the treatment of incipient dia-\\nbetes.\\nIn all cases when prompt action is desirable, this remedy may be\\ngiven in hypodermic injection, for which purpose the extractum ergotae\\nis generally employed.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 429\\nDose. Varies from one or two grams (15 to 30 grains) up to thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce), according to indications or urgency. The remedy may\\nbe given in powder, or the powder may be steeped in hot water and\\nthe infusion swallowed without straining, as soon as it is cool enough.\\nBut by far the best form for administration is the fluid extract.\\nERGOTS EXTRACTUM; U. S.\\nExtract of Ergot.\\nJErgotin.\\nEvaporate one hundred and fifty grams (about 5 ounces) of the offi-\\ncial fluid extract of ergot on a water-bath at not above 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nstirring constantly until thirty grams (about 1 ounce) only remains.\\nNew to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.\\nIt will be observed that unless the fluid extract is in every way re-\\nliable the above process must yield an unsatisfactory product. The\\nofficial fluid extract, made with the specified menstruum, is the only\\none that can be used and even then the resulting solid extract will\\nnot be a proper one unless the fluid extract was made with such care\\nas to contain the full amount of soluble matter.\\nWhen well made this extract is five times the strength of the pow-\\ndered ergot. It is reddish brown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains). It may be dissolved in\\nwater and used for subcutaneous injection.\\nERGOTS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Ergot.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12-J fluidounces) alcohol to every four hun-\\ndred grams (about 13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5\u00c2\u00a3 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nAdd thirty grams (about 1^ avoirdupois ounce) diluted hydro-\\nchloric acid to the second percolate.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "430 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to thirty cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidounce).\\nFluid extract of ergot is one of the most important preparations in\\nthe whole Materia Medica list. In order to be reliable and uniform it\\nmust be prepared with great care from freshly powdered drug of good\\nquality. The menstruum chosen in the new Pharmacopoeia is decidedly\\nbetter than that of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Hydrochloric acid in-\\nsures the chemical stability of the active constituents much better than\\nthe acetic acid formerly used. The use of glycerin in the old menstruum\\ncould not possibly have fulfilled any useful office, but simply made the\\npreparation thicker and heavier. The new menstruum might, however,\\nwith greater safety and better results be less strongly alcoholic, as one\\nof the important active constituents of the drug (scleromucin) is liable\\notherwise to be at least partially precipitated. When the fluid extract\\nof ergot is comparatively old it is liable to acquire a strong trimethyla-\\nmine odor and a nauseous rancid taste, especially when the menstruum\\nused is not the proper one. Good fluid extract of ergot contains all the\\nsclerotic acid, scleromucin, and sclererythrin of the drug, and has a\\nreddish-brown color.\\nERGOTJS INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Ergot.\\nFrom fifteen grams (or about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug, in\\ncoarse powder, make five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluid-\\nounces). (See directions under title Infusa.\\nA trifle stronger than the preparation of the British Pharmacopoeia,\\nwhich is one-fourth avoirdupois ounce to ten imperial fluidounces.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms)\\nor more.\\nERGOTS LIQUOR.\\nLiquor of Ergot.\\nMacerate ninety grams (3 ounces) ergot, in coarse powder, with two\\nhundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) water for twelve\\nhours then add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluid-\\nounces) alcohol, and continue the maceration for ten days.\\nExpress and filter.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms) or\\nmore.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 431\\nEKGOT^E TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Ergot.\\nMoisten one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) coarsely pow-\\ndered ergot with forty-five cubic centimeters (1^ fluidounce) of a mix-\\nture of equal parts by measure of diluted alcohol and water pack it\\ntightly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with the same men-\\nstruum as before until four hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16\\nfluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- to 4 fluidrachms). It is\\nnot a good form for administration of this drug on account of the large\\nproportion of alcohol.\\nERGOTS VINUM; U. S.\\nWine of Ergot.\\nMoisten forty-five grams (1J ounce) recently ground ergot, in No.\\n30 powder, with fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) stronger white\\nwine pack it moderately in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with\\nstronger white wine until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) of percolate has been received.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nErigeron.\\nErigeron.\\nErigerontis Herba Fleaban% Scabious, Canada Eleabane, Squaw-\\nOrigin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Erigeron canadense, Linn6 Erigeron Philadelphicum,\\nLinne 1 Erigeron annuurn, Persoon and Erigeron slrigosum, Muhlen-\\nberg Compositm).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094- The whole flowering plants.\\nDescription\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The leaves are hairy. The fay-florets purplish or\\nwhite disk -florets yellow. Odor somewhat disagreeably aromatic\\ntaste bitter, astringent.\\nConstituents. A trace of volatile oil, tannin, and bitter extractive.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "432 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly tonic, diuretic, and astringent. Has\\nbeen used in nephritic troubles, dropsies, etc.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2J drachms) in infusion or fluid\\nextract.\\nEMGEKONTIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Erigeron.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).\\nErigerontis Oleum U. S.\\nOil op Erigeron.\\nErigerontis JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Erigeron Canadense, Oil of\\nFleabane.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 236. It does not keep\\nwell, soon becoming resinified and unclear.\\nHas been used to arrest post-partum and uterine hemorrhages in\\ndoses of 0.25 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (4 to 8 minims).\\nEriodictyon.\\nEriodictyon.\\nEriodictyi Folia Yerba Santa.\\nOrigin. Enodictyon glutinosum, Bentham (Hydrophyllaceai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 California.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaves.\\nDescription. From five to ten centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long,\\nformed as seen in the figure green, smooth, shining as if varnished on\\nthe upper surface net-veined and white-hairy on the under surface.\\nOften comes into the trade in agglutinated masses, as shown in the\\nfigure. Odor fragrant taste aromatic, sweetish.\\nConstituents. Acrid resin and a small quantity of an aromatic\\nvolatile oil.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n433\\nMedicinal Uses. Used as a stimulant of the mucous membranes\\nof the bronchial tubes in chronic bronchitis, consumption, etc.\\nFigs. 244-246.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eriodictyon Leaves, as in crude drug and lower surface of leaf after\\nsoftening and removing the resin by soaking in warm soda lye, natural size also part of\\nleaf, showing venation, enlarged.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nERIODICTYI EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Eriodictyon.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nGreenish brown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\n28", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "434 A COMPANION TO THE\\nERIODICTYI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Eriodictyon.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nErythropMoeum.\\nErythrophlceum.\\nErythroplilozi Cortex Sassy Bark, ManCona Bark.\\nOrigin. ErythropMoeum guineense, Don (Ccesalpinece).\\nHabitat. Central and Western Africa.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. Troughs or flat pieces covered with a rough, fissured,\\ncorky epidermis, dull red brown, hard, brittle, fibrous, with yellowish-\\nbrown spots in the interior. Inodorous taste astringent. Powder\\nirritating.\\nConstituents. An alkaloid called erythrophloeine, in colorless\\ncrystals, soluble in water and in alcohol, is the principal constituent, and\\nis very poisonous. The bark also contains tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent, narcotic, cholagogue, diaphoretic,\\nemetic. Jn overdoses it paralyses the heart and produces death. It\\nhas been of use in cardiac dropsy, etc.\\nDose. About 0.2 gram (3 grains), best given in the form of fluid\\nextract made with alcohol as a menstruum.\\ni\\nErythroxylon IT, S.\\nErytiiroxylon.\\nErythroxyli Folia Coca Leaves, Cucha leaves.\\nOrigin. Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck (Erythroxylacece).\\nHabitat. Peru.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 99.\\nThey are from thirty-five to seventy-five millimeters (1\u00c2\u00a3 to 3 inches)\\nlong, closely net-veined on both sides, with a thick midrib, on each side\\nof which runs a curved line from the pointed base to the blunt point of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n435\\nthe leaf. The odor is pleasant, tea-like, when the drug is good but\\nmost of the drug met with in the market has the usual faint odor of\\ndried leaves the taste is bitter, somewhat aromatic.\\nThe leaves must be green, not brown, and should have an apprecia-\\nble tea-like odor and aromatic taste.\\nMuch of the coca sold in this country is very much discolored, and\\nis odorless and even tasteless. The remarkable properties of the drug\\nas used in Peru and Bolivia are as well established as are the properties\\nof coffee but many, who have tested the virtues of a\\ndeteriorated drug only, fail to obtain its proper effects.\\nConstituents. An alkaloid called cocaine (for-\\nmerly erythroxyline), which crystallizes in colorless\\nprisms, has a strongly alkaline reaction, and a bitter\\ntaste, is but slightly soluble in water, but more solu-\\nble in alcohol and ether.\\nAlso another alkaloid, called hygrine, which is\\nvolatile, has the appearance of a thick, pale, yellow\\noil, and smells like herring brine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Erythroxylon is a stimulant\\nresembling coffee or tea in its action. It enjoys the\\nreputation of promoting digestion, allaying hunger,\\npreventing tissue waste, and enabling one to undergo\\nmuch fatigue and exposure with insufficient nourish-\\nment.\\nIt is also said to cause mental exhilaration, and Fig. 247. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Coca Leaf,\\nt rn i i i n i i natural size,\\nto overcome diffidence or bashtulness in company, and\\nto be an excitant of the vital functions, including those of the sexual\\norgans.\\nIt is employed in cases of inordinate hunger or thirst, in melancholia\\nand mental depression, and in sexual debility.\\nDose. Four to fifteen grams (1 to 4 drachms) chewed, or in the\\nform of fluid extract.\\nERYTHROXYLI EXTEACTTTM.\\nEXTEACT OF EeYTHROXYLON.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.20 to 1 gram (3 to 15 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "436 A COMPANION TO THE\\nERYTHROXYLI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Erythroxyloi*.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 TJ. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and twenty-five grams (about 8-J-\\nfluidounces of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percola-\\ntor. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then per-\\ncolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDOSG* Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nLEssentise.\\nEssences.\\nPreparations named essences are usually solutions of volatile oils in\\nalcohol. In the British Pharmacopoeia there are two of them, and these\\nare stronger than the spirits, which are also mostly solutions of vola-\\ntile oils in alcohol.\\nEthyl Bromidum.\\nEthyl Bromide.\\nHydrobromic Ether.\\nA clear, colorless, volatile, ethereal liquid, of pleasant odor, and hot,\\nsweetish taste. It is not inflammable. Its specific gravity is 1.42, and\\nthe boiling-point 40\u00c2\u00b0 to 41\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 to 105.8\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Mixes with alco-\\nhol or ether, but not with water. Should evaporate without leaving\\nany residue or stain, but only a slight amount of moisture.\\nProperties and Uses. Recommended by Drs. Turnbull and Levis,\\nof Philadelphia, as a safe, speedy anaesthetic. Said to be quite as safe\\nas ether, and more so than chloroform. Recent experiments, however,\\nshow that it paralyzes the respiratory centers when injected into the\\njugular vein of a rabbit.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n437\\nEucalyptus U. S.\\nEucalyptus.\\nEucalypti Folia Eucalyptus Leaves.\\nOrigin. Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiere Myrtacem)\\nHabitat. Australia cultivated in California, etc.\\nPart used. The leaves, collected from old trees.\\nDescription. See the Phar-\\nmacopoeia, page 99. Leaves from\\nold trees are thick, long, pointed;\\nthose of younger trees are shorter,\\nbroader, blunt, thinner, bluish\\ngreen, and less aromatic. Both\\nare here illustrated.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil.\\nThere is also a crystallizable resin\\nin eucalyptus, and some tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Eucalyp-\\ntus trees are said to render\\nmarshy and malarial districts in-\\nhabitable, which effect has been\\nvariously ascribed to an exhala-\\ntion of ozone or eucalyptol from\\nthe leaves, or to the drainage of\\nthe soil on account of the exhala-\\ntion of water from the leaves,\\nwhich is said to be equal to ten\\ntimes the weight of the tree in\\neach twenty-four hours.\\nEucalyptus is a stimulant tonic\\nand stomachic, increasing the ap-\\npetite and digestion, and also, to\\na ce-rtain extent, the intestinal\\nsecretions. Useful in dyspepsia\\nand gastric catarrh.\\nIt is also blennorrhetic, dia-\\nphoretic, and diuretic, and is\\ntherefore of value in purulent catarrh of the bronchial membranes,\\nchronic catarrh of the bladder, etc.\\nEucalyptus has been used internally in intermittens.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains), best in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\nFigs. 248-250.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eucalyptus. second year s\\nleaf, half size 5, first year s leaf, half size c,\\nunexpanded flower, natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "438 A COMP ANION TO THE\\nEUCALYPTI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Eucalyptus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug-, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 7-^\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nEUCALYPTI TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Eucalyptus.\\nPercolate sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) eucalyptus, in No. 30\\npowder, with alcohol, to obtain four hundred and eighty cubic centi-\\nmeters (16 fluidounces) tincture.\\nDose. Four to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2^ fluidrachms).\\nEucalypti Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Eucalyptus.\\nEucalypti JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Eucalyptus.\\nDistilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, and other\\nspecies of eucalyptus.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 23G. Pale yellowish.\\nHas a camphor-like odor.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed as an antiseptic in surgical dressings\\nto gangrenous or foul ulcerating sores. Internally in gangrene and sip-\\ntic diseases. As an inhalation in bronchorrhcea, or gangrene of the lungs.\\nAs a deodorizer of hospital wards and also of the hands to remove the\\nsmell of the cadaver after dissecting or making post-mortem examina-\\ntions.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 439\\nEuonymus U. S.\\nEUONYMUS.\\nEuonymi Cortex Wahoo Bark.\\nOrigin. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquiu (Celastracece).\\nHabitat. United States.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 99.\\nConstituents. A bitter, amorphous substance called euonymin,\\ncrystallizable euonic acid, resinous matters, and asparagin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be tonic, laxative, alterative, diuretic,\\nand expectorant. Its preparations have been employed in dyspepsia,\\nconstipation, dropsy, and in pulmonary affections.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nEUONYMI EXTEACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Euonymus.\\nTake five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of drug, in No. 30\\npowder. As a menstruum use diluted alcohol. Moisten with two hun-\\ndred grams (7J fluidounces). Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate to\\nexhaustion, or until one thousand five hundred grams (about 56 fluid-\\nounces) percolate has been received. Recover the alcohol by distillation\\nas usual. Then evaporate to solid extract and incorporate with it one-\\ntwentieth of its weight of glycerin.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract, prepared as directed below, to the proper consistence and then\\nadding five per cent, glycerin. New to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.30 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nEUONYMI EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extbact of Euonymus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8^- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "440 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEupatorium; U. S.\\nEUPATORIUM.\\nMipatorii Perfoliati Herba Boneset, Thoroughwort.\\nOrigin. Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne Composite).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 99.\\nConstituents. A bitter neutral principle called eupatorin, some\\nvolatile oil, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Eupatorium is a bitter tonic useful in intermit-\\ntent fever dyspepsia, general debility, etc.\\nThe warm infusion is an excellent emetic and diaphoretic, appro-\\npriate in cases similar to those in which warm draughts of chamomile\\nalso prove useful.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nEUPATOEII [PERFOLIATI] EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Boneset.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 10 grains) two or three times a day.\\nEUPATOEII [PERFOLIATI] EXTEACTUM FLUID UM;\\nU. S.\\nFluid Extract of Eupatorium [Perfoliatum].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n441\\nEUPATOKII INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Eupatorium.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). (See direc-\\ntions under title Inf usa.\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. As an emetic, two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\npint) of the warm infusion as a tonic, twenty-five to seventy-five cubic\\ncentimeters (6 to 18 fluidrachms) of the cold infusion, several times a day.\\nEupatorii Purpurei Radix.\\nEupatokium Purpukeum.\\nQueen of the Meadow, Gravel Hoot, Joe-Pye Weed, Trumpet Weed.\\nFlGS. 251. Eupatorium Purpureum, natural size.\\nOrigin. Eupatorium purpureum, Linne (Composite).\\nHabitat. United States.\\nParts used. The root and rootlets.\\nDescription. Rough, branched roots, longitudinally sliced, from\\ntwenty-five to fifty millimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, and about twenty", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "442 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmillimeters inch) in diameter hard, tough, hollow in center exter-\\nnally brownish-black, finely wrinkled lengthwise bark thin rootlets\\nnumerous, slender, brittle wood yellowish, with large medullary rays\\nodor faint but disagreeable taste of bark and rootlets resinous, slightly\\nbitter, afterward acrid wood tasteless.\\nConstituents. Acrid resin and volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant diuretic, used in diseases of the uri-\\nnary organs, especially if an excess of uric acid is present.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nEUPATOKII PUKPUEEI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Eupatorium Purpureum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nEuphorbia Corollata.\\nEuphorbia Corollata. Large-flowering Spurge.\\nEuphorbia} Corollatce Radix.\\nOrigin. Euphorbia corollata, Linne* (Euphorbiaceos).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Heads with short branches roots twenty centime-\\nters (8 inches) long, or longer, branched, from five to twenty-five milli-\\nmeters to 1 inch) thick, externally blackish-brown, wrinkled, whitish\\nwithin bark thick. Odor, none. Taste sweetish, bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Acrid resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Emetic, diaphoretic, and expectorant.\\nDose. As an expectorant, 0.1 to 0.2 gram (2 to 3 grains) as an\\nemetic, 1 to 1.5 gram (15 to 20 grains).\\nEuphorbia Ipecacuanha.\\nEuphorbia Ipecacuanha. Ipecacuanha. Spurge.\\nEuphorbia} JjpecacuanhoB Radix.\\nOrigin. Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne (Euphorbiacece).\\nHabitat. The United States near the Atlantic coast.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n443\\nFigs. 252-253. Ipe-\\ncacuanha Spurge, root\\nand stem, natural size.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Root.\\nDescription. About five centimeters (2 inches) or less, long heads,\\nknotty, branched, marked by scars from the stems. Roots over thirty\\ncentimeters (12 inches) long, and about one centi-\\nmeter (J- inch) thick, more or less branched ex-\\nternally light yellowish-brown, wrinkled; whitish\\nwithin bark thick. Odor, none. Taste sweetish,\\nbitter, acrid.\\nThis drug resembles the root and stem of\\nApocynum cannabinum and Apocynum androsae-\\nmifolium.\\nConstituents. Acrid resin, euphorbon, and\\npossibly some glucoside.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is emetic, diaphoretic,\\nand expectorant, and in large doses hydragogue\\ncathartic. Has been used in bilious colic, dropsical\\naffections, menstrual irregularity, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains) as a\\nhydragogue cathartic 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains) as an expec-\\ntorant and diaphoretic.\\nEuphorfoium.\\nEtJPHORBIUM.\\nEuphorbias Resina.\\nOrigin. Euphorbia resinifera, Berg (Eiiphorbiacew)\\nH ab itat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Morocco.\\nCharacter. A gum-resin which flows from incisions in the stem\\nand hardens in the air.\\nDescription. Irregular, conical, or round tears or drops, about the\\nsize of a pea to the size of a hazelnut, yellowish, or yellowish-brown,\\ninternally lighter, opaque, or slightly translucent, brittle. Inodorous,\\nthe powder causing violent sneezing. When heated it smells like oli-\\nbanum. Taste persistently acrid, burning.\\nInsoluble in water. Alcohol dissolves about one-half of it. It does\\nnot yield a complete emulsion when triturated with water.\\nConstituents. About thirty-eight per cent, of an amorphous acrid\\nresin, soluble in alcohol at ordinary temperatures twenty-two per cent.\\neuphorbon, a colorless and indorous acrid substance, readily soluble in\\nboiling alcohol and ether, and obtained in a crystalline mass by a rapid\\nevaporation of the hot alcoholic solution. It also contains eighteen per\\ncent, gum, twelve per cent, malates, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "444 A COMPANION TO THE\\nProperties. The acrid resin renders the euphorbium rubefacient\\nand vesicant. It is used chiefly as an ingredient in vesicatory plasters,\\nsuch as the popular Janin s plaster.\\nThe euphorbon makes the drug a drastic purgative and emetic but\\nit is no longer used internally.\\nEUPHOKBII EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDATUM.\\nCantharides Plaster with Euphorbium.\\nJamil s Plaster.\\nMelt together sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) Venice turpentine,\\nand sixty grams mastiche, sifting the finely powdered mastiche into the\\nwarmed turpentine, and mixing the two uniformly before melting.\\nThen incorporate ten grams (154 grains) powdered euphorbium, and\\ntwenty grams (308 grains) powdered cantjiarides, previously mixed.\\nWhen cool roll the plaster, with moistened hands, on a clean wet board\\nor slab into sticks about one centimeter (f inch) in diameter. Keep\\nit in a drawer with a sufficient quantity of lycopodium to keep it from\\nsticking together.\\nThis plaster is used for preparing small blistering plasters, to be ap-\\nplied behind the ears, etc. It sticks well, and never fails to draw\\nblisters.\\nExtracta.\\nExtracts.\\nSolid Extracts, E. HJxtrakte, G. Extraits, F. Extrakter, Sw.\\nFrom semisolid to dry preparations made by extracting the soluble\\nand medicinal constituents of crude drugs by means of suitable solvents,\\nand then evaporating the liquid extract until the product has the proper\\nconsistence.\\nIn the preparation of solid extracts the following conditions require\\nattention\\nThe drag must be in a proper condition to be thoroughly exhausted.\\nWhen percolation is resorted to for this purpose the drug is reduced to\\npowder, the fineness of which must depend in each case upon the char-\\nacter of the drug, as is the case in preparing fluid extracts. As a larger\\nquantity of menstruum can be used in making solid extracts than it is\\npracticable to employ in making fluid extracts on a small scale, the\\ndrug may, in many cases, be less finely powdered or comminuted when\\nexhausted for the purpose of obtaining the first-mentioned preparations.\\nYet the great disadvantage of prolonging the exposure of the drug to\\nheat in evaporating the liquid is so great as to render it far preferable", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 445\\nto use as little menstruum as may be consistent with complete exhaus-\\ntion, and hence the drug should in every case be brought to as fine a\\nstate of division as is practically most favorable to its perfect and\\nready penetration and extraction by the solvent.\\nThe menstruum must be properly selected. It should be the one\\nthat will best extract in an unaltered condition all those soluble con-\\nstituents of the drug which contribute to its medicinal value, while\\nleaving the inert, and especially the objectionable, substances in the re-\\nmaining marc.\\nAqueous extracts are those made with water alone as a menstruum.\\nAlcoholic extracts are those made with alcohol alone, or with alcohol\\nand water mixed in various proportions.\\nEthereal extracts are made with ether, and are in the Pharmacopoeia\\nof the United States called oleo-resins.\\nInspissated juices are extracts made without the use of any added\\nsolvent, the expressed juice of the bruised fresh or green (not dried)\\ndruo- being: used.\\nThe extraction must be complete. It is effected either by macera-\\ntion, percolation, digestion, or decoction, according to the nature of the\\ndrug. As a rule heat is objectionable, and in numerous cases destructive\\nin other cases again it is beneficial, or even absolutely necessary, as in\\nthe preparation of extract of malt. In former times boiling was resorted\\nto in some cases when aqueous extracts were made. This is no longer\\ndone, as it is in every case injurious. Percolation and cold or moder-\\nately warm infusion are the modes of extraction now used.\\nThe evaporation must be conducted at the most appropriate degree\\nof heat. This is the most delicate part of the process, for in its conduct\\nit is necessary to take into consideration three important factors which\\nmaterially affect the character of the product, viz., the degree of heat\\nemployed, which should be moderate enough not to alter the character\\nof the constituents of the drug the length of time during which the\\nheat is applied, which should be as brief as possible, consistently with\\na moderate degree of temperature and the exposure to air, which\\nmust be also avoided as far as practicable. The evaporation is aided by\\nstirring, which also contributes to the homogeneous character of the\\nproduct, and in some cases is necessary on the latter account alone, as\\nfor instance in ext. physostigmatis.\\nThe official and other extracts, for which detailed formulae are given\\nin this book, furnish examples which illustrate the general rule.\\nThe temperature at which drugs are infused for making extracts\\nmay, in most cases, be between 15\u00c2\u00b0 and 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 to 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and is\\naided by agitation. Where alcohol is used most of it may be recovered", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "446 A COMPANION TO THE\\nby distillation over a steam- or water-bath, the alcohol so recovered be-\\ning used again for the preparation of the same extract after having\\nbeen properly re-distilled and strengthened or diluted for that purpose\\nas may be required.\\nIn the evaporation of the extract .a higher heat than 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nis frequently injurious, while in other cases 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.) may be per-\\nmitted. In a few instances the full heat afforded by the water-bath, or\\n00\u00c2\u00b0 to 95\u00c2\u00b0 C. (194\u00c2\u00b0 to 203\u00c2\u00b0 F.) may be applied without risk, as in most\\naqueous extracts. When extracts are evaporated to dryness the heat\\ntoward the latter part of the process must not exceed 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nThe finished extracts must be put into their proper receptacles while\\nyet warm. These receptacles should be perfectly dry, and after being\\nfilled ought to be left to cool somewhat before being covered. They\\nare to be covered ti^htlv. I\\nGood, carefully made, solid extracts have the characteristic odor\\nand taste of the drugs from which they are respectively prepared. The\\nodor is brought out more prominently by warming a small sample with\\na little solution of potassa. They should be sufficiently solid not to\\nrun when the containing vessel is inverted. It is best to keep them in\\na cool place.\\nIn order to prevent their becoming too hard by drying, the Pharma-\\ncopoeia prescribes, wherever practicable, the addition of one-twentieth\\nor five per cent, of glycerin.\\nDried and powdered extracts are very convenient for dispensing, and,\\nmoreover, more uniform in strength than those of a pilular consistence.\\nHence, whenever it can be done without injury to the quality of the\\npreparation, the extract ought to be finished in that way. This is con-\\nveniently effected by forming the pilular extract into thin cakes, which\\nare then placed in a tray with a sufficient quantity of lycopodium to\\nprevent adhesion, after which the tray is put in the drying closet, the\\ntemperature of which is controlled carefully. The powdering may then\\nbe successfully performed.\\nTo make solid extracts properly is a very difficult art, which requires\\nthorough training and experience, for it is impossible to apply any one\\nrule in any large number of cases. A knowledge of drugs, thoughtful\\njudgment, and constant watchfulness are imperatively necessary in\\norder to succeed.\\nIn the working formulas for the official extracts as full directions are\\ngiven as practicable in a Pharmacopoeia.\\nVacuum apparatus is of great service in the manufacture of solid ex-\\ntracts. It is, however, beyond the reach of the retail pharmacist with\\nvery few exceptions.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 447\\nExtracta Fiuida.\\nFluid Extracts.\\nWell-made fluid extracts are, as a rule, the most efficient as well as\\nconvenient of all preparations of vegetable drugs. They are extracts\\nin liquid form, containing all that is of any medicinal value in the re-\\nspective drugs from which they are prepared, and in an unaltered con-\\ndition, representing, in fact, all but the inert portions. They are con-\\ncentrated, so as to present the drug in the smallest possible bulk, and\\nyet liquid, so as to be readily absorbed. Their doses bear the simplest\\npossible relation to the doses of the drugs themselves. The fluid ex-\\ntracts should, in fact, and do already in a great measure, render infu-\\nsions, decoctions, and tinctures obsolete, with rare exceptions. Infu-\\nsions are properly made from mucilaginous drugs, but not from any\\ndrug containing any therapeutically active substances. There is not\\none of the official infusions which may not be dropped as useless or in-\\nferior to the corresponding fluid extract. Decoctions are equally crude,\\nunreliable, and worthless. Water the menstruum used in the prepa-\\nration of decoctions and infusions is not the best menstruum for the\\nextraction of those constituents which characterize our most potent drugs,\\nand, besides, the processes by which the preparations named are made,\\nare apt to produce neither satisfactory nor uniform results.\\nThe Constituents of Drugs. These may be grouped into two\\nclasses those which are insoluble in all ordinary solvents, and those\\nwhich can be extracted by suitable treatment.\\nThe insoluble group of substances is made up of cellulose, lignin,\\nand sclerogen, which make up the cell-walls of vegetable matter. The\\nintractability of these substances, and of the structures from which they\\nare made, is remarkable. All of the extractable matters are contained\\nwithin the cells, or in the intercellular spaces that is, the insoluble and\\nintractable skeleton of the vegetable substance firmly encloses all of\\nthe soluble matters, except in the case of mucilage, which is often con-\\ntained in the cell-wall from which it is produced, and of which it forms\\na part.\\nThe insoluble constituents of the mass of the drug being inert by\\nreason of their insolubility, they are of interest to the pharmacist only\\nas mechanical obstructions. To reach the cell contents, and the inter-\\ncellular contents, the cell-walls must be broken into, torn, or separated,\\nbecause the extraction of these contents, however soluble, by osmosis\\nis never complete, and generally quite impracticable.\\nThe soluble constituents are first to be grouped into inert matters,\\nand active principles. The inert matters are principally starch, gum,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "448\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nand pectin, etc., which may be separated or extracted by water, cold or\\nhot, and, to a considerable extent, from even a coarsely comminuted\\ndrug.\\nStarch is not really dissolved out, being practically insoluble in all\\nthe ordinary solvents, and thus cannot be carried through the cell-wall\\nby osmotic currents but starch cells are usually large and soft, and\\nhence are readily torn by a comparatively coarse mechanical division,\\nallowing the escape of the granules and their separation by merely\\nwashing them out, or their extraction in a state of quasi-solution by\\nmeans of hot water, in which they swell so as to burst the cell-walls.\\nThe vegetable mucilage is generally metamorphosed cell- wall, and\\nmay form either the inner or outer layers of the cell-wall itself. If\\nit forms the outer layers, then water causes the mucilage to swell and\\ndissolves it, the cell appearing as if imbedded in a gelatinous mass. If\\nit forms the inner layers of the cell-wall the outer portion is insoluble,\\nbut the mucilage absorbs water with great avidity by osmosis, swelling\\nwith much force and rupturing the resisting and insoluble cell-walls and\\nis then dissolved in the water until it forms thin mucilage.\\nWater softens the cell-walls and restores their elasticity and pene-\\ntrability, so that when brought in contact with watery fluids the cells\\nreassume their original size and form.\\nSugar, pectin, and vegetable albumen are contained in watery solu-\\ntion in the juices of plants, and are comparatively easily extracted.\\nThe active constituents of drugs are alkaloids, acids, salts, indifferent\\nor neutral principles, such as glucosides, etc., volatile oils, resins, and a\\nnumber of substances the character and composition of which are not\\nyet fully known. Comparatively few of these substances can be per-\\nfectly extracted from the drugs by the use of water alone. Opium\\nwill yield all of its morphine to water, and nearly all the soluble matter\\nin rhubarb may be exhausted by percolation with that solvent, be-\\ncause in opium the cellular structure is absent, and in rhubarb the cells\\nare soft and large, and in both of these drugs the active constituents\\nare, in the condition in which they naturally exist, comparatively\\nreadily taken up. But these are exceptional cases. As a rule the ac-\\ntive constituents of our drugs are not readily soluble in simple watery\\nmenstrua. In certain cases the addition of acids or alkalies to the water\\nwill effect the chemical solution of these substances, and the use of\\nchemical menstrua unquestionably deserves, and will in future receive,\\nmore attention than it has heretofore had but in cases where it is de-\\nsired to extract the active matters without altering their chemical char-\\nacter or associations, experience has taught that alcohol is one of the\\nmost generally applicable of all simple solvents. At the same time al-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "UKETED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 449\\ncohol, ether, etc., harden the cell-membranes instead of softening therm\\nand prevent osmosis.\\nFrom these considerations it is obvious that in order to thoroughly\\nextract the active principles it is generally necessary to bring the sol-\\nvent into actual contact with them, which can only be accomplished by\\nbreaking, tearing, or separating the cells which make up the structure\\nof the drug.\\nThe Fineness of the Drug. The degree of disintegration requi-\\nsite to insure the thorough extraction of all the active constituents of a\\ndrug depends principally upon the size of the cells, ducts, tubes, inter-\\ncellular spaces, or other vessels in which these matters are enclosed.\\nThe aid to extraction afforded by capillary attraction is also to be con-\\nsidered. On the other hand, the difficulties sometimes arising when the\\ndrug is treated in the state of very fine powder, such as the agglutina-\\ntion of the particles into a comparatively impenetrable mass by the ac-\\ntion of the solvent, must not be lost sight of, although it is desirable to\\novercome these without sacrificing the minuteness of the mechanical\\ndivision of the drug. The choice of menstruum has much to do with\\nthis.\\nWhen the intercellular spaces constitute tubes or ducts so large as\\nto be broken into by even coarse comminution, as for instance the oil\\ntubes in umbelliferous fruits, a fine state of powder would seem to be\\nunnecessary, although it certainly facilitates the extraction. But in\\nnumerous cases the cells, or vessels, or ducts containing the active\\nprinciples are of less diameter than the meshes in most of our sieves.\\nWe have already stated that extraction by osmosis alone (through\\nthe cell-membranes) is generally impracticable. The extraction of inter-\\ncellular contents is equally impracticable unless the intercellular spaces\\nare laid open. The isolation of cells is often extremely difficult even by\\nlong-continued treatment at a high heat with such powerful chemicals\\nas chlorine in statu nascenti, bv boilins* the vegetable tissue in strong\\nnitric acid, gradually adding potassium chlorate. Their separation by\\nany treatment with our pharmaceutical solvents is impossible.\\nThe average size of vegetable cells is about one three-hundredth\\ninch. The hard wood cells are much- smaller than the parenchymatous\\ncells, which generally contain the active principles of drugs. The calibre\\nof ducts and cavities is, of course, greater than that of cells, at least in\\none direction. Many resin cells are as much as one-fortieth inch in\\ndiameter. On the whole, it may be safely assumed that the closed\\nchambers in which the active constituents of our potent drugs are locked\\nup are, in most cases, from one one-hundredth to one three-hundredth\\ninch in diameter.\\n29", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "450 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe Pharmacopoeia prescribes different degrees of fineness of the dif-\\nferent drugs for the preparation of fluid extracts, ranging from a sieve\\nof twelve meshes to the linear inch to one of eighty meshes to the linear\\ninch. The silk, wire, or hair from which the sieve-cloth is made occu-\\npies from one-fifth to nearly one-half of its surface, and hence the diam-\\neter of the holes of a No. 20 sieve is not one-twentieth inch, but only\\nabout one twenty-seventh inch, and the diameter of the holes in a No.\\n80 sieve is about one one-hundred-and-fiftieth inch. The particles of\\npowder passing through a No. 12 sieve cannot be above one-fifteenth\\ninch in diameter those passing through a No. 20 sieve, about one\\ntwenty-seventh inch those through a No. 30 sieve, about one-fortieth\\ninch those through a No. 50 sieve, about one sixty-fourth inch those\\nthrough a No. 60 sieve, about one-eightieth inch and those through a\\nNo. 80 sieve, about one one-hundred-and-fiftieth inch in diameter.\\nAs the cell-walls are not to be separated by powdering, the particles\\nof powder consist of fragments of more than one cell, rather than of\\nseparated individual cells. A particle of powder, therefore, of only one\\none-hundred-and-fiftieth inch in diameter can scarcely contain any un-\\ninjured cells of greater diameter than one three-hundredth inch, because\\nin a cube of eight such cells, every cell being exposed, there is little\\nprobability that any of them would escape injury when forced through\\nan aperture barely equal to the diameter of the whole. Even if a cube\\nof twenty-seven cells should be cut so as to leave but one whole cell in\\nthe centre, we would have only one uninjured cell out of twenty-\\nseven. It is safe to say, therefore, that in a drug reduced to No. 80\\npowder, almost every individual cell is probably broken up, and both\\ncell-contents and intercellular-contents exposed. In a No. 60 powder,\\nhowever, at least one-third of the cells escape if all the particles of\\ngreater fineness than will barely pass through a No. 60 sieve were to\\nbe separated from it but a considerable portion of a No. 60 powder\\nwill pass through a No. 80 sieve, so that even in a No. 60 powder the\\ndrug is often sufficiently disintegrated to expose nearly all of its active\\nmatter to the action of the solvent with which it is to be treated.\\nDrugs reduced to Nos. 20, 30, or 40 powder, however, are, as a rule,\\ntoo coarse to admit of their thorough exhaustion except by the aid of\\nosmosis, which calls for the use of very large quantities of menstruum\\ncontaining much water.\\nIt must be borne in mind, however, that osmosis consists in the ab-\\nsorption of a fluid by a continuous animal or vegetable membrane, and\\na transudation at some other point, usually on the opposite side. It\\nhas been shown by investigations, however, that in living vegetable cells\\nosmosis does not take place by a passing through the cell-wall into the", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 451\\ncell, and then on through the opposite cell-wall into the next cell, or, in\\nother words, from cell to cell, but rather by a passing alotig the cell-\\nwalls, not transuding into the cell-cavities at all, so that fluid may by\\nosmosis pass through a distance of dozens or hundreds of cell-lengths\\nwithout coming into contact with the cell-contents sufficiently to exert\\nany solvent action on them whatever. It is more than probable that\\nsuch an action takes place also in the particles of drug in the percolator,\\nso that larger particles with unbroken cells in their interior will not be\\ntotally exhausted because the osmotic current does not pass through\\nthe cell-contents but only around them.\\nCondition of the Drug. The drug from which a fluid extract or\\nany other galenical preparation is to be made, must be thoroughly sound,\\nof good color, have the proper characteristic odor and taste belonging\\nto it, and must be free not only from parts of other plants or substances\\nand from dirt, but from inert portions of the same plant. It must have\\nbeen gathered at the proper season, and when used it must be thor-\\noughly air-dry. Unless all of these conditions are fulfilled the products\\nmust inevitably be inferior if not worthless.\\nThe Official Process- A majority of the official fluid extracts\\nare made by essentially similar manipulations. In the Preliminary\\nNotices of the Pharmacopoeia, pages xxxv to xxxviii, will be found a\\ndetailed description of the process of percolation, which should be care-\\nfully observed.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (equal to 17 U. S. fluid-\\nounces) of any fluid extract by the official process, use five hundred\\ngrams (equal to 17 avoirdupois ounces and 280 grains) of the drug, in\\npowder of the prescribed fineness.\\nThe menstruum is specified in each case by the working formula.\\nIn many cases the first menstruum with which the drug is moistened\\nand macerated is of a different kind from the second menstruum used\\nsubsequently to push the saturated solution downward through the\\nmass and to complete the extraction which has been but partially ef-\\nfected by the first menstruum. In the preparation of fluid extract of\\nwild cherry the extraction is preceded by maceration with water for\\nchemical reasons (see Primus Virginiana). Whenever glycerin is em-\\nployed the whole quantity used is contained in the first menstruum.\\nIn the first menstruum used for the extraction of aconite root, tartaric\\nacid is used. In the process for preparing solid extract of colchicum\\nroot, acetic acid is an ingredient of the first menstruum. In certain\\nother solid extracts the second menstruum is less strong in alcohol than\\nthe first menstruum. Fluid extract of licorice root is directed to be", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "452 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmade with a first menstruum containing ammonia. Fluid extract of\\nlactucarium requires special treatment.\\nThe menstruum selected should, as far as possible, be one which,\\nwhile it thoroughly extracts all of the active constituents of the drug,\\nwill at the same time leave the inert soluble matters in the rejected\\nmarc. It is not intended that all of the extractable matter should be\\ntaken out of the drug, loading the fluid extract with gum, etc. The\\nviscidity of a fluid extract is frequently due to inert extractive, and in\\nmany instances its presence proves that the menstruum used was not of\\nproper alcoholic strength. In fact a menstruum which will produce a\\nvery thick fluid extract is frequently too weak to extract such sub-\\nstances as alkaloids, resins, etc., which constitute the active principles.\\nThus in cases where an alcoholic menstruum is required to extract the\\nactive matter, the well-made fluid extract is rarely viscid. As the sub-\\nstances extracted by one menstruum may differ widely from those dis-\\nsolved out by a different kind of menstruum, a knowledge of the re-\\nlative solubility of all the constituents of the drug inert as well as\\nactive is necessary to an intelligent selection of the proper solvent.\\nThe drug may be exhausted by one menstruum so as to yield no more\\nmatter to it, and still afterward yield a considerable quantity of matter\\nof a different kind to a new and different menstruum. Formerly some\\nfluid extracts were made by extraction first with one menstruum and\\nthen with another, the two percolates being afterward mixed. But this\\npractice is rarely, if ever, attended with favorable results, as the two\\nsolutions cannot well be combined without precipitation or some other\\ndisadvantageous result.\\nMoisten the powder in a shallow earthenware, porcelain, granite,\\niron, or other suitable vessel. The powder must not be wetted it must\\nretain its mobility after being moistened. It is also quite necessary to\\nsift the moistened powder and to allow it to remain loose for a certain\\nperiod before being packed to prevent the cracking of the packed mass\\nin the percolator.\\nAs it is necessary not only that the drug be subjected to the sol-\\nvent action of successive portions of menstruum, but also that the\\nsame menstruum may pass through successive portions of the drug,\\nwhich is the great advantage gained in repercolation, we believe that\\nfor operations on a small scale the length of the percolators may advan-\\ntageously be fully six times their diameter.\\nAfter the percolator is charged it should be well covered to prevent\\nloss of alcohol by evaporation. Sheet rubber, one-fourth inch thick,\\nmakes the best cover. The percolator should always be placed firmly\\nin a proper stand.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 453\\nThe receiving-bottle ought to be of light-colored glass, so that it can\\nbe looked through and the progress of the percolation watched. It\\nmust also be large enough to hold rather more than the first percolate\\nstronger percolate, or reserved portion Unless the receiver is\\nprovided with a graduated scale it must be graduated extemporaneously.\\nThis may be done by measuring into it exactly as many cubic centi-\\nmeters (or fluidounces) of water as there is to be of the first percolate,\\nand then pasting a strip of paper securely around the bottle so that the\\nupper edge of the strip coincides exactly with the surface of the water.\\nThe bottle is then emptied, rinsed with a little of the proper men-\\nstruum, and placed under the percolator.\\nWhen maceration is to precede percolation, pour into the packed\\npercolator enough menstruum to saturate the drug all through, and to\\ncover the top of it with a layer of liquid about twelve millimeters (J inch)\\ndeep. Let the menstruum settle down until it begins dropping out of\\nthe exit tube of the percolator, adding more menstruum if necessary to\\ninsure that the surface of the packed drug is still covered with liquid.\\nThen close the exit tube and cover the top of the percolator well.\\nAfter the maceration prescribed open the exit tube and let percola-\\ntion go on. When the saturated liquid which had collected at the bot-\\ntom of the percolator during the maceration has run out, and when the\\npercolation becomes slow, pour more menstruum into the percolator,\\nenough to cover the top of the drug each time. A new addition of\\nmenstruum should not be made at any time until after the quantity\\npreviously added has sunk down below the surface, and then only suffi-\\ncient to cover the top well.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia prescribes in each case that a certain specified\\nquantity of the percolate which first runs out, and which is the strongest\\nportion of the whole percolate, shall be removed from under the per-\\ncolator and set aside before the percolation is continued further. It\\nsays Reserve the first of the percolate, stating each time the\\nexact quantity to be reserved. Later in the formula it directs that the\\nsoft extract obtained by evaporating the subsequent percolate shall be\\ndissolved in the reserved portion. For convenience we will invariably\\nrefer to this reserved portion as the first percolate.\\nWhen the first percolate has been obtained that is, when the sur-\\nface of the percolate in the receiver is on a level with the upper edge of\\nthe strip of paper pasted around it as suggested, close the exit tube of\\nthe percolator for the time being and change the receiver. Put the\\nfirst percolate aside, properly labelled in full.\\nAfter placing a new receiver under the percolator, again open the\\nexit tube and continue the percolation, adding menstruum from time to", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "454 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntime, as may be necessary, until the drug is exhausted. Generally it is\\nnot difficult to determine when the drug is exhausted, for in most cases\\nit is practicable to extract very nearly all of the coloring matter, and\\nsimultaneously with it nearly all of the soluble constituents having any\\nperceptible odor or taste. When the percolate no longer has any color,\\nodor, or taste derived from the drug, the drug is exhausted, so far as\\nthe menstruum used will exhaust it. But perfect exhaustion of the\\ndrug is not always reached, although it is quite practicable to carry the\\npercolation so far in every instance that the menstruum used no longer\\ndissolves out any more. It must be borne in mind that a coarsely\\nground drug can be percolated, yielding a considerable quantity of solu-\\nble matter to the menstruum, and may be apparently exhausted, the\\npercolation being continued until no longer any perceptible color, odor,\\nor taste is imparted to the percolate, and yet after drying the marc\\nand powdering it to a higher degree of fineness, the same drug may\\nstill yield more soluble matter to the same kind of solvent as before\\nused. As a rule, the ground drugs prepared and sold by drug millers\\nfor the trade are much too coarse to be successfully exhausted.\\nIn many cases it requires a very large quantity of menstruum to\\nbring the extraction of soluble matter near enough to exhaustion to get\\na colorless, odorless, and tasteless percolate. All drugs, however, if fine\\nenough, may be practically perfectly exhausted of their active matters\\nby carefully conducted repercolation.\\nThe second percolate is generally all of the percolate collected after\\nthe reserved first percolate. (In some cases there is also a third per-\\ncolate, as in fluid extract of wild cherry.) There is a wide diiference be-\\ntween the two portions of percolate. The constituents and the medi-\\ncinal properties, as well as the relative quantity of extracted matter\\ncontained in the first percolate frequently vary in a marked degree from\\nthose of the second percolate. The most active and valuable, as well\\nas the most volatile and delicate principles of the drug are generally\\ncontained in the first percolate. Hence this is to be reserved, and the\\nsecond percolate is the only portion exposed to any heat for the purpose\\nof concentrating it so that the whole may be brought within the pre-\\nscribed volume.\\nIn certain cases where unstable constituents are contained in the\\nsecond percolate, which are liable to be expelled or altered by the heat\\nand exposure to air during the evaporation, the injury is attempted to\\nbe avoided by chemical means, as when hydrochloric acid is added to\\nthe second percolates previously to their evaporation in the preparation\\nof the fluid extracts of conium and ergot. The addition of these agents\\nis not necessary when repercolation is the process used.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 455\\nThe official process is the only one practicable when fluid extracts\\nare prepared on a limited scale. No process has yet been devised for\\nthe preparation of fluid extracts in small quantities which is not ob-\\njectionable in some way, and the least objectionable method is the one\\nadopted in the Pharmacopoeia. The only method known which is per-\\nfect, or as nearly so as any galenical process can be, is to exhaust suc-\\ncessively different portions of the drug with the same menstruum, and\\nto systematically collect the several percolates fractionally, by which\\nmethod exhaustion can be effected with a less quantity of menstruum,\\nand evaporation be entirely avoided. Repercolation, fractional\\npercolation, etc., are processes such as described. The Pharmacopoeia\\nexpressly authorizes the employment of this method where it may be\\napplicable (page xxxviii) but it is unfortunately applicable only in the\\nmanufacture of these preparations on a large scale, or where the same\\nfluid extract is repeatedly made, and it cannot be used at all when\\nsmall quantities are made, or in the preparation of an extract made only\\nonce.\\nFor the purpose of evaporating the second percolate, weigh a suit-\\nable porcelain or enamelled evaporating dish, and put a label on it giving\\nits weight. (This is called the tare Then, having poured the\\nsecond percolate into the dish, place it on a water-bath, and evaporate\\nthe liquid at a temperature not exceeding 50\u00c2\u00b0 C (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until it has\\nacquired the consistence of a soft, solid extract, stirring diligently,\\nespecially toward the latter part of the evaporation when the extract\\nbegins to thicken.\\nWhen smaller quantities are operated upon, the alcohol contained in\\nthe second percolate as well as that retained by the marc (exhausted\\ndrug) left in the percolator will be an unavoidable loss, as the apparatus\\nand arrangements necessary for distillation would require too great an\\nexpenditure of time and labor. The alcohol recovered would, moreover,\\nbe unfit for any use other than the preparation of the next lot of the\\nsame extract.\\nThe soft extract obtained by the evaporation of the second percolate\\nis dissolved in the first percolate (or reserved portion and finally a\\nsufficient quantity of the menstruum is added to make the total bulk of\\nthe liquid five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) for every five\\nhundred grams of drug used, and the whole is then shaken well together.\\nThe mixture now .obtained is the finished fluid extract.\\nIn the preparation of fluid extract of senega two per cent, water of\\nammonia is added to the finished preparation in order to prevent subse-\\nquent precipitation of a gelatinous character which otherwise might\\noccur. In certain other fluid extracts prepared with aqueous menstrua,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "456 A COMPANION TO THE\\nor from which the first alcohol has been distilled off for the purpose of\\nseparating resin, as in ipecac, the preservation of the finished product is\\ninsured by adding a sufficient quantity of alcohol (as in castanea and\\ntriticum).\\nOfficial Standard of Strength. The fluid extracts of the new\\nPharmacopoeia are so prepared that each cubic centimeter of the finished\\npreparation represents the active constituents of one gram of the drug.\\nThus five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces) of fluid extract\\nis made from five hundred grams (17 ounces and 280 grains avoirdupois).\\nEach fluidounce represents four hundred and fifty-five and two-thirds\\ngrains, and each fluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains. The new fluid\\nextracts are, therefore, almost exactly five per cent, weaker than those\\nof the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, in accordance with which twenty fluid-\\nounces of fluid extract represented twenty troyounces of the drug, while\\nthe new pharmacopoeial standard of strength makes twenty-one fluid-\\nounces of fluid extract from the twenty troyounces of drug.\\nThe menstrua and manipulations, however, prescribed by the new\\nPharmacopoeia are such that the new fluid extracts are undoubtedly\\ngreatly superior to those made by the old processes.\\nUnofficial Fluid Extracts. The Companion gives working for-\\nmulas for such unofficial fluid extracts as are used to any considerable ex-\\ntent. The general principles to be observed in preparing fluid extracts,\\nin the absence of any formula, are as follows If an analysis of the drug\\nhas been made, the menstruum should be selected accordingly. If no\\nanalysis exists, and it is impracticable to make one, then the general\\ncharacter of the constituents of the drug may possibly be discovered by\\nodor and taste, by other physical properties, and by the known consti-\\ntuents of related drugs. The fineness of the powder must depend upon\\nthe character of the active constituents and the menstruum, and should\\ngenerally be finer with an alcoholic solvent than with an aqueous one.\\nThe formula constructed can then be confirmed or improved by the re-\\nsults of actual trials.\\nConsistence, Color, etc. Fluid extracts are generally dark\\ncolored, and often comparatively thick. The color varies from a pale\\namber, as in physostigma, to an almost black brown, as in sarsaparilla,\\nand almost all the darker shades of brown, green, red, and yellow are\\nrepresented in a full assortment of this class of preparations. Their\\ndensity varies nearly as much as their color, several of them, which are\\nnecessarily made with strongly alcoholic menstrua and contain but\\nlittle extractive matter taken up by such solvents, being lighter than\\nwater, while others are almost as dense as syrup. Made with menstrua", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 457\\ncontaining much water, they are much denser than the same fluid ex-\\ntracts when made with a greater proportion of alcohol. Great viscidity,\\ninstead of being a safe indication of strength, frequently proves that\\nthe menstruum was one more capable of extracting a large quantity of\\nmatter than extracting the right kind of matter.\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, about two-thirds of the fluid extracts\\nwere directed to be made with glycerin (thirty-three out of forty-six).\\nThis was a useless waste of glycerin. In the new Pharmacopoeia glyce-\\nrin is used in only seventeen fluid extracts out of seventy-nine less than\\none-fourth. The new fluid extracts, prepared without glycerin, are cer-\\ntainly much to be preferred in every way but the corresponding fluid\\nextracts of 1870 doubtless are a great deal thicker and heavier, and\\npharmacists, as well as physicians who have not observed the changes\\nmade in the menstrua, will in many cases notice the difference in density.\\nMany manufacturers who do not make use of glycerin, except where\\nprescribed by the Pharmacopoeia, and in such unofficial fluid extracts\\nas really require it^ will unquestionably receive complaints that their\\nproducts are less dense than those of others. It is well to bear in mind\\nthat the glycerin and sugar used in many fluid extracts in the past are\\nstill being used for the sole purpose of obtaining thick-looking fluid ex-\\ntracts which might be supposed to be stronger than they are.\\nIn cases where glycerin is used for this purpose only, it can be de-\\ntected by attempting to evaporate a small quantity of the fluid extract\\nto dryness if no glycerin is present, a dry residue is readily obtained,\\nwhereas the presence of glycerin will render evaporation to dryness im-\\npossible.\\nSugar is detected by the caramel odor developed when a sample of\\nthe fluid extract is evaporated to dryness and exposed to strong heat.\\nThe good quality of fluid extracts must be judged of by odor, taste,\\nand actual therapeutic trial, rather than by color and density.\\nPreservation. To prepare fluid extracts, such as fully represent\\nall the medicinal activity of the respective drugs, cubic centimeter for\\ngram, and which keep well, retaining their activity and their freedom\\nfrom deposit, is by no means easy. It can generally be done, however,\\nby the exercise of good judgment and skilful manipulation. But the\\nvery best fluid extracts require to be carefully preserved in order to re-\\ntain their good quality. They must be kept in a moderately warm room,\\nwhere no great or sudden changes of temperature take place, and as\\nmany of them are unquestionably more or less injured by exposure to\\nlight, they should be kept in a rather dark place, or preferably in amber-\\ncolored bottles, which effectually exclude the actinic rays of light.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "458\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFarina.\\nFarina.\\nThis general title is applied to meal or flour, as to flax-seed meal,\\nbarley-meal, oatmeal, wheat flour, etc.\\nIn a limited sense it applies to certain cereal foods prepared from\\nwheat or other grain, and usually coarse and free from fine powder.\\nThe several kinds of flour are in this work referred to under the re-\\nspective titles of the cereals, etc., from which they are made.\\nFel Bovis; U. S.\\nOx-Gall.\\nFel tauri, Bills bovina Ochsengalle, Bindsgalle, G.; Fiel (Bile) de\\nboeuf, F.; Oxgalla, Sw.\\nOrigin. Bos Taurus, Linne (Mammalia).\\nDescription. Fresh ox-gall is brownish-green, viscid, has a pecu-\\nliar nauseating odor, and an extremely bitter, offensive taste. When\\nshaken it froths it saponifies fats and usually has an alkaline reac-\\ntion. Its specific gravity is 1.018 to 1.028.\\nConstituents. It contains the sodium salts of glycocholic and\\ntaurocholic acids, cholesterin, and coloring matters.\\nTest. With sugar and concentrated sulphuric acid it gives a hand-\\nsome purple violet color.\\nWhen obtained for preparing the inspissated or the purified ox-gall,\\nit must be used the same day the beef was killed, and must not be per-\\nmitted to remain exposed to summer heat.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ox-gall is used as a purgative in constipations\\ndue to atony of the bowels. It is given in the form of inspissated ox-\\ngall, in doses of 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains) in pill.\\nFEL BOVIS INSPISSATUM U. S.\\nInspissated Ox-Gall.\\nThis is prepared by heating five hundred grams (17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of fresh ox-gall to a temperature not above 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nstraining through muslin, and then evaporating the strained liquid in a\\nporcelain dish over a water-bath, until reduced to seventy-five grams (2\\nounces and 280 grains avoirdupois).\\nHeating it, and using a well-wetted straining cloth, render the clarifi-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 459\\ncation of the crude gall easy and effective. A metal vessel must not be\\nused in the process.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains) in pill.\\nFEL BOVIS PUKIFICATUM U. S.\\nPurified Ox-Gall.\\nEvaporate three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) of fresh ox-\\ngall in a porcelain evaporating dish on a water-bath until it weighs one\\nhundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) then add one hundred grams (4|\\nfluidounces) of alcohol shake well, and set the mixture aside, well cov-\\nered, for several days. This separates mucous matter. Decant the clear\\nsolution, filter the remainder, and after mixing the two clear liquids,\\ndistil off the alcohol in the usual way, after which evaporate the residue\\nto the consistence of solid extract.\\nTwenty-four hours maceration with the alcohol, as prescribed by the\\nPharmacopoeia, is insufficient, as the separation of the mucilaginous\\nmatter will require two or three days.\\nThe preparation is yellowish-green, and has a sweetish bitter taste.\\nTest. Forms a green clear solution with water this solution is\\nnot precipitated by alcohol.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains) in pill.\\nFermentum.\\nYeast.\\nOberhefe, G. Levure de Mere, F. Jast, Sw.\\nOrigin. Torula cerevisice, Turpin (Fungi).\\nObtained from beer and other fermenting malt liquors.\\nDescription* A whitish or pale yellowish-brown viscid liquid,\\nor frothy semifluid, containing innumerable\\ncells which under the microscope have the\\nappearance seen in the figure. Yeast has\\na peculiar unpleasant odor, and a bitter\\ntaste.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antiseptic and stim-\\nulant. Has been used internally in typhoid\\nconditions. Also in diabetis, in which dis-\\nease it is said to have caused the total dis- Fig. 254.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yeast cells, magnified,\\nappearance of sugar from the urine.\\nExternally it is used as a stimulant and antiseptic dressing to indo-\\nlent and ill-conditioned wounds and ulcers.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "460 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (4 to 8 fluidrachms) be-\\nfore meals.\\nFEPMENTI CATAPLASMA, B.\\nYeast Poultice.\\nBeer yeast, ninety grams (3 ounces) wheat flour, two hundred and\\nten grams (7 ounces) warm water, ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluid-\\nounces). Mix the yeast and water, and then stir in the flour. Put the\\nmass in a warm place until it rises.\\nFerrum U. S\u00c2\u00ab\\nIron.\\nFisen, G. Fer, F.; Hierro, Sp.; Jern Sw.\\nThe most important of all the true metals, and the most abundant\\nand generally distributed. Occurs both free and combined. Its physi-\\ncal properties are familiar.\\nFerrous salts (the so-called proto-salts of iron) are white when\\nanhydrous, and bluish-green when combined with water of crystalliza-\\ntion. When exposed to the air they gradually oxidize. Nitric acid,\\nchlorine, and hypochlorous acid convert ferrous into ferric salts.\\nFerric salts (the so-called per-salts or sesqui-salts of iron) are\\nbrown-red or white.\\nAmong the official and other important iron salts the following are\\nsoluble\\nFerrous chloride, iodide and bromide, sulphate, lactate and fer-\\nric chloride, iodide, bromide, sulphates, nitrate, and the citrates, phos-\\nphates, tartrates combined with alkaline citrates or tartrates.\\nThe form of iron best fitted for pharmaceutical preparations is fine,\\nbright, non-elastic wire. Card-teeth, iron wire, tacks, filings, reduced\\niron all these have been used for making the several iron preparations\\nprepared from metallic iron but to insure freedom from other metals\\nwire should be selected, and annealed wire is the purest that can found.\\nThe iron preparations used in medicine are very numerous.\\nFEEHI LIMATUKA.\\nIron Filings.\\nClean wrought-iron filings, free from brass, copper, tin, or other\\nmetals, and free from rust and grease.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 461\\nUses. For making iron preparations iron wire is better, and is the\\nkind prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia.\\nFerri Acetas.\\nAcetate of Leon.\\nObtained by carefully evaporating solution of acetate of iron to\\ndryness. It is a dark red-brown mass of scaly particles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as those of the solution. The preparation\\nis rarely used.\\nLIQUOR FERRI ACETATIS; U. S.\\nSolution of Acetate of Ieon.\\nFerrici Acetatis Solutio Solution, of Ferric Acetate.\\nPut eight hundred grams (28 ounces 96 grains) water of ammonia\\nand two liters (68 fluidounces) of water in a three-gallon jar. Dilute\\none thousand grams. (35 ounces 120 grains) solution of tersulphate of\\niron with three thousand five hundred grams (about 7-J pints) water.\\nAdd the iron solution to the ammonia during: constant stirring-. Trans-\\nfer the whole from the jar to a wet muslin strainer. Let it drain. Then\\nput the precipitate back into the jar and mix it well with six liters\\n(about 13\u00c2\u00a7 pints) of water. Pour it on the strainer again to drain.\\nRepeat this washing operation until the water which drains off only\\ngives a slight cloudiness with test-solution of barium chloride that is,\\nuntil nearly all the ammonium sulphate has been washed away. Now\\nlet it drain thoroughly press the precipitate while folded up in the\\nstraining cloth so as to press out enough of the water to reduce the\\ntotal weight of the mass to seven hundred grams (24 ounces 300 grains)\\nor less. To the cake, previously well broken up, add two hundred and\\nsixty grams (9 ounces 75 grains) glacial acetic acid, and stir the whole\\ntogether. Let stand, stirring it occasionally, until the ferric hydrate is\\nentirely dissolved. Then add enough cold distilled water to make the\\nfinal product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nThis preparation should be made in cool weather, and cold water\\nmust be used throughout the process. Otherwise ferric bishydrate may\\nbe formed in sufficient quantity to render the solution of the precipitate\\nin the acetic acid difficult, if not to partially defeat it, whereby a turbid\\nor imperfect solution would be obtained. It is so important to avoid all\\nheat that it is even advisable to add the ferric hydrate only in small\\nportions at a time to the glacial acetic acid, because the use of such\\nstrong acid will otherwise cause an elevation of temperature from the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "462 A COMPANION TO THE\\nchemical reaction. Filtration does not, in our experience, render a tur-\\nbid preparation clearer, and it is, moreover, an exceedingly slow opera-\\ntion.\\nProperties. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 196. The solution of\\nacetate of iron has a specific gravity of 1.16, corresponding to 20\u00c2\u00b0 Baume,\\nand is a dark, red-brown, transparent liquid, having the odor of a dilute\\nacetic acid, and a somewhat acid, styptic taste. When heated it be-\\ncomes turbid, and a deposit of ferric hydrate is formed through loss of\\nacetic acid.\\nPreservation. It must be kept in bottles with well-fitting glass\\nstoppers, and in a dark place.\\nStrength. Ten grams (154 T 3 grains) of the solution, with a few\\ndrops of nitric acid added to prevent reduction, evaporated to dryness,\\nand carefully ignited, should leave a residue of ferric oxide weighing\\none hundred and thirteen centigrams (17-J grains).\\nThis would prove the presence of thirty-three per cent, anhydrous\\nferric acetate, corresponding to eleven and one-half per cent, ferric\\noxide, or to about eight per cent, metallic iron. It was not official in\\nprevious Pharmacopoeias of the United States.\\nA fourteen-ounce acid bottle is required to hold sixteen ounces of\\nthis preparation. It is sold by the pound.\\nMedicinal Uses. Like other salts of iron with vegetable acids\\nthis preparation is more useful as a chalybeate tonic than as an astrin-\\ngent. It is seldom given in this form, but is often used to prepare tinct-\\nures of acetate of iron.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (2 to 10 drops) freely diluted.\\nFEKPJ ACETATIS TINCTURA B.\\nEnglish Tincture of Acetate of Iron.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces) potassium acetate in three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of diluted alcohol (U. S. P., 1880)\\nmix one hundred and twenty four grams (4f ounces) solution of tersul-\\nphate of iron (U. S. P., 1880) with two hundred and forty cubic centi-\\nmeters (8 fluidounces) diluted alcohol then mix the two liquids and\\nshake well from time to time during an hour. Filter, passing enough\\ndiluted alcohol through the filter to make the final product measure six\\nhundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces).\\nMust be kept in a well-stopped bottle, in a dark, cool place.\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 cubic centimeters (3 to 30 minims) diluted in water.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 463\\nFEERI ACETATIS TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Acetate of Iron\\nFerrici Acetatis Tinctura Tincture of Ferric Acetate.\\nThis is prepared by mixing three hundred grams (10 ounces 255\\ngrains, measuring about fluidounces) alcohol and two hundred\\ngrams (7 ounces 24 grains, measuring about 7f fluidounces) acetic ether,\\nand adding gradually five hundred grams (17 ounces 279 grains) solu-\\ntion of acetate of iron.\\nUnless care is taken to add the solution of acetate of iron slowly\\nand in small quantities at a time, heat is generated which would drive\\noff acetic acid and acetic ether, and thus injure the product, more or\\nless precipitation of basic acetate of iron being apt to follow.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in a cool place, in glass-stoppered\\nbottles, and protected from the light, to prevent chemical decomposition\\nof the acetate.\\nStrength. The preparation contains about sixteen and one-half\\nper cent, anhydrous ferric acetate, or five and three-fourths per cent,\\nferric oxide, or about four per cent, metallic iron.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 343.\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 cubic centimeters (3 to 30 minims).\\nKlaprotlCs Ethereal Tincture of Acetate of Iron was similar to this\\npreparation. It is official in the German Pharmacopoeia under the name\\nof Tinctura Ferri Acetici JEtherea (Aetherische Fisenacetat-tinktur, G.).\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 cubic centimeters (3 to 30 minims).\\nFerri Arsenias B.\\nArseniate of Iron.\\nFerrico-Ferrosus Arsenas Ferrico-Ferrous Arseniate.\\nDissolve one hundred and twenty grams (or 4 ounces) sodium\\narseniate and ninety grams (or three ounces) sodium acetate in one liter\\n(34 fluidounces) boiling distilled water.\\nDissolve two hundred and seventy grams (or 9 ounces) ferrous sul-\\nphate in one thousand five hundred cubic centimeters (51 fluidounces)\\nboiling distilled water.\\nMix the two solutions, collect the precipitate on a muslin strainer,\\nand wash it until the washings pass tasteless, after which press out the\\nliquid from the washed precipitate, and dry the latter on porous bricks\\nat not over 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "464 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. A greenish or bluish-green amorphous powder, in-\\nsoluble in water and in alcohol, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid,\\nit should theoretically contain about eighteen per cent, ferrous oxide.\\nMedicinal Uses. Supposed to combine the alterative effects of\\narsenic with the tonic effects of iron. Rarely employed.\\nDose. 0.004 gram grain).\\nFerri Benzoas.\\nBenzoate of Iron.\\nFerricus Benzoas Ferric Benzoate.\\nPrepared by precipitating a dilute solution of ferric chloride with a\\nsolution of ammonium benzoate.\\nIt is a flesh-colored powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water,\\nand contains about fifteen and one-half per cent. iron.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains).\\nFerri Bromidi Syrupus U. S.\\nSyrup of Bromide of Iron.\\nFerrosi Bromidi Syrupus Syrup of Ferrous Bromide.\\nPut two hundred cubic centimeters (Gf fluidounces) distilled water\\ninto a thin glass flask chemical flask of about two liters (or one-\\nhalf gallon) capacity. Then put into the flask thirty grams (1 ounce)\\ncut iron wire. Next add, carefully and in small portions at a time,\\nseventy-five grams (2 ounces 282 grains) bromine. Shake the whole\\noccasionally.\\nPut six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) coarsely powdered\\nsugar in a porcelain evaporating dish. When the reaction between the\\nbromine and iron has ceased, and the liquid has acquired a green color,\\nand no longer has an odor of bromine, filter the liquid so that the filtrate\\nruns into the sugar in the porcelain dish. Rinse the flask and the iron\\nwire remaining in it with ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) dis-\\ntilled water, and pass this also through the same filter into the sugar.\\nStir the mixture with a porcelain or glass rod or spatula, heat it on a\\nsand-bath to the boiling point, stirring constantly and being careful not\\nto burn the sugar. Strain the syrup through linen into a tared bottle,\\nand add enough distilled water through the strainer to make the whole\\nweigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains). Shake the whole\\ntogether, and then transfer it to vials of about two hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters capacity, filling each bottle to the neck and corking it securely.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 465\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 322. It contains ten\\nper cent, by weight of ferrous bromide. Must have a pale-green color\\nand be clear.\\nPreservation. Should be kept in small, well-filled, and tightly\\ncorked bottles, which must be put in a place accessible to daylight, as\\nthe preparation does not keep in large bottles where it must repeatedly\\ncome in contact with the air, and experience teaches that both syrup of\\nbromide of iron and syrup of iodide of iron keep well in full daylight.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sometimes, though rarely, employed as an\\nalterative in scrofula, strumous glandular swellings, etc. In large doses\\npoisonous.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nFerri Carbonas Saccharatus IT. S.\\nSaccharated Carbonate of Iron.\\nFerrosus Carbonas Saccharatus Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate.\\nDissolve one thousand grams (35J avoirdupois ounces) pure sulphate\\nof iron in four liters (about 8J pints) o\u00c2\u00a3 boiling distilled water. At the\\nsame time dissolve seven hundred grams (24 ounces 300 grains) sodium\\nbicarbonate in ten liters (21 pints) of hot distilled water filter each\\nsolution separately. Pour the solution of iron sulphate gradually into\\nthe solution of sodium bicarbonate, previously put into a five-gallon jar,\\nand mix thoroughly. Now fill the jar to the top with boiling distilled\\nwater, and set it aside for two hours. Then draw off the clear liquid\\nfrom the precipitate, after which fill the jar again with boiling distilled\\nwater and shake it. Repeat the washings in the same way until the\\nwater drawn off from the precipitate gives only a slight milkiness with\\na solution of barium chloride. Then pour the precipitate all out of the\\njar into a muslin strainer, drain it, and put it into a porcelain capsule\\nwith one thousand six hundred grams (56 avoirdupois ounces and 200\\ngrains) of sugar in fine powder. Mix the whole thoroughly, and then\\nevaporate to dryness on a water-bath, and reduce the product to a fine\\npowder, which must be kept in small bottles (about 60 grams, or 2-ounce\\nbottles) corked with corks dipped in melted paraffine or wax.\\nWhen the solutions are mixed there is considerable effervescence\\nhence the precaution to add the iron sulphate solution only gradually. 5\\nThe washing of the precipitate should be completed as rapidly as pos-\\nsible, and the liquid should not be allowed to get cold.\\nMust be greenish-brown not brown.\\nThis is an excellent iron-preparation now for the first time official in\\n30", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "466 A COMPANION TO THE\\nour Pharmacopoeia. It has long been official in Germany and in the\\nScandinavian countries, and also in England, although the British pro-\\ncess for its preparation is somewhat different. It is much to be pre-\\nferred to Vallet s mass, being dry and easily handled, and most of the\\niron remains in the form of proto-carbonate of iron (ferrous carbonate) a\\nlong time when the preparation is properly preserved in small bottles as\\ndirected. So long as it remains greenish-gray the preparation is good\\na brownish discoloration indicates that it has become oxidized and con-\\ntains ferric hydrate.\\nIt has a sweet and only slightly ferruginous taste, no odor, and a\\nneutral reaction.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.3 gram (5 to 20 grains) with or after meals.\\nFerri Carbonatis Massa IT. S.\\nCarbonate of Iron Mass.\\nFerrosi Carbonatis Massa Pill Mass of Ferrous Carbonate Pilula\\nFerri Carbonatis, Phar. 1870 Valleys Mass.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) ferrous sulphate\\nin two hundred cubic centimeter^ (6f fluidounces) boiling distilled water.\\nAdd twenty-five grams (386 grains) simple syrup, and then filter.\\nDissolve one hundred and ten grams (3 ounces 385 grains) sodium\\ncarbonate also in two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) boiling\\ndistilled water. Filter the solution.\\nWhen both solutions are cold, mix them in a bottle of the capacity\\nof about five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces), and add enough\\ndistilled water to fill the bottle completely. Cork the bottle tightly, and\\nset it aside until the precipitated ferrous carbonate has settled. Pour\\noff the supernatant liquid. Wash the precipitate by affusion and de-\\ncantation of a mixture of simple syrup and distilled water (recently\\nboiled to expel air) in the proportion of thirty grams (1-J fluidounce)\\nsimple syrup to each four hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16\\nfluidounces) of water, until all saline taste has been washed away.\\nDrain the precipitate on flannel, and press out the remainder of the\\nwater as far as possible. Then add thirty-eight grams (1 ounce 150\\ngrains) clarified honey and twenty-five grams (386 grains) sugar, in\\ncoarse powder, and mix the whole in a porcelain evaporating dish.\\nFinally, put the dish on a water-bath and evaporate the mixture, stir-\\nring continuously, until the total product weighs one hundred grams (3\\nounces 230 grains).\\nThe preparation is like the pilula ferri carbonatis of 1870.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 467\\nFERRI CARBONATIS PILULE BLAUDII.\\nBlaud s Pills or Carbonate op Iron.\\nMix twenty-five grams (386 grains) ferrous sulphate, twenty-five grams\\n(386 grains) potassium carbonate, and four grams (62 grains) powdered\\nacacia with enough water an d simple syrup to form a proper pill mass,\\nfrom which make one hundred pills.\\nThe potassium carbonate and the sulphate of iron should first be\\nrubbed up with a little water until effervescence ceases, and simple syrup\\nadded afterward to form the mass.\\nFerri Chloridumj U. S.\\nChloride of Iron.\\nFerricum Chloridum Ferric Chloride, Sesquichloride of Iron, Per-\\nchloride of Iron.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 155.\\nSolid crystalline pieces of irregular form orange-yellow deliques-\\ncent smells faintly of hydrochloric acid. It dissolves readily and\\nwithout residue in water, alcohol, or ether.\\nMust not give off noticeable vapors of hydrochloric acid in the air.\\nMedicinal Properties. It coagulates blood, insoluble compounds\\nbeing formed with the protein substances. It is therefore a powerful\\nhaemostatic. It is not used for internal administration.\\nFERRI CHLORIDI LIQUOR; U. S.\\nSolution of Chloride of Iron.\\nSolutio Ferrici Chloridi Solution of Ferric Chloride, Solution of\\nMuriate of Iron, Solution of Sesquichloride of Iron, Solution of\\nPerchloride of Iron.\\nPreparation, Put one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127\\ngrains) of cut iron wire into a half-gallon flask or jar. Add five hun-\\ndred and forty grams (19 ounces 20 grains) hydrochloric acid, diluted\\nwith two hundred and fifty grarms (8J fluidounces) of distilled water.\\nLet stand until effervescence has ceased. Bring it to the boiling point.\\nFilter, rinsing the vessel with boiling distilled water, which is to be put\\nthrough the same filter and mixed with the solution. Add two hundred\\nand seventy grams (9 ounces 230 grains) hydrochloric acid to the filtrate.\\nPut eighty grams nitric acid into a half-gallon or one-gallon porcelain\\nevaporating dish. Add to it very gradually, and with uninterrupted", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "468 A COMPANION TO THE\\nstirring, the green iron solution. After effervescence has ceased put the\\ndish on a sand-bath and apply heat until all nitrous odor has disap-\\npeared.\\nIf the solution now does not give a blue color with freshly prepared\\ntest-solution of ferricyanide of potassium it is ready if, on the other\\nhand, it strikes a blue color with that reagent, add a little more nitric\\nacid and then heat again until free from nitrous odor.\\nAt last add fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) hydrochloric acid, and\\nthen enough distilled water to make the final product weigh one thou\\nsand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nThe iron wire dissolves pretty rapidly at first, and it is necessary to\\nbe cautious in adding the acid, in order that the liquid may not boil over\\nfrom the violent evolution of gas, especially if the flask or jar used is\\nsmall. At the last, however, the application of heat is necessary to\\ncompletely saturate the acid with iron.\\nThe oxidation with nitric acid is best carried out at about the\\nboiling point of water. Care must be taken to avoid the poisonous red\\nfumes during the oxidation. The oxidation is considerably facilitated\\nby boiling down the green solution of ferrous chloride to about two-\\nthirds its bulk before adding it to the nitric acid, but the frothing is\\nthen more violent.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 197. Red-\\ndish-brown, clear has a faint odor of hydrochloric acid when cold,\\nplainly noticed when warm, but free from nitrous odor or from the odor\\nof chlorine. It has a strongly styptic and acid taste, and acid reaction.\\nIts specific gravity is 1.405, corresponding to very nearly 42\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nThe official solution of chloride of iron contains an excess of hydro-\\nchloric acid, amounting to five per cent. The object of this is to cause\\n,the formation of chlorinated ethereal compounds (chloride of ethyl, etc.)\\nin the tincture of chloride of iron, which is made from it. The presence\\nof these ethereal compounds is insisted upon and highly valued by many\\nphysicians. A small quantity of free acid is always necessary also in\\norder to prevent precipitation in the tincture.\\nStrength. Ten grams (154^ grains) of this solution, when pre-\\ncipitated with an excess of ammonia, gives a precipitate which after\\nwashing, drying, and ignition should weigh 1.8G gram (28.70 grains).\\nIt contains 37.8 per cent, anhydrous ferric chloride, corresponding to\\n18.6 per cent, ferric oxide, or to 12.6 per cent, metallic iron. It is thus\\nabout two per cent, stronger than the preparation of 1870.\\nSold in the market at present by the pint, in one-pint and five-pint\\nbottles.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 469\\nOne pint solution of the chloride of iron, of the standard strength of\\n1870, weighs twenty-two and six-tenths ounces one pint of the strength\\nof the present Pharmacopoeia weighs twenty-three and eight-tenths\\nounces. A twelve-ounce acid bottle will hold over one pound avoirdu-\\npois. One gallon of the new preparation weighs eleven pounds eleven\\nand one-third ounces.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is a valuable styptic and astringent, use-\\nful in passive hemorrhages. It can be given internally in hemorrhages\\nfrom the stomachy bowels, uterus, or bladder, etc., or applied locally in\\ndilution in postpartum hemorrhage, or bleeding from any cause, as from\\ncancer of uterus, hemorrhoids, extraction of teeth, nose-bleeding, etc. In\\nhemorrhage from the lungs it has been employed in the form of spray.\\nUsed chiefly for making tincture of chloride of iron.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (1 to 8 minims) largely diluted\\nwith water.\\nPRAVAZ S SOLUTION OF PERCHLORIDE OF IRON\\nis a solution of ferric chloride with but a slight excess of hydrochloric\\nacid, and having the specific gravity 1.26 (30\u00c2\u00b0 Baume).\\nLIQUOR FERRI SESQUICHLORATI,\\nthe solution of ferric chloride of the old German Pharmacopoeia, contains\\nabout forty-three and one-half per cent, anhydrous ferric chloride (or\\nabout 15 per cent, iron) and has the specific gravity 1.480 to 1.484 (about\\n47\u00c2\u00b0 Baume). It does not contain more than a trifling excess of hydro-\\nchloric acicl.\\nThe solution of chloride of iron of the new German Pharmacopoeia\\nhas the specific gravity 1.28, and contains ten per cent. iron.\\nLIQUOR FERRI PERCHLORIDI FORTIOR B.\\nStrong Solution of Perchloride of Iron.\\nThis is the British solution of ferric chloride, and has the specific\\ngravity 1.44 (44J\u00c2\u00b0 Baume), being about ten per cent, stronger than the\\nsolution of chloride of iron of our Pharmacopoeia, and, like the German\\npreparation, contains no great amount of free hydrochloric acid.\\nSOLUTIO CHLORETI FERRICI\\nof the Scandinavian pharmacopoeias is prepared by dissolving the solid\\ncrystalline ferric chloride in an equal weight of distilled water. It has\\nthe specific gravity 1.30 (about 33^\u00c2\u00b0 Baume), and contains about thirty\\nper cent, anhydrous ferric chloride, or about ten per cent. iron. This is", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "470 A COMPANION TO THE\\nreadily prepared, and is useful not only as an iron preparation for inter-\\nnal use, but also as a haemostatic.\\nThe French solution de perchlorure de fer has the specific gravity\\n1.26 (30\u00c2\u00b0 Baume), being identical with Pravaz s solution and the\\nSpanish solution de cloruro ferrico-hemostatica (or per-cloruro de hierro\\nliquido is also of the same strength.\\nMARTIN S HEMOSTATIC\\nconsists of fine soft pieces of spunk saturated with Pravaz s solution.\\nADRIAN S HEMOSTATIC\\nis a solution of thirty grams (1 ounce) common table salt in one hundred\\nand twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) water, with fifty grams (1\\nounce 334 grains, or 1J fluidounce) Pravaz s solution added.\\nHEMOSTATIC COTTON.\\nGossypium Hwmostaticum.\\nIs absorbent cotton dipped in Pravaz s solution, pressed, and dried.\\nFERKI CHLORIDI TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Chloride of Iron.\\nTinctura Ferrici Chloridi Tincture of Ferric Chloride, Tincture of\\nMuriate of Iron, Tincture of Sesquichloride of Iron, Tincture of\\nPerchloride of Iron, Muriated Tincture of Iron EisenMoridtink-\\ntur, G.; Teinture de perchlorure de fer, F.; Tinctura de chloruro\\nferrico, Sp.; Jemkloridtinktur, Sw.\\nMix three hundred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains) solution\\nof chloride of iron with six hundred and fifty grams (22 ounces 406\\ngrains) of alcohol, and let the mixture stand in a tightly covered vessel\\nfor at least three months, after which the liquor is to be transferred to\\nglass-stoppered bottles.\\n[Three hundred and fifty grams solution of chloride of iron measures\\nabout two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (about 8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces),\\nand six hundred and fifty grams alcohol measures about eight hundred\\nand two cubic centimeters (about 27-J fluidounces), so that the propor-\\ntions by measure are about five to sixteen. The proportions by measure\\nin the tincture of chloride of iron of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870) were\\nfive to fifteen. The solution of chloride of iron of 1880 is, however,\\nstronger than that of 1870, so that the strength of the two tinctures is\\nabout equal.]", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 471\\nAs already stated, the solution of chloride of iron contains five per\\ncent, free hydrochloric acid. This, when in contact with the alcohol for\\nat least three months, produces chlorinated ether compounds, which\\ngive the preparation an ethereal odor. This is specifically intended by\\nthe Pharmacopoeia. Even the tincture of chloride of iron of the former\\nPharmacopoeia was intended to contain the ethereal compounds but\\nthe three months standing before being used was not prescribed as\\nnow, and hence the ethereal odor which should belong to the preparation\\nwas not generally met with in it. In fact most of the tincture of chlo-\\nride of iron in the market is not even made with strong alcohol as re-\\nquired, and hence will not acquire the ethereal odor, no matter how long\\nit may stand.\\nProperties and Strength.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopftia, page 344. It\\nis a clear, brownish liquid, of an ethereal odor, and an astringent, acid,\\nstyptic taste. Reaction acid. Its specific gravity is 0.988. Hence one\\npint of it weighs sixteen and forty-seven one-hundredths ounces, and\\none gallon weighs eight pounds three and three-fourths ounces. It\\ncontains about three and one-fourth per cent, of anhydrous ferric chlo-\\nride, corresponding to about 4.4 per cent, metallic iron.\\nTen grams (154 T 3 -g- grains) of the tincture precipitated with an excess\\nof ammonia should yield a precipitate which, after washing, drying, and\\nignition, should weigh 65.2 centigrams (or 10 grains).\\nIf one pint of the tincture at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) weighs more than six-\\nteen and one-half avoirdupois ounces [or if its specific gravity is higher\\nthan 0.988], while the proper percentage of iron is present, and if the\\nethereal odor is wholly absent, then the preparation is not up to the\\npharmacopceial standard, but probably made with diluted alcohol, as\\nthe commercial article generally is.\\nSold at present by the pint in pint and five-pint bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chalybeate tonic and astringent. Very fre-\\nquently employed when iron preparations are indicated. It is one of\\nthe best preparations of iron as an astringent in passive hemorrhages,\\nespecially from the uterus.\\nLarge doses of this tincture with quinine are very efficient in diph-\\ntheria^ renal dropsies, albuminuria, and erysipelas.\\nExternally it is often used as a styptic.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims) two or three\\ntimes a day, diluted with water. This solution should be taken through\\na straw or glass tube, and the mouth rinsed afterward with clear water,\\nto prevent injury to the teeth.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "472 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFERRI CHLORIDI TINCTURA CKEUSIL\\nCreuse s Tasteless Tincture of Iron.\\nPut three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) citric acid in two\\nhundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8^ fluidounces) distilled water\\nheat to the boiling point, and neutralize with five hundred and fifty\\ngrams (20 ounces) sodium carbonate, or as much as may be necessary.\\nMix the solution with two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8J fluid-\\nounces) solution of chloride of iron (prepared without an excess of hy-\\ndrochloric acid), and then add enough alcohol to make the whole measure\\none thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nCHLOBETI FEBBICI SOLUTIO SPIBITUOSA Sw.\\nSpirituous Solution op Ferric Chloride.\\nMade by dissolving ferric chloride (crystalline chloride of iron) in\\nnine times its weight of diluted alcohol.\\nThis preparation is, in fact, a tincture of chloride of iron containing\\nabout six per cent, anhydrous chloride, corresponding to 2.07 per cent,\\nof metallic iron. Being made with diluted alcohol, and without much\\nfree acid, it contains scarcely any ethereal compounds. It is somewhat\\nless than one-half the ferric strength of the official tincture.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nFERRI CHLORIDI TINCTURA ^ETHEREA.\\nEthereal Tincture of Chloride of Iron.\\nSolutio Ferrosi Chloridi Spirituoso-^Etherea Tinctura Ferri Chlo-\\nrati JEtherea, G. Tinctura Tonico-JVervina JBestuscheffii, Liquor\\nAnodynus Martialis, Tinctura Aurea de la Mottii, Tinctura Mar-\\ntis Klaprothii.\\nThis old, once celebrated, and to this day valued preparation, may\\nbe best prepared as follows\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) chloride of iron in thirty\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) water, in a pint bottle add two hun-\\ndred and eighty grams (7 ounces 178 grains) ether (about 9\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces).\\nCork the bottle and shake the contents well together. Let stand twenty-\\nfour hours. Pour off the clear ethereal liquid (separating the last by\\nmeans of a separatory funnel), and then mix it with three hundred and", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 473\\nsixty grams (12 ounces 305 grains) alcohol (measuring about 14$ fluid-\\nounces). Pour the mixture into a half-gallon acid bottle, put in the\\nglass stopper, and set the bottle in the sunlight. The bottle must be\\noccasionally shaken. Let stand in that way until the yellow color dis-\\nappears entirely. Then set it in a shady place, removing the stopper\\nfrequently, until the yellow color returns.\\nKeep the preparation in a well-closed glass-stoppered bottle, in a\\ndark place.\\nIt has the same strength as the preparation of the old German\\nPharmacopoeia, which is made from solution of chloride of iron of 1.482\\nspecific gravity.\\nIt contains ferrous chloride, basic ferric chloride, ethyl chloride, al-\\ndehyd, and hydrochloric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tonic and antispasmodic. Used with advan-\\ntage in chlorosis ^hysteria, hypochondriasis, paralysis, etc.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims) taken in\\nsweetened or aromatic water, or in some wine.\\nFerri Chloridum Viride.\\nGeeen Chloeide of Ieon.\\nFerrosum Chloridum Ferrous Chloride, Proto-chloride of Iron.\\nPut forty -five grams (lj- ounce) of cut iron wire into a one-quart\\nchemical flask, and add to it a mixture of one. hundred and seventy-five\\ngrams (6 ounces) hydrochloric acid and ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluid-\\nounces) water. When effervescence ceases, heat it to the boiling point\\nfilter while hot, rinse the flask and residue of iron wire with hot water,\\nand pass the washings through the same filter, and evaporate it down\\nuntil a sample crystallizes on cooling. Set aside in a covered dish in a\\ncool place that crystals may be formed. Remove the crystals from the\\nmother liquor and drain them in a glass funnel, after which dry them\\nhastily and put them into a glass-stoppered bottle.\\nDescription. Ferrous chloride is in clear green crystals, which\\nsoon become brown from ferric salt.\\nAn aqueous solution which contains ten per cent, iron (or about\\ntwenty-five and one-half per cent, ferrous chloride) has about the\\nspecific gravity 1.23. A solution of about this strength was official in\\nthe old German Pharmacopoeia it contained also one-tenth per cent,\\nofficial hydrochloric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of the other astringent iron\\npreparations.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "474 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFERRI CHLORIDI Y1RID1S SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Green Chloride of Iron.\\nFerrosi Chloridi Syrupus Syrup of Ferrous Chloride.\\nDilute the filtered solution of green chloride of iron, obtained as\\ndescribed under Ferri Chloridum Viride, until it weighs three hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (12^ ounces) then dissolve it in six hundred and\\nfifty grams (23 ounces) sugar, strain, and finally add enough boiling\\nwater to make the whole weigh one thousand grams (35^ ounces).\\nContains about ten per cent., by weight, of ferrous chloride.\\nDose. 0.5 to 3 cubic centimeters (10 to 50 minims).\\nFERRI CHLORATI T1JSTCTURA G.\\nw\\nTincture of Ferrous Chloride.\\nDissolve twenty-five grams (386 grains) freshly prepared ferrous\\nchloride (see Ferri Chloridum Viride in a mixture of one hundred\\nand fifty grams (6^ fluidounces) alcohol, seventy-five grams (2J fluid-\\nounces) water, and one gram (15 grains) hydrochloric acid.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nFerri Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Iron.\\nFerricus Citras Ferric Citrate.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 156.\\nScale salts cannot well be made except by manufacturers.\\nBeautiful, transparent, garnet-red scales, devoid of odor, but having\\na slightly acid and ferruginous taste. It dissolves slowly but completely\\nin cold water, and very readily in boiling water. The aqueous solution\\nis darkened by ammonia. In alcohol it is insoluble.\\nShould be kept in a shady, cool place, and in well-closed bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Salts of iron with vegetable acids are less as-\\ntringent and less liable to derange the digestion than salts of iron with\\nmineral acids. They are therefore tolerated by patients who might not\\nbe able to take the more active preparations. Citrate of iron is a mild\\nchalybeate tonic, suitable for delicate patients.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.3 gram (5 to 20 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 475\\nFEKRI CITEATIS LIQUOK IT. S.\\nSolution of Citrate of Iron.\\nSolutio Ferrici Citratis Solution of Ferric Citrate.\\nMix eight hundred and forty grams (29 ounces 277 grains) water of\\nammonia with two liters (68 fluidounces) cold water in a four-gallon\\njar. Add to this, with constant stirring, ten hundred and fifty grams\\n(37 ounces 17 grains) solution of tersulphate of iron, previously diluted\\nwith ten liters (about 21.1 pints) of water. Pour the mixture contain-\\ning the precipitate on a wetted muslin strainer and let drain. Put the\\nprecipitate back in the jar, and stir it up with twelve liters (25-J- pints)\\nwater, and again pour this on a strainer and let it drain. Repeat the\\nwashing and draining in the same manner until the washings cease to give\\na heavy cloudiness with barium chloride solution. Then let the water\\ndrain away thoroughly. Put the moist precipitate into a porcelain\\nevaporating dish, add three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) citric\\nacid, and heat gently (not above 60\u00c2\u00b0 C, or 140\u00c2\u00b0 F.), stirring constantly\\nuntil solution is effected. Filter the solution, and evaporate it down\\nuntil it weighs one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains), not allow-\\ning the temperature to exceed 60\u00c2\u00b0 0. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nDescription and Strength. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 198.\\nDark brown, odorless, slightly styptic, and a little acid to the taste.\\nHas a specific gravity of 1.26, corresponding to 30\u00c2\u00b0 Baume. It con-\\ntains about 35.5 per cent, anhydrous ferric citrate. When spread on\\nglass plates and allowed to evaporate spontaneously the solution yields\\nfrom forty-three to forty-four per cent, of scales of citrate of iron, which\\nwhen incinerated leave at least twenty-five per cent, residue (11 per\\ncent, of the weight of the solution).\\nIt is of about the same strength as that of 1870.\\nPractically the solution of citrate of iron contains about the same\\namount of metallic iron as the solution of tersulphate of iron, although\\nthe official formula prescribes the use of one hundred and five parts of\\nthe latter to make one hundred parts of the former.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nFEREI CITEATIS VINUM U. S.\\nWine of Citrate of Iron.\\nDissolve forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) citrate of iron and ammo-\\nnium in seven hundred and twenty grams (25 ounces 174 grains, or\\nabout 27 fluidounces) stronger white wine (see page 1022), and add one\\nhundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains, or about 4J fluid-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "476 A COMPANION TO THE\\nounces) tincture of sweet orange peel, and one hundred and twenty\\ngrams (4 ounces 100 grains, or about 3J fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nFilter.\\nThis preparation is new to the Pharmacopoeia. Each five cubic cen-\\ntimeters (1 teaspoonful) of it contains about twenty centigrams (or 3\\ngrains) of citrate of iron and ammonium. It resembles the preparations\\nsold under the name of Sweet Wine of Iron.\\nDose. Four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nFerri Emplastrum U. S.\\nIron Plaster.\\nStrengthening Plaster.\\nMelt together thirty grams (1 ounce) Canada turpentine, thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) Burgundy pitch, and two hundred and ten grams (7\\nounces) lead plaster, and then incorporate thoroughly with the mixture\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) of freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of iron\\ndried at a heat not exceeding 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Stir constantly, keep-\\ning the vessel on the water-bath, until the plaster thickens when cold.\\nThis is an improvement on the old iron plaster of the Pharmacopoeia\\nof 1870, which was made with subcarbonate of iron, and was not as\\nsmooth as the new preparation. Both are probably of no value except\\nas coverings.\\nFerri et Ammonii Acetatis Mixtura IT. S.\\nMixture of Acetate of Iron and Ammonium.\\nBasliairts Mixture.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains, or about 3J fluid-\\nounces) solution of acetate of ammonium with fifteen grams (about\\nfluidounce) diluted acetic acid add ten grams (154 grains) tincture of\\nchloride of iron, fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains, or about 1| fluidounce)\\nelixir of orange, seventy-five grams (2 ounces 282 grains, or about If\\nfluidounce) simple syrup, and two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(8J fluidounces) water.\\nDose. Four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nFerri et Ammonii Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Iron and Ammonium.\\nAmmonio-Ferricus Citras Ammonio- Ferric Citrate, Soluble Citrate\\nof Iron.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 156. Resembles citrate of iron. In damp air the scales become", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 477\\nsoft, deliquesce, or cake together. It has a slightly saline, mildly fer-\\nruginous taste, and neutral reaction. Is very readily soluble in water\\nwithout residue. The aqueous solution is darkened by ammonia. In-\\nsoluble in alcohol. With solution of potassa it gives off vapors of am-\\nmonia.\\nShould not be of a smoky dark brown, but garnet red. Must be\\nkept in well-corked bottles in a cool, shady place.\\nUsed like citrate of iron.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.3 gram (5 to 20 grains).\\nFerri et Ammonii Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Iron and Ammonium.\\nAmmonio-Ferricus Sulphas Ammonio-Ferric Sulphate, Ammonio-\\nFerric Alum.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 157. Pale\\nviolet transparent crystals, which whiten on exposure. Soluble in three\\ntimes its weight of water at ordinary temperatures, and in less than its\\nown weight of boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol. Must be kept in\\nwell-corked bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. An astringent chalybeate, useful in relaxed con-\\nditions of the mucous membranes, as in leucorrhcea, etc.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nFerri et Ammonii Tartras U. S.\\nTartrate of Iron and Ammonium.\\nAmmonio-Ferricus Tartras Ammonio-Ferric Tartrate.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 158.\\nThe quantity of tartaric acid prescribed in the Pharmacopoeia is\\nnearly three times as much as it should be. The preparation is, how-\\never, not made except by manufacturers.\\nTransparent garnet-red to yellowish-brown scales, slightly deliques-\\ncent, inodorous, sweetish, slightly ferruginous. Reaction neutral. Read-\\nily soluble in water. Insoluble in alcohol. Like the other scale salts of\\niron it should be kept in a cool, dark place, and in well-corked bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of the other combinations of\\niron with vegetable acids.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "478 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFerri et Cinchonidinse Citras.\\nCitrate of Iron and Cinchonidine.\\nThis is a scale preparation of iron resembling the citrate of iron and\\nquinine in appearance, but containing cinchonidine instead of quinine.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) in solution or pill.\\nFerri et Potassii Tartras; XT. S.\\nTartrate of Iron and Potassium.\\nPotassio-Ferricus Tartras Potassio- Ferric Tartrate.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 159.\\nMade only by manufacturers.\\nDark garnet-red scales, slightly deliquescent, odorless, sweetish,\\nslightly ferruginous. Readily soluble in water. The aqueous solution\\nis darkened by the addition of water of ammonia. Insoluble in alcohol.\\nMust be kept in well-corked bottles in a dark place.\\nMedicinal Uses. A mild chalybeate tonic, pleasant to the taste,\\neasily tolerated by the stomach, not apt to derange the digestion or\\nconstipate.\\nDose. 0.25 to 2 grams (4 to 30 grains).\\nGLOBULI MAKTIALES\\nwere hard balls of tartrate of iron and potassium made by boiling iron\\nwith cream of tartar, filtering the solution, and evaporating until of the\\nright consistence to form the boll.\\nFerri et Quininse Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Iron and Quinine.\\nQuinine- Fer r ten s Citras Quinino- Ferric Citrate.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 159.\\nPrepared only by manufacturing chemists.\\nReddish-brown scales, transparent, slowly deliquescent, odorless, bit-\\nter, mildly ferruginous. Reaction slightly acid. Entirely soluble in\\nwater. On heating the solution with solution of potassa no vapors of\\nammonia should be evolved.\\nMust contain twelve per cent, of the alkaloid quinine. The prepara-\\ntion of 1870 contained about sixteen per cent.\\nShould be kept in well-corked bottles in a dark, cool place.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 479\\nMedicinal Uses. A mild chalybeate, to which are added the tonic\\neffects of a vegetable bitter.\\nDose. About 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) in solution or pill.\\nFERKI ET QUININE CITEATIS LIQUOR; U. S.\\nSolution of Citrate of Iron and Quinine.\\nDissolve sixty-five grams (2 ounces 127 grains) citrate of iron and\\nammonium in two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) of dis-\\ntilled water, in a weighed porcelain evaporating dish. Heat the solu-\\ntion on a water-bath to 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and add twenty-eight grams\\n(432 grains) citric acid. When this has dissolved, add 12 grams (185\\ngrains) alkaloid quinine, previously dried at 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. (212\u00c2\u00b0 F.), until it\\nceases to lose weight, and stir the whole until perfect solution is effect-\\ned. Evaporate the solution until it weighs one hundred and sixty\\ngrams (5 ounces 280 grains), let it cool, add thirty grams (1^ fluidounce)\\nalcohol, and then enough distilled water to make the whole weigh two\\nhundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains).\\nThis is a handsome-looking greenish-yellow, or brownish-yellow so-\\nlution, which keeps very well. It contains six per cent, quinine 2\\ngrams (30 grains) of the solution contains sixty-five centigrams (10\\ngrains) citrate of iron and ammonium, and twelve centigrams (very\\nnearly 2 grains) of quinine.\\nUses. For making bitter wine of iron.\\nFerri et Quininse et Strychninse Citras.\\nCitrate of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine.\\nThis is a scale salt consisting of citrate of iron and quinine with one\\nper cent, of strychnine added.\\nUsed like citrate of iron and strychnia.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).\\nFerri et Strychninse Citras U. S.\\nCitrate Iron and Strychnine.\\nStrychnino-Ferricus Citras Strychnino-Ferric Citrate.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 160.\\nMade by manufacturers only.\\nTransparent, garnet red, deliquescent, odorless, bitter, slightly ferru-\\nginous. Reaction acid. Readily and completely soluble in water. In-\\nsoluble in alcohol.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "480 A COMPANION TO THE\\nContains one per cent, of the alkaloid strychnine, as did also the\\npreparation of 1870. Keep it in well-corked bottles in a cool, dark\\nplace.\\nMedicinal Uses. A mild chalybeate, to which are added the tonic\\neffects of strychnine.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains), which may be carefully in-\\ncreased to 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).\\nFerri Ferrocyanidum.\\nFerrocyanide of Iron.\\nPrussiate of Iron Prussian Blue.\\nMedicinally pure ferrocyanide of iron is prepared by precipitating a\\nsolution of ferric salt with ferrocyanide of potassium, taking care to\\nleave an excess of ferric salt undecomposed, using very dilute solutions,\\nand washing the precipitate thoroughly.\\nIt is a dark-blue powder, insoluble in water or in alcohol, odorless\\nand tasteless. Soluble in a solution of oxalic acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chalybeate tonic said to be also anti-periodic.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.4 gram (3 to 6 grains).\\nBLUE INK\\nmay be made by dissolving freshly precipitated ferrocyanide of iron in\\na solution of oxalic acid in water. An excess of oxalic acid defeats the\\nend in view and must be washed away before a proper ink can be ob-\\ntained. Gum arabic is added to impart body and gloss to the ink.\\nFerri (Hydratis) Dialysati Liquor.\\nDialtzed Iron.\\nMix nine liters (19 pints) solution of chloride of iron of 1.44 specific\\ngravity, without an excess of free hydrochloric acid, with thirty liters\\n(about 8 gallons) of water in an earthenware jar of twenty gallons\\ncapacity. Then add, during constant stirring, enough water of am-\\nmonia to precipitate all the iron and render the liquid alkaline, which\\nwill require in the neighborhood of twelve liters (25J pints). Let the\\nprecipitate settle. Then draw off the supernatant liquid by means of a\\nsiphon. Wash by repeatedly filling the jar with fresh lots of distilled\\nwater, drawing off the washings each time by the siphon, after the pre-\\ncipitate has subsided, until at last the washings fail to give any precipi-\\ntate with nitrate of silver solution. Then transfer the precipitate (ferric\\nhydrate) to a muslin strainer and let it drain. Express the remaining", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 481\\nwater by strong pressure. Then put the cake of moist ferric hydrate\\ninto a jar with one liter (2 pints and If fluidounce) of the same strength\\nand kind of solution of chloride of iron as previously used (Liquor\\nFerri Chloridi Fortior) and stir well together with a porcelain stirrer.\\nLet stand a day or two, stirring frequently. Then put the mixture into\\ndialysers, changing the water in the outer vessels frequently. In from\\nnine to twelve days the preparation will be found free from styptic taste,\\nclear, and ready for use.\\nUnless the solution of chloride of iron is perfectly free from ferrous\\nsalt, and the ferric hydrate thoroughly washed, the preparation will not\\nbe satisfactory. The official solution of chloride of iron cannot be used\\nat all for this purpose, as it contains a large excess of free hydrochloric\\nacid.\\nAt best dialyzed iron is of uncertain strength and composition. It\\nis usual to make it so that it contains exactly five per cent, of solid\\nmatters. To adjust it to this strength a weighed sample must be evap-\\norated to dryness, and the residue also weighed, after which the prepara-\\ntion is evaporated or diluted, as the case may require, until of proper\\nstrength.\\nThe preparation contains basic chloride of iron (oxy-chloride of iron)\\nnot oxide of iron, as frequently stated.\\nDialyzed iron must be kept in a moderately warm place. In winter\\nit will freeze if shipped carelessly in cold weather. The addition of\\nglycerin will, however, prevent this. Freezing destroys it, even if the\\nbottle should not burst.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used as a chalybeate in anaemia. It does not\\npossess the disagreeable styptic taste of many of the other iron prepa-\\nrations, and is easily tolerated by even a delicate stomach. It is, how-\\never, not as active or certain as some other iron preparations, and is not\\nas much used as it was a few years ago.\\nIt has been given as an antidote for arsenic, but the hydrated oxide\\nof iron with magnesia is a better preparation for this purpose.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims), diluted with\\nsweetened water, several times daily.\\nFEEEUM DL1LYSATUM IN LAMELLIS.\\nDialyzed Iron in Scales.\\nEvaporate solution of dialyzed iron to a syrupy consistence at not\\nover 60 u C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and then scale it on glass plates.\\nReddish-brown scales, containing about seventy-five per cent. iron.\\nIt is not completely soluble in water.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nox", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "482 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFerri Hypophosphis U. S.\\nHypophosphite of Iron.\\nFerricus Hypophosphis Ferric Hypophosphite.\\nA white or grayish-white powder, odorless, almost tasteless, insoluble\\nin water. Dissolves readily in a dilute solution of hypophosphorous\\nacid or hydrochloric acid. With solution of citrate of sodium it makes\\na clear green solution.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is doubtful whether this salt possesses any\\nvirtues other than the chalybeate effects of iron salts in general. It\\nhas been supposed to exert the effects of phosphorus in addition to\\nthose of iron.\\nDose. 0.25 to 0.5 gram (4 to 8 grains).\\nFEKKI HYPOPHOSPHITIS SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphite of Iron.\\nDissolve thirteen grams (200 grains) hypophosphite of iron in thirty\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) solution of citrate of sodium, and then\\nadd a sufficient quantity of syrup of orange flowers to make the whole\\nmeasure one liter (34 fluidounces).\\nContains about 6.5 centigrams hypophosphite of iron in each five\\ncubic centimeters (1 grain to each teaspoonful).\\nThe syrup has a greenish tint.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (teaspoonful).\\nFerri Iodidum.\\nIodide of Iron.\\nFerrosum Iodidum Ferrous Iodide.\\nSteel-gray crystalline masses, of a metallic lustre, and having the\\nodor of iodine. It is deliquescent, readily soluble in water, forming a\\ngreen solution. Also soluble in glycerin.\\nIt does not keep well, oxidizing, losing iodine, gradually acquiring a\\nrusty color and becoming partially insoluble.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Not used in this form, but often given in pill\\nform, or as syrup of iodide of iron, and saccharated iodide of iron, all of\\nwhich preparations are more uniform and eligible. Frequently employed\\nas an alterative chalybeate tonic in anosmia and glandidar swellings,\\nin scrofulous patients, in scrofulous and tuberculous complaints, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 483\\nFEKKI IODIDUM SACCHARATUM; XT. S.\\nSacchabated Iodide of Iron.\\nFerrosum Iodidum Saccharatum Saecharated Ferrous Iodide.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) iron wire, cut into small pieces, and\\neighty-five grams (3 ounces) of iodine with one hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (3J fluidounces) distilled water in a thin glass flask. Shake the\\nmixture occasionally until the reaction ceases and the solution becomes\\ngreen and loses the odor of iodine. To thoroughly complete the reac-\\ntion, so as to produce a pure clear green color, it may be found necessary\\nto bring the contents of the flask to the boiling point by heating on a\\nsand-bath. Put two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) sugar of milk\\ninto a porcelain evaporating dish. Filter the solution of iodide of iron\\ninto the sugar of milk, rinsing the flask with a little distilled water, and\\npassing this also through the same filter into the sugar of milk. Mix\\nwell, and evaporate on a water-bath during constant stirring until dry.\\nThen transfer the dry mass to a heated iron mortar containing two hun-\\ndred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) more of sugar of milk and reduce the\\nwhole to powder. Transfer the powder at once to small, well-dried\\nbottles (about 50-gram bottles, or 2-ounce bottles), and cork them at\\nonce with corks dipped into melted paraffine or wax.\\nMust be kept in a cool, dark place.\\nIt is a grayish powder which quickly absorbs moisture from the air\\nif exposed. Odorless. Taste sweetish, ferruginous. Reaction slightly\\nacid. Soluble in seven parts of water, forming an almost clear solution.\\nThis preparation is new to the Pharmacopoeia of the United States.\\nIt is a very good preparation, much to be preferred to the iodide of iron\\nwithout the milk-sugar, as it keeps much better.\\nDose. 0.15 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) several times daily.\\nFERRI IODIDI PILULE; U. S.\\nPills of Iodide of Iron.\\nBlancard s PiUs.\\nPut four grams (62 grains) reduced iron in a porcelain capsule; add\\neight grams (120 grains) water, and gradually, 5.20 grams (81 grains)\\niodine. Triturate until the reaction has ceased, and the mixture has\\nacquired a greenish instead of a reddish tint. Then add 3.25 grams\\n(about 50 grains) powdered glycyrrhiza, 3.25 grams (50 grains) powdered\\nsugar, 0.75 gram (11-J- grains) powdered extract of glycyrrhiza, and 0.75\\ngram (11$ grains) powdered acacia, previously mixed together. Evap-\\norate the whole on a water-bath until reduced to a proper pilular con-\\nsistence, and then divide it into one hundred pills.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "484 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDissolve balsam of tolu in an equal weight of stronger ether, and\\nshake the pills with a sufficient quantity of the solution to coat them\\nuniformly. Put them on a plate, stirring occasionally until dry.\\nKeep the pills in well-corked bottles. Must not have any odor of\\niodine.\\nDose. One to five pills during the day.\\nFEEKI IODIDI SYKUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Iodide of Iron.\\nFerrosi Iodidi Syrupus Syrup of Ferrous Iodide.\\nPut twenty-five grams (386 grains) cut iron wire into a thin glass\\nflask of about two liters (one-half gallon) capacity add two hundred\\ncubic centimeters (6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces) distilled water, and then eighty-two\\ngrams (2 ounces 390 grains) iodine. Shake the mixture occasionally\\nuntil the reaction ceases and the solution has acquired the characteristic\\ngreen color and the odor of iodine has ceased. Put six hundred grams\\n(21 ounces 72 grains) sugar, in coarse powder, into a porcelain evap-\\norating dish. Filter the solution of iodide of iron into the sugar.\\nStir the mixture with a glass or porcelain rod or spatula, and heat it\\nto the boiling point on a sand-bath, taking care not to burn the sugar.\\nStrain the syrup through linen into a tared bottle, and add enough dis-\\ntilled water to make the whole product weigh one thousand grams (35\\nounces 120 grains).\\nContains ten per cent, ferrous iodide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 323.\\nMust be kept in bottles not larger than five hundred grams (17f\\navoirdupois ounces) capacity, entirely filled, well corked, and may be\\nsafely kept in a place accessible to daylight. Does not keep well in\\nlarger bottles.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nFerri Lactas U. S.\\nLactate of Iron.\\nFerrosus Lactas Ferrous Lactate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 162. A\\npale yellowish-green granular powder, or crystalline crusts. Odorless;\\ntaste sweetish, mildly ferruginous. Soluble in forty parts of water at\\nordinary temperatures in twelve parts of boiling water.\\nMust be kept in well-corked bottles. Should not be brownish, nor\\nhave a cheesy odor. Used like other mild salts of iron.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) in pill.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 485\\nFerri Lactophospliatis Syrupus.\\nSyrup of Lactophosphate OF IRON.\\nDissolve thirteen grams (200 grains) soluble phosphate of iron (U.\\nS. Phar. 1880) in sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) hot distilled\\nwater, then add nine hundred and thirty cubic centimeters (31-j- fluid-\\nounces) syrup of orange flowers, and ten grams (154 grains) lactic acid.\\nThis syrup is very pleasant to the taste.\\nIt contains 6.5 centigrams phosphate of iron, with free lactic acid to\\neach five cubic centimeters (1 grain to each teaspoonful).\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (one teaspoonful).\\nFerri Mistura Composita IT. S.\\nCompound Iron Mixture.\\nGriffith s Mixture Emulsio Myrrhce Ferrata.\\nTriturate nine grams (139 grains) myrrh, in small selected tears, nine\\ngrams sugar, and four grams (62 grains) carbonate of potassium, with\\nfour hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^- fluidounces) rose-water\\ngradually added. Then add to the emulsion twenty-five grams (386\\ngrains) spirit of lavender. Pour the mixture into a bottle, and finally\\nadd three grams (46 grains) sulphate of iron, and cork the bottle\\ntightly.\\nMust be freshly made when wanted for use.\\nThis preparation is the same as in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nDose. Fifteen to sixty cubic centimeters (-J- to 2 fluidounces) sev-\\neral times a day.\\nFerri Nitratis Liquor IT. S.\\nSolution of Nitrate of Iron.\\nSolutio Ferrici Nitratis Solution of Ferric Nitrate.\\nMix one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) water of am-\\nmonia with four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) cold water. Add\\nto the mixture one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces 150 grains) so-\\nlution of tersulphate of iron, first diluted with one liter (34 fluidounces) of\\ncold water. Stir well while mixing the liquids. Transfer the whole to\\na wet muslin strainer and let it drain. Then put the precipitate back\\nin a jar, and mix it with one liter cold water, stir well, and again put it\\non the muslin strainer to drain. Repeat these washings until the water\\nwhich drains away no longer gives a heavy cloud with solution of ba-\\nrium chloride. Then let the precipitate be completely drained, and put\\nit in a porcelain evaporating dish with seventy grams (2 ounces 205", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "486 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngrains) nitric acid, stirring until solution is effected. Then add enough\\ndistilled water to make the whole weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 199. It is clear, am-\\nber-colored, or reddish odorless has an acid, styptic taste reaction\\nacid specific gravity 1.050, corresponding to about 7\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nStrength. Ten grams (154 t 3 q- grains) of the solution, with ammo-\\nnia added in excess, yield a precipitate which, after being washed,\\ndried, and ignited, weighs 0.2 gram. It contains about six per cent,\\nanhydrous ferric nitrate, corresponding to about two per cent, ferric\\noxide, or to about 1.4 per cent, metallic iron.\\nThe preparation of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 was stated to have\\na specific gravity of 1.060 to 1.070; but the gravimetric test only required\\na yield of about two per cent, ferric oxide, so that the new preparation\\nmay be considered practically identical with the old.\\nMedicinal Uses. Less astringent than the preparations of iron\\nwith sulphuric or hydrochloric acids. Used very rarely useful in diar-\\nrhoea, etc., and in dilution as a local application in leucorrhcea.\\nDose. 0.5 cubic centimeter (8 minims) as an injection one to\\ntwo cubic centimeters in thirty cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims in 1\\nfluidounce) of water.\\nFerri Oxalas; U. S.\\nOxalate of Iron.\\nFerrosus Oxalas Ferrous Oxalate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 162. A\\nheavy, lemon-yellow, crystalline powder odorless, and almost taste-\\nless. Nearly insoluble in water.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).\\nFerri Oxidum Hy dratum U. S.\\nHydrated Oxide op Iron.\\nFerricus Hydras Ferric Hydrate.\\nDilute eight hundred grams (28 ounces 96 grains, or28-J- fluidounces)\\nwater of ammonia with two liters (68 fluidounces) cold water, in a four-\\ngallon jar. Dilute one thousand grams (35-J ounces, measuring about\\n25J fluidounces) solution of tersulphate of iron with ten liters (about 21\\npints) of cold water. Pour the diluted solution of tersulphate of iron\\ninto the water of ammonia gradually and during constant stirring.\\nPour the whole upon a muslin strainer, previously well wetted, and let\\nit drain. Then put the precipitate back into the jar and mix it well", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 487\\nwith twelve liters (25^- pints) cold water. Drain it again as before, and\\nafterward wash it once more in the same manner with another twelve\\nliters of water. Finally mix the washed precipitate with enough cold\\nwater to make the whole product weigh two thousand grams (70 ounces\\n240 grains).\\nHydrated oxide of iron is used as an antidote for arsenic, and when\\nwanted for this purpose it must be freshly made, and dispensed as rap-\\nidly as possible. For this purpose the Pharmacopoeia directs that the\\ningredients should be kept in a special place, already weighed out and\\nready to mix. One bottle should be there containing ten troyounces\\n(311 grams) solution of tersulphate of iron, and another containing\\neight troyounces (249 grams) water of ammonia. When the hydrated\\noxide of iron is to be made, the water of ammonia is then at once poured\\ninto a two-gallon vessel with about one gallon water, and the solution\\nof tersulphate of iron is poured in, all is stirred briskly, poured on a\\nstrainer, which after most of the liquid has run off, is gathered up by\\nthe hands, folded together, and pressed until the liquid is nearly all\\nsqueezed out. Enough water is then added to the precipitate to make\\nthe whole weigh twenty troyounces (622 grams).\\nForms an insoluble compound with arsenic.\\nIt is a reddish-brown wet mass, slowly soluble without residue, and\\nwithout effervescence in hydrochloric acid.\\nThe Ferri Oxidum Hydratum cum Magnesia, described below, is a\\nbetter antidote for arsenic.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed mainly as an antidote for arsenical\\npoisoning, for which purpose it is administered in doses of five to fifteen\\ncubic centimeters (a tea- to a table-spoonful) every ten or fifteen min-\\nutes. While the resulting arsenical iron salt may be insoluble in water\\nit is not completely insoluble in the gastric juice, and should be re-\\nmoved from the stomach and bowels by emetics and laxatives.\\nFerri Oxidum Hydratum cum Magnesia XT. S.\\nHydrated Oxide op Iron with Magnesia.\\nMagnesio-Ferricus Hydras Magnesio- Ferric Hydrate Antidotum\\nArsenii Antidote for Arsenic.\\nMix sixty-five grams (2\u00c2\u00a3 ounces or 13 fluidrachms) solution of ter-\\nsulphate of iron with about sixty-five grams (about 2 fluidounces) of\\nwater. Keep in a five-pint bottle.\\nRub up ten grams (154 grains) magnesia with enough water to make\\na thin, smooth milk pour this in a liter bottle (a quart bottle) and fill\\nit up with water. Keep these two mixtures ready for use.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "488 A COMPANION TO THE\\nWhen wanted in a case of poisoning by arsenic, shake up the mag-\\nnesia milk thoroughly, and then pour it gradually into the bottle con-\\ntaining the solution of tersulphate of iron, and shake the whole briskly\\nuntil homogeneous.\\nThe magnesia is purposely added in excess, and it, as well as the\\nferric hydrate formed, prevents the poisonous effects of the arsenic\\n(whether arsenious or arsenic compounds) by forming insoluble combi-\\nnations with it.\\nThe preparation is a thick reddish-brown mixture. It contains ferric\\nhydrate, magnesia, and magnesium sulphate.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is the best antidote for poisoning icith\\narsenic, arid it is used in the same manner as the hydrated oxide of iron.\\nFerri Oxidum Magneticum Prsecipitatum.\\nPrecipitated Magnetic Oxide op Iron.\\nFerrico-Ferrosum Oxidum Prascipitatum Precipitated Ferrico-Ferrous\\nOxide.\\nDissolve five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains) sulphate of iron\\nin one thousand five hundred cubic centimeters (51 fluidounces) water.\\nAdd to it two thousand five hundred grams solution of tersulphate of\\niron. Dissolve three thousand grams (105 ounces 360 grains) carbonate\\nof sodium in twelve liters (about 23 pints) water, and filter the solution.\\nPour the iron solution gradually and during constant stirring into the\\nsolution of carbonate of sodium then boil the mixture about three\\nhours, or until the effervescence ceases and the precipitate has been\\nconverted into a fine black powder. Let it settle. Decant the super-\\nnatant liquid. Wash the precipitate until the washings are tasteless or\\nno longer contain sulphate. Then dry.\\nDescription. An impalpable, heavy, black powder, completely\\nsoluble in hydrochloric acid or in sulphuric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. When properly made this is a uniform and re-\\nliable preparation, rich in iron, easily tolerated by the stomach, and ap-\\npropriate in cases of anmmia, or whenever chalybeates are indicated.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.6 gram (5 to 10 grains).\\nFerri Phosphas U. S.\\nPhosphate of Iron.\\nFerricus Phosphas Solubilis Soluble Ferric Phosphate.\\nDissolve five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) citrate of iron\\nin one thousand eight hundred cubic centimeters (about 3f pints) dis-\\ntilled water, by the aid of water-bath heat. Add to this solution six", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 489\\nhundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) sodium phosphate, and stir con-\\nstantly until dissolved. Evaporate the solution at not above 60\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\n(140\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to a thick syrup, paint this on plates of glass and dry so as to\\nobtain scales.\\nIt contains phosphate of iron and citrate of sodium, and the reaction\\nis known to have taken place when the liquid turns green.\\nThe preparation is a bright yellowish-green scale-salt, which is\\nodorless, and has a slightly saline and acidulous taste. It is readily\\nsoluble in water. One hundred grams of the scales represent 13.50\\ngrams metallic iron. Must be kept in well-corked bottles in a dark\\nplace, as it is liable to darken by exposure to light.\\nThis is a new preparation, not heretofore described in any book.\\nThe fact that it has received the name Phosphate of Iron, without\\nany adjective to distinguish it from the familiar Phosphate of Iron of\\nthe Pharmacopoeia of 1870, is liable to cause more or less confusion.\\nThe old phosphate of iron is the only phosphate of iron at this writing-\\nknown in the trade, the new preparation described above being known\\nonly to a comparatively limited number of pharmacists, and although\\nthe old preparation is now dropped from the Pharmacopoeia, it will be\\nmany years before it will cease to be a common article of trade under\\nthe same name. The new phosphate of iron ought to have been called\\nSoluble Phosphate of Iron, or, better still, Soluble Ferric Phosphate.\\n(See Ferri Phosphas Precipitatus Coeruleus.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of iron salts in general. Generally\\nsupposed to combine the action of iron with that of phosphrous.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).\\nFERRI PHOSPHATIS SYRUP US.\\nSyrup of Phosphate of Iron.\\nDissolve twenty-six grams (400 grains) soluble phosphate of iron in\\nninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) hot distilled water then add\\nenough syrup of orange flowers to make the whole product one liter (34\\nfluidounces).\\nContains thirteen centigrams phosphate of iron in each five cubic\\ncentimeters (2 grains in each teaspoonful).\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (one teaspoonful).\\nFERRI PHOSPHATIS VINUM.\\nWine of Phosphate of Iron.\\nDissolve twenty-six grams (400 grains) soluble phosphate of iron in\\nninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) hot distilled water then add", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "490 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) elixir of orange, sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) syrup of orange flowers, and enough\\nsherry wine to make the whole product one liter (34 fluidounces).\\nContains thirteen centigrams phosphate of iron in each five cubic\\ncentimeters (2 grains in each teaspoonful).\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (1 teaspoonful).\\nFerri Phosphas Prsecipitatus Albus.\\nWhite Precipitated Phosphate of Iron.\\nFerricus Phosphas Prcecipitatus Precipitated Ferric Phosphate,\\nDissolve two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) sodium phosphate\\nin two thousand cubic centimeters (68 fluidounces) distilled water.\\nAdd to this solution, during constant stirring, one hundred and fifty\\ngrams (5 ounces 127 grains) solution of tersulphate of iron previously\\ndiluted with one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) water.\\nWash the precipitate first by decantation and afterward on a strainer\\nuntil the washings pass tasteless. Then allow it to drain, and dry it in\\nthin layers on delf plates by the aid of moderate heat.\\nA white or nearly white powder, insoluble in water or in alcohol,\\nodorless and tasteless soluble in solution of citrate of sodium or in\\nsolution of citrate of ammonium.\\nFerri Phosphas Precipitatus Cceruleus.\\nPrecipitated Blue Phosphate of Ikon.\\nFerri Phosphas^. S. P. 1870; Ferrico-Ferrosus Phosphas Ferrico-\\nFerrous Phosphate.\\nThis is the blue phosphate of iron made by precipitating a solution\\nof sulphate of iron with a solution of sodium phosphate. It was official\\nin the old Pharmacopoeia (1870) under the name of Phosphate of Iron\\na title now given to a soluble scale salt of ferric phosphate with citrate\\nof sodium (see page 488).\\nPrecipitated blue phosphate of iron is a grayish-blue powder, odor-\\nless and tasteless, insoluble in water.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains) in pill. Seldom used.\\nFerri Pilulse Composite U. S. P.\\nCompound Iron Pills.\\nTriturate 9.75 grams (or 150 grains) powdered myrrh, 4.85 grams\\ncarbonate of sodium, and 4.85 grams (75 grains) sulphate of iron until", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 491\\nthoroughly mixed then add a sufficient quantity of simple syrup, beat\\nthe whole into a mass, and make one hundred pills.\\nMedicinal Uses. Supposed to be peculiarly beneficial in anaemia\\nwith amenorrhea.\\nDose. One to four pills two or three times a day.\\nFerri Extractum Pomatum.\\nFerrated Extract of Apples.\\nFerrico-Ferrosus Malas Impurus Impure Malate of Iron.\\nPare five thousand grams (about 11 pounds) nearly ripe crab-apples,\\nor any nearly ripe sour apples, crush them, and express the juice. Di-\\ngest the juice with two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) cut iron\\nwire, or powdered iron, for ten days, or until all signs of effervescence\\ncease. Replace the water lost by evaporation from time to time. Heat\\nthe mixture on a water-bath at about 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.) during five or\\nsix hours. Then add two liters (68 fluidounces) water. Express. Mix\\nthe residue with more water, and press again. Mix the liquids, and let\\nthe mixture settle in a cool place. Filter. Evaporate the filtrate to\\nthe consistence of extract.\\nThe extract is greenish-black, and has a styptic taste. It generally\\ncontains about seven to eight per cent. iron.\\nDose. 0.25 to 0.5 gram (4 to 8 grains).\\nFEKRI TINCTUKA POMATA.\\nFerrated Tincture of Apples.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) ferrated extract\\nof apples in a mixture of one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100\\ngrains, or about 5 fluidounces) alcohol and seven hundred and eighty\\ngrams (27 ounces 225 grains, or about 26^- fluidounces) cinnamon water.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nFerri Pyrophosplias U. S.\\nPyrophosphate of Iron.\\nThe new pyrophosphate of iron is a ferric pyrophosphate with citrate\\nof sodium. The former preparation of the same name was ferric pyro-\\nphosphate with citrate of ammonium. According to the present Phar-\\nmacopoeia (1880) it is made as follows\\nDissolve four hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 382 grains) citrate", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "492 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof iron in one thousand eight hundred cubic centimeters (about 3f pints)\\ndistilled water by the aid of heat on a water-bath. To this solution add\\nfive hundred grains (17 ounces 280 grains) pyrophosphate of sodium,\\nand stir constantly until dissolved. Continue the heat until the liquid\\nis green. It now contains pyrophosphate of iron with citrate of sodium.\\nEvaporate this to a thick syrup at a heat not above 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\npaint it on glass plates, and dry to get scales.\\nThe scales are apple-green, but darken on exposure to air. Perfectly\\nsoluble in water. Odorless taste slightly acidulous and saline. Re-\\naction neutral. This preparation is less liable to change than the old\\none made with citrate of ammonium.\\nOne hundred grams represent 11.50 grams metallic iron.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of mild iron preparations in general.\\nAs it is readily soluble and nearly tasteless it is generally used in elixirs.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.3 gram (3 to 5 grains).\\nFERRI PYROPHOSPHATE SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Pyrophosphate of Iron.\\nDissolve twenty-six grams (400 grains) pyrophosphate of iron in one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) boiling distilled\\nwater. Add enough syrup of orange flowers to make the whole measure\\none liter (34 fluidounces).\\nContains thirteen centigrams pyrophosphate of iron in each five\\ncubic centimeters (or two grains in each teaspoonful).\\nDose. Five cubic centimeters (teaspoonful).\\nFerri Quininse et Strychninae Phosphatum\\nSyrupus U. S.\\nSyrup of the Phosphates of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine.\\nDissolve 13.30 grams (205 grains) phosphate of iron in two hundred\\nand fifty cubic centimeters (83- fluidounces) distilled water. Add to it\\neighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) phosphoric acid. Triturate 13.30\\ngrams (205 grains) quinine and forty centigrams (6J grains) strychnine\\nwith the acid iron phosphate solution until all is dissolved. Then add\\nenough distilled water to make the whole liquid weigh four hundred\\ngrams (14 ounces 48 grains). Finally add six hundred grams (21 ounces)\\nsugar, in coarse powder, and dissolve without heat.\\nThe phosphate of iron to be used is the new pharmacopoeial scale", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 493\\npreparation its solution in water when mixed with the phosphoric acid\\nwill throw down a whitish precipitate, which, however, soon redissolves,\\ngiving a clear yellowish solution. The phosphoric acid to be used is the\\nnew strong acid, containing fifty per cent, of ortho-phosphoric acid. The\\nalkaloids, quinine, and strychnine will readily dissolve in the acid liquid.\\nThe preparation is disagreeably bitter and acid, and has a bluish\\nfluorescence from the acid phosphate of quinine.\\nIt contains 6.5 centigrams each of phosphate of iron and the alkaloid\\nquinine, and two milligrams of the alkaloid strychnine, to each five\\ncubic centimeters of the syrup, corresponding to about one grain phos-\\nphate of iron, one grain quinine, and one thirty-second grain strychnine\\nto each teaspoonful, which is the intended dose.\\nThe quinine and strychnine contained in the syrup are combined\\nwith the phosphoric acid.\\nThis syrup should be kept in small (not over 1-pound) bottles, in a\\ncool, dark place.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (half to one teaspoonful).\\nFerri Subcarbonas Phar. 18 TO.\\nSlIBCAEBONATE OF IeON.\\nMade by precipitating a solution of eight parts of sulphate of iron\\nwith a solution of nine parts of carbonate of sodium.\\nDescription. It is a reddish-brown powder, odorless, tasteless, in-\\nsoluble in water it dissolves wholly in dilute hydrochloric acid, with\\nmore or less effervescence. Consists chiefly of a basic ferric hydrate.\\nDropped from the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. 0.3 gram (5 grains) or more.\\nFerri Subsulphas.\\nSubsttlphate of Ibox.\\nMrricus Subsulphas Basic Ferric Sulphate, MonseVs Powder, Persul-\\nphate of Iron.\\nPrepared by carefully evaporating solution of subsulphate of iron to\\ndryness, stirring constantly with a porcelain spatula.\\nIt is a lemon yellow, odorless, but extremely styptic powder. Should\\nbe instantly soluble in water. It is very hygroscopic.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed locally as a styptic, for which purpose\\nit is an excellent preparation. Used for the same purposes as the cor-\\nresponding solution.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "494 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFerri Sub sulpha tis Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Subsulphate of Iron.\\nSolutio Ferrici Subsulphatis /Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate, Mon-\\nseVs Solution, Solution of Persulphate of Iron Liqueur Mmosta-\\ntique de Monsel, F.\\nPut five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) distilled water\\nin a half-gallon porcelain evaporating dish. Add to it gradually, stir-\\nring briskly, a mixture of seventy grams (2 ounces 205 grains) sulphuric\\nacid and one hundred and ten grams (3 ounces 385 grains) nitric acid.\\nHeat the whole on a sand-bath to the boiling point. Add gradually\\n(one-fourth at a time) seven hundred and seventy grams (27 ounces 71\\ngrains) sulphate of iron previously crushed into coarse powder, waiting\\nafter each addition until the effervescence subsides before adding more.\\nNow add a few drops nitric acid if red fumes appear, continue adding\\nmore nitric acid, a few drops at a time, until the red fumes cease to be\\nformed. Then boil the liquid until all nitrous odor disappears, and the\\nsolution acquires a ruby-red color. Then add enough distilled water to\\nmake the final product weigh one thousand one hundred and forty grams\\n(40 ounces 93 grains).\\nThe process must be carried on under a hood to avoid the poisonous\\nred fumes.\\nDescription and Strength. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 200,\\n201. Reddish-brown, syrupy almost odorless exceedingly styptic,\\nbut not caustic reaction acid. Specific gravity 1.555, corresponding\\nto 52\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nWhen thirty cubic centimeters (1 fiuidounce) of this solution is\\nmixed gradually with fifteen cubic centimeters fiuidounce) of sul-\\nphuric acid in a beaker-glass a whitish solid mass separates on standing.\\nBy this the Monsel s solution is readily distinguished from solution of\\ntersulphate of iron, which does not form any solid mass when treated\\nthe same way.\\nTen grams (154 T 3 T grains) of solution of subsulphate of iron, with an\\nexcess of water of ammonia, yields a precipitate which, after washing,\\ndrying, and ignition, weighs 1.94 gram (very nearly 30 grains). It\\ncontains 43.7 per cent, basic ferric sulphate, corresponding to 19.4 per\\ncent, ferric oxide, or to about 13.5 per cent, metallic iron. It is practi-\\ncally of the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nSold at present by the pound, put up in twelve-ounce acid bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully astringent and much used as a\\nhaemostatic and styptic, especially in bleeding from large surfaces, when", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 495\\nthe blood oozes from all parts instead of coming from points which could\\nbe seized with the forceps and closed by torsion. It is less irritating\\nthan some of the other preparations used for the same purpose.\\nUseful in epistaxis, haemoptysis, hoematemesis, hemorrhage from the\\nrectum or uterus, etc.\\nAs a spra} it has been used by inhalation in haemoptysis. In the\\nhemorrhages following abortion or childbirth it has been used as an in-\\njection into the uterus. It must be used with care for this purpose, as\\nthe injection of any of such powerful remedies may be followed by peri-\\ntonitis but when it is an alternative between certain immediate death\\nif the hemorrhage is not checked, and possible death from a possible\\nperitonitis, we have no choice.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 drops) diluted. Exter-\\nnally either pure or diluted.\\nFerx*i Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Ikon.\\nFerrosus Sulphas Ferrous Sulphate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 165.\\nLarge, clear, bluish-green crystals of a sweetish, saline, styptic taste.\\nEffloresce and turn white, and afterward brown by oxidation, when ex-\\nposed to the air. When heated the crystals dissolve in their water of\\ncrystallization. Eighteen cubic centimeters water of 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) will\\ndissolve ten grams of the sulphate of iron of boiling water thirty cubic\\ncentimeters (1 fluidounce) will dissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230\\ngrains). It is insoluble in alcohol.\\nThe salt contains seven molecules of water.\\nAn aqueous solution containing ten per cent, of ferrous sulphate has\\nthe specific gravity 1.054 a twenty per cent, solution, 1.112 a thirty\\nper cent, solution, 1.174 and a forty per cent, solution, 1.239 at 15\u00c2\u00b0\\nC. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nMainly used in the preparation of other iron salts.\\nFerri Sulphas Exsiccatus U. S.\\nDried Sulphate of Iron.\\nFerrosus Sulphas Fhsiccatus Dried Ferrous Sidphate.\\nPrepared by exposing coarsely powdered ferrous sulphate in an un-\\nglazed earthen vessel to a moderate heat, stirring it from time to time,\\nuntil it has become white all through. The heat is then increased to\\n149\u00c2\u00b0 C. (300\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and kept at that degree until the iron salt ceases to\\nlose weight. Finally it is powdered.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "496 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIt is pale grayish-white, soluble in water, with a small residue con-\\nsisting of basic ferric sulphate one gram (15 grains) of the crystallized\\nsulphate of iron will yield, and is medicinally equivalent to, about 0.61\\ngram (9 grains) of dried sulphate of iron or, in simpler terms, three\\ngrains of dried sulphate of iron are equivalent to five grains of the sul-\\nphate of iron.\\nMust be kept in well-corked bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tonic and exceedingly astringent. Internally\\nit is mainly used to check excessive secretions depending on debility, as\\nnight-sweats, leucorrhoea, etc.\\nCombined with the extracts of aloes and nux vomica or belladonna\\nit is a favorite remedy in chronic constipation due to a want of tone of\\nthe intestines.\\nExternally it is sometimes applied to eczema and other shin diseases.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains).\\nFerri Sulphas Impurus.\\nImpure Sulphate of Ikon.\\nFerrosus Sulphas Impurus Impure Ferrous Sulphate, Copperas, Green\\nVitriol.\\nResembles the sulphate of iron described under Ferri Sulphas, but\\nis more or less impure, containing usually zinc, copper, alumina, and\\nmanganese, besides mechanical impurities. The crystals are also gen-\\nerally more or less brownish-yellow on the surface, from basic ferric sul-\\nphate. The larger and clearer the crystals are, the purer the copperas.\\nUses. Employed extensively as a disinfectant, but as its disinfect-\\ning properties depend on chemical action by preventing the liberation\\nof ammoniacal gases, this substance is not a true disinfectant, but rather\\nmerely a deodorizer.\\nFerri Sulphas Prsecipitatus U. S.\\nPrecipitated Sulphate of Iron.\\nFerrosus Sulphas Prmcipitatus Precipitated Ferrous Sulphate, Granu-\\nlated Sulphate of Iron.\\nDissolve one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) sulphate of iron\\nin one thousand seven hundred cubic centimeters (about 3-J- pints) dis-\\ntilled water, previously mixed with forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) of\\nsulphuric acid. Filter the solution. When cold pour it into an equal\\nvolume of alcohol, and set the mixture aside, in a well-covered vessel,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 497\\ntwenty-four hours. Then pour off the supernatant liquid from the crys-\\ntalline powder, drain the latter in a funnel, wash it with alcohol until\\nthe washings no longer redden blue litmus paper, fold the crystalline\\npowder in a piece of muslin, press gently, and then spread it out on\\nfilter paper to dry by sun-heat, and keep it in bottles closed with corks\\ndipped in melted paraffine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 166.\\nIt is of a very pale bluish-green, almost white, color. In other prop-\\nerties it corresponds with the description of sulphate of iron.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains).\\nFerri Sulpliidum.\\nSulphide of Iron.\\nFerrosum Sulphidum Ferrous Sulphide, Black Sulphuret of Iron.\\nDark-gray or blackish masses, porous, crystalline, brittle, odorless,\\ntasteless, insoluble in water soluble in dilute acids with the evolution\\nof hydrogen sulphide, for which purpose it is employed.\\nFerri Tersulphatis Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Teksulphate of Ikon.\\nSolutio Ferrici Sulphatis Solution of [normal] Ferric Sulphate.\\nMix one thousand five hundred grams (52 ounces 400 grains) sul-\\nphuric acid with one thousand one hundred grams (38 ounces 350 grains)\\nnitric acid and five thousand grams (about 10-J- pints) distilled water in\\na porcelain evaporating dish capable of holding three gallons. Heat the\\nmixture to the boiling point. Now add two thousand grams (70 ounces\\n240 grains) sulphate of iron, previously crushed in a mortar into coarse\\npowder, and stir until effervescence ceases. Then add a second, third,\\nand fourth portion of coarsely powdered sulphate of iron in the same\\nmanner, waiting each time until effervescence subsides before adding\\nthe next portion, so that altogether eight thousand grams (17 pounds\\n11 ounces 85 grains) have been added.\\nContinue heating until effervescence has entirely ceased. Then add\\na few drops of nitric acid if red fumes should then be evolved, add\\ncarefully more nitric acid, a few drops at a time and during constant\\nstirring, until red fumes cease to be formed. Now heat until the liquid\\nbecomes reddish-brown, and is free, from nitrous odor. Finally, add\\nenough distilled water to make the whole weigh twenty thousand grams\\n(44 pounds 1 ounce 300 grains).\\n32", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "498 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe heating must be done on a sand-bath, and in a hood, in order\\nto get sufficient heat and to avoid the poisonous fumes.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 201. Reddish-brown;\\nof but a faint odor strongly styptic and acid taste acid reaction\\nspecific gravity 1.32, corresponding to about 35.3\u00c2\u00b0 Baume the same\\nstrength as that of the preparation of 1870. It mixes clear with water\\nor with alcohol in all proportions.\\nIt is distinguished from Monsel s solution by mixing thirty cubic\\ncentimeters (1 fluidounce) of it with fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluid-\\nounce) of sulphuric acid if it should be Monsel s solution (solution of\\nsubsulphate of iron) a white solid mass will separate on standing; but\\nthis does not take place in solution of tersulphate of iron.\\nStrength. Ten grams (154J- grains) of this solution precipitated\\nwith an excess of ammonia should yield a precipitate which, after wash-\\ning, drying, and ignition weighs 1.15 gram (I7f grains).\\nIt therefore contains 28.7 per cent of normal ferric sulphate, corre-\\nsponding to eleven and a half per cent, ferric oxide, or about eight per\\ncent, metallic iron, having the same strength in iron as the solution of\\nacetate of iron. As compared with solution of chloride of iron, 1,613.5\\ngrams (56 ounces 400 grains) solution of tersulphate of iron will yield\\nthe same quantity of ferric hydrate as one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains) of solution of chloride of iron.\\nSold by the pound. A twelve-ounce acid bottle holds one pound\\nconveniently.\\nMedicinal and Other Uses. Similar to those of Monsel s solution,\\nbut more irritating.\\nIt is used mainly for preparing ferric hydrate and ferric salts gen-\\nerally.\\nFerri Trochisci U. S.\\nIron Troches.\\nTriturate sixty-five centigrams (10 grains) vanilla with 97.50 grams\\n(3 ounces 192 grains) sugar gradually added, and afterward incorporate\\n32.50 grams (1 ounce 64 grains) hydrated oxide of iron, freshly precip-\\nitated, and dried at a temperature not exceeding 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Then\\nadd a sufficient quantity of tragacanth mucilage, and work the whole\\ninto a mass from which make one hundred troches.\\nThe new formula differs from that of 1870 by containing hydrated\\noxide of iron instead of subcarbonate of iron.\\nDose. One tablet three or four times daily.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 499\\nFerri Valerianas IT. S.\\nValerianate of Iron.\\nFerHcus Valerianas Ferric Valerianate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 166. A\\ndark brick-red amorphous powder, smelling faintly of valerianic acid,\\nand having a mildly ferruginous taste. Insoluble in cold water, but\\nsoluble in alcohol.\\nIt should be kept in bottles well closed with corks dipped in melted\\nparaffine or wax.\\nMedicinal Uses. In chlor otic patients of an hysterical nature the\\nvalerianic acid is supposed to exert a beneficial action, in addition to\\nthat of the iron. It is but little used.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains) in pill three to four times\\ndaily.\\nFerri Vinum.\\nIron Wine.\\nVinum Ferratum Fer rated Wine, Simple Wine of Iron.\\nMacerate fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) cut iron wire for thirty\\ndays with one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) sherry wine.\\nThe iron must be nearly, but not quite, immersed in the wine, the bottle\\nin which the maceration takes place must be frequently shaken, and the\\nstopper removed from time to time to admit air, and to let hydrogen\\ngas escape. The bottle must be loosely corked.\\nThe quantity of iron dissolved in the wine depends upon the quantity\\nof free tartaric acid contained in the latter.\\nDose. A wine-glassful. It is a mild ferruginous preparation.\\nFerri Vinum Amarum U. S.\\nBitter Wine of Iron.\\nMix eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) solution of citrate of iron\\nand quinine, one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains, or\\n4J fluidounces) tincture of sweet orange peel, three hundred and sixty\\ngrams (12 ounces 305 grains, or about 9^ fluidounces) simple syrup, and\\nfour hundred and forty grams (15 ounces 228 grains, or about 15 fluid-\\nounces) stronger white wine.\\nThe preparation contains forty centigrams (6-j- grains) solution of\\ncitrate of iron and quinine in each five cubic centimeters. This corre-\\nsponds to about two grains citrate of iron and quinine to each teaspoon-\\nful, which is the intended dose.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "500 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFerrum Albuminatnm.\\nAlbuminate of Iron,\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) dried soluble albumen of egg in one\\nhundred cubic centimeters (3^ fluidounces) distilled water mix the so-\\nlution with a solution of 1.75 grams (27 grains) crystalline ferric chlo-\\nride in thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) distilled water add\\ntwenty-four cubic centimeters (5^ fluidrachms) alcohol. Evaporate the\\nmixture at not above 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to obtain the product in scales.\\nGolden-yellow scales, soluble in water, and containing about three\\nand one-third per cent, metallic iron.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nFEKBI ALBUMINATI LIQUOK.\\nSolution of Albuminate of Iron.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) albuminate of iron in one hundred\\ncubic centimeters (3^- fluidounces) distilled water.\\nFerrum Oxy datum Saccharatum Solubile; G.\\nSoluble Saccharated Oxide of Iron.\\nMix two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) solution of ferric chlo-\\nride of 1.48 specific gravity (see page 469) with two hundred grams (7\\nounces 24 grains) simple syrup. Add gradually to this mixture four\\nhundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) solution of soda of 1.33 specific\\ngravity, cover it well and set the whole aside for twenty-four hours.\\nThen pour the clear liquid into about three liters (6^ pints) boiling dis-\\ntilled water, stir until mixed, and then set it aside to allow the precipi-\\ntate to subside. The precipitation may be facilitated by heating the\\nliquid on a water-bath. Decant the clear supernatant liquid, and\\nwash the precipitate once, by affusion and decantation, with distilled\\nwater. Collect the precipitate on a muslin strainer, and wash it with\\ndistilled water so long as the washings pass through clear and continue\\nto have a rather marked alkaline reaction. Then let it stand to drain\\noif most of the water. Transfer the precipitate to a tared porcelain\\nevaporating dish, mix it with nine hundred grams (31 ounces 327 grains)\\npowdered sugar, and evaporate the whole on a water-bath to dryness,\\nstirring constantly. Finally, incorporate enough additional powdered\\nsugar to make the whole product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains). Reduce it to fine powder.\\nIt is a reddish-brown powder, of a mild ferruginous taste, dissolves", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 501\\nperfectly in five times its own weight of water, forming a clear reddish-\\nbrown solution with a feebly alkaline reaction, and contains three per\\ncent. iron.\\nMust be kept in tightly corked bottles.\\nDose. 0.2 to 1 gram (3 to 15 grains) several times a day.\\nFEREI OXIDI SYRUTUS.\\nSyrup of Oxide of Iron.\\nDissolve four hundred and thirty-three grams (15 ounces 120 grains)\\nsoluble saccharated oxide of iron, and two hundred grams (7 ounces 24\\ngrains) sugar in a sufficient quantity of distilled water to obtain a syrup\\nmeasuring one liter (34 fluidounces).\\nEach five cubic centimeters contains about 6.5 centigrams iron (one\\ngrain of iron to each teaspoonful).\\nDose. About one teaspoonful.\\nFEBRI OXYDATI SOLUBILIS SYRUPUS G.\\nEisensyrup, G.\\nContains one per cent, iron, or three hundred and thirty-three grams\\nsoluble saccharated oxide of iron in each kilogram, which is very nearly\\nthe same strength as the formula given above, the specific gravity of the\\nGerman syrup being about 1.30.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (-J to 2 fluidrachms).\\nFerrum Pulveratum.\\nPowdered Iron.\\nPrepared by triturating pure wrought iron filings in steel mortars\\nuntil reduced to a fine powder.\\nIt is a heavy, gray, very fine powder. Should dissolve in dilute\\nhydrochloric acid with scarcely any residue. The gas evolved from the\\nsolution should not darken a piece of white filter paper dipped in solu-\\ntion of subacetate of lead (sulphur).\\nMust not be brownish from oxidation.\\nShould be kept in tightly corked bottles in a dry place.\\nUses. Same as of reduced iron.\\nFerrum Reductum IT. S.\\nReduced Iron\\nFerrum Hedactum, Phar. 1870 Quevenne s Iron, Iron by Hydrogen.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 167.\\nA grayish-black, very fine, lustreless powder, which leaves a metallic", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "502\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nstreak in the mortar when triturated. Soluble in diluted sulphuric acid\\nwith the evolution of nearly odorless hydrogen gas.\\nIt always contains more or less magnetic oxide of iron, which ren-\\nders the preparation darker in color. Must not be granular, or lumpy,\\nor brownish.\\nMedicinal Uses. Chalybeate. Should be given in powder and\\nnot in pilular form, and preferably at meal-time, so that it may be sub-\\nmitted to the action of the gastric juice.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains).\\nFicus U. S.\\nFig.\\nFeige, G. Figue, F.; Fikon, Sw.\\nOrigin. Ficus Carica, Linne (Urticacece).\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 167.\\nConstituents. About sixty-two per cent, sugar, besides gum, fat,\\nsalts, etc.\\nProperties. Demulcent, laxative. Roasted figs are used in poul-\\ntices for gum-boils, etc.\\nFoeniculum U. S.\\nFennel.\\nFoeniculi Fructus Fennel Fruit Fen-\\nchelsame?i, G. Fruits de fenouil, Se-\\nntences de fenouil, F. Hinojo, Sp.\\nFenkal, Sw. Fennel Seed.\\nOrigin Foeniculum vulgare, Gaert-\\nner Umbelliferw).\\nHabitat. Cultivated, especially in\\nGermany.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 167.\\nVarieties. The fennel described in\\nthe Pharmacopoeia is German fennel.\\nRoman fennel is obtained from Foeniculum dulce, D. C, and is\\nlarger, yellowish in color, more or less curved, slender, with sharp ribs.\\nIt has a sweeter and finer aroma than the German fennel, but contains\\nless volatile oil.\\nFigs. 255-258.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fennel, a, trans-\\nverse section, enlarged, 1, oil-duct, 2,\\nfibrovascular bundle b and c, whole,\\nenlarged d, longitudinal section, en-\\nlarged c, natural size.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 503\\nConstituents. The only important one is volatile oil, of which\\nGerman fennel contains three per cent.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a stomachic and stimulant carminative.\\nUsed mainly to relieve flatulency and colic.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), preferably in infusion.\\nFCENICULI AQUA U. S.\\nFennel Water.\\nOne gram (15 grains) volatile oil and two grams (30 grains) cotton,\\nto make five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces), as described\\nunder Aquas Aromaticge.\\nFennel water is an aromatic and slightly carminative vehicle for\\nother medicines.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce) or\\nmore.\\nFCENICULI OLEUM; U. S.\\nOil of Fennel.\\nFoeniculi JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Fennel.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 236.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (3 to 6 drops).\\nFOENICULI SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Fennel.\\nMix thirty grams (or 1 ounce) volatile oil of fennel with two hundred\\nand seventy grams (or 7 ounces, or 8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nFCENTCULI SYfttJPUS.\\nFennel Syrup.\\nDissolve six hundred grams (21 ounces) sugar in four hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (13J fluidounces) fennel water, without the aid of heat, and\\nfilter.\\nFrang-ula XJ. S.\\nFrangula.\\nFrangulcB Cortex Faidbaumrinde, G. Bourdaine, Bourgbne, F.\\nBrakved, Sw. Buckthorn Bark.\\nOrigin. Rhamiius Frangula, Linne (Bhamnaceai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "504 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPart used. The bark. Not to be used until one year after it has\\nbeen collected.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 168. Quills or troughs,\\nabout the diameter of the little finger, consisting of bark about one mil-\\nlimeter (-^g- inch) thick. Externally smoothish, grayish, or brownish,\\nsometimes with lichenous growths scars after leaves and buds are few\\nand not prominent. The inner surface is quite smooth, finely striated\\nlengthwise, and characteristically orange- or brownish-yellow. The bark\\nis brittle. The odor is weak but peculiar taste sweetish bitter. When\\nchewed it colors the saliva yellow.\\nLarge, rough, thick, flat pieces must be rejected.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs the use of only such bark as has been col-\\nlected at least one year previously, because freshly collected frangula\\nbark causes griping and emetic besides the purgative effects.\\nConstituents. Frangulin (or rhamnoxanthin) is a lemon yellow,\\nodorless, and tasteless glucoside. It is crystalline and sublimable, insol-\\nuble in water, and sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether. It has been\\nsuggested that it is identical with cathartin, the active constituent of\\nsenna.\\nOld frangula contains emodin.\\nMedicinal Uses. The fresh bark produces violent gastrointesti-\\nnal irritation, with vomiting, purging, etc. The old dry bark is a safe\\npurgative, much employed in the constipation of pregnancy, etc.\\nIt is best given in the form of the fluid extract.\\nFRANGUL/E DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Frangula.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). See directions\\non page 399.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nFRANGULA EXTRACT UM.\\nExtract of Frangula.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17| avoirdupois ounces) of the drug in\\nNo. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use cold water.\\nMoisten with two hundred and fifty grams (about 8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces).\\nPack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n505\\nMacerate twenty-four hours, Percolate to exhaustion. Then evaporate\\nto pilular consistence, and incorporate one-twentieth of its weight of\\nglycerin with the still warm extract.\\nThis extract and the fluid extract are the best preparations of fran-\\ngula that have been made.\\nBrown.\\nDose-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.20 to 0.50 gram (3 to 8 grains).\\nFRANGUL^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Frangula.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug-, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4J- fluidounces) alcohol to every two hundred\\ngrams (about 6|- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 6-J\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-j- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters to\\n2J fluidrachms).\\nFrankenia.\\nFrankenia.\\nFrankeniw Herba Yerba Heuma.\\nOrigin. Frankenia grandiflora (Franke-\\nniacece).\\nH ab itat. California.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nr Figs. 259, 260.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yerba Reu-\\nDeSCriptlOH. A branched Stem, about ma. a, natural size; en-\\nfifteen centimeters (6 inches) long, with entire arge\\nopposite leaves, tapering at the base, and small pink flowers. Odor\\nnone taste saline, with an astringent after-taste.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "506\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. It has not been analyzed.\\nUses. It is recommended as a mild astringent, useful in diseases\\nof the mucous passages, as in catarrh, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea,\\netc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (10 to 20 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract, made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nFrasera.\\nFrasera.\\nFr as eras Radix American Columbo.\\nOrigin. Frasera Walte-\\nri, Michaux Gentianacece).\\nHabitat. United States,\\nin the Alleghanies and the\\nWest.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription Split\\nlengthwise, about twenty-\\nfive millimeters (1 inch)\\nthick, marked at the large\\nend by transverse rings,\\nwrinkled longitudinally be-\\nlow brown externally, light\\nyellowish-brown within; bark\\nthick odor reminding of\\ngentian taste sweetish, af-\\nterward bitter.\\nConstituents. Con-\\ntains, like gentian, the bitter\\nglucoside, gentiopicrin, and\\na yellow crystallizable color-\\ning matter (gentisic acid\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bitter tonic, best given in the form of fluid\\nextract, made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum, of which the\\nDose is two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims) several\\ntimes a day.\\nFucus Vesiculosus.\\nFucus Vesiculosus.\\nBlasentang, G.; Fucus vesiculeux, F.-, Madder-wrack, Sea-wrack, Sea-\\nweed, Gidf-weed, Keep-ware, Blacktang.\\nOrigin. Fucus vesiculosus, Linne (Algos).\\nFigs. 261-263.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frasera. Whole and transverse\\nsection, natural size.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n507\\nHabitat. Atlantic Ocean.\\nDescription. The whole alga is used. A representative piece of\\nit is shown in the figure. It is about one meter (40 inches) long, has a\\nFigs. 364, 265. a, Fucus vesiculosus 6, Fucus nodosus, both natural size.\\ndark brownish- or bluish-green color, a disagreeable fishy odor, and a\\nmucilaginous, salty, bitter taste. Fucus nodosus, which is also figured,\\nis often mixed with fucus vesiculosus.\\nConstituents. Mucilage and a bitter substance Yields about\\nfifteen per cent, ash, containing chlorides, iodides, bromides, phosphates,\\netc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "508\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nProperties. Alterative and tonic. Supposed to reduce obesity.\\nBest given in decoction.\\nFITCI VESICULOSI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Fucus Vesiculosis.\\nBoil sixty grams (2 ounces 100 grains) of the drug with one liter (34\\nfiuidounces) of water for fifteen minutes. Strain.\\nDose. A cupful.\\nFITCI VESICULOSI EXTRACTUM\\nAND\\nFITCI VESICULOSI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM\\nare both sold on the market. They are obviously absurd preparations.\\nIf the drug possesses any value whatever, its character is such that a\\ndecoction is about the only rational form in which it can be given.\\nGalang-a.\\nGalangal.\\nAlpinim Mhizoma Galgant, G. Galanga, F. Galgorot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Alpinia officinarum, Hance (Zingiberacece)\\nHabitat. China.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Knotty, often branched, cylindrical, about five to\\nsix centimeters (2 to 2f inches) long,\\nand about finger thick, frequently\\nbent, truncated at the ends. Exter-\\nnally light red-brown, finely wrin-\\nkled lengthwise, marked by trans-\\nverse rings from remnants of leaf-\\nscales or sheaths. Hard, brittle\\nfracture short, cinnamon brown. The\\nthickness of the bark is about equal\\nto the diameter of the wood. Under\\nthe microscope are seen in the trans-\\nverse section numerous brownish-\\nyellow resin-cells. Odor aromatic,\\nespecially prominent when the drug is being ground the taste is aro-\\nmatic, pungent. Both odor and taste remind of ginger and anise.\\nFigs. 2(10-208.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Galanga. Whole, nat-\\nural .size transverse section enlarged, and\\nstarch grains.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 509\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and acrid resin.\\nProperties and Uses. Similar to those of ginger stimulant and\\naromatic. Grated galanga is a popular snuff in colds and catarrhs.\\nGALANG^E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Galanga.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7- avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\nGalbanum U. S.\\nGalbanum.\\nGalbanum Gummi-Hesina Mutterharz, Galban, G. Galbanum, F.\\nand Sw. Galbano, Sp.\\nOrigin. Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier et Buhse, and probably other\\nplants (Umbelliferoe).\\nHabitat. Persia.\\nDrug. Gum resin, which exudes spontaneously from the lower part\\nof the stem.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 168. Rarely whitish\\nfractured surface paler than the external surface. The general aspect\\nof the drug, as to color, is light yellowish-brown or greenish-brown.\\nMore or less hard, softens by the warmth of the hand. Can be pow-\\ndered only in cold. About two-thirds of it dissolves in alcohol or ether.\\nWith water it yields a whitish emulsion when triturated. Odor very\\npeculiar, strong. Must not be dark brown, nor contain transparent,\\nyellowish-brown, hard pieces of resin, as sometimes seen in the market.\\nConstituents. From six to nine per cent, volatile oil, sixty to\\nsixty-seven per cent, of resin, and nineteen to twenty-two per cent. gum.\\nThe volatile oil is colorless, has 0.884 specific gravity, and is free from\\nsulphur. The resin contains sulphur. By fusion with potassa galbanum\\nyields resorcin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant blennorrhetic, useful in chronic bron-\\nchitis, and in chronic catarrhs of mucous membranes generally. Exter-\\nnally irritant and suppurative.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains) in pill. Usually combined\\nwith asafcetida or myrrh, or both.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "510 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGALBANI EMPLASTKUM; U. S.\\nGalbanum Plaster.\\nMelt together two hundred and forty grams (8 ounces) galbanum\\nand thirty grams (1 ounce) Canada turpentine, and strain then add\\nninety grams (3 ounces) Burgundy pitch, and afterward one thousand\\none hundred and forty grams (38 ounces) lead plaster, melting all on a\\nwater-bath and stirring them together thoroughly.\\nAlmost identical with the old plaster (containing nearly four per cent,\\nless lead plaster), which had the title Emplastrum Galbani Compositum.\\nStimulant plaster in rheumatism, etc.\\nGALBANI PILULES COMPOSITE U. S.\\nCompound Galbanum Pills.\\nMake a pill-mass of 9.75 grams (150 grains) galbanum, 9.75 grams\\n(150 grains) myrrh, 3.25 grams (50 grains) asafcetida, and sufficient\\nsimple syrup, and divide it into one hundred pills.\\nDose. Two to three pills.\\nGalla U. S.\\nNutgall.\\nOallm Tinctorial Galldpfel, G. JVoix de galle, Galle de cli ene, F.\\nGalldpplen, Sw. Galls, Blue Galls, Aleppo Galls.\\nOrigin. Excrescences on Quercus lusitanica, Webb, var. infec-\\ntoria, D. C. (Cupuliferce) caused by an insect.\\nHabitat. The Levant.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 168. They are heavy,\\nhard, but brittle. Externally dark olive-green, or bluish-brownish-green,\\nor blackish-gray internally yellowish-gray, darker toward the centre.\\nThe wall of the central cavity is hard and brittle. The substance of the\\nnutgall contains tannin, is nearly odorless, but strongly astringent.\\nVarieties. Dark and heavy nutgalls are usually good. Light-\\ncolored, spongy galls of light weight are inferior.\\nAleppo (or Syrian) nutgalls are the best kind.\\nCalifornia oakgalls (from Quercus lobata) are very large about\\nfive centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, externally orange-brown, inter-\\nnally whitish and spongy, and very astringent.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n511\\nChinese and Japanese nutgalls (from Rhus semialata) are hollow, ir-\\nregularly shaped tuberculate formations. They are quite rich in tan-\\nnin but their tannin differs in kind from that of the official druo\\\\\\nFigs\\n-274. Nutgalls, natural size, whole and sec-\\ntions, with and without holes.\\nFig.\\n275. Chinese Gall,\\nnatural size.\\nConstituents. From forty to seventy-five per cent, tannin, and\\nfrom two to three per cent, gallic acid, besides unimportant constit-\\nuents.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully astringent. A decoction or fluid\\nextract in dilution is occasionally used internally in diarrhoeas, etc., but\\nmore frequently externally as a wash to prevent bed-sores y as a gargle\\nand mouth-wash in relaxed conditions of the pharynx, uvula, or gums,\\nand as an injection in leucorrhoea, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains).\\nGALEAE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Nutgall.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder, mixed with an equal bulk of\\nsand.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8-J\\nfluidounces) alcohol, one hundred grams (about 3 J- fluidounces) water,\\nand one hundred grams (about 3\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2% fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "512 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGALLJE INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Nutgall.\\nMake three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) infusion from\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) coarsely powdered nutgall.\\nUsed chiefly as a chemical reagent. Useful also as an astringent\\ninjection, wash, or gargle.\\nGALLJE SYKUPUS AKOMATICUS.\\nAromatic Syrup of Nutgall.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) powdered galls, fifteen grams\\n(230 grains) powdered cinnamon, and five grams (77 grains) powdered\\nCochin ginger moisten and percolate the mixed powders with eight\\nhundred cubic centimeters (27 fluidounces) brandy, and continue the\\npercolation with diluted alcohol until eight hundred cubic centimeters\\n(27 fluidounces) percolate has been received. Put the liquid in a por-\\ncelain evaporating dish, and place over it a coarse sieve containing\\neight hundred grams (28 ounces) cut sugar. Ignite the liquid and let\\nit burn as long as the alcoholic strength of the liquid is sufficient to sus-\\ntain the flame, and move the sugar immediately above the flame so that\\nit may melt and drop through the sieve into the liquid. Add, if neces-\\nsary, sufficient simple syrup to make the whole product one liter.\\nDose. For children, one to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nGALL^E TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Nutgall.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) gtycerin with nine\\nhundred grams (31 ounces 327 grains, or about 3-4 fluidounces) diluted\\nalcohol. Moisten two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) nutgall, in\\nNo. 40 powder, with one hundred cubic centimeters (3^- fluidounces) of\\nthe mixture pack it in a conical glass percolator, and percolate it with\\nthe remainder of the mixture and then with diluted alcohol until one\\nthousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, or about 34 fluidounces) tincture\\nhas been obtained.\\nDiluted with water it is used as an astringent wash or gargle.\\nGALLiE UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nNutgall Ointment.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered nutgall and two hundred and\\nseventy grams (9 ounces) benzoinated lard.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n513\\nGALL^E UNGUENTUM CUM OPIO.\\nNutgall Ointment with Opium.\\nMix five grams (77 grains) powdered opium and ninety-five grams\\n(3 ounces 153 grains) nutgall ointment.\\nFigs. 276-278. Twig and leaves of Gaultheria, natural size.\\nGaultheria IT. S.\\nGaultheria.\\nGaultherim Folia Canadischer Thee, Bergthee, G.; Feuilles de gaul-\\ntherie (de palommier), F. Wintergreen, Teaberry, Checkerberry\\nBoxberry, Partridgeberry.\\nOrigin. Gaultheria procumbens, Linn6 (JEricacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The leaves.\\n33", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "514\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 169. Thick, smooth,\\nshining green above, paler on the under surface. Generally mixed with\\ntwigs.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, tannin, arbutin, urson, ericolin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant and slightly astringent. Used as a\\ntea in bowel complaints and as an emmenagogue.\\nDose. Two to ten grams (30 to 150 grains) in decoction or fluid\\nextract.\\nGAULTHERLE EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Gatjltheria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3-J- fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2J fluidrachms).\\nGaultherise Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Gaultheria.\\nGaultJierim ^Jtheroleum Volatile Oil of Gaultheria, Oil of Winter-\\ngreen,\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 237.\\nUses. It contains ninety per cent, methyl salicylate, and may be\\nused in many cases for the same purposes as salicylic acid with equally\\nsatisfactory results.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (3 to 6 drops).\\nGAULTHEKLE SPIRITUS II. S.\\nSpirit of Gaultheria.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) volatile oil of gaultheria and\\nnine hundred and seventy grams (34 ounces 100 grains, or about 40\\nfluidounces) alcohol.\\nUsed for flavoring.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 515\\nGelatina.\\nGelatin.\\nPrepared by boiling bone cartilage, skins, etc., in water until they\\ndissolve. Upon cooling, the clear jelly thus obtained is cut into thin\\nslices and dried on coarse netting.\\nIt occurs in the trade in sheets, transparent or opaque, and in trans-\\nparent shreds.\\nCompletely soluble in water, forming a clear, colorless, odorless, and\\ntasteless solution or jelly. Impure gelatin (having a strong odor) is\\nglue.\\nSolution of gelatin precipitates tannin.\\nGelatin is used as a reagent for tannin, as the material from which\\ncapsules are made, for coating pills, and for preparing gelatin sup-\\npositories.\\nGELATIN SUPPOSITOEIES AND BOUGIES.\\nSoak fifteen grams (230 grains) of fine shred gelatin in a mixture of\\nfifty cubic centimeters (If fluidounce) of water, and 7.5 grams (115\\ngrains) of glycerin. Liquefy on a water-bath and stir in the medica-\\nments if insoluble, and immediately pour into moderately warm moulds,\\nwhich must then be placed in ice-water to cool before the insoluble\\nheavier substances can settle.\\nIf the medicaments are soluble in water they may be dissolved in a\\nsmall part of the water which is retained until the gelatin has become\\nliquid and is then stirred into the solution.\\nThe gelatin must be soaked in the mixture of water and glycerin\\nuntil soft before the whole is placed on a water-bath to liquefy.\\nAny medicinal substances except tannin or astringents can be incor-\\nporated with the jelly, which may then be run into suitable moulds.\\nThese preparations melt at the temperature of the body and allow\\nthe medicinal agents to come into direct contact with the diseased mu-\\ncous surfaces of the parts into which they are introduced.\\nHEKTOGEAPHIC GELATIN\\nHektograph pads may be made from thirty grams (1 ounce) gela-\\ntin, sixty grams (2 ounces) water, and ninety grams (3 ounces) glycerin.\\nThe gelatin is to be soaked in the water until it softens. The gly-\\ncerin is then added, and the whole heated by stirring on a water-bath\\nuntil entirely dissolved.\\nBefore filling the forms the gelatin solution must be allowed to rest\\nlong enough for all air-bubbles to break and disappear.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "516 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGelsemium U. S.\\nGelsemium.\\nGelsemii Radix Gelbe Jasminwurzel, G. Racine de jasmin jaune, F.\\nYellow Jasmine, Yellow Jessamine, Gelseminum.\\nOrigin. Gelsemium sempervirens, Aiton (Loganiaceos).\\nHabitat. The southern portions of the United States.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 169. Thick, branched,\\ncut rhizomes, from six to thirty millimeters to 1^ inch) in diameter,\\nwith much more slender rootlets.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid gelsemine, which is amorphous, bitter,\\nsoluble in ether and alcohol, sparingly in water. Also volatile oil,- re-\\nsin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully depressant and sedative. Reduces\\nthe force and frequency of the heart-beats, and in large doses may pro-\\nduce death.\\nUsed in fevers to reduce the pulse and temperature, though the lat-\\nter action, except when given in poisonous doses, is denied by good\\nauthority.\\nAlso useful in certain nervous disorders, especially of neuralgic\\ncharacter, neuralgia of the fifth nerve, and especially in ovarian neu-\\nralgia.\\nAlso in acute inflammations, especially pneumonia and pleuritis.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract.\\nToxic Action. In poisonous doses symptoms of cerebral distur-\\nbance and general paralysis occur. Respiration and the heart s action\\nbecome excessively slow and labored, and death may occur from as-\\nphyxia.\\nAntidotal Treatment consists in the prompt evacuation of the\\nstomach, diffusible stimulants, artificial warmth, electricity, and artificial\\nrespiration.\\nDigitalis and belladonna are physiological antidotes.\\nGELSEMII EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract op Gelsemium.\\n1 Evaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown;\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.02 to 0.10 gram (J to grain).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 517\\nGELSEMII EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Gelsemium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6\u00c2\u00a3 fluid\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then per-\\ncolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (2 to 8 minims).\\nGELSEMII TINCTtTRA U. S.\\nTincture op Gelsemium.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) gelsemium, in No. 60 pow-\\nder, with forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains, or about If fluidounce) al-\\ncohol. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with\\nalcohol until four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains, or about 17 fluid-\\nounces) has been obtained.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims).\\nGentiana U. S.\\nGentian.\\nGentianm Radix Enzianwurzel, JBitterwurzel, G. Racine de gentiane,\\nF. Gentiana, Sp. JBaggsdta, Sw.\\nOrigin. Gentiana lutea, Linne (Gentianacece).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 169. Large pieces are\\nusually split. Internally the root is of a light orange-brown color.\\nSwells considerably when soaked in water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "518\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMust be sound and nearly dry.\\nConstituents. Contains gentiopicrin, a bitter glucoside which\\ncrystallizes in colorless, neutral needles, and is soluble in water and in\\nalcohol. The coloring mat-\\nter in gentian is gentianic\\nacid (gentisic acid). Soluble\\nin alcohol. Contains no\\ntannin.\\nAmerican gentian, from\\nG. puberula, G. saponaria,\\nand G. Andrewsii, is much\\nsmaller than the European\\ngentian, and consists of a\\nscarcely annulated head, only\\nabout twelve millimeters (-J\\ninch) long and three milli-\\nmeters inch) thick, with\\na great number of light-\\ncolored rootlets about six\\ncentimeters (2f inches) long.\\nMedicinal Uses.\\nGentian is a simple, bitter\\ntonic, very much employed\\nas a stomachic and appetizer.\\nIt is a valuable remedy in\\ncertain forms of dyspepsia\\nand want of appetite during\\nconvalescence.\\nThe dose is from 0.5 to\\n2 grams (8 to 30 grains) in\\npowder, but it is seldom\\nFig. 279.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gentian, natural size. given in this form.\\nGENTIANS EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Gentian.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) of gentian, in\\nNo. 20 powder, with two hundred grams (Gf fluidounces) of water and\\nmacerate twenty-four hours. Then pack it in a conical percolator and\\npercolate with water until the percolate passes through but slightly\\nbitter. Boil the liquid down to three-fourths of its weight, and strain", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 519\\nit then evaporate by water-bath heat to a pilular consistence. No\\nglycerin is added to this extract.\\nBrown. Yield about twenty -five per cent.\\nDose. 0.20 to 1 gram (3 to 15 grains).\\nGENTIANS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM; XL S.\\nFluid Extract of Gentian.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6J fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic- centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGENTIANS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Fluid Extract of Gentian.\\nMix five hundred and seventy-three grams (20 ounces 100 grains) gen-\\ntian, two hundred and eighty-seven grams (10 ounces 50 grains) bitter\\norange peel, and one hundred and forty-two grams (5 ounces) cardamom.\\nReduce the mixture to No. 40 powder. Use diluted alcohol as a men-\\nstruum. Make one thousand cubic centimeters (about 34 fluidounces)\\nof finished fluid extract.\\nThis fluid extract is about seven times the strength of the official\\ncompound tincture of gentian, and each cubic centimeter of it repre-\\nsents one gram of the mixed drugs.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGENTIANS INFUSUM COMPOSITUM; Phar. 1870.\\nCompound Infusion of Gentian.\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) gentian, 2.50 grams (38 grains) bitter\\norange peel, and 2.50 grams (38 grains) coriander, all in moderately", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "520 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncoarse (No. 40) powder. Moisten and percolate the mixed drugs with\\na mixture of forty cubic centimeters (1^- fluidounce) alcohol and two\\nhundred and eighty cubic centimeters (9J fluidounces) water, continuing\\nthe percolation afterward with water until three hundred and twenty\\ncubic centimeters (10\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces) of percolate has been obtained.\\nDose. About thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) several times\\na day.\\nGENTIA1SLE TINCTURA COMPOSITA; U.S.\\nCompound Tincture of Gentian.\\nMix forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) gentian, twenty grams (308\\ngrains) bitter orange peel, and ten grams (154 grains) cardamom. Re-\\nduce the whole to No. 40 powder. Moisten and percolate with diluted\\nalcohol to obtain five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains, or about 18\\nfluidounces) of tincture.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).\\nGENTIANS YINUM.\\nWine of Gentian.\\nMoisten and percolate thirty grams (1 ounce) gentian, in No. 40\\npowder, with a mixture of one-fourth diluted alcohol and three-fourths\\nVirginia seedling wine (by measure) until one thousand cubic centi-\\nmeters (34 fluidounces) of percolate has been obtained.\\nDose. A wineglassful three times a day.\\nGentiana Quinqueflora.\\nFive-Flowered Gentian.\\nOrigin. Gentiana quinqueflora, Lamarck (Gentianacew).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stem from thirty to sixty centimeters (1 to 2 feet)\\nhigh, smooth, four-sided leaves opposite, undivided, without leaf -stalks,\\nnearly heart-shaped, clasping the stem at the base, pointed at the apex,\\nabout twenty-five millimeters (1 inch) long flowers bright blue, but\\nusually quite faded in the dried drug. It is inodorous taste bitter.\\nConstituents. Has not been analyzed.\\nProperties. Bitter tonic, best given as fluid extract made with\\ndiluted alcohol as a menstruum, of which the\\nDose is 0.5 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (8 to 40 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 521\\nGeranium U. S.\\nGeranium.\\nGeranii Rhizoma Cranesbill.\\nOrigin. Geranium maculatum, Linne (Gera?iiacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 169.\\nFigs. 280, 281. Geranium Root, whole and transverse section, large specimen, natural size.\\nConstituents. From thirteen to seventeen per cent, tannin, some\\nresin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully astringent. Used internally as an\\ningredient in diarrhoea mixtures, etc., or locally as a wash, injection,\\ngargle, etc., in relaxed conditions of the mucous membranes.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nGEE AMI EXTE ACTUM.\\nExtract of Geranium.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of fluid extract made without gly-\\ncerine to the pilular consistence, and then incorporate with it, while still\\nwarm, one-twentieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) or more, repeated as re-\\nquired.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "522 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGERANII EXTRACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract op Geranium.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a, first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 9^- fluidounces) alcohol, two hundred and twenty-five grams\\n(about 7-J- fluidounces) water, and fifty grams (about avoirdupois\\nounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6-J- fluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first p ercolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nGeum Rivale.\\nGeum Rivale. Water Avens.\\nGei Radix Avens Root.\\nOrigin. Geum rivale, Linn6 (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. About five to eight centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long,\\nand six millimeters inch) thick, knotty, scaly, wrinkled, externally\\nbrownish, whitish within, bark thin, pith large. Odor slightly aromatic\\ntaste astringent, bitter. Radicles on the under side.\\nConstituents. A little volatile oil, tannin, and bitter extractive.\\nPossibly the bitterness is due to a definite principle as in Geum urbanum.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent tonic. Useful in diarrhoeas and in\\nrelaxed conditions of the mucous membranes generally.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), best given as fluid\\nextract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 523\\nGeum Urbanum.\\nGeum Urbanum. European Ayens.\\nGei Urbani Radix Radix Caryophyllata.\\nOrigin. Geum urbanum, Linne (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Finger-thick, about twelve to seventy-five millime-\\nters to 3 inches) long, usually truncated head, externally blackish-\\nbrown or reddish-brown, tortuous, wrinkled, scaly, brittle, flesh-colored\\nwithin. Radicles from all sides, light colored, about three to eight cen-\\ntimeters (2 to 3 inches) long. Odor slightly aromatic, clove-like taste\\nastringent, bitter.\\nConstituents. Tannin from ten to forty per cent., from two to\\nfour per cent, resin, traces of volatile oil, and, according to Buchner, a\\nbitter principle, called by him gein.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose. Like those of water avens.\\nGiiienia Trifoliata.\\nGillenia Trifoliata.\\nGillenice Radix Indian Physic.\\nOrigin. Giiienia trifoliata, Moench (Rosacea).\\nHabitat. The United States east of the Alleghany Mountains.\\nParts used. Rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. Like the corresponding parts of giiienia stipulacea,\\nbut smaller, less knotty, and with the rootlets more slender, smooth, less\\ntortuous, and marked by less distinct transverse rings.\\nConstituents. Same as in Giiienia stipulacea.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug resembles ipecacuanha in its action.\\nIn small doses it is diaphoretic and expectorant in larger doses a mild\\nemetic. It is a useful tonic in some forms of dyspepsia in doses of 0.1\\nor 0.2 gram (2 to 3 grains).\\nDose. As an expectorant and diaphoretic, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5\\ngrains) as an emetic, one to two grams (15 to 30 grains), every fifteen\\nor twenty minutes.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "524\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 282. Indian Physic, natural size (rhizome and rootlets of Gillenia Trifoliata).\\nGILLENI^E EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Gillenia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nGillenia Stipulacese.\\nGillenia Stipulacea.\\nAmerican Ipecac.\\nOrigin. Gillenia stipulacea, Nutall (Rosacem).\\nHabitat. The western and southern portions of the United States.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 525\\nParts used. Rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. Knotty, branched rhizomes, about ten to twenty-\\nfive millimeters to 1 inch) thick, with thin bark. Rootlets numerous,\\nsomewhat tortuous, annulated and transversely fissured, with a thick,\\nbrittle bark in two layers, reddish, and marked with numerous resin\\ndots. Inodorous. Bitter.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle called gillenin, soluble in alco-\\nhol and in water, striking a blood-red color with nitric acid. Also\\nresin, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose like those of Indian physic.\\nGlaucium.\\nGlaucium.\\nHorn Poppy.\\nGlaucium luteum, Scopoli (Nat. Ord. Papaveracece). The whole\\nplant, but especially the root, contains a saffron-yellow milky juice\\nwhich is bitter and acrid, and contains three alkaloids, sanguinarine\\nin the herb, and glaucine, and glaucopicrine in the root.\\nMedicinal Uses. We are not aware that this drug has been used\\nto any extent, but it seems to deserve trial on account of its very active\\nconstituents.\\nGlycerinum IT. S.\\nGlycerin.\\nGlycerina, Phar. 1870. Glycerin, (Elsuss, G.; Glycerine, F.; Glice-\\nrina, Sp.; Glycerin, Sw.\\nOccurrence. Glycerin is contained in all fixed oils and fats in\\ncombination with the so-called fatty acids. It never occurs naturally\\nin a free state.\\nProduction. When fats or oils are decomposed in the formation of\\nsoaps or plasters glycerin is simultaneously produced. It is also made\\nby decomposing fats with lime, or with concentrated sulphuric acid, or\\nby steam at 180\u00c2\u00b0 to 190\u00c2\u00b0 0. (356\u00c2\u00b0 to 374\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Perfectly pure glycerin\\ncannot be obtained directly. It must be distilled or crystallized.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 170. Does not evap-\\norate on exposure to the air. Anhydrous (or absolute) glycerin has a spe-\\ncific gravity of 1.264 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). The official glycerin contains\\nabout ninety-five per cent., or over, by weight, of absolute glycerin, its\\nminimum specific gravity being 1.25.\\nGlycerin mixes readily in all proportions with water, alcohol, or a", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "526 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmixture of three parts alcohol and one part ether. It does not mix with\\nchloroform, ether, oils, or benzol. With strong nitric acid it forms ni-\\ntroglycerin (tri-nitrate of glyceryl), and it reduces permanganate of\\npotassium, chlorinated lime, and chromic acid with great violence.\\nHence these substances should not be brought in contact with glycerin\\nexcept in the presence of a sufficient quantity of water.\\nSolvent Powers. Glycerin dissolves, with the aid of heat, many\\nsubstances more effectively than water, as metallic salts and oxides,\\niodine, alkaloids, etc. It dissolves tannin, carbolic acid, gallic acid,\\nsalicylic acid, neutral nitrate of bismuth, bromine, iodine, etc.\\nOf carbolic acid the glycerin takes up three times its own weight\\nof chloride of iron twice its weight of tannin one-sixth of its weight.\\nGlycerin dissolves its own weight of borax, but the solution undergoes\\nsome chemical change, not yet understood, by which the solution be-\\ncomes very acid.\\nTests. See the Pharmacopoeia. The presence of acrolein renders\\nthe glycerin unfit for either internal or external medicinal use. Acrolein\\nis frequently formed in the glycerin in the process of manufacture by\\nthe use of too great heat, and when not completely removed it renders\\nthe product acrid and irritating, being itself intensely acrid and pois-\\nonous.\\nIt should net be supposed, however, that the smarting pain or irri-\\ntation, frequently caused when glycerin is applied to chapped hands or\\nto excoriated surfaces, necessarily proves the glycerin to be impure, for\\nowing to the very hygroscopic nature of the glycerin, which causes it\\nto absorb even as much as fifty per cent, of its weight of water from the\\nair and from surfaces with which it comes in contact, it is itself very\\nirritating when concentrated. Hence glycerin should not be used\\nalone, but diluted or mixed with other liquids.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used internally it is a food, but not a substi-\\ntute for cod-liver oil.\\nIt is used extensively in making various preparations, but is seldom\\ngiven internally on its own account. Has been given in piles with al-\\nleged success.\\nExternally it is extensively employed in fissured lips, or nipples, or\\nchapped hands, itching, etc.\\nCotton tampons saturated with glycerin, or glycerin with tannic\\nacid, are often employed in leucorrhoea and affections of the cervix\\nuteri.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms), twice\\na day.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n527\\nTABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF WATER CONTAINED IN GLYCERIN\\nOF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.\\nSpecific gravity accord-\\ning to Champion and\\nPellet.\\nDegrees\\nBaume.\\nPer cent, water\\nby weight.\\nSpecific gravity accord-\\ning to Champion and\\nPellet.\\nDegrees\\nBaume.\\nPer cent, water\\nby weight.\\n1.2640\\n31.2\\n0.\\n1.2350\\n28.6\\n11.0\\n1.2625\\n31.0\\n0.5\\n1.2335\\n28.4\\n11.5\\n1.2612\\n30.9\\n1.0\\n1.2322\\n28.3\\n12.0\\n1.2600\\n30.8\\n1.5\\n1.2307\\n28.2\\n12.5\\n1.2535\\n30.7\\n2.0\\n1.2295\\n28.0\\n13.0\\n1.2575\\n30.6\\n2.5\\n1.2280\\n27.8\\n13.5\\n1.2560\\n30.4\\n3.0\\n1.2270\\n27.7\\n14.0\\n1.2545\\n30.3\\n3.5\\n1.2255\\n27.6\\n14.5\\n1.2532\\n30.2\\n4.0\\n1.2242\\n27.4\\n15.0\\n1.2520\\n30.1\\n4.5\\n1.2230\\n27.3\\n15.5\\n1.2505\\n30\\n5.0\\n1.2217\\n27.2\\n16.0\\n1.2490\\n29.9\\n5.5\\n1.2202\\n27.0\\n16.5\\n1.2480\\n29.8\\n6.0\\n1.2190\\n26.9\\n17.0\\n1.2465\\n29.7\\n6.5\\n1.2177\\n26.8\\n17.5\\n1.2455\\n29.6\\n7.0\\n1.2165\\n26.7\\n18.0\\n1.2440\\n29.5\\n7.5\\n1.2150\\n26.5\\n18.5\\n1.2427\\n29.3\\n8.0\\n1.2137\\n26.4\\n19.0\\n1.2412\\n29.2\\n8.5\\n1.2125\\n26.3\\n19.5\\n1.2400\\n29.0\\n9.0\\n1.2112\\n26.2\\n20.0\\n1.2390\\n28.9\\n9.5\\n1.2100\\n26.0\\n20.5\\n1.2375\\n28.8\\n10.0\\n1.2085\\n25.9\\n21.0\\n1.2362\\n28.7\\n10.5\\nGlycerita.\\nGlycerites.\\nGly cerates, Glyceroles, Glycerics.\\nThese preparations are simply solutions of medicinal substances in\\nglycerin. They keep well, as a rule, and are generally miscible with\\nwater.\\nGlycyrrhiza U. S.\\nGlycyrrhiza.\\nGlycyrrhiza^ Radix Radix Liquiritias Silssholz, G. Reglisse, Bois\\nde reglisse, Boisdoux, Racine douce, F. Regaliz, Orozuz, Sp.\\nLaJcritzrot, Sw. Liquorice Root.\\nOrigin. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne* (Leguminosm).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe cultivated.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 171.\\nVarieties. Spanish, Italian, German, and Turkish liquorice root\\nare all obtained from glycyrrhiza glabra and correspond to the descrip-\\ntion given above. They generally, or nearly always, have the external", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "528 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngrayish-brown bark remaining. Sometimes they are sold cut. The\\nSpanish liquorice root is somewhat thicker and has a purer yellow color\\nthan the other kinds.\\nThese varieties are distinguished from the Russian by the fact that\\nthey have a darker color, no fissures in the interior, are heavier (sink in\\nwater), and have a sweeter taste than the Russian variety.\\nRussian liquorice root is usually decorticated, light colored, not\\nheavy (floats on water), less sweet than Spanish or German liquorice\\nroot, thick (bark, when present, thin), and has many fissures in the\\nwoody tissue (along the medullary rays). It is obtained from Gly~\\ncyrrhiza glabra, var. Glandulifera (Fliickiger and Hanbury), or from\\nG. echinata. Russian liquorice root is used chiefly for making pow-\\ndered liquorice root, to which purpose it is well adapted, the gray-\\nbrown bark (which when present gives the powder a dark, dirty color)\\nbeing removed in this variety of the drug. Spanish or German liquorice\\nroot, however, is superior in quality, and when decorticated, affords a far\\nsuperior powder, of a rich yellow color.\\nFor preparations such as fluid extract, pure extract, etc., Russian\\nliquorice root should not be used, and is in fact excluded by the Phar-\\nmacopceial description of the drug.\\nImpurities. Pieces of the underground stem (stolon) are often\\npresent. They do not possess the properties of the root and must\\ntherefore be rejected. They are to be recognized by their having a pith,\\nand by the scars from buds.\\nConstituents. The most important are glycyrrhizin, resin, sugar,\\nand asparagin besides, there are starch, gum, pectin, etc.\\nGlycyrrhizin is an amorphous yellowish-white, bitter-sweet glucocide,\\nwhich in the root probably exists combined with ammonia. It is freely\\nsoluble in boiling water less readily in cold water. Readily soluble\\nin alcohol. With dilute acids it splits up into sugar and an amorphous\\nbrownish-yellow bitter substance called glycyrrhetin. The resinous\\nmatter in glycyrrhiza is also bitter and causes the acrid after-taste in\\nthe fauces.\\nMedicinal Uses. Demulcent and slightly stimulant to the bron-\\nchial mucous membranes, relieving congestion and promoting expecto-\\nration. The extract is a popular remedy in coughs and colds. If allowed\\nto dissolve slowly in the mouth, it acts like acacia in relieving irritation\\nof the fauces and larynx, and allays cough depending on an irritation or\\ntickling in these places. It possesses the valuable property of masking\\nthe disagreeable taste of quite a number of medicines. The powder is\\nmuch used as a conspergative for pills.\\nDose. Ad libitum, usually in the form of solid extract.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 529\\nGLYCYRRHIZA PULYIS COMPOSITUS U.S.\\nCompound Glycyrrhiza Powder.\\nCompound Powder of Liquorice Pulvis Pectoralis Kurellaz Prust-\\npulver, G.\\nMix eighteen grams (278 grains) senna, sixteen grams (247 grains)\\nglycyrrhiza, eight grams (124 grains) fennel, eight grams (124 grains)\\nwashed sulphur, and fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) sugar, all in fine\\npowder.\\nUsed as a mild laxative.\\nDose. About one teaspoonful at bedtime.\\nGLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract or Glycyrrhiza.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of sixty grams (about 2-J- fluid-\\nounces) alcohol, sixty grams (about 2 fluidounces) water, and ten grams\\n(about 154 grains) water of ammonia.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4J fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 6^-\\nfluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve three hundred and seventy-five cubic centimeters (12^ fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is\\nexhausted.\\nAdd fifteen grams (230 grains) water of ammonia to the second per-\\ncolate.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nFluid extract of glycyrrhiza is largely used as a sweetening agent\\nin solutions and mixtures containing bitter or nauseous medicines. It\\nis frequently added to quinine mixtures. In such cases it is to be re-\\nmembered that the addition of any acid defeats the object in view, for\\n34", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "530 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfree acid precipitates the glycyrrhizin, and instead of masking the bitter\\ntaste of the quinine we obtain a mixture with an unsightly precipitate\\nin it and more bitter than before.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fiuidrachms).\\nGLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACTUM PURUM; U. S.\\nPure Extract of Gltcyrrhiza.\\nMix seventy-five grams (2 ounces 280 grains avoirdupois) water of am-\\nmonia with fifteen hundred grams (51 fluidounces) of water. Moisten five\\nhundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of glycyrrhiza (liquorice root)\\nin No. 20 powder with five hundred grams (about 17 fluidounces) of the\\nmixture. Macerate twenty-four hours. Then pack it moderately in a\\ncylindrical glass percolator. Percolate, first with the remainder of the\\nammoniacal mixture, and afterward with water until the glycyrrhiza is\\nexhausted. Finally evaporate the percolate by water-bath, heat to the\\nconsistence of soft pill mass.\\nThis extract is brownish-black, very pure and sweet, and forms a\\nclear rich brown solution with water.\\nDose- Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nGLYCYRRHIZA MISTURA COMPOSITA U. S.\\nCompound Mixture of Glycyrrhiza.\\nUrown Mixture.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) pure extract of glycyr-\\nrhiza, thirty grams sugar, and thirty grams acacia, in powder, with\\nseven hundred cubic centimeters (23^- fluidounces) water, gradually\\nadded, until well mixed then add one hundred and twenty grams (4\\nounces 100 grains, or about 4 fluidounces) camphorated tincture of\\nopium, sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains, or about 2 fluidounces) wine of\\nantimony, and thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains, or about 1J fluidounce)\\nspirit of nitrous ether.\\nUsed in cough mixtures.\\nDose. Ten to fifteen cubic centimeters (2 to 4 fiuidrachms).\\nGLYCYRRIIIZ/E syrupus.\\nSyrup of Glycyrrhiza.\\nDissolve fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) pure extract of glycyrrhiza\\nin nine hundred and fifty grams (33 ounces, or 25 fluidounces) simple\\nsyrup.\\nUsed as a vehicle or for flavoring.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 531\\nj\\nGlycyrrhizae Extractum II. S.\\nExtract of Glycyrrhiza.\\nGlycyrrhizm Extractum Crudum Succus Liquiritiaz\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lakritz, G. and\\nSw. Extrait de reglisse, F. Extracto de regaliz, Sp. Black Liquor-\\nice, Extract of Liquorice.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 121. An impure extract from the\\nroots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. echinata. Usually in sticks, the\\nappearance of which is familiar. Also occurring in solid masses.\\nShould be solid, black, shining, hard, very sweet, and yield not less\\nthan three-fifths of its weight to cold water. The undissolved portion\\nis flour, which, had been added in preparing the liquorice.\\nCalabrian liquorice is the best of the stick liquorice. It is stamped\\nJBaracco, Martucci, or Corigliano. Of the Italian stick liquorice jSo-\\nlazzi is the best.\\nThe important constituent of liquorice is Glycyrrhizm (see Glycyr-\\nrhiza).\\nUsed mainly as a lenitive and demulcent in irritated conditions of\\nthe mouth and fauces.\\nGLYCYRRHIZA ET OPII TROCHISCI; U. S.\\nTroches of Glycyrrhiza and Opium.\\nThis preparation will be found under the head of Opium, with the\\ntitle Opii et Glycyrrhiza. Trochisci, as it is not a preparation of\\nglycyrrhiza as much as a preparation of opium. This arrangement is\\nunavoidable in order to carry out our plan of arranging all preparations\\nunder the heads of their most important constituents or ingredients,\\nrespectively. We have treated the several preparations of opium with\\nipecacuanha in the same manner.\\nGLYCYRRHIZA ELIXIR PECTORALE.\\nPectoral Drops.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces) pure extract of glycyrrhiza in one\\nhundred and eighty cubic centimeters (6 fluidounces) fennel water, and\\n1.50 gram (24 minims) oil of anise in four hundred and eighty cubic\\ncentimeters (16 fluidounces) alcohol. Mix the solutions. Then add ten\\ncubic centimeters (2_- fluidrachms) water of ammonia.\\nUsed in colds, etc.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "532 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGLYCYKRHIZ^E YINUM THEBAICUM; SW.\\nWine of Liquorice with Opium.\\nRosen s .Brostdroppar, Sw.\\nMacerate during five days twenty grams (300 grains) powdered\\nopium, twenty grams (300 grains) Spanish saffron, and twenty grams\\n(300 grains) powdered extract of glycyrrhiza with one liter (34 fluid-\\nounces) Malaga wine. Express and filter, adding sufficient Malaga wine\\nthrough the filter to make the whole product weigh one thousand grams\\n(35 ounces 120 grains, measuring about 34 fluidounces).\\nUsed in colds, coughs, etc.\\nDose. One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nGlycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum 17. S.\\nAmmoniated Glycyrrhizin.\\nAmmoniacal Glycyrrhizin.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of glycyrrhiza,\\nin No. 20 powder, with a mixture of twenty-five grams (about 6 flui-\\ndrachms) water of ammonia, and four hundred and seventy-five cubic\\ncentimeters (about 1 pint) water, and macerate for twenty-four hours.\\nThen pack it moderately in a cylindrical percolator, and pour more\\nmenstruum upon it, consisting of water of ammonia and water mixed in\\nthe same proportions as before, percolating until two thousand five hun-\\ndred grams (88 fluidounces) percolate has been obtained. To this per-\\ncolate add diluted sulphuric acid, slowly and during constant stirring, as\\nlong as any precipitate is produced by a fresh addition. Collect the pre-\\ncipitate on a strainer and wash it with cold water. Then redissolve it in\\nwater with water of ammonia added, filter the solution if necessary, and\\nagain precipitate with sulphuric acid as before. Collect this precipitate,\\nwash it with water on a strainer, then dissolve it in a sufficient quantity of\\na mixture of equal parts by measure of water of ammonia and water.\\nPaint this solution on plates of glass, and dry it so as to obtain the\\nproduct in scales.\\nAmmoniated glycyrrhizin is in dark-brown or brownish-red scales of\\na very sweet taste. Inodorous completely and readily soluble in water\\nand in alcohol. When the aqueous solution of it is mixed with solution\\nof soda or potassa, vapors of ammonia are liberated. The addition of\\nacid precipitates the glycyrrhizin from its aqueous solution.\\nMust be in scales (as this best insures purity and proper qualities),\\nperfectly free from any bitterness, and readily and completely soluble.\\nIts intense sweetness is such as to effectually mask the taste of bit-\\nter, nauseous medicines, and this is its only use.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 533\\nGnaphalium.\\nGnAPHALIUM.\\nLife Everlasting.\\nOrigin. Gnaphalium polycephalum, Linne Compositce).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart Used. The flowering herb.\\nDescription. The florets are yellowish. Fragrant taste aromatic,\\nbitter.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and bitter extractive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly aromatic, tonic and astringent. Of\\nlittle importance.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nGossypium U. S.\\nCotton.\\nLtaumicolle, G. Coton, F. JSomull, Sw.\\nThe hairs (lanugo) of the seeds. They are simple cells, and consist\\nof nearly pure cellulose. Cotton fibre, though round when still fresh in\\nthe pod, becomes dry and collapsed when gathered, and then presents\\na spiral and band-like appearance\\nunder the microscope. (See figure.)\\nIt is one of the most frequent acci-\\ndental foreign substances in our\\nmounted specimens for the micro-\\nscope, as the air in our rooms almost\\nalways contains small floating par-\\nticles of this substance, which set-\\ntles as dust on our slides during\\nmounting. We have known bits of\\nthis fibre to have been mistaken for\\nurinary casts, which will, of course,\\nnot happen to one familiar with its\\nappearance. FlG 2S3.-Cotton Fibre, magnified.\\nRaw cotton is more or less impure from adhering fixed oil, etc. To\\nmake it pure and clean it is washed in weak soda lye, then in pure\\nwater, and dried. After this purification it absorbs water rapidly, and\\nsinks when thrown upon its surface. It is therefore called Absorbent\\nCotton.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "534 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPharmaceutical Uses. Cotton is often used in funnels to filter\\noils, etc., and for preparing officinal waters.\\nMedicinal Uses. As a dressing in burns, scalds, excoriations, etc.\\nAlso as an absorbent dressing to surfaces or abscesses discharging\\nmuch pus.\\nIt is a protective dressing for surgical wounds, and prevents septic\\nmatter from gaining access to the raw surfaces. For this purpose it is\\noften carbolized.\\nHEMOSTATIC COTTON\\nis made by dipping absorbent cotton in solution of chloride of iron and\\ndrying and picking it. Sometimes alum is also added. One formula\\nprescribes twenty grams solution chloride iron (1.48 specific gravity),\\nten grams potassa alum, and one hundred and twenty grams water, with\\nwhich the cotton is saturated.\\nGossypii Seminis Oleum U. S.\\nCotton-Seed Oil.\\nOrigin. Gossypium herbaceum, etc.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 237. It is a fixed oil\\nexpressed from the cotton seed, and refined.\\nMust be bright, pale, odorless, and free from acrid after-taste.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia, although very large quantities of it have\\nbeen and are used in pharmacy and medicine, as well as for table purposes,\\nunder the name of olive oil, or salad oil. As cotton-seed oil of good\\nquality can be readily obtained, while good olive oil is not always ob-\\ntainable at a reasonable price, the former should be preferred, as for most\\npurposes (probably even for table use) it is quite equal to olive oil.\\nGossypii Radicis Cortex TJ. S.\\nCotton-Root Bark.\\nOrigin.^ Gossypium herbaceum, Linn6, and other species of Gossy-\\npium (Malvaceae).\\nHabitat. The United States, south of Pennsylvania.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 172.\\nConstituents. Resin, tannin, and red coloring matter.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 535\\nMedicinal Uses. It acts on the uterus similarly to ergot. It is\\nemployed in cases of suppression or scanty secretion of the menstrual\\nfiow, or in dysmenorrhcea, and in large dose may .produce abortion.\\nFig. 284. Transverse section of Cotton-Root Bark, enlarged.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), in the form of fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nGOSSYPII KADICIS CORTICIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Cotton-Root Bark.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract (not made with\\nglycerin) to the pilular consistence, and then incorporate with it, while\\nstill warm, one-twentieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.30 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nGOSSYPII RADICIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Cotton-Root Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of three hundred and twenty-\\nfive grams (about 13^ fluidounces) alcohol, and one hundred and seventy-\\nfive grams (about 6\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "536\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and fifty grams of the first men-\\nstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with\\nmenstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGranati Fructus Cortex.\\nPomegranate Rind.\\nOrigin. Punica granatum, Linne (GroMatacew).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in subtropical countries.\\nPart used. The rind of the fruit.\\nDescription. Seldom whole usually in irregular fragments from\\none to two millimeters to T 1 inch) thick leathery, reddish-brown or\\nFigs. 285, 286.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pomegranate Rind, broken as in drug, outer and inner surface, natural size.\\nbrownish-red externally, lighter on the inner surface marked with de-\\npressions, as seen in the figure. Odorless astringent.\\nConstituents. About twenty-eight percent, tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent. Used internally, or locally as a\\ngargle or wash, in diarrhoea and relaxed conditions of the mucous mem-\\nbranes generally.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) in powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "UKTTED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n537\\nFigs. 287, 288. Pomegranate Fruit, whole and in longitudinal section, seeds removed, nat-\\nural size.\\nGranatum U. S.\\nPomegranate.\\nGranoti Radicis Cortex Granatwurzelrinde, G,; orce de la racine\\nde grenadier, F.; Granado, Sp. Granatrotbark, Sw.; Pomegran-\\nate Root Bark.\\nOrigin. Punica Granatum, Linne (Granatacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in subtropical countries.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 173. Troughs (some-\\ntimes whole quills), generally with remnants of the wood adhering.\\nExternally it is grayish-yellow, or brownish-gray, finely wrinkled (when\\nyoung), or fissured and warty (when from older roots). Has no lichens.\\nIt colors the saliva yellow. It loses its activity when long kept fresh\\nundried bark is best.\\nThe bark of the stem occurs more frequently in whole quills, and\\nhas a less abundant cork-formation externally. There are also lichens\\non the stem bark. It is equal to the root bark in medicinal properties.\\nConstituents. From ten to twenty per cent, punico-tannic acid,\\nwhich has been obtained in the form of an amorphous brownish-yellow", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "538\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nmass. The drug also contains about one-half per\\ncent, pelletierine, a colorless liquid alkaloid to which\\nthe taenicide properties of the bark are supposed to be\\ndue.\\n-Anthelmintic, taenicide.\\nIs es-\\nwhich\\nMedicinal Uses\\npecially effective in expelling the taenia solium\\ndoes not live above three hours in a decoction of gran-\\nate root bark.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nFig. 289.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bark\\nof Pomegranate\\nRoot, natural size.\\nGKANATI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Pomegranate.\\nPut sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) bruised pome-\\ngranate bark into a suitable vessel of porcelain or\\nearthenware, with five hundred cubic centimeters (17\\nfluidounces) of boiling water. Boil down to three hun-\\ndred and sixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces). Let\\nstand until cold. Strain.\\nDose. One-third to one-half of the above quantity\\nto be taken every hour, and followed in a few hours by\\ncastor-oil if necessary. The remedy should be taken\\non an empty stomach, in the morning.\\nGKANATI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Granatum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nTAPE-WOKM KEMEDY.\\nThe following treatment has proved very successful\\nSixty grams (2 ounces) of pomegranate root bark in coarse powder\\nare boiled with seven hundred cubic centimeters (1J pint) of water\\nuntil two hundred cubic centimeters (about 7 fluidounces) of decoction\\nare obtained.\\nThirty grams (1 ounce) of pumpkin seeds are deprived of their outer\\ncoats and the embryos beaten to a paste with finely powdered sugar.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 539\\nTwo grams (30 grains) of oleo-resin of malefern are emulsified with\\nacacia and the decoction of pomegranate bark, and the emulsion added\\nto the paste of pumpkin seeds, the whole to be flavored according to\\ntaste with syrups, to make two hundred and sixty-five cubic centimeters\\n(9 fluidounces), which is to be divided into three equal portions.\\nThe patient having been prepared by a light diet for a day, accom-\\npanied by a laxative if necessary, is ordered to take one portion of the\\nabove mixture in the early morning if this is not sufficient a second\\nand third portion may be taken at three hours intervals.\\nWhen a desire to go to stool is felt, the patient should sit in a luke-\\nwarm sitz-bath, so that the worm may be passed into the water. In\\nthis manner the expelled portion of the worm does not drag so heavily\\nupon the part still in the bowel, and the parasite is less liable to be torn,\\nso that the head usually glides out easily without being torn off, thus\\nfacilitating the finding of the head, even if not assisting in the expulsion\\nof it. The dose may, of course, be modified as required, and the ad-\\nministration may be followed by a dose of some cathartic, if such should\\nbe necessary.\\nGrindelia IT. S.\\nGrindelia.\\nGrindelia Robusta.\\nOrigin. Grindelia robusta, Nuttall (Composite).\\nHabitat. California.\\nParts used. The leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 173. Grindelia ro-\\nbusta has a branched stem which is smooth, round, striate. The lower\\nleaves are spatulate, tapering at the base, while the upper ones are ob-\\nlong, pointed, and have broad bases. Flower-heads up to nearly twenty\\nmillimetres (f inch) in diameter, one at the point of each branch of the\\nstem resinous the receptacle flat, pitted. Flowers yellow.\\nMost of the Grindelia robusta on the market answers the descrip-\\ntion of Grindelia squarrosa.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil and resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Grindelia robusta is used extensively as a rem-\\nedy in various affections of the organs of respiration. It is often very\\nbeneficial in asthma, in which disease it exerts its most marked effects.\\nIt is also employed in pertussis, bronchitis, etc. It also possesses diu-\\nretic properties, and is useful in catarrh of the bladder.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "540\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nGKINDELLE ROBUST^E EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Grindelia Robusta.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilula\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentietl\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nFigs. 290-296.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grindelia Robusta. a, dry, as in trade, natural size soaked in water,\\nnatural size c\\\\ section of receptacle, half size d, disc-floret, enlarged e, ray-floret\\nstigma, enlarged; g, fruit, enlarged.\\nGRINDELIA [ROBUSTJK] EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Grindelia [Robusta].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion ol\\nthroe hundred grams (about 12 1 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percola-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n541\\ntor. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add\\nenough of the menstruum to make the\\nwhole measure five hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centime-\\nters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGrindelia Squarrosa.\\nGrindelia Squarrosa.\\nOrigin. Grindelia squarrosa, Du-\\nval (Co/npositce).\\nHabitat. West of the Rocky\\nMountains.\\nParts used. Leaves and flowering\\ntops.\\nDescription. Grindelia squarrosa\\nresembles very much the Grindelia\\nrobusta, but is considerably smaller.\\nThe scales on the flower-heads have re-\\ncurved points a feature, however,\\nwhich is not absent in G. robusta. The Figs. 29\\nspecies name Squarrosa refers to the\\nrecurved points of the scales covering the flower-heads as the principal\\ncharacteristic, and as this is not peculiar to G. squarrosa alone, there\\nseems to be little difference between the two plants except as to size.\\nIt has, therefore, recently been considered as simply a variety of G.\\nrobusta.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil and resin.\\nNote. Grindelia squarrosa is reported to be an efficient remedy in intermittent\\nand other malarial fevers. It is probable that both species (if they really are dis-\\ntinct species) have similar properties. A great proportion of the drug sold in the\\nmarket as G-. robusta is, in fact, G-. squarrosa (Lloyd).\\nMedicinal Uses, Dose, and Preparations. Like those of Grin-\\ndelia robusta.\\n298. Grindelia Squarrosa,\\ndry as in trade, natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "542\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nGuaiaci Lignum U. S.\\nGuaiacum Wood.\\nGuajakkolz, Pockholz, Franzosenholz, G. Bois de Gayac, F. Guayaco,\\nSp. JPockenholz, Sw. Lignum Vitoe.\\nOrigin. Guaiacum officinale, Linne, and Guaiacum sanctum,\\nLinne {Zygophyllacece),\\nHabitat. The West\\nIndies and the northern\\nSouth American States.\\nPart used. The heart-\\nwood.\\nDescription. See the\\nPharmacopoeia, page 173.\\nThere must be but little\\nof the white-wood in the\\ndrug.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From\\ntwenty to twentj -six per\\ncent, guaiac resin, which is\\ndescribed under its proper\\ntitle.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSame as of the resin. Em-\\nFig. 299.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Guaiac Wood, transverse section, enlarged.\\nployed in the form of fluid extract or decoction as an alterative in\\nsyphilis, etc. generally in combination with sarsaparilla and iodide of\\npotassium.\\nGUAIACI LIGNI EXTBACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Guaiacum Wood.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGUAIACI SPECIES COMPOSITE.\\nAlterative Species.\\nSpecies ad Infusum IJgnorum, Sw.\\nMix seventy-five grams (2 ounces 280 grains) cut glycyrrhiza, one\\nhundred and seventy-five grams (6 ounces 75 grains) cut saponaria, three", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 543\\nhundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) rasped juniper root, and four\\nhundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 382 grains) rasped guaiac wood.\\nUsed as an alterative or blood-purifier. A tea is made of it and\\ntaken ad libitum.\\nGuaiaci Resina U. S.\\nGuaiac.\\nGuaiac Resin.\\nProduction. By heating the wood over fire, when the resin melts\\nand runs out, or by boiling the rasped wood in salt water and skimming\\noff the resin which separates.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 173. Homogeneous,\\nbrittle, dark-greenish masses dull externally from dust, glassy in the\\nfracture. When fused it emits a vanilla-like odor. Readily soluble in\\nalcohol.\\nVarieties. Guaiac in tears is comparatively scarce, but is cleaner\\nthan the guaiac in masses described above.\\nConstituents. About ten per cent, guaiacetic acid, a crystalline\\nsubstance of a faint vanilla-like odor, readily soluble in alcohol and in\\nether, but insoluble in water. About seventy per cent, guaiaconic acid,\\na light-brown, amorphous mass, soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in\\nwater. A small quantity of guaiacic acid, in white crystals and some\\nguaiac yellow, also crystalline. Also ten per cent, beta-guaiac resin, in-\\nsoluble in ether.\\nDiaphoretic, diuretic, alterative, stimulant.\\nDose. 0.50 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains) three times a day.\\nGUAIACI MISTUKA.\\nGuaiac Mixture.\\nEmidsio Guaiaci.\\nTriturate six grams (90 grains) powdered guaiac resin, six grams\\npowdered sugar, and two grams (30 grains) powdered tragacanth until\\nintimately mixed. Then add gradually and with constant trituration\\none hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) peppermint\\nwater.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters to 1 fluidounce).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "544 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGUAIACI TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Guaiac.\\nMacerate forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) coarsely powdered guaiac\\nresin for seven days with one hundred and sixty grams (about 200 cubic\\ncentimeters, or 6f nuidounces) alcohol in a bottle. Filter. Add enough\\nalcohol through the filter to make the whole product weigh two hundred\\ngrams (7 ounces 24 grains, measuring about 7 nuidounces).\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nGUAIACI TINCTURA AMMONIATA; U. S.\\nAmmoniated Tincture of Guaiac.\\nMade like the tincture of guaiac, and of the same guaiac strength,\\nusing, however, aromatic spirit of ammonia instead of alcohol as a sol-\\nvent.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nGuarana U. S.\\nGUARANA.\\nOrigin. Paullinia sorbilis, Martius (Sapindacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brazil.\\nCharacter. A dried paste prepared with the crushed seeds, by\\nbeating them with water into a pulp and drying.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 174. Cylindrical\\nsticks, sometimes flattened, about fifteen centimeters (6 inches) long\\nand twenty-five millimeters (1 inch) in diameter hard, externally dark\\nred-brown, comparatively smooth fracture uneven, somewhat glossy,\\nmuch lighter than the external surface, not homogeneous, showing frag-\\nments of seeds. Odor feeble but peculiar, reminding of chocolate\\ntaste astringent, bitter. Partially soluble in alcohol and in water, the\\nsolutions being brown.\\nConstituents. From four to five per cent, of guaranine, an alka-\\nloid closely resembling, if not identical with, caffeine. Also about\\ntwenty-five per cent, tannin, besides traces of volatile oil, saponin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Guarana resembles coffee and tea in its action.\\nIt is used to relieve sick headaches.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) in powder, or preferably\\nin fluid extract.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 545\\nGUARAN^E EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Guar an a.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nChocolate brown.\\nDose. 0.20 to 1 gram (3 to 15 grains).\\nGUARAN/E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Guarana.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred grams (about 4 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nGutta-Percha IT. S.\\nGutta-Percha.\\nOrigin. Isonandra gutta, Hooker (Sapotacem).\\nHabitat. The Malay peninsula and islands.\\nCharacter. The hardened milky juice from the trunks of the trees.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 174. Marbled, red-\\ndish-gray, or yellowish, extremely tough and hard masses, which soften\\nand become plastic by heating, and very soft when put in boiling\\nwater. Has a peculiar though faint odor, but no taste. Is insoluble in\\nwater or in alcohol, but soluble in chloroform, oil of turpentine, or bi-\\nsulphide of carbon.\\nCan be cut with a hot knife.\\nUses. As an ingredient in plasters to render them adhesive. Also\\nin solution as a collodion or protective application.\\n35", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "546 A COMPANION TO THE\\nGUTTA-PERCH^E LIQUOK; U. S.\\nSolution of Gutta-Percha.\\nGutta-Percha Collodion.\\nPut ninety grams (3 ounces) gutta-percha in thin slices into a wide-\\nmouthed quart bottle, with seven hundred grams (24 ounces 300 grains,\\nmeasuring about 16 fluidounces) commercial chloroform, cork well, and\\nshake occasionally until dissolved. Then add one hundred grams (3f\\nounces) carbonate of lead, previously mixed with two hundred and ten\\ngrams (7 ounces 180 grains, measuring about 5 fluidounces) of commer-\\ncial chloroform. Shake together several times, thoroughly, at intervals\\nof half an hour. Set aside until thoroughly settled and clear. Then\\ndecant the clear liquid and keep it in cork-stoppered bottles holding\\nabout thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) each.\\nThe preparation is of a pale straw-color.\\nUsed as an adhesive and protective covering for surfaces. Applied\\nby a brush, when the chloroform evaporates, leaving a coating of gutta-\\npercha.\\nGynocardise Oleum.\\nChaulmoogra Oil.\\nOrigin. Gynocardia odorata, Robert Brown (Bixinem).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nDescription. The fixed oil obtained from the seeds by expression.\\nIt is granular, whitish, semi-solid, melts at 42\u00c2\u00b0 C. (107.6\u00c2\u00b0 F.), has an\\nacid reaction the odor reminds of scammony, and the taste is acrid.\\nWith sulphuric acid it produces a green color.\\nConstituents. About eighty-one per cent, of palmitic acid, and\\nsome hypogceic acid. The constituent upon which its peculiar proper-\\nties depend is gynocardic acid, of which it contains nearly twelve per\\ncent. This has a very acrid taste.\\nMedicinal Uses. Recommended for leprosy, scrofula, syphilis,\\netc., to be used both internally and externally.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty centigrams (2\u00c2\u00a3 to 5 grains) three times a\\nday, to be given in capsules.\\nGYJSTOCARDI^E UNGUENTUM.\\nChaulmoogra Salve.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) chaulmoogra oil with one hundred and\\nfifty grams (5 ounces) petroleum ointment.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 547\\nHsematoxylon U. S.\\nHiEMATOXYLON.\\nHcematoxyli Lignum Blauholz, Campecheholz, G. Bois de Cam-\\npeche, Bois d Lnde, Bois de sang, F. Campeche, Sp. Campechetrd,\\nSvv.; Logwood.\\nOrigin. Hwmatoxylon campechianum, Linne (Legiiminosce).\\nHabitat. Central America and the West Indies.\\nPart used. The heart-wood.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 174. In chips or rasp-\\nings, heavy, hard, reddish-brown. Odor faint, but peculiar and rather\\nagreeable taste sweetish, astringent. Colors the saliva purple, and\\nyields a blood-red infusion with water, which is colored purple by tinct-\\nure of chloride of iron.\\nConstituents. Tannin is the principal medicinal constituent.\\nThe drug also contains from ten to twelve per cent, of a coloring prin-\\nciple called hematoxylin, which has been obtained in colorless crystals,\\nand has a persistent sweet taste like that of liquorice. Hematoxylin\\nis soluble in water, also in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent and tonic.\\nHCEMATOXYLI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Hsematoxylon.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U, S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nHCEMATOXYLI EXTRACTUM IT. S.\\nExtract of Hcematoxylon.\\nMacerate one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) rasped hsema-\\ntoxylon (logwood) forty-eight hours with ten liters (21 wine pints) water.\\nBoil in a porcelain or granite-iron vessel until one-half of the water\\nhas evaporated. Strain while hot, and then evaporate to dryness.\\nReddish-brown. Yield about twelve per cent. Should make an\\nalmost entirely clear solution with water. Ought to be powdered for\\nconvenience in dispensing, as it keeps quite as well in that form. Com-\\nmercial extract of logwood used for dyeing is not to be used instead of\\nthe official extract.\\nDose. 0.5 gram (8 grains) or more.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "548 A COMPANION TO THE\\nH^EMATOXYLI EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Hjematoxylon.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nHalicoris Oleum.\\nDugong Oil.\\nOrigin. Species of Halicore {Mammalia).\\nHabitat. The animals yielding dugong oil sea-hogs inhabit\\nthe shallow waters of the Indian seas.\\nPart used. The oil obtained from the lard.\\nDescription. Whitish, semi-solid at ordinary temperatures. It is\\nalmost inodorous and tasteless when fresh.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been recommended as a substitute for cod-\\nliver oil, and is said to be fully as nutritive while far more palatable.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms)\\nor more during the day.\\nHamamelis IT. S.\\nHamamelis.\\nHamamelidis Folia Witch- Hazel Leaves.\\nOrigin. Hamamelis virginica, Linne (Haynamelacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. ^he fresh leaves, collected in the autumn.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 174. They are in-\\nodorous, but have an astringent, bitter taste.\\nConstituents. Tannin and some bitter principle. The drug has\\nnot been fully investigated chemically.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tonic and astringent. Used in congestions and\\ninflammations hemorrhages and threatened abortions. It is said to be\\nalmost a specific in debility of the venous system. Externally it is used\\nas a wash in old, indolent, and foul ulcers. An ointment of witch-hazel\\nis employed in hemorrhoids.\\nDose. Two to ten grams (30 to 150 grains) in the form of fluid ex-\\ntract or decoction.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 549\\nHAMAMELIDIS EXTKACTUM FLUID UM IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Hamamelis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every two hundred\\ngrams (about 6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6^- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nUsed externally for cuts, bruises, etc.\\nHamamelidis Cortex.\\nHamamelis Bark.\\nWitch-Hazel JBark.\\nOrigin Hamamelis virginiea (see above).\\nPart used. The bark of the younger branches.\\nDescription. Troughs about eight millimeters (J inch) in diameter,\\nand one millimeter inch) thick externally smooth, brown, on the\\ninner surface paler. Odor faint but peculiar taste astringent.\\nConstituents. About eight per cent, tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Has been used to prevent miscarriage, and\\nlocally as a wash and application to wounds, bruises, inflammations,\\nhemorrhoids, etc.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains).\\nHAMAMELIDIS CORTICIS EXTKACTUM FLUIDITM.\\nFluid Extract of Hamamelis Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nornces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "550 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHedeoma U. S.\\nHedeoma.\\nPennyroyal.\\nOrigin. Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon (Labiatm).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. Leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. Stem hairy, four-sided leaves glandular on the un-\\nder surface flowers pale blue. Odor strong, mint-like taste pungent,\\naromatic.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil is the only important constituent.\\nProperties. Stimulant, carminative, and emmenagogue.\\nUsed in flatulent colic and with purgatives to prevent griping. It\\nis employed in the form of a tea to restore suppressed menses.\\nThe fresh herb hung in the rooms is much used to drive away mos-\\nquitoes, and a spirit made by dissolving oil of pennyroyal in alcohol is\\nused as an application to the face and hands for the same purpose.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (75 to 150 minims), in decoction.\\nHedeomse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Hedeoma.\\nHedeomce JEtherohum Volatile Oil of Hedeoma, Oil of Pennyroyal.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 237.\\nHas carminative properties, but is seldom or never used internally.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nHEDEOMSE SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Hedeoma.\\nSpirit of Pennyroyal.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) oil of hedeoma and two hun-\\ndred and seventy grams (9 ounces 230 grains, or about 11 fluidounces)\\nalcohol.\\nUsed as an external embrocation, or as a spray to keep mosquitoes\\nout of the room.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 551\\nHelianti emum*\\nHelianthemum.\\nFrostwort, E. Canadisches Sonnenroschen, G.\\nOrigin. Helianthemum canadense, Michaux (Cistacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The whole herb.\\nDescription. The stem is very slender, stiff, about thirty centi-\\nmeters (12 inches) high, purplish leaves alternate, about twenty-five\\nmillimeters (1 inch) long, narrow, pointed, woolly on the under surface\\nhas one solitary flower in June with yellow petals, and later a number\\nof smaller flowers without petals in hoary axillary clusters. Odor none\\ntaste bitter, astringent.\\nConstituents. Tannin and some bitter substance.\\nMedicinal Properties. Bitter tonic and astringent. Has been\\ngiven in diarrhoea and dysentery and as an alterative in scrofula and\\nsyphilis, it is claimed to have achieved marked success.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to drachms), several times a day,\\nin the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol as a men-\\nstruum.\\nHelleborus.\\nHelleborus.\\nHellebori Radix, Helleborus Niger, Radix Melampodii Schwarze JVies-\\ntourzel, Weihnachtswurzel, Winterrose, G. Svart prustrot, Sw.; Black\\nHellebore, Christmas Hose.\\nOrigin. Helleborus niger, Linne {Ranunculacece).\\nHabitat. Central and Southern Europe.\\nPart used. The rhizome with rootlets.\\nDescription. The rhizome is knotty, twenty-five to seventy-five\\nmillimeters (1 to 3 inches) long, marked by transverse rings, brittle,\\nblackish-brown, grayish within, bark thick, pith large rootlets long,\\ndark brown, longitudinally wrinkled, very brittle, and covered with a\\nthick bark. Odor, scarcely any except when the drug is freshly bruised,\\nwhen it has a rancid odor the dust causes violent sneezing. Taste\\nbitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. The most important are two glucosides called re-\\nspectively helleborin and helleborein, both crystalline. They are very\\npoisonous. There is also some resin in black hellebore but no tannin.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "552 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Drastic cathartic, emetic, and\\nSeldom employed at present. In large doses a powerful poison, pro-\\nducing death by excessive gastro-intestinal irritation.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains) in powder.\\nHELLEBOEI NIGRI EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Black Hellebore.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.6 gram (1 to 10 grains) the larger doses with great\\ncaution.\\nHELLEBOEI NTGRI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Helleborus Niger.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.25 to 1 cubic centimeter (4 to 15 minims).\\nHelonias.\\nHelonias.\\nHelonim Radix; Chamcelirium False Uni-\\ncom.\\nOrigin. Chamwlirium luteum, Gray\\n(Helonias dioica, Pursh.) (Melarithacew)\\nHabitat. North America, east of the\\nMississippi.\\nPart used. The root.\\n5 andta^versfstl Description. -See Fig. 300. It is called\\ntion, enlarged. unicorn root on account of the resemblance\\nthe root bears to a horn. Large pieces have peculiar knotty annula-\\ntions. From twelve to eighty millimeters to 3J inches) long, curved,\\nand from six to twenty millimeters to f inch) in diameter. Exter-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 553\\nnally dark grayish-brown, transversely wrinkled, with stem scars on the\\nupper side, and beset above and below with long, slender, fibrous root-\\nlets, which are, however, usually absent in the commercial drug. Firm,\\nhorny. Odor peculiar, readily perceived when the drug is bruised.\\nTaste bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle called chamceUrin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be tonic and anthelmintic in the dose of\\none to four grams (15 to 60 grains) in infusion or fluid extract.\\nHELOOT^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Helonias.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfiuidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nHemidesmus.\\nHemidesmus.\\nHemidesmi Radix, B. Indian Sarsaparitta, N~annari, E.\\nOrigin. Hemidesmus indicus, Robert Brown (Asclepiadacece).\\nHabitat. India.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Pieces about thirty centimeters (6 inches) long, and\\nfrom six to fifteen millimeters to inch) in diameter, tortuous,\\nwrinkled lengthwise, and with fissures forming transverse rings. The\\nexternal bark is dark-brown, thin the inner bark whitish, mealy, thin,\\ncontaining milk vessels. The wood is separated from the bark by a\\ndark wavy line. Odor pleasantly aromatic, reminding of tonka taste\\nsweetish, somewhat acrid.\\nConstituents. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Probably a little coumar in, or some substance re-\\nsembling it. A little tannin is found in the outer bark.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be alterative, tonic, diuretic, and dia-\\nphoretic. Used like sarsaparilla.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum, of which the dose is two to five cubic centimeters (30\\nto 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "554 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHepatica.\\nHepatica.\\nLiverwort, E. Edelleberhraut, G.\\nOrigin. Hepatica triloba, Chaix (Ranunculaceos).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Leathery, smooth leaves, dark green on the upper\\nsurface, paler on the under side. Inodorous slightly astringent and\\nbitter.\\nConstituents. Mucilage and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. It has enjoyed some reputation in chronic bron-\\nchitis, etc.\\nDose. Ad libitum in infusion.\\nHEPATKLE EXTRACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extract of Hepatica.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nHeuchera.\\nHeuchera.\\nAlum Moot.\\nOrigin. Heuchera Americana, Linne (Saxifragacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. Several-headed, each head with a concave scar, taper-\\ning and branched below, about fifteen centimeters (6 inches) long, and\\ntwelve millimeters (-J- inch) thick, beset with thin radicles. Shrivelled\\nand tuberculate when dry. Purplish-brown externally, bark thin\\nbreaks with a granular short fracture, often disclosing internal cavities.\\nOdor none taste somewhat bitter and very astringent.\\nConstituents. About eighteen to twenty per cent, tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Astringent. Used in diarrhoeas, etc. Also as\\na mouth-wash and gargle, etc.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains), best given in the\\nform of FLyiD extract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPGBIA. 555\\nHippocastanum.\\nHlPPOC ASTANUM.\\nHlppocastani Cortex Horse-chestnut Bark.\\nOrigin. JEscidus Hippocastanum, Linne (Hippocastanem).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Europe and America.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. In troughs or quills, externally grayish-brown and\\nmarked by triangular leaf-scars, which, however, are not visible on the\\nbark collected from older branches. Bark from young branches (having\\nthe scars) is to be preferred. Older bark is blackish, though smooth,\\nbeset here and there with corky warts. When the outer bark has been\\nremoved, which is sometimes the case, the outside is light brown. On\\nthe inner side the bark is smooth and pale yellowish. Devoid of odor.\\nTaste bitter, astringent. The infusion has a blue fluorescence.\\nConstituents. Contains a peculiar tannic acid, and two white\\ncrystalline neutral bitter principles, msculin and fraxin. JEsculin\\nwhen separated is in small,* white needles or prisms, odorless, bitter,\\nreadily soluble in boiling water or in alcohol. A solution of one grain\\nof assculin in one million five hundred thousand grains (over 25 gallons)\\nof water is said to be distinctly fluorescent with a bluish tint.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic, and said to be antiperiodic. Given\\nin periodical fevers, neuralgias, etc.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 25 drachms), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nHirudo.\\nLeech.\\nSanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny, and S. officinalis, Savigny.\\nDescription. Full grown it is seventy-five millimeters (3 inches) or\\nmore long; round, somewhat flattened tapering toward the ends, es-\\npecially forward olive-green or blackish-green on the back, with six\\nrust-colored, black-spotted stripes belly yellowish-green, either spotted\\n(S. medicinalis) or with one line of black spots on each side (S. officin-\\nalis). The skin of the S. medicinalis is rough to the feel that of S.\\nofficinalis smooth. Each end consists of a disk the mouth being the\\nnarrower.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "556 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe leech lives on blood, which it requires from six months to two\\nyears to digest. Only medium-sized leeches (about 8 centimeters, or\\n3\u00c2\u00a3 inches long) should be used, and such as have not before been used\\nfor drawing human blood. Good leeches are sound, active, quick, and\\nwhen slightly pressed contract into an oval form.\\nLeeches may be kept for a long time in clean river water, in suitable\\nvessels, and in the shade. The water should be changed about once a\\nweek, and gravel put on the bottom of the vessel, together with some\\nturf, sweet flag, moss, charcoal, etc. The temperature of the water\\nmust be 10\u00c2\u00b0 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (50\u00c2\u00b0 to 68\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Cleanliness and free access of\\npure air are necessary to the health of the animals.\\nIn applying leeches the spot to be bled must be washed clean with\\nclean cold water, without any soap. The application of a little sweet\\nmilk or a little fresh blood facilitates the business. When the leech has\\nattached itself to the skin, it must be allowed to hang freely suspended.\\nIt is capable of drawing its own weight, or more, of blood. The flow of\\nblood, however, continues for some time after the leech has dropped off,\\nwhich it does as soon as satiated. By warm applications the bleeding\\ncan be prolonged.\\nA leech just gorged with blood may be used again in two or three\\ndays, if necessary, if it is made to disgorge the blood immediately after\\nhaving been used the first time. This is effected by carefully stroking\\nthe animal with the finger from the anal end toward the head, or by\\nputting it in a warm (not hot) saucer and sprinkling a little powdered\\nbicarbonate of sodium over it. Then, after it has discharged the blood,\\nwash it in lukewarm water.\\nSwedish and Hungarian leeches are celebrated. Most medicinal\\nleeches are, however, cultivated.\\nUsed for local blood-letting.\\nHomatropinse Hydrobromas.\\nHydrobromate of Hom atropine.\\nThis is in fine white or colorless crystals, soluble in ten times its\\nweight of water.\\nHomatropine (or oxytoluyltropine) is obtained by the decomposition\\nof amygdalate of tropine with hydrochloric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. It has the same properties (of dilating the pu-\\npil) as atropine, and is preferred on account of its being much less pois-\\nonous, and also because the effect of homatropine is of comparatively\\nbrief duration, lasting less than twenty-four hours.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 557\\nHordeum Prseparatum.\\nPearl Barley.\\nOrigin. The decorticated fruit of Hordeum distichon, Linne (Gra-\\nminacece).\\nDescription. Oval, white grains, presenting brownish-yellow rem-\\nnants of the hulls along the grooves, and having a mealy appearance\\nexternally. Inodorous. Taste insipid.\\nContains about sixty to sixty-eight per cent, starch, twelve to six-\\nteen per cent, protein compounds, and two to three per cent, fixed oil.\\nThe starch granules resemble those of wheat in size, form, and appear-\\nance.\\nMuch used to prepare demulcent drinks and soups for the sick.\\nHOEDEI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Barley.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug, make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. As a demulcent drink it may be taken ad libitum it may\\nbe sweetened and flavored with lemon juice, except in cases of irritation\\nof the stomach or bowels.\\nHOEDEI FAEINA.\\nBarley Flour.\\nFine flour prepared from the seed of Hordeum distichon, Linne.\\nIt is a somewhat less pure white color than wheat-flour, but whiter\\nthan rye-flour.\\nFor constituents see Hordeum.\\nHOEDEI FAEINA PE.EPAEATA.\\nPrepared Barley Flour.\\nThis preparation is official in several pharmacopoeias. It is made\\nby subjecting barley-flour to the temperature of boiling water for about\\nfourteen hours.\\nThe flour is put into a tin can. The cover is put on securely, and\\nhermetically sealed by soldering it all around. The vessel is then put", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "558 A COMPANION TO THE\\ninto boiling water and kept in it for fourteen hours. Then the flour is\\ntaken out.\\nIt is a fine yellowish or pinkish gray flour, of an agreeable, sweet\\ntaste, and bread-like odor. Its constituents are similar to those of malt,\\nthe starch being changed by the action of the heat. It is an easily di-\\ngested and nutritious infant s food, especially valuable in the hot season\\nin infantile diarrhoea. Was first recommended by Hufeland.\\nHumulus XT. S.\\nHops.\\nHumuli Strobili Hopfen, G. Houblon, F. Humla, Sw.\\nOrigin. Humulus Jjupulus, Linne Urticacece).\\nH ab i tat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The strobiles.\\nDescription. The strobiles (or fruit-cones) are about twenty-five\\nmillimeters (1 inch) long, yellowish-green odor\\nstrongly aromatic taste bitter, aromatic.\\nShould be whole and well preserved not\\nbleached. Old hops sometimes has a disagreeable\\nodor from valerianic acid formed by the oxidation of\\nthe volatile oil.\\nConstituents. The principal constituent of\\nhops is lupulin, which consists of the glands attached\\nto the axis and bracts. (See that title.) Also\\nvolatile oil nearly one per cent., from nine to eighteen\\nper cent, resin, and three to four per cent, tannin.\\nFig. 301.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hops, nat- Medicinal Uses. Bitter tonic, stomachic, and\\nural size.\\nanodyne.\\nValuable in many forms of dyspepsia as an appetizer, and to allay\\nundue gastric irritation.\\nHops seem to exert a peculiar calming effect on the genito-urinary\\norgans, for instance in priapism, incontinence of urine, seminal emis-\\nsions, chordee, and the painful erections often accompanying gonor-\\nrhoea.\\nOften used externally, either moist with other substances, as with\\nchamomile and linseed meal in poultices, or in dry bags or pillows with\\ncorn meal, applied warm to relieve pain, as in toothache, facial neural-\\ngia, etc.\\nDose. About one to five grams (15 to 75 grains) in infusion.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 559\\nHUMULI EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Hops.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. About 0.3 gram (5 grains).\\nHUMULI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Hops.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nHUMITLI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Hops.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about -j- avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1J to 5\\nfluidounces).\\nHUMULI SPECIES RESOLVENTES,\\nResolvent Species.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) hops, thirty grams absinthium, thirty\\ngrams chamomile, and sixty grams (2 ounces) spearmint.\\nUsed for poultices, or applied dry in a bag.\\nHUMULI TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Hops.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) hops, in No. 20 powder,\\nwith one hundred and twenty crams (about 4|- fluidounces) diluted al-\\ncohol pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate it with\\ndiluted alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, or\\nabout 10-J fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2-J- fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "560 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHydrangea.\\nHydrangea.\\nHydrangeas Radix.\\nOrigirii Hydrangea arborescens, Linne (Saxifragacece).\\nHabitat. The United States, from the Great Lakes southward.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. Branched, somewhat tuberculous, finger-thick or\\nless, with quite thin pale-brown bark which occasionally peels off in\\nFigs. 302, 303.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hydrangea, natural size.\\nspots wood tough, white. Odor none taste insipid, sweetish, after-\\nward somewhat pungent.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Employed to promote the removal of gravelly\\ndeposits from the bladder antl relieve pain during the passage of renal\\nconcretions through the ureters.\\nIt has no good effects in cases of stone in the bladder, but only in\\ncases when the concretions are small and can pass through the urethra.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 561\\nIn large doses it is said to produce cerebral disturbance.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best in fluid extract.\\nA decoction of the root may be taken in doses of 30 to 60 cubic centi-\\nmeters (1 to 2 fluidounces).\\nHYDRANGEA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Hydrangea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nHydrargyrum U. S.\\nMercury.\\nQuecksilber, G. Mercure, F. Mercurio, Azogue, Sp. Quiclcsilfver,\\nSw. Quicksilver.\\nIts appearance is familiar. It is soluble in nitric acid without any\\nresidue being left. Its specific gravity is fully 13.50. When strongly\\nheated it volatilizes without residue. When dropped on white paper it\\nshould roll about freely, separating into numerous globules, which should\\nretain their spherical shape and leave no streaks or traces on the paper.\\nIt must be dry and present a bright surface. Mercury full of dust or\\ndirt or moisture may be cleaned and dried by passing it through tall,\\nnarrow, paper funnels, best made of good, white, book paper, and hav-\\ning a hole at the narrow end barely large enough to admit a pin, or to\\nallow the mercury to escape in a thin stream.\\nCommercial mercury generally contains other metals as impurities,\\namong them lead, tin, copper, bismuth, antimony, arsenic. Impure\\nmercury does not present a bright surface. Globules of mercury con-\\ntaminated with lead do not retain a perfectly globular form when made\\nto roll about, but leave little tail-like projections behind. A dark-colored\\ndust on the surface of the metal consists of the oxides of foreign metals.\\nThe salts of mercury are poisonous, mercuric salts being more poison-\\nous than the mercurous. The normal salts are generally white the\\nbasic ones yellow. Mercuric chloride and cyanide, and mercuric and\\nmercurous nitrates, are soluble in water.\\nUses. The crude mercury is used for preparing its several chemi-\\ncal compounds and other mercurial preparations.\\n36", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "562 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHYDRARGYRUM DEPURATUM.\\nPurified Mercury.\\nPour one thousand grams (35 ounces) mercury into a porcelain evap-\\norating dish. Then pour upon it a mixture of one hundred grams (3^\\nounces) nitric acid and five hundred grams (17 fluidounces) water. Ma-\\ncerate four days, stirring frequently and strongly. Then pour off the\\nacid liquid, and wash the remaining metal, first with distilled water\\nacidulated with nitric acid, and afterward with distilled water. When\\nthe washings no longer turn blue litmus paper red, dry the mercury\\nby pouring through funnels made of filter paper or blotting paper.\\nCommercial mercury is always impure, containing other metals (tin,\\nantimony, etc.). These are removed by the nitric acid, which oxidizes\\nthem before it attacks the mercury.\\nMedicinal Uses. Metallic mercury is seldom given internally as\\nsuch it has been given in intussusception and obstruction of the bowel\\nin doses up to several pounds. Sometimes the desired relief has fol-\\nlowed, and in other cases rupture of the bowel resulted, followed by\\ndeath.\\nIn the form of mercury, with chalk or blue-mass, it is frequently\\ngiven as an alterative purgative.\\nMercury and mercurials act on the glandular organs, especially the\\nsalivary glands, producing profuse discharge of a very offensive saliva,\\nloosening of the teeth, swelling of the tongue, etc.\\nMercurials are often given (habitually by some), as cathartics, with\\nthe idea that they act on the liver and cause a secretion of bile. By\\nirritating the mucous membranes of the intestines mercurials may, by\\nreflex action, cause a contraction of the gall-bladder and an expulsion of\\nthe bile contained in it, just as would result from any other cathartic,\\nbut no additional normal bile is secreted in consequence of their action.\\nOn the contrary, it is pretty certain that the liver becomes deranged\\nby a long-continued or frequent use of such preparations, and the jaun-\\ndiced, cadaverous, and cachectic complexions so often met with in ma-\\nlarial districts are probably as often caused by an abusive use of calo-\\nmel and blue-mass as by malaria. Mercurials may have their sphere\\nof action in syphilis, but should not be employed as cathartics when\\nEpsom salts, jalap, and colocynth, etc., will have the good without the\\ndeleterious effects of these preparations, unless in some few exceptional\\ncrises when special indications may call for a dose of calomel or blue-\\nmass.\\nMercurials are frequently given in inflammations to prevent the ex-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 563\\nudation of organizable lymph, or its absorption if already exuded. It is\\nnot conclusively shown that mercury possesses any such virtues.\\nVolumes have been written on the use of mercurials in syphilis, pro\\nand con, and the authorities are not yet agreed on the subject. Prob-\\nably the majority of writers agree that mercurials should be given in\\nsmall doses as soon as the specific nature of the sore has been recog-\\nnized, and that the patient should be kept under the influence of the\\ndrug for some time, but without producing salivation. This can be\\navoided by giving small doses and suspending the remedy for awhile, as\\nsoon as the least soreness of the jaws is felt on forcibly bringing the\\nteeth together.\\nIn secondary syphilis the benefits derived from mercury are marked,\\nalthough even in this form of the disease mercurials, if injudiciously\\nemployed, may do great harm, so that many physicians discard these\\npreparations entirely, claiming to cure syphilis without the use of any\\nmercurials whatsoever. While such cures may undoubtedly take place,\\nthe mercurials are a valuable, though dangerous remedy, capable of\\ndoing great good when used by an intelligent physician, and not merely\\nas a matter of routine.\\nTheir use is indicated in the secondary or cutaneous lesions oi syphi-\\nlis, and less so in the tertiary stage, when iodides are to be preferred.\\nMercurials may be introduced into the system in various manners\\nby inunction, fumigation, hypodermic injection, and -internally.\\nWe will mention some of the special uses of mercurials when speak-\\ning of the various preparations.\\nToxic Effects and Antidotes. Workers in mercury are subject\\nto a chronic poisoning which is difficult to counteract. The symptoms\\nare abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness even to the extent\\nof paralysis, salivation, and cachexia. The blue line along the edge of\\nthe gums, which generally is the result of poisoning by any of the me-\\ntallic salts, is present in this case also.\\nAlbuminuria is frequently present, and in women suffering from\\nchronic mercurial poisoning, abortions will be far more frequent than\\nbirths, if conception follows intercourse at all.\\nAbortions, it is said, will even result, in many cases, if conception\\nhas taken place by the fertilization of a healthy ovum in a healthy fe-\\nmale by semen from a man working in metallic mercury.\\nThis condition can only be cured by quitting the occupation which\\nexposes the patient to the continued action of the metal, and by placing\\nthe patient in the best possible hygienic conditions, administering bitter\\ntonics, chlorate of potassium, prescribing baths, etc.\\nIn acute poisoning the symptoms are those produced by irritant", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "564 A COMPANION TO THE\\npoisons. Corrosive sublimate is most frequently the cause of such acute\\nmeicunal poisoning. A toxic dose is followed by a sensation of con-\\nstriction of the throat and a metallic taste in the mouth, which appears\\nas if it had been cauterized with nitrate of silver or creosote.\\nThe other symptoms are those of violent gastro-intestinal irritation\\ncolic, vomiting of the contents of the stomach or of mucus and blood,\\npurging, straining at stool, hemorrhage from the bowel, cold clammy skin,\\nweak pulse, collapse, and finally death, often preceded by convulsions.\\nAs soon as possible after the taking of a poisonous dose of a mercurial\\nsalt, white of egg, milk, and wheaten flour should be given. White of\\negg forms an albuminate of mercury, which is not totally insoluble in\\nthe intestine; in fact is quite soluble, but less so than the salt itself, and\\nthe administration of albumen should therefore be followed promptly\\nby emetics or the stomach-pump. The latter is not easily applied on\\naccount of the corroded condition of the oesophagus.\\nAfter-treatment must be conducted on general principles to counter-\\nact the inflammation demulcents, mucilage, oils, and opium, together\\nwith stimulants, may be used.\\nMEKCUBIAL FUMIGATION.\\nMercurial Vapor Bath.\\nA mixture is used consisting of five grams (75 grains) black oxide\\nof mercury, five grams red oxide of mercury, and five grams true cinna-\\nbar (red sulphide of mercury).\\nRYDEAEGYEI EMPLASTEUM IT. S.\\nMercurial Plaster.\\nMelt thirty grams (1 ounce) resin in thirty grams (1 ounce) olive oil\\nand stir together. When cool triturate with the mixture ninety grams\\n(3 ounces) mercury until all globules have disappeared. Then add one\\nhundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) lead plaster, previously melted, and\\nmix the whole together thoroughly.\\nContains about ten per cent, more lead plaster than the mercurial\\nplaster of 1870.\\nA discutient application in glandular, swellings, syphilitic nodes and\\ngummata, enlarged spleen or liver, etc.\\nIIYDEAEGYRI LINIMENTUM.\\nLiniment of Mercury.\\nNb lt thirty grams (1 ounce) ointment of mercury in thirty grams (1\\nOUDoe) camphorated oil mix well then add thirty grams (1 fluidounce)\\nwat -r of ammonia and shake the whole thoroughly together.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 565\\nHYDEAEGYEI MASS A; IT. S.\\nMercury Mass.\\nPiluloe Hydrargyria Phar. 187 O^Blue-Jfass, Blue-Pill.\\nTriturate three hundred and thirty grams (11 ounces 280 grains)\\nmercury with three hundred and forty grams (12 ounces) honey of roses\\nand thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) glycerin until extinguished. Then\\nincorporate gradually fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) powdered glycyr-\\nrhiza and two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) powdered\\nalthaea, and triturate the whole until globules of mercury are no longer\\nto be discovered by means of a lens magnifying ten diameters.\\nEmployed for the same purposes as calomel. Much used as a mer-\\ncurial cathartic.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nHYDEAEGYEI SUPPOSITOEIA B.\\nMercury Suppositories.\\nMix six grams (90 grains) ointment of mercury, two grams (30 grains)\\nbenzoinated lard, two grams (30 grains) white wax, and eight grains\\n(120 grains) cacao butter, and from this mixture make eighteen sup-\\npositories, each weighing one gram (15 grains).\\nHYDEARGYEI UNGUENTUM II. S.\\nMercurial Ointment.\\nBlue- Ointment.\\nMix four hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 382 grains) mercury\\nwith forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) compound tincture of benzoin,\\nadding also one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) old mercurial\\nointment containing one-half mercury, and triturate the whole until all\\nglobules of mercury have disappeared. Then add two hundred and\\ntwenty-five grams (7 ounces 410 grains) lard and two hundred and\\ntwenty-five grams suet, previously melted together and allowed to be-\\ncome partially cooled, and continue the trituration until no globules of\\nmercury can be discovered with a lens magnifying ten diameters.\\nMercurial ointment can be made as well by the above method as by\\nany other formula adapted to small operations.\\nGood mercurial ointment has a bluish color and is perfectly homo-\\ngeneous, not too soft, and free from any rancidity.\\nManufacturers sell two kinds of mercurial ointment one containing", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "566 A COMPANION TO THE\\none-half mercury and one containing one-third mercury. The former\\nis the only kind recognized by the Pharmacopoeia, and the only one that\\ncan be properly dispensed for medicinal purposes.\\nUses. This ointment is often employed for the purpose of obtaining\\nthe constitutional effects of mercury in syphilis, especially in children.\\nIt may be rubbed upon the skin of the inner surface of the thighs, the\\naxilla or chest, or be applied by spreading on a cloth and applying\\naround the body. If the patient cannot make friction himself, the at-\\ntendant should protect his hands by using rubber gloves.\\nBlue-ointment is also used to disperse indurations and glandular\\nswellings, enlargement of the liver or spleen y also to destroy parasites\\nas lice or fleas, etc.\\nHYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA; U. S.\\nMercury with Chalk.\\nMix thirty-eight grams (1 ounce 150 grains) mercury, twelve grams\\n(185 grains) sugar of milk, and twelve grams prepared chalk in a Wedge-\\nwood mortar moisten these ingredients with a mixture of four cubic\\ncentimeters (1 fluidrachm) alcohol and five cubic centimeters (lj- flui-\\ndrachm) ether, and triturate briskly. Gradually add thirty-eight grams\\n(1 ounce 150 grains) more of prepared chalk, dampen the mass with a\\nmixture of alcohol and ether as before, and continue the trituration until\\nno longer any globules of mercury are visible under a magnifying power\\nof ten diameters, and the powder is of uniform gray color and dry.\\nOn a small scale this process works probably better than any other\\nwith which we are acquainted. The mercury strength of the prepara-\\ntion is very nearly the same as of the preparation of 1870, which con-\\ntained thirty-seven and one-half per cent., while the new one contains\\nthirty-eight per cent.\\nFrequently employed in the diarrhoeas of children, especially when\\nthe discharges are sour.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.75 gram (J to 12 grains).\\nHydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum U. S.\\nCorrosive Chloride of Mercury.\\nIlydrargyricum Chloridum Mercuric Chloride, Corrosive Sublimate,\\nBichloride of Mercury.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 175.\\nReaction acid, unless chlorides of the alkali metals are present. Sol-\\nuble in sixteen parts of water and in three parts alcohol at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 567\\nF.) it dissolves in two parts boiling water and one and one-sixth part\\nboiling alcohol, and in from three to four parts ether.\\nIt must be kept in tightly closed bottles of glass.\\nWhen corrosive chloride of mercury is wanted in solution, it will be\\nfound necessary to rub it up into rather fine powder in order to be able\\nto dissolve it without too great delay. Powdered mercuric chloride is\\nalso required for other purposes occasionally. It is best powdered by\\ntrituration in a large, shallow, Wedgewood mortar, when, to prevent\\nthe poisonous dust from diffusing itself through the room, or from rising\\nso as to be inhaled by the operator, the salt should be kept moist with\\nalcohol during the entire process.\\nSOLUTION FOE DISPENSING PUEPOSES.\\nDissolve fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains avoirdupois) of the mer-\\ncuric chloride in enough boiling distilled water to make the finished so-\\nlution measure one liter (33 fluidounces, 6 fluidrachms, and 24 minims).\\nFilter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains 0.05 gram (5 centi-\\ngrams) of the corrosive sublimate twenty-one minims contains one\\ngrain.\\nMedicinal Uses. Often employed in the earlier stages of syphilis\\nas soon as the specific nature of the sore can be established. Also a\\nvery useful form of mercury for hypodermic injection in secondary\\nsyphilis. For the latter purpose 0.005 gram T *g- grain) may be used\\nonce a day, and the injection should be made in the small of the back,\\nbecause that region is least sensitive to pain, and abscesses are less\\nlikely to follow. The effects on the skin lesions are often surprisingly\\nprompt and successful.\\nInternally it is given in pill or solution. It is chemically incompati-\\nble with alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, various astringent\\nvegetable infusions, including cinchona, other mineral salts, etc.\\nIodide of potassium is said to be incompatible it is so chemically,\\nbut not therapeutically, as the iodide of mercury is formed and dis-\\nsolved in the excess of iodide of potassium, and the resulting solution\\nis very active.\\nWhite of egg is also stated to be incompatible, but the albuminate\\nof mercury is only inactive while it remains in the stomach, but is easily\\ndissolved in the alkaline intestinal fluids. The action of the remedy is\\ntherefore only retarded, but not prevented, by albumen, and when albu-\\nmen is given as an antidote, in cases of poisoning, the resulting albu-\\nminates must be promptly gotten rid of by emetics, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "568 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe statement has been made that corrosive sublimate is gradually\\nchanged to calomel if dissolved with compound syrup of sarsaparilla,\\nwhich is a favorite menstruum. We doubt the truth of the statement.\\nWe have already described the poisonous action and the antidotal\\ntreatment under the title Hydrargyrum.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.004 to 0.006 gram T to T V grain).\\nHYDRARGYEI CHLOKIDI LIQUOR; B.\\nSolution of Corrosive Sublimate.\\nDissolve 6.5 centigrams (1 grain) corrosive chloride of mercury, and\\n6.5 centigrams (1 grain) ammonium chloride in sixty cubic centimeters\\n(2 fluidounces) distilled water.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 80 minims). Does not\\nkeep.\\nHYDEAEGYEI LOTIO FLAVA.\\nYellow Wash.\\nAqua Phagadenica.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) corrosive chloride of mercury until\\nreduced to fine powder then add gradually, with constant trituration,\\ntwo hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8- 1 fluidounces) lime-water.\\nUsed externally as a wash, or as a dressing by lint soaked in it, in\\ncases of chancres, chancroids, syphilitic tdcers, etc.\\nHydrar^yri CMoridum Mite XT. S.\\nMild Chloride or Mercury.\\nHydrargyrosum Chloridum Mercurous Chloride, Calomel, Subchlo-\\nride of Mercury, Submuriate of Mercury Protochloride of Mer-\\ncury.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 176. By\\nheating and by long trituration calomel acquires a yellowish tint.\\nVarieties. So-called English calomel (made by Howard Sons,\\nand also by others) is condensed in large chambers into which steam is\\ninjected while the sublimation is in progress. The product obtained by\\nthis process is generally, but not necessarily always, pure. In this\\ncountry it brings the highest price.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 569\\nBy American calomel we understand in our country calomel made\\nby sublimation without the use of steam in condensing. Although this\\ndoes not bring as high a price as English calomel it may well be quite\\nas pure.\\nBesides these two sublimed calomels there is also a, precipitated cal-\\nomel, made by precipitating a solution of basic mercurous nitrate with\\nhydrochloric acid. Precipitated calomel, when well and carefully made,\\nusing largely diluted solutions, is whiter than the sublimed calomel, and\\nis extremely finely divided. It can, therefore, be washed perfectly free\\nfrom corrosive chloride of mercury, which is the principal impurity found\\nin all kinds of calomel.\\nShould be kept in well-closed bottles in a dark place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Calomel is very frequently employed as a mer-\\ncurial purge, and is given in a great variety of affections. It is given\\nat the beginning of fevers and inflammations. For this purpose it was\\nformerly given more often than now, for the majority of the profession\\nare realizing the fact that in many cases in which calomel will do good\\nby its cathartic action, other remedies will do better.\\nIn some cases of pleurisy or pneumonia absorption of exuded lymph,\\netc., may perhaps be promoted by calomel, especially if the patient is\\nsyphilitic.\\nCalomel has one advantage over other purgatives, which is, that of-\\nten it can be given when the stomach rejects all other cathartic remedies.\\nThis may sometimes lead to its use when it is not specially indicated\\notherwise.\\nIn syphilis small doses of calomel frequently repeated will promptly\\ncause the constitutional effect of the drug. It is very apt, however, to\\nproduce salivation.\\nCalomel is said to be incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates,\\nalkaline earths, and many of the salts of metals, as of iron, copper, or\\nlead. While it may be chemically incompatible with alkalies, it should\\nbe borne in mind that calomel is insoluble, and is not acted on until it is\\ndecomposed by the alkaline intestinal fluids, when oxide of mercury is\\nformed, to which probably the active properties of calomel are due.\\nIodine forms with it the red iodide, and as this is very active, the two\\nsubstances must not be given together.\\nNitro-muriatic acid should not be given at the same time, as corro-\\nsive sublimate may be formed, and even the chlorides of sodium, potas-\\nsium, or ammonium may produce the same effect.\\nDose. 0.005 to 1 gram (y 1 to 15 grains), often combined with jalap\\nor colocynth when used as a purgative.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "570 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHYDKAKGYEI LOTIO NIGEA.\\nBlack Wash.\\nAqua Mercurialis Nigra.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) mild chloride of mercury in a mortar\\nwith one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) lime-water\\ngradually added.\\nHYDRARGYRI CHLOEIDI MITIS PILULM.\\nCalomel Pills.\\nCalomel, two grams (30 grains) manna, one gram (15 grains) and\\ncompound tragacanth powder, one gram. Mix. Divide into pills accord-\\ning to the dose required.\\nPILUL^E CATHARTICS COMPOSITE IT. S.\\nCompound Cathartic Pills.\\nMix 8.40 grams (130 grains) compound extract of colocynth, 6.50\\ngrams (100 grains) abstract of jalap, 6.50 grams calomel, and 1.60 gram\\n(25 grains) gamboge in fine powder. Add enough water to form the\\npill-mass, and divide it into one hundred pills.\\nDose. One to three pills.\\nHYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI MITIS UNGUENTUM.\\nCalomel Ointment.\\nMix five grams (77 grains) calomel and fifty-five grams (1 ounce\\n410 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nHYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI MITIS UNGUENTUM COM-\\nPOSITQM.\\nBelville Ointment.\\nMix fourteen grams (216 grains) calomel, seven grams (108 grains)\\nacetate of lead, 3.50 grains (53\u00c2\u00a3 grains) red oxide of mercury, and 75.5\\ngrams (2 ounces 290 grains) petroleum ointment.\\nHydrargyri Cyanidum U. S.\\nCyanide of Mercury.\\nIlydrargyricum Cyanidum Mercuric Cyanide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 176.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is an exceedingly violent poison, and as it\\npossesses no advantages in syphilis over milder mercurial preparations,\\nit should not be used internally.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.004 to 0.015 gram T to grain).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 571\\nHydrarg^yri Xodidum Rubrum Uo S,\\nBed Iodide of Mercury.\\nSydrargyricum Iodidum Mercuric Iodide, JBiniodide of Mercury.\\nDissolve nine hundred grams (31 ounces 327 grains) of corrosive\\nchloride of mercury in fifteen liters (nearly 32 pints) of hot distilled\\nwater, and filter the solution. To enable the solution of the corrosive\\nchloride of mercury within a reasonable length of time it must first be\\nrubbed into powder in a Wedgewood mortar, being kept moist with\\nalcohol during the powdering.\\nDissolve eleven hundred grams (38 ounces 350 grains) of iodide of\\npotassium in three liters (6^- pints) distilled water, and filter the solu-\\ntion.\\nWhen the solution of corrosive chloride of mercury has become cold,\\npour it into the solution of the iodide of potassium during constant\\nstirring. The solution of iodide of potassium should be put in a jar\\ncapable of holding at least twenty liters (say a six- or ten-gallon jar),\\nand the solution of chloride of mercury then added. It will not do to\\nadd the solution of iodide of potassium to the solution of mercuric\\nchloride, as the solution of iodide of potassium must at all times during\\nthe process be in excess of the mercuric chloride with which it comes in\\ncontact in order to obtain a pure product. For the same reason it is\\nalso quite necessary to stir constantly. If these precautions are not\\nattended to the product will be likely to be contaminated with a com-\\npound of chloride with iodide of mercury. To omit filtering the solu-\\ntion may result in a contamination of the product with mercurous chlo-\\nride besides mechanical impurities.\\nThe precipitated red iodide of mercury is washed with distilled\\nwater on a muslin filter until the washings cease to give a precipitate\\nwith test-solution of nitrate of silver, and is then dried at not above\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nPreservation. Must be kept in well-stopped bottles, in a dark\\nplace.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 177.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is seldom employed for internal use, as it is\\ntoo violent and irritant a poison. If used, it is only for constitutional\\neffects in syphilis.\\nMore frequently used externally in ointment in syphilitic swellings,\\nlupus, etc.\\nDose for internal use, 0.004 gram T 1 g- grain).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "572 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHYDRARGYRI IODIDI KUBKL UKGUEKTUM.\\nOintment op Red Iodide of Mercury.\\nMix one gram (15 grains) red iodide of mercury with thirty grams\\n(1 ounce 25 grains) petroleum ointment.\\nHydrarg yri Iodidum Viride U. S.\\nGreen Iodide of Mercury.\\nHydrargyrosum Iodidum Mercurous Iodide y Ilydrargyri Iodidum\\nFlavum Protiodide of Mercury.\\nPour thirty grams (1^ fluidounce) alcohol into a Wedgewood mortar\\ncontaining eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) mercury. Add, in sev-\\neral successive portions, during constant trituration, fifty grams (1 ounce\\n334 grains) iodine, keeping the mixture constantly moist by the addi-\\ntion of more alcohol from time to time, as may be necessary, and taking\\ncare that the mass neither gets too hot nor is exposed to strong light\\nduring the process. Continue the trituration until all globules of mer-\\ncury have disappeared and the mixture has become nearly dry and\\nacquired a greenish-yellow color. Then add sufficient alcohol to reduce\\nthe whole to a thin paste; pour this into a bottle, let it stand for several\\ndays, and then wash the insoluble powder twice with fifty grams (2\\nfluidounces) warm alcohol each time, and decant the washings. Trans-\\nfer the iodide to a filter and continue washing with warm alcohol until\\nthe washings are no longer affected by hydrosulphuric acid. Finally,\\ndry the product in a dark place at a temperature not above 40\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(104\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nPreservation. Must be kept in well-closed bottles, in a dark\\nplace.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 178. It\\nis not a green but greenish-yellow heavy powder.\\nMedicinal Uses. This preparation is milder and safer in its ac-\\ntion than the red iodide. It is preferred by many to all other mercurials\\nin secondary syphilis, and is often combined with extract of hyoscya-\\nmus to prevent griping, which sometimes follows its administration. It\\nis less apt to salivate than calomel. It is the best form in which to\\ngive mercurials for any great length of time.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.05 gram Q- to 1 grain), in pill, one to three times\\na day.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA. 573\\nHydrargyri Nitratis Liquor IT. S.\\nSolution of Nitrate of Mercury.\\nHydrargyrici Nitratis Solutio Solution of Mercuric Nitrate.\\nDissolve forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) red oxide of mercury in a\\nmixture of four hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 380 grains) nitric\\nacid and one hundred and fifty grams (5 fluidounces) distilled water.\\nDescription. A clear, nearly colorless solution, with a slight odor\\nof nitric acid, and a specific gravity of 2.10. It contains about fifty per\\ncent, mercuric nitrate.\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the old Pharmaco-\\npoeia (1870).\\nMust be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.\\nA two-ounce bottle holds over a quarter pound.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully escharotic and caustic. Destroys\\nthe tissues with which it comes into contact, and is used as an applica-\\ntion to chancres, syphilitic vegetations, malignant pustules, indolent ul-\\ncers, cancerous growths, ulcers of the neck of the womb, etc. Never used\\ninternally.\\nHydrarg yi\u00c2\u00bbi Nitratis TJng uentum U. S.\\nOintment of Nitrate of Mercury.\\nCitrine Ointment.\\nHeat three hundred and eighty grams (13 ounces 180 grains) lard\\noil in a porcelain evaporating. dish to about 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.), then add,\\nwithout stirring, thirty-five grams (1 ounce 100 grains) nitric acid, and\\ncontinue the heat as long as there is a moderate effervescence. Then\\nlet the mixture cool.\\nDissolve thirty-five grams (1 ounce 100 grains) mercury in fifty\\ngrams (1 ounce 330 grains) nitric acid with the aid of heat, keeping the\\nsolution warm so as to prevent it from crystallizing, and add this solu-\\ntion to the mixture of lard and nitric acid before it gets cold. Stir well\\nwith a porcelain or horn spatula until thoroughly mixed and cold.\\nThis formula yields a much better product than that of the Pharma-\\ncopoeia of 1870, though both formulas will succeed in careful, experi-\\nenced hands, and might fail in unexperienced one s. The new formula is\\nless liable to failure. The danger lies in getting the mixture too hot,\\nwhereby the mercury becomes reduced and the product discolored.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "574 A COMPANION TO THE\\nWhen well made the citrine ointment will keep for many months if\\nput in a cool place.\\nIt should have a bright lemon-yellow color.\\nUsed as an external application in various skin diseases, especially\\nif of a chronic nature or of syphilitic origin.\\nHTDEAKGYRI NITEATIS UNGUENTUM DILUTUM.\\nDiluted Citrine Ointment.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) ointment of nitrate of mercury with one\\nhundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) petroleum ointment.\\nUsed as an inunction for the destruction of lice or other parasites,\\nmicroscopic vegetable organisms producing skin diseases, and in syphilis.\\nHydrargyri Oleatum TJ. S.\\nOleate of Mercury.\\nHeat ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) oleic acid in a porcelain\\nevaporating dish to near 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.), but not above that degree of\\ntemperature then add gradually ten grams (154 grains) yellow oxide\\nof mercury, and continue stirring until dissolved.\\nThe temperature named in the Pharmacopoeia (74\u00c2\u00b0 C, or 165\u00c2\u00b0 F.) is\\nentirely too high, and will cause reduction of mercury.\\nThe preparation is a solution of oleate of mercury in an excess of\\noleic acid. It is a dark reddish-brown, clear, thick, oily liquid. Con-\\ntains ten per cent, mercuric oxide.\\nOleate of mercury containing twenty per cent, mercuric oxide may\\nbe made in the same manner, using four parts oleic acid and one part\\nyellow oxide of mercury and a solution of five per cent, mercuric oxide\\nmay be made by mixing equal parts of the official preparation and pe-\\ntroleum ointment.\\nIn our judgment a far better preparation is obtained by double de-\\ncomposition between oleate of potassium and mercuric nitrate. The\\nproduct obtained in that manner will not contain an excess of oleic acid,\\nand instead of being an oily liquid may be mixed with petroleum oint-\\nment to give it the consistence of an ointment, by which means it keeps\\nperfectly. The product of the official process is very liable to turn ran-\\ncid and become extremely irritating in its effect.\\nMedicinal Uses. This preparation has been found useful as an\\nexternal inunction in cases in which mercurial applications are indicated,\\nas in syphilis, phytoses, alopecia, psoriasis, pityriasis, etc. It is espe-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA 575\\ncially useful in the syphilitic affections y also in glandular swellings and\\nswollen joints.\\nThe great advantage of this preparation over ordinary ointments\\nconsists in the ease with which this substance is absorbed by applying\\nto the skin without friction.\\nHydrarg yri Oxidum Flavum TJ. S.\\nYellow Oxide of Mercuey.\\nHydrargyricum Oxidum Prcecipitatum Precipitated Mercuric Oxide,\\nYellow Mercuric Oxide.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) corrosive chloride\\nof mercury in two liters (4^ pints) of warm distilled water and filter the\\nsolution. Pour the filtrate into nine hundred grams (31 ounces 330\\ngrains avoirdupois) solution of potassa, previously diluted with two liters\\n(4J pints) water, stirring constantly. Set the whole aside for twenty-\\nfour hours. Then decant the clear liquid from the precipitated oxide,\\nand wash the latter repeatedly by affusion and decantation of distilled\\nwater, using about two or three liters water each time. Continue the\\nwashing on a strainer until the washings are no longer affected by test-\\nsolution of nitrate of silver. Let the precipitate drain, and dry it at not\\nover 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.) in a dark place.\\nDiluted solutions, such as described above, are necessary in order to\\navoid basic chloride, which is brick-red. To let the precipitate remain\\nin contact with the liquid, which contains an excess of solution of po-\\ntassa, improves the color, probably on the same grounds. It is also\\nnecessary to pour the mercuric chloride solution into the solution of\\npotassa, and not vice versa. (Compare the notes under Red Iodide of\\nMercury.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in well-closed bottles, protected from\\nlight.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 178. It\\nis a heavy, orange-yellow, impalpable powder, which darkens on exposure\\nto light. It is distinguished chemically from the red oxide of mercury\\nby forming a white oxalate when digested for fifteen minutes on a\\nwater-bath with a strong solution of oxalic acid.\\nNomenclature. It is curious enough that we should have an of-\\nficial precipitated oxide of mercury which is not called a precipitate,\\nand another official oxide of mercury, called red precipitate, which is\\nnot a precipitate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed externally in ointment to stimulate", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "576 A COMPANION TO THE\\nindolent venereal ulcers. Also applied to granular lids as an eye-salve.\\nBeing an impalpable powder, the yellow oxide of mercury is to be pre-\\nferred for these purposes to the red oxide, which is apt to be coarse\\nand irritating unless triturated with extreme care in making the oint-\\nment.\\nHYDRARGYRI OXIDI FLAY1 UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nOintment of Yellow Oxide of Mercury.\\nMix thoroughly ten grams (154 grains) yellow oxide of mercury with\\nninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) simple ointment, adding the latter\\ngradually and triturating the whole until intimately combined.\\nMust always be freshly made when wanted for use. Either petro-\\nleum ointment, fresh (unsalted) butter, or glycerite of starch would be a\\nbetter vehicle for the external application of oxide of mercury.\\nHydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum; 17. S.\\nRed Oxide of Mercury.\\nHydrargyricum Oxidum Rubrum Red Mercuric Oxide, Red Pre-\\ncipitate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 179. Heavy,\\norange-red, brilliant, crystalline scales, or a brick-red powder. Digested\\non the water-bath with a strong solution of oxalic acid it does not change\\ncolor, wherein it differs from the yellow oxide of mercury.\\nVarieties. Made on a large scale the red oxide of mercury is ob-\\ntained in brilliant crystalline scales on a small scale it is obtained as a\\nbrick-red crystalline or granular powder. It may be perfectly pure in\\neither form.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of the yellow oxide of mercury.\\nSeldom given internally.\\nDose. 0.005 gram T V grain) three times daily.\\nHYDRARGYRI OXIDI RUBRI OTTGUENTUM; U. S.\\nOintment of Red Oxide of Mercury.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) red oxide of mercury thoroughly\\nwith ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) simple ointment, using at first\\nonly a small quantity of the ointment, and reducing the mercuric oxide\\nto a very fine state of division with that before adding the remainder.\\nMix the whole perfectly.\\nSpermaceti ointment, petroleum ointment, and fresh (unsalted) but-\\nter make better vehicles for mercuric oxide than simple ointment or\\nlard.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 577\\nHydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus U. S.\\nYellow Subsulphate of Mercury.\\nHydrargyricus Sulphas Flavus Yellow Mercuric Sulphate, Yellow\\nSulphate of Mercury, Turpeth Mineral.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 179. A\\nheavy, lemon-yellow powder.\\nMedicinal Uses. Turpeth mineral is an irritant emetic. It has\\nbeen employed internally in spasmodic laryngitis (pseudo-croup) to\\ncause vomiting-, but any other emetic which will cause nausea and re-\\nlaxation will do as well, without incurring the risk attending the use of\\nthis powerful remedy. Many physicians consider its use dangerous.\\nDose as an emetic is 0.1 to 0.2 gram (2 to 3 grains) for a child.\\nHydrargyri Sulphas.\\nSulphate of Mercury.\\nHydrargyricus Sulphas Mercuric Sulphate.\\nPrepared by heating mercury with sulphuric acid.\\nA heavy, white, crystalline salt, which, when thrown into a con-\\nsiderable quantity of water, is decomposed with the precipitation of\\nyellow subsulphate of mercury (basic mercuric sulphate).\\nUses. For preparing corrosive sublimate, calomel, and yellow sub-\\nsulphate of mercury.\\nHydrargyri Sulphidum Nigrum.\\nBlack Sulphide of Mercury.\\nJEthiops Mineralis.\\nObtained by triturating together equal parts by weight of mercury\\nand sulphur until all globules of mercury have disappeared.\\nIt is a black, fine powder, consisting of black amorphous mercuric\\nsulphide and sulphur.\\nNot used to any extent in this country.\\nHydrargyri Sulphidum Rubrum U. S.\\nRed Sulphide of Mercury.\\nHydrargyricum Sulphidum Rubrum Red Mercuric Sulphide, Red\\nSulphuret of Mercury, Cinnabar.\\nA fine scarlet-red powder. Odorless, tasteless, insoluble in water,\\nalcohol, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, or in dilute solution of potassa or\\n37", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "578 A COI IPANION TO THE\\nof soda. When heated it turns brown, then black on cooling, how-\\never, it becomes red again. At a strong heat it ignites, burns with a\\nbluish flame, emits sulphurous fumes, and is finally volatilized without\\nleaving any residue.\\nCinnabar in lumps brilliant, dark red, crystalline masses is\\nnot used in pharmacy or medicine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Only used in medicine for fumigation. The\\npatient is enclosed in a box, with only his head protruding, and then\\nlive coals in a small furnace are placed in the box and cinnabar thrown\\non them. Fumes of metallic mercury and sulphur are produced and\\nabsorbed by the skin. This method is apt to produce salivation or\\ncerebral congestion, and is seldom employed. For a formula for mer-\\ncurial fumigation see page 564.\\nHydrargyrum Ammoniatum U. S.\\nAmmoniated Mercury.\\nWhite Precipitate, Mer cur ammonium Chloride.\\nDissolve one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) corrosive chlo-\\nride of mercury, in powder, in twenty liters (about 5 gallons and 2\\npints) warm distilled water filter the solution and allow it to cool.\\nPut fifteen hundred grams (52 ounces 400 grains) water of ammonia\\ninto a ten-gallon jar. Now pour the solution of corrosive chloride of\\nmercury, during constant stirring, into the ammonia. It is necessary to\\nsee to it that the ammonia is always present in excess that is, that the\\nwhole mixture still has the odor of ammonia after all the mercuric chlo-\\nride has been added. This is also the reason why the mercury must be\\nadded to the ammonia, and not vice versa.\\nCollect the precipitate on a filter, and when the water has drained\\naway as much as practicable, wash it twice with distilled water mixed\\nwith one-twentieth of its weight of ammonia, using two liters (4J pints)\\nwater and one hundred grams (3\u00c2\u00a3 ounces) ammonia water each time.\\nFinally, dry the precipitate between filter paper, in a dark place, at a\\ntemperature not above 30\u00c2\u00b0 0. (8G\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nLack of ammonia at any period of the precipitation and washing, or\\ntoo great heat in drying, will make the product yellow.\\nThe product obtained by having an excess of mercuric chloride is a\\ndifferent one from that of the new Pharmacopoeia. It will contain\\nNH a (HgCl) a .Cl, instead of NH 2 (Hg).Cl. The process of the old Pharma-\\ncopoeia was faulty in that it directed adding the ammonia water to the\\nsolution of mercuric chloride, instead of the other way. Yet, when an", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPOEIA.\\n579\\nexcess of ammonia is eventually added, and the precipitate remains in\\ncontact with it for some time, the final result will be the same.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 180.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in well-closed bottles, protected from\\nlight.\\nMedicinal Uses. Unreliable for internal use, and therefore not\\nemployed in that manner. Used externally in ointment in ophthalmia\\nand cutaneous affections.\\nHYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI TOTGUENTUM U. S.\\nOintment of Ammoniated Mercury.\\nWhite Precipitate Ointment.\\nMix thoroughly ten grams (154 grains) ammoniated mercury and\\nninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nHydrastis U. S.\\nHydrastis.\\nHydrastis Radix Golden Seal, Yellow Hoot, Yellow Puccoon Root.\\nOrigin. Hydrastis canadensis, Linne (Ranunculacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 181, 182. The rhi-\\nFig. 306. Hydrastis, without\\nrootlets, natural size.\\nPigs. 304, 305.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hydrastis, with rootlets,\\nnatural size, and transverse section, slightly\\nenlarged.\\nzomes are rough, usually bent, branched, beset with numerous thin,\\nbrittle rootlets. Odor slight but characteristic taste bitter, slightly\\nastringent.\\nConstituents. Three alkaloids berberine, hydrastine, and xan~\\nthopuccine. Hydrastine is in white crystals soluble in alcohol, ether,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "580 A COMPANION TO THE\\nchloroform, and benzol, and yields white, bitter salts with acids. Ber-\\nberine is described under its own title, and xanthopuccine resembles\\nberberine, but gives brown instead of green scales with test-solution of\\niodine (see Berberine).\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic and stomachic. It has also been\\nrecommended in. derangements of the urinary organs and as a remedy\\nin dysmenorrhoea and uterine hemorrhage.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), best given in fluid extract.\\nHYDRASTIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Hydrastis.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nYellowish-brown.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains) three times a day.\\nHYDRASTIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Hydrastis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolatipn until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.5 to cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nAn aqueous fluid extract of hydrastis, also called fluid hydras-\\ntis, etc., is much used. It is made with hot water and glycerin, with-\\nout alcohol, and looks very handsome but it is not a true fiuid extract,\\nbecause the drug cannot be exhausted pint for pound with water and\\nglycerin.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 581\\nHYDKASTIS TIN CTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Hydrastis.\\nTincture of Golden Seal.\\nThis is made by percolation, one hundred and twenty grams (or 4\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder, being required for making six\\nhundred grams (or 20 ounces, measuring about 660 cubic centimeters,\\nor 21 fluidounces), the menstruum being diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nHyoscyaminse Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Hyoscyamine.\\nThis is a neutral sulphate of the alkaloid hyoscyamine, and occurs in\\nsmall yellow or yellowish-white scales or crystals, or in a yellowish-white\\npowder. It is inodorous, but very bitter, acrid. Must be kept in well-\\ncorked bottles as it is deliquescent. Soluble in water and in alcohol.\\nHyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine.\\nIt is new to the Pharmacopoeia, and is a powerful narcotic poison.\\nThe medicinal properties are those of hyoscyamus.\\nDose. 0.001 to 0.003 gram (-fa to -fa grain), with caution.\\nHyoscyamus U. S.\\nHyoscyamus.\\nHyoscy ami Folia Bilsenkraut, G. Jusquiame noir,F.; Beleno, Sp.\\nBolmort, Sw.; Henbane Leaves.\\nOrigin. Hyoscyamus niger, Linne (Solanaceai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. The leaves must be collected only from plants of the\\nsecond year s growth.\\nThey are grayish-green, glandulous, long and soft, hairy the lower\\nleaves have short stalks, the upper ones have no stalks and partly clasp\\nthe stem they are wrinkled and have abroad whitish midrib, which, in\\nthe drug is prominent. Odor heavy, narcotic taste bitter, acrid.\\nAnnual plants have smaller and much less hairy leaves.\\nConstituents. Hyoscyamine is the chief constituent. It is an\\nalkaloid, either occurring as an oily liquid, or, after some time, in soft,\\nwart-like, tufted crystals, which have a silky lustre and are either yel-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "582 A COMPANION TO THE\\nlowish or colorless. It is soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. When\\ndry and pure it is inodorous. When moist or impure it has a strong, re-\\npulsive, suffocating odor, and an acrid taste. It is very poisonous, and,\\nlike atropine, it causes dilatation of the pupil (see Atropine). With\\nacids it forms crystallizable salts (see Hyoscyaminse Sulphas).\\nIt is isomeric with atropine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Hyoscyamus is an anodyne, narcotic, and hyp-\\nnotic. In its action it resembles belladonna. It is poisonous in large\\ndoses.\\nHyoscyamus has been much used to allay irritation, cough, spasm,\\netc., and is a valuable remedy in such diseases as asthma, neuralgia,,\\npalpitation of the heart, and in mercurial and senile trembling.\\nIt is used to relieve pain, and possesses the advantage over opium,\\nin some cases, that it does not constipate, but rather promotes the ac-\\ntion of the bowels it is therefore often combined with purgatives, pro-\\nmoting their action while preventing griping.\\nAs an hypnotic it is used when opium is not well tolerated, and in\\nthe various forms of insomnia accompanying mania, etc.\\nExternally it is often applied as an anodyne embrocation, usually in\\nthe form of oil of hyoscyamus, or the leaves are used with linseed meal\\nin a poultice.\\nDose of the leaves, in powder, 0.3 to 2 grams (5 to 30 grains). The\\naverage dose is about 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains), but the drug is\\nseldom given in this form.\\nThe powdered seeds must be given in doses about one-fourth or one-\\nthird as large as the leaves.\\nHYOSCYAMI ABSTRACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Hyoscyamus.\\nTwo hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) of hyoscyamus leaves, in\\nNo. 60 powder, is moistened uniformly (by rubbing between the hands)\\nwith eighty grams (8 J fluidounces) of ninety-four per cent, alcohol. The\\nmoist powder is packed tightly in a tall cylindrical percolator. More\\nalcohol is now added until the mass is saturated and the liquid begins to\\ndrop at the lower end of the percolator, while a layer of the alcohol still\\ncovers the upper surface of the drug. The exit of the percolator is now\\nclosed and the top covered to prevent evaporation. The whole is al-\\nlowed to stand forty-eight hours. Then the percolation is started, add-\\ning alcohol as required to keep the drug always covered. When one\\nhundred and seventy grams (G fluidounces) of the percolate has been\\nobtained, set that portion aside. Place another receiver under the per-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMAC0P(E1A. 583\\ncolator and continue the process until the drug is exhausted. Evapor-\\nate this second percolate down until it weighs thirty grams (or measures\\n1 fluidounce). Mix this with the reserved portion. The mixed liquids\\n(weighing together two hundred grams) are put in a tared evaporating\\ndish with fifty grams (1 ounce 330 grains) of powdered milk sugar, and\\nset in a place where the temperature is between 40\u00c2\u00b0 and 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, or from\\n104\u00c2\u00b0 to 122\u00c2\u00b0 F., until the mixture is dry. Then enough powdered sugar\\nof milk is added to make the total weight of the contents of the dish\\none hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains). The whole is now triturated\\nuntil a uniform and very fine powder is obtained.\\nThe same product may be obtained by evaporating one thousand\\ncubic centimeters of the fluid extract of hyoscyamus leaves with the requi-\\nsite quantity of milk sugar, making five hundred grams finished product.\\n[Two avoirdupois pounds of powdered hyoscyamus leaves will yield\\none pound of abstract. This will require one-half pint alcohol for\\nmoistening, and about half a pint more for saturating the drug prepara-\\ntory to the forty-eight hours maceration. The reserved portion will\\nmeasure about two pints, and the second percolate, after evaporation to\\nthe prescribed point, will measure nearly six fluidounces.]\\nThe dose is about six to twenty centigrams (1 to 3 grains).\\nHYOSCYAMI CATAPLASMA.\\nHenbane Poultice.\\nCoarsely powdered henbane leaf, sixty grams (2 ounces) flaxseed\\nmeal, one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) boiling water, six hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces). Mix the powders and stir them\\ngradually into the water.\\nOr half a fluidounce of fluid extract of henbane may be added to\\neight to ten ounces of flaxseed poultice.\\nUsed to relieve the pain of sores and swellings.\\nHYOSCYAMI EXTEACTTJM IT. S. 1870.\\nFresh hyoscyamus leaves are sprinkled with water and bruised in a\\nstone mortar. The juice is then expressed, heated to boiling, strained,\\nand finally evaporated to extract.\\nBrown. Yield about four per cent. As usually found in the shops\\nit is extremely unreliable, varying greatly in strength.\\nDose. From 0.10 gram (2 grains) upward, until the proper effects\\nare obtained.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "584 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHYOSCYAMI EXTRACTUM ALCOHOLICITM U. S.\\nAlcoholic Extract of Hyoscyamus [Leaves],\\nFrom five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) of hyoscyamus\\nleaves, recently dried, and in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of one thousand grams (41f\\nfluidounces) alcohol and five hundred grams (17 fluidounces) water. As\\na second menstruum use a sufficient quantity of diluted alcohol. Moisten\\nthe drug with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of the first men-\\nstruum. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate it with men-\\nstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Then percolate. Reserve four\\nhundred and fifty grams (about 15 fluidounces) of first percolate. Con-\\ntinue the percolation until the drug is exhausted, or until one thousand\\nand fifty grams (about 38 to 40 fluidounces) of second percolate has been\\nobtained. Evaporate the second percolate to a soft extract and dissolve\\nthis in the first percolate. Evaporate the mixture to a pilular consist-\\nence.\\nNo glycerin is added to this extract.\\nYield about sixteen per cent. The extract is dark brownish-green.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.15 gram (1 to 2% grains).\\nHYOSCYAMI EXTRACTUM [FOLIORUM] FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Hyoscyamus [Leaves].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-J- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.3 to 2 cubic centimeters (5 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 585\\nHYOSCYAMI OLEUM INFUSUM.\\nInfused Oil of Hyoscyamus.\\nBeat one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) fresh henbane\\nleaves with a little cotton-seed oil until reduced to a pulpy mass. Then\\nadd two thousand grams (70 ounces 24 grains) cotton-seed oil, and heat\\nthe mixture on a water-bath until all the moisture has evaporated.\\nStrain, express, and filter.\\nIn the absence of fresh hyoscyamus leaves this preparation may be\\nmade by macerating two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) dried hy-\\noscyamus leaves, cut, with four hundred and seventy-five cubic centi-\\nmeters (16 fluidounces) alcohol in a closed vessel for twelve hours, then\\nadding one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) cotton-seed oil, and\\nheating the whole together in a porcelain evaporating dish on a water-\\nbath until the alcohol has evaporated and the leaves appear as if dry.\\nThen express and filter.\\nShould be kept in a dark place.\\nUsed for external application.\\nHYOSCYAMI SUCCUS.\\nInspissated Juice of Hyoscyamus.\\nBruise a convenient quantity of fresh leaves and young branches of\\nhyoscyamus in a stone mortar press out the juice add to the latter\\none-third of its volume of rectified spirit. Set it aside seven days.\\nThen filter. Keep the product in a cool place.\\nDose- Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nHYOSCYAMI [FOLIOEUM] TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Hyoscyamus [Leaves].\\nThe Pharmacopoeia prescribes that three hundred grams (about 10^\\nfluidounces) tincture be made from forty-five grams (1 ounce 260 grains)\\nrecently dried hyoscyamus leaves, in No. 60 powder, using diluted alco-\\nhol as a menstruum, and percolating the moistened and firmly packed\\ndrug in a cylindrical percolator.\\nDose- One to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nHyoscyami Radix.\\nHyoscyamus Root.\\nOrigin. Hyoscyamus niger, Linne (Solanacece).\\nDescription. Carrot-shaped, seldom or scarcely branched, fifteen", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "586\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nto twenty-five millimeters (f to 1 inch) thick, with numerous rootlets\\nexternally brown, wrinkled internally dirty whitish bark thick,\\nspongy, porous wood-ring narrow, dense pith large, spongy.\\nConstituents. Hyoscyamine.\\nMedicinal Uses- It has been stated to possess more active prop-\\nerties than the other parts of the plant, but is seldom used in this country.\\nHYOSCYAMI KAJDICIS THSTCTUKA.\\nTlNCTUKE OF HYOSCYAMUS ROOT.\\nPercolate ninety grams (or 3 ounces) dried hyoscyamus root, in No.\\n60 powder, with diluted alcohol, to obtain six hundred cubic centimeters\\n(20 fluidounces) tincture.\\nDose- One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nHyoscyami Semen.\\nHyoscyamus Seed.\\nHenbane Seed.\\nFlattish, round, nearly kidney-shaped, one to one and one-half milli-\\nmeter (^g. to y 1 inch) long, externally gray or yellowish-gray, pitted\\ngrayish-white within. The embryo is curved.\\nInodorous taste oily, bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid hyoscya-\\nmine is found in the henbane seeds in larger\\nquantities than in the leaves. The seeds also\\ncontain about twenty-four per cent, fixed oil.\\nAn amorphous, yellowish, bitter glucoside\\ncalled hyoscypicrin, soluble in water and in\\nalcohol, has also been found.\\nThe seeds are said to be three or four times as strong as the leaves,\\nand the dose must be lessened accordingly.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nHYOSCYAMI SEMINIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Hyoscyamus Seed.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.20 to 1 cubic centimeter (3 to 15 minims).\\nFigs. 307, 308.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hyoscyamus\\nSeed, whole, and longitudinal\\nsection, enlarged.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 587\\nHYOSCYAMI SEMINIS TINCTUKA.\\nTlNCTURE OF HYOSCYAMUS SEED.\\nPrepared by percolating ninety grams (or 3 ounces) hyoscyamus\\nseed, in No. 40 powder, with diluted alcohol to obtain six hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (20 fluidounces) tincture.\\nDose. One to three cubic centimeters (15 to 45 minims).\\nHypophosphites.\\nHypophosphites.\\nThe compound preparations of the hypophosphites of calcium,\\nsodium, potassium, and iron are extensively employed for medicinal\\npurposes. As they do not properly belong under the title of any single\\none of their ingredients, we insert these preparations here as a class.\\nMedicinal Uses. The preparations containing hypophosphites\\nare supposed to be of value in diseases accompanied with a deficiency\\nof lime salts and phosphorus in the system, as in anosmia^ caries,\\nrickets, consumption, etc.\\nHYPOPHOSPH1TIS CALCII SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphite of Calcium.\\nSee Calcii Hypophosphis.\\nHYPOPHOSPHITUM CALCII ET SODII SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of the Hypophosphites of Calcium and Sodium Lime\\nand Soda\\nDissolve twenty-six grams (400 grains) hypophosphite of calcium\\nand the same quantity of hyposulphite of sodium in three hundred and\\nsixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) water add six hundred grams\\n(21 ounces) sugar, and enough water to make the syrup measure nine\\nhundred and seventy cubic centimeters, to which add thirty cubic centi-\\nmeters (1 fluidounce) orange-flower water, the whole product thus being\\nmade to measure one liter (34 fluidounces).\\nEach teaspoonful contains two grains each of the hypophosphites\\nof calcium and sodium.\\nDose. One teaspoonful.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "588 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHYPOPHOSPHITUM SYRUPUS; U. S.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphites.\\nCalcii, Sodii et Potassii Hypophosphitum Syrupus Compound Syrup\\nof the Hypophosphites y Churchill s Syrup.\\nDissolve thirty -five grams (1 ounce 103 grains) hypophosphite of\\ncalcium, twelve grams (185 grains) hypophosphite of sodium, and twelve\\ngrams (185 grains) hypophosphite of potassium, by trituration, in three\\nhundred and fifty cubic centimeters (about 12 fluidounces) water, using\\nif necessary not more than one gram (15 grains) citric acid to dissolve\\nany undissolved residue. Add two grams (30 grains, or about 40\\nminims) spirit of lemon. Filter the whole through paper, and add\\nthrough the filter sufficient water to make the whole weigh five hundred\\ngrams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces). Dissolve in the filtrate five hundred\\ngrams (17J ounces) sugar, without the use of heat, and strain.\\nThe product measures about eight hundred cubic centimeters (27\\nfluidounces), and each teaspoonful contains about three grains hypo-\\nphosphite of calcium, and one grain each of the hypophosphites of\\nsodium and potassium.\\nDose. One teaspoonful.\\nHYPOPHOSPHITUM GLYCERITUM.\\nGlycerole of the Hypophosphites.\\nThis is simply the syrup of hypophosphites with glycerin substituted\\nfor the sugar and most of the water.\\nDose. One teaspoonful.\\nHYPOPHOSPHITUM SYRUPUS CUM FERRO U.S.\\nSyrup of Hypophosphites with Iron.\\nCompound Syrup of the Hypophosphites with Iron; Syrup of the Hypo-\\nphosphites of Lime, Soda, Potassa, and Iron.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) lactate of iron by the aid of tritura-\\ntion in nine hundred and ninety grams (34 ounces 400 grains) syrup of\\nhypophosphites, gradually added. Each teaspoonful contains about\\nthree grains hypophosphite of calcium, one grain each of the hypophos-\\nphites of sodium and potassium, and one grain lactate of iron.\\nDose. One teaspoonful.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 589\\nHYPOPHOSPHITIS FERKI SYRUPUS.\\nSyrtjp of Hypophosphite of Iron.\\nSee Ferri Hypophosphis.\\nHyssopus.\\nHyssop.\\nHyssopi Herba Ysop, G. Hysope, F. Hisopo, Sp. Isop, Sw.\\nOrigin. Hyssopus officinalis, Linne (Labiataz).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The flowering plant.\\nDescription. Stem wand-like; flowers purple the opposite, lan-\\nceolate, sessile leaves have oil-glands on the under surface their upper\\nsurface is finely wrinkled. Aromatic, pungent, bitter, camphor-like.\\nConstituents. About one-half to one per cent, volatile oil and\\nsome tannin and bitter extractive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, carminative, sudorific.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) in infusion or fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nHYSSOPI EXTRACTUM FLUIDDM.\\nFluid Extract of Hyssop.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nIchthyocolla XT. S.\\nIsinglass.\\nColla Piscium Hausenblase, Fischleim, G. Colle de poisson, Ichthyo-\\ncolle, F. Ictiocola, Cola de Pescado, Sp. Husblas, Sw.\\nOrigin. Acipenser Huso, Linne and other fishes.\\nDescription. The inner membrane of the swimming-bladder. It\\nis dried either spread out, folded in various ways, or rolled, or cut, and\\nwe accordingly have leaf, book, and other forms of isinglass.\\nLeaf isinglass is in flat sheets. It is the kind most used.\\nRussian isinglass is the kind most valued. A good article is color-\\nless, semi-transparent, tough, free from odor and taste, and soluble al*\\nmost without residue in boiling water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "590\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nShred isinglass is convenient for making solutions rapidly. It is\\nslightly yellowish, and in translucent threads.\\nAmerican isinglass is very inferior, leaving an undissolved residue\\nof from eighteen to thirty per cent.\\nPurse or pipe isinglass is also an inferior grade, consisting of fish\\nsounds dried whole.\\nThe chief constituent of isinglass is glutin, of which a good drug\\ncontains seventy per cent.\\nA transparent jelly is obtained by boiling isinglass in twenty-four\\ntimes its weight of water and allowing- the solution to cool.\\nIsinglass (or fish-glue) is practically a very different thing from\\ngelatin (from calves pelt, etc.). Gelatin is, however, commonly, though\\nerroneously, called isinglass too, and thus the two things are often con-\\nfounded, the more readily so as they closely resemble each other chemi-\\ncally. They may be distinguished by the following differences\\nIsinglass.\\nSemi-transparent.\\nMembranous and tearing with great\\ndifficulty except in the direction of its\\nfibres.\\nSwells and becomes quite opaque, but\\ndoes not dissolve in cold water.\\nGelatin.\\nQuite transparent, or quite opaque and\\nwhitish from minute air-bubbles.\\nDevoid of structure.\\nDissolves, making a clear solution with\\ncold water.\\nTsinglass is an important constituent in many cements, for which\\npurposes gelatin is useless.\\nMedicinal Uses. Isinglass is much used for clarifying liquids.\\nInternally it is used as a nutrient lenitive in bowel complaints. For\\nthis purpose it is dissolved in milk and given ad libitum. Externally it\\nis employed as a protective.\\nIsinglass coating for making adhesive\\nISINGLASS PLASTEE (Squire).\\nSoak ten grams ounce) isinglass in an emulsion made of five grams\\nQ- ounce) ammoniac gum and eighty grams (2\u00c2\u00a7 ounces) water. Then\\nput the mixture on a water-bath and heat until the isinglass is liquified.\\nFinally add, gradually, twenty grams (f ounce) of tincture of ammoniac\\nmade from 1.25 gram (20 grains) ammoniac to twenty grams (about f\\nfluidounce) of proof spirit.\\nThis mixture is to be spread thinly (while hot so as to be liquid) on\\nsilk or taffeta or on court-plaster. Mr. Squire states that it answers I\\nperfectly.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 591\\nICHTHYOCOLL.E EMPLASTBUM U. S.\\nIsinglass Plaster.\\nCourt Plaster.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) isinglass in three hundred and thirty\\ngrams (11 ounces) hot water. Paint one-half of this in successive lay-\\ners on silk taffeta stretched on a level surface, waiting after each appli-\\ncation until the previous layer is dry. Mix the remaining half of the\\nisinglass solution with one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces, or\\nabout 4f fluidounces) alcohol and three grams (y 1 ounce) glycerin, and\\nthen apply this mixture in the same manner. Then varnish the back of\\nthe taffeta with tincture of benzoin and let dry.\\nIt will require one grain isinglass to cover each square inch of sur-\\nface. Thus the above quantities will cover sixteen by thirty inches.\\nUses- As a protective, and to hold the edges of slight wounds to-\\ngether. This plaster cannot be used when moist applications must be\\nmade. Clean wounds, when they have stopped bleeding, may be closed\\nwith isinglass plaster and collodion applied over it, when healing by first\\nintention often takes place.\\nThis plaster is often spread on black taffeta, and then forms the\\nblack isinglass plaster which is much used for beauty spots, to make\\na fine skin appear still more delicate and white by contrast with the\\nblack spot, or to call attention to some feature, as a pretty dimple, etc.\\nIgnatia U. S*\\nIgnatia.\\nSt. Ignatius 1 Bean, E.; Ignazbohnen t G,; Feve de Saint Ignace, Feve\\nJgasurique, F.\\nOrigin. Strychnos Ignatii, Bergius (Loganiaceoe).\\nHabitat- Philippine Islands.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. Irregularly eggshaped, angular, about thirty milli-\\nmeters (1^- inch) long, brownish, horny, somewhat translucent, extremely\\nhard fracture granular light brownish within, showing a cavity con-\\ntaining the embryo. Odor none taste intensely bitter.\\nConstituents. The only important constituents are from one-half\\nto one and one-half per cent, strychnine, and nearly the same quantity\\nof brucine both alkaloids, and both highly poisonous.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of nux vomica, but stronger.\\nIt is employed almost exclusively for the preparation of strychnine.\\nDose- 0.05 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains) in powder.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "592 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIGNATI^E ABSTEACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Ignatia.\\nPreparation- See the Pharmacopoeia. One thousand grams (35\\nounces 120 grains) ignatia, in fine powder, will give five hundred grams\\n(17 ounces 280 grains) abstract. This will require about two hundred\\nand forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) alcohol and sixty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (2 fluidounces) water for moistening, and nearly as much more\\nfor saturating the drug preparatory to the forty-eight hours maceration.\\nThe reserved portion will measure about one thousand cubic centimeters\\n(34 fluidounces), and the second percolate will, after evaporation as di-\\nrected, measure nearly one hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (6 fluid-\\nounces).\\nThe same product will be obtained by taking the fluid extract of\\nignatia, adding one-fourth its weight of powdered sugar of milk, and\\nevaporating spontaneously to dryness, and then making up the required\\ntotal weight with more powdered sugar of milk, after which the product\\nis to be finished by powdering in the usual way.\\nDose. About three to six centigrams (J- to 1 grain).\\nIGKATI^E EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Ignatia.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown. Yield about ten per cent.\\nDose. 0.015 to 0.03 gram to -J- grain), three times daily, to be\\ncautiously increased.\\nIGNATIA EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ignatia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nIGNATIiE TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Ignatia.\\nMix alcohol and water in the proportion of eight parts by weight (or\\n9} parts by measure) of alcohol to each part of water.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 593\\nMoisten any convenient quantity of ignatia, in No. 60 powder, with\\nits own weight of the above menstruum, and macerate twenty-four\\nhours. Then pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator and exhaust the\\ndrug with the same menstruum as before used. Reserve of the first\\npercolate as much as nine times the weight of the drug used. Evapor-\\nate the second percolate to the weight of the drug used, and mix that\\nwith the first percolate.\\nNow ascertain how much dry extract is contained in the tincture\\nby evaporating to dryness a convenient sample. Then dilute the whole\\ntincture so that there shall be one per cent, dry extract in the whole\\nproduct.\\nThe object of prescribing that the amount of dry extract shall be as-\\ncertained and adjusted is to insure a uniform product, which would\\notherwise not generally be obtained, as the exhaustion of the drug will\\nbe more or less incomplete unless carefully conducted.\\nGood ignatia yields more than ten per cent, dry extract but as\\nstandardized by the official formula the uniformity of the product is\\ninsured, and the finished tincture represents one-tenth its weight of ig-\\nnatia of fair quality.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims^.\\nIllicium U. S.\\nIllicium.\\nlllicii Fructus, Anisum Stellatum Sternanis, G. JBadiane, Anise\\netoile, F. Stjernanis, Sw. Star Anise.\\nOrigin. Illicium anisatum, Loureiro (MagnoliacecB).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 China, Siam.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. As seen in the illustrations, it consists of generally\\neight carpels arranged in a star-shaped whorl around a central axis,\\nwhich is the continuation of the stalk. Generally some of the carpels\\nare aborted, and the drug is often much broken. The carpels are brown,\\nhave straight points, and are open at the upper suture exposing the\\nseeds. The seeds are flat, oval, shining, brown. Odor like that of anise\\ntaste sweetish, aromatic.\\nConstituents. Star anise contains a volatile oil which is chemi-\\ncally identical, and practically almost identical, with the volatile oil of\\nanise. The carpels contain over five per cent., and the seeds nearly two\\nper cent, of that volatile oil. Besides, there is nearly three per cent,\\nfixed oil in the carpels, and about twenty per cent, in the seeds.\\n38", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "594\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nAdulterations- The fruit of lllicium religiosum, Siebold, shown\\nby the illustrations, resembles the star anise, and has been substituted\\nfor it. Illichim religiosum is said to be poisonous. The carpels of this\\nfruit are more rough, shrivelled, and wrinkled, and have a beak which is\\nFigs. 309-314. lllicium anisatum, upper and lower surface, of completely and partially\\ndeveloped clusters of carpels, single carpel and seed all natural size.\\nbent upward. The odor is faintly aromatic, clove-like, and the taste dis-\\nagreeable, somewhat saline, and cardamom-like. The fruit is smaller\\nthan that of star anise, and in bulk it has the appearance of being lighter\\nin color, the carpels being more opened so as to expose the lighter-colored\\ninterior.\\nThe constituents of the fruit of lllicium religiosum (called shikimi\\nfruit in Japan where it is cultivated) are less than one-half per cent.\\nPigs. 315-322. lllicium religiosum, ripe but undried fruit, whole and partially developed\\nclusters of carpels, single carpels and seed all natural size.\\nvolatile oil, heavier than water, and a crystalline substance called\\nsikimin, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and in glacial acetic\\nacid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of anise stimulant, carmina-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n595\\ntive, and stomachic. It also enjoys much confidence as a remedy in\\nchronic bronchitis, and is an ingredient of many of the popular pectoral\\nteas.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nImperatoria.\\nImperatoria.\\nImperatorice Radix Masterwort Root.\\nOrigin. -Imperatoria ostruthium, Linne TImbelliferm),\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription- Knotty, flattened, marked by transverse rings and\\nlongitudinal wrinkles, externally\\nblackish-gray or grayish-brown, with\\nscars from the rootlets, brownish-yel-\\nlow in the interior, showing numerous\\nresin-ducts in the bark and pith, but\\nnone in the thin wood. Odor aro-\\nmatic taste pungent, bitter. The\\nroot bears some resemblance to aco-\\nnite, and has been found as an adul-\\nterant of that drug.\\nConstituents. From one fifth\\nto three-fourths per cent, of volatile\\noil of a camphoraceous taste. Also\\nresin, and a neutral crystalline prin-\\nciple called imperatorin (peucedan-\\nin), which is odorless and insoluble\\nin water, but soluble in alcohol,\\nyielding a solution of pungent taste.\\nResembles angelica.\\nMedicinal Uses. Aromatic\\nstimulant in atonic dyspepsia, flatu-\\nlence, colic, etc. Seldom used.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) in infusion.\\nFigs. 323-325.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Imperatoria, natural\\nsize. Outline of transverse section of dry\\nrootstock, natural size, and enlarged sec-\\ntion of rootstock soaked in water.\\nIndigo.\\nIndigo.\\nOrigin. Several species of Indigofera, Linne (Leguminosce).\\nHabitat. India.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "596 A COMP ANION TO THE\\nDescription- A blue coloring matter prepared from the juice of\\nthe plants by treating the green twigs and leaves with a kind of fer-\\nmentation process. Indigo occurs in more or less firm, brittle masses of\\na blue to a purplish color. Inodorous and tasteless. Good indio-o is\\ndry, light, floating on water, and gives a coppery streak when scratched.\\nInsoluble in water or in alcohol.\\nVarieties. Bengal, Guatemala, Caracas, Madras, and Manila are\\nall found in our market, and are valued in the order as here named. The\\ntrade designation Spanish Float Indigo is sometimes given to a very\\nlight friable indigo, which is considered superior.\\nConstituents- Should contain from seventy to ninety per cent,\\nof indigo-blue or indigotin. Poor grades contain from fifty down to\\ntwenty per cent.\\nSidph-indigotic acid, or sulphate of indigo, is made by dissolving\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) finely powdered indigo in two hundred and forty\\ngrams (8 ounces) strong oil of vitriol, which requires two or three days\\ntime. It is then a blue pasty mass, miscible with water, forming liquid\\nblue. Compounds of this sulph-indigotic acid with soda and potassa are\\ncalled indigo-carmine.\\nUsed only as a coloring agent and chemical test-solution.\\nInfusa.\\nINFUSIONS.\\nInfusionen, Aufgiisse, G. Tisanes, F. Infusion, Sp. Infusioner, Sw.\\nDescription. Infusions are teas. They are frequently adminis-\\ntered hot but are also used cold. Sometimes they are made with cold\\nwater, but generally with boiling water, which is poured upon the drug\\npreviously properly comminuted or bruised. After the boiling water\\nhas been added the vessel in which the infusion is being made must not\\nbe put in a hot place, or by any means kept hot it is simply to be set\\naside to cool in the ordinary house temperature.\\nThe drugs from which infusions are preferably made are those of a\\nloose texture and containing substances which will be taken up by the\\nwater, but which would be injured or expelled by boiling. Diaphoretic,\\ndiuretic, anthelmintic, and laxative or cathartic teas and draughts, and\\ndemulcent drinks, are the most common infusions. Purely bitter stom-\\nachic tonics are also frequently presented in the form of infusions, as,\\nfor instance, quassia, and occasionally astringents.\\nWhen a physician prescribes an infusion it would seem that there\\ncan be no room for doubt as to his meaning. Yet the improper prac-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 597\\ntice prevails to a considerable extent of substituting fluid extracts mixed\\nwith water when infusions are ordered. Physicians are probably not\\naware of the extent to which this practice is carried. It is encouraged\\nby many manufacturers of fluid extracts, who publish on every bottle\\nformulae for preparing infusions, decoctions, etc., from the fluid extracts.\\nThere is but one way to properly prepare an infusion, and that is to\\nmake it freshly when wanted for use, and to make it from the crude\\ndrug with water. It is not proper even to prepare concentrated infu-\\nsions and keep these on hand for dispensing purposes, preserved by\\nalcohol, salicylic acid, or other agents. The number of infusions that\\ncan even for a brief period of time be kept on hand without change or\\ninjury is extremely limited. A mixture of a fluid extract, or a tincture,\\nor a concentrated infusion, with water, is an essentially different thing\\nfrom a freshly prepared tea (infusion). Neither physician nor patient\\nwould be satisfied with an old tea, or one preserved with alcohol, or\\nsalicylic acid. Many physicians prize infusion of digitalis, or infusion\\nof buchu, above any other preparations of these drugs. A fluid extract\\nor a tincture is prepared with a very different menstruum, as well as by\\na radically different process and a concentrated infusion cannot, by\\nany means, be preserved so as to retain the properties of the freshly\\nmade infusion, and least of all by adding substances to which there may\\nfrequently be serious therapeutical objections. If it is proper to insist\\nupon nice tests of purity in chemicals, and we think it is, then consist-\\nency demands that we should be equally careful in regard to galenical\\npreparations. It is never safe, and always wrong, to suppose that one\\nthing will answer when another has been prescribed.\\nPreparation. The general directions for the preparation of infu-\\nsions in the new Pharmacopoeia are as follows\\nPut thirty grams (1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug, coarsely com-\\nminuted or bruised, together with three hundred grams (10 fluidounces)\\nof boiling water into a suitable vessel provided with a well-fitting cover,\\nand let it stand for two hours, after which strain the infusion, adding\\nenough boiling water through the strainer to make the final product\\nweigh three hundred grams (or measure 10 fluidounces).\\nTwo hours maceration is in most cases altogether unnecessary, and\\nin some instances quite objectionable. It is rarely, if ever, intended\\nthat an infusion shall contain everything that can be dissolved out of\\nthe drug by hot water. One-half hour is amply sufficient as a general\\nrule.\\nSquire s infusion pot (see Fig. 326) is the best vessel to use for mak-\\ning infusions. The advantage it possesses is that it is a perfect dis-\\nplacement apparatus. The prepared drug is placed in the perforated", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "598\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nstrainer fitted into the top of the mug enough water is then added so\\nthat its level stands above the drug, the quantity made being just what\\nthe infusion pot accommodates properly the whole apparatus is cov-\\nered and set aside the prescribed period, after which the infusion is\\npoured off at the spout, and will require no straining if the drug used\\nwas free from powder or particles small enough to pass through the\\nFig. 326.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Squire s Infusion Pot. C, lid -D, inner vessel to contain the drug.\\nperforations. In the absence of Squire s infusion pot an ordinary flat-\\ntopped white jar will answer.\\nThe Strength of Infusions. The new Pharmacopoeia contains only\\nfive infusions, as against thirty-one in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Two\\nof the five infusions now official, viz., Infusum Brayerae and Infusum\\nSennas Compositum, were not in the former Pharmacopoeia. The other\\nthree those of Cinchona, Digitalis, and Wild Cherry are nearly the\\nsame strength as the same infusions of 1870. Of the thirty-one infu-\\nsions in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, one the Infusion of Tar was made\\nof one ounce to four ounces of water one Infusion of Taraxacum\\nwas made from one ounce drug to seven and one-half ounces finished\\nproduct eleven were made of one to fifteen eleven were made of one\\nto thirty one was one to forty two were one to sixty one was one\\nto sixty-eight and one was one to one hundred and twenty parts. It\\nwill thus be seen that the strength of different infusions varies greatly.\\nOther infusions are used which are made of strengths differing from\\neither or all of these. This is not mere accident. The proportions to\\nbe used depend chiefly upon the character of the drug, the facility with\\nwhich it is exhausted, the taste of the resulting infusion, and the pur-\\nposes for which it is to be used. The fact that no general rule, no uni-\\nform proportional strength can be applied is proven by the five official\\nexceptions to the official rule. It is clear, therefore, that the official\\ngeneral rule as to strength of infusions is not only useless but may cause", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 599\\nembarrassment and confusion. The rule is that an ordinary infusion,\\nthe strength of which is not directed by the physician nor specified by\\nthe Pharmacopoeia, shall be prepared so that one hundred parts of the\\nfinished preparation represent ten parts of the drug. A caution is\\nappended suggesting that the strength of infusions of energetic or\\npowerful substances should be specially prescribed by the physician.\\nIt would have been better to say at once that whenever an infusion is\\nprescribed which is not official the physician should specify its strength\\nin each case. The fact is, that physicians very frequently prescribe in-\\nfusions without specifying the strength, whether the infusions prescribed\\nare official or not, and without reference to whether they are ordinary\\ninfusions or infusions of energetic or powerful substances. Aside\\nfrom the fact that a uniform interpretation of the terms ordinary\\nand energetic or powerful in this case would be hopeless, we believe\\nthat even the most ordinary infusions cannot well be made uniformly\\nof one ounce drug to ten fluidounces product. Infusion of quassia will\\nhardly be looked upon otherwise than as an ordinary infusion, and it is\\ncertainly not energetic or powerful in the sense intended by the Phar-\\nmacopoeia but if a physician prescribes infusion of quassia without\\nspecifying the strength, we would make it one to sixty, as in the old\\nPharmacopoeia, rather than to risk making it six times that strength\\nunder the general rule, not because any harm could possibly result to\\nthe patient, but because we are sure few, if any, physicians would want\\nto give a ten per cent, infusion of quassia. The same remarks would\\napply to infusion of capsicum and infusion of cloves. On the whole the\\nrule should not have been made. We recommend to the pharmacist to\\nrefer to the Companion in all cases where any doubt exists, unless\\nhe can consult the writer of the prescription.\\nInfusions made by Percolation. Infusion of cinchona and infusion\\nof wild cherry are made by cold percolation.\\nInhalationes.\\nInhalations.\\nInhalations are used for the treatment of affections of the broncho-\\npulmonary mucous membranes. Chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide, and\\nother ansesthetics are given in this manner. Some solid substances,\\nas iodine and iodoform, may be converted into vapor by heat and in-\\nhaled. But the most frequent method of administering medicines by\\ninhalation is by means of the steam spray apparatus or atomizer. In\\nFig. 327 we illustrate an apparatus of this kind. It consists of a boiler", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "600\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nto contain water, which can be converted into steam by means of a small\\nalcohol lamp. From this boiler a tube passes out horizontally, through\\nwhich the steam is blown at right angles over the fine opening of another\\nbut perpendicular tube, the lower\\nend of which dips into a small cup\\ncontaining a watery solution of\\nthe medicine. As the steam is\\nblown over the mouth of this tube\\na vacuum is produced, and the\\nliquid rises until a drop issues from\\nthe upper end of the tube, when\\nit is blown away and pulverized or\\nconverted into fine spray by the\\nforce of the steam jet. To pre-\\nvent the spray from being blown all over the face of the patient a\\nmouth-piece or shield is provided.\\nOr instead of steam a hand atomizer (Fig. 328) may be employed,\\nFig. 327.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Steam Atomizer.\\nFig. 328. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Hand Atomizer.\\nwhich consists of a rubber bulb, by the compression of which a jet of\\nair is made to take the place of the steam jet used in the steam inhaler.\\nBy inserting a second elastic\\nbulb between the first bulb and\\nthe nozzle a continuous jet of\\nair and spray may be projected.\\nBy using suitable nozzles the\\nspray may be blown into the\\nanterior or posterior nares, the\\npharynx, or glottis, etc.\\nWarm water, salt water, ano-\\ndyne solutions, as of opium, can-\\nnabis indica, bitter almond water,\\nbelladonna, etc.; astringent solutions, as of tannic acid or of the iron\\npreparations alterative solutions, as of chloride of ammonium, nitrate\\nFig. 329.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inhaler.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 601\\nof silver, etc. or antiseptic solutions, as of creosote, tar, carbolic, boric,\\nor salicylic acids, may be employed in this manner.\\nThe simplest form of inhaling apparatus (Fig. 329) is one consisting\\nof a bottle with a cork through which two tubes are passed, one\\nof which dips to near the bottom of the liquid contained in the\\nbottle, while the other only passes through the cork. To the latter is\\nattached a tube with mouthpiece. This apparatus may easily and\\ncheaply be improvised. The medicines which can be used in this appa-\\nratus are such as may be converted into a vapor by being mixed with\\nwarm water.\\nThe smoking of stramonium leaves, or of paper saturated with nitre,\\nin asthma, is also a form of inhalation.\\nINSUFFLATION\\ndiffers but little from inhalation, except that the medicines are in the\\nform of powder instead of in the form of spray and the blowing or\\ndusting of iodoform or boric acid upon wounds or into abscesses, etc., is\\nsimilar to insufflation.\\nInjectiones.\\nInjections.\\nInjections consist in the introduction of fluid or semifluid substances\\ninto various natural or pathological cavities or canals of the body by\\nmeans of a syringe.\\nWhen made into the rectum they are termed enemata, and are de-\\nscribed under that title in this book.\\nDifferent forms of apparatus are employed for injections, one of the\\nmost useful being the fountain svringe, consisting- of a vessel, to the\\nbottom of which a rubber tube, with appropriate nozzle, is connected,\\nand when this vessel is elevated the pressure of the column of fluid\\nforces the latter into the cavity to be injected. By elevating or lower-\\ning the vessel, greater or less pressure may be exercised as desired. All\\nair should be allowed to escape from the tube before the nozzle is in-\\ntroduced.\\nThe old-fashioned piston syringes, requiring the assistance of an at-\\ntendant for rectal or vaginal injections, have gone entirely out of use.\\nInjections are frequently made into the urethra or bladder for the\\npurpose of washing out these organs or to apply local medications. In-\\njections into the bladder are best made through a double catheter (Fig.\\n330), one arm of the catheter being connected to the rubber tube of a", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "602\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nfountain syringe, and when all air is expelled from the tube and cathe-\\nter the latter is introduced into the bladder and the current of fluid al-\\nlowed to run. The bladder will then be washed out thoroughly, the\\nwater or medicated fluid escaping through the other arm of the catheter.\\nFig. 330.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Double Current Catheter,\\nBy refilling the vessel, as its contents run out, any desirable quantity of\\nfluid may be caused to flow through the bladder.\\nVaginal injections are made in the same manner, with the exception\\nthat a vaginal nozzle is used instead of the double catheter, and the pa-\\ntient sits over a bucket or chamber vessel and allows the fluid to escape\\nthrough the vagina itself. The vaginal nozzle is usually provided with\\nan opening at the end, but as some of the fluid may be thrown through\\nthis opening into the cavity of the uterus when it may give rise to\\nuterine colic or inflammation, it is better to obtain such nozzles as are\\nonly provided with lateral openings.\\nA bulb syringe, in which the fluid is forced into the vaginal cavity\\nby the compression of a rubber bulb, is used for the same purpose,\\nbut tires the patient too much. By having a second bulb between the\\nsuction or force bulb and the nozzle, a steady stream of fluid may be\\nthrown.\\nUrethral injections (male) are best made with a syringe having a\\nconical end and not a long nozzle. By pressing the end of such a\\nsyringe into the orifice of the urethra, the latter may be tightly closed\\nand the fluid forced into the urethra, distending it fully.\\nThis should be repeated two or three times with plain tepid water, so\\nas to remove all mucus or pus from the urethra before the medicated\\nfluid is forced into the canal, where it should be held for five or ten\\nminutes by closing the orifice of the urethra with the finger.\\nInjections of sweet oil into the urethra will often facilitate the in-\\ntroduction of an exploring sound or bougie in urethral strictures.\\nInjections are also made into the external meatus of the ear, the\\nEustachian tubes, or into pathological cavities, abscesses, sinuses, etc.,\\nfor cleansing purposes.\\nInjections have been made into the pleural cavity in various affec-\\ntions, and even tuberculous cavities in the lungs have been washed out", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 603\\nby injections. Canals made by penetrating foreign bodies, as by bullets,\\nbayonets, etc., are also kept clean by these means.\\nThe nasal douche, which is now so frequently made use of in the un-\\nfortunately too frequent and often very intractable catarrhal affections,\\nis a form of injection made with some form of fountain syringe, letting\\na current of water run into one nostril and out at the other. The pa-\\ntient should throw the head well forward, open the mouth and not in-\\nhale through the nose, so that the soft palate closes against the fauces.\\nInjections into the nose should at first consist only of tepid water, until\\nthe patient becomes accustomed to the procedure.\\nNourishing injections, or introduction of liquid food into the stomach\\nthrough a tube may become necessary in certain diseases of the pharynx,\\nlarynx, or oesophagus, or in insane who refuse to eat or drink. This is\\na very simple proceeding, the head of the patient being thrown back\\nthe oesophageal tube is easily slipped on into the stomach, and the\\nliquid poured in through a funnel, and the tube is then withdrawn.\\nIt is not unusual now to wash out the stomach in chronic dyspepsia\\nor ulceration, which may be done by introducing the tube as already\\nexplained, and distending the stomach moderately by filling in water\\nthrough a funnel then by bending the external end of the tube down-\\nward it can be made to act as a siphon and the stomach be completely\\nemptied, and this process of alternately filling and emptying may be re-\\npeated until the stomach is thoroughly cleansed. This method of treat-\\nment may also be used in sarcina ventriculi, or in cases of poisoning.\\nSUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS\\nconsist in the introduction of substances under the skin. They are made\\nby means of subcutaneous injection syringes, which are provided with\\nhollow needles or nozzles. The syringes are usually graduated in min-\\nims, so that any desirable quantity of fluid may be used.\\nThe syringe is filled to the required extent, and the needle then fas-\\ntened to it the point is held upward and the piston carefully and slowly\\npushed in until all air is expelled from the instrument. A fold of the\\nskin is then taken up, and the needle quickly pushed through the skin\\ninto the subcutaneous areolar tissue and the liquid slowly injected.\\nCare should be taken that no injury is inflicted on a vessel or nerve.\\nThe injection of fluid or air directly into a vein is sometimes accompa-\\nnied by alarming or even dangerous symptoms. The injection in the\\nregion about the insertion of the deltoid muscle, or in the small of the\\nback, is least liable to be followed by disagreeable results but it must", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "604 A COMPANION TO THE\\nnot be forgotten that the local irritation produced by the remedy used\\nmay produce inflammations and abscesses.\\nCare should be taken, of course, not to employ the same needle in\\nsyphilitic and non-syphilitic patients.\\nVarious remedies, as curare, morphine, atropine, strychnine, alcohol,\\nether, ammonia, quinine, corrosive sublimate, etc., have been employed\\nin this manner, and as the action of the remedy when thus given is very\\nprompt and energetic, considerably smaller doses must be given than\\nwhen the medicine is to be swallowed.\\nThe effects produced by subcutaneous injections are local as well as\\ngeneral. They are indicated when it is desirable to obtain the action\\nof a remedy as promptly as possible, as when we give atropine in threat-\\nened failure of the heart s action, or apomorphia as an emetic in cases of\\npoisoning when we wish to combine a decided local effect with the\\nsystemic effect, as in injections of morphia in neuralgia, or of strychnia\\nin local paralysis or finally, when the introduction of the remedy into\\nthe stomach is impossible, on account of persistent vomiting or mechani-\\ncal obstruction, as lock-jaw, hydrophobia, etc., or by the refusal of the\\npatient to take medicines.\\nThe following are a few of the more important preparations which\\nmay be given in subcutaneous injection\\nAPOMORPHINE.\\nDissolve one part of hydrochlorate of apomorphine in one hundred\\nparts of distilled water (or 0.1 gram in 10 cubic centimeters\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 grain in\\n100 minims).\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 8 minims).\\nARSENIC.\\nMix one part of Fowler s solution with four parts of distilled water\\n(or 1 cubic centimeter with 4 cubic centimeters 15 minims with 60\\nminims).\\nDose of this solution 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nATROPINE.\\nDissolve one part of sulphate of atropine in five hundred parts of\\ndistilled water (or 0.01 gram in 5 cubic centimeters J grain in 80\\nminims).\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims), the\\nlarirer doses with extreme caution.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 605\\nATBOPINE AND MOEPHINE COMBINED.\\nDissolve one part of sulphate of atropine and four parts of sulphate\\nof morphine in five hundred parts of distilled water (or 0.015 gram atro-\\npine sulphate and 0.06 gram morphine sulphate in 7.5 cubic centimeters\\nwater grain atropine sulphate and 1 grain morphine sulphate in 125\\nminims water).\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims), the\\nlarger doses with extreme caution.\\nCOEEOSIVE SUBLIMATE.\\nDissolve one part of corrosive sublimate in one hundred and twenty-\\nparts of water (or 0.1 gram in 12 cubic centimeters 1 grain in 120\\nminims).\\nNote. Instead of distilled water a mixture of one part of glycerin with three\\nparts of water is preferred by some.\\nDose of this solution 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nCUE ARE (Wookaea).\\nDissolve one part of curare in one hundred parts of distilled water\\n(or 0.1 gram in 10 cubic centimeters 1 grain in 100 minims).\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 1.3 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims),\\nthe larger doses with extreme caution.\\nETHEE.\\nDose. One cubic centimeter (15 minims), repeated as indicated.\\nEXTEACT OF EEGOT.\\nDissolve one part of extract of ergot in six parts of water (or 1 gram\\nextract in 6 cubic centimeters water 15 grains extract in 90 minims\\nwater.)\\nWell-made fluid extract of ergot may be injected without dilution.\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 2 cubic centimeters (5 to 30 minims).\\nMOEPHINE.\\nDissolve one part of hydrochlorate of morphine in twenty parts of\\nglycerin by the aid of heat, and when solution is effected add twenty\\nparts of distilled water (or 0.5 gram in 10 cubic centimeters each of\\nglycerin and water 4 grains in 80 minims each of glycerin and water).\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This solution keeps well.\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 0.6 cubic centimeter (5 to 10 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "606 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOr, dissolve one part of tartrate of morphine in sixty parts of dis-\\ntilled water (or 0.1 in 6 cubic centimeters 1 grain in 60 minims).\\nNote. If the tartrate caunot be obtained the sulphate may be used instead in\\nthe same proportions.\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims).\\nQUININE.\\nDissolve one part of bisulphate of quinine in three parts of distilled\\nwater and add three parts of glycerin (or 1 gram in 3 cubic centimeters\\neach of glycerin and water 15 grains in 45 minims each of glycerin\\nand water).\\nDose of this solution 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 minims).\\nNote. Merck manufactures and sells a preparation of quinine under the name\\nof Quinia Bimuriatica Carbamidata, which is especially fitted for subcutaneous\\ninjection, being very soluble and also unirritating. Dose. 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8\\ngrains).\\nSTRYCHNINE.\\nDissolve one part of sulphate of strychnine in two hundred and fifty\\nparts of distilled water (or 0.1 gram in 25 cubic centimeters 1 grain in\\n250 minims).\\nDose of this solution 0.3 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 8 minims).\\nInula IT. S.\\nInula.\\nInuloB Radix, Radix Helenii Alantwurzel, Hele?ienwurzel, G. Racine\\nd aunee, Aunee Commune, F.; Alandsrot, Sw.; Elecampane.\\nOrigin. Inula Helenium, Linne (Composite).\\nHabitat. Europe and North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 185. Sliced as it\\noccurs in the market, the drug is made up of disks and irregular pieces\\n(split lengthwise), externally grayish-brown, internally whitish, fleshy,\\nfull of resin cells. Odor aromatic, peculiar taste bitter, aromatic. Old\\nroots are tough, almost inert. The drug must consist of young, sound\\nroot, of good light color, and aromatic odor.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and resin, to which the odor and taste\\nare due also a crvstallizable substance called helenin, a quantity of\\nbitter extractive, and a large quantity (from twenty to forty-four per\\ncent., according to the season and the age of the drug, young roots col-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "HOTTED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 607\\nlected in the autumn containing the most) of inulin, a peculiar variety\\nof starch which is also found in taraxacum and in a number of other\\ndrugs, and which is not colored blue by iodine. It has the same com-\\nposition as starch, and resembles it in some respects, but unlike starch it\\ndissolves perfectly to a clear solution in three times its weight of boil-\\ning water, depositing again on cooling.\\nMedicinal Uses. Elecampane is stimulant and tonic, and is\\nmainly employed as a domestic remedy in dyspepsia, chronic pulmonary\\ntroubles, and in menstrual derangements.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains), in infusion.\\nIodoformum 17. S.\\nIodoform.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 186. Very\\nsmall lemon-yellow, brilliant crystals, of a heavy penetrating odor, re-\\nminding of iodine and saffron.\\nThe odor of iodoform is so penetrating and persistent that it is ne-\\ncessary to guard carefully against exposing other substances, and also\\nimplements, to an atmosphere charged with iodoform vapor or against\\ncontact with this chemical. When iodoform has been weighed on the\\nscales the latter must be immediately and carefully cleaned.\\nIodoform readily absorbs moisture from the air. It must be kept in\\ntightly closed bottles, and in a cool place.\\nThe solubility of iodoform in ether furnishes a good indication of its\\npurity.\\nTo powder iodoform, triturate it with sufficient strong ether to form a\\nthin paste, and then continue the trituration until the ether has evapo-\\nrated, when the iodoform will remain as an impalpable powder. It is\\noften applied externally in this form.\\nMedicinal Uses. Internally this substance has been used to allay\\npain in neuralgia, cancer, etc. Externally it is much used as an antisep-\\ntic application to surgical wounds. Also to syphilitic, scrofulous, and\\nindolent idcers, gangrene, buboes, etc. It may be dusted on the parts\\nby means of an insect-powder gun or a pepper-box, or applied in solu-\\ntion or ointment.\\nIodoform poisoning has occurred from absorption of the substance\\nfrom large wounded surfaces. Various methods have been used to dis-\\nguise the offensive odor of iodoform, such as mixing with oil of pepper-\\nmint, eucalyptus, etc., but without much success.\\nDose for internal use, 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains) three times\\na day, in coated pills.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "608 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIODOFOEM PAINT.\\nPut two grams (30 grains) iodoform into a wide-mouthed bottle with\\nten grams (3\u00c2\u00a3 fiuidrachms) strong ether, and keep it tightly corked. A\\nsaturated solution of iodoform is thus obtained, which may be applied\\nby means of a camel s-hair pencil.\\nIODINIZED IODOFOEM PAINT.\\nPut two grams (30 grains) iodoform and two grams iodine into a\\nwide-mouthed bottle with twenty grams (about 7 fiuidrachms) strong\\nether. Used as iodoform paint (see above).\\nIODOFOEMI UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nIodoform Ointment.\\nMix four grams ounce) iodoform and thirty-six grams (1^- ounce)\\nbenzoinated lard.\\nIodum U. S.\\nIodine.\\nIodinium, Phar. 1870.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 186. Pur-\\nplish-black, crystalline plates of a graphite-like metallic lustre. Odor\\nstrong, heav} characteristic taste very acrid. The bottle containing\\nit is always filled with a violet gas. Strikes a blue color with starch\\npaste but to produce this reaction the iodine must be used in very\\nsmall quantity, as, for instance, in the form of the official test-solution of\\niodine.\\nMust be kept in bottles with well-fitting glass stoppers, and in a\\ncool place.\\nIodine frequently contains moisture, and sometimes in very large\\nquantity. This is detected by dissolving it in chloroform, with which\\npure iodine makes a clear solution, but when moisture is present a tur-\\nbid one.\\nSpots from iodine on the skin are readily removed with ammonia or\\nwith hyposulphite of sodium.\\nMedicinal Uses. Iodine is a valuable alterative and discutient.\\nIt is given internally and used externally to cause the absorption of\\nmorbid growths and swellings.\\nIt is especially useful in affections of the glands, producing absorp-\\ntion of enlarged glands, goitre, scrofulous enlargements, etc. but it", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. G09\\nmust be used with caution, as it may also cause the absorption of the\\ntesticles or mammas.\\nIn intermittent fever it has produced cures even after quinine had\\nfailed. For this purpose the tincture is given in doses of 0.3 to 1\\ncubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims), large]y diluted in water, with enough\\nof iodide of potassium to maintain solution.\\nIn syphilis iodine is a most valuable remedy, especially in the ter-\\ntiary stages, the affections of the bones, gummata, etc. also in the af-\\nfections of the nervous system depending on this disease.\\nIn chronic lead-poisoning iodine eliminates lead from the system.\\nIt is applied externally in erysip elas, glandular swellings, many cu-\\ntaneous affections, enlarged or inflamed joints locally to enlarged ton-\\nsils, inflamed cervix uteri, and as an injection into the sac of hydrocele,\\nspina bifida, fistulas, sinuses, and indolent abscesses.\\nDose. About 0.015 gram grain), in tincture or solution, with\\niodide of potassium and water. Generally given in the form of iodides.\\nToxic Effects. Excessive doses produce the effects of an irritant\\npoison, causing inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Starch\\nshould be given freely as an antidote, but emetics must also be given,\\nas the iodide of starch is not insoluble, but only milder in its action\\nthan pure io dine.\\nWhen given for some length of time, iodine and iodides produce a\\npeculiar condition termed iodism, which shows itself by general indis-\\nposition, coryza, inflammation of the eyes and eyelids, frontal headache,\\nand an eruption which sometimes has been mistaken for syphilitic skin\\naffection.\\nThis condition must be combated by withdrawing the remedy and\\nadministering bitter tonics, ordering baths, etc.\\nIODATUM COLLODIUM.\\nIodinized Collodion.\\nDissolve two grams (30 grains) iodine in thirty grams (1 ounce) col-\\nlodion.\\nIODATUM AMYLUM; IT. S.\\nIodized Starch.\\nTriturate five grams (77 grains) iodine with a little distilled water\\nuntil reduced to powder. Then add gradually ninety-five grams (3\\nounces 154 grains) starch. Continue the trituration until the whole\\nmixture assumes a uniform blackish-blue color. Dry it at not above\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and then rub it into fine powder.\\n39", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "610 A COMPANION TO THE\\nShould be preserved in glass-stoppered vials.\\nIt is not a chemical combination, or a very imperfect and indefinite\\none. Contains five per cent, iodine.\\nHas been given in doses of one ounce three times a day, but the\\nusual doses should be much smaller. It is very seldom used.\\nIODIDITM SULPHUKIS; U.S.\\nIodide of Sulphur.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the P.harmacopceia,\\npage 314.\\nUsed externally in various skin diseases as an alterative application.\\nIODI LIKIMENTUM; B.\\nIodine Liniment.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) iodine, forty\\ngrams (1 ounce 180 grains) iodide of potassium, and twenty grams (308\\ngrains) camphor in enough rectified spirit to make one liter (34 fluid-\\nounces) of finished product.\\nStimulant and discutient embrocation.\\nIODI LIQUOH COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Solution op Iodine.\\nLiquor lodinii Compositus, Phar., 1870 LugoVs Solution.\\nDissolve five grams (77 grains) iodine and ten grams (154 grains)\\niodide of potassium in eighty-five grams (3 ounces) distilled water.\\nMust be kept in well-corked or glass-stoppered bottles.\\nThis is the form in which iodine is most frequently administered in-\\nternally when given alone. Used also for external application.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (3 to 8 drops) in sweetened\\nwater.\\nIODI TINCTUHA U. S.\\nTincture of Iodine.\\nTriturate eight grams (124 grains) iodine with a small quantity of\\nalcohol until reduced to coarse powder. Put this into a tared, glass-\\nstoppered bottle, add enough alcohol to make the total contents weigh\\none hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains), and set it in a warm place\\nuntil all the iodine has dissolved.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 611\\nUnless the iodine is powdered and its solution aided by digestion, it\\nrequires several days to make the tincture.\\nUsed for external application in cases of glandular swellings, ery-\\nsipelas, ringworm, etc.\\nIODI TINCTUEA DECOLORATA.\\nDecolorized Tinctuke of Iodine.\\nDissolve forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) iodine in three hundred\\nand ninety cubic centimeters (13 fluidounces) alcohol. Add ninety\\ncubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) stronger water of ammonia, and let\\nthe mixture stand in the light for four weeks.\\nThe preparation contains ethyl iodide, iodide of ammonium, etc.\\nCare should be taken not to disturb the bottle so long as it contains\\nany sediment, as iodide of nitrogen is liable to be formed, which is a\\nvery violently explosive compound even when wet.\\nThis decolorized tincture of iodine is better than that of the German\\nPharmacopoeia, which contains sulphate of sodium, etc.\\nProf. Charles O. Curtman, M.D., of St. Louis, prepares this tincture\\nby adding the water of ammonia to the tincture of iodine, and then\\nadding a few drops of carbolic acid, which produces decoloration al-\\nmost instantly.\\nFor cosmetic reasons this tincture is often preferred to the ordinary\\ntincture of iodine, which latter is probably more active.\\nIODI UNGUENTUM; IT. S.\\nIodine Ointment.\\nTriturate four grams (52 grains) iodine and one gram (15 J grains)\\niodide of potassium with two grams fluidrachm) water until dissolved,\\nand afterward with ninety-three grams (3 ounces 123 grains) benzoin-\\nated lard until thoroughly mixed.\\nIODI VAPOR; B.\\nInhalation of Iodine.\\nUse four cubic centimeters (1 fluidrachm) tincture of iodine and\\nthirty-two cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) water, applying gentle heat\\nto the mixture to vaporize the iodine.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "612 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIpecacuanha U. S.\\nIpecac.\\nIpecacuanhm JRadix JBrechwurzel, JRuhrwurzel, G. Racine JBresili-\\nenne, F. Ipecacuana, JBejuquillo, Sp.; Krakrot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Richard {Rubiaceoe).\\nHabitat. Brazil. Imported from Rio.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. From ten to twenty centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long,\\nand about four millimeters inch) in diameter. Has the\\nappearance of being made up of transverse rings annu-\\nlated separated by deep fissures here and there. The\\ndust of the drug (in powdering) is very irritating to the\\nrespiratory organs.\\nTests. A good drug consists of only the plump middle\\nportions of the roots, has distinct rings, and a bark which is\\nat least as thick as the diameter of the wood. Pieces with\\na smooth bark are to be rejected.\\nConstituents. From one-third to three-fourths per\\ncent, emetine, contained in the root-bark. This is an alka-\\nFig 331 wn cn when pure is white, amorphous, soluble in alcohol,\\nIpecacuanha, also, though less readily, soluble in water, inodorous, bitter.\\nIn the drug it is combined with ipecacuanhic acid. Besides,\\nipecac contains about thirty per cent, starch, four per cent, sugar, and\\ntraces of a volatile oil of nauseous odor.\\nFALSE IPECACUANHA BOOTS.\\nStriated ipecac, obtained from JPsychotria emetica, Linne, has no\\ntransverse rings, but the thick bark is divided in sections of irregular\\nlengths by fissures. It is dark purplish-brown.\\nUndulated ipecac, from Jiichardsonia scabra, St. Hilaire, has indis-\\ntinct, if any, rings and fissures. It is gray.\\nWhite ipecac, from Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Vent., is whitish or pale\\nbrownish-yellow, and has no rings the wood is thick, yellowish.\\nNone of these false ipecacuanhas are met with in the American\\nmarket.\\nMedicinal Uses. Ipecac is a safe and efficient emetic, very fre-\\nquently employed. It is a special emetic, acting only after absorption,\\nand, therefore, rather tardy in its effects, on which account it is inap-\\npropriate in cases of poisoning, etc., when a prompt effect is desired.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 613\\nIn large doses it sometimes acts as a purgative. In small doses it\\nis simply nauseant, and, like other nauseants, produces increased expec-\\ntoration and perspiration.\\nIpecac is much used in bronchial and pulmonary affections, in. fevers\\nalone or in combination with opium, in dysentery, and in some cases of\\nvomiting, as in vomiting of pregnancy, of drunkards, etc.\\nDose. As an emetic, one to two grams (15 to 30 grains). As a\\nnauseant, 0.05 to 0.10 gram (1 to 2 grains) at short intervals. In dys-\\nentery a dose of four to five grams (60 to 75 grains) is sometimes given,\\nto affect the stools. Vomiting is prevented by giving it nearly dry and\\nkeeping the patient perfectly quiet in the recumbent position. If ne-\\ncessary the administration of this drug may be preceded by a dose of\\nmorphine or bitter almond water.\\nIPECACUANHA ET OPII PULYIS; IT. S.\\nPowder of Ipecac and Opium.\\nDover s Powder.\\nSee title Opii et Ipecacuanha Pulvis.\\nIPECACUANHA ET OPII SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Ipecac and Opium.\\nSee title Opii et Ipecacuanhas Syrupus.\\nIPECACUANHA ET OPII TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Ipecac and Opium.\\nSee title Opii et Ipecacuanhas Tinctura.\\nIPECACUANHA EXTEACTUM FLUID UM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Ipecacuanha.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of ipecac, in\\nNo. 80 powder, with one hundred and seventy-five grams (7^ fluid-\\nounces) alcohol. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with\\nmenstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Percolate with alcohol until\\nexhausted. Distil off the alcohol, discontinuing the distillation when\\ntwo hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8|- fluidounces) remains in the\\nstill. To this remainder add five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluid-\\nounces) of water. Evaporate the mixture to three hundred and seventy-\\nfive cubic centimeters (12f fluidounces) let it cool, and then filter it.\\nWash the precipitated resin left on the filter by pouring a little water", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "614 A COMPANION TO THE\\nupon it until the washings pass through tasteless. Mix the filtrate and\\nthe washings, and then evaporate the whole to two hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (S-j- fluidounces). Let cool, and then add enough al-\\ncohol to make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (17\\nfluidounces).\\nEach cubic centimeter of the fluid extract represents one gram of\\nipecac one fluidounce represents four hundred and fifty-five and two-\\nthirds grains, and one fluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains.\\nThis new preparation is an excellent one, containing all the virtues\\nof the drug and mixing clear with water or syrup.\\nDose. As an emetic, one to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 min-\\nims) as an expectorant, 0.1 to 0.25 cubic centimeter (2 to 4 minims).\\nIPECACUANHA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Ipecac.\\nFrom ten grams (about J avoirdupois ounce) of .the drug make five\\nhundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nEach fluidounce contains about nine grains of ipecac.\\nDose. As an emetic, twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12\\nfluidrachms), given at intervals of ten minutes until the effect is pro-\\nduced as an expectorant, in doses of two to five cubic centinieters (J\\nto 1 fluidrachm). Used also in the treatment of dysentery.\\nIPECACUANHA SYRUPUS; U.S.\\nSyrup of Ipecac.\\nMix fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) fluid extract of ipecac and nine\\nhundred and fifty grams (33 ounces 224 grains, or 26 fluidounces) sim-\\nple syrup.\\nThe new fluid extract of ipecac makes a perfectly clear syrup.\\nDose. Emetic, fifteen to twenty-four cubic centimeters (4 to 6\\nfluidrachms) expectorant, two to four cubic centimeters to 1 flui-\\ndrachm).\\nIPECACUANHA TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Ipecac.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of ipecac\\nwith two hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) diluted\\nalcohol.\\nDose. Emetic, eight to twelve cubic centimeters (2 to 3 flui-\\ndrachms); expectorant, one to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 615\\nIPECACUANHA TEOCHISCI U. S.\\nIpecac Troches.\\nMix thoroughly, by trituration, 1.60 gram (25 grains) ipecac, in No.\\n80 powder, 1.60 gram (25 grains) tragacanth, in No. 80 powder, and\\nsixty-five grams (1,000 grains) finely powdered sugar, and then form\\nthe mixed powders into a mass with sufficient syrup of orange, and di-\\nvide it into one hundred troches.\\nEach troche contains one-sixth grain ipecac.\\nUsed in coughs and colds, especially if the bronchial tubes, larynx,\\nand fauces are dry and inflamed.\\nThey are slowly dissolved in the mouth at intervals of an hour or\\ntwo.\\nIPECACUANHA VINUM; U. S.\\nWine of Ipecac.\\nMix seventy grams (2 ounces 205 grains, or 2f fluidounces) fluid ex-\\ntract of ipecac, and nine hundred and thirty grams (32 ounces 350 grains,\\nor about 32 fluidounces) stronger white wine.\\nEach cubic centimeter (16 minims) contains 0.07 gram (1.08 grain)\\nipecac.\\nUsed in cough mixtures as an expectorant.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nIris Florentina.\\nOeeis Root.\\nIridis JRhizoma, Iridis Radix, Radix Violarum; Florentine Orris, E.\\nVeilchenwurzel, Gr. Iris de Florence, F.; Lirio de Florencia, Sp.;\\nViolrot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Iris pallida, Lamarck Iris germanica, Linne; Iris flo-\\nrentina, Linne (Iridacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Northern Italy.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Simple or branched, flattened, jointed, five to ten\\ncentimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about twenty-five millimeters (1 inch)\\nbroad with a circular scar at the upper extremity, and brownish scars\\nfrom the rootlets on the under side wrinkled lengthwise, or smooth\\nand angular from the peeling externally whitish or yellowish-white\\nheavy, hard fracture short, mealy nucleus sheath most prominent in\\nthe lower half within and near the nucleus sheath may be seen scat-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "616\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ntered fibro-vascular bundles. Odor agree-\\nable, violet-like taste insipid, afterward\\nbitter, slightly acrid.\\nVarieties. Florentine orris root is\\nthe best. It is whiter, more carefully\\npeeled, and has a finer odor than the\\nVerona orris root, which is somewhat\\nyellowish.\\nFinger orris root consists of picked,\\nslender, nearly straight pieces, smoothly\\ntrimmed, and usually whitened with\\nchalk, magnesia, or starch. It is intended\\nfor the use of teething infants only.\\nTests- Orris root is frequently\\nfound to be worm-eaten. Only sound\\npieces of good odor and light color should\\nbe used.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil (Oleum\\niridis) a very small quantity. Also an\\nacrid resin, besides starch, mucilage, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Florentine orris\\nroot is seldom employed internally. It\\nis said to be alterative, cathartic, and diuretic. It is mostly employed\\nas an ingredient of tooth-powders, or in the form of tincture as an in-\\ngredient of perfumes and flavoring extracts.\\nIRIDIS FLORENTINE TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Florentine Orris.\\nPercolate five hundred grams (17f ounces) coarsely powdered orris\\nroot with diluted alcohol to obtain one thousand cubic centimeters of\\ntincture.\\nUsed in the preparation of perfumery, flavoring extracts, etc.\\nFig. 332.-\\n-Florentine Orris, natural\\nsize.\\nIRIDIS OLEUM.\\nOil of Orris [Root].\\nDistilled from Florentine orris root. Pale yellowish, solid at ordi-\\nnary temperatures. Has a fine violet odor.\\nConsists of myristic acid, mixed with a small proportion of volatile oil.\\nLiquid oil of orris is very inferior, consisting partly of oil of\\ncedar-wood.\\nBoth kinds are used in perfumery only.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n617\\nIris [Versicolor] U. S.\\nIris [Versicolor].\\nIridis Versicolors Hhizoma, Iris Versicolor Blue Flag.\\nOrigin. Iris versicolor, Linne (Iridacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 187.\\nIn the dry drug the rootlets are usually entirely absent.\\nConstituents. Acrid resin, tannin, and other sub-\\nstances. No analysis. It has been hinted that it may\\ncontain an alkaloid.\\nNomenclature. Florentine orris has long been\\nknown as Radix Iridis the rhizome of iris versicolor,\\non the contrary, is only recently brought into notice. It\\nis therefore unfortunate that the title Iris, without\\nqualification, has been adopted for iris versicolor.\\nMedicinal Uses. Blue flag is a powerful emetic\\nand cathartic when fresh. When dry it is not so violent\\nin its action, and is a hvdrao-oo-ue cathartic, cholao;oo;ue,\\nsialagogue, diuretic, and alterative.\\nIt is employed in chronic derangements of the liver\\nand kidneys, in dropsies, and as an alterative in scrofu-\\nlous and syphilitic affections.\\nDose of the dried root, 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22\\ngrains) in powder, combined with aromatics and carmi-\\nnatives when given in large doses.\\nIRIDIS [VERSICOLORS] EXTRACT UM U. S.\\nExtract of Iris [Versicolor].\\nFrom five hundred grams (1 7f avoirdupois ounces)\\nof the drug in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of eleven hun-\\ndred and twenty-five grams (47 fluidounces) alcohol, and\\nthree hundred and seventy-five grams (about 12J fluid-\\nounces) water.\\nFig. 333.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Blue\\nAs a second menstruum use a sufficient quantitv of Flag, large speci-\\ndiluted alcohol. men natural ske\\nMoisten with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of the first\\nmenstruum. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with\\nmenstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate to exhaustion, or", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "618 A COMPANION TO THE\\nuntil fifteen hundred grams (56 to 60 fluidounces) of percolate has been\\nreceived. Distil off the alcohol in the usual way, and evaporate the\\nremainder by water-bath heat to the pilular consistence. No glycerin\\nis to be added.\\nThe same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid extract.\\nNew to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Brown.\\nDose. 0.015 to 0.06 gram to 1 grain).\\nIRIDIS [YERSICOLORIS] EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Iris [Versicolor].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n7 fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nJalapa; U. S.\\nJalai\\\\\\nJalapw Tuber Jalapenknollcn, G. Jalape, F. Jalapa, Sp. Ja-\\nlappa, Sw.\\nOrigin. Exogonium purga, Bentham (Convolvulacece).\\nHabitat. Eastern Mexico.\\nPart used. The tuberous root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 187. Turnip-shaped,\\nor more oblong, deeply wrinkled, the larger pieces cut, the lower por-\\ntion tapering rather abruptly to a narrow root, which is cut off near the\\ntuber hard, heavy, tou^h.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n619\\nConstituents. From twelve to eighteen per cent, resin, about\\neighteen per cent, starch, and about the same amount of sugar.\\nThe resin is the important medicinal constituent. From three-\\nfourths to nine-tenths of it is convolvulin (rhodeoretin), which is\\nreadily soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether the remaining tenth\\npart of the total resin is jalapin (para-rhodeoretin a soft resin, solu-\\nble in ether and in bisulphide of carbon.\\nTests. The Pharmacopoeia requires that the jalap shall contain at\\nleast twelve per cent, of resin. To determine the quantity of resin, ex-\\nhaust ten grams (154 grains) of the finely powdered jalap with ninety-\\nfour per cent, alcohol concentrate the tincture by evaporation until it\\nFig. 334. Jalap, natural size.\\nFig. 335. Transverse section of Jalap, natural size,\\nlarge specimen.\\nmeasures about fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) and pour this\\ninto about two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (8|- fluidounces) of\\ncold distilled water wash the precipitated resin on a small filter with\\ncold distilled water, and then dry it carefully. The resin thus obtained\\nshould weigh not less than 1.20 gram (18^ grains), and it should yield\\nbut little of its weight to ether that is, it should be almost entirely\\ncomposed of convolvulin.\\nJalap must be sound, heavy, and hard. Soft, sticky, or very dark-\\ncolored tubers must be rejected also mealy, or very light-colored, or\\nwoody tubers.\\nThe necessity of applying the Pharmacopoeial test to samples of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "620 A COMPANION TO THE\\njalap is obvious from what has been stated. It should also be applied\\nto fluid extract of jalap, fifteen cubic centimeters (1^ fluidrachm) of\\nwhich when mixed with five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces)\\nof cold water, should yield not less than 1.80 gram (27f grains) of con-\\nvolvulin.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic. In doses\\nof from ten to thirty centigrams (1\u00c2\u00a3 to 5 grains) it is laxative and\\none dose of one to two grams (30 to 60 grains) occasions a disagreeable\\nsensation in the epigastrium, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, but\\nfollowed in about two hours by watery stools with severe griping. This\\ngriping may be prevented by the addition of a few grains of camphor\\nor cloves. Constipation does not follow, nor is there any impression\\non the nervous system by jalap. Excessively large doses may cause\\nenteritis and death.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22 grains) in powder.\\nFALSE JALAP.\\nTampico Jalap, from ipomoea simulans, Hanbury, resembles true\\njalap, but is of irregular form, without transverse ridges or scars, light\\nin weight, collapsed, and contains a resin which is almost entirely sol-\\nuble in ether.\\nMale Jalap, from ipomoea orizabensis, Pelletan, is spindle-shaped,\\nbut generally sliced lengthwise and crosswise into sections or angular\\nirregular pieces. Its resin is entirely soluble in ether.\\nMechoacan, or wild jalap, from convolvulus mechoacan, Vand.\\n(or ipomcea pandurata), is sliced, light-colored, or whitish, mealy, and\\ncontains but little resin.\\nJALAP JE ABSTKACTUM; U. S.\\nAbsteact of Jalap.\\nPrepared as the other abstracts. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 5.\\nThe jalap ought to be in No. 60 powder. T ry alcoholic extract of\\njalap is two and a half times the strength of this abstract. Five grains\\ngood jalap, one grain alcoholic extract of jalap, two and one-half grains\\nabstract of jalap, and three grains of the old extract of jalap of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870, are severally equivalent in therapeutic effect.\\nAbstract of jalap is used in preparing the compound cathartic\\npills, according to the new U. S. Pharmacopoeia (1880), being prefer-\\nable to the extract of jalap for this purpose, the abstract being more\\nuniform in strength and always in fine powder so as to be conveniently", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. G21\\nincorporated. The abstract is about twenty per cent, stronger than\\nthe extract of jalap of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, which preparation,\\nas there directed to be made, contained a large quantity of inert ex-\\ntractive.\\nJALAPS EXTKACTUM ALCOHOLICUM; U. S.\\nAlcoholic Extract of Jalap.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of jalap, in No.\\n50 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of alcohol and water in the propor-\\ntion of four hundred grams (16| fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten with one hundred and twenty-five grams (5^ fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Percolate until the\\nliquid that passes produces only a slight precipitate when dropped in\\nwater. Distil off the alcohol. Evaporate the remainder to dryness.\\nMust be kept in small, well-closed bottles in a cool place.\\nBrown. Yield twelve to fifteen per cent. A material improvement\\nis made in this process upon the preparation of 1870, in which a watery\\nextract was incorporated with the alcoholic.\\nDose. 0.15 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nJALAP M EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Jalap.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nShould yield twelve per cent, convolvulin. (See Jalapa.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nJALAP M PULYIS COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Powder of Jalap.\\nTriturate thoroughly together thirty-five grams (1 ounce 100 grains)\\njalap, in No. 60 powder, and sixty-five grams (2 ounces 130 grains)\\nbitartrate of potassium in fine powder.\\nUsed mainly as a hydragogue cathartic in cases of dropsy, to re-\\nmove accumulations of fluid.\\nDose. 0.5 to two grams (10 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "622\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nJALAPS KESINA; U. S.\\nResin op Jalap.\\nJalap resin is prepared as follows Five hundred grams (17f ounces)\\njalap, in No. 60 powder, is moistened with one hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (or about 5 fluidounces) alcohol then packed tightly in a cylin-\\ndrical percolator saturate with the same menstruum macerate forty-\\neight hours percolate until one thousand grams (about 40 fluidounces) of\\npercolate has been obtained, or until the drug is exhausted, which is\\nseen by the absence of any marked turbidity when the percolate which\\npasses is dropped into water. The alcohol is recovered by distillation\\non a water-bath until the remaining tincture has been reduced to two\\nhundred grams (or about 7 ounces). This concentrated tincture is\\nadded during constant stirring to four thousand five hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (9\u00c2\u00a3 pints) water. When the precipitate has subsided, the\\nsupernatant liquid is decanted, and\\nthe precipitate is washed twice, by\\ndecantation, with water. It is then\\ntransferred to a strainer, the liquid is\\npressed out, and the resin dried by\\nmeans of a gentle heat.\\nFor tests, see the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 281.\\nResin of jalap is frequently sold\\nunder the name of jalapin. It is\\nchiefly con volvulin, with some jalapin.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.12 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5\\ngrains).\\nJugians U. S.\\nJUGLANS.\\nJuglandis Cortex Butternut, But-\\nternut Bark.\\nOrigin. Jugians cinerea, Linne\\n(Juglandacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The inner bark of\\nFig. 336. Butternut Bark, natural size. ^e root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 188. Troughs, or flat\\npieces, from three to six millimeters to inch) thick smooth, dark-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 623\\nbrown and mottled on the outer surface, and nearly free from remnants\\nof the external bark.\\nConstituents. An orange yellow, crystalline, acrid substance\\ncalled nucin (juglandic acid, or juglone) has been isolated. The drug\\nalso contains tannin, some volatile oil, resin, and fourteen per cent, of\\nfixed oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Mild cathartic, not followed by intestinal weak-\\nness. Valuable in chronic constipation and other intestinal troubles.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (75 to 150 grains), best given in fluid\\nextract.\\nJUGLANDIS EXTEACTUM; IT. S.\\nExtract of Juglans.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) butternut\\nbark, in No. 30 powder, with two hundred grams (8J fluidounces) alco-\\nhol. Pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and, after saturating\\nwith the menstruum, macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate to ex-\\nhaustion, or until fifteen hundred grams (about 60 fluidounces of per-\\ncolate has been received. Distil off the alcohol, and evaporate the re-\\nmainder to a pilular consistence, and add to it one-twentieth of its\\nweight of glycerin.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract to a pilular consistence and adding the five per cent, of glycerin.\\nThe Extract of Butternut of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 was an\\naqueous extract, but the nature of the constituents of the drug shows\\nthat an alcoholic extract must be a more rational and effective prepara-\\ntion.\\nDark brown.\\nDose. 0.50 to two grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nJUGLANDIS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Juglans.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "624 A COMPANION TO THE\\nJuglandis Oleum.\\nNut Oil.\\nOleum JVucis Juglandis.\\nPrepared by expression from the crushed seeds of several species\\nof Juglandacece.\\nThe walnuts and hickory nuts have a fine, bland-tasting, fixed oil,\\nto which the above title is applied. The yield is about twenty-five per\\ncent.\\nIt is one of the drying oils, containing linolein.\\nDescription. Pale straw-colored, or slightly greenish, rather thick,\\ncongealing at \u00e2\u0080\u009420\u00c2\u00b0 C. 40\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Has the specific gravity 0.92, and a\\nnutty odor and taste.\\nUsed like other bland fixed oils.\\nJuniperus U. S.\\nJuniper.\\nJuniperi Fructus, Baccce Juniperi Wachholderbeeren, G. Genievre,\\nFruit {Boies) de genievre, F. Fnebro, Sp. Fmbar, Sw. Juniper\\nBerries.\\nOrigin. Juniperus communis, Linne (Coniferce).\\nHabitat. The Northern hemisphere.\\nPart used. The ripe fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 188.\\nItalian Juniper Berries are the best.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From one\\nto two and a half per cent.\\nvolatile oil, and about fifteen to\\nthirty per cent, sugar, some\\n-saaiu*- x^ resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimu-\\nlant, diuretic, and emmena-\\nFigs. 337-342.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Juniper Berries, natural size and gogue, useful in dropsies due\\nenlarged; transverse section, enlarged seeds, nat-\\nural size, enlarged, and transverse section enlarged, to obstruction ot the tubules ot\\nshowing resin glands. the kidneys, as in scarlatina, etc.\\nA popular method of using this drug is to make a strong tincture by\\nmacerating sixty grams (2 ounces) of the bruised berries in five hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (1 pint) of whiskey or gin, and giving it in table-\\nspoonful doses.\\nJuniper berries are often employed for fumigation by throwing a", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAHMACOPCEIA. 625\\nhandful on live coals, or on a hot stove or coal shovel, under the mis-\\ntaken notion that they are disinfectants when thus used.\\nThe fumes simply act by overcoming the sickening odors of the\\nsick-room, substituting another scarcely less disagreeable smell.\\nJUNIPERI FRUCTUS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Juniper Berries.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nJUNIPERI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Juniper Berries.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms),\\nor about a wineglassful four or five times a day.\\nJUNIPERI SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Juniper Berries.\\nRoob Juniperi.\\nPour five parts boiling water on one part bruised fresh juniper ber-\\nries, and macerate twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Express, let settle,\\nstrain, and evaporate to the consistence of syrup.\\nJuniper berries contain about twenty-five per cent, sugar, which\\nmakes the syrup.\\nDose. Teaspoonful to tablespoonful.\\nJuniperi lignum.\\nJuniper Wood.\\nOccurs in chips of a light-yellowish color, fragrant with the odor of\\njuniper turpentine.\\nUsed as an ingredient in alterative and diuretic teas.\\n40", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "626\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nJuniperi Oleum\\nU. S.\\nOil of Junipek.\\nJu niperi JEther oleum\\nVolatile Oil of Juniper,\\nOil of Juniper Berries.\\nDescription, etc. See\\nthe Pharmacopoeia, page 237.\\nThe volatile oil distilled\\nfrom the wood is very differ-\\nent from that distilled from\\nthe berries, which is valued\\nat about four times as much.\\nThe oil of juniper wood is\\noften sold under the name\\nof oil of juniper but the\\noil of juniper, U. S. Phar. 1880, is always sold under the designation\\nOil of Juniper Berries, Extra.\\nUsed occasionally as a carminative and diuretic.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 8 minims).\\nJUNIPERI SPIRITUS U. S.\\nSpirit of Juniper.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) volatile oil of juniper ber-\\nries and nine hundred and seventy grams (34 ounces 100 grains, or\\nabout 40-J- fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nFig. 343. Juniper Wood, transverse section,\\nnified.\\nJUNIPERI SPIRITUS COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Spirit of Juniper.\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) volatile oil of juniper berries, one gram\\n(15 grains) volatile oil of caraway, one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of\\nfennel, and three thousand grams (105 ounces 360 grains, or about 125\\nfluidounces) alcohol. Then add gradually enough water to make the\\nwhole product weigh five thousand grams (170 ounces 1G0 grains, meas-\\nuring about 12 pints).\\nDose. Ten to twenty cubic centimeters (2 to 5 fluidrachms).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n627\\nOrigin,\\nJuniperus Virginiana.\\nRed Cedar.\\nJuniperus virginiana, Linne Coniferce).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The young twigs.\\n|l Description. The twigs are about thirty millimeters\\n\u00e2\u0084\u00a2Hllii (1^ inch) long, having a four-sided appearance caused by\\nthe arrangement of the leaves, which, as in savin, are scaly.\\nThey have a bright green color, a terebinthinate odor, and a\\nwarm, bitter taste.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is stated to have\\nbeen sold in place of savin. Its action somewhat resembles that of the\\nlatter drug, and an ointment made with the leaves is sometimes used as\\na stimulating application to ulcers.\\nFig. 344.\\nJuniperus\\nvirginiana,\\nenlarged.\\nKamala U. S.\\nKamala.\\nJRottlerce Glandulce Ifameela, E.\\nOrigin. Mallotus philippine?isis i Mueller Arg. {Euphorhiaceos)\\nHabitat. India, Arabia, etc.\\nPart used. The glands and\\nhairs of the capsules.\\nDescription. See the\\nPharmacopoeia, page 188. A\\nfine, brown-red powder, insoluble\\nin water soluble in alcohol,\\nether, chloroform, and alkaline\\nsolutions, with deep red color.\\nUnder the microscope kamala is\\nseen to consist of irregular round\\nglands, accompanied by colorless\\nor brownish hairs arranged in\\nstellate clusters.\\nConstituents. Nearly\\neighty per cent, resin, soluble in\\nalcohol. An ethereal concentrated solution of kamala solidifies after a\\nfew days standing into a crystalline mass of rottlerin minute, yellow,\\nneedle-like crystals, which soon change on exposure.\\nFigs. 345-348. Kamala, enlarged, a, gland\\nin water gland in dilute lye c. broken gland,\\nwith isolated vesicles d, stellate hair.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "628 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Used as a tsenicide. It may be given with a\\nsmall dose of hyoscyamus to prevent griping.\\nDose. Four to eight grams (60 to 120 grains), to be repeated in a\\nfew hours, if necessary.\\nKAMALA EXTRACTUM FLTJIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Kamala.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nKino U. S.\\nKino.\\nOrigin. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxburgh {Leguminosai).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nPart used. The inspissated juice.\\nDescription. See Pharmacopoeia, page 188. Small, shining, dark\\nbrown-red fragments, transparent in thin layers, with a ruby-red color\\nbrittle, yielding a dark-red powder. Inodorous. Has a sweetish, astrin-\\ngent taste. Colors the saliva deep-red, and sticks to the teeth when\\nchewed. Scarcely at all soluble in cold water almost entirely soluble\\nin boiling water, and also in alcohol, forming ruby-red solutions soluble\\nalso in alkalies. The solutions have an acid reaction and give dirty\\ngreen precipitates with ferric salts.\\nConstituents. Kinotannic acid is the most important substance\\nin kino. There is also a crystalline, colorless, neutral substance, kinoin,\\nin the drug, besides traces of pyrocatechin, kino-red (formed when kino-\\ntannic acid is oxidized), etc. Pectin is also present, or is formed in so-\\nlutions of kino, causing them to gelatinize when long kept.\\nVarieties. The official kino is the so-called Malabar kino.\\nAnother variety of kino of good quality is the Australian (New\\nHolland), or Botany Bay, or eucalyptus kino, obtained from numerous\\nspecies of eucalyptus. It contains gum instead of pectin, but like the\\ntrue pterocarpus kino it gives dark-green precipitates with ferric salts.\\nThen there is Butea or Bengal kino, and other kinds not met with\\nin trade in this country. These form black precipitates with iron salts.\\nMedicinal Uses* Kino is a mild astringent much used in diar-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 629\\nrhceas. It is frequently added to chalk mixture, and is indicated in\\nthose cases of diarrhoea accompanied by excessive acidity of the stom-\\nach or intestines, pyrosis, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (10 to 20 grains) in powder.\\nKINO EXTKACTUM LIQUIDUM.\\nLiquid Extract of Kino.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use two hundred and fifty grams (or its equivalent 8|-\\navoirdupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMix the kino with an equal bulk of clean sand of about the same\\nfineness.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred grams (about 3f fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with\\nmenstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^ fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one-half gram of the drug each fluidounce represents two\\nhundred and twenty-seven and five-sixth grains and each fluidrachm\\nnearly twenty-eight and a half grains.\\nFluid extract of kino of the same relative strength as other fluid\\nextracts cannot be made. (See Liquid Extract of Aloes.)\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nKINO TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Kino.\\nMix forty-five grams (1 ounce 260 grains) glycerin with one hundred\\nand eighty grams (6 ounces 150 grains, measuring about 7\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces)\\nalcohol, and forty-five grams (1-j- fluidounce) water.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) kino in a mortar, adding\\ngradually one hundred and fifty grams (about 5 fluidounces) of the\\nabove mixture, and continue the trituration until the whole is reduced\\nto a smooth paste. Put this into a bottle, add the remainder of the\\nmixture^ and macerate twenty-four hours, shaking it occasionally. Then", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "630 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfilter, adding through the filter enough of a mixture of alcohol and\\nwater, in the proportion of seventy-five cubic centimeters (2-|- fluidounces)\\nof alcohol to fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) water, to make the\\nfinal product weigh three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains* measur-\\ning about 10 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (-J to 2 fluidrachms).\\nKINO PULYIS COMPOSITUS B.\\nCompound Powder of Kino.\\nTriturate together until thoroughly mixed seventy-five grams (2\\nounces 282 grains) kino, in powder, five grams (77 grains) powdered\\nopium, and twenty grams (309 grain\u00c2\u00ab) powdered cinnamon. This pow-\\nder contains five per cent, of opium.\\nUsed as an astringent opiate in diarrhoeas.\\nDose. 0.3 gram (5 grains) or more, according to the quantity of\\nopium it is desired to prescribe. m\\nKrameria U. S.\\nKrameria.\\nKrameria} Radix Batanhawurzel, G.; fiatanhia, F.; Patania, Sp.\\nPatanhia-rot, Sw.; Phatany.\\nOrigin. Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pa von and Krameria to-\\nmentosa, St. Hilaire (Polygalacece).\\nHabitat. South America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. The official krameria is of two distinct kinds the\\nPeruvian or payta rhatany from krameria triandra, obtained from\\nPeru and Bolivia and the so-called savanilla rhatany, from krameria\\ntomentosa, coming from New Granada.\\nPeruvian krameria is knotty, about twenty-five millimeters (1 inch)\\nthick, branched the bark is externally blackish- or dark-red brown,\\nirregularly fissured, more or less rough, interiorly lighter, coarsely\\nfibrous. The wood is light, red-brown, tough. A transverse section\\nshows the bark to be about one-sixth the total diameter. The bark is\\nvery astringent the wood almost tasteless. Both inodorous. Pieces\\nof small diameter are always to be preferred because in large knotty\\nheads the wood preponderates too greatly the bark, which contains the\\nactive matter, being proportionately thicker in about finger-thick pieces.\\nSavanilla rhatany is less knotty or branched, shorter, from quill- to", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n631\\nfinger-thick, cylindrical bark\\nexternally chocolate-brown, or\\nsomewhat purplish, with scat-\\ntered transverse fissures. It is\\nmore brittle than the Peruvian\\nor payta rhatany, and the bark\\nis about one-third the diameter\\nof the transverse section.\\nMexican (or Texan) and\\nPara (or Brazilian) rhatany\\nresemble the official, but are of\\na darker color. The Para vari-\\nety is flexible.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About\\ntwenty per cent, of kramerio-\\ntannic acid is the active con-\\nstituent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Krame-\\nria is a powerful vegetable\\nastringent, used internally in\\nchronic diarrhoeas, passive hem-\\norrhages, relaxed conditions of\\nthe mucous membranes, as in\\nleucorrhoea or gleet, and locally\\nas a mouth-wash for\\nsore or spongy gums,\\nor as an injection in\\nleucorrhoea or gleet.\\nIt is not used in\\nthe form of powder.\\nKRAMERLE AB-\\nSTRACTUM.\\nAbstract of Kra-\\nmeria.\\nExhaust coarsely\\npowdered krameria\\nby percolation with\\nwater. Evaporate the\\npercolate to a soft ex- Figs. 349-352. Peruvian Krameria. a, transverse sections\\nof root and rootlet of same transverse section of Savanilla\\ntract. Add powdered Krameria all natural size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "632 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmilk sugar enough to make the whole weigh one-half as much as the drug\\nexhausted. Then dry by low heat, and powder, adding sufficient milk\\nsugar so that the final product shall represent twice its weight of the\\ndrug.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nKRAMEKLE EXTKACTUM II. S.\\nExtract of Krameria.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) of krameria, in\\nNo. 30 powder, with one hundred and fifty grams (5 fluidounces) cold\\nwater. Pack it in a conical glass percolator, and percolate with cold\\nwater until the liquid that passes through is but slightly astringent.\\nHeat to the boiling point strain and then evaporate at not above\\n70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to dryness.\\nBrittle, dark, reddish-brown. Yield about twelve per cent.\\nIf warm water is used, or a menstruum containing any alcohol, the\\nextract will be more or less contaminated with resin, which, while in-\\ncreasing the yield, makes the product poorer. Properly prepared the\\nextract makes a clear solution with water, especially when sugar is\\npresent, as in syrup.\\nDose. 0.25 to one gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nKRAMERIA EXTKACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Krameria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) alcohol, one hundred grams (about 3\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) water,\\nand one hundred grams (about 3 avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7J fluidounces) of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 633\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nKRAMERIJE INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Keameeia.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 fluid-\\ndrachms).\\nKRAMERI^E S YRUPUS U. S.\\nSyeup of Keameeia.\\nMix three hundred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains, or 11\u00c2\u00a3\\nfluidounces) fluid extract of krameria with six hundred and fifty grams\\n(22 ounces 400 grains, or 18 fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nDose. Two to fifteen cubic centimeters to 4 fluidrachms).\\nKRAMERIA TINCTURA U. S.\\nTinctuee of Keameeia.\\nMacerate sixty grams (2 ounces) krameria, in No. 40 powder, with\\ndiluted alcohol for forty-eight hours then pack it into a cylindrical\\npercolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams\\n(about 10| fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters to 2f fluidrachms).\\nKRAMERIA TROCHISCI U. S.\\nKeameeia Teoches.\\nMix thoroughly, by trituration, 6.50 grams (100 grains) extract of\\nkrameria, sixty-five grams (1,000 grains) finely powdered sugar, and 1.60\\ngram (25 grains) powdered tragacanth. Then add gradually sufficient\\norange-flower water, and work the mixture into a mass, which divide\\ninto one hundred troches.\\nUsed in chronic pharyngitis, relaxed uvula, etc., in doses of one\\nevery hour or two.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "634 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLac.\\nMilk.\\nMilch, G.; Lait, F.; Zeche, Sp.; Mjolk, Sw.\\nDescription. The specific gravity of milk is 1.030. It contains\\nfour per cent, fixed oil (butter), 4.2 per cent, milk-sugar, about four per\\ncent, albuminoids, and less than three-fourths per cent, of phosphates\\nand chlorides.\\nCream contains all of the butter and some of the albuminoids.\\nSkim-milk contains most of the albuminoids, the milk-sugar, and\\nthe salts.\\nButtermilk contains the albuminoids, sugar, and salts of the milk,\\ntogether with some lactic acid formed by the fermentation of the milk-\\nsugar.\\nCondensed Milk. This is made by adding sugar to milk and evapo-\\nrating at a comparatively low temperature to the consistence of a soft\\nextract, which is then put up in tin cans, afterward hermetically sealed.\\nIt keeps very well. Pharmacists sometimes use it for making cream-\\nsyrup for their soda-water fountains.\\nCondensed milk, properly diluted with warm water, is better for in-\\nfants while teething or suffering from loose bowels than fresh cow s milk.\\nUses. A nutritious and unirritating food. By avoiding the pres-\\nence of solid substances and restricting the patient to the use of milk,\\nwe give the various organs of digestion rest and allow a chance for the\\ncure of inflammatory conditions.\\nButtermilk is an excellent and refreshing drink in various diseases,\\nespecially in dysentery.\\nAd libitum.\\nKOUMYS\\nis a fermented drink prepared from milk. The true original koumys\\nis that made by the Russian Tartars from mare s milk. That article\\ndoes not keep more than a week or two, and hence can be had only in\\nTartary, where it is all consumed.\\nImitations of the true koumys are made by fermentation from cow s\\nmilk with the addition of milk sugar, grape sugar, and yeast, and are\\nprobably improvements upon the original. The preparation when ready\\nfor use contains about two to three per cent, alcohol, one-half to two\\nper cent, lactic acid, and a little milk sugar, besides fat, casein, and\\nsalts. It has a sweetish, acidulous taste.\\nUses- It is diaphoretic, diuretic, and nutritive, and used in wast-\\ning diseases, such as phthisis, etc.\\nDose- Ad libitum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 635\\nLacca Resina.\\nShellac.\\nLack, Gummilack, G. Go?nme lacque Lacque, F. Gummilacca, Sw.\\nLac.\\nOrigin and Habitat. Lac is a resin which exudes from a number\\nof East Indian trees when pierced by the insect Coccus lacca.\\nDescription. Shellac is in thin sheets or fragments of a yellowish-\\nbrown or brown color, transparent or translucid, insoluble in water,\\nentirely soluble in alcohol, odorless and tasteless. The lighter in color\\nthe better.\\nBleached, or white shellac, is obtained by treating the ordinary shel-\\nlac with solvents, and afterward with chlorine or with sulphurous acid.\\nUsed for making sealing-wax, varnish, etc.\\nLactuca.\\nWild Lettuce.\\nLactuca? Herba Giftlattich, G. LaAtue vireuse, F. Lechuga, Sp.\\nLactuk, Sw.\\nOrigin. Lactuca virosa, Linne (Compositce).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nPart used. The flowering herb.\\nDescription. Has a branched stem, about one meter and over\\n(from 3 to 6 feet) in height, pale green, often spotted, finally hollow.\\nLeaves spirally arranged, light green, prickly on the under side over\\nthe veins. Flowers few, pale yellow. Odor narcotic, not very strong,\\nbut reminding of tobacco taste bitter, saline.\\nConstituents. The only important constituent is the mixed sub-\\nstance called lactucarium, which see.\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly soporific and anodyne. Seldom used\\nexcept in the form of lactucarium.\\nLACTIKLE EXTftACTUM.\\nExtract of Lettuce.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the J ilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "636 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe Extract of Lettuce of the British Pharmacopoeia is made as\\nfollows\\nThe fresh flowering herb is bruised in a stone mortar, the juice\\npressed out, heated gradually to 130\u00c2\u00b0 F., and the chlorophyll (or green\\ncoloring matter) is separated on a calico strainer. The strained liquid\\nis heated to 200\u00c2\u00b0 F., to coagulate albumen, and is again strained. The\\nfiltrate is then evaporated to the consistence of thin syrup, to which is\\nnow added the chlorophyll previously separated, after which the whole\\nis evaporated during constant stirring at not above 140\u00c2\u00b0 F. to a solid\\nextract.\\nGreenish-brown. Yield about four per cent.\\nDose. 0.1 to 5 grams (2 to 8 grains).\\nLACTIXLE EXTBACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Lettuce.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nLactucarium; U. S.\\nLactucarium.\\nLettuce Opium, E. Giftlattichsaft, G.\\nOrigin. Lactuca virosa, Linne; Lactuca sativa, Linne and Lac-\\ntuca scariola, Linne Compositce).\\nH ab itat Europe.\\nCharacter. The hardened milk-juice of the plant.\\nDescription. In broken pieces, showing the form of the vessel in\\nwhich the juice was collected to harden. This is German lactucarium.\\nIt is grayish-brown externally, and yellowish-white, waxy within less\\nhard and brittle than the English (Scotch) lactucarium, which is of an\\nearthy brownish color, and in irregular angular pieces. Both kinds are\\ngood lactucarium if they have the strongly bitter taste and opium-like\\nnarcotic odor which properly belong to the drug.\\nFrench lactucarium (thridace) is simply a blackish-brown extract of\\nlettuce, obtained by the evaporation of the expressed juice of the plant.\\nIt is sometimes dry, but usually tough and sticky. It is very inferior,\\nand should never be used as lactucarium.\\nConstituents. There is no complete solvent for lactucarium, the", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 637\\ndrug being a mixture of several substances differing widely in character.\\nAbout one-half the weight of the drug is lactucerin (or lactucon), a\\ntasteless substance, crystallizing in needles this is insoluble in water,\\nbut soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, is probably inert, and resembles\\ncaoutchouc.\\nThe medicinally important constituents of lactucarium are about\\nthree-tenths per cent, lactucin, which crystallizes in pearly scales, is a\\nneutral principle, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in cold water, slightly\\nsoluble in boiling water, and has a persistently bitter taste lactucopicrin,\\nwhich is amorphous, soluble in water and in alcohol, and extremely bit-\\nter and lactucic acid, also bitter, amorphous, but crystalline after long\\nstanding. There is also a minute quantity of volatile oil in lactucarium,\\nhaving the odor of the drug.\\nMedicinal Uses. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Lactucarium is employed as an anodyne and so-\\nporific or hypnotic. It is much less efficient and certain in its effects\\nthan opium, in place of which it is given when the latter drug is not\\nwell tolerated but it possesses the advantages of being free from the\\nunpleasant after-effects of the stronger drug. Lactucarium is generally\\nused in the form of a syrup, as an addition to cough-mixtures.\\nThe dose cannot be given with any degree of accuracy on account\\nof the variable quality of the drug, but may be stated to be 0.5 to 4\\ngrams (8 to 60 grains) for an adult, or 0.06 to 0.1 gram (1 to 2 grains)\\nfor a child of two years. The average dose for an adult is about one\\ngram (15 grains).\\nLACTUCAKII EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Lactucarium.\\nMacerate five hundred grams (or 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) lactuca-\\nrium, in No. 20 powder, for twenty-four hours with five hundred grams\\n(17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces, or about 23 fluidounces) ether in a weighed\\nflask. Then add fifteen hundred grams (about 51 fluidounces) water\\nand shake well. Fix a bent tube, by means of a perforated cork, tightly\\ninto the neck of the flask, place the flask in a vessel containing hot\\nwater, and let the ether distil over into a suitable receiver. Then re-\\nmove the flask, shake the contents thoroughly, and continue heating for\\nhalf an hour. Then let the liquid cool, add five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7\\navoirdupois ounces, or nearly 21 fluidounces) of alcohol, and enough\\nwater to make the whole mixture weigh two thousand five hundred\\ngrams (88-J- avoirdupois ounces). Macerate twenty-four hours again,\\nshaking occasionally, after which express and filter the liquid. Evapor-\\nate this liquid to about two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) and set", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "G38 A COMPANION TO THE\\nit aside. Put the residue back into the flask and macerate it with a\\nmixture of two hundred and fifty grams (about 10^- fluidounces) of alco-\\nhol and seven hundred and fifty grams (about 25^ fluidounces) water.\\nExpress again, and repeat the maceration and expression two or three\\ntimes, each time with the same quantities of alcohol and water, mixed as\\nbefore, until the dregs are nearly tasteless. Mix all the macerates (ex-\\ncept the two hundred grams of concentrated extract obtained by the\\nevaporation of the first macerate), filter the mixture, and then evapor-\\nate it to one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains). Mix this with the\\ntwo hundred grams before obtained, which was set aside. Add two\\nhundred grams (8-J fluidounces) alcohol. Let the mixture cool in the\\nevaporating dish, stirring often, but keeping the vessel closely covered\\nwhen not stirring* the contents. When cool, add enough alcohol to\\nmake the total weight of the mixture five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces). Pour it all into a bottle, and add enough water to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) using\\nthat small quantity of water to rinse the evaporating dish. Let the\\nmixture stand six hours, shaking occasionally. If a portion of the pre-\\ncipitate should be tenacious the mixture must be shaken frequently.\\nWhen a uniform mixture is obtained let it rest twenty-four hours to\\nallow any precipitate to settle. Then decant the clear liquid, pour the\\nsediment on a filter, let it drain thoroughly into the decanted clear\\nliquid wash the precipitate on the filter with a mixture of alcohol and\\nwater made in the proportion of seventy-five grams (3^- fluidounces)\\nalcohol to each one hundred grams (3f fluidounces) water, until the\\nwashings pass through tasteless. Evaporate the washings down to the\\nconsistence of syrup. Mix this with the decanted clear liquid, and add\\nenough alcohol and water, mixed in the same proportions as for wash-\\ning the precipitate, as just described, to make the whole product meas-\\nure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces). Let it stand twenty-\\nfour hours, stirring it occasionally. Then filter through paper.\\nThe object of this elaborate process is to obtain a fluid extract of\\nlactucarium which will mix clear with water, syrup, or glycerin, and\\nwe have found it to accomplish that end very well. The mixture of\\nthis fluid extract with simple syrup appears perfectly clear by trans-\\nmitted light, and is only slightly opalescent by reflected light.\\nEach cubic centimeter represents one gram of lactucarium each\\nfluidounce represents four hundred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains\\nand each fluidrachm nearly fifty-seven grains.\\nThe dose is 0.12 to 1.25 cub^c centimeter (2 to 20 minims), accord-\\ning to age. It is used mainly for preparing the syrup and the glycerole\\nof lactucarium.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n639\\nLACTUCARII GLYCERITUM.\\nGlyceeite of Lactucaeium.\\nGlycerole of Lactucarium.\\nMade as the syrup of lactucarium, except that glycerin is used in-\\nstead of the simple syrup.\\nDose. Eight to twelve cubic centimeters (2 to 3 fluidrachms).\\nLACTUCARII SYRUPUS; U. S.\\nSyeup of Lacttjcaeium.\\nMix twenty-five grams (386 grains) fluid extract of lactucarium with\\nfour hundred and seventy-five grams (16 ounces 330 grains, or about\\n12f fiuidounces) simple syrup.\\nSlightly opalescent by reflected light.\\nDose. Eight to twelve cubic centimeters (2 to 3 fluidrachms).\\nLaminaria.\\nLaminaeia.\\nLa m in arice Stip ites Sea- Tangle.\\nOrigin. Laminaria digitata, Lamour (Algce).\\nHabitat. Along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.\\nPart used. The stem.\\nDescription. Olive-brown, without joints or branches, fifty to\\ntwo hundred centimeters (2 to 7 feet)\\nlong, several millimeters thick coarsely\\nwrinkled longitudinally; cylindrical, some-\\nwhat flattened elastic or horny usually\\ncovered with a thin film of salt. When\\nsoaked in water it swells, assumes a carti-\\nlaginous consistence and about four times\\nits previous diameter.\\nSea-tangle tents are made from lami-\\nnaria by trimming it down to tapering\\npieces of various lengths and diameters.\\nThese swell proportionally even more section, dry; transverse section,\\ni U\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e vu l -i. ij? after soaking in water.\\nthan the laminaria itself, on account ot\\nthe removal of the outer membrane, which in the unpeeled laminaria\\narrests further enlargement as soon as the original natural size is reached.\\nSea-tangle tents are used like sponge-tents to dilate various open-\\nings, sinuses, etc., but mainly in gynaecological practice to dilate the\\nmouth of the womb.\\nFigs. 353-355,\\npiece, natural size\\nLaminaria, a short\\ntransverse", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "640 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLappse Fructus.\\nLappa Fruit.\\nBurdock Seed.\\nOrigin and Habitat. See Lappse Radix.\\nDescription. The achenes or fruits of Lappa officinalis are ob-\\nlong-, flattened, transversely wrinkled, about six millimeters (J inch)\\nlong, and three millimeters (-J inch) wide, grayish-brown pappus short,\\ncomposed of numerous rough separate bristles, which generally fall off\\nwhen the fruit is collected. Odor none taste bitter.\\nConstituents. Fixed oil, resin, some bitter principle, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance has been highly recommended\\nin chronic or inveterate psoriasis, and as a bitter tonic in atonic dyspep-\\nsia. Best given in the form of fluid extract, made with diluted alco-\\nhol as a menstruum, of which the\\nDose is one to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nLappse Radix.\\nLappa Root.\\nBardanw Radix Klettenwurzel, G. Bardane, F. Bardana, Sp.\\nKardborrerot, Sw. Burdock Boot.\\nOrigin. Lappa officinalis, Allioni, and other species of Lappa\\nComposites).\\nHabitat. Europe; North America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription- Spindle-shaped, nearly simple, three decimeters (a\\nfoot) or more long, about twenty-five millimeters (1 inch) thick, often\\nsplit lengthwise, fleshy, wrinkled longitudinally, dark grayish-brown on\\nthe outside, whitish within, usually showing cavities in the parenchyma,\\nespecially near the centre bark thick, internally whitish with brownish\\nrays, separated by a dark circle (cambium line) from the wood. Odor\\nslight taste sweetish, mucilaginous, bitter.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle, mucilage, sugar, inulin, and a\\nlittle tannin, together with traces of volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of sarsaparilla in chronic skin\\ndiseases, rheumatism, etc. Externally, in poultices or fomentations to\\nchronic sores, hemorrhoids, and swellings. Best given in the form of\\nfluid extract, made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum, of which\\nthe\\nDose is five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 641\\nLaurocerasus.\\nCheery-Laurel.\\nLaurocerasi Folia Firschlorbeerblatter, G. Feuilles de laurier-cerise, F.\\nOrigin. Prunus JLaurocerasus, Linne (Rosacea!).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in Southern Europe.\\nPart used. The fresh leaves.\\nDescription. Oblong, acute, sharply serrate at long intervals. On\\nthe under surface there are from one to three pairs of depressed glands\\nnear the base of the leaf. When bruised the leaves emit a bitter-almond\\nodor the taste is aromatic, bitter.\\nConstituents. Laurocerasin a compound of amygdalin and\\namygdalic acid which, when isolated, is an amorphous white powder\\nit forms hydrocyanic acid by the action of emulsin in the presence of\\nwater, a volatile oil (consisting of benzaldehyd) resembling oil of bitter\\nalmond being formed at the same time. Hence, when fresh cherry-\\nlaurel leaves are bruised and macerated with water, and then distilled,\\na distillate containing hydrocyanic acid is obtained.\\nMedicinal Uses. The action depends on the hydrocyanic acid\\nproduced as just described. The drug is given only in the form of\\ncherry-laurel water. Externally the bruised leaves are sometimes ap-\\nplied to relieve pain, itching, etc.\\nLAUEOCEEASI AQUA.\\nCherry-Laurel Water.\\nCut and bruise twelve hundred grams (42 ounces 140 grains) cherry-\\nlaurel leaves add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluid-\\nounces) alcohol, and three thousand six hundred cubic centimeters (7f\\npints) water. Introduce the mixture into a still, and distil off one liter\\n(34 fluidounces) of product.\\nContains volatile oil of bitter almond and hydrocyanic acid, and is of\\nabout the same strength as bitter-almond water.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).\\nLauri Baccse.\\nLaurel Berries.\\nLorbeer, G.; Fruits de Laurier, F.; Lagerbtir, Sw.; Bayberries.\\nOrigin. Laurus nobUis, Linne (Lauraceaz).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe.\\nDescription. Brittle drupes, about eight to twelve millimeters\\nH to -J inch) long, elliptic, oval, or round, externally olive-green or\\n41", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "642\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nblackish-brown, irregularly finely wrinkled. The embryo lies loose in\\nthe large cavity formed by the shell, which consists of all the other parts\\nof the fruit. Odor aromatic taste bitter, aromatic.\\nConstituents. About one-fourth per cent, volatile oil, one per\\ncent, laurel camphor, twelve per cent, liquid fixed oil, contained in the\\nfleshy part, thirty per cent, solid fixed oil (laurostearin), and twenty-six\\nper cent, starch. The laurel camphor (laurin) forms colorless and odor-\\nless but bitter crystals, readily soluble in boiling alcohol or ether.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant and stomachic. Seldom used.\\nFig. 356.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Laurel Leaf,\\nnatural size.\\nLauri Baccarum -ffitlieroleum.\\nVolatile Oil of Laueel BeEeies.\\nVolatile Oil of Bayberries.\\nPale straw-colored, or colorless when fresh, has\\nthe odor of the fruit and a bitter taste. It has 0.88\\nspecific gravity, and solidifies already at 12\u00c2\u00b0 C. (54\u00c2\u00b0\\nF.). It consists of a camphene and eugenic acid.\\nOccasionally employed externally in rheumatism,\\netc.\\nLauri Folia.\\nLaueel Leaves.\\nBay-Leaves, Bay-Laurel Leaves.\\nOrigin. Laurus nobilis, Linne (Lauracew).\\nHabitat- Southern Europe.\\nDescription. See the figure. They have short\\nstalks, are leathery, glossy, finely veined on the\\nunder side, marked by pellucid dots (oil glands),\\nbrownish -green, of agreeable aromatic odor, and\\nbitter taste.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, some bitter sub-\\nstance, and tannin.\\nUses. Employed in cooking for flavoring.\\nLauri Oleum Ezpressum.\\nFixed Expressed Oil of Baybeeries.\\nPrepared by boiling the crushed fruit with water, and expressing.\\nTt has the consistence of a soft ointment, is granular from crystals of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 643\\nlaurostearin, and has a fine green color from chlorophyll. Entirely solu-\\nble in ether. Alcohol extracts from it some volatile oil and the chloro-\\nphyll. The oil is a mixture of a liquid and a solid fixed oil, volatile oil,\\nand laurel camphor. It has the odor and taste of the drug.\\nUsed in ointments.\\nLAUKI UNGUENTUM.\\nLattkel Salve.\\nMelt three hundred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains) suet, and\\nadd to it twenty grams (310 grains) rectified oil of amber, forty-five\\ngrams (1 ounce 257 grains) oil of turpentine, and five hundred and\\neighty-five grams (20 ounces 280 grains) fixed oil of bayberries.\\nFor external use in rheumatism, etc.\\nLavandula U. S.\\nLA VENDEE.\\nLavandulae Flores Lavendelbluthe, Gr.; Fleurs de Lavande, F.; La-\\nvendel-blommor, Sw.\\nOrigin. Lavandula vera, De Candolle (Labiatae).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The flowers only.\\nDescription. Small blue-gray tubular calyx violet-blue corolla;\\nodor fragrant taste aromatic, camphoraceous, bitterish.\\nConstituents. From one to three per cent, volatile oil, and some\\nresin and tannin.\\nProperties. Stimulant, carminative. Seldom used internally, ex-\\ncept as a flavoring agent.\\nLavandulae Florum Oleum; U. S.\\nOil of Lavender Flowers.\\nLavandulae Florum ^EJtheroleum Volatile Oil of Lavender Flowers.\\nThe volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Lavandula vera.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 238.\\nThis is far superior to the oil of garden lavender, and the still poorer\\noil of spike lavender. But there are still several grades and kinds\\neven of the volatile oil of lavender flowers. That obtained from the\\nflowers grown at Mitcham, in England, is very fine, and so is the Dau-\\nphin oil of lavender from France (Grasse); but the two are sufficiently\\ndifferent and distinct not to permit their indiscriminate use, one for the\\nother, in perfumery.\\nCarminative in doses of four to five drops.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "644 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLAVANDULAE SPIRITUS; U. S.\\nSpirit op Lavender.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) oil of lavender flowers and nine\\nhundred and seventy grams (34 ounces 95 grains) alcohol.\\nThe product measures about forty-two fluidounces.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (-J- to 1 fluidrachm).\\nLAVANDULAE SPIRITUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Spirit of Lavender.\\nThis preparation is now properly named Tinctura Lavendutee Com-\\nposita. (See below.)\\nLavandulae Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Lavender.\\nLavandulae ^Etheroleum Volatile Oil of Lavender Oil of Garden\\nLavender.\\nThis is the volatile oil distilled from the whole plant or the flowering\\ntops of Lavandula vera. It is much coarser than the oil of lavender\\nflowers.\\nIts odor should not be terebinthinous.\\nA very inferior, greenish-colored, turpentine-like oil of spike laven-\\nder is distilled from Lavendula spica, Chaix., and Lavendula stoechas,\\nLinne.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 238.\\nCarminative in doses of four to five drops.\\nLAVANDULAE TINCTURA COMPOSITA U. S.\\nCompound Tincture of Lavender.\\nSpiritus Lavendulm Compositus, Phar. 1870.\\nMix eighteen grams (278 grains) cinnamon, four grams (62 grains)\\ncloves, ten grams (154 grains) nutmeg, and eight grams (123 grains) red\\nsaunders, and reduce all to No. 20 powder.\\nDissolve eight grams (123 grains) oil of lavender, and two grams (31\\ngrains) oil of rosemary in six hundred and eighty grams (14 ounces, or\\nabout 28\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nMoisten the powdered drugs with the alcoholic solution of the vola-\\ntile oils pack the moistened powder tightly in a cylindrical percolator,\\nand percolate first with the remainder of the alcoholic liquid and after-\\nward with diluted alcohol until one thousand grams (35 ounces 120\\ngrains, measuring about 42 fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 645\\nIt is to be regretted that the Pharmacopoeia prescribes the use of the\\nvolatile oil of the herb instead of the volatile oil of the flowers in this\\npreparation.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (J- to 1 fluidrachm).\\nLedum.\\nLedum.\\nLedi JSerba Sumpf-forst, Wilder JRosmarin, G. Ledon, JRomarin\\nsauvage, F. Squattram, JPors, Sw.; Marsh Tea, Wild Rosemary.\\nOrigin Ledum palustre, Linne (Ericacem)\\nHabitat. Northern countries.\\nParts used. The small branches, tops, and leaves, gathered when\\nthe flowers are half developed.\\nDescription. The small branches of the bush are covered by rust-\\nbrown wool, and provided with oil-glands. The leaves are about twenty-\\nfive millimeters (1 inch) long, linear, leathery, wrinkled above, glandu-\\nlous, hairy along the midrib, on the underside clothed with brown wool,\\ncovered with numerous glands, and showing the midrib prominently.\\nThe flowers are white, or pale yellowish after drying. Odor strongly\\naromatic, heavy taste camphoraceous, bitter.\\nThe drug must not contain any fruit, not even partly formed.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, valerianic acid, ericolin, ledfrtannic\\nacid, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be acrid-narcotic. Has been used in\\ndiarrhoea, dysentery, gout, rheumatism, and chronic skin diseases. Also\\nused externally to destroy parasites.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), in infusion, every two\\nor three hours,\\nLeonurus.\\nLeonurus.\\nLeonuri Herba Motherwort.\\nOrigin. Leonurus cardiaca, Linne (Labiatce).\\nHabitat. Northern hemisphere.\\nPart used. The flowering tops and leaves.\\nDescription. Quadrangular stem, lower leaves round, sometimes\\nheart-shaped at the base, five- or seven-lobed upper leaves oblong,\\npointed, three-lobed, wedge-shaped at the base. Flowers pale purplish.\\nOdor aromatic, disagreeable taste bitter.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, and some bitter substance not known.\\nMedicinal Uses. Motherwort is stated to be emmenagogue, ner-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "646 A COMPANION TO THE\\nvine, and antispasmodic, and to be useful in amenorrhoea and dysmenor-\\nrhea, due to exposure to cold, and to promote suppressed lochial dis-\\ncharges. It is furthermore used in nervous and hysterical pains, and\\ncomplaints peculiar to females.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, prepared with diluted\\nalcohol as a menstruum, of which the\\nDose is two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nLeptandra U. S.\\nLeptandea.\\nLeptandra^ Radix Culver s Boot, Black Boot, Culver s Physic, E.\\nOrigin. Leptandra virginica, Nuttall (Scrophulariacea3).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 190.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle called leptandrin (Wayne),\\nwhich is not the eclectic preparation of that name also about six per\\ncent, of resin, saponin, tannin, etc.\\nThe eclectic leptandrin is an alcoholic extract.\\nMedicinal Uses. Laxative, tonic, and cholagogue. Used in he-\\npatic troubles, diarrhoea, and dysentery, to alter the character of the\\nstools.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), best given as fluid\\nextract.\\nLEPTANDRJE EXTKACTUM; U. S.\\nExteact of Leptandea.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of one thousand grams (41f fluid-\\nounces) of alcohol and five hundred grams (17 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of leptandra, in\\nNo. 60 powder, with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of the\\nfirst menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate to exhaus-\\ntion or until one thousand five hundred grams (about from 56 to 60\\nfluidounces) of total percolate has been received. Distil off the alcohol\\nand evaporate the remainder to a solid extract. Add to it while still\\nwarm one-twentieth of its weight of glycerin, and mix thoroughly.\\nBrown. New to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract to the pilular consistence, and then incorporating five per cent,\\nof glycerin.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.10 gram (1 to 2 grains) three times a day.\\n1", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n647\\nLEPTANDR EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Leptandea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8f fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it moderately in a cylindrical percolator. Sat-\\nurate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13 J fluidounces) of the Jirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nOrigin, etc.\\nLevistici Fructus.\\nLeyisticum Fettit.\\nZovage Seed.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2See Levistici Radix.\\nFig. 357. Levisticum Fruit, natural size, enlarged outer and inner surface, and transverse\\nsection enlarged.\\nFlattened, elliptic, yellowish-brown, aromatic contains a volatile\\noil, and is sometimes used as a stimulant carminative.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "648 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLevistici Radix.\\nLevisticum Root.\\niAebstbckel, G. Liveche, F. Libsticka, Sw. Lovage.\\nOrigin. Levisticum officinale, Koch (Z/mbelliferw).\\nHabitat. Europe cultivated in Germany.\\nDescription. The main root is ten centimeters (4 inches) or less\\nlong, and about four centimeters (If inch) thick, marked by trans-\\nverse rings usually split lengthwise branches few, deeply wrinkled,\\nlong, soft, spongy, flexible. Bark light, yellowish-brown externally\\nmiddle bark whitish wood yellowish, indistinctly radiated. Oil ducts\\nfew, scattered. Odor peculiar, strongly aromatic, reminding of an-\\ngelica taste sweetish, aromatic, bitter.\\nThe nearly allied Ligusticum actceifolium, Southern Angelica, is\\nfrequently sold as angelica, but is very much lighter in color.\\nThis drug is frequently attacked by insects.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, resin, and bitter extractive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, carminative, and stomachic.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) several times a day in\\ndecoction.\\nLicheninum.\\nLlCHENIN.\\nLichen Starch.\\nA peculiar starch contained in Iceland moss and in other lichens.\\nThis starch-like substance is not deposited in granules as grain starches,\\nbut belongs to the cell walls. See under the titles Amylum and\\nCetraria.\\nDemulcent and nutritive.\\nLICHENINUM SACCHARATUM.\\nSaccharated Lichenin.\\nPut sixteen hundred grams (56 ounces 192 grains) Iceland moss and\\n100 grams (3 ounces 230 grains) potassium carbonate in a jar and cover\\nthem with water. Let stand twenty-four hours, stirring occasionally.\\nPour off the liquid, and then wash the lichen by affusion and decanta-\\ntion of water until the alkaline and bitter taste is wholly removed.\\nBoil the washed lichen with twenty liters (42 pints) water for four\\nhours. Strain. Boil the residue once more with a fresh quantity of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPGEIA.\\n649\\nwater and strain again. Mix the colatures. Add six hundred grams\\n(or about 21 ounces) sugar, and evaporate until the mass is tough and\\nno longer adhesive. Then pull it into sticks and dry it. Weigh the\\ndried product, and add to it enough sugar to make the total amount\\nof sugar in the final product equal to the weight of the dried sticks, less\\nsix hundred grams (the sugar\\npreviously added). Powder.\\nThe preparation is to con-\\ntain equal parts by weight of\\ndried jelly and sugar.\\nDose. Ad libitum.\\nLimon 17. S.\\nLemon.\\nLimone, G. Citron, F. Lim-\\non, Sp.; Citron, Sw.\\nOrigin. Citrus JOimo-\\nnum, Risso (Aurantiacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in\\nsub-tropical countries.\\nPart used. The fresh\\nfruit.\\nDescription Oval,\\nbright yellow, with nipple-\\nshaped apex, glandulpus rind Fia 358. -Lemon, natural size,\\ncontaining an agreeably acid juice. The rind is fragrant, bitter. Must\\nbe fresh and sound.\\nConstituents. See Limonis Cortex and Limonis Succus. Each\\nlemon yields from twenty to thirty grams (f to 1 fluidounce) of juice.\\nMedicinal Uses. Used in the form of lemonade as a cooling\\ndrink to assuage thirst and reduce feverishness. Antiscorbutic. Also\\nused in Hepatic troubles, biliousness, etc.\\nLimonis Cortex U. S.\\nLemon-Peel.\\nCitronenschale, Limonenschale, G. ^Jcorce de citron, Zeste de limon,\\nF. Citronskal, Sw.\\nPart used. The rind of the fresh lemon.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 190.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "650 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. Volatile oil (oil of lemon) and a bitter substance\\ncalled hesperidin.\\nQuartered Lemon-Peel, with a thick, white, fleshy layer on the inner\\nsurface, is often met with in the trade, and is inferior, as the volatile\\noil is only found in the external thin yellow glandulous layer (the\\nflavedo\\nProperties and Uses. Used for flavoring purposes only.\\nLIMONIS SYKUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Lemon.\\nHeat one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces)\\nlemon juice to boiling add six grams (92 grains) lemon-peel, freshly\\ngrated, and let the mixture stand until cool. Filter, adding enough\\nwater through the filter to make the total filtrate measure one hundred\\nand twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces). In this dissolve one hun-\\ndred and eighty grams (6 ounces 150 grains) sugar without the use of\\nheat. Strain.\\nLIMONIS CORTICIS KECENTIS TINCTUBA.\\nTincture of Fresh Lemon-Peel.\\nPercolate five hundred grams (17f- avoirdupois ounces) of grated\\nouter rind of fresh lemons with sufficient alcohol to obtain one liter\\n(34 fluidounces) of tincture.\\nThis is used for flavoring elixirs, wines, tinctures, syrups, etc., for\\nwhich purpose it is very useful.\\nLimonis Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Lemon.\\nLimonis JEtlier oleum Volatile Oil of Lemon.\\nExpressed volatile oil from fresh lemon-peel.\\nFor description and mode of preservation, see the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, page 228.\\nExpressed volatile oil of lemon zeste is much superior to the\\ndistilled.\\nMust have a neutral reaction. Should be kept in tightly corked\\nbottles in a cool, dark place.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 651\\nLIMOJSTIS SPIKITUS; U. S.\\nSpirit of Lemon.\\nEssence of Lemon.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) oil of lemon and four\\nhundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15 fluidounces) alcohol. Macerate\\ntwenty grams (300 grains) of the grated outer rind of fresh lemons with\\nthe mixture for twenty-four hours. Filter the liquid through paper,\\nadding enough alcohol through the filter to make the whole product\\nmeasure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces).\\nLimonis Succus U. S.\\nLemon Juice.\\nCitronensaft, Limonensaft, G. Sue de citron, F. Zumo de Union, Sp.\\nCitrons aft, Sw.\\nDescription. Lemon juice is a somewhat unclear thin juice, nearly\\ncolorless or very pale yellowish, of an agreeable odor and acid taste.\\nMust be quite fresh.\\nConstituents. From seven to nine per cent, citric acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of citric acid, but is more pleasant to\\nthe taste.\\nLinderse Cortex.\\nLlNDERA BAKK.\\nSpicebush Bark, Feverbush Bark, Wild Allspice Bark.\\nOrigin. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees (Bauracece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nDescription. Thin quills or troughs, which are externally dark\\nbrown, dotted, glossy, and warty inner surface smooth, light brown.\\nHas a pleasant odor, and an aromatic, pungent, and astringent taste.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil and resin.\\nNomenclature. We have chosen the generic botanical name given\\nby Meissner for this plant as the pharmacological name, in order to avoid\\nconfusion between this drug and the balsamic resin from styrax benzoin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Aromatic, stimulant, and tonic. A hot weak\\ninfusion is also diaphoretic, and may be taken ad libitum.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, made with alcohol as a\\nmenstruum, of which the dose is two to five cubic centimeters (30 to\\n75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "652 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLinderse Fructus.\\nLindera Berries.\\nSpicebush Berries, Feverbush Berries, Wild Allspice Berries.\\nOrigin, etc. See p. 651.\\nDescription. Oval, with a circular scar from the stem, nearly ten\\nmillimeters (f inch) long, externally dark- brown and rough. Contains\\na large white seed. Odor fragrant. Taste pungent, aromatic.\\nConstituents. Fragrant volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Action similar to that of the bark. The oil is\\nused in flatulent colic as a carminative. The berries have been used as\\na spice.\\nLinimenta.\\nLiniments.\\nUsually mixtures of fixed oils with volatile oils, or with alcoholic\\nsolutions of powerful remedies. They are liquid or semi-liquid. Some-\\ntimes they do not contain any fixed oil. There are ten liniments in the\\nnew Pharmacopoeia.\\nLiniments are used externally in painful rheumatic affections, glan-\\ndular swellings, enlarged joints, etc. Sometimes they are simply in-\\ntended to facilitate massage or the kneading of the affected parts by\\nthe hands.\\nLinum U. S.\\nFlaxseed.\\nLinseed, E. Leinsamen, Flachssamen, G. Sentences de lin, F. Linaza,\\nSemilla de lino, Sp. Linfr 6, Sw.\\nOrigin. Linum usitatissimum, Linne (Linacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The seed.\\nDescription. About four millimeters (J- inch) long, oval, flattened,\\nbrown, glossy swelling in water internally yellowish-white inodor-\\nous, mucilaginous, oily, disagreeable.\\nConstituents. About fifteen per cent, of mucilage is contained in\\nthe epithelium, or external coat there is from thirtv to nearly forty\\nper cent, fixed oil in the embryo or inner portion of the seed.\\nMedicinal Uses. Demulcent and emollient. The virtue of the\\ninfusion of linseed depends mainly upon the warm water of the tea. It\\nis sometimes used in bronchial and renal inflammations, and is given\\nad libitum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 653\\nLWI FAKINA.\\nFlaxseed Meal.\\nLinseed Meal, Ground Flaxseed.\\nDescription. Freshly prepared ground flaxseed is the only kind\\nto be used. It is oily, soft, of a pure, fresh linseed oil odor, and should\\nyield at least twenty-five per cent, linseed oil to bisulphide of carbon.\\nFlaxseed meal made by means of rollers is very satisfactory that made\\nin mills which cut is harsh to the feel, and does not make so good a\\npoultice. Mixed with warm water it forms an excellent emollient poul-\\ntice, useful in inflammations, forming abscesses, and as a protective in\\nburns, etc. It promotes suppuration. Large warm flaxseed poultices\\nto cover the entire chest or abdomen are often of marked benefit in\\npleuritis, pneumonia, or peritonitis.\\nLINI CATAPLASMA.\\nLinseed Poultice.\\nStir two hundred and forty grams (8 ounces) of flaxseed meal grad-\\nually into three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of boiling\\nwater, and then incorporate thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) of\\nolive oil.\\nLIKE IOTUSUM.\\nInfusion of Flaxseed.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the whole drug\\nmake five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Ad libitum.\\nLini Oleum U. S.\\nOil oe Flaxseed.\\nLinseed Oil.\\nCold-pressed linseed oil is the kind prescribed.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 238. It dries to a\\ntransparent yellowish mass. When recently made by cold expression\\nthe oil is light colored, thin, and has no disagreeable odor or taste.\\nMust not be dark, nor have a strong disagreeable odor.\\nConstituents- Chiefly linolein.\\nUses. Seldom employed internally, but more often externally in\\nliniments, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "654 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLinteum.\\nLint.\\nPatent Lint:\\nThis is a textile fabric of loose texture, in \u00e2\u0096\u00a0which the warp is linen\\nand the woof cotton it is soft and woolly on one side.\\nUsed as a dressing to wounds, being usually first covered with cerate.\\nIiiquidambar.\\nLlQUIDAMBAR.\\nSweet Gum.\\nOrigin. Liquidambar styraciflua, Linne (Hamamelacece).\\nHabitat. North and Central America.\\nDescription. A thick, brownish-yellow balsam, or a resin which\\nsoftens from the warmth of the hand. Odor agreeable, reminding of\\nstorax taste aromatic, bitterish, pungent.\\nSoluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, leaving only mechanical\\nimpurities undissolved.\\nConstituents. Three and one-half per cent, styrol, five per cent,\\ncinnamic acid, styracin, and resin.\\nUses. This domestic drug, when used at all, is used in the same\\nmanner and for the same purposes as storax, tolu, and benzoin. It cer-\\ntainly deserves to be used more than the other balsams just named,\\nbecause it is a domestic product but we fear that it is neglected chiefly\\nbecause it is not imported.\\nWe Americans ought to follow the example of our English cousins\\nin the matter of using our own drugs in preference to imported ones.\\nIf we do not use them ourselves no one else will, no matter how valu-\\nable they may be.\\nLiquores.\\nSolutions.\\nSolutiones.\\nThe official liquores are, with one exception, solutions of solids\\nin water. The exception is the liquor guttae perchne. It is to be re-\\ngretted that the pharmacopceial nomenclature still remains imperfect in\\nso many little things, where the most trifling changes would at once re-\\nmove the obstacles in the way of the adoption of clearly definitive gen-\\neral titles for clearly distinct and harmonious groups of pharmaceutical", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 655\\npreparations. A systematic nomenclature is one of the most valuable\\naids to intelligent pharmacy. If the art of pharmacy is to be at all\\nscientific, if we are not merely cooks or shopkeepers, let us at least be\\nsystematic and orderly, even if it occasions such inconveniences as tak-\\ning liquor guttse perchae out of the group of aqueous solutions or solids,\\nwhere it does not belong, and giving it a new name, such as collodium\\nguttae perchas, or whatever may be deemed most intelligible and appro-\\npriate.\\nLiriodendron.\\nLlRIODENDRON.\\nLiriodendri Cortex Wkitewood, Tulip- Tree Bark.\\nOrigin. Liriodendron tulipifera, Linne (Magnoliacece).\\nHabitat. United States.\\nPart used. The bark of the younger branches.\\nDescription. Quills or troughs about two millimeters inch)\\nthick purplish -brown, or blackish externally, with thin ridges, fre-\\nquently cleft so as to form meshes smooth, whitish on the inner side\\nfracture fibrous inodorous taste astringent, pungent, bitter.\\nBark from older branches is not so good, being less pungent.\\nConstituents. Tannin, resin, and liriodendrin, which is a white,\\ncrystalline, pungent, neutral principle, soluble in alcohol and in ether.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, made with alcohol as a\\nmenstruum, of which the dose is four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to\\n2 fluidrachms).\\nLithium.\\nLithium.\\nA silver-white metal resembling potassium and sodium. It is the\\nlightest of all metals, and floats on petroleum.\\nIts salts resemble those of potassium and sodium, but are not as\\nreadily soluble, and color the spirit-lamp or blow-pipe flame beautifully\\ncrimson.\\nLithium salts are used in medicine chiefly on account of the low\\natomic weight of the metal, which makes its saturating power greater\\nthan that of the other alkali metals. Benzoate, bromide, chloride,\\ncitrate, and salicylate are soluble the carbonate and the hydrate dis-\\nsolve only to a very limited extent.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "656 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLitliii Benzoas IT. S.\\nBenzoate of Lithium.\\nLithicus Benzoas Lithium Benzoate.\\nContains about ninety-five per cent, benzoic acid.\\nWhite, granular or in scales. Either odorless or of an agreeable\\nweak odor of benzoin. Taste sweetish, cooling. Soluble in four times\\nits weight of cold water and in less boiling water also in about twelve\\nparts alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Both lithium and benzoic acid separately are an-\\ntilithic, and the resulting salt should, therefore, on theoretical grounds,\\nbe especially valuable. We are not, however, prepared to assert this\\nto be an established fact. The uses are similar to those of citrate of\\nlithium.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nLithii Bromidum IT. S.\\nBromide of Lithium.\\nLithicum Bromidum Lithium Bromide.\\nContains over ninety-two and a half per cent, bromine.\\nGranular, white, deliquescent, odorless, of a sharp, bitter, salty taste.\\nFreely soluble in water and in alcohol.\\nMust be kept in tightly closed bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of citrate of lithium. Anti-\\nHthic, also used like other alkaline bromides in epilepsy.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 10 grains).\\nLitb.il Carbonas U. S.\\nCarbonate of Lithium.\\nLithicus Carbonas Lithium Carbonate.\\nA light, white powder inodorous, alkaline. Requires one hundred\\nand thirty times its own weight of water to dissolve it. Insoluble in\\nalcohol.\\nOne hundred grains of lithium carbonate has the same saturation\\npower relative to acids as two hundred and twenty-seven grains of sodium\\nbicarbonate. As an antacid, therefore, the lithium carbonate has more\\nthan twice the power of the sodium bicarbonate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar if not identical with those of citrate of\\nlithium, as an antilithic.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.4 gram (1 to 6 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 657\\nLithii Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Lithium.\\nLithicus Citras Lithium Citrate.\\nWhite, deliquescent, crystalline, odorless, of a somewhat salty taste,\\nand neutral reaction. Soluble in five and one-half times its weight of\\nwater.\\nMust be kept in well-closed bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antilithic. Used in gout, and to dissolve acid\\nurinary concretions in the kidneys or bladder.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 10 grains).\\nLithii Salicylas U. So\\nSalicylate of Lithium.\\nLithicus Salicylas Lithium Salicylate.\\nContains a trifle over ninety per cent, salicylic acid.\\nWhite, amorphous, deliquescent, odorless, sweetish, faintly acid.\\nFreely soluble in water and in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Rich in salicylic acid and may be used whenever\\nthis substance is indicated.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nLitmus.\\nLitmus.\\nLacca Ccerulea, Lacca Musica Lackmus, G. and Sw. Tournesol,\\nLaque Bleu, F.\\nA blue pigment prepared from Roccella tinctoria, and other lichens.\\nOccurs in small rectangular cakes, friable, indigo blue, of a violet\\nodor, and somewhat saline, pungent taste. It imparts its coloring mat-\\nter (orcein) to water, and still more readily to alcohol. As it always\\ncontains chalk it effervesces with acids.\\nLITMUS TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Litmus.\\nTriturate and dissol r e thirty grams (1 ounce) litmus in three hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) diluted alcohol ,(1880). Filter.\\n42", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "658 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBLUE LITMUS PAPEE.\\nBlue Test-Paper.\\nDip pieces of white unsized paper in tincture of litmus and then\\ndry. Acids and acid salts turn blue test-paper red.\\nRED LITMUS PAPER.\\nRed Test-Paper.\\nAdd very carefully, drop by drop, a minute quantity of diluted\\nhydrochloric acid to tincture of litmus until it just turns red. Dip\\npieces of white, unsized paper in the reddened solution, anj3. then dry.\\nAlkalies and alkaline salts turn red test-paper blue.\\nNEUTRAL LITMUS PAPER.\\nNeutral Test-Paper,\\nWhich will show both reactions for acid and for alkali, may be made as\\nfollows Boil thirty grams (1 ounce) litmus in two hundred and twenty-\\nfive cubic centimeters (7-J fluidounces) water about twenty minutes,\\nadding more water as required to make up for loss by evaporation.\\nDivide the solution into two equal portions. Add to one of these por-\\ntions, drop by drop, enough hydrochloric acid to barely turn the liquid\\nred. Then add to it the other portion. Unsized white paper is slowly\\npassed through the liquid, and then hung up to dry.\\nLobelia U. S.\\nLobelia.\\nLobelia Ilerba Indian Tobacco.\\nOrigin. Lobelia inflata, Linn6 (Lobeliacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The official drug consists of the leaves and tops, col-\\nlected after the seed-capsules have become inflated.\\nDescription. See Fig. 355. The herb is pale green, has a slight\\nodor, and a burning tobacco-like taste when chewed. The powder is\\nvery irritating to the air-passages.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid lobeline is doubtless the active con-\\nstituent. In the drug it is combined with lobelic acid. It is a light\\nyellow, oily liquid, having a somewhat aromatic odor and a burning,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n659\\nacrid, tobacco-like taste soluble in alcohol and in ether. Its salts crys-\\ntallize, and are soluble in water. In the seeds there is also about thirty\\nper cent, of a drying fixed oil.\\nThe eclectic lobelin is not the alkaloid, but in the nature of a pow-\\ndered extract.\\nFigs. 359-362. Lobelia Inflata, natural size flower, seed, and longitudinal section of seed,\\nenlarged.\\nProperties. It is sialagogue, expectorant, emetic, narcotic, purga-\\ntive in large doses, powerfully depressant.\\nIts most valuable use is in asthma.\\nDose. As an emetic, 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 20 grains) or, as an\\nexpectorant, in much smaller doses.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "660 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLOBELLE ACETUM U. S.\\nVinegar of Lobelia.\\nOne (1) part by weight of lobelia herb, in No. 30 powder, will make\\nten (10) parts by weight of the preparation, which is made by percola-\\ntion, using a conical glass percolator, and using five (5) parts of the\\nmenstruum diluted acetic acid to moisten the drug before packing it.\\n[The vinegar of lobelia obtained from one avoirdupi is ounce of the\\ndrug will measure very nearly ten fluidounces.]\\nIn the previous edition of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia (1870) the vine-\\ngar of lobelia was made about one-fifth stronger one troyounce to\\neight fluidounces of finished product. In the present Pharmacopoeia\\n(1880) the preparation represents ten per cent, by weight of the drug.\\nThe preparation is little used. It contains the alkaloid lobeline\\nin combination with the acetic acid.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nLOBELINE EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Lobelia.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twenti-\\neth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.30 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nLOBEKLE [I1EBJE] EXTRACTUM FLU1DUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Lobelia [Herb].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7-j- fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 cubic centimeters (3 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAttMACOPCEIA. 661\\nLOBELIA INEUSUM.\\nInfusion of Lobelia.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Eight to twenty cubic centimeters (2 to 5 fluidrachms), as\\nan emetic. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims), or about a\\nteaspoonful, as an expectorant.\\nLOBELIJE TINCTUKA; U. S.\\nTincture of Lobelia.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces) lobelia, in No. 40 powder, with sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) diluted alcohol and macerate twenty-\\nfour hours then pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator and perco-\\nlate with diluted alcohol until three hundred grams (or about lOi-\\nfluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nThis tincture is thirty-three per cent, stronger than the tincture of\\nlobelia of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870).\\nDose. 0.5 to 3 cubic centimeters (10 to 45 minims).\\nlobelle tinctura ^etherea.\\nEthereal Tincture of Lobelia.\\nMacerate thirty grams (1 ounce) lobelia, in No. 40 powder, with one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) alcohol and one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) ether for seven\\ndays. Express and filter.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims) as an anti-\\nspasmodic. At one time this preparation enjoyed great reputation in\\nthe treatment of asthma.\\nLobelias Semina.\\nLobelia Seed.\\nOrigin, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Lobelia.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About 0.75 millimeter (J^ inch) in length and 0.3\\nmillimeter (g 1 inch) in breadth, dark brown, presenting under the mi-\\ncroscope a net-like pitted surface, as seen in Figure 355. They always\\naccompany the official drug and furnish a good sign by which to iden-\\ntify it.\\nConstituents and Uses. The same as of lobelia.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 gram (5 to 15 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "662 A COMPANION TO THE\\nLOBELIA SEMINIS EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Lobelia Seed.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 1 7 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\nLolium.\\nLOLIUM.\\nDarnel.\\nOrigin. Lolium temulentum, Linne (Graminacew).\\nHabitat. Asia and Europe.\\nPart used- The fruit or grain (caryopsis).\\nDescription. Oblong-ovoid, about five millimeters inch) long,\\nsmooth, pale brownish, interiorly white, inodorous, having a farinaceous,\\nafterward bitterish taste.\\nConstituents. Fixed oil, starch, etc. It is not determined what\\nconstitutes the poisonous principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. Darnel is a narcotic poison, but has been medi-\\ncinally employed only as an ingredient of poultices to relieve pain, etc.\\nLotiones.\\nLotions.\\nThese preparations are usually solutions in water, or in water with\\nalcohol or glycerin, and are used for external application as washes, or\\nby soaking lint in them and applying to the affected part. They are\\nintended to influence deep-lying structures as well as the external sur-\\nfaces.\\nLupulinum TJ. S.\\nLUPULIN.\\nJjuptdl Glandulce\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lupulina, Phar. 1870, Hopfenmehl, Lupulin, G.;\\nZaipuline, Impulite, F.\\nOrigin- Ilumulus jUqiulus, Linne Urticacece).\\nH ab itat- Cultivated.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The glandular powder separated from the hops,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 663\\nDescription. A coarse, brownish-yellow, or orange-brown powder.\\nResinous, aromatic, bitter. Under the microscope the glands appear\\nto have various forms, depending upon different positions on the slide.\\nThe general appearance is shown in Figure 363. Ether dissolves about\\nseventy-five per cent.\\nConstituents. From two to three per cent, of volatile oil, resin,\\nlupamaric acid, wax, etc. The volatile oil\\ncontains valerianic acid after long exposure.\\nHence lupulin acquires a disagreeable vale-\\nrianic acid odor when old.\\nTest\u00c2\u00ab Lupulin sometimes contains sand\\nand other impurities to such an extent as to\\nyield up to even forty per cent. ash. It\\nshould not leave more than eight per cent, of\\nash, and after shaking with water but little\\nsediment should deposit when allowed to\\nStand. Fig. 363.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lupulin Gland, en-\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Similar to those of larged\\nhops, as the action of the latter depends on this drug. It is tonic and\\nsomewhat anodyne. Especially useful to allay irritation of the genito-\\nurinary organs, as in priapism, painful erections in gonorrhoea, chordee,\\netc. It is also used to allay irritation of the bladder and seminal\\nemissions.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 gram (5 to 15 grains).\\nLUPULrNT EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of LtiPULrsr.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) several times a day.\\nLUPULIOT EXTKACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Ltjpulin.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the druc.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred grams (about 4J= fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "664 A COMPANION TO THE\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims).\\nLUPUL1NI OLEOBESESTA U. S.\\nOleoresin of Lupulin.\\nPack one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) lupulin firmly into\\na tall, narrow cylindrical percolator, provided with cover and receptacle\\nadapted to operations with volatile liquids (see page 721), and perco-\\nlate it with stronger ether until fifteen hundred grams (52 ounces 400\\ngrains) percolate has been obtained, taking care that the percolation\\nproceeds slowly. Recover about one thousand grams of the ether by\\ndistillation on a water-bath, and put the residue into a porcelain evapo-\\nrating-dish and expose it until the remainder of the ether has evapo-\\nrated away.\\nKeep the product in a well-corked, wide-mouthed bottle.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains).\\nLUPULINI TINCTURA.\\nTlXCTURE OF LUPULIN\\nTinctura Isupulince, Phar. 1870.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces) lupulin with alcohol, pack it in a\\ncylindrical percolator, and percolate with alcohol until four hundred and\\neighty cubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nThis tincture is still used to some extent. It was dismissed from\\nthe new Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluiclrachms).\\nLycoperdon.\\nLycoperdon.\\nTucJcahoe, Indian Bread, Puff Ball.\\nOrigin. Lycoperdon solidum, Gronovius (Fungf).\\nHabitat. The southern portions of the United States.\\nDescription. Large, irregularly shaped, but ordinarily more or\\nless globular bodies of from a few ounces to several pounds in weight.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n665\\nExternally grayish-black, rough, wrinkled interiorly whitish, mealy,\\nspongy, tough, fissured. Odor faint taste insipid.\\nConstituents. Pectose, cellulose, etc.\\nMedicinal Properties and Uses. Said to be narcotic, but is,\\nnevertheless, also stated to be, or to have been, used as food. The pow-\\ndered fungus has been used as a haemostatic.\\nLycopodium TJ. S.\\nLycopodium.\\nLycopodii Sporidia Barlappsamen, Streupulver, Hexenmehl, G. Ly-\\ncopode, F. Gul JVicht, Sw.\\nOrigin. Lycopodium clavatum, Linne and other species of Ly-\\ncopodiu m (Lycopodiaceoe).\\nHabitat. Russia, Germany, Switzerland, etc.\\nPart used. The sporules.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 212.\\nFig. 364. Lycopodium and Pinepollen, magnified.\\nA very fine, mobile, pale yellow powder, inodorous and tasteless. It\\nfloats on water and is not wetted unless first boiled with it, or treated\\nwith alcohol or ether, or subjected to long-continued trituration. After\\nsuch treatment it sinks in water at once. It is readily moistened by", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "666 A COMPANION TO THE\\noils, alcohol, benzol, chloroform, and ether. Under strong trituration\\nthe granules cohere, assume a grayish tint, and afterward leave an oily\\nstain on paper. It adheres to the fingers. Ignites and burns with a\\nsizzling noise when throw r n into a flame. Under the microscope the\\nparticles have the appearance shown in the illustration.\\nMust be free from pine pollen (the appearance of which is also\\nshown in the illustrations), starch, sand, and other impurities. No\\nstrong odor should be developed when the lycopodium is burned. Sand\\nis frequently found in lycopodium, and that impurity should condemn\\nthe article.\\nConstituents. Contains forty-seven per cent, of a bland fixed oil,\\nand should leave only about four per cent. ash. A larger percentage of\\nash indicates mineral impurities (sand).\\nUses. For dusting excoriated surfaces, to cover and protect them.\\nAlso as a conspergative for pills, troches, and plasters, to prevent ad-\\nhesion, for which purpose lycopodium has no superior.\\nLycopus.\\nLycopus.\\nJLycopodis Herba Bugleweed, Sweet Bugle.\\nOrigin. Lycopus xnrginicus, Linne (Labiatce).\\nHabitat- Canada and the northern parts of the United States.\\nPart used- The whole flowering herb.\\nDescription. Stems smooth, quadrangular, from twenty-five to\\nfifty centimeters (10 to 20 inches) high leaves opposite, entire, elliptic-\\nlanceolate, toothed, glandulous beneath. Flowers small, purplish. Odor\\nsomewhat mint-like taste aromatic, pungent.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, and probably a little resin and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be astringent and sedative. Has been\\ngiven to reduce the force and frequency of the pulse, to allay cough,\\nand arrest hemorrhage from the lungs.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum, of which the dose is four to fifteen cubic centimeters\\n(1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nMaris U. S.\\nMace.\\nMuskatbluthe, G. Fleur de muscade, F. Macias, Sp. Mushotblom-\\nma, Sw.\\nOrigin- Myristicafragrans, Houttuyn {Myristicacece)\\nHabitat. Cultivated on several East India islands.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n667\\nPart used. The arillus of the fruit.\\nDescription. The fleshy covering of the nutmeg constitutes the\\nmace. It is formed as seen in the illustrations, has an orange-red, oily\\nappearance, is very fragrant, and has a spicy taste.\\nFigs. 365-367.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mace, surrounding Nutmeg; dry as in the drug; and softened in water\\nand expanded all natural size.\\nConstituents. From four to nine per cent, of volatile oil. Also\\ntwo kinds of fixed oil, one yellow and the other red.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, carminative, and spice.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22 grains).\\nMacidis JEtheroleum.\\nVolatile Oil of Mace.\\nOil of Mace,\\nColorless, or very pale yellowish, aromatic, soluble in alcohol, closely\\nresembling the volatile oil of nutmeg, and probably identical with it.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "668 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMagnesium.\\nMagnesium.\\nA silver-white malleable metal, which may be ignited, and burns in\\nthe air with a strong light. Its specific gravity is only 1.75.\\nIts salts are colorless or white.\\nSoluble are Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, citrate, tartrate, and acetate.\\nThe carbonate is insoluble.\\nSalts of magnesium with inorganic acids, if soluble, are bitter.\\nMagnesia U. S.\\nMagnesia.\\nMagnesia TIsta Gebrannte Magnesia, G.; Magnesie, Magnesie cal-\\ncinee, F. Oxido Magnesico, Magnesia calcmada, Sp. Magnesium-\\noxid, Sw. Light Magnesia, Calcined Magnesia, Magnesium Oxide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 212.\\nWhen one gram (15 grains) of the magnesia is well stirred with fif-\\nteen grams (J fluidounce) water in a beaker glass, and the mixture is\\nallowed to stand half an hour, a gelatinous-looking mass, consisting of\\nmagnesium-hydrate, is formed, which is of sufficient firmness to remain\\nin the beaker when turned upside down.\\nThis magnesia, then, is a very different preparation from the light\\ncalcined magnesia familiar to us in this country, and heretofore official.\\nOrdinary calcined magnesia is heated to such a high temperature that\\nall the carbonic acid is expelled, and the product is not only less readily\\nsoluble in acids, but hardly acted on at all by water. The Pharmaco-\\npoeia prescribes a test which requires the absence of carbonate. This is\\ninconsistent with the official description of the properties of the prepara-\\ntion, for it cannot be made perfectly free from carbonate without the\\nuse of very high heat, which almost invariably destroys its ability to\\ncombine with water (become hydrated) and form a gelatinous mass as\\ndescribed. At the same time no considerable effervescence with dilu-\\nted acids should be allowed.\\nAn anhydrous magnesium carbonate, with some magnesium oxide,\\nmay be readily obtained by calcination for a short time, which forms a\\ngelatinous mass with water but it is largely carbonate and does not\\nretain its property of gelatinizing. What the Pharmacopoeia intends\\nto be used is a magnesium oxide which readily combines with water\\n(hydrates), is easily soluble in very dilute acids and in the acid liquids\\nof the stomach, and thus medicinally more effective than a dead-burnt", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 669\\nmagnesium oxide, which is scarcely at all acted on by any of these\\nliquids, and hence is not as desirable an antacid as even the magnesium\\ncarbonate.\\nTo attain the object nearly all the carbonic acid may be driven off,\\nbut not quite all. A slight effervescence with diluted acid ought, there-\\nfore, not to be objected to.\\nLight Magnesia should be kept in small well-closed bottles, the\\ncorks being dipped in melted paraffin. It readily absorbs carbonic\\nacid and water from the air if not well protected, and is then spoiled.\\nLight magnesia is much more prompt in its action than the ordinary\\nlight calcined magnesia, or the heavy magnesia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Magnesia is antacid, and is used in heartburn,\\netc. Also generally employed as a mild laxative.\\nDose.. As an antacid, 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains); as a laxative,\\ntwo to three grams (30 to 45 grains).\\nMagnesia Milk is a mixture of the light calcined magnesia with\\nwater.\\nMAGNESIA TROCHISCI U. S.\\nMagnesia Troches.\\nTriturate together 19.50 grams (300 grains) magnesia; one gram (15\\ngrains) nutmeg, in powder, and 58.50 grams (900 grains) powdered\\nsugar, until thoroughly mixed. Then form a proper mass by incor-\\nporating a sufficient quantity of mucilage of tragacanth, and divide it\\ninto one hundred troches.\\nMagnesia Ponderosa IT. S.\\nHeavy Magnesia.\\nHeavy Calcined Magnesia.\\nPrepared by calcining the heavy variety of magnesium carbonate.\\nIt is smoother and considerably heavier than the Light Magnesia,\\nbut is not a heavy powder. When mixed with water it does not absorb\\nor combine with it, and turn into a gelatinous mass, as the light magnesia\\ndoes. The statement of the Pharmacopoeia that magnesia ponderosa\\nis a dense powder, corresponding in all other properties with mag-\\nnesia, is, therefore, erroneous in that particular.\\nHeavy magnesia is much slower in its action than even the ordinary\\nlight calcined magnesia, which in turn acts far less promptly than the\\nnew official light magnesia.\\nUses. Like those of magnesia.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "670 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMagnesii Acetas.\\nMagnesium Acetate.\\nMagnesicus Acetas.\\nPrepared by dissolving sixty grams (2 ounces) magnesium carbonate\\nin a sufficient quantity of acetic acid, filtering the solution, and evapor-\\nating it to dryness.\\nDescription. Amorphous, white, sticky, soluble in water and iu\\nalcohol, bitterish. If the solution prepared as described above be\\nevaporated until only one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) remains,\\na colorless syrupy liquid will be obtained.\\nUses. Laxative. Seldom employed.\\nDose. Eight to thirty grams (J to 1 ounce).\\nMagnesii Carbonas U. S.\\nCarbonate of Magnesium.\\nMagnesicus Carbonas Magnesium Carbonate Magnesia Carbonica,\\nMagnesia Alba Weisse Magnesia, Kohlensaure Magnesia, G.\\nCarbonate de magnesie, Magnesie blanche^ F.; Subcarbonato de\\nmagnesia, Sp. Magnesia, Sw. Carbonate of Magnesia^ Light\\nMagnesium Carbonate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 213.\\nIt yields about 28.9 per cent, magnesium oxide when calcined until\\nall traces of carbonic acid have been driven off. It contains about thir-\\nteen per cent, of water.\\nUses. Like those of calcined magnesia.\\nDose. As an antacid, one to two grams (15 to 30 grains) as a\\nlaxative, two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains).\\nMAGNESDE ET ASAFCETID^E MISTUKA IT. S.\\nMixture of Magnesia and Asafostida.\\nDewetfs Carminative.\\nTriturate twenty -five grams (386 grains) magnesium carbonate and\\nfifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) sugar with thirty-five grams (1 ounce\\n100 grains, or 11\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) tincture of asafcetida and five grams (77\\ngrains) tincture of opium then add gradually enough distilled water\\nto make the whole product weigh five hundred grams (17 ounces 280\\ngrains).\\nCarminative and antacid. Useful \\\\i\\\\ flatulent colic, etc.\\nDose. Teaspoon ful to tablespoon ful, repeated if necessary.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 671\\nMAGNESIA MISTUEA CAEMHSTATIVA Dalby.\\nDalby s Carminative.\\nTriturate together, until mixed, 0.25 cubic centimeter (4 minims)\\nvolatile oil of caraway, and the same quantity each of volatile oil of\\nfennel and volatile oil of peppermint, seventy grams (2 ounces 200\\ngrains) magnesium carbonate, and one hundred and eighty grams (6\\nounces 150 grains) sugar. Add gradually and during constant tritura-\\ntion five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) water. Finally add\\nthirty-four cubic centimeters (1^- fluidounce) tincture of opium, three\\ngrams (46 grains) carbonate of potassium, and enough water to make the\\nwhole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nMust be thoroughly shaken when to be dispensed or used. Each\\nfluidounce contains one and one-half .grain of opium.\\nDose. Dessertspoonful to tablespoonful.\\nMagnesii Citras Granulatus IT. S.\\nGranulated Citrate of Magnesium.\\nCrush three hundred and thirty grams (11 ounces 280 grains) citric\\nacid to coarse powder in a Wedgewood mortar add one hundred and\\nten grams (4 ounces 256 grains) magnesium carbonate, and a sufficient\\nquantity of distilled water, and mix the whole intimately, reducing it to\\na thick paste. Dry this paste at not over 30\u00c2\u00b0 C. (86\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and then re-\\nduce it to a fine powder. Mix the powder thoroughly with eighty grams\\n(2 ounces 360 grains) powdered sugar, three hundred and seventy grams\\n(13 ounces 22 grains) sodium bicarbonate, and one hundred and fifty\\ngrams (5 ounces 130 grains) of previously finely powdered citric acid.\\nDampen the whole with (a sufficient quantity of) alcohol, and rub the\\ndamp mixture through a No. 20 sieve, made of tinned iron, so that a\\ncoarse granular powder is obtained. Then dry it in a moderately\\nwarm place.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 214.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in well-corked bottles, the corks be-\\ning first dipped in melted paraffin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Laxative and refrigerant. Useful in febrile\\nconditions.\\nDose. Eight to thirty grams to 1 ounce).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "672 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMAGNESII OITEATIS LIQUOR; U. S.\\nSolution of Citrate of Magnesium.\\nDissolve one hundred and fifty-six grams (2,400 grains) citric acid\\nin one thousand four hundred and forty grams (about 3 pints) water,\\nadd three hundred and twelve grams (4,800 grains) carbonate of mag-\\nnesium, and stir until all is dissolved. Filter. Divide the filtered solu-\\ntion equally between twelve citrate of magnesia bottles. Add to\\neach bottle eighty grams (about 2 fluidounces) syrup of citric acid.\\nThen add enough boiled and filtered water to nearly fill the bottles.\\nFinally put into each bottle two grams (30 grains) bicarbonate of potas-\\nsium, in crystals, cork immediately, and tie over with twine.\\nThe quantity of bicarbonate of potassium is hardly sufficient 2.65\\ngrams (or 40 grains) would be better. Citrate of magnesia should be\\nkept in a cool place, the bottles lying on their sides.\\nMedicinal Uses. This is one of the most useful and certainly\\nmost pleasant of saline purgatives, and is a deservedly popular remedy.\\nAs a full purgative the contents of a bottle may be taken at once as a\\nlaxative, in three or four equal potions at intervals of an hour or two\\nuntil the desired effect is produced.\\nMaguesii Sulphas; U. S.\\nSulphate of Magnesium.\\nMagnesicus Sulphas Magnesium Sulphate. Magnesia Sulphur ica, Sal\\nAmarum, Sal Anglicum Bitter salz, Schwefelsaure Magnesia, G.\\nSulfate de Magnesie, Sel d Epsom, Sel de Sedlitz, Sel Amer, F.\\nSidfato Magnesico, Sp.; Svafvelsyrad Talk, Engelskt Salt, Sw.;\\nEpsom Salt.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 214.\\nIf it contains magnesium chloride it is moist but pure magnesium\\nsulphate effloresces. A considerable quantity of the salt can be dis-\\nsolved in a much diluted alcohol.\\nA solution of magnesium sulphate is capable of dissolving recently\\nprecipitated magnesium carbonate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sulphate of magnesia is a popular saline purga-\\ntive, much used in constipation, febrile affections, etc.\\nIt is useful in the constipation and griping of lead-poisoning, and\\nmay also be given to relieve the straining at stool in dysentery.\\n1 Citrate of magnesia bottles are usually of the capacity of three hundred and\\nfifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 673\\nOften combined with senna.\\nDose. Ten to thirty grams to 1 ounce) in solution.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve two hundred grams\\n(7 ounces 24 grains avoirdupois) of the magnesium sulphate in enough\\ndistilled water to make the finished solution measure four hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (13^ fluidounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one-half gram of the\\nsalt one hundred and five minims contains fifty grains.\\nMAGNESIA SULPHAT1S ENEMA; B.\\nEnema of Magnesium Sulphate.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) magnesium sulphate in four hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (15 fluidounces) mucilage of starch, add\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) olive oil, and shake well.\\nFor one injection. Purgative.\\nMagnesii Sulphis U. S.\\nSulphite of Magnesium.\\nMagnesieus Sxdphis Magnesium Sulphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 215.\\nChanges into sulphate of magnesium on exposure, and must, there-\\nfore, be kept in well-closed bottles best in bottles holding only about\\ntwo hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains) each. The corks\\nshould be dipped in melted paraffin before being inserted.\\nThe salt is used for the same purposes as other sulphites and on ac-\\ncount of the sulphurous acid it contains.\\nThe dose is one to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nMagnolia U. S.\\nMagnolia.\\nOrigin. Magnolia glauca, Magnolia acuminata, and Magnolia\\ntripetala, Linne (Magnoliacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 215.\\nYoung bark is better than the old.\\nConstituents. A neutral principle, called magnolin, which is crys-\\ntalline, has an acrid irritant taste, is insoluble in water, but soluble in\\n43", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "674 A COMPANION TO THE\\nalcohol. It also contains a soft, pungent resin, some volatile oil, and\\ntannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter aromatic tonic.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, made with alcohol as a\\nmenstruum, of which the dose is two to five cubic centimeters (30 to\\n75 minims).\\nMajorana.\\nSweet Marjoram.\\nMeiran, G. Marjolaine, F. Mejram, Sw.\\nOrigin. Origanum Majorana, Linne (Labiatce).\\nH ab itat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The herb.\\nDescription. The leaves are glandulous, grayish-green, soft, hairy.\\nFlowers whitish or pale pink. Fragrant, aromatic, pungent.\\nConstituents. A yellowish-green volatile oil, and some tannin.\\nProperties. Stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (60 to 150 grains) in infusion.\\nMAJOKA1SLE UKGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Sweet Marjoram.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces) sweet marjoram with about sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) alcohol, and set it aside in a covered\\nvessel for a few hours. Then put it in a porcelain evaporating dish, add\\nthree hundred grams (10 ounces) lard, and digest on water-bath until\\nthe alcohol is dissipated. Express and strain.\\nFresh sweet marjoram makes a much nicer ointment than the dried,\\nand when the fresh herb is used the use of alcohol should be omitted.\\nMaltum; IT. S.\\nMalt.\\nThe malted seed of Hordeum distichon, Linne.\\nMust be fresh, of a pale amber color (not darker); has an agreeable\\nodor, and sweet taste.\\nConstituents. The process of malting simultaneous exposure to\\nmoisture and heat produces in the grain a ferment which has received\\nthe name of diastase, and which at an elevated temperature possesses the\\npower of causing the rapid conversion of starch into dextrin, and finally", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. G75\\ninto glucose. Malt of good quality contains about sixty-five per cent, of\\nsoluble matters, which it yields to boiling water, forming a dark-brown\\ninfusion.\\nProust found in malt fifty-six per cent, starch, fifteen per cent, sugar,\\nand fifteen per cent, gum (dextrin\\nMALTI EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Malt.\\nPour five liters (about 11 pints) of water upon five thousand grams\\n(about 11 pounds) of malt, ground not finer than No. 12, and mace-\\nrate six hours. Then add twenty liters (about 44 pints) water 30\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(86\u00c2\u00b0 F.) warm, and digest in water-bath at not above 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (131\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nfor an hour. Strain and press out all the liquid from the residue.\\nEvaporate the strained liquid on a water-bath, or by means of a vacuum\\napparatus, at a temperature not above 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (131\u00c2\u00b0 F.) as rapidly as\\npracticable to the consistence of thick honey.\\nMust be kept in tightly closed vessels in a cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Extract of malt contains all the nutritive sub-\\nstances of malted barley. It also contains a peculiar ferment, diastase,\\nwhich resembles the ptyalin of the saliva, and possesses the property of\\nrendering starch soluble and easily assimilated. Owing to the diastase\\n(maltin), this preparation is of great value in aiding and promoting the\\ndigestion of amylaceous food. Its use is indicated in chronic wasting\\ndiseases, general debility, and nervous exhaustion, whether of a tempo-\\nrary character or depending on organic diseases such as consumption.\\nMalt extract is often combined with other remedies, as with cod-\\nliver oil, phosphate of iron, hops, hypophosphite of calcium, pepsin,\\npepsin and lactic acid, etc.\\nThe use of some of these combinations is indicated in anaemia, gen-\\neral apepsia, rickets, or for the nourishment of nursing women, etc.\\nDose. A teaspoonful to a tablespoonful for adults. Best taken at\\nmeal-time, in soup, milk, wine, or beer. It may also be taken pure.\\nManganum.\\nManganese.\\nManganesium.\\nA metal resembling iron in its chemical combinations. It occurs\\nchiefly in native black oxide of manganese.\\nManganous salts are either white or pale pink. The sulphate, chlo-\\nride, and iodide, are soluble in water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "676 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. The salts of manganese are occasionally used\\nin the same kinds of cases in which salts of iron have been found of\\nbenefit.\\nMang-ani Carbonas.\\nCarbonate of Manganese.\\nManganosus Carbonas; Manganous Carbonate.\\nMay be prepared by precipitation from a sweetened solution of sul-\\nphate of manganese with a solution of sodium carbonate in a manner\\nsimilar to the precipitating of ferrous carbonate for making the saccha-\\nrated carbonate of iron. The precipitate, after having been well washed,\\nis to be dried between blotting-paper, at a moderate heat, as rapidly as\\npossible, and kept in bottles tightly closed with corks dipped in melted\\nparaffin.\\nIt is a pale pinkish brown, or nearly white powder, odorless, taste-\\nless, insoluble in water, but soluble in carbonic-acid water.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nMangani Chloridum.\\nChloride of Manganese.\\nManganosum Chloridum Manganous Chloride.\\nThis salt may be obtained from the liquid residue left in the genera-\\ntor after making chlorine water. It is purified by recrystallization.\\nPale rose-colored crystals, soluble in water and in alcohol.\\nHas been used externally to stimulate ulcers, etc.\\nMangani Hypophospliis.\\nHypophosphite of Manganese.\\nManganosus Hypophospliis Manganous Hypophosphite.\\nA pale rose-tinted, nearly white, powder, insoluble in water.\\nDose. 0.1 to 1 gram (2 to 15 grains).\\nMang-ani Iodidum.\\nIodide of Manganese.\\nManganosum Iodidum; Manganous Iodide.\\nA pale rose-colored deliquescent salt. Rapidly oxidizes in contact\\nwith the air.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 677\\nMANGANI IODIDI SYRUP US.\\nSyrup of Iodide of Manganese.\\nManganosi Ioclidi Syrupus Syrup of Manganous Iodide.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) sulphate of man-\\nganese in one hundred and five cubic centimeters (3-J fluidounces) water\\nmixed with fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) simple syrup. Dis-\\nsolve one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) iodide of potassium in\\none hundred and five cubic centimeters (3\u00c2\u00a3 nuidounces) water, also\\nmixed with fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) simple syrup. Mix\\nthe solutions, and shake well. Cool the mixture to about 50\u00c2\u00b0 F. Filter,\\nrinsing the precipitate with a little sweetened water, and let the wash-\\nings be mixed with the previous filtrate, arranging the filtration so that\\nthe liquid runs into a bottle containing seven hundred grams (24 ounces\\n300 grains) sugar. Shake the whole together until dissolved, adding\\nenough water to make the finished product measure one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 nuidounces).\\nEach cubic centimeter (16 minims) of this syrup contains 0.10 gram\\n(1-J grain) manganous iodide. It also contains a trifling amount of sul-\\nphate of potassium.\\nDose. A teaspoonful.\\nMang-ani Lactas.\\nLactate of Manganese.\\nManganosus Lactas Manganous Lactate.\\nMay be obtained by dissolving carbonate of manganese in lactic acid\\nwith the aid of heat.\\nPale rose-colored crystals, soluble in twelve times their weight of\\nwater.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nMang-ani Oxidum Nigrum IT. S.\\nBlack Oxide of Manganese.\\nManganicum Dioxidum Dioxide of Manganese. Superoxide of Man-\\nganese, Pyrolusite JBraunstein, G.\\nNative crude pyrolusite containing not less than sixty-six per cent,\\npure binoxide of manganese (MnOJ.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 216.\\nThis substance, as sold in powder, is very frequently adulterated", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "678 A COMPANION TO THE\\nwith powdered coal, etc., and should always be tested, as its value is to\\nbe measured by its contents of pure oxide of manganese, and because\\nthe presence of coal-dust may give rise to dangerous explosions when\\nthis substance is used with chlorate of potassium in making oxygen\\ngas.\\nIt is used for generating oxygen or chlorine, and for making chlo-\\nrine water. (See Chlorum.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been employed like subnitrate of bismuth\\nin gastralgia, etc.\\nDose. 0.1 to 1 gram (2 to 15 grains).\\nMangani Plaosphas.\\nPhosphate of Manganese.\\nManganosus Phosphas Manganous Phosphate.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) manganese sul-\\nphate in eight hundred cubic centimeters (27 fluidounces) water, and\\none hundred and ten grams (3 ounces 385 grains) sodium phosphate in\\nanother eight hundred cubic centimeters of water. Mix the solutions.\\nWash the precipitate well and dry it.\\nThe preparation is a white powder, having sometimes a pinkish hue.\\nIt dissolves readily in dilute phosphoric or hydrochloric acid.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains).\\nMang-ani Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Manganese.\\nManganosus Sulphas Manganous Sulphate.\\nA pale rose-colored crystallized salt.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 216.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance has been used as a cholagogue\\npurgative. It is said to be very irritant in its action.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nMang-ostana.\\nMangosteen.\\nMangostanm Cortex; 3Iangosteen Rind.\\nOrigin. Garcinia Mangostana, Linne* (Guttiferce).\\nHabitat. India.\\nPart used. The rind of the fruit.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n679\\nDescription. The fruit is about the size and form of small oranges,\\ndark brown, mottled when dried the rind is hard, dark brown, smooth,\\nthick, with prominent remains of the stigmas on one side, and hardened\\nMangosteen, natural size.\\nremains of the calyx on the opposite side. Inodorous taste astringent,\\nbitter.\\nConstituents. Tannin and a bitter crystallizable principle, man-\\ngostin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Mangosteen is a powerful astringent, useful in\\ndiarrhoeas, dysentery, etc.\\nManna IT. S.\\nManna.\\nOrigin. Fraxinus Ornus, Linne (Oleacece).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe, along the Mediterranean.\\nDrug. The concreted saccharine exudation from incisions made in\\nthe bark of the tree (the manna ash\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 216. Flattish trough-\\nshaped, or triangular pieces of various lengths, dry, friable, yellowish-\\nwhite, easily broken, porous, crystalline. This description applies to\\nthe Large Flake 3fan?ia, which is the best kind (manna canellata).\\nThe Small Flake Manna consists of smaller, less clean, agglutin-\\nated, brownish-white pieces.\\nBoth these kinds are good manna. The odor is honey-like but pe-\\nculiar the taste sweet, slightly bitter, faintly acrid.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "680\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nManna in Sorts consists of small tears, or small fragments, form-\\ning a more or less sticky mass, a good deal contaminated by dirt, pieces\\nof bark, etc.\\nFat Manna is brown, very sticky, without crystalline fragments.\\nConstituents. From forty to ninety per cent, mannit, besides glu-\\ncose, mucilage, some acrid resin, and a small quantity of the fluorescent\\nglucoside/r\u00c2\u00abicm. The best manna contains the most mannit and the\\nleast glucose. Mannit crystallizes in white prisms or needles, is readily\\nsoluble in boiling water, and in boiling dilute alcohol. It may be dis-\\nsolved also in about 6.5 parts cold water, but not readily.\\nProperties. Mildly laxative, demulcent.\\nDose. Thirty to sixty grams (1 to 2 ounces) for an adult person.\\nManzanita.\\nManzanita.\\nManzanitce Folia.\\nOrigin. Arctostaphylos glauca, Lindley (Fricacew).\\nHabitat. California.\\nPart used. Leaves.\\nDescription. See the illustration. Pale green,\\nthick, glandulous. Inodorous, astringent.\\nConstituents. Tannin, arbutin, and probably\\nalso ericolin and ursone.\\nMedicinal Action. This drug resembles uva ursi\\nin its action. It is astringent, and in small doses\\nstomachic and tonic but its most valuable property\\nis its action on the kidneys. It is diuretic, and has\\nbeen successfully used in various diseases of the uri-\\nnary apparatus, especially in calculous affections y also\\nin chronic pyelitis, cystitis, dysuria, strangury, and in-\\ncontinence of urine depending on an irritated condition\\nof the bladder.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract (made\\nwith a menstruum consisting of alcohol and* water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of two hundred grams (about 8^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3 1 fluidounces) of water), of which the dose is\\ntwo to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nFig. 370.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Man-\\nzanita Leaf, nat-\\nural size.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n681\\nMaranta.\\nMabanta.\\nMarantce Amylum Arrowroot.\\nOrigin. Maranta arundinacea, Linne (Cannaceas).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Bermu-\\ndas, West Indies, Central\\nAmerica, Brazil. Cultivated\\nalso in Georgia.\\nDescription. The fec-\\nula separated from the rhi-\\nzome.\\nA fine, beautifully white\\nstarch, consisting of ovate\\ngranules, with delicate, dis-\\ntinct layers, and well-marked\\nhilum at the broad end of\\neach granule. (See the illus-\\ntration.)\\nSt. Vincent arrowroot is\\nfully equal to Bermuda\\narrowroot.\\nConstituent. Wholly composed of starch.\\nUses. Same as those of starch.\\nMarrubium U. S.\\nMabbubium.\\nMarrubii Herba Hoarhound.\\nOrigin. Marrubium vulgare, Linne (Labiatw).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nParts Used. The leaves and tops.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopceia, page 217.\\nMust be free from coarse stems, and have its proper color and a\\ngood odor.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed as a bitter tonic and stomachic in\\ndyspepsia and in atonic conditions of the alimentary tract.\\nBest given in the form of fluid exteact made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum, of which the dose is four to eight cubic centimeters\\n(1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nFig. 371.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Maranta Arrowroot, magnified.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "682\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMAERUBII INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Marrubium.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois\\nounce) of the drug make five hundred grams\\n(equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centime-\\nters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nMassae.\\nMasses.\\nPill Masses.\\nThis title has been given in the new Pharma-\\ncopoeia to pill masses prepared for making pills,\\nbut not at once divided into pills, such as blue\\nmass, Vallet s mass, and solidified copaiba.\\nMastiche U. S.\\nMastic.\\nPistacice Pesina.\\nOrigin. Pistacia Pentiscus, Linne (Tere-\\nMnthacece)\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n218.\\nMust be transparent, clear, and of pale color.\\nUses. Employed to fill carious teeth by\\nsoaking pledgets of cotton in an ethereal solu-\\ntion of mastic and pressing into the cavity of the\\naffected tooth, and in making cements and var-\\nnishes. It is also an ingredient of the pills of\\naloes and mastic.\\nFio. 372.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Matico Leaf\\nunder side, natural size.\\nMatico U. S.\\nMatico.\\nMatico Folia.\\nArthante elongata, Miquel {Piper\\nOrigin\\nacece).\\nHabitat. South America.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 219.\\nEasily recog-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n68:\\nnized by the prominent venation on the under surface, which forms deep\\nangular meshes. On the upper side the leaves are darker green and less\\nhairy than beneath. The upper surface also\\npresents a wrinkled appearance, from the fact that\\nthe network of veins is there depressed. The\\nleaves are very brittle, and it is scarcely possible\\nto find a whole leaf among the drug.\\nConstituents. One and a half per cent,\\nvolatile oil, a soft green pungent resin, arthantic\\nacid, and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Matico is a stimulant\\nblennorrhetic, used in subacute or chronic affec-\\ntions of the urinary organs, as in chronic cystitis.\\n7 Fig. 373.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fragment of\\nvesical catarrh, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, and Matico Leaf, upper surface,\\nincontinence of urine. It has also been employed enlar S ed 5 diameters.\\nin diarrhoea, dysentery, and hemorrhages from the stomach, bowels, kid-\\nneys, and lungs.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nMATICO EXTRACT UM.\\nExtract of Matico.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nBrown.\\nMATICO EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Matico.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of three hundred and seventy-five\\ngrams (about 15f fluidounces) alcohol, one hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 4z\\\\ fluidounces) water, and fifty grams (about 1^- avoirdu-\\npois ounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion\\nof three hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about of fluid-\\nounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "684 A COMPANION TO THE\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug-\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure live hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nMATICO INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Matico.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 IT. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nMATICO TINCTITRA IT. S.\\nTincture of Matico.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces) matico, in No. 40 powder, with sixty\\ncubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) diluted alcohol, pack it tightly in a\\ncylindrical percolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol until six hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (21 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nMatricaria IT. S.\\nMatricaria.\\nMatricarias Flores UTamiUe, Kamillenblumen, G. Fleurs de Camo-\\nmille Commune, F.; Kamomillblommor, Sw. German Chamomile.\\nOrigin. Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne (Compositm).\\nH ab itat. Europe.\\nPart used. The flowers.\\nDescription. Yellow, with white ray-florets receptacle conical,\\nnaked, and hollow. (See the illustrations.)\\nConstituents. About one-fourth per cent, of a blue volatile oil\\n(the blue color being due to azulen) also bitter extractive, tannin, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n685\\nTests. The flowers should be whole, have their natural colors well\\npreserved, and retain their strong, peculiar, rather agreeable odor.\\nFigs. 374-378. Matricaria, a, flowering branch, natural size; 6, ray floret; c, disk\\nfloret d, receptacle and involucre e, longitudinal section of receptacle 6, c, d, and e, en-\\nlarged.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is much used by the public in the form of tea\\nas a diaphoretic, stomachic, and in large doses as an emetic.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), best given in infusion\\nor fluid extract.\\nMATRICARIA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Mateicaeia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nOunces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every two hun-\\ndred grams (about 6f fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nMATRICARIA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Mateicaeia.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "086\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms)\\nof a cold infusion, several times daily, as a tonic as an emetic, the\\nwarm infusion, ad libitum.\\nMays.\\nMaize.\\nMaidis M uctus; Indian Corn.\\nOrigin. Zea Mays, Linne Gframinacew).\\nHabitat. North America cultivated.\\nPart used. The ripe fruit.\\nDescription. Well-known cereal.\\nConstituents. See under Maidis Farina.\\nMedicinal Uses- As a diet and as an ingredient of poultices.\\nMAIDIS FARINA.\\nCorn Meal.\\nThe meal of the ripe fruit of Zea Mays, Linne.\\nThere are two principal varieties, yellow and white corn meal,\\neither of which may be used.\\nIt contains sixty-five per cent, starch, nine to ten per cent, nitro-\\ngenous substances, and six to seven per cent, fixed oil, besides sugar,\\ncellulose, salts, and water.\\nThus it contains more fat\\nthan either oats, wheat, bar-\\nley, or rye.\\nCorn meal is used for\\nmaking poultices and for\\ndiluting mustard poultices.\\nMaidis Amylum.\\nCorn- Starch.\\nThe starch prepared from\\nthe ripe fruit of Zea Mays,\\nLinne.\\nThe process for its prep-\\naration is analogous to that\\nFig. 379.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Corn Starch, magnified. by w }ij cn wheat-starch is\\nmanufactured. The granules are of comparatively uniform size, and\\nabout one-third smaller than wheat-starch granules. They are of rather\\nirregular form, with indistinct layers, and generally a slit hilum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 687\\nCorn-starch forms a beautifully white impalpable powder, which is\\ninodorous and tasteless.\\nUses. The same as the uses of lycopodium to dust excoriated\\nsurfaces, and as a conspergative for pills, and troches.\\nExcellent dietary preparations are made from corn-starch.\\nMaidis Stigmata.\\nCorn Silk.\\nThe glistening, thread-like, brownish-yellow stigmata of the nearly\\nripe fruit of the Indian corn. (See Mays.\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is diuretic, and has been used in\\nacute and chronic affections of the bladder, pyelitis, cystitis, etc. It\\nhas only been used in the form of fluid extract, made with a dilute\\nalcohol as a menstruum, of which the dose is from two to ten cubic\\ncentimeters (-J- to 2| fluidrachms).\\nMel; U.S.\\nHoney.\\nHonig, G. Miel, F. Miel, Sp. Honiyig, Sw.\\nOrigin. A saccharine matter secreted by the honey-bee\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Apis\\nmellijica, Linne (Hymenoptera).\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 219.\\nVirgin Honey is freshly prepared, light-colored, semi-liquid\\nhoney obtained by draining the honey-comb without using heat or\\npressure. It is the best kind.\\nClarified Honey is darker, and obtained by melting the honey-\\ncomb and straining. The surest way to get good pure honey is to ob-\\ntain fresh honey-comb and drain it.\\nThe flavor of the honey depends greatly upon the food of the bees,\\nand also upon the season at which it is deposited by them. A mild\\npure taste is indicative of good quality. Acridity is not one of the.\\nproperties of good fresh hone} It is said that when the bees have access\\nto narcotic plants their honey is apt to be poisonous. Honey collected\\nin the mountain regions of Germany is regarded with suspicion, and\\nAmerican honey is expressly prohibited in one pharmacopoeia (the\\nSwedish)!\\nConstituents. Fruit-sugar, which always remains liquid and\\ngrape-sugar, which in time renders the honey granular and thick.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "688 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Honey is demulcent and slightly laxative.\\nUsed mainly as a sweetening agent in combination with other sub-\\nstances.\\nIts use as an ingredient of mouth-washes in thrush, etc., should be\\ndiscouraged, as it often adds to the fermentation which causes the\\ndisease.\\nMEL DESPUMATUM; U.S.\\nClarified Honey.\\nPrepared by heating honey on a water-bath, skimming off the\\nfrothy scum which rises, and then straining.\\nMellita.\\nMedicated Honeys.\\nHoney of rose, honey of borax, oxymel, hydromel, and other mix-\\ntures in which honey takes the place of syrup, water, or other liquids,\\nare mellita. They are useless preparations, liable to undergo fer-\\nmentation, and easily replaced by syrups, which are in every respect\\npreferable.\\nHydromel is a mixture of thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce)\\nhoney and two hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces)\\nboiling water.\\nOxymel is a mixture of honey with acetic acid and water, Oxymel\\nSimplex consisting of two hundred and forty grams (8 ounces) honey,\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) acetic acid, and thirty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (1 fluidounce) water.\\nUsed in coughs.\\nMelilotus.\\nMelilotus.\\nMeliloti Summitates SteinMee, Melilotenklce, G. Melilot, F. Jfellloto,\\nTrebol oloroso, Sp. Meloten, Sw. Sweet Clover.\\nOrigin. Melilotus officinalis, Willdenow, and Melilotus alba, La-\\nmarck (Leguminosai).\\nHabitat. Europe naturalized in America.\\nPart used. The flowering tops.\\nDescription. Stems angular, branched leaves trifoliate, small,\\ngrayish-green. Flowers yellow (melilotus officinalis) or white (melilo-\\ntus alba). Odor agreeable, aromatic, resembling that of tonka-beans\\ntaste bitterish.\\nShould have a jrood color and aroma.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 689\\nConstituents. Coumarin (see Dipterix\\nMedicinal Uses. Not employed internally. Sometimes applied\\nexternally, by dipping cloths in warm infusion, in local pains, etc.\\nMELILOTI EMPLASTKUM.\\nMelilotus Plaster.\\nMelt sixty grams (2 ounces) resin, and sixty grams (2 ounces) yellow\\nwax in a tin dish on a water-bath add forty grams (1 ounce) olive\\noil stir well together strain while the mixture is still warm and\\nliquid incorporate with it eighty grams (2f ounces) finely powdered meli-\\nlotus. When cold, roll the plaster into sticks about one and one-half\\ncentimeter (J- inch) in diameter.\\nMelissa U. S.\\nMelissa.\\nMelissce JTerba Melissenblatter, Citronenkraut, G. Melisse, Celine,\\nHerbe au Citron, F. Citronmeliss, Sw. Balm, Lemon Balm.\\nOrigin. Ifelissa officinalis, Linne (Babiatw).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nParts used. The leaves and tops.\\nDescription. Branches four-sided; leaves on the under side pale\\ngreen, with a net-work of prominent veins, and beset with oil-glands the\\nflowers have whitish or purplish lips. Odor fragrant taste aromatic,\\nbitter.\\nVarieties. Citrata (Bischoff). Agreeable lemon like odor\\nbranches and upper surface of leaves thinly hairy under surface of\\nleaves, smooth. This is the best kind.\\nVillosa (Bentham). Larger branches and both surfaces of the\\nleaves with stiff hairs the odor weak and inferior.\\nConstituents. About one-fourth per cent, volatile oil, some tan-\\nnin, and bitter extractive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of peppermint. Best given in\\ninfusion, or in the form of a fluid extract made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum, of which latter preparation the dose is five to ten cubic\\ncentimeters (1 to 2-J fluidrachms).\\nMELISSCE AQUA; G.\\nMelissa Water.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) of melissa leaves\\nand a sufficient quantity of water make five liters (about 10\u00c2\u00a3 pints) of\\nmelissa water by distillation.\\n44", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "690 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMELISSA SPIKITUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCarmelite Spirit.\\nKarmeliter Geist, G.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces) melissa leaves, fifty grams (If ounce)\\nlemon-peel, twenty-five grams (f ounce) coriander, twenty-five grams\\n(J ounce) nutmeg, twelve grams ounce) cinnamon, and twelve grams\\n(f ounce) cloves, cut or bruised as may be required introduce the\\nmixture into a pharmaceutical still add seven hundred and twenty\\ncubic centimeters (24 fluidounces) alcohol and one liter (34 fluidounces)\\nwater. Distil off nine hundred and forty cubic centimeters (32 fluid-\\nounces).\\nThe French Codex adds to the above ingredients about eight grams\\n(124 grains) angelica root.\\nMenispermum U. S.\\nMenispermum.\\nJfenispermi Radix Yellow Parilla, Canadian Moonseed.\\nFig. 380. Menispermum, transverse section, enlarged.\\nOrigin. Menispermum canadense, Lin rig (Menispermacece).\\nHabitat. Eastern United States.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 220.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "UlSilTED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 691\\nConstituents. Berberine also another alkaloid, which is white,\\nsoluble in ether and alcohol and in much water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Yellow parilla is generally believed to resemble\\nsarsaparilla in its action. It is an alterative tonic and diuretic, and, in\\nlarge doses, laxative.\\nDose- One to four grams (15 to 60 grains) best given in the\\nform of fluid extract.\\nMEOTSPERMI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Menispermum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3 J- fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nMentha Crispa.\\nCurled Mint.\\nMentha Crispa Herba Krauseminze, G. Menthe crepue, F. Krus-\\nmynta, Sw. Crisped Mint.\\nOrigin.- Mentha crispa, Auctt. plur. {Labiata).\\nThe Menthae crispse are Mentha aquatica, Mentha verticillata,\\nMentha sativa, Mentha silvestris, and Mentha viridis all cultivated.\\nDescription. They are called crisped mint or curled mint\\nwhen the leaves, through the abnormal development of the parenchyma,\\nby cultivation, assume a pitted, wrinkled form.\\nConstituents. The same as in spearmint and peppermint. Crisped\\nmint is somewhat astringent, containing an iron-greening tannin.\\nUses and Dose similar to those of peppermint.\\nMentha Piperita U. S.\\nPeppermint.\\nMentha Piperita Herba Pfefferminze, G. Menthe poivr ee, F. Pep*\\nparmynta, Sw,\\nOrigin. Mentha piperita^ Linne (Labiata).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in North America and Europe.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "692 A COMPANION TO THE\\nParts used. The leaves and tops.\\nDescription. The branches are four-sided, and frequently of a\\npurplish hue. Odor strong aromatic taste pungent, cooling.\\nShould have a good dark-green color and strong odor, and the\\ncoarser portions of the stems should be removed. The Pharmacopoeia\\ncontemplates the use of only the leaves and tops not the lower por-\\ntions of the stem.\\nConstituents. About one percent, of volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic. It in-\\ncreases the appetite. Mint julep is the most popular form in which\\npeppermint is taken.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains), in tea or in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nMENTELE PIPERITA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Peppermint.\\nFrom fifty grams (about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose- Thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) or more, repeatedly.\\nMenthse Piperitse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Peppermint.\\nMentha? Piperita?, JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Peppermint.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 239.\\nShould have a pure, strong peppermint odor and taste. Owing to\\ncarelessness in the collection and garbling of the peppermint used for\\ndistilling the volatile oil, the product is frequently contaminated with\\nthe volatile oils of other plants, especially of Erigeron (fleabane),\\nwhich imparts to it a disagreeable, coarse aroma.\\nGood oil of peppermint is colorless, or very nearly so.\\nThe use of American oil of peppermint is not allowed by the Swed-\\nish and Norwegian Pharmacopoeias, on the supposition that all oil of\\npeppermint distilled in this country is impure. It is, however, well\\nestablished that very fine oil of peppermint is made in the United\\nStates, and also that impure oil of peppermint is made in Europe as\\nwell as here.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 693\\nConstituents. The most interesting constituent is menthol, which\\nsee.\\nUsed as a carminative in doses of one to three drops.\\nMENTHA PIPERITA AQUA; U. S.\\nPeppermint Water.\\nPrepared from one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of peppermint, using\\ntwo grams (30 grains) cotton, and percolating five hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (17 fluidounces)-of product as described under Aquae Aromaticse.\\nPeppermint water is an aromatic and slightly carminative vehicle for\\nother medicines.\\nDose* Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidounce).\\nMENTHJS PIPERITA ESSENTIA; B.\\nEnglish Essence of Peppermint.\\nPrepared by mixing thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) volatile\\noil of peppermint and one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluid-\\nounces) alcohol.\\nThis preparation is about twice the strength of the spirit of pepper-\\nmint of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, from which it also differs in being of\\na pale straw color instead of artificially colored green.\\nIn the United States the name Essence of Peppermint is applied\\nonly to the Spirit of Peppermint, the English essence not being used\\nin this country.\\nDose\u00c2\u00ab\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.2 to 0.5 cubic centimeter (3 to 8 minims).\\nMENTHA PIPERITA ROTUL^E.\\nPeppermint Drops.\\nThese are semi-transparent or entirely white sugar drops or cakes,\\nsaturated with a solution of oil of peppermint in ether. They contain\\nrather less of the oil of peppermint than the troches, but are generally\\npreferred to the latter.\\nMENTELE PIPERITA SPIRITUS; U. S.\\nSpirit op Peppermint.\\nEssence of Peppermint.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains, or about 3f fluid-\\nounces) volatile oil of peppermint, ten grams (154 grains) coarsely pow-\\ndered peppermint, and nine hundred grams (31 ounces 330 grains, or\\nabout 37 fluidounces) alcohol macerate twenty-four hours filter, add-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "694 A COMPANION TO THE\\ning enough alcohol through the filter to make the total product weigh one\\nthousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, measuring about 40 fluidounces).\\nSpirit of peppermint is green, the color being due to chlorophyll dis-\\nsolved out from the powdered herb that is added.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims).\\nMENTHA PIPERITA SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Peppermint.\\nDissolve eight hundred and fifty grams (29 ounces) sugar in five hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) peppermint water, without the\\naid of heat, and strain.\\nMENTHA PIPERITA TROCHISCI; IT. S.\\nPeppermint Troches.\\nTriturate together one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of peppermint\\nand seventy-eight grams (1,200 grains) finely powdered sugar until inti-\\nmately mixed then add sufficient tragacanth mucilage, form a mass, and\\ndivide it into one hundred troches.\\nMentha Viridis U. S.\\nSpearmint.\\nMenthae, Viridis Herba Mb mische Minze, Griine Minze, G. Menthe\\nVerte, Menthe Romaine, Baume Vert, F. Gronmynta, Sw.\\nOrigin- Mentha viridis, Linne (Ldbiatoe).\\nHabitat- Cultivated and wild both in North America and Europe.\\nParts used. The leaves and tops only.\\nDescription. Branches light green leaves without stalks. Odor\\naromatic taste aromatic, pungent. Should be of good green color and\\ngood odor.\\nConstituents- About one-half per cent, volatile oil.\\nProperties, etc- Stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains) in the form of hot tea.\\nMentha? Viridis Oleum U. S.\\nOil op Spearmint.\\nMenthas Viridis JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Spearmint.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 239. Re-\\nsembles somewhat the oil of peppermint but is of a more herb-like odor", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 695\\nand taste, and does not leave the characteristic cooling sensation pro-\\nduced by oil of peppermint.\\nThe color of this volatile oil becomes reddish by age.\\nOil of spearmint does not contain menthol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of oil of peppermint.\\nDose- 0.2 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (3 to 5 minims).\\nMENTHA YIEIDIS AQUA; U. S.\\nSpearmint Watek.\\nPrepared from one gram (15 grains) volatile oil of spearmint, using\\ntwo grams (30 grains) of cotton and collecting five hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (17 fluidounces) of percolate, as described under Aqure Aro-\\nmaticae.\\nAn aromatic vehicle for other remedies.\\nDose- One-half to one fluidounce (15 to 30 cubic centimeters).\\nMENTHA VIRIDIS SPIKITUS U. S.\\nSpirit of Spearmint.\\nEssence of Spearmint.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains, or about 3f fluid-\\nounces) volatile oil of spearmint, ten grams (154 grains) coarsely pow-\\ndered spearmint, and nine hundred grams (31 ounces 330 grains, or\\nabout 37 fluidounces) alcohol. Macerate twenty-four hours filter,\\nadding enough alcohol through the filter to make the total product weigh\\none thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, measuring about 40 fluid-\\nounces).\\nHas a green color.\\nDose. 1.5 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (20 to 40 minims).\\nMenthol.\\nMenthol.\\nPeppermint Camphor, Chinese Oil of Peppermint, Japanese Oil of\\nPeppermint.\\nThis is a stearopten obtained from volatile oil of peppermint. It\\nhas the composition 10 H 20 O, and occurs in small white or colorless\\nprismatic crystals, having the odor and taste of the volatile oil, and is\\nreadily soluble in alcohol and in ether.\\nMedicinal Uses. Menthol, dissolved in about ten or fifteen times\\nits weight of oil of cloves, has been recommended .as an external appli-\\ncation in neuralgia, sciatica, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "696 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMenyanthes.\\nMenyanthes.\\nMenyanthaz Folia, Trifolium Aquaticum Meberklee, JBitterklee, Drei-\\nblatt, G. Menyanthe, Trefle d eau (de marais), F. Trebol acuatico,\\nSp.; VattenMofver, Sw. JBucJcbean, Bogbean, Marshtrefoil.\\nOrigin- Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne (Gentianacew).\\nHabitat. Europe North America.\\nPart used* The leaves. The leaves consist of a petiole, seventy-\\nfive to one hundred millimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, the leaflets fifty\\nmillimeters (2 inches) long, obovate, sessile, with crenate margin.\\nDescription- They are pale-green, scarcely wrinkled. Inodorous.\\nTaste purely bitter.\\nConstituents- A glucoside, called menyanthin, which is amor-\\nphous, yellowish turpentine-like, or solid when dry very bitter\\nreadily soluble in boiling water and in alcohol has a neutral reaction.\\nThe drug also contains an acrid substance which has not been isolated.\\nThere is no tannin in menyanthes.\\nProperties. It is a pure bitter tonic also said to be antiscorbu-\\ntic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, febrifuge. In large doses purgative and\\nemetic.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract, made with diluted alcohol,\\nof which the dose is one to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nA solid extract is also made, and given in the dose of 0.3 to 1\\ngram (5 to 15 grains).\\nMethysticum*\\nMethysticum.\\nMythystici Radix Piper Methysticum, Ava ICdva, Kava Kava, Ava.\\nOrigin. Piper Methysticum Forster (Piperacem).\\nHabitat. The Sandwich and other Pacific islands.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Large, grayish-brown externally, covered by a thin\\nbark, under which is a network of woody tissue internally pale yel-\\nlowish, porous, frequently hollow, sometimes worm-eaten. Generally\\nwith rootlets attached, which are often braided. Odor somewhat fra-\\ngrant taste pungent, slightly astringent, bitter.\\nConstituents. About two per cent, of soft acrid resin, a small\\nquantity of pale-yellow volatile oil, and about one per cent, of a neutral\\ncrystalline principle called methysticin (or kavahin), which is obtained", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n697\\nby crystallization from a concentrated tincture. This methysticin is\\nodorless and tasteless, in silky white needles, soluble in alcohol and\\nether, but insoluble in water. It is probably inert, as are cubebin,\\npiperin (when pure) and other neutral crystalline principles found in\\nFig. 381. Ava-Kava, reduced to one-third linear size.\\nthe piperaceae, The medicinal properties of the drug seem to depend\\nupon the resin and volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, diuretic, astringent, sialogogue, etc.\\nIt has been used in bronchitis, rheumatism, gout, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.\\nBest given in fluid extract made with alcohol as a menstruum, of\\nwhich the dose is one to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "698 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMezereum; U. S.\\nMezereum.\\nMezerei Cortex Seidelbastrinde, Kellerhalsrinde, G. jSjeorce de M ez e-\\nreon (de gar on, de laureole, de thy melee), F. Mecereon, Sp. Tide-\\nbastbarJc, Sw, Mezereon Bark.\\nOrigin Daphne Mezereum, Linne, and other species oi Daphne\\n(Thymelacew)\\nHabitat- Northern Europe and Asia, in mountain regions.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 221. The powder is\\nextremely irritating, and causes violent sneezing.\\nConstituents- A soft, brown, acrid resin, which is soluble in alco-\\nhol and has a sweetish odor also an acrid, rubefacient, volatile oil\\nand daphnin, which is a bitter glucoside in colorless crystals, scarcely\\nsoluble in cold solvents.\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom used alone, but mostly in combination\\nwith other remedies, as sarsaparilla, guaiacum, etc* It is considered to\\nbe a stimulant alterative in chronic, syphilitic, scrofulous, rheumatic, and\\ncutaneous affections.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 gram (5 to 15 grains) best given in fluid extract.\\nMEZEREI EXTRACTUM; U. S.\\nExtract of Mezeeeum.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17J avoirdupois ounces) of mezereum, in\\nNo. 20 powder, with two hundred grams (8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol. Pack\\ntightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate\\ntwenty-four hours. Percolate. Reserve four hundred and fifty grams\\n(about 15 fluidounces) of first percolate. Continue percolation to ex-\\nhaustion. Evaporate the second percolate to fifty grams (about If\\nounce). Mix this with the first percolate, and evaporate the whole to\\nextract.\\nBrown. Yield about fourteen per cent.\\nUsed externally only, in liniments and ointments.\\nMEZEREI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract op Mezereum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 699\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8J fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims).\\nMEZEREI UNGUENTUM; XL S.\\nMezeretjm Ointment.\\nMix eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) lard and twelve grams (185\\ngrains) yellow wax by melting them together over a water-bath. Add\\ntwenty-five grams (386 grains, measuring about 1 fluidounce) fluid ex-\\ntract of mezereum, and stir the whole until the alcohol has entirely\\nevaporated, after which remove the ointment from the source of heat\\nand continue stirring it until cool.\\nUsed as a stimulant application to indolent ulcers.\\nMicrome*\u00c2\u00bbia.\\nMicromeria.\\nMicromeriai Herba Yerba Buena.\\nOrigin. Mikromeria Douglassii, Bentham (Labiatoe\\\\.\\nH ab itat California.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. A slender, creeping stem opposite, nearly round\\nleaves, and small purple flowers. Odor aromatic taste aromatic, some-\\nwhat pungent.\\nConstituent.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil.\\nProperties. Aromatic, stimulant.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) in fluid extract, pre-\\npared from the finely powdered drug, and using alcohol as a men-\\nstruum.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "700 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMikania.\\nMlKANIA.\\nMikanice Folia Guaco Leaves.\\nOrigin. Mikania Guaco, Willdenow (Compositai).\\nHabitat. South America; West Indies.\\nPart used. Leaves.\\nDescription. Oval, rounded at the ends, covered with rusty,\\nmatted, woolly hairs on the under surface. They are usually mixed\\nwith a large quantity of the stems, as seen in the trade. They have an\\naromatic, bitter taste.\\nConstituent. A little volatile oil.\\nProperties and Uses. Similar to those of boneset. The drug is\\nused by natives of South America as an antidote against poisonous\\nsnake-bites. It has been recommended also for hydrophobia, etc.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains). Average dose about\\ntwo grams (30 grains). Best represented by the fluid extract made\\nwith diluted alcohol.\\nMitchella.\\nMlTCHELLA.\\nMichellce Herba Squaw Vine, Partridgeberry, Checkerberry, Winter\\nClover.\\nOrigin. Mitchella repens Linne (Pubiacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. An evergreen with branched stem, about twenty-\\nfive to thirty centimeters (10 to 12 inches) long, entire roundish-ovate,\\ndark green leaves, about twelve millimeters (-J inch) long, frequently\\nmarked by white lines. Flowers small, white, or pale purplish, fragrant.\\nThe fruit is a small, dry, scarlet-red berry. The leaves are inodorous,\\nbitter, somewhat astringent.\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. Mitchella is reputed to be diuretic, tonic, astrin-\\ngent, and parturient. As the name squaw vine indicates, this drug is\\nused in complaints of females, as in amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhcea, men-\\norrhagia, etc. It is said to facilitate labor if given for sometime before\\nexpected labor, and is also used in dropsy, suspension of urine, and other\\nderangements of the uterine and urinary organs.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol,\\nthe dose of which is two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 701\\nMisturse.\\nMixtures.\\nMixturce.\\nThe preparations classed under this head are chiefly compounds\\nwhich cannot be included with the solutions, tinctures, or any other\\ncharacteristic and distinct pharmaceutical group. They consist mainly\\nof insoluble substances, merely suspended in liquid by the aid of viscid\\nexcipients. In the U. S. Pharmacopoeia the emulsions made from gum-\\nresins, together with almond emulsion, etc., are called mixtures. See\\nalso article on Emulsions.\\nMonesia.\\nMONESIA.\\nMonesice Mctracticm.\\nOrigin- Chrysophyllum glycyphlmum, Casaretti (Sapotacece).\\nHabitat. Brazil.\\nDrug- An extract probably prepared by boiling the bark witn\\nwater and evaporating the decoction to dryness.\\nDescription- A dark-brown, dry extract, either in cakes, or friable\\nangular pieces, soluble in water, inodorous, sweetish, astringent, some-\\nwhat acrid.\\nConstituents. Over fifty per cent, of tannin, an acrid principle\\ncalled monesin, which resembles saponin, a sweet principle resembling\\nglycyrrhizin, and other substances of less importance.\\nProperties. Astringent, tonic, stimulant.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 gram (5 to 20 grains).\\nSubstitutions. Kino and extract of logwood have been sold for\\nmonesia.\\nMorphina U. S.\\nMorphine.\\nMorphia, Phar. 1870 Morphium, Morphinum.\\nAn alkaloid contained in and prepared from opium.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 225.\\nMedicinal Uses. The salts of morphine are used for the same\\npurposes as opium. These preparations are generally preferred to\\nother opiates for relieving pain and for subcutaneous injection.\\nThe alkaloid morphine is seldom used as such.\\nDose. About 0.01 gram grain).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "702 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMOKPHINJE OLEATUM.\\nOleate of Morphine.\\nTriturate 0.50 gram (7J grains) morphine (alkaloid) to fine powder\\nand dissolve this in 9.50 grams (146^ grains) oleic acid by the aid of\\ngentle heat.\\nThis preparation darkens soon. It contains five per cent, of the\\nalkaloid, which makes it sufficiently strong for most of its uses.\\nUsed externally in neuralgia, etc.\\nMorphinse Acetas U. S.\\nAcetate op Morphine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 225.\\nIt easily parts with a portion of its acetic acid, becoming partially\\ninsoluble in water and finally assuming a brownish color. Should,\\ntherefore, be kept in tightly corked bottles.\\nSolutions of acetate of morphine soon spoil, a slimy sediment being\\nformed in them.\\nDose. About 0.01 gram Q- grain).\\nMorpbinse Citratis Liquor.\\nSolution of Citrate of Morphine.\\nA solution of citrate of morphine containing one-half grain morphine\\nin each fluidrachm has been in use for many years in the District of\\nColumbia. It is made as follows 40 centigrams (6 grains) morphine\\n(the alkaloid), twenty centigrams (3 grains) citric acid, and one centi-\\ngram (-J- grain) cochineal are triturated with thirty centigrams (5 grains)\\nalcohol and twenty-five cubic centimeters (6 fluidrachms) water, until\\nperfect solution of the morphine is effected. Filter.\\nThe object of coloring this solution red is to prevent possibly taking\\nthe wrong bottle if several morphine solutions are kept together. It\\nkeeps very well.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims) which is\\nequivalent to about one-eighth to one-fourth grain of morphine.\\nMorphinae Hydrochloras U. S.\\nHydrociilorate of Morphine.\\nMorphias, Murias Muriate of Morphine, Chloride of Morphine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 226. More\\nreadily soluble in water and in alcohol than the sulphate.\\nDose. About 0.01 gram (-J- grain).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 703\\nMorphinse Sulphas; U. S.\\nSulphate of Morphine.\\nMorphice Sulphas, Phar. 1870.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 226.\\nDose- About 0.01 gram grain).\\nMORPHINE ET IPECACUANHA TROCHISCI; IT. S.\\nTroches of Morphine and Ipecac.\\nTriturate together until thoroughly mixed 0.16 gram (2\u00c2\u00a3 grains)\\nsulphate of morphine, 0.50 gram (8 grains) ipecac in line powder, and\\nsixty-five grams (1,000 grains) finely powdered sugar. Then incorpo-\\nrate 0.06 gram (1 grain) volatile oil of gaultheria, and finally enough\\ntragacanth mucilage to form a proper mass, from which make one hun-\\ndred troches.\\nUsed in coughs and colds.\\nMORPHEA PITLYIS COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Morphine Powder.\\nTuUi/s Powder.\\nTriturate three grams (16 grains) camphor with a few drops of alco-\\nhol until reduced to powder then add three grams (46 grains) pow-\\ndered glycyrrhiza, and three grams precipitated carbonate of calcium,\\nand continue the trituration until the whole is uniformly intimately\\nmixed. Then remove the powder from the mortar put in the latter\\nfifteen centigrams (2-J grains) sulphate of morphine, add gradually the\\npowder prepared as described above, and mix intimately by trituration.\\nDose. About 0.5 gram (8 grains).\\nMorphinse Tartras.\\nMorphine Tartrate.\\nIn appearance this morphine salt resembles the sulphate. It is\\nreadily soluble in water, and its solution is more permanent and less\\nirritating than that of the other salts of morphine, for which reasons it\\nis preferable for use in hypodermic injections.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About 0.01 gram grain).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "704 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMorrhuse Oleum U. S.\\nCod-Liver Oil.\\nOleum Jecoris Aselli\u00e2\u0080\u0094Leberthran, Stockfischleberthran, G. Huile de\\nmorue, Huile defoie de morue, F. Aceite de higado de bacalao,\\nSp. Fisklefvertran, Sw. Cod Oil.\\nOrigin. Gadus Morrhua, Linne and other species of Gadus\\n(Pisces).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 239. The\\nbest cod-liver oil is that which contains the largest proportion of olein,\\nand therefore congeals at a lower temperature. An article which de-\\nposits a large quantity of solid granular fat at about 0\u00c2\u00b0 C. (32\u00c2\u00b0 F.) is of\\ninferior quality. The color should be very pale, and the oil perfectly\\nclear and free from sediment. Good oil is nearly odorless, and quite\\nbland.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cod-liver oil is a valuable article of diet in wast-\\ning diseases, as in consumption, caries, excessive purulent discharges, etc.\\nAlso of great benefit in scrofula and scrofulous complaints.\\nIt probably exerts no direct curative properties, but is a fat that is\\nmore easily assimilated than others, and therefore preferable for inter-\\nnal use.\\nDose. From a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, best given in emul-\\nsion, flavored with bitter almond oil, etc. It may be given in gelatine\\ncapsules or wafers.\\nMORRHUA OLEUM FERRATUM.\\nFerrated Cod-Liver Oil.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) benzoate of iron in one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) cod-liver oil by the aid of gentle heat\\nand frequent agitation.\\nThe preparation is a clear reddish-brown liquid.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) three\\ntimes a day.\\nMORRHUA OLEUM FERRATUM CUM QUININA.\\nCod-Liver Oil with Iron and Quinine.\\nDissolve ten grams (154 grains) benzoate of iron and ten grams oleate\\nof quinine in one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) cod-liver\\noil, by the aid of gentle heat and frequent agitation.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) several\\ntimes a day.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 705\\nMORRHU^E OLEUM CUM QUININA.\\nCod-Liver Oil with Quinine.\\nDissolve ten grams quinine (alkaloid) in one thousand cubic centi-\\nmeters (34 fluidounces) cod-liver oil by the aid of gentle heat, shaking\\nfrequently.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) several\\ntimes a day.\\nMORRHU.E EMULSIO.\\nCod-Liver Oil Emulsion.\\nPut one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) yolk of eggs into a\\nWedgewood mortar and triturate it until reduced to a smooth paste\\nthen add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces)\\nglycerin and mix thoroughly. Then add 0.10 cubic centimeter (2\\ndrops) volatile oil of bitter almond and three hundred cubic centimeters\\n(10 fluidounces) cod-liver oil, and triturate briskly until thoroughly\\nmixed, after which add gradually, and during uninterrupted and rapid\\ntrituration, two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces)\\norange-flower water, continuing the stirring until a perfect emulsion is\\nobtained. Now add three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ngood Jamaica rum, pour the whole into a half-gallon bottle, and shake\\nthoroughly for several minutes.\\nThis emulsion of cod-liver oil is as palatable as any we have seen\\nit keeps very well, and can scarcely be improved upon in any practical\\nsense.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce).\\nMOKRHU^E EMULSIO CUM CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATE.\\nCod-Liver Oil with Lactophosphate of Lime.\\nMix twenty grams (308 grains) precipitated phosphate of calcium\\nwith ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water add sufficient hy-\\ndrochloric acid to dissolve the phosphate. Add next a sufficient quan-\\ntity of water of ammonia to reprecipitate the phosphate of calcium.\\nWash the precipitate well, and let it drain. Dissolve it in thirty cubic\\ncentimeters (1 fluidounce) lactic acid, diluted with two hundred and ten\\ncubic centimeters (7 fluidounces) orange-flower water. Filter the solu-\\ntion, and then add enough orange-flower water to make the whole meas-\\nure five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces).\\n45", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "706 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPut one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) yolk of eggs in a\\nWedgewood mortar and triturate it until reduced to a smooth paste,\\nadd ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) glycerin, and mix well.\\nThen add gradually three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ncod-liver oil and triturate the whole until thoroughly mixed. Finally\\nadd, a little at a time, and during brisk and constant trituration, the solu-\\ntion of lactophosphate of lime, prepared as described above, and con-\\ntinue stirring until a perfect emulsion is obtained. To this add four\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidrachm) spirit of bitter almond, pour the whole\\ninto a half-gallon bottle, and shake well for several minutes.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce).\\nMORRHUJS EMULSIO FERRATA.\\nFerrated Cod-Liver Oil Emulsion.\\nDissolve five grams (77 grains) pyrophosphate of iron in fifteen cubic\\ncentimeters fluidounce) boiling water. Add this solution to one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) cod-liver oil emulsion, and\\nshake well.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce).\\nMORRHILE EMULSIO PHOSPHATICA.\\nPhosphatic Cod-Liver Oil Emulsion.\\nMix thoroughly sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) diluted phos-\\nphoric acid and twelve hundred cubic centimeters (40\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) cod-\\nliver oil emulsion, shaking them well together for several minutes.\\nDose. About 15 cubic centimeters fluidounce).\\nMoschus U. S.\\nMusk.\\nMoschus, G. Muse, F.; Almizcle, Sp.; Mysh, Sw.\\nA concrete substance formed from the secretions from the preputial\\nfollicles of the male of Moschus moschiferus, Linne (Mammalia).\\nThe musk sac is, in the living animal, situated between the navel\\nand the genitals, but nearer the latter, between the skin and the mus-\\ncles of the abdomen. It is oval, somewhat flattened, three to five cen-\\ntimeters (1^ to 2 inches) in diameter, and fifteen to twenty-five milli-\\nmeters to 1 inch) thick. That side of the sac which, in the living", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 707\\nanimal, was lying against the abdominal muscles, is in the dried drug\\nflat and bare, while the opposite side is rounded and covered with a\\npiece of hairy skin which was cut off, together with the gland itself, in\\ntaking the musk from the animal. The hairs are thick, stiff, yellowish\\nor whitish, arranged in a whorl, but usually cut off short.\\nMusk in pods, which means the genuine musk in the unopened\\nsacs, is the only kind to be used in medicine. It comes from China, in\\nlittle square boxes made of thin wood, covered with silk on the outside\\nand lined internally with lead, each box containing usually twenty-four\\nmusk pods, each pod being wrapped separately in paper. The weight\\nof each musk pod is from fifteen to thirty-five grams (J to 1^- ounce).\\nThe actual musk itself, contained in each sac, weighs from four to twenty\\ngrams (60 to 130 grains).\\nMusk is composed of roundish grains of irregular size dark reddish\\nbrown of a somewhat greasy polish a peculiar, penetrating, remark-\\nably persistent odor and a disagreeable bitter taste. Cold water dis-\\nsolves from one-half to three-fourths, hot water nearly four-fifths, diluted\\nalcohol about one-half, and strong alcohol only about one-tenth of the\\nweight of the musk. The alcoholic solution is light sherry-colored, and\\nbecomes turbid on the addition of water. The watery solution of musk\\nis dark brown, has a strong odor, and gives a neutral or faintly acid\\nreaction. When incinerated, musk leaves from five to eight per cent,\\nof gray ash.\\nWhen thoroughly dried the musk loses its odor. This returns, how-\\never, on moistening the drug. The odor is also removed by trituration\\nwith camphor, or with preparations containing hydrocyanic acid.\\nVarieties. Chinese (Tonquin or Thibet) musk is the best kind.\\nThe Russian (or Siberian) variety is usually inferior, and sometimes has\\nan extremely offensive although not so persistent or strong odor. Rus-\\nsian musk pods are elongated, and covered with paler and softer\\nhairs.\\nAdulterations. Owing to the high price of musk it is often adulr\\nterated, even in pods. Shot or small pieces of lead are introduced\\nthrough the orifice of the gland or the sacs are opened, portions of the\\ncontents removed, and foreign substances, such as dried meat, blood,\\netc., introduced instead. It is said that the entire pod has been imitated.\\nThese falsifications are, however, exceedingly difficult, if not impossible,\\nto be perpetrated without detection by fairly careful examination.\\nGrain musk, however, is more frequently tampered with, owing\\nto the greater difficulty of detection in such cases. In fact Chinese\\nmusk in one-ounce tins is offered at about one-twentieth the price", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "708 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof Tonquin musk in pods; and Tonquin musk in grain, meaning*\\nmusk directly from the pod, is worth more than twice as much as musk\\nin pods.\\nMusk is prescribed in doses of about 0.50 gram (8 grains), and is,\\ntherefore, an exceedingly expensive medicine.\\nConstituents. Bitter resinous matter, ammonia, fat, cholesterin,\\netc. The odorous principle has not been isolated it is probably-a pro-\\nduct of decomposition constantly being formed.\\nUses. Musk is used in perfumery, having, when largely diluted,\\nan odor which to many is quite agreeable, and having the power to fix\\nor render more lasting and delicate any evanescent perfumes of other\\nsubstances.\\nMedicinal Uses. A powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, useful\\nin the typhoid conditions of various diseases, when accompanied by\\nsubsultus tendinum, muttering delirium and hiccough, and in collapse.\\nAlso useful in chorea, hysteria, whooping-cough, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 gram (8 grains) or more, every two or three hours, best\\ngiven in mixture as described below.\\nMOSCHI MISTURA.\\nMusk Mixture.\\nEmidsio Moschi Musk Julep.\\nTriturate one gram (15 grains) musk with three grams (45 grains)\\nsugar until reduced to fine powder and intimately mixed then add\\nthree grams powdered gum arabic and finally one hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (3J fluidounces) rose water, added gradually and with constant\\ntrituration. This is a good form of administration of musk.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidounce), re-\\npeated.\\nMOSCHI TINCTURA; U.S.\\nTincture of Musk.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25\u00c2\u00a3 grains) musk with fifteen cubic\\ncentimeters fluidounce) water until reduced to a smooth mixture, and\\nthen add gradually one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluid-\\nounces) more water. Transfer the whole to a pint bottle, and add one\\nhundred and thirty-five grams (4 ounces 333 grains, or 5f fluidounces)", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 709\\nalcohol. Macerate seven days, shaking occasionally. Filter. Add\\nenough diluted alcohol through the filter to make the whole weigh three\\nhundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, measuring about 11 fluidounces).\\nDose- One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nMoxse.\\nMoxas.\\nConical or cylindrical bodies formed from cotton im-\\npregnated with solution of nitrate of potassium and dried.\\nThey have also been made from other substances. Moxas\\nare used as a cautery, being placed on that spot of the\\nbody which is to be burnt, after which they are ignited\\nand burn evenly and rapidly, the fire finally coming in Moxa show!\\ndirect contact with the skin. ingsize.\\nUsed as powerful counter-irritants in neuralgias, sciaticas, etc.\\nMucilagines.\\nMucilages.\\nSolutions of gum or vegetable mucilage in water. Mucilage of acacia,\\nmucilage of tragacanth, and mucilage of quince are typical mucilages.\\nStarch paste is also called a mucilage, although it does not contain gum\\nor mucilage, because it resembles the mucilages in being viscid and\\nmore or less adhesive.\\nUsed as demulcent vehicles for other remedies.\\nMucuna.\\nMuCITNA.\\nMucunai Setce Cowhage.\\nOrigin. Mucuna pruriens De Candolle (Leguminosai).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 East and West Indies.\\nPart used. The hairs from the pods.\\nDescription. About three millimeters (J inch) long, straight,\\npointed, brown.\\nThey penetrate the skin very readily and cause severe itching, which\\nis aggravated by rubbing. The form of the hairs is seen in Fig. 383.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "710\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Formerly used as a vermifuge. Now seldom\\nused, and probably entirely worthless. It is said to be used by dishon-\\nFig. 383. Cowhage, enlarged.\\nest horse-traders to make horses appear spirited, by applying it to the\\nanus or genitals.\\nMyrcise Oleum; U. S.\\nOil of Myrcia.\\nMyrcice JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Myrcia, Oil of Bay.\\nOrigin. Distilled from the leaves of Myrcia acris, De Candolle\\n(Myrtacece).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 239. The odor slightly\\nresembles that of allspice.\\nUses. Only employed as a perfume.\\nMYKCI^E SPIKITUS; U. S.\\nSpirit of Myecia.\\nSpirit of Bay, Bay Bum.\\nMix sixteen grams (247 grains) oil of myrcia, one gram (15 grains)\\noil of orange peel, one gram (15 grains) oil of pimenta, and one thou-\\nsand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, measuring 42 fluidounces) alcohol.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 711\\nThen add gradually seven hundred and eighty-two grams (26-^- fluid-\\nounces) water, shake well, set it aside in a tightly corked bottle for a\\nweek, and then filter.\\nUsed as a toilet article, and as a wash in headaches, etc.\\nMyrica.\\nMyrica.\\nMyricas Cortex Bayberry Mark.\\nOrigin. Myrica cerifera, Linne {Myricaceai).\\nHabitat. Along the North American Atlantic coast.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Quills or troughs about one and a half millimeter\\n(^g- inch) thick, externally whitish, middle bark reddish-brown, the in-\\nner side also brownish. Odor, when the drug is powdered, aromatic\\ntaste pungent, aromatic, astringent.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and acrid resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant and astringent useful in relaxed\\nconditions of the mucous membranes. This remedy is said to have been\\nsuccessfully employed in dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.\\nExternally the infusion or diluted fluid extract may be used as a\\nwash, gargle, or injection in various affections, as in sore-throat, lew-\\ncorrhoea, idcers, etc.\\nBest given in form of fluid extract.\\nMYKIC^E EXTRACTUM ELUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Mykica.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nMYRIC^E PULYIS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Powder of Myrica.\\nComposition Powder?\\nMix six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) bayberry bark, three\\nhundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) ginger, fifty grams (1 ounce 334\\ngrains) capsicum, and fifty grams cloves, all in fine powder.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "712\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFigs. 384, 385.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Nutmeg, whole and\\ntransverse section, natural size.\\nMyristica U. S.\\nNutmeg.\\nMyristicce Semina Muskatnuss, G.; Muscade, JVbix de muscade, F.\\nJVuez moscada, Sp. Muskot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn (Myristicacece).\\nHabitat. India, the Philippines, the Banda Islands, West Indies,\\nSouth America.\\nPart used. The kernel of the seed with the testa (seed coat) re-\\nmoved.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 228. Should be large\\n(about 25 millimeters, or 1 inch long),\\nheavy, sound, and strongly fragrant.\\nVarieties. Limed or Dutch nut-\\nmegs are covered with a white powder,\\nhaving been treated with lime.\\nPenang and Singapore nutmegs are\\nnot limed, and hence darker-looking ex-\\nteriorly, not being covered with a white\\npowder.\\nConstituents. From two to eight per cent, volatile oil, and from\\ntwenty-five to thirty per cent, fixed oil, besides starch, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. A spicy and stimulant carminative. Mainly\\nused in combination with stomachics and bitters.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22 grains).\\nMyristicse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Nutmeg.\\nMyristicce ^Ether oleum Volatile Oil of Nutmeg.\\nThe volatile oil distilled from nutmeg.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 240.\\nIt is to be regretted that no -distinction is made in the pharmaco-\\npceial nomenclature between the official volatile oil of nutmeg and the\\nfixed oil of nutmeg which is common in the trade.\\nMedicinal Uses. Carminative in doses of two or three drops.\\nMYRISTICCE SPIRITUS U. S.\\nSpirit of Nutmeg.\\nMix three grams (46 grains) volatile oil of nutmeg and ninety-seven\\ngrams (3 ounces 185 grains, measuring 4 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nSometimes employed for flavoring.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters to 1 fluidrachm).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 713\\nMyristicse Oleum Expressum.\\nExpressed Oil of Nutmeg.\\nNutmeg Mutter Fixed Oil of Nutmeg.\\nThe fixed oil of nutmeg obtained by expression.\\nDescription. Yellowish brown, of the consistence of soft tallow\\nor butter, fragrant, soluble in four times its weight of boiling alcohol.\\nOccasionally used internally. Bland and unirritating.\\nMYKISTICJE CERATUM; G.\\nNutmeg Cerate.\\nThe German Pharmacopoeia prescribes one ounce yellow wax, two\\nounces olive oil, and six ounces fixed (expressed) oil of nutmeg. Melt\\nthe wax and olive oil together. Then remove from the source of heat\\nand add the oil of nutmeg.\\nUsed as a warming application to the abdomen in infantile bowel\\ncomplaints.\\nMyrrha U. S.\\nMyrrh.\\nMyrrha Gummi-Resina Myrrhe, G. and F. Mirra, Sp. Myrrha, Sw.\\nOrigin. Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees {Burseracece).\\nHabitat. Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 228. Clean, semi-\\ntransparent pieces ought always to be selected for medicinal use. The\\nPharmacopoeia expressly rejects dark pieces, and admixtures recognized\\nby complete solubility in alcohol (resins) or by their swelling in water\\n(gums). Of good myrrh water dissolves about sixty per cent.; alcohol\\nabout twenty-five per cent, or much more.\\nConstituents. From two to four per cent, volatile oil (myrrhol),\\nfrom twenty-five to forty per cent, resin (myrrhin), and forty to sixty\\nper cent, gum also some bitter principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. Myrrh is tonic, stimulant, and blennorrhetic. It\\nis often used in combination with iron in anosmia, amenorrhcea, chronic\\nbronchitis, bronchorrhcea, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "714 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMYKRILE TINCTUEA U. S.\\nTincture of Myrrh.\\nMacerate sixty grams (2 ounces) myrrh in moderately coarse powder\\nwith two hundred and fifty grams (about 10 fluidounces) alcohol for\\nseven days in a tightly corked bottle, shaking frequently. Filter\\nthrough paper, adding enough alcohol through the filter to make the\\nfiltrate weigh three hundred grams (10 ounces 250 grains, measuring\\nabout 12 fluidounces).\\nThis tincture is brownish yellow, and becomes paler by age.\\nSeldom used internally. Externally it is used as a wash in freckles,\\nor as a mouthwash in spo7igy gums, relaxed uvula, etc.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nMYERH^E ET CAPSICI TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Myrrh and Capsicum.\\nHot Drops No. 6.\\nMacerate thirty grams (1 ounce) powdered capsicum, and sixty grams\\n(2 ounces) coarsely powdered myrrh, with one thousand cubic centime-\\nters (34 fluidounces) alcohol for a week. Filter, adding enough alcohol\\nthrough the filter to make the whole filtrate measure one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nUsed in diarrhoeas, typhoid conditions, gastric irritability of drunk-\\nards, etc.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (-J to 1 fluidrachm).\\nNectandra.\\nNectandra.\\nNectandroe Cortex Bebeeru Bark.\\nOrigin. Nectandra Bodicei, Schomburgh (Lauraceaz),\\nHabitat. British Guiana.\\nPart used. The liber.\\nDescription. Flat pieces, or troughs, thirty to sixty centimeters\\n(1 to 2 feet) long, ten to fifteen centimeters (4 to 6 inches) broad, and\\nabout six millimeters inch) thick, heavy, hard, brittle, externally\\ngrayish-brown, on the inner side cinchona-brown inodorous taste\\nbitter, astringent.\\nConstituents. Beberine an alkaloid soluble in alcohol and in", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 715\\nether, and stated to be identical with the buxine of the boxwood, and\\nthe pelosine of pareira brava.\\nMedicinal Uses. A bitter tonic and stomachic. Best given as\\nfluid extract.\\nNECTANDR^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract or Nectandra.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1J to 2J fluidrachms).\\nNeroli Oleum.\\nOil of Neroli.\\nNeroli JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Neroli.\\nOrigin. Distilled from the flowers of Citrus Aurantium and Citrus\\nvulgaris, Risso (Aurantiacece).\\nDescription. Pale brownish-yellow, having a peculiar fragrant\\nodor, and a bitter aromatic taste. When mixed with alcohol it exhibits\\na bright violet fluorescence.\\nIt is obtained in the distillation of orange-flower water, but is not\\nthe same volatile oil as that contained in that water.\\nOil of neroli is said to be very frequently adulterated with oil of\\nbergamot and oil of orange leaves.\\nUsed only in perfumes.\\nNEROLI SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Neroli.\\nMix five cubic centimeters (78 minims) oil of neroli and two hundred\\nand fifty cubic centimeters (10-J fluidounces) alcohol.\\nNicotina.\\nNicotine.\\nNicotia.\\nOrigin. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne (Sola?iacem).\\nAn alkaloid obtained from tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, mo-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "716 A COMPANION TO THE\\nbile liquid, which has a strong odor of tobacco, especially when warmed,\\nand a persistent, acrid, burning taste. It has 1.027 specific gravity, is\\nreadily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and has a strongly alkaline\\nreaction.\\nNicotine is a powerful poison, depressing the heart s action and pro-\\nducing great prostration, which may result in death after over-doses.\\nNot used medicinally in this form.\\nNitrog-enii Monoxidum.\\nNitrous Oxide.\\nLaughing Gas.\\nA colorless gas obtained by heating pure ammonium nitrate gradu-\\nally to about 200\u00c2\u00b0 C. (392\u00c2\u00b0 F.) when it decomposes, and as the heat is\\nslowly increased yields water and nitrous oxide. The gas is washed by\\npassing it through tepid water.\\nIt has a slight odor and a sweetish taste. One liter of it at 0\u00c2\u00b0 C\\n(32\u00c2\u00b0 F.) weighs 1.97 gram. It supports combustion, and, for a brief\\nperiod respiration. By pressure and cold it can be liquefied, and even\\nsolidified. The liquid, as well as the solid crystalline form, are colorless.\\nCompressed liquid nitrous oxide is manufactured in iron cylinders\\nfor dentists use.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed as an anaesthetic inhalation in oper-\\nations of short duration, as drawing of teeth, opening abscesses, etc.\\nNitroglycerinum,\\nNitroglycerin.\\nTrinitroglycerin Glonoin.\\nPrepared by slowly adding glycerin to a mixture of strong nitric\\nand sulphuric acids, being careful to keep the temperature below 26.6\u00c2\u00b0\\nC. (80\u00c2\u00b0 F.) then pouring the mixture into a large volume of water,\\nand afterward washing the oily liquid, which separates, with a dilute\\nsolution of alkali.\\nDescription. It is a colorless or pale yellowish oily liquid of 1.60\\nspecific gravity. In cold it crystallizes in long needles. It is odorless,\\nand has a sweet, aromatic, pungent taste. Its vapors cause severe\\nheadache. Ignited in the open air it burns incompletely. Heated in\\nclosed vessel, or ignited by percussion, it explodes with terrible violence.\\nWhen long kept, it gradually decomposes and might explode.\\nA solution containing one per cent, nitroglycerin, dissolved in alco-\\nhol, is used medicinally.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 7l7\\nMedicinal Uses. Nitroglycerin has been used in functional ner-\\nvous disturbances, headache, angina pectoris, etc.\\nDose. One drop of a one per cent, solution, largely diluted.\\nNux Vomica U. S.\\nNux Vomica.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Nuds Vbmicw Semina Krdhenaugen, JBrechnuss, G. JVoix vomiques,\\nF. Nuez Vomica, Sp. JRafkakor, Sw. Poison Nut, Quaker\\nButtons.\\nOrigin. Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linne {Loganiacem).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. See the illustrations. They are grayish or greenish-\\ngray, and have a silky lustre from soft hairs. The interior of the seed is\\ngrayish-white, horny, exceed-\\ningly tough and difficult to\\npowder. Odor none taste in-\\ntensely and persistently bitter.\\nConstituents. From\\none-fourth to three-fifths per\\ncent, strychnine and one-half FlGS 386 388 _ Nux Vomica, whole, and sections\\nto one per cent, brucine, be- parallel and at right angles to surface, showing em-\\n_ _ bryo and cavity in seed all natural size,\\nsides fixed oil, etc.\\nUses. Same as of strychnine. The drug is very variable in alka-\\nloidal strength, and is, therefore, not a good form for use.\\nIt is sometimes used in the West for poisoning wolves, and is com-\\nmonly called ox vomit, which is a corruption of its proper name.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains), in powder or pill, three\\ntimes daily.\\nNUCIS VOMKLE ABSTK ACTUM; XL S.\\nAbstbact of Ntrx Vomica.\\nPreparation. \u00e2\u0080\u0094See the Pharmacopoeia, page 5. Best made from\\nfluid extract of mix vomica, one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces) of which will yield five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains)\\nof the finished abstract.\\nDose. Three to fifteen centigrams to 2 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "718 A COMPANION TO THE\\nNUCIS VOMICAE EXTRACTUM; U. S.\\nExtract of Nux Vomica.\\nFrom five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of nux vomica in\\nNo. 40 powder. The menstruum to be used is a mixture of alcohol and\\nwater in the proportion of two hundred and forty grams (10 fluidounces)\\nalcohol to every thirty grams (1 fluidounce) of water. Moisten with five\\nhundred grams (about 19 fluidounces). Macerate in a closed vessel in a\\nwarm place for forty-eight hours. Then pack it in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator, and percolate with the menstruum described until the percolate\\nthat passes through is but slightly bitter. Then distil off the alcohol,\\nand evaporate the remainder to extract. No glycerin is to be added.\\nThe extract is yellowish- or orange-brown. Yield about eight to ten\\nper cent. One gram (15 grains) of extract of nux vomica represents\\nabout 0.05 gram (5 centigrams, or about 1 grain) of strychnine.\\nThe fixed oil which is found in extract of nux vomica, giving it a\\ngreasy appearance and feel, cannot be avoided when a strong alcoholic\\nmenstruum is used. It should be removed before the evaporation by\\nprecipitation with water.\\nDose. 0.015 to 0.05 gram (J to 1 grain).\\nNUCIS VOMICAE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Nux Vomica.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\neight hundred grams (about 33J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with five hundred cubic centimeters (about 17 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Macerate in a closed vessel and in a warm\\nplace for forty-eight hours. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve four^hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the percolate is but\\nslightly bitter.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble mat-\\nter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hundred", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 719\\nand fifty-five and two-third grains and each fluidrachm nearly fifty-\\nseven grains.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.03 cubic centimeter (1 to 5 minims).\\nNUCIS VOMICAE TINCTURA; IT. S.\\nTincture of Nux Vomica.\\nMix a sufficient quantity of menstruum consisting of eight parts by\\nweight (about ten parts by measure) of alcohol and one part water.\\nMoisten about one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) nux\\nvomica, in No. 60 powder, with one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(5 fluidounces) of the menstruum macerate twenty-four hours then\\npack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with the same\\nmenstruum until the drug is exhausted. Reserve five hundred and forty\\ngrams (about 22 fluidounces) of first percolate. Evaporate the second\\npercolate to sixty grams (about 2% fluidounces) and mix this with the\\nfirst percolate.\\nNow ascertain the quantity of dry extract contained in the tincture\\nby evaporating a weighed portion to dryness. Then add enough men-\\nstruum to make the finished product contain two per cent, of dry ex-\\ntract. Filter.\\nNux vomica yields about ten per cent, dry extract. Hence this tinct-\\nure represents about twenty per cent, of its weight of nux vomica.\\nThis assay is necessary to render the strength of this preparation uni-\\nform, as it has been found to vary greatly according to the quality of\\nthe drug, the greater or less fineness of the powder used, and the man-\\nner in which the percolation may be conducted.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.3 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\n(Enothera,\\nOENOTHERA.\\nCEnotherm Herha Evening Primrose,\\nOrigin. CEnothera biennis, Linne (Onagracece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 North America.\\nParts used. The flowering young twigs, the leaves, and the bark.\\nDescription! The stem is from eight to fifteen centimeters (3 to\\n6 inches) high, hairy, frequently of a purplish color the leaves are\\neight to twelve centimeters (3 to 5 inches) long, oblong, acute, hairy\\nflowers yellow. Plant inodorous flowers powerfully fragrant. Taste\\nmucilaginous, mildly astringent, afterward acrid.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "720 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. Mucilage and some acrid substance not yet isolated.\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly astringent and occasionally used in\\ndiarrhoea. Best given in the form of fluid extract made with diluted\\nalcohol, of which the\\nDose is one to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nOlea Fixa.\\nFixed Oils.\\nOlea Olea Pingua.\\nThe fixed oils or fats are the glycerides of fatty acids. They occur\\ngenerally in seeds, but also in other parts of plants, and in the animal\\nbody.\\nDrying oils are those which evaporate, when exposed to the air,\\nuntil a dry film remains non-drying oils do not evaporate. Some of\\nthe fixed oils are solid at ordinary temperatures, as for instance cacao\\nbutter, suet, etc.; others are liquid even at very low temperatures, as\\noil of almond.\\nMany substances have been called oils which are not oils at all\\nthus, oil of vitriol is sulphuric acid coal oil, or petroleum, is a\\nmixture of hydrocarbons ethereal oil, which is an artificial chemical\\nproduct having nothing whatever in common with oils and the entire\\nnumerously represented class of volatile oils, which differ as widely\\nfrom the fixed oils as from any other liquids.\\nOlea Volatilia.\\nVolatile Oils.\\njffitherolea, Olea ^EJtherea, Olea Destillata Fliichtige Oele, Aether-\\nische Oele, G.; Essences, JIuiles volatiles, F. Aceite volatil, Sp.;\\nFlyhtiga oljor, Sw.; Essential Oils, Distilled Oils.\\nThe volatile oils have* so few properties in common with each\\nother that it is difficult to give a general description of them as a class.\\nThey are generally soluble in alcohol and ether, and insoluble in water,\\nfragrant, and form resin when oxidized. Volatile oils are found in all\\nparts of plants. They are in no sense oils. (See iEtherolea.\\nOleata.\\nOleates.\\nThese are compounds of oleic acid with metals or with alkaloids,\\nusually dissolved in an excess of oleic acid. Oleate of Mercury is a", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 721\\nsolution of mercuric oxide in an excess of oleic acid but it may also\\nbe a mixture of oleate of mercury with petrolatum or some other base\\nwithout any excess of oleic acid. Oleates have also been made of lead,\\nzinc, iron, aconitine, atropine, morphine, strychnine, and veratrine.\\nThese preparations are most frequently liquid or semi-liquid a few are\\nsolid.\\nOleates are more readily absorbed through the unbroken skin than\\nmedicinal agents merely mixed with fats in ointments.\\nOleoresinse.\\nOleo-Resins.\\nMixtures of volatile oils with resins, prepared by exhausting certain\\ndrugs containing both together, the menstruum used being usually\\nether, which extracts both. The menstruum or solvent is evaporated\\noff, and the usually semi-liquid extract which remains constitutes the\\noleo-resin. In the new Pharmacopoeia there are six oleo-resins, viz.: of\\naspidium, capsicum, cubeb, lupulin, pepper, and ginger.\\nIn the preparation of these products it is best, in order to prevent\\nevaporation, to use a special apparatus constructed so as to confine\\nthe ether within the percolator and the receiver, between which com-\\nmunication is established by means of a tube so as to equalize the press-\\nure. The apparatus may further have the receiver placed in a hot-\\nwater bath, so as to distil off the ether, which is conducted back into the\\ntop of the percolator and there condensed so as to again percolate\\nthrough the drug. By this means the same menstruum will repeatedly\\npass through the drug until the latter is exhausted, a minimum quantity\\nof menstruum being used.\\nOlibanum.\\nOlibanum.\\nOlibanum Gummi-Resina Weihrauch, G. Oliban, Encens, F. In-\\ncienso, Incienso de la India, Sp.; Olibanum, Virak, Sw.; Frank-\\nincense, Thus.\\nOrigin. Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood, and other species of IZos-\\nwellia Terebinthacem).\\nHabitat. Eastern Africa and Arabia.\\nDescription. Round or oblong tears of various sizes, but gener-\\nally averaging fifteen centimeters (f inch) in length, covered with a\\nwhitish dust formed by the attrition of the pieces, hard, brittle, with\\nwaxy fracture, pale reddish vellowish, translucent when masticated it\\n46", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "722 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsoftens and forms a whitish emulsion with the saliva. Odor balsamic\\ntaste bitterish. Soluble to a great extent in alcohol. When heated it\\nbubbles, and ignited it burns with a smoky flame, emitting a fragrant\\nsmoke.\\nConstituents. From four to seven per cent, volatile oil, fifty to\\nseventy-two per cent, resin, and twenty-one to forty-six per cent, gum\\n(mostly resembling arabin, but a portion resembling bassorin) also\\nsome bitter substance.\\nUses. Mainly employed in plasters or in fumigating pastilles.\\nSometimes used as a blennorrhetic in combination with other remedies.\\nDoses of two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nOlivse Oleum U. S.\\nOlive Oil.\\nOlivarum Oleum Olivenol, G.; Huile d Olive, F. Aceite, Aceite\\ncomun, Aceite de Olivas, Sp.; Matolja, Bomolja, Sw. Sweet Oil,\\nSalad Oil.\\nOrigin. Olea Europwa, Linne Oleacew).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe cultivated.\\nDrug. The fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit.\\nProduction and Varieties. Virgin Oil is obtained by cold ex-\\npression of the crushed fresh fruit. This is the choicest grade of olive oil\\nhas a pale yellowish, slightly greenish-yellow cast, is almost odorless,\\nand has a bland pure taste and neutral reaction.\\nA second grade of Salad Oil Oleum provinciale, or albtim) is next\\nobtained from the same lot of fruit by mixing it with hot water and ex-\\npressing again. This oil is of a somewhat darker color, a more decided\\nodor, and less pure taste. It is, however, of a good quality.\\nFinally, a third grade of oil is gotten from the residue after fermen-\\ntation by boiling and the use of very strong pressure. This is dark\\ncolored and has a rancid odor.\\nProperties- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 240. All olive oil has\\na peculiar, agreeable odor if good and pure. The taste, although at\\nfirst quite mild and nutty, leaves at last a faint sensation of acridity.\\nThe finer the quality of the oil the longer will it keep sweet. Its specific\\ngravity is 0.915 to 0.918 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is only sparingly soluble\\nin alcohol, but readily soluble in ether. At a temperature below\\n10\u00c2\u00b0 C. (50\u00c2\u00b0 F.) it is cloudy from depositing solid fat and below 2\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\n(35.0\u00c2\u00b0 F.) it congeals to a whitish granular mass.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 723\\nTests. Inferior olive oil congeals at temperatures above 2\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(35.6\u00c2\u00b0 F.). (See also the Pharmacopoeia.)\\nChemical Composition. The most important constituent in\\nolive oil is olein, which is the fluid portion, and constitutes more than\\ntwo-thirds of the weight of the oil. The greater the percentage of\\nolein, the better the oil. The solid fat in olive oil is tripalmitin.\\nAdulterations. Cotton-seed oil and a great number of other oils\\nare used to adulterate olive oil. In fact, pure cotton-seed oil is sold for\\nsweet oil very commonly.\\nUses. Mainly as an article of diet. Medicinally it is employed as\\na demulcent, and in large doses as a slight laxative.\\nIt is often used as an antidote in poisoning by various substances,\\nsuch as corrosive poisons, etc., and acts mechanically by preventing ab-\\nsorption and protecting the coats of the stomach.\\nIt is very often employed externally as an emollient application or\\nas a vehicle for more active remedies. Anointing with this oil in scaly\\nand also in other skin diseases is often of much benefit also in the\\ncachexia accompanying inanition in children, when the skin is harsh\\nand dry, or in fevers with a hot and dry skin.\\nDose. As a laxative, twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters\\n(6 to 18 fluidrachms) less for infants.\\nOLEOSUS LWCTUS.\\nWhite Emulsion.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) gum arabic in fine powder with\\nforty-five grams (1\u00c2\u00a3 ounce) olive oil until thoroughly mixed then add\\ngradually, during constant and strong trituration, thirty cubic centi-\\nmeters (1 fluidounce) orange-flower water and thirty cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidounce) syrup.\\nUsed either alone or in combination with opiates in intestinal irrita-\\ntion, dysentery, tenesmus, etc.\\nDose. Tablespoonful or more.\\nOLEOSUS LINCTUS ACIDUS.\\nAcid White Emulsion.\\nPrepared in the same manner as the Oleosus Linctus described in the\\npreceding article, except that syrup of citric acid and distilled water\\nare used instead of simple syrup and orange-flower water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "724 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOpium; IT. S.\\nOpium.\\nMeconium, Succus Thebaicus Opium, G., F., Sw.; Opio, Sp.\\nOrigin. Papaver somniferum, Linne (JPapaveracece).\\nHabitat. Asia Minor.\\nDescription. A concrete extract-like substance formed by drying\\nthe milky exudation obtained through incisions made in the unripe cap-\\nsules of the plant. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 245.\\nThe whole opium lump opium, gum opium contains about\\ntwenty per cent, of moisture, losing one-fifth of its entire weight by\\ndrying. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes that normal moist opium shall\\ncontain not less than nine per cent, morphine this will give a yield of\\nabout eleven per cent, morphine, after drying. This corresponds with\\nthe Customs Regulations of the Treasury Department, in accordance\\nwith which the Drug Examiners appointed by the Government reject\\nall opium containing less than nine per cent, morphine. The new U. S.\\nPharmacopoeia in other words admits the use of the opium of the lowest\\ngrade that is permitted to be entered through our custom-houses.\\nWhen dried and powdered this opium cannot yield less than eleven per\\ncent, morphine.\\nThe Customs Regulations, by the operation of which all opium con-\\ntaining less than nine per cent, morphine has been excluded from the\\nUnited States, have been in force for at least ten years. During that\\ntime, therefore, no opium could have entered the United States which\\ncontained less than eleven per cent, morphine after drying. As the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870 permitted the use of opium which after drying\\nyielded not less than ten per cent, morphine, the old pharmacopceial\\nstandard was ten per cent, below the lowest possible grade of opium\\nthat was allowed by the Government to be imported.\\nThe actual morphine strength of the opium used in this country for\\nseveral years past has probably averaged not less than twelve to six-\\nteen per cent, after drying, and frequently exceeded that strength.\\nIn Fliickiger and Hanbury s Pharmacographia, these authors ex-\\npress the belief that any opium containing less than ten per cent, mor-\\nphine is probably adulterated.\\nThe standard minimum morphine strength of opium, as fixed by the\\nold Pharmacopoeia (ten per cent.) was, therefore, considerably below the\\nactual strength of the opium in use, and the standards of the new Phar-\\nmacopoeia are as nearly correct an approximation to the average grades\\nof opium which have been, and are in use in this country, as can be ar-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 725\\nrived at. In other words, the pharmacopoeial standard has simply been\\nchanged to correspond with the actual condition of the opium of the\\nmarket.\\nWhole opium is used only for preparing extract of opium, all other\\npreparations of opium being prepared from the dried and powdered\\nopium.\\nVarieties. Smyrna, Turkey, or Constantinople opium is the only\\nkind brought to this country.\\nConstituents. Besides from fifteen to twenty-eight per cent, (in\\nmost cases from twenty to twenty-one per cent.) moisture, opium con-\\ntains meconic acid, a great number of alkaloids, and many other sub-\\nstances. The most important constituent is morphine, of which from\\ntwo and a half to nearly twenty-three per cent, has been found in dif-\\nferent kinds of opium. JVarcotine has been found to the extent of from\\n1.3 to nearly eleven per cent. Codeine, one-fifth to two-fifths per cent.\\nPapaverine, narceine, thebaine, and cryptopine have also been more or\\nless tried in medicine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Opium is a powerful and reliable narcotic, often\\nemployed to relieve pain and to produce sleep.\\nThe first effect of a full medicinal dose of this drug is one of stim-\\nulation, and opium is often given for the purpose of obtaining this effect\\nin conditions of nervous exhaustion, as in simple insomnia from over-\\nexertion, in typhoid and typhus fevers, delirium, or subsultus tendinum,\\nand many other similar conditions.\\nThis stimulant effect is soon followed by a condition of drowsiness,\\nand sleep ensues, during which there is a more or less complete uncon-\\nsciousness in regard to pain. The anodyne effect may be produced\\nwithout giving hypnotic doses. Opium is, therefore, a valuable remedy\\nin all diseases accompanied by pain, as in neuralgic or rheumatic dis-\\norders, lumbago, sciatica, painfid wounds, swellings or abscesses, during\\nthe passage of renal calculi, gallstones, in after-pains of labor, or in\\nother painful affections.\\nOpium also allays nervous and muscular irritation resulting in cramps\\nor spasms, as in colic, spasmodic asthma, uterine colic, whooping-cough,\\netc.\\nBy suspending the action of the muscular fibres, opium secures rest\\nand affords a chance for recovery in rupture of the intestines, uterus, or\\nbladder, preventing the extravasation of the contents of these organs\\ninto the peritoneal cavity. It is also our most important remedy in\\nperitonitis, often being tolerated in very large doses in this painful and\\ndangerous disease.\\nOpium is generally employed to check excessive secretion from vari-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "726 A COMPANION TO THE\\nous organs, as in cholera, cholera-morbus, diarrhoea, and dysentery, in\\ndiabetis, excessive salivation, etc. It is also very often employed to re-\\nlieve coughs of all kinds, being an ingredient of many cough mixtures.\\nThis action of opium is especially valuable in coughs due to irritation,\\nas in laryngitis, phthisis, etc. Its use is contra-indicated in cases of\\ncapillary or chronic bronchitis accompanied by a typhoid tendency, as\\nby its anodyne effects it suppresses the desire to cough and thereby may\\nprevent the expectoration of accumulated mucus, and thus hasten death\\nby interfering with the aeration of the blood.\\nIn tenesmus of the sphincters of the anus or bladder opium is also\\nfound to be very useful.\\nDose. About 0.06 gram (1 grain) for an adult. The dose for chil-\\ndren is comparatively smaller than that of other remedies, as children\\ndo not bear opium well. In fact, this remedy should be given with ex-\\ntreme caution, if at all, to children under one year of age.\\nPoisonous Effects. In excessive doses opium produces symptoms\\nof narcotic poisoning, total relaxation, coma, and death from paralysis of\\nthe respiratory muscles. The sleep becomes so profound that the patient\\ncannot be roused from his lethargy the breathing is labored, slow, and\\nstertorous, the face dusky and swollen, the pupils are contracted and the\\nheart s action slow and feeble.\\nIt may occasionally be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish this\\ncondition from apoplectic effusion in the brain, ursemic poisoning, or\\nalcoholic coma, and external circumstances may have to be sought for\\nto confirm the diagnosis, as the finding of a vial with a remnant of laud-\\nanum, an empty paper which might probably have contained morphine,\\nletters expressing a determination to commit suicide, etc.\\nAntidotal Treatment. The stomach should be promptly evacu-\\nated by means of emetics (subcutaneous injection of apomorphine), if\\nearly enough or by the stomach-pump, if the patient is already comatose.\\nThe patient should be walked about, and the tendency to coma\\ncounteracted by alternate cold and warm affusions or douches, by rub-\\nbing, external stimulation, flagellation, stimulants, strong coffee, subcu-\\ntaneous injection of atropine, or, if necessary, artificial respiration and\\nthe application of electricity to the heart and respiratory muscles.\\nHabitual Abuse of Opium.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A tolerance for this drug is easily\\nestablished, and enormous doses can then be taken. We have seen one\\ndrachm of morphine swallowed at a single dose.\\nThe habit of opium-eating, once acquired, is very difficult if not im-\\npossible to abandon again, and the victim generally succumbs to the evil\\neffects of the drug, a mental and physical wreck.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA. 727\\nThe cure of opium-eating may be attempted by gradually reducing\\nthe quantity taken and substituting aromatics, spices, bitters, etc., but\\nthe attempt will probably be a failure unless the patient is placed in an\\nasylum where he is under complete control.\\nOFII ACETUM; U. S.\\nVinegar of Opium.\\nMacerate thirty grams (1 ounce 256 grains) powdered opium, and\\nnine grams (140 grains) ground nutmeg with one hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) diluted acetic acid for twenty-four\\nhours. Transfer the mixture to a conical glass percolator and let the\\nliquid percolate, returning it repeatedly, until it runs through clear.\\nThen continue the percolation with diluted acetic acid until two hundred\\nand forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) percolate has been received.\\nIn this dissolve sixty grams (about 2 ounces) sugar without the aid of\\nheat. Strain.\\nRepresents ten per cent, by weight of powdered opium. It is about\\nthirty-five per cent, weaker than the corresponding preparation of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870, which represented 16.3 per cent, opium. The\\nnew preparation may therefore be given in fifty per cent, larger doses\\nbut the new preparation should not be prescribed in the increased dose\\nunless it is certain that the new preparation (U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1880)\\nwill be dispensed.\\nDose. 0.30 to 0.65 cubic centimeter (5 to 10 minims).\\nOPII ACETUM CROCATUM.\\nVinegar of Opium with Saffron.\\nBlack Drops.\\nMacerate forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) powdered opium, nine\\ngrams (139 grains) ground nutmeg, and three grams (46 grains) Spanish\\nsaffron, in coarse powder, with one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(5 fluidounces) diluted acetic acid for twenty-four hours. Transfer the\\nwhole to a percolator. Return the percolate repeatedly until it passes\\nclear. Then continue the percolation with diluted acetic acid until two\\nhundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) percolate has been\\nreceived. In this dissolve sixty grams (about 2 ounces) sugar, and\\nstrain.\\nThis is about fifty per cent, stronger than Opii Acetum, 1880.\\nDose. 0.20 to 0.40 cubic centimeter (3 to 6 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "728 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOPII CONFECTIO; Phar. 1870.\\nConfection of Opium.\\nMix thoroughly one gram (15 grains) powdered opium, twelve grams\\n(185 grains) aromatic powder, and twenty-eight grams (432 grains)\\nhoney.\\nThis is twenty per cent, stronger than the corresponding preparation\\nof the British Pharmacopoeia and that of the French Codex it is two\\nand one half times the strength of that of the German Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. 2.50 grams (40 grains) equal to 0.06 gram (1 grain) of pow-\\ndered opium.\\nOPII EMPLASTKUM; U. S.\\nOpium Plaster.\\nEmplastrum Anodynum.\\nTriturate forty-five grams (1|- ounce) extract of opium with sixty\\ngrams (2 ounces) water until a soft uniform mixture is obtained then\\nadd a melted mixture of one hundred and thirty-five grams (4^ ounces)\\nBurgundy pitch and five hundred and seventy grams (19 ounces) lead\\nplaster, and stir well together, continuing the heat (on water-bath) and\\nthe stirring until the moisture has evaporated. Nearly identical with\\nthe preparation of 1870.\\nEmployed to relieve local pains of a neuralgic or rheumatic char-\\nacter.\\nOPII ENEMA B.\\nEnema of Opium.\\nAdd two cubic centimeters (J fluidrachm) of tincture of opium to\\nsixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) of mucilage of starch, for one\\nenema.\\nUseful in painful tenesmus in some cases of dysentery or hemor-\\nrhoids. As a rule the dose of narcotics given in enema should not\\ngreatly exceed the dose given by the mouth, as they often exert the\\nsame effect whichever way they are given.\\nOPII ET CAMPIIOK^E PILULyE.\\nPills of Opium and Camphor.\\nMake a pill mass of five grams (77 grains) powdered opium, ten\\ngrams (154 grains) camphor, sufficient powdered tragacanth, and a little\\nglycerin divide this into one hundred pills.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 729\\nEach pill contains five centigrams (f grain) opium, and ten centi-\\ngrams (1\u00c2\u00a3 grain) camphor.\\nDose. One pill, repeated when necessary.\\nOPII ET GLYCYKRHIZ^E TROCHISCI IT. S.\\nTroches op Glycyrrhiza and Opium.\\n(The opium being the most important constituent in this preparation\\nit should be called Opii et Glycyrrhizae Trochisci, instead of Trochisci\\nGlycyrrhizae et Opii.\\nMix thoroughly thirteen grams (200 grains) powdered extract of\\nglycyrrhiza, 0.32 gram (5 grains) powdered extract of opium, thirteen\\ngrams (200 grains) powdered acacia, and 19.50 grams (300 grains) pow-\\ndered sugar. Then incorporate 0.20 gram (3 grains) volatile oil of anise.\\nFinally, form a proper mass with a sufficient quantity of water, and\\ndivide it into one hundred troches. Each troche contains 0.003 gram\\n(yV g ra i n of extract of opium.\\nN. B. The extract of opium prepared as directed in the new Phar-\\nmacopoeia (1880) cannot be powdered as it contains five per cent, gly-\\ncerin. The direction to use Extract of Opium, in fine powder, for\\nmaking the above troches, and the note under Extractum Opii to the\\neffect that it enters into these troches, are inconsistent with the process\\nfor making the extract. Dry and powdered extract of opium can be\\nmade by the official process if the glycerin is omitted, which would im-\\nprove the preparation in our opinion.\\nDose. One troche several times a day, in colds, etc.\\nOPII ET GLYCYRRHIZAE YINUM.\\nWine of Liquorice with Opium.\\nVinum Liquiritice Thebaicum Rosbi s Brost-Droppar.\\nMacerate for five days twenty grams (308 grains) powdered opium,\\ntwenty grams coarsely powdered Spanish saffron, and twenty grams\\npowdered extract of liquorice with one thousand cubic centimeters (34\\nfluidounces) Malaga wine. Strain. Filter, adding enough Malaga\\nthrough the filter to make the total filtrate measure one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nThis preparation is exceedingly popular and extensively used in\\nSweden, both alone and as an ingredient in cough-mixtures. Three\\ncubic centimeters (45 minims) of this preparation contain about 0.06\\ngram (1 grain) of opium.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "730 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOPII ET IPECACUANELE MISTURA COMPOSITA.\\nThieleman s Cholera Drops.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) oil of peppermint, two hundred and forty\\ncubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) alcohol, ninety cubic centimeters (3\\nfluidounces) tincture of opium and saffron, two hundred and forty grams\\n(8 fluidounces) tincture of ipecac, and four hundred cubic centimeters\\n(13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) tincture o^ valerian.\\nVery generally used in Sweden as a cholera mixture.\\nDose. About four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nRUSSIAN CHOLERA DROPS\\nAre a preparation similar to the above, made by mixing five cubic cen-\\ntimeters (75 minims) oil of peppermint, twenty cubic centimeters (5 flui-\\ndrachms) tincture of opium, sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) wine\\nof ipecac, and one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces)\\nof ethereal tincture of valerian.\\nDose. 1 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (15 to 20 minims) every hour or\\ntwo.\\nOPII ET IPECACUANHA PULYIS IT. S.\\nPowder of Ipecac and Opium.\\nPulvis Jpecacuanhce Compositus, Phar. 1870 Dover s Powder.\\n(Opium being the most important ingredient it should be placed\\nbefore the ipecacuanha in the title.)\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) powdered ipecac, ten grams (154 grains)\\npowdered opium, and eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) sugar of milk,\\nin No. 30 powder. Triturate together until reduced to a very fine\\npowder.\\nThis preparation is of the same strength as that of the old Pharma-\\ncopoeia, the powdered opium which has been used in medicine for the\\npast ten or twenty years having been fully as strong in morphine as that\\nnow prescribed by the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nThe sugar of milk is harder than potassium sulphate, and less disagree-\\nable to the taste. Hence the substitution of sugar of milk in place of\\npotassium sulphate is a double improvement.\\nThis preparation might still be further improved by the use of de-\\nnarcotized opium instead of powdered opium. The denarcotized opium\\nused for this purpose, however, ought to be one containing twelve and\\none-half per cent, morphine, so that the resulting Dover s powder may\\ncontain eight milligrams (J grain) morphine in every ten grains.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 731\\nThis remedy is a valuable anodyne, hypnotic, and diaphoretic. It\\nmay occasionally be employed when the use of opium alone is counter-\\nindicated by a full pulse and dry skin.\\nDose. 0.6 gram (10 grains), equal to 0.06 gram (1 grain) of opium,\\nand an equal amount of ipecac.\\nOPII ET IPECACUANHA PULYIS DENABCOTISATUS.\\nImproved Dover s Powder.\\nMix ten grams (154 grains) powdered ipecac, ten grams (154 grains)\\ndenarcotized opium, containing exactly twelve and one-half per cent,\\nmorphine and eighty grams (2 ounees 360 grains) sugar of milk in No.\\n30 powder. Triturate the whole forcibly until reduced to a very fine\\npowder.\\nThis Dover s powder is free from narcotine, and from the nauseous\\nodorous principle contained in ordinary powdered opium it is also bet-\\nter divided than the Dover s powder of the old Pharmacopoeia (made\\nwith sulphate of potassium), and less disagreeable to the taste. Finally\\nthe morphine strength eight milligrams grain) to each ten grains\\nis the most suitable. In odor and taste it is decidedly less disagreeable\\nthan any other.\\nDose. 0.6 gram (10 grains).\\nOPII ET IPECACUANHA SYEUPUS.\\nSyrup of Ipecac and Opium.\\nMix sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) deodorized tincture of\\nopium, six cubic centimeters (1J fluidrachm) fluid extract of ipecac, and\\nenough syrup of orange to make the whole mixture measure four hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (15 fluidounces).\\nEach teaspoonful (5 cubic centimeters) represents 0.6 gram (10 grains)\\nof Dover s powder made with denarcotized opium.\\nOPII ET IPECACUANHA TINCTUEA U. S.\\nTincture of Ipecac and Opium.\\n(Should be called Tincture of Opium and Ipecac.)\\nPut one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains, or 3^- fluidounces) de-\\nodorized tincture of opium in a porcelain evaporating dish, and evaporate\\nit until eighty-five grams (3 ounces, or 3 fluidounces) remain. When it\\nhas become cold add to it ten grams (154 grains, or 160 minims) fluid ex-\\ntract of ipecac, filter the mixture, and then add enough diluted alcohol", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "732 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthrough the filter to make the total product weigh one hundred grams\\n(3 ounces 230 grains, or measure 3^ fluidounces).\\nContains ten per cent, by weight of opium.\\nDose. About ten drops, equal to about 0.06 gram (1 grain) of\\nopium and an equal quantity of ipecac.\\nOPII ET SASSAFRAS MISTUKA.\\nGodfrey s Cordial.\\nDissolve four grams (60 grains) carbonate of potassium in four hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (15 fluidounces) water add three hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) molasses, and heat to simmer-\\ning remove the scum when cold add one gram (20 drops) oil of sassa-\\nfras dissolved in sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) alcohol, and\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) tincture of opium.\\nThirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) contain about 0.09 gram (In-\\ngrain) of opium.\\nDose. For adults, four to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nOPII EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Opium.\\nCut two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) opium into small pieces,\\nand macerate it twenty-four hours with three hundred grams (10 fluid-\\nounces) of water, reducing the drug to a soft pulp by trituration. Press\\nout the liquid. Macerate the residue and express again, repeating the\\noperation four times more, and using each time a new portion of three\\nhundred grams of water, so that one thousand five hundred grams\\n(about 51 fluidounces) of water in all will have been used. Mix the\\nliquids, filter, and evaporate on water-bath to solid extract. Then, while\\nthe extract is still warm, incorporate with it one-twentieth of its weight\\nof glycerin.\\nReddish-brown. Yield about forty-five per cent.\\nThus six centigrams (nearly 1 grain) of dry opium (or about one-\\nfourth more of ordinary moist or gum opium) corresponds to three\\ncentigrams (nearly grain) of extract of opium, and the dose of the ex-\\ntract is, therefore, about one-half of that of powdered opium.\\nIn order to be of standard strength the extract of opium should\\nyield at least twenty per cent, of morphine. If it yield less it was\\nmade of opium containing less than nine per cent, of morphine.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 733\\nThis extract of opium is a permanently soft extract and cannot be\\nevaporated to dryness so as to be powdered. If, therefore, Extract of\\nOpium in fine powder is to be used as directed by the Pharmacopoeia\\nfor making troches of ipecac and opium, an extract of opium without\\nglycerin must be used. The official extract of opium not in powder will\\nprobably answer the purpose, however, quite as well for troches.\\nThe glycerin in extract of opium is superfluous. It would have been\\nbetter to evaporate the extract to dryness and powder it, for although\\nthe powdered extract of opium usually cakes together more or less when\\nkept, it is very readily broken down to fine powder again at any time\\nwhen wanted for use by simply triturating it lightly in a mortar.\\nDose. About 0.03 gram grain).\\nOPII EXTRACTUM DENARCOTISATUM.\\nDenarcotized Extract of Opium.\\nMade in the same manner as extract of opium, but from denarcotized\\nopium instead of the crude opium.\\nDose. About 0.02 gram (J grain).\\nOPII EXTRACTUM LIQUIDUM; B.\\nLiquid Extract of Opium.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) extract of opium with\\nfour hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) water, grad-\\nually added let stand an hour, stirring frequently then filter, and\\nfinally add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces)\\nalcohol. The whole product should measure six hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (20 fluidounces).\\nDose. About 0.65 cubic centimeter (10 minims), said not to de-\\nrange the nervous system as much as tincture of opium.\\nOPII LINCTUS TOLUTANITS.\\nBalsam of Honey.\\nMacerate together in a warm place, for five days, four grams (62\\ngrains) benzoic acid, five grams (77 grains) powdered opium, twenty\\ngrams (308 grains) balsam of tolu, one hundred and twenty grams\\n(4 ounces 100 grains) honey, three grams (46 grains) cochineal, in pow-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "34 A COMPANION TO THE\\nder, and nine hundred and forty cubic centimeters (32 fluidounces)\\nbrandy. Filter.\\nThirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) contain about 0.15 gram\\n(2-J grains) of opium.\\nUsed in coughs, etc.\\nDose. About four to twelve cubic centimeters (1 to 3 fluidrachms).\\nOPII LIQUOK COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Liquor of Opium.\\nMacerate one hundred grams (3 ounces 330 grains) powdered opium\\nfor twenty-four hours with one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5\\nfluidounces) hot water, and express the liquid. Repeat the maceration\\nfour times more, using the same quantity of water each time. Mix the\\nliquids and filter the mixture. Evaporate it on a water-bath until one\\nhundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) remain. Shake this with two\\nhundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains, measuring about 9 fluidounces)\\nether several times, and then let the mixture stand until the ether has\\nthoroughly separated. Decant the ether, and evaporate the remainder\\nof the liquid until all odor of ether has disappeared. Then add to it\\nninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water. Filter. Add one hun-\\ndred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) alcohol, and one hun-\\ndred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) water. Assay the\\nresulting solution, and having ascertained the percentage of morphine\\nit contains, dilute it with water so that each fifteen cubic centimeters\\nfluidounce) shall contain 0.25 gram (4 grains) morphine. Then add\\nto every fifteen cubic centimeters of the liquid, one cubic centimeter\\n(16 minims) chloroform, two cubic centimeters (32 minims) acetic ether,\\nand thirteen cubic centimeters (3\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) stronger alcohol.\\nDose. About one cubic centimeter (15 minims).\\nOPII LIQUOR SEDATIVUS.\\nBattley s Sedative Drops.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) extract of opium\\nin one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) boiling water filter\\nthe solution then add two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8\\nfluidounces) alcohol.\\nEach twelve minims contains about one grain extract of opium, rep-\\nresenting over two grains powdered opium. It is nearly twice the\\nstrength of the tincture of opium.\\nDose. About four or five drops.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 735\\nOPII MISTUKA COMPOSITA.\\nCompound Opium Mixture.\\nDiarrhoea Mixture.\\nMix seventy-five cubic centimeters (2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) chloroform, two\\nhundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) tincture of opium, two hun-\\ndred cubic centimete^ spirit of camphor, two hundred cubic centimeters\\ntincture of capsicum, and three hundred and twenty-five cubic centi-\\nmeters (11 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. About 2.5 cubic centimeters (half a teaspoonful) in water.\\nOPII PILULE; U. S.\\nPills of Opium.\\nMix 6.50 grams (100 grains) powdered opium and 1.62 gram (25\\ngrains) powdered castile soap, and form a pill mass, with sufficient\\nwater. Divide this into one hundrecLpills.\\nEach pill contains one grain opium.\\nOPII PULYIS; IT. S.\\nPowdered Opium.\\nOpium dried at a temperature not exceeding 85\u00c2\u00b0 C. (185\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and\\nreduced to No. 50 powder.\\nRequired to yield by the official method of assay not less than twelve\\nnor more than sixteen per cent, morphine.\\nAny powdered opium containing less than twelve per cent, morphine\\nmust be strengthened by mixing it with a stronger opium, and any\\nopium containing more than sixteen per cent, morphine must be reduced\\nby mixing it with opium of a lower morphine strength in the proportions\\nnecessary to bring the resulting product within the prescribed limits.\\nAs the Government permits the importation of opium containing less\\nthan twelve or more than sixteen per cent, morphine, the necessity of\\nassaying the opium before using it is obvious.\\nDose. About 0.06 gram (1 grain).\\nOPII TINCTURA; IT. S.\\nTincture of Opium.\\nLaudanum.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) powdered opium with one\\nhundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) hot water (90\u00c2\u00b0 C,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "36 A COMPANION TO THE\\nor 194\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until reduced to a smooth paste; macerate twelve hours;\\nthen add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) alco-\\nhol, mix well, and transfer the whole to a conical percolator. Percolate,\\nreturning the liquid that passes until it comes through clear. When\\nthe percolate ceases to drop, gradually add diluted alcohol, and thus con-\\ntinue the percolation until three hundred grams (10 ounces 250 grains,\\nmeasuring about lOf fluidounces) tincture has be^ obtained.\\nOne fluidounce of the tincture of opium of the Pharmacopoeia of\\n1870 weighed about four hundred and thirty grains, and contained the\\nactivity of thirty-seven and one-half grains of opium. The gravimetric\\nstrength of that preparation was therefore about 8.72 per cent. That\\nof the tincture of opium of the new Pharmacopoeia is ten per cent.\\nHence the new laudanum is rather more than fourteen and two-thirds\\nper cent, stronger than the old by weight, and if the dose of the old be\\nconsidered as ten grains, then the dose of the new should be eight and\\nthree-fourths grains.\\nOne fluidounce of the new tincture of opium represents about 43.225\\ngrains opium, and is about fifteen and one-fourth per cent, stronger\\nvolumetrically than that of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. Hence if the\\ndose of the old laudanum was thirteen minims that of the new is about\\neleven minims.\\nThe above comparisons are as nearly correct as possible, the specific\\ngravity of the respective diluted alcohols of the two Pharmacopoeias\\nbeing considered as well as the proportion of opium dissolved.\\nThe morphine strength of the opium which has been actually used\\nfor twenty years past in this country having been as nearly as possible\\nthe same as now prescribed by the new Pharmacopoeia, there is no\\nother difference between the two laudanums than that occasioned by\\nthe different proportions in the new formula, which is as already\\nstated.\\nTincture of opium prepared according to the Pharmacopoeia of 1870,\\nif made from opium containing only nine per cent, morphine, would\\ncontain 3.37 grains morphine to each fluidounce if from opium of ten\\nper cent, morphine it would contain three and three-fourths grains\\nmorphine to each fluidounce if from opium of ten and three-fourths\\nper cent, morphine it would contain four grains morphine to the fluid-\\nounce if from opium of twelve per cent, morphine it would contain\\nfour and one-half grains morphine to the fluidounce if from opium of\\ntwelve and one-half per cent, morphine it would contain four and two-\\nthirds grains morphine in each fluidounce if from opium of thirteen\\nand one-half per cent, morphine strength it would contain five grains of\\nthe alkaloid in each fluidounce and if from opium of sixteen per cent.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 737\\nmorphine strength it would contain six grains morphine in each fluid-\\nounce.\\nWhen made according to the new Pharmacopoeia (1880), using an\\nopium of thirteen and one-half per cent, morphine strength, the tincture\\nwill contain six grains morphine in each fluidounce.\\nDose. About 0.6 cubic centimeter (10 minims), equal to 0.06 gram\\n(1 grain) of opium.\\nOPII TIXCTUEA CAMPHORATA; IT. S.\\nCamphoeated Tinctuee of Opium.\\nParegoric Elixir, Paregoric, Compound Tincture of Opium.\\nMacerate together for seven days four grams (60 grains) powdered\\nopium, four grams benzoic acid, four grams camphor, four grams vola-\\ntile oil of anise, forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) glycerin, and nine\\nhundred grams (31 ounces 330 grains, measuring about 32f- fluidounces)\\ndiluted alcohol. Filter through paper, in a well-covered funnel, and\\nafterward pass enough diluted alcohol through the filter to make the\\nwhole product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains, meas-\\nuring about 36 fluidounces).\\nThe glycerin takes the place of the honey formerly used. It might\\nwell have been omitted in order to further improve the preparation.\\nThe alcoholic strength of this tincture is now sufficient to keep it clear.\\n0.06 gram (1 grain) of opium is contained in about seventeen cubic\\ncentimeters (or 275 minims) of this tincture.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce).\\nOPII TINCTURA CROCATA.\\nTinctuee of Opium and Saffeon.\\n~Yinum Opii Crocatum Sydenham s Laudanum.\\nMacerate together for five days six grams (92 grains) coarsely pow-\\ndered cinnamon, six grams ground cloves, thirty-five grams (1 ounce 100\\ngrains) Spanish saffron, one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) pow-\\ndered opium, and- sufficient Malaga wine to make the total final product\\nmeasure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. About 0.06 cubic centimeter (10 minims) equal to 0.008\\ngram (J grain) of morphine.\\n47", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "738 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOPII TINCTCRA DEODORATA; IT. S.\\nDeodorized Tincture of Opium.\\nTriturate ten grams (154 grains) powdered opium with forty grams\\n(1J fluidounce) water, gradually added, until reduced to a smooth paste,\\nand macerate for twelve hours express the liquid repeat this macera-\\ntion twice, using each time the same quantity of water. Mix the liquids\\nand evaporate the mixture to ten grams (154 grains), and shake this\\nrepeatedly with twenty grams (308 grains or 410 minims) ether in a\\nbottle. Let stand until the ether separates and then pour it off. Evap-\\norate the remaining liquid until all odor of ether has disappeared. Mix\\nthe residue with fifty grams (1\u00c2\u00a7- fluidounce) water, and filter through\\npaper. When the liquid has passed add enough water through the\\nfilter to make the whole weigh eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains).\\nThen add twenty grams (308 grains or 6\u00c2\u00a7 fluidrachms) alcohol.\\nThis preparation is much lighter in color than the tincture of opium,\\nas the ether removes not only the narcotine and the odorous matter but\\nalso much coloring matter.\\nDeodorized tincture of opium is sold in this country very frequently\\nunder the name of Fluid Extract of Opium, Deodorized, or Fluid\\nExtract of Opium, Aqueous.\\nMcMunvbS Elixir of Opium is also a deodorized tincture of opium\\nof about the same strength as the official preparation, which ought to\\nbe used in preference to it. The deodorized tincture is less nauseating\\nthan the simple tincture of opium, and less liable to produce the dis-\\nagreeable effects often following the use of the latter.\\nDose. About 0.6 cubic centimeter (10 minims) equal to about\\n0.06 gram (1 grain) of opium.\\nOPII TINCTURA PECTORALIS.\\nBateman s Drops.\\nMacerate together for ten days five grams (77 grains) powdered\\nopium, five grams powdered catechu, five grams camphor, one gram (15\\ngrains) volatile oil of anise, and one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces) diluted alcohol. Express, filter, and add caramel to give the\\nproduct a dark sherry color. About one-fourth stronger than paregoric.\\nDose. Eight to twelve cubic centimeters (2 to 3 fluidrachms).\\nOPII VINUM; U. S.\\nWine of Opium.\\nMacerate together for seven days ten grams (154 grains) powdered\\nopium, one gram (15 grains) cinnamon in fine powder, one gram ground", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 739\\ncloves, and one hundred grams (3^- fluidounces) stronger white wine,\\nshaking occasionally. Filter. Add enough stronger white wine through\\nthe filter to make the total product weigh one hundred grams (3 ounces\\n230 grains, measuring about 3^- fluidounces).\\nDose. About 0.6 cubic centimeter (10 minims) equal to about\\n0.06 gram (1 grain) of opium.\\nOPIUM DENAKCOTISATUM; U. S.\\nDenarcotized Opium.\\nMacerate five hundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains) powdered as-\\nsayed opium containing fourteen per cent, morphine for twenty-four\\nhours with two thousand five hundred grams (or about 7 pints) stronger\\nether, in a well-closed flask or tin can, shaking the mixture well from\\ntime to time. Then let it rest until it settles pour off the clear ethereal\\nliquid and set it aside. Add a fresh portion of one thousand two hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (about 3^- pints) stronger ether to the remainder,\\nand macerate twelve hours, shaking occasionally as before. Let settle\\nagain, and pour off the clear. Finally add a third portion of one\\nthousand two hundred and fifty grams stronger ether, macerate for\\ntwo hours, and after allowing the powder to subside, pour off the\\nether.\\nMix the three portions of ether that were used, and rectify the mix-\\nture by distillation in a water bath, the distillate to be set aside for\\nfuture use for the same purpose.\\nCollect the now denarcotized opium in a weighed dish and dry it.\\nGentle heat may be applied at first, but toward the latter part of the\\ndrying the temperature should not exceed 85\u00c2\u00b0 C. (185\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Then add\\nenough milk sugar to make the whole product weigh five hundred grams\\n(17 ounces 280 grains), and triturate thoroughly until reduced to a uni-\\nform mixture in fine powder.\\nIf the opium to be denarcotized contains more than fourteen per cent,\\nmorphine the quantity of milk sugar added must be proportionately in-\\ncreased.\\nThe ether extracts from the opium its narcotine, together with the\\nnauseous odorous principle contained in the drug, and also a large pro-\\nportion of the coloring matter.\\nDose. The same as of the ordinary powdered opium.\\nDenarcotized opium is free from the sickening effects sometimes pro-\\nduced by the common powdered opium.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "740 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOriganum TJ. S.\\nOriganum.\\nOrigani Herba Dosten, Wilder Marjoran, Meiran, G. Origan, Mar-\\njolaine sauvage, F. Bergmynta, Sw. Wild Marjoram.\\nOrigin. Thymus vulgare, Linne {Labiatm).\\nHabitat. Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.\\nPart used. The herb.\\nDescription. The leaves are translucently dotted by oil glands,\\ndark green on the upper side, pale green and hairy on the under side\\nflowers pale purple.\\nConstituents. About one to two per cent, volatile oil also some\\ntannin, bitter principle, and resin.\\nProperties. Stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue. Rarely, if\\never, used internally. Sometimes used externally in fomentation.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2J drachms) in infusion.\\nOryzse Semina.\\nRice.\\nOrigin. Oryza sativa, Linne {Graminacece).\\nHabitat. The famous rice plantations of the Carolinas and other\\nof our Southern States furnish the best rice in the world.\\nPart used. The seeds, with the hulls removed.\\nDescription. The appearance of this common article of food is\\nfamiliar. The rice should be large, pure white, clean, and contain but\\nfew broken grains.\\nConstituents. About eighty-five to ninety per cent, starch, seven\\nper cent, nitrogenous matters, and less than one per cent. fat. It thus\\ncontains more starch and less fat than any other cereal.\\nUses. Nutrient.\\nMice- Water is extensively employed as a demulcent and refrigerant\\ndrink. It is made by boiling thirty grams (1 ounce) rice with one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) water for an hour or two.\\nThe decoction is to be used cold and without straining it.\\nORYZSE FARINA.\\nRice Flour.\\nA flour made from the fruit of Oryza sativa, Linne\\\\\\nMust be an impalpable powder. Perfectly white.\\nUsed as a soothing application to the skin, and as an ingredient in\\ncosmetic powders.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 741\\nOryzae Amylum.\\nRice Stakch.\\nPrepared from the fruit of Oryza sativa, Linne.\\nPerfectly white, and in irregular masses. Large quantities are con-\\nsumed in the form of patent laundry starch.\\nFig. 389.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rice Starch, magnified.\\nIts granules are angular, rather uniform in size, and the smallest of\\nthose of any of the commercial starches.\\nUses. Same as of rice flour.\\nOssa Sepiseo\\nCuttlefish Boxe.\\nOrigin. Sepia officinalis, Linne (Cephalopoda).\\nWhite, oval scales, about ten centimeters (4 inches) long, made up\\nof a hard shell filled with a friable, porous mass. Has a perceptible\\nmarine odor, and a somewhat salty taste.\\nConstituents. Animal matter, calcium carbonate sodium chlo-\\nride, etc. Pharmaceutical^ it is sometimes used as an ingredient in\\ntooth-powders.\\nOvum.\\nEgg.\\nThe egg is about ten per cent, shell, sixty per cent, albumen, and\\nthirty per cent. yolk. The white of one egg (albumen ovi) weighs", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "742 A COMPANION TO THE\\non the average twenty to twenty-six grams (about 300 to 400 grains),\\nand consists of about eighty-two to eighty-eight per cent, water, and\\ntwelve to eighteen per cent, solid matters, chiefly albumen, with traces\\nof fat, sugar, and mineral salts.\\nThe yolk of one egg (vitellus ovi) weighs about ten to fifteen\\ngrams (150 to 230 grains), and is composed of forty-eight to fifty-five\\nper cent, water, 16 per cent, vitellin, thirty per cent, fat, some inor-\\nganic salts, coloring matter, cholesterin, etc.\\nThe yolk of egg is very effective in emulsifying oils, wax, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. The egg is used as a food for invalids and con-\\nvalescents as well as for the healthy.\\nThe white of egg forms practically insoluble albuminates with some\\nof the mineral salts, especially of mercury (corrosive sublimate) and cop-\\nper (sulphate), and is used as a chemical antidote. Must be followed by\\nemetics, as albuminates are slowly acted on by the gastric juice and\\ndissolved.\\nIt is also used as a protective in cases of poisoning with the corro-\\nsive poisons.\\nBy coagulating white of egg with alum, alum curd is formed, which\\nis a valuable application in conjunctivitis.\\nThe yolk, with sugar, hot water, and brandy forms a nutrient drink\\nfor patients requiring concentrated, easily digestible food with stimu-\\nlants.\\nOsycedri Pyroleum.\\nOil of Cade.\\nJuniperi Oleum Empyreumaticum, Oleum Cadinum Kadebl, G.\\nHuile de Cade, F. Envedstjara, Sw.\\nThe oil of cade is a tar-like empyreumatic liquid, prepared chiefly in\\nFrance by destructive distillation of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus,\\nLinne (Coniferoe). It is thinner than pine-tar, and has a peculiar em-\\npyreumatic odor different from that of ordinary tar and reminding of\\njuniper.\\nConstituents. Similar to those of other tar-like products. The\\noil of cade contains volatile oil of juniper.\\nMedicinal Uses. As a parasiticide in scabies, etc.; also as an\\nexternal application in rheumatism, and in many skin diseases, as psori-\\nasis, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0756.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 743\\nOxyg-enium.\\nOxygen.\\nOxygen is a colorless and odorless gas, the importance of which is\\nmanifest from its abundance and general distribution. It makes up\\nprobably more than one-half of the weight of the earth s crust, the ani-\\nmal and vegetable creation included. It constitutes eight-ninths of all\\nwater, at least one-third of the rocks, minerals, and earthy matters, and\\none-fifth of the atmospheric air.\\nIt supports combustion and animal heat.\\nIt is best made by heating chlorate of potassium which has been\\nmixed with about one-fifth to one-fourth its weight of black oxide of\\nmanganese. The chlorate of potassium is then decomposed, all its oxy-\\ngen being liberated, while potassium chloride remains. For generating\\noxygen it is best to use a copper or iron flask expressly made for this\\npurpose, which may be had of dealers in chemical apparatus. The gas\\nis collected in rubber bags.\\nIn making oxygen great caution must be exercised, as the manufac-\\nture of this gas is not without danger if carelessly undertaken.\\nThe chemicals should be perfectly pure, and all foreign organic mat-\\nter, as, for instance, bits of paper, etc., should be carefully removed\\nfrom the packages.\\nThe chemicals may be tested by heating an ounce or two of the mix-\\nture in an iron ladle over a Bunsen burner until the chlorate is melted,\\nand if the oxygen comes off quietly, without sparks of fire or slight ex-\\nplosions occurring in the mixture, the chemicals are safe, and, if pos-\\nsible, a large stock of that lot, especially of the black oxide of manga-\\nnese, should be purchased, and kept free from dust or admixture of any\\nkind until wanted for use.\\nFive hundred grams (about 17f ounces) of chlorate of potassium\\nwith one hundred grams (about 3-J ounces) of black oxide of manganese\\nwill fill a 30 x 40 rubber gas-bag.\\nWe use a safety-retort in which an arrangement is made for the\\nharmless escape of any excessive amounts of oxygen which may be\\ngenerated, as the lid is not clamped on, but is simply a conical plug\\nwhich is easily blown out by a pressure of a few pounds, so that no ex-\\nplosion can occur, but at most only the materials may be lost if too\\ngreat a heat is applied.\\nThe stopcocks and tubes should be of large enough calibre, and we\\nshould be sure that there is no obstruction before proceeding to make\\nthe gas. Frequently the openings in the stopcocks are very small, while\\nall the tubes may be of sufficient calibre.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0757.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "744 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe oxygen may be passed through a wash-bottle to cool it before\\npassing into a bag.\\nThe best method of heating is by means of a gas-stove, as the heat\\ncan be better regulated than when using any other fire.\\nIf oxygen is to be used for inhalation, the gas should be passed\\nthrough, a wash-bottle containing a solution of caustic potassa or soda,\\nto remove any chlorine compounds which may have formed, and which\\nwould prove irritating to the lungs but the wash-bottle may be inserted\\nbetween the gas-bag and the mouthpiece through which the gas is inhaled.\\nMedicinal Uses. Oxygen gas is used for inhalation by passing\\nit through a clean rubber tube, used only for this purpose, and provided\\nwith a proper mouthpiece, with stopcock, like those that are used in the\\ninhalation of laugh ing-o;as.\\nOxygen has not had much trial as a curative agent in pulmonary\\ncomplaints, but there can be no doubt that it might be productive of\\ngood in some cases, if added in small quantities to the air used in the ap-\\nparatuses for inhalations of compressed or rarefied air, which have been\\nso beneficial in asthma and other lung diseases.\\nOn the other hand, oxygen probably would prove deleterious in some\\ncases by stimulating the morbid process of the disease.\\nBut there are numerous cases in which its administration is highly\\nbeneficial, namely, all in which there is an insufficiency of air taken into\\nthe lungs, as in asthma, croup, diphtheria, and similar troubles. In\\nthese cases it affords marked, and often instant relief, though it may not\\nbe curative in its action. Care must be taken not to convey contagious\\ndiseases, as diphtheria, by using the same mouthpiece without first\\nproperly cleaning with carbolic acid solution, etc. Asphyxia from any\\ncause from drowning, from inhalation of carbonic dioxide (carbonic\\nacid gas) in cellars, wells, or vaults, house-gas from leaking gas-pipes or\\nfrom careless blowing out of gaslight by ignorant people, etc. is gen-\\nerally promptly relieved, and the patient restored. In such cases it may\\nbe necessary to provide the end of the tube with a flexible catheter and\\npass it through the glottis into the trachea and gently force in the gas,\\ntaking care that the oxygen is not forced down the oesophagus by mis-\\ntake, distending the stomach with oxygen, thereby adding another im-\\npediment to an already embarrassed respiration.\\nThe most marked relief we ever witnessed from the inhalation of\\noxygen was in the case of a little child who had taken a drink of lye\\nby accident. The inhalation of pure oxygen promptly arrested the hor-\\nrible agony,of the little patient, and although death ultimately resulted,\\nthe relief afforded was a blessing to the child as well as to its parents\\nand friends.\\nore", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0758.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 745\\nOxymellita.\\nOxYMELS.\\nMixtures of honey with acid liquids. Thus oxymel seillse is a mix-\\nture of honey and vinegar of squill. The Oxymel of the British\\nPharmacopoeia is a mixture of one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(5 fluidounces) acetic acid, one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5\\nfluidounces) water, and twelve hundred cubic centimeters (40 fluidounces)\\nhoney.\\nOzonum,\\nOzone.\\nThis is oxygen gas changed in properties by electricity or otherwise\\nin such a way as to energetically oxidize, even at ordinary temperatures,\\nsubstances which are not affected by the common variety of oxygen.\\nThus it liberates iodine from iodide of potassium, bleaches vegetable\\ncolors, etc. It is on this account a powerful disinfectant, and it is truth-\\nfully said that a thunderstorm purifies the air, because the quantity of\\nozone always present in the air is very perceptibly increased by the light-\\nning (electricity). Ozone generators are accordingly placed in hospitals\\nand dwelling-houses for the purpose of keeping the air pure and sweet.\\nPalmse Oleum.\\nPalm Oil.\\nPahnoel, Palmbutter, G. Huile depalme, F. Palmolja, Sw.\\nOrigin- JElais guineensis, Jacqin, and JElais melanococca, Gaertner\\n(Palmacece).\\nHabitat. Western Africa and tropical parts of America.\\nProduction. By pressure, from the fleshy part of the fruit.\\nDescription. An orange-yellow fixed oil, of the consistence of\\nbutter, or somewhat harder. When fresh it has a bland taste and a\\npleasant violet-like odor. According to its age, it fuses at from 27\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n37\u00c2\u00b0 C. (80\u00c2\u00b0 to 99\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is readily soluble in ether, but much less so\\nin alcohol.\\nConstituents. Tripalmitin and triolein.\\nUses. Largely used in the manufacture of soaps and pomades.\\nHow Kept. Palm oil rapidly turns rancid, especially when exposed\\nto light and warmth, and then loses its rich color, becoming bleached.\\nWhen thus decomposed it sometimes contains as much as eighty per", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0759.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "746\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ncent, of free fatty acids, and is unfit for some of its most profitable uses.\\nHence it must be carefully preserved in tightly closed vessels, in a cool,\\nshady place.\\nMedicinal Properties. Medicinally it is a pleasant emollient.\\nPanax.\\nPanax.\\nPanaris Radix Ginseng.\\nOrigin. Aralia quinquefolia, Gray (Araliacem).\\nHabitat. North America as far down as Georgia and Tennessee.\\nGetting rare.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Spindle-shaped, fifty to seventy-five millimeters (2\\nto 3 inches) long, the upper portion annulate usually branched into two\\nor three simple branches, wrinkled\\nlengthwise sometimes the lower\\nportion is longer and more tapering\\nthan in the figure the outside is\\npale brownish-yellow; breaks with a\\nshort fracture internally mealy and\\nwhite; the bark is thick and has a\\nlarge number of resin cells odor\\nweak, taste sweetish and aromatic.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resin, and a\\nsweet amorphous substance, which\\nhas been called panaquilon (S. S.\\nGarrigues).\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed as a mild stimulant tonic in loss of\\nappetite, etc., in\\nDoses of two to eight grams (30 to 130 grains). Best administered\\nin the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol as a men-\\nstruum.\\nPancreatinum.\\nPancreatin.\\nOrigin. A proteid contained in the juice of the pancreatic gland\\nand possessing the power of emulsifying and decomposing fat or fixed\\noil and of converting starch into sugar. The pancreas of the beef is\\nused for its preparation.\\nPreparation. Professor E. Scheffer s method of preparing pan-\\nFig. 390. Ginseng, natural size.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0760.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 747\\ncreatin is as follows Fresh beef pancreas is finely chopped, macerated\\nfor twenty-four hours with water acidulated with a little hydrochloric\\nacid, then macerated a second time with water, the strained and filtered\\nliquid treated with calcium carbonate until the acid is neutralized, the\\nliquid again filtered, and then mixed with an equal volume of ninety-five\\nper cent, alcohol which precipitates the pancreatin. The precipitate\\nis washed with dilute alcohol, pressed between filter paper, and dried\\nwithout the aid of heat.\\nProperties. Yellowish, nearly transparent, odorless, soluble in\\nwater, and has an alkaline reaction. Any disagreeable odor present in\\npancreatin should condemn it.\\nTests. Cod-liver is usually chosen for testing the digestive or\\nemulsifying power of the preparation. Ten grains should emulsify not\\nless than one hundred and twenty grains.\\nUses. In atonic dyspepsia, especially in those cases in which\\nstarch and fat is imperfectly digested.\\nAccording to some writers pancreatine is of no medicinal value, as\\nit is decomposed and digested in the stomach by the gastric juice, and\\ndoes not reach the intestine to take the place of a deficient pancreatic\\nsecretion.\\nSee also Nutritive Enema, on page 424.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains).\\nPANCREATmi EMULSIO.\\nPancreatic Emulsion.\\nTake two and one-half pounds of fresh pancreas from pigs remove\\nthe fat and other extraneous matters beat it to a uniform mass in a\\nstone mortar add two pounds of lard, and beat the whole well together,\\nadding gradually two and one-half pints water. Strain through muslin.\\nAdd twenty-one pounds ether shake thoroughly, and set it aside to\\nseparate. Decant the ethereal solution of pancreatized fat, which floats\\nat the top, from the watery stratum below. Put the ethereal liquid into\\na still and recover the ether by distillation. Pancreatized fat then re-\\nmains. Then mix two pounds pancreatized fat thoroughly with one\\npint alcohol and three pints water. The mixture thus obtained is pan-\\ncreatic emulsion. It has an acid reaction.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nPanis Mica.\\nBread Crumb.\\nThe soft inner portion of well-baked, light, wheat bread.\\nSometimes used for poultices or for making pill masses.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0761.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "748\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPapaveris Fructus.\\nPoppy Capsules.\\nOrigin- Papaver somniferum, Linne (JPapaveracece).\\nHabitat. Western Asia cultivated.\\nPart used- The nearly ripe capsules.\\nDescription. From twenty-five to fifty millimeters (1 to 2 inches)\\nlong, and about twenty-five millimeters diameter, formed as seen in the\\nFigs. 391-307. Poppy Heads, natural size, a, white 6, black c, dehiscence d, trans-\\nverse section e, seeds, natural size seed, enlarged g, section of seed.\\nillustration here presented. Externally pale brownish. Brittle. Con-\\ntain numerous small white seeds maw seed Odor none; taste\\nsomewhat bitter.\\nConstituents. Variable and always small quantities of some of\\nthe alkaloids of opium, including morphine, narcotine, narceine, rhoeadine,\\ncodeine, and papaverosine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom employed, and probably medicinally\\nworthless.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0762.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 749\\nPAPAVERIS DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Poppy Heads.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug, from\\nwhich the seeds have been first removed, make five hundred grams\\n(equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nUsed externally as a demulcent and slightly anodyne fomentation.\\nPAPAVEKIS FPUCTUS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Poppy Heads.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nVery slightly anodyne.\\nDose- Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2J- fluidrachms).\\nPAPAVERIS SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Poppies.\\nMix one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) fluid\\nextract of poppy capsules with ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces)\\nwater filter and dissolve in the filtrate two hundred grams (7 ounces\\n24 grains) sugar.\\nOccasionally used in cough-mixtures.\\nDose. About two cubic centimeters (J fluidrachm) for small chil-\\ndren.\\nPapaveris Oleum.\\nOil of Poppy Seed.\\nA clear pale-yellow oil of 0.92 specific gravity, consisting of lino-\\nlein, palmitin, etc., congealing at \u00e2\u0080\u009418\u00c2\u00b0 C. (0\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Odor, slight taste,\\nmild.\\nUsed as a protective and emollient.\\nPapaveris Semina.\\nPoppy Seed,\\nMaw Seed.\\nThe small white seeds of the poppy. (Figs. 391-397.)\\nConstituents. About forty-five per cent, bland fixed oil\\nUses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As food for man and for birds.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0763.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "750 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPapaya.\\nPapaya.\\nPapaw Mamceiro.\\nOrigin. Carica Papaya (Passiflorece).\\nHabitat. South America.\\nParts used. The milky juice of the fruit, and also the leaves.\\nPapaw Milk. A neutral, thick, milky fluid, which coagulates in\\ntwo parts, one portion being a pulpy mass, which is insoluble or nearly\\nso, the other portion being a colorless, limpid serum. By mixing the\\nmilky juice with alcohol (after filtration), a white amorphous powder\\nprecipitates, which is entirely and readily soluble in water. When\\ndried this powder forms\\nPapain. A peculiar ferment containing 10.6 per cent, nitrogen,\\nperfectly soluble in water, and capable of softening and disintegrating\\nmeats, dissolving fibrin, etc. It is, therefore, called a vegetable pep-\\nsin. Unlike pepsin, it dissolves fibrin in a liquid which may be either\\nslightly acid, or neutral, or slightly alkaline and it acts at higher tem-\\nperatures than pepsin will bear, and more rapidly.\\nThis ferment has also been called caricin.\\nDried Papaw Milk. A pale, yellowish-white, coarse powder,\\nwhich is inodorous. It has been recommended as a purifying applica-\\ntion to ill-natured sores and ulcers. It is, in fact, said to digest or dis-\\nsolve away the diseased portions of the flesh.\\nParaffinum.\\nParaffin.\\nSolid hydrocarbons, obtained usually from coal oil. White, crystal-\\nline, semi-transparent, in small flakes, fatty to the feel insoluble in\\nwater, alkalies, or cold alcohol soluble in fixed oils, volatile oils, ben-\\nzin, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, etc.\\nPure white paraffin may be either hard or soft, according to its\\nchemical composition.\\nSoft paraffinoids, such as cosmolin, vaselin, petrolina, etc.,\\nare mixtures of several paraffins of a soft consistence (see Petro-\\nlatum\\nParaffin! Oleum.\\nParaffin Oil.\\nLiquid paraffin. Colorless or pale nearly odorless. A mixture of\\nhydrocarbons.\\nCrude paraffin oil is more or less colored, and sometimes very dark.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0764.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n751\\nIn commerce, impure liquid paraffins are used under the names\\n^ubricPvting oil, neutral oil, spindle oil, etc.\\nUsed mainly for lubricating.\\nPareira U. S.\\nPareira.\\nPareira Prava.\\nOrigin. Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz et Pavon (Menisper-\\nmacece).\\nHabitat. Brazil and Peru.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription- Pieces from a decimeter (4 inches) to a meter (40\\ninches) or more long, and from twenty-five to seventy-live millimeters (1\\nto 3 inches) thick, dark grayish-brown or\\nblackish-brown externally, pale brown within.\\nFor its general appearance and the peculiar\\nappearance of its section see the illustrations.\\nThe root has no distinct central pith. It is\\ninodorous. The taste is bitter.\\nBright yellow, or grayish, as well as hard\\nand nearly tasteless pieces should be rejected.\\nConstituents- About one-half percent,\\nof an alkaloid called pelosine, or cissampeline,\\nwhich is identical with the beberine of nec-\\ntandra, and the bicxine of common boxwood.\\nAdmixtures- The stem of chondoden-\\ndron is often found mixed with the root. It\\nhas a thicker bark, is marked by dark-colored\\nwarts, and has a central pith. It probably\\nhas the same properties as the root.\\nFalse Pareiras. Several spurious drugs\\nhave been sold under the name of pareira\\nbrava. They all had more or less resem-\\nblance to the genuine, but can be at once FlG 398. -Pareira, natural size,\\ndistinguished from the latter by comparing the appearance of the sec-\\ntions. Any root which does not present the general appearance shown\\nin Figs. 398 and 399 cannot be true pareira brava.\\nOne the more common kind of false pareira brava is represented\\nin section by Fig. 400, drawn from a natural specimen.\\nIt is remarkable for its irregular or spurious concentric rings, of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0765.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "752\\nA COMP ANION TO THE\\nwhich one can be traced spirally through three turns. The plant it is\\nderived from is unknown.\\nWest Indian Pareira. This is the root and the stem of Cissam-\\npelos pareira, Linne, which was formerly supposed to be the source of\\nthe pareira brava used in medicine in Europe and America.\\nFig. 399.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pareira, transverse\\nsection, natural size.\\nFig. 400. False Pareira, transverse sec-\\ntion, natural size.\\nIt is from the thickness of a goose-quill to about two centimeters\\n(nearly an inch) in diameter, and is covered by a corky bark.\\nIt contains the same alkaloid as the root of chondodendron and in\\nthe same proportion.\\nUses. Pareira is useful in cystitis and pyelitis or in all diseases of\\nthe mucous membrane of the bladder accompanied by a muco-purulent\\ncondition of the urine.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains). Best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract.\\nPAEETE^E DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Pareira.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nA trifle stronger than the preparation of the British Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nPAEEIE.E EXTE ACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Pareira.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0766.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 753\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred grams (about 8^-\\nfluidounces) alcohol, two hundred grams (about 6J fluidounces) water,\\nand one hundred grams (about 3^- avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion\\nof one hundred grams (about 4J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7 fluidounces) of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Sat-\\nurate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose- Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nPAREIILE ESTFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Pareira.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nPastse.\\nPastes.\\nSoft solids of a compound nature, the ingredients of which are\\nbeaten together into a mass. Almond paste is a typical illustration of\\na pasta.\\nMarsh-mallow drops are made of pasta.\\nPepo.\\nPumpkin Seed.\\nOrigin- Cucurbita Pepo, Linne (Cucurbitaceoe).\\nH ab itat. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cultivated.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The seeds.\\nDescription. Flat, oval, about twelve to twenty millimeters to\\ninch) long, white. Inodorous. Taste oily, bland.\\n48", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0767.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "754 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. About forty-four per\\ncent, fixed oil protein compounds, starch,\\nresin, sugar, etc.\\nProperties. Taenifuge. Best given in\\nemulsion. Or the embryos deprived of the\\nseed coats are beaten into a pulp with sugar.\\nFnss. 401^03. Pumpkin Dose-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thirty to sixty grams (1 to 2\\nSeed, whole, transverse section, ounC es) of the fresh seeds. To be followed\\nand embryo, all natural size.\\nin a few hours with a dose of castor oil.\\nPepsinum.\\nPepsin.\\nPepsin is a hypothetical term denoting the digestive principle of\\nthe gastric juice. As a definite body it is entirely unknown.\\nThe substances used in medicine under the name of pepsin vary\\nconsiderably in their properties, but all have the power, in greater or\\nless degree, of dissolving or digesting albumen or fibrin.\\nPure Pepsin is the name generally given to a solid substance\\nseparated from the gastric juice, or secretion from the mucous mem-\\nbrane of the hog. Sometimes it is precipitated by means of alcohol,\\nand sometimes by chloride of sodium. Lately pepsin is made by\\nmacerating the stomach and its mucous membrane in acidulated water\\nat 38\u00c2\u00b0 to 40\u00c2\u00b0 C, whereby the albuminoids are changed into peptones\\nwhich are held in solution and are then obtained in a solid form by dry-\\ning the concentrated fluid on glass plates.\\nWhen precipitated by means of chloride of sodium the pure pepsin\\nis a gray, tough, leathery substance, partially soluble in water. When\\ndried on glass plates the pepsin is in semi-transparent, yellowish\\ngranules or small scales. Prepared by either process it has a disagree-\\nable odor. The dried semi-transparent scale pepsin dissolves entirely\\nand quickly in water.\\nIn the presence of hydrochloric acid pepsin dissolves coagulated\\nalbumen. The value of the pepsin depends not only upon the quantity\\nof albumen dissolved by it, but even more upon the rapidity with which\\nit exerts its peculiar solvent action.\\nFood passes through the stomach after two or three hours; the pepsin\\nmust, therefore, act within that period at the temperature of the stom-\\nach, if it is to be of any value.\\nSchefTer found that one grain of pure pepsin (precipitated by sodium\\nchloride) was capable of dissolving three thousand grains of albumen\\nin a few days. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes a test for Saccharated", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0768.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 755\\nPepsin which requires one grain to dissolve fifty grains of hard-boiled\\nwhite of egg in %i five or six hours. It would seem that it is of greater\\nimportance to know what the pepsin will do in, say, two to three hours,\\nas after that period it will probably have little effect in the stomach.\\nSo-called Pure Pepsin (Peptonoid, or Peptone may be consid-\\nered very good if at a temperature of 38\u00c2\u00b0 to 40\u00c2\u00b0 0. (100\u00c2\u00b0 to 104\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\none grain of it will dissolve three hundred grains hard-boiled white of\\negg, finely divided and suspended in about two ounces of water with\\nthirty grains hydrochloric acid, within two to three hours.\\nThe time required to digest the albumen depends very greatly upon\\nits mechanical division. It should be quite as finely divided as well\\nmasticated food. When in pieces of the size of lentils, as prescribed in\\nthe German Pharmacopoeia, the hard-boiled egg albumen will require\\nseveral hours for its solution with any pepsin, whereas if beaten up into\\nsmooth pulp it will dissolve within less than an hour.\\nThe pepsin of the German Pharmacopoeia is required to be of such\\nstrength that one grain will digest one hundred grains egg albumen.\\nIt is, therefore, twice the digestive strength of the pepsin of the Phar-\\nmacopoeia of the United States.\\nPure pepsin in soluble, yellowish, and translucent scales sometimes\\ndigests as much as five hundred times its weight of albumen. To\\nmake the official saccharated pepsin from any pure pepsin of which one\\ngrain digests five hundred grains albumen, mix that pure pepsin by tri-\\nturation with nine times its weight of powdered milk sugar.\\nDose. 0.1 to 10 grams (2 to 150 grains), or more, with meals. The\\ndoses usually given are too small. It is better to give small doses fre-\\nquently repeated than the full dose at once.\\nPEPSINUM SACCHAEATUM; U. S.\\nSaccharated Pepsin.\\nPepsin triturated with powdered sugar of milk.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 247, 248.\\nIt will be observed that the Pharmacopoeia requires a pepsin of over\\nfour times the digestive power heretofore generally accepted as standard\\nfor saccharated pepsin. It has been considered that the saccharated\\npepsin is of sufficient digestive power when ten grains of it would dis-\\nsolve one hundred and twenty grains egg albumen the present official\\ntest requires ten grains to dissolve five hundred grains egg albumen.\\nDose. 0.1 to 10 grams (2 to 150 grains), or more, with meals. On", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0769.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "756 A COMPANION TO THE\\naccount of the large quantity of sugar of milk in this preparation the\\ndoses are not larger than those of pure pepsin, as an excess of the sugar\\nof milk may give rise to fermentation in the stomach.\\nPEPSINI LIQUOR U. S.\\nSolution of Pepsin.\\nLiquid Pepsin.\\nMix twelve grams (185 grains) hydrochloric acid with five hundred\\nand forty-eight grams (18J fluidounces) of water. Add forty grams\\n(1 ounce 180 grains) saccharated pepsin, and shake well. Then add four\\nhundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) glycerin, shake, and set aside for\\ntwenty-four hours, after which filter.\\nMust not be unclear, discolored, mouldy, or have a disagreeable odor.\\nIt has an acidulous taste.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of pepsin, but with the addi-\\ntional effects of hydrochloric acid. Useful in apepsia, and in some forms\\nof dyspepsia.\\nDose. Five to twenty cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms) with\\nmeals.\\nPEPSIM LIQUOR SERIPARUS.\\nLiquid Rennet.\\nMacerate fifteen calves rennets with one hundred and eighty cubic\\ncentimeters (6 fluidounces) sherry wine, one hundred and fifty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (5 fluidounces) alcohol, and six hundred and eighty cubic centi-\\nmeters (23 fluidounces) water for fifteen days. Filter.\\nDose. Dessertspoonful to tablespoonful.\\nPEPSINI SERIPARUM VIIUM G.\\nRennet Wine.\\nThe fourth stomach of a young calf is washed with cold water, and\\nthe mucous membrane scraped off. To thirty grams (1 ounce) of this\\nmembrane is added two hundred and sixty grams (about 9 fluidounces)\\nof white wine, and ten grams (150 grains) of sodium chloride (common\\nsalt). The whole is macerated three days, stirring frequently. It is\\nthen filtered, after which it is ready for use. Should be but slightly\\nacid.\\nDose. Tablespoonful or more.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0770.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 757\\nPEPSINI VINITM.\\nWine of Pepsin.\\nTriturate fifty grams (1 ounce 330 grains) saccharated pepsin with\\none hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) sherry wine\\nmixed with twenty-five cubic centimeters (f fluidounce) diluted hydro-\\nchloric acid, until dissolved. Then add ninety cubic centimeters (3\\nfluidounces) sherry wine, filter, and finally add enough sherry through\\nthe filter to make the total filtrate measure five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (17 fluidounces).\\nDose- Four to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2^- fluidrachms).\\nPercolation.\\nSee article Extracta Fluida.\\nPersio.\\nCUDBEAR.\\nA dark purplish-red powder prepared from Lecanora tartarea and\\nother lichens. It is used chiefly in dyeing. The coloring matter dis-\\nlves readily in diluted alcohol.\\nPEESIONIS TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Cudbear.\\nMade by percolation of thirty grams (1 ounce) cudbear with three\\nhundred cubic centimeters (about 10 fluidounces) diluted alcohol.\\nThis tincture is an excellent coloring agent for liquids, the rich color\\nbeing especially suitable for acid preparations. Usually it will be found\\nnecessary to modify it more or less by the addition of caramel.\\nPeruvianum Balsamum IT. S,\\nBalsam of Peru.\\nPerubalsamum JPerubalsam, G. and Sw.; Baume du Perou, Baume\\ndes Jndes, F. Balsamo del Peru Biquido, Balsamo negro, Sp.; Peru\\nBalsam.\\nOrigin. Myroxylon Pereirce, Klotzsch (Beguminosw).\\nHabitat. Central America.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 52 and 53.\\nThe odor is one reminding of benzoin and vanilla.\\nPeru balsam is almost entirely insoluble in water, which only extracts", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0771.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "758 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfrom it some cinnamic acid and a small quantity of cinnamein. As the\\nbalsam of Peru contains no volatile oil it is not a true balsam although\\ncontaining cinnamic acid. It should have a pure agreeable balsamic\\nodor. Often adulterated with alcohol, fixed oils, volatile oils, gurjun\\nbalsam, copaiba, etc., any of which may be detected by the pharma-\\ncopceial tests.\\nConstituents. About six per cent, cinnamic acid, thirty per cent,\\nresins, and about sixty per cent, cinnamein (benzyl cinnamate). By di-\\ngestion with solution of potassa about sixty per cent, of the drug sep-\\narates in the form of a yellowish-brown oily liquid, which has been\\nimproperly referred to as an oil, but consists largely of cinnamein.\\nwhich is probably the most active constituent. Balsam of Peru yields\\nsome benzoic acid and a number of other bodies when subjected to dry\\ndistillation. The percentage of resin in the drug increases with its age,\\nand the color darkens.\\nMedicinal Uses. Balsam of Peru is a general stimulant, blennor-\\nrhetic, and expectorant. It is useful in checking an excessive secretion\\nof mucus in chronic bronchitis y also of value in intestinal catarrh and\\ndysentery. Externally it is used as an application to chilblains, sore\\nnipples, ulcers, and as an ointment in itch. It is said to be quite as\\nefficient as sulphur ointment for the latter purpose, and is much more\\nagreeable. The acarus scabiei does not live longer than twenty to\\nforty minutes In Peru balsam.\\nDose. Two grams (30 grains), in emulsion.\\nPEPOJBALSAMI SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Peru Balsam.\\nDigest thirty grams (1 ounce) balsam of Peru with three hundred\\nand sixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) hot water for two hours in\\na covered vessel, stirring frequently. Filter the water, and dissolve in\\nit six hundred and fifty grams (23 ounces) sugar.\\nUsed in cough mixtures.\\nDose. A teaspoonful or more.\\nPERUBALSAMI UNGQENTUM.\\nPeru Balsam Ointment.\\nMix fifteen grams ounce) balsam of Peru, 7.50 gram (J ounce)\\nglycerin, and one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) resin ointment.\\nA pleasant and efficient substitute for sulphur ointment for the cure\\nof itch.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0772.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 759\\nPetrolatum U. S.\\nPetroleum Ointment.\\nVaselin, Cosmolin, Petrolina, Saxolin, Soft Petroleum Paraffinoid,\\nPetroleum Putter,\\nOrigin- A mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons obtained from\\nAmerican petroleum by distilling off the light and volatile constituents,\\nthe butter-like residue after hot filtration through animal charcoal con-\\nstituting the Petroleum Ointment.\\nDescription. It is yellowish, transparent in thin layers, fat-like,\\nperfectly smooth, odorless, tasteless, and of neutral reaction. It may\\nalso be obtained nearly white. It is insoluble in alcohol and in water\\nbut soluble in sixty-four parts absolute alcohol, and quite readily in\\nether, chloroform, oil of turpentine, benzin, and in volatile and fixed\\noils.\\nPetroleum ointment does not turn rancid. The disagreeable odor\\noccasionally observed in the preparation is probably in every instance\\ndue to faulty purification in its manufacture.\\nTests. As petroleum ointment does not saponify with alkalies, the\\nadmixture of fixed oils or fats may be detected by digesting four grams\\n(60 grains) of it for half an hour with four grams of caustic soda and\\ntwenty-four grams (6 fluidrachms) of water then separating the watery\\nliquid and neutralizing it with diluted sulphuric acid, when no fat or\\noil should separate. When melted and shaken with an equal bulk of\\nsulphuric acid of 1.54 specific gravity, no dark color should appear\\nwithin two hours if charred by this treatment the preparation is im-\\npure.\\nMelting Point. The Pharmacopoeia prescribes that when the\\nmelting point is not specified, the petroleum ointment which melts at\\nabout 40\u00c2\u00b0 0. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) is to be dispensed. This is the most suitable\\nstandard, and furnishes a product of proper consistence for most pur-\\nposes. It agrees with the melting point of the most solid varieties of\\npetroleum ointments now on the market, and is more firm than the ar-\\nticle as first introduced, which is too soft. Petroleum ointment of\\n46\u00c2\u00b0 C. (115\u00c2\u00b0 F.) is also specified by the Pharmacopoeia as official. This\\nis intended for preparing cerates, but is much softer than cerate made\\nof wax and lard, although it does not melt any sooner.\\nVaselin melts at about 95\u00c2\u00b0 F. Cosmolin at about 97\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n100\u00c2\u00b0 F. and other similar products at higher degrees of temperature.\\nUses. The same as those of lard, simple ointment, and simple", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0773.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "760 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncerate. It has the great advantage of not turning rancid, and the dis-\\nadvantage of not penetrating or softening the skin as readily as animal\\nfats and fixed oils do.\\nPetroleum.\\nPetroleum.\\nOleum Petrce Naphtha Steinol, Pergol, G. Petrole, Huile\\nmineral, F. Petrolio, Aceite mineral, Sp. Pergolja, Stenolja,\\nSw. Coal Oil y Pock Oil.\\nCrude petroleum varies in color from pale-straw to dark-brown, or\\nalmost black, and in density from a thin, limpid fluid to a thick mo-\\nlasses consistence. It is generally fluorescent with a bluish -green cast.\\nMost petroleum is lighter that water, having about 0.80 or 0.90 specific\\ngravity.\\nIt is a mixture of numerous hydrocarbons, some liquid and others\\nsolid.\\nBarbadoes Tar and Seneca Oil are dark, thick varieties of\\npetroleum.\\nNaphtha, benzin, rhigolene, etc., are clear, colorless liquids consist-\\ning of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum. The\\nterm naphtha is frequently, and was originally, applied to the lighter\\nvarieties of crude petroleum. It is now used to designate all that\\nportion of petroleum which distils over at below 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.). By\\nrepeated fractional distillations the most volatile hydrocarbons are\\nseparated from the naphtha. Coal oil for illuminating purposes is a\\nmixture of the less volatile hydrocarbons which do not boil until at a\\ncomparatively high degree of heat. Penzin consists of the more vola-\\ntile portions, and is therefore more dangerously inflammable than coal\\noil. (See Benzinum.\\nPhigolene boils at 1\u00c2\u00b0 C. (33.8\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and being thus extremely vola-\\ntile, is also exceedingly explosive. It is a clear, colorless liquid, of a\\nslight benzin-like odor. Must be kept in strong bottles only two-thirds\\nfilled, and kept in a very cool place best in the cellar.\\nMedicinal Uses of Petroleum. When taken internally it pos-\\nsesses blennorrhetic and anthelmintic properties. It is sometimes used\\nin chronic bronchitis, asthma, etc., and also as an external application\\nin various cutaneous eruptions.\\nUses of Rhigolene. It is employed with a hand atomizer to pro-\\nduce a cold temperature for local anaesthetic effect, but is seldom used.\\nThe vapor mixed with air is highly explosive.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0774.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 761\\nPetroselini Radix.\\nPetroselinum Root.\\nParsley Root.\\nOrigin. Petroselmum sativum, Hoffman (Umbelliferoe).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cultivated.\\nDescription. A tapering, fleshy root, about fifteen centimeters (6\\ninches) long, and twelve millimeters (-J inch) thick, externally light\\nbrownish-yellow, wrinkled, marked by transverse ridges the bark is\\nthick, whitish within, and contains numerous resin cells the wood is\\nporous, yellowish. Odor aromatic taste sweetish, aromatic.\\nConstituents. The chief constituent is a volatile oil, of a pale-\\nyellowish color, a faint parsley odor, and pungent taste. The root also\\ncontains a neutral principle called apiin, soluble in alcohol and water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Carminative, diuretic, and emmenagogue. The\\nfresh root is to be preferred.\\nUseful in dropsy, strangury, gonorrhoea, and in amenorrhea and\\ndysmenorrhoea, due to atony of the ovarian and uterine organs.\\nDose. Two to ten grams to 2|- drachms) in infusion or fluid\\nextract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nPetroselini Fructus.\\nParsley Fruit.\\nPetroselini Semina.\\nDescription. The dried ripe fruits are grayish-green, roundish-\\novate, laterally compressed.\\nThey have an aromatic odor\\nand taste. See the illustra-\\ntions.\\nConstituents. Volatile\\noil and apiol. The volatile\\noil is present to the extent of\\nfrom 0.8 to 3.2 per cent., is\\nColorless or pale greenish- Figs. 404-406. Parsley Fruit, natural size, en-\\nlarged, and transverse section, enlarged,\\nyellow, has the specific gravity\\n1.015 to 1.144, and is soluble in about twice to three times its weight of\\nalcohol.\\nApiol is a colorless liquid, probably a mixture of several substances.\\nIt forms an emulsion with alkalies is insoluble in water, but readily\\nsoluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It has 1.078 specific gravity,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0775.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "762\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nand becomes turbid at \u00e2\u0080\u009412\u00c2\u00b0 C. (10.4\u00c2\u00b0 F.) without solidifying. We have\\nseen a green liquid sold as apioV\\nMedicinal Uses. Aromatic, stimulant, diuretic, carminative.\\nApiol in doses of 0.50 to 1 gram (8 to 16 minims) is a general ex-\\ncitant, said to act about the same as coffee, and was at one time much\\npraised as a substitute for quinine.\\nPhalaris Fructus.\\nCanary Seed.\\nBird Seed.\\nOrigin. Phalaris canariensis, Linne Graminacece).\\nHabitat- The Mediterranean shores.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. About four millimeters inch) long, elliptic, flat-\\ntened, glossy, pale-yellowish, interiorly white. Inodorous slightly\\nbitter.\\nConstituents. Starch, gluten, and fat.\\nUses. Mainly used as bird seed. The crushed seed has been used\\nfor poultices.\\nPhellandrii Fructus.\\nPhellandrium Fruit.\\nPhellandrii Semina Wasserfenchel, G. Fenouil d eau, F.; Felan-\\ndrio, Sp. Stakrefron, Sw. Water-fennel.\\nOrigin (Enanthe phellandri-\\num, Lamarck Umbelliferce)\\nHabitat. Asia and Europe.\\nPart used. The dried ripe\\nfruit.\\nD esc r i ptio n .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Brownish-green,\\nformed as seen in the illustrations.\\nThe odor is aromatic, rather dis-\\nagreeable; taste aromatic, bitterish.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil,\\n_ OA and phellandrol.\\nFigs. 407-409. Phellandrium, natural size, r\\nenlarged, and transverse section, enlarged. Medicinal Uses. Said to be\\nstimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and expectorant. Useful in chronic\\nbronchorrhoea, etc.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) in powder or in fluid\\nEXTRACT made with alcohol as a menstruum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0776.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n763\\nPHELLANDRII INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Phellandrium.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (J to 1 fluidounce) sev-\\neral times daily.\\nPhlorizinum.\\nPhlorizin.\\nA bitter glucoside, in colorless or white silky prismatic needles, ob-\\ntained from the root-bark of apple, pear, cherry, plum, and poplar trees.\\nIt is odorless, freely soluble in hot water, and in alcohol. It resembles\\nsalicin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been used as a substitute for quinine in\\ndoses of 0.6 to 1.25 gram (10 to 20 grains).\\nPhoradendron.\\nPhoradendron.\\nAmerican Mistletoe.\\nOrigin Phoraden-\\ndron flavescens, Nuttall\\n(Lora?ithacece).\\nHabitat Northern\\npart of the United States.\\nPart used. The whole\\nparasitic plant.\\nDescription. See\\nthe illustration. Much\\nbranched, jointed, yellow-\\nish-green. Odor, heavy,\\ndisagreeable taste, bitter,\\nsomewhat astringent.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A\\ntenacious substance called\\nviscin bird-lime or bird-\\nglue), resin, fixed oil, tan-\\nnin, and various salts.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHas been strongly recommended as an oxytocic in preference to ergot.\\nAlso to check hemorrhages. Was formerly employed in epilepsy,\\nhysteria, etc.\\nFig. 410. Twigs and leaves of Phoradendron, natural\\nsize, and transverse section of twig, enlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0777.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "764 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum, of which the dose is one to four cubic centimeters (15\\nto 60 minims).\\nPhosphates.\\nPhosphates.\\nPhosphates of calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, etc., are used under\\nthe supposition that they supply to the body both phosphorus and the\\nseveral bases named. The acid phosphates and phosphoric acid itself\\nare used for the same purpose and with the same object in view. The\\nacid phosphates are usually held in solution in water by a small quantity\\nof free phosphoric acid. Unquestionably as good a preparation of this\\nkind as has been or can be made is the compound syrup of the phos-\\nphates of the late Professor Parrish. An improved formula for this\\npreparation is given below.\\nMedicinal Uses. The various preparations of the phosphates are\\nfrequently used in cases which require nervine tonics or stimulants, as\\nwell as general tonics. They are often prescribed in chronic wasting\\ndiseases and general debility, mental and nervous exhaustion and prostra-\\ntion, morbid excitability, sleeplessness, sexual derangements or excesses,\\nduring lactation or in consumption; the particular preparation being\\nchosen with reference to the bases of the salts which are most indicated\\nby each individual case, as, for instance, calcium phosphates during lac-\\ntation, iron phosphates in anaemia or consumption, etc.\\nPHOSPHATUM SYEUPUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Syrup of the Phosphates.\\nChemical Food.\\nDissolve fifteen grams (230 grains) soluble phosphate of iron (1880)\\nin sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) hot water. Add gradually\\none hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) phosphoric acid.\\nThere will at first be a whitish precipitation, which, however, redissolves\\nas more phosphoric acid is added.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) precipitated calcium phosphate\\nwith one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) boiling\\nwater then add gradually enough hydrochloric acid to entirely dissolve\\nthe powder. Filter the solution. Now add one liter (34 fluidounces)\\nwater, and then ammonia water in slight excess to re-precipitate the\\nphosphate of calcium. Collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0778.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 765\\nthoroughly until the washings are no longer precipitated by solution of\\nsilver nitrate.\\nDissolve the freshly precipitated and washed phosphate of calcium,\\nwhile still wet, in the acid solution of phosphate of iron. Then add five\\ngrams (77 grains) phosphate of sodium, and four grams (60 grains) car-\\nbonate of potassium. Filter the solution. Then add enough water to\\nmake the whole measure four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J\\nfluidounces). In this dissolve without the aid of heat eight hundred\\ngrams (28 ounces) sugar. Color the syrup with a few drops tincture of\\ncudbear, and flavor it with about thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce)\\norange-flower water.\\nDose. One or two teaspoonfuls.\\nPhosphorus XT. S.\\nPhosphorus.\\nPhosphor, G.; Phosphore, F.; Fosforo, Sp.; Fosfor, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 248, 249.\\nIt usually contains arsenic, and sometimes also sulphur. The limits\\nof these impurities are fixed in the Pharmacopoeia. Must be kept\\nunder water, best in a glass-stoppered wide-mouthed bottle placed in a\\ntin can filled with water up to the neck of the glass bottle.\\nThe sticks of phosphorus should be clear or waxy, not red or brown,\\nexternally.\\nMedicinal Uses. Phosphorus is employed as a nutritive stimu-\\nlant to the nervous system. It is given in sexual and 7nental exhaus-\\ntion, general debility, nervous depression, etc. Long-continued use is\\napt to derange the digestion and interfere with nutrition.\\nDose. 0.0006 to 0.0012 gram t ^-q- to -fa grain) in pill or emulsion.\\nPoisonous Effects. In large doses this substance is a violent\\npoison, producing, some hours after ingestion, intense gastro-intestinal\\nirritation, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, bloody stools, intense burn-\\ning pains in abdomen, jaundice, general depression, restlessness, pro-\\ngressing to delirium, coma, collapse, and death.\\nAntidotes. Emetics, preferably sulphate of copper in weak solu-\\ntion, 0.1 to 0.2 gram (2 to 3 grains) every few minutes until vomiting is\\ninduced. Oil of turpentine in emulsion or solution of sulphate of cop-\\nper, with opium to restrain vomiting, may then be given to prevent the\\npoisonous effects of the phosphorus. The irritation and depression must\\nbe counteracted on general principles.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0779.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "766 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPHOSPHORATUM OLEUM U. S.\\nPhosphorated Oil.\\nPut one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) expressed oil of\\nalmond into a flask and heat it on a sand-bath to 250\u00c2\u00b0 C. (482\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and\\nkeep it at that temperature for about fifteen minutes. Then allow it to\\ncool and filter it. Put ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) of the almond\\noil so prepared and filtered, together with one gram (15-J grains) phos-\\nphorus, previously carefully dried with blotting-paper and cut in thin\\npieces, into a perfectly dry bottle (rinsed with ether so as to dry faster)\\ncapable of holding more than one hundred grams (say a four-ounce\\nbottle). Cork the bottle place it in a water bath and heat it until\\nthe phosphorus melts. Then shake it until all the phosphorus has dis-\\nsolved. Allow it to cool. Add nine grams (139 grains) stronger ether\\nand shake well together.\\nPhosphorated oil must be kept in small, amber, glass- stoppered bot-\\ntles in a cool place. When kept in a too cold place th r e phosphorus\\ncrystallizes out it will redissolve again, however, when heated and\\nshaken.\\nThe phosphorus used should be one which withstands the pharmaco-\\npceial tests for arsenic and sulphur. The preparation contains one per\\ncent, phosphorus.\\nMedicinal Uses. A convenient form for the administration of\\nphosphorus. It is sometimes combined with cod-liver oil and adminis-\\ntered in consumption, wasting diseases, general debility, nervous exhaus-\\ntion, etc.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nPHOSPIIOEI PASTA.\\nPhosphorus Paste.\\nMake a mush by boiling thirty grams (1 ounce) flour with a suffi-\\ncient quantity of water. Add 1.50 gram (23 grains) phosphorus, keep\\nin under the surface of the mush, and put the whole on a water-bath\\nuntil the phosphorus is melted. Then stir it into the mush well, and\\nadd twenty grams (300 grains) suet, ten grams (150 grains) olive oil,\\nand fifteen grams ounce) sugar. Mix all intimately, and put the\\nfinished paste into tin cans, or pots, which must be tightly closed.\\nThis makes an efficient rat-poison.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0780.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 767\\nPHOSPHOKI PILULE U. S.\\nPhosphorus Pills.\\nDissolve 0.06 gram (1 grain) phosphorus in 3.20 grams (50 grains)\\npurified chloroform in a test-tube. Mix in a mortar 5.20 grams (80\\ngrains) powdered althaea and 1.30 gram (twenty grains) powdered aca-\\ncia. Add the solution of phosphorus, 2.60 grams (40 grains) glycerin,\\nand 1.30 gram (20 grains) water, and mix all quickly, working it into a\\nmass, which divide into one hundred pills.\\nCoat these pills by shaking them about in a solution of balsam of\\ntolu in an equal weight of stronger ether, and dry them.\\nKeep the pills in a well-closed bottle.\\nPhosphorus which holds the pharmacopceial tests for arsenic and\\nsulphur must be used.\\nEach pill contains 0.0006 gram (y^g- grain) of phosphorus.\\nPHOSPHOKI PULVIS.\\nPowdered Phosphorus.\\nDrop phosphorus in small shavings into a bottle half filled with solu-\\ntion of sodium chloride (table salt). Warm the whole until the phos-\\nphorus melts. Then shake it until cold. The phosphorus will then be\\nin powder. Pour off the salt brine and wash the powdered phosphorus\\nwith water. Preserve it in a bottle under water.\\nUsed in making pills.\\nPHOSPHORI TINCTUEA.\\nTincture of Phosphorus.\\nDissolve one gram (15^ grains) phosphorus in one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces) absolute alcohol.\\nEach cubic centimeter (16 minims) contains one milligram T 1 grain)\\nphosphorus.\\nMust be kept in an amber-colored bottle with well-fitting glass\\nstopper.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nPhysostig ma U. S.\\nPhysostigma.\\nPhysostigma^ Semina Calabar Bean.\\nOrigin. Physostigma venenosum, Balfour (Leguminosai).\\nHabitat. Western Africa, near the mouth of the river Niger.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0781.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "768\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPart used. The seed.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 249.\\nThe seed of Physostigma cylindrospermum, Holmes, resembles the\\ntrue Calabar bean, but is much\\nlarger, nearly cylindrical, and\\nhas a much shorter groove and\\nhilum.\\nConstituents- The\\nalkaloid physostigmine (also\\ncalled eserine), and calabarine,\\nbesides starch, fixed oil, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Phy-\\nsostigma is a powerful poison\\nin excessive doses, producing\\nextreme debility, vomiting,\\nslow and weak pulse, collapse,\\nand death.\\nIt is sometimes called\\nordeal bean, being used in\\nAfrica in the form of an infu-\\nFigs. 411-415.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ph.v., Physostigma venenosum, sion as an ordeal,\\nand transverse section; Ph.c, Physostigma cylin- T\\ndrospermum, and transverse section all natural H ls niainJy employed to\\nsize cause contraction of the pupil,\\nand is of use in various eye diseases, as in iritis, in preparing the patient\\nfor the operation of iridectomy, or to. counteract the excessive effects of\\natropin.\\nIt has also proved of service in tetanus, neuralgia, and other affec-\\ntions accompanied by pain.\\nDose. About 0.0G gram (1 grain) of the powder, gradually in-\\ncreasing the dose.\\nPh.v.\\nPh.c.\\nPI-IYSOSTIGMATIS EXTRACTUM; U.S.\\nExtract op Physostigma.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of physos-\\ntigma, in No. 30 powder, with two hundred grams (8^- fluidounces) alco-\\nhol. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with men-\\nstruum. Macerate twenty-four hours. Percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty grams (about 18 fluidounces) of first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the percolate passes through\\nbut slightly bitter, or until one thousand and fifty grams of second per-\\ncolate has been received. Evaporate the second percolate to fifty grams", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0782.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 769\\n(about If ounce) then mix this with the first percolate, and evaporate\\nthe whole to extract, stirring well at the last. No glycerin is added.\\nGreenish-brown. Yield about six per cent. Contains some fixed\\noil on account of the use of undiluted alcohol as a menstruum. This\\ndoes not interfere with the medicinal effect, although undesirable.\\nPractically the same product is obtained by evaporating the fluid\\nextract\\nWhen well made, one grain of this extract represents twenty-four\\ngrains of the Calabar bean.\\nDose. 0.004 to 0.01 gram T *g- to 1 grain).\\nPHYSOSTIGMATIS EXTEACTUM FLUIDTJM.\\nFluid Extract of Physostigma.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 TJ. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nPHYSOSTIGMATIS TINCTUKA; U.S.\\nTincture of Physostigma.\\nTincture of Calabar Bean.\\nMacerate thirty grams (1 ounce 25J grains) physostigma, in No. 40\\npowder, with thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) alcohol for twenty-\\nfour hours. Then pack it tightly into a cylindrical percolator, and per-\\ncolate with alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains)\\ntincture has been obtained, measuring three hundred and sixty cubic\\ncentimeters (12 fluidounces).\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nPhysostigminse Salicylas U. S.\\nSalicylate of Physostigmine.\\nSalicylate of JEserine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 249.\\nThis is the most permanent and satisfactory of all the salts of phy-\\nsostigmine, and has therefore been made official in preference to the\\nsulphate and all other preparations.\\nMust be kept in well-corked, dark, amber-colored bottles in a dark\\nplace.\\n49", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0783.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "770 A COMPANION TO THE\\nDose. 0.00075 gram grain), gradually increased if necessary.\\nShould be used with extreme caution\\nFor use in the eye a solution of 0.06 gram (1 grain) in thirty cubic\\ncentimeters (1 fluidounce) of water may be employed.\\nPhysostigminse Sulphas.\\nSulphate of Physostigmine.\\nSulphate of Eserine.\\nA white crystalline salt. Does not keep so well as the salicylate.\\nUses and Dose about the same as of salicylate of physostigmine.\\nPhytolacca\u00c2\u00a9 Bacca U. S.\\nPhytolacca Berry.\\nPoke-Berry.\\nOrigin and Habitat. See Phytolacca? Radix.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 250. Dark purple,\\nabout the size of juniper berries.\\nConstituents. No satisfactory analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. Poke-berries have been used for the same pur-\\nposes as the root. We have seen excellent results from the use of a\\nsaturated tincture, made by macerating the berries in whiskey, in chronic\\nrheumatism with painful swelling of the joints.\\nDose. 0.2 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nPHYTOLACCA FRUCTUS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Phytolacca Berries.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nPhytolacca^ Radix U. S.\\nPhytolacca Root.\\nPoke-Root.\\nOrigin. Phytolacca decandra, Linne (Phytolaccaceoe).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 250. The dust or", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0784.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 771\\npowder causes distressing symptoms, including pain about the chest,\\nabdomen, and back, and of the eyes, and occasionally vomiting or purg-\\ning, or both. These symptoms come on, if at all, in a few hours, and\\ndo not disappear for a day or two. One of the authors witnessed these\\neffects on two occasions when poke-root was being ground, the dust\\nbeing more or less carried through the building. The miller himself,\\nand one or two other persons who must have inhaled much more of the\\ndust than the other inmates of the building were not affected at all,\\nwhile some were so prostrated as to require assistance to reach their\\nhomes, and were unable to leave their beds the following day. One\\nman who was engaged in moistening the powder preparatory to packing\\nit into a percolator had his arms nearly blistered and raw from the\\neffects of the drug.\\nConstituents. Resin has been found in it. The active principle\\nis not yet known.\\nMedicinal Uses. Emetic, cathartic, alterative, and narcotic. It\\nis seldom employed as a cathartic or emetic, on account of the slowness\\nof its action and the liability to be followed by symptoms of narcotic\\npoisoning. It is used as an alterative in syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula,\\nand in cutaneous disorders.\\nDose. As an emetic and purgative, one to two grams (15 to 30\\ngrains) as an alterative, 0.05 to 0.35 gram (1 to 6 grains).\\nPHYTOLACCA ABSTRACTUM.\\nAbstract of Phytolacca.\\nAbstract of Poke- Root.\\nPrepared from the fluid extract, four hundred cubic centimeters\\n(13J fluidounces) of which will make two hundred grams (7 ounces 24\\ngrains) of the abstract, using a sufficient quantity of powdered milk-\\nsuo-ar.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.60 gram (1 to 10 grains).\\nPHYTOLACCA RADICIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Phytolacca Root.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.10 to 0.30 gram (2 to 5 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0785.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "772\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPHYTOLACCA [KADICIS] EXTBACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Phytolacca Root.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nPHYTOLACCA [KADICIS] TINCTUKA.\\nTincture of Phytolacca Root.\\nTincture of phytolacca is made by percolation with diluted alcohol,\\nthree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of tincture being col-\\nlected from thirty grams (1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug, in No. 50\\npowder.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters 1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nPichurim Semina.\\nPichurim Beans.\\nOrigin. JVectandra puchury r Nees (Lauracem).\\nHabitat. Brazil.\\nPart used. The dried cotyledons.\\nFigs. 416-420.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pichurim Beans, natural size, a, outer surface of cotyledon; 6, inner\\nsurface c, transverse section d, longitudinal section of same e, outlines of inner surface\\nof large variety (p, plumule).\\nDescription. Blackish brown externally, but interiorly light\\nbrown. Odor and taste aromatic, reminding of nutmeg and saffron.\\nSee illustrations.\\nConstituents. From two to three per cent, volatile oil, and about\\nthirty per cent. fat.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0786.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 773\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug has been used as a stimulant, tonic,\\nand astringent in bowel affections, diarrhoea, dysentery, and dyspepsia,\\nin menstrual derangements, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22 grains) in powder.\\nPicrotoxinum U. S.\\nPlCROTOXIN.\\nA white, crystalline, neutral principle prepared from the seeds of\\nAnamirta paniculata, Colebrooke (Menispermacece).\\nThe poisonous principle of the Cocculus Indicus is picrotoxin. (See\\nCocculus Indicus.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 250.\\nMedicinal Uses. Picrotoxin has been used externally to cure\\nporrigo, in the form of ointment made with 0.66 gram (10 grains) of\\npicrotoxin in thirty grams (1 ounce) of ointment. It has also been\\ngiven internally or by subcutaneous injection in epilepsy.\\nDose. 0.001 gram grain) or less, given with care.\\nPilocarpine Hydrochloras IT. S.\\nHydrochlorate of Pilocarpine.\\nMuriate of Pilocarpine.\\nThis is the hydrochlorate of the alkaloid of jaborandi. Must be\\nkept in small vials with well-fitting glass stoppers.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 250 and\\n251.\\nImpure pilocarpine has an offensive odor, and is more or less dark col-\\nored. The pharmacopceial preparation must be white and odorless.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of pilocarpus.\\nDose. 0.01 gram grain) hypodermically.\\nPilocarpus 17. S.\\nPilocarpus.\\nPilocarpi Folia Jaborandi.\\nOrigin. Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Lemaire {Rutacem).\\nHabitat. Brazil.\\nPart used. The leaflets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 251. See also the il-\\nlustrations.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0787.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "774\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMust have a good, sound, not brown, color.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid pilocarpine, which is present to the\\nextent of one-fourth to one-half per cent. Also volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Pilocarpus is a powerful diaphoretic and siala-\\ngogue. When swallowed on an empty stomach it may excite vomiting,\\nFigs. 421-425. Jaborandi. a, twig, with leaves, reduced; leaflet, natural size;\\nc, lower surface, slightly enlarged, showing gland dots; d, same, more highly enlarged by\\nreflected light e, same as last, by transmitted light.\\nto prevent which it has been given by enema, or preferably small doses\\nof brandy and water are taken before administering the dose.\\nWhen a dose of this remedy is taken, profuse perspiration and flow\\nof saliva occur. The secretion from the bronchial and nasal mucous\\nmembranes and the lachrymal glands are also increased. The tempera-\\nture of the body is lowered, and the arterial tension reduced. Good\\nresults have been observed from this drug in dropsy, urmmia from\\ndesquamative nephritis, chronic parenchymatous nephritis, bronchitis", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0788.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 775\\nwith asthma, asthma siccum, acute ophthalmia, and diabetes insipidus.\\nIt has also been successfully employed to eliminate mineral poisons, and\\nto increase the flow of milk in nursing women.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains), best given as fluid\\nextract.\\nPILOCARPI ABSTRACTUM.\\nAbstract of Pilocarpus.\\nPrepare two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) finished abstract\\nfrom four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) of the fluid ex-\\ntract, using a sufficient quantity of powdered milk sugar.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains).\\nPILOCARPI EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Pilocarpus.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).\\nPILOCARPI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Pilocarpus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6|- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make I\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (30 to 120 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0789.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "776 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPILOCARPI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Pilocarpus.\\nFrom fifty grams (about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifteen to twenty cubic centimeters (4 to 5 fluidrachms) re-\\npeated three or four times at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes.\\nPilulse.\\nPills.\\nPille?i, G.; Pilules, F.; Pildoras, Sp. Piller, Sw.\\nSpherical masses of medicine, intended to be swallowed whole. They\\nvary in weight from three to forty centigrams (J to 6 grains). Ordi-\\nnarily they are soft, and consist of substances readily dissolved or dis-\\nintegrated by water or by the fluids of the stomach.\\nPoll are larger than pills. Granulce (granules) are smaller.\\nIn the extemporaneous preparation of pills the following may be\\nuseful suggestions\\nThe mortar should be a perfect one, with perfectly smooth and well-\\nformed bottom, and a well-formed pestle to match. It is better to use\\na rather large mortar than one that is too small. Wedgewood mortars\\nare usually excellent.\\nThe ingredients should, as a rule, be weighed out in the order of\\ntheir bulk, commencing with that of which the smallest quantity is to be\\nused and the two ingredients used in the smallest quantities must be\\nwell mixed before the third ingredient is added, etc.\\nA perfect pill-mass is one which is quite uniform throughout, show-\\ning no particles of any one of the ingredients in the mass, has a suffi-\\nciently firm consistence to make pills which will retain their shape, and\\nyet soft enough to be readily formed, which does not dry to hardness\\nor fall to powder, and which does not stick to the fingers. If proper\\ningredients or excipients are used, and the mass is well worked, it will at\\nlast become loosened from the bottom of the mortar and the end of the\\npestle.\\nFinally, the pills must be of exactly equal size and perfect spherical\\nform. Lenticular and oblong or oval pills are absurdities.\\nThe excipients to be used are such as will best form the pill-mass\\nwith the medicaments prescribed. In probably nine-tenths of all for-\\nmula) for pills, whether extemporaneously made or not, the best excipi-\\nents are water, glycerin, and powdered tragacanth, one or two of which\\nsubstances will prove sufficient. The least quantity of excipient which", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0790.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 777\\nwill accomplish the end in view is the proper quantity to use. A very\\nminute quantity of powdered tragacanth will impart proper tenacity,\\nand a minute quantity of glycerin will keep the pills permanently soft.\\nQuinine pills should be made with simply the sulphate of quinine\\nand a very small quantity of glycerin, the hajids and tools of the opera-\\ntor to be scrupulously clean.\\nThe best conspergative for pills, to keep them from adhering to-\\ngether and from losing their shape, is lycopodium, which may be used\\nfor all pills, except those which are white and such as contain large\\nquantities of volatile oil. For white pills dusted talc is the nicest con-\\nspergative, and this may also be used for pills containing volatile oils.\\nReady-made tragacanth paste, or tragacanth in glycerin, or any other\\nmucilaginous or other mixture for making pill-masses should be ban-\\nished from the dispensing counter and a bottle of dry, finely powdered\\ntragacanth, and other bottles containing respectively pure glycerin and\\ndistilled water should take their place. Powdered liquorice root as a\\npill excipient and a conspergative is very crude, and should give place\\nto lycopodium and dusted talc.\\nCoated pills are not at all objectionable, provided the coating is en-\\ntirely and freely soluble, and is put on by a process which does not ex-\\npose the pills to any injurious influences, such as excessive heat, etc.\\nPimenta; XT. S.\\nPiMENTA.\\nPimentm Fructus Allspice.\\nOrigin. Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle (Myrtacece).\\nHabitat. Tropical America.\\nPart used. The nearly ripe fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 256.\\nConstituents. From three to four per cent, volatile oil, resin, etc.\\nUses. Allspice is an aromatic stimulant, mainly employed as a\\nspice to promote appetite and digestion.\\nSometimes used as a carminative in the form of a fluid extract\\nmade with alcohol as a menstruum, of which the dose is 0.5 to 2.5 cubic\\ncentimeters (8 to 40 minims).\\nPimentse Oleum; U. S.\\nOil of Pimenta.\\nPimentce ^Jtheroleum Volatile Oil of Pimenta, Oil of Allspice.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 241.\\nDose. One to five drops.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0791.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "778 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPIMENTJE AQUA.\\nPimenta Water.\\nDistribute two grams (30 grains) volatile oil of pimenta on four\\ngrams (GO grains) absorbent cotton, and percolate through it one liter\\n(34 fluidounces) water. (See article Aquas Aromaticae.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty cubic centimeters (-J to 1 fluidounce) for\\nan adult.\\nPIMENTO SPIKITUS.\\nSpirit of Pimenta.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) volatile oil of pimenta\\nand one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nDose. Two to eight cubic centimeters (-J- to 2 fluidrachms).\\nPimpinella.\\nPlMPINELLA.\\nPimpinell-wurzel, JBiebernell, G. Grand Boucage, F. Pimpernel,\\nSmall Burnet Saxifrage.\\nOrigin. Pimpinella saxifraga, Linne (Umbelliferce).\\nHabitat. All over Europe.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. From ten to thirty centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long,\\nsimple or branched, spongy, fleshy, from the thickness of a finger down\\nto that of a quill, grayish- or brownish-yellow at the large end, and\\nmarked by warts, transverse rings, and longitudinal wrinkles. The\\nlower portions are of a paler yellowish color, and marked by deep\\nwrinkles (lengthwise). Internally whitish, with reddish-yellow rays\\n(resin ducts). The bark is of about equal thickness with the woody\\nportion, which is yellowish-white, pithless. Odor aromatic, spicy taste\\npungent, acrid.\\nConstituents. A golden yellow volatile oil, with a strong odor\\nreminding of parsley seed, and an acrid taste also about ten per cent,\\nacrid resin, and some benzoic acid.\\nMedicinal Properties. Stimulant, blennorrhetic, diaphoretic,\\ndiuretic, and expectorant. Promotes the secretions generally.\\nUsed in chronic, catarrhs, bronchitis, bronchial blennorrheas, gastric\\ncatarrh with flatulence or dyspepsia, etc.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), preferably in fluid ex-\\ntract.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0792.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 779\\nPinus Canadensis.\\nPinus Canadensis.\\nPini Canadensis Cortex Hemlock Spruce Bark.\\nOrigin. Abies canadensis, Michaux (Coniferce).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Rough, grayish-brown externally, with corky layer\\nboth longitudinally and transversely deeply furrowed inner side light\\nyellowish-brown odor tan-like taste very astringent.\\nConstituents. Chiefly tannin, but also volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Hemlock spruce bark is used as a stimulating\\nblennorrhetic and astringent, proving valuable in cases of diarrhoeas\\ndue to atonic condition of the bowels, as in dysentery, etc. Best given\\nin the form of fluid extract.\\nPINI CANADENSIS EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Pinus Canadensis.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4-|- fluidounces) alcohol to every two hundred\\ngrams (about 6f fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nPiper U. S.\\nPepper.\\nPiperis JSFigri Fructus Black Pepper.\\nOrigin. Piper nigrum, Linne (Piperacece).\\nHabitat. India.\\nPart used. The dried unripe fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 257.\\nConstituents. From one to two percent, volatile oil, pungent\\nrasin, piperin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Pepper is generally employed as a condiment", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0793.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "80 A COMPANION TO THE\\nand spice to improve digestion and correct a tendency to flatulence. It\\nis a stimulant carminative, and is sometimes given in flatulence and\\natonic conditions of the stomach and bowels. It has also been used in\\nintermittent fevers, but with doubtful benefit.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 gram (5 to 20 grains).\\nPIPERIS CONFECTIO; B.\\nConfection of Pepper.\\nMade of sixty grams (2 ounces) black pepper, finely powdered;\\nninety grams (3 ounces) caraway, in fine powder and four hundred\\nand fifty grams (15 ounces) clarified honey.\\nA smooth, uniform, firm pasta of a dark olive brown color.\\nPossessing the properties of black pepper.\\nDose. Four to eight grams (GO to 120 grains).\\nPIPEPIS EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Black Pepper.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose* 0.25 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (4 to 20 minims).\\nPIPERIS OLEOKESINA U. S.\\nOleoresin of Pepper.\\nPack one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) pepper, in No. 60\\npowder, firmly into a tall, narrow, cylindrical percolator provided with\\ncover and receptacle adapted to operations with volatile menstrua (see\\npage 721), and percolate it slowly with stronger ether until one thou-\\nsand five hundred grams (52 ounces 400 grains) percolate have slowly\\npassed. Recover about one thousand grams of the ether by distillation\\non a water-bath, put the residue into a porcelain evaporating dish and\\nexpose it until the remaining ether has evaporated spontaneously and\\nthe deposit of crystals of piperin has ceased. Finally, strain the oleo-\\nresin through muslin, by expression, to separate the piperin from it.\\nKeep the product in small well-corked wide-mouthed bottles.\\nDose. 0.015 to 0.06 gram to 1 grain), best given in pill.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0794.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 781\\nPiper Album.\\nWhite Peppee.\\nPlperis Semina.\\nOrigin. Piper nigrum, Linne (Piper acece).\\nPart used. The ripe fruit deprived of the epicarp and sarcocarp.\\nIn other words, the seeds with the adhering testa and the vascular bun-\\ndles covering its surface.\\nDescription. Smooth, spherical, with ten to twelve longitudinal\\nveins whitish externally; interiorly reddish-brown; odor and taste the\\nsame as of black pepper but weaker.\\nConstituents. The same as of the black pepper.\\nMedicinal Uses. The same as of black pepper, but weaker.\\nRarely used in medicine.\\nPiperina U. S.\\nPlPERINE.\\nPiper inn m Piper in.\\nThis substance is probably a piperate of piperidine, and not an alka-\\nloid. Should therefore be called piperinwm not piperina. When\\nacted upon by alkalies it breaks up into piperate of the alkaline metal\\nand the alkaloid piperidine, which has strong alkaloid properties.\\nPiperin occurs in black pepper and in the fruits of other plants of\\nthe same natural order Piperacece.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 257.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of black pepper.\\nDose- 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 8 grains).\\nPiscidia.\\nPlSCIDIA.\\nPiscidice JRadicis Cortex Jamaica Dogwood.\\nOrigin. Piscidia erythrina, Linne (Leguminosce).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 West Indies.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark of the root.\\nDescription. A tough, fibrous, blackish (internally greenish)\\nbark, about five millimeters inch) thick, of a heavy narcotic odor, re-\\nminding somewhat of opium, and a bitter, somewhat acrid, and astrin-\\ngent taste.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0795.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "782 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. It contains a resinous (or resinoid) substance\\nwhich has been named piscidin.\\nProperties. Narcotic used to relieve pain and to produce sleep.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), preferably in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nPISCIDLE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Piscidia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoir-\\ndupois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every two hun-\\ndred grams (about 6f fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7J fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^ fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nFix Burgimdica U. S.\\nBurgundy Pitch.\\nOrigin- Abies excelsa, De Candolle (Coniferoe).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 257.\\nConstituents- It is a resin with traces of volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed in plasters.\\nPICIS BURGUNDKLE EMPLASTRUM U. S.\\nBurgundy Pitch Plaster.\\nMelt together two hundred and seventy grams (9 ounces) Burgundy\\npitch and thirty grams (1 ounce) yellow wax, strain, and stir until cool.\\nTn the old Pharmacopoeia the proportions were twelve to one the\\nnew preparation is of better consistence.\\nUses. Protecting and supporting also slightly stimulating and\\ncounter-irritating in chronic rheumatism, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0796.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 783\\nFix Canadensis U. S.\\nCanada Pitch.\\nHemlock Pitch.\\nOrigin- Abies canadensis, Michaux {Conifers).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 258.\\nConstituents. Resin, with traces of volatile oil.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of Burgundy pitch.\\nPICIS CANADENSIS EMPLASTKUM; IT. S.\\nCanada Pitch Plastee.\\nHemlock Pitch Plaster.\\nMelt together two hundred and seventy grams (9 ounces) Canada\\npitch and thirty grams (1 ounce) yellow wax, strain, and stir until cool.\\nIn the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 the proportions were twelve to one.\\nThe new preparation is an improvement on the old.\\nFix Liquida U. S.\\nTab.\\nPint Pyr oleum T/ieer, G.; Goudron, Goudron v eg Hal, F.; Brea, Pez\\nliquida, Sp. Tjara, Sw.\\nOrigin. Pinus palustris, Miller, and other species of Pinus (Coni-\\nfer m).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 258.\\nNorth Carolina tar and Swedish tar are the best. Should be clear\\nand free from mechanical impurities.\\nConstituents. Oil of turpentine, pyrocatechin, acetic acid, crea-\\nsote, phenol, etc., etc.\\nThe granular appearance of tar is due to crystals of pyrocatechin,\\nwhich is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and is very pungent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant blennorrhetic in catarrhal affections\\nof the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes and of the urinary ap-\\nparatus. Also employed externally in cutaneous affections, as psori-\\nasis, tinea capitis, scabies, etc.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) daily.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0797.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "784 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPIX LIQULDA LOTA.\\nWashed Tar.\\nMacerate together in a suitable vessel one thousand grams (35\\nounces) best North Carolina tar and two liters (G8 fluidounces) cold dis-\\ntilled water for twenty-four hours, stirring frequently. Then let the\\nmixture rest until the tar separates, after which pour off the water.\\nThe object of this washing is the removal of acetic (pyroligneous)\\nacid.\\nPI01S LIQUIDS GLYCEKITUM.\\nGlycerite of Tar.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) washed tar with three\\nhundred and sixty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) glycerin, three\\nhundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) alcohol, and one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) water put it into a half -gallon flask.\\nHeat it on a water-bath to about 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.) for two hours, agi-\\ntating the mixture frequently. Then pour it into a jar, let settle, de-\\ncant, and filter.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nPICIS LIQUIDS INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Tar.\\nPicis Aqua Tar Water.\\nShake one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) purified tar in a\\nhalf-gallon bottle with one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces)\\nhot water until cold. Then set it aside to settle decant, and filter the\\ndecanted infusion.\\nThe preparation is sherry-colored, clear has an acid reaction, and\\nthe odor and taste of tar it contains the pyrocatechin of the tar to-\\ngether with acetic acid, methyl alcohol, creasote, etc.\\nDose- Two hundred and fifty to five hundred cubic centimeters\\nto 1 pint) daily.\\nPICIS LIQUIDS SYRUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Tar.\\nWash sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) purified tar by agitating it\\nwith one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) cold\\nwater for twenty-four hours. Decant and reject the washings. Upon", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0798.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 785\\nthe washed tar pour five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces)\\nboiling distilled water, stir briskly for fifteen minutes, and then set the\\nmixture aside for thirty-six hours, stirring occasionally. Then let set-\\ntle, decant, and filter. In four hundred grams (400 cubic centimeters,\\nor about 13-J- fluidounces) of the filtrate, dissolve six hundred grams\\n(about 21 ounces) sugar, and filter the syrup.\\nDose. Ten cubic centimeters (2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) or more.\\nPICIS LIQUIDS. TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Tar.\\nDissolve two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) purified tar in\\neight hundred cubic centimeters (27 fluidounces) alcohol. Filter, and\\nadd enough alcohol through the filter to make the total filtrate measure\\none thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms),\\nPICIS LIQUIDS UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nTar Ointment.\\nMelt together sixty grams (or 2 ounces) suet and sixty grams (or 2\\nounces) purified tar, strain the melted mixture through muslin, and\\nstir it constantly until cold.\\nPICIS LIQUIDS VINUM.\\nWine of Tar.\\nDigest together, for two hours, with frequent stirring, one hundred\\ngrams (3 ounces 230 grains) washed tar and one thousand cubic centi-\\nmeters (34 fluidounces) sherry wine. Decant and filter.\\nDose. A teaspoonful.\\nPICIS LIQITOK KALINUS.\\nAlkaline Solution of Tar.\\nMacerate one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) white\\ncaustic potassa and three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) purified\\ntar with one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) water, for\\ntwenty-four hours, stirring frequently. Let it stand to settle, and then\\ndecant the clear solution from the sediment.\\nUsed externally like tar.\\n50", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0799.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "786 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPicis Liquidse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Tar.\\nThis is the so-called light oil of tar, a very mixed body, contain-\\ning acetic acid, creasote, aceton, me^iyl alcohol, mesit, toluol, xylol, and\\ncumol, besides probably other constituents. It is in no sense an oil\\nnor does it closely resemble the volatile oils, although described in the\\nPharmacopoeia as a volatile oil distilled from tar.\\nIt is nearly colorless when freshly made, but after a short time turns\\nreddish-brown. It has an acid reaction, and a strong odor and taste,\\nreminding of its source.\\nWhen freed from acetic acid, methyl alcohol and creasote, and after-\\nward subjected to fractional distillation, it yields a light, highly refractive\\nliquid of 0.66 specific gravity, boiling at 47\u00c2\u00b0 to 52\u00c2\u00b0 C. (116\u00c2\u00b0 to 125\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nand having an odor resembling that of chloroform. A distillate of 52\u00c2\u00b0\\nto 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (125\u00c2\u00b0 to 131\u00c2\u00b0 F.) boiling-point has, after treatment with\\nchlorine, an odor of oil of lemon. The distillate boiling at 57\u00c2\u00b0 to 60\u00c2\u00b0\\nC. (135\u00c2\u00b0 to 140\u00c2\u00b0 F.) has, after treatment with chlorine, the odor of rasp-\\nberries. That boiling at 60\u00c2\u00b0 to 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 to 158\u00c2\u00b0 F.) has an odor re-\\nsembling that of leather and that of 70\u00c2\u00b0 to 80\u00c2\u00b0 0. (158\u00c2\u00b0 to 176\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nboiling-point smells like benzol.\\nUsed for the same purposes as tar.\\nFix Solida.\\nBlack Pitch.\\nThis is the solid residue remaining after the distillation of pine tar.\\nIt is frequently prepared by boiling tar in an open pot until the volatile\\nsubstances have been driven off and the pitch remains, taking care not\\nto continue the boiling longer than necessary to obtain a solid mass,\\nwhich is brittle only in cold this yields the best pitch.\\nIt is black, opaque, melts at 98.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (209.3\u00c2\u00b0 F.), is soluble in alcohol,\\nether, bisulphide of carbon, benzol, and in alkalies it has the odor of\\ntar is nearly tasteless. Softens when chewed, but does not adhere to\\nthe teeth.\\nCoal-tar pitch, or gas pitch, is an entirely different thing.\\nConstituents. Empyreumatic resins and some reten.\\nUses- Externally in plasters.\\nPICIS EMPLASTKUM.\\nBlack Pitch Plaster.\\nMelt together ten grams (154 grains) Venice turpentine, twenty\\ngrams (308 grains) yellow wax, forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) black", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0800.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 787\\npitch, and sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) resin. Strain, and pour into\\noiled paper moulds so as to form cakes about one centimeter (finch) in\\nthickness.\\n[PICIS] EMPLASTRUM OXYCROCEUM.\\nMake a plaster of thirty grams (1 ounce) yellow wax, fifteen grams\\nounce) black pitch, fifteen grams ounce) galbanum in powder, five\\ngrams (75 grains) Venice turpentine, five grams powdered myrrh, five\\ngrams powdered olibanum, and five grams powdered saffron.\\nSlightly stimulating and rubefacient.\\nPlatinum.\\nPlatinum.\\nOne of the rarer metals. It is malleable, tough, and can be made\\ninto fine wire. Is not altered by exposure to air, nor attacked by any\\nacid except nitromuriatic acid (i.e., free or nascent chlorine).\\nPlatinum foil and wire are used in testing, and weights of platinum\\nare the best that can be made for chemical and pharmaceutical purposes,\\nas*they are readily cleaned without injury, and the metal is hard enough\\nnot to be appreciably abraded.\\nPlumbum.\\nLead.\\nBlei, G. Plomb, F. Plomo, Sp. Bly, Sw.\\nLead occurs chiefly as a sulphide, which is called galena. Pure lead\\nhas the specific gravity 11.3, and fuses at between 300\u00c2\u00b0 and 400\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(617\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nLead salts are white or yellow. The sulphate and carbonate are in-\\nsoluble chloride and iodide but slightly soluble nitrate and acetate\\nreadily soluble in water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Metallic lead in sheets has been used and re*\\ncommended as an application to chronic inflamed ulcers, etc., but it is\\nrarely employed except in the form of some of its salts.\\nInternally the salts of lead are sedative and astringent in medicinal\\ndoses, and externally they are used to combat inflammations.\\nPoisonous Effects. In excessive doses the salts of lead may give\\nrise to acute symptoms of poisoning, but the poisonous effects are more\\nfrequently in consequence of the gradual absorption of minute quanti-\\nties of lead, and affect workers in that metal and especially those who\\nare engaged in the manufacture of white lead.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0801.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "788 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe symptoms of acute lead-poisoning are violent gastro-intestinal\\nirritation, burning at the epigastrium, vomiting, with, perhaps, collapse\\nand death.\\nThe symptoms of chronic lead-poisoning are a blue line about the\\nridge of the gums, foul breath, severe spasmodic colic (colica pictonum)\\nwith chronic constipation, and occasionally paralysis generally limited\\nto the extensors of the forearm, and giving rise to the symptom known\\nas drop-wrist.\\nAntidotal Treatment. In case of acute poisoning emetics should\\nbe freely given, followed by saline laxatives, especially magnesium sul-\\nphate in solution acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid, to form the com-\\nparatively insoluble sulphate of lead and prevent the absorption of the\\npoisonous salt.\\nIn chronic poisoning the main indication is to relieve the colic and\\nconstipation, both of which symptoms depend on the spasmodic contrac-\\ntion of the intestines, and can be best relieved by opium and small doses\\nof laxatives. Magnesium sulphate is generally given, but proves use-\\nful not on account of its property of converting the poison in the stom-\\nach and bowels into an insoluble sulphate of lead, as it does in acute\\npoisoning, but simply because it is a mild purgative. In chronic lead-\\npoisoning the lead salts are in the system beyond the direct action of\\nthe magnesium sulphate, and, in fact, are often introduced by the in-\\nhalation of the dust or by absorption through the skin.\\nTo eliminate lead salts from the system, sulphuretted baths, made by\\ndissolving a few ounces of sulphide of potassium in a tub full of warm\\nwater, may be used. The patient is to use plenty of soap and a flesh-\\nbrush to facilitate the action of the sulphide on the skin. These baths\\nare to be used daily until they cease to cause discoloration of the skin.\\nIodide of potassium should be given internally.\\nPlumbi Acetas U. S.\\nAcetate of Lead.\\nPlumbicus Acetas Lead Acetate Plumbum Aceticum, Saccharum Sa-\\nturni Essigsaures Pleioxyd, Pleizucker, G. Acetate de plomb, Sel\\nde Saturne, Sucre de Saturne, F. Acetato plumbico, Sal de Saturno,\\nSp. Attiksyrad Blyoxid, Blysoclcer, Sw. Sugar of Lead.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 258.\\nMoist crystals effloresce more rapidly than a dry salt. The prepara-\\ntion must be kept in not too large dry bottles, well closed, and put in a\\ncool place to prevent loss of water of crystallization.\\nA solution containing five per cent, of acetate of lead has the spe-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0802.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 789\\ncific gravity 1.0319 one of ten per cent, strength, the specific gravity\\n1.0654 one of twenty per cent., 1.1384 thirty per cent., 1.2211 and\\nforty per cent., 1.3163.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sedative and powerfully astringent used in\\nhemorrhages from the bowels, lungs, etc., and also in excessive dis-\\ncharges, as in diarrhoea, dysentery, and similar complaints. It is often\\ncombined with opium in the treatment of these cases.\\nExternally it is used in solution as an astringent and cooling appli-\\ncation to counteract inflammation. Its external use may be followed\\nby absorption and symptoms of poisoning.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains), repeated every few hours\\nif necessary.\\nPLUMBI ACETATIS ET OPII PILULE.\\nPills of Acetate of Lead and Opium.\\nMix three grams (45 grains) acetate of lead and 0.50 gram (7J grains)\\npowdered opium form a pill mass by adding minute quantities of\\npowdered tragacanth and glycerin. Make fifteen pills.\\nEach pill contains twenty centigrams (3 grains) acetate of lead and\\nthree centigrams (J grain) opium.\\nDose. One pill, repeated as necessary.\\nPLUMBI ACETATIS UNGUENTUM; B.\\nOintment of Acetate of Lead.\\nMix thoroughly 2.50 grams (38 grains) acetate of lead with 97.50\\ngrams (3 ounces 200 grains) benzoinated lard. The acetate of lead\\nmust first be reduced to very fine powder, and the benzoinated lard then\\nadded gradually.\\nUsed as an application to inflamed surfaces or ulcers.\\nPLUMBI SUB ACETATIS LIQUOR; U. S.\\nSolution of Subacetate of Lead.\\nPlumbici Subacetatis Solutio Solution of Lead Subacetate, Goulard s\\nExtract Acetum Plumbicum, Acetum Saturni Bleiessig, G. Ex-\\ntrait de Goulard, Vinaigre de plomb, F. Blyattika, Sw.\\nFirst dissolve one hundred and seventy grams (6 ounces) acetate of\\nlead in eight hundred cubic centimeters (27 fluidounces) of boiling dis-\\ntilled water, in a porcelain evaporating dish then add one hundred\\nand twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) oxide of lead, and boil together", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0803.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "700 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfor half an hour, adding hot water from time to time to make up for\\nloss by evaporation. Let cool. Add enough distilled water, previously\\nboiled and cooled (to expel air and carbonic acid), to make the whole\\nweigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nPreservation- Must be kept in quite filled and well-closed bottles.\\nDescription and Strength. A clear, colorless liquid (having a\\nsomewhat bluish fluorescence when in large bulk), of a sweetish, astrin-\\ngent taste, and an alkaline reaction. Specific gravity 1.228, corre-\\nsponding to 27\u00c2\u00b0 Baume. It contains about twenty-five per cent, of\\nsubacetate of lead, being a trifle weaker than the preparation of 1870.\\nIt requires a thirteen- or fourteen-ounce bottle to hold a pound\\none gallon of it weighs about ten pounds three and one-fourth ounces.\\nUsed externally as an astringent and cooling lotion in bruises,\\nsprains, etc. Soft cloths are dipped into a dilute mixture of this solu-\\ntion with soft water and applied to the affected parts.\\nPLUMBI SUBACETATIS LIQUOR DILUTUS U. S.\\nDiluted Solution of Subacetate of Lead.\\nBleiwasser, Kiihlwasser, G. Eau de Saturne, Eau blanche, F. Bly-\\nvatten, Sw. Lead Water.\\nBoil some distilled water and let it cool again. Mix nine hundred\\nand seventy grams (33 fluidounces) of this water with thirty grams (1\\nounce 25 grains) solution of subacetate of lead. Keep the mixture in\\nwell-corked bottles.\\nIt contains three-fourths per cent, of subacetate of lead.\\nUsed for the same purposes as the stronger solution, but requires\\nno further dilution before being applied.\\nPLUMBI SUBACETATIS CERATUM U. S.\\nCerate of Subacetate of Lead.\\nGoulard s Cerate.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce by weight, about 6\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms) of solu-\\ntion of subacetate of lead with one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces)\\nof camphor cerate.\\nAs cerate of subacetate of lead does not keep, the Pharmacopoeia\\ndirects that it be freshly made when wanted.\\nThe strength is about the same as in the previous pharmacopoeias.\\nThis application is cooling and astringent, and is a favorite ointment\\nto heal old and indolent ulcers, especially when they are irritated and\\npainful.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0804.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 791\\nPLUMBI SUJBACETATIS GLYCERITUM.\\nGlycerite of Subacetate of Lead.\\nBoil together over an oil-bath fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) ace-\\ntate of lead, thirty-five grams (1 ounce 103 grains) powdered and sifted\\noxide of lead, and two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) glyce-\\nrin, stirring constantly, until the oxide of lead has all disappeared and\\na clear solution results.\\nThe strength of this preparation is the same as that of solution of\\nacetate of lead. It is a clear, colorless liquid.\\nThis is miscible with distilled water in all proportions, yielding clear\\nmixtures.\\nUsed for the same purposes as solution of acetate of lead.\\nPLUMBI SUBACETATIS LINIMENT L T M; U. S.\\nLiniment of Subacetate of Lead.\\nMix one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) solution of sub-\\nacetate of lead with one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) cotton-\\nseed oil both by weight.\\nThe preparation of this name in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 con-\\nsisted of olive oil and solution of subacetate of lead in the same pro-\\nportions as above.\\nAnodyne and cooling application in cases of inflammation, especially\\nwhen the skin is involved, as in chapped hands, bruises, etc.\\nPlumbi Carbonas IT. S.\\nCarbonate of Lead.\\nPlumbicus Carbonas Lead Carbonate Hydratocarbonas Plumbicus,\\nPlumbum Carbonicum, Cerussa Pleiweiss, G. Carbonate de\\nplomb, Ceruse, Plane de plom, F. Albayalde, Cerusa, Sp. Ply-\\nhvitt, Plykarbonat, Sw. White Lead.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 259.\\nUnder the microscope lead carbonate is seen to be crystalline. It\\nshould be of a perfectly pure white color, and consist of a fine powder,\\nfree from grittiness and from any mechanical impurities.\\nMedicinal Uses. White lead is not used internally. Externally\\nit is employed in burns, scalds, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.,\\neither as a dry application or in the form of ointment. Its use may be\\nfollowed by absorption and symptoms of poisoning.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0805.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "92 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPLUMBI CARBONATIS UNGUENTUM U. S.\\nOintment of Carbonate of Lead.\\nTJnguentum Cerussce.\\nMix thoroughly ten grams (154 grains) carbonate of lead and ninety\\ngrams (3 ounces 76 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nPlumbi Iodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Lead.\\nPlumbicum Iodidum Lead Ioaide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 259.\\nMust be in fine powder. A crystalline lead iodide looks very hand-\\nsome, but is not suitable for medicinal uses.\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom employed internally. It is said to have\\nproved useful as a discutient to cause the absorption of scrofulous tu-\\nmors and glandular swellings, and as an application in acne and other\\ncutaneous diseases.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.25 gram to 4 grains).\\nPLUMBI IODIDI EMPLASTRUM.\\nPlaster of Iodide of Lead.\\nMelt together four hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces 380 grains)\\nsoap plaster and four hundred and fifty grams resin plaster. Then in-\\ncorporate thoroughly, while the plaster is still hot, one hundred grams\\n(3 ounces 230 grains) iodide of lead, in fine powder.\\nPLUMBI IODIDI TJNGUENTUM; U. S.\\nOintment of Iodide of Lead.\\nMix thoroughly ten grams (154 grains) iodide of lead, in fine pow-\\nder, and ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nPlumbi Nitras 17. S.\\nNitrate of Lead.\\nPlumbicus Nitras Lead Nitrate Plumbum Nitricum Dleisalpeter,\\n/Salpetersaures Pleioxyd, G. Azotate de plomb, F. Nitrato plum-\\nbico, Sp. Salpetersyrad Plyoxid, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 259.\\nA very heavy white salt.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0806.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 793\\nMedicinal Uses. Seldom, if ever, given internally. Its solution\\nis sometimes applied externally for the purpose of correcting the fetid\\nodor of vaginal or other discharges, to cleanse sloughing ulcers, etc.\\nA solution of ten grains in an ounce of glycerin has been highly\\nrecommended as an application to fissured nipples.\\nPlumbi Oleatum.\\nOleate of Lead.\\nDissolve twenty grams (310 grains) powdered and sifted oxide of\\nlead in eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) oleic acid, heated to 66\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(150\u00c2\u00b0 F.), stirring constantly until complete union is effected.\\nIt is a yellowish, soft ointment.\\nAll the several lead plasters contain principally oleate of lead, and\\nin addition palmitate of lead, besides other added ingredients.\\nPLUMBI EMPLASTRUM; U.S.\\nLead Plaster.\\nDiachylon Plaster.\\nTriturate four hundred and eighty grams (16 ounces) of oxide of\\nlead (powdered and sifted litharge) with four hundred and fifty grams\\n(15 ounces) olive oil. Put the mixture into a dish capable of holding at\\nleast fifty ounces, and add four hundred and fifty grams (15 ounces)\\nmore of olive oil and one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) boiling\\nwater. Boil the whole together, stirring constantly, until a uniform\\nplaster is formed. During the boiling add a little water from time to\\ntime to replace that consumed.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia requires that the lead plaster shall be white,\\npliable, and tenacious, free from greasiness and stickiness. It will not\\nfulfil these requirements unless it is thoroughly kneaded with water,\\nand the latter afterward carefully squeezed out. When washed and\\nkneaded in this way it will be a perfect lead plaster.\\nThe product must be free from uncombined litharge.\\nThe completion of the plaster is known by the change of the red\\ncolor of the mixture to a grayish-white, and by taking out a sample\\nand dropping it in cold water, when, if smooth and plastic, but not\\nsticky between the fingers, it is ready.\\nThe lead plaster sold by manufacturers is very frequently, if not\\ngenerally, made with cotton-seed oil and lard oil in place of olive oil.\\nThe cotton-seed oil alone will not make the plaster, but by using lard\\noil with it the emplastrification is readily effected. Such plaster, how-\\never, is not as good as the genuine official lead plaster, and frequently", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0807.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "794 A COMPANION TO THE\\nit has a very disagreeable odor, which is entirely absent in the true\\nlead plaster.\\nLead plaster is a mixture of oleate and palmitate of lead. When\\nmade with lard oil or lard, it also contains stearate of lead.\\nIt is sometimes used to protect the skin from injury by the pressure\\nor rubbing of splints or surgical apparatus, or to prevent bed-sores, or\\nas an application to excoriated surfaces. It is mainly employed as a\\nbase for other plasters.\\nPLUMBI EMPLASTEUM COMPOSITUM HJJEENEEL\\nHj^erne s Plaster.\\nMelt together seventy grams (2 ounces 200 grains) Castile soap and\\nthree hundred grams (10 ounces 250 grains) olive oil. Then add sixty\\ngrams (2 ounces 50 grains) carbonate of lead and one hundred and\\ntwenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) red lead, previously well mixed and\\nsifted, and then boil the mixture, with brisk and uninterrupted stirring,\\nuntil the powder is all dissolved and the mass has acquired a dark\\nchestnut-brown color. Then remove the plaster from the fire, add ten\\ngrams (154 grains) Venice turpentine, and mix well. When cool, roll\\nthe plaster into sticks about two centimeters inch) in diameter.\\nStimulating application to ulcers, etc.\\n[PLUMBI] EMPLASTKUM FUSCUM.\\nBrown Plaster.\\nSchwarzes Mutter pflaster.\\nBoil three hundred grams (10 ounces 250 grains) powdered and\\nsifted oxide of lead with six hundred grams (21 ounces 70 grains) olive\\noil, stirring constantly, until the oxide is all dissolved and the mass\\nassumes a dark brown color. Then remove the plaster from the fire\\nand add to it while still hot one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 130\\ngrains) yellow wax, and stir until the wax has melted and is thoroughly\\nincorporated. Pour the plaster into tin or oiled-paper moulds, so as to\\nobtain it in cakes of about one centimeter s inch) thickness.\\nUsed like the above.\\n[PLUMBI] EMPLASTEUM FUSCUM CAMPHOEATUM.\\nUniversal Plaster.\\nMelt one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) brown plaster, and\\nthen incorporate with it five grams (77 grains) liniment of camphor.\\nThis plaster is moulded into cakes like the brown plaster.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0808.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 795\\nPLUMBI EMPLASTRUM MOLLE.\\nWhite Breast Plaster.\\nMelt together forty-two grams (1 ounce 210 grains) lead plaster,\\ntwenty-eight grams (430 grains) lard, fifteen grams (230 grains) suet,\\nand fifteen grams yellow wax.\\nPour it into paper moulds to form cakes of about one centimeter s\\nthickness.\\nPLUMBI PETROLATUM.\\nPetroleum Ointment with Lead Plaster.\\nMelt together equal parts of lead plaster and petroleum ointment.\\n[PLUMBI] UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON; U. S.\\nDiachylon Ointment.\\nMelt together sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) lead plaster and\\nthirty-nine grams (1 ounce 160 grains) olive oil, on a water-bath, and\\nstir well. When partially cooled add to it one gram (15 grains) oil of\\nlavender, and stir constantly until cold.\\nThe preparation would be much improved by the omission of the\\nvolatile oil of lavender.\\nUsed in eczema and other skin diseases.\\nPLUMBI UNGUENTUM HEBR^E.\\nHebra s Lead Ointment.\\nMelt one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) lead plaster, and stir\\ninto it one hundred grams linseed oil.\\nUsed like diachylon ointment.\\nPLUMBI UNGUENTUM BALSAMICUM.\\nHebra s Balsamic Diachylon Ointment.\\nMix one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) olive oil\\nand ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) water, in a capsule add\\nthirty-six grams (1 ounce 120 grains) powdered and sifted oxide of lead\\nand stir the whole well together. Heat the mixture on a water-bath,\\nstirring constantly, until all the oxide of lead has disappeared and em-\\nplastrification is perfected. Let cool. Then add ten grams (154 grains)\\nbalsam of Peru. Finally, add two hundred and thirty cubic centimeters\\n(8 fluidounces) water, and incorporate well.\\nSometimes three grams (46 grains) oil of lavender is added with the\\nbalsam of Peru.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0809.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "96 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPLUMBI UNGUENTUM NIGKUM.\\nBlack Plaster.\\nMelt together one hundred and thirty grams (4 ounces 250 grains)\\nlard, one hundred and forty grams (4 ounces 410 grains) fresh, unsalted\\nbutter, one hundred and forty grams suet, one hundred and forty grams\\nyellow wax, and two hundred and eighty grams (9 ounces 380 grains)\\nolive oil. Heat the mixture until vapors begin to be emitted. Then\\nadd one hundred and forty grams (4 ounces 410 grains) powdered and\\nsifted oxide of lead and boil the whole, stirring constantly, until all of\\nthe oxide is dissolved, and the melted mass has a dark brown color.\\nThen remove the vessel from the fire, add to it, while still hot, thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce 25 grains) black pitch, and stir well until cool.\\nPlumbi Oxidum U. S.\\nOxide of Lead.\\nPlumbicum Oxidum\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lead Oxide; Liihargyrum Bleiglatte, G. Pro-\\ntoxide de plomb, F. Litargirio, Sp. Blyglete, Sw. Litharge.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 260.\\nPowdered litharge for use in making plaster must be perfectly pure\\nand in fine powder.\\nIt is not used internally, but is employed in the preparation of many\\nplasters, ointments, lead salts, etc.\\nPlumbi Quercitannatis Glyceritum.\\nGlycerite of Oak-Tannate of Lead.\\nBoil one hundred and seventy-five grams (6 ounces 75 grains)\\ncoarsely ground oak bark for fifteen minutes with nineteen hundred\\ncubic centimeters (4 pints) water, replacing the water lost by evapora-\\ntion. Strain the decoction. Then add gradually solution of subacetate\\nof lead so long as a precipitate continues to.be formed. Collect the\\nprecipitate on a calico strainer, and wash it. Let drain, and press the\\ndrained tannate of lead between blotting-paper until a sufficient quan-\\ntity of moisture has been removed from it to reduce its weight to sixty-\\nfive grams (2 ounces 130 grains). Mix this, while still moist, with\\nthirty-five grams (1 ounce 100 grains) glycerin.\\nUses. Astringent and soothing application in eczema, fissured\\nnipples, bedsores, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0810.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n797\\nPlumbi Superoxidum.\\nRed Lead.\\nMinium Superoxide of Lead, Red Oxide of Lead.\\nThis, when pure, is Pb 3 4 It is a heavy, scarlet-red, crystalline\\npowder of the specific gravity 8.6 to 9.0, and contains 90.66 per cent,\\nlead, the remainder being oxygen.\\nNot used medicinally.\\nPodophyllum U. S.\\nPodophyllum.\\nPodophylli Radix Mandrake,\\nMay Apple.\\nOrigin. Podophyllum pelta-\\ntum, Linne (Berberidacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome and\\nrootlets.\\nDescription. See the Phar-\\nmacopoeia, page 260. The rootlets\\nare frequently entirely absent, hav-\\ning been broken off, leaving small\\nwhite scars. The drug is quite vari-\\nable in quality, its value depending\\ndirectly upon the quantity of resin\\nit yields.\\nConstituents. From four to\\nfive per cent, resin (called podo-\\nphyllum in the trade). This resin\\nis a mixture of podophyllinic acid, f igs 42 6, 427.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Podophyllum, upper and\\npodophyllotoxin, picropodophyllin, under surface natural size\\nand other matters. The presence of berberine in podophyllum has been\\nannounced and again denied.\\nMedicinal Uses. Podophyllum is an emetico-cathartic in large\\ndoses. It also possesses alterative and cholagogue properties.\\nIn medicinal doses it is a certain cathartic, producing profuse liquid\\ndischarges.\\nIt is employed in bilious fevers, hepatic congestions, and whenever\\ncathartics are indicated.\\nDose. 0.3 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains) of the powdered root.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0811.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "798 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPODOPHYLLI ABSTRACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Podophyllum.\\nPreparation. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 6.\\nIt could be equally well prepared, and with greater convenience,\\nfrom the fluid extract, using one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluid-\\nounces) of the fluid extract to obtain five hundred grams (17 ounces 280\\ngrains) of abstract, adding as much powdered sugar of milk as may be\\nnecessary to obtain this result.\\nA far better preparation, however, would be a well-triturated mix-\\nture of five grams (77 grains) resin of podophyllum (so-called podo-\\nphyllin with forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) powdered sugar\\nof milk. This would correspond in strength with an abstract prepared\\nfrom a good grade of root, and would always be uniform. That the\\ndilution and trituration of the resin in this manner increases very ma-\\nterially its proportionate medicinal activity is extremely probable, and\\nas the full dose of this abstract would not exceed four grains, it would\\nundoubtedly be a useful preparation, the dose of the resin itself being\\ntoo small to be safely dispensed from the saddle-bag, especially in\\ncases where small doses are to be given.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.25 gram (2 to 4 grains).\\nPODOPHYLLI EXTKACTUM; U. S.\\nExtract of Podophyllum.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of alcohol and water in the propor-\\ntion of three hundred grams (12\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (3J fluidounces) water. Moisten five hundred grams (17f\\navoirdupois ounces) of podophyllum, in No. 60 powder, with one hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (about 6 fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack\\ntightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macer-\\nate twenty-four hours. Percolate until two thousand five hundred grams\\n(about 100 fluidounces) of percolate has been received. Distil off the\\nalcohol, and evaporate the remainder to extract. No glycerin is added.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.06 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).\\nPODOPHYLLI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM; U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Podophyllum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0812.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 799\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nWhen made from prime drug it will yield five per cent, resin.\\nDose. 0;5 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (8 to 20 minims).\\nPODOPHYLLI PILULE COMPOSITE.\\nCompound Podophyllum Pills.\\nMix 1.60 gram (25 grains) resin of podophyllum, 6.50 grams (100\\ngrains) alcoholic extract of hyoscyamus, 6.50 grams capsicum, 6.50\\ngrams sugar of milk, 1.60 gram tragacanth, and enough glycerin to\\nmake a suitable mass, which is to be divided into one hundred pills.\\nDose. One to two pills.\\nPODOPHYLLI KESWA IT. S.\\nResin of Podophyllum.\\nPodophyllin.\\nPreparation. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 281.\\nWhen properly made the resin of podophyllum well represents the\\nactivity of the drug. It has a dirty yellowish-green color and a pecu-\\nliar odor.\\nWe have seen specimens of this preparation colored yellow with\\npowdered gamboge, and consisting largely of the powdered root.\\nPodophyllin consisting of dried and powdered extract is also to be\\nfound in the market.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.01 to 0.03 gram to grain).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0813.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "800\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPolyg;onatum.\\nSolomon s Seal.\\nPolygonati Radix.\\nOrigin. Polygonaium giganteum, Dietrich and P. biflorum, Ell\\n(Liliacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nParts used. The rhizomes.\\nDescription. Brownish-yellow, about fifteen centimeters (6 inches)\\nlong, jointed, each joint being marked by a stem-scar whitish and\\nspongy within. Odor, none taste, bitter, acrid. Usually sliced longi-\\ntudinally in the drug.\\nFigs. 428, 429. Polygonatum, whole, fresh, reduced sliced as in drug.\\nConstituents. A bitter, acrid principle called convallarin, which\\nis crystallizable, soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water, the aque-\\nous solution foaming like a solution of saponin.\\nUses. Tonic, mucilaginous, and slightly astringent. Said to exert\\na special influence on relaxed mucous membranes. Used in diseases of\\nfemales, as leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, etc. Also used internally and\\nexternally in piles.\\nSaid to have been used with good effect in rheumatism, gout, and\\ndropsy, and externally as an application to remove freckles and for re-\\nlieving sprains, bruises, and local inflammations.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), preferably in the form\\nof fluid extract.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0814.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 801\\nPOLYGONATI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Polygonatitm.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12|- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nPolymnia.\\nPoLYMNIA.\\nPolymnice Radix -Bearsfoot.\\nOrigin. Polymnia uvedalia, Linne (Compositce).\\nHabitat. The United States, from Illinois to Florida.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. From fifteen to thirty centimeters (6 to 12 inches)\\nlong, and about eight millimeters inch) in diameter at the large end,\\nsomewhat flattened in drying, brownish, wrinkled lengthwise, whitish\\nor greenish-white within. Odor, when broken, disagreeable taste\\nbitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. Two resins one brittle, the other soft both acrid.\\nUses- In rheumatism, enlargement of the spleen and liver, white\\nswelling, etc. It is also used externally in the form of ointment in glan-\\ndular tumors, abscesses, and swellings.\\nFor internal administration the fluid extract should be preferred.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.25 to 0.50 gram (4 to 8 grains).\\nPOLYMNICE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Polymnia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.20 to 0.50 cubic centimeter (3 to 8 minims).\\n51", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0815.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "802 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPOLYMNI^E UNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Polymnia.\\nHeat two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) fresh polymnia, finely\\ncut, with four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) lard on a water-\\nbath until water ceases to evaporate. Strain. Light greenish, and has\\nthe disagreeable odor of the root.\\nPolypodium.\\nPOLYPODIXJM.\\nPolypodii Phizoma.\\nOrigin. Polypodium vulgare, Linne (Polypodiaceos).\\nHabitat. Northern Europe.\\nDescription. See the figure. It is dark brown externally, interi-\\nFig. 430. Polypodium Vulgare, natural size.\\norly brownish-yellow. Odor none; taste sweetish, reminding of liquorice\\nroot.\\nConstituents. No analysis. It probably contains gum and a\\nsaccharine substance, or a glucoside resembling glycyrrhizin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be demulcent, laxative, and anthel-\\nmintic. A strong decoction may be used for the expulsion of tape-\\nworm.\\nDose. Four to fifteen grams (60 to 240 grains), in powder or de-\\ncoction.\\nPopulus,\\nPopulus.\\nPopuli Cortex White Poplar Park, American Aspen.\\nOrigin. Populus tremuloides, Michaux (Salicacem).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. Quills, or troughs, externally grayish-white, rough,\\ntransversely fissured, on the inner side nearly smooth, light yellowish-\\nbrown. Odor slight taste bitter.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0816.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 803\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JPopulin, a bitter principle, which has been ob-\\ntained in white needle-like crystals. Also tannin. Populin is antisep-\\ntic.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a bitter tonic and antiperiodic, and has\\nbeen used successfully in intermittent fevers.\\nDose* Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), several times a day,\\nbest given in the form of fluid extract.\\nPOPULI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Populus.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).\\nPOPULI EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Poplar Bark.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nPOPULI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Poplar Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun\u00c2\u00bb\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nPopuli Gemmse.\\nPoplar Buds.\\nThe terminal buds of the poplar, containing volatile oil and resin,\\nand possessing a balsamic odor, are used in preparing ointments,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0817.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "804 A COMPANION TO THE\\nto preserve the fats from getting rancid, and to impart a fragrant\\nodor.\\nThey also possess the medicinal properties of other terebinthinate\\nsubstances.\\nPOPULI UNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Poplar Buds.\\nDigest one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) lard with five\\nhundred grams (17 ounces 275 grains) fresh bruised poplar buds, keep-\\ning the mixture gently boiling until all moisture is dissipated, and then\\nstraining.\\nIt is a fragrant ointment, resembling benzoinated lard in keeping\\nqualities,\\nPotassium.\\nPotassium.\\nKalium.\\nSalts of potassium are absorbed from the earth by plants, and the\\nash of plants contains potassium carbonate in considerable quantity.\\nThis is the principal material from which potassium salts are pre-\\npared. The acid tartrate of potassium deposited from wine (called\\nargols) is another important substance from which potassium salts are\\nmade.\\nThe metal is made by heating at white heat a mixture of potassium\\ncarbonate and carbon in an iron retort specially constructed for that\\npurpose. It is silver-white, soft, malleable, and when freshly cut is\\nlustrous. It melts at G2.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (144\u00c2\u00b0 F.). When exposed to the air it\\nrapidly oxidizes. It also decomposes water, taking the oxygen from it,\\nthe reaction being energetic, and the heat generated sufficient to ignite\\nthe hydrogen. Potassium is therefore necessarily kept in distilled\\npetroleum (which contains no oxygen). In the trade we accordingly\\niind it put up in small glass-stoppered bottles containing petroleum, in\\nwhich the pieces of potassium, considerably tarnished on the surface,\\nare submerged.\\nThe salts of potassium are colorless or white, frequently anhydrous,\\nand generally readily soluble in water. The carbonate and several other\\npotassium salts are deliquescent.\\nFor saturation table of potassium salts, see the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n434 also pages 431 and 432.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0818.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 805\\nPotassa IT. S.\\nPOTASSA.\\nPotassicus Hydras -Potassium Hydrate Potassa Caustica, Kali Caus-\\nticum, Oxidum Potassicum Aetzkali, G. Potasse caustique, F.\\nPotasa caustica, Sp. Kali, Kalihydrat, Sw. Caustic Potassa.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 260-261.\\nMust be quite white, hard, and dry.\\nFor respective specific gravities of solutions of various strengths, see\\nthe Pharmacopoeia, page 424. For saturation tables, see pages 431 and\\n432.\\nMust be kept in bottles of hard glass (common green or amber\\nbottle glass is better than flint glass), as it attacks softer glass.\\nThe glass stoppers in bottles containing potassa frequently become\\nfast in the neck so as not to be removable. To prevent this a little\\npetrolatum may be rubbed on the stopper before inserting it.\\nMedicinal Uses. This substance is powerfully escharotic, depriv-\\ning the tissues with which it comes in contact of water, and thereby\\ndestroying their vitality. Its action is not limited to the superficial\\ntissues, but is penetrating, and therefore of value in cauterizing bites of\\nanimals or stings of insects, or in destroying chancres and malignant\\npustules. Any excess, after the necessary cauterization has been ef-\\nfected, may be washed away with water or neutralized with dilute vine-\\ngar. The superficial extent of its action may be determined by applying\\na piece of adhesive plaster into which an opening has been cut to ex-\\npose the required surface of the skin.\\nPotassa is also used to form issues or open deep-seated abscesses, as\\nabscess of the liver. The irritation and inflammation surrounding the\\ndestroyed tissues in such a case causes the uniting of the peritoneum,\\nand thereby prevents the escape of pus into the peritoneal cavity.\\nIt is also used to destroy nasvi, warts, etc.\\nFor its internal uses see Potassae Liquor.\\nPOTASSA CUM CALCE U. S.\\nPotassa with Lime.\\nVienna Paste.\\nPowder and triturate together, in a warm mortar, equal parts by\\nweight of potassa and unslaked lime.\\nKeep the mixture in bottles lightly corked with paraffined corks.\\nLess caustic than potassa but retains its caustic qualities longer, as", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0819.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "806 A COMPANION TO THE\\nthe lime present absorbs all the carbonic acid which may have access to\\nthe preparation, keeping the potassa free from potassium carbonate.\\nIt is a milder and more manageable caustic than pure potassa, and\\nis used in the same way and for the same purposes.\\nPOTASS^E LIQUOE U. S.\\nSolution of Potassa.\\nPotassici Hydratis Solutio Solution of Potassie Hydrate Solutio Hy-\\ndrastis JTalici, Liquor Kali Caustici Aetzkalilauge, Kalilauge, G.\\nPotasse caustique liquide, Levisse caustique, F. Solution de Potassa\\nCaustica, Lejia de Potasa, Sp. Kalilut, Sw.\\nDissolve ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) potassium bicarbonate\\nin four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) distilled water.\\nHeat the solution until effervescence ceases, and then bring the liquid\\n$o the boiling-point.\\nSlake forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) lime and rub it into a smooth\\npaste with four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of distilled\\nwater, and heat it to boiling. Then pour the solution of bicarbonate\\nof potassium gradually into the milk of lime and boil the mixture ten\\nminutes. Take the vessel from the heat and cover it tightly. When\\ncold add enough distilled water to make the whole weigh one thousand\\ngrams (35 ounces 120 grains). Finally strain through bleached linen,\\nor let the solution settle well, and then syphon off or decant the clear.\\nSolution of potassium hydrate may also be made by dissolving\\nfifty-six grams (1 ounce 426 grains) potassa (pure white caustic po-\\ntassa in sticks) in nine hundred and forty-four cubic centimeters (32\\nfluidounces) of distilled water. Filter through a double white filter.\\nPreservation. Must be kept in bottles with glass stoppers greased\\nwith a little petrolatum, or corked with corks dipped in melted paraffin.\\nDescription and Strength. Clear, colorless, odorless, acrid,\\ncaustic, strongly alkaline. Specific gravity 1.036, corresponding to 5.2\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume. Contains five per cent, potassium hydrate.\\nIt is difficult to make any comparison as to strength between this\\nsolution of potassa and that of 1870, as the Pharmacopoeia of 1870\\nmakes two statements as to its strength which cannot be reconciled.\\nIf the liquor potassae of 1870 had a specific gravity of 1.065, as stated,\\nthen it should contain over eight per cent, of the hydrate of potassium,\\ninstead of 5.8 per cent. on the other hand, if, as stated in the Pharma-\\ncopoeia, it contained 5.8 per cent, potassium hydrate, its specific gravity\\nmust have been about 1.058 instead of 1.065.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0820.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 807\\nFor table of specific gravities of solutions of potassa, see the Phar-\\nmacopoeia, page 424.\\nUsed internally it possesses the properties of a free alkali, neutral-\\nizing excess of acid in the blood and secretions, rendering the urine\\nalkaline, and thus acting as an antilithic in cases of acid urinary\\nconcretions.\\nIt is given occasionally in heartburn, rheumatism, etc., but other\\nsubstances produce the same effects and are more pleasant to the taste,\\nso that this solution is seldom employed except for making other phar-\\nmaceutical preparations.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 cubic centimeters (10 to 60 minims), largely diluted\\nwith water. The alkaline taste is best improved by syrups.\\nLIQUOK KALI CAUSTICI.\\nThirty-Three Per Cent. Solution of Potassa.\\nThe formerly official German Pharmacopoeial solution of potassa has\\na specific gravity of 1.330 to 1.334, and contains one-third its weight\\n(33^ per cent.) potassium hydrate. Pharmacists sometimes have occa-\\nsion to use it. It may be made in the same manner as the liquor potassse\\nof our Pharmacopoeia (1880), using six hundred grams (21 ounces 72\\ngrains) instead of ninety grams of bicarbonate of potassium, and two\\nhundred and seventy grams (9 ounces 230 grains) instead of forty grams\\nof lime. It will be necessary in this case, however, to use three times as\\nmuch water, and to finally evaporate the product down to one thousand\\ngrams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nIt may also be made by dissolving three hundred and seventy grams\\n(about 13 ounces) potassa in sticks in six hundred and thirty grams\\n(21.3 fluidounces) of distilled water.\\nUsed only for pharmaceutical purposes.\\nPotassa Sulphurata; IT. S.\\nSulphurated Potassa.\\nPotassii Sulphidum, Potassii Sidphuretum, Hepar Sulphuris, Kalium\\nSidphuratum Kalischwefelleber, G. Foie de sou/re, F. Higado de\\nAzufre, Sp. Svafvellefver, Sw. Liver of Sulphur.\\nA mixture of sulphide (tri-sulphide) of potassium, together with\\nsmall quantities of hyposulphite and sulphate of potassium.\\nFor preparation, description, and tests, see the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 261.\\nMedicinal Uses. It has been given internally in rheumatism,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0821.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "808 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngout, and cutaneous diseases. It does not appear to be of any great\\nvalue when thus given, and is rarely administered.\\nExternally, in solution or ointment, it has been used with benefit in\\ncutaneous diseases, itch, and as a bath in chronic saturnine poisoning to\\neliminate the lead.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains), best given in syrup flavored\\nwith oil of anise, or in pill.\\nPOTASS^E SULPHURATE UKGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Sulphukated Potassa.\\nMix intimately five grams (77 grains) sulphurated potassa and ninety-\\nfive grams (3 ounces 140 grains) lard.\\nPotassii Acetas IT. S.\\nAcetate of Potassium.\\nJPotassicus Acetas Potassium Acetate y Kalium Aceticum.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 262.\\nMust be perfectly white and free from any odor, except a faint\\nrather agreeable odor of pure acetic acid. Should be dry, so as to be a\\nsomewhat mobile granular powder, and must be entirely soluble in less\\nthan one-half its own weight of water and in twice its weight of proof\\nspirit.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve two hundred grams\\n(about 7 ounces avoirdupois) acetate of potassium in enough distilled\\nwater to make the finished solution measure two hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (6f U. S. fluidounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one gram of the\\nsalt one hundred and five minims contain one hundred grains.\\nDoes not keep long, and hence must be frequently renewed. After\\nstanding a short time it contains carbonate, and when standing long it\\nmoulds.\\nMedicinal Uses. Acetate of potassium is a diuretic it should\\nbe given largely diluted with water, and serves as a directive to the\\nlatter, determining its elimination by the kidney. It is most useful in\\nthose cases of insufficient diuresis caused by diseases of the kidney fol-\\nlowing scarlatina. It is not of much value for the removal of dropsical\\naccumulations in the various cavities of the body.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 20 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0822.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 809\\nPotassii Bicarbonas TJ. S.\\nBicarbonate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Bicarbonas Potassium Bicarbonate Kali Bicarbonicum,\\nBicarbonas Kalicus Doppelt-hohlensaures Kali, G. Bicarbonate\\ncle Potasse, F. Bicarbonato de potasa, Sp. Tvafaldt kolsyradt\\nkali,Sw.; Bicarbonate of Potash.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 262.\\nMust be kept in tightly closed bottles. When containing much\\ncarbonate of potassium (two per cent, or more), the crystals are moist\\nand have a very alkaline taste. The preparation should dissolve with-\\nout any residue in four times its weight of cold water. The crystals\\nmust be clear and colorless.\\nAn aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate gives off carbonic\\nacid, even at ordinary temperatures. At above 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the\\nsolution effervesces, and normal carbonate is found.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of potassae liquor, but it is more\\npleasant to the taste. Antacid, diuretic, and antilithic.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains).\\nPotassii Bichromas IT. S.\\nBichromate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Bichromas Potassium Bichromate Kali bichromieum.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 263.\\nBichromate of potassium is poisonous. Its dust is very irritating to\\nthe mucous membrane of the nose.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been employed in secondary syphilis. Not\\nused internally at present. A saturated solution is sometimes used as\\nan escharotic application to syphilitic warts and excrescences, foid\\nulcers, etc. It is a violent irritant poison in overdoses, causing gastro-\\nintestinal irritation. Its effects must be counteracted by soap, mag-\\nnesia or alkaline carbonates, demulcents, opiates, etc.\\nDose. About 0.01 gram (-J- grain).\\nBattery Fluid. Pour two liters (68 fiuidounces) water into a two-\\ngallon porcelain evaporating dish stir it in one direction until set in\\nrapid rotatory motion then pour one liter (34 fiuidounces) commercial\\nconcentrated sulphuric acid into the center of the water in a small\\nstream. When the mixture has cooled, add four hundred grams (14\\nounces 48 grains) potassium bichromate stir the whole a few minutes.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0823.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "810 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThen add four liters (136 fluidounces) water, and when the whole liquid\\nhas become cold add six hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (21\\nfluidounces) more of commercial concentrated sulphuric acid.\\nPotassii Bitartras U. S.\\nBlTARTRATE OF POTASSIUM.\\nPotassicus Bitartras Potassium Bitartrate Kali bitartaricum, Tar-\\ntarus depuratus, Cremor Tartari Weinstein, G. Bitartrate de\\npotasse, Creme de tartre, Pierre de vin, F. Cremor Tartaro, Sp.\\nCremor Tartari, Tvafaldt vinsyradt kali, Renad vinsten, Sw.\\nCream of Tartar.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 263.\\nCrystals are not used in dispensing pharmacy, and hence the phar-\\nmacopceial description might omit the reference to that form.\\nMedicinal Uses. Refrigerant aperient or cathartic, and diuretic.\\nUseful in diluted solutions as a cooling drink in fevers, or in larger\\ndoses and less diluted form as a hydragogue cathartic to remove dropsi-\\ncal accumulations. It is generally used in combination with other\\nremedies, as senna, sulphur, jalap, etc.\\nDose. Four to ten grams (60 to 150 grains) as an aperient fif-\\nteen to thirty grams (J to 1 ounce) as a cathartic.\\nImperial Brin7c. Dissolve ten grams (J avoirdupois ounce) cream\\nof tartar and thirty grams (1 ounce) sugar in one liter (34 fluidounces)\\nof water.\\nDose. Ad libitum,\\nPotassii Boro-tartras.\\nBorax Tartar.\\nPotassicus Tartras Boraxatus, Tartarus Boraxatus Boro- tartrate of\\nPotassium.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) powdered borax\\nin one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) boiling water, and\\nadd to the solution, while still hot, two hundred grams (7 ounces 24\\ngrains) powdered bitartrate of potassium and stir until all is dissolved.\\nEvaporate the solution on a water-bath until a small portion of it, when\\nremoved from the dish, hardens on cooling. Then remove the dish from\\nthe water-bath, allow the contents to become semi-solid, and then pull\\nit (like tafTy) into sticks, and dry these on glass plates at a temperature\\nnot exceeding 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. (176\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0824.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 81 1\\nMust be kept in tightly corked bottles, as it is very hygroscopic.\\nIt is a white powder, odorless, with an acid saline taste, and acid\\nreaction. It is soluble in its own weight of cold water, and in half its\\nweight of warm water.\\nUses similar to those of cream of tartar, in similar doses.\\nPotassii Bromidum; U. S.\\nBromide of Potassium.\\nPotassicum Bromidum Potassium Bromide Kalium Bromatum\\nBromJcalium, G. and Sw. Bromure de potassium, F. Bromuro\\npotasico, Sp. 5\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 263 and\\n264.\\nSmall crystals are to be preferred to large ones. In ascertaining the\\nreaction of the salt, use a solution, as the moistened crystals may give\\nan alkaline reaction when a solution shows the salt to be in fact neutral.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bromide of potassium is a depressant, reducing\\nthe heart s action, and producing general relaxation in large doses it\\nmay produce death. Its effects on the nervous system are not perfectly\\nunderstood, but it allays irritation, especially when due to reflex action\\nand not accompanied by inflammation. It also contracts the capillaries,\\nand reduces the quantity of blood in the brain, on which account it is\\nuseful in certain forms of headache and insomnia.\\nIt is much employed in epilepsy, in which disease its use must be per-\\nsevered in for months, and .often for years. It is also used in spasms,\\ndelirium tremens, general nervous excitement, and as an anaphrodisiac in\\nall forms of genital irritation, painful erections, nymphomania, exces-\\nsive sexual passion, or to allay irritation of the urethra during the in-\\ntroduction of a catheter.\\nAs antidote in strychnine-poisoning it is of much value, and it is\\nfrequently given either with or after full doses of quinine to prevent\\nthe effects of the latter drug on the hearing.\\nA full dose of this remedy is also occasionally given to render the\\nfauces less irritable during examination with the laryngoscope.\\nDose. One to eight grams (15 to 120 grains) if largely diluted with\\nwater, and repeated several times a day if necessary.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve two hundred grams\\n(7 ounces 24 grains) of the potassium bromide in enough distilled water\\nto make the finished solution measure eight hundred cubic centimeters\\n(27 fluidounces). Filter.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0825.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "812 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one-fourth gram (25\\ncentigrams) of the salt one hundred and five minims contain twenty-\\nfive grains.\\nPotassii Carbonas U. S.\\nCarbonate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Carbonas Potassium Carbonate; Kali Carbonicum, Car-\\nbonas Kalicus Kohlensaures Kali, G. Carbonate de potasse, F.\\nCarbonato potasico, Sp.; Kolsyradt Kali, Renad Pottaska, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 264.\\nThe carbonate of potassium of the Pharmacopoeia is a nearly chemi-\\ncally pure salt.\\nWhen the salt is dissolved in water, heat is generated.\\nMust be perfectly white, dry, and stand the pharmacopoeial tests.\\nUses. Similar to those of the bicarbonate of potassium, but it is\\nrarely employed internally.\\nExternally it is employed, in solution or ointment, in itch and othei\\nskin affections.\\nIt is often sold under the name shampoo, its dilute solution in\\nsoft water, together with soap, being used in shampooing or washing\\nthe hair. Its oft-repeated use, or its use in too strong solution, is injuri-\\nous to the hair.\\nDose. For internal use, about one gram (15 grains), largely diluted.\\nPotassii Chloras U. S.\\nChlorate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Chloras Potassium Chlorate Kali Chloricum, Kali Oxy-\\nmuriaticum Chlorsaures Kali, G.; Chlorate de potasse, F.; Clo-\\nrato Potasico, Sp. Klorsyradt Kali, Sw. Chlorate of Potash.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 2G5.\\nCommercial chlorate of potassium generally fails to withstand the\\ntests prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia, and requires to be re-crystallized\\nor granulated.\\nA saturated solution of potassium chlorate at ordinary temperatures\\nmay be made by dissolving sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) in one\\nthousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) boiling water, and allowing\\nthe solution to become cold. (1 avoirdupois ounce to 1 pint is about\\nthe same proportion.)\\nChlorate of potassium is explosive when triturated or subjected to\\npressure or blows, especially when mixed with some substance which\\nreadily combines with oxygen. It is, therefore, a dangerous proceed-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0826.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 813\\ning to triturate or mix chlorate of potassium in a mortar with sulphur,\\ntannin, sugar, charcoal, and numerous other substances. To triturate\\nchlorate of potassium by itself in a mortar is also dangerous, even if\\nthe mortar and pestle are perfectly clean, for the least percussion might\\ncause explosion. Chlorate of potassium and glycerin should never be\\ntriturated together, except when water or some other diluent is added.\\nMedicinal Uses. This remedy is much used, and often abused, in\\nall forms of throat affections. In some forms of stomatitis or pharyngi-\\ntis it is of good service. It is also useful in salivation following the ad-\\nministration of mercury. In excessive doses it may prove an irritant\\npoison.\\nFormerly it was given in cases of imperfect aeration of the blood,\\nunder the erroneous impression that it imparted its oxygen to the blood.\\nIt passes through the system and is eliminated with the urine unchanged.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains), every three or four hours.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve fifty grams (1 ounce\\n334 grains avoirdupois) of the potassium chlorate in enough boiling dis-\\ntilled water to make the finished solution measure one liter (or very\\nnearly 34 nuidounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains 0.05 gram (5 centi-\\ngrams) of the salt twenty-one minims contains one grain.\\nPOTASSII CHLOEATIS TEOCHISCI; U. S.\\nTroches of Chlorate of Potassium.\\nMix by trituration one hundred and twenty-four grams (1,900 grains)\\nfinely powdered sugar, 6.50 grams (100 grains) powdered tragacanth,\\nand 0.65 gram (10 grains) spirit of lemon. Then put the powder on a\\nsheet of clean paper and mix with it, by means of a horn spatula, 32.50\\ngrams (500 grains) finely powdered chlorate of potassium, being care-\\nful to avoid trituration and pressure, to prevent the mixture from ignit-\\ning or exploding. Then put the mixed powder back in the mortar, add\\nenough water, and form a mass. Divide it into one hundred troches.\\nPotassii Chromas.\\nChromate of Potassium.\\nA lemon-yellow salt, -in small crystals, readily soluble in water. Re-\\naction alkaline. Prepared by adding potassium carbonate to a solution\\nof potassium bichromate as long as it causes effervescence.\\nNot used in medicine. Employed for the preparation of the bichro-\\nmate of potassium.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0827.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "814 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPotassii Citras U. S.\\nCitrate of Potassium.\\nJPotassicus Citras Potassium Citrate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 265.\\nMedicinal Uses. Refrigerant, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Also\\nused as an alkaline to affect the constitution. Best given in the form\\nof the solution.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nLIQUOR POTASSII CITRATIS U. S.\\nSolution of Citrate of Potassium.\\nSolutio Potassici Citratis /Solution of Potassium Citrate.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces) citric acid in four hundred grams\\n(13J fluidounces) of distilled water. Filter the solution and add enough\\ndistilled water through the filter to make the total filtrate weigh five\\nhundred grams (17 ounces 280 grains).\\nDissolve eighty grams (2f ounces) bicarbonate of potassium also in\\nfour hundred grams distilled water, filter, and make up the weight by\\nthe addition of water through the filter to five hundred grams. Mix the\\ntwo liquids, and when the evolution of carbonic acid gas has ceased, put\\nthe preparation in a bottle and cork well. Must be freshly made when\\nwanted for use.\\nIt has a specific gravity of 1.059 and contains about nine per cent,\\nof potassium, citrate, together with a little free citric acid and some car-\\nbonic acid held in solution.\\nThe freshly mixed and effervescing solution also relieves nausea and\\nvomiting, on account of the carbonic acid which is liberated.\\nDose. Thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) of the solution, pre-\\nferably given by mixing fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) of each\\nof the two solutions and drinking while effervescing.\\nPOTASSII CITRATIS MISTURA U. S.\\nMixture of Potassium Citrate.\\nNeutral Mixture.\\nAdd bicarbonate of potassium in clear crystals gradually to fresh\\nlemon-juice until the liquid becomes neutral to litmus paper. Must be\\nfreshly made whenever wanted for use.\\nFresh lemon-juice contains about seven per cent, citric acid, and it", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0828.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 815\\nrequires about three grams (46 grains) of the crystals of bicarbonate of\\npotassium to neutralize thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) of the\\njuice. It is best, however, to add until saturation is effected.\\nUsed like the last.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce), diluted.\\nPotassii Cyanidum U. S.\\nCyanide of Potassium.\\nPotassicwn Cyanidum Potassium Cyanide Cyanlcalium, G. and Sw.\\nCyanure de potassium, F. Cianuro potasico, Sp.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 266.\\nMust be quite white and dry. Being deliquescent it must be kept\\nin tightly corked bottles.\\nMedicinal Uses- Similar to those of hydrocyanic acid, but this\\nremedy is seldom used internally. It is extremely poisonous. It is\\nmuch used in photography and in cleaning silver-ware, and great care\\nmust be taken in its use, as it may be absorbed through the skin and\\nproduce its toxic effects.\\nDose. 0.008 gram (J grain), dissolved in water. The hydrocyanic\\nacid may be liberated by dispensing in a solution containing syrup of\\ncitric acid.\\nPotassii et Sodii Tartras U. S.\\nTartrate of Potassium and Sodium.\\nPotassico-Sodicus Tartras Potassium- Sodium Tartrate; JVatro-kali\\nTartaricum, Sal Seignetti Seignettesah, G. Sel de Seignette, F.\\nTartrato sodico potasico, Sp. Vinsyradt natron-kali, Sw. Rochelle\\nSilt.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 266.\\nVery generally used. It was discovered by Pierre Seignette, an\\napothecary in Rochelle, France, and is called Seignette salt in Germany\\nand France, and Rochelle salt in England and America.\\nMedicinal Uses. Pleasant refrigerant laxative useful in fevers,\\netc.\\nDose. Eight to thirty grams (J to 1 ounce), in solution flavored\\naccording to taste.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0829.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "816 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPotassii Ferricyanidum.\\nFerricyanide of Potassium.\\nPotassicum Ferricyanidum Potassium Ferricyanide, Red Prussiate\\nof Potash.\\nRed transparent prismatic crystals, soluble in four times their weight\\nof water and having a saline, slightly astringent taste.\\nUsed as a reagent. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 391. Also used\\nin the arts for dyeing, photography, etc.\\nPotassii Ferrocyanidum U. S.\\nFerrocyanide of Potassium.\\nPotassicum Ferrocyanidum Potassium Ferrocyanide, Yellow Prussiate\\nof Potash.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 267. Clean\\ncrystals, free from powder and not discolored.\\nNot now used medicinally. Has been given in doses of 0.5 to 1\\ngram (8 to 15 grains) as an astringent and anodyne.\\nPotassii Hypophosphis U. S.\\nHypophosphite of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Hypophosphis Potassium Hypophosphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 267.\\nVery deliquescent, and must, therefore, be kept in tightly corked\\nbottles, the corks to be dipped in paraffin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of other hypophosphites. Supposed\\nto be beneficial in cases of nervous debility in which phosphorus might\\nprove useful.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), two or three times a day,\\ngenerally in the form of syrup or in combination with other hypophos-\\nphites.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0830.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 817\\nPotassii Iodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Potassium.\\nPotassicum Iodidum Potassium Iodide; Kalium Jodatum, Jbdkali-\\num, G. and Sw.; lodure de potassium, F.; loduro potasico, Sp.\\nIodide of Potash.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 268.\\nMust be neutral an alkaline reaction denotes the presence of potas-\\nsium carbonate, which is frequently added to make the product white.\\nFree iodine makes the crystals yellowish.\\nMedicinal Uses. Those of Iodine, which see. Iodine is generally\\nadministered in the form of this salt. Iodide of potassium is useful in\\nsecondary and tertiary stages of syphilis in glandular enlargements\\nand tumors y and in lead- and mercury-poisoning to promote the elimi-\\nnation of the poison.\\nIf given for a long time, its use ma^ give rise to a condition called\\niodism, characterized by general debility and fever, pain over the brows,\\ncoryza, and an eruption of the skin, which occasionally becomes very\\nsevere, resembling, and sometimes mistaken for, syphilitic eruption.\\nAlso used externally in the form of ointment in glandular swellings,\\nsyphilitic and non-syphilitic.\\nDose. 0.1 to 1 gram (2 to 15 grains), two or three times a day\\nfifteen grams ounce), or more, may be given daily to syphilitic pa-\\ntients.\\n/Solution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve two hundred grams (7\\nounces 24 grains avoirdupois) iodide of potassium in enough distilled\\nwater to make the finished solution measure two hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (6f U. S. fluidounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one gram of the salt;\\none hundred and five minims contains one hundred grains.\\nPOTASSII IODIDI UKGUENTUM; IT. S.\\nOintment of Iodide of Potassium.\\nDissolve twelve grams (185 grains) iodide of potassium and one gram\\n(15 grains) hyposulphite of sodium in six cubic centimeters (1-j- flui-\\ndrachm) boiling water, in a warm mortar then add gradually, during\\nconstant trituration, eighty-one grams (2 ounces 375 grains) benzoinated\\nlard.\\nThe addition of hyposulphite of sodium is intended to prevent the\\n52", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0831.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "818 A COMPANION TO THE\\npreparation from turning brown from liberated iodine. Petrolatum\\nought to have been substituted for the benzoinated lard in this pre-\\nparation.\\nPotassii Nitras U. S.\\nNitrate op Potassium.\\nPotassicus Nitras Potassium Nitrate Kali Nitricum, Nitras Kalicus,\\nNitrum Salpeter, Kalisalpeter, Salpeter saures Kali, G. Azotate de\\npotasse, Nitrate de potasse, Salpetre, F. Nitrato potasico, Nitro\\npuro, Sp. Salpeter, Salpetersyradt Kali, Sw. Saltpetre, Nitre, Ni-\\ntrate of Potash.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 268.\\nThe granulated purified potassium nitrate crystalline powder is\\nthe best.\\nCommercial saltpetre is frequently contaminated and even adulterated\\nwith sodium chloride but a pure salt may be readily obtained.\\nMedicinal Uses. Refrigerant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. Some-\\ntimes employed at the outset of fevers, etc. In very large doses it may\\nprove poisonous, and if too long continued in smaller doses it deranges\\nthe digestion and impoverishes the blood.\\nThe inhalation of the vapor of burning paper, which has been satu-\\nrated with nitre, is beneficial in asthma.\\nDose of Nitre. Fifteen to thirty grams to 1 ounce) daily, in\\ndivided doses, largely diluted.\\nPOTASSII NITRATIS CHARTA U. S.\\nPaper of Nitrate of Potassium.\\nNitre Paper.\\nSoak pieces of white filter-paper, about twenty centimeters (8 inches)\\nsquare, in a solution of thirty grams (1 ounce) nitrate of potassium in\\none hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) of water.\\nSuspend the saturated paper on twine, or in any other convenient way,\\nuntil dry.\\nShould be preserved in a well-closed vessel.\\nThis preparation is new to the United States Pharmacopoeia.\\nUsed for inhalation, one piece being burnt and the vapor from it\\ninhaled. This vapor contains nitrous oxide. Especially useful in some\\ncases of asthma.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0832.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 819\\nPotassii Permanganas U. S.\\nPermanganate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Permanganas Potassium Permanganate/ Kali Hyper-\\nmanganicum TIebermangansaures Kali, G. Permanganate de\\npotasse, F.; Ofvermangansyradt Kali, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 269.\\nLarge fine crystals should be preferred.\\n.Permanganate of potassium must not be triturated or even mixed\\nwith glycerin, or other readily oxidizable substances, as explosion may\\nresult.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is a powerful disinfectant, and is much used\\nin solutions containining from five to twenty per cent, of the salt as a\\nwash for gangrenous, phagedenic, cancerous, or other foul ulcers, or\\ndischarges. It is also used as a gargle in diphtheria, scarlatina, etc.\\nIt has also been given internally, but with doubtful results.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains), largely diluted with water.\\nPotassii Phosphas.\\nPhosphate or Potassium.\\nPotassicus Phosphas Potassium Phosphate,\\nA white, deliquescent, amorphous salt, freely soluble in water. It\\nhas a saline taste.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Supposed to exert an alterative effect in phthi\\nsis, etc.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nPotassii Sulphas; U. S.\\nSulphate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Sulphas Potassium Sulphate; Kali Sulphuricum, Sulfas\\nKalicus.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 269.\\nMedicinal Uses. Laxative in small doses irritant cathartic in\\nlarge doses.\\nDose. Two to fifteen grams (30 grains to J ounce), largely diluted\\nwith water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0833.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "820 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPotassii Sulphis TJ. S.\\nSulphite of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Sulphis Potassium Sulphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 270.\\nMedicinal Uses. Sometimes, though rarely, employed as an anti-\\nseptic for the same purposes as the hyposulphite of sodium.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), every two or three\\nhours.\\nPotassii Tartras TJ. S.\\nTartrate of Potassium.\\nPotassicus Tartras Potassium Tartrate Kali Tartaricum t Tartarus\\nsolubilis.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 270.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic in small, laxative in large doses. Oc-\\ncasionally combined with senna.\\nDose. Ten to thirty grams (150 grains to 1 ounce).\\nPotiones.\\nPotions.\\nPotions or draughts are aqueous solutions of salts, flavored or sweet-\\nened, or not. Sometimes infusions and mixtures are called potions.\\nThey are draughts taken in doses exceeding a tablespoonful.\\nPrinos U. S.\\nPrinos.\\nPrinos Cortex Black Alder.\\nOrigin. Prinos verticillatus, Linne (Aquifoliacece).\\nHabitat. The United States and Canada.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 271.\\nConstituents. Resin, and some bitter principle not yet fully ex-\\namined.\\nMedicinal Uses. An astringent bitter tonic, of occasional use in\\nfevers, especially if accompanied by a relaxed condition of the mucous\\nmembranes, as in diarrhoea, etc.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof a fluid extract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0834.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 821\\nPropylamina.\\nPropylamine.\\nA colorless inflammable liquid of high refractive power. It is not\\nused in medicine. The propylamine met with in the trade is an\\naqueous solution of trimethylamine or hydrochlorate of trimethylamine\\n(see Trimethylamina).\\nPrunum IT. S.\\nPrune.\\nPruni Fructus.\\nOrigin. Prunus domestica, Linne (Rosacem).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in all temperate climates.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 271.\\nFrench prunes are the best. Must be large, plump, sound, and not\\ntoo dry.\\nConstituents. Sugar, malic acid, etc.\\nUsed as a laxative food.\\nPrunus Virginiana U. S.\\nWild Cherry.\\nPruni Yirginianm Cortex Wild Cherry Bark.\\nOrigin. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used. The inner bark collected in the autumn from the\\nbranches of young, sound trees.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,. page 271.\\nMust be collected from medium large branches. The bark from the\\nsmall branches, as well as cork-covered old bark, must be rejected as in-\\nferior. Should be at least two millimeters (y 1 inch) thick, and at the\\nsame time free from any corky outer bark.\\nConstituents. Tannin, amygdalin, emulsin, some resin, and a bit-\\nter principle. When macerated with water it yields hydrocyanic acid,\\ngenerated by the reaction of the amygdalin and emulsin in the presence\\nof water, oil of bitter almonds being simultaneously formed.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic and stomachic, with slight sedative\\neffect. Used in dyspepsia, painful gastric derangements, coughs, etc.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains) in powder.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0835.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "822 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPRUNI VIRGINIAN JE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Wild Cheery.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), mix eighty-five grams (3 avoirdupois ounces) of glycerin\\nwith one hundred and seventy grams (6 ounces) of water. Moisten five\\nhundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of wild cherry bark, in No. 20\\npowder, with the whole of the mixture. Pack it loosely in a cylindri-\\ncal percolator, cover it well, and set it aside for twenty-four hours.\\nThen take it out and re-pack it tightly in the percolator. Now perco-\\nlate with diluted alcohol. Reserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J\\nfluidounces) of first percolate. Then continue the percolation and col-\\nlect six hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) of second percolate.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to a thin syrup. Meanwhile continue\\nthe percolation to exhaustion, distil off the alcohol in the usual way\\nfrom the third percolate, and evaporate the remainder of it on a water-\\nbath to a thin syrup. Mix the syrupy liquids obtained from the second\\nand third percolates and evaporate the mixture to a thin extract. Dis-\\nsolve this extract in the first percolate, and finally add enough diluted\\nalcohol to make the total product measure five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (17 fluidounces).\\nThe object of the maceration with water and glycerin is the forma-\\ntion of hydrocyanic acid by the reaction of the amygdalin and emulsin\\nin the bark upon each other, which takes place only in the presence of\\nwater. Glycerin aids in keeping the dissolved matters in permanent so-\\nlution in the finished extract, and also to retain better the hydrocyanic\\nacid and volatile oil formed. The percolate is collected in three por-\\ntions, in order to avoid as far as possible the exposure, of the extract to\\nheat, which would expel the volatile constituents, and thus render the\\npreparation less rich in its most important constituents, if not wholly\\nworthless.\\nA fluid extract of wild cherry made with water alone, or with water\\nand glycerin (without the use of any alcohol), will also contain the hy-\\ndrocyanic acid and the volatile oil, if the drug can be exhausted and\\nthe percolate reduced to its proper bulk without a damaging exposure\\nto heat, which is impossible except by using a very tall and narrow per^\\ncolator, so as to insure that the menstruum is made to pass through as\\nmany new portions of the drug as possible. But such a preparation\\nwould not represent fully and properly the medicinal properties of wild\\ncherry bark, because the astringent constituent (tannin) would remain\\nto a great extent in the marc. The addition of alcohol is necessary to\\ncompletely exhaust the drug.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0836.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 823\\nFluid extract of wild cherry is a dark reddish-brown preparation,\\nhaving a strong bitter-almond odor, and a pleasant, somewhat astringent\\ntaste. It is the best preparation of wild cherry which has been made.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nPRITNI VIRGINIANS INFUSUM U. S.\\nInfusion of Wild Cherry.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 avoidupois ounce) of wild cherry, in No. 40\\npowder, with forty -five cubic centimeters (1^- fluidounce) of water, and\\nmacerate one hour then pack it tightly in a conical glass percolator\\nand percolate with water until the percolate weighs seven hundred and\\nfifty grams (or measures 25 fluidounces).\\nThis preparation contains hydrocyanic acid and a volatile oil similar\\nto that of bitter almonds, and is used as a mild tonic and cardiac seda-\\ntive, either alone or as a menstruum for other more active remedies, in\\nthe irritative cough of consumptives, hectic fever, etc.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters (1\u00c2\u00a3 to 3 fluidounces),\\nthree or four times a day.\\nPRITNI VIRGINIANS SYKUPUS; U. S.\\nSyrup of Wild Cherry.\\nMoisten one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) wild\\ncherry bark, in No. 20 powder, with water, and macerate it in a covered\\nvessel for twenty-four hours. Then pack it firmly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator and percolate with water until three hundred and fifty grams (12\\nounces 150 grains, or about 12 fluidounces) percolate has been received.\\nIn this dissolve six hundred grams (21 ounces) sugar by agitation, using\\nno heat. Then add fifty grams (1 ounce 330 grains) glycerin. Strain.\\nThis formula affords, with good bark and proper care, a very fine\\nproduct.\\nUsed mainly as an excipient in cough mixtures.\\nDose. About fifteen cubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce),\\nPRUNI VIRGINIANS VINUM.\\nWine of Wild Cherry.\\nMix sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) fluid extract of wild\\ncherry with two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces)\\nsherry wine. Each five cubic centimeters (teaspoonful) represents one\\ngram (15 grains) of wild cherry.\\nDose. Ten to thirty cubic centimeters (3 to 8 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0837.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "824\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nPRUNI VIRGINIANS VINUM FERRATUM.\\nFerrated Wine of Wild Cherry.\\nDissolve forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) soluble phosphate of iron\\nin one hundred cubic centimeters (3^ fluidounces) water add phos-\\nphoric acid to this solution until the precipitate which at first forms has\\nall been redissolved, taking care to stir well, and to add no more phos-\\nphoric acid than is absolutely necessary to obtain a clear, light-brown-\\nish solution. Then add one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4\\nfluidounces) elixir of orange and five hundred cubic centimeters (17\\nfluidounces sherry wine. Next add one hundred cubic centimeters (3 J\\nfluidounces) fluid extract of wild cherry (made with equal parts glycerin\\nand water, without alcohol), and finally sufficient sherry wine to make\\nthe whole measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nA bitter chalybeate tonic, given in doses of one or two teaspoonfuls,\\nthree times a day.\\nPtelea.\\nPtelea.\\nPtelece Cortex Waferash Bark, Shrubby Tre-\\nfoil Bark, Hoptree Bark.\\nOrigin. Ptelea trifoliata,~L\\\\m\\\\e (Butacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. Irregular fragments of a\\nlight-brown color.\\nMedicinal Uses. An appetizing tonic,\\noccasionally useful during convalescence, in dys-\\npepsia, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30\\nminims), best given in the form of fluid extract.\\nFig. 431.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Waferash, natural\\nsize.\\nPTELEJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ptelea.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7- avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0838.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 825\\nPulsatilla U. S.\\nPulsatilla.\\nPulsatilla Herba.\\nOrigin. Anemone piilsatilla, and Anemone pratensis, Linne and\\nAnemone patens, var. JVuttallia?ia, Gray (Ranunculacece).\\nHabitat. The two first-named plants in Europe the third in the\\nUnited States.\\nPart used. The whole plant, collected soon after flowering.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 271.\\nConstituents* Contains an acrid volatile principle, which breaks\\nup into anemonin and anemonic acid.\\nMedicinal Uses. Formerly employed in Germany as an alterative\\nand emmenagogue, but discarded on account of its worthlessness. We\\ndo not know why it was introduced into the present Pharmacopoeia,\\nunless on account of a supposed beneficial effect in amaurosis.\\nIn large doses it may produce nausea and vomiting.\\nDose. Usually stated to be about 0.3 gram (5 grains), in powder,\\nalthough the extract has been given in much larger doses.\\nPULSATILLA EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Pulsatilla.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.1 gram to 2 grains), two or three times daily;\\nmay be cautiously increased to 0.33 gram (5 grains).\\nPULSATILLA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Pulsatilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 83- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. 0,1 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (1 to 5 minims), several times a\\nday.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0839.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "826 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPulveres.\\nPowders.\\nSimple powders, or powdered drugs and chemicals, are frequently of\\na most inferior quality, and are sometimes actually offered for sale at\\nlower prices than the whole drugs of barely fair quality. Sometimes\\nthe poorest grades of drugs are used for making powders, because it is\\nalmost impossible to determine the quality of the drugs after powdering\\nexcept by color, odor, and taste, which are good guides only with those\\nwho are unusually familiar with the subject. In other cases actual\\nadulteration is resorted to, which it is frequently impossible to detect\\nby ordinary means. Such adulterations may consist of foreign materials,\\nthe presence of which may be detected by the microscope. We know,\\nhowever, of cases in which the marc left in the percolator after the drug\\nwas exhausted was dried and sold to spice mills, to be mixed with a\\nsmall proportion of fresh drug and then powdered and sold as a cheaper\\ngrade of powdered spice. Such adulteration is difficult to detect with\\nthe microscope, as the adulterant shows the histological elements of the\\ntrue drug. The microscope reveals adulterations in powdered drugs to\\nthose only who are familiar with its use, and who therefore will not be\\ndeceived by appearances. Hence the pharmacist should always suspect\\na powdered drug offered at a price which apparently proves that a good\\ngrade of the drug could not have been used in preparing the powder.\\nIt is exceedingly unfortunate that retail pharmacists cannot prepare\\ntheir own powdered drugs but such is the fact, for the machinery,\\nfixtures, and apparatus necessary for their preparation are out of the\\nquestion in connection with a dispensing pharmacist s store and neces-\\nsarily limited laboratory.\\nWhen a drug is to be powdered it is generally necessary to first dry\\nit by a carefully regulated heat, not exceeding 65\u00c2\u00b0 0. (149\u00c2\u00b0 F.) as a rule.\\nThe whole of the quantity operated upon must be reduced to powder,\\nnothing remaining except inert woody fibre, or other inert portions for\\nthe powder first obtained is in many cases a very different one from\\nthat obtained at the end of the process. Thus if the drug is ground or\\ncontused until a portion is reduced to fine powder, and this powder then\\nseparated by sifting, the powder then obtained may be very far from\\nbeing like the powder made afterward from the remainder of the drug.\\nIn some cases the powder first obtained is from the best and most active\\nportions of the drug; in other cases the exact reverse. Hence the\\nwhole must be reduced to powder, and uniformly mixed after the pow-\\ndering is finished.\\nCompound powders are made by the dispensing pharmacist. In", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0840.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 827\\npreparing them trituration in a mortar is the best method, and should\\nbe always employed except in cases where the substances to be mixed\\nare such as cannot be triturated together without danger (as chlorate\\nof potassium with oxidizable substances). To mix powders on a slab\\nwith the spatula is a very crude and unsafe method. The ingredients\\nof the powder are, as a rule, put in the mortar in the order of the\\nrespective quantities used of each, commencing with those of which the\\nsmallest quantities are employed, carefully mixing before adding each\\nsubsequent ingredient.\\nAs a diluent in powders, milk sugar is to be preferred to any other\\nsubstance, because of its hardness, its comparative insolubility, and its\\ndensity. Ordinary white sugar (cane sugar) is too readily soluble, and\\nhence may be frequently dissolved out of a powder, leaving the medica-\\nment in the spoon, if insoluble, heavy, and of very small bulk, as calomel.\\nPhysicians who frequently prescribe compound powders would do\\nwell to use some bright-colored vehicle, as, for instance, powdered milk\\nsugar colored with a minute quantity of carmine. The pharmacist would\\nthen plainly see when the mixture of the several ingredients is completed,\\nwhich is impossible when all the ingredients are of the same color, as\\nfrequently happens. Mixtures of morphine and sugar, calomel and bi-\\ncarbonate of sodium, etc., may frequently be imperfectly finished, be-\\ncause the eye cannot determine when the ingredients are really inti-\\nmately blended.\\nPowders containing volatile oils, extracts, camphor, soluble chemical\\nsalts, or any other volatile or hygroscopic substances, should be dis-\\npensed in waxed paper, instead of in ordinary white powder paper.\\nPulvis Effervescens Compositus U. S.\\nCompound Effervescing Powder.\\nSeidlitz Powder.\\nMix 2.60 grams (40 grains) bicarbonate of sodium and 7.75 grams\\n(120 grains) Rochelle salt, and fold the mixture in a blue paper.\\nPut 2.25 grams (35 grains) powdered tartaric acid in a white paper.\\nThe above quantities are for one seidlite powder. The proportions\\ndiffer somewhat from those of the old Pharmacopoeia (1870), and are\\nthe proper proportions to be used.\\nMedicinal Uses. Each of the two powders is separately dissolved\\nin a quarter of a tumbler of plain or sweetened water, and then the con-\\ntents of one glass is poured into the other. The solution is to be taken\\nduring effervescence.\\nUseful as a laxative, especially in cases of gastric or intestinal de-\\nrangement accompanied by nausea, as after a debauch, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0841.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "828 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPyrethrum U. S.\\nPyketheum.\\nPyrethri Radix Pomische Bertramwurzel, G. Pyrethre, Salivaire, F.\\nPelitre, Sp. Bertramsrot, Sw. Pellitory.\\nOrigin. Anacyclus Pyrethrum, De Candolle (Composite).\\nHabitat. Northern Africa.\\nPart used-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 274. The wild pelli-\\ntory from Africa has a thin bark firmly adhering to the wood. The\\nresin-ducts are numerously scattered through both bark and wood. The\\nodor is aromatic, and the taste pungent, causing a copious flow of saliva.\\nThe German pellitory from Anacyclus officinarum, Hayne, culti-\\nvated near Magdeburg and in Saxony, is longer, and has a thicker bark.\\nPellitory is liable to be damaged by insects.\\nPyrethrum Roseum. The ground flower-heads of this plant fur-\\nnishes the so-called Persian insect powder.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and acrid resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant sialagogue, useful in toothache, neu-\\nralgia, paralysis of the tongue or constrictors of the oesophagus.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), to be chewed.\\nPYRETHRI TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Pyrethrum.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) pyrethrum, in No. 40 pow-\\nder, with fifty-five cubic centimeters (If fluidounce) alcohol macerate\\ntwenty-four hours then pack it firmly into a cylindrical percolator and\\npercolate with alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains,\\nmeasuring about 13 fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nUsed in dilution as a gargle.\\nPyroxylinum U. S.\\nPyroxylin.\\nPyroxylon, Colloxylon Soluble Gun- Cotton.\\nPreparation. See the Pharmacopoeia, page Sy5. It is improbable\\nthat any considerable number of pharmacists will attempt to prepare\\ngun-cotton, as it is a most troublesome preparation to make.\\nGun-cotton must be white, light, dry, and entirely soluble in a mix-\\nture of one-fourth alcohol and three-fourths ether, by measure.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0842.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 829\\nIt must be kept loosely placed in wide-mouthed bottles, to be well\\nclosed and put away in a cool dry place, away from any flame, as it is\\nviolently explosive. Only about thirty grams (1 ounce) should be put\\nin each bottle.\\nUsed for preparing collodion.\\nQuassia; U. S.\\nQuassia.\\nQuassiw Lignum Jamaica Quassia.\\nOrigin. JPicrcena excelsa, Lindley (Simarubaceai).\\nHabitat. West Indies.\\nPart used. The wood.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 275. It occurs either\\nrasped or in shavings.\\nThe quassia used in Europe is the wood of Quassia amara, Linn\u00c2\u00a3, of\\nFig. 432. Jamaica Quassia, transverse section, magnified.\\nthe same natural order as the plant which yields the drug used in this\\ncountry. The wood of Quassia amara is called Surinam Quassia, the\\nshrub from which it is obtained being indigenous to Surinam. It re-\\nsembles the Jamaica Quassia, which is the kind official in our Pharma-\\ncopoeia. The two kinds are quite alike medicinally.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle called quassiin, which crystal-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0843.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "830\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nlizes in white prisms or needles, and is readily soluble in alcohol and in\\nhot water. Also a minute quantity volatile oil. It contains no tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. A pure bitter tonic appetizer and stomachic,\\nuseful in some forms of dyspepsia and apepsia. Sometimes used in the\\nFig. 433. Jamaica Quassia, tangential section, enlarged.\\nform of weak cold infusion, made by allowing water to stand for a little\\nwhile in cups turned out of quassia wood.\\nNot given in substance.\\nQUASSIA EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Quassia.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of quassia, in\\nNo. 20 powder, with two hundred grams (6\u00c2\u00a7- fluidounces) cold water.\\nPack in a conical percolator. Percolate with cold water until the liquid\\nwhich passes through is but slightly bitter. Boil down to three-fourths\\nof its weight. Strain. Evaporate to a pilular consistence, and while\\nit is still warm add to it one-twentieth of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown. Yield about four or five per cent.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.15 gram (1 to 2 grains).\\nQUASSIA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Quassia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0844.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 831\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7-j- fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nQUASSIA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Quassia.\\nFrom ten grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make five\\nhundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nQUASSIA SPECIES AMAR^E.\\nBitter Species.\\nBoecker^s Bitter Tonic Tea.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces) crushed star anise, one hundred and\\ntwenty grams (4 ounces) rasped quassia, and one hundred and twenty\\ngrams cut carduus benedictus (blessed thistle).\\nUsed to prepare a bitters by macerating for some days in about\\na liter (34 fluidounces) of whiskey.\\nDose. About a tablespoonful.\\nQUASSLE TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Quassia.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) quassia, in No. 40 powder, with\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol macerate twenty-\\nfour hours pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with\\ndiluted alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ntincture has been obtained.\\nThis preparation is over fifty per cent, stronger than that of the for-\\nmer Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0845.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "832 A COMPANION TO THE\\nQuercus Alba U. S.\\nWhite Oak.\\nQuercus Albce Cortex White Oak Bark; Eichenrinde, G. \u00c2\u00a3corce de\\nchene, F.; Encina, Sp.; Ekbark, Sw.\\nOrigin. Quercus alba, Linne (Cupuliferm).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used- The inner bark from the trunk of the tree.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 276. Usually occurs\\ncoarsely ground. Black oak bark (from quercus tinctoria) colors the\\nsaliva yellow, which the official oak bark does not.\\nConstituents. A peculiar variety of tannin, called quercitannic\\nacid. Younger bark contains more tannin than the old. The quantity\\nfound is from six to fifteen per cent.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent the infusion is mainly employed\\nexternally as an injection or wash in leucorrhoea, prolapse of the uterus\\nor rectum, etc.; or as a gargle and mouth-wash in relaxed uvula, follicu-\\nlar pharyngitis, and spongy or bleeding gums.\\nQUEECUS DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Oak Bark.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms),\\nbut it is seldom given internally. It is a most useful and popular injec-\\ntion in leucorrhoea, etc.\\nQUEECUS EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Oak Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims), or in dilu-\\ntion for external use.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0846.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 833\\nQuillaia; U. S.\\nQUILLAIA.\\nSoap Tree Bark.\\nOrigin. Quillaya Saponaria, Molina {Hosacece).\\nHabitat. Chili and Peru.\\nPart used. The bark deprived of the epidermis.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 276. Inodorous, but\\nvery irritating to the mucous surfaces, producing violent sneezing\\ntaste quite acrid.\\nConstituents. The principal constituent is saponin.\\nMedicinal Uses* Stimulant, diuretic, alterative, irritant, deter-\\ngent also as a sternutatory in coryza.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 60 grains). Best given in fluid\\nextract.\\nQUILLAI^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Quillaia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17|- avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose- One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nQUILLAIA TINCTUKA.\\nTincture op Quillaia.\\nTincture of Soap Bark.\\nMake three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) tincture from\\nsixty grams (2 ounces) ground soap bark, using diluted alcohol as a\\nmenstruum.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J- fluidrachms).\\nQuinamina*\\nQUINAMINE.\\nQuinamia.\\nAn alkaloid found in red cinchona bark.\\nWhite anhydrous crystals, soluble in thirty-two parts ether and in\\none hundred parts alcohol. Very soluble in boiling ether. Its salts in\\n53", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0847.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "834 A COMPANION TO THE\\naqueous solution, acidulated, do not show any fluorescence. With\\nchlorine-water and ammonia they give no green color nor precipitate.\\nMedicinal Uses resemble those of quinine, but the effects are un-\\ncertain.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nQuinetum.\\nQuinetum.\\nThis is a mixture of the total alkaloids of cinchona, obtained by ex-\\nhausting red cinchona with acidulated water, and precipitating with\\nsoda. It was originally proposed by Dr. DeVrij, and is in India known\\nunder the name of Febrifuge.\\nQuinicina.\\nQuiNICINE.\\nQuinicia.\\nWhen quinine or quinidine is fused in the presence of an acid it is\\nconverted into an amorphous alkaloid called quinicine, which has the\\nsame composition apparently as the alkaloid from which it was derived.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of quinine, but weaker and un-\\ncertain.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1.5 gram (1 to 20 grains).\\nQuinidinse Sulphas IT. S.\\nSulphate of Quinidine.\\nSulphate of Quinidia.\\nOrigin, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n276. Quinidine sulphate is probably fully equal to quinine sulphate as\\nan antiperiodic.\\nDose. The same as of quinine.\\nQuinina; U. S.\\nQuinine.\\nQuinia.\\nThe most important alkaloid contained in cinchona. The alkaloid\\ncontained in the sulphate of quinine. It is usually obtained by precip-\\nitating a solution of sulphate of quinine with water of ammonia.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 277.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0848.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA. 835\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of cinchona. The alkaloid is used\\nmainly for making other preparations. It is seldom given internally\\nexcept in the form of one of its salts.\\nWhen given for any length of time, or in full doses, the salts of qui-\\nnine are apt to produce a condition of cmchonism, characterized by\\nsymptoms of congestion of the brain, fulness about the head, ringing\\nin the ears, and occasionally slight deafness, and after excessive doses,\\nstaggering, blindness, nausea, etc. These effects are usually only tem-\\nporary, but are said to have resulted in permanent injury after long-con-\\ntinued abuse of quinine.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.5 gram (1 to 8 grains) or more.\\nQUINDLE OLEATUM.\\nOleate of Quinine.\\nA solution of one part alkaloidal quinine in three parts oleic acid,\\neffected by simply triturating them together.\\nUses. It has been recommended for hypodermic injection, and for\\nexternal application but has not met with the approval of physicians.\\nQUININE SOLUTIO SPIRITUOSA.\\nAlcoholic Solution of Quinine.\\nDissolve one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) quinine (the pure\\nalkaloid) in nine hundred cubic centimeters (30|- fluidounces) alcohol.\\nThen add sufficient alcohol to make the whole measure one liter (34\\nfluidounces).\\nUsed in making elixirs.\\nQuininse Arsenias.\\nAeseniate of Quinine.\\nAn insoluble white powder. It contains about twelve and a half\\nper cent, arsenious acid, and about seventy-five per cent, quinine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antiperiodic in chronic malarial affections. The\\neffect is mainly due to the arsenic.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.008 to 0.03 gram to grain).\\nQuininse Bisulphas; XJ. S.\\nBlSULPHATE OF QUININE.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 277 and\\n278.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose. Same as of sulphate of quinine.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0849.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "836 A COMPANION TO THE\\nQuininse Carbolas.\\nQuinine Carbolate.\\nDissolve six grams (92 grains) carbolic acid in thirty-seven cubic\\ncentimeters (1^ fluidounce) alcohol then add ten grams (154 grains)\\nquinine (alkaloid) and dissolve all by the aid of gentle heat. Filter.\\nEvaporate the nitrate on a water-bath to dryness.\\nThe product thus obtained is a white powder, soluble in four hun-\\ndred parts of water and in eighty parts of alcohol.\\nDose. Five centigrams (about 1 grain).\\nQuininse Hydrobromas; U. S.\\nHydrobromate op Quinine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 278.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose. Same as of the other salts of qui-\\nnine. On account of its solubility it is a good form for administering\\nquinine hypodermically.\\nQuininse Hydrochloras U. S.\\nQuinine Hydeochlorate.\\nMuriate of Quinine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 278, 279.\\nBeing very readily soluble in alcohol (three times its own weight) and\\nalso much more readily soluble in water than quinine sulphate, the hy-\\ndrochlorate of quinine ought to be used in preference to sulphate of\\nquinine in all cases.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose. Same as of other salts of quinine.\\nHas been used hypodermically.\\nQUININSE IIYDEOCIILORATIS PILLTL^E.\\nPills of Hydrochlorate of Quinine.\\nPills of hydrochlorate of quinine may be made with glycerin as the\\nonly excipient. They are beautifully white (provided, of course, the\\nhands and tools of the operator are perfectly clean), permanently soft,\\nand readily soluble.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0850.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 837\\nQuinines Hydrochloras Carbamidata.\\nQuinine Carbamide Hydrochlorate.\\nIn white powder or in crystals, soluble in twice its weight of water.\\nIt is said to be a compound of hydrochlorate of quinine and urea, and\\ncontains sixty-nine per cent, quinine.\\nMedicinal Uses. Perhaps the most soluble and least irritating of\\nall quinine salts for subcutaneous injection.\\nDose for subcutaneous injection, 0.3 to 0.5 gram (5 to 8 grains).\\nQuininse Hypophosphis.\\nHypophosphite of Quinine.\\nPrepared by double decomposition between calcium hypophosphite\\nand quinine sulphate. It is in white, needle-shaped crystals, adhering\\nin groups, inodorous, bitter, soluble in twenty-five parts cold and in 1.2\\npart boiling water, and in nine parts alcohol.\\nDose. Ten centigrams (1^ grain).\\nQuininse Phosphas.\\nPhosphate of Quinine.\\nObtained in silky white crystals by dissolving the alkaloid quinine in\\nphosphoric acid and evaporating to crystallization. This is neutral\\nphosphate. Soluble in water.\\nA basic phosphate of quinine may be obtained by precipitating a\\nsolution of sulphate of quinine with a solution of phosphate of sodium.\\nVery sparingly soluble in water.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose. Same as of sulphate of quinine.\\nQuininse Salicylas.\\nSalicylate of Quinine.\\nPrepared by mixing solutions of quinine and salicylic acid in ether,\\nand collecting and drying the precipitate formed. It is a white amor-\\nphous powder, insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.\\nDose. Ten to one hundred centigrams (2 to 16 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0851.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "838 A COMPANION TO THE\\nQuininse Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Quinine.\\nChininum Sidfuricum, Quinicus Sulphas Schwefelsaures Chinin, G.\\nSulfate de quinine, F. Sulfato Quinico, Sulfato de quinina, Sp.;\\nSvafvelsyrad Kinin, Kinasalt, Sw. Sulphate of Quinia, Disidphate\\nof Quinia.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 279, 280.\\nTo completely mask the taste of quinine sulphate give the medicine\\nin fresh sweet milk. One gram (15 grains) sulphate of quinine can be\\ntaken in a cupful of rich milk without tasting its bitterness, especially\\nif the quinine be stirred in quickly and the dose taken before much of\\nthe salt dissolves in the milk. One pint of milk will conceal the bitter\\ntaste of fifteen grains quinine sulphate even if dissolved. Fluid extract\\nof liquorice root is also very effective in masking the taste of quinine.\\nIt should be remembered, however, that when fluid extract of liquorice\\nroot is used for this purpose no acid must be added, as that not only\\nbrings out the bitterness of the quinine more strongly, but, at the same\\ntime, precipitates the glycyrrhizin from the fluid extract, thus destroying\\nits power to conceal the bitterness of the medicine. The sulphate of\\nquinine must be simply suspended undissolved in the mixture, which\\nrequires to be shaken before being taken.\\nOne grain sulphate of quinine is generally considered equivalent in\\nantiperiodic effects to forty grains good calisaya bark.\\nMedicinal Uses. Quinine exerts the tonic and antiperiodic effects\\nof cinchona. It is the most frequently employed salt of quinine and the\\nmost reliable antiperiodic remedy we possess. As a tonic it is inferior\\nto cinchona itself, as it is apt to derange the digestive functions if ad-\\nministered for any length of time.\\nQuinine possesses strong antiseptic properties, and is therefore useful\\nin many of the septic diseases, as diphtheria, scarlatina, erysipelas, etc.\\nIt is also much used as an antipyretic to reduce the temperature in\\nfebrile conditions, but it is always safe to combine its use with other\\nantipyretic measures, as cold baths, etc.\\nIt is not an oxytocic.\\nDose. 0.06 to 2 grams (1 to 30 grains) or more, in single or divided\\ndoses, according to the requirements of the case.\\nSolution for Dispensing Purposes. Dissolve thirty grams (1 ounce\\n25-J- grains avoirdupois) of quinine sulphate, with the aid of twenty-five\\ngrams (f fluidounce) diluted sulphuric acid, in enough distilled water to", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0852.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPGEIA. 83 J\\nmake the finished solution measure one hundred and twenty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (4 fluidounces). Filter.\\nThe diluted sulphuric acid should be added last. Each cubic centi-\\nmeter of the solution contains one-fourth gram (25 centigrams) of the\\nquinine sulphate one hundred and five minims contain twenty-five\\ngrains.\\nQUINHSTJE SULPHATIS PILULJS.\\nSulphate of Quinine Pills.\\nGlycerin is the only excipient required to make handsome, white,\\nand permanently soft pills of sulphate of quinine. When, however, the\\naddition of sulphuric acid (either in the form of diluted or aromatic sul-\\nphuric acid) is preferred or ordered, it will be found necessary to add\\nalso other excipients to prevent the pills from becoming too hard and\\nfrom crumbling. About twelve drops aromatic sulphuric acid is suffi-\\ncient for twenty grains quinine sulphate. The addition of minute quan-\\ntities of powdered tragacanth and glycerin will make the mass plastic.\\nQuininse Tannas.\\nTannate of Quinine.\\nA yellowish amorphous powder. It is bitter, somewhat astringent,\\nnearly insoluble in cold water or alcohol, and melts at the boiling-point\\nof water.\\nMedicinal Uses and Dose- Same as of sulphate of quinine, but\\non account of its comparative insolubility it is less reliable in its action.\\nQUININE TINCTURA COMPOSITA; Warburg.\\nWarburg s Tincture.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) angelica root, eighty\\ngrams (2 ounces 360 grains) gentian, eighty grams cubeb, eighty grams\\nrhubarb, eighty grams fennel, eighty grams elecampane, forty grams (1\\nounce 180 grains) Spanish saffron, thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains)\\naromatic powder, twenty grams (308 grains) myrrh, and twenty grams\\nwhite agaric, all in moderately fine powder. Moisten the mixed pow-\\nders with five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) diluted alcohol,\\nand macerate twenty-four hours. Then pack it firmly in a cylindrical\\npercolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until six thousand five hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (13f pints) of percolate has been obtained. In\\nthis dissolve two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains) sulphate of quinine", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0853.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "840 A COMPANION TO THE\\nby gently warming the mixture. Then add one thousand cubic centi-\\nmeters (34 fluidounces) spirit of camphor and two thousand five hundred\\ncubic centimeters (5J pints) tincture of aloes (U. S. P., 1880).\\nWarburg s tincture is a celebrated and much-used antiperiodic,\\nwhich is stated to be decidedly more effective in the cure of severe types\\nof intermittent and remittent fevers than any other quinine mixture or\\nquinine itself in proportionately equal doses.\\nThe original formula for the preparation is, however, so absurd as to\\nthrow ridicule upon the remedy, notwithstanding its well-established\\nefficacy. It is never made by the original formula. The Warburg s\\ntincture now used is prepared by simplified formulae which differ more\\nor less from each other, but certainly do not include the bellies of\\nscinks and four or five dozen other curious things prescribed in the\\noriginal, but which apparently in most cases furnish preparations as\\neffective as Warburg s tincture is reported to have been.\\nThe formula given above is a fair and rational simplification of the\\noriginal, and yields a product as satisfactory in all respects as any.\\nDose. This tincture enjoys great reputation as an antiperiodic\\nremedy. Its use is preceded by a brisk purgative, and then fifteen\\ncubic centimeters (-J- fluidounce) is given undiluted, and this dose is re-\\npeated in three or four hours. It is said that this treatment usually\\nsuffices to arrest even very severe attacks of malarial fevers.\\nQuininse Valerianas; U. S.\\nValerianate of Quinine.\\nDescription and Tests- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 280.\\nMedicinal Uses. This salt combines the nervine properties of\\nvalerian with the antiperiodic and tonic effects of quinine.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains).\\nResina U. S.\\nResin.\\nPini Resina, Colophonium Geigenharz, G. Colophane, F. Colo-\\nfonia, Brea seca, Pez Griega, Sp. Hartz, Kolophonium, Sw.\\nRosin, Colophony.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 280. Should be quite\\nlight colored, clear, and transparent, and free from bark, sand, dirt, and\\nother admixtures.\\nResin, or colophony, is the residue left after distilling the volatile\\noil (oil of turpentine) from the turpentine (the oleo-resin exuding from", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0854.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 841\\npine trees), when no water is added before the distillation. If water is\\nadded the residue will not be the official clear resin, but white rosin,\\nwhich is pale yellowish and opaque from retained water.\\nComposition- Consists of anhydrid of abietic acid.\\nUsed as an ingredient of plasters and ointments.\\nRESUME CEKATUM; U. S.\\nResin Ceeate.\\nJBasilicon Ointment.\\nMelt together, at a moderate heat, one hundred grams (3^ ounces)\\nresin, forty-five grams (1J ounce) yellow wax, and one hundred and\\nforty grams (5 ounces) lard strain through muslin, and let cool without\\nstirring.\\nTo obtain a uniform cerate it should not be stirred while cooling.\\nThe new preparation contains less lard than that of the Pharmaco-\\npoeia of 1870, and is an improvement upon the old.\\nBasilicon ointment is one of the most popular ointments for stimu-\\nlating indolent ulcerating surfaces, promoting suppuration, granulation,\\nand cicatrization.\\nRESIN^E CERATUM COMPOSITUM; Phak., 1870.\\nCompound Resin Cerate, Deshler s Salve.\\nMelt together three hundred and forty grams (12 ounces) resin, three\\nhundred and forty grams suet, three hundred and forty grams yellow\\nwax, one hundred and seventy grams (6 ounces) crude American tur-\\npentine (thick), and two hundred grams (7 ounces) linseed oil strain\\nthrough muslin, and stir until cool.\\nNot in the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nSomewhat more stimulating than basilicon ointment.\\nRESIK^ EMPLASTRUM; U. S.\\nResin Plaster.\\nAdhesive Plaster.\\nMelt together forty-five grams (1-J- ounce) yellow wax, six hundred\\ngrams (20 ounces) lead plaster, and one hundred and five grams (3|-\\nounces) resin, and mix them thoroughly.\\nShould be spread before being allowed to cool.\\nThis is a marked improvement upon the preparation of 1870 as to\\nconsistence and adhesiveness. The old preparation consisted of one", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0855.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "842\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nOrigin,\\nounce resin to six ounces lead plaster. The new plaster is better for\\nspreading. It is difficult, however, to put it up in rolls, because in cool-\\ning the wax is very liable to separate in little lumps. If re-melted for\\nthe purpose of spreading it, it must be well stirred.\\nEhamni Cathartic! Fructus,\\nBuckthorn Beeeies.\\nRhamnus catharticus, Linne (Mhamnacece).\\nHabitat- Europe and America.\\nDescription .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Purplish-black,\\nwrinkled, globular, about the size of\\nsmall peas, and containing four dark-\\nbrown seeds. Odor faint taste bitter,\\nacrid.\\nCo nstitU e ntS. The active principle\\nis amorphous rhamnocathartin, which\\nhas been obtained as a brittle yellowish\\nmass.\\nMedicinal Uses. Brisk hydra-\\ngogue purgative, mainly employed in\\ncombination with other cathartics.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract.\\nFigs. 434-440.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buckthorn Berries,\\nwhole, natural size, enlarged, and\\ntransverse section seeds, natural size,\\nenlarged, and transverse section.\\nEHAMNI CATHARTICI FRUCTUS EXTKACTUM\\nFLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Buckthoen Beeeies.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose- Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nRIIAMNI CATHAETICI SUCCUS.\\nBuckthoen Juice.\\nThe expressed juice from fresh buckthorn berries.\\nIt is greenish when fresh, but changes to purplish-black on keeping.\\nThis juice is a very acrid cathartic, and is not much used.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0856.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n843\\nKHAMKI CATHAETICI SYKUPUS.\\nSyeup of Buckthorn Beeeies.\\nEvaporate one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) buck-\\nthorn juice to six hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (21 fluid-\\nounces). Add ten grams (154 grains) bruised ginger and\\nten grams bruised allspice; macerate in a warm place for\\nfour hours strain. Let cool. Then add seventy-five cubic\\ncentimeters (2J fluidounces) alcohol. Shake well. Let the\\nmixture stand two days. Decant the clear liquid, filter the\\nremainder, and in the mixed clear liquids dissolve one thou-\\nsand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) sugar.\\nDose. About five cubic centimeters (a teaspoonful).\\nRhamnus Pursliiana.\\nCascaea Sageada.\\nChittem Bark.\\nOrigin. Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle.\\nHabitat. Rocky Mountains and\\nthe Pacific slope.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription Thin brittle\\ntroughs or quills, several inches to a\\nfoot or more in length; the bark\\nfrom young branches mottled or fig\\nured as in the illustration, the dark\\nparts being nearly black, the light\\nparts whitish or ash-colored, with\\nintermediate shades of brown. In\\nolder barks the contrast is not so\\nmarked, all parts appearing brown-\\nish-gray on the outside, though the FlG 442. -Root-bark of Cas-\\nfigures may be traced, and on the cara Sagrada, natural size,\\ninner side yellowish-brown or orange-yellow. The root bark\\nis thicker, darker, irregularly twisted, and with a rough ex-\\nternal bark. Odorless. Taste bitter.\\na\\nCascara 441 Constituents. Contains three different resinous sub-\\ngrada, young stances, and some tannin,\\nbark, natural\\nMedicinal Uses. This remedy is a valuable tonic\\nlaxative in chronic constipation, the effect resembling that of aloes com-\\nf.i fejj", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0857.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "844 A COMPANION TO THE\\nbined with nux vomica and belladonna. It produces a semi-solid fecu-\\nlent discharge, and its use is not followed by subsequent constipation, as\\nis the case with most cathartics.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nRHAMNI PURSHIAN^ EXTRACT CTM.\\nExtract of Rhamnus Purshiana.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nYellowish-brown.\\nDose. 0.25 to 1 gram (4 to 15 grains).\\nRHAMNI PURSHIAN^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 fluid-\\nounces), use five hundred grams (or 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of the drug,\\nin No. 40 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use a mixture of alcohol and water in the propor-\\ntion of two hundred cubic centimeters (Gf fluidounces) alcohol and five\\nhundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) water.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nRheum IT. S.\\nRhubarb.\\nRhei Radix Rhabarber, G. and Sw. Rhubarbe, F.; Ruibarbo, Sp.;\\nRhubarb Root, Turkey Rhubarb.\\nOrigin. Rheum officinale, Baillon, and other species of Rheum\\n(Polygonaceai).\\nHabitat. China.\\nPart used. The peeled and dried root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 282.\\nChinese or so-called East India rhubarb is now the only rhubarb (if\\ncommerce, and is the article described in the Pharmacopoeia. Shensi\\nrhubarb is very fine, and probably the best.\\nThe irregularly marbled internal appearance of rhubarb is an im-\\nportant diagnostic sign by which the official rhubarb is distinguished", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0858.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 845\\nfrom European rhubarb, obtained from Rheum rhaponticum, which is\\nnot one-half as active.\\nRhubarb must be perfectly sound, and of an orange-yellowish color.\\nIt must not be dark or discolored. A grayish- or greenish-brown or\\ndark-colored drug is at least partially decayed, and while it may un-\\ndoubtedly be true rhubarb in a commercial sense, it is a very bad rhu-\\nbarb commercially, and is not rhubarb at all medicinally.\\nSound, fine rhubarb of a good light color, and good odor, can be\\nreadily recognized, and may be easily found in the market. It is usu-\\nally described as fancy rhubarb by the jobbers, although the only\\ndifference between it and any less fancy grades lies in the fact that\\nthe fancy or select pieces of rhubarb are sound and good, while all other\\ngrades are more or less decayed, damaged, or otherwise inferior, and\\nshould not be used.\\nGood rhubarb costs at this time (March, 1883) from one to two dol-\\nlars per pound, while a decayed drug may be had at from twenty cents\\nupward. Powdered rhubarb is sometimes sold at a much lower price\\nthan the whole, and is mostly of a very inferior grade. European rhu-\\nbarb, if sound, is better than half-decayed Chinese rhubarb.\\nConstituents. Chrysophan (several per cent.), chrysophanic acid,\\nphseorhetin, rheo-tannic acid, emodin, erythrorhetin, aporhetin, etc.\\nThe grittiness of rhubarb between the teeth is due to crystals of cal-\\ncium oxalate. Rhubarb also contains a considerable quantity of starch.\\nMedicinal Uses. Rhubarb is a valuable stomachic and tonic in\\nboicel complaints. It is laxative or cathartic, and then astringent, so\\nthat its use is especially indicated in cases of diarrhoea caused by the\\npresence of indigestible or irritating substances in the alimentary canal.\\nIt is a valuable remedy in chronic constipation and dyspepsia, in which\\nailments a small piece may be eaten every morning until relief is ob-\\ntained.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (10 to 30 grains).\\nRHEI ET POTASS^E SYRTTPUS.\\nSyrup of Rhubarb and Potassa.\\nPercolate a mixture of thirty grams (1 ounce) coarsely powdered\\nrhubarb, fifteen grams ounce) powdered hydrastis, and fifteen grams\\n(i ounce) powdered cinnamon with a mixture of one liter (34 fluidounces)\\nbrandy and five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) glycerin.\\nTo the percolate add one cubic centimeter (16 minims) oil of peppermint,\\nfifteen grams ounce) carbonate of potassium, five hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters (17 fluidounces) water, and one thousand grams (35 ounces)", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0859.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "846 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsugar. Dissolve by the aid of gentle heat, and then filter. This is\\npopularly called neutralizing cordial, or neutralizing mixture.\\nDose. A teaspoonful or more.\\nKHE1 ET SEKN^E TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Rhubarb and Senna.\\nMacerate for seven days thirty-two grams (1 ounce 56 grains) rhu-\\nbarb, eight grams (123 grains) senna, four grams (61 grains) coriander,\\nfour grams fennel, and two grams (31 grains) liquorice all in moder-\\nately fine powder together with one hundred and ninety-two grams\\n(6 ounces 338 grains) raisins previously deprived of their seeds and\\nbruised, with one thousand four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(49 fluidounces) diluted alcohol. Express, and filter through paper.\\nDose. Teaspoonful to dessertspoonful.\\nRHEI ET SOD^E MISTURA U. S.\\nMixture of Rhubarb and Soda.\\nDissolve thirty grams (1 ounce) bicarbonate of sodium in five hun-\\ndred grams (17 fluidounces) distilled water. Then add thirty grams\\n(about 1-J- fluidounce) fluid extract of rhubarb, thirty grams (about 9f\\nfluidrachms) spirit of peppermint, and sufficient distilled water to make\\nthe whole mixture weigh one thousand grams (or measure about 34\\nfluidounces).\\nThis mixture is new to the Pharmacopoeia it is similar to the pop-\\nular so-called neutralizing cordial or neutralizing mixture, with\\nthe exception that the latter-named preparation contains potassium car-\\nbonate instead c e sodium bicarbonate.\\nUseful in some forms of dyspepsia or flatulence, in which a combina-\\ntion of rhubarb with an antacid is indicated.\\nDose. Five to thirty cubic centimeters (1 to 8 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExtract of Rhubarb.\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of rhubarb, in\\nNo. 30 powder, with two hundred grams (8\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of alcohol.\\nPack moderately in a conical percolator. Pour upon it four hundred\\ngrams (1GJ fluidounces) more of alcohol, and then follow with diluted\\nalcohol, continuing the percolation until the percolate passes tasteless.\\nReserve five hundred grams (about 18 fluidounces) oi first percolate, set-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0860.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 847\\nting it aside in a warm place where it may evaporate spontaneously\\nuntil reduced to two hundred and fifty grams (about 9 ounces). Evap-\\norate the remainder of the percolate in a porcelain evaporating dish on\\na water-bath at a heat not above 70\u00c2\u00b0 C. (158\u00c2\u00b0 F.) to the consistence of\\nsyrup. Mix this with the reserved and concentrated first percolate, and\\nthen evaporate the mixture on water-bath at the same temperature as\\nbefore to a pilular consistence. While the extract is still warm incor-\\nporate with it one-twentieth of its weight of glycerin. Yield about\\nthirty per cent.\\nReddish-brown.\\nDose. 0.50 to 1.50 gram (8 to 20 grains).\\nRHEI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Rhubarb.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum, use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 8 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and seventy-five cubic centimeters (12-J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose* Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Rhubarb.\\nFrom twenty grams (or about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0861.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "848 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEHEI INFUSUM ALKALI1S T UM.\\nAlkaline Infusion of Rhubarb.\\nPut thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) rhubarb in small fragments and\\nfree from powder into a suitable vessel with six grams (92 grains)\\nsodium carbonate and three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ncold water. Macerate twelve hours. Strain, adding enough cold water\\nthrough the strainer to make the total colature three hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (10 fluidounces). Then add six hundred cubic centimeters\\n(20 fluidounces) alcohol, and set aside for twenty-four hours. Then\\nfilter. Distil off the alcohol and expose the remainder to evaporation\\non a water-bath until all odor of alcohol has disappeared. Finally add\\nenough water to make the whole measure three hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (10 fluidounces).\\nKeep it in a cool place.\\nEHEI MISTUEA COMPOSITA.\\nCompound Rhubarb Mixture.\\nDissolve forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) bicarbonate of sodium in\\nsix hundred cubic centimeters (about 20 fluidounces) peppermint water;\\nthen add four cubic centimeters (1 fluidrachm) fluid extract of ipecac,\\ntwenty cubic centimeters (5 fluidrachms) fluid extract of rhubarb, three\\nhundred and fifty-live cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) glycerin, and\\nenough peppermint water to make the whole measure one thousand\\ncubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. Teaspoonful to tablespoonful.\\nEHEI PILULE U. S.\\nRhubarb Pills.\\nMix 19.50 grams (300 grains) finely powdered rhubarb and 6.50\\ngrams (100 grains) powdered soap, and make a pill mass with the aid\\nof sufficient water. Divide it into one hundred pills.\\nDose. One to five pills.\\nEHEI PILUL^E COMPOSITE; U. S.\\nCompound Rhubarb Pills.\\nMix thirteen grams (200 grains) rhubarb, 9.75 grams (150 grains)\\npurified aloes, and G.50 grams (100 grains) myrrh, all in fine powder, with\\n0.65 gram (10 grains) volatile oil of peppermint. Make a pill mass with\\nthe aid of enough water, and divide it into one hundred pills.\\nDose. One to three pills.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0862.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 849\\nKHEI PULVIS COMPOSITUS; U. S.\\nCompound Rhubarb Powder.\\nMix twenty-five grams (386 grains) powdered rhubarb, sixty-five\\ngrams (2 ounces 128 grains) magnesia, and ten grams (154 grains) pow-\\ndered ginger.\\nUsed as an antacid and carminative.\\nDose\u00c2\u00ab- i -One to five grams (15 to 75 grains).\\nRHEI PULYIS CUM MAGNESIA.\\nRhubarb and Magnesia.\\nMix one cubic centimeter (16 minims) oil of fennel with one hundred\\ngrams (3 ounces 230 grains) powdered sugar then add one hundred\\ngrams powdered rhubarb and one hundred grams carbonate of magnesia,\\nand mix all thoroughly.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nRHEI SYRUPUS; U. S.\\nSyrup of Rhubarb.\\nMacerate ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) sliced rhubarb, eighteen\\ngrams (278 grains) bruised cinnamon, and six grams (92 grains) potas-\\nsium carbonate with four hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (14J-\\nfluidounces) water in a covered porcelain jar for twelve hours. Strain,\\nand filter, adding enough water through the dregs on the filter to make\\nthe total filtrate measure four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluid-\\nounces). Then add six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) sugar, and\\ndissolve it without using any heat.\\nThis preparation is very different from the syrup of rhubarb of the\\nPharmacopoeia of 1870. It is identical with that of the German Phar-\\nmacopoeia.\\nFrequently employed as a laxative for children.\\nDose for a child, about a teaspoonful.\\nRHEI SYRUPUS AROMATICUS; U. S.\\nAromatic Syrup of Rhubarb.\\nSpiced Syrup of Rhubarb.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) aromatic tincture of rhu-\\nbarb and two hundred and ten cubic centimeters (7 fluidounces) simple\\nsyrup.\\nUsed mainly as a stomachic, in teaspoonful doses.\\n54", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0863.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "850 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEHEI SYRUPUS SIMPLEX; Phar. 1870.\\nSimple Rhubarb Syrup.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of rhubarb\\nand two hundred and ninety cubic centimeters (9f fluidounces) simple\\nsyrup.\\nThe syrup of rhubarb of the new Pharmacopoeia contains cinnamon\\nand potassium carbonate.\\nUsed like the above.\\nKHEI tINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Rhubarb.\\nMoisten thirty-six grams (1 ounce 118 grains) coarsely ground rhu-\\nbarb and six grams (93 grains) coarsely powdered cardamom seeds with\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol macerate twenty-\\nfour hours then pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate\\nwith diluted alcohol until three hundred grams (or 300 cubic centimeters,\\nequal to 10 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nWhile all the other tinctures, except tincture of catechu, have been\\nchanged so as to correspond with decimal proportions, the tincture of\\nrhubarb, which was formerly (U. S. P., 1870) of ten per cent, strength,\\nhas now been made of twelve per cent, strength, probably by oversight.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI THSTCTURA AQUOSA.\\nAqueous Tincture of Rhubarb.\\nJRhei Infusum Composition.\\nMacerate one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) cut rhubarb, ten\\ngrams (154 grains) powdered borax, and ten grams potassium carbonate\\nwith eight hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (29 fluidounces) boiling\\nwater for fifteen minutes then add one hundred and twenty cubic\\ncentimeters (4 fluidounces) alcohol, and continue the maceration an\\nhour and a quarter. Express and filter. Add through the filter one\\nhundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) cinnamon water.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI THSTCTURA AROMATICA; IT. S.\\nAromatic Tincture of Rhubarb.\\nFrequently misnamed Aromatic Fluid Fxtract of Rhubarb.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) rhubarb, twelve grams (185\\ngrains) cinnamon, twelve grams cloves, and six grams (92 grains) nut-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0864.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 851\\nmeg. Reduce the mixture to No. 40 powder. Moisten it with forty-\\nfive cubic centimeters (1|- fluidounce) diluted alcohol. Macerate twenty-\\nfour hours. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and percolate with\\ndiluted alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ntincture has been obtained.\\nThis preparation has been sold for many years under the name of\\nFluid Extract of Rhubarb, Aromatic, being on nearly all fluid-extract\\nlists.\\nDose. Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI TINCTURA DULCIS U. S.\\nSweet Tincture of Rhubarb.\\nMix twenty-four grams (370 grains) rhubarb, twelve grams (185\\ngrains) liquorice root, twelve grams anise, and three grams (46 grains)\\ncardamom. Reduce the mixture to No. 40 powder. Moisten with forty-\\nfive cubic centimeters (1|- fluidounce) diluted alcohol. Macerate twenty-\\nfour hours. Then pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate\\nwith diluted alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluid-\\nounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose\u00c2\u00ab Five to twenty-five cubic centimeters (1 to 6 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI VINUM; U.S.\\nRhubarb Wine.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) rhubarb, and three grams (46\\ngrains) calamus, both in No. 30 powder, with fifteen cubic centimeters\\n(-J- fluidounce) stronger white wine pack it in a conical percolator, and\\npercolate with stronger white wine until three hundred cubic centimeters\\n(10 fluidounces) percolate has been obtained.\\nThis preparation is about one-third weaker than that of the old\\nPharmacopoeia (1870).\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nRHEI YINHM AMARUM.\\nBitter Wine of Rhubarb.\\nMacerate for five days ten grams (154 grains) bruised canella alba,\\ntwenty grams (308 grains) bruised gentian, and one hundred grams (3\\nounces 230 grains) sliced rhubarb, with one thousand cubic centimeters\\n(34 fluidounces) sherry wine. Express and filter, adding enough sherry\\nwine through the filter to make the whole product measure one thou-\\nsand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0865.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "852 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEHE1 VINUM AROMATICUM.\\nAromatic Wine of Rhubarb.\\nTinctura Rhei Vinosa German Wine of Rhubarb.\\nMacerate eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) cut rhubarb, twenty\\ngrams (308 grains) bruised orange peel, ten grams (154 grains) coarsely\\npowdered cardamom, and one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces 101\\ngrains) sugar, for five days in a warm place with enough sherry wine to\\nmake one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) final product after\\nexpression and filtration.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nRhoeas.\\nRed Poppy.\\nRhoeados Petala Red Poppy Flowers.\\nOrigin. Papaver Rhceas, Linne (Papaveraceoe).\\nHabitat. Cultivated everywhere.\\nPart used. The petals.\\nDescription. Round, about fifty millimeters (2 inches) in diameter,\\npurplish-red. Inodorous taste mucilaginous, bitter.\\nConstituents. Traces of rhoeadine and coloring matter. Proba-\\nbly no morphine or narcotine.\\nUsed as a coloring agent. Formerly also employed as an anodyne.\\nRHCEADOS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract op Red Poppy Flowers.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nRHCEADOS SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup op Red Poppy.\\nInfuse four hundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains) fresh red poppy\\npetals in six hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) water for twelve\\nhours on a water-bath. Express, filter, and dissolve six hundred grams\\n(21 ounces 72 grains) sugar in the filtrate. Add seventy-five cubic cen-\\ntimeters (2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) alcohol, and enough water to make the final\\nproduct measure one thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces).\\nSeldom employed.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0866.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 853\\nRhus Aromatica.\\nRhus Aromatica.\\nFragrant Sumach, Sweet Sumach.\\nOrigin. Rhus aromatica, Aiton (A?iacardiacece).\\nHabitat. The Eastern portions of the United States.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. In quills or troughs, from five to twenty-five milli-\\nmeters to 1 inch) in diameter, and of various lengths, frequently\\nquite short though occasionally more than one-half meter (20 inches)\\nlong. The corky outer bark is rust-brown, but with the cork removed\\nthe drug is walnut brown, about three millimeters (J inch) thick. It is\\nfull of resin-ducts, and a transparent oleo-resin may be seen collected in\\nlittle cavities. The wood is yellowish-white. Odor fragrant taste\\nbitter, astringent, aromatic, pungent.\\nConstituents. Tannin, volatile oil, and resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent, stimulant, diuretic, tonic. Said to\\nbe useful in diseases of the genito-urinary organs, atonic diarrhoea,\\ndyse?itery, and the summer complaints of children.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 minims), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nRHOIS AROMATIC^ EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Rhus Aromatica.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nRhus Glabra; U. S.\\nRhus Glabra.\\nRhois Glabrae Fructus Sumach Berries,\\nOrigin. Rhus glabra, Linne (Anacardiacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 283.\\nConstituents- Tannin.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0867.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "854 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses. Sumach berries are slightly acidulous and mildly\\nastringent. The diluted fluid extract is sometimes employed in catarrhal\\nor other forms of pharyngitis, spongy gums, etc. It has also been used\\nin strangury and bowel complaints, and externally as a wash in ulcers\\nand some forms of skin disease.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given as fluid ex-\\ntract.\\nKHOIS GLABKJ5 [FEUCTUS] EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM;\\nu. s.\\nFluid Exteact of Rhus Glabra [Beeries].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs -a, first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and t twenty-five\\ngrams (about 9J fluidounces) alcohol, two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 7-J fluidounces) water, and fifty grams (about If avoirdu-\\npois ounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about 6J\\nfluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator, Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13J fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nRhois Glabrae Cortex.\\nSumach Bark.\\nDescription. Quills or troughs, generally much broken into irre-\\ngular fragments thin, brownish-gray, externally marked by scattered\\nwarts inner surface smooth, brownish. Odor none taste bitter,\\nastringent.\\nConstituents. Tannin, etc.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0868.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n855\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent tonic. Used in diarrhoeas, night-\\nsweats, and in relaxed conditions of the mucous membranes, as in leu-\\ncorrhoea, gleet, gonorrhoea, etc. The di-\\nluted fluid extract or decoction is often\\nused as an astringent gargle, wash, or in-\\njection.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75\\ngrains), best given as fluid extract.\\nEHOIS GLABRAE DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Rhus Glabra.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdu-\\npois ounce) of the drug make five hundred Fig. 443.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sumach Bark, natural\\ngrams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).\\nRHOIS GLABRAE CORTICIS EXTRACT UM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Sumach Bark.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or\\nits equivalent 17 U. S. fluidounces), use five\\nhundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose- Two to five\\ncubic centimeters (30 to\\n75 minims).\\nRhus Toxicodendron U. S.\\nRhus Toxicodendron.\\nToxicodendri Folia Hecentes-\\nOak, Poison Ivy.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Poison\\nMi-\\nFig. 444. Leaf of Poison Ivy, re-\\nduced.\\nOrigin. Rhus Toxicodendron,\\nchaux (Anacardiaceai).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The fresh leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 283.\\nDried leaves are worthless.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0869.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "856\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. A volatile acid called toxicodendric acid, which is\\npoisonous, causing severe vesicular eruptions ajid swelling.\\nMedicinal Uses. Said to be an irritant narcotic, which has proved\\nbeneficial in certain affections of the nervous system, as in paraplegia,\\nparalysis, especially of the rectum or bladder also in chronic rheuma-\\ntism, etc.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.4 gram (1 to 6 grains).\\nTOXICODEKDKI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Toxicodendron.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.4 cubic centimeter (1 to 6 minims).\\nRicini Folia.\\nRicinus Leaves.\\nCastor- Oil Leaves.\\nOrigin. Ricinus communis, Linne (Euphorbiacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in America and in Southern Europe.\\nFigs. 445, 446. Leaf and Bean of Ricinus Communis. Bean natural size; leaf reduced.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0870.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 857\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Large, handsome, bright green, formed as seen in\\nthe figure. Familiar as an ornamental yard plant.\\nConstituents- An unknown acrid cathartic principle is contained\\nin the leaves as well as in the fixed oil of the seeds of the castor-oil\\nplant. The ricinin found by several chemists is an innocent substance.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is said to increase the secretion of milk when\\ntaken internally by, or applied to the breasts of, nursing women. It is\\nbest used in the form of strong decoction.\\nRICINI FOLIORUM EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Castor-Oil Leaves.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces, use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nRicini Oleum; U. S.\\nCastor-Oil.\\nThe fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Micinus communis (see\\nRicini Folia).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 241.\\nIn Italy the oil is expressed by means of hydraulic presses at a tem-\\nperature not exceeding 32\u00c2\u00b0 to 38\u00c2\u00b0 C. (90\u00c2\u00b0 to 100\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Italian castor-oil\\nof very fine quality has been imported in small quantities into this\\ncountry.\\nAmerican castor-oil is made by expression from kiln-dried seeds, the\\noil obtained being afterward boiled with water to coagulate and remove\\nalbumen. It is not nearly as good as Italian castor-oil.\\nShould be almost entirely odorless and colorless, perfectly clear, and\\nof a mild taste.\\nConstituents. Ricinolein. The cathartic properties are due to an\\nunknown acrid principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. A valuable mild laxative for evacuating the\\nbowels. Best given in warm milk which has been flavored with cin-\\nnamon.\\nDose. Five to thirty cubic centimeters (1 to 8 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0871.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "858 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEICINI OLEI EMULSIO.\\nCastor-Oil Emulsion.\\nTriturate together thirty grams (1 ounce) castor-oil and fifteen grams\\nounce) powdered acacia. Then add gradually, and during strong and\\nuninterrupted trituration, thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) pep-\\npermint water, thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) simple syrup, and\\nthirty cubic centimeters water. Finally add ten drops of chloroform\\nand shake well.\\nThe chloroform and peppermint water mask the taste. The addition\\nof fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) brandy will still more effect-\\nually conceal the nauseous greasy taste of this much-detested oil.\\nDose. Tablespoonful or more.\\nRosa Centifolia U. S.\\nPale Rose.\\nOrigin. JRosa centifolia, Linne (Rosacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated chiefly in France and in Asia Minor.\\nPart used. The fresh petals.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 283.\\nSalted rose leaves are allowed to be used when fresh leaves cannot\\nbe obtained. The better plan would have been to dismiss pale rose from\\nthe Pharmacopoeia. They are used only for preparing rose-water, for\\nwhich purpose they are not required, the imported triple rose-water being\\nmuch better as well as cheaper than any that can be made from either\\nfresh or salted pale rose petals in this country and for making com-\\npound syrup of sarsaparilla, in which preparation the pale rose is an en-\\ntirely unnecessary ingredient.\\nConstituent- A small quantity of volatile oil.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nROSJE AQUA; U. S.\\nRose-Water.\\nPrepared by distillation, collecting ten pounds of distillate from every\\nfour pounds of recent pale rose.\\nGood recent pale rose is not easily obtainable. It is easy, however,\\nto obtain excellent triple rose-water imported from France. If six\\npounds of Triple Rose-Water be mixed with four pounds distilled\\nwater the mixture will correspond in strength to the pharmacopceial\\nrose-water, and makes a very fine product. Of the Quadruple Rose-\\nWater four pounds will make ten pounds official rose-water.\\nRose-water, when good, is delightfully fragrant.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0872.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 859\\nKOS^E AQUJE CTNGUENTUM; U. S.\\nOintment of Rose-Watee.\\nCold Cream.\\nMelt together at a gentle heat fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains) ex-\\npressed oil of almond, ten grams (154 grains) spermaceti, and ten grams\\n(154 grains) white wax. Then add to the melted mixture gradually, and\\nduring brisk and uninterrupted stirring, thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluid-\\nounce) rose-water. Continue the stirring until the product is of a uni-\\nform soft and creamy consistence.\\nUsed for chapped face or hands, or as a toilet article to soften and\\nbeautify the skin.\\nRosa Gallica U. S.\\nRed Rose.\\nOrigin- Rosa gallica, Linne (Rosacea!).\\nHabitat- Cultivated.\\nPart used. The dried petals.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 284. Should have a\\nbright purplish-red color, and a good fragrant odor.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Small quantities of volatile oil and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Although slightly astringent, they are used\\nchiefly to impart flavor to other remedies.\\nROSJE ACETUM.\\nVinegae oe Rose.\\nMacerate for two hours one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) red\\nrose, with a mixture of ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) chemi-\\ncally pure acetic acid (thirty-six per cent, strength), seventy-five cubic\\ncentimeters (2-\u00c2\u00a7- fluidounces) alcohol, and nine hundred and forty cubic\\ncentimeters (32 fluidounces) water. Filter.\\nUsed for toilet purposes.\\nROS^E COKFECTIO U. S.\\nCOXEECTION OF ROSE.\\nWarm thirty-two grams (9 fluidrachms) rose-water to 65\u00c2\u00b0 C. (150\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nand then triturate sixteen grams (247 grains) powdered red rose with it.\\nThen add gradually one hundred and twenty-eight grams (4 ounces 224", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0873.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "860 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngrains) finely powdered sugar and twenty-four grams (370 grains) honey,\\nand beat the whole together until thoroughly mixed.\\nSame as in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nIt is only used as an excipient in making pill-masses.\\nROS^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of [Red] Rose.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 9-J fluidounces) alcohol, two hundred and twenty-five grams\\n(about 7-j- fluidounces) water, and fifty grams (about 1J avoirdupois\\nounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3-J fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7-J fluidounces) of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Sat-\\nurate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and seventy-five cubic centimeters (12^ fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nROS^E INFUSUM ACIDULUM.\\nInfusion of Rose.\\nInfuse for half an hour ten grams (154 grains) red rose in three hun-\\ndred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) boiling water, to which has been\\nadded five grams (77 grains) diluted nitric acid and thirty grams (1\\nounce) sugar. Filter.\\nA popular vehicle for the administration of sulphate of quinine, of\\nwhich ten grams (154 grains) may be dissolved in five hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (18J fluidounces) of infusion, making a mixture of\\nwhich each dessertspoonful contains two grains.\\nThe infusion of rose is usually made with sulphuric acid, and was so", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0874.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA, 861\\nmade in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 but when thus prepared it does\\nnot make a clear solution but a turbid mixture when quinine sulphate\\nis added. With nitric acid, however, it makes a handsome solution of\\nthe quinine salt.\\nEOS^E MEL U. S.\\nHoney of Rose.\\nPercolate forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) red rose, in No. 40 pow-\\nder, with diluted alcohol until one hundred and sixty-five grams (5\\nounces 360 grains, or about 6-j- fluidounces) percolate has been received.\\nOf this set aside the first fifteen grams (J fluidounce) evaporate the\\nremainder of the percolate (the second percolate to twenty-five\\ngrams (386 grains, or about -J fluidounce), and mix that with the first\\npercolate, and finally add four hundred and sixty grams (16 ounces 100\\ngrains) clarified honey and shake it all together.\\nA popular mouth-wash in aphthce. It is liable to give rise to fer-\\nmentation in the mouth and increase the trouble to remove which it is\\nused. Glycerin with borax will prove more beneficial.\\nEOS M SYEUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Rose.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of red rose\\nand two hundred and ten cubic centimeters (7 fluidounces, or 270 grams)\\nsimple syrup.\\nRosas Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Rose.\\nRosm JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Rose, Otto of Hose.\\nOrigin. Rosa damascena, Miller (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Southern Europe and Asia Minor.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 241, 242.\\nUsed to impart a pleasant odor to other preparations.\\nEOS^E SPIEITUS.\\nSpirit of Rose.\\nMix two grams (30 grains) volatile oil of rose and one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (3-J- fluidounces) deodorized alcohol\\nUsed for the same purposes as the oil.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0875.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "862 A COMPANION TO THE\\nKOSATUM CERATUM; F.\\nRose Cerate.\\nMelt together one ounce white wax and two ounces oil of sweet\\nalmond. Stir until cool. Then incorporate one grain of finely powdered\\ncarmine, and perfume with one drop oil of rose.\\nUsed as a lip salve.\\nRosmarinus U. S.\\nRosemary.\\nRosmarini Folia Rosmarinblatter, G. Feuilles de romarin, F. Ros-\\nmar in, Sw.\\nOrigin. Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne (Labiatos).\\nHab itat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 284.\\nConstituents. About one per cent, volatile oil, some resin, tannin,\\nand bitter substance.\\nProperties. Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, carminative, emmena-\\ngogue. Also used externally in fomentation to relieve pain.\\nDose. One gram (15 grains) or more in infusion.\\nRosmarini Oleum; XT. S.\\nOil of Rosemary.\\nRosmarini ^theroleum Volatile Oil of Rosemary,\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 242.\\nThe best kind is known as Huile de Romarin eperle.\\nDose. Two to five drops.\\nROSMARINI SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Rosemary.\\nMix two grams (30 grains) oil of rosemary and one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (4 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nUsed as a perfume.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0876.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 863\\n[KOSMARINI] SPIEITUS ODOEATUS [COMPOSITUS]\\nu. s.\\nPerfumed Spirit.\\nCologne Water.\\nMix sixteen grams (247 grains) oil of bergamot, eight grams (124\\ngrains) oil of lemon, eight grams oil of rosemary, four grams (62 grains)\\noil of lavender flowers, four grams oil of orange flowers (oil of neroli),\\nand two grams (31 grains) acetic ether with eight hundred grams (980\\ncubic centimeters, or 33 fluidounces) alcohol. Then add one hundred\\nand fifty-eight grams (5^- fluidounces) water. Set the mixture aside for\\neight days. Filter.\\nUsed as a perfume.\\nRubi Fructus.\\nBlackberry.\\nThe well-known fruit of Rubus villosus, Aiton.\\nKUBI FRUCTUS SYKUPUS.\\nSyrtjp of Blackberries.\\nBeat any desired quantity of fresh ripe blackberries into a pulp.\\nLet it stand at rest for three days in a place where the temperature is\\nabout 20\u00c2\u00b0 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 to 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Then express the juice and set it\\naside until the vinous fermentation has ceased and the liquid becomes\\nclear. Then filter. To every two kilograms (70J ounces) of the filtered\\nliquid add three kilograms (106 ounces) sugar, and heat to boiling in a\\nporcelain or earthenware capsule, or in a bright (not tinned) copper\\nkettle, and then strain while hot. Keep the syrup in well-filled and\\ntightly corked bottles in a cool and dark place.\\nEUBI ELIXIR\\nBlackberry Cordial.\\nMix fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) aromatic fluid extract,\\none hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) fluid extract of\\nblackberry root bark, four hundred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces)\\nbrandy, five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) syrup of black-\\nberries, and five hundred cubic centimeters elixir of orange.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0877.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "864 A COMPANION TO THE\\nRubus U. S.\\nRubus.\\nBubi Badicis Cortex Blackberry Boot Bark.\\nOrigin. Bubus villosus, Aiton Bubus canadensis, Linne and\\nBubus trivialis, Michaux (Bosacece).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 284.\\nAll wood must be rejected.\\nConstituents- Tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of other vegetable astringents,\\nand useful in diarrhoeas, etc.\\nUsed only in the form of fluid extract.\\nNote. Blackberry jelly and blackberry jam, made from blackberry fruit, are\\noften given to children to check summer-complaints and diarrhoeas. Neither of\\nthese preparations is astringent, and both, especially the jam, on account of the hard\\nseeds, generally increase the irritation of the bowels and intensify the symptoms of\\nthe disease.\\nKUBI EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Rubus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdu-\\npois ounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 9^- fluidounces) alcohol, one hundred and seventy-five grams\\n(about 5f- fluidounces) water, and one hundred grams (about 3J avoir-\\ndupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of ninety grams (about 3f fluidounces) alcohol to every seventy\\ngrams (about 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6-J fluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2% fluidrachms).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0878.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n865\\nKUBI SYRITPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Rubus.\\nSyrup of Blackberry Boot Bark.\\nMix sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) fluid extract of black-\\nberry root bark and one hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (6 fluid-\\nounces) simple syrup.\\nUsed as an ingredient in astringent mixtures.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2} fluidrachms).\\nRubus Idseus IT. S.\\nRaspberry.\\nBubi Idmi Fructus.\\nOrigin. Bubus ulceus, Linne (Bosacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Phar-\\nmacopoeia, page 284.\\nThe light red fruit of Bubus -jj|\\nstrigosus, Michaux, and the purplish\\nblack fruit of Bubus occidentalism\\nLinne, are also officially recognized\\nJ Figs. 447-450.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Raspberry, whole and lon-\\nas raspberry. gitudinal section, natural size and drupes,\\nConstituents .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Citric and Wh le and in Wtudmal section, enlarged.\\nmalic acids, pectin, fruit sugar, coloring matter, and a trace of volatile\\noil.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nRUBI ID^EI ACETUM.\\nRaspberry Vinegar.\\nUrush twelve pounds good ripe red raspberries. Let stand in a crock\\nfor a week at about 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.); press out the juice bring it to\\nthe boiling point add eight fluidounces chemically pure acetic acid\\n(U. S. P, 1880) and four pints water. Filter. Add ten pounds sugar.\\nMust be kept in well-filled and tightly corked bottles in a cool and dark\\nplace. Mixed with water and sugar to suit, this makes a delightful\\ncooling drink.\\nTartaric or citric acid may be used in place of acetic acid, employing\\nsix ounces of one or the other for the quantity of berries specified above.\\n55", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0879.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "866 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEUBI IDMl SYKUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Raspberry.\\nBeat any desired quantity of fresh ripe raspberries into a pulp. Let\\nit stand at rest for three days in a place where the temperature is about\\n20\u00c2\u00b0 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 to 77\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Then express the juice and set it aside\\nuntil the vinous fermentation has ceased and the liquid becomes clear.\\nThen filter. To every two kilograms (70-J- ounces) of the filtered liquid\\nadd three kilograms (106 ounces) sugar and heat to boiling in a porce-\\nlain or earthenware capsule or in a bright (not tinned) copper kettle,\\nand then strain while hot. Keep the syrup in well-filled and tightly\\ncorked bottles in a cool and dark place.\\nDuring the fermentation much of the pectin is gotten rid of, which\\nmakes the syrup keep a great deal better.\\nThe product will have a fine color if ten per cent, of the raspberries\\nused be the so-called black cap raspberries (from Hubus occidentalis).\\nA syrup made exclusively from black raspberries will, however, not have\\nthe fine flavor which can only be obtained from red raspberries.\\nAll fruit syrups should be kept in amber bottles to preserve them\\nfrom the deleterious influence of light.\\nThe syrups of raspberries, cherries, etc., are very useful additions to\\ncertain mixtures, imparting a pleasant flavor.\\nFor use at the soda-water fountain the fruit syrups made from fresh\\nfruit or from well-preserved natural fruit juices are the only ones fit for\\nuse. Artificial fruit flavors, which are so commonly used, are very in-\\nteresting chemically and technologically, but they are simply abominable\\nin soda-water syrups.\\nThe syrups of cherries red, white, or black currants mulberries\\nblackberries strawberries sweet orange juice lemon juice quince\\npineapple, etc., all may be prepared in the same manner as syrup of rasp-\\nberry.\\nRumex 5 IT. S.\\nRUMEX.\\nRumicis Radix Yellow Dock.\\nOrigin. Rumex crispus, Linne, and other species of Rumex (Poly-\\ngonaceoe).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 285. It tinges the\\nsaliva yellow.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0880.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n867\\nConstituents. Chrysophanic acid, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Alterative, tonic, slightly astringent, and depura-\\ntive. Has been employed in\\nchronic cutaneous troubles\\nin syphilitic, scrofulous, and\\nrheumatic affections and\\nalso in hepatic and dyspep-\\ntic ailments. Externally a\\ndecoction is occasionally\\nused in various skin diseases,\\nglandular swellings, etc.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two to five (30\\nto 75 grains), best given as\\nfluid extract.\\nRUMICIS EXTRAC-\\nTUM.\\nExtract of Rumex Cris-\\npus.\\nEvaporate any desired\\nquantity of the fluid extract\\nto the pilular consistence,\\nand then incorporate with\\nit, while still warm, one-\\ntwentieth part of its weight\\nof glycerin.\\nYellowish -brown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram\\n(1 to 5 grains) three times\\na day.\\nFig. 451. Rumex Crispus, natural size.\\nRUMICIS EXTR ACTUM FLTTIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Rumex.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 IT. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6-J- fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0881.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "868\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nFig. 452.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaf of Rue, natural size.\\nRuta.\\nRue.\\nRuto3 Folia.\\nOrigin. Ruta graveolens,\\nLinne [JRutacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See figure.\\nThe leaves are bright green,\\nsmooth, pellucid-punctate. Odor\\naromatic, balsamic taste bitter,\\nacrid.\\nConstituents. Volatile\\noil, resin, rutin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimu-\\nlant, carminative, and anthel-\\nmintic. In large doses it is em-\\nmenagogue, and formerly much\\nused in menstrual disturbances\\nand hysteria.\\nDose. One to two grams\\n(15 to 30 grains).\\nRUT^E EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Rue.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0,10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0882.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA.\\n869\\nRUT^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ruta.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nRutse Oleum XI. S.\\nOil op Rue.\\nRutce ^theroleum Volatile Oil of Rue.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 242.\\nDose. Two to four drops.\\nSabadilla.\\nCevadilla.\\nSabadillcB Semina Sabadillsamen, Lause-Jcdrner, G. Cevadille, F.\\nSabadilla, Susarfro, Sw.\\nOrigin. Asagrcea officinalis, Lindley (Melanthacece).\\nHabitat. Mexico and Central America.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. The drug consists of opened and unopened seed-\\ncapsules, or follicles, as well as of the\\nseeds. The fruit consists of three\\nbrownish, thin follicles, adhering to\\neach other at the base, and each con-\\ntaining from one to six seeds. The\\nseeds are from five to six millimeters\\nto inch) long, and about two milli-\\nmeters inch) thick, pointed, angu-\\nlar, finely wrinkled lengthwise, glossy\\nbrownish-black. The skin is thin and\\nenvelops a white kernel. The seeds,\\nwhich alone contain the active COnstitu- natural size and enlarged, transverse\\nsection, enlarged seed, natural size and\\nent, are inodorous, but have an acrid, enlarged, and longitudinal section, en-\\npersistent, bitter taste. The powder larged\\ncauses violent sneezing. The capsules should be rejected and the seeds\\nalone used.\\nConstituents. The drug contains three alkaloids called veratrine,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0883.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "870 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncevadine, and cevadilline. Cevadine is crystalline, the other two amor-\\nphous. The alkaloids are combined with cevadic and veratric acids.\\nUses. The seeds are poisonous. The action depends on the alka-\\nloid veratrine which they contain. They are seldom employed inter-\\nnally, but if given in nervous diseases, neuralgia, sciatica, and heart\\ndiseases, exert the action of veratrine. Externally an ointment of the\\nseeds has been employed as a parasiticide to destroy lice and other ver-\\nmin and as a cure for itch.\\nDose for internal use, 0.05 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).\\nSABADILL^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Exteact of Cevadilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.20 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nSabbatia.\\nSabbatia.\\nSabbatim Herba American Centaury, Red Centaury.\\nOrigin. Sabbatia annularis and Sabbatia paniculata, Pursh (Gen-\\ntianaceoe).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The flowering plant.\\nDescription. Stem branched, quadrangular, about sixty centi-\\nmeters (2 feet) high, smooth, with opposite, clasping, oblong or linear,\\npointed or obtuse leaves pink flowers. Odor, none taste, bitter.\\nConstituent. A bitter principle.\\nMedicinal Uses. The same as of columbo, gentian, and other\\nsimple bitter tonics.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in infusion\\nor fluid extract.\\nSABBATIC EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Sabbatia.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0884.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 871\\nSABBATIJE EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Sabbatia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nSabina U. S.\\nSavin.\\nSabincB Hamuli Savin Tops.\\nOrigin. Juniperus Sabina, Linne (Coniferai).\\nHabitat. Northern Asia, Europe, and America.\\nPart used. The tops of the smaller branches, collected in the spring.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 285. Must\\nhave a good green, not brown, color.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, about two per cent.; also\\nresin and tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Gastro-intestinal irritant, with a\\nprobable tendency to stimulate the uterine functions. Used\\nin atonic conditions of the uterine organs, as in amenorrhoea\\nand dysmenorrhea. In large doses it is poisonous, produ-\\ncing serious and often fatal gastro-intestinal inflammation.\\nExternally it is sometimes employed to stimulate indolent\\nulcers, promote suppuration, and as a parasiticide in some forms of skin\\ndisease, as in eczema, psora, etc.\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 gram (5 to 20 grains).\\nSABINJS CERATUM; U. S.\\nSavin Cerate.\\nMelt nine ounces of resin cerate on a water-bath then add two and\\none-half ounces, by weight, of fluid extract of savin, and continue to\\nheat the mixture with stirring until the alcohol has been driven off.\\nThen remove the mixture from the heat, and stir it until cool.\\nAbout identical in strength with the preparation of 1870.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0885.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "872 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSABINE EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Savin.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nGreenish-brown.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) several times a day.\\nSABHSLE EXTRACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Savin.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and twenty-five grams (about\\n5^ fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.3 to 1.5 cubic centimeter (5 to 20 minims).\\nSabinse Oleum IT. S.\\nOil of Savin.\\nSabino3 JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Savin.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 242.\\nDose. About five drops.\\nThis oil is sometimes used as an abortifacient, but it should be borne\\nin mind that any dose large enough to produce such an effect will prob-\\nably produce death from gastro-intestinal inflammation.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0886.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 873\\nSaccharum; U. S.\\nSugar.\\nSaccharum Album Zucker, Rohrzucker, G.; Sucre, Sucre de Camie,\\nF. Azucar, Sp.; Socker, Sw. Cane-sugar, Refined Sugar, White\\nSugar, Sucrose.\\nOrigin. Saccharum officinarum, Linne {Graminacew).\\nHabitato Cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical climates.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 285.\\nThe best cut sugar and standard granulated sugar (free from ultra-\\nmarine) are the only kinds that should be used in pharmacy. Must be\\nperfectly dry and odorless. Sometimes granulated as well as crushed\\nsugar is colored with ultramarine to overcome any yellowish tint arising\\nfrom imperfect purification. As ultramarine contains sulphur, this im-\\npurity is very mischievous in pharmacy (see Syrupus).\\nWhen carefully heated to 160\u00c2\u00b0 C. (320\u00c2\u00b0 F.), so as to fuse, it becomes\\namorphous, hard, glassy in fracture, and is then called candy this\\ngradually becomes crystalline again. At between 210\u00c2\u00b0 and 220\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\n(410\u00c2\u00b0 and 428\u00c2\u00b0 F.) it emits empyreumatic fumes and is converted into a\\nbrown, amorphous, hygroscopic, bitter substance called caramel burnt\\nsugar\\nCane sugar, or some derivative of it, combines more or less perfectly\\nwith several of the metals. Thus we have a soluble combination of lime\\nand sugar, and also a soluble saccharated oxide of iron. This ac-\\ncounts for the sometimes unexpected presence of iron, earth metals,\\netc., in liquids containing sugar. Syrup contained in an imperfectly\\ntinned iron vessel becomes brown from ferric oxide. Possibly these\\nsaccharine solutions of metals are true saccharates. When sugar is\\ngently heated (at not over 50\u00c2\u00b0 C, or 122\u00c2\u00b0 F.) with nitric acid of about\\n1.20 to 1.30 specific gravity, saccharic acid (C 6 H 10 O 8 is formed.\\nStrong nitric acid forms, with sugar or syrup, explosive nitro-sac-\\ncharose. Sugar triturated with potassium chlorate is apt to cause the\\nlatter to explode the mixture will at once explode on the addition of\\na drop of strong sulphuric acid. Sugar is readily soluble in water. At\\n0\u00c2\u00b0 C. (32\u00c2\u00b0 F.) one hundred pounds of water dissolves one hundred and\\neighty pounds sugar at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the same quantity of water will\\ndissolve one hundred and ninety-five pounds sugar at 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nit dissolves two hundred and fifty-five pounds and at 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. (212\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nfour hundred and seventy-one pounds. When sugar is thus dissolved\\nin water, contraction takes place, which reaches its maximum when the\\nsolution contains 56.25 per cent, sugar. A solution of at least an equal", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0887.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "874 A COMPANION TO THE\\nweight of sugar in water may be called a syrup. Most medicinal syrups,\\nhowever, contain nearly two-thirds sugar.\\nSugar is practically insoluble in absolute alcohol. A strong syrup\\nwhen mixed with alcohol deposits crystals of sugar. An alcohol of\\nseventy per cent, (by weight) strength dissolves two-fifths of its weight\\nof sugar at 40\u00c2\u00b0 C. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and a trifle over half that quantity at 14\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(57.2\u00c2\u00b0 F.). But a ninety per cent, strength (by weight) alcohol dis-\\nsolves only one-fortieth of its weight of sugar at 40\u00c2\u00b0 C, and only one\\none-hundred-and-sixtieth at 14\u00c2\u00b0 C. Thus when the alcoholic liquid is\\ncomparatively less strong it dissolves more sugar than the water con-\\ntained in it can alone dissolve but when stronger the alcohol prevents\\nthe solution of a portion of the sugar, which in its absence would dissolve\\nin the water alone.\\nSucrose does not ferment, but it may be changed into glucose (grape\\nsugar) by various means or causes, and the glucose readily undergoes\\nfermentation.\\nVarieties of Sugar. The official white sugar is cane sugar (sucrose,\\nmade from the sugar-cane), purified or refined.\\nGrape sugar is a fermentable sugar {glucose) obtained from raisins\\nand numerous other fruits it is also contained in honey. At present\\nit is prepared artificial^ from starch by treating the latter with dilute\\nsulphuric acid at a high temperature the grape sugar thus obtained is\\ncalled glucose, and is manufactured on a large scale. The term glucose\\nis in this country applied to the strong syrupy solution of grape sugar\\nwhich is used in large quantities both as syrup and for making the\\ndry grape sugar. The dr} r granular, or semi-crystalline grape sugar\\nor glucose is used as an admixture to cheap grades of sugar (brown and\\ngolden sugars) for domestic purposes. While it is much less sweet than\\ncane sugar, it is quite as wholesome and considerably cheaper.\\nFruit sugar is a non-crystallizable sugar found in many fruits. It\\nis contained in the liquid portion of honey after the separation of the\\ngranular grape sugar.\\nMaple sugar is sucrose obtained from the juice of the sugar maple\\n(Acer saccharinum) by boiling it down to the point of crystallization.\\nMaple syrup is a concentrated solution of maple sugar.\\nSorghum syrup and sorghum sugar are obtained from the juice of\\nsorghum corn, or Chinese corn (Sorghum saccharinum) in about the\\nsame manner as maple syrup and maple sugar are obtained from the\\njuice of the sugar maple. When sorghum sugar can be refined and\\ncrystallized on a sufficiently economical scale white sugar will be cheap-\\nened and a great industry developed.\\nBeet sugar, from Beta vulgaris, var. cicla, and other varieties of the", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0888.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n7\\nbeet, is also a variety of sucrose, which, when well refined, cannot be\\ndistinguished from the cane sugar.\\nTable of strengths as shown by specific gravities of solutions of pure\\nwhite sugar in water at 17.5\u00c2\u00b0 0. (63.5\u00c2\u00b0 F.):\\nSpecific Gravity.\\nPer Cent. Sugar.\\nSpecific Gravity.\\nPer Cent. Sugar.\\n1.0040\\n1\\n1.2057\\n45\\n1.0200\\n5\\n1.2165\\n50\\n1.0404\\n10\\n1.2610\\n55\\n1.0614\\n15\\n1.2900\\n60\\n1.0832\\n20\\n1.3190\\n65\\n1.1059\\n25\\n1.3507\\n70\\n1.1295\\n30\\n1.3824\\n75\\n1.1540\\n35\\n1.4159\\n80\\n1.1794\\n40\\nUses. Sugar is nutritious and in large quantities slightly laxative.\\nIt is not employed as a medicine, but as a condiment or excipient. It\\nis antiseptic and is used for preparing and preserving various pharma-\\nceutical preparations.\\nSacchari Syrupus Fuscus.\\nMolasses.\\nTheriaca Treacle.\\nA brown syrup of about 1.40 specific gravity, obtained in the pro-\\ncess of manufacturing and refining cane sugar. It has a slightly acid\\nreaction, but- should not be fermenting. Odor slight, sweetish taste\\nvery sweet. When long boiled it becomes hard on cooling a taffy\\nShould be perfectly clear.\\nUsed as an excipient.\\nSaccharum Lactis TJ. S.\\nMilk Sugar.\\nLactosum Lactose MilchzucJcer, G. Sucre de lai% F. Aziccar de\\nleche, Zactosa, Sp. Mjblksocker, Sw. Sugar of Milk.\\nMilk sugar is lactose a peculiar crystalline sugar contained in\\ncow s milk, obtained by evaporating the whey, and purified by re-\\ncrystallization.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 286.\\nThe powder should be perfectly white, have a neutral reaction, and\\nno odor.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0889.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "876\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nIt is manufactured almost exclusively in the cantons Berne and\\nLuzerne, Switzerland, from the whey remaining after making cheese.\\nIt is used in medicine and pharmacy only in powder as a diluent of\\nactive remedies in a pulverulent form, being serviceable chiefly on ac-\\ncount of its great hardness and slow solubility in water.\\nSagx\\nSago.\\nOrigin. Metroxylon Sagus, Koenig; Arenga saccharifera, Labill,\\nand other allied palms.\\nHabitat. Indian Archipelago.\\nDrug. The prepared starch from the interior of the stem.\\nDescription .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hard\\nspherical grains about the\\nsize of a pin s head, whitish,\\nwith a slight brownish-yel-\\nlow or pinkish tint, and usu-\\nally more or less translucent.\\nOrdinarily somewhat darker\\non one side. Odorless taste\\ninsipid.\\nForms a gelatinous mass\\nwith boiling water.\\nVarieties. Pearl Sago\\nis the finest and whitest.\\nNext comes Brown Sago,\\nof inferior quality and darker\\ncolor. An artificial sago\\nFig. 460,-Sago Starch. j g made from potato starch\\nConstituents. It is all starch.\\nUses. Only as food. Being easily digested and quite palatable it\\nis often used in the sick-room.\\nSalep Tubera.\\nSalep.\\nOrigin. Several species of Orchis, and other plants of the natural\\norder Orchidacem, especially of the sub-order Ophrydeai.\\nHabitat. Germany and France.\\nPart used. The new tubers formed during the year in which they", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0890.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 877\\nare collected, the collection of them taking place in the autumn. They\\nare deprived of the epidermis and dried.\\nDescription. Irregularly oval, globular, or flattened roundish\\ntubers hard, heavy translucent, with a bright yellowish or yellowish-\\ngray color fracture homogeneous, horny, shining odorless taste in-\\nsipid, mucilaginous.\\nConstituents. About forty-eight per cent, bassorin (or vegetable\\nmucilage), and twenty-seven per cent, starch. Powdered salep forms,\\nwith forty times its weight of boiling water, a thick jelly.\\nMedicinal Uses. Nutritive and demulcent. A mucilage made\\nfrom salep is occasionally employed as a vehicle for acrid or irritating\\nremedies.\\nSALEP MUCILAGO.\\nSalep Mucilage.\\nPut three grams (46 grains) powdered salep and thirty cubic centi-\\nmeters (1 fluidounce) cold water in a pint bottle, and immediately shake\\nbriskly until thoroughly mixed. Then add two hundred and seventy\\ncubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) boiling water, and continue shaking\\nthe mixture until cold. Finally strain.\\nSalicinum U. S.\\nSalicin.\\nOrigin, Description, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 286. It\\nis a glucoside, in white, shining crystals, odorless, but having a very\\nbitter taste.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been used as an antiperiodic and bitter\\ntonic in the same manner as quinine. It is less active and reliable.\\nLately it has been used like salicylic acid in acute rheumatism.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains), repeated several times\\na day.\\nSalix U. S.\\nSalix.\\nSalicis Cortex- Willow Bark.\\nOrigin. Salix alba Linn6, and other species of Salix (Salicacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 286.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0891.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "878\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nShould be very bitter.\\nConstituents. The most important one is salicin it also contains\\ntannin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Its action depends on salicin, to which is added\\nthe effect of tannic acid. It is therefore an astringent bitter tonic and\\nantiperiodic.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in infusion.\\nSalvia U. S.\\nSalvia.\\nSalvim Folia Salbeibldtter, G.; Sauge officinale, F.; Salvia, Sw. Sage.\\nOrigin. Salvia officinalis, Linne (Zabiatai).\\nH ab itat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. They are white or gray-\\nish-green, thick, wrinkled soft, hairy, and\\nglandulous on the under side aromatic,\\nbitter, somewhat astringent. Wild, gray,\\nthick-hairy sage is the best Italian\\nSage\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, from one-\\nhalf to three-fourths percent.; and some\\ntannin, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, tonic,\\nastringent, vulnerary. Infusion of sage\\nFigs. 461, 463.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sage Leaf, upper with alum is a very popular gargle in sore\\nand lower Burface. throat, relaxed uvula, etc.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) in infusion, or as fluid\\nextract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nSALVIA INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Sage.\\nFrom fifteen grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces). 1\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0892.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 879\\nSambucus U. S.\\nSambucus.\\nSambuci Flores Fliederblumen, Hollunderbluthen, G. Fleurs de\\nsureau, F. Fladerte, Sw. Elder-Flowers.\\nOrigin. Sambucus canadensis, Linne (Caprifoliacew).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The flowers.\\nDescription. Cream-colored or pale-yellow, very small, having a\\npeculiar fragrant odor and a sweetish, mucilaginous, aromatic, finally\\nsomewhat acrid taste. f\\nMust be light colored, sound, and of good odor.\\nThe European elder-flowers, from Sambucus nigra, Linne, resemble\\nclosely the American.\\nConstituents. A very small quantity of volatile oil having the\\nodor of the drug in a high degree. Also some acrid resin, valerianic\\nacid, and mucilage.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, diaphoretic.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains). Best given as hot tea.\\nSAMBUCI EXTRACTIM.\\nEXTRACT OF ElDER-FlOWEES.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nSAMBUCI EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Sambucus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDoS6i Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0893.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "880 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSAMBUCI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Elder-Flowers.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fiuidounces).\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms).\\nAs a diaphoretic the hot infusion may be taken in considerably larger\\ndoses.\\nSambuci Fructus.\\nElder-Berries.\\nThe fruit of Sambucus canadensis (see Sambucus).\\nSmall, globular, purple, fleshy, juicy berries.\\nConstituents. Fruit acids, valerianic acid, sugar, pectin, traces\\nof volatile oil, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diaphoretic and aperient. Elder-berry jam\\nis often used as a laxative in fevers by the country population.\\nDose of the inspissated juice, five to fifteen grams (60 grains to\\nounce).\\nSAMBUCI SYRUP US.\\nElder-Berry Syrup.\\nMoob Sambuci.\\nCarefully heat any desired quantity of fresh ripe elder-berries, stir-\\nring constantly, until they burst open. Express the juice. Set aside\\nto settle during about a week. Strain. Weigh. Then evaporate it\\nto the consistence of thin syrup. While still warm add sugar, in the\\nproportion of one part for each twelve parts by weight of the juice\\nemployed.\\nUsed like the inspissated juice.\\nSandaraca.\\nSandarac.\\nOrigin. Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat (Coniferm).\\nHabitat- Northwestern Africa.\\nDescription! A resin which exudes spontaneously from incisions\\nmade through the bark of the tree and dries in the air. Long tears,\\npale yellow, covered with a light dust, transparent, brittle, not adhe-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0894.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n881\\nsive when chewed. Odor and taste slightly terebinthinous. Soluble\\nin hot alcohol.\\nUsed for manufacturing varnishes. Cotton saturated with a strong\\nsolution of sandarac in ether is often used for temporarily plugging de-\\ncayed teeth.\\nSanguinaria IT. S.\\nSaxguixaeia.\\nSanguinariw Hhizoma Bloodroot.\\nOrigin. Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne (Pqpaveracea?).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The rhizome collected in the autumn.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 287. The powder is extremely irritating\\nto the air-passages.\\nConstituents. The alkaloid sanguina-\\nrine, which has been obtained in white or\\ncolorless crystals. Its salts are bright red,\\nvery acrid. One or two other alkaloids have\\nbeen described as found in sanguinaria. Also\\nresins, peculiar acids, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. When given in full\\nmedicinal doses bloodroot is an active emetic,\\ncausing depression and reducing the action\\nof the heart. In excessive doses it is an irri-\\ntant narcotic poison, producing severe gastro-\\nintestinal inflammation, with intense thirst,\\nprostration, vertigo, and collapse. In small\\ndoses this drug is stimulant and tonic. It is\\noccasionally employed in atonic dyspepsia,\\nduodenal catarrh, catarrh of the biliary ducts with jaundice, in chronic\\nnasal catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, amenorrhcea, and as an alterative in\\nsyphilis, etc.\\nDose. 0.1 to 1.5 gram (2 to 20 grains), according to the effect it\\nis desired to obtain.\\nSANGUI^AEI^E ABSTRACTUM.\\nAbstract of Saxguinabia.\\nPrepared from fluid extract of sanguinaria in the same manner as\\nthe abstract of coto is obtained from the fluid extract of coto.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.05 to 0.6 gram (1 to 10 grains).\\n56\\nFigs. 463-465. Sanguinaria,\\nwhole, natural size, large speci-\\nmen, a, transverse section of\\nsoaked rhizome 5, same, after\\nsoaking in dilute lye.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0895.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "882 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSANGUINARY ACETUM U. S.\\nVinegar of Sanguinaeia.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) sanguinaria. in No. 30\\npowder, with one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces)\\ndiluted acetic acid pack it firmly in a glass percolator, and percolate\\nwith diluted acetic acid until three hundred grams (10 ounces 255\\ngrains, or about 9 fluidounces) of percolate has been obtained.\\nThis preparation is about one-fifth weaker than that of the Pharma-\\ncopoeia of 1870, and the dose of the new vinegar should therefore be\\ntwenty-five per cent, larger.\\nDose- 1 to 2.50 cubic centimeters (15 to 40 minims) as an altera-\\ntive and expectorant the emetic dose is eight to twenty cubic centi-\\nmeters (2 to 5 fluidrachms).\\nSANGUINARY EXTRACTUM.\\nEXTEACT OF SANGUINAEIA.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nReddish-brown.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.06 gram to 1 grain).\\nSANGUINARLE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Exteact of Sanguinaeia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6J- fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0896.jp2"}, "897": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 883\\nThis fluid extract is never free from sediment, which deposits on the\\nbottom and sides of the containing vessel.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 cubic centimeter (8 to 15 minims).\\nSANGITIJSTAKIJS SYRUPUS.\\nSyrup of Sanguinaria.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of sanguin-\\naria with two hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces)\\nsimple syrup.\\nIt is sometimes prepared by dissolving five hundred grams (17f avoir-\\ndupois ounces) sugar in three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\nvinegar of sangfuinaria.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 120 minims).\\nSANGUINE EI^E TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Sanguinaria.\\nMix two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains, or about 8-J- fluid-\\nounces) alcohol and one hundred cubic centimeters (3-J fluidounces)\\nwater. Moisten forty-five grams (1 ounce 257 grains) sanguinaria, in\\nNo. 60 powder, with thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) of the mix-\\nture macerate for twenty-four hours then pack it firmly in a cylin-\\ndrical percolator and percolate with the remainder of the mixture, and\\nas much more menstruum of the same kind as may be necessary to obtain\\nthree hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains, or about 11 fluidounces) of\\nfinal product.\\nTincture of sanguinaria is deep red. It always deposits a layer of\\nreddish-brown sediment on the sides and bottom of the bottle contain-\\ning: it.\\nUsed mainly as an expectorant in doses of 0.5 to 4 cubic centi-\\nmeters (8 to 60 minims).\\nSantalum Citrinum.\\nYellow Santalwood.\\nYettoic JSandakoood.\\nOrigin. Santalum Freycinetianum, M. Gaudichaud (Santalacem).\\nHabitat. The Sandwich and Feejee Islands, etc.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The wood.\\nDescription. Hard, heavy, yellowish chips odor agreeably aro-\\nlatic taste aromatic, somewhat bitter.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0897.jp2"}, "898": {"fulltext": "884 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituent. An aromatic volatile oil.\\nWhite Santalwood, from Santalum album, Linne, is also used for the\\nsame purposes as the yellow santalwood, but is less common in the trade.\\nUses. It is employed in China as an ingredient of incense used in\\nthe temples. Its oil is used for the same purposes as copaiba, and a\\nfluid extract, made with alcohol as a menstruum, has been employed\\nin the same manner.\\nDose of the fluid extract, five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J flui-\\ndrachms).\\nSantali Oleum; U. S.\\nOil of Santal.\\nSantali JEther oleum Volatile Oil of Santal, Oil of Sandalwood.\\nOrigin. Santalum album, Linne (Santalaceoz).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 242.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant blennorrhetic in gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.\\nDose. Ten to twenty-five drops. Usually given in closed gelatin\\ncapsules, or in the form of emulsion prepared like copaiba mixture.\\nSantalum Rubrum U. S.\\nRed Saunders.\\nSantalini Lignum.\\nOrigin. Pterocarpus santalinus Linne {Leguminosoe).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nPart used. The heart-wood.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 287.\\nUsually occurs in raspings.\\nConstituent. Red coloring matter of a resinous acid character,\\nand called santalic acid, which is soluble in alcohol but insoluble in\\nwater.\\nUses. For coloring alcoholic liquids red. It does not yield its color-\\n/ter.\\nSANTALI RUBRI TINCTURA.\\nTincture of Red Saunders.\\nMoisten one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) powdered red\\nsaunders with alcohol pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator, and\\npercolate with alcohol until three hundred and sixty cubic centimeters\\n(12 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0898.jp2"}, "899": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\nSantonica U. S.\\nSantonica.\\nSantonicm Flores, Semi?ia Cince Wurmsamen, Zittwersamen, G.\\nBarbotine, Semencine, F. Maskfro, Sw. Levantic Wormseed,\\nGerman Wormseed.\\nOrigin. Artemisia maritima, var. Stechmanniana, Besser (Com-\\npositor).\\nHabitat. Turkestan.\\nPart used. The unexpanded flower-heads.\\nDescription. Oblong grayish green or greenish yellow flower-\\nheads, about two millimeters (y 1 inch) long, covered with glandular\\nFigs. 466-471. Artemisia Vahliana. a, whole\\nof scale d, floret all enlarged. Artemisia Cina.\\nsurface of a scale.\\nb, longitudinal section c, inner surface\\ne, natural size and enlarged inner\\nscales and containing from three to five undeveloped florets. Odor\\nstrong, peculiar, aromatic taste bitter, aromatic, leaving a somewhat\\ncooling sensation in the mouth.\\nConstituents. About one per cent, volatile oil and from one and\\none-half to two and one-third per cent, santonin (santonic acid).\\nTest. A brownish color indicates that the drug is old and dam-\\naged. Must have a greenish color and strong odor.\\nUses. Much employed as a vermifuge for round worms (lumbrici).\\nThe powder is usually given in syrup or honey.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) three times a day, fol-\\nlowed or accompanied by some purgative.\\nSANTO NKLE EXTR ACTUM.\\nExtract of Santonica.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nGreenish-brown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.50 gram (2 to 8 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0899.jp2"}, "900": {"fulltext": "886 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSANTONKLE EXTKACTUM FLUID UM.\\nFluid Extract of Santonica.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nSantoninas Sodii; IT. S.\\nSantoninate of Sodium.\\nA white crystallized compound which is very sensitive to light, and\\nought to be kept in tightly corked amber bottles.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 302.\\nMedicinal Uses. Anthelmintic.\\nDose. 0.3 to 0.6 gram (5 to 10 grains).\\nSANTONIN ATIS SODII TROCHISCI U. S.\\nTroches of Santoninate of Sodium.\\nTriturate together 6.50 grams (100 grains) santoninate of sodium,\\none hundred and thirty grams (2,000 grains) finely powdered sugar, and\\n3.25 grams (50 grains) powdered tragacanth. Add sufficient orange-\\nflower water and form a mass to be divided into one hundred troches.\\nKeep the product in amber bottles.\\nSantoninum U. S.\\nSantonin.\\nA white crystalline substance obtained from santonica. It has weak\\nacid properties, and is frequently called santonic acid (see Santoninas\\nSodii).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 288. It is looked\\nupon as an anhydride of santonic acid. When exposed to light it bo-\\ncomes yellow, and undergoes chemical change.\\nShould therefore be kept in amber-colored bottles, tightly corked.\\nMust consist of small, perfectly white crystals.\\nMedicinal Uses. In medicinal doses it is anthelmintic. Occa-\\nsionally it exerts a peculiar effect on the sight, as if the patient viewed\\neverything through a yellow glass. This effect is usually of a tempo-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0900.jp2"}, "901": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 887\\nrary nature. In excessive doses santonin may produce symptoms of\\npoisoning accompanied by gastro-intestinal irritation.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains) less for children.\\nSapo IT. S.\\nSoap.\\nSapo -Durus Seife,.G.; /Savon, F. Jabon, Jabon de Sosa, Jabon\\nbianco, Jabon duro, Sp. Teal, Sw.; White Castile Soap.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 288 and 289.\\nWhite hard soap prepared from olive-oil and caustic soda.\\nAll hard soaps are soda soaps. The soft soaps are potash soaps.\\nNearly all soaps are oleates, or palmitates, or both, of sodium or potas-\\nsium, or both.\\nThe soap intended by the Pharmacopoeia is a pure olive-oil soda\\nsoap, which is well represented by so-called pure white castile soap.\\nMust be white, hard, firm free from crystalline efflorescence on the\\nsurface, and free from rancidity. It dissolves completely, though not\\nforming a clear solution, in water and in diluted alcohol. Its odor is\\npeculiar, not unpleasant, and when once familiar affords a good sign by\\nwhich to judge of the quality of the article. On exposure to dry air\\nit should become dry and hard. A castile soap that sweats or be-\\ncomes moist or greasy on exposure is of very poor quality.\\nMuch of the castile soap sold in this country is adulterated or loaded\\nwith barium sulphate, etc.\\nThe best grades come from Spain.\\nGood castile soap can be dried at a temperature not to exceed 40\u00c2\u00b0\\nC. (104\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and powdered.\\nUses. Soap is a laxative when given internally. Externally it is\\noften employed as a stimulant and discutient. Ointments containing\\nsoap promote suppuration when applied to raw or granulating surfaces,\\nand a mixture of sugar with ordinary yellow soap is often used for this\\npurpose.\\nIn the form of liniment soap is useful in sprains and bruises.\\nSoapsuds, with or without castor-oil, forms an effective laxative\\nenema.\\nSuppositories made of yellow soap are also of value as laxatives.\\nSoap in solution is an accessible remedy to be used as an antidote\\nin poisoning by mineral acids, and should always be promptly employed\\nunless more effective antacids are at hand.\\nDose- 0.3 to 1 gram (5 to 15 grains), in pill.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0901.jp2"}, "902": {"fulltext": "888 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSAPONIS CEEATUM Phar. 1870.\\nSoap Cerate.\\nMelt together sixty grams (2 ounces) soap plaster and seventy-five\\ngrams (2|- ounces) yellow wax then add one hundred and twenty\\ngrams (4 ounces) of olive-oil. Stir until cool.\\nNot in the new Pharmacopoeia.\\nUsed to allay irritation and inflammation.\\nSAPONIS CEEATI EMPLASTEUM.\\nSoap Cerate Plaster.\\nDissolve one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) oxide of lead in\\none hundred and eighty grams (6 fluidounces) acetic acid by the aid of\\nheat. Then add one hundred grams (3^ ounces) powdered white soap,\\nand boil the mixture until the moisture is nearly evaporated finally\\nadd one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) yellow wax and one\\nhundred and eighty grams (6 ounces) olive-oil. Stir constantly, con-\\ntinuing the heat until the plaster thickens properly on cooling.\\nThis formula affords a product identical with that of the British\\nPharmacopoeia.\\nSAPONIS EMPLASTEUM; U. S.\\nSoap Plaster.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce) dried white castile soap, in coarse\\npowder, with enough water to form a smooth semi-liquid paste then\\nmix this with two hundred and seventy grams (9 ounces) lead plaster,\\npreviously melted, and evaporate the whole to a proper consistence.\\nSame as in 1870.\\nOld lead plaster is to be preferred to fresh for making soap plaster,\\nas the fresh lead plaster makes the soap plaster sticky. Greater heat is\\nrequired, too, for making this, than for the other plasters. Too much\\nsoap would make this plaster extremely tough.\\nTo prevent abrasions, bed-sores, etc.\\nSAPONIS LINIMENTUM; U. S.\\nSoap Liniment.\\nDigest three hundred grams (or 10 ounces) soap, in shavings, in four\\nhundred and twenty-five grams (about 14 fluidounces) of water until dis-\\nsolved. Dissolve one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) camphor and", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0902.jp2"}, "903": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA. 889\\nthirty grams (1 ounce) oil of rosemary in two thousand grams (70 ounces\\n240 grains, or about 83J fluidounces) alcohol. Mix the two solutions\\nand filter through paper, adding enough water through the filter to\\nmake the final product weigh three thousand grams (or 100 ounces,\\nmeasuring about 100 fluidounces).\\nNearly identical with the preparation of 1870.\\nUsed in sprains and bruises.\\nSapo Viridis U. S\\nGreen Soap.\\nSapo Mollis.\\nA potash soap made with pure, fresh hempseed-oil, or with fresh,\\nraw, cold-pressed linseed-oil.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 289.\\nMost of the soap sold as German Soft Soap, or under the name of\\nSoft Soap or Green Soft Soap, is a very offensive, smeary, gela-\\ntinous mass. Good green soap contains from thirty-five to forty per\\ncent, fat acids, from six to ten per cent, alkali, forty-five to fifty per\\ncent, water, some glycerin, etc. Must not contain more than one per\\ncent, soda, and should be entirely free from starch and from silicate of\\nsodium. The consistence of good green soap is about like that of fresh\\nbutter it is translucent, with a greenish-yellow color and its odor is\\nstrongly soapy but not offensive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Employed externally, either alone or in combi-\\nnation with other remedies, in some forms of skin disease, as eczema,\\nseborrhoea, etc.\\nSAPOKIS VIKIDIS TIKCTURA IT. S.\\nTincture of Green Soap.\\nMix sixty-five grams (2 ounces 128 grains) green soap, two grams\\n(31 grains) volatile oil of lavender, and thirty-three grams (1 ounce 72\\ngrains, or about 1-J- fluidounce) alcohol let the mixture stand until the\\nsoap is dissolved, stirring it frequently to facilitate the solution. Then\\nfilter through paper, adding enough alcohol through the filter to make\\nthe total product weigh one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains, or\\nabout 3|- fluidounces).\\nUsed externally for the same purposes as the green soap itself.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0903.jp2"}, "904": {"fulltext": "890\\nA COMP ANION TO THE\\nSapo Animalis.\\nCurd Soap.\\nWhite soda soap, made with purified solid animal fats, such as tallow.\\nIt is dry, hard, white, inodorous, slightly alkaline, not greasy, soluble in\\nwater and in diluted alcohol. It is composed of oleate and stearate of\\nsodium.\\nCurd soap is the basis of all toilet soaps.\\nSAPOKLS OPODELDOC.\\nSteer s Opodeldoc.\\nDissolve nine cubic centimeters (2J fluidrachms) oil of peppermint,*\\nthirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) oil of rosemary, and sixty grams\\n(2 ounces) camphor in two thousand two hundred and seventy cubic\\ncentimeters (5 pints) alcohol. Dissolve four hundred and fifty-five grams\\n(1 pound) curd soap in three hundred cubic centimeters (10J fluid-\\nounces) water by the aid of\\nheat. Mix the solutions and\\nadd three hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (10-J fiuidounces) water\\nof ammonia. Stir well until\\nall is perfectly homogeneous\\nstrain while hot, and pour it\\ninto opodeldoc bottles and cork\\nthese tightly. When cold the\\ncontents gelatinize.\\nA popular discutient in\\nsprains and bruises.\\nSaponaria.\\nSaponaria.\\nSaponar ice Radix Soapicort\\nRoot.\\nOrigin Saponaria offici-\\nnalis, Linn e Caryophyllacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and\\nAmerica.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. Cylindrical,\\nFig. 472.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Saponaria, root and rootlets, natural\\neize. about twenty-live centimeters", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0904.jp2"}, "905": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n891\\n(10 inches) long, three to twelve millimeters (J\\nto inch) in diameter, wrinkled longitudinally\\nexternally dark brown, internally whitish bark\\nthick inodorous taste bitterish, afterward\\nacrid. The smaller roots are to be preferred.\\nConstituents. Saponin, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Saponaria has been used\\nas an alterative diaphoretic in chronic cutaneous\\ndiseases, rheumatism, and gout. It is probable\\nthat this drug possesses active medicinal proper-\\nties in common with senega, sarsaparilla, quil-\\nlaia, and other drugs containing saponin, but it\\nis not now used in medicine, but only in the arts,\\nfor washing silks, etc.\\nDose. About fifty grams (If ounce) daily,\\nin infusion.\\nSarsaparilla; U. S,\\nSaesaparilla.\\nSarsaparilla} Radix, Sarsce Radix Sassapa-\\nrille, G.; Salsepareille, F.; Zarzaparilla,\\nSp. Sarsaparill, Sw.\\nOrigin Smilax officinalis, Kunth Smilax\\nmedica, Schlechtendal et Chamisso Smilax\\nsyphilitica, Kunth and probably also other\\nspecies of Smilax.\\nHabitat. Mexico, Central America, Brazil.\\nPart used. The roots.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n289.\\nGeneral Description. Long and slender,\\nsometimes over two meters (about 80 inches)\\nlong, and usually about five millimeters inch)\\nin diameter shrivelled nearest the rhizome\\nchump coarsely wrinkled lengthwise in-\\nodorous taste somewhat mucilaginous, bitter,\\nafterward acrid.\\nVarieties. The principal varieties of sarsa-\\nparilla are the Honduras, the Para (Brazilian,\\nRio Negro or Lisbon sarsaparilla), the Mexican\\n(Vera Cruz or Tampico), and the Jamaica sar-\\nsaparilla.\\nFig.473.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bundle of Hondu-\\nras Sarsaparilla, linear size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0905.jp2"}, "906": {"fulltext": "892\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nIn the United States all these varieties are used except the Jamaica\\nsarsaparilla. The Para sarsaparilla is not used to any great extent as\\ncompared with the Honduras and the Mexican. Owing to its cheapness\\nthe Mexican sarsaparilla is used more than all the rest together but the\\nHonduras sarsaparilla is the\\none generally esteemed in this\\ncountry as the best, though Para\\nsarsaparilla is preferred by some\\nunquestionably competent\\njudges. Jamaica sarsaparilla is\\npreferred in England, where\\nthat is the only kind officially\\nrecognized.\\nSarsaparillas are generally\\nclassified into 1, mealy sarsa-\\nparillas, in which the paren-\\nchyma cells most frequently\\ncontain unaltered starch gran-\\nules, but occasionally a pasty\\nmass (altered starch and 2,\\nnon mealy sarsaparillas, i n\\nwhich the parenchyma cells most\\nfrequently contain a pasty mass\\n(altered starch but occasion-\\nally unaltered starch granules.\\nThis classification does not\\nseem to have any substantial\\nvalue, pharmacologically or\\notherwise, except in so far that\\na mealy or starchy sarsaparilla\\nbe it Honduras, Para, Mexi-\\ncan, or any other is probably\\na sounder drug than a non-\\nmealy one. It is not improb-\\nable that all the sarsaparillas\\nwould be mealy if carefully\\ncured, and that the non-\\nmealy condition often met\\nwith in Mexican, and most fre-\\nFig. 474.\\n-Bundle of Rio Negro Sarsaparilla,\\nreduced.\\nquently in Jamaica sarsaparilla, but occasionally also observed in the\\nHonduras and Para sarsaparillas which are classed as mealy, is simply an\\nalteration of the starch arising from careless curing, or exposure to heat,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0906.jp2"}, "907": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n893\\nor moisture, or both, or it may be that\\nthe roots are non-mealy only in those\\nportions which are exposed or covered\\nby only a very thin layer of earth in\\nthe growing plants. It is well known\\nthat the portions nearest the rhizome\\nare almost invariably non-mealy and\\nshrivelled, and that so-called non-mealy\\nsarsaparillas are mostly mealy and\\nplump in the portions farthest away\\nfrom it. We are told that the natives,\\nwho collect the roots, sometimes lay\\nbare a portion of them and leave their\\ntask unfinished, to return again at their\\nconvenience. As the dio^ino- is neces-\\nsarily commenced at the rhizome, the\\nportions of roots nearest to it will thus\\nbe left exposed until the work is finished.\\nMealy sarsaparillas are plump,\\nsound-looking, and have a thick\\nperi-ligneous layer. They are pre-\\nferred to other sarsaparillas in all coun-\\ntries except England. Honduras and\\nPara sarsaparillas are the mealy kinds.\\nNon-mealy sarsaparillas, which in-\\nclude the Mexican and the Jamaica,\\nare thin, shrivelled, with thick longitu-\\ndinal wrinkles, and a thin peri-ligneous\\nlayer, and lack sound unaltered starch\\ngranules, having instead a horny ap-\\npearance in the fracture.\\nHonduras Sarsaparilla. Roots\\nwithout the chumps. Brown, plump,\\nwrinkles comparatively fine. Put up\\nin bundles as seen in Fig. 473. The\\nappearance of a transverse section is\\nseen in Fig. 480, b.\\nPara Sarsaparilla. Roots without\\nthe chumps. Dark brown. Peri-lig-\\nneous layer thick. Plump, and finely\\nwrinkled. Bundle and section as seen\\nin Figs. 474 and 479, a. It is usually very clean.\\nFig. 475.-\\nMexican Sarsaparilla, one-\\nsixth linear size.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0907.jp2"}, "908": {"fulltext": "894\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nMexican Sarsaparilla. Roots attached to the chumps, and some-\\ntimes accompanied by portions of the stems. Brownish-gray, with promi-\\nnent wrinkles which give it a furrowed appearance. Peri-ligneous layer\\nthin, woody portion thicker than that of any other sarsaparilla. Mostly\\ncontains more or less adhering earth. Not made up into bundles\\nsometimes the roots are folded back over the chumps. (See Fig. 475.)\\nJamaica Sarsaparilla. The chumps often accompany the roots,\\nwhich are tied up in loose bundles. Reddish. Wrinkles heavy. Root-\\nfibres attached to the roots (which is considered a good sign). When\\nthese fibres are present in considerable numbers the sarsaparilla is said\\nto be bearded.\\nGarbling. The chumps (rhizomes) are thick, woody, knotty, and\\nmedicinally inert. Stems and chumps, if present, and also any adhering\\nearth, must be removed from the drug before using it.\\nFigs. 476-478.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A, transverse section of Caracas Sarsaparilla p, parenchyma rc, nucleus\\nsheath, magnified.\\nMicroscopic sections of sarsaparilla roots show a circle of woody\\ntissue surrounded by a nucleus sheath, a thick layer of parenchyma\\nand a cuticle, and enclosing a more or less thick column of parenchyma\\noften called pith.\\nSarsaparilla is sometimes said to have a true bark and pith, but while\\nthe latter term might perhaps be properly employed in regard to this\\ndrug, the term bark in pharmacognosy should be restricted to the much\\nmore complex structure known as the baric (cortex) of plants having\\nexogenous structure. (See article on Microscopic Structure of Plants.)", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0908.jp2"}, "909": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n895\\nThe peri-ligneous portion of sarsaparilla is divided into four layers of\\ntissue, an external cuticle, generally missing except in the bottom of\\nthe wrinkles, and a subcuticular layer consisting of peculiarly thickened\\nsclerenchyma cells, which together are sometimes (improperly, in our\\nopinion) called the external bark/ a layer of parenchyma, sometimes\\ncalled middle bark/ and the nucleus sheath, sometimes called inner\\nbark. All of these structures are shown in Figs. 476-478.\\nAccording to Schleiden, sarsaparillas may be divided into two groups,\\nthose growing south of 10\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, in which the diameter of the\\ninner parenchyma is three to eight times as great as the thickness of\\nthe woody layer (Fig. 479, a), and those growing north of 10\u00c2\u00b0 north\\nlatitude, in which the diameter of the inner parenchyma is at most one-\\nand-a-half times as great as the thickness of the woody layer (Fig. 480, b).\\nFigs. 479, 480. a, Rio Negro Sarsaparilla; Honduras Sarsaparilla; transverse sections,\\nenlarged.\\nThe peculiar eccentric thickening of the sclerenchyma cells of the\\nsubcuticular portion and of the nucleus sheath affords additional means\\nof identifying the different varieties of sarsaparilla by the aid of the\\nmicroscope. (See Figs. 481-484.)\\nConstituents. Smilacin (ov parillin, or salseparin, or parallinic\\nacid), which is an acrid neutral principle closely resembling saponin.\\nOnly one-fifth per cent, has been found in the drug. It crystallizes in\\nwhite brilliant scales, is soluble in diluted alcohol and in boiling water,\\nbut insoluble in cold water or in absolute alcohol. Sarsaparilla also\\ncontains about two and one-half per cent, acrid resin, and traces of vol-\\natile oil.\\nThe extractive matter of sarsaparilla is very dark colored and abun-\\ndant. Its character is as yet little known. It has not been determined\\nwhether the medicinal properties of sarsaparilla are due to the smilacin,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0909.jp2"}, "910": {"fulltext": "896\\nA COMP ANION TO THE\\nor to the resin, or to both.\\nThat saponin has powerful\\nmedicinal properties has been\\nascertained.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sar-\\nsaparilla is one of the most\\npopular of all remedies. As\\na blood purifier it is used\\nin large quantities with and\\nwithout the physician s ad-\\nvice, especially in eruptive\\nshin diseases. It is an altera-\\ntive and tonic.\\nPhysicians prescribe it in\\nsyphilis, but nearly always\\nin combination with more\\nactive remedies, such as\\npotassium iodide, mercuric\\nFigs. 481-484. -a. subcuticular cells of Vera .Cruz chloride, guaiac, etc. It is\\nfearsapariila o, same of Honduras Sarsaparilla c. m\\nuucleus sheath of Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla d, same of given in Secondary and ter-\\nHonduras Sarsaparilla all magnified. 7 7\\ntiary syphilis, and especially\\nwhen the patient is in a broken-down condition. After a long-continued\\nmercurial treatment sarsaparjlla with potassium iodide is a valuable\\ncombination.\\nThe fluid extract and the syrup are the most effective and convenient\\npreparations.\\nDose. Powder, two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nSARSAPAEILL^E DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Sarsaparilla.\\nFrom seventy-five grams (or about 2J avoirdupois ounces) of the\\ndrug make five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nA trifle stronger than the preparation of the British Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters (2 to 3 fluidounces).\\nSAESAPARILL/E DECOCTUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Decoction of Sarsaparilla.\\nThree hundred grams (10 ounces) cut and bruised sarsaparilla, sixty\\ngrams (2 ounces) rasped guaiacum wood, sixty grams sassafras, in No. 20\\npowder, sixty grams bruised glycyrrhiza, and thirty grams (1 ounce) cut", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0910.jp2"}, "911": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 897\\nand bruised mezereum are required to make three thousand grams (about\\n100 ounces) of the decoction. The sarsaparilla and guaiacum wood\\nare first boiled in three thousand cubic centimeters (6 pints) of water\\nfor half an hour then the other ingredients are added and macerated\\nwith the decoction for two hours, the vessel being well covered. Then\\nthe preparation is strained and enough water added through the strainer\\nto make the finished product weigh three thousand grams (it will meas-\\nure about 6 pints).\\nDose. Ninety to one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (3 to 5\\nfluidounces) three times daily.\\nSARSAPARILLA DECOCTUM COMPOSITUM FORTIUS.\\nStronger Zittmann s Decoction.\\nMacerate one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces) finely cut sar-\\nsaparilla for twenty-four hours with nine liters (19 pints) water. Strain.\\nTriturate together one gram (L5 grains) red sulphide of mercury, in fine\\npowder, five grams (77 grains) calomel, eight grams (124 grains) pow-\\ndered alum, and eight grams powdered sugar tie the mixed powder\\ninto a folded piece of muslin, and suspend this in the infusion of sarsa-\\nparilla, previously put into an earthen vessel. Boil the liquid down to\\nthree liters (6^- pints). While yet hot add five grams (77 grains) bruised\\nanise, five grams bruised fennel, fifteen grams (230 grains) cut glycyr-\\nrhiza, and thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) cut senna. When cold,\\nstrain without pressure, set the decoction aside to settle, and decant the\\nclear.\\nSARSAPARILLA DECOCTUM COMPOSITUM MITIUS.\\nWeaker Zittmann s Decoction.\\nMix the residue from the stronger Zittmann s decoction (in the quan-\\ntity specified in the preceding formula) with sixty grams (2 ounces 50\\ngrains) finely cut sarsaparilla. Boil with nine liters (19 pints) water\\nuntil reduced to three liters (6-J pints). While still hot, add to it four\\ngrams (62 grains) each of bruised cardamom and cinnamon, and cut\\nlemon-peel, and glycyrrhiza. When cold strain. Let stand to settle\\nthen decant the clear.\\nBoth of the above decoctions are used in chronic syphilitic cachexia.\\nOn the first day of the cure the patient is given a cathartic of calomel\\nand jalap, repeated at intervals of several days if necessary. On the\\nmorning of the second day the patient drinks one pint of warmed\\nstronger decoction, while covered up in bed, so as to produce perspira-\\n57", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0911.jp2"}, "912": {"fulltext": "898 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntion. During the afternoon he drinks two pints weaker decoction, cold,\\nand late in the evening one pint of cold stronger decoction. This plan\\nis followed for six or eight days.\\nAfter an intermission of a week or two the treatment is repeated if\\nnecessary.\\nSARSAPARILLA EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Sarsaparilla.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrownish-black.\\nDose. 0.50 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nSARSAPARILLA EXTRACTUM COMPOSITUM FLUI-\\nDUM; U. S.\\nCompound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), first mix three hundred and seventy-five grams (14 ounces\\n100 grains, avoirdupois) sarsaparilla, sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains,\\navoirdupois) glycyrrhiza (liquorice root), fifty grams (1 ounce 334 grains,\\navoirdupois) sassafras bark, and fifteen grams (230 grains) mezereum,\\nall in No. 30 powder.\\nFor the first menstruum use a mixture consisting of fifty grams (1\\nounce 334 grains, avoirdupois) glycerin, one hundred and fifty grams\\n(6J fluidounces) alcohol, and three hundred grams (about 10 fluidounces)\\nwater.\\nMoisten the mixed powders with two hundred grams (about 7\\nounces) of this mixture. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Satu-\\nrate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Percolate with the\\nremainder of the first menstruum, and then with a second menstruum\\ncomposed of alcohol and water in the proportion of one hundred grams\\n(3J fluidounces) alcohol to every two hundred grams (G\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of\\nwater.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation to exhaustion.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to soft extract, and then dissolve this\\nin the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nIn this preparation the effects of sarsaparilla, mezereum, and sassafras,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0912.jp2"}, "913": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 899\\nall three of which drugs are generally considered to be blood-purifiers,\\nare combined, the liquorice root simply serving to improve the taste.\\nUseful in scrofula, syphilis, chronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases,\\netc., either alone or in combination with more active remedies.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two to eight cubic centimeters to 2 fluidrachms).\\nSARSAPARILLA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; IT. S.\\nFluid Extract of Sarsaparilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of one hundred and fifty grams\\n(about 6^ fluidounces) alcohol, three hundred grams (about 10 fluid-\\nounces) water, and fifty grams (about 1^ avoirdupois ounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4|- fluidounces) alcohol to every two\\nhundred grams (about 6| fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7 fluidounces) of\\nthe first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Satu-\\nrate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^ fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose* Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2^ fluidrachms).\\nSARSAPARILLA SYRUPUS COMPOSITUS; U. S.\\nCompound Syrup of Sarsaparilla.\\nMix one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) sarsaparilla,\\ntwenty grams (308 grains) guaiac wood, twelve grams (185 grains)\\npale rose, twelve grams glycyrrhiza, and twelve grams senna, all in No.\\n30 powder, and six grams (92 grains) sassafras, six grams anise, and\\nsix grams gaultheria, all in No. 20 powder. Moisten the mixture uni-\\nformly with three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) diluted\\nalcohol, and macerate for forty-eight hours then pack it firmly in a\\ncylindrical percolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol until six hun-\\ndred grams (21 ounces 72 grains, or about 20 fluidounces) of percolate\\nhas been obtained. Evaporate the percolate on a water-bath until re-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0913.jp2"}, "914": {"fulltext": "900 A COMPANION TO THE\\nduced to one-half its original weight then add one hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (3-J- fluidounces) water, mix well, and afterward filter, adding\\nenough water through the filter to make the total filtrate weigh four\\nhundred grams (14 ounces 48 grains, or measure 13^ fluidounces). Then\\nadd six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) sugar, dissolve this with-\\nout the aid of heat, and strain.\\nThis is a better preparation than that of 1870, in which the volatile\\noils were used instead of the sassafras, anise, and gaultheria. As the\\nvolatile oils were added simply to flavor the preparation, the drugs them-\\nselves being sufficient for that purpose without making the product un-\\nclear, the new formula is preferable. A still further improvement would\\nbe to dismiss from the preparation both the guaiac wood and the pale\\nrose. The guaiac yields a portion of its resin to the diluted alcohol, but\\nit is precipitated again on evaporating down the liquid and adding\\nwater, so that there is nothing in the product derived from the guaiac.\\nAs for the pale rose, it is an expensive and useless luxury.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nSassafras U. S.\\nSassafras.\\nSassafras Hadicis Cortex.\\nOrigin. Sassafras officinalis, Nees (Lauracece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used- The inner bark of the root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 289.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, about three per cent., traces of tannin,\\nresin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Enjoys the general reputation of being a blood-\\npurifier, and is popularly employed for that purpose. It is an aromatic\\ndiaphoretic when large quantities of the hot infusion are imbibed. In\\nsome parts of the country the infusion is used as a tea, and may even\\nbe found on the bill of fare in hotels, etc.\\nSASSAFKAS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Sassafras.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0914.jp2"}, "915": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMAC0P03IA. 901\\nthree hundred grams (about 12-J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nSASSAFRAS INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Sassafras.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make five\\nhundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Ad libitum.\\nSassafras Medulla U. S.\\nSassafras Pith.\\nThe pith of the branches of Sassafras officinalis, Nees.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 290.\\nConstituents. Mucilage.\\nUsed for preparing a mucilage which serves as a diluent or vehicle\\nfor other remedies.\\nSASSAFRAS MEDULLJE MUCILAGO U. S.\\nMucilage of Sassafeas Pith.\\nSassafras mucilage is made by macerating two grams (31 grains)\\nsassafras pith for three hours with one hundred cubic centimeters (3-J-\\nfluidounces) distilled water, without stirring, and then straining without\\npressure.\\nSASSAFEAS SYRUP US COMPOSITUS.\\nJackson s Pectoral Syrup.\\nMacerate five grams (77 grains) sassafras pith and fifty grams (1\\nounce 334 grains) acacia with five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluid-\\nounces) water for twelve hours, stirring it gently occasionally. Then\\nadd seven hundred and fifty grams (26 ounces 200 grains) sugar, and\\ndissolve it without the aid of heat. Strain. In the syrup dissolve 0.60\\ngram (9^ grains) hydrochlorate of morphine.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2^- fluidrachms).\\nSassafras Oleum 17. S.\\nOil of Sassafras.\\nSassafras JEther -oleum Volatile Oil of Sassafras.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 243.\\nUsed for flavoring, or as a carminative.\\nDose. Two to three drops.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0915.jp2"}, "916": {"fulltext": "902 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSASSAFEAS SPIRITUS.\\nSpirit of Sassafras.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) volatile oil of sassafras\\nand two hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nScammonii Radix.\\nScammony Root.\\nOrigin. Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne (Convolvulacece).\\nHabitat. Western Asia.\\nDescription. Carrot-shaped, from 0.3 to 0.6 meter (1 to 2 feet)\\nlong, and five to twenty centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick, usually broken\\ninto shorter pieces more or less twisted, yellowish-brown externally,\\nwrinkled, hard, whitish within bark thin and full of resinous spots.\\nOdor slight taste sweetish, afterward a little acrid.\\nConstituents. Scammonin. (See Scammonium.)\\nUsed for preparing scammony resin.\\nScammonium; U. S.\\nScammony.\\nScammonium, G. and Sw. Scammonee, F. Escamonea, Sp.; Virgin\\nScammony.\\nOrigin. Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne {Convolvulacece).\\nHabitat. Syria, Minor Asia, and around the Black Sea. Imported\\nfrom Aleppo and Smyrna.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 290.\\nThe drug is the dried resinous exudation from the root. As it con-\\ntains always some gum, and forms an emulsion when triturated with\\nwater, it is also sometimes styled as a gum-resin.\\nScammony is darker interiorly than externally. In thin splinters it\\nis translucent.\\nThe best grades are called virgin scammony. All scammony, how-\\never, is liable to great variation in quality.\\nThe pharmacopceial tests are prescribed with a view to detect such\\ngross adulterations as chalk, starch, resin, etc., as well as an undue pro-\\nportion of accidental mechanical impurities.\\nScammony is so frequently adulterated by those who collect it, that\\nit ought never to be used, except for preparing the resin of scammony.\\nScammony containing less than twenty-five per cent, resin is not rare.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0916.jp2"}, "917": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 903\\nThe commercial and medicinal value of the drug depends upon the\\nproportion of resin it contains. To ascertain this, exhaust ten grams of\\nthe powdered scammony with a sufficient quantity of ether, until the\\nether ceases to extract anything further then dry and weigh the resi-\\ndue, and deduct its weight from the ten grams used the remainder\\nrepresents the weight of the resin.\\nConstituents. It contains from seventy-five to ninety-five per\\ncent, resin, the remainder being gum, etc. The resin is scammonin (or\\njalapin, or para-rhodeoretin), identical with the resin found in male\\njalap (Ipomoea orizabensis), and is completely soluble in alcohol and\\nether.\\nMedicinal Properties and Uses. It is hydragogue cathartic,\\nmore violent in its action than jalap.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.50 gram (8 to 20 grains), usually in pill form and\\ncombined with other medicines.\\nSCAMMONII RESIN A U. S.\\nResin of Scammony.\\nThe pure scammony resin is extracted from the crude drug (scam-\\nmony) by repeated digestions with boiling alcohol. The tinctures are\\nmixed, the alcohol distilled off, and the remaining syrupy liquid precipi-\\ntated with water, the precipitated resin being then washed and dried.\\nSee the Pharmacopoeia, page 282.\\nIt is a dull-greenish powder.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.5 gram (3 to 8 grains).\\nScilla TJ. S.\\nSquill.\\nScillce JBulbus Scillm Radix Meerzwiebel, G. Squille, Scille, F. JEs-\\ncila, Ceholla albarrana, Sp.; Sjolok, Sw.\\nOrigin. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil {Liliaceai).\\nHabitat. The Mediterranean.\\nPart used. The sliced and dried bulb.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 290. Readily absorbs\\nmoisture and becomes damp. Must, therefore, be kept in a dry place.\\nWhite squill is the best, and fetches a higher price than the\\nred squill.\\nConstituents. Scillipicrin, scillitoxin, and scillin all active prin-\\nciples.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0917.jp2"}, "918": {"fulltext": "904 A COMPANION TO THE\\nMedicinal Uses- Squill is an acrid diuretic in small doses in\\nlarger doses purgative and emetic, almost narcotic. It is also used as\\nan expectorant or stimulant blennorrhetic in chronic bronchitis, etc.\\nWhen given in small doses, squill first produces undoubtedly diuretic\\neffects, which may be followed by the purgative action. It is often\\nused in dropsies in combination with jalap, cream of tartar, and other\\nremedies.\\nIts long-continued use disturbs digestion. Overdoses give rise to\\nvomiting, diarrhoea, slow pulse, diminished secretion of urine, and bloody\\nurine containing albumen.\\nDose. 0.05 to 1 gram (1 to 15 grains) according to the effect it is\\ndesired to obtain.\\nSCILL^E ACETUM U. S.\\nVinegar of Squill.\\nMoisten thirty grams (or 1 ounce) squill in No. 30 powder, with ninety\\ncubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) diluted acetic acid, and allowed to ma-\\ncerate until it ceases to swell. It is then packed carefully (not too\\nfirmly) into a conical glass percolator, and percolated with diluted acetic\\nacid until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of percolate\\nhas been received.\\nThis preparation is one-fifth weaker than that of the old pharma-\\ncopoeia (1870), and the dose should, therefore, be twenty-five per cent,\\ngreater. It is, however, seldom if ever used, except for preparing the\\nsyrup of squill.\\nDose. 0.65 to 2 cubic centimeters (10 to 30 minims).\\nSCILL^E EXTRACT UJVL\\nExtract of Squill.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.06 gram to 1 grain). With due caution the\\ndose may be increased to 0.1 to 2 grams (l- 1 to 3 grains).\\nSCILL^E EXTRACTITM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Squill.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\n(;unces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0918.jp2"}, "919": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 905\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred grams (about 4J- fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and seventy-five cubic centimeters (12^ fluid-\\nounces) of the, first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is\\nexhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.2 to 1 cubic centimeter (3 to 15 minims).\\nSCILL^E OXYMEL.\\nOxymel of Squill.\\nMix equal volumes of vinegar of squill and clarified honey.\\nShould always be prepared extemporaneously.\\nUsed in expectorant cough mixtures.\\nDose* Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to fluidrachms).\\nSCILL^E SYRUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Squill.\\nHeat four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) vinegar of\\nsquill to the boiling point in a glass flask, or in a porcelain evaporating\\ndish. Filter while hot. Add enough water to restore the liquid lost\\nby evaporation. Add six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) sugar,\\nand dissolve this by agitation. Strain.\\nShould be perfectly clear and of a very pale straw color.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims) for an\\nadult as an expectorant. This is a full emetic dose for a child.\\nSCILL^E SYRUPUS AROMATICUS.\\nAromatic Syrup of Squill.\\nTriturate fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) fluid extract of gin-\\nger and thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of squill\\nwith sixty grams (2 ounces) precipitated phosphate of calcium. Add\\nduring continued stirring four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^\\nfluidounces) peppermint water. Filter. In the filtrate dissolve by\\nagitation and without heat seven hundred and fifty grams (26 ounces\\n200 grains) sugar. Strain.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0919.jp2"}, "920": {"fulltext": "906 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe syrup of squill of the Swedish Pharmacopoeia is the above syrup,\\nwith the addition of the soluble matter of about one ounce of hyssop\\nadded to each eighteen ounces by weight, or twenty-four ounces by\\nmeasure. The fluid extract of hyssop may be used for this purpose.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nSCILLJE SYKUPITS COMPOSITUS U. S.\\nCompound Syrup of Squill.\\nMix sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) squill and sixty grams of\\nsenega, both in No. 30 powder. Moisten with one hundred and sixty-\\nfive cubic centimeters (5J fluidounces) diluted alcohol. Macerate one\\nhour. Then pack it in a conical percolator and percolate with diluted\\nalcohol until four hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16J fluidounces)\\npercolate has been received. Boil the percolate a few minutes then\\nevaporate by means of a water-bath to one hundred and eighty cubic\\ncentimeters (6 fluidounces). To this add seventy-five cubic centimeters\\n(2-J- fluidounces) boiling water. Triturate the mixture with five grams\\n(77 grains) precipitated phosphate of calcium. Filter, and after the\\nliquid has passed, add through the filter enough boiling water to make\\nthe whole filtrate weigh three hundred and seventy-five grams (13 ounces\\n100 grains, measuring about 360 cubic centimeters, or 12J fluidounces).\\nIn this dissolve six hundred grams (21 ounces 72 grains) sugar, by agita-\\ntion, without the aid of heat. Strain.\\nDissolve 1.50 gram (23 grains) tartrate of antimony and potassium\\nin thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) boiling water add this solu-\\ntion to the syrup and shake well.\\nThe compound syrup of squill is commonly called Coxe s hive syrup.\\nOriginally it was made with honey instead of sugar, and was then much\\nmore liable to ferment than it is as now prepared.\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims) for adults.\\nLess for children.\\nSCILL^E TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Squill.\\nMoisten ninety grams (3 ounces 76 grains) squill in No. 30 pow-\\nder with one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces) di-\\nluted alcohol. Macerate twenty-four hours. Pack it moderately in a\\nconical percolator and percolate with diluted alcohol until six hundred\\ncubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nIt is amber-colored.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0920.jp2"}, "921": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 907\\nSCILL^E YINUM.\\nWine of Squill.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of squill\\nwith two hundred and seventy cubic centimeters (9 fluidounces) sherry\\nwine. Let stand a few hours. Then filter, if necessary.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nScoparius; U. S.\\nSCOPARIUS.\\nScoparii Summitates Broom Tops.\\nOrigin. Sarothamnus Scoparius, Koch (Leguminosai)\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Europe.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The tops.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 290.\\nConstituents. A stellately crystalline principle, called scoparin,\\nsoluble in alcohol and water and a volatile liquid alkaloid called spar-\\nteine. The scoparin is supposed to be diuretic, and the sparteine nar-\\ncotic.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is a diuretic and hydragogue cathar-\\ntic of undoubted value for the removal of dropsical effusions. Its use\\nis indicated in chronic dropsy from any cause.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) in decoction or fluid\\nextract.\\nSCOPARII DECOCTUM B.\\nDecoction of Scoparius.\\nMake three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) decoction\\nfrom fifteen grams ounce) of the drug.\\nDose. Sixty to one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (2 to 4\\nfluidounces).\\nSCOPARII EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Scoparius.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 20 powder.\\nAs first menstruum use a mixture of one hundred grams (a^\u00c2\u00bbout 4-J-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0921.jp2"}, "922": {"fulltext": "908 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfluidounces) alcohol, two hundred and fifty grams (about 8-J- fluidounces)\\nwater, and sixty grams (about 2 avoirdupois ounces) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of sixty grams (about fluidounces) alcohol to every two hun-\\ndred and forty grams (about 8 fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and fifty grams (about 10 fluid-\\nounces) of the flrst menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percola-\\ntor. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13|- fluidounces) of the Jirst\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose- Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nScutellaria; XT. S.\\nSCUTELLAKIA.\\nScutellaria! Heroa Helmkraut, G. Scutellaire, F. Skullcap, Hoodwort,\\nMadweed.\\nOrigin- Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne (Labiatm).\\nHabitat- North America.\\nPart used- The flowering plant.\\nDescription. A square-branched stem about fifty centimeters (20\\ninches) long, smooth opposite leaves, about five centimeters (2 inches)\\nlong, oblong, pointed, with saw-toothed margin blue, lateral, axillary\\nflowers, eight millimeters (-J- inch) long, the upper lip being helmet-\\nshaped, whence the name skullcap. Odor slight taste bitter.\\nOther species of Scutellaria are sometimes collected and sold for\\nskullcap, among which Scutellaria versicolor, Nuttall Scutellaria ca-\\nnescens, Nuttall Scutellaria pilosa, Michaux and Scutellaria integri-\\nfolia, Linne. They are all hairy or downy, and all of them have the\\nflowers on the top only, whereas the Scutellaria lateriflora has the\\nflower-stalks in pairs in the axils. Scutellaria galericidata, Linne, is\\nalso gathered this is nearly smooth, and has axillary flowers, but its\\nflowers are three times as large as those of Scutellaria lateriflora.\\nConstituents. Some bitter principle. No analysis. Scutellarin is\\nan ext^,ct precipitated from a strong tincture by means of a solution of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0922.jp2"}, "923": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 909\\nalum in water. It is a mixture of indefinite composition and probably\\ndevoid of medicinal properties.\\nProperties and Uses. It is said to be tonic, nervine, antispas-\\nmodic, and to have proved useful in chorea, convulsions, intermittent\\nfever, etc. It is employed as a tea in restlessness, wakefulness, and\\nnervous excitability.\\nWe are informed by a prominent dealer in domestic crude drugs\\nthat large quantities of Scutellaria are consumed for the purpose of ex-\\ntracting its chlorophyll, which is used for coloring extracts and fluid\\nextracts.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (1 to 2^ drachms) in infusion or fluid\\nextract.\\nSCUTELLARIAE EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Scutellaria.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains) three or four times a day.\\nSCUTELLARIAE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Scutellaria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\none hundred grams (about 4-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every two hundred\\ngrams (about 6f fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6-J fluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical per-\\ncolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-j- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0923.jp2"}, "924": {"fulltext": "910\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nSecalis Farina.\\nRye Flour.\\nOrigin. Secale cereale, Linne (Graminacece).\\nDescription. The flour prepared from the seed. It is yellowish-\\nwhite, with a tinge of grayish-brown, its appearance varying according\\nto the mode of grinding and the fineness.\\nConstituents. Contains about sixty per cent, starch, nine and one-\\nhalf per cent, gluten, three and one-fourth per cent, vegetable albumen,\\neleven per cent, dextrin, and three and one-fourth per cent, sugar. Rye\\nflour is, therefore, rather less nutritious than wheat, containing as it\\ndoes a smaller proportion of nitrogenous substances.\\nUses. It is very wholesome on account of its being somewhat\\nlaxative, so that the eating of rye-bread tends to correct chronic consti-\\npation.\\nRye flour is sometimes used externally, in the same manner as other\\ngrain flours, as a soothing application to irritated or tender surfaces.\\nSenecio.\\nSenecio.\\nSenecionis Herba Life Root, Squaw Weed.\\nOrigin. Senecio aureus, Linne {Composite).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.\\nFigs. 485-487. Senooio, with leaves attached at? in crude drug, natural size; leaf, reduced;\\ninfloresoence, natural size.\\nPart used. The whole plant.\\nDescription. See the figures. The ray-florets are yellow. The\\nroot has a bitter, somewhat acrid taste.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0924.jp2"}, "925": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n911\\nConstituents. No analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses- As the name squaw-weed implies, this plant\\nwas used by the Indians, and after them by the laity and physicians, as\\na remedy in female complaints, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhea, etc. It is\\ndiuretic.\\nBest given as fluid exteact, made with diluted alcohol as a men-\\nstruum.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2| fluidrachms).\\nSenega U. S.\\nSenega.\\nSenegce Radix.\\nOrigin. Poly gala Senega, Linne (Polygalacece).\\nHabitat. The Southern States of the United States.\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The root.\\nDescription. Seethe Pharmacopoeia, page 291. The figures rep-\\nFlGS. 488-500. Senega, natural size and transverse sections, enlarged.\\nresent the upper portion of a pretty large specimen of Southern Senega,\\nand of transverse sections of different specimens of this root.\\nA spindle-shaped, branched, somewhat tortuous root, with a thick,\\nknotty crown. The crown is from four to six millimeters (-J- to inch)", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0925.jp2"}, "926": {"fulltext": "912 A COMPAOTON TO THE\\nin diameter, and the root about ten centimeters (4 inches) long. In the\\ndrug the roots are pretty distinctly keeled, the keel running spirally\\nfrom crown to apex. Externally wrinkled lengthwise, yellowish-brown\\nor yellowish-gra} bark thick. Soaked in water the root becomes\\nround and plump. Odor slight but disagreeable taste at first insipid,\\nsweetish, afterward acrid.\\nSouthern Senega is the best.\\nSpurious senega is not infrequently met with. The roots of Polygala\\nJBoykinii, and other species of polygala resemble true senega. North-\\nern Senega, although perhaps collected from the same plant as the\\nSouthern Senega, contains only three per cent, polygalic acid, while\\nthe Southern variety yields five per cent. Northern Senega is often\\ndestitute of the keel, has a regular cylindrical wood, a light yellowish\\ncolor, and is thick and large.\\nWe have met with other roots, probably of species of polygala, sold\\nas senega, which were light yellowish, scarcely at all branched, abruptly\\ntapering, without the keel, with very thin bark, and almost tasteless as\\nwell as inodorous.\\nConstituents. Senega contains about five per cent, of polygalic\\nacid (senegin) also other constituents which are unimportant among\\nthem a small quantity of fixed oil. Polygalic acid is soluble in water\\nand in diluted alcohol. It closely resembles saponin, if it is not iden-\\ntical with it, as supposed by several authorities. The medicinal proper-\\nties of the drug reside in the bark the wood, which constitutes the\\ngreater portion of the drug, being inert.\\nMedicinal Uses. Senega is a stimulant and alterative blennor-\\nrhetic, acting especially on the bronchial mucous membranes.\\nIt is of much value in chronic bronchitis with profuse expectoration,\\nand is much employed in typhoid pneumonia, etc., in combination with\\nammonia, alcohol, camphor, and other stimulants.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.5 to 1.5 gram (8 to 22 grains), in powder, or preferably in\\nsome one of its preparations. Average dose about 0.6 gram (10 grains),\\nbest given in fluid extract.\\nSENEG/E ABSTRACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Senega.\\nPrepared in the same manner as other abstracts (see title Abstracta).\\nThe senega is exhausted by percolation with alcohol, and the fluid ex-\\ntract obtained is mixed with milk sugar, evaporated to dryness, pow-\\ndered, and its quantity adjusted by the addition of powdered milk sugar,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0926.jp2"}, "927": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 913\\nso that each thirty grams (or 1 ounce) of the abstract represents sixty\\ngrams (or 2 ounces) of senega.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.75 gram (3 to 12 grains).\\nSENEGA DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Senega.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (12 to 18 fluidrachms)\\nseveral times a day.\\nSENEGA EXTR ACTUM.\\nExtract of Senega.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown. Yield about twenty-five per cent.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.20 gram (1 to 3 grains).\\nSENEGJE EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Senega.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces, use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred and twenty-five grams (about 8\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-J fluid-\\nounces of thejirst percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add first ten grams (154 grains)\\nwater of ammonia, and afterward enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.5 to 1,5 cubic centimeter (8 to 20 minims),\\n58", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0927.jp2"}, "928": {"fulltext": "914 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSENEGA HSTFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Senega.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nSENEGA SYKUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Senega.\\nMix forty-five cubic centimeters (1J fluidounce) fluid extract of\\nsenega with seventy-five cubic centimeters (2J fluidounces) water add\\n1.40 cubic centimeter (about 20 minims) water of ammonia, and shake\\nwell. Let the mixture stand a few hours then filter through paper,\\nadding enough water through the filter to make the whole filtrate\\nmeasure one hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (4 fluidounces). To\\nthe filtrate add one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces 150 grains)\\nsugar, and dissolve it by agitation without the aid of heat. Strain.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nSENEG^E SYRUPUS COMPOSITUS.\\nCompound Syrup of Senega.\\nJackson s Cough Syrup.\\nMix two cubic centimeters (-J fluidrachm) each of fluid extract of\\nrhubarb, fluid extract of ipecac, and fluid extract of senega with forty-\\nfive cubic centimeters (1^ fluidounce) simple syrup, and finally add\\nforty-five cubic centimeters (1-J- fluidounce) syrup of morphine, and\\nshake the whole well together.\\nSenna U. S.\\nSenna.\\nSennas Folia Sennesblatter, G.; Feuilles de Sene, Sene, F. Sen, Sp.;\\nSenna, Sw.\\nOrigin. Cassia acntifolia, Delile, yields Alexandria Senna\\nCassia elongata, Lemaire-Lisancourt, yields India Senna (Legumi-\\nnosce).\\nHabitat. Africa. The India senna is cultivated in India.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0928.jp2"}, "929": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n915\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 291.\\nVarieties. The senna-yielding Cassias are herbaceous shrubs.\\nTheir leaves differ in form, size, color, and constituents.\\nAlexandria Senna consists of thicker, paler, smaller leaflets than\\nthose composing India senna. They are grayish-green, smooth, have a\\ncharacteristic nauseous odor and a bitterish taste, and are not as muci-\\nlaginous as the leaves of the other official variety.\\nIt is usually considerably broken, and mixed with pods, coarse stems,\\nand with more or less of the leaves of Solenostemma Argel, or argel\\nleaves, which are not present in any other variety of senna.\\nThe argel leaves are thicker, have but one vein (the midrib), and a\\nregularly shaped base.\\nFig. 501.\\nFig. 502.\\nFig. 503.\\nFig. 504.\\nFig. 505.\\nFig. 506.\\nFig. 501. Leaflet of Cassia Acutifolia. Fig. 504. Leaflet of Solenostemma Argel.\\nFig. 502. Leaflet of Cassia Elongata. Fig. 505. Leaflet of Coriaria.\\nFig. 503.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaflet of Cassia Obovata. Fig. 506.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaflet of Tephrosia.\\nAll natural size.\\nIndia Senna consists of less thick but longer, larger, darker green,\\nthough dull, and very mucilaginous leaves, having a much less pro-\\nnounced senna odor than that characteristic of the Alexandria senna.\\nThe India senna is much less broken than the Alexandria variety. The\\nsenna cultivated at Tinnevelly, in East India, is the best kind of India\\nsenna. It consists almost entirely of whole leaves of good, sound color,\\nand is free from stems and other admixtures.\\nAlexandria senna leaves, entirely free from stems and other admix-\\ntures, are said to be about fifty per cent, more active than India senna.\\nThe Alexandria senna usually sold contains, however, one-half its weight\\nor more of inert admixtures, whereas the Tinnevelly (India) senna is\\nclean.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0929.jp2"}, "930": {"fulltext": "916 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBesides the Alexandria and the India sennas, which are the only\\nofficial kinds, there are two other varieties of senna in this market, viz.:\\nTripoli Senna (from Cassia cethiopica) resembles Alexandria senna,\\nbut is even more broken up, and the fragments are thinner than the\\nleaves of Alexandria senna.\\nMecca Senna resembles the India senna, but is broken, discolored,\\nbrownish-yellow.\\nThe forms and sizes of different varieties of senna leaves, the leaves\\nof Solenostemma Argel, and also the leaves of Coriaria myrtifolia,Lmne,\\nand Tephrosia appolinea, De Candolle, which have been found among\\nsenna, are here figured.\\nMaryland Senna (from Cassia marylandica, Nectoux) was official\\nin the old Pharmacopoeia (1870). Tt possesses the same properties as the\\nofficial sennas, but in a somewhat milder degree. We have vainly en-\\ndeavored to obtain some of it in the market, which proves that it is not\\nnow used, if it ever was.\\nConstituents. The active principle is cathartic acid (or cathartin),\\nthe calcium and magnesium salts of which are present in the drug. The\\nsennacrol and sennapicrin found in senna probably take no part in the\\nmedicinal activity of senna, as they are almost insoluble in water, whereas\\nthe cathartates of calcium and magnesium are readily soluble in that\\nsolvent.\\nThe nauseating odor and taste of senna do not belong to the active\\nprinciple, but to some principle or principles which can be extracted by\\nmeans of alcohol without dissolving out the cathartin.\\nThe activity of senna is destroyed by heat.\\nMedicinal Uses. Senna is an active, but not acrid cathartic, cer-\\ntain and efficient in its action, producing copious stools in about four\\nhours. Its use is not apt to be followed by subsequent constipation.\\nThe tendency of this remedy to produce griping may be obviated by\\ncombining with carminatives or aromatics.\\nSenna is useful in chronic constipation, constipation in pregnancy,\\nhemorrhoids, etc. If taken by a nursing woman, her milk acquires\\npurgative properties.\\nDose. Two to ten grams (30 to 150 grains) in powder, but prefer-\\nably in the form of infusion or fluid extract.\\nSENILE FOLIA SPIEITU EXTRACTA.\\nAlcohol- Washed Senna.\\nSenna-leaves are macerated with four times their weight of alcohol\\nfor two days. The alcohol is then poured off and the senna allowed to\\ndry.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0930.jp2"}, "931": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 91 7\\nThe object of this process is to remove from the drug those sub-\\nstances which possess its characteristic nauseous odor and taste. These\\nsubstances are extracted by the alcohol, which does not take up any of\\nthe active principle of the drug (cathartic acid).\\nAlcohol-washed senna is a pleasant and certain laxative.\\nDose. Same as of plain senna.\\nBENJLE CONFECTIO; U. S.\\nCoXFECTIOX OF SeN XA.\\nThe preparation is the same in the new Pharmacopoeia as in the old.\\nPut one hundred and sixty grams (5 ounces 280 grains) cassia fistula,\\none hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) tamarind, seventy grams (2\\nounces 200 grains) prune, and one hundred and twenty grams (4 ounces\\n100 grains) fig in a vessel with four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters\\n(15 fluidounces) water, cover it closely and digest for three hours. Then\\nremove the coarser particles from the mixture by the hand, and rub the\\npulp first through a coarse hair sieve and then through a fine one, or\\nthrough a muslin cloth. Mix the residue with one hundred and fifty\\ngrams (5 fluidounces) water, digest for half an hour, strain as before,\\nand add the product to the pulpy liquid first obtained. Put the whole\\non a water-bath, dissolve in it five hundred grams (15 ounces 280 grains)\\nsugar, and then evaporate until eight hundred and forty grams (28\\nounces) remain. Then add one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains)\\nsenna and sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) coriander, both in No. 60\\npowder, and incorporate thoroughly so as to obtain a uniform con-\\nfection.\\nThis preparation may be given alone or it may be used as the vehicle\\nfor other more active purgatives.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (75 to 150 grains).\\nSENILE EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Sen^a.\\nMay be prepared by evaporating the fluid extract until an extract of\\nsoft pilular consistence remains. Owing to the fact that the active\\nprinciple of senna is destroyed by heat, the solid extract of this drug is\\nnearly inert.\\nIt is given in the same doses, or even in larger doses, than powdered\\nsenna.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0931.jp2"}, "932": {"fulltext": "918 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSEKN^E EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Senna.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12^ fluidounces) alcohol to every four hun-\\ndred grams (about 13^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7|- fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nThis fluid extract cannot be made satisfactorily except by repercola-\\ntion, as all heat must be avoided. When prepared by repercolation it\\nis the most active preparation of senna that the physician can prescribe.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nSENNJS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM AQUOSUM.\\nAqueous Fluid Extract of Senna is in great demand. It is ob-\\nvious enough that what is aimed at is a fluid extract of senna free from\\nthe griping and nauseous principles extracted by an alcoholic menstruum.\\nWe have seen many specimens of so-called aqueous fluid extract of\\nsenna. All of them possessed more or less of the active properties of\\nthe senna some were far from being free from the objectionable prop-\\nerties which distinguish an alcoholic preparation of this drug and all\\nappeared to be unlike each other. In short, there seems to be no uni-\\nform method of preparing it.\\nIt may be set down as a fact that a fluid extract of senna made with\\nwater alone is an impossibility. The large quantity of mucilage in the\\ndrug renders its complete exhaustion by any form of percolation with\\nwater quite impossible. As for the extraction of the virtues of the\\nsenna by simple maceration and expression, it cannot be effected with-\\nout obtaining a volume of liquid far in excess of the prescribed standard\\nstrength of a proper fluid extract.\\nIt is, of course, necessary to completely exhaust the drug, because\\notherwise we cannot know the strength of the resulting preparation.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0932.jp2"}, "933": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 919\\nIf it be admitted that a partial exhaustion is sufficient, then the extract\\ndoes not represent the whole of the drug used, nor is it practicable to\\nmake out even approximately what it does represent, for it does not\\neven represent any portion of the drug, strictly speaking. It simply\\nwould represent uncertain proportions of portions of the soluble con-\\nstituents of the drug treated.\\nWe are informed that several pharmacists prepare an aqueous fluid\\nextract of senna by macerating cut senna in water, pouring off the\\nstrong infusion, and then macerating the residue with a second portion\\nof water, after which the liquids are mixed and enough alcohol added\\nto precipitate the gum and also to preserve the preparation. This\\nmethod undoubtedly gives a strong infusion of senna, possessing the\\nmedicinal properties of the drug without the griping and nauseating\\neffects but its strength is very far from that of a fluid extract, and ex-\\ntremely uncertain and variable. Should the quantity of liquid obtained\\nexceed the volume of the fluid extract to be made, the excess cannot\\nbe gotten rid of by evaporation without seriously impairing, if not de-\\nstroying, the medicinal properties, which (in senna) will not bear heat\\nat all.\\nA true fluid extract of senna, of uniform and reliable strength, and\\nfree from the nauseating odor and taste, and the griping properties of\\nthe drug, can be correctly prepared only by carefully removing the\\nprinciples to which these objectionable properties are due, and then\\npreparing the fluid extract from the deodorized and purified drug. The\\nresulting preparation, however, could not properly be called an aque-\\nous fluid extract of senna, but should be named\\nSENILE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM DEPURATUM.\\nPurified Fluid Extract of Senna.\\nThis, as seen from the observations in the preceding paragraph, is\\nproposed as a rational substitute for the so-called aqueous fluid ex-\\ntracts of senna, which are notoriously variable in character and strength.\\nIt is prepared simply by using alcohol-washed senna (see Sennse\\nFolia Spiritu Extracta) instead of the ordinary senna, otherwise pro-\\nceeding precisely as in preparing the official fluid extract of senna,\\nusing, however, repercolation instead of the pharmacopoeial method, in\\norder to avoid the ruinous effects of heat upon the active properties of\\nsenna.\\nThis preparation, when well made, is a pure, deodorized, liquid senna\\nof definite strength, and pleasant as well as certain in its effects.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0933.jp2"}, "934": {"fulltext": "920 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSENILE INTUSUM.\\nInfusion of Senna.\\nFrom thirty-five grams (about 1\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug\\nmake five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. About fifty to one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1\u00c2\u00a3\\nto 5 fluidounces).\\nSENN^E INFUSUM COMPOSITUM U. S.\\nCompound Infusion of Senna.\\nBlack Draught.\\nPut into a jar thirty grams (1 ounce) senna, sixty grams (2 ounces)\\nmanna, sixty grams (2 ounces) sulphate of magnesium (Epsom salt), and\\nten grams (150 grains) fennel, bruised. Pour five hundred grams (17\\nfluidounces) of boiling water upon the ingredients, cover the jar, and\\nmacerate until cool. Then strain, and add enough water through the\\nstrainer to make the finished infusion weigh five hundred grams (or\\nmeasure 16 fluidounces).\\nThis preparation possesses the laxative properties of senna, manna,\\nand Epsom salt but by combining these remedies with each other and\\nwith the carminative, the tendency to gripe is almost entirely overcome,\\nand the action is, therefore, more pleasant than the action of any of the\\nactive remedies when taken alone.\\nDose. Fifty to seventy-five cubic centimeters (1J to 2J fluidounces)\\nevery four hours until it operates.\\nSENN^E INFUSUM COMPOSITUM SUECICUM.\\nSwedish Compound Infusion of Senna.\\nMacerate fifteen grams (J ounce) bruised coriander, thirty-five grams\\n(1J ounce) bruised raisins, and seventy-five grams (2\u00c2\u00a3 ounces) cut senna\\nwith six hundred cubic centimeters (20 fluidounces) boiling water for\\nan hour. Strain. Dissolve thirty-five grams (1^ ounce) Rochelle salt,\\nand one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) manna in the hot infusion.\\nStrain again, and add enough water through the strainer to make the\\nfinal product measure seven hundred and twenty cubic centimeters (24\\nfluidounces).\\nA similar infusion is used in Germany under the name of Wiener\\nTriinkchen.\\nDose. Thirty to ninety cubic centimeters (1 to 3 fluidounces), re-\\npeated if necessary.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0934.jp2"}, "935": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 921\\nSENN./E SPECIES LAX ANTES ST. GERMAIN.\\nSt. Germain Tea.\\nMix forty-five grams (1-J ounce) senna, thirty grams (1 ounce) elder-\\nflowers, fifteen grams (-J- ounce) fennel, fifteen grams (-J ounce) anise,\\nand fifteen grams ounce) bitartrate of potassium.\\nDose. About one-fourth of the above in infusion.\\nSENK^E SYRUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Senna.\\nDigest one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) bruised senna in\\nfour hundred and eighty cubic centimeters (16 fluidounces) water at 50\u00c2\u00b0\\nC. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.) for twenty-four hours. Express, and strain the infusion.\\nDigest the residue once more with water of the same temperature as\\nbefore, but using this time only two hundred and ten cubic centimeters\\n(7 fluidounces). Again express and strain. Mix the colatures and evap-\\norate the whole to ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces). Let the\\nliquid cool. Mix fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce) alcohol with\\nabout two drops oil of coriander, and add this mixture to the concen-\\ntrated infusion of senna. Filter, and add enough water through the\\nfilter to make the whole filtrate weigh one hundred and twenty grams\\n(or measure about 4 fluidounces). Then add one hundred and eighty\\ngrams (6 ounces 150 grains) sugar, dissolve without heat, and strain.\\nPractically the same preparation is more conveniently obtained by\\nmixing thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) fluid extract of senna,\\none cubic centimeter (16 minims) spirit of coriander, and sixty cubic\\ncentimeters (2 fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nSEMLE SYEUPUS MANNATUS.\\nSyrup of Senna and Manna.\\nInfuse thirty grams (1 ounce) senna, three grams (46 grains) fennel,\\nthree grams coriander, and forty-five grams (1-J- ounce) manna with\\none hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) hot water\\nfor two hours. Strain and add enough hot water through the strainer\\nto make the total colature measure one hundred and fifty cubic centi-\\nmeters (5 fluidounces). Set this aside to settle, and then decant the\\nclear liquid and filter the remainder, adding enough water through the\\nfilter to obtain one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces)\\nfiltrate. Dissolve one hundred and eighty grains (6 ounces 150 grains)", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0935.jp2"}, "936": {"fulltext": "922\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nsugar in the filtrate, without the aid of heat. Strain. Add enough\\nsimple syrup to make the final product measure three hundred cubic\\ncentimeters (10 fluidounces).\\nDose. Five to thirty cubic centimeters (1 to 8 fluidrachms).\\nSilk,\\npape\\nSerica.\\nTissues.\\nr, or some other thin material saturated with some med-\\ncament for external application is called sericum.\\nSerpentaria U. S.\\nSerpent aria.\\nSerpentarice Radix Snake Root, Virginia Snake Root.\\nOrigin. Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linne, and Aristolochia reticu-\\nlata, Nuttall (Aristolochiaceoe).\\nPart used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 292. Should be clean\\nc\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPig. 507. Serpentaria, whole, after being\\nsoaked in water.\\nFigs. 508-512.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Serpentaria. a, trans-\\nverse sections of rhizome, natural size and\\nenlarged b, longitudinal section of soaked\\nrhizome, natural size c, transverse sec-\\ntions of rootlet, natural size and enlarged.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0936.jp2"}, "937": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 923\\nand have a good serpentaria odor and taste, which remind of camphor\\nand turpentine.\\nSerpentaria resembles spigelia somewhat in general appearance.\\nSerpentaria is, however, brown, while spigelia is nearly black externally.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and resin also a bitter substance\\n(aristolochin) soluble in water and in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Serpentaria is a stimulant remedy often em-\\nployed in typhus and typhoid fever s, and in typhoid conditions generally.\\nIt is much used in typhoid pneumonia, in low forms of diphtheria,\\neruptive fevers, etc., and may advantageously be combined with other\\nstimulants, as carbonate of ammonia, camphor, ether, alcohol, or cin-\\nchona.\\nDose. Two to four grams (30 to 60 grains) best given in fluid\\nextract.\\nSERPENT ARLE EXTRACT UM FLUIDUM U.S.\\nFluid Extract of Serpentaria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12J fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3-^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four. hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15 J fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to four cubic centimeters (30 to 60 minims).\\nSERPENTARIJE INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Serpentaria.\\nFrom twenty grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms)\\nevery two or three hours.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0937.jp2"}, "938": {"fulltext": "924 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSERPENTARLE TIJSTCTURA U. S.\\nTlNCTURE OF SERPENTARIA.\\nPercolate thirty grams (1 ounce) serpentaria, in No. 40 powder,\\nwith diluted alcohol, after twenty-four hours maceration with that\\nmenstruum, until three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces)\\ntincture has been obtained.\\nThe pbarmacopoeial menstruum is too weak it should be alcohol in-\\nstead of diluted alcohol.\\nThis preparation is reduced in strength so as to be one-third weaker\\nthan the preparation of the old pharmacopoeia.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters (J to 2J fluidrachms) repeated\\nas required.\\nSesami Oleum IT. S.\\nOil, of Sesamum.\\nSesamol, G. Huile de Sesame, F. Sesamolja, Sw. Oil of JBenne.\\nOrigin. Sesamum indicum, Linne (Pedaliaceoe)\\nPart used. The fixed oil expressed from the seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 243.\\nSesamum oil is quite bland, very nearly odorless, and rich in oiein.\\nIt keeps better than olive oil. It is said to possess emmenagogue prop-\\nerties, but it is rarely used internally. Its chief use is as a hair oil.\\nSevum; U. S.\\nSuet.\\nSebum Ovillum Talg, Hammeltalg G. Suif, F.; Sebo, Sp.; Fartalg,\\nSw. Mutton-Suet.\\nOrigin. Ovis Aries, Linne (Mammalia).\\nPart used. The internal abdominal fat, purified by melting and\\nstraining rendering\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 292.\\nMust be clean, white, fresh, and well rendered. Rancid suet is ex-\\npressly prohibited for pharmacopceial uses, because it is irritating.\\nMutton-suet, the only kind to be used in pharmacy, is more firm (con-\\ntaining less olein) than beef-suet, and is also whiter. It rapidly turns\\nrancid, especially if any water was allowed to remain with it when\\nrendered. All membranes, blood, etc., must be entirely absent in good\\nsuet. Winter suet is best.\\nUsed in ointments and cerates.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0938.jp2"}, "939": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 925\\nSimaruba.\\nSlMARUBA.\\nSimarubce JRadicis Cortex JRuhrrinde, G. Simaruba JBarJc.\\nOrigin. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle, and Simaruba medi-\\ncinalis, Endlicher (Simarubacece).\\nHabitat. South America and the West Indies.\\nPart used. The bark of the root.\\nDescription. Troughs, or rarely quills, several feet long, three to\\nten centimeters (1 to 4 inches) wide, and three to six millimeters (-J to\\ninch) thick externally rough with a yellowish-brown suber inner sur-\\nface lighter tough odorless intensely and persistently bitter.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and resin in very small quantities a\\nbitter substance said to be identical with the quassin in quassia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Bitter tonic. Often used in diarrhoeas and dys-\\nenteries, in which diseases it is often of marked value, especially when\\nthey are due to an atonic condition of the intestines.\\nIn large doses its action resembles that of ipecac, causing vomiting\\nand purging, and it is not unlikely that its beneficial action in dysentery\\nis similar to that of ipecac in the same affection.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) best given as fluid\\nextract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nSinapis Alba U. S.\\nWhite Mustard.\\nSinapis Albm Semina Weisser Senf, G. Moutarde blanche, F. Mos-\\ntaza blanca, Sp. Hmt Senap, Qui Senap, Sw. White Mustard\\nSeed, Yellow Mustard Seed.\\nOrigin. Sinapis alba, Linne (Cruciferw).\\nHabitat. Cultivated. Very handsome white mustard is grown in\\nCalifornia.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 292.\\nConstituents. About twenty to twenty-five per cent, yellowish,\\nbland, fixed oil, a proteid called myrosin, and sinalbin. Mustard con-\\ntains no starch. No volatile oil exists in the seeds but when the\\nground mustard is mixed with water the sinalbin is broken up (through\\nthe action of the myrosin) and the so-called volatile oil of mustard is\\nthen formed.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0939.jp2"}, "940": {"fulltext": "926 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAs heat and alcohol coagulate the myrosin, mustard should not be\\nmixed with hot water, nor with spirit.\\nWhite mustard is inodorous, even when powdered and mixed with\\nwater but it has a sharp, acrid taste.\\nUsed mainly as a condiment.\\nSinapis Nigra U. S.\\nBlack Mustard.\\nSinapis JVigrce Semina Schwarzer Sen/, G. Moutarde noire, F.;\\nMostaza negra, Sp. Svart Senap, Sw. Black Mustard Seed.\\nOrigin. Sinapis nigra, Linne (Cruciferw).\\nHabitat. Cultivated. Trieste black mustard is usually very hand-\\nsome.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 292. Only half as\\nFigs. 513-516. Black Mustard Seed, a, enlarged natural size c, transverse section,\\nenlarged d and e, embryo, enlarged, shown from different sides.\\nlarge as the white mustard seeds. When ground and moist the black\\nmustard emits an extremely irritating and offensive odor.\\nThe most pungent and acrid mustard plaster is made from black\\nmustard but the best table mustard is obtained from white mustard\\nand black mustard mixed.\\nConstituents. Fixed oil, about twenty-five per cent.; sinigrin\\nand myrosin. No starch and no volatile oil. When moistened, the\\nblack mustard at once emits a strong irritant odor, from volatile oil of\\nmustard formed from the sinigrin through the influence of the myrosin\\nin the presence of the water.\\nMedicinal Uses. Aromatic stimulant when given internally. In\\nlarge doses, emetic. Rubefacient externally.\\nDose. As an emetic, eight to fifteen grams to i ounce).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0940.jp2"}, "941": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 927\\nSINAPIS BALNEUM.\\nMustard Bath.\\nThis is made by filling a tub with warm (not hot) water to the de-\\nsired depth, and, having tied a few ounces of powdered black mustard\\nin a small bag of muslin or a handkerchief, alternately soaking and\\nexpressing the mustard in the water until the latter is well charged\\nwith its pungency. The patient is then placed in the bath and the\\nskin is briskly rubbed with the bag of mustard, which is used like\\na sponge. When the skin is well reddened the patient is taken from\\nthe bath, rapidly drie*d, and laid in bed out of the way of any draught\\nof air. The above method of using the mustard bath is much to be\\npreferred to throwing the loose mustard in the water, as in the latter\\ncase it is very difficult to clean the skin of the patient, and each parti-\\ncle adhering to the skin keeps up a smarting like the pricking of a\\nneedle, thus preventing the patient from finding rest and sleep.\\nWhile cold water would better develop the rubefacient qualities of\\nmustard, yet the cold bath is usually not well borne when the mustard\\nbath is indicated.\\nThe mustard bath is a remedy of great value in many of the dis-\\neases of childhood, especially if there is cerebral irritation and convul-\\nsions threaten or actually occur. It is soothing, quieting, and very\\nuseful in high fevers, convulsions, and restlessness or sleeplessness from\\nany cause. It is often preferable to the internal administration of ano-\\ndynes or soporifics, as it has no evil after-effects. Of course other treat-\\nment may have to accompany its use, except, perhaps, when it is used\\nas a cure for sleeplessness.\\nSIN APIS CAT^ PLASMA.\\nMustard Poultice.\\nMustard Plaster.\\nMix ground black mustard with enough cold water to give the mix-\\nture the proper consistence.\\nA milder mustard poultice may be made by mixing sixty grams (2\\nounces) ground flaxseed with two hundred and forty cubic centimeters (8\\nfluidounces) boiling water, allowing this poultice to become almost cold,\\nand then incorporating sixty grams (2 ounces) ground black mustard.\\nVinegar should not be used in making mustard plasters, nor should\\nhot water be employed, as both prevent the formation of the volatile oil,\\nwhich is the essential constituent of the plaster or poultice.\\nThe poultice should be spread between two thicknesses of thin mus-\\nlin, to facilitate its removal after its effects have been produced.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0941.jp2"}, "942": {"fulltext": "928 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSIN APIS CHAKTA U. S.\\nMustard Paper.\\nPack a convenient quantity of black mustard (No. 60 powder) into\\na percolator and exhaust it by percolation with benzin until the liquid\\npassing through ceases to make permanent grease spots on blotting-\\npaper. Then take the mustard out of the percolator and dry it. When\\ndry mix it with a sufficient quantity of solution of gutta-percha to form\\na semi-liquid mixture. Paint this on suitable pieces of stiff, well-sized\\npaper, on one side only, with a brush, so as to cover the surface well.\\nThen let it dry. The mustard mixture or varnish should be used so\\nthat each 6.5 square centimeters (or 1 square inch) of the finished mus-\\ntard paper contains about forty centigrams (6 grains) of the black\\nmustard. A piece 10 by 12.50 centimeters (4 by 5 inches) would thus\\nrequire eight grams (120 grains) of mustard, and to make ten such\\npieces would require about ninety grams (or 3 ounces) powdered black\\nmustard, allowing for waste.\\nThe object of the exhaustion of the mustard with benzin is to re-\\nmove the fixed oil.\\nThis preparation is an improvement on that of the pharmacopoeia of\\n1870.\\nIt is used as a counter-irritant and is a cleanly substitute for the\\nmustard poultice. When it is to be used it must be dipped into cold\\nor moderately warm water.\\nSinapis Oleum.\\nOil of Mustard Seed.\\nSinapis Oleum Expressum.\\nA pale yellow, bland, fixed oil, expressed from white mustard seed\\nodorless tasteless. Keeps well, being less liable to become rancid than\\nmany other fixed oils.\\nIt is used in large quantities both alone and as an adulterant of\\nolive oil.\\nSinapis Oleum Volatile IT. S.\\nVolatile Oil of Mustard.\\nSinapis JEther oleum Aetherisches Senfol, G.; Essence de moutarde,\\nF. Flyktig Senapsolja y AUyl-sulphocyanide, Rhodan-allyl\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 243.\\nMust be handled carefully as it is extremely acrid.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0942.jp2"}, "943": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 929\\nSIN APIS LINIMEKTUM CQMPOSITUM U. S.\\nCompound Mustard Liniment.\\nDissolve six grams (92 grains) extract of mezereum and eighteen\\ngrams (278 grains) camphor in two hundred and forty cubic centimeters\\n(8 fluidounces) alcohol. Then add nine grams (140 grains) volatile oil\\nof mustard, and forty-five grams (1-J- ounce) castor oil, and finally enough\\nalcohol to make the whole weigh three hundred grams (10 ounces 255\\ngrains, measuring about 12 fluidounces).\\nNew to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. It has long been official in the\\nBritish Pharmacopoeia.\\nRubefacient, counter-irritant, stimulant used in chronic rheuma-\\ntism, etc.\\nSINAPIS SPIKITUS.\\nSpirit of Mustard.\\nMix five grams (77 grains) volatile oil of mustard and two hundred\\nand fifty grams (8 ounces 358 grains, or about 10-^ fluidounces) alcohol.\\nBibulous paper saturated with this spirit is sometimes used exter-\\nnally instead of a mustard poultice.\\nSodium.\\nSodium.\\nNatrium.\\nOccurs in large quantities in combination with chlorine as common\\nsalt sodium chloride.\\nThe metal is obtained in the same manner as potassium by distil-\\nling a mixture of the carbonate with carbon.\\nSodium resembles potassium very much but does not oxidize so\\nreadily. Its affinity for oxygen is, however, sufficiently great to neces-\\nsitate its being kept in petroleum. (See Potassium.)\\nThe salts of sodium are generally colorless or white, and, with very\\nfew exceptions, readily soluble in water. They frequently contain water\\nof crystallization, and many of them effloresce when exposed to the air.\\nSoda; U. S.\\nSoda.\\nSodicus Hydras Sodium Hydrate Natricus Hydras, Natrum Caus-\\nticum, Natron Aetznatron, G. Sonde caustique, F. Sosa caustica,\\nSp. Kaustiht Natron, Sw. Caustic Soda.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 293.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of potassa.\\n59", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0943.jp2"}, "944": {"fulltext": "930 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSODJE LIQITOK; U. S.\\nSolution of Soda.\\nSolutio Sodici Hydratis Solution of Sodic Hydrate Liquor Natri\\nCaicstici, Solutio Hydratis JVatrici Aetznatronlauge, G. Sonde\\ncaustique liquide, F. Solucion de sosa Caustica, Lejia del Jabonero,\\nSp.; Natronlut, Sw.\\nDissolve one hundred and eighty grams (6 ounces 150 grains) so-\\ndium carbonate in four hundred cubic centimeters (13\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of\\nboiling distilled water. Slake sixty grams (2 ounces) lime with four\\nhundred cubic centimeters distilled water, and heat to boiling. Then\\nadd the solution of sodium carbonate to the milk of lime, and continue\\nboiling ten minutes. Then take the vessel from the source of heat,\\ncover it, and when the liquid is cool add enough distilled water to make\\nthe whole weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains). Strain,\\nor after settling draw off the clear solution with a siphon.\\nSolution of soda can also be made by dissolving fifty-six grams (1\\nounce 427 grains) caustic soda in nine hundred and forty-four grams\\n(32 fluidounces) distilled water, and filtering the solution through white\\nfiltering-paper.\\nMust be kept in well-closed bottles, the corks being dipped in melted\\nparaffin, or in glass-stoppered bottles, the stoppers of which have been\\nrubbed over with petrolatum to keep them from sticking fast.\\nDescription- Clear, colorless, inodorous, acrid, caustic, strongly\\nalkaline. Specific gravity 1.059, corresponding to rather more than 8\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaume. It contains five per cent, of sodium hydrate.\\nMedicinal Uses. Very rarely employed internally. Sometimes\\ngiven in the alkaline treatment of rheumatism.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims), largely diluted\\nwith flavored water.\\nSodii Acetas U. S.\\nAcetate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Acetas Sodium Acetate UJssigsaures Natron, G. Acetate de\\nsoude, F. Acetato de sosa, Sp. Attiksyradt Natron, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 293.\\nMust be kept in well-corked bottles to prevent loss of acetic acid.\\nOught also to be put in a cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. Diuretic and antacid. Seldom employed.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains) in solution.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0944.jp2"}, "945": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 931\\nSodii Arsenias U. S.\\nArseniate of Sodium.\\nSee Arsenias Sodii, page 185.\\nSODII AESENIATIS LIQUOR U. S.\\nSolution of Aeseniate of Sodium.\\nSee Arseniatis Sodii Liquor, page 185.\\nSodii Benzoas XT. S.\\nBenzoate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Benzoas Sodium Benzoate.\\nDescription and Tests- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 294.\\nOnly sodium benzoate prepared with true (natural) benzoic acid from\\nbenzoin is to be used. That made from artificial (so-called German\\nbenzoic acid is not officially recognized as fit for medicinal use.\\nNot in the old Pharmacopoeia (1870).\\nThe lithium benzoate is more effective but also more expensive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Those of benzoic acid.\\nDose. One to eight grams (15 to 120 grains) during the day.\\nSodii Bicarbonas U. S.\\nBicarbonate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Bicarbonas Sodium Bicarbonate Natrum Bicarbonicum,\\nNatrum Carbonicum Acidulum Doppelkohlensaures Natron, G.;\\nBicarbonate de Soude, Sel de Vichy, F. Bicarbonato de Sosa, Sp.\\nSurt Kolsyradt Natron, Tvafaldt Kolsyradt Natron, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 295.\\nMust be perfectly white and give a clear solution with distilled\\nwater.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antacid. Often given in heartburn to neutral-\\nize the excess of acid in the stomach. Its action in such cases is merely\\npalliative, as it does not reduce the secretion of gastric juice.\\nGiven before meals it aids digestion by stimulating the secretion of\\ngastric juice.\\nIt may be given to render the urine alkaline, and whenever the use\\nof an antacid is indicated.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0945.jp2"}, "946": {"fulltext": "932 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSAL VICHY EFFEBVESCENS.\\nEffervescent Vichy Salt.\\nMix thoroughly eighty grams (2 ounces 360 grains) sugar, one hun-\\ndred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) citric acid, one hundred and forty\\ngrams (4 ounces 410 grains) bicarbonate of sodium, fifteen grams (230\\ngrains) carbonate of magnesium, nineteen grams (300 grains) carbonate\\nof calcium, thirty grams (1 ounce) chloride of sodium, thirty grams\\nsulphate of sodium, and twelve grams (180 grains) saccharated car-\\nbonate of iron, adding sufficient absolute alcohol to moisten the mass\\nwell. Pass the moist mixture through a No. 6 sieve then separate\\nthe finer portions by means of a No. 20 sieve. Dry the coarsely granu-\\nlated salt which remains after the separation of the fine, using a heat\\nnot exceeding 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nUsed as a substitute for the natural Vichy water, which is an\\nalkaline water much used in some forms of kidney and bladder affec-\\ntions.\\nDose. A teaspoonful dissolved in a glass of water and taken dur-\\ning effervescence.\\nSODII BICABBONATIS TROCHISCI U. S.\\nTroches of Bicarbonate of Sodium.\\nMix thoroughly 19.50 grams (300 grains) bicarbonate of sodium,\\n58.50 grams (900 grains) finely powdered sugar, and one gram (15\\ngrains) finely powdered nutmeg then add a sufficient quantity of\\nmucilage of tragacanth, and form a mass of proper consistence. Divide\\nit into one hundred troches.\\nThese troches are identical with those of the old Pharmacopoeia\\n(1870).\\nSodii Bicarbonas Venalis U. S.\\nCommercial Bicarbonate of Sodium.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, p. 295.\\nDiffers from the pure bicarbonate of sodium in that it is allowed to\\ncontain small quantities of chloride, sulphate, and carbonate of sodium.\\nAt least ninety-five hundredths of this salt must be pure sodium bi-\\ncarbonate, and it must be of a pure white color and give a clear solu-\\ntion with distilled water.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0946.jp2"}, "947": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 933\\nSodii Bisulphis U. S.\\nBisulphite of Sodium.\\nSodicus Bisulphis Sodium Bisulphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 295.\\nAs this salt dissolves in only four times its weight of water, it is to\\nbe preferred to the sulphite of calcium, which is frequently prescribed,\\nbut which is very difficult to dissolve. Both are used only on account\\nof the sulphurous acid contained in them, which is liberated to a\\ngreater or less extent in the body. (See also Magnesii Sulphis.)\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Like other sulphites this preparation is anti-\\nseptic.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nSodii Boras U. S.\\nBorate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Boras Sodium Borate Natrum Biboricum, Biboras Natri-\\ncics, Sodce Biboras Borsaures Natron, G.; Borate de Soude, F.;\\nBorato sodico, Borraj, Sp. Borsyradt Natron, Sw. Borax.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 296.\\nBorax dissolves so slowly in water that it should always be used in\\nthe form of powder for solutions.\\nMedicinal Uses. It is used as an antacid in cases of uric acid\\ndeposits or concretions in the bladder. On account of the boric acid\\nwhich it contains it is also antiseptic, and is employed in solution as\\na mouth-wash in aphthce or thrush, or the powder may be used as a\\ndressing to foul ulcers, or blown into the external meatus in otorrhoea, etc.\\nIt destroys bacteria and other low organisms, and is used as a pre-\\nservative in curing meats and preserving pathological specimens, for\\nwhich purposes, however, the boric acid is far more efficient.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nSodii Bromidum; U. S,\\nBromide of Sodium.\\nSodicum Bromidum Sodium Bromide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 296.\\nNot heretofore official.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as those of bromide of potassium.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains), three to six times a day.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0947.jp2"}, "948": {"fulltext": "934 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSOLUTION FOE DISPENSING PUKPOSES.\\nDissolve two hundred grams (7 ounces 24 grains avoirdupois) of the\\nsodium bromide in enough distilled water to make the finished solution\\nmeasure four hundred cubic centimeters (13|- fluid ounces). Filter.\\nEach cubic centimeter of the solution contains one-half gram of the\\nsalt one hundred and five minims contains fifty grains.\\nSodii Carbonas IT. S.\\nCarbonate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Carbonas Sodium Carbonate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 297.\\nThe official preparation is a good clean grade of the sal soda of\\ncommerce.\\nSal soda is most readily soluble in water at about 38\u00c2\u00b0 C. (100.4\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nA solution which is saturated at that temperature will deposit crys-\\ntals above or below that degree.\\nSodium carbonate is soluble in about an equal weight of glycerin.\\nFor many pharmaceutical uses it is necessary to have a purer sodium\\ncarbonate than the commercial article. Re-crystallization will yield a\\nmuch purer salt but it is extremely difficult to get rid of all the sul-\\nphate which contaminates it.\\nA ten per cent, solution of sodium carbonate has the specific gravity\\n1.1076.\\nUsed to prepare other preparations of sodium.\\nSODII CARBONAS EXSICCATUS U. S.\\nDried Carbonate op Sodium.\\nSodicus Carbonas Exsiccatus Dried Sodium Carbonate.\\nPreparation. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 297.\\nThe process is tedious yet it is necessary to allow the crushed crys-\\ntals to effloresce in the air for several days before exposing the salt to a\\nhigher heat, because if the crystals are allowed to liquefy (dissolve in the\\nwater of crystallization) the subsequent drying will be very difficult.\\nOne gram dried carbonate of sodium is equal to two grams of the\\ncrystallized carbonate of sodium.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antacid. Seldom given internally.\\nThis medicine is occasionally given in the form of pills, but it is too\\nirritant to be used in this manner and is apt to do harm. As this prepa-\\nration is, or should be, only used in dilution, it offers no advantage over", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0948.jp2"}, "949": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 935\\nthe common carbonate of sodium, and should have been dropped from\\nthe Pharmacopoeia.\\nDose- 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains) largely diluted.\\nSodii Chloras IT. S.\\nChlorate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Chloras Sodium Chlorate Natrum Chloricum, Chloras Na-\\ntricus Chlorsaures Natron, G. Chlorate de Sonde, F. Chlorato de\\nSosa, Sp. Klorsyradt Natron, Sw.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 298.\\nAt ordinary temperatures thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce)\\nwater will hold in solution thirty grams (1 ounce 25^ grains) sodium\\nchlorate. A twenty-five per cent, solution has the specific gravity 1.20\\nat 20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nSodium chlorate is sixteen times as soluble as potassium chlorate, of\\nwhich one avoirdupois ounce requires one pint of water for its solution\\nat ordinary room temperature.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of chlorate of potassium.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1 gram (8 to 15 grains).\\nSodii Chloridum IT. S.\\nSodium Chloride.\\nSodieum Chloridum Sodium Chloride Chloretum Natricum, Natrium\\nChloratu?n, Sal Culinare, Sal Commune, Sal Atticum Chlorna-\\ntrium, Kochsaltz, G.; Chlorure de Sodium, Sel commun, F.; Chlo-\\nruro Sodieo, Sal comun, Sp. Klomatrium, Kohsalt, Sw. Common\\nSalt, Kitche?i Salt, Table Salt.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 298. Pure\\nsodium chloride is prescribed, as seen by the tests. Must be dry, odor-\\nless, give a perfectly clear solution with distilled water, and have a pure\\nsalt taste free from bitterness. It does not dissolve any better or faster\\nin hot than in cold water. A mixture of eight pounds common salt\\nwith twenty-five pounds snow will make a freezing mixture capable of\\nlowering the temperature to \u00e2\u0080\u009421\u00c2\u00b0 C. 5\u00c2\u00b0.8 F.). A ten per cent, solu-\\ntion of chloride of sodium has the specific gravity 1.07335 a twenty\\nper cent, solution the specific gravity 1.15107 a twenty-five per cent,\\nsolution, 1.19228 and a twenty-six per cent, solution has the specific\\ngravity 1.20098. (Gerlach.)", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0949.jp2"}, "950": {"fulltext": "936 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOne liter water (34 fluidounces) is capable of dissolving three hun-\\ndred and fifty grams (12 ounces 150 grains) chloride of sodium.\\nUses. It is a common and important article of diet, being either\\ncontained in many articles of food or added as a condiment. Its use is\\nessential to health, if not to life. Seldom employed medicinally. In\\nsolution it is given as an antidote in poisoning with nitrate of silver.\\nA teaspoonful of dry salt is often beneficial in checking hemorrhage\\nfrom the lungs.\\nHalf an ounce of salt in copious draughts of warm water forms an\\neffective emetic when other emetics are not at hand.\\nBaths in salt water may prove valuable cutaneous stimulants in some\\nforms of cachexia, especially if accompanied by a dry and inactive con-\\ndition of the skin.\\nSodii Citras.\\nCitrate of Sodium.\\nA white salt of a pure saline taste, and readily soluble in water. It\\nis used chiefly in the form of solution for pharmaceutical purposes.\\nTaken internally it is a saline purgative, the dose being thirty to sixty\\ngrams (1 to 2 ounces).\\nSODII CITRATIS LIQUOR.\\nSolution of Citrate of Sodium.\\nDissolve sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) citric and enough carbo-\\nnate of sodium to produce a neutral reaction in a sufficient quantity of\\nwater to make the final product measure one hundred and eighty cubic\\ncentimeters (6 fluidounces). It will require from one hundred to one\\nhundred and twenty grams carbonate of sodium.\\nPOTIO EIYEEI; G.\\nDissolve eight grams (124 grains) citric acid in three hundred and\\neighty grams (nearly 13 fluidounces) of disti^ed water, and then add\\ngradually eighteen grams (278 grains) carbonate of sodium in crystals.\\nAs soon as it is dissolved filter it through a loose plug of absorbent cot-\\nton, and bottle at once.\\nMust be freshly prepared whenever wanted for use.\\nThis preparation is about one-third the strength of the official solu-\\ntion of citrate of potassium.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of solution of citrate of potas-\\nsium.\\nDose. Thirty to sixty cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidounces)..", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0950.jp2"}, "951": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 937\\nSodii et Potassii Tartras.\\nTartrate of Sodium a:s t d Potassium.\\nWill be found under the title Potassii et Sodii Tartras.\\nSodii Hy pop ho splii s 17. S.\\nHtpophosphite of Sodium.\\nSo die us Hyp ophosphis So dium Hyp ophosph tie.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 299.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of other hypophosphites, and\\nof phosphates and phosphites. The virtues of the preparation are sup-\\nposed to depend on the phosphorus which it contains.\\nDose. 0.5 to 1.5 gram (10 to 20 grains).\\nSodii HyposulpMs U. S,\\nHyposulphite of Sodium.\\nSodicus HyposulpMs Sodium Hyposulphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 299.\\nMust consist of clear, clean, colorless crystals.\\nThe commercial salt is frequently quite impure.\\nA ten per cent, solution has the specific gravity 1.0529 a twenty-\\nfive per cent, solution, 1.1381 and a fifty per cent, solution, 1.2954.\\nIt is employed in large quantities in photography, and is generally\\nknown in the trade as hypo.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully antiseptic. On account of its prop-\\nerty of destroying lower organisms it is given internally in septic or\\nzymotic diseases, scarlatina, diphtheria, pycemia, sarcina ventriculi, etc.;\\nexternally, in solution, as a wash to destroy vegetable or animal para-\\nsites which oive rise to cutaneous diseases.\\no\\nIn combination with aconite it is often given in tonsillitis and mumps\\nto limit inflammation and prevent suppuration. For the latter purpose\\nit is also given in any case of threatened or actually occurring suppura-\\ntion.\\nDose. One gram (15 grains).\\nSODII HYPOSULPHITIS LOTIO.\\nA very good antiseptic lotion for cosmetic and other uses is made by\\ndissolving sixty grams (2 ounces) hyposulphite of sodium and three\\ngrams (15 grains) pure carbolic acid in one hundred and fifty cubic cen-\\ntimeters (5 fluidounces) glycerin, and then adding one hundred and fifty\\ncubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) rose-water.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0951.jp2"}, "952": {"fulltext": "938 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSodii Iodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Sodium.\\nSodicum Iodidum Sodium Iodide; Natrium Iodatum, Iodetum\\nNatricum.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 300.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoaia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of iodide of potassium.\\nDose- One to two grams (15 to 30 grains) several times a day.\\nSodii Nitras U. S.\\nNitrate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Nitras Sodium Nitrate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 300.\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly laxative. Has been recommended as a\\nremedy in dysentery, but it is very rarely employed.\\nIts solution has been used as a spray to dissolve croupous or diph-\\ntheritic membranes, but with questionable results.\\nDose. Fifteen to sixty grams (-J to 2 ounces) during the day.\\nSodii Pliosplias: U. S.\\nPhosphate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Pliosphas Sodium Phosphate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 301.\\nYields, when strongly heated, a little over thirty-seven per cent,\\npyrophosphate of sodium.\\nShould consist of clear (not effloresced) crystals.\\nMedicinal Uses. Mild saline purgative. Useful in that form of\\nderangement of the intestinal secretions resulting in offensive greenish\\ndischarges. Also used as an antacid, and, like other phosphates, with a\\nview of obtaining the nervine effects of the phosphorus.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.5 gram (2 to 8 grains) for children, best given in\\nmilk to thirty grams (1 ounce) for adults,\\nSodii Pyrophosphas U. S.\\nPyrophosphate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Pyrophosphate Sodium Pyrophosphate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 301. Ob-\\ntained from phosphate of sodium by heating.\\nNot in the old Pharmacopoeia. Used only for making other pyro-\\nphosphates, especially the pyrophosphate of iron.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0952.jp2"}, "953": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 939\\nSodii Salicylas U. S.\\nSalicylate of Sodium.\\nSodieus Salicylas Sodium Salicylate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, pages 301 and\\n302.\\nIs frequently of a dirty grayish color. Should be very nearly or\\nquite white, and have an almost neutral reaction.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nMedicinal Uses. Those of salicylic acid. This salt is better tol-\\nerated by the stomach than is the acid.\\nDose. 0.3 to 2 grams (5 to 30 grains), several times a day.\\nSodii Silicatis Liquor U. S.\\nSolution of Silicate of Sodium.\\nWater Glass.\\nA clear, colorless, or pale yellowish, syrupy liquid, which is odorless,\\nbut has a sharp salty taste and alkaline reaction. Specific gravity from\\n1.30 to 1.40, corresponding to from 34\u00c2\u00b0 to 42\u00c2\u00b0 Baume.\\nMust not be caustic to the skin. Should be kept in well-corked\\nbottles.\\nUsed in preparing surgical dressings, by applying to bandages. It\\nis lighter than plaster-of-Paris dressings.\\nSodii Sulphas U. S.\\nSulphate of Sodium.\\nSodieus Sulphas Sodium Sulphate Scd Glauberi Glauber s Salt.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 302.\\nMust be kept in a cool place.\\nMedicinal Uses. An active purgative, formerly much used in\\nsome forms of gastric and hepatic troubles, especially if of a catarrhal\\nnature.\\nDose. Fifteen to thirty grams to 1 ounce), in solution, flavored\\nwith syrup of citric acid to moderate its bitterness.\\nSAL OAELSBADENSE FACTITIUM Sw.\\nCarlsbad Salt.\\nArtificial Carlsbad salt is very extensively used in Europe. It is\\nmade by mixing thirty grams (1 ounce) chloride of sodium, ninety", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0953.jp2"}, "954": {"fulltext": "940 A COMPANION TO THE\\ngrams (3 ounces) bicarbonate of sodium, and three hundred grams (10\\nounces) sulphate of sodium. All these ingredients must be very thor-\\noughly dried and powdered before being mixed.\\nShould be kept in a well-corked bottle.\\nDose. Teaspoonful in a glass of water.\\nSodii Sulphis; U. S.\\nSulphite of Sodium.\\nSodicus Sulphis Sodium Sulphite.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 303.\\nMedicinal Uses- Same as of the hyposulphite.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains).\\nSodii Sulphocarbolas U. S.\\nSuLPHOCARBOLATE OF SODIUM.\\nSodicus Sulphocarbolas Sodium Sidptho-carbolate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 303.\\nMedicinal Uses. Emj}loyed internally for the same purposes as\\ncarbolic acid. Its action is weaker and less reliable than that of the\\nacid, but it is less irritating.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nSodii Tartras.\\nTartrate of Sodium.\\nSodicus Tartras Sodium Tartrate.\\nA preparation of sodium tartrate is in general use under the name of\\nSODA POWDEES.\\nEach soda powder consists of two parts, one being two grams (30\\ngrains) bicarbonate of sodium put up in a blue paper, and the other 1.G0\\ngram (25 grains) powdered tartaric acid in a white paper.\\nWhen used the two papers are emptied into a half tumblerful of\\nwater, the mixture is stirred hastily and then taken at once.\\nThe preparation was official in the old Pharmacopoeia (1870) under\\nthe title of Pulveres Effervescentes.\\nMedicinal Uses. Antacid. Used like Seidlitz powders. The\\ncarbonic acid which is swallowed during the effervescence of the solu-\\ntion acts as a sedative to the stomach and allavs nausea and vomiting.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0954.jp2"}, "955": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 941\\nSolidag o.\\nSOLIDAGO.\\nSolidaginis Herha Golden Rod.\\nOrigin. Solidago odora, Aiton {Composite\u00c2\u00ae).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. Leaves and flowering tops.\\nDescription. The leaves are three to five centimeters (1 to 2\\ninches) long-, entire, sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acute, pellucid-punctate\\nthe flower-heads are numerous, small, in one-sided racemes florets yel-\\nlow, with a bristly down odor and taste aromatic, sweet, reminding of\\nanise.\\nConstituent. Volatile oil\\nMedicinal Uses. Slightly stimulant and carminative. Copious\\ndraughts of warm infusion produce diaphoresis, on account of the warm\\nwater taken.\\nThe fluid extract is often used as a flavoring excipient.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains) best given in fluid ex-\\ntract made with diluted alcohol as a menstruum.\\nSOLIDAGINIS EXTEACTUM.\\nExteact of Solidago.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nSolutiones.\\nSolutions.\\nIn many pharmacopoeias all solutions of chemicals in water are styled\\nsolutiones instead of liquores, as in the United States Pharmaco-\\npoeia. We prefer the title solutio as more appropriate and signifi-\\ncant than the vague title liquor.\\nSpecies.\\nSpecies.\\nTeas.\\nMixtures of comminuted vegetable drugs intended for making in-\\nfusions.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0955.jp2"}, "956": {"fulltext": "942 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSpigelia U. S.\\nSpigelia.\\nSpigelian Radix Pink Boot.\\nOrigin. Spigelia marilandica, Linne {Loganiaceod).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 304.\\nSpigelia is very dark-colored almost blackish-gray. Taste bitter,\\nnot terebinthinate.\\nConstituents- Volatile oil, a bitter substance, resin, etc. De-\\nserves further analysis.\\nMedicinal Uses. Spigelia is an anthelmintic employed to expel\\nlumbrici, or round worms. Occasionally it acts as a cathartic. If spi-\\ngelia fails to act on the bowels it may produce narcotic effects, such as\\npain in the forehead, strabismus, loss of sight, tremor, or even convul-\\nsions and death. Such effects may be entirely obviated by giving this\\nremedy in combination with some cathartic, as senna, or jalap, and it\\nshould never be administered without such addition. (See Spigelias et\\nSennge Extractum Fluidum.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given as fluid\\nextract.\\nSPIGELIJE EXTEACTUM.\\nExtract of Spigelia.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nSPIGELLE EXTEACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Spigelia\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. GO powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5f fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0956.jp2"}, "957": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 943\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14-|- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nSPIGELIA ET SEKNJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM;\\nPhar. 1870.\\nFluid Extract of Spigelia and Senna.\\nFluid Extract of Pink Root and Senna.\\nMix one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (5 fluidounces) fluid ex-\\ntract of spigelia, ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) fluid extract\\nof senna, 0.65 cubic centimeter (10 minims) volatile oil of anise, and\\n0.65 cubic centimeter volatile oil of caraway. Shake well.\\nUsed as a vermifuge.\\nDose- About five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nSPIGELLE INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Spigelia.\\nFrom twenty grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. From twenty-five cubic centimeters (6 fluidrachms) for a\\nchild of one year, to two hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (-J- pint)\\nfor an adult.\\nSPIGELLE INFUSUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Infusion of Spigelia.\\nWorm Tea.\\nMake an infusion of fifteen grams (230 grains) bruised spigelia, ten\\ngrams (154 grains) cut senna, ten grams bruised fennel, and thirty\\ngrams (460 grains) manna with five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluid-\\nounces) boiling water, macerating until cold.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1J to 5\\nfluidounces).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0957.jp2"}, "958": {"fulltext": "944 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSpiritus.\\nSpieits.\\nAt present an indefinite class of preparations, some spirits being\\nalcoholic liquids obtained by distillation (brandy, whiskey), while others\\nare solutions of volatile oils in alcohol, and others again are alcoholic\\nsolutions of other volatile subtances, as ammonia, ethyl nitrite, etc.\\nSpiritus Frumenti U. S.\\nWhiskey.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 308.\\nThe whiskey of the Pharmacopoeia is to be at least two years old.\\nIt may be either rye whiskey, Bourbon whiskey (from corn), or whiskey\\ndistilled from fermented wheat. It should have a specific gravity of\\nbetween 0.930 and 0.917, and contain from forty-four to fifty per cent.\\nby weight (or fifty to fifty-eight per cent, by volume) of alcohol, show-\\ning one hundred to one hundred and sixteen degrees proof on the alco-\\nholometer scale.\\nWhiskey contains more or less of volatile oils and ethers derived\\nfrom the grain, and differing according to the kind of grain employed\\nin its manufacture. Thus rye whiskey has a different flavor from Bour-\\nbon or corn whiskey.\\nAmylic alcohol (fusel oil) is a most objectionable impurity in whis-\\nkey.\\nFor medicinal purposes it would seem that pure diluted alcohol\\n(neutral spirit) must be far safer and better than whiskey or brandy.\\nSpiritus Odoratus U. S.\\nPerfumed Spirit.\\nCologne Water Eau de Cologne.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia gives the following formula for Cologne water\\nfor use in sick rooms\\nMix nine hundred and forty cubic centimeters (32 fluidounces) alco-\\nhol with two cubic centimeters fluidrachm) acetic ether, sixteen cubic\\ncentimeters fluidounce) oil of bergamot, eight cubic centimeters\\nfluidounce) oil of lemon, eight cubic centimeters oil of rosemary, four\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidrachm) oil of lavender flowers, and four cubic\\ncentimeters oil of orange flowers then add one hundred and fifty cubic\\ncentimeters (5 fluidounces) water. Shake well. Set aside for a week.\\nThen filter.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0958.jp2"}, "959": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 945\\nThe product is a refreshing perfumed spirit. It differs from the best\\nCologne waters made in not containing oil of neroli, which is a charac-\\nteristic constituent.\\nSpiritus Vini Gallici U. S.\\nBeandy.\\nCognac.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 311.\\nPure grape brandy at least four years old is the official article.\\nIt is well understood that the fancy bouquet or flavor of the most\\npopular brands of French brandy is altogether artificial that is, that it\\nis imparted by mixtures of ether added to the distilled brandy.\\nGood pure grape brandy is now made in California.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of alcohol.\\nDose. Fifteen to sixty cubic centimeters (J to 2 fluidounces).\\nSpongia.\\nSponge.\\nSchwamm, G.; lSpo?ige, F.; Swamp, Sw.\\nOrigin- Spongia officinalis, Linne.\\nHabitat. The Mediterranean and the Gulf of Mexico.\\nTurkey sponges are the finest, and especially the so-called cup-\\nsponges. They are imported from the Mediterranean. Sheep s wool\\nsponges make excellent bathing sponges, being sometimes of very\\nlarge size. These two kinds are soft, and are the only ones used for any\\nmedicinal purpose. So-called surgeon s sponges are cup-shaped\\nTurkey sponges.\\nBahama, Florida, and Nassau sponges are more or less hard, harsh,\\nand tear easily. Sand, gravel, and calcareous matter must be carefully\\nremoved, and the sponge washed out with clean warm water before it is\\nfit for use.\\nSponges are sometimes bleached to improve their appearance al-\\nways, however, at the expense of their quality. This is done with solu-\\ntion of chlorinated soda, chlorinated lime, chlorine water, or by sul-\\nphurous acid generated from hyposulphite of sodium by the addition of\\nhydrochloric acid. When these agents are used the sponge should\\nafterward be washed in a weak solution of sal soda, then in water\\nslightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and finally in a large quantity\\nof hot water. The least objectionable process for bleaching sponges is\\n60", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0959.jp2"}, "960": {"fulltext": "946 A COMPANION TO THE\\nto first put them in a solution of permanganate of potassium (20 grams\\nto each liter, or 1 ounce to 3 pints), and afterward in a solution of oxalic\\nacid (also 20 grains to a liter of water, or 1 ounce to 3 pints), to which\\na little sulphuric acid has been added, the bleached sponge to be after-\\nward thoroughly washed with warm water, and finally dried.\\nUses. Sponges are used mainly for cleansing and washing. If\\nused for cleansing wounds they should be clean new sponges, to avoid\\nthe introduction of septic materials into a healthy wound.\\nSponge-grafting is a process consisting in the introduction of\\ncarefully cleaned and disinfected sponge into a cavity or deep ulcer,\\nwhich must heal by granulation, and has been practised in cases in which\\nthe granulations appeared to be weak and flabby, with a tendency to\\nbreak down. The meshes of the sponge afford support to the forming\\ngranulations which surround the sponge, the substance of which is ab-\\nsorbed in the same way as carbolized cat-gut ligatures may be absorbed.\\nSPONGI^E CEKATJ2.\\nSponge-Tents.\\nPrepared by freeing finely porous sponge from foreign substances,\\ndrying it, and cutting it into the required shape, dipping the pieces into\\nmelted yellow wax, forcibly compressing them between heated plates,\\nand, when cold, removing the superfluous wax. They may also, and\\npreferably, be made by running a wire or knitting-needle lengthwise\\nthrough the sponge, then soaking in wax and wrapping with tape or\\nstring into a conical shape when cold, the tape is unwrapped, the wire\\nwithdrawn, and the sponge-tent finished by trimming and smoothing\\nwith a sharp knife. They are used to dilate the mouth of the womb,\\nsinuses, etc., which is effected by introducing them into the small canal,\\nwhen they absorb moisture and gradually swell.\\nSPONGI^E COMPRESS^.\\nCompressed Sponge.\\nMade from fine sponge by cutting it into long pieces, moistening\\nthese with hot water, then winding them around very tightly with twine,\\nand drying them in that condition, the twine not to be removed until\\nthe sponge is to be used.\\nUsed for the same purposes as sponge-tents. They dilate much more\\nrapidly.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0960.jp2"}, "961": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 947\\nSPONG1A USTA.\\nBurnt Sponge.\\nHeat clean dry sponge cut into small pieces in a covered crucible\\nuntil vapors cease to go off.\\nThe product consists of about forty per cent, carbon, twenty-five to\\nthirty per cent, calcium carbonate, ten per cent, silica, nine per cent,\\nferrous oxide, about one-half to two per cent, potassium and sodium\\niodides and bromides, and small quantities of magnesium carbonate, po-\\ntassium chloride, and calcium phosphate.\\nFormerly used internally for the same purposes for which the iodides\\nare now given, goitre, glandular enlargements, etc.\\nStannum.\\nTin.\\nThe salts are white, generally insoluble in water. The chlorides dis-\\nsolve in water to which free hydrochloric acid has been added.\\nStannous chloride crystallized Muriate of Tin is used in dyeing.\\nSolution of Muriate of Tin (containing the stannic chloride) is also\\nused in dyeing and is made by dissolving the metal in a mixture of hy-\\ndrochloric and nitric acids.\\nStanni Chloridimi.\\nChloride of Tin.\\nStannicum Chloridum /Stannic Chloride, Muriate of Tin.\\nA white, crystalline, moist salt, soluble in water acidulated with\\nmuch hydrochloric acid, but decomposed when brought in contact with\\nwater alone. It is very caustic and poisonous.\\nSTANNI CHLORIDI LIQUOR\\nSolution of Chloride of Tin.\\nAn acid solution of chloride of tin, having a specific gravity of\\n1.317. It may be made by dissolving one hundred and ten grams (3\\nounces 384 grains) crystallized chloride of tin in a mixture of two hun- i\\ndred and forty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) hydrochloric acid and\\ntwelve hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (44 fluidounces) distilled\\nwater.\\nIt is used in dyeing.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0961.jp2"}, "962": {"fulltext": "948 A COMPANION TO THE\\nStaphisagria U. S.\\nStaphisagkia.\\nStapMsagrice Semina Stavesacre.\\nOrigin. Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne (Ranunculacece).\\nHabitat. Mediterranean countries.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n311. See also the figures here given.\\nConstituents. The alkaloids delphinine and\\nstaphisaine y also twenty per cent, fixed oil, etc.\\nDelphinine is white, soluble in ether, chloroform,\\nacre, G natural BizTancTen- benzol- Staphisaine is yellow, insoluble in ether,\\nlarged. Both alkaloids are acrid very poisonous. The\\nfixed oil is bland when pure, but when extracted from the seeds by\\nmeans of ether it contains the poisonous alkaloids.\\nProperties and Uses. Staphisagria is said to possess diuretic,\\ncathartic, and emetic properties. It has been used externally in pru-\\nrigo with success. Its principal use is for killing vermin.\\nSTAPHISAGRIA EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Staphisagria.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.20 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nStearinum.\\nStearin.\\nTri-slearate of Glyceryl.\\nThe solid part of most fats is chiefly stearin. White, hard, crystal-\\nline (in laminae). It is obtained in a crude state from mutton-suet by\\nremoving the olein from it by means of ether. The residue is stearin,\\nwith some palmitih.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0962.jp2"}, "963": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 949\\nStilling ia; U.S.\\nStillingia.\\nStillingim Radix Queen s Hoot, Queen s Delight.\\nOrigin. Stillingia sylvatica, Linne (Miphorbiaceoe).\\nHabitat. The southern portions of the United States.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. A long root, sometimes as much as five centimeters\\n(2 inches) thick, usually cut in transverse segments of about five centi-\\nmeters (2 inches) length tough, wrinkled, grayish-brown, with thick\\nbark and a porous wood. The inner bark shows numerous resin-cells.\\nOdor disagreeable taste bitter, acrid.\\nConstituents. The only noteworthy constituent is the soft, pun-\\ngent resin, soluble in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. In large doses this drug is an emetico-cathartic,\\nbut in smaller doses is said to be a valuable alterative and stimulant of\\nthe secretions. It has been used with reputed success in syphilis,\\nscrofula, and in hepatic derangements.\\nDose. One to four grams (15 to 60 grains), in powder, or prefer-\\nably in the form of fluid extract.\\nSTILLINGICE EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Stillingia.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrownish-red.\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains) three times a day.\\nSTILLINGICE EXTKACTUM FLITIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Stillingia.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 5-f fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0963.jp2"}, "964": {"fulltext": "950 A COMPANION TO THE\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J- fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum\\nto make the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2|- fluidrachms).\\nSTILLINGLE EXTRACTUM FLTJIDUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Fluid Extract of Stillingia.\\nMix one hundred and thirty grams (4 ounces 255 grains) stillingia,\\none hundred and thirty grams corydalis, sixty grams (20 ounces 50\\ngrains) chimaphila, sixty grams iris versicolor, sixty grams sambucus,\\nthirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) xanthoxylum berries, and thirty grams\\ncoriander, all reduced to No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMake five hundred cubic centimeters (17 fluidounces) finished fluid\\nextract.\\nUsed in syphilis, scrofula, etc., generally in combination with po-\\ntassium iodide.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nSTILLINGIA SYRUPUS COMPOSITTJS.\\nCompound Syrup op Stillingia.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) compound fluid extract\\nof stillingia with ninety cubic centimeters (3 fluidounces) simple syrup.\\nDose. Five to thirty cubic centimeters (1 to 8 fluidrachms).\\nStramonii Folia U. S.\\nStramonium Leaves.\\nThornapple, Stinkweed, Jimsonweed, E. Stechapfel, G.; Stramoines,F.\\nOrigin. Datura Stramonium, Linne (Solan acece).\\nHabitat. North America, Europe, and most other countries.\\nDescription. See Fig. 519. They retain their green (or grayish-\\ngreen) color better than belladonna, hyoscyamus, and tobacco. The\\nsides of the leaf and the venation are generally unsymmetrical. The\\nlateral veins proceed from the midrib at a sharp angle without first", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0964.jp2"}, "965": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n951\\nrunning parallel with it. They are much wrinkled and broken, so that\\nthey can hardly be recognized except by the above signs in connection\\nwith the disagreeable narcotic odor developed by rubbing the leaves.\\nWithout rubbing or powdering the drug is inodorous the taste is bit-\\nter and nauseous.\\nConstituents. From two one-hundredthsto three one-hundredths\\nFig. 519.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stramonium Leaf, half size.\\nper cent, of the alkaloid daturine, which is closely allied to atropine,\\nand has the same medicinal properties, but is twice as strong.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stramonium leaves may be used as an anodyne\\nnarcotic and a hypnotic, in spasmodic and painful affections; such as\\nneuralgia, spasmodic cough, or asthma, etc. Externally the powdered\\nleaves are often applied as an anodyne poultice.\\nBut the most valuable action of stramonium is the power it possesses", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0965.jp2"}, "966": {"fulltext": "952 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof relieving spasmodic asthma when smoked. For this purpose about\\none gram (15 grains) of the dried leaves are mixed with tobacco and\\nsmoked in a pipe, or cigarettes or cigars may be soaked in a strong de-\\ncoction of stramonium leaves and then dried. In this form they may\\nbe preserved until wanted for use.\\nExternally they are used as anodyne poultices or fomentations.\\nDose of the powdered leaves, 0.05 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains)\\naverage dose about 0.1 gram (2 grains).\\nSTRAMONII FOLIORUM EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Stramonium Leaf.\\nEvaporate the fluid extract of stramonium leaves to the consistence\\nof extract.\\nGreenish-brown. Yield about twenty per cent.\\nChiefly used externally.\\nDose. About 0.03 to 0.06 gram (-J- to 1 grain), two or three times\\na day.\\nSTRAMONII FOLIORUM EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Stramonium Leaves.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about 12|- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3J fluidounces) of water.\\nDose-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.1 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nSTRAMONII FOLIORUM RECENTIUM EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Fresh Stramonium Leaves.\\nBruise fresh stramonium leaves in a stone mortar, press out the\\njuice, heat it gradually to 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (131\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and separate the chlorophyll\\n(green coloring matter) by means of a muslin strainer. Evaporate the\\nstrained liquid to a syrupy consistence. Then reincorporate the chlor-\\nophyll and evaporate the whole to a soft extract.\\nThis extract makes a handsome-looking ointment, but not the offi-\\ncial stramonium ointment, which is made from the extract of stramo-\\nnium seed.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0966.jp2"}, "967": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n953\\nStramonii Semen U. S.\\nSteamonium Seed.\\nDescription. See illustrations.\\nBrownish-black internally whitish and\\noily inodorous bitter.\\nConstituents. About one-tenth\\nper cent of daturine about twenty-five\\nper cent, fixed oil resin, gum, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of stra-\\nmonium leaves.\\nDose. About half as much as of the leaves.\\nFigs. 520-523.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stramonium Seed,\\nnatural size, enlarged, and longitudi-\\nnal and transverse sections, both en-\\nlarged.\\nSTRAMONII [SEMINIS] EXTRACTUM; U. S.\\nExteact of Steamonium [Seed].\\nMoisten five hundred grams (17f avoirdupois ounces) of stramonium\\nseed, in No. 30 powder, with one hundred and fifty grams (5-f fluid-\\nounces) of diluted alcohol. Pack tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nAdd more menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Percolate. Re-\\nserve four hundred and fifty grams (about 16 fluidounces) of first perco-\\nlate. Continue percolation to exhaustion, or until one thousand and\\nfifty grams (about 36 to 40 fluidounces) second percolate has been re-\\nceived. Evaporate the second percolate to fifty grams (1|- ounce) at a\\ntemperature not above 50\u00c2\u00b0 C. (122\u00c2\u00b0 F.). Mix the residue with the first\\npercolate. Evaporate to extract. No glycerin is added.\\nGreenish-brown. Yield about twelve per cent. Chiefly used ex-\\nternally.\\nDose. 0.025 to 0.03 gram (about grain).\\nSTRAMONII [SEMINIS] EXTRACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Exteact of Steamonium [Seed].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\nthree hundred grams (about fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3|- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred grams (about 4 fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0967.jp2"}, "968": {"fulltext": "954 A COMPANION TO THE\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^ fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.05 to 0.2 cubic centimeter (1 to 3 minims).\\nSTRAMONII [SEMHSTIS] TINCTURA; U.S.\\nTincture of Stramonium [Seed].\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) stramonium seed, in No. 40 powder,\\nwith thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) diluted alcohol. Macerate\\ntwenty-four hours. Then pack it tightly into a cylindrical percolator\\nand percolate with diluted alcohol until three hundred cubic centimeters\\n(10 fluidounces) of tincture has been obtained.\\nThis tincture is thirty-three per cent, weaker than the correspond-\\ning preparation of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870.\\nIt is brown by transmitted light, with a greenish fluorescence by re-\\nflected light.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nSTRAMONII UNGUENTUM; U. S.\\nStramonium Ointment.\\nTriturate three grams (46 grains) extract of stramonium seed with\\n1.50 gram (23 grains) water until reduced to a uniform soft paste then\\ngradually mix with it 25.50 grams (394 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nThis ointment is brown. The old Pharmacopoeia (1870) did not state\\nwhether extract of stramonium leaves or extract of stramonium seed\\nshould be used in making the stramonium ointment. We believe that\\nthe extract of stramonium leaves was the one most used.\\nStrontium.\\nStrontium.\\nOne of the alkaline earth metals, the salts of which are many of\\nthem insoluble in water, resembling closely the salts of barium. Nitrate\\nand chloride are soluble.\\nThe nitrate is much used in the preparation of red Bengal light.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0968.jp2"}, "969": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 955\\nStrychnina? U. S.\\nStrychnine.\\nStrychnia.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 312.\\nThis extremely poisonous alkaloid is obtained from both nux vomica\\nand ignatia, and has also been found in other plants pi the natural order\\nLoganiacece.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of nux vomica, the action of which\\ndepends on the strychnine which it contains.\\nStrychnine is intensely bitter, and is used in small doses as a bitter\\ntonic. In larger, but still medicinal, doses, it is a motor excitant, and\\nis used in cases of paralysis to stimulate the muscles involved. Its\\nmost beneficial action is exerted when the paralysis is due to want of\\nexercise, as in a fractured limb after the bandages are removed or in\\nperipheral paralyses, as in cases of chronic lead or mercury poisoning,\\nor after diphtheria, etc. When the paralysis is due to cerebral troubles,\\nthe administration of strychnine is seldom of use, and often productive\\nof harm.\\nIn chronic constipatio?i due to atonic conditions of the bowels, or\\nin incontinence of urine from want of tone in the vesical sphincter, nux\\nvomica (or strychnine) is often of marked benefit.\\nIt is used as an antidote in poisoning from chloral hydrate.\\nPoisonous Effects. When given in excessive doses strychnine is\\na powerful poison, acting on the spinal cord and nerves and causing\\nviolent tetanoid contractions of the muscles. If death occurs it is due\\nto asphyxia, owing to the inability of the patient to exhale, the muscles\\nof respiration remaining fixedly contracted.\\nAntidotal treatment consists in prompt evacuation of the stom-\\nach and the administration of chemical or physiological antidotes.\\nTannic acid has been used as a chemical antidote, but the physiological\\nantidotes, tobacco, chloral, inhalations of chloroform or of ether, etc.,\\npromise more favorable results.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.001 to 0.003 gram to V grain).\\nSTRYCHNINE OLEATUM.\\nOleate of Strychnine.\\nDissolve two grams (31 grains) strychnine in ninety-eight grams\\n(1,469 grains) oleic acid by triturating them together in a mortar.\\nContains two per cent, strychnine.\\nApplied externally for local paralyses, etc.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0969.jp2"}, "970": {"fulltext": "956 A COMPANION TO THE\\nStryclminse Acetas.\\nAcetate of Strychnine.\\nSmall white crystals, soluble in sixty parts of water.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.001 to 0.005 gram to T V grain).\\nStryclminse Nitras.\\nNitrate of Strychnine.\\nWhite, or colorless, shining crystals, permanent in the air. Soluble\\nin sixty parts water.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.001 to 0.005 gram (-fa to grain).\\nStryclminse Sulphas IT. S.\\nSulphate of Strychnine.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 313.\\nProbably the most uniform, permanent, and readily soluble of all\\nthe strychnine salts.\\nMedicinal Uses. The most frequently employed salt of strychnine.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.001 to 0.005 gram to T V grain).\\nStyrax U. S.\\nStorax.\\nStyracibalsamum, Styraeis Balsamum Styrax Liquidus Liquid\\nStorax.\\nOrigin. Liquidambar orientalis, Miller {HamamelacecB).\\nHabitat. Asia Minor.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 313.\\nIt is a true balsam.\\nConstituents. Styrol, cinnamic acid, styracin, and other cinna-\\nmic ethers, resin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, blennorrhetic, and expectorant.\\nDose. About one gram (15 grains) several times a day.\\nSTYRACIS TLSTCTURA COMPOSITA.\\nCompound Tincture of Storax.\\nTurlington s Balsam.\\nDigest for ten days two grams (30 grains) angelica root, four grams\\n(GO grains) powdered myrrh, four grams socotrine aloes, eight grams", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0970.jp2"}, "971": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 957\\n(123 grains) balsam of Peru, fifteen grams (230 grains) balsam of Tolu,\\nfifteen grams storax, fifteen grams powdered extract of glycyrrhiza, and\\nforty-five grams (1-| ounce) powdered benzoin with one thousand cubic\\ncentimeters (34 fluidounces) alcohol. Strain and filter.\\nUsed externally as an application to cuts and bruises.\\nSucci.\\nJuices.\\nThere were formerl} T used several juices from fresh plants. The\\nfresh drug was bruised, the juice then forcibly expressed and mixed\\nwith a certain quantity of alcohol. The addition of the alcohol served\\nto precipitate gum, pectin, and albuminous matters, and to preserve the\\npreparation. They could not but be crude, variable preparations.\\nSuccinum.\\nAmber.\\nOrigin. A fossil from Pinites succinifer, Gasppert (Coniferce),\\nnow extinct.\\nGeographical Source. Southern shores of the Baltic.\\nDescription. Irregular pieces, usually rough on the surface. Yel-\\nlowish, brownish, reddish, ancl from opaque to transparent. Fracture\\nglossy. Inodorous and tasteless. Melts when heated and gives off:\\nfragrant vapors of succinic acid and volatile oil. Soluble in chloroform,\\nand to a limited extent in alcohol, ether, and volatile oils.\\nConstituents. Succinic acid and resin.\\nNot used medicinally in this form. Pieces of amber formerly shared\\nthe reputation of the potato or buckeye, of warding off rheumatism,\\netc., if carried in the pockets.\\nSuccini Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Amber.\\nRectified Oil of Amber.\\nPrepared by distillation from the empyreumatic oil of amber (see\\nSuccini Pyroleum).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 243.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -Stimulant, antispasmodic. Has been used in\\nconvulsions, epilepsy, hysteria, etc. Also in amenorrhcea.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Five to ten drops.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0971.jp2"}, "972": {"fulltext": "958 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSuccini Pyroleum.\\nEmpyreumatic Oil of Amber.\\nCrude Oil of Amber.\\nA dark brown, somewhat thick, empyreumatic liquid, having a green-\\nish fluorescence. Odor disagreeable, persistent, smoky, aromatic. It\\nis lighter than water (specific gravity 0.86 to 0.93), has a neutral or only\\nslightly acid reaction, and is soluble in alcohol.\\nConstituents. Several fatty acids, resins, volatile oil, etc.\\nLINIMENTUM BEITANNICUM.\\nBritish Oil.\\nThis is a mixture, formerly very complicated, now usually prepared\\nfrom equal parts of crude oil of amber, lubricating oil (or crude petro-\\nleum), turpentine, and flaxseed oil.\\nUsed in sprains and bruises.\\nSulphur.\\nSulphur.\\nSchicefel, G. Sou/re, F. Svafvel^ Sw. Brimstone, E.\\nA large portion of the sulphur of commerce is obtained by roasting\\niron pyrites. The sulphur is cast in moulds, either into cylindrical\\nsticks, or square blocks, or cakes.\\nBrimstone is hard and brittle, light-yellow, has a faint peculiar odor,\\nespecially when rubbed, and no taste. Melts at 113 to 113.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (235.4\u00c2\u00b0\\nto 236\u00c2\u00b0 F.). One hundred grams carbon bisulphide will at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\ndissolve thirty-seven grams sulphur, and at 55\u00c2\u00b0 C. (131\u00c2\u00b0 F.) 181.34\\ngrams. It dissolves sparingly in oil of turpentine, chloroform, benzol,\\nether, acetic acid, and in fixed and volatile oils, Burns with a blue\\nflame, sulphurous acid fumes being formed.\\nSulphurous acid gas being a powerful disinfectant, burning sulphur\\nis used for fumigating infected ships, houses, and confined spaces gen-\\nerally.\\nSulphur Lotum; XT. S.\\nWashed Sulphur.\\nSublimed sulphur usually has an acid taste and reaction from adher-\\ning sulphuric acid. To remove this and any arsenical compounds it is\\nwashed with water, to which has been added a little water of ammonia,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0972.jp2"}, "973": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 959\\nas prescribed under the title Sulphur Lotum in the Pharmacopoeia, page\\n314.\\nMust be well dried, as it may otherwise become acid again.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 315.\\nMedicinal Uses. When taken internally it acts as a mild laxa-\\ntive, producing soft, pulpy stools. It is often given, alone or in combi-\\nnation with cream of tartar and senna, in piles and other diseases of the\\nrectum.\\nExternally it is often applied in ointment as a cure for itch and some\\nother forms of skin disease. It has been claimed that sulphur ointment\\ncures itch by the fat filling the breathing pores of the insects and thus\\nasphyxiating them.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As a laxative, five to fifteen grams (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nSULPHUEIS CONFECTIO.\\nConfection of Sulphur.\\nMix forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) washed sulphur, ten grams\\n(154 grains) bitartrate of potassium, and a sufficient quantity of syrup\\nof orange peel to make a thick paste (say about 30 cubic centimeters,\\nor 1 fluidounce).\\nDose. Tablespoonful or more.\\nSULPHUEIS UNGUENTUM ALKALINUM U. S.\\nAlkaline Sulphur Ointment.\\nTriturate thirty grams (1 ounce) washed sulphur and fifteen grams\\n(J ounce) carbonate of potassium with 7.50 cubic centimeters (2 fluid-\\nounces) water until well mixed. Then add gradually 97.50 grams (3^\\nounces) benzoinated lard, and mix the whole thoroughly.\\nUsed as an itch cure.\\nSULPHUEIS UNGUENT UM SAPONATUM.\\nSulphur and Green Soap.\\nItch Ointment,\\nTriturate together one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) washed\\nsulphur and three hundred grams (10 ounces 255 grains) green soap,\\nuntil homogeneously mixed. Then add boiling water gradually, con-\\ntinuing the trituration, until the mixture has a uniform, soft, jelly-like\\nbut plastic consistence.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0973.jp2"}, "974": {"fulltext": "960 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSulphur Prsecipitatum U. S.\\nPrecipitated Sulphur.\\nLac Sulphuris Milk of Sulphur.\\nPreparation, Description and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 315. It is probably never made except by manufacturers.\\nMust be odorless and entirely soluble in a boiling solution of soda or\\nin disulphide of carbon.\\nIs frequently contaminated with large quantities of calcium sul-\\nphate owing to a defective and careless method of manufacture.\\nUsed like washed sulphur.\\nSulphur Sublimatum XT. S.\\nSublimed Sulphur.\\nFlores Sulphuris Flowers of Sulphur.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 316.\\nShould be nearly dry, and not have a too strongly perceptible acid\\ntaste.\\nUsed in ointments. For internal use the washed sulphur only\\nshould be employed.\\nSULPHUR AT UM OLEUM.\\nSulphurated Oil.\\nBalsam of Sulphur.\\nBoil six hundred grams (21 ounces) flaxseed oil with 100 grams (3\u00c2\u00a3\\nounces) sublimed sulphur in an iron kettle, stirring constantly, until a\\nuniform liquid is obtained, being cautious in regulating the heat so that\\nthe mixture may not boil over.\\nA thick, reddish-brown liquid, wholly soluble in oil of turpentine.\\nUsed externally.\\nSULPHURATUM OLEUM TEREBINTHINATUM.\\nHaarlem Oil.\\nMix thirty-four grams (1 ounce 88 grains) sulphurated oil, eleven\\ngrams (170 grains) crude petroleum, seventeen grams (260 grains) crude\\noil of amber, forty-six grams (1 ounce 270 grains) flaxseed oil, and\\nninety-two grams (3 ounces 10G grains) oil of turpentine.\\nUsed as a liniment.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0974.jp2"}, "975": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 961\\nSULPHUKIS UNGUENTUM; U.S.\\nSulphur Ointment.\\nMix thoroughly thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains) sublimed sulphur\\nwith seventy grams (2 ounces 205 grains) benzoinated lard.\\nSULPHUKIS UNGUENTUM COMPOSITUM.\\nCompound Sulphur Ointment.\\nMix thoroughly ten grams (154 grains) precipitated carbonate of\\ncalcium, fifteen grams ounce) sublimed sulphur, fifteen grams puri-\\nfied tar, thirty grams (1 ounce) green soap, and thirty grams lard.\\nSulphuris Iodidum IT. S.\\nIodide of Sulphur.\\nSulphuricum Iodidum Sulphur Iodide.\\nPreparation, Description, and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 314. It is not probable that it is ever made except by manufac-\\nturers.\\nMedicinal Uses. Rarely employed internally. Has been given in\\nvarious skin diseases, eczema, lupus, lepra, acne, etc. More frequently\\nused externally in the form of ointment.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.06 to 0.25 gram (1 to 4 grains).\\nSULPHURIS IODIDI UJSTGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Iodide of Sulphur.\\nMix thoroughly two grams (30 grains) iodide of sulphur and thirty\\ngrams (1 ounce) lard.\\nSumbul U. S.\\nSUMBUL.\\nMusk Boot.\\nOrigin. Ferula Sumbid, Hooker, filius (Umbellifero?).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asia.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 316. Thick, irregu-\\nlar pieces, usuaHy transverse segments, but often also sliced lengthwise\\nexternally blackish-gray interiorly the root is grayish or whitish.\\nConstituents. About one-third per cent, of a bluish volatile oil,\\nnine per cent, soft resin, angelicic and valerianic acids, etc.\\n61", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0975.jp2"}, "976": {"fulltext": "962 A COMPANION TO THE\\nFalse sumbid is ammoniacum root. It has a reddish or yellow hue,\\nand is not light or porous.\\nMedicinal Uses. Occasionally employed as a stimulant blennor-\\nrhetic in chronic bronchitis, leucorrhoea, etc. Also used as a nervine in\\nhysteria.\\nDose. 0.5 to 4 grams (8 to 60 grains), in powder.\\nSUMBUL EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Sumbul.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. One to four cubic centimeters (15 to 60 minims).\\nSUMBUL TINCTURA; U. S.\\nTincture of Sumbul.\\nMoisten thirty grams (1 ounce) sumbul, in No. 30 powder, with thirty\\ncubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) alcohol. Macerate twenty-four hours.\\nThen pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with alco-\\nhol until three hundred grams (or 10 ounces, measuring 12 fluidounces)\\nof tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters to 2J fluidrachms).\\nSuppositoria IT. S.\\nSuppositories.\\nThe general formula, given on page 316 of the Pharmacopoeia, pre-\\nscribes the use of pure oil of theobroma (cacao butter) in making sup-\\npositories. It also gives preference to the\\nuse of moulds instead of forming the sup-\\npository by hand. Well made, in proper\\nmoulds, the suppositories look glossy and\\nFig. 5^4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suppository, natural handsome but we prefer mixing the medi-\\ncament with finely shaved oil of theobroma\\non a board lightly dusted with lycopodium or starch, using a spatula to\\nwork the mass together into a uniform and smooth mixture, which can\\nvery readily be rolled on the board under the spatula into cylindrical\\nrolls, which are then cut into the required number of equal parts, each\\nof which is afterward formed, also with the spatula, into proper shape.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0976.jp2"}, "977": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n963\\nBy adopting this method, which requires but little practice, we avoid\\nthe use of heat for melting the oil, and also the troublesome and tedious\\nuse of suppository moulds set in ice, and from which the suppositories\\nare not always easily removed. Suppositories so made can be obtained\\nof as perfect form as those made in moulds but are not glossy on the\\nsurface. When melted and poured into moulds the suppositories are\\nnot always uniform throughout but heavy substances are liable to sink\\nto the apex of the mould before solidification takes place.\\nSuppositories when dispensed should be neatly placed between lay-\\ners of cotton-wadding in the box which is to contain them.\\nSymphytum.\\nSymphytum.\\nSymphyti Radix Comfrey.\\nOrigin. Symphytum officinale, Linne {Boraginacece).\\nHabitat. Europe and the United States.\\nPart used. The root.\\nDescription. About fifteen centimeters (6 inches) long, and eight\\nto twenty millimeters (-J to inch) thick, tough, wrinkled, brownish-\\nFig. 525. Symphytum, natural size.\\nblack, somewhat twisted, often split internally whitish, or grayish-\\nwhite bark thick. Odorless taste sweetish, mucilaginous, slightly\\nastringent.\\nConstituents. A large amount of mucilage, some asparaginic and\\ntraces of tannin.\\nMedicinal Uses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Demulcent and slightly astringent, and used in\\ndiarrhoea, dysentery, pulmonary affections, leucorrhoea, and other re-\\nlaxed conditions of mucous membranes.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0977.jp2"}, "978": {"fulltext": "964 A COMPANION TO THE\\nExternally the fresh root, bruised, is used as an application to bruises,\\nfresh icounds, sore or chapped nipples, etc.\\nDose. Five to ten grams (75 to 150 grains), in decoction.\\nSyrupi.\\nSyrups.\\nSyrupe, G.; Strops, F. Jarabe, Sp.; Syruper, Sw.\\nThese are liquid preparations, containing large quantities of sugar\\ngenerally from sixty to sixty-five per cent. The object of adding the\\nsugar is chiefly to preserve aqueous solutions of vegetable constituents\\nfrom change, but it also serves the purpose of rendering the medicine\\nmuch less disagreeable to take. Children can take medicines in the\\nform of syrup much better than in any other form.\\nAs a rule, syrups should be perfectly clear, and free from mould or\\nany signs of fermentation.\\nPreparation. The liquid from which the syrup is to be made must\\nbe perfectly clear, and should be filtered if need be. Simple syrup ought\\nalways to be made from distilled water. If these precautions are taken\\nthe syrups will not only be clear, but will keep much better and longer.\\nThe sugar must be the purest that can be obtained otherwise the\\nsyrup will neither keep well nor present a handsome appearance. Cheap\\ngrades of sugar are prone to undergo fermentation much more readily\\nand rapidly, and if the quantity of glucose (grape sugar) in the sugar is\\ngreat, the syrup made from it will be extremely difficult to obtain clear,\\npassing through the straining cloth only with the utmost difficulty. If\\nthe sugar used was colored with ultramarine, the syrup will, especially\\nif containing any vegetable acids, soon acquire the odor of hydrosul-\\nphuric acid (sulphuretted hydrogen).\\nSyrups are prepared either with or without the aid of heat. If the\\nsugar used is the best cut sugar it will do very well in many cases to\\nmake the syrup without using any heat. In such cases the solution of\\nthe sugar is effected by shaking only, or by agitation followed by per-\\ncolation, or by percolation alone, or by displacement. The advantages\\ngained by avoiding the use of heat are that volatile and unstable com-\\npounds contained in the preparation are not volatilized or injured, and\\nthat no grape sugar can then be formed during the process, which would\\ndetract from the keeping qualities of the preparation. Syrup made by\\nboiling, even if the purest sugar be used, may, after standing a short\\ntime, be found to contain grape sugar.\\nOn the other hand, vegetable juices and extracts, and certain other\\nvegetable constituents entering into medicated syrups, may contain, or", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0978.jp2"}, "979": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 965\\nconstitute, or give rise to ferments, which will induce decomposition\\nand in numerous instances all danger from this source is effectively ob-\\nviated by bringing the syrup to the boiling point before straining. The\\nboiling separates some and destroys others of the substances liable to\\nferment or induce fermentation. A majority of the syrups containing\\nvegetable constituents will neither be clear nor keep well unless treated\\nin this way.\\nIt is, therefore, necessary to exercise intelligent judgment in choos-\\ning between the two processes. In many cases it is easy enough to\\ndecide which course to pursue, and in all cases of doubt we would re-\\ncommend that the sugar be dissolved by agitation, and that the syrup\\nbe then brought to the boiling point as rapidly as practicable, and\\nstrained while hot.\\nSometimes it is necessary to skim the syrup when made by heat.\\nThis is the case in many of the fruit syrups, and the occasion for it (the\\nrising of froth and scum) will be readily recognized in each case.\\nFor straining syrups the best medium is thin, nearly all wool flannel.\\nAs to the vessels most suitable for boiling syrups, porcelain evap-\\norating dishes or capsules are best when the quantities are small. The\\nloss of water by evaporation should be made up by the addition of suf-\\nficient boiling distilled water. Granite-iron kettles, enamelled iron\\ndishes or kettles, tinned copper vessels, and untinned bright copper\\nkettles are also used, each in their appropriate place. Fruit-syrups can-\\nnot be boiled in tinned copper vessels, as their color would be ruined by\\nit they are best made in bright-scoured untinned copper kettles, but\\nmust not be allowed to cool in the kettle because they will then contain\\ncopper.\\nPreservation. Fermentation and mould are the changes to be\\nguarded against. They are induced by ferments, bacteria, grape-sugar,\\nan insufficient quantity of sugar, the presence of organic acids, or of\\nwater not mixed with the syrup. An insufficient quantity of water\\nmay cause crystallization of a portion of the sugar but this is not as\\nobjectionable as fermentation, mould, or chemical changes generally.\\nThe sugar is the preservative agent in syrups but, as already shown, it\\nis preservative only in proportion to its purity. Among other preserv-\\native substances which enter into some syrups are volatile oils, alcohol,\\ninorganic acids, metallic salts, etc. Although in some cases where these\\nor other preservative agents are present it may be sufficient to add only\\nfifty to sixty per cent, of sugar, in most syrups sixty-four to sixty -five\\nper cent, is required, and the quantity prescribed in the official syrups\\nof the Pharmacopoeia of the United States is sixty-five per cent. In\\nwarm countries and in summer less than that proportion of sugar will", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0979.jp2"}, "980": {"fulltext": "966 A COMPANION TO THE\\nbe unsafe. In Norway, on the other hand, the pharmacopoeial syrups\\ncontain only sixty per cent, of sugar, which is there found sufficient.\\nAs soon as a syrup has been finished it should be bottled while hot\\n(if made by heat), in dry bottles (preferably not larger than pint bottles),\\nwhich must be filled up to the neck, and, after the syrup has become\\ncool, must be tightly corked with sound, fine, selected corks. The necks\\nof the bottles may then be dipped into melted paraffine or wax. After\\nthey have become quite cool, the filled bottles must be shaken up once,\\nso as to incorporate with the syrup any water which may have formed\\nby the condensation of vapors from the warm syrup in the necks of\\nthe bottles. They are then to be kept in the cellar or other cool place.\\nFermentation will be effectually prevented if these precautions are\\nall duly observed. Even lose cotton plugs in the necks of the bottles\\nare sufficient if all other conditions are fulfilled.\\nMould, however, may not be always prevented by these means,\\nespecially if organic acids are contained in the syrup, and it be long\\nkept. Hence syrups should not be made in large quantities, but should\\nbe made fresh every two or three months if practicable.\\nRestoration. When a medicated syrup ferments, it is not the\\nsugar alone that undergoes decomposition, especially if the constituents\\nare of vegetable origin. These constituents are more or less injured, if\\nnot destroyed, and the preparation becomes turbid and unsightly as\\nwell as medicinally damaged. Neither the physician nor the patient\\nwould be satisfied to have such a preparation dispensed, even if the signs\\nof fermentation have been previously removed.\\nMedicinal syrups in which signs of fermentation have made their\\nappearance cannot by any means be restored so as to be as good\\nas when fresh in fact, they are only fit to be thrown away.\\nFlavoring syrups, or fruit syrups, may perhaps, when they have just\\nbegun to ferment, be improved, so as to be fit for some purposes, by bring-\\ning them to the boiling point, removing the froth, straining and rebottling.\\nThe addition to medicinal syrups of alcohol, sulphite of calcium,\\nsalicylic acid, etc., to preserve them is altogether inadmissible.\\nSyrupus; U. S.\\nSyrup.\\nSyrupus Simplex, Syrupus Sacchari Simple Syrup, E. Weisser\\nSyrup, G. Sir op de Sucre, Sirop simple, F. Jarabe Simple, Sp.\\nSocker syrup, Sw.\\nPreparation. Dissolve sixty-five parts, by weight, of sugar in\\nthirty-five parts distilled water. Raise the temperature of the solution", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0980.jp2"}, "981": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 967\\nto the boiling point, and strain while hot. Finally add enough boiling\\ndistilled water to make the final product weigh one hundred parts.\\nStrength. This simple syrup, it will be observed, contains exactly\\nsixty-five per cent, of sugar by weight. It is a trifle weaker than the\\nsyrup of the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, which contained 65.45 per cent,\\nsugar, and a trifle stronger than the syrup of the German Pharmaco-\\npoeia, which contains 64.3 per cent.\\nPractically fifteen pounds of sugar to each gallon of distilled water\\nwill make the official syrup. The exact proportions are thirteen pounds\\nsugar to seven pounds distilled water.\\nRelation of Weight to Volume. The specific gravity of simple\\nsyrup, made according to the new Pharmacopoeia, is 1.310. In other\\nwords, one thousand cubic centimeters of it will weigh thirteen hundred\\nand ten grams. One gallon weighs ten pounds fourteen and two-third\\nounces avoirdupois.\\nOne thousand grams simple syrup measures 763.36 cubic centi-\\nmeters one thousand avoirdupois ounces measures 732 T 8 fluidounces\\n(about 45|- pints).\\nQuantities of Materials required to make Specified Quanti-\\nties of Syrup. To make one thousand cubic centimeters of syrup,\\nuse eight hundred and fifty-one and a half grams (30 ounces 16 grains)\\nsugar, and four hundred and fifty-eight and a half cubic centimeters\\n(15 1 fluidounces) of distilled water.\\nTo make one gallon use seven pounds one and a half ounce of sugar,\\nand three pints ten and three-fourths fluidounces distilled water.\\nTo make forty-five and four-fifths gallons, use three hundred and\\ntwenty-five pounds sugar and twenty-one gallons distilled water.\\nIncrease of Volume of Liquid by Sugar added. When sugar\\nis dissolved in water each kilogram (1,000 grams) of sugar in the solu-\\ntion occupies the space of six hundred and thirty-six cubic centimeters.\\nWhen one thousand avoirdupois ounces of sugar is added to any liquid,\\nelixir, or mixture, the bulk of the liquid will be thereby increased by\\nsix hundred and ten and one-half U. S. fluidounces or, in other words,\\none thousand grains of sugar in solution measures one ounce, two\\ndrachms, and ten and a half minims U. S. fluid measure.\\nUsed for flavoring mainly.\\nFKUIT SYEUPS.\\nAmong the finest fruit syrups for use in preparing pleasant mixtures\\nat the prescription counter, for making delicious summer drinks and re-\\nfreshing drinks for the sick, as well as for the soda fountain, the follow-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0981.jp2"}, "982": {"fulltext": "968 A COMPANION TO THE\\ning deserve and have the preference, viz. Raspberries, strawberries,\\ncherries, blackberries, red and white currants, grapes, orange, lemon,\\nand pine- apple. Natural syrups that is, syrups prepared from the\\njuice of the fresh fruit at the proper season are the only fruit syrups\\nfit to use. Artificially prepared syrups, made with so-called fruit\\nessences, are always vastly inferior to the genuine, and in most cases\\nthey are simply abominable.\\nThe working formula we give for Rubi Idaei Syrupus will serve as a\\nreliable model for all the others.\\nTabacum; U, S.\\nTobacco.\\nNicotianm Folia Tabaks-blatter, G. Tabac, Nicotiane, F.; Nicociana,\\nSp.; Tobak, Sw. Leaf Tobacco.\\nOrigin. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne (Solanacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated, especially in subtropical and temperate zones.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 331.\\nVirginia tobacco, and Cuban tobacco are most esteemed.\\nConstituents. From two to ten per cent, of the extremely acrid\\npoisonous alkaloid nicotine, besides nicotianin, resin, extractive, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. This remedy is a powerful depressant and poi-\\nson, reducing the heart s action and producing collapse and even death.\\nIt should not be employed except in such apparently hopeless cases as\\nstrychnine poisoning and tetanus, in which the desperate condition jus-\\ntifies desperate remedies.\\nThe smoking of a cigar occasionally gives relief in asthma, espe-\\ncially if the patient is not an habitual smoker.\\nTABACI ENEMA B.\\nEnema of Tobacco.\\nInfuse 1.30 gram (20 grains) leaf tobacco in two hundred and forty\\ncubic centimeters (8 fluidounces) of boiling water for half an hour and\\nstrain the infusion.\\nIntended for one enema, but is an excessive dose (see below).\\nThis preparation has been recommended for the relief of strangu-\\nlated hernia, or intussusception of the bowels. Its use is not without\\ndanger, as death has resulted from the injection of less than the above\\nquantity.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0982.jp2"}, "983": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 969\\nTABACI EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Tobacco.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the consist-\\nence of soft extract.\\nUsed chiefly in ointment. Brown.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.05 gram to 1 grain), with great care.\\nTABACI IKFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Tobacco.\\nFrom four grams (about 60 grains) of the drug make five hundred\\ngrams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nThe infusion is used like the enema, in corresponding doses. It is\\nan extremely dangerous remedy.\\nIt has also been employed externally to destroy parasites on man\\nand animals, but enough may be absorbed to produce death. An in-\\nfusion of tobacco of any indefinite strength (a handful of tobacco to a\\ngallon or two of water) may be employed in the form of spray or sprink-\\nling to destroy plant-lice, or the plants, if in pots, may be dipped into\\nthe liquid.\\nTamarindus XL S.\\nTamarind.\\nTamar Indien.\\nOrigin. Tamarindus indica, Linne (Leguminosm).\\nHabitat* India, tropical Africa, and the West Indies.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 331. It is the pulp of\\nthe fruit. The West Indian tamarind is usually good. The Egyptian\\nis generally poor, and often mouldy.\\nConstituents. About nine per cent, citric acid, one and one-half\\nper cent, tartaric acid, three per cent, bitartrate of potassium, besides\\nmalic acid, about twelve per cent, sugar (more in the West Indian\\ntamarind), and some pectin, gum, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tamarind pulp dissolved in water makes a\\npleasant, acidulous, slightly laxative drink. Tamarinds are occasionally\\nadded to other cathartics.\\nDose. Ad libitum.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0983.jp2"}, "984": {"fulltext": "970 A COMPANION TO THE\\nTanacetum IT. S.\\nTansy.\\nTanaceti Ilerba Rainfarn, Wurmkraut, G. Tanaisie, Herbe mix\\nvers, F. Renfana, Sw.\\nOrigin. Tanacetum vulgare, Linne {Compositor).\\nHabitat. Asia, Europe, North America.\\nPart used. Leaves and flowering tops. (Some pharmacopoeias\\nprescribe the use of the flowers only.)\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 331.\\nOdor strong, camphoraceous taste acrid, bitter.\\nConstituents. From one-fourth to one-third per cent, of yellow\\nor greenish volatile oil and also a bitter principle, tanacetin, which has\\nbeen obtained in yellowish-white warts, soluble in ether, insoluble in\\nwater, slightly soluble in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Tansy is employed as an emmenagogue to\\nrestore suppressed menstruation, and sometimes for the purpose of pro-\\ncuring abortion. It is seldom, if ever, successful in producing the latter\\neffect, but may produce intestinal irritation resulting in death. It also\\npossesses anthelmintic properties,\\nDose. Two to five grams (15 to 75 grains), best administered in\\nthe form of fluid extract of the oil, one to three drops.\\nTANACETI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Tanacetum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8^ fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nTANACETI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Tanacetum.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Thirty to sixty cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidounces).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0984.jp2"}, "985": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n971\\nTapioca.\\nTapioca.\\nOrigin. Manihot utilissima, Pohl (Euphorbiacece).\\nHabitat. Cultivated in the tropics.\\nDescription. The starch obtained from the rhizome. It occurs in\\nFig. 526.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tapioca Starch.\\nirregular roundish pieces and grains white and opaque, or somewhat\\ntranslucent on the edges. Swells in hot water to a clear jelly.\\nUsed as an article of food for invalids and others.\\nTaraxacum U. S.\\nTaraxacum.\\nTaraxaci Radix Lowenzahnwurzel, G. Pissenlit, Dent de Lion, F.;\\nTaraxacon, Dente de Leon, Sp. Maskrosrot, Sw. Dandelion.\\nOrigin. Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfontaines (Compositm).\\nHabitat. Europe and the United States.\\nPart used. The root, gathered in the autumn.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 331.\\nTaraxacum is frequently much discolored, damaged by insects,\\nmouldy, or otherwise worthless. Must be perfectly sound and recently\\ndried to be of any medicinal value.\\nConstituents. Contains taraxacin, which is an intensely bitter", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0985.jp2"}, "986": {"fulltext": "972\\nA COMP ANION TO THE\\nsubstance, obtained in warty crystals when pure taraxacerin is also\\ncontained in the drug, and has an acrid taste. When collected in the\\nfall, as it should be, taraxacum contains a large quantity of inulin\\n(about twenty-four per cent.), which at other seasons is replaced by\\nFiGS. 527, 528. Taraxacum, natural size; transverse section, enlarged.\\nlevulin and uncrystallizable sugar. Inulin is a variety of starch. (See\\nInula.)\\nTaraxacin, the, perhaps, most important constituent, is soluble in\\nwater and in alcohol.\\nUses. Taraxacum is used in chronic derangements of the digestive\\norgans, especially when accompanied by hepatic congestion. It is\\nsupposed to increase the appetite and stimulate the functions of the\\nliver.\\nDose. Two to ten grams to 2J fluidrachms), best administered\\nas fluid extract.\\nTAEAXACI DECOCT UM.\\nDecoction of Taraxacum.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of the British Pharma-\\ncopoeia.\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred cubic centimeters (1-J to 3 fluidounces).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0986.jp2"}, "987": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 973\\nTARAXACI EXTRACTUM U. S.\\nExteact of Taraxacum.\\nSlice five hundred grams (or 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) fresh taraxacum\\n(gathered in September), and bruise it in a stone mortar, sprinkling a\\nlittle water over it, continuing the operation until the drug is reduced\\nto a pulp. Then press out and strain the juice, and evaporate it in a\\nvacuum apparatus, or in a porcelain evaporating dish, on a water-bath,\\nuntil reduced to solid extract.\\nBrown. Yield nine to ten per cent. the recently dried root yields\\nfrom fifteen to thirty per cent. When old it often becomes granular\\nfrom crystalline deposits of calcium and potassium salts.\\nIt will be observed that the Pharmacopoeia directs this extract to be\\nmade from fresh taraxacum, which is not the official drug, as the phar-\\nmacopceial description applies to dried taraxacum, which is the only\\nkind of taraxacum obtainable in the market.\\nDose. One to two and one-half grams (15 to 40 grains).\\nTAEAXACI EXTRACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Taraxacum.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to everyone hundred grams\\n(about 3-J- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then perco-\\nlate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14J fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0987.jp2"}, "988": {"fulltext": "974 A COMPANION TO THE\\nTARAXACI INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Taraxacum.\\nFrom sixty-five grams (about 2\u00c2\u00a3 avoirdupois ounces) of the drug\\nmake five hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nTerebinthina U. S.\\nTurpentine.\\nJPini Oleoresina, Thus Americanum Common White Turpentine.\\nOrigin. Pinus australis, Michaux, and other species of Pinus\\nConiferce).\\nHabitat. North Carolina and other Southeastern States of the\\nUnited States.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 332.\\nConstituents. From twenty to thirty per cent, volatile oil (oil of\\nturpentine) abietic acid, and other resins, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Not employed internally, but only as an ingre-\\ndient of plasters.\\nTerebinthina Canadensis; U. S.\\nCanada Turpentine.\\nAbietis Oleoresina Balsam of Fir.\\nOrigin* Abies balsamea, Marshall (Coniferce),\\nHabitat. Canada and Northern United States.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 332.\\nConstituents. From twenty-five to thirty per cent, volatile oil,\\nthe remainder being chiefly resins.\\nMedicinal Uses. Rarely employed internally as a stimulant blen-\\nnorrhetic. Mainly used externally or in the arts, as in mounting micro-\\nscopic objects, in varnishes, etc.\\nTerebinthinse Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Turpentine.\\nTerebinthinm JEtheroleum Volatile Oil of Turpentine, Spirit of\\nTurpentine\\nA volatile oil distilled from turpentine.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 244.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0988.jp2"}, "989": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 975\\nMedicinal Uses. Stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, and purgative.\\nIt is used internally in low typhoid conditions in which the tongue\\nis dry and brown and the teeth covered with sordes also as an anthel-\\nmintic in combination with castor-oil to insure its action on the bowels,\\nas otherwise it might produce strangury or bloody urine.\\nExternally it is often employed as a rubefacient in liniments or by\\nsprinkling on the side of a linseed poultice next to the skin. Such a\\npoultice is often placed over the bladder in suppressed urine.\\nDose. As a stimulant, 0.3 to 1 cubic centimeter (5 to 15 minims)\\nas a cathartic and anthelmintic, fifteen cubic centimeters (J fluidounce)\\nor more, combined with other cathartics.\\nTEREBINTHLST^E ENEMA; B.\\nEnema of Turpentine.\\nMix thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) oil of turpentine with\\nfour hundred cubic centimeters (15 fluidounces) mucilage of starch.\\nMix for one enema.\\nTEREBINTHIK^E LINIMENTUM ALBUM.\\nStores Liniment.\\nTriturate one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 127 grains) yolk of\\negg in a large Wedgewood mortar until perfectly smooth then add four\\nhundred cubic centimeters (13-J- fluidounces) oil of turpentine and twenty\\ncubic centimeters (f fluidounce) oil of lemon, and continue the tritura-\\ntion until a uniform mixture results now add gradually sixty cubic\\ncentimeters (2 fluidounces) glacial acetic acid, continuing to triturate\\nthe mixture briskly. Then pour the whole into a half-gallon bottle, add\\nthree hundred and fifty-five cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) rose-\\nwater, and shake the whole briskly and uninterruptedly until a uniform\\ncreamy emulsion results.\\nTEREBLSTTHIN^E LINIMENTUM; IT. S.\\nTurpentine Liniment.\\nMelt sixty-five grams (2 ounces 130 grains) resin cerate, and then\\nmix with it thirty-five grams (1 ounce 105 grains) oil of turpentine.\\nA stimulant local application in rheumatism, etc.\\nTEREBINTHINJE lotio ASTRINGENS.\\nWarren s Styptic.\\nPut two hundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 360 grains) sulphuric\\nacid into a two-gallon porcelain evaporating dish, kept on ice. Add one", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0989.jp2"}, "990": {"fulltext": "976 A COMPANION TO THE\\nhundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) oil of turpentine, drop by drop,\\nstirring slowly but constantly. When effervescence ceases, add gradu-\\nally a mixture of four hundred cubic centimeters (13^- fluidounces) alco-\\nhol and three hundred and fifty-five cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces)\\nwater, mix well, let stand until cold, and then transfer it to a glass-\\nstoppered bottle.\\nTEREBINTHIN^E OLEUM KECTIFICATUM.\\nRectified Oil of Turpentine.\\nMix one liter (34 fluidounces) oil of turpentine with six liters (12f\\npints) water in a copper still, and distil as long as a colorless distillate\\nis obtained.\\nThe product is a thin, limpid liquid, soluble in about twelve times its\\nweight of alcohol.\\nThe ordinary oil of turpentine ought not to be used internally, but\\nonly the rectified oil of turpentine.\\nTEREBINTIIINJE EMULSIO.\\nEmulsion of Turpentine.\\nMix fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) oil of turpentine with\\nfifteen grams ounce) of powdered gum arabic thoroughly in a mortar,\\nand then add fifteen cubic centimeters fluidounce) of water and tritu-\\nrate rapidly until an emulsion is formed. Finally add water slowly\\nunder continued agitation until the whole product measures two hun-\\ndred and fifty cubic centimeters (8 fluidounces).\\nThis emulsion is occasionally used alone or in combination with other\\nremedies in typhoid fever etc.\\nDose. One tablespoonful every two or three hours.\\nThea.\\nTea.\\nThem Folia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thee, G.; The, F.; Te, Sp.; The, Sw.\\nOrigin. Camellia Thea, Link (Ternstroemiacem).\\nHabitat. China, Japan, etc.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Tea leaves are oval, obovate or oblanceolate in shape,\\nwith a short petiole, prominent midrib and veins which curve upward\\nnear the margin, blunt or pointed apex and irregularly toothed margin.\\nThey vary in length from three to eight centimeters (1 to 3 inches).\\nOdor pleasant, aromatic taste slightly astringent, bitterish.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0990.jp2"}, "991": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n977\\nThe teas of commerce vary considerably in color and general appear-\\nance, according to the mode of preparation and curing. The leaves are\\nusually rolled. The color is from grayish-green, and bluish-green, to\\nblackish.\\nConstituents. From one and one-half to four per cent, of the alka-\\nloid theine, which is identical with caffeine; from one-half to one per\\ncent, volatile oil some boheic acid, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent and slightly excitant. Used as an\\nantidote in cases in which tannic acid is indicated, but not at hand.\\nMainly used as an article of drink, the habitual use of which is apt to\\nproduce periodical sick headaches, especially in women, which yield to\\nno treatment except the suspension of the use of tea.\\nTlieobroma.\\nCacao.\\nOrigin. Theobroma Cacao, Linne, and other species of Theobroma\\n(JBiittneriacece).\\nHabitat. Tropical America.\\nPart used. The seeds.\\nDescription. Oval, about the size of almonds the shell is thin,\\nfragile, reddish-brown or grayish-brown, with numerous veins hilum\\nFigs. 529-533. Theobroma Seeds, natural size, a, side; 6, edge; e, transverse section of\\nseed c, outer, and d inner surface of cotyledon.\\n(or scar) at the broad end, from which a line runs along the more con-\\nvex border of the seed to the narrow end, where the chalaza is found\\nembryo reddish-brown cotyledons large, brittle, oily, aromatic.\\nCuring. The seeds are laid in heaps on the ground, covered with\\nleaves during the night, but exposed to the sun during the day, after\\nwhich they are dried or they are buried in the ground a few days pre-\\nvious to drying. By these means the bitter taste of the fresh seeds is\\nremoved.\\nConstituents. The seeds consist of about twelve per cent, shells\\nand eighty-eight per cent, kernels. They contain from one to one and\\n62", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0991.jp2"}, "992": {"fulltext": "978 A COMPANION TO THE\\none-half per cent, of the alkaloid theobromine in the kernels, and some-\\nwhat less than one per cent, of it in the shells. The kernels also con-\\ntain from forty-five to fifty-three per cent, fixed oil (butter of cacao),\\nfourteen to eighteen per cent, starch, thirteen to eighteen per cent,\\nprotein compounds, a small quantity of sugar, etc.\\nTheobromine is an alkaloid unusually rich in nitrogen (C 7 H 8 N 4 2\\ncrystallizes in small white needles, soluble in boiling water and in boil-\\ning alcohol inodorous, and of a bitter taste. It closely resembles caffe-\\nine, and can be converted into it.\\nUses. The seeds of theobroma are used for preparing chocolate,\\nfor which purpose they are roasted, and ground by trituration in heated\\nvessels until reduced to a smooth paste, which is then moulded into\\ncakes and allowed to cool, when the chocolate hardens.\\nChocolate is nutritive and stimulant.\\nTHEOBROMA PASTA.\\nChocolate.\\nPrepared from the seeds of Theobroma Cacao by roasting, removing\\nthe shells, and then crushing and grinding them by the aid of heat until\\nreduced to a smooth paste, which is cast in moulds.\\nChocolate is either plain, or sweetened, or aromatized with vanilla,\\ncinnamon, etc.\\nUsed to disguise the unpleasant taste of various medicines.\\nAlso as a drink.\\nTheobromse Oleum U. S.\\nOil op Theobroma.\\nCacao Butter.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 244.\\nThe fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Theobroma Cacao. Melts\\nat summer heat.\\nUsed for making suppositories.\\nTHEOBROMSE CERATUM.\\nRed Lip Salve.\\nMelt together thirty-five grams (1 ounce 100 grains) white wax,\\nthirty-five grams oil of theobroma, and thirty grams (1 ounce 25 grains)\\noil of almond. When nearly cold add a drop of oil of rose, and color the\\nwhole with a minute quantity of carmine previously triturated with a\\ndrop of water of ammonia.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0992.jp2"}, "993": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 979\\nTiieriaca.\\nTheeiac.\\nMacerate one gram (15 grains) opium with four cubic centimeters\\n(1 fluidrachm) sherry wine for twenty-four hours. Then mix it with\\nseventy-five grams (2 ounces 280 grains) honey, and afterward incor-\\nporate the mixture thoroughly with the following powders previously\\nmixed together, viz. six grams (90- grains) angelica root, four grams\\n(60 grains) serpentaria, two grams (30 grains) valerian, two grams squill,\\ntwo grams zedoary, two grams cinnamon, one gram (15 grains) carda-\\nmom, one gram myrrh, and one gram pure precipitated sulphate of\\niron.\\nFormerly used as an external anodyne application in painful abdom-\\ninal diseases..\\nThuja U. S.\\nThuja.\\nTliujm Hamuli Arbor Vitce.\\nOrigin. Thuja occidentalism Linne (Coniferce).\\nHabitat. Canada and Northern United States.\\nParts Used. The fresh twigs from the tops.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 332. See also the\\nfigure. The leaves are about three millimeters inch) long, with blunt\\npoints, and have each a raised oil gland on the back.\\nOdor balsamic taste pungent, camphoraceous, bitter.\\nNot in any other pharmacopoeia.\\nConstituents. The principal constituent is a volatile\\noil. It also contains a bitter amorphous substance called\\npinipicrin, which also exists in the leaves of JPinus syloes-\\ntris, and a yellow substance called thujin, soluble in water\\nand in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. It has been given internally in in-\\nFir 534\\ntermittent fever, rheumatism, and amenorrhcea, and as an Thuja Occiden-\\nalterative blennorrhetic in chronic catarrh and bronchor- talis enlar g ed\\nrhcea. Externally the fresh leaves rubbed up with lard have been used\\nas a stimulant application to indolent ulcers and to ocndylomata.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), three or four times a\\nday.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0993.jp2"}, "994": {"fulltext": "980 A COMPANION TO THE\\nTHUJAS EXTEACTIJM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Arbor Vit^e.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug-, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nTHUJ^E TINCTLTKA.\\nTincture of Thuja.\\nMacerate sixty grams (2 ounces) fresh thuja, in No. 30 powder, with\\nthree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) alcohol for five clays.\\nExpress and filter.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nThymol U. So\\nThymol.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 332.\\nNew to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nUsed externally in solution or ointment as a powerful antiseptic.\\nThymus.\\nThyme.\\nTliymi Folia Thymian, JRomischer Qudndel, G. Thym, F. Timjan,\\nSw. Garden Thyme.\\nOrigin. Thymus vulgaris, Linne {Labiates).\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. Linear or narrow, oblong, about five millimeters (-J-\\ninch) long. They are grayish-green, grayish-hairy on the under side,\\ndotted with numerous oil glands on both sides. Odor strong, aromatic\\ntaste pungent, spicy.\\nConstituents. About two and one-half per cent, volatile oil,\\nwhich is yellowish-brown, and consists of cvmene, thymene, and thymol.\\nProperties. Stimulant, tonic, carminative, antispasmodic, emmen-\\nagogue. Scarcely ever used internally.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), in infusion or fluid\\nextract.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0994.jp2"}, "995": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n981\\nThymi Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Thyme.\\nThy mi ^EJtheroleum Volatile Oil of Thyme.\\nThe volatile oil distilled from Thymus vulgaris.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 244.\\nUses. As it contains thymol it might be employed as an antiseptic.\\nTigrlii Oleum U. S.\\nOeoton Oil.\\nCrotonis Oleum.\\nOrigin. Croton Tiglium, Linne (TJuphorbiacece).\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 244.\\nColor, solubility in alcohol, and acridity increase by age.\\nMedicinal Uses. Internally a most powerful drastic cathartic,\\noccasionally used in apoplexy or lead-poisoning.\\nExternally it is irritant and suppurant, and is used to\\nproduce powerful counter-irritation.\\nDose. One-fourth to two drops.\\nTIGLII COLLODIUM.\\nCkoton-Oil Collodion.\\nMix equal parts of croton oil and flexible collodion.\\nUsed as a suppurant.\\nTilia.\\nTlLIA.\\nTilim Flores Lindenbluthen, G-. Lind-\\nblommor, Sw.; Linden Flowers.\\nOrigin. Tilia vulgaris, Hayn and\\nTilia parviflora and Tilia grandiflora,\\nErhardt.\\nFig. 535.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inflorescence of Tilia Ulmi-\\nfolia, natural size.\\nH ab itat. Europe.\\nParts used. The whole inflorescence, with the leaves or bracts\\nproperly belonging to it.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the figure.\\nThe flowers are yellowish-white and the bracts light green. In the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0995.jp2"}, "996": {"fulltext": "982 A COMPANION TO THE\\ndried state they should have their natural colors, except that the petals\\nalways become somewhat more yellowish. Must not be brown. Odor\\npleasant but feeble taste sweetish.\\nContains minute quantities of volatile oil and aromatic resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Linden flowers are much used in the form of\\nhot infusion, or tea, as a diaphoretic, and to relieve indigestion, ner-\\nvousness, etc.\\nDose- Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), in infusion.\\nTincturae.\\nTinctures.\\nTinkturen, G.; Teintures, F.; Tinturas, Sp. Tinkturer, Sw.\\nTinctures, in a proper sense, are liquid preparations made from crude\\ndrugs with more or less alcoholic menstrua, and proportionately weaker\\nthan the fluid extracts. Water, ether, glycerin, ammonia, volatile oils,\\netc., are sometimes added, either to the alcohol with which the tincture\\nis to be made, or to the finished tincture. Hydro-alcoholic tinctures,\\nethereal tinctures, ammoniated tinctures, alcoholic tinctures, etc., are\\nterms which explain themselves.\\nPreparation. The notes under the title Extracta Fluida in\\nthis work are in general pertinent also to the subject of tinctures.\\nTinctures are prepared in one of three ways, principally Tinctures\\nof extract-like substances such as aloes, or gum resins like asafoetida, or\\nof resins like tolu, are made by maceration those of crude plant organs\\nare made either by maceration and subsequent percolation, or by perco-\\nlation without previous maceration. The last-named method is adopted\\nonly in a few cases where the menstruum is strongly alcoholic, and the\\ndrug readily permeated and exhausted by it.\\nNomenclature. Among the tinctures of the Pharmacopoeia are a\\nfew preparations which are not tinctures in the proper sense of that\\nterm, viz., the tinctures of acetate of iron and of chloride of iron, which\\nare solutions of a compound nature, and the tinctures of iodine and of\\ngreen soap, which are simple solutions.\\nIf the art of pharmacy is to progress toward greater perfection in\\nits details, an explicit- nomenclature is one of the necessary aids to its\\nsystematic development. Without a systematic terminology, botany\\nwould be an impossibility the same is true of all other sciences and of\\nthe arts. Those who have no ambition beyond buying and selling\\nmedicines, and making a living by it, will naturally enough object to\\nany nice distinctions in nomenclature as well as in the quality, purity,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0996.jp2"}, "997": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 983\\nand strength of the drugs they handle. To them every step forward\\nwhich requires the least exertion is most unwelcome, and the plausible\\nargument honestly advanced by some good pharmacists, that there is\\ndanger in making* any changes in nomenclature, is eagerly repeated.\\nStrength. The relation which the quantity of finished tincture\\nbears to the quantity of drug it represents, or its proportional strength,\\nis far from uniform in the several pharmacopoeias, and without con-\\nsidering the compound tinctures, and the preparations classed as tinc-\\ntures without being such, we find that our pharmacopoeial tinctures are\\nof five, ten, fifteen, twenty, forty or fifty per cent, strength. Moreover,\\nthe strengths of some tinctures have been fixed without any apparent\\nreference to their uses and posological potencies. The strengths of the\\ntinctures of the Pharmacopoeia are in fact simply arbitrary mathemati-\\ncal proportions. In this respect the pharmacopoeias of other countries\\nare no better than ours. It is remarkable that we should have a tinc-\\nture of coniurn of only fifteen per cent, strength, although the drug and\\nthe menstruum are therapeutically antagonistic. The tincture of ma-\\ntico is only ten per cent. the tincture of veratrum viride is made of\\nfifty per cent, strength, although the dose is then only five to ten drops\\nand the tincture of aconite root is a forty per cent, tincture, with a dose\\nof from one to six drops.\\nIn the opinion of the authors, the strength of all liquid preparations\\nought to be fixed with reference to their properties and uses, and their\\nrelative potency, and with only secondary regard to simple mathemati-\\ncal ratios.\\nFinally, we believe that many of the official tinctures are useless\\npreparations, and that they should be discarded in practice in favor of\\nthe fluid extracts. Among the tinctures which we consider superfluous\\nare those of Aconite, arnica flowers, arnica root, bitter orange peel,\\nbelladonna, bryonia, calendula, calumba, Indian cannabis, cardamom,\\ncompound cardamom, chirata, cimicifuga, cinchona, compound cinchona,\\ncinnamon, colchicum, conium, cubeb, digitalis, gelsemium, compound\\ngentian, ginger, hops, hydrastis, hyoscyamus, ignatia, krameria, lobelia,\\nmatico, nux vomica, physostigma, pyrethrum, quassia, rhubarb, saffron,\\nsanguinaria, squill, serpentaria, stramonium, sumbul, valerian, and\\nveratrum viride, all of which are less eligible than the respective fluid\\nextracts.\\nIf the physician prefers to prescribe calumba with more alcohol\\nthan the fluid extract contains, then he will probably add more alcohol\\nthan even the tincture contains. Then, if brandy or whiskey has to be\\ncombined with the tincture, why not with the fluid extract\\nThe fluid extracts are not open to the objection that their strength", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0997.jp2"}, "998": {"fulltext": "984 A COMPANION TO THE\\nis fixed arbitrarily and without system. While their relative posologi-\\ncal potency varies extremely (from one drop to over one hundred times\\nthat quantity), it is not to be forgotten that the relative differences in\\nactivity between the drugs themselves are exactly preserved in the fluid\\nextracts, while in the tinctures they are confused without any apparent\\ndefinite end in view.\\nPreservation. All tinctures as well as fluid extracts should be\\nkept in a moderately warm room where the temperature does not\\nchange greatly or suddenly, and they should, moreover, be properly\\nprotected from the chemical rays of light or from direct sunlight.\\nSome tinctures become unclear when exposed to cold, as in ship-\\nping in winter, but become clear again when placed in a warm room,\\nwhile others, when once unclear, cannot be made clear again except by\\nfiltration.\\nTinctures from Fluid Extracts. It is our deliberate judgment,\\nupon careful consideration of the actual condition of the practice of\\npharmacy, the practical ends in view, and the essential facts involved,\\nthat when dilute liquid alcoholic preparations of vegetable drugs are re-\\nquired they are best prepared by simply diluting the fluid extracts to the\\ndesired point by adding a sufficient quantity of the proper menstruum.\\nA properly prepared fluid extract well represents the drug from which\\nit is made. It is concentrated and thus in compact form, and far less\\nliable to change or deterioration than the drug in its crude condition.\\nIf, therefore, a well-made fluid extract is at hand it is likely to be of\\nmuch better quality than the average drug as obtainable from dealers in\\ngeneral and when a preparation less concentrated than the fluid extract is\\nwanted, common sense and good pharmacy would seem to indicate that\\nthe dilution of the fluid extract is an eminently practical method to adopt.\\nMany intelligent and conscientious druggists do make their tinctures\\nfrom fluid extracts. Physicians in places remote from drug stores are\\nby necessity compelled to dispense their own remedies they are not\\npharmacists and do not carry a large assortment of drugs and prepara-\\ntions in stock and, as their time is limited, they also have naturally\\nadopted this ready and sensible method of preparing tinctures. It re-\\nduces labor, economizes materials, limits the amount of capital required\\nto keep a varied assortment of medicines by reducing the quantity of\\nfixtures, stock bottles, shelving, etc. and in great measure does away\\nwith the necessity of keeping a large number of crude drugs in stock,\\nwhich too frequently become worthless before they are used up.\\nA good fluid extract is always far more useful than the crude drug\\nitself, bo the latter good or bad. In fact, a careful pharmacist should\\nrather convert all his stock of crude drugs into fluid extracts at once", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0998.jp2"}, "999": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 985\\nthan to keep them on hand for the purpose of making tinctures, or fluid\\nextracts, etc., as required from time to time, as his fluid extracts would\\nstill be good long after the drugs have become deteriorated or inert\\nthrough the influence of time, air, light, heat, moisture, insects, etc.\\nIn obedience to the demands of both physicians and pharmacists,\\ntherefore, the manufacturers of pharmaceutical preparations have pub-\\nlished formulas for making tinctures, wines, etc., from fluid extracts, the\\nPharmacopoeia failing to give them. It is a well-known fact that these\\nformulas are more frequently consulted when tinctures, etc., are to be\\nprepared than the Pharmacopoeia itself. The reason for this anoma-\\nlous state of affairs is obvious it is that the plan of making tinctures\\nfrom fluid extracts is easier, more practical, and yields generally better\\nresults than do the methods of the Pharmacopoeia.\\nThe formulae furnished by the manufacturers of fluid extracts are, how-\\never, as a rule, more or less incorrect, and often grossly at variance with\\nrecognized authoritative standards. Any one who will take the trouble to\\ncompare a few of these sets of formulae with the new Pharmacopoeia, with\\nthe old pharmacopoeia, with the several dispensatories, and with each\\nother, will soon find that the formulae given in the price-lists, formularies,\\nlabels, etc., extant in the trade, are so seriously wrong that if followed\\nthe} 7 must inevitably do great mischief. Thus we find that the published\\nformulae for such powerful tinctures as those of aconite root, veratrum\\nviride, cannabis indica, gelsemium, conium fruit, etc., vary in strength\\nfrom fifty to two hundred per cent. In less important tinctures we\\nhave found variations of twenty, fifty, one hundred, and even four hun-\\ndred per cent. Sometimes the formula is one that will yield a tincture\\nof only one-fifth its proper strength sometimes it is one that will yield\\na tincture of more than double its proper strength. By proper\\nstrength we mean in this connection, of course, the pharmacopoeial\\nstrength but these blunders are not accounted for by the changes of\\nstrength introduced in the new Pharmacopoeia, for in very many in-\\nstances the formulae, as we have stated above, do not agree with any\\nrecognized standards, old or new, nor with common usage.\\nAll formulae, therefore, which are given outside of the Pharmacopoeia\\nouofht to be verified before bein^ used.\\nIn verifying the formulae for making preparations for which the\\nPharmacopoeia gives standards, it is necessary to bear in mind that the\\nformulae of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia are by weight only. It will be\\nfound convenient to refer to the table of specific volumes of alcoholic\\nliquids on page 1138, from which it will be seen that 100 avoirdupois\\nounces of alcohol, at the most common temperatures, measures 118 fluid-\\nounces, and 100 avoirdupois ounces of diluted alcohol measures 104", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_0999.jp2"}, "1000": {"fulltext": "986 A COMPANION TO THE\\nfluidounces while 100 avoirdupois ounces of water measures only 96\\nfluidounces.\\nIt will unquestionably be granted, however, that when the product\\nis identical with, and properly fulfils the intentions of the pharmaco-\\npoeial preparation, it is quite immaterial by what method it was made.\\nThus, a fluid extract made by re-percolation truly answers the require-\\nments of the Pharmacopoeia, although re-percolation, notwithstanding\\nit is the best process known, is authorized only as an alternate process\\nchemicals produced by manufacturers are rarely made by the pharmaco-\\npoeial methods, but they are undoubtedly strictly in accordance with the\\npharmacopoeial requirements if they answer the official descriptions and\\ntests the blue mass and blue ointment which are used all over the\\ncountry are rarely, if ever, made as described in the Pharmacopoeia.\\nA tincture prepared by diluting the fluid extract is certainly medicinally\\nidentical with a tincture made by percolation or maceration, if the ma-\\nterials were the same in both cases and the process properly conducted.\\nMore than that, we are bound to recognize the fact that the actual prac-\\ntice is so general, and so rational, that it certainly will prevail unless\\nthere are material reasons for discouraging it. We accordingly believe\\nthat the Pharmacopoeia itself should give formula? for preparing tinc-\\ntures, or any other dilutions required, directly from the fluid extracts,\\nespecially as most of the tinctures are only superfluous preparations\\nwhen we have the fluid extracts.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia directs the use of fluid extracts in preparing tinc-\\nture of ipecac and opium, wine of ipecac, and the syrups of ipecac,\\nkrarneria, lactucarium, rose, rubus, senega, and ginger. This list can\\nprofitably be largely extended.\\nThe objections which we have heard urged against the preparations\\nof tinctures from fluid extracts are trifling in comparison with the prac-\\ntical advantages gained.\\nWe give below a table of carefully prepared formulae for making all\\ntinctures used to any considerable extent, which can properly be so made.\\nFormulae for Tinctures lohich may Property be Made from the Respective\\nFluid Extracts.\\nAbsinthium.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (or 1 fl.oz.) of the fluid extract with 120C.C\\n(or 4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 15 C.c. to 4 fl.drs.).\\nAbsinthium, Comp. Sw.- Mix 4 C.c. fl.oz.) of each of the\\nfluid extracts of Carduus Benedictus, Orange Berries, and Ga-\\nlanga 15 C.c. fl.oz.) fluid extract of Absinthium and 180 C.c.\\n(6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 1 to 4 C.c. (15 to GO^minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1000.jp2"}, "1001": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 987\\nAconite Leaves. Mix 30 C.c. (or 1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Aconite\\nLeaves and 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 1\\nC.c. (8 to 15 minims).\\nAconite [Root]; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 200 C.c. (6f fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nAconite Root and 420 C.c. (14 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.1 to 0.25\\nC.c. (1 to 4 minims).\\nActaea Racemosa (see Cimicifuga).\\nAloes U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) liquid extract of Aloes 30 C.c.\\n(1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Glycyrrhiza and 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) di-\\nluted alcohol. Dose As a laxative, 1 to 3 C.c. (15 to 45 minims);\\nas a purgative, 5 C.c. (75 minims).\\nAmerican Hellebore (see Veratrum Viride).\\nAngelica Root.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Angelica\\nRoot and 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 5 to 15 C.c.\\n(1 to 4. fl.drs.).\\nAngUStura.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Angustura and 120\\nC.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 4 to 12 C.c. (1 to 3 fl.drs.).\\nAralia Spinosa Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (l fl. oz.) fluid extract\\nof Aralia Spinosa and 130 C.c. (4^ fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nArnica Flowers; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 150 C.c (5 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nArnica Flowers and 660 C.c. (22 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n1 to 3 C.c. (15 to 45 minims).\\nArnica Root U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Arnica\\nRoot and 285 C.c. (9-J fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 6 C.c\\n(i to H fl.dr.).\\nAspidOSperma.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Quebracho\\nand 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nBaptisia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Baptisia and 120 C.c\\n(4 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 1 to 5 C.c. (15 to 75 minims).\\nBelladonna [Leaves] U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract\\nof Belladonna Leaves and 180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\\nDose 1 to 2 C.c (15 to 30 minims).\\nBelladonna Root.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 45 C.c (1\u00c2\u00a3 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Bella-\\ndonna Root and 255 C.c. (8^- fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 2 C.c.\\n(10 to 30 minims).\\nBlack Cohosh (see Cimicifuga).\\nBlack Snake Root (see Cimicifuga).\\nBlood Root (see Sanguinaria).\\nBiOOd Root, Comp. (see Sanguinaria, Comp.).\\nBlue Cohosh (see Caulophyllum).\\nBlue Flag (see Iris Versicolor).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1001.jp2"}, "1002": {"fulltext": "9S8 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBoldO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Boldo and 120 C.c. (4\\nfl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.3 to 2.5 C.c. (5 to 40 minims).\\nBryonia U. S. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Bryonia and\\n345 C.c. (11\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 25 C.c. (1 to 6 fl.drs.).\\nBuchu.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Buchu and 150 C.c. (5\\nfl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2J fl.drs.).\\nCactUS Grandiflora. The so-called fluid extract is itself a tinc-\\nture it is sometimes diluted, however, with three times its own\\nvolume of alcohol. The dose of the concentrated tincture (which\\nis sold under the title Fluid Extract) is from. 2 to 5 minims, and\\nthat of the diluted tincture is, therefore, 8 to 20 minims.\\nCalabar Bean (see Physostigma).\\nCalamus. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Calamus and 270\\nC.c. (9 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nCalenduSa Flowers- Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Calen-\\ndula Flowers and 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 5\\nto 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nCalendula Herb U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of\\nCalendula Herb and 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nCalumba U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Calumba\\n195 C.c. (6J fl.ozs.) alcohol and 120 C.c (4 fl.ozs.) water. Dose\\n5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2\\\\ fl.drs.).\\nCanella.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Canella and 270 C.c.\\n(9 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nCannabis Bndica (see Indian Cannabis).\\nCantharides; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 15 C.c fl.oz.) fluid extract of Can-\\ntharidesand 360 C.c. (12 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 0.5 to 1 C.c. (8\\nto 15 minims).\\nCapsicum U. S. Mix 15 C.c fl.oz.) fluid extract of Capsicum\\nand 360 C.c (12 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 1 to 8 C.c. (15 to 120\\nminims).\\nCardamom U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cardamom\\nand 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. to\\n2i fl.drs.).\\nCardamom, Comp. U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) compound fluid\\nextract of Cardamom (made twenty times the strength of the\\ntincture) 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) glycerin and 540 C.c. (18 fl.ozs.) di-\\nluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. Q to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nCascarilla. Mix 15 C.c fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cascarilla, and 285\\nC.c m fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nCatechu, Comp.; U. S. (also called simply tincture of Catechu, as", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1002.jp2"}, "1003": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 989\\nin Phar. 1870). Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) compound fluid extract of\\nCatechu (made five times the strength of the official tincture) and\\n120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 8 C.c. (J to 2\\nfl.drs.).\\nCaulophyllum.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Caulophyllum;\\n180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) alcohol and 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) water. Dose\\n5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nCaulophyllum, Comp.; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.)\\nfluid extract of Caulophyllum 15 C.c. fl.oz.) fluid extract of\\nErgot 15 C.c. (-J- fl.oz.) fluid extract of Polygonum 8 C.c\\nfl.oz.) oil of Savin and 300 C.c. (10 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 1 to\\n4 C.c (15 to 60 minims).\\nChamaelirium (see Helonias).\\nChirata U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Chirata and\\n285 C.c (9| fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 10 C.c (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3\\nfl.drs.).\\nCimicifuga; U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cimici-\\nfuga and 150 C.c. (5 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 2 to 5 C.c (30 to 75\\nminims).\\nCimicifuga, Comp.; Amer. Disp. Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid\\nextract of Cimicifuga 24 C.c. (f fl.oz.) fluid extract of Sanguin-\\naria 12 C.c. (f fl.oz.) fluid extract of Phytolacca Root and 330\\nC.c. (11 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 1 to 4 C.c (15 to 60 minims).\\nCinchona U. S. Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Cinchona;*\\n210 C.c (7 fl.ozs.) alcohol 45 C.c (1J fl.oz.) water and 15 C.c.\\n(J fl.oz.) glycerin. Dose 2 to 8 C.c. (J to 2 fl.drs.).\\nCinchona, Comp.; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) compound fluid\\nextract of Cinchona; f 105 C.c. (3|- fl.ozs.) alcohol and 15 C.c. (J\\nfl.oz.) glycerin. Dose 2 to 8 C.c. (J to 2 fl.drs.).\\nCinnamon U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cinnamon;\\n225 C.c. (7-^ fl.ozs.) alcohol and 90 C.c (3 fl.ozs.) water. Dose\\n4 to 8 C.c (1 to 2 fl.drs.).\\nCinnamon, Comp. Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 8 C.c (i fl.oz.) fluid\\nextract of Cinnamon 3 C.c (45 minims) fluid extract of Ginger\\n3 C.c. fluid extract of Xanthoxylum Fruit 3 C.c fluid extract\\nIt is to be remembered that these proportions refer only to the full strength\\nfluid extract, and that a half-strength or any other preparation of cinchona except\\nthe fluid extract of the new Pharmacopoeia (1880) will not answer. Several kinds\\nare sold on the market.\\nf There are several different strengths of Compound Fluid Extract of Cinchona\\non the market the formula here given refers to a fluid extract of full standard\\nstrength of five times the strength of the official tincture.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1003.jp2"}, "1004": {"fulltext": "j)90 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof Cardamom and 105 C.c. (3\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 5 to\\n10 C.c. (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a7 fl.drs.).\\nCoca (see Erythroxylon).\\nCOCCUIUS IndiCUS-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cocculus\\nIndicus and 270 C.c. (9 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.1 to 1.5 C.c.\\n(2 to 20 minims).\\nCohosh, Black (see Cimicifuga).\\nCohosh, Black, Comp. (see Cimicifuga, Comp.).\\nCohosh, Blue (see Caulophyllum).\\nCohosh, Blue, Comp. (see Caulophyllum, Comp.).\\nColchlCUm Root. Mix 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Colchicum\\nRoot and 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.3 to 1.3\\nC.c. (5 to 20 minims).\\nColchicum Seed U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of\\nColchicum Seed, and 180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n0.5 to 2 C.c. (10 to 30 minims).\\nColchicum Seed, Comp.; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix CO C.c (2 fl.ozs.)\\nfluid extract of Colchicum Seed 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) fluid extract\\nof Cimicifuga; and 810 C.c. (27 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n1 to 4 C.c (15 to 60 minims).\\nColOCytlth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Colocynth and\\n240 C.c (8 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose As a stomachic, 0.2 to\\n0.5 C.c (3 to 8 minims).\\nColumbO (see Calumba).\\nConium Leaves.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Conium\\nLeaves and 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 4 C.c\\n(i to 1 fl.dr.).\\nConium Fruit Seed U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid\\nextract of Conium Fruit and 180 C.c (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alco-\\nhol. Dose 1 to 4 C.c. (15 to 60 minims), increasing if neces-\\nsary.\\nCorydalis; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 90 C.c (3 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nCorydalis and 390 C.c. (13 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 1 to 8\\nC.c. (15 to 120 minims).\\nCotO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Coto Bark and 120 C.c.\\n(4 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 5 C.c. (10 to 75 minims).\\nCubeb; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Cubeb and\\n300 C.c. (10 fl.ozs.) alcohol. The menstruum prescribed in the\\nPharmacopoeia (diluted alcohol) is too weak. Dose 2 to 8 C.c.\\n(i to 2 fl.drs.).\\nCulver s Root (see Leptandra).\\nDelphinium. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Delphinium", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1004.jp2"}, "1005": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 991\\nSeed with 270 C.c. (9fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 0.50 to 2 C.c. (8 to\\n30 minims).\\nDigitalis U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Digitalis and\\n180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 0.3 to 4 C.c. (5 to 60\\nminims).\\nDracontium Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 90 C.c (3 fl. ozs.) fluid extract\\nof Dracontium and 390 C.c. (13 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 4\\nto 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nErgOt. Mix 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Ergot with a mixture of\\n90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) alcohol and 90 C.c. water. Dose 2 to 15 C.c.\\n(J to 4 fl.drs.).\\nEucalyptus-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Eucalyptus and\\n210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 4 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2J fl.drs.).\\nFish Berries (see Cocculus Indicus).\\nFoxglove (see Digitalis).\\nCalls (see Nutgall).\\nCelsemium U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Gelse-\\nmium and 445 C.c. (14\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 4 C.c (10\\nto 60 minims).\\nGentian, Comp. U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) compound fluid ex-\\ntract of Gentian, made seven times the volumetric strength of\\nthe official tincture, and 180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose\\n2 to 10 C.c. (J to 2% fl.drs.).\\nGinger; U. S. Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Ginger and\\n300 C.c (10 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 1 to 5 C.c. (15 to 75 minims).\\nGolden Seal (see Hydrastis).\\nHellebore, American (see Veratrum Viride).\\nHenbane Leaves (see Hyoscyamus).\\nHenbane Seed (see Hyoscyamus Seed).\\nHops U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Hops and 120 C.c\\n(4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. This menstruum is in our opinion too\\nweak alcohol would be better. Dose 5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2%\\nfl.drs.).\\nHydrastis U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Hydrastis\\nand 255 C.c (8J fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 8 C.c. to\\n2 fl.drs.).\\nHydrastis, Comp. Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid\\nextract of Hydrastis 30 C.c fluid extract of Lobelia Seed and\\n180 C.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Used externally.\\nHyoscyamus [Leaves] U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (l fl.oz.) fluid extract\\nof Hyoscyamus Leaves and 180 C.c (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\\nDose 1 to 8 C.c (15 to 120 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1005.jp2"}, "1006": {"fulltext": "992 A COMPANION TO THE\\nHyOSCyaiTIUS Seed. Mix 45 C.c. (1J fl.oz.) fluid extract of Ilyoscy-\\namus Seed and 255 C.c. (8-\u00c2\u00a7- fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 1 to 3\\nC.c. (15 to 45 minims).\\nIgtiatia U\u00e2\u0080\u009e S. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Ignatia and\\n330 C.c. (11 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 1 to 4 C.c. (15 to 60 minims).\\nIndian Cannabis U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nIndian Cannabis and 315 C.\u00c2\u00bb. (10-J- fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.5 to\\n2 C.c. (8 to 30 minims).\\nIndian Hemp, true (see Indian Cannabis).\\nIpecac. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Ipecac and 270 C.c (9\\nfl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose: 8 to 12 C.c. (2 to 3 fl.drs.) as an\\nemetic 1 to 2 C.c. to 1 fl.dr.) as an expectorant.\\nIris Versicolor; Amer. Disp. Mix 45 C.c (l\u00c2\u00a3 fl.oz.) fluid ex-\\ntract of Iris Versicolor and 195 C.c (6J fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose\\n0.5 to 1 C.c (8 to 15 minims).\\nJaborandi (see Pilocarpus).\\nJalap. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Jalap and 120 C.c. (4\\nfl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 10 C.c (1 to 2| fl.drs).\\nKalmia Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 90 C.c (3 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Kal-\\nmia and 390 C.c. (13 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 2 C.c\\n(8 to 30 minims).\\nKino U. S. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) liquid extract of Kino (made so\\nthat each cubic centimeter represents one-half gram of kino)\\nwith 15 C.c (-J- fl.oz.) glycerin; 15 C.c water; and 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.)\\nalcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 8 C.c. to 2 fl.drs.).\\nKrameria U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Krameria\\nand 255 C.c. (8\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 10 C.c. to\\n2J fl.drs.).\\nLeptandra. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Leptandra and\\n270 C.c. (9 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 15 C.c. to 4\\nfl.drs.).\\nLobelia; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Lobelia [Herb]\\nwith 255 C.c. (8^- fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 0.5 to 3 C.c. (10\\nto 45 minims) as an emetic, up to 10 C.c. (2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nLobelia, Comp.; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 15 C.c fl.oz.) of each of\\nthe fluid extracts of Lobelia, Sanguinaria, Dracontium, Asarum,\\nand Asclepias Tuberosa, with 600 C.c. (20 fl.ozs.) alcohol and 285\\nC.c. (9^ fl.ozs.) water. Dose 1 to 10 C.c. (15 to 150 minims).\\nLobelia and Capsicum, Comp.; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c.\\n(1 fl.oz.) of each of the fluid extracts of Lobelia, Capsicum, and\\nDracontium, and 390 C.c. (13 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2\\nto 4 C.c. (30 to GO minims).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1006.jp2"}, "1007": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 993\\nLlipuiin. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Lupulin and 210 C.c.\\n(7 fl.ozs.) alcohol\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. to 2f fl.drs.).\\nMandrake (see Podophyllum).\\nMarygold (see Calendula).\\nMatico; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Matico and\\n285 C.c. (9| fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4\\nfl.drs.).\\nMay-apple Root (see Podophyllum).\\nMusk-rOOt (see Sumbul).\\nNight-blOOming Cereus (see Cactus Grandiflora).\\nNutgail U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Nutgall and\\n120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. (J to 2\u00c2\u00a3\\nfl.drs.); mainly used in dilution as a wash or gargle.\\nMUX Vomica U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Nux\\nVomica and 315 C.c. (10|- fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.3 to 1.3 C.c.\\n(5 to 20 minims).\\nOrange Peel, Bitter; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract\\nof Bitter Orange Peel and 255 C.c. (8^ fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\\nDose 5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nOrris Root. Mix equal volumes of fluid extract of Orris Root and\\ndiluted alcohol. This is a strong (fifty per cent.) tincture, which\\nis used only in perfumery.\\nPellitory (see Pyrethrum).\\nPhySOStigma; U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Phy-\\nsostigma and 330 C.c. (11 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 1 to 2 C.c (15\\nto 30 minims).\\nPhytolacca Berry* Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Phytolacca\\nBerry and 120 C.c (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 10 C.c.\\n(J to 21 fl.drs.).\\nPhytolacca Root-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Phytolacca\\nRoot and 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 2 to 10 C.c\\n(4 to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nPilocarpus. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Pilocarpus and\\n210 C.c. (7 fl. ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4\\nfl.drs.).\\nPodophyllum. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Podophyllum\\nand 150 C.c. (5 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 8 C.c (30 to 120\\nminims).\\nPoison Oak (see Toxicodendron).\\nPoke Berries (see Phytolacca Berry).\\nPoke Root (see Phytolacca Root).\\nPrickly Ash Berries (see Xanthoxylum Fruit).\\n63", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1007.jp2"}, "1008": {"fulltext": "994 A COMPANION TO THE\\nPulsatilla.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Pulsatilla and 210\\nC.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 1 to 3 C.c. (10 to 45\\nminims).\\nPyrethrum U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Pyre-\\nthrum, and 150 C.c. (5 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Used in dilution as a\\ngargle or mouth-wash.\\nQuaSSia; U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Quassia and\\n285 C.c. m fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2\u00c2\u00a3\\nfl.drs.).\\nQueen s Root (see Stillingia).\\nQuillaia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Quillaia and 120 C.c\\n(4 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 5 to 10 C.c. (1 to 2^ fl.drs.).\\nRhatany (see Krameria).\\nRhubarb U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 45 C.c (1| fl.oz.) fluid extract of Rhubarb\\n8 C.c. (2 fl.drs.) fluid extract of Cardamom and 360 C.c. (12\\nfl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 5 to 25 C.c (1 to 6 fl.drs.).\\nRhubarb, Comp. Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid ex-\\ntract Rhubarb 15 C.c. (-J fl.oz.) of each of the fluid extracts of\\nApocynum androsBemifolium, Hydrastis, Gentian, and Xanthoxy-\\nlum Berry 8 C.c. (J fl.oz.) of each of the fluid extracts of Sassa-\\nfras and Cardamom and 495 C.c (or 16-J- fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dose 15 to 30 C.c. to 1 fl.oz.).\\nRhubarb, Sweet; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of\\nRhubarb 15 C.c (-J fl.oz.) of each of the fluid extracts of Gly-\\ncyrrhiza and Anise 4 C.c. (1 fl.dr.) fluid extract of Cardamom\\nand 315 C.c. (10\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 5 to 25 C.c. (1\\nto 6 fl.drs.).\\nRhUS Toxicodendron (see Toxicodendron).\\nSanguinaria U. S. Mix 45 C.c (1\u00c2\u00a3 fl.oz.) fluid extract of San-\\nguinaria and 300 C.c. (10 fl.ozs.) alcohol. The pharmacopceial\\nmenstruum for this tincture (2^- measures alcohol diluted with 1\\nmeasure water) is too weak. Dose: 0.5 to 4 C.c. (8 to 60 minims).\\nSanguinaria, Comp.; Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) of\\neach of the fluid extracts of Sanguinaria, Lobelia, and Dracon-\\ntium with 300 C.c. (10 fl.ozs.) alcohol and 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) water.\\nThe menstruum given in the American Dispensatory is too\\nweak. Dose As an emetic, 4 to 6 C.c. (1 to 2 fl.drs.) as an\\nexpectorant, 1 to 4 C.c. (15 to 60 minims).\\nSerpentaria U. S. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Serpen-\\ntaria and 285 C.c. (9J fl.ozs.) alcohol. The pharmacopceial men-\\nstruum (diluted alcohol) is too weak. Dose 2 to 10 C.c to\\n2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1008.jp2"}, "1009": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 995\\nSnake Root (see Serpentaria).\\nSoap Bark (see Quillaia).\\nSquill U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Squill and 180\\nC.c. (6 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 2 C.c. (8 to 30\\nminims).\\nSkunk Cabbage (see Dracontium).\\nStaphisagria Amer. Disp.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 150 C.c (5 fl.ozs.) fluid extract\\nof Stavesacre Seed and 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.1 to\\n0.3 C.c. (2 to 5 minims).\\nStillingia; Amer. Disp. Mix 90 C.c. (3 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nStillingia and 390 C.c. (13 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.5 to\\n2 C.c. (8 to 30 minims).\\nStramonium [Seed] U. S-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (l fl.oz.) fluid extract\\nof Stramonium [Seed] and 285 C.c. (9-J fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDose 0.5 to 2 C.c. (8 to 30 minims).\\nSymplOCarpuS (see Dracontium).\\nSumbul U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Sumbul and\\n330 C.c. (11 fl.ozs.) alcohol.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dose 2 to 10 C.c. (-J to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fl.drs.).\\nToxicodendron.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of Toxicoden-\\ndron and 210 C.c. (7 fl.ozs.) diluted alcohol. Dose 0.5 to 3 C.c.\\n(8 to 45 minims).\\nValerian U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of Valerian;\\n210 C.c (7 fl.ozs.) alcohol and 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) water. Dose\\n5 to 15 C.c. (1 to 4 fl.drs.).\\nVeratrum Viride; U. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 60 C.c (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of\\nVeratrum Viride and 80 C.c. (2f fl.ozs.) alcohol. Dose 0.1 to\\n0.5 C.c. (2 to 8 minims).\\nTincturse Herbarum Recentium IT. S.\\nTinctures of Fresh Herbs.\\nGreen Tinctures.\\nIt is known that many plants in the fresh state possess quite dif-\\nferent properties from those exhibited by them after being dried. The\\nfresh leaves of Rhus Toxicodendron are exceedingly potent in their\\naction, as evidenced by the poisoning frequently resulting from simply\\npassing by the growing plant, several feet away from it, and the effects\\nare so alarming that to know the poison oak or poison ivy is to\\nfear it. And yet the dried plant may be absolutely inert. The freshly\\ngathered bark of Rhamnus Frangida is a violent and acrid emetico-\\ncathartic, while the same bark, after being kept a year or two, is one of\\nthe most valuable mild laxatives, without griping or nauseating effects.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1009.jp2"}, "1010": {"fulltext": "996 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe fresh root of bryonia is so powerful as to rank as a poison, but may-\\nlose its virtues almost entirely in drying, or at least after long keeping.\\nThese facts have not received the attention their importance merits.\\nA few drugs are now used in the form of green tinctures, as they\\nare called, but the whole subject deserves to be thoroughly investigated.\\nIt is not to be presumed that all drugs are better when fresh than\\nwhen dried. It seems tb be a fact, however, that in many cases the\\ndrug when fresh has greater activity than it possesses after drying\\nthat the properties of the fresh drug may differ from those of the dried,\\nnot only in degree but in kind and that many valuable additions to\\nthe materia medica may be discovered in this direction by the exercise\\nof intelligence, skill, and good judgment.\\nThe preparation of tinctures of fresh herbs (which title, by the way,\\nshould have read tinctures from fresh drugs, as roots are hardly to be\\nstyled as herbs, and the tinctures of fresh roots are evidently not to be\\nexcluded) offers many practical difficulties, one of which is the fact that\\nthe large quantity of moisture contained in fresh plant parts so largely\\ndilutes our best known menstruum alcohol.\\nThe adoption of a general formula, such as laid down in the Pharma-\\ncopoeia, will do much to encourage experiments which will throw light\\non this subject. It is probable, however, that in this as in numerous\\nother cases in manipulative pharmacy the shoe made for one foot will\\nnot fit another. Different menstrua and different treatment will be\\nfound necessary in different cases.\\nTolutanum Balsamum U. S.\\nBalsam of Tolu.\\nTolubalsarnum\u00e2\u0080\u0094Tolubalsam, G. and Sw. Baume de Tolu, Baume de\\nCarthagene, F. Balsamo de tolu, Sp.\\nOrigin. Myroxylon toluifera, Kunth (Leguminosce).\\nHabitat. Venezuela and New Granada.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 53.\\nTests. Pure tolubalsam turns cherry-red with sulphuric acid, re-\\ntaining its aroma but when turpentine or Burgundy pitch is present it\\nturns black and develops an odor of sulphurous acid.\\nConstituents. Cinnamic acid about one per cent, of a volatile\\noil (tolene); one resin readily soluble in alcohol, and another insoluble\\nin alcohol benzoate and cinnamate of benzyl, and a little benzoic acid.\\nWater takes up most of the volatile oil and some cinnamic acid\\nwhen tolu is digested with it, as in making syrup of tolu.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1010.jp2"}, "1011": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 997\\nMedicinal Uses. It possesses but slight medicinal virtues, and is\\nmainly employed as a pleasant excipient, in the form of syrup, in cough\\nmixtures, etc. Its dose as a blennorrhetic in chronic bronchitis is ten to\\nthirty grains (0.66 to 2 grams), in emulsion, but it is not much used in\\nthis form.\\nTOLUTAN A AQUA.\\nTolu Water.\\nDigest forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) tolubalsam for two hours\\nwith one liter (34 fluidounces) water in a covered vessel, at a tempera-\\nture not exceeding 82\u00c2\u00b0 C. (180\u00c2\u00b0 F.), stirring occasionally. Let cool,\\nand filter. A pleasant aromatic water for flavoring, and for making\\nsolutions.\\nTOLUTANA TINCTURA; U.S.\\nTincture of Tolu.\\nMacerate one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) tolubalsam in\\none thousand cubic centimeters (34 fluidounces) alcohol until dissolved.\\nFilter through paper, adding enough alcohol through the filter to make\\nthe final product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains,\\nmeasuring about 40 fluidounces).\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nTOLUTANUS S YRUPUS U. S.\\nSyrup of Tolu.\\nThe official formula is a failure it gives a turbid syrup which can-\\nnot be clarified. Modified as follows it works very well\\nDigest forty grams (1 ounce 180 grains) tolubalsam for two hours\\nwith three hundred and fifty-five cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces)\\nwater in a covered vessel at a temperature not exceeding 82\u00c2\u00b0 C. (180\u00c2\u00b0\\nF.). Filter, and dissolve six hundred and fifty grams (23 ounces) sugar\\nin the filtrate. Finally strain, adding enough water through the\\nstrainer to make the final product weigh one thousand grams (35 ounces\\n120 grains measuring 763.4 cubic centimeters, or about 26 fluidounces).\\nIf great heat is employed in this process, the syrup will acquire a\\ndisagreeable odor after a short time.\\nUsed as a flavoring excipient.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1011.jp2"}, "1012": {"fulltext": "998 A COMPANION TO THE\\nTonga.\\nTonga.\\nA mixed drug said to be obtained from the Fiji Islands. It seems\\nto consist of thin fibrous barks in long bundles. The plants from which\\nthese barks are obtained are as yet not fully identified, and hence it is\\nnot known which is the active ingredient in the drug. That it has\\nmarked effect in relieving neuralgia has been stated on the authority of\\nseveral physicians, among whom are Drs. Sidney Ringer and William\\nMurrell, of London. Others deny that the drug has any value.\\nTONGJE EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Tonga.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 IT. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17 J avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with two hundred grams (about 7J fluidounces) of\\nthe menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator. Saturate\\nwith menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred cubic centimeters (13^- fluidounces) of the first\\npercolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and. then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nEach cubic centimeter of this fluid extract represents the soluble\\nmatter of one gram of the drug. Each fluidounce represents four hun-\\ndred and fifty-five and two-thirds grains, and each fluidrachm nearly\\nfifty-seven grains.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nTormentilla.\\nTORMENTIL.\\nTormentillos Rhizoma.\\nOrigin. Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp (Rosacea?).\\nHabitat. Europe.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Simple, or rarely branched, cylindrical or flattened,\\ntapering five to eight centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, and about fif-\\nteen millimeters inch) thick, roughly marked by roundish elevations\\nand ridges, and with the scars of stems and rootlets externally dark\\ngrayish-brown internally light brownish-red bark thick wood bun-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1012.jp2"}, "1013": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n999\\ndies small pith about the same thickness as the bark inodorous taste\\nastringent.\\nConstituents. About twenty-five per cent, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Powerfully astringent.\\nDose. One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nTOKME^TILL^E EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Tormentilla.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to two cubic centimeters (15 to 30 minims).\\nToxicodendron.\\nSee Rhus Toxicodendron.\\nTragacantha XL S.\\nTragacanth.\\nTraganth, G. Gomme adragante, F. Tragacanto, Gomo Traga-\\ncanto, Alquitira, Sp. Dragant, Sw. Gum Tragacanth.\\nOrigin. Astragalus gwnmifer, Lobillardiere, and other species of\\nAstragalus (Leguminosaz).\\nFig. 536.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Flake Tragacanth, natural size.\\nHabitat. Western Asia.\\nDescription. A gum or gum-like exudation from incisions made\\ninto the stem. (See the Pharmacopoeia, page 358.) The pharmaco-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1013.jp2"}, "1014": {"fulltext": "1000 A COMPANION TO THE\\npoeial description states that the fluid portion of tragacanth mucilage\\nis not precipitated by alcohol. This is an inadvertent error the word\\nnot should be omitted.\\nVarieties. Ribbon or flake tragacanth consists of clean,\\nwhite bands, or spirals, as seen in the figure.\\nTragacanth in sorts is more or less discolored, and consists of\\nirregular pieces.\\nConstituents. Rather more than one-half of the gum is insoluble\\nin cold water, and consists of tragacanthin (also sometimes called\\nbassorin) about one-third of the gum is soluble in water, and consists\\nof a calcium salt of gummic acid (not the same as the calcium salt of\\nArabic acid, which constitutes acacia).\\nUsed as a mucilaginous excipient.\\nTRAGACAISTTILE MUCILAGO U. S.\\nMucilage of Tragacanth.\\nMix eighteen grams (278 grains) glycerin with seventy-six grams\\n(2 ounces 300 grains) water heat the mixture to the boiling point, and\\nthen add six grams (92-^- grains) selected clean white pieces of traga-\\ncanth ribbon and macerate twenty-four hours with occasional stir-\\nring. Finally add enough water to make the whole product weigh one\\nhundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains), beat the mass with a horn spatula\\nin a porcelain jar until it acquires a uniformly smooth consistence, and\\nthen strain it forcibly through muslin.\\nEmployed in making pill masses, troches, etc.\\nTrifoiium Pratense.\\nTrifolium Pratense.\\nTrifolii Pratensis Mores Bed Clover Tops.\\nOrigin Trifolium pratense, Linn 6.\\nHabitat. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The flower heads.\\nDescription. Ovate, sessile flowers tubular, elongated, rose-\\npurple fragrant sweetish.\\nMedicinal Uses. Red clover has been strongly recommended as a\\nremedy for whooping-cough.\\nThe fluid extract diluted with water is also used as a vulnerary in ill-\\nconditioned sores and ulcers.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1014.jp2"}, "1015": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1001\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract made with diluted alcohol\\nas a menstruum.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nTEIFOL1I PRATENSIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Trlfolium Pratense.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still, warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nTrillium.\\nTrillium.\\nTrillii Rhizoma JBeth Hoot, Birth Moot.\\nOrigin. Trillium erectum, Linne (Liliacece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States.,\\nPart used.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The rhizome.\\nDescription. From two to five centimeters (f to 2 inches) long,\\nabout two centimeters inch) in diameter, oblong, somewhat flattened\\nexternally light yellowish-brown, internally whitish\\nformed and marked as seen in the figure. Inodorous\\ntaste somewhat astringent, afterward bitter and acrid.\\nConstituents. Probably an acrid principle an-\\nalogous to such as have been found in other liliaceous\\nplants.\\nMedicinal Uses. This drug is reputed to be\\nastringent, tonic, antiseptic, and slightly acrid. It is\\nmainly employed in genito-urinary affections, as in Fig. 537.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trillium,\\n7 7 7 7 natural size.\\nmenorrhagia, leucorr/icea, hcematuria, etc.\\nAlso used in affections of the pulmonary mucous membranes, and\\nexternally as an application to wounds, etc.\\nBest given in the form of fluid extract made with alcohol as a\\nmenstruum.\\nDose. Four to eight cubic centimeters (1 to 2 fluidrachms).\\nTrimethy lamina*\\nTrimethtl amine.\\nA colorless, volatile alkaloid of strong reaction, having the disagree-\\nable peculiar odor of herring pickle, in which, in fact, a large quantity", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1015.jp2"}, "1016": {"fulltext": "1002 A COMPANION TO THE\\nof trimethylamine exists, and from which it may be conveniently ob-\\ntained. It is readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.\\nA solution of trimethylamine in water is sold in the trade under\\nthe erroneous name or propylamine. Propylamine is isomeric with\\ntrimethylamine, and the latter was formerly described under the name\\nof propylamine, whence the confusion. Propylamine is not used in\\nmedicine at all. The best form in which to use the trimethylamine, to\\ninsure definite strength and reliable results, is the\\nTrimethylaminse HydrocMoras.\\nHydrochlorate op Trimethylamine.\\nThis is obtained by neutralizing trimethylamine (that sold under\\nthe name of propylamine will answer) with hydrochloric acid, and\\nthen carefully evaporating the liquid to crystallization.\\nThis salt crystallizes in white or colorless prisms, is very deliques-\\ncent, dissolves readily in water or in alcohol, is nearly odorless, and has\\na somewhat pungent salty taste.\\nUses. Is strongly recommended by some as almost a specific\\nremedy in articular rheumatism and gout.\\nDose. The hydrochlorate is given in doses of 0.10 to 0.20 gram\\n(2 to 3 grains) repeated so as to give at least one gram (15 grains) per\\nday. It is best given in some syrup, or in elixir of orange.\\nTriticum U. S.\\nTriticum.\\nTritici Repentis Radix, Radix Graminis Queckenwurzel, Grasswur-\\nzel, G.; Chiendent, F. Quickrot, Sw.; Couch-grass. Dog-grass,\\nQuick-grass, Quickens, Quitch.\\nOrigin. Triticum repens, Linne (Graminaceai).\\nHabitat. Northern hemisphere.\\nPart used. The underground stems (stolons).\\nDescription. Pale, straw-colored, jointed, branched, wrinkled\\nlengthwise. A transverse section shows a thick bark, a thin woody\\nlayer, and a hollow center.\\nConstituents. About twenty-two per cent, of various sugars.\\nDevoid of starch and resinous matter.\\nMedicinal Properties. Emollient, antiphlogistic, and diuretic.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1016.jp2"}, "1017": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1003\\nTKITICI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Triticum.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Fifty to one hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (1J to 5\\nfluidounces), or ad libitum.\\nTRITICI EXTRACTUM FLUID UM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Triticum.\\nPack five hundred grams (17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois ounces) of finely cut dog-\\ngrass root in a cylindrical percolator and percolate it with boiling water\\nuntil exhausted. Evaporate the percolate to four hundred cubic centi-\\nmeters (13J fluidounces), and then add to it one hundred cubic centime-\\nters (4^- fluidounces) of alcohol, shake, and set the mixture aside for\\nforty-eight hours. Then filter, adding to the filtrate enough of a mix-\\nture of alcohol and water in the proportion of seventy-five grams (3^\\nfluidounces) alcohol to every three hundred grams (10 fluidounces) of\\nwater to make the whole product measure five hundred cubic centime-\\nters (17 fluidounces).\\nThis is a very pleasant preparation, tasting and smelling like infu-\\nsion of malt.\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (l^ to 4 fluidrachms).\\nTritici Farina.\\nWheat Flour.\\nOrigin. Triticum vulgare, Villars (Graminacece).\\nDescription. A fine white flour prepared from the seed. Impal-\\npable, inodorous, of insipid taste.\\nConstituents. About seventy per cent, starch, twelve per cent,\\ngluten, two per cent, fixed oil, besides sugar, cellulose, and water.\\nYields one and one-half to two per cent, ash containing about fifty per\\ncent, phosphoric acid. Wheat is the most nutritious of all cereals, con-\\ntaining the largest percentage of nitrogenous matters.\\nMedicinal Uses. As an application to inflamed or excoriated sur-\\nfaces to allay the heat and pain.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1017.jp2"}, "1018": {"fulltext": "1004 A COMPANION TO THE\\nTriturationes U. S.\\nTriturations.\\nA new class of preparations introduced in the Pharmacopoeia for the\\nfirst time in the latest revision. They are simply dilutions of potent\\nremedies in the form of powder, the diluent being milk sugar.\\nThe object of the trituration with milk sugar is not only to dilute\\nthe medicine so that the dose may be sufficiently enlarged to render it\\neasy to dispense it with safe accuracy, but also to reduce it to a great\\ndegree of fineness, whereby the action of the medicine is increased and\\nyet better distributed, so that local irritation, from the direct contact of\\nthe- powerful medicinal substance in one spot of the mucous membrane\\nof the stomach, is prevented.\\nThere is at present but one official trituration, viz., that of elaterine.\\nTrochisci 17. S.\\nTroches.\\nPotuke, Tabular, Pastilli Tablets, Lozenges.\\nSmall flattened cakes, either round, oblong, rectangular, or in other\\nforms prepared with sugar dried so as to permanently retain their\\nform usually flavored with some aromatic substance.\\nThey are not specially effective forms of medication, except in cases\\nwhere it is desirable that the medicinal substance they contain shall\\nremain a comparatively long time in contact with the surfaces of the\\nthroat, as is the case with chlorate of potassium tablets.\\nThe formidable array of troches in our Pharmacopoeia is hardly war-\\nranted by the demand for this class of preparations and yet we believe\\nnearly all of the official troches to be useful. They are certainly con-\\nvenient to carry about.\\nTussilag-o.\\nTUSSILAGO.\\nTussilaginis Folia Huflattig, Posshuf, G. Tussilage, Pas d dne, F.\\nIlasthofsbrt Sw. Coltsfoot.\\nOrigin Tussilago farfara, Lin n e Compositor)\\nHabitat. Europe, North America.\\nPart used. Leaves.\\nDescription. The leaves are rounded, cordate, much wrinkled\\nwhen dried, dark green, smooth on the upper surface and covered with\\nmatted woolly hairs beneath. Sometimes the whole flowering tops are", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1018.jp2"}, "1019": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 1005\\ncollected. The flowers are yellow. The drug has no odor the taste is\\nmucilaginous, bitter.\\nConstituents. Mucilage and bitter extractive.\\nMedicinal Uses. Much employed as an ingredient of pectoral\\nteas in pulmonary affections, chronic bronchitis, and coughs. Exter-\\nnally the leaves are used in the form of poultices for scrofulous ulcers.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains) in decoction, or in\\nthe form of a fluid extract made with diluted alcohol.\\nUlmus U. S.\\nElm.\\nUlmi Cortex Slippery Elm.\\nOrigin. TJlmus fulva, Michaux (Urticacem).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nPart used. The inner bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 365.\\nConstituents. Mucilage.\\nMedicinal Uses. Demulcent and emollient. Used externally as\\nan ingredient of poultices.\\nULMI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Elm Baek.\\nFrom fifty grams (or about If avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Ad libitum as a demulcent.\\nULMI MUCILAGO U. S.\\nMucilage of Elm.\\nMacerate eighteen grams (280 grains) sliced and dried slippery elm\\nbark with three hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) boiling\\nwater for two hours, in a covered vessel, without stirring, and then\\nstrain without pressure.\\nUncaria.\\nGambik.\\nPale Catechu,\\nSee Catechu Pallidum.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1019.jp2"}, "1020": {"fulltext": "1006\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nUnguenta,\\nOintments.\\nSalben, G. Pommades, Onguents, F. Unguentos, Sp.\\nSalves.\\nSalvor Sw.;\\nSoft, fatty mixtures with a melting-point below the ordinary tem-\\nperature of the human body. Applied by inunction.\\nLard is the basis of several others consist of lard and wax, or of\\ncertain fixed oils with some solid fatty substance, such as wax or sper-\\nmaceti, or of petroleum ointment, or of lead plaster with some fixed oil.\\nLard is difficult to obtain of good quality, but it softens the skin\\nbetter than any other unctuous substance, and is probably the best basis\\nfor all ointments, although it soon becomes rancid, so that all oint-\\nments made with lard must be freshly made when required for use.\\nPetroleum ointment keeps permanently, but is by no means as suit-\\nable, because it does not soften and penetrate the skin nearly as readily\\nas lard.\\nUstilag-o IT. S.\\nCoRNSMUT.\\nCorn Ergot.\\nOrigin. Ustilago Maydis, Leveille {Fungi).\\nHabitat. Grows on all parts of corn\\n(Zea Mays), especially upon the ear.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia,\\npage 372. Nearly odorless when dry; taste\\ndisagreeable. The drug is frequently mixed\\nwith pieces of the corn-cob, and is mostly\\na dark brown or brownish-black fine powder.\\nConstituents. About 4.2 per cent,\\nof fixed oil, also an amine-like, volatile sub-\\nstance soluble in ether, and about five and\\na half per cent, of an amorphous red-brown\\nsubstance resembling the sclerotic acid of\\nergot. H. B. Parsons.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of ergot\\nin midwifery practice. Ustilago possesses\\nthe advantage over ergot of increasing the force without increasing the\\nduration of uterine contractions, or pains.\\nFig. 538.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cornsmut, reduced.\\n(Appearance on ear of corn.)\\nIndications and counter-\\nindications for its use are similar to those of ergot.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1020.jp2"}, "1021": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1007\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) average dose about\\ntwo grams (30 grains).\\nUSTILAGINIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Ustilago.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum usb diluted alcohol.\\nDose. One to five cubic centimeters (15 to 75 minims).\\nUva Ursi U. S.\\nUva Ursi.\\nUvcb Ursi Folia Bearberry.\\nOrigin. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel (Ericaceae).\\nHabitat. Northern Europe and America.\\nPart used. The leaves.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 372. Also see figure.\\nConstituents. About six to seven per cent, tannin\\nalso gallic acid, arbutin, ericolin, and ursone. The arbutin\\nand ericolin are bitter crystalline principles, soluble in water\\nand in alcohol.\\nMedicinal Uses. Astringent, and in small doses stom-\\nachic and tonic. Its most valuable effect is that which is\\nexerted on the urinary organs from the kidney to the urethra. JL IG J^ 39\\nJ J \u00e2\u0080\u0094Uva Ursi\\nIt is especially valuable in chronic pyelitis, cystitis, dysuria, Leaf, nat-\\nstrangury, and incontinence of urine depending on an irri-\\ntated condition of the bladder. It is said to be especially prompt\\nirr relieving the strangury occasionally following the application of a\\nblister.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains).\\nTJYM ITESI DECOCTUM.\\nDecoction of Uva Ursi.\\nFrom thirty grams (or about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nAbout the same strength as the preparation of 1870.\\nDose. Twenty-five to fifty cubic centimeters (6 to 12 fluidrachms).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1021.jp2"}, "1022": {"fulltext": "1008 A COMPANION TO THE\\nUV^E URSI EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Uva Ursi.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twen-\\ntieth part of its weight of glycerin.\\nGreenish-brown almost black.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (10 to 30 grains).\\nUVJS URSI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Uva Ursi.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a first menstruum use a mixture of two hundred and twenty-\\nfive grams (about 9J fluidounces) alcohol, two hundred and twenty-five\\ngrams (about 7\\\\ fluidounces) water, and fifty grams (about 1^ avoirdu-\\npois ounce) glycerin.\\nAs a second menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the propor-\\ntion of one hundred grams (about 4J fluidounces) alcohol to every one\\nhundred grams (about 3^- fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and seventy-five grams (about\\n6\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounces) of the first menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical\\npercolator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours.\\nThen percolate.\\nReserve three hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (12 fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the second menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).\\nValeriana U. S.\\nValerian.\\nValerianae Radix JBaldrianwurzel, G. Racine de Valeriane, F. Van-\\ndelrot, Sw.\\nOrigin. Valeriana officinalis, Linne 1 Valerianacew).\\nHabitat. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America in the New\\nEngland States, especially Vermont.\\nPart Used. The root (rhizome and rootlets).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1022.jp2"}, "1023": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1009\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 373. The rhizome is\\noften hidden among the twisted rootlets. It is quite frequently met\\nwith sliced into longitudinal halves, in which case the cut surface be-\\ncomes concave on drying, as shown in Figure 540. Odor strong, pecu-\\nliar, unpleasant taste sweetish-bitter, camphoraceous.\\nValerian is best when collected in the fall, and in dry localities\\nthe adhering earth should be simply shaken (not washed) off and the\\ndrug dried in the shade.\\nValerian with a small rhizome and few rootlets of a lighter color is\\nusually supposed to be better than one with larger rhizomes and numer-\\nFig. 540. Valerian, natural size. (Vermont valerian.)\\nous dark-colored rootlets. A dark color is always indicative of doubt-\\nful quality.\\nTrade Varieties. English valerian brings the highest price in\\nthe American market, being worth about fifty per cent, more than\\neither the German or the Vermont. There is no good reason for this\\npartiality, if the general characteristics are such as described above.\\nThe odor should be strong, but becomes more offensive after long keep-\\ning. Vermont valerian is of excellent quality, being plump, light-\\ncolored, and of good odor it is large and has numerous rootlets. In\\nour opinion it is the best valerian obtainable in this market.\\nThe term Radix Valerianae Minoris, which at one time grew to\\nbe construed as applicable only to the best grade of root of Valeriana\\nofficinalis, whence the opinion gained ground that small valerian is the\\nbest, was originally applied to all root of Valeriana officinalis, to dis-\\ntinguish that from the roots of Valeriana phu and Valeriana celtica,\\nwhich were called Radix Valerianas Majoris,\\n64", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1023.jp2"}, "1024": {"fulltext": "1010 A COMPANION TO THE\\nConstituents. The medicinal properties are due to the valerianic\\nacid and the volatile oil of valerian.\\nFresh valerian has but a faint odor, as valerianic acid is formed only\\non exposure of the volatile oil. The volatile oil is pale-yellowish, or\\nyellowish brown, occasionally greenish, becomes thick when long kept,\\nand then acquires the strong odor of valerianic acid, and an acid reac-\\ntion. It is a mixture of valeren, valerian-camphor, valerianic acid,\\nresin, and water. The camphor, resin, and water constitute together\\nwhat is called valerol, which in contact with the air gives rise to valeri-\\nanic acid. When the drug is recently dried it contains more volatile\\noil and less valerianic acid as it gets older the volatile oil decreases\\nand the proportion of valerianic acid increases.\\nMedicinal Uses* Valerian is an anti-spasmodic and calmative,\\nmuch used in hysteria, chorea, and other similar affections. It is a\\nnervous excitant in full doses, producing headache and mental excite-\\nment, and is used for tonic and excitant purposes in low fevers with\\ndepressed nervous power.\\nThis drug is a very popular domestic remedy in headaches, nervous-\\nness, and hysteria.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given in the form\\nof fluid extract or tincture.\\nVALERIANAE ABSTRACTUM U. S.\\nAbstract of Valerian.\\nThree hundred cubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of fluid extract of\\nvalerian will yield one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 130 grains)\\nabstract of valerian on evaporation to dryness with seventy-five grams\\n(2 ounces 280 grains) powdered milk-sugar, and the subsequent addi-\\ntion of enough powdered milk-sugar to make up the requisite weight\\nof the final product.\\nAbstract is not a good preparation of valerian, as the volatile oil and\\nthe valerianic acid upon which the medicinal value of the drug depends\\nare dissipated to a great extent in the evaporation and drying.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nVALERIANAE EXTRACT UM.\\nExtract of Valerian.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1024.jp2"}, "1025": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1011\\nBrown. Yield about twenty per cent.\\nDropped from the Pharmacopoeia in its last edition, probably inad-\\nvertently.\\n\u00c2\u00a3)ose. 0.5 to 2.5 grams (10 to 40 grains).\\nVALERIANAE EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Valerian.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17\u00c2\u00a7 avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8- 1 fluidounces) alcohol to every one hundred\\ngrams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6 fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and twenty-five cubic centimeters (14- 1 fluid-\\nounces) of the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug\\nis exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. Two to ten cubic centimeters to 2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms).\\nVALERIANAE INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Valerian.\\nFrom thirty grams (about 1 avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make\\nfive hundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).\\nDose. Thirty cubic centimeters (1 fluidounce) or more.\\nVALERIAN M TINCTURA; U.S.\\nTincture of Valerian.\\nMix two hundred grams (or about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol with one\\nhundred cubic centimeters (3-J fluidounces) water. Moisten sixty grams\\n(2 ounces 50 grains) valerian, in No. 60 powder, with forty-five cubic\\ncentimeters (1\u00c2\u00a3 fluidounce) of the mixture macerate twenty-four hours\\npack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with the re-\\nmainder of the mixture, and as much more of the same kind of men-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1025.jp2"}, "1026": {"fulltext": "1012 A COMPANION TO THE\\nstruum as may be necessary, to obtain three hundred grams (10 ounces\\n250 grains, or about 12 fluidounces) of tincture.\\nThe new preparation is one-third stronger than that of the old Phar-\\nmacopoeia (1870).\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nVALERIANA TINCTUKA AMMONIATA U. S.\\nAmmoniated Tincture of Valerian.\\nMoisten sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) valerian, in No. 60 powder,\\nwith sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) aromatic spirit of ammonia;\\nmacerate in a closed vessel twenty-four hours then pack it in a cylin-\\ndrical percolator and percolate with aromatic spirit of ammonia until\\nthree hundred grams (or about 10 fluidounces) of tincture has been ob-\\ntained.\\nThis is one-third stronger than the former tincture (U. S. P., 1870).\\nDose. Five to fifteen cubic centimeters (1 to 4 fluidrachms).\\nValerianae Oleum U. S.\\nOil of Valerian.\\nValerianae ^Etheroleum Volatile Oil of Valerian.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 245.\\nDose. One to two drops.\\nVanilla U. S.\\nVanilla.\\nVanillce Fructus Va?iille, G. and F. Vainilla, Sp.; Vanilj, Sw.\\nVanilla Beans.\\nOrigin. Vanilla planifolia, Andrews (Orchidacew).\\nHabitat. Mexico. Cultivated.\\nPart used. The fruit.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 373.\\nThe fruit is collected before it ripens, and is subjected to a process\\nof sweating by which the aroma is developed.\\nVanilla is sorted according to size and quality, and put up in bun-\\ndles each containing about fifty of the fruits. It is then usually packed\\nin tin boxes.\\nVarieties. Mexican vanilla is the best it answers the official de-\\nscription, and is darker and finer than any other kind.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1026.jp2"}, "1027": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 1013\\nBourbon vanilla is smaller, lighter in color, and has an odor resem-\\nbling that of Tonka beans.\\nConstituents. About two per cent, vanillin, which crystallizes in\\nsilky white needles and has the odor of the vanilla. Vanillin is soluble\\nin alcohol. Vanilla also contains fixed oil, resin, sugar, etc.\\nUsed for flavoring.\\nVANILL^E TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Vanilla.\\nMix four hundred grams (14 ounces, or about 16f fluidounces) al-\\ncohol with two hundred cubic centimeters (6f fluidounces) water.\\nCut sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) vanilla into small pieces, and\\nbruise it in a mortar. Then macerate the vanilla with three hundred\\ncubic centimeters (10 fluidounces) of the mixture of alcohol and water\\nfor twelve hours, after which drain off the liquid and set it aside.\\nPut the moist vanilla into a mortar and beat it with one hundred and\\ntwenty grams (4 ounces 100 grains) sugar until reduced to a uniformly\\nmixed powder. Then pack this into a percolator and percolate it first\\nwith the reserved macerate, and afterward with the remainder of the\\nmixture of alcohol and water, continuing the percolation with the same\\nkind of menstruum until six hundred grams (about 20 fluidounces) of\\ntincture has been obtained.\\nConcentrated Extract of Vanilla for flavoring purposes ought to be\\nat least twice the strength of the official tincture, but may otherwise be\\nmade in the same manner.\\nVapores.\\nVapors.\\nA class of preparations used for inhalation, prepared in such a man-\\nner that the air of the sick-room is charged with the vapor.\\nThe vapor from slaking lime, which is of much benefit in croupous\\nand diphtheritic membranous exudations, is an example of this class.\\nVapors or inhalations are frequently medicated. (See Inhala-\\ntions.\\nIn some forms of inflammation of the nasal or bronchial mucous\\nmembranes with scanty secretion, it is often of much benefit to the pa-\\ntient to charge the atmosphere with steam from a tea-kettle or other\\nvessel containing water, chamomile tea, or other fragrant decoctions.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1027.jp2"}, "1028": {"fulltext": "1014 A COMPANION TO THE\\nVeratrina U. S.\\nVeratrine.\\nVeratria, Phar., 1870.\\nAn alkaloid, or a mixture of alkaloids, prepared from the seeds of\\nAsagrcea officinalis, Lindley (Mela?ithacece).\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 373.\\nMedicinal Uses. This remedy is a powerful cardiac depressant\\nand poison. Overdoses render the heart s action feeble and irregular,\\nthe temperature is reduced, and collapse and death may ensue.\\nThe alkaloid is rarely employed internally, but has been used in\\nneuralgia, rheumatism, etc.\\nIn the form of ointment it is an active remedy for the relief of neu-\\nralgic pains.\\nDose. About 0.005 gram (J$ grain), repeated several times a day.\\nVERATKIN^E OLEATUM U. S.\\nOleate of Veratrine.\\nPut one gram (15 grains) veratrine in a warmed Wedgewood mor-\\ntar. Weigh out forty-nine grams (1 ounce 320 grains) oleic acid.\\nTriturate the veratrine with a small quantity of the oleic acid until re-\\nduced to a perfectly smooth paste. Then add to it the remainder of\\nthe oleic acid, in a porcelain evaporating dish, and continue stirring\\nuntil the veratrine is all dissolved.\\nVEKATKIN^E UNGUENT UM; U.S.\\nVeratrine Ointment.\\nDissolve one gram (15 grains) veratrine in two cubic centimeters\\nfluidrachm) warm alcohol, first triturating the veratrine until reduced\\nto powder, so as to facilitate its solution. Then add gradually twenty-\\nfour grams (370 grains) benzoinated lard, and mix thoroughly.\\nVeratrum Viride U. S.\\nVeratrum Viride.\\nVeratri Viridis Radix Grilner Germer, G. Veratre Vert, F. Green\\nHellebore, American Hellebore, Indian Poke,\\nOrigin. Veratrum viride, Aiton (Melanthacece).\\nHabitat. North America.\\nParts used. The rhizome and rootlets.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 374.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1028.jp2"}, "1029": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n1015\\nConstituents. The alkaloids jervine, veratroidine, rubijervine,\\npseudojervine, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Veratrum viride is much used in fevers to reduce\\narterial excitement and control spasms. It is also used in some forms\\nof heart disease with hypertrophy.\\nDeaths from this remedy are very rare, or, according to some au-\\nFigs. 541, 542. Veratrum Viride, outer and cut surfaces, natural size.\\nthorities, entirely unknown. An ounce of the tincture has been given\\nwithout serious results. This remedy has been praised as a valuable\\nremedy in puerperal convulsions in doses of a teaspoonf ul of the tinc-\\nture every fifteen minutes until the spasms are under control.\\nDose. 0.1 to 0.3 gram (2 to 5 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract or tincture.\\nYEEATEI VIRIDIS EXTRACTUM.\\nExtract of Veratrum Viride.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.01 to 0.05 gram to 1 grain).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1029.jp2"}, "1030": {"fulltext": "1016\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nVERATRI YIRIDIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Veratrum Viride.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and fifty grams (about 6J fluid-\\nounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical percolator.\\nSaturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then percolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^- fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.3 cubic centimeter (2 to 5 minims).\\nVERATRI VIRIDIS TINCTURA U. S.\\nTincture of Veratrum Viride.\\nMoisten one hundred and fifty grams (5 ounces 130 grains) veratrum\\nviride, in No. 60 powder, with sixty cubic centimeters (2 fluidounces) al-\\ncohol; macerate twenty-four hours then pack it firmly in a cylindrical\\npercolator and percolate with alcohol until three hundred grams (10\\nounces 260 grains, or about 12 fluidounces) tincture has been obtained.\\nDose. 0.2 to 0.6 cubic centimeter (3 to 10 minims).\\nVerbasci Flores.\\nVerbascum Flowers.\\nWollkraut, Konigskretze, G.; Molene, Bouillon-blanc, F.; Verbasco,\\nGordolobo, Sp.; Kungsljus, Sw.; Mullein Flowers.\\nOrigin. Verbascum TJiapsus, Linne, and other species of Verbas-\\ncum (Scrophulariaceo?).\\nHabitat. Europe and America.\\nParts used. The corolla and stamens.\\nDescription. Wheel-shaped, two to four centimeters (1 to 1-J- inch)\\nbroad, bright yellow, five-lobed, with a short tube in which the five\\nstamens are inserted. Odor somewhat fragrant taste sweetish, muci-\\nlaginous.\\nConstituents. Mucilage, a trace of volatile oil, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Demulcent. Used as an ingredient of pectoral\\nteas.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1030.jp2"}, "1031": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1017\\nVerbasci Folia.\\nVekbascuh Leaves.\\nMullein Leaves.\\nFrom Verbascum Thapsus, Linne/and other species of Verbascum\\n(see above).\\nDescription. From ten to thirty centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long,\\noblong or oval-lanceolate, acute, crenate, hairy. Inodorous muci-\\nlaginous.\\nConstituents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mucilage.\\nMedicinal Uses. Same as of the flowers. Both leaves and flowers\\nmay be given in infusion ad libitum.\\nVettiveria.\\nVetivert.\\nIvarancusm Radix Cuscus, Vetti-ver.\\nOrigin. The long, slender, fibrous roots of Andropogon muricatus,\\nRetz {Graminacece).\\nHabitat. East India.\\nDescription. Light yellowish-brown, tough, somewhat wavy, fif-\\nteen to twenty centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long, and about one milli-\\nmeter (^g- inch) thick. Has a fragrant odor.\\nConstituents. Contains volatile oil and resin.\\nUsed in perfumery.\\nViburnum U. S.\\nViburnum.\\nViburni Prunifolii Cortex Black Haw Baric.\\nOrigin. Viburnum prunifolium, Linne (Caprifoliacece),\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 374.\\nNomenclature. This drug should have been called Viburnum\\nprunifolium to distinguish it from Viburnum opidus, which is also\\nused in considerable quantities.\\nConstituents. Valerianic acid, bitter principle, resin, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. This remedy is said to be a nervine tonic. It is\\nalmost exclusively used, however, with a view of preventing abortion or\\nmiscarriage, for which purpose it is an excellent remedy. When there\\nis known to be a disposition to these accidents, this remedy should be", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1031.jp2"}, "1032": {"fulltext": "1018\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ngiven in moderate daily doses for several weeks before the time of the\\nexpected miscarriage.\\nThe remedy has also been used in uterine derangements, dysmenor-\\nrhea, etc.\\nDose. Two to eight grams (30 to 120 grains) several times a day,\\nbest given in fluid extract.\\nVIBUKNI PKUNIFOLII EXTKACTUM.\\nExtract of Viburnum Prunifolium.\\nEvaporate any desired quantity of the fluid extract to the pilular\\nconsistence, and then incorporate with it, while still warm, one-twentieth\\npart of its weight of glycerin.\\nBrown.\\nDose. 0.10 to 0.75 gram (2 to 12 grains).\\nVIBUENI [FRCJOTFOLII] EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Viburnum [Prunifolium].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17| avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and\\nwater mixed in the proportion of two\\nhundred grams (about 8^- fluidounces)\\nalcohol to every one hundred grams\\n(about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters\\n(1 to 2-J fluidrachms).\\nViburnum Opulus.\\nViburnum Opulus.\\nViburnum Opuli Cortex Cramp Bark.\\nOrigin. Viburnum opulus, Lin n e\\nCaprifoliaceai).\\nHabitat. Europe and North Amer-\\nica.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription. Quills or troughs, ten\\nto twenty centimeters (4 to 8 inches)\\n*ios. 043, f)44. viburnum Upulus,\\nolder and younger pieces, natural size, long, and about twelve millimeters [f", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1032.jp2"}, "1033": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPGEIA. 1019\\ninch) broad externally greenish-gray or brownish-gray, rough, brittle,\\nmarked as seen in the illustration, which shows both old and young\\nbark inodorous taste bitter, pungent.\\nConstituents. A bitter principle, pungent resin, valerianic acid,\\netc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Cramp bark is so called on account of the\\nantispasmodic properties which render it useful for the purposes of re-\\nlaxing cramps of ail kinds, especially in those forms which affect fe-\\nmales, as in hysteria or during pregnancy or childbirth. It is said to\\nprevent puerperal convulsions if used for the last month or two of preg-\\nnancy. Externally it may be used as an ingredient of poultices for\\nindolent and malignant ulcers.\\nUsed only in the form of fluid extract.\\nVIBURNI OPULI EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM.\\nFluid Extract of Viburnum Opulus.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 60 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol and water mixed in the proportion of\\ntwo hundred grams (about 8-J- fluidounces) alcohol to every one hun-\\ndred grams (about 3^ fluidounces) of water.\\nDose* Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 1-J- fluidrachm).\\nVina.\\nWines.\\nWines are prepared by the fermentation of the juice of grapes or\\nof other fruits.\\nThe varieties of the grape are countless, and each variety yields a\\nwine differing more or less from the wines obtained from other grapes.\\nThe expressed juice of the grape, when containing from ten to twenty-\\nfive per cent, of sugar, will yield a good wine. When the fermentation\\nhas proceeded until fourteen per cent, alcohol are contained in the wine\\nthe process ceases. Hence wines can never contain above fourteen per\\ncent, alcohol except by strengthening the natural wine by the addition\\nof alcohol after the fermentation has ceased.\\nAfter the first fermentation is over the new wine is put into casks\\nand allowed to rest a greater or less period. An after-fermentation\\nthen sets in, during which tartar deposits, the wine becomes clear, and\\nethers are formed, which give the wine its proper flavor bouquet", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1033.jp2"}, "1034": {"fulltext": "1020 A COMPANION TO THE\\nWines contain water, alcohol, sugar, tannin, fruit acids, and ethers.\\nThese should be in proper relative proportions in order to make the\\nwine good.\\nSpanish, Portuguese, and certain other wines are strongly alcoholic,\\ncontaining from sixteen to twenty or more per cent, of alcohol (sherry,\\nport, madeira, etc.).\\nDry wines are those in which nearly all the sugar has undergone\\nvinous fermentation, so that they contain much alcohol, little sugar,\\nand not much fruit acid.\\nSweet wines are wines in which the fermentation has been ar-\\nrested before all the glucose has been converted, and which thus contain\\nan excess of sugar and enough alcohol to prevent further fermentation.\\nDry sherry is a wine with but little sugar, and differs from sweet\\nsherry only in that particular. Dry Catawba is a weak and acid wine,\\nwhich readily undergoes acetous fermentation, but sweet Catawba con-\\ntains a large quantity of sugar, and is not acid.\\nAstringent light wines, or claret wines, contain from ten to fourteen\\nper cent, alcohol and much tannin (St. Julien, Medoc, etc.).\\nSour wines, or Rhine wines, contain from eight to ten per cent, al-\\ncohol and a considerable quantity of fruit acids (Hochheimer, Liebfrau-\\nenmilch, Sauterne, etc.).\\nThe oldest and best-known wines are, of course, European wines.\\nGerman, French, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Hungarian wines, all differ\\nessentially in flavor and other properties. In America wine-culture is\\nstill in its infancy, but enough has been done to show that American\\nwines will in the near future be made of excellent quality. The greatest\\ndrawback to success in the past seems to have been that American\\nwine-makers have attempted only to imitate celebrated foreign wines,\\nand we have heard more of California Sherry, Brocton Port, etc.,\\nthan of new and distinct American wines. It would seem to be a waste\\nof time to attempt to make sherry, or port, or tokay, or any other dis-\\ntinct kind of wine in any other country than its original home. At\\nleast, no such attempt has ever been successful, although the efforts to\\nnaturalize the wines of one country in another have been numerous.\\nThe only proper way would seem to be to cultivate the fruit to the\\ngreatest possible perfection, of whatever variety it may be, and to\\nmake as good a wine as possible from the fruit without reference to\\nwhether the product is or is not like any other wine.\\nThe sherry and port wines were the only wines official in the Phar-\\nmacopoeia of 1870, and these generally contain about twenty per cent,\\nalcohol. As real sherry wine and real port wine are probably not im-\\nported into the United States at all, it is only the imitations of sherry", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1034.jp2"}, "1035": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1021\\nand port which ha*e been used. These imitations may, however, be\\nvery excellent wines, and in speaking of good sherry, or fine\\nsherry, a good wine resembling sherry is meant, and not the genuine.\\nThe new Pharmacopoeia, recognizing these facts, prescribes simply\\ngood wine from grape juice, having the properties laid down in the of-\\nficial description, without reference to any particular brand. This ad-\\nmits of the use of good American wines, of which many will be found\\nto come up to the pharmacopceial standard. We believe, however,\\nthat the alcoholic strength, as fixed by the Pharmacopoeia, is too low.\\nInstead of from ten to twelve per cent, it should have been placed at\\nfrom twelve to fourteen per cent., which would be more nearly in ac-\\ncordance with the actual strength of our best domestic wines.\\nThe official directions for ascertaining the alcoholic strength of\\nwines (see the Pharmacopoeia, pages 374, 375, under title Vinum Album,\\nand page 379 under title Vinum Rubrum) are incorrect. The quotient\\nobtained by dividing the first weight by the second does not give the\\npercentage of alcohol, but only gives approximately correctly the weight\\nof the alcohol and water in the wine. Thus, if the definite volume\\noperated upon be one hundred cubic centimeters, then the quotient ob-\\ntained will express the specific gravity of a mixture of the alcohol con-\\ntained in the wine, with enough water to make one hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters, and by reference to the alcoholometrical table the percentage\\nof alcohol will be found opposite that specific gravity.\\nMulder s process, which is practically the one referred to in the\\nPharmacopoeia, is as follows Measure off one hundred cubic centime-\\nters of the wine at a temperature of 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and weigh it at\\nthat temperature evaporate it until about one-third by volume re-\\nmains, being careful not to let it boil, in order to avoid loss. The ob-\\nject of this evaporation is to expel all the alcohol. Then add enough\\ndistilled water to make the whole again measure one hundred cubic\\ncentimeters at the same temperature as before. The alcohol contained\\nin the wine has now been replaced by an equal volume of water.\\nNow again weigh the liquid. Deduct the weight of one hundred\\ncubic centimeters of water (0.999 gram) from the weight of the liquid\\nlast obtained. The remainder represents the weight of solid matter in\\nthe wine. This weight of the solid matter deducted from the first\\nweight (of the original wine), expressed in grams, will give the specific\\ngravity of a liquid composed of all the alcohol and water, minus the\\nsolid matter, in the wine, or the specific gravity of the wine after the\\nremoval from it of the solid substances, and having obtained this spe-\\ncific gravity the percentage of alcohol is seen by reference to the alco-\\nholometrical table.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1035.jp2"}, "1036": {"fulltext": "1022 A COMPANION TO THE\\nVinum Album U. S/\\nWhite Wine;\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 374.\\nBy white wine is meant any dry white wine made from pure grape\\njuice and having the general properties described in the Pharmacopoeia.\\nIt must neither be too acid nor too sweet, should be clear and free from\\nyeastiness, and must contain not less than ten nor more than twelve\\nper cent, alcohol. Catawbas, Rhine wines, and sherries are excluded\\nby this description, being either too sweet, too acid, or too alcoholic.\\nDry Catawba does not keep well enough. Dry Scuppernong is within\\nthe requirements of the Pharmacopoeia.\\nAs the only pharmacopoeial use of white wine is for making the\\nstronger white wine, we fail to appreciate the utility of the limitation\\nas to alcoholic strength. Surely white wine of better quality as a\\nwine, containing more than twelve per cent, alcohol, will be preferred\\nfor therapeutic use, per se.\\nMedicinal Uses. White wine is often given for its effects as an\\nalcoholic stimulant. It is somewhat more prompt and active than a\\nmixture of water and alcohol of the same percentage strength of alco-\\nhol, on account of the ethers and volatile oils which it contains, but it\\nis generally preferred merely on account of its being a more pleasant\\ndrink.\\nIt is, of course, impossible to state any dose, as the amount to be\\ntaken depends on previous habits and present condition of the patient,\\nas well as upon the nature of the wine that is used.\\nVINUM ALBUM FORTIUS U S.\\nStronger White Wine.\\nMix seven hundred grams (about 24 fluidounces) white wine and one\\nhundred grams (about 4 fluidounces) alcohol.\\nThe white wine used must be one containing not less than ten nor\\nmore than twelve per cent, alcohol, and must answer the description\\ngiven in the paragraph under the title Vinum Album. The resulting\\nmixture will then have a strength of not less than twenty nor more\\nthan twenty-five per cent, alcohol.\\nA better way is to use good sherry containing about twenty per\\ncent, alcohol, or to strengthen a weaker sherry until it contains about\\ntwenty-two per cent, alcohol.\\nThe object of having a wine of this alcoholic strength is to render\\nit a more fit pharmaceutical menstruum. To be a good menstruum it", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1036.jp2"}, "1037": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1023\\nmust be of approximately uniform alcoholic strength, and at the same\\ntime sufficiently strong to be a good solvent. But medicated wines are\\nat best but inferior tinctures. A preparation made with alcohol and\\nwater in fixed proportions must be more uniform than the correspond-\\ning wine, and there is nothing in the wine which makes it preferable to\\nthe tincture. Wine is used because it is a pleasant alcoholic stimulant,\\nand to make the official medicated wines from it is to make poor tinc-\\ntures and at the same time to spoil good wine. In the extremely few\\ninstances where the tartaric acid in the wine is of any practical value as\\na chemical solvent, it would seem to be better to add the requisite\\nquantity of tartaric acid to the menstruum than to rely upon the un-\\ncertain quantity of acid contained in the wine.\\nVinum Rubrum.\\nRed Wine.\\nBurgundy, Norton s Virginia Seedling, and Clinton are red wines\\ncoming within the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia. Clarets are too\\nweak in alcohol.\\nYINI SYKUPUS.\\nSyrup of Wine.\\nDissolve six hundred grams (21 ounces) sugar in four hundred\\ncubic centimeters (13^ fluidounces) Concord wine, by the cold process.\\nThis yields a very pleasant tasting syrup, which may be used for the\\nsame purposes as fruit syrups.\\nA syrup made in the same manner from Virginia Seedling wine fur-\\nnishes a syrup which is a useful addition to diarrhoea mixtures, etc.\\nViola Tricolor U. S.\\nViola Tricolor.\\nWild Pansy.\\nOrigin. Viola tricolor, Linne Violaceas).\\nHabitat. Northern temperate zone.\\nPart used. The whole flowering plant.\\nDescription.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 379.\\nConstituents. Supposed to contain a little violin, the emetico-\\ncathartic principle found in Viola odorata.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been recommended as a remedy in eczema", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1037.jp2"}, "1038": {"fulltext": "1024 A COMPANION TO THE\\nand other skin diseases. Not often used nor of much value. It is\\ngiven internally or applied externally as an ingredient of poultices.\\nDose. One to five grams (15 to 75 grains) best given in the\\nform of infusion.\\nYIOL^E SYKUPITS.\\nSyrup of Viola. Tricolor.\\nInfuse five hundred grams (17 ounces) fresh violet flowers in one\\nliter (34 fluidounces) hot water for two hours express the infusion,\\nlet it stand an hour or two to settle filter, and dissolve two thousand\\ngrams (70 ounces) of sugar in the filtrate.\\nThe preparation is a pale, violet-colored, agreeably fragrant syrup.\\nVitellus U. S.\\nYolk of Egg.\\nM-chtter, G. Jaune d oeuf, F. Agg-gida, Sw. Yelk of Egg.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 379. See also article\\nOvum.\\nYITELLI GLYCEKITUM IT. S.\\nGlycerite of Yolk of Egg.\\nGlyconin.\\nTriturate forty-five grams (1 ounce 260 grains) fresh yolk of egg in\\na mortar with fifty-five grams (1 ounce 400 grains) glycerin gradually\\nadded, until intimately mixed.\\nThe above quantity of glycerite of yolk of egg (100 grams) will be\\nsufficient to emulsify thoroughly from three hundred grams to four hun-\\ndred grams (10 to 13 fluidounces) of fixed oil. This is the only use to\\nwhich this preparation is applied. It is new to the Pharmacopoeia.\\nWintera.\\nWlNTERA.\\nWinterce Cortex Winter s Bark.\\nOrigin. Drimys Winter^ Forster (Magnoliacem).\\nHabitat. South America.\\nPart used. The inner bark.\\nDescription. Troughs, or rarely quills, about two to eight milli-\\nmeters (-fj to -J inch) in thickness, two to four centimeters to 1$ inch)", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1038.jp2"}, "1039": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1025\\nbroad, and of irregular lengths. Externally grayish or rust-brown,\\ninner surface brown, striated or ridged fracture short, coarsely granu-\\nlar, brownish, with whitish and yellowish dots (indicating stone cells\\nand resin cells) odor aromatic taste pungent, somewhat astringent,\\nConstituents. Volatile oil, soft pungent resin, tannin, etc.\\nUsed like canella.\\nDose. Two to five grams (30 to 75 grains), best given as fluid\\nextract made with alcohol as a menstruum.\\nXanthoxylum IT. S.\\nXanthoxtlum.\\nXanthoxyli Cortex Prickly Ash JBarJc.\\nOrigin. X^anthoxylum fraxineum, Willdenow, and Xanthoxylum\\ncarolinianum, Lambert (Hutaceoe).\\nHabitat. The United States.\\nPart used. The bark.\\nDescription- See the Pharmacopoeia, page 379.\\nConstituents. An acrid green oil, acrid soft resin, a bitter alka-\\nloid or other principle, tannin, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Xanthoxylum is employed as a nervous and ar-\\nterial stimulant, sialagogue, diaphoretic, and alterative. It is sometimes\\nuseful in flatulent colic, suppression of menses, chronic hepatic troubles,\\nchronic rheumatism, syphilis, etc.\\nExternally it is an acrid stimulant and is applied as a counter-irritant\\nor revulsive.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains).\\nXANTHGXYLI [CORTICIS] EXTKACTUM FLUIDUM;\\nU.S.\\nFluid Extract of Xanthoxylum [Baek].\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidounces), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and twenty-five grams (about 5\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15^- fluidounces) of\\nthe first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted.\\n65", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1039.jp2"}, "1040": {"fulltext": "1026 A COMPANION TO THE\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey and then\\ndissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to make\\nthe whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluidounces).\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 cubic centimeters (8 to 30 minims).\\nXanthoxyli Fructus.\\nXanthoxylum Fruit.\\nPrickly Ash Berries.\\nOrigin. See Xanthoxylum.\\nDescription. Pods oval, thick, and fleshy, greenish or red, two-\\nvalved, usually open, one- or two-seeded seeds oval, black, shining.\\nOdor aromatic taste pungent, aromatic.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and resin.\\nMedicinal Use. Action similar to that of the bark. The berries\\nare supposed to exert a beneficial effect on the mucous membranes in\\naffections of the bowels, as in diarrhoea, cholera morbus, flatulence, etc.\\nDose. 0.5 to 2 grams (8 to 30 grains), best given in the form of\\nfluid extract made with alcohol as a menstruum.\\nZedoaria.\\nZedoary.\\nZedoarios JRhizoma.\\nOrigin. Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe (Zingiber acece).\\nHabitat. India.\\nPart used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. Transverse slices, or disks, one to four centimeters\\n(J- to 1-| inch) in diameter, externally orange-brown, interiorly reddish-\\nbrown, with numerous brownish-yellow resin cells fracture mealy odor\\nand taste pungent, aromatic, reminding of ginger.\\nConstituents. Volatile oil and resin.\\nMedicinal Uses. Similar to those of ginger.\\nDose- One to two grams (15 to 30 grains).\\nZincum.\\nZinc.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 384.\\nThe zinc salts are white. Chloride, iodide, sulphate, acetate, valeri-\\nanate, and sulpho-carbolate are soluble in water. Carbonate is insolu-\\nble also phosphide and cyanide.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1040.jp2"}, "1041": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1027\\nZinci Acetas 17. S.\\nAcetate of Zinc.\\nZincicus Acetas Zinc Acetate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 380.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been given internally in epilepsy and other\\nnervous diseases, but is rarely employed for that purpose at present.\\nIn large doses it is emetic.\\nIt is used chiefly as an astringent in solution, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.\\nDose. As a nervine, 0.03 to 0.1 gram (-J- to 2 grains) as an\\nemetic, 0.5 to 2 grains (8 to 30 grains).\\nZinci Bromidum U. S.\\nBromide of Zinc.\\nZincicum Bromidum Zinc Bromide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 380.\\nMedicinal Uses. Supposed by some to combine the nervine ef-\\nfects of zinc with those of bromine. Rarely used.\\nDose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0.06 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nZinci Carbonas Prsecipitatus IT. S.\\nPrecipitated Carbonate of Zinc.\\nZincicus Carbonas Zinc Carbonate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 381.\\nMedicinal Uses. Its employment internally as a nervine is obso-\\nlete. It is now used externally in powder or ointment as an applica-\\ntion to excoriations, eczema, etc.\\nDose. \u00e2\u0080\u00940.06 to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains).\\nZINCI CAKBONATIS CEKATUM; Phar. 1870.\\nCerate of Carbonate of Zinc.\\nThis preparation is, properly speaking, not a cerate but an ointment,\\nand will be found under the title Zinci Carbonatis Unguentum.\\nZINCI CAKBONATIS UNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Carbonate of Zinc.\\nCerate of Carbonate of Zinc, Phar. 1870.\\nMix thirty grams (1 ounce) precipitated carbonate of zinc and one\\nhundred and fifty grams (5 ounces) simple ointment.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1041.jp2"}, "1042": {"fulltext": "1028 A COMPANION TO THE\\nZinci CMoridum U. S.\\nChloride of Zinc.\\nZincicum Chloriclum Zinc Chloride.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 381.\\nUses. Not employed internally. Externally it is a powerful es-\\ncharotic used to destroy syphilitic and cancerous growths. Its applica-\\ntion is very painful, and the use of a knife is much to be preferred.\\nThe solution is antiseptic.\\nZINCI CHLORIDI LIQUOR U. S.\\nSolution of Chloeide of Zinc.\\nZincici Chloridi Solutio Solution ,of Zinc Chloride.\\nPut two hundred and forty grams (8 ounces 200 grains) granulated\\nzinc into a jar and add gradually enough hydrochloric acid to dissolve\\nit, which will require from seven hundred and fifty to one thousand\\ngrams (26 to 35 ounces). The solution is strained, twelve grams (185\\ngrains) nitric acid is added, the liquid is then evaporated to dryness,\\nand the dry mass fused, allowed to cool again, and then dissolved in\\none hundred and fifty grams (5 fluidounces) distilled water. Now add\\ntwelve grams (185 grains) precipitated carbonate of zinc, and shake the\\nmixture occasionally during twenty-four hours. Then filter the liquid\\neither through white filtering paper free from iron (to prevent its be-\\ncoming colored) or through loose clean cotton, and pass enough dis-\\ntilled water through the same filter or cotton to make the whole product\\nweigh one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains).\\nThe object of shaking the solution with precipitated carbonate of\\nzinc is to remove iron in the form of ferric oxide.\\nDescription. Clear, colorless, odorless, astringent, sweetish, me-\\ntallic, acrid reaction acid. Specific gravity 1.555, corresponding to 52\u00c2\u00b0\\nBaum6. It contains fifty per cent, zinc chloride.\\nUses- Sometimes emplo} T ed as a disinfectant in closets, sinks,\\ndrains, sewers, etc.\\nZinci lodidum U. S.\\nIodide of Zinc.\\nZincicum lodidum Zinc Iodide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 382.\\nMedicinal Uses. Has been used internally as a nervine tonic.\\nSometimes employed externally in ointment in chronic skin diseases.\\nDose. 0.0G to 0.2 gram (1 to 3 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1042.jp2"}, "1043": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. K)29\\nZinci Lactas.\\nLactate of Zixc.\\nZincicus Lactas Zinc Lactate.\\nDescription. A white salt, crystallizing in plates, soluble in sixty\\nparts cold and in six parts of boiling water inodorous, of a very sweet\\ntaste, with a metallic after-taste.\\nUses. Nervine tonic in epilepsy and chorea.\\nDose. 0.003 to 0.06 gram (\u00c2\u00a3to 1 grain).\\nZinci Oleatum.\\nOleate op Zinc.\\nDissolve five grams (77 grains) oxide of zinc in ninety-five grams\\n(3 ounces 150 grains) oleic acid by trituration.\\nIt is a soft, homogeneous ointment.\\nUses. For local application in some skin diseases.\\nZinci Oxidum U. S\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nOxide of Zixc.\\nZincicum Oxidum Zinc Oxide.\\nDescription and Tests. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 382. Must\\nbe a soft, impalpable powder.\\nMedicinal Uses. Occasionally used internally as a nervine tonic\\nin chronic nervous disorders. Has also found favor with some as a\\nremedy in gastralgia, night-smeats, and diarrhoea. Also used externally\\nin powder or ointment in excoriations, eczema, etc.\\nDose. 0.06 to 0.3 gram (1 to 5 grains).\\nZINCI OXIDI UNGUENTUM; U. S.\\nOixtmext of Oxide of Zr5rc.\\nMix one hundred grams (3 ounces 230 grains) oxide of zinc and four\\nhundred grams (14 ounces) benzoinated lard.\\nIn hot weather this ointment will melt and run. Should always be\\nkept in a cool place. Benzoinated cerate mixed with one-half its\\nweight of benzoinated lard should be used instead of benzoinated lard\\nalone.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1043.jp2"}, "1044": {"fulltext": "103# A COMPANION TO THE\\nZinci Phosphidum U. S.\\nPhosphide of Zinc.\\nZincicum Phosphidum Zinc Phosphide.\\nDescription and Tests. Seethe Pharmacopoeia, page 382.\\nUses. Given for the same purposes as phosphorus in\\nDoses of 0.005 to 0.02 gram T to grain).\\nZinci Sulphas TJ. S.\\nSulphate of Zinc.\\nZincicus Sulphas Zinc Sulphate.\\nDescription and Tests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See the Pharmacopoeia, page 383.\\nMedicinal Uses. Rarely employed as a nervine tonic. In large\\ndoses it is one of the promptest emetics, and its use as such is especially\\nindicated in cases of poisoning.\\nIn solution it is often used as an astringent eye-wash or injection.\\nDose. As a nervine, 0.03 to 0.0G gram to 1 grain) as an emetic,\\nabout two grams (30 grains), in solution.\\nZinci Sulphocarbolas.\\nSULPHOCARBOLATE OF ZlNC.\\nWhite crystals of a faint carbolic acid odor.\\nUsed externally in ointment as a disinfectant and antiseptic dress-\\ning for wounds and foul ulcers.\\nZINCI SULPHOCAKBOLATIS ITNGUENTUM.\\nOintment of Sulphocarbolate of Zinc.\\nMix fifteen grams (-J- ounce) zinc sulphocarbolate with one hundred\\nand thirty-five grams (4-J ounces) petroleum ointment, triturating until\\nperfectly uniform.\\nZinci Valerianas IT. S.\\nValerianate of Zinc.\\nZincicus Valerianas Zinc Valerianate.\\nDescription and Tests. See the- Pharmacopoeia, page 383.\\nUsed in some forms of nervous diseases, hysteria, neuralgia, cho-\\nrectj etc.\\nDose. 0.03 to 0.3 gram to 5 grains).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1044.jp2"}, "1045": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA.\\n1031\\nZingiber U. S.\\nGinger,\\nZingiberis Rhizoma Ingwer, G.; Qingembre, F.; Gengibre, Sp.; In~\\ngefdra, Sw.\\nOrigin. Zingiber officinale, Roscoe {Zingiber acece).\\nHabitat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cultivated in tropical countries.\\nFig. 545. Cochin Ginger, natural size\\nPart Used. The rhizome.\\nDescription. See the Pharmacopoeia, page 384. Cochin ginger\\nbest answers the pharmacopceial description.\\nFigs. 546, 547. Jamaica and African Ginger, natural size.\\nVarieties. Jamaica ginger is whitish externally and internally,\\nand covered with a white coat of lime. Has long lobes.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1045.jp2"}, "1046": {"fulltext": "1032 A COMPANION TO THE\\nt\\nCochin ginger is buff or pale yellow, with short lobes.\\nAfrican ginger is brownish-gray, with flattened short lobes.\\nEast India ginger has the epidermis removed on the flat sides.\\nCoated ginger is the rhizome with the epidermis remaining. Un-\\ncoated ginger is peeled and therefore paler. J3 leached ginger has been\\ntreated with chlorinated lime, and is whiter than the natural or un-\\nbleached ginger.\\nFor culinary purposes the best Jamaica ginger is perhaps to be pre-\\nferred, as it has the most delicate flavor for medicinal purposes the\\nCochin ginger is the best, as it is generally sound and pungent, but\\nless coarse than African ginger.\\nConstituents,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Volatile oil, to which the flavor is due, and resin,\\nto which the ginger owes its pungency. Also starch, etc.\\nMedicinal Uses. Carminative stimulant, spice and flavoring\\nagent.\\nDose. About one gram (15 grains).\\nZINGIBERIS EXTRACTUM FLUIDUM; U. S.\\nFluid Extract of Ginger.\\nTo make five hundred cubic centimeters (or its equivalent 17 U. S.\\nfluidourices), use five hundred grams (or its equivalent 17f avoirdupois\\nounces) of the drug, in No. 30 powder.\\nAs a menstruum use alcohol.\\nMoisten the drug with one hundred and twenty-five grams (about 5-^\\nfluidounces) of the menstruum. Pack it tightly in a cylindrical perco-\\nlator. Saturate with menstruum. Macerate forty-eight hours. Then\\npercolate.\\nReserve four hundred and fifty cubic centimeters (15J fluidounces)\\nof the first percolate. Continue the percolation until the drug is ex-\\nhausted.\\nEvaporate the second percolate to the consistence of honey, and\\nthen dissolve it in the first percolate. Add enough of the menstruum to\\nmake the whole measure five hundred cubic centimeters (or 17 fluid-\\nounces).\\nDose. 0.25 to 2.5 cubic centimeters (4 to 40 minims).\\nZUSTGIBERIS INFUSUM.\\nInfusion of Ginger.\\nFrom ten grams (about avoirdupois ounce) of the drug make five\\nhundred grams (equal to about 17 U. S. fluidounces).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1046.jp2"}, "1047": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1033\\nDose. Twenty-five to seventy-five cubic centimeters (6 to 18 flui-\\ndrachms).\\nZINGIBERIS OLEOEESIKA; U.S.\\nOleokesin of Ginger.\\nPack one thousand grams (35 ounces 120 grains) ginger, in No. 60\\npowder, firmly into a tall, narrow cylindrical percolator provided with\\ncover and receptacle adapted to operations with volatile menstrua (see\\npage 721), and percolate it slowly with stronger ether until one thousand\\nfive hundred grams (about 68 fluidounces) percolate has slowly passed.\\nRecover about one thousand grams of the ether by distillation on a\\nwater-bath, put the residue into a porcelain evaporating dish and ex-\\npose it until the remaining ether has evaporated away spontaneously.\\nKeep the product in small, well-corked, wide-mouthed bottles.\\nDose. One or two drops, largely diluted with water or syrup.\\nZINGIBEKIS SYRUPUS IT. S.\\nSyrup op Ginger.\\nTriturate twenty grams (300 grains) fluid extract of ginger with two\\nhundred and fifty grams (8 ounces 360 grains) sugar heat the mixture\\nat 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. (140\u00c2\u00b0 F.) until all the alcohol has evaporated. Then mix the\\nresidue with three hundred and fifty grams (12 fluidounces) water, filter\\nthe solution, and add through the filter enough water to make the\\nwhole weigh six hundred grams (about 21 ounces). Then add four\\nhundred grams (14 ounces) more of sugar, and dissolve it without the\\naid of heat.\\nUsed as a carminative or for flavoring.\\nDose. Five to ten cubic centimeters (1 to 2J fluidrachms).\\nZINGIBERIS TINCTUKA U. S.\\nTincture of Ginger.\\nEssence of Ginger.\\nPercolate sixty grams (2 ounces 50 grains) ginger, in No. 40 powder,\\nwith alcohol until three hundred grams (10 ounces 250 grains, measur-\\ning about 12 fluidounces) of percolate has been obtained.\\nThis tincture is one-third weaker than the preparation of the old\\npharmacopoeia (1870).\\nDose. Two to five cubic centimeters (30 to 75 minims).", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1047.jp2"}, "1048": {"fulltext": "1034 A COMPANION TO THE\\nZINGIBEEIS TKOCHISCI U. S.\\nGinger Troches.\\nMix thirteen grams (200 grains) tincture of ginger with one hun-\\ndred and thirty grams (2,000 grains) sugar dry the mixture well, and\\nreduce it to powder then add 3.25 grams (50 grains) powdered traga-\\ncanth, and finally enough syrup of ginger to make a proper mass.\\nDivide it into one hundred troches.\\nDose. One every few hours as a carminative.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1048.jp2"}, "1049": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA,\\n1035\\nTHE MICROSCOPE IN PHARMACOGNOSY.\\nThe importance of the microscope in the study of pharmacognosy\\nis well understood. While we may be able without this instrument to\\ndistinguish one crude drug\\nfrom another while in the\\nwhole state, it is usually diffi-\\ncult, if not impossible, to dis-\\ntinguish them or to determine\\nthe degree of purity when in\\nthe form of powder. Drugs\\nmay often resemble each other\\nexternally, when the examina-\\ntion of their internal structure\\nreveals marked differences.\\nA short account of the\\nnecessary apparatus and ma-\\nnipulations enabling the read-\\ner to use the microscope for\\nthe examination of drugs may\\ntherefore add to the usefulness\\nof this book. The most prac-\\ntical methods of making per-\\nmanent preparations will also\\nbe described, so that a cabinet\\nof mounted slides may be made\\nfor future reference.\\nA few words on the con-\\nstruction of the microscope\\nmay prove of interest.\\nIn Fig. 548 is represented Fig. 548. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Compound Microscope,\\na compound microscope, so called to distinguish it from the simple\\nmicroscope, or single magnifying lens, because it possesses a combina-\\ntion of lenses. The compound microscope consists of the mechanical\\nand optical parts, the first being the stand, the other the lenses.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1049.jp2"}, "1050": {"fulltext": "1036\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nThe stand should be made to incline, as in the illustration. Its dif-\\nferent parts are shown and their designations given in Fig. 549.\\nBy referring to this illustration, the stand is seen to have a base or\\nfoot, which should be preferably of the form known as the tripod base,\\nand sufficiently heavy to insure a firm position of the instrument at\\nwhatever angle it may be placed. Upon the base, and often in one\\neye-piece,\\ndraw-tube.\\nfine adj.\\nFig. 549. Parts of Microscope.\\npiece with it, are the pillars, supporting the axis, which carries the arm\\nof the microscope.\\nFirmly attached to the lower end of the arm is a stage, on which to\\nlay the specimens we wish to examine. The simplest form of stage is\\na brass plate perforated in the centre to permit the light to pass from\\nbelow, and provided on the upper surface with clamps to hold the ob-\\nject in place. These should be removable, and the stage should be\\nprovided further with a diaphragm beneath it, which will allow us to\\ndiminish the amount of transmitted light or shut it out entirely.\\nA mirror-bar is attached to the arm, carrying the mirror, which\\nlatter should be plane on one side and concave on the other. If the", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1050.jp2"}, "1051": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n1037\\nmirror-bar can be made to swing on its axis, so as to bring the mirror\\nabove the stage for the illumination of opaque objects, it will be found\\nto be a great convenience.\\nAttached to the upper part of the arm is the body or tube, which\\ncan be moved up or down by sliding in a tube, or preferably, by means\\nof a coarse adjustment or rack-and-pinion movement. This is for the\\npurpose of adjusting the focus. With higher powers the fine adjust-\\nment is convenient, because it allows\\nof very delicate movement of the tube.\\nThe body has sliding within it (tel-\\nescoping) another tube, which may be\\ndrawn out so as to lengthen the body\\nand thereby increase the magnifying\\npower. This is the draw-tube. Both\\ntubes are blackened on the inner sur-\\nbody.\\nface.\\nThese parts together are the stand,\\nor the mechanical part of the micro-\\nscope.\\nThe optical parts are the objective\\nand eye-piece, or ocular, the first of\\nwhich is the magnifying lens, and is\\nattached to the lower end of the body,\\nwhile the other is a small tube sliding\\ninto the upper part of the draw-tube\\nand carrying a combination of lenses\\nfor enlarging or amplifying the image\\nmade by the objective.\\nThe relation of the optical parts to\\neach other are shown in Fig. 550.\\nThe objective should be corrected\\nfor chromatic and spherical aberration,\\nwhich is done by combining a double-\\nconvex lens of crown-glass and a plano-\\nconcave lens of flint-glass (doublet).\\nIn the better class of objectives the correction is obtained by a combi-\\nnation of three lenses (triplet), and often one objective contains several\\ntriplets and doublets combined, so as to act as one lens.\\nObjectives are designated by their focal distance, thus 1 inch,\\ninch, etc. This is the distance at which a single lens with the\\nsame magnifying power would have to be placed from the object to\\nform the distinct image, but the actual distance of the front lens of the\\neye-lens.\\ndiaphragm.\\n.Jlcld-lens.\\ndraiv-tube.\\nobjective.\\nFig. 550. Construction of Optical part\\nof Compound Microscope.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1051.jp2"}, "1052": {"fulltext": "1038 A COMPANION TO THE\\ncombination from the object is much less when in focus. The magni-\\nfying power increases as the focal distance decreases.\\nThe eye-piece has two lenses, the lower and larger being called the\\nfield-lens, the upper, which is next to the eye, being the eye-lens.\\nBy looking into a microscope provided with the above parts we per-\\nceive an illuminated surface when the light is reflected upward through\\nthe objective. This illuminated disk is called the field. But while the\\ncentral portion will be bright, the edges are dim and gradually fade\\ninto darkness toward the circumference. If we place a large, flat,\\ntransparent object on the stage, reflect the light upward through it,\\nand brins; the lenses into focus, we see the enlarged imas:e clear and\\nsharp in the central part of the field, but diffuse and indistinct toward\\nthe circumference, or if we vary the focus to bring the edges out sharp\\nand clear, the central part becomes confused and blurred.\\nTo remedy this condition a diaphragm is placed between the field-\\nlens and eye-lens, and in the focus of the latter. If we now focus on\\nthe central part of the object, the diaphragm shuts out from view the\\nblurred image of the circumference, and the field is bounded by abrupt\\nand perfect darkness, the field appearing brighter by contrast. The\\nlarger the field thus produced, without blurring of the image at the\\nedges, and without any colored rings around the edges, the better the\\noptical parts, other things, such as definition and penetration, being\\nequal.\\nBy definition is understood the clearness with which minute details\\nare brought into view, and penetration is the power of an objective to\\nbring a more or less thick layer of the object into view at the same\\ntime. If we examine a round body, as a pollen-grain, with a high power\\nhaving little penetration or depth of focus, we may only be able to see\\na small part of the surface at a time without giving us an idea of its\\nround form another lens of the same magnifying power may possess\\ngreat depth of focus or penetration and show the object as a round\\ngrain. Either kind of lens possesses advantages over the other for cer-\\ntain kinds of work, but for the use of the pharmacognocist the lens with\\na fair depth of focus is preferable to one with but little depth of focus.\\nThe action of the different lenses is diagramatically explained in\\nFigs. 551 and 552. The objective, b, gathers the rays of light proceed-\\ning from the object a, and brings them to a focus, producing the en-\\nlarged and inverted image c.\\nIn the simplest form of compound microscope there are but two\\nlenses, the objective and eye-lens (Fig. 551). The image c, which was\\nformed by the objective, is viewed direct, without inversion, by the\\neye-lens. By following the course of the different rays of light, as in-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1052.jp2"}, "1053": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA.\\n1039\\ndieated by the dotted lines, it will be seen that the light is dispersed\\nagain after the image was formed, and but a small portion, and that\\nonly from the central part of the image, enters the eye-lens at all, while\\nthe remainder is lost. We therefore see only a small portion of the\\ncentral part of the object, and\\nthat only dimly illuminated.\\nBy interposing an additional\\nlens (Fig. 552) the scattering-\\nrays of light are converged to-\\nward and through the eye-lens,\\nand we are enabled to see more\\nof the object, or what is the\\nsame thino- the field is enlarged\\nand more brilliantly lighted.\\nAs this lens so materially im-\\nproves the field it is called the\\nfield-lens.\\nAs we see any object in the\\ndirection in which the rays of\\nlight from it enter our eye, we\\nwill see the image apparently as\\nin f (Fig. 552) but as the image\\nwill appear to be larger or smaller\\nin proportion as we imagine it\\nto be nearer or further away,\\nthis image which we see is by\\ncommon consent supposed to be\\nten inches from the eye, and\\nlarger microscopes are so made\\nthat this will bring the image\\ninto the same plane with the\\nobject in other words, the dis-\\ntance from the object to the eye-\\nlens is about ten inches. In\\nsmaller instruments the draw-\\ntube may be drawn out and the\\nPig. 551.\\n-Action of Lenses in Compound Micro-\\nscope, simplest form.\\nstandard length of tube obtained in that manner. This, however, is\\nonly necessary when we desire to make measurements. By drawing-\\nout the tube we may increase the rate of enlargement.\\nBy using oculars of different magnifying powers we can obtain va-\\nrious degrees of enlargement (or powers) with the same objective, but\\nit generally is better to obtain higher powers with higher objectives.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1053.jp2"}, "1054": {"fulltext": "1040\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nThe power of an instrument, or rather of the combination of lenses at\\nany time attached to the microscope, is expressed in diameters and not\\nin areas. Thus, if an object which in reality is one-tenth of an inch\\nsquare, appears to be five inches square when viewed with a microscope,\\nit is enlarged fifty diameters, commonly expressed fifty times, but as\\nFig. 552.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Action of Field-lens in Compound Microscope.\\nit is equally enlarged in all directions its area will appear to be 50 X 50,\\nor 2,500 times as large as it really is. Dealers often state the surface\\nenlargement when advertising cheap popular instruments, because a\\nmicroscope magnifying 2,500 times will sell more readily for a few\\ndollars than another which magnifies only fifty diameters.\\nIn reality the rate of enlargement is still greater than expressed", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1054.jp2"}, "1055": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1041\\nabove. A small object, as a pollen-grain, viewed with a magnifying\\npower of fifty diameters appears enlarged equally in all of its dimen-\\nsions, and therefore seems to be 50 x 50 x 50, or 125,000 times as large\\nas it really is.\\nIt is well to remember that an excess of light is not always the best\\nway of showing delicate structures, but that a dim light will often\\nbring out details, totally invisible in a full flood of central light. The\\ndiaphragm under the stage enables us to moderate the light as neces-\\nsary, and if we are so fortunate as to possess an instrument with a\\nswinging mirror-bar, we can sometimes show delicate lines, as, for in-\\nstance, in the starches, by removing the diaphragm entirely and allow-\\ning the light to reflect upward in a very oblique direction.\\nIt is usually thought that an expensive array of apparatus is neces-\\nsary for the study of the microscopical structure of drugs, but such is\\nnot really the case. The microscope is the most expensive part of the\\noutfit but when it is considered that a good instrument will serve a\\nlifetime the first outlay will not appear so large. The pharmacist does\\nnot need as fine or large an instrument as the physician, because the\\nstructures to be examined are not as delicate or minute.\\nIf a cheap microscope is desired, we know of none of the same price\\nthat equals Bausch Lomb s 3fodel Microscope (Fig. 548) for $45.\\nThis instrument is the best we have seen for the money, and will an-\\nswer all the requirements of the pharmacognocist. It is furnished with\\ntwo objectives, 1 and J the first being well adapted for the study of\\nwhole sections, while the higher power will suffice for the study of the\\nindividual cells in powders, or for starches, lycopodium, etc.\\nMuch time is usually lost in changing from one objective to the\\nother, and we would, therefore, advise purchasers of this instrument to\\nFig. 553. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Nose-piece.\\norder it with a nose-piece (Fig. 553), which is attached to the lower part\\nof the body and carries both objectives, so that one or the other may be\\nbrought into use without trouble or delay. If ordered with the instru-\\nment and lenses, the different parts will be so adjusted that both objec-\\n66", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1055.jp2"}, "1056": {"fulltext": "1042\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ntives are properly centred, and either will be in focus at once without\\nfurther adjustment, except perhaps with the fine adjustment. This\\nconvenient appliance will save many times its value ($6) in time, in the\\ncourse of a year s study.\\nFor an additional $5 this microscope can be furnished with an ex-\\ncellent mechanical stage (Fig. 554), consisting of a polished plate of\\nglass, encased in a brass ring which\\nclamps on the circular stage. The slide-\\ncarrier, which moves on it, consists of a\\nlight metallic plate, and has protruding\\nfrom its lower surface four small points\\nFig. 554.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mechanical Stage. at ts two ends are prolongations bent\\ndownward and inward, which press against the lower surface of the\\nglass, acting as springs. The contact between the stage and slide-car-\\nrier being only in these six points, the friction is very little, and the\\nmotion smooth and steady.\\nThe mirror-bar of this instrument can be brought above the stage\\nfor the illumination of opaque objects, thus enabling us to dispense\\nwith a bull s-eye lens on a stand.\\nThis instrument is furnished with one eye-piece, but additional eye-\\npieces may be obtained. If we should have only one eye-piece we would\\norder a B eye-piece, but if we could have two we would take the\\nA for common use, and C for occasional amplification. With the\\nB ocular the two objectives give two powers, about 54 and 250 di-\\nameters, with the tube drawn out with A and C oculars, four\\npowers, 46, 80, 210, and 375 diameters.\\nBy using the tube without extension, four more powers may be ob-\\ntained, commencing with about 25 diameters and intermediate between\\nthe others.\\nOther objectives may be added as inclination may demand or the\\nmeans allow. We append a table showing powers to be obtained by\\nadditional lenses.\\nLINEAR MAGNIFYING POWERS OF OBJECTIVES AND EYE-PIECES, WITH\\nTUBE OF STANDARD LENGTH.\\nObjectives.\\n4\\ninch.\\ninch.\\n2\\ninch.\\nl\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\ninch.\\nA or H.\\n12\\n18\\n25\\n40\\n50\\n92\\n130\\n210\\n275\\n325\\n400\\n550\\n650\\n800\\nB or 1\\n15\\n23\\n30\\n54\\n70\\n110\\n100\\n250\\n325\\n300\\n490\\n050\\n775\\n980\\nCorf..\\n23\\n30\\n45\\n80\\n90\\n165\\n240\\n375\\n485\\n580\\n750\\n970\\n1,160\\n1.500\\nD or\\n30\\n45\\n60\\n108\\n140\\n220\\n320\\n500\\n650\\n780\\n980\\n1,300\\n1,550\\n1,960", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1056.jp2"}, "1057": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1043\\nOther accessories, as revolving stage, graduated mirror-bar with sub-\\nstage, allowing the use of polariscope or paraboloid illuminator, etc.,\\nmay all be added to this instrument, which is made firm enough to admit\\nof use with quite high powers. Of course such instruments as Beck s\\nIdeal, Economic, or National, or Bausch Lomb s Investigator or\\nProfessional microscopes, or the larger instruments of Zentmayer and\\nothers, costing from $75 to $200 or more, are superior, and a binocular\\nmicroscope with two tubes, giving stereoscopic effects, is well adapted\\nfor the examination of minute seeds and surfaces of leaves, etc., but the\\nModel microscopes will do the work well and satisfactorily.\\nAmong high-priced instruments there is much room for choice, but\\nof the cheaper instruments we believe none excel those of Bausch\\nLomb s manufacture in convenience of the stands and quality of lenses.\\nThere may be some who cannot afford the outlay of $45 for a micro-\\nscope, and they will find some such instrument as Bausch Lomb s\\nFamily Microscope for $23, or their Library microscope for $12, to be\\nquite serviceable, for they can obtain much information and prepare a\\nlarge collection of slides by the aid of one of these cheap instruments.\\nStill cheaper instruments can be obtained, but they are not to be recom-\\nmended, unless the choice is narrowed down to one of these or none\\nat all.\\nOther manufacturers also furnish good instruments, and their price-\\nlists may be consulted. We mention the above-named instruments\\nsimply because we have seen them and know them to be good.\\nIn addition to the microscope, some other apparatuses will be re-\\nquired, some of which are necessary, while others, though not necessary,\\nare very useful.\\nWe may sometimes have occasion to measure objects which we are\\nexamining. Various methods may be adopted to ascertain the real size\\nof the object, the simplest being by means of the stage-micrometer, a\\nglass slide on which a scale is engraved. The object to be measured\\nis laid on this glass slide in a drop of fluid and covered with a cover-\\nglass. It is then placed under the microscope, and its size ascertained\\njust as if a large object were laid on a yard- stick.\\nIt may be desirable to obtain a picture of some of the objects we\\nsee. To draw them by any method is usually a waste of time, and pho-\\ntography should be employed for this purpose. But it is beyond the\\nprovince of this book to give instruction in that useful art. We prefer\\nto make our drawings off-hand, simpl} T glancing into the microscope, and\\nthen drawing on the paper what we see but unfortunately not every-\\nbody can do this, and appliances to aid in the drawing are required. The\\nsimplest aid is a camera lucida, consisting of a plate of glass of a neutral", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1057.jp2"}, "1058": {"fulltext": "1044\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ntint which can be attached to the eye-piece. The microscope is inclined,\\nand a piece of white paper laid on the table below the camera lucida, and\\nshaded so that but little light\\ncan fall upon it. By now look-\\ning down upon the upper sur-\\nface of the neutral-tint glass\\nthe image seems to be projected\\nupon the paper, and may be\\ntraced with a pencil. Consider-\\nable practice will be required,\\nand even then the results are\\nnot of the best. If a person\\ncan draw pretty well, we believe\\nhe can make as good a sketch\\nfree-hand without the camera,\\nand if he cannot draw, he will\\nfind the camera of but little\\nuse.\\nWe have used a method\\nillustrated in Fig. 556. The\\nFig. 555. -Camera Lucida. microscope is raised on a block\\nand brought to a horizontal position. The eye-lens is brought close up\\nto a right-angled (or so-called inverting or reflecting) prism, which is\\nplaced over a hole in the top of a box. To prevent extraneous light\\nfrom entering, a black cloth is laid over the prism and ocular. The\\nopen end of the box is toward the draughtsman, and farthest from the\\nmicroscope, and is closed by an opaque cloth curtain with a sleeve and\\nelastic band for the admission of the hand. A small hole in the top of\\nthe box enables one to look into the dark chamber and see the image\\nprojected upon a sheet of paper lying upon the floor of the box. It is\\nan easy matter to trace the image, and this apparatus offers the advan-\\ntage that the image remains stationary and of uniform size, while with\\nthe camera lucida it moves with every motion of the eye, and with each\\nwink or breath.\\nThe prism, which is expensive, may be replaced by a bit of looking-\\nglass placed at an angle of forty-five degrees.\\nWe employ daylight in using this apparatus, but the mirror may be\\nswung to one side and a lamp placed in the position usually occupied\\nby the mirror, and, if necessary, a bull s-eye lens may be interposed to\\nincrease the light.\\nWhen using artificial light the curtain is, of course, superfluous,\\nand may be removed.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1058.jp2"}, "1059": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1045\\nThis simple apparatus enables us also to measure easily both the\\nrate of enlargement and the actual size of an object. To ascertain the\\nfirst, we place on the stage the stage-micrometer, and in the box a\\nsheet of paper, raised by books if necessary, so that its surface is just\\nten inches below the centre of the eye-lens, minus the distance of the\\neye-lens from the reflecting surface. Thus, if the distance from the\\ncentre of the eye-lens to the part of the mirror-glass on the same hori-\\nFig. 556. Apparatus for Drawing.\\nzontal line is one inch, the paper should be nine inches below the centre\\nof the eye-lens. The tube should also be drawn out to ten inches in\\nlength.\\nWe now focus so that the image is clear and sharp on the paper,\\nand then measure with a foot-rule.\\nWe will suppose that ten divisions of the micrometer scale, in\\nwhich each division is yj-^- of an inch, measure 6|- inches on the paper.\\nThe ten divisions are y 1 of an inch w of an inch is contained in 6-J-\\ninches sixty-five times the rate of enlargement therefore is sixty-five\\ndiameters. We now remove the scale and insert an object which we\\nwish to measure. The image is measured in the same manner with the\\nrule, and the length thus determined is divided by sixty-five to ascer-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1059.jp2"}, "1060": {"fulltext": "1046\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 557. Plain Magnifying Lenses.\\ntain the actual size of the object. If, for instance, we find that the\\nimage is 8-j- inches, then the object measures 0.13 inch.\\nMany drugs require a low power for examination, as, for instance,\\nvarious seeds, or the sections of many roots, etc. For this purpose the\\nordinary magnifiers (Fig. 557) or a\\nCoddington lens (Fig. 558) will\\nbe sufficient.\\nIf we wish simply to examine a\\ndrug in a hurry, without preserving\\nthe specimen, as would be the case\\nwhen we use the microscope for ordi-\\nnary practical purposes, we require\\nlittle further apparatus. Roots or\\nbarks may be cut smoothly across,\\nwith or without first being soaked,\\nand the cut and moistened surface\\nexamined with the Coddington lens.\\nThis will often be sufficient to enable\\nus to recognize the drug. Seeds,\\netc., may be examined without any\\npreparation. The ocular of the microscope, reversed so that the field-\\nlens is nearest the eye and the eye-lens nearest the object, will often\\nanswer the same purposes as a Coddington lens and save an additional\\noutlay.\\nBut many drugs require certain preliminary preparation before we\\ncan see anything. We cut as thin a slice as possible with a sharp knife,\\nand lay it into a small quantity of strong solution of\\ncaustic potassa, contained in a watch-glass, and allow\\nit to macerate for a few minutes to half an hour, by\\nwhich time most of the coloring matter and cell con-\\ntents will have been dissolved. We can then wash it\\nin a few changes of water, and, if not clear enough, in\\na little solution of chlorinated soda. The section is\\nthen soaked for a few moments in glycerin, transferred\\nto a slip of clear glass, covered with a drop of glycerin\\nand a thin cover-glass in such a manner that as few\\nair-bubbles as possible may remain. It is then ready Fig. 558.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Codding-\\nT ton Lens,\\nfor examination with the microscope, in many cases\\neven this is not necessary, and the section may be placed at once in a\\ndrop of water, glycerin, or solution of potassa on the slide and covered\\nwith the cover-glass, but the result will not be as satisfactory as when\\ntreated as above. This seems to be difficult and to require much time,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1060.jp2"}, "1061": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 1047\\nbut the actual time consumed in the various steps of the proceeding\\nneed not occupy more than two or three minutes, the time while wait-\\ning for the maceration of the section being of course available for other\\nwork.\\nPowdered drugs may be moistened with turpentine and placed on a\\nslide and covered, when they are ready for examination starches, how-\\never, are rendered so transparent by this means that they can only be\\nseen by aid of the polariscope. Or the powder may be moistened with\\nsolution of caustic potassa, and placed on the glass slip and covered,\\nbut must be examined at once, as starches are soon dissolved.\\nPowders in alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, or water, will often reveal\\nthe ingredients very nicely, and a little practice will soon enable one\\nto judge pretty well what medium will prove best in each individual\\ncase.\\nBut if we wish to preserve the specimens for future reference and\\nstudy, the process of preparing is not quite so simple, although the\\nwork is not as formidable as the description of making permanent\\nmounts might make it appear.\\nThe Preparation of Permanent Mounts.\\nIn order to be prepared to make mounted slides, the student should\\nprovide himself with glass slides 1x3 inches in size, and preferably\\nwith ground edges, which he may obtain from any optician also with\\nsome thin glass covers, round being preferred, and of two or three dif-\\nferent sizes, the most useful being and f inch in diameter. Square\\ncover-glasses are a trifle cheaper, but do not look so well. A few dozen\\nbrass curtain-rings for cells may be also purchased, the best size being\\ninch outside diameter.\\nThe student will also provide himself with a few camel s-hair brushes\\nof different sizes a few watch-glasses a few glass or porcelain oint-\\nment jars with covers a delicate pair of scissors, and one or two small\\nknives with handles like the smallest knife from the ordinary dissecting-\\ncases or from a case of eye instruments, and two small brass or steel\\nforceps.\\nHe will also require a few needles, which may be fixed with the eye\\nends in wooden handles of the size of small pen-holders one of these\\nneedles may remain straight, a second one is curved at the point by first\\nheating to red heat in a flame, and a third is ground flat and thin at the\\npoint.\\nHe also should obtain a dozen or more wire-spring clips to hold the\\ncover-glass in place until the balsam or cement is dry. The form shown", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1061.jp2"}, "1062": {"fulltext": "1048\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nin the figure as holding down*the cover is one of the best. An excel-\\nlent clip, arranged so that we can regulate the pressure on the cover, is\\nthe Nassau Spiral /Spring Clip, which can be obtained from McAllister.\\nInstead of buying spring clips we may exercise a little ingenuity\\nand make them very cheaply from wire hair-pins, by bending them as\\nTf^hfM^fhl\\nFigs. 559-561. Compressorium, for mounting slides.\\nshown in the figure. They are not quite as convenient as the others,\\nbut the cost is scarcely anything.\\nAnother apparatus may be used for the same purpose, which can be\\neasily made from an old cigar-box and round sticks, and a bit of elastic\\nrubber band. The figure explains the little contrivance well enough to\\nrequire no further description, except that the sticks are a little over an\\ninch apart, and half an inch or less in thickness.\\nOr stiff wires may be used, and a weight of lead cast on the upper\\nend, and the lower end inserted into a cork. Such an apparatus an-\\nswers very well and costs nothing, except the\\nlabor.\\nWe also must have a knife for cutting\\nsections, for which a very sharp pocket-knife\\nmay be used if the outlay for a section-cutter\\ncannot be afforded. A sharp pocket-knife\\nwill enable us to cut fairly useful sections,\\nbut to do good work we must have a section-\\ncutter (Fig. 562) into which we can fasten\\nour material so that we can regulate the thick-\\nness of the slice we cut off, and the cheapest\\nand yet serviceable section-cutter we know\\nof for this purpose is McAllister s, for $5.\\nOther and more complete section-cutters can be bought for $7.50 and\\nupward. The best knife we have ever used for cutting vegetable sec-\\ntions was a large amputating knife.\\nWe cannot make neat slides, though we may make useful ones, with-\\nFig. 562.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section-cutter.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1062.jp2"}, "1063": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1049\\nout a turn-table (Fig. 563). A plain one will answer, but a self-cent-\\nring one, with hand-rest, will enable one to do very fine work.\\nFig. 563. Turn-table.\\nWe may also purchase a few bottles, from the optician, of the form\\nshown in the illustrations, for the purpose of dropping some of the liquids\\nused for mounting, or we may make bottles for this purpose by providing\\na few one-ounce vials, with a perforated rubber cork, into which we insert\\na common dropper with rubber bulb. One of the bottles in the figure\\n.Figs. 564-567. Bottles used in mounting microscopic sections.\\nis provided with a stopper having a hollow glass bulb above and an\\nelongated tube below. By warming, the bulb air is expelled, and on\\ncooling, the liquid ascends. In using, the warmth of the hand is made\\nto expand the air, and the liquid is forced out drop by drop.\\nAnother form of stopper is also figured, in which the upper funnel-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1063.jp2"}, "1064": {"fulltext": "1050 A COMPANION TO THE\\nlike bulb is tied over with rubber. The liquid is expelled drop by drop\\nupon pressing the rubber.\\nThe home-made stopper, with medicine-dropper, is cheap and good.\\nWe, furthermore, purchase one or two bottles with caps, as figured,\\nand place into each a small glass male syringe.\\nA few bell-glasses, to prevent dust from settling on our objects, may\\nbe easily prepared from wine-glasses or goblets, the feet of which are\\nbroken off.\\nA warm table will be mentioned in connection with the description\\nof making balsam mounts.\\nWe must also obtain or prepare the necessary mounting fluids,\\ncements, and staining solutions.\\nCanada Balsam. We expose about half a pound of fine clear balsam\\nof fir to a warm temperature, by placing the bottle in a sand-bath on a\\nstove, taking care that no dust can fall into the bottle while the volatile\\noil is allowed to escape (by inverting a tumbler over the neck of the\\nbottle), until upon cooling the balsam is semisolid, yielding to the press-\\nure of the finger as putty would yield. A small quantity of this balsam,\\nwhile warm, is poured into the bottle with the cap and syringe. The\\nsyringe is first moistened with oil of turpentine, and then filled with the\\nmelted balsam. Then the balsam is forced out again, and the syringe\\nkept, nozzle downward, in the balsam.\\nAnother portion may be poured into another bottle of the same kind,\\nand enough chloroform added to make a solution of the consistence of\\nhoney. This bottle is also provided with a syringe.\\nWe buy also white zinc cement, gold-size, Brunswick black, and\\npicro-carmine, the latter being a staining solution.\\nWe prepare a mixture of bronze and varnish, such as is used by\\ngas-fitters for bronzing chandeliers, etc., and of this half an ounce will\\nbe plenty. We want also an ounce of dammar varnish, a few tubes of\\noil colors vermilion, deep green, blue, and drop-black ground in japan\\nan ounce of thick solution of shellac in alcohol, a bottle of turpentine\\nto clean brushes, some strong ninety-five per cent, alcohol, an ounce or\\ntwo of absolute alcohol, an ounce or two of oil of cloves, a similar quan-\\ntity of concentrated solution of caustic potassa, and a bottle of Labar-\\nraque s solution.\\nWe may also prepare some of the following fluids for mounting our\\nspecimens:\\n1. Distilled water.\\n2. Distilled water with five to ten per cent, carbolic acid.\\n3. Camphor-water.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1064.jp2"}, "1065": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1051\\n4. Creosote -water, by shaking a drop or two of creosote in an\\nounce of water.\\n5. Mixtures of camphor-water and glycerin in different proportions.\\nG. Glycerin, camphor-water, and alcohol; equal parts of each.\\n7. Pure glycerin.\\n8. A drachm of chloroform in eight ounces of distilled water.\\nShake vigorously. The excess of chloroform settles and serves\\nto keep the solution saturated.\\nAll of the above fluids may be put up in the bottles with rubber\\ncorks and drop-tubes, or in the more expensive bottles with funnel-\\nshaped tops or glass bulbs. They all are useful for mounting vegetable\\nsections and tissues, but we cannot dwell on the special indications for\\ntheir use, except to state that the more delicate the tissues the less\\nglycerin should be used, as this renders the tissues transparent. Woody\\nroots, woods, or barks may be mounted in pure glycerin; while starches,\\nsoft pith or parenchyma, fungi, yeast-cells, etc., are better mounted in\\nthe more watery fluids. Objects mounted in pure water sometimes be-\\ncome mouldy.\\nFor preserving finished unmounted sections in bottles, Formula 6\\nfurnishes an excellent medium, in which they may be kept for months\\nor years.\\nGlycerin Jelly may be purchased, or prepared as follows Fine,\\ntransparent, shred isinglass is placed in a clean glass vessel, covered\\nwith distilled water, and allowed to swell over night. The superfluous\\nwater is then poured off, and the isinglass is melted over a water-bath,\\nso that a stiff jelly results when it cools. One-tenth as much purest\\nglycerin and a little solution of boric acid or carbolic acid in camphor-\\nwater is then added; the whole is liquefied together and filtered through\\nwell-washed muslin. A little alcohol may then also be added. The\\nliquid is poured into wide-mouthed, glass-stoppered one-ounce vials\\nand set away in a cool place, where it may be kept for an indefinite\\nlength of time.\\nA portion of this preparation, while warm, may be put up in a bottle\\nwith dropping tube, one with glass bulb being much to be preferred,\\neven though all the other fluids are put up in the home-made bottles\\nw T ith drop-tubes.\\nAll of the bottles with Canada balsam, Brunswick black, cements,\\n}elly, and fluids should be kept in a tray or box with a dust-tight cover.\\nThe pincers, clips, needles, knives, slides, covers, etc., may be put up\\nin another tray with partitions, so that each thing may have its appro-\\npriate place.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1065.jp2"}, "1066": {"fulltext": "1052 A COMPANION TO THE\\nWe are now ready to go to work mounting slides. There are prac-\\ntically three methods of mounting our slides dry in balsam or *in\\nfluids. We will first consider dry mounting. Of many drugs we may\\nsimply wish to examine the surface for instance, when comparing\\ndigitalis leaves with verbascum leaves, which are sometimes substituted\\nfor the first, or in examining the various seeds. For such objects we\\nprepare opaque mounts, which may be made in many different ways, of\\nwhich we shall describe only two of the most useful.\\nFirst. We prepare a disk of paper, as follows A sheet of paper\\nwhich is dead-black on one side is pasted on a sheet of colored paper\\nand dried under pressure, so that the resulting double sheet has one\\nside black and the other colored. From this paper we prepare disks,\\nf inch diameter, by laying on a piece of sole-leather and punching out\\nwith a punch of that size. This disk is pasted on the middle of a glass\\nslide, 3x1 inch, with thin rice starch or tragacanth paste, and black\\nside uppermost. A disk of the same size is then punched from thick\\npaper or pasteboard of a thickness slightly exceeding that of the object\\nwe intend to mount. From the centre of this disk a hole about -J inch\\nin diameter is punched, leaving a circle or ring of about inch in\\nwidth. This is accurately pasted on the dead-black disk so as to pro-\\nduce a cell with a black bottom. We prepare a number of these slides\\nand let them dry under slight pressure, so as to have the top of the\\npaper cell perfectly level. We also make some cells in the same way,\\nin which the bottom consists of fine, smooth, unglazed white paper.\\nWe then prepare our objects by thoroughly drying them, if they\\nare seeds, etc., but if a leaf is to be mounted so as to show its surface\\nopaque, we first hold it in steam until soft, and then punch out a num-\\nber of circular disks with a cork-borer, and of somewhat less diameter\\nthan the inside of the paper cell. These pieces are then placed be-\\ntween bibulous paper and thoroughly dried under just enough pressure\\nto make them retain their circular form and remain flat. When quite\\ndry they are fastened to the bottom of the cell with a little shellac\\nvarnish, liquid glue, or solution of gelatine, and pressed down carefully\\nwith a cork of about the diameter of the piece of leaf, and held until\\nsecurely fastened or instead of holding, a slight weight is laid on\\ntop of the cork.\\nA J-inch cover-glass is then cleaned by dipping into water and\\nrubbing between two thicknesses of filtering paper and between the\\nthumb and index-finger, and by finally polishing with a chamois leather\\nor fine silk handkerchief. The top of the paper cell is then moistened\\nwith paste, and the cover-glass is laid accurately upon the centre of the\\ncell, so that the margin of the cell and glass coincide. Finally, a strip", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1066.jp2"}, "1067": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 1053\\nof glazed colored paper, 1^- inch wide and somewhat longer, is taken,\\nand a hole of the same size as the interior of the cell punched from its\\nmiddle. This strip is covered with paste on the plain side and pasted\\nover the cover-glass and cell, so that the opening is exactly over the\\nopening of the cell and its length at right angles to the length of the\\nslide the paper is then well pressed down and snugly fitted around\\nthe edges of the cell, When dry, the paper projecting over the edge\\nof the slide is smoothly trimmed off with a sharp knife or scissors, and\\nthe slide is finished. It is then a glass slide, with clear glass below and\\nalong the edges, showing a colored circular disk on a white square\\nwhen looking through the glass from below, and a colored square with\\nan opening exposing the interior of the cell when looked at from above.\\nThe ends of the slides are clear glass, and on the left end a label is\\npasted for the name of the preparation, and the end to the right re-\\nmains free for handling the slide with the right hand.\\nIn making opaque mounts, dark-colored objects are best displayed\\non a white background, and light-colored objects on a dark background.\\nSecond. Another method of opaque mounts is made in the Griffith\\ncell, which is made in the follow-\\ning manner Place the slide on\\nthe turn-table and rotate it\\nrapidly by moving the wheel\\nbelow the table with the index\\nor middle finger of the left hand\\nin a direction contrary to the\\nhands of a watch. Dipacamel s-\\nhair pencil into the white zinc\\ncement, which has been stirred\\nup thoroughly yet carefully, so as to avoid air-bubbles, and hold the.\\nbrush on the glass slide, a little to the right of the centre, so that the\\nglass rotates away from the brush and not toward it (Fig. 568). A\\ncircle or disk is very easily painted on the glass slide in this manner.\\nIn making a cell for an opaque slide, paint a disk about f- inch in\\ndiameter, as shown by the circles engraved on the plate of the turn-\\ntable, and then lay a curtain-ring (also f inch diameter) on the disk so\\nas to be exactly in the centre, which is easily seen when the table ro-\\ntates. Then carefully paint the curtain-ring with white zinc cement\\nwhile rotating, but without moving it from the centre. Lay the slide\\naway until the cell is thoroughly dry and hard.\\nIf the cement becomes thick and does not flow readily, add benzole,\\nand in case the cell becomes rough, dip the brush in benzole and smooth\\nit. Use a brush well filled with cement to produce a smooth back-\\nFig. 568.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Method of using Tarn-table.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1067.jp2"}, "1068": {"fulltext": "1054 A COMPANION TO THE\\nground. This background, when dry, is beautifully smooth and white,\\nresembling fine porcelain, and may be used for dark-colored objects. If\\na dark background is desired, mix a little of the ivory drop-black on a\\nglass slab with turpentine, and replacing the slide, when dry, on the\\nturn-table, paint a black disk in the centre and let it dry. This makes\\na dead-black ground. A disk painted with asphalt gives a glossy back-\\nground but this should be covered with a small cover-glass to prevent\\nthe object sinking into the asphalt in warm weather.\\nThe objects are fastened in this cell just as in the paper cell. In all\\nthese opaque cell-mounts use only small quantities of cement to fasten\\ndown the object, so that this may entirely cover the spot of glue or\\nshellac varnish, as otherwise an unsightly blotch is shown in the mount.\\nWhen the cement used to fasten the object is perfectly dry, the\\nslide is replaced on the turn-table and the top of the ring is freshly\\npainted with white zinc cement. Then the cleaned cover-glass is\\nslightly warmed to dry it thoroughly, and then dropped on the ring\\ninto its place. When hard, the outside of the cell may be painted with\\nany of the tube colors mixed with dammar varnish and turpentine, or\\nwith the bronze mixture. If painted with deep olive-green color, and\\nwhen this is dry, finished with a narrow circle of gold bronze on top\\nand at the base of the cell, a very handsomely finished slide is the re-\\nsult. The finish may be varied according to taste, red and black, blue\\nand silver-bronze, white and red, white and blue, white and gold or\\nsilver, etc., and the circles are painted on with small pencils by rotating\\nthe slide on the turn-table.\\nAs none of the slides are perfectly rectangular, it is best that one of\\nthe jaws of the self-centring turn-table be marked by notching with a\\nfile, and then if a small paper is pasted in the corner, which is held by\\nthis jaw, and the same corner always placed in the marked jaw, the\\nslide will always be exactly centred, and any circle which is painted on\\nthe slide will be exactly concentric with any other circle. This paper\\ncan be used as a temporary label.\\nThird. The following method of dry mounting is very simple, but\\nis only adapted to a limited number of objects, such as vegetable hairs,\\nepidermides, etc., which are to be mounted dry and transparent:\\nA piece of writing-paper is coated with shellac varnish on both sides\\nand dried. From this rings are punched by means of the two punches\\nalready mentioned, and a number may be prepared at a time, so as to\\nhave them ready when wanted.\\nThe ring of paper is laid on a clean slide, carefully centred the ob-\\nject is laid in the middle of the opening, and a cover-glass is placed\\nover the ring. On top of the cover-glass is placed another glass slide,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1068.jp2"}, "1069": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1055\\nand the two slides are then gently pressed together to hold cell and\\ncover-glass in place, and then the whole is slightly warmed until the\\nshellac adheres closely to the slide and cover-glass. The two slides are\\nheld together until the whole is cool, when the upper is lifted off and\\nthe slide with mounted cell placed on the turn-table and painted with\\nornamental colors as above. Of course the thickness of the paper may\\nbe varied, but the method is best for very thin objects and with very\\nthin paper.\\nWe come now to the consideration of balsam mounts, but as this\\nprocess is mostly used for sections, we must first consider how these\\nsections are made.\\nThe substance from which we desire to cut a section is soaked over\\nniofht in water to soften it, or if it contains much resin, the resin mav\\nfirst be extracted with alcohol before softening in water. Some woody\\nstems, roots, and barks may require boiling in water or in alcohol and\\nwater to render them sufficiently soft for cutting. If we work without\\na section-cutter, we must manage as best we can to cut off as thin\\nslices of uniform thickness as possible, and it is better to cut off quite a\\nnumber, because many may spoil before the final mount is complete.\\nIf the student works with a section-cutter in which an extra tube\\nmoves up and down in the well of the instrument, the substance to be\\ncut is wedged into this tube with cork or elder pith, so that it projects\\nabout one-third of an inch above the tube. The tube is then lowered in\\nthe well until the top of the substance to be cut is lowered below the\\nsurface of the glass plate. The micrometer screw below then is turned\\nuntil the substance slightly projects above the surface, when the pro-\\njecting part is cut off with a sharp flat knife by an oblique drawing\\nmotion if the section-cutter must be held in the hand, or an oblique\\npushing motion if it can be fastened to the table with a clamp. When\\nthe substance presents an even upper surface, the screw is turned to\\nraise the substance a thousandth part of an inch, and we attempt to\\ntake a slice. If we cannot cut so thin a slice of that particular sub-\\nstance, we raise it a little more, until we ascertain what is the finest\\nsection we can cut, and then we cut away the remaining projecting por-\\ntion in sections of that thickness. Allowing for all tearing and spoil-\\ning, we ought to have thirty to fifty perfect sections from the one-third\\nof an inch of drug. These sections may be placed into one of the\\nporcelain saucers, carefully washed with a camel s-hair pencil in distilled\\nwater, and transferred with a brush to a small vial filled with the mix-\\nture of glycerin, camphor-water, and alcohol, in which we can keep the\\nsections until we want to mount them or prepare them differently.\\nIf the section-cutter has no tube to fit into the well, we wedge the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1069.jp2"}, "1070": {"fulltext": "1056 A COMPANION TO THE\\nsubstance in the well direct but this is more difficult, because as\\nthe brass piston is raised the substance is apt to become loose, and\\nit is more difficult to cut even sections. To avoid tearing the sec-\\ntions, both the surface of the drug to be cut and the knife ought to be\\nkept well wet with water, and the section is floated from the knife by\\ndipping this in water and taking the section off with a camel s-hair\\nbrush.\\nAnother method which we have tried, and which we find well\\nadapted, especially to small objects like seeds or the fruits of the umbel-\\nliferae, such as fennel or anise, is to embed in paraffin. This is easily and\\ncheaply done, as described by E. L. Cheeseman.* Make a short paper\\ntube the same size as the well of the section-cutter, by rolling a strip of\\npaper around a cylinder fit a cork to one end of the tube and attach\\nto the upper side of the cork, by cement or otherwise, the specimen you\\nwish to cut (previously prepared by soaking or otherwise), in such a\\nmanner that it will stand upright in the tube now fill the tube with\\nmelted paraffin when cool remove the paper, and you have a plug of\\nparaffin enclosing the specimen. I usually make several of these plugs\\nat a time, and keep them in alcohol until wanted. A mould of brass\\nsimilar to a suppository mould, in two halves, clamped together, and\\nclosed below with corks, to hold the specimens, will give better results.\\nWhen ready, all of the wells can be filled at once, and when cool the\\nclamp is taken off and a half dozen plugs are ready. These plugs are\\nmore uniform and cylindrical than those made in paper. They are\\nplaced into the well of the section-cutter, and slices are cut off with the\\nwet knife, as already explained. The sections with the paraffin adher-\\ning are washed in benzine, then in alcohol, and are then transferred to\\nthe mixture of glycerin, alcohol, and camphor-water.\\nOf these sections we should mount one (without any further prepa-\\nration than to allow the color to soak out of it in several successive por-\\ntions of the above fluid, if necessary) in glycerin jelly, glycerin, or\\nsome one of the other fluids already mentioned, so as to show the cell\\ncontents, starch, etc., a knowledge of which is necessary for the study\\nof the powders of the drugs.\\nBut for the ordinary purposes of the pharmacist, to study the general\\nstructure of the drug and the relations of the different tissues to each\\nother, the cell contents must be removed from the cell and this is\\nespecially necessary if we wish to mount stained sections in balsam.\\nWe have found it best for this purpose to place the sections in a\\ndrachm or two of distilled water, and to add six or eight drops of\\nAmerican Monthly Microscopical Journal, June, 1881.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1070.jp2"}, "1071": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 2057\\nthe concentrated solution of caustic potassa and a half drachm of\\nLabarraque s solution. This removes starch, protoplasm, chlorophyll,\\netc., and leaves only the cell-walls, which are at the same time bleached.\\nTo succeed nicely in this, however, the sections should be thinner than\\nthe thickness of any of the ceils, so that each cell is opened into, either\\nfrom the upper or lower cut. In this solution the sections may remain\\nfor several days, or even weeks, as frequent examination with a pocket\\nor Coddington lens will determine, and therefore some prefer to use\\nundiluted Labarraque solution, which accomplishes the work more\\nquickly but we have found our delicate sections go to pieces in this\\nsolution so often, if not removed at exactly the right time, that we no\\nlonger employ it. Some drugs resist almost all efforts to make good,\\nclean sections, even on repeated changing from the alkaline solution to\\na dilute hydrochloric acid solution, and back again, so that we had to\\nbe satisfied with only moderately good results, though perhaps we\\nwere over-exacting in our requirements.\\nWhen the section is sufficiently clear we wash thoroughly with fre-\\nquent changes of water, and then preserve the bleached sections in the\\nsame mixture used for the unbleached sections.\\nAnother method of bleaching is to place the section into dilute\\nchlorine water for a little time. Or we may place crystals of chlorate\\nof potassium in a morphine vial, pour on a drachm or so of hydrochloric\\nacid, and close the vial with a perforated cork through which a glass\\ntube passes, which is bent so as to conduct the generated gas to the\\nbottom of another vial, in which the sections are placed in distilled\\nwater. The chlorine gases which pass over bleach the sections without\\nthe destructive action of the Labarraque solution, and if the whole appa-\\nratus is set out of doors the process may be completed overnight with-\\nout anj r annoyance from the chlorine fumes. The washing may be\\ndone by taking a two-necked Woulff s flask and placing the sections in\\nthis a funnel and filter is placed in one neck, and a rubber tube passed\\nfrom the tube of the funnel to the bottom of the flask on the side oppo-\\nsite to the second neck, over which is tied a piece of bobbinet or coarse\\nbolting-silk to prevent the sections being washed away. The whole is\\nthen placed under the tap of a hydrant, or some vessel from which the\\nwater may drop on the filter at such a rate that the filter does not over-\\nflow, and that the current within the bottle, while it turns the sections\\nover and over, may not carry them against the strainer over the other\\nneck of the flask. In a few hours, or overnight, the sections are well\\nwashed, and may then be preserved until wanted for mounting.\\nSometimes we may wish to isolate the cells, which can be done by\\nwarming, or even boiling, small pieces of wood in nitric acid, to which\\n67", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1071.jp2"}, "1072": {"fulltext": "1058\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nwe gradually add bits of chlorate of potassium. Caution must be exer-\\ncised, as dangerous explosions may occur, and the process should be con-\\nducted out of doors, as irritating vapors are evolved. When the process\\nis completed we add water, and after gently shaking allow the cells to\\nsettle and decant. In this manner the cells may be thoroughly washed\\nin several changes of clean or distilled water, and then preserved in the\\nmixture of glycerin, alcohol, and water recommended for the preserva-\\ntion of sections.\\nSuch isolated cells should be mounted in fluids.\\nIf the student has a polarizer he may mount one of the bleached\\nsections in Canada balsam, if it contains sclerenchyma tissue, as this\\npolarizes well. Or a section containing starch may be mounted in\\nbalsam and affords a brilliant object for the polariscope. But without\\nthis accessory such mounts appear too transparent, and we may proceed\\nto stain them by placing as many as we desire to mount in balsam in\\none of the porcelain saucers and dropping on them a few drops of picro-\\ncarmine. This is really a double staining process because it stains cell-\\nwalls of parenchyma cells red and of sclerenchyma cells yellow. After\\nten or fifteen minutes we drain off the staining solution and pour on\\na little strong (95 per cent.) alcohol, and gently wash the sections with\\na soft camel s-hair pencil. Then we transfer them to another saucer with\\na little more of the alcohol after a few minutes to absolute alcohol,\\nand in another few minutes from this to oil of cloves. The first alcohol\\nfixes the color and removes most of the water, the second portion of\\nalcohol and the absolute alcohol remove all the water, and at last the\\noil of cloves displaces the absolute alcohol and the sections are ready\\nfor mounting in balsam.\\nWe will do well to prepare quite a number of sections in this man-\\nner before proceeding to the final work.\\nWe clean a few more slides than we expect to use, so as to make al-\\nlowance for accidental soiling. We also\\nclean a number of cover-glasses of the\\nappropriate sizes for the sections we in-\\ntend to mount, and place them in a rack\\nmade as shown in Fig. 569. A card-\\nboard pasted on each end will prevent\\nthe cover-glasses from rolling out, but\\nthe cut shows one end open to give an idea of the little contrivance.\\nThe next thing to get is a warm table, which we had made to order\\nby a tinsmith, in the shape of a tin can or box a foot square on top and\\nsix inches deep. A cap is soldered in one corner to allow water to be\\npoured in, and near it is a well, or circular cup-shaped depression, which\\nFig. 569. Rack for clean cover-\\nglasses.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1072.jp2"}, "1073": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1059\\nwill contain the bottle with cap and syringe in which we have our hard-\\nened balsam. The whole fits into a wooden tray lined with woollen\\nblanket to prevent too rapid radiation of the heat.\\nWhen the tin box is filled with water the flat top is a warm table\\nwhich will never become overheated and will retain sufficient warmth\\nfor mounting fifty or more slides with one filling-. We have mounted\\nsixty-four slides in one evening after supper without reheating the\\nwater.\\nThose who do not wish to expend the necessary money for such a\\ntable, which, however, is quite cheap, may make a hot table by having\\na perfectly flat lid fitted to one of the saucepans from the kitchen.\\nHaving procured the apparatus, and wishing to proceed, we fill the\\napparatus with water of about 150\u00c2\u00b0 or 175\u00c2\u00b0 F., screw the cap down to\\nprevent loss of heat by the escape of vapor, set the balsam bottle into\\nthe cup-shaped depression made for it, and lay out six or eight clean\\nslides on top of the table. When the balsam is fluid and the slides are\\nwarm we fill the syringe, and then place a few drops of the balsam on\\nthe centre of each slide. We next take a forceps, and taking the\\nstained sections from the oil of cloves, one by one, we thrust each deep\\ninto the liquid balsam on a slide. The adhering oil of cloves will re-\\nmain on the top of the balsam. We then take a second forceps, and\\nlifting a cover-glass by its edge warm it slightly over a lamp and hold\\nit over the drop of balsam on the slide. We take the straight needle\\nin our left hand and hold it at the left margin of the balsam drop, or a\\nlittle to the left of the section, in the centre, if the balsam has spread\\ntoo far. The lower edge of the cover-glass is then steadied against the\\nneedle-point, and then the cover is slowly allowed to sink down on the\\nbalsam, driving before it all of the oil of cloves and some of the super-\\nfluous balsam. If we are not careful to push the section to the bottom\\nof the drop of balsam the section occasionally may be carried out with\\nthe wave of balsam, and then we must use the flattened needle to push\\nit back. We may also occasionally require the needles to remove air-\\nbubbles, but with a little practice we soon learn to avoid the latter\\nentirely.\\nBy a little pushing or a little pressure on one side or the other of\\nthe cover-glass the section may be better centred, if necessary, and\\nthe slide is then laid on a board aside of the table to cool. When cool\\nenough to handle, the cover-glass may be pressed down by one of the\\nspring clips, to make the section perfectly flat, or it may be placed in\\nthe stand already mentioned (see Figs. 559-561).\\nHere the slides may remain until the balsam is sufficiently hardened,\\nafter which the superfluous balsam is removed with the warm point of a", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1073.jp2"}, "1074": {"fulltext": "1060 A COMPANION TO THE\\npenknife, but care must be taken not to get the point of the knife un-\\nder the cover-glass, as the latter will otherwise easily be broken. The\\nslide is then cleaned with a soft tooth-brush dipped in alcohol, then with\\nsoap and water, and finally rinsed in clear water, dried, and labelled.\\nOr if a finish is desired the slide is placed in a turn-table and a ring of\\nshellac varnish runs around so as to fill up the angle between the cover-\\nglass and slide. When this is dry any of the various colored rings al-\\nready mentioned may be applied, so as to overlap the edge of the cover,\\nand a little beyond it, on the slide.\\nAnother method of mounting in balsam is to use the hardened bal-\\nsam, dissolved in chloroform or benzole to a syrupy consistence, and then\\nproceeding just as in the other case, except that no warming is necessary,\\nand that the section, when taken from the oil of cloves, is first rinsed or\\ndipped in chloroform or benzole, as the case may be. It takes a long\\ntime for such a slide to dry, and we are free to confess that we do not\\nlike this method of mounting vegetable sections, though it is often of\\ngreat use in histological work.\\nPretty effects may be produced by double or triple staining, but it\\nis beyond the province of this book to mention more than the necessary\\nprocesses to secure specimens from drugs for practical study. We must\\nrefer for other information to special works on microscopy, or to the\\nvarious journals on this branch of study. Special methods of mounting,\\nwhich seldom, if ever, are required in the study of pharmacognosy,\\ncannot be described in the limited space that we can devote to this\\nsubject.\\nBy far the best preparations for the careful study of vegetable tis-\\nsues are those which are mounted in one of the various fluids already\\nmentioned but as the mounts in glycerin jelly present nearly all of the\\nadvantages of the fluid mounts, combined with the simplicity of the\\nbalsam mounts, we will describe this method of working before proceed-\\ning to a description of fluid mounts.\\nGlycerin jelly has already been mentioned, and we have learned\\nthat it is a strong glue with enough of glycerin to prevent its drying,\\nand enough boric acid, borax, or carbolic acid to prevent moulding.\\nSome have found it difficult to avoid air-bubbles in mounting with\\nthis medium, but we have had little trouble from this source. We pro-\\nceed as follows We use the same warm table as in balsam mounting,\\nbut the temperature of the water must be much lower, just sufficient to\\nliquefy the jelly. The jelly in the small bottle with dropping apparatus\\nis placed in the cup-like well, where it soon becomes liquefied. A watch-\\nglass with a small quantity of jelly is placed on the top of the table, and\\nthe sections to be mounted are transferred from the preserving fluid to", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1074.jp2"}, "1075": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1061\\nthis glass and immersed in the fluid glycerin jelly, where they are left\\nfor a few minutes until they are thoroughly permeated by this mounting\\nmedium. Some omit this step and mount directly from the alcohol,\\nwater, or glycerin, but we believe this omission to be the cause of many\\nof the air-bubbles and other difficulties which they have encountered in\\nthis method of making slides.\\nWhile the sections lie in this fluid we keep them well covered with\\na bell-glass to guard against dust, which is the greatest enemy of the\\nmicroscopist. Air-bubbles and dust we believe to be the cause of much\\nof the moral turpitude and profanity occasionally found among workers\\nwith the microscope.\\nThe mounting itself is proceeded with exactly as hi the case of the\\nbalsam mounts on the warm table, only using glycerin jelly instead of\\nthe liquefied balsam. After the cover is applied the slide is put away to\\ncool, but the spring clips should not exert more pressure than just\\nenough to keep the cover-glass in place and the object flat. As soon\\nas cool, or within a few days thereafter, the slides may be cleaned by\\nwashing in ice-cold water with a soft brush to remove all superfluous\\njelly, rinsing in fresh ice-cold water and drying with blotting-paper, and\\nwhen quite dry they may be finished by placing on the turn-table and\\npainting on a ring with any of the cements, such as white zinc cement,\\ndammar, balsam in chloroform or benzole, Brunswick black, or the last\\nmixed with equal parts of gold-size. The ring is painted so as to be\\nabout one-eighth of an inch wide, and overlapping the edge of the cover-\\nglass, so that the edge of the latter is about equally distant from the\\ninner and outer edge of the ring, or but a trifle nearer the inner edge,\\nbut not nearer the outer edge, as that would weaken the hold of the\\ncement on the slide. These rings may be finished in any of the fancy\\nstyles already described, but we prefer the black finish of the asphaltum\\nor Brunswick black, which has a fine black gloss.\\nWe can recommend this mounting as being exceedingly easy to ex-\\necute, nearly as good as a fluid mount, and much more likely to be per-\\nmanent than the latter, unless the manipulator is expert in mounting in\\ncells with fluids. We would suggest that the beginner should mount\\nan unbleached and a bleached section in this medium, and a stained sec-\\ntion in balsam, and only venture on mounting in fluids after he has be-\\ncome somewhat experienced in the above processes.\\nThe following plan has been suggested for the easy centring of the\\nobject and cover-glass Place the slide in the self-centring turn-table,\\nwith the lower side up, and run a delicate circle upon it with a bit of\\nwater color, of the exact size of the cover-glass to be used. When\\nmounting on the right side this serves as an excellent guide, or if the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1075.jp2"}, "1076": {"fulltext": "1062 A COMPANION TO THE\\npreparation is to be a balsam mount, the colored ring may be painted\\non the upper surface and remain in the finished slide, or be covered with\\nthe subsequently added ornamental finish. We only use it on the under\\nside, where it is washed away in the cleaning of the slide.\\nThe reader who has attentively followed us so far, and has obtained a\\nlittle experience in the use of the turn-table, will have no difficulty in\\nmounting in fluids. We need but few materials or implements. We\\nhave already spoken of the fluids and the main indications for using\\nthose with or without glycerin. We wish only to add one more one\\nhundred parts glycerin, acidulated with one part acetic or formic acid,\\nmust be used if a section that has been stained in picro-carmine is to be\\nmounted in fluid. We need the turn-table for fluid mounts, also the\\nneedles in handles, and one or two cements. We prefer Brunswick\\nblack (asphalt), or this mixed with equal parts of gold-size.\\nShellac dissolved in alcohol is also employed, using only the clear\\nsolution, which is decanted into a clean bottle. A little mastic has been\\nrecommended as an addition, to give greater elasticity to this cement.\\nThese cements are kept in wide-mouthed bottles, with good velvety\\ncorks, to avoid particles of the latter falling into the bottles. Into the\\nbottom of the cork is inserted a small camel s-hair pencil, which remains\\nin the cement when not taken out for use, thus retaining its softness.\\nWhen used, the cork serves as a handle to the brush.\\nWe think we cannot do better than to quote the following from the\\nAmerican Monthly Microscopical Journal, which will apply with slight\\nalterations to any of the cements used in fluid mounting. The cement\\nmust be such as is not acted on by the fluid employed.\\nThe cell must first be made, and for this purpose shellac is the best\\ncement it should be used rather thick, and a very deep cell can be\\nturned up by means of the knife-blade and the turn-table. A number\\nof cells of different depths should be kept on hand, so as to be perfectly\\ndry and hard when they are wanted for use.\\nThe objects should be perfectly permeated by the fluid in which\\nthey are to be mounted, before they are placed in the cell. The mount-\\ning is conducted as follows\\nf a. Choose a shellac cell of a suitable thickness, put it on the turn-\\ntable and run a layer of benzole-balsam upon it, using a solution that is\\njust thin enough to flow freely. Set aside for about one minute or\\nuntil a thin skin has formed upon the balsam.\\nb. Invert the cover of a pill-box and lay the slide upon it, then\\nplace a large drop of the preservative within the cell, and cause it to\\nflow so as to touch every part of the cell. Transfer the object to the\\nslide and arrange it properly by means of needles.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1076.jp2"}, "1077": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1063\\nc. Take a mounted needle in the left hand, and in the rio-ht the\\ncover in a pair of forceps. Place the needle-point on the cell on the left\\nhand side, and place the edge of the cover against it on the cell then let\\nthe cover down slowly, so as to disarrange the object as little as possible,\\nbreathing upon the lower surface, so that the fluid may readily come in\\ncontact with it. When the cover is down, press it into the still soft\\nbalsam, but apply the pressure only around the outside otherwise too\\nmuch fluid is likely to be forced out and a bubble of air will enter when\\nthe pressure is removed. Let the slide stand for a few minutes, then\\nwash it carefully by a gentle current of water from a tap or sponge and\\nset it aside to dry.\\nd. When dry, run a circle of benzole-balsam around it, after which\\nthe slide can be laid aside for months before the finishing process is car-\\nried out. In this condition the object will keep for any length of time\\nundisturbed, but after a while the balsam becomes very brittle, so that\\na more elastic cement is required to protect the slide from the effects of\\nrough usage. We are accustomed to lay the slides away immediately\\nafter the last layer of balsam is applied, until a number have accumu-\\nlated to undergo the finishing operations together.\\ne. Finish the slides by applying several coats of the mixture of\\nasphalt and gold-size, followed by a final coat of plain asphalt to give a\\nglossy black.\\nThe above process will suffice for mounts in strong glycerin. Many\\nmounters have discarded glycerin as a mounting medium because they\\nhave failed to find a cement that will retain the glycerin. They have\\ntried shellac, but it has failed them. Now we speak from considerable\\nexperience with glycerin as a mounting medium, and we do not hesi-\\ntate to assert that shellac will make a perfectly tight and impervious\\ncell for a glycerin mount, and we prefer to use shellac instead of the\\nbenzole-balsam for mounting with strong glycerin. The secret of suc-\\ncess seems to be in washing off every trace of the glycerin before the\\nsecond coat of shellac is applied.\\nWe have not had a very extended experience with shellac cells, but\\nhave had very satisfactory results with the plain asphalt varnish or\\nBrunswick black. Instead of shellac we use this preparation and pre-\\npare a number of cells, which may be made deeper by turning up with\\na knife-point or by painting on several successive layers. These cells\\nmust be thoroughly hardened, in an oven, if necessary on account of\\nwant of time for spontaneous hardening. When ready to mount a prep-\\naration, place the glass slide on the turn-table and run a circle of\\nBrunswick black on top of the cell, but be very careful never to let this\\nring reach to the inner margin of the cell, as otherwise the asphalt may", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1077.jp2"}, "1078": {"fulltext": "1064 A COMPANION TO THE\\nrun in and spoil the mount. The fluid and object are placed in the cell,\\nand the cover on the cell, as above described, except that instead of a\\npill-box we use a thick slab of plate-glass which we lay on a white or\\nblack paper according- to circumstances. With black paper as a back-\\nground we can see delicate objects in the cell much more plainly, and\\nguard against displacement more easily than on a white background.\\nWe are also less liable to upset the slide than on the inverted lid of the\\npill-box.\\nTo avoid subsequent running in of -the cement or air which are the\\ngreat dangers in this class of mounts, and the ruin of so many, we must\\nbe careful to use three precautions, which are essential to success.\\nLet the cell be a trifle larger than the cover, so that the cover will\\nlie on the greater part of the cell, but not quite reach the outer margin.\\nW7ien putting on the last asphaltum, or asphaltum and gold-size ring,\\njust before mounting, do not put it on the inner one-third of the pre-\\nviously applied asphaltum ring which forms the cell, for when the\\ncover drops into plaoe, capillary attraction will cause the fresh cement\\nto run in to the inner margin of the cell, but will keep it from running\\ndown on the inner edge. If it runs down and touches the glass at the\\nbottom of the cell ever so little, we believe the ultimate destruction of\\nthe slide is almost assured, by the continued drawing in of more asphal-\\ntum, a process that, once begun, may continue slowly, but surely, for\\nyears, until the bottom of the cell is covered with the cement and the\\nobject obliterated from sight.\\nWhen the object is to be mounted, put plenty of preservative fluid\\nin the cell to fill it completely, and in dropping the cover-glass into its\\nplace, see that no air-bubble is retained in the cell. If such should be\\nthe case, it may sometimes be removed without raising the cover-glass,\\nbut in doing so we are very apt to get a little of the fresh asphaltum\\non the inner surface of the cell, endangering the mount as already ex-\\nplained. We will do better to raise the cover carefully and lay it away,\\nadd a little more of the fluid and lay on a clean cover. Be sure to exert\\nno pressure on the cover-glass except at the margin, and even there only\\njust sufficient to make the glass become attached to the fresh cement,\\nwhich is easily seen by reflected light. As the glass is elastic, pressure\\nin the middle of the cover will press out too much fluid. When the\\npressure is removed a vacuum occurs, and either asphaltum or air will\\nenter. Even should this not immediately be the case, the continual\\nstrain of the glass to retain its position, will eventually draw in the\\ncement.\\nWhen the cover-glass is firmly adherent all around, la} it away for\\na little while to harden, and then rinse thoroughly and dry it perfectly", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1078.jp2"}, "1079": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 1065\\nbefore running on another ring of cement; then lay away to finish at\\nleisure. Be absolutely sure that the slide and cover-glass are dry before\\nputting on the first outside ring of cement. Let this ring slightly over-\\nlap the margin of the cover, and also the outside margin of the cell so\\nas to reach the glass-slide. When dry add a second ring, slightly over-\\nlapping the first, a third slightly overlapping the second, and so on ac-\\ncording to experience and judgment. We have found and believe that\\nif several rings are put on, allowing each to dry before the next is\\nadded, using either asphaltum, or this with gold-size, for all except the\\nlast ring, making them of such width that the ring on top of the cover\\nfinally is even with the inside margin of the cell underneath and reach-\\ning out over the glass slide so that the whole ring is about T 3 7 inch\\nwide, we have as nearly permanent a fluid mount as can be made. But\\nall this trouble is in vain if the slide was not perfectly dry before put-\\nting on the. first ring, for in that case the cement will probably crack off\\nor become loosened in such a manner that evaporation can slowly take\\nplace, and then air will ultimately take the place of the water or alcohol\\nof the fluid. To avoid possibilities of this kind, some have recom-\\nmended to run a ring of some fresh cement, varying with the final finish\\nof the slides, every few years. We have not found this to be neces-\\nsary.\\nWe have been thus minute in our description of fluid mounts be-\\ncause these are the preparations that will spoil, if any will do so. The\\nglycerin jelly and balsam mounts are much less liable to injury. It is\\ndiscouraging to see dozens or hundreds of slides, which have cost so\\nmuch time and labor, irretrievably ruined for want of proper care when\\npreparing them and as this care can only be exercised when we know\\nthe causes of the destruction of our specimens, we have been somewhat\\nlengthy in describing this class of mounts.\\nA few words more need only be added. Sections of leaves may be\\ncut by first soaking and then placing in the section-cutter between two\\npieces of paraffin. The sections must be treated only with water or\\nglycerin, never with alcohol, if we wish to show them with the cell-\\ncontents, as chlorophyll is dissolved in the alcohol.\\nBleached or stained sections are made in the manner already de-\\nscribed.\\nBy allowing the leaf to macerate in water, and exposed to the sun-\\nlight, the epidermis may after a time be pealed off, and, after washing,\\nbe carefully mounted in very dilute glycerin, in camphor-water or dry.\\nIn the latter case, float it into place on the slide, and then raise the slide\\nout of the water and drain. When perfectly dry mount with the thin\\nrings of shellac paper. The mounts in fluid are to be preferred the dry", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1079.jp2"}, "1080": {"fulltext": "1066 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmount is easier to make. By dipping the epidermis into some black\\nink or writing fluid, then rinsing in water, changing to alcohol, ab-\\nsolute alcohol, then oil of cloves, and finally mounting in balsam, we\\nhave obtained slides which show the structure of the epidermis with the\\nboldness of a wood-cut.\\nPowders are examined by mounting in water or glycerin, after first\\nallowing them to remain for some time in dilute alcohol to remove as\\nmuch as possible of the color. This must never be done by Labarraque\\nsolution, etc., as an important constituent of the powder, the starch, is\\nthereby destroyed. Sometimes it is advantageous to examine the dry\\npowder in turpentine.\\nIn adulterations starch plays an important part, and by destroying\\nit we lose the evidence of their presence. In balsam mounts starch be-\\ncomes so transparent as often to be quite imperceptible except by the\\naid of the polariscope.\\nMake preparations of all the substances you know to be used in\\nadulterations, such as powdered beans, peas, potato starch, powdered\\ncocoanut-shell, etc., so that you may know these substances when you\\nsee them. Also mount preparations from what you know to be pure\\ndrugs, and then any powder that you examine, which is said to be the\\npowder of any drug, if it has histological elements in it which are not\\npresent in the pure powder, may be known to be adulterated, pro-\\nvided such foreign substances are present in appreciable proportions.\\nA bit of dust, a shred of cotton, jute, or other fibre from the original\\npackage, the scale of an insect, an occasional vegetable hair, and\\nforeign substances of that kind must not be regarded as evidence of\\nwilful admixture and adulteration. It is not absolutely essential that\\nwe should be able to recognize the nature of the admixture, for if the\\npowder is not pure we do not want it.\\nIt is generally recommended that the student should make drawings\\nby the aid of the camera lucida for future study. We believe this to be\\na waste of time, as it is just as easy to re-examine the object itself, and\\nthe time required to make a drawing can be more profitably employed.\\nIn regard to the keeping of our slides but little need be said. We\\npreserve them in shallow trays or drawers, and lying flat, especially if\\nmounted in fluids. We keep them in a cool place, and in winter pro-\\ntect them from freezing if in water or watery fluid.\\nWe believe that the microscope is as necessary an instrument in the\\ndrug-store as the mortar and pestle, and if in these pages we have\\noffered assistance or encouragement to any one to enter upon the study\\nof this fascinating and important branch of pharmacognosy, we are\\nmore than gratified.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1080.jp2"}, "1081": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1067\\nTHE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OP PLANTS.\\nIn order to afford opportunity to become acquainted with the minute\\nstructure of plants to the extent to which this is necessary in the micro-\\nscopic examination of drugs, we will endeavor in the following pages to\\nillustrate the principal facts of vegetable histology by word and figure.\\nWe prefer to illustrate from preparations of drugs, when possible, so\\nthat the same study that is devoted to plant histology will advance our\\nknowledge of pharmacognosy, while the specimens which the student\\nmay prepare to corroborate our remarks will be at the same time an\\naddition to his cabinet of drug mounts.\\nWe must presume that the student is familiar with general structu-\\nral botany, as it is explained in works like Gray s Lessons in Botany\\nor if he is not, he would do well to read that book attentively before\\nproceeding with the study of this chapter of our book. He will have\\nlearned that notwithstanding the multiplicity of plants and the appar-\\nently infinite variety of forms, the structure is yet very simple when\\ncompared with the organs of the animal kingdom.\\nIn the flowering plants, for instance, there are but three different\\nparts which are modified to answer various requirements, and all the\\norgans maybe shown to be derived from one of the threeprimary forms,\\nroot, stem, or leaf.\\nAs we recognize the same limb in the pectoral fin of the fish, the\\nwing of a bird or bat, the paddle of the whale, the foreleg of a quad-\\nruped, or the arms of the quadrumana or bimana, so we see the stem in\\nbranch or tendril, rhizome, tuber or bulb, or even in the pulpy mass of\\nthe strawberry.\\nBut while the external configuration in the organs of the plant may\\nundergo various modifications for many different purposes, we find but\\nlittle difference in their minute structure, which is exceedingly simple,\\nwhen compared with the complex histological composition of the animal\\norgans.\\nThe study of this branch of knowledge offers, therefore, compara-\\ntively little difficulty, and by a little application and effort any one may", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1081.jp2"}, "1082": {"fulltext": "1068 A COMPANION TO THE\\nacquire sufficient familiarity with the subject to be able to examine\\ndrugs with the microscope.\\nIf we examine a small portion of any part of a plant under the mi-\\ncroscope we will find that it is made up of a large number of small struct-\\nures which we term cells. In the lowest order of plants, the algae,\\nwe find many plants consisting of only one cell or of single rows of\\ncells, and in some of these we can very conveniently study the phe-\\nnomena of plant-life but we may also find good examples for this pur-\\npose in higher plants, as in the pulpy portion of fruits or in the growing\\nand succulent parts of the stern, leaf, or root for instance, in the leaf\\nof Agave or Vallisneria, or the pulp of the strawberry.\\nWe will find that the cell (Fig. 570) consists of a cell-wall composed\\nof cellulose, enclosing a substance which is called\\nprotoplasm, and within this is a small body termed\\n77 v\\\\ a nucleus, which latter in turn mav contain still\\ntL -life W^Ml smaller bodies termed nucleoli. Not all of these\\nparts are absolutely necessary to a cell, for the\\ncell-wall may be absent, as in the naked proto-\\nIG r 570. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Primordial plasm of some young- al^as, or the nucleus is not\\nCell of Stephanosphcera r J 3\\npluvialis (after Sachs). found, though this may depend on the fact that\\na, cell -wall b, proto- xl j e\\nplasm; c nucleus; d the consistence and refractive power oi protoplasm\\nnucleolus. aiK m icleus are alike, and in such cases the pres-\\nence of the nucleus may often be demonstrated by staining with car-\\nmine.\\nThe protoplasm is the living part of the cell, and is necessary to a\\ncell, while the nucleus is also living but may be absent, though when\\npresent it is only a part of the protoplasm. In ordinary language we\\noften speak of a cell when we mean the empty cell-wall, which is with-\\nout life as we shall presently learn. This conventional use of the term\\ncell is perfectly permissible, but we must bear the distinction in mind.\\nThe cell-wall is formed from the protoplasm, and is not living or tak-\\ning part in the functions of life except in the sense that a hair on the\\nhead or the protruding end of a finger-nail is alive. It is called formed\\nmaterial, and, once formed, usually remains long after all life or activity\\nhas ceased in the part.\\nThe size of vegetable cells is extremely variable, for while the aver-\\nage cell is stated by Carpenter to be about 0.085 millimeter inch)\\nin diameter, there are others fully 0.85 millimeter inch), and some\\nless than 0.0085 millimeter (^-qVtf inch) in diameter.\\nWe will first consider the cell contents. When the cell is young it\\nis completely filled with protoplasm, a portion of which may be differ-\\nentiated from the remainder so as to form the nucleus. The cell-wall", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1082.jp2"}, "1083": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1069\\nmav not yet be formed in the cell s earlier stages, when a delicate layer\\nof protoplasm on the outer surface envelops the remainder but still re-\\nmains a part of the whole protoplasm. This soon becomes surrounded\\nwith the denser wall of cellulose, but may be separately shown by con-\\ntracting the protoplasm by any medium which will abstract water from\\nit, as alcohol, syrup, glycerin, or\\nstrong acids. In the illustration the\\ncontracted protoplasm in cells from\\nthe pulp of rhubarb root is shown.\\nThe delicate membrane surrounding\\nit, but which is formed by the action\\nof the reagents, is sometimes spoken\\nof as the primordial utricle.\\nAs the cell grows older and larger,\\nspaces occur in the protoplasm which\\nare filled with a more watery fluid\\nand which are termed vacuoles. The\\nwatery fluid is the cell- sap, which\\ni Fig. 571. Parenchyma Cells of Rhubarb,\\nincreases in volume until the proto- mounted in balsam, two empty, the others\\nplasm occupies only a small portion sn \u00c2\u00b0wing contracted protoplasm,\\nof the cell, and finally disappears altogether. The cell then ceases to\\ntake any active part in the life of the plant, and serves mechanically,\\nby osmosis through its cell-walls or by capillary attraction, to carry\\nmoisture from the rootlets to the growing and living cells of the plant.\\nAt last even this may cease, and the cell-walls remain only filled with\\nair or with other substances, as in the inner or heart-wood of many\\nplants, and serve only as mechanical support to the living tissues.\\nBut not only the protoplasm or nucleus may be found in the cells,\\nbut also various other substances that are formed by the protoplasm, or\\nthat are mechanically carried to the cell in solution in the sap that\\nascends from the soil and deposited in the cell, or are rendered insoluble\\nby the action of organic acids, etc., as when lime-salts, meeting oxalic\\nacid, are deposited as oxalate of lime.\\nAs the protoplasm is the living part of the cell we would naturally\\nexpect to find it endowed with that fundamental property of all living\\nsubstances, namely, motion. While it is probable that all protoplasm is\\nin motion while alive, it is not always easy to show it. We cannot see\\nmotion in the air, except by the particles of dust or smoke floating in\\nit, because the air is perfectly transparent. The same is true of proto-\\nplasm. Or the currents may be too slow for observation, or are checked\\nentirely by the necessary injury the cell has undergone in its prepara-\\ntion for the microscopic examination. But we can demonstrate it beau-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1083.jp2"}, "1084": {"fulltext": "1070 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntifully and with comparatively low power in Vallisneria, the beautiful\\ngrass-like blades of which are often found as ornaments in our aquaria.\\nWe carefully scrape away the outer cells and expose the inner larger\\ncells. Often the shock of the injury checks the motion of the proto-\\nplasm, but by placing the prepared fragment in a little water and ex-\\nposing to the warm rays of the sun, the motion will generally be restored\\nin half an hour, and we can then place the leaf fragment on a glass-\\nslide in a drop of water, and cover it with a thin cover-glass. The one-\\nfourth or one-fifth inch objective will show the current of protoplasm as\\nthe latter crawls along the inside of the cell, and carries with it the chloro-\\nphyll bodies and the nucleus, the latter being colorless and somewhat\\nlarger than the other bodies. This motion of the protoplasm is called\\ncirculation or cyclosis.\\nThe chlorophyll bodies, or grains, are small green particles, usually\\nspherical in higher plants, which are found in all green parts of the\\nplants, and have the property of decomposing carbon dioxide in the\\npresence of sunlight and liberating the oxygen, while they fix the car-\\nbon in union with several molecules of water to form, directly or indi-\\nrectly, protoplasm, starch, cellulose, lignin, gum, sugar, or the other sub-\\nstances, as oils, resins, waxes, alkaloids, acids, or other proximate prin-\\nciples, some of which require in addition nitrogen, which the plant can\\nfix by taking it from ammonia, or small quantities of sulphur or other\\nsubstances taken from the soil. Without chlorophyll the assimilation\\nof plants would cease, and plant life as well as animal life would become\\nimpossible, for though there are plants that live without chlorophyll\\n(fungi), these are parasites on organic substances and cannot live on\\ncrude mineral materials.\\nChlorophyll is soluble in alcohol and imparts the green color to many\\nof the tinctures and fluid extracts made from leaves, in which it abun-\\ndantly occurs. We must, therefore, avoid alcohol in the mounting of\\nsections of leaves when we want to show the chlorophyll bodies, and\\nmust mount in cells with watery fluids.\\nIn some of the lowest living beings the protoplasm is colorless, as in\\namoeba, but as we rise in the scale of life we find in the animals the\\nblood corpuscles, in the plants chlorophyll grains. These are comple-\\nmentary in their action as well as in their color. The blood globules\\nabsorb oxygen from the air, and convey carbon dioxide from the tissues\\nto the lungs to be exhaled, and the chlorophyll grains absorb the carbon\\ndioxide, restoring the oxygen which was fixed by the animals. The\\nchlorophyll bodies are practically the digestive apparatus of the plant.\\nThere are also in some cells, as in the cotyledons of many seeds,\\npeculiar proteine substances termed aleurone granules, usually much", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1084.jp2"}, "1085": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1071\\nsmaller than starch grains, insoluble in water or alcohol, and embedded\\nin albuminoid and oily fluids or substances. Some of these albuminoid\\nor proteine substances assume the shape of particles with regular planes\\nand angles, forming the crystalloids, and these in turn may inclose true\\ncrystals of calcium oxalate or roundish granular particles of double cal-\\ncium or magnesium phosphate, called globoids. But as the study of\\nthese structures is not of very great importance to the pharmacognocist\\nwe must refer to larger text-books on the physiology of plants for\\nfurther information.\\nOf more importance are the resin-masses, oil-globules, or coloring\\nmatters often deposited in the cells, but most important is the peculiar\\nsubstance known as starch, which is very generally present and often\\ncompletely fills the cells. This substance has the same relation to the\\nvegetable economy that fat has to the animal, enabling the plant to live\\nat its expense when other\\nfood is unobtainable, just as\\na well-fed animal can exist\\nwithout nourishment until\\nits own fat is consumed.\\nStarch is the form in which\\nthe plant stores up nourish-\\nment which is not required\\nfor the immediate purposes\\nof the plant, as in the various\\nseeds of the cereals, in tube-\\nrous roots, etc., and these\\nstructures are the great fat-\\nproducing foods of the ani-\\nmal kingdom.\\nStarch consists of vari-\\ni j c Fig. 572.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Potato Starch,\\nously sized grains, of diner-\\nent and often peculiar or characteristic shape in different plants.\\nIn the illustration (Fig. 572) we see potato starch in oval grains, a\\nhilum or dot at one end, and a number of concentric lines. This is a\\nlarge variety of starch, often used as an adulterant in powdered drugs,\\nand therefore of special interest. The grains are loosely aggregated\\nand separate from each other while in the cell. In the starch of sarsa-\\nparilla (Fig. 573), and of oats (Fig. 574), may be found compound\\ngrains, which assume various shapes according to the number of grains\\nthat unite together. When they break apart, the individual grains\\npresent an angular appearance. Curcuma starch is also shown in Fig.\\n575, and other starches are figured on pages 138 and 139.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1085.jp2"}, "1086": {"fulltext": "1072\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nIt will prove of interest to study the shape of starch in peas, beans,\\npotatoes, and the cereals, all of which varieties may occur in powdered\\nFig. 573. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Starch of Sarsa-\\nparilla.\\nFig. 574.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Starch of Oats.\\nFiG. 575.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Starch of Cur-\\ncuma.\\nVery few\\nFig. 579.\\n-Crystals of\\nOxalate o f\\ndrugs and spices. It is well also to observe the changes produced by\\nparching or roasting, as they may be used in that condition for adul-\\nterating.\\nStarch grains polarize light beautifully, especially if mounted in\\nbalsam, showing a well-marked\\ncross with its centre in the\\nhilum (Figs. 576-578, b and c).\\nCells may also contain cer-\\ntain inorganic substances, as\\nsilica, in the epidermis of equise-\\ntum or grasses, or crystals of\\noxalate of lime in rhubarb (Fig.\\n579). Other forms of crystals\\nare found in the cuticle of the\\nonion, and needle-like shapes\\nin the cells of salep, the latter\\nbeing called raphides (raphis,\\nneedle).\\nCrystals may also consist of\\nFigs. 576-578.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Effects of polarized light on\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, J J\\nCinchona bast-cells, transverse section 6, Zedo- carbonate of lime, which eiier-\\nary Starch c, Potato Starch. _ ,i \u00e2\u0080\u009ejj:*: \u00e2\u0080\u009et j:i 4.^\\nvesce on the addition of dilute\\nacid to the specimen on the slide, or of organic substances, such as alka-\\nloids, etc.\\nWe will now return to the consideration of the cell-wall,\\nplants are unicellular, but generally a number of cells unite\\nto form a single organism, each cell contributing to the life\\nof the whole. In such a case the shape of the cell usually\\nbecomes modified by surrounding influences, together with\\nthe pressure of the sap within.\\nFree cells, unicellullar plants, or spore cells are usually Lime from\\nround. The cells in very young and succulent parts also are u ar\\ngenerally round or oval (Fig. 580, a, b); but as the parts grow they be-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1086.jp2"}, "1087": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n1073\\ncome flattened by the pressure of adjacent cells, and accordingly, as this\\npressure is exerted in all directions equally, or in some directions more\\nthan in others, we find a great diversity of form.\\nPerhaps the simplest modification of the round or oval form is found\\nin cells which are joined end to end, and become flattened at the con-\\ntact surfaces, but not being compressed in any other direction remain\\nround, and by elongating during growth become cylindrical (Fig. 580, c).\\nSuch a condition of growth is seen in many of the lower algse, which\\nconsist of a number of cells united into thread-like structures, or in\\nmany of the trichomes or vegetable hair.\\nOr we may observe these cells in tissues which grow rapidly in one\\nFigs. 580-590 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Forms of Vegetable Cells.\\ndirection and are subjected to little pressure in the other directions, as\\nin the pith of sunflower, in the parenchyma of sarsaparilla, or in the cells\\nof which ducts are composed, as in the ducts of glycyrrhiza.\\nCylindrical cells can of course only be formed if *there is no lateral\\npressure, or if, as in the ducts, the cell-walls are too hard to yield to the\\npressure of the surrounding soft parenchyma cells, for if sufficient lat-\\neral pressure is exerted the cells become changed otherwise in form.\\nInstead of being perfectly cylindrical the cell may taper toward one or\\nboth ends, becoming conical (Fig. 580, d) or spindle-shaped (Fig. 580, e).\\nIf the cells in the interior of young parts are originally round, or\\nnearly so, they will be in contact with twelve other cells, just as a can-\\nnon-ball in the interior of a pile of such spheres will be in contact with\\n68", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1087.jp2"}, "1088": {"fulltext": "1074 A COMPANION TO THE\\ntwelve other balls. If all of these cells grow equally in all directions,\\neach one will become polyhedral or many-sided, assuming more or less\\nperfectly the form of a regular dodecahedron (Fig. 580, f), met with in\\nsome piths and soft parenchyma.\\nBut it is oftener the case that the growth will be more rapid in the\\ndirection of the axis of growth, thus elongating the cell, and as a lateral\\npressure is also exerted, the cells assume polyhedral shapes, more or less\\nperfectly, in the form of rhombic dodecahedra, as shown in Fig. 580, g.\\nThis is a very common form of pith and parenchyma cells and in a\\ntransverse section such cells appear hexagonal. As the rapidity of\\ngrowth in length bears different ratios to the rate of lateral growth\\nthese forms may be varied, as in Fig. 580, A, in which the length in-\\ncreased faster than the other dimensions, and as in Fig. 580, i, in which\\nthe cell grew more rapidly in width than in length and thickness, as\\nmay be the case in the cells of a medullary ray.\\nIf long cells, lying side by side and parallel, compress each other\\nlaterally, the shape may be still further modified and the cells become\\nprismatic in shape (Fig. 580, j, k), the number of surfaces of the prism\\nvarying often in the same plant, the hexagonal prismatic form being,\\nperhaps, the most common of these shapes.\\nWe see beautiful examples of this kind of cell in the scalariform\\nducts of ferns, and in the cells lining the cavity of the carpels of star-\\nanise.\\nUnder other circumstances the cells, especially if situated in the su-\\nperficial layers of the plant, may assume a flattened or tabular form,\\nas in cork or suber, or in the epidermis of many leaves. In the latter\\nstructure they often assume very regular, as well as in others, extremely\\nirregular outlines. Compare, for instance, the rectangular epidermal\\ncells from the leaf of Indian corn, having beautiful crenate margins, or\\nthe cells of the cuticle of the onion scale, with the very irregular cells on\\nthe under side of the leaf of Lettuce.\\nWe find similar epidermis cells in organs which are morphologically\\nof the nature of leaves, as in the rind of the water-melon, in which the\\ncells are of a more or less regular hexagonal form.\\nCells may be extremely elongated, as in the fibre of cotton, which\\nmakes a beautiful object for the polariscope when mounted in balsam.\\nSometimes the cells are elongated, and at the same time pointed at the\\nends (fusiform), as in the bast-cells of many barks, or in most wood-cells.\\nCells may also be star-shaped (stellate), as in the interior of the stalk\\nor petiole of the water-lily, or irregularly branched, as in the white and\\nspongy parenchyma of the orange peel or in some of the bast-cells.\\nBut a variation in form is not the only change the cell-wall may un-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1088.jp2"}, "1089": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1075\\ndergo. Young cells have a thin wall of cellulose, and in some of the\\nlower plants, like in algae, etc., as well as in some structures in higher\\nplants, this thin wall remains permanently so. In other cases the cell-\\nwall undergoes a thickening and is changed to lignin, a tough and hard\\ndeposit which gives great strength to the cell-wall, as occurs in the\\nwoody cells which serve as mechanical support to the plant, or the thick-\\nening may be caused by the deposit of a peculiar substance, called\\nsclerogen, on the inner surface of the cellulose.\\nA difference between this last substance and lignin or cellulose is\\nshown by the polariscope, the sclerogen polarizing light, while lignin\\nand cellulose do not. Transverse sections of bast-cells of cinchona, as\\nthey appear under the effects of polarized light, are seen in Figs. 576-\\n578, a.\\nSclerogen, however, is not uniformly deposited, but numerous small\\nspaces are left in which the protoplasm remains in contact with the\\noriginal cell-walls, and as the layer thickens, and perhaps layer after\\nlayer is added, one within another, these spaces continue to occur in\\ncorresponding places, so that a small tubular canal or duct is left, pass-\\ning through all the layers wherever there was a deficiency in the first\\ndeposit. These small canals are\\nbest seen if the cells are mounted\\ndry in thick balsam (without pre-\\nvious soaking in alcohol and oil of\\ncloves) so that the air may be re-\\ntained in them. The difference in\\nthe refractive power of air and\\nbalsam is so great that the air-\\nfilled canaliculi appear opaque and\\nblack by transmitted light, and are\\nvery distinct, while those filled\\nwith balsam can scarcely be per-\\nceived.\\nIn Fig. 591 we have repre-\\nsented transverse sections of scler-\\nenchyma cells from the carpel of\\nstar-anise, one of the cells being filled with air, the others with balsam.\\nUsually such a small canal is formed in one cell, just opposite an-\\nother duct in the adjacent cell, so that only the original cell-walls sep-\\narate the contents of the cells from each other and osmosis may still go\\non. This is shown in the sections of bast-cells of cinchona (Fig. 592 c)\\nand stone-cells of Ceylon cinnamon (Fig. 592 b). Sclerogen is prac-\\ntically impervious to moisture, and communication between the cells\\nFig. 591.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sclerenchyma Cells from Carpel of\\nStar-anise one filled with air enlarged.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1089.jp2"}, "1090": {"fulltext": "1076\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nwould be cut off if these small canaliculi were not present. In some\\ncases these thin layers of the primary cellulose cell-wall may be ab-\\nsorbed or disappear, and one\\ncell opens into another by\\npervious small ducts.\\nBeautiful sclerenchyma\\ncells may be found in dittany\\nroot (Fig. 592 a) or in the\\ngritty particles in the flesh of\\nthe pear (Fig. 595) or such\\nthickened cells may be iso-\\nlated, by the process already\\ndescribed, from the bast of\\nvarious barks, especially cin-\\nchonas, or from the wood of\\nthe Royal Palm of Cuba Oro-\\ndoxia regia), etc.\\nThe cells of the stones of\\nFigs. 592-594. Sclerenchyma Cells, enlarged,\\na, from Dittany o, from Ceylon Cinnamon c, from fruits are examples of scleren-\\nCinchona. n\\nchyma cells, and they, as well\\nas similar but isolated cells in other tissues of the plant, are often\\ncalled stone-cells.\\nThis sclerenchymatous thickening may take place in various man-\\nners nearly continuous, with the exception of small circular or oval\\nspaces, or in bands which may be\\nstraight or spiral, or in other ways.\\nThis gives rise to the dotted, re-\\nticulated, annular, or spiral cells\\nand ducts, examples of the first of\\nwhich may-be found in the paren-\\nchyma of the midrib of Cycas re-\\nvoluta, ordinarily but erroneously\\ncalled sago palm, or in the\\nparenchyma cells of areca nut.\\nWe can also find beautiful ex-\\namples in the ducts of the woods\\nof various drugs, guaiac, logwood,\\nfernambuco, quassia, or in various\\nroots or rhizomes, as in glycyrrhiza,\\narnica, taraxacum, sarsaparilla, etc.\\nPeculiar round dots or pores are found in the wood-cells of conifers,\\nwhich are characteristic of that class of plants, and which are shown in\\nFig. 595.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sclerenchyma Cells from Gritty\\nParticles in Pulp of Pear, magnified.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1090.jp2"}, "1091": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1077\\nthe drawing of wood-cells of Pinus sylvestris (Fig. 596) the thickening\\nof the cell-wall at first leaves a larger circular space, but this gradually\\nbecomes narrowed until we see the appearance as in a, a section of the\\ncell-walls being also shown. At b we see an older formation, in which\\nthe opening is more contracted, but the original cell-wall is absorbed and\\nfree communication established between the cells. Cells of this kind\\nare termed pitted cells.\\nParallel bands of sclerogen may be found, as in the annular ducts of\\nFigs. 596-598. Pitted Wood-cells of Pinus Sylvestris a, younger, and 6, older pits,\\nenlarged.\\nthe vine or pumpkin vine, while spiral ducts occur in many plants, as\\nin rhubarb or ginger, or in the petiole of the plantain leaf.\\nSometimes two, three, or more bands lie side by side to form the\\nspirals, and when the delicate cellulose wall is torn these spirals may\\noften be completely unravelled.\\nThe distribution of sclerenchyma cells among the soft-walled cells\\noften gives the peculiar appearance which characterizes certain. drugs,\\nand materially aids us in recognizing them under the microscope, as is\\nshown in the sections of cinchona bark (Figs. 599 and 600).\\nSometimes large sclerenchyma cells unite end to end, and then the\\nsepta are absorbed entirely or in part, thus forming continuous passages\\nfor some distances. These are the so-called ducts, vessels, trache ides, or", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1091.jp2"}, "1092": {"fulltext": "1078\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 599.\\n-Portion from Cast of Old Calisaya Bark,\\ntransverse section.\\nspiroids, the first name being the most common. The last name should\\nbe applied only to ducts formed of spiral sclerogen bands which can be\\nunravelled, the other varie-\\nties of ducts being desig-\\nnated as spurious spiroids.\\nThe sclerogen in these\\ncases is deposited in the in-\\nterior of the original cell-\\nwall, and according to its\\nmanner of deposition the\\nducts are known as spiral,\\nannular, scalariform, reticu-\\nlate, dotted, pitted, or sieve\\nducts, or they may be of a\\nmixed nature.\\nSpiral ducts consist of\\na delicate external cell-wall,\\nwhile the inner wall is com-\\nposed of one or more bands\\nof secondary deposit which\\nare coiled, and may often be uncoiled like the wire in gas-tubes (Fig.\\n601 e).\\nIn annular ducts the deposit is in rings, and one duct may often\\nbe partly annular and partly\\nspiral (Fig. 601 a).\\nIn a scalariform duct\\nthe deposit is such as to\\ncause the duct to more or\\nless perfectly resemble a lad-\\nder with its spokes (scala, a\\nladder), as we see in Fig.\\n601 or in Fig. 604 e.\\nReticulate and dotted\\nducts differ but little. In\\nthe first the spaces in which\\nthere is no deposit of sclero-\\ngen are a trifle longer in a\\ntransverse than in a longitu-\\ndinal direction and are fusi-\\nform, giving the appearance\\nof a network (reticulum) of\\nsclerogenous deposit (Fig. 604 a), while in the dotted duct the spaces\\nare round or oval (Fig. 604 i).\\nFig. 600.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bast-cells from Cinchona Calisaya, radial\\nsection.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1092.jp2"}, "1093": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1079\\nSieve ducts are ducts in which the septa have pores which afterward\\nare perforated, or where the whole wall thickens uniformly except where\\none cell of the duct touches an-\\nother, when the surfaces of con-\\ntact are perforated or thickened\\nso as to present appearances more\\nor less resembling sieves. Such\\nducts and cells have also been\\ncalled latticed.\\nThe pitted duct or cell resem-\\nbles the dotted duct or cell in its\\nFigs. 601-603.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a. Mixed Annular and Spiral\\nDuct e, Spiral Duct i, Scalariform Duct all\\nmagnified.\\nappearance, but differs in the\\nmanner of deposit of sclerogen,\\nas the pores are larger in the\\nfirst deposit and become nar-\\nrowed in subsequent layers, con-\\ntracting gradually toward the in-\\nterior of the cell, as we have seen\\nin the cells of the conifers.\\nThese different ducts contain\\nair when old, and are therefore called trache ides, resembling, as they\\ndo, the tracheal vessels of\\ninsects.\\nIn connection with the\\ncuticle or hypoderma cov-\\nering certain plant struc-\\ntures, peculiar cells are\\nsometimes formed in which\\nthe thickening takes place\\nexcessively in the angles\\nwhere the cells meet, and\\nby a peculiar substance\\nwhich causes the cell-walls\\nto swell and become muci-\\nlaginous in water, and such\\ncells are called collenchyma\\ncells, and tissues composed\\nof such cells are collenchy-\\nmatous tissues (colla, glue).\\nThe laticiferous ducts\\nor vessels are also formed\\nby the coalescence of cells, and may occur in the fibro-vascular bundles\\nFigs. 604-606.\\nof Fern\\n-a, Reticulate Duct e, Scalariform Duct\\ni, Dotted Duct, upper part torn.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1093.jp2"}, "1094": {"fulltext": "1080 A COMPANION TO THE\\nor in the fundamental tissue, being most commonly found in the phloSm\\nportion of the bundles. Their walls are generally thin and they contain\\nthe latex, which may be limpid, or oily or resinous substances with gum\\nin emulsion, caoutchouc-like, or gummy. These vessels often form com-\\nplex anastomoses and can be seen very finely in the root of Taraxacum.\\nThey may be likened to the capillary blood-vessels of animals in their\\nbranching, though not in function.\\nTISSUES.\\nComparatively few plants are unicellular in the larger number\\ncells unite to from tissues, in which many cells (often untold millions)\\nunite to perform certain functions in common. For instance, to prevent\\nthe loss of moisture from the surface of a stem this is covered with a\\nlayer of cells which form the epidermis or, if the stem is large and the\\nsap must be carried long distances, the epidermis develops a more or\\nless thick layer of peculiar cells, called cork-cells, together forming suber\\n(cork) and performing the function of preventing evaporation of the\\nliquids while in transit.\\nAs we have already learned, cells are changed in shape by the press-\\nure of adjacent cells, and as least pressure is exerted in the direction of\\nmost rapid growth they generally are more or less elongated in this\\ndirection. But while some cells are very much lengthened, others are\\nless so, and at the same time the manner in which the cells are joined\\nto those above and below them may vary.\\nWe may, for convenience in description, divide tissues into two\\nkinds, parenchy ma and prosenchyma. In the first the cells do not, as a\\nrule, depart very much from the globular, oval, or dodecahedral form,\\nand even if they are considerably elongated the ends of the cells join\\neach other by abrupt or flat surfaces the individual cells have blunt\\nends, as is well shown, for instance, in the longitudinal section of sym-\\nphetum. In parenchyma the cells usually are soft-walled, and any\\nstructure, as a root or rhizome, which consists mainly of parenchyma, is\\ncalled fleshy, and when dry will break with an abrupt, smooth fracture.\\nIf the part contains much starch, this fracture is termed a mealy fracture.\\nBut when the cells are more or less pointed or fusiform, and the ends\\nare interlaced or dove-tailed, as is the case in wood, we call such tissue\\nprosenchyma, and as this tissue seems mainly designed to afford sup-\\nport to the softer parts of the plant, the cells composing it are usually\\nsclerenchymatous or lignified. Parts of plants mainly composed of this\\nkind of tissue are said to be woody, and they break with a fibrous frac-\\nture.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1094.jp2"}, "1095": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1081\\nWhen the cells lie in close apposition their cell-walls usually unite\\nso completely that they appear to be one. If the cells are not every-\\nwhere in contact they leave intercellular spaces, and these spaces may\\nbe of regular or irregular form, for no particular object, or to fill certain\\nfunctions. The simplest spaces are the small spaces which appear\\ntriangular, in transverse sections of sarsaparilla, for example (Fig. 607).\\nSuch spaces occur when the ceMs are round or cylindrical, without much\\nlateral pressure.\\nAnother larger form of intercellular space is found in the submerged\\nparts of aquatic plants for instance, in the rhizomes of menyanthes or\\ncalamus, or the stems or petioles of calla or water-lily. Such structures,\\nwhen dry, break with a corky fracture.\\nThe intercellular spaces may anastomose, producing a system of\\npseudo-ducts, which may be filled by sap, or the spaces may contain\\ngum, resin, or oil, or all of these. Such spaces occur in the leaves of\\nbuchu, eucalyptus, or pilocarpus, the rind of the citron or orange, of in\\nFig. 607.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Intercellular Fig. 608.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transverse Section of Fig. 609.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jaborandi\\nSpaces in Sarsaparilla. Caraway, showing oil-ducts. Leaflet, by trans-\\nmitted light.\\nthe juniper-berry or clove. If these spaces are more or less round they\\nare often called glands, while if they are much elongated they are called\\noil-ducts, as in fennel or caraway (Fig. 608), or resin-ducts in the con-\\niferae and other plants.\\nA leaf or rind containing such glands appears to be studded with\\ntranslucent dots when viewed by transmitted light, as is seen in jabo-\\nrandi leaf (Fig. 609), or the fresh peel of the orange.\\nIf we examine the succulent end of a fast-growing rootlet we find it\\nmade up of parenchyma cells of a uniform character. But a little above\\nthe apex of the rootlet, in the slightly older part, we find cell-differentia-\\ntion already going on to form various tissues. This original uniform\\nparenchyma tissue is called the fundamental tissue, and we may con-\\nsider it as the matrix in and from which all other tissues have their origin.\\nOne of the first and most frequently observed changes occurs in the\\noutside layer or layers, in which the cells become smaller and flatter,\\nwhile their walls thicken and become more impervious. Even in algae", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1095.jp2"}, "1096": {"fulltext": "1082\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFigs. 610-612.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vegetable Hairs, a, cotton fibre 6, branched hair of mullein c, spongi-\\noles of rootlets.\\nFig. 613.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hair of Mucuna.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1096.jp2"}, "1097": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHABMACOPCEIA.\\n1088\\nand fungi, in which little, if any, other differentiation takes place, some\\nsort of cuticularization occurs, and the thallogens are completely made\\nup of fundamental tissue and this cuticle.\\nTissues made up of these outer cells are the epidermis or epidermal\\ntissue, which we can well study in such parts as leaves or fruits.\\nAs the stem or root acquires considerable thickness the epidermis\\nusually is torn and lost, and another tissue takes its place. We have\\nalready spoken of cork or suber, and will have to refer to it again\\nwhen the epidermis is gone it forms the outer layer of the bark of dico-\\ntyledonous and gymnospermous plants, as well as the outer layer of the\\ncuticle of monocotyledonous plants.\\nFrom the epidermis may arise various structures, which are called\\ntrichomes. In the small rootlets the outer cells are prolonged into small\\nhairy processes, the spongioles (Fig. 610 c), which absorb the moisture\\nfrom the soil. On the epidermis\\nof parts above ground we often\\nfind hair composed of one or more\\ncells. We show enlarged figures\\nof cotton fibre (Fig. 610 a), of\\nthe simple hair of mucuna with\\nits barbed point (Fig. 613), the\\nstellate hair of kamala (Fig. 614\\nd), and the hair of mullein, the\\nlatter being a beautiful specimen\\nof branched hair (Fig. 610 b).\\nSometimes the trichomes are\\nflattened, appearing like scales.\\nThe filament of Tradescantia vir-\\nginica, a common garden and\\nn -i-^i FiQS. 614-617.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hairs and Glands of Kamala.\\nwild flower, is covered with some\\nof the most beautiful of all vegetable hairs, resembling strings of blue\\nbeads. Many of the vegetable hairs exhibit the phenomena of cyclosis.\\nThe prickles of the rose-bush (Fig. 618) and of other plants are but\\ntrichomes or outgrowths of the epidermis, due to a proliferation of epi-\\ndermal tissue, something like a wart on the skin of an animal. Some-\\ntimes trichomes assume still other shapes, as in kamala (Fig. 614 a, b, c),\\nlupulin, etc., forming glands, which are, however, essentially different\\nfrom the glands consisting of large intercellular spaces. Another form\\nof trichomes is found in the stomata or breathing-pores of leaves, of\\nwhich we will speak when describing leaves.\\nIf we make a transverse section a short distance above the point of\\nthe growing rootlet of Micinus communis (Fig. 619 A) we find a differen-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1097.jp2"}, "1098": {"fulltext": "1084\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ntiation going on at several points in the interior, which finally coalesce\\nin such a manner that a ring of generating tissue (meristem) is formed,\\nwhich divides the thickness of the root into two portions, an inner\\nportion of parenchyma, which will afterward form the pith, and an\\nouter zone which afterward forms the middle bark. These points de-\\nvelop into fibro-vascular bundles, structures which we find in all phanero-\\ngamous or flowering plants, as well as in the acrogens, or that subdivision\\nof cryptogams in which there is found a distinct division of root, stem,\\nFig. 618.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transverse Section of Rose-twig, showing the Prickle.\\nand leaf. In Fig. 619 B the fibro-vascular bundles (fv) are represented\\nas somewhat more advanced in development. They are, however, con-\\nnected by bands of generating tissue {secondary meristem cb), which\\nare shown in Fig. 619 C, and which are capable of producing new fibro-\\nvascular bundles.\\nThe fibro-vascular bundles are string-like masses of tissue pass-\\ning through the soft tissues, consisting mainly of prosenchyma and\\nducts.\\nUsually they are so intimately united with the parenchyma that they\\ncannot be separated therefrom; but in some cases their string-like nature\\nmay easily be shown, as in plantain (Plantago major) leaves or petioles.\\nBy breaking the petiole or ribs of this leaf carefully, and pulling apart,\\nlittle threadlike fibres, often several inches in length, may be drawn out,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1098.jp2"}, "1099": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1085\\nand will be seen under the microscope to consist of spiral ducts and fusi-\\nform cells.\\nTo examine the nature of the fibro-vascular bundles we may make\\na transverse section of the rhizome of cimicifuga in which we find a\\nlarge number of such bundles of various sizes. Choosing for our exami-\\nnation one of the larger and more fully developed bundles (Fig. 622), we\\nfind that it is made up of three parts, an inner part called xylem or wood,\\nFigs. 619-621 (after Sachs).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sections of Rootlet of Ricinus Communis. A, after the\\nappearance of root beyond testa of seed B, after the hypocotyledonary segment has attained\\na length of about 2 centimeters C, at the end of germination m, pith r, middle bark\\nx, meristem st, medullary rays fv, fibro-vasoular bundles cb, connecting bands of second-\\nary meristem.\\nan outer part called phloem or bast, and between them a part composed\\nof very soft parenchyma cells, constituting the cambium.\\nThe relation of these parts to each other, or to the surrounding tis-\\nsues, may vary in different plants; or one or the other of these tissues\\nmay be entirely wanting.\\nXylem or wood usually consists of ducts and prosenchymatous cells,", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1099.jp2"}, "1100": {"fulltext": "1086\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig 632 -Fibro-vascular Bundle of Cimicif uga. p, pKioem c, cambrium x\\\\ xylem ft,\\nfundamental tiBBue magnified.\\nFiu. 623.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bamboo Cane, outer portion, transverse section.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1100.jp2"}, "1101": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1087\\nthe latter the so-called wood-cells. These latter cells have a strong ten-\\ndency to lignify, and in the older formations usually contain air.\\nPhloem consists of soft-walled cells, with the exception of bast-\\ncells, which are sclerenchymatous. Bast-cells may occasionally be\\nabsent entirely, but are usually plentiful.\\nThe cambium consists of delicate parenchyma cells from which the\\nother kinds of cells are developed.\\nThese different tissues may be studied to advantage in some of the\\nyoung and growing parts of plants, as in the root of the sprouting seeds,\\nfor instance of ricinus, and usually most readily in dicotyledonous ger-\\nminating plantlets.\\nFibro-vascular bundles are of two kinds, open and closed. We will\\nfirst consider the latter. In monocotyledonous stems and roots a num-\\nber of fibro-vascular bundles appear, which possess the characteristics\\nalready described. In these stems a cuticle or epidermis is found, and\\na layer of cells, which, though often called a\\nbark, is not a true bark. The fundamental\\ntissue is composed of parenchyma, and scat-\\ntered through this, without any apparent plan\\nor regularity, or, at most, in a sort of system-\\natic irregularity, if we may be allowed so to\\nexpress it, we see the bundles, each of which\\nconsists of one or more large ducts, some\\nwood-, bast-, and, while growing, cambium-\\ncells. The bundles are usually more numerous Fig. 624.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Closed Fibro-vascu-\\nbut smaller near the circumference, but do not\\nalways lie just beneath the cuticle, being sometimes surrounded by a\\nlayer of cells resembling a bark, but which is not separable from the\\nwpod as in the case with the true bark of dicotyledons.\\nThe bundles in the interior of the stem are larger and more scattered.\\nNew bundles may be formed anywhere among the others, and usually\\noccur in the soft tissues of the interior, for which reason this method of\\ngrowth is called endogenous, or inward-growing. A beautiful example\\nof this structure may easily be obtained from the stem of sarsaparilla, or\\nin bamboo cane, a section of which latter we have figured (Fig. 623).\\nIn the fibro-vascular bundles of these endogenous stems the cambium,\\nafter a time, is all changed either to wood or bast, and then the bundle\\nceases to grow it is closed (Fig. 624).\\nIt will be noticed on examination of the section of bamboo cane, that\\nlarger bundles farthest from the cuticle, still contain soft-walled cam-\\nbium-cells, while in the outer bundles all the cells have become liquefied,\\nor the bundles have become closed.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1101.jp2"}, "1102": {"fulltext": "1088 A COMPANION TO THE\\nIn some cases the bundles, instead of being scattered through the\\nentire interior of the stem or root, are clustered in a circle, the section\\nthen imperfectly resembling that of exogenous stems. We see this in\\nthe root of sarsaparilla or the rhizome of curcama, and in many other\\ndrugs. The circle of bundles is in these cases often enclosed in a sheath\\nof sclerenchymatous cells, which is called the nucleus sheath. This cir-\\ncular layer of cells is also found in some rhizomes in which the bundles\\nare not aggregated in such distinct circles but are scattered through-\\nout the fundamental tissue, both within and without the nucleus sheath,\\nas in curcama, galanga, or ginger. (See Figs. 473-475, on pages 891\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n893, and Fig. 221, on page 394.)\\nOther peculiar and instructive sections of endogenous growth, show-\\ning large intercellular spaces, may be made from the rhizomes of cala-\\nmus, buckbean, or calla.\\nAs the endogenous growth occurs in plants having but one seed-leaf\\nin the seed, this is also called the monocotyledonous growth or struc-\\nture.\\nWe also find beautiful examples of closed fibro-vascular bundles in\\nthe higher cryptograms, and in these plants each bundle is often en-\\nclosed by a sort of sheath of its own, as can be seen in the fibro-vascular\\nbundles of malefern.\\nIn closed fibro-vascular bundles the cambium usually, if not always,\\noccupies the centre, and the first wood-cells are formed at the periphery,\\nadditional wood being formed within the first layer,\\nand so on until all the cambium is gone and its place\\noccupied by wood or bast, so that it is seen that even\\nthe bundle itself is inward-growing.\\nClosed fibro-vascular bundles may also be found in\\nsome dicotyledonous plants in which growth is lim-\\nited, for instance in some annual or biennial plants.\\nBut in perennial or continuously growing plants the\\nstructure is quite different and we find open fibro-vas-\\ncular bundles.\\nThe relation of the open fibro-vascular bundles to\\nFig. 625.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trans- eacn other and to other tissues may be well seen in a\\nverse Section of Im- transverse section of imperatoria (Fig-. 625) or yellow\\nperatoria. t r T a\\nparilla (Menispernum canadense). In the stem of\\nthe latter plant (Fig. 62G) we find a number of wedge-shaped fibro-\\nvascular bundles arranged in a circle around an inner mass of paren-\\nchyma and surrounded also by parenchyma, while between the dif-\\nferent bundles are wedges of parenchymatous tissue separating them\\nbut uniting the inner and outer parenchyma with each other. All of", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1102.jp2"}, "1103": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1089\\nthis parenchyma is fundamental tissue, and that portion of it between\\nthe fibro-vascular bundles is composed of cells stretched so that the\\nlongest diameter of the cells is from within outward, or at right angles\\nto the axis of most rapid growth of the plant, being in this regard ex-\\nceptions to the general rule. The portion of parenchyma within the\\ncircle of bundles is called medulla or pith, and the portions proceeding\\nfrom this outward are called the medullary rays, while the portion sur-\\nrounding the bast of the bundles constitutes the middle bark.\\nThis relation of the different tissues to each other is also well seen\\nFig. 626. Transverse Section of Menispernum.\\nin a transverse section of a young twig of a rose-bush (Fig. 627).\\nThe fibro-vascular bundles are seen to be wider tangentially than they\\nare from within outward, while the medullary rays are quite distinct.\\nThe three parts or kinds of tissue of which the bundles are com-\\nposed wood, bast, and cambium are very distinct. If we examine\\nsomewhat older twigs (Fig. 628) we will find the following to have\\ntaken place during growth the cells of cambium next to the wood\\nproduced new wood-cells, while those nearest the phloem formed new\\nbast, so that the fibro-vascular bundles became larger, increasing the\\ndiameter of the branch, and at the same time crowding each other more\\nand more. The medullary rays between them are thereby compressed\\nuntil finally they consist of very narrow layers only.\\nThe change of cambium into phloem and xylem continues as long as\\nthe leaves continue to assimilate food, ov in other words, as long as the\\n69", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1103.jp2"}, "1104": {"fulltext": "1090\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 627.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transverse Section of Young Rose-twig.\\nFig. 628.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transverse Section of Rose-twig at end of first year.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1104.jp2"}, "1105": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1091\\nvegetating process is kept up, which depends on the place where the\\nplant grows, as well as on the seasons, being perpetual in the tropics,\\nwhere trees are found in which the process probably dates back without\\ninterruption to the time of the builders of the pyramids, or farther still,\\nwhile in sub-arctic regions the process may be confined to a few weeks\\nin each year. In many plants the process is limited to a single season.\\nWhen the plant grows during a part of the year only, as in the\\ntemperate zone, the fibro-vascular bundles cease to grow at the end of\\nthe season. At the beginning of the next season one of the earliest\\nsigns of returning activity of vegetation is manifested by a great tur-\\ngescence of the cambium and of the adjacent cells to such an extent\\nPig. 629. Rose-twig, end of second year, transverse section, enlarged. The indicates the\\ndivision of wood and bark.\\nthat, if wounded, enormous quantities of sap may escape, as in sugar-\\nmaple in early spring.\\nThen the buds expand, the leaves unfold, and the life of the plant\\nactively goes on. The inner layer of cambium produces large ducts\\nand large wood-cells, and the new wood is added in a ring around the\\nxylem of the first year s growth the process continues until, as the\\nseason goes on, the leaves harden, the stomata may be filled with\\ndust, the soil contains less moisture, and cell-formation gradually be-\\ncomes slower and the cells smaller, while ducts may entirely cease to\\nbe formed, until finally, when the leaves have fallen the year s work is", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1105.jp2"}, "1106": {"fulltext": "1092\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\ncompleted and another ring of wood has been added to the first. So\\neach year adds a ring of wood on the outside of the growth of previous\\nFig. 630.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Division of Fibro-vascular Bundles in Cimicifuga.\\nyears, and therefore this growth is called exogenous, or outward-form-\\ning or growing y or, as it is characteristic of dicotyledous plants, it is also\\ncalled dicotyledous growth or struc-\\nture. The gymno-spermous plants\\ngrow in the same manner.\\nIn Fig. 629 we see a portion of\\na rose-twig as it appears during\\nthe second season s growth.\\nAs the fibro-vascular bundles\\ngrow wider at the outer side as\\nthe diameter of the stem or root\\nincreases, they do not always re-\\nmain as one bundle, but divide\\neither during the season s growth,\\nas illustrated in the section of\\ncimicifuga (Fig. 630), or at the\\nFiG.631.-DiagrammaticSectionofDicotyle- beginning of the next season, as\\ndonous btem of three years growth. The upper\\narrow indicates the cambium, and the lower shown in the diagram of a section\\narrow the medullary sheath. /T71 n ni\\\\\\nof oak (f lg. 631).\\nAs ordinarily a ring of wood is added each year, as the process takes\\nplace around the entire circumference of the stem or root, these rings", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1106.jp2"}, "1107": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n1093\\nFig. 632. Wood of Sassafras Root, showing Annual\\nLayers.\\nare called annual rings, and they are characteristic of wood-growing in\\ntemperate zones. By counting these rings the age of a tree may be\\napproximately ascertained,\\nbut not exactly, for any in-\\nterference with the growth\\nduring any season, as by\\ndrought or severe cold, may\\ngive rise to two or more\\nrings in one year.\\nThe rings are generally\\neasily distinguished, because\\nin the earlier part of the\\nseason, while growth is very\\nactive, a larger number of\\nducts and larger wood-cells\\nare formed, while toward the\\nend of the season the ducts\\nare fewer in number and the\\nwood-cells smaller (Fig. 632).\\nEven in woods in which no\\nducts are found the difference in the size of the wood-cells makes the\\nrings quite distinct (Fig. 633).\\nIn tropical climates vegetation continues more or less actively all\\nthe year round and the layers\\nare not concentrically con-\\ntinuous. They are then called\\nspurious rings, as in the stem\\nor root of false pareira brava\\n(Fig. 634), in a section of\\nwhich, by tracing from the\\npoint sp toward the left,\\none layer will be seen to\\nhave been deposited in a\\nthreefold spiral, while other\\nlayers are less than one-half\\nthe circumference in length.\\nWood continues to con-\\nduct sap for a few years and\\nthen the cells either become\\nFig. 633.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transverse Section of Juniper Wood. empty or filled with air, or\\nthey become filled with various substances, usually giving them a dark\\ncolor. They serve then only for support and are called heart-wood or", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1107.jp2"}, "1108": {"fulltext": "1094\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nFig. 634.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spurious Rings in False\\nPareira. sp shows beginning of spiral by\\ntracing to the left natural size.\\nduramen. The living part of the wood, therefore, may consist simply\\nof a thin shell of soft cells which conduct sap, and this wood is usually\\nlight-colored, and is known as albur-\\nnum or sap-wood. The line of demar-\\ncation between these woods may be\\nabrupt when each year one layer is\\nadded to the circumference of the\\nsap-wood and at the same time the\\ninner layer of sap-wood is changed\\nto heart-wood, or the latter process\\nis not completed in a single season\\nand the demarcation is gradual.\\nWe may see good examples of these\\ntwo kinds of wood in red cedar (red\\nand white), ebony (black and white),\\nwalnut (brown and white), guaiac\\n(olive-green and white), and in other\\ncommon woods. In some stems the\\nalburnum and duramen both are white, as in white pine.\\nBut while a layer of wood is added by cell transformation from the\\ninner side of the cambium,\\nthe outer side of cambium\\nadds also bast to the inner\\nside of the older phloem, so\\nthat, strictly speaking, we\\nalso have endogenous growth\\nof the bark in dicotyledonous\\ngrowth. The new bast is\\nnot always added in distinct\\nlayers, but irregularly, as in\\ncinnamon (Fig. 635), or a\\nnumber of layers are formed\\nin a single season, as in cot-\\nton-root bark (Fig. 636), so\\nthat it is impossible to deter-\\nmine the year s growth from\\nthe appearance of the bark.\\nIn some plants the bast is deposited in regular layers, one within\\nthe other, and then one layer may often be peeled from the others like\\nleaves in a book, and therefore such bast is called liber (book).\\nIn dicotyledonous plants we see plant structure in its highest per-\\nfection, because here we find the greatest tissue differentiation. In the\\nFig. 635. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Transverse Section of Cinnamon Bark.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1108.jp2"}, "1109": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1095\\nstems and roots of these plants we find pith, wood, and bark the wood\\ncontaining wood-cells, ducts, and medullary rays; the bark consisting of\\nbast, bast-cells, fundamental tissue, cork, and epidermis, together with\\noccasional resiniferous or laticiferous ducts.\\nThe pith is usually composed of polyhedral parenchymatous cells\\nwhich fill the space in the interior of the wood ring (Fig. 631). It is\\nfrequently surrounded by an almost continuous circular layer of larger\\nducts which, when present, constitute the medullary sheath, and these\\nducts occur in this position in such large numbers because the meristem\\nor pro-cambium (as the first formed differentiated tissue, which is after-\\nward to form the fibro-vascular bundles, is called) early in the season\\nFig. 636. Transverse Section of Cotton-root Bark.\\nproduces more ducts than wood, while later in the season very few, if\\nany, ducts and more wood is formed.\\nThe pith sometimes separates easily from its sheath, or at other\\ntimes cannot be separated in large pieces at all. Generally, also, it fills\\nthe interior of the wood ring, but in very rapidly growing stems of\\nsome plants it may not keep pace with the growth of the other parts,\\nand as the stem enlarges the pith is torn and hangs in shreds along the\\ninner surface of the hollow stem, as in dulcamara. Only one pith, that\\nof sassafras, is officinal.\\nIt is also important to recollect that pith seldom is found in roots,\\nthough it may be present in quite large quantity in the stem of the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1109.jp2"}, "1110": {"fulltext": "1096\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nsame plant. This is of use sometimes in detecting the substitution of\\nthe branches for the roots in drugs.\\nThe medullary rays are very variable in size, usually being of\\nlimited extent in a tangential direction, while the width of them in the\\ndirection of the axis of the stem may be a single cell or dozens of cells.\\nSections of stems or roots may be made in four directions, at least\\nthree of which are necessary for study before\\nwe can form a correct idea of its structure.\\nThe cut illustrates the direction in which\\nthey are made. The transverse section (tr)\\nis at right angles to the axis of growth and\\nis the most generally useful and instructive;\\nthe radial section (r), generally termed lon-\\ngitudinal section, passes through the centre\\nof the stem or root, or along one of the\\nradii, and shows the nature of the ducts and\\ncells and also the longitudinal shape of the\\ncells of the medullary rays the tangential\\nsection (t) passes longitudinally but at right\\nangles to the direction of the radii or med-\\nullary rays, showing the latter cut across,\\nand is especially useful to study the nature\\nof the medullary rays. An oblique section\\n(o) is rarely required.\\nWe illustrate the appearance of the\\ntransverse and tangential sections of Jamaica\\nquassia, the transverse section of Fernam-\\nbuco wood, and a radial section of logwood.\\n(See Figs. 638-641.)\\nSometimes in a tangential section the\\nmedullary rays seem so large that the fibro-\\nvascular bundles appear to have forced their\\nway through them with difficulty, while in\\nother cases the rays are so small as almost\\nto have disappeared. The number of cells in a perpendicular, as well as\\ntangential direction, may vary much in different medullary rays of the\\nsame stem, or it may be nearly uniform, as in the woods of quassia or\\nguaiac. So regular in structure are the medullary rays in Surinam and\\nJamaica quassia that the appearance of the tangential sections enables\\nus to distinguish between the two woods.\\nIf we cut a branch of willow in spring during the turgescence of the\\ncambium, choosing a smooth and straight internode for the purpose, and\\nFig. 637.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Showing different\\nsections, r, radial t, tangential\\nIs, transverse o, oblique.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1110.jp2"}, "1111": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1097\\nFig. 638. Transverse Section of Jamaica Quassia.\\nthen beat it slightly with a flat stick or side of the knife-handle, we\\nbruise and loosen the cambium-cells so that we may slip a tubular piece\\nfrom the solid cylinder of\\nwood. If we examine the\\ntwo pieces with a lens we\\nfind that we have the pith,\\nthe xylem portion of all the\\nfibro-vascular bundles, and\\nthe medullary rays as far as\\nthe cambium, together with\\na part of the latter, all in\\none piece that is commonly\\nknown as the wood. The\\ntubular piece is seen to con-\\nsist of the cuticle (epidermis\\nand cork), a layer of paren-\\nchyma, all the phloem por-\\ntions of all the fibro-vascular\\nbundles, the part of the med-\\nullary rays from the cambium\\noutward, and a portion of the cambium along the inner surface of the\\ntube; all this together constituting what is properly, called the bark.\\nIn Fig. 629 we see the\\nboundary between wood and\\nbark marked by a light line\\nand a star. In most plants\\nthe bark at certain seasons\\nof the year is easily removed\\nfrom the wood, presenting a\\nsmooth surface within, which\\nusually is of a reddish-brown\\ncolor when dry.\\nWhen we cut or bite an\\napple and then la}^ it aside\\nfor a little while the wounded\\nsurface is changed to a light\\nbrown tint by oxidation.\\nCambium is often acted on in\\nthe same way for instance,\\nsassafras bark when first\\npeeled from the root is beautifully white within but becomes a lively\\nred when dried. The same cause produces the dark-colored cambium-\\nFig. 639. Tangential Section of Jamaica Quassia.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1111.jp2"}, "1112": {"fulltext": "1098\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nzone which we see in many roots or rhizomes which are cut and dried in\\nslices, as in calumba (Fig. 642).\\nIn some cases, as in cascarilla, the bark does not separate readily\\nfrom the wood, and must be\\nchipped from the latter. In\\nthis kind of bark often but\\na part of its thickness is\\npresent, or portions of wood\\nare attached to the inner\\nsurface.\\nWhen the bark is removed\\nthe inner cells, which are\\nsofter and more succulent,\\nlose their moisture and\\nshrink, while the outer cells\\nretain their shape. This gen-\\nerally causes the bark to curl\\ninward, and according to the\\ndegree of curvature different\\nFig. 610. -Transverse Section of Fernambuco Wood. names are gi ven to the barks.\\nWhen the curvature is slight, as in Fig. 643 the pieces are usually\\ndescribed as curved pieces, but as curvature may take place in an\\nirregular manner, we prefer\\nto restrict the term curved\\npieces to pieces of bark of\\nsuch irregular shape, and\\npropose the term troughs\\nas a more convenient, ex-\\npressive, and appropriate\\nword to describe the pieces\\nof bark curved as in the\\ndrawing. If the bark is\\nrolled from one side com-\\npletely into a cylinder this\\nis termed a quill, or a simple\\nquill (Z while if it is rolled\\ninward from both sides (c),\\nit is called a double quill.\\nAn unequal shrinking of\\nbast and medullary rays will\\ncause longitudinal wrinkles, or, if the external layers will not yield\\nreadily, so as to form quills on drying, fissures on the inner surface of\\nFig. 641.\\n-Radial Section of Logwood, showing\\nMedullary Ray.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1112.jp2"}, "1113": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPOEIA.\\n1099\\nthe bark, as in wild cherry bark\\n(Fig. 646), or ridges as in alnus\\nrubra (Figs. 647, 648).\\nOccasionally the middle bark\\nshrinks in drugs which are covered\\nonly with a thin layer of suber or\\nepidermis, while the bast-cells are\\nrigid and the bast-parenchyma also\\nmore or less unyielding, or perhaps\\nbits of wood are attached on the\\ninner surface when the bark is\\nchipped off instead of being peeled\\noff, and in such a case it is possible that the upper and lower ends of\\nthe bark curve outward, producing longitudinal curvature. We occa-\\nFig. 642.\\n-Calumba, showing Cambium-\\nzone.\\nFigs. 643-645.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, Trough Quill c, Double Quill.\\nsionally see this in cascarilla. Or the curving may be transverse, but\\nwith the cambium on the convex instead of on the concave side as is\\nusual. Large, flat pieces of bark are seldom met\\nwith, except as the result of pressure while dry-\\ning, as in flat calisaya, or when only the inner\\nbark is present, as in slippery elm bark.\\nThe typical bark consists of three parts, the\\nouter bark, consisting in young stems or roots\\nof epidermis (Fig. 649 a) and cork (Fig. 649\\nb), the epidermis often containing stomata in\\nstems but not in roots. As the diameter of the\\npart increases the cork is often fissured (see the\\nfigures under the titles Aspidosperma or Alsto-\\nnia scholaris) in a characteristic manner, and\\nmay be cast off or retained in thick layers.\\nThis part of the bark is usually composed of\\ntubular cells with elastic walls which appear\\ntangentially stretched in a transverse section\\nand which are impervious to water.\\nThe middle barJc (Fig. 649 c) consists of\\nFig. 646.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inner Surface of the fundamental tissue situated on the outer\\nshowing ISure S ar arge side of the phloem, and forming a circle of", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1113.jp2"}, "1114": {"fulltext": "1100\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nparenchyma of varying width, or it may be absent entirely. All that\\npart of the bark outside of a line drawn from the apex of each bast\\nbundle to the next, and between that and the cork, constitutes the mid-\\ndle bark, and is mainly composed of paren-\\nchyma, but may contain resin- or oil-ducts\\nor cells, laticiferous ducts, stone-cells, etc.\\nThe inner bark (Fig. 649 d) consists of\\nthe phloem portion of the fibro-vascular\\nbundles (ph), and the medullary rays (in)\\nbetween them. The latter are narrowest at\\nthe inner surface of the bark and wider as\\nthey proceed outward. This causes the in-\\nner bark to appear to be composed of two\\nsets of wedges, one set (phloem) having the\\nbase within and the apex outward, the other\\nset (medullary rays) fitting between these\\nand with the base without and the apex in-\\nward. The cells of the medullary rays are\\nusually fundamental parenchyma radially\\nstretched in the inner portion; but as the\\nphloem becomes narrower and the medullary\\nrays wider the cells become shorter in a radial direction until the med-\\nullary rays become merged in the middle bark in which the cells are\\ntangentially stretched. On making radial or tangential sections we find\\nthe structure of the bark to be similar to that of the wood in corres-\\nponding sections, but the med-\\nullary rays are often very in-\\ndistinct.\\nThe phloem (Fig. 649 ph)\\nconsists of bast-cells (be) which\\nare usually fusiform scleren-\\nchymatous cells scattered\\nthrough the phloem in bundles\\nFigs. 647, 648.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inner Surface\\nof Alnus Rubra, natural size and\\ntransverse section, enlarged.\\nbe.\\nFig. 649.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Diagram of Structure of Bark,\\nor singly, and of oast-paren-\\nchyma (bp), the latter consisting of cells usually smaller than those of\\nthe medullary rays and middle bark they sometimes become prosen-\\nchymatous.\\nThe bast-cells and bast-parenchyma often alternate in layers, or the\\nbast-cells are irregularly distributed in the phloem. These two methods\\nof distribution are shown in the section of cotton-root bark (Fig. 650)\\nand of cinchona bark (Figs. 651 and 652).\\nThe above is a description of a typical bark of which our drawing", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1114.jp2"}, "1115": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1101\\npresents a diagrammatic illustration, but the structure may, and gener-\\nally does, vary from this. Secondary layers of cork may develop in\\nany part of the bark, even\\nin the inner bark, and as\\nthis tissue at once cuts off\\nall nourishment from all\\ncells without it, that part\\nof bark external to such\\nadventitious layers of cork\\nis sequestered and dies,\\nfalling off or remaining\\nadherent as dead tissue.\\nThis very frequently oc-\\ncurs in barks of conifers,\\ncinchonas, etc., and when\\nit does occur it is often\\ndifficult to understand the\\nstructure of the bark,\\nwhich may appear to be\\nFig. 650.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cotton-root Bark,\\nvery irregular.\\nOur illustration of dogwood bark (Fig. 653) shows us such a bark\\nin which secondary cork (s, s, s) separates two layers from each other,\\nthe inner (a) being the\\nliving inner bark with med-\\nullary rays (m, m) and the\\nouter being dead tissue.\\nIn some works of botany\\nthe sequestered portion is\\ncalled bark (borke, G.), but\\nit is not the bark in a phar-\\nmocognostic sense.\\nIt is plain that the struc-\\nture we have described here\\nas a true bark can only\\noccur in plants with exoge-\\nnous growth and never in\\nendogenous stems or roots.\\nLeaves are usually large\\nflattened organs designed\\nto expose a large surface\\nto the air for respiration. For the purposes of study the pharmacog-\\nnocist may divide them into two classes the leathery or coriaceous,\\nPig. 651.\\n-Transverse Section of Bast of Old Calisaya\\nBark.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1115.jp2"}, "1116": {"fulltext": "1102\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\nand the herbaceous, which differ in the rigidity of their structures, the\\nleathery having more lignified fibro-vascular bundles and tougher epi-\\ndermis, so that they retain their shapes on drying, as senna or eucalyp-\\ntus while the herbaceous\\nhave delicate fibro-vascular\\nbundles, soft parenchyma,\\nand thin epidermis, and\\nshrink and crumple on dry-\\ning, as in digitalis.\\nThe blade of the leaf\\nconsists of a network of\\nfibro-vascular bundles, which\\nis a framework on which\\nthe leaf is expanded and\\nsupported, and which is\\ncalled the skeleton of the\\nleaf. Leaf-skeletons may be\\nprepared by taking leathery\\nleaves and placing them in\\nrain (soft) water with a little\\nyeast, and after some time\\ntaking them out and laying on a plate, when the epidermis and pulp\\nhave been so softened that they may be washed out with a stream of\\nwater from a spritz-flask, or by gently beating with a soft brush. We\\nFig. 652.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Radial Section of Bast of Old Calisaya\\nBark.\\n771.\\n771.\\nFig. 653. Dogwood Bark, transverse section, enlarged, a, inner bark m, medullary rays\\ns, secondary suber.\\nhave some fine and interesting preparations of this kind stained and\\nmounted in balsam. Or they may be bleached in solution of chloride of\\nlime and dried between papers.\\nThe interstices of the skeleton are filled with soft parenchymatous\\ncells containing chlorophyll bodies, and as this parenchyma is compact", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1116.jp2"}, "1117": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1103\\non the upper side and contains large air-spaces on the lower side, the\\ncolor of the upper surface is usually darker than below.\\nThe whole is surrounded by an epidermis which contains breathing\\npores or stomata, small openings between two or more guard-cells com-\\nmunicating with the air-spaces within. As the sun s rays on the upper\\nsurface would cause too rapid loss of moisture, the upper surface con-\\ntains but few of these small organs, and besides, the epidermis sometimes\\nis covered with exuded wax. This waxy or resinous coating is also seen\\nin the varnish of the scales of hickory buds to keep out the wet of sleet\\nand melting snow. The\\nbloom of grapes and other\\nfruits is also wax.\\nMoreover, dust might\\nclog the pores, and such\\nplants which grow in hot,\\nsandy, and dusty soil, as\\noleanders, have no stomata\\nat all on the upper surface,\\nwhile in this plant even the\\nstomata of the lower sur-\\nface are situated at the\\nbottom of little pits, the\\nmargin of which is guarded\\nagainst dust by numerous\\nhairs, which act just as the\\nhairs about the breathing\\npores of insects.\\nThis same purpose may, however, be subserved by a dense felting of\\nhairs which often covers the epidermis of leaves, as in verbascum.\\nHairy leaves may be mounted opaque.\\nThe arrangement of the stomata is often peculiar, if not character-\\nistic, being generally irregular, but often in straight rows, as in corn or\\nequisetum. Their number also varies from none at all (in the upper\\nsurface of the oleander leaf) to 437,500 in one square inch of surface.\\nPerhaps some leaves may contain even more, but this number has actu-\\nally been counted, or rather 700 in one square millimeter have been\\ncounted.\\nLeaves are further classified in pharmacognosy as they are in botany,\\nas parallel-veined and netted-veined, entire, lobed, cleft, etc. Herbace-\\nous leaves may be spread out for examination by steaming or dipping\\nin hot water till soft.\\nThe examination of flowers with the microscope is seldom necessary.\\nFigs. 654, 655. Section of Leaf and Epidermis of Leaf,,\\nboth magnified and diagrammatic.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1117.jp2"}, "1118": {"fulltext": "1104 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe sepals and petals have a structure similar to leaves. The ovary\\nmay be cut into sections or the anthers and stigmas examined. Only\\none stigma, of crocus, is of importance to the pharmacognocist. Mor-\\nphologically fruits are leaves, and we find in them the same kind of\\nstructure. On the external surface is an epidermis, often provided with\\nstomata, and even the inner surface of some legumes, capsules, etc.,\\nmay have stomata in its lining epidermis. The fleshy part usually con-\\nsists of soft-walled parenchyma, occasionally interspersed with isolated\\nsclerenchymatous cells or clusters of them, as in the flesh of pears, and\\nalso some fibro-vascular bundles.\\nStones of fruits are formed of very hard sclerenchymatous tissues,\\nsections of which may be ground and polished on water-stones and\\nthen dried and mounted in balsam without first soaking in alcohol or oil\\nof cloves, so that the cells may retain air. None of these are of any\\nimportance except perhaps the shells of cocoa-nuts, which are said to be\\nground and used to adulterate spices, etc.\\nSeeds may be mounted opaque or sections may be made. The latter\\nare mainly useful to determine the number of cotyledons of the embryo.\\nOther parts of plants or excrescences of plants, as galls, may be\\nexamined in the same manner, and will be found to consist of the same\\nhistological elements that have already been described.\\nIn sections we learn more from the relative position of fundamental\\ntissue, fibro-vascular bundles, and cuticle, than from the study of the\\nindividual cells. The study of the latter, however, becomes very im-\\nportant when we wish to examine powdered drugs.\\nWe have been able in the limited space allotted to this part of our\\nwork to mention only the ordinary or typical structures. Exceptions\\nin arrangement may occur, as in the excentric arrangement of serpen-\\ntaria the excentric and deficient development of wood in senega the\\nabsence of bast in ipecac, etc. but while we have not dwelt upon such\\nunusual conditions it is nevertheless hoped that the information con-\\ntained in the foregoing pages will enable any attentive reader to under-\\nstand the description of the microscopical structure of drugs as given in\\nsuch works as the Pharmacopoeia, and other pharmacognostic works,\\nand that it will enable any one to become a practical pharmacognocist.\\nThe study will prove to be one of absorbing interest, and will repay\\nany amount of labor bestowed upon it, not only in a material sense, but\\nalso by ennobling our minds by the deeper insight into the wonders of\\nGod s creation, and the harmony and perfection of nature s laws.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1118.jp2"}, "1119": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 1105\\nON THE ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.\\nIt is generally known and admitted that, with the exception of a\\nfew local remedies, medicines must enter the circulation in order to ex-\\nert their proper and peculiar effects upon the human body.\\nVarious methods are employed to bring them into the circulation,\\nsuch as epidermic, endermic, and hypodermic medication, inhalation, or\\nintroduction into the stomach or rectum, or into other cavities or channels\\nof the body. Of these the hypodermic method is the most direct, and\\ntherefore the most prompt and certain in cases of emergency, but has\\nmany disadvantages which limit its usefulness. The fact that the phy-\\nsician himself must administer each dose restricts hypodermic medica-\\ntion to a very small number of cases. Then also this method is not free\\nfrom danger, nor is it of sufficiently general applicability. The medicine\\nmay require too large a dose for injection, or the medicines, or the men-\\nstrua in which they are dissolved, exercise an irritating local effect, pro-\\nducing circumscribed abscesses, diffuse and extensive phlegmasise, or even\\nerysipelas, endangering the life of the patient or death may promptly\\nresult from the unfortunate injection of the medicine directly into a\\nvein, or the effect may be slower, and clots formed in the veins are\\ntaken into the circulation, producing the disastrous effects of embolism.\\nThe epidermic method consists in applying ointments, liniments,\\nwashes, medicated or plain poultices, etc., to the unbroken skin, and is\\nmost frequently used for local effects.\\nThe endermic method of medication has become almost obsolete\\nsince the introduction of the hypodermic method, and is seldom resorted\\nto except in chronic and obstinate neuralgias, sciaticas, and diseases of\\nthat character. The medicine is applied to a surface denuded by the\\napplication of a blister.\\nThe introduction of medicines into the rectum is seldom made use\\nof, except for local effect or when the patient is unable to swallow, as in\\nstrictures, ulcerations, cancer, or tuberculosis involving the oesophagus,\\npharynx, or larynx.\\nThe introduction of remedies into other cavities or channels of the\\nbody is resorted to mainlv for the local effect, as in washing out the\\n70", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1119.jp2"}, "1120": {"fulltext": "1106 A COMPANION TO. THE\\nbladder, syringing the vagina or urethra, or washing the thoracic cavity,\\near, or nose, or injecting various pathological cavities, as in abscesses,\\nsinuses, and other similar cases.\\nInhalation is practised for its local effect on the mucous membranes\\nof the nasal fossa?, pharynx, larynx, tracheae, or bronchial tubes, although\\noccasionally it is also employed for its constitutional effect, as, for in-\\nstance, in the case of the consumptives who resort to the soffioni in Tus-\\ncany, for the purpose of inhaling the warm vapors charged with boric\\nacid.\\nInsufflation differs but little from inhalation, except that the medi-\\ncines are in powder instead of in the form of spray and the blowing\\nor dusting of iodoform upon wounds or into abscesses is similar to in-\\nsufflation.\\nBut for ordinary and daily use the physician is compelled to rely\\nmainly upon the old and approved method of administering medicines\\nper os, because the patient or the attendants can administer the doses,\\nwhich can, therefore, be given in smaller quantities more frequently\\nrepeated. We will now endeavor briefly to describe some of the ad-\\nvantages and disadvantages of this mode of medication.\\nWhen a medicine is swallowed and enters the stomach and intestines,\\nit comes into contact with the mucous membranes of these organs, and\\nit must pass through them before it can enter the blood. But immedi-\\nately outside of this membrane lie the fine capillary vessels whose walls\\nenclose the ever-moving current of blood, so that to reach the latter the\\nmedicines must also pass through the walls of these vessels. As these\\ntwo membranes are in contact, they are to all intents and purposes only\\none membrane through which our remedies may pass by a process of\\nabsorption or osmosis. It has been shown, however, by many and oft-\\nrepeated experiments, that no solid substances can pass in this manner,\\nno matter how finely they may be powdered, so that all medicines must\\nfirst be rendered fluid before absorption can take place.\\nAs soon as a solid substance is taken into the stomach, a large quan-\\ntity of an acid gastric juice is poured out, to the action of which the\\ningested substance is subjected. If it is of a mineral nature and soluble\\neither in water or in acid it is dissolved in this secretion, which con-\\ntinues to be poured out until a dilute solution is the result, which is\\nthen taken up partly in the stomach and partly in the intestine but if\\nthe same substance is administered, already dissolved in plenty of water,\\nno gastric juice needs to be secreted, and the absorption occurs at once\\nin the stomach, commencing immediately upon ingestion. The effect\\nwill, therefore, be more prompt when we give a solution than when we\\ngive a powder of these mineral substances. But if the mineral sub-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1120.jp2"}, "1121": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1107\\nstances are only soluble in an alkaline solution, they meet this in the\\nintestines and are there rendered fit for absorption. In this case also the\\nprevious solution in water or some other menstruum will hasten their\\npassage through the stomach and their final absorption.\\nIf we administer vegetable substances they are acted upon precisely\\nlike mineral substances and submitted to the same conditions previous\\nto absorption. If they are soluble in water, and are given in a solid\\nform, gastric juice is poured out until they are dissolved and sufficiently\\ndiluted so that they can be absorbed. But if crude vegetable substances\\nare given, as for instance powdered cinchona, the action is less simple.\\nThe bulk of this powder consists of lignine, cellulose, sclerogen, etc., all\\nof which substances are not soluble in water or dilute acid, and while\\nthe alkaloids contained in cinchona bark might be readily acted on by\\nthe acid juice with which they come in contact, this contact is hindered\\nand delayed to a great extent by the insoluble cell-walls. Hence the\\neffect of our drug can be but slow and oftentimes imperfect. It is\\npartly for this reason that the discovery and isolation of the alkaloids\\nand the preparation of their soluble salts was so great an advance in\\npharmacy, and revolutionized the form of administering medicines.\\nWe must also bear in mind that the larger dose and insoluble form\\nof such powders may produce objectionable effects by its mere physical\\nirritation of the delicate and possibly inflamed mucous membranes.\\nNo one can doubt the assertion that sulphate of quinine, in solution,\\nwill act quicker than its equivalent quantity of powdered cinchona bark,\\nthough there may be a difference in action, to which we shall presently\\nrefer.\\nThere are still other substances, of an oily nature, as castor-oil, which\\nrequire an alkaline solution to emulsify them, which they meet in the\\npancreatic juice, and probably also the bile, by the aid of which they\\nare transformed into a milky emulsion which can enter the lacteals.\\nResins, oleo-resins, and balsams are saponified by the same fluids, for\\nresins, whether simple or in combination with a volatile oil in oleo-\\nresins, or in balsams with benzoic and cinnamic acids, are themselves but\\npeculiar acids insoluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol, or ren-\\ndered soluble by alkaline solutions. Resins form the active principles\\nof many of our drugs, as in podophyllum, jalap, and copaiba, and among\\nthem we find some of our most valued blennorrhetics, diaphoretics, diure-\\ntics, and cathartics.\\nMany neutral principles similar in their nature to resins are also dis-\\nsolved in a similar manner, and it is a matter of experience that if sub-\\nstances of a resinous or resinoid nature are administered in an alkaline\\nfluid, their action is increased and made more certain, and smaller doses", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1121.jp2"}, "1122": {"fulltext": "1108 A COMPANION TO THE\\nwill usually suffice. An acid, on the other hand, retards the action of a\\nresinous substance, and this kind of drug is, therefore, not readily dis-\\nsolved by the gastric juice, and even when it has left the stomach and\\nentered the intestine the acid of the gastric juice must first be neutral-\\nized by the alkaline secretions in the intestines before saponification or\\nemulsification can be effected.\\nBut there may be, and often are, conditions of the patients when no\\ngastric juice will be secreted, and the medicine, if not given in solution,\\nfails to meet with sufficient fluid to enable it to be absorbed. Under\\nsuch circumstances solid substances may and do pass through the ali-\\nmentary canal, and are voided with the stools without any, or with only\\nimperfect effect, and this condition is most apt to occur in those severe\\nillnesses when the physician is most anxious to produce a prompt and\\nfull impression with his remedy.\\nOr instead of passing out of the system, these substances are re-\\ntained in the intestinal canal, and may accumulate there until the\\nsecretions are restored, when a large quantity being acted upon at once,\\nmay produce the cumulative effect which often alarms and sometimes is\\nfatal.\\nIt is true that the above-mentioned is not the only cause of the\\ncumulative effect, as this sometimes depends on a failure of the secreting\\norgans to remove the remedy from the system in a proper manner,\\nallowing it to accumulate to an excessive extent until disagreeable\\nsymptoms result. But the above reason explains a not insignificant\\nproportion of cases of cumulative effect.\\nIt is therefore logical and reasonable to believe that fluid prepara-\\ntions of drugs and chemicals are more effective than solid preparations\\nof the same substances.\\nPills often fail to act when solutions act promptly. Besides, in the\\npill but a very small surface is acted on at a time, and even if dissolved,\\nthe action is slow, while the substance of the pill, coming into contact\\nin a concentrated form with the mucous membrane, is apt to irritate\\nthis delicate structure, as, for instance, when we give salicylic acid in\\npill form, or when we give resinous cathartics in the same way. The\\nlatter are much more apt to produce griping than when given in alkaline\\nsolutions.\\nThe liquid preparations, therefore, should be preferred to solid forms,\\nand we next wish to inquire what class of liquid preparations are of\\nmost general use and applicability.\\nIn the case of mineral substances simple solution in water is often\\nsufficient, but more frequently the efficacy of the remedy can be increased\\nto a great extent by combination with tonics which accelerate absorption,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1122.jp2"}, "1123": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1109\\nwhile aromatics and sugar render otherwise disagreeable substances\\nquite agreeable to the taste.\\nVegetable substances may be given in various liquid forms, of which\\nsometimes one, sometimes another offers special advantages.\\nAlkaloidal salts which are very soluble are often given with good\\neffect in the form of powders, as, for instance, morphine, but preferably\\nin solution with a little syrup and some water. But comparatively few\\ndrugs furnish isolated principles which can be given in this form. Be-\\nsides, it is a mistake to suppose that the action of vegetable drugs\\ndepends on a single isolated principle. The alkaloids themselves are\\ngenerally almost insoluble in water, while their salts are more easily dis-\\nsolved, and usually they exist in the drug associated with extractive and\\nother matters which are capable of effecting their solution. Often the\\naction of the drug depends upon a combination of principles rather than\\nupon any one, as is well illustrated in opium with its many alkaloids and\\nother principles.\\nFluid preparations, therefore, which contain all the active substances\\nof a drug, rejecting only the insoluble or inert lignine, cellulose, starch,\\netc., will best represent the drug and most completely exert its action.\\nProbably no one class of preparations is of more general use, or\\nrepresents the crude drugs better than the fluid extracts. These prepar-\\nations are essentially American, having been introduced first in this\\ncountry, and being to this day almost exclusively used in American\\nmedicine. They are officinal only in the Pharmacopoeia of the United\\nStates, and it seems almost incredible that the obvious superiority of\\nfluid extracts over tinctures, decoctions, infusions, etc., has not been\\nrecognized by the pharmacopoeias or the medical profession of other\\ncountries.\\nIn these preparations are combined all the advantages, and few if\\nany of the disadvantages, of administering medicines per os. In using\\nthem we give our medicines in the smallest possible bulk to be readily\\nabsorbed. The dose is more easily remembered than that of tinctures,\\nsince a cubic centimeter equals a gram of the crude drug (or very nearly\\none grain for each minim). The fluid extracts are prepared with appro-\\npriate menstrua which thoroughly exhaust the drug they are compact\\npreparations for the medicine-chest or saddle-bags, and by adding a little\\nsugar and water as good a solution or mixture can be made at the house\\nof the patient as in the office or drug-store, and even if the fluid extract\\nproduces a turbid mixture by the precipitation of resin, the latter is so\\nfinely subdivided that its particles are scarcely perceptible even under\\nthe microscope, and present, therefore, the greatest possible surface for\\nthe action of the intestinal fluids. The only serious objection that can", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1123.jp2"}, "1124": {"fulltext": "1110 A COMPANION TO THE\\nbe urged against the fluid extracts is, perhaps, that they possess in an\\nintensified degree the often objectionable taste of the drugs. But this\\nis not always an objection.\\nObserving physicians have undoubtedly often noticed the beneficial\\neffect of the bitter taste in increasing the appetite of their patients, as\\nfor instance in the use of quassia cups, where so little of the substance\\nis dissolved as to amount almost to nothing, while it yet imparts the in-\\ntensely bitter taste upon which mainly the action depends.\\nMedicines sometimes have adventitious valuable effects which are\\nproduced by their influence upon the gustatory nerves. The effect of a\\nprescription may even depend entirely upon the faith of the patient,\\nand yet who would be willing to omit the prescription if faith alone is\\nbeneficial and can be best inspired by prescribing placebo?\\nThat effects may be produced by other impressions than those of\\nthe ingested substance upon the stomach, or upon the system after ab-\\nsorption, may be shown by the result which takes place when a person\\nhas eaten a bowl of delicious turtle-soup, and finds a cockroach at the\\nbottom of the bowl. The vomiting which results is caused by an impres-\\nsion upon the optic nerve, for if the cockroach had been found and re-\\nmoved by the cook, the soup, though the same, remains delicious. Be-\\nsides, the cockroach (.Blatta orientalis), when given as medicine, without\\nthe knowledge by the patient of its nature, is diuretic and not emetic.\\nThat these adventitious effects in medicines are frequently valuable\\nno one can deny, but they are lost to us when we employ the sugar- or\\ngelatine-coated pills, in which the taste is uniformly sweet or insipid.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1124.jp2"}, "1125": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. 1111\\nEXTEMPORANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS.\\nThese are formulse written by the physician to meet the require-\\nments of individual cases. Frequently the term prescription is ap-\\nplied to the paper with all it contains written upon it.\\nConsidering it in this sense, the prescription should begin with the\\nname of the person for whom it is prescribed, and the date of the day\\non which it is written. The date is often written by giving the number\\nof the month instead of the name, thus 6 11\u00e2\u0080\u009483. Unfortunately\\nthere is no uniform usage in this practice, some reading this as the sixth\\nday of the eleventh month, others as the sixth month, eleventh day. Of\\ncourse no mistake can be made in regard to the 13th, or any subsequent\\nday of any month.\\nIt is better, however, to write the number of the month in Latin, the\\nnumber of the day in Arabic numerals, thus 6 XI. 83. If this were\\nthe universal habit it would make no difference which is written first,\\nthe number of the day or month.\\nAfter the name and date follows the prescription proper, which may\\nbe written according to either of two methods, all the ingredients in a\\nregular sequence according to their action, or irregularly according to\\nthe pharmaceutical requirements in dispensing.\\nWe shall consider, first, the former and more usual method.\\nThe prescription consists of four parts, the Superscription, the In-\\nscription, the Subscription, and the Signature or Direction, as in the\\nfollowing plan\\nSuperscriptio. I\u00c2\u00a3\\nBasis.\\nAdjuvans.\\nInscriptio Corrigens (seu Dirigens).\\nI Excipiens.\\nI^Diluens.\\nSubscriptio\\nSi^natura\\no\\nThe Superscription consists of the letter R, or the sign I}, and signi-\\nfies Recipe (take). This sign is a relic of the influence of alchemy", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1125.jp2"}, "1126": {"fulltext": "1112 A COMPANION TO THE\\nand astrology on medicine, being the symbol for Jupiter, L\u00c2\u00a3, provided\\nwith the downstroke of the R. It was at one time not uncommon to be-\\ngin the prescriptions with the letters CD., meaning Cum Deo (with God,\\nor, in the name of God), and even at the present time the sign of the\\ncross or a double cross ^p, is substituted by some physicians of our\\nacquaintance for the symbol of the heathenish Jupiter.\\nNext follows the Inscription (also called Designatio Materice) which\\nis an enumeration of the ingredients. The names of these are written\\nin a certain order.\\nThe most important drug, that on which we base our expectations\\nof success, is called the Base of the prescription. Upon its nature we\\nbase our choice of the other ingredients. Being the most important, it\\nis written first. It may be, and often is, the only ingredient of our\\nprescription, as when we order a certain quantity of only one substance.\\nBut frequently it is not sufficient in itself to meet all the indications\\nof the case, and we must add another substance which will assist its\\naction, and which is called an Adjuvant (adjuvo, I assist). This ingre-\\ndient is generally of a similar nature, as when we combine senna with\\nsalts, both cathartics in combination being more certain to act than\\neither alone. The adjuvant may differ in its action, however, from the\\nbase, as when we combine sulphuric acid with quinine, the state of\\nsolution being much more favorable to the rapid absorption and action\\nof the medicine. The adjuvant should not be of a nature opposed in\\nits action to that of the base. A diaphoretic is not a proper adjuvant\\nto a diuretic because the secretion of urine is in a sense antagonistic to\\nthat of perspiration since they are complementary, one increasing as\\nthe other decreases in quantity, and vice versa.\\nThe third ingredient is the Corrective, which is used to correct cer-\\ntain objectionable physiological or therapeutical actions of the base.\\nHumming in the ears is often a distressing effect following the adminis-\\ntration of quinine, and may be prevented by giving bromide of potas-\\nsium with the quinine. The bromide is then a corrective.\\nChloroform and carbonate of ammonia are pungent when taken in-\\nternally; tincture of cantharides is irritant, etc.; and the mucilage used\\nto render these substances less irritable is a corrective.\\nIn syphilis we may administer calomel to act on the system, and find\\nthat it acts on the bowels. We add opium to counteract or correct its\\ncathartic effects.\\nSpigelia is an anthelmintic cathartic or narcotic. It usually acts on\\nthe bowels, but if it fails to be eliminated in this manner its force is\\nspent on the cerebral centre and it acts as a narcotic poison.\\nTurpentine usually has the same effects as spigelia, being an anthel-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1126.jp2"}, "1127": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1113\\nmintic cathartic. If it fails to act on the bowels it is eliminated by the\\nkidneys, and the dose may overwhelm the latter organs, producing con-\\ngestion, perhaps even strangury or haematuria.\\nTo prevent or correct these evil effects both spigelia and turpen-\\ntine are usually given with other cathartics, the first with senna, the\\nother with castor-oil.\\nWe may also say that the action of the senna or castor-oil in such\\ncases determines the action of the respective bases to certain organs of\\nthe body that they are directives. In some of the works on pharmacy\\nthis word is applied to the adjuvant, the latter being stated to often\\nbe directive in its nature. We think a careful analysis of the relations\\nof the ingredients to each other will show in the great majority of cases\\nthat the directive is rather corrective than adjuvant in its nature.\\nA base may possess certain organoleptic properties, as color, smell,\\nor taste, which are disagreeable, but not objectionable on any physiolo-\\ngical or therapeutical grounds. We can improve the medicine in these\\nregards by adding an JEhccipient, as syrup, aromatic tinctures, etc. The\\nexcipient is also used to give a certain desirable degree of consistence\\nto our preparation. A mucilage or syrup in a mixture prevents the too\\nrapid subsidence of a suspended powder; powdered acacia serves to\\nsuspend the oil in an emulsion tragacanth paste or an extract may be\\nemployed to incorporate dry powders in a mass to make pills, or the\\nlatter are dusted with cinnamon or aromatic powder to prevent them from\\nadhering and to improve the taste or they are coated with gelatine\\nor sugar in all these instances we have examples of excipients, but the\\npowder used for dusting on pills is sometimes called a conspergative.\\nOften the other medicines are in such a form that it would be very\\ndifficult if not entirely impossible to administer proper doses. How,\\nfor instance, could we give -gV tn r strychnine unless we added some\\nsuch substance as sugar, or extract of glycyrrhiza, or some fluid to in-\\ncrease the bulk. If we dissolve a grain of strychnine in 8 n.ozs. of sim-\\nple elixir, each teaspoonful will contain -g jth grain of the alkaloid. We\\nadd half a drachm of sugar to a grain of morphine and divide into six\\ndoses, and each powder contains the sixth part of a grain of morphine.\\nThe elixir or the sugar in such a case is a diluent, and it will be ob-\\nserved that this ingredient may be liquid or solid.\\nWe thus comply with the ancient advice\\nCurare Base To cure\\ncito Adjuvant quickly,\\ntuto Corrective safely,\\net jucunde x 1 P len an d pleasantly.\\nDiluent, j", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1127.jp2"}, "1128": {"fulltext": "1114 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBut not every prescription contains all of these different ingredi-\\nents. We may have prescriptions with the base alone or the base\\nwith adjuvant the base with diluent the base, excipient, and diluent\\nthe base, adjuvant, and excipient, etc. Or one ingredient may serve\\nfor more than one purpose, as syrupus rhei aromaticus with quinine,\\nwhere it serves as an adjuvant to increase the effect (rhubarb is said to\\nhave this property), as an excipient to improve the taste, and as a dilu-\\nent to facilitate the administration of the doses.\\nIt will prove of great interest as well as benefit to analyze the pre-\\nscriptions we may meet with in our reading or our business, so as to\\nbecome thoroughly conversant with the object of each ingredient. It\\nis unfortunately too true, however, that in many of the prescriptions\\nwe meet it is difficult to divine the intentions of the prescriber in add-\\ning some of the ingredients, and it is but probable that he did not\\nknow himself what part they were to take in the compound.\\nThe Subscription follows the inscription and consists of the direc-\\ntions to the druggist, telling him how to compound the prescription.\\nFormerly this was often verbose and ridiculous, as in the following ex-\\nample, copied from the Examples of Common Extemporaneous Pre-\\nscriptions, in a well-known and valuable work\\nOlei ricini f f jss.\\nTincturae opii TT^xxx.\\nPulv. acaciae,\\nSacchari aa 3 ij-\\nAquae menthae viridis f iv.\\nAcaciam et saccharum cum paululo aquae menthae tere dein oleum\\nadjice, et iterum tere denique aquam reliquam paulatim infunde, et\\nomnia misce.\\nS. A tablespoonful to be taken every hour, or two hours, till it\\noperates, the mixture being each time well shaken.\\nIt is needless to say that such a subscription would at the present\\nday be considered an insult to the intelligent druggist, who perhaps\\nknows better how to make the emulsion than the prescriber. We use\\nvery short subscriptions now, the letter M (misce) generally being\\nsufficient, unless special instructions are necessary, as when we order\\npowders to be dispensed in wafers or capsules, etc.\\nWe believe this part of prescription-writing could be much simpli-\\nfied by using the vernacular instead of the Latin language and this\\nwould simply be following the good example given in the abandon-\\ning of the pedantic directions of a quarter of a century ago, which,", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1128.jp2"}, "1129": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1115\\nhowever, are still employed by a few antiquated, non-progressive\\nauthors.\\nPhysicians have, or ought to have, too much common sense to try\\nand appear wise by writing such formulas as D. in 2 plo., Coch.\\nmagn. omn. quad. hor. ads. febr., etc. The same practical sense that\\nwould lead us to write C. O. D. instead of Ne tr. s. num. (JVe\\ntradas sine nummo, Do not deliver without the money), ought to lead\\nus to use full or abbreviated English words in our prescriptions except\\nfor the names of the drugs or of their preparations.\\nThe Signature is the concluding part of the prescription. It con-\\ntains the directions to the patient which the prescriber wishes to have\\nplaced upon the label of the medicine when dispensed.\\nThese directions should always be written in the language of the\\ncountry, or, if possible, in the mother-tongue of the patient or attend-\\nant. They should be reasonably short, but complete, and not merely\\nuse as directed. The practice of some druggists to ignore this part\\nof the prescription entirely and to write use as directed no matter\\nwhat the physician may have written, is reprehensible, and may lead to\\ndisagreeable consequences for the druggist. Surely such a substitu-\\ntion of indefinite directions for the definite ones ordered by the phy-\\nsician, if followed by an accident, ought to render the druggist liable\\nto a prosecution for criminal carelessness. The dispenser has as little\\nright to substitute other directions for those ordered as he has to\\nsubstitute one drug for another.\\nIn writing the directions it is customary to begin the line with the\\nletter S. (signa) or the letters 3f. S. are written on one line. Some-\\ntimes the letters M. D. S. are used. They mean\\nMisceantur Dispense Signatura.\\n(Let them be mixed give, with the signature.)\\nSignatura here is in the ablative case, the case itself implying the\\nword with. M. may be rendered misce (mix), just as well.\\nFinally the prescriber should write or print on the blank his own\\nname, the location of his office or residence, and his consultation hours,\\nso that he may be readily found and consulted if he should make a mis-\\ntake which requires correction.\\nThe other form, of writing prescriptions with reference to the phar-\\nmaceutical manipulations of dispensing, can only be illustrated by an\\nexample, as this form will of course vary with the nature of the in-\\ngredients.\\nWe choose as an example a prescription for an emulsion and write\\nthe words out in full, although in practice they would be abbreviated", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1129.jp2"}, "1130": {"fulltext": "1116 A COMPANION TO THE\\n1^. Olei amygdala? dulcis f 3 vj Adjuvant.\\nAcacias pulveris Excipient.\\nAquas, ana quantum satis Diluent.\\nUt fiant emulsionis f iij\\nAdde\\nTincturas opii f 3 j Base.\\nBismuthi subcarbonatis 3 j Adjuvant.\\nSyrupi sacchari f j Excipient.\\nMisce. Signa.\\nThis form is very convenient, both for the prescriber and dispenser,\\nbut requires a considerable degree of pharmaceutical knowledge on the\\npart of the former. If such knowledge is not possessed, the other form\\nof prescription will give better satisfaction.\\nSIGNS, ABBBEVIATIONS, ETC., USED IN PBESCKIPTIONS.\\nPhysicians who do not yet employ the metric system of weights and\\nmeasures in their prescriptions, use\\nTroy or Apothecaries Weight.\\n20 grains (gr.) 1 scruple (3j.)i\\n3 scruples 1 drachm 3 j.)\\n8 drachms 1 ounce (lj.\\n12 ounces 1 pound (lb.j.)\\nThe quantities are expressed in the above signs, and roman numerals\\nare used after the signs of quantity.\\nThe term lb. ought not to be used at all in prescriptions or in for-\\nmulas, to avoid confusion between the troy and avoirdupois pounds,\\ncontaining 5,760 and 7,000 grains respectively.\\nLb. preceded by Arabic numeral s means avoirdupois pounds, thus,\\n1 lb.; lb. followed by Roman numerals means troy pounds, thus, lb. vj.\\nThe sign for avoirdupois pounds is lbs. in the plural, while the sign for\\ntroy pounds is lb. in the plural as well as in the singular. Sometimes\\nthe sign for troy pounds is characterized by being crossed, thus, ft\\nThe sign for troy ounce is J One troy ounce contains 480 grains.\\nThe sign for avoirdupois ounce is oz. or av. oz. Each avoirdupois ounce\\ncontains 4372- grains. We buy drugs and chemicals by avoirdupois\\nand dispense by troy weight, unless we use the metric weights.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1130.jp2"}, "1131": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1117\\nThe sign for drachm is 3 Sometimes it is written dr. This sign\\nshould be dropped in prescription writing.\\nThe sign for scruple, 3, is rapidly becoming obsolete, and should\\nalso be dropped.\\nThe sign for grains is gr. both singular and plural.\\nLiquid Apothecaries Measure.\\n60 minims (T\\\\[) 1 fluidrachm (f3)\\n8 fluidrachms 1 fluidounce (f J\\n16 fluidounces 1 pint (O.)\\n8 pints 1 gallon (Cong.)\\nThe use of the signs for gallon and pint (Cong, and 0.) in prescrip-\\ntions or pharmaceutical formulas is obsolete.\\nWhen the quantities are too small to be conveniently measured, drops\\nare often directed to be taken, the sign for which is gtt., for plural as\\nwell as singular. The drop is very variable in size, and its employ-\\nment, therefore, is conducive to inaccuracy.\\nThese signs are also followed by Roman numerals, which should be\\ndistinctly written.\\nIt is customary in writing to use j, instead of i, for the last numeral,\\nthus, ij., viij., etc. One-half is written ss, or occasionally the sign\\nis met with, which is a contraction of the written German sz, or of the\\nEnglish long and short s, fs. The sign means semissa (one-half). Other\\nfractions are written in Arabic numerals, thus, J, -J-, -J, etc.\\nWhen the quantities of two or more ingredients in a prescription\\nimmediately following each other are alike, the quantity need only be\\nwritten after the last name, but must be preceded by the sign aa (a?ia,\\neach) thus, aa j. means of each an ounce.\\nWhen the quantity of an ingredient to be employed in a prescription\\ncannot be accurately determined, it is necessary to say, take a suffi-\\ncient quantity, which is expressed by writing q. s. (quantum satis)\\nafter the name of the drug. But this, of course, can only be done when\\nthe ingredient is of minor importance, as in the case of the excipient or\\ndiluent, and even in such cases only if the nature of the case determines\\nthe quantity.\\nFor instance, in prescribing pills it is often impossible to determine\\nexactly the quantity of excipient which will be required to make a mass,\\nand we write the name of the excipient and q. s. and the druggist takes\\njust enough to make the mass.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1131.jp2"}, "1132": {"fulltext": "1118 A COMPANION TO THE\\nBut in prescriptions as the following,\\nPlumb, acet 3 ij.\\nMorph. sulphat gr. iv.\\nButyr. cacao ss.\\n01. olivse q. s.\\nM.,\\nthe words q. s. are not appropriate, for the pharmaceutical requirements\\nwill not determine the quantity of the substance to be employed; none\\nof the oil is necessary to enable the druggist to compound the prescrip-\\ntion, while an ounce of the oil will not be too much to form an oint-\\nment. The precise quantity of the oil should have been stated.\\nIf the medicine is desired to be dispensed in a hurry, the physician\\nwrites upon the prescription the word Cito or Citissime {quickly).\\nOf course such a prescription ought to be simple enough to allow it to\\nbe dispensed in a hurry, and it should be given precedence of every-\\nthing else by the druggist.\\nExcessive doses on a prescription should be marked by the physician\\nif he expects to have them dispensed. Otherwise the druggist cannot\\nbe blamed if he refuses to compound the prescription.\\nThe letters Q. H. {quantum rectum), or the exclamation point in\\nbrackets may be placed before the name of the substance of which the\\nexcessive dose is ordered. Or the quantity may be expressed in signs\\nand at the same time written out in full, thus\\nOpii pulv gr. vj. (six grains\\nSacchar. alb 3 ss.\\nM. Div. in pulv. vj.\\nS. One powder every three hours.\\nSuch doses might be required in peritonitis or in patients accustomed\\nto the use of this narcotic.\\nThe word ad is often employed after the name of some ingredient,\\ngenerally the diluent, and before the sign of quantity. It means that\\nenough of that substance is to be taken to make up to a certain\\namount. Thus Aquae ad f vj. means that after all the other in-\\ngredients are taken, enough water is to be added to make the whole\\nmeasure six lluidounces. This is sometimes written q. s. ad. instead\\nof simply ad.\\nIf the patient is poor and cannot pay fully for services or medicines,\\nthe letter J is often written after his name, or in the upper right-\\nhand corner of the paper, or the letters -PjP if too poor to pay any-", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1132.jp2"}, "1133": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1119\\nthing. These letters signify pauper or pauperrimus {poor or very poor).\\nOf course no physician would use these words to lead the druggist to\\ncharitably dispense the medicine unless he himself attended the pa-\\ntient gratis.\\nWe have known of agreements between the doctor and druggist, for\\nthe former to make some sign on the prescription by which the latter\\ncould know whether the patient might be given credit or not. Of\\ncourse it is best to do business on a cash basis, but sometimes the pa-\\ntient has only children or servants to send, or for other reasons prefers\\nto have an account kept. If the physician knows the patient or family,\\na little asterisk or other sign gives the druggist the desired informa-\\ntion. This requires a preconcerted understanding between the two, the\\ndoctor and druggist, as it would not otherwise be understood, and they\\ncan agree on an appropriate sign for this purpose, which must be so in-\\nconspicuous as not to attract the attention of any but the interested\\nparties.\\nThe agreement between doctor and druggist for the use of private\\nsigns and names, so that no other druggist is able to understand and\\ncompound the doctor s prescription, is generally condemned as dishonest\\nand disreputable, no matter what the motives of both may be. A doctor\\ncertainly has the right, and in justice to himself and his patient he\\nshould exercise the right, of recommending the patient to go to a drug-\\ngist whom he knows to be properly qualified, rather than letting the\\npatient go to any one who, perhaps, is not so well able to properly fill\\nthe prescription, but he can do this without writing in hieroglyphics or\\ncipher.\\nThe physician s duty to his patient does not end with the mere writ-\\ning of the prescription, but he is under a moral obligation to do the\\nbest he can for the patient, which implies that it is his duty to try to\\nhave the several ingredients of as good a quality as possible. If he\\nknows where the prescription is to be compounded, and knows the\\npreparations dispensed by that pharmacist to be reliable, he need only\\nwrite the names of the ingredients. But if he does not know who is to\\ndispense the prescription, and, therefore, does not know the quality of\\npreparations that will be used, the doctor owes it to himself and his\\npatient to write after the name of the ingredient the name of some\\npharmacist, or manufacturer, whose preparation he positively knows to\\nbe superior, and whose preparation he therefore wishes to have dispensed;\\nand it is perhaps better for him to do so in all cases in which he has a\\ndecided preference for any particular preparation. No pharmacist who\\nwill disinterestedly put himself in imagination in the doctor s place long\\nenough to calmly think the matter over, will blame the doctor for thus", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1133.jp2"}, "1134": {"fulltext": "1120 A COMPANION TO THE\\nspecifying, and he will no more think of substituting some other prepara-\\ntion for the one specified than of substituting cinchonidia for quinine.\\nThe difference between different fluid extracts of ergot, for example,\\nis often greater than between the two alkaloids mentioned.\\nDOSES.\\nThe dose of a drug, as stated in the works on materia medica, is\\ngenerally understood to be that quantity which will produce the full\\neffect of the drug, unless the contrar} T is especially stated.\\nThe dose of opium, for instance, is said to be one grain, and this is\\nthe quantity generally required to produce sleep or to relieve pain in an\\nadult patient. This dose may be given at once or in divided doses, al-\\nthough the effect to be obtained may occasionally determine our choice\\nin this regard. Thus, opium is better given in a full dose to produce\\nsleep, while broken or divided doses are preferable for relieving pain,\\nespecially when the cause of pain cannot be easily or rapidly removed.\\nQuinine is given in doses of twenty or thirty grains as an antiperi-\\nodic, and this dose may be given at once or in doses of a few grains at\\ncertain intervals of time, but which of these methods of administration\\nis to be chosen in any individual case must, of course, be left to the intel-\\nligent judgment of the attending physician but it may be recollected\\nthat a larger quantity is generally required when the drug is given in\\ndivided doses.\\nThe dose of tincture of chloride of iron, on the other hand, is expressly\\ndirected to be given in repeated doses. The dose of the U. S. tincture\\nis from ten to thirty minims, which may be gradually increased to one,\\nor even two fluidrachms two or three times a day.\\nThe doses given in the books are adapted for adults, or persons in\\nthe prime of life, from twenty-three to twenty-four years to about forty-\\nfive to fifty years of age. After that age most medicines must be given\\nin smaller doses, and especially eliminative medicines, as cathartics, etc.\\nFemales require somewhat smaller doses than males yet this is only\\na general rule to which there are numerous exceptions. The condition\\nof the individual patient must be considered before determining the dose.\\nThe doses for children may be determined by dividing the age of\\nthe child in years by the same number of years plus 12 thus\\n4 4 1\\n4 12 16 4\\nfor a child four years of age.\\nThis is not true of narcotics, especially of opium, which must be given", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1134.jp2"}, "1135": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA.\\n11.21\\nin relatively smaller doses, and of mercurials or arsenic, which may be\\ngiven in comparatively larger doses.\\nNote. In this book the doses are stated in both metric and troy weights and meas-\\nures. They are not stated in exactly equivalent amounts, but in such quantities in\\neach system as are easily remembered and approximately equivalent, fractions and odd\\nnumbers being ignored as unnecessaiily cumbersome.\\nTable showing doses of the preparations of the old Pharmacopoeia, as\\ncompared with those of the new, in all cases where the strength has\\nbeen materially changed.\\nPreparations.\\nAconiti Foliorum Extractum\\nAconiti Radicis Extractum\\nAconiti Tinctura\\nAloes Tinctura\\nArseniosi Acidi Liquor\\nArsenitis Potassii Liquor\\nAsafoetidae Tinctura\\nCalumbae Tinctura\\nCamphorae Spiritus\\nCannabis Indicae Tinctura\\nCantharidis Tinctura\\nCapsici Tinctura\\nCatechu Tinctura\\nCatechu Tinctura Comp\\nCinchonae Tinctura\\nConii Foliorum Extractum\\nConii Fructus Extractum\\nConii Foliorum Tinctura\\nConii Fructus Tinctura\\nCubebae Tinctura\\nErgotae Vinum\\nFerri Chloridi Tinctura\\nG-uajaci Tinctura\\nG-uajaci Tinctura Ammoniata.\\nHumuli Tiuctura\\nLobeliae Acetum\\nLobelias Tinctura\\nMenthae Piperitae Spiritus\\nNucis Vomicae Tinctura\\nOpii Acetum\\nOpii Tinctura\\nOpii Tinctura Deodorata\\nOpii Pulvis\\nOpii Vinum\\nQuassias Tinctura\\nRhei Vinum\\nSanguinariae Acetum\\nScillae Acetum\\nSerpentariae Tinctura\\nStramonii Tinctura\\nValerianae Tinctura\\nValerianae Tinctura Ammoniata.\\nVeratri Viridis Tinctura\\nZingiberis Tinctura\\nDose of the old preparation,\\nU. S. P. 1870.\\n1 to 3 grains.\\nL to 2\\\\ minims.\\n4 fluidrachms.\\n5\u00c2\u00a3 minims.\\nh\\\\ minims.\\n50 minims.\\n2 fluidrachms.\\n40 minims.\\n10 minims.\\n10 minims.\\n20 minims\\ni to 2 fluidrachms.\\n1 to\\n2 fluidrachms.\\n4 grains.\\n|to 1 fluidrachm.\\n20\\n20\\n6\\n1 fluidrachm.\\n2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms.\\n20 minims.\\n40 minims.\\n40 minims.\\n1\\\\ fluidrachm.\\n15 minims.\\n40 minims,\\nminims,\\nminims,\\nminims.\\n12 minims.\\n12 minims.\\n1 grain.\\n6 minims.\\n1^ fluidrachm.\\n2 fluidrachms.\\n10 minims.\\n15 minims.\\n30 minims.\\n10 minims.\\n65 minims.\\n65 minims.\\nDose of the new preparation,\\nU. S. P. 1880.\\nminims.\\nfluidrachm.\\n1 to 3 minims.\\n1\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachm.\\n5 minims.\\n5 minims.\\n40 minims.\\n3 fluidrachms.\\n50 minims.\\n18 minims.\\n7 minims.\\n15 minims.\\n1 fluidrachm.\\n2\u00c2\u00a3 fluidrachms.\\ni to 1 grain.\\n15 to 30\\nn\\n2\\n18\\n50\\n50\\n1\\n20\\n30\\n15\\n35\\n10\\n10\\n10\\n1\\n10\\n1\\n3\\n13\\n20\\n40\\n15\\n50\\n50\\n6\\nH\\nminims.\\nfluidrachm.\\nfluidrachms.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nfluidrachm.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\ngrain.\\nminims.\\nfluidrachm.\\nfluidrachms.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nminims.\\nfluidrachm.\\n71", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1135.jp2"}, "1136": {"fulltext": "1122 A COMPANION TO THE\\nAPPKOXIMATE MEASUBES.\\nIn apportioning the doses for the use of the patient it is still the\\ncustom with many physicians to make use of the spoons, etc., found in\\nevery household, and which vary considerably in size. It would be much\\nbetter if each household were provided with a medicine-glass, accu-\\nrately graduated, so that the medicines could be properly dispensed.\\nThe measures commonly used are called approximate measures,\\nbecause they are not accurate. The most useful are enumerated below,\\nand are generally agreed to be as follows\\nA teacupful\\nf?iv.\\nA wineglassful\\nflij.\\nA tablespoonful\\nf 1 ss.\\nA dessertspoonful\\nf3ij.\\nA teaspoonful\\nf3j.\\nA drop\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J- to 1J minim\\nThe following equivalents stated in metric weights are probably\\nmore nearly in accord with the actual sizes of the spoons, etc., in most\\ncommon use\\nOne drop is in weight about five centigrams.\\nOne teaspoonful five fluigrams or cubic centimeters.\\nOne dessertspoonful ten fluigrams or cubic centimeters.\\nOne tablespoonful twenty fluigrams or cubic centimeters.\\nOne wineglassful is about sixty fluigrams or cubic centimeters.\\nWhen a spoonful is ordered to be taken the patient seldom gets the\\namount intended for him because he will not quite fill the spoon for\\nfear of spilling some of the contents. If he has no medicine-glass he*\\nshould be told to fill the spoon brimful while holding it over a wineglass,\\nand then to pour the contents into the glass and take his dose from the\\nlatter. By so doing he can take his full dose without spilling any of\\nthe medicine.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1136.jp2"}, "1137": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1123\\nWEIGHTS AND MEASURES.\\nIn the United States drugs and chemicals are usually bought and\\nsold in quantities expressed in avoirdupois weight or in wine measure.\\nTroy weight is no longer officially recognized in this country but\\nit is still used in writing and dispensing prescriptions. The abolition\\nof fluid measures in the pharmacopceial working formulas should serve\\nto help abolishing the troy weights for any and all purposes, and it is\\nto be hoped that in all cases where metric weights and measures are\\nnot used the commercial weights and measures of the country will be\\nemployed.\\nAs druggists buy and sell by avoirdupois pounds and ounces, and\\nby wine gallons, pints, and fluidounces, the same weights and measures\\nshould hereafter be used in all pharmaceutical manipulations and in\\nwriting prescriptions by all who do not adopt the still more simple me-\\ntric system. In fact, ounces, drachms, and scruples ought to be dropped\\nin prescription writing, and either grams or grains substituted. This\\nwould eliminate one of the sources of the existing confusion between\\nthe several systems, and would relieve the druggist of the necessity of\\nkeeping three kinds of weights.\\nThe Incongruities of the Old Systems.\\nA troy ounce of pure water measures about 505 minims an avoirdu-\\npois ounce measures about 460 minims. One grain measures about 1\\nminim, and one minim weighs about t 9 5 q grain. One U. S. fluidounce\\nweighs about 456-J grains, whereas one avoirdupois ounce is only 437^-\\ngrains, and a troy ounce is 480 grains. It will therefore be seen that\\nno simple relation exists between any of the units of the old systems of\\nweights and measures. In other words, a pint is not a pound, an ounce\\nis not equal to a fluidounce, a drachm is not commensurate with a flui-\\ndrachm, and a minim is not a grain.\\nIn England, where imperial fluid measures are the law, one minim is\\nonl y tV grain.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1137.jp2"}, "1138": {"fulltext": "1124 A COMPANION TO THE\\nThe Weights and Measukes Used in the Companion.\\nIn all the working formulas of the Pharmacopoeia which are trans-\\nlated in the Companion we have necessarily substituted grams for parts\\nby weight, because the system of parts by w r eight is not, as claimed by\\nsome, equally applicable to all systems of weights and measures alike,\\nbut is far more conveniently used in connection with the metric system,\\nin which the unit of weight bears so simple a relation to the unit of\\nfluid measure that the absolute weight of one liter of any liquid when\\nexpressed in grams gives at the same time the specific gravity of that\\nliquid to three decimal places.\\nAt the same time several of the pharmacopoeial working formulas, as\\nthose for fluid extracts, pills, troches, etc., actually refer to metric\\nweights (and measures) so that the adoption of that system in the Com-\\npanion became doubly necessary.\\nIn translating the pharmacopoeial working formula? into the more\\nfamiliar forms the Companion refers to avoirdupois weight and XI. S.\\nfluid measures only. Thus, troy weight and imperial fluid measures are\\nnever used in the Companion.\\nIn most cases, except in stating doses, the quantities given in paren-\\ntheses are the exact equivalents of the metric quantities preceding the\\nparentheses but in some cases, where weights only are used, the equiv-\\nalents are approximate only, although the proportions between the sev-\\neral ingredients are unchanged.\\nThe System of Paets by Weight.\\nThe Pharmacopoeial Convention of 1880 by a close vote adopted the\\nsystem of parts by weight for the working formulas of the Pharmaco-\\npoeia, except for fluid extracts, in reference to which the Revision Com-\\nmittee was authorized to use its discretion. The Committee of Revision,\\nin carrying out the instructions of the Convention, availed itself of the\\ndiscretionary power given by retaining the volumetric method for fluid\\nextracts, although curiously mixed with parts by weight in details\\nwhich could have been more clearly stated had definite quantities been\\nreferred to, using weights for solids and measures for liquids. The\\nformulae for fluid extracts, accordingly, present a rather incongruous\\naspect in addition to being exceptionally awkward to work with. In\\nall the other pharmacopoeial working formulas the use of fluid measures\\nhas been abandoned, the quantities of liquids and solids are stated in\\nparts by weight only, and the strength of liquid pharmacopoeial prepara-\\ntions is fixed according to certain mathematical proportions by weight.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1138.jp2"}, "1139": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA* 1125\\nThat all liquid medicines must to the end of time be administered to\\nthe patient in doses by measure is an incontrovertible fact. Now, as\\nthe medicine must be given by teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls, or other\\nstated quantities, measured out by means of a medicine-glass, or spoons,\\nor other vessels, the physician necessarily constructs his prescription\\naccordingly. He makes up his mind what he will give in each dose,\\nhow many doses he wants put up, and what the dose of the mixture\\nmust be, and then he makes the bulk of the whole mixture contain the\\nrequisite number of doses by measure, such as the patient must take\\nthem. If he adds water, or syrup, or some other diluent or vehicle to\\nmake up a certain total bulk, the task is considerably simplified and\\ngreater accuracy arrived at because the simpler he makes the matter\\nfor the patient or the nurse the better. He might prescribe all the in-\\ngredients in the mixture by weight, if he is able to guess what its final\\nvolume will be, or he might prescribe all the active ingredients by\\nweight and direct that the final volume be made up to a certain volume\\nby adding water, syrup, or whatever liquid may be preferred but the\\nfact still remains that he must know how much by measure the patient\\nis to take of the mixture. As this fact cannot be changed, the Pharma-\\ncopoeia and the practice of pharmacy should be in harmony with it, un-\\nless there are grave reasons for ignoring it.\\nThe only question worth considering in this connection is that of\\nrelative accuracy. All other advantages claimed for parts by weight,\\nsuch as universality, clearness, etc., may be more conveniently gained\\nby the adoption of the metric system, fluid measures included.\\nIt is claimed that weighing is more accurate than measuring. This\\nis quite true in general. When conducted with exceptionally good\\ninstruments and with extreme care, weighing is more accurate and in\\nmanufacturing, where large quantities of liquids are handled, measuring\\nis both less convenient and less accurate than weighing. But the ques-\\ntion now is Are the results obtained by weighing, as conducted in\\npharmacy and with fairly sufficient skill, care, and good instruments, so\\nmuch more accurate than the results obtained by fairly careful measur-\\ning with good graduates that we are justified in changing the present\\npractice, which is in harmony with the manner in which liquid medicines\\nare administered, and adopting instead a method of preparing the medi-\\ncines which is out of harmony with the mode of using them\\nIf the medicine is to be taken by teaspoonfuls, why not prescribe it\\nby teaspoonfuls And if it is to be prescribed by teaspoonfuls, why\\nnot make it so that we can ascertain with a minimum of labor how\\nmuch of the active substance a teaspoonf ul represents\\nWe believe that in all ordinary pharmaceutical manipulations", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1139.jp2"}, "1140": {"fulltext": "1126 A COMPANION TO THE\\nmeasures are quite as accurate as weights, and that the results ar-\\nrived at by measuring are sufficiently correct for the purposes of med-\\nicine.\\nThe most suitable dose of any drug, to be given in any case, cannot\\nbe fixed within narrow limits. When the physician prescribes fluid ex-\\ntract of digitalis he does not try to predict beforehand whether three\\nminims, or four minims, or three drops, or 0.25 C.c. is the most appro-\\npriate quantity to be given in each dose in that particular case. That\\nwould be simply absurd. All he can do is to guess pretty nearly right\\nand watch the results, and then increase or decrease the frequency or\\nsize of the dose as the case may require. The dose of Epsom salt is\\ngenerally supposed to be about one ounce would J ounce or 1\u00c2\u00a3 ounce\\nmake a material difference The dose of opium is said to be one\\ngrain if our grain were J smaller or larger than it is, would not the\\ndose of opium still be one grain\\nWe make our tinctures, etc., represent 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 40, or 50\\nper cent, of their weight of the drug, and these proportions have ap-\\nparently no reference whatsoever to their potency or their dose, for we\\nhave concentrated tinctures of potent drugs and very weak tinctures of\\ncomparatively harmless substances. Now, the doses as generally stated\\nor given are not odd fractions, or numbers of minims or grains, but in\\nthis as in other things we instinctively avoid practically intractable num-\\nbers which are unfamiliar and distasteful to the mind only because of\\ntheir difficult divisibility. Hence, if we change the strength of tincture\\nof rhubarb from ten per cent, to twelve per cent., that change is not at\\nall likely to affect the quantity of the preparation which will be pre-\\nscribed in one dose.\\nWhen these points are considered, and we further bear in mind the\\nfact that the quality of medicines, as generally found, varies extremely,\\none lot of the drug or preparation being good, while another may be\\nonly half as active, or even absolutely worthless, the possible variations\\nin strength which may result from the inaccuracies of measuring as\\ncompared with weighing seem ridiculously trifling.\\nThe Pharmacopoeia deems measuring accurate enough to introduce\\nvolumetric methods of testing. With the exercise of reasonable care,\\nmeasuring is certainly accurate enough in pharmacy as well as in volu-\\nmetric chemical analysis. Without care weighing is less accurate than\\nmeasuring.\\nWe are confident that these opinions are shared by a majority of\\nthe physicians and pharmacists of the United States, and that the sys-\\ntem of parts by weight will not stand in this country longer than until\\nthe meeting of the next Pharmacopceial Convention (in 1890).", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1140.jp2"}, "1141": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1127\\nThat parts by weight should have been adopted in Germany, Sweden,\\nand other countries where fluid measures were never used in the phar-\\nmacopoeias, is natural. The physicians in those countries are taught to\\nprescribe exclusively by weight. In this country and in England, how-\\never, it is hardly possible that the practical common sense of the pre-\\nvailing practice will ever be sacrificed for the imaginary advantages of\\nparts by weight.\\nHow to Weigh Liquids.\\nPlace the empty bottle, or other vessel, on one scale. On the oppo-\\nsite scale put a suitable wide-mouth vial to hold enough fine shot or\\nclean sand to counterbalance the\\nbottle. When equilibrium has been\\nrestored by pouring enough shot or\\nsand into the wide-mouth vial, place\\nthe requisite weights on the scale\\nthat contains the tare, consisting of\\nthe vial of shot, and pour the liquid\\ncarefully into the bottle until equi-\\nlibrium is again restored.\\nFor those who can afford it,\\nTroemner s new scale for weighing:\\nliquids is an excellent instrument, being both accurate and convenient.\\nA figure of it is here given. The price, we believe, places it within\\nthe reach of every pharmacist, and it renders the use of shot or sand or\\nany other extemporaneous contrivance superfluous, as a special counter-\\npoise beam is attached to the scales.\\nThe Metric System.\\nThe arithmetic of the whole civilized world is decimal. We count\\nfrom one to ten, and then begin a new series of another ten units, and\\nso on. For this reason it is that we can compute money in dollars and\\ncents, which are in harmony with our arithmetic, much more naturally\\nand rapidly than we can compute pounds, shillings, and pence, which\\nare not in harmony with our arithmetic.\\nFor precisely the same reason the metric system of weights and\\nmeasures is easier and more natural to us than poundsj ounces, drachms,\\nand grains, and pints, fluidounces, fluidrachms, and minims, or any other\\nweights and measures, which are not decimal. When stated in a deci-\\nmal system of weights and measures, the quantities can be added up as\\neasily as if they were columns of dollars and cents prices can be com-", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1141.jp2"}, "1142": {"fulltext": "1128 A COMPANION TO THE\\nputed with the least possible amount of labor, and the relative propor-\\ntions of the several ingredients in a formula can be seen more clearly\\nthan when any other system is used.\\nBut great as these practical advantages are, there are other and\\ngreater advantages gained by the use of the metric system. To know\\nthe specific gravity of any liquid is at once to know the weight of a\\nliter of it without any computation whatsoever. If the specific gravity\\nof glycerin be 1.250, then one liter of glycerin weighs 1,250 grams. Per\\ncontra, to ascertain the specific gravity of any liquid, it is only neces-\\nsary to find the weight in grams of one, ten, or one hundred cubic cen-\\ntimeters of it. These things cannot be done in any other system of\\nweights and measures. Finally, the metric system is known and under-\\nstood all over the world, and is the only system of weights and meas-\\nures legalized in every civilized country on the globe, and used for all\\ngovernmental, statistical, and scientific purposes, and in the arts and\\nmanufactures, to the exclusion of all other weights and measures in all\\nthese countries except England and the United States, where, although\\nexpressly legalized, it has not made as rapid progress as it will make in\\nthe near future. It is safe to predict that when the metric system of\\nweights and. measures shall have been introduced in science, arts, and\\nmanufactures among the English-speaking peoples, it will rapidly be-\\ncome the only system used even in the common transactions of every-\\nday life.\\nDescription of the Metric System.\\nIt is based on an unchangeable quantity the quadrant of the earth.\\nOne ten-millionth part of the quadrant, called a meter, is the primary\\nunit of measurement of the whole system. The meter is the standard\\nof linear measurement of the metric system. It is equal to 39.370432\\ninches, or about ten per cent, longer than our yard.\\nThe metric unit of fluid measure is the liter the cube of one deci-\\nmeter meter) or 1,000 cubic centimeters. It is equal to 33.8149 (or\\nabout 34) U. S. fluidounces, or 0.264179 wine gallon.\\nThe cubic centimeter is equal to 16.231 U. S. minims.\\nThe unit of weight of the metric system is the gram, which is the\\nweight of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its greatest density.\\nThe gram is equal to 15.43234874 grains. To memorize this number to\\nthe extent of three decimals write the figures 5, 4, 3, 2 in this regular\\ndescending order, and then place the figure 1 before the figure 5 and\\nthe decimal point after the figure 5 thus, 15.432.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1142.jp2"}, "1143": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. H29\\nThe Names of the Metric Units.\\nThe names and terms used to designate the units of the metric sys-\\ntem, and the multiples and subdivisions of these units are, of course, no\\nessential part of the system itself. The terms meter, liter, gram, and\\ncubic centimeter are easy enough, are probably as suitable as any that\\ncould have been adopted, and are now universally understood but if\\nthe units themselves and their relation to each other are the same, the\\nadoption of other names for the units would not alter the system itself\\nin the least.\\nMany object to the adoption of the metric system on the ground\\nthat the prefixes used in connection with the units are unnecessary and\\nunfamiliar. These prefixes are in fact nothing but numerals and need\\nnot be used at all. They are as follows Milli which means one\\none-thousandth part centi which means one one-hundredth part\\ndeci which means one-tenth part deka which means ten hekto\\nwhich means one hundred kilo which means one thousand and\\nmyria which means ten thousand. But it is easier to say ten\\ngrams than one dekagram or to say one hundred grams instead\\nof one hektogram etc., and it means precisely the same thing. As\\nfor the subdivisions of the metric units, it seems to be sufficient to let the\\nword cent stand for one-hundredths, and the word mill for one-thou-\\nsandths.\\nThe only metric units necessary in medicine and pharmacy are the\\ngram and the cubic centimeter. Now as one cubic centimeter of water\\nweighs exactly one gram, this intimate relationship between the two\\nunits is very happily expressed by substituting the word fluigram for\\nthe word cubic centimeter, as proposed by Mr. Alfred B. Taylor, of\\nPhiladelphia. Then\\nAll that is essential of the metric system in medicine and pharmacy\\nis to learn what a gramis, and what a fluigram (or cubic centimeter) is\\n1 gram is equal to about 15 grains, and\\n1 fluigram is equal to about 15 minims.\\nHence,\\n1 drachm is equal to 4 grams, and\\nlfluidrachm is equal to 4 fluigrams.\\nThe one-hundredth part of a gram (or centigram, also called a cent)\\nis equal to about grain, and the one-thousandth part of a gram (or\\nmilli-gram, also called a mill) is equal to about grain.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1143.jp2"}, "1144": {"fulltext": "1130 A COMPANION TO THE\\nOrthography and Abbreviations.\\nThe names of the metric units are in France spelled metre, litre, and\\ngramme. In other countries these terms have undergone such modifi-\\ncations as the language of each country naturally demanded.\\nThe English spelling would be meter, liter, and gram but when the\\nquestion arose as to whether the French or the English orthography\\nshould be adopted in the Pharmacopoeia, it seems that neither the one\\nnor the other spelling was accepted, but a portion of each. The Phar-\\nmacopoeia spells meter, liter, and gramme, instead of meter, liter, and\\ngram, which would seem to be the more natural and easy orthography.\\nIn abbreviating the terms gram and cubic centimeter write Gm. and\\nC.c, and in writing prescriptions in the metric system, put the numbers,\\nalways in Arabic numerals, before, and not after these abbreviations\\nthus, 10 Gm., 50 C.c, etc.\\nThe term fluigram should be abbreviated fGm. When the terms\\ncent and mill are used they should be spelled out in full.\\nRules for Conversion.\\n1. To convert grains into cents (or centigrams) multiply by 6.\\n2. To convert grains into grams, or minims into fluigrams (cubic\\ncentimeters): divide by 15.\\n3. To convert drachms into grams, or fluidrachms into fluigrams\\nmultiply by 4.\\nA. To convert cents (or centigrams) into grams divide by 6.\\nB. To convert grams into grains, or fluigrams (cubic centimeters)\\ninto minims multiply by 15.\\nC. To convert grams into drachms, or fluigrams (cubic centimeters)\\ninto fluidrachms divide by 4.\\nA simple method of converting grains, cents (or centigrams) is as\\nfollows\\nAssume the gram (written 1.00 Gm.) to be equal to 15 or 16 grains.\\nTo convert any number of grains, less than 16, into centigrams, think\\nwhat fraction that number is of 15 or 16, as may be most convenient,\\nand then take that fractional part of 1.00 Gm. to express the metric\\nequivalent.\\nA few examples will make this clear.\\n1 grain j\\\\ of 16 grains T V of 1.00 Gm. 0.06 Gm.\\n2 grains -J of 16 grains -J- of 1.00 Gm. 0.12 Gm.\\n3 grains of 15 grains of 1.00 Gm. 0.20 Gm.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1144.jp2"}, "1145": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1131\\n4 grains J of 16 grains of 1.00 Gm. 0.25 Gm.\\n5 grains of 15 grains 4$- of 1.00 Gm. 0.33 Gm.\\n6 grains f of 15 grains of 1.00 Gm. 0.40 Gm.\\n8 grains -J of 16 grains; of LOO Gm. 0.50 Gm.\\n9 grains of 15 grains of 1.00 Gm. 0.60 Gm.\\n10 grains of 15 grains; of 1.00 Gm. 0.66 Gm.\\n12 grains f of 16 grains; f of 1.00 Gm. 0,75 Gm.\\nFrom these equivalents any larger equivalents may be readily ascer-\\ntained. This method is only approximately correct, but will be found\\nconvenient in prescription writing until the physician becomes familiar\\nwith metric quantities and thinks in that system so as to no longer need\\nrules for converting.\\nPrices of Metric Quantities.\\nTo find the price of 1,000 grams, multiply the price per pound by 2\\nand then add 10 per cent, to the product. Thus, if the price of a pound\\nis $1.00, the price of 1,000 grams is $2.20.\\nTo find the price of 1,000 cubic centimeters, multiply the price per\\npint by 2 and then add 5 percent. Thus, if the price of a pint is $1.00,\\nthe price of 1,000 C.c. is $2,10.\\nMetric weights, graduates, and prescription vials can be readily ob-\\ntained from Philadelphia or New York.\\nEquivalents.\\nThe Meter.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n1 meter is equal to 1.093623 yard 40 inches.\\n1 decimeter 3.9370432 inches 4 inches.\\n1 centimeter 0.3937043 inch inch.\\n1 millimeter 0.0393704 inch \u00c2\u00a3z inch.\\n(The U. S. five-cent nickel coin is 2 centimeters in diameter.)\\nThe Yard.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n1 yard is equal to 0.914392 meter 90 centimeters.\\n1 foot 0.304797 meter 30 centimeters.\\n1 inch 0.025399 meter 25 millimeters.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1145.jp2"}, "1146": {"fulltext": "1132\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\n1 liter\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n1 cubic centimeter\\nMetric Fluid Measures.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\nis equal to 2.113433 Wine pints. 2J Wine pints.\\n33.814933 U. S. fl. ozs.. 34 U. S. fl. ozs.\\n1.761757 Imp. pint If Imp. pint.\\n35.23514 Imp. fl. ozs. 35 Imp. fl. ozs.\\n16.23117 U. S. minims 16 U. S. minims.\\n16.91286 Imp. minims 17 Imp. minims.\\n1 wine gallon is equal to\\ni it a a a\\na tc a\\n1 wine pint\\n1 a a a a\\n1 U. S. fluid oz.\\n1 U. S. fluidrachm\\ni a a a a\\n1 U. S. minim\\n1 a a a i(\\nWine Measures.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n3.7853 liters 3,800 C.c.\\n6.668 Imp. pints. 6\u00c2\u00a7 Imp. pints.\\n133.3759 Imp. fl. ozs 133J Imp. fl. ozs.\\n473.1637 C.c 475 C.c.\\n16.672 Imp. fl. czs. 16f Imp. fl. ozs.\\n29.5727 C.c 30 C.c.\\n1.042 Imp. fl. oz 1^ T Imp. fl. oz.\\n3.6966 C.c 4 C.c.\\n62.52 Imp. minims. 62J Imp. minims.\\n0.06161 C.c T V C.c.\\n1.042 Imp. minim.. 1^ 5 Imp. minim.\\nCubic Measure.\\n1 cubic centimeter is equal to 0.061025 cubic inch.\\n1 cubic inch is equal to 16.38662 C.c.\\nImperial Measures.\\nExactly.\\nImp. gallon is equal to 4.5409 liters\\n1.1996\\npint\\net\\nfl. oz.\\nminim\\nApproximately.\\n4J liters.\\nWine gallon 1^ Wine gallon.\\n567.6152 C.c 560 C.c.\\n1.1996 Wine pint 1^ Wine pint.\\n28.38076 C.c 28 C.c.\\n0.959694 U. S. fl. oz ff fl. oz.\\n7.67755 U. S. fl. drs 7f U. S. fl. drs.\\n460.6529 U. S. minims. 460 U. S. minims.\\n0.05913 C.c ^C.c.\\n0.959694 U. S. minim f f U. S. minim.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1146.jp2"}, "1147": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA.\\n1133\\n1 kilogram is equal to\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n1 gram\\n1 decigram\\n1 centigram\\n1 milligram\\nMetric Weights.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n2.2046 av. pounds 2^- av. lbs.\\n35.2739 av. ozs 35\u00c2\u00a3 av. ozs.\\n15432.35 grains\\n32.1507 troy ounces 32 troy ozs.\\n15.432 grains 15 grains.\\n1.543 grain grain.\\n0.1543 grain grain.\\n0.0154 grain grain.\\n(The U. S. five-cent nickel coin weighs 5 Gm.)\\nAvoirdupois Weights.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n1 avoirdupois pound is equal to 453.5926 Gm 450 Gm.\\nounce\\nu\\nGm 28-J- Gm.\\n14.5833\\n28.3495\\n0.91146 troy oz\\n437.5 grains\\n0.0648 Gm 65 milligrams.\\ntroy ozs 14J- troy ozs.\\n28^ Gm.\\nto tr \u00c2\u00b0y oz\\nTroy Weights.\\nExactly. Approximately.\\n1 troy ounce is equal to 31.1035 Gm 30 Gm.\\n1 1.097 av. oz l^av. oz.\\n1 480 grains\\n1 grain 0.0648 Gm 65 milligrams.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1147.jp2"}, "1148": {"fulltext": "1134 A COMPANION TO THE\\nSPECIFIC GRAVITY.\\nThe specific gravity of any substance is its relative weight as com-\\npared to an equal volume of water. Water being the adopted unit or\\nstandard of comparison, the specific gravity is expressed by the quotient\\nobtained by dividing the weight of a given quantity, by measure, of the\\nsubstance by the weight of an equal volume of water.\\nIn pharmacy the determination of the specific gravities of liquids is\\nof great importance. In most cases it is accomplished by one of two\\nprincipal methods either by means of a specific gravity bottle or by a\\nhydrometer (areometer).\\nThe specific gravity bottle is a bottle which holds a given quantity\\nby weight of water usually either 500 grains or 1,000 grains, or fifty\\ngrams at the standard temperature 15\u00c2\u00b0 0. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.). It is provided\\nwith a well-fitting ground glass stopper, perforated or not. The best\\nbottle is that with a perforated stopper. It is generally accompanied\\nby a metal weight equal to the weight of the empty bottle (counter-\\npoise).\\nThe clean and dry specific gravity bottle is filled with the liquid the\\nspecific gravity of which is to be ascertained, so that the level of the\\nliquid is above the point to which the glass stopper will reach when in-\\nserted. The glass stopper is then slowly inserted, and after wiping off\\nthe liquid which is pushed out by the stopper, the whole is weighed.\\nThe weight of the contents of the bottle in grains is then divided by\\nthe number of grains of water it is capable of holding, or the weight of\\nthe contents of the bottle in grams is divided by the number of grams\\nof water it holds. The result in either case is the specific gravity.\\nAs the specific gravity is the relation of weight to volume, it is\\nnecessary to take into consideration the temperature, because the\\nvolumes of all bodies increase with an elevation of temperature, while\\ntheir weights remain unchanged.\\nThe standard temperature at which the specific gravities of liquids\\nin the United States Pharmacopoeia are to be determined is 15\u00c2\u00b0 0.\\n(50\u00c2\u00b0 F.), except in the cases of alcohol and diluted alcohol, the specific", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1148.jp2"}, "1149": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 1135\\ngravities of which are taken at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.), and at 25\u00c2\u00b0 0. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.),\\nrespectively.\\nThe specific gravities of alcohol and of mixtures of alcohol and\\nwater may also be taken by means of the ordinary U. S. Customs\\nRevenue Alcoholometer, or by any other accurate hydrometer (or areo-\\nmeter).\\nSPECIFIC VOLUME.\\nSpecific volume, as the opposite of specific gravity, was proposed by\\nOscar Oldberg, in a paper read before the American Pharmaceutical\\nAssociation at Washington, in September, 1883.\\nThe knowledge and use of the specific volumes of liquids is of great\\npractical value in pharmacy and other arts, and in commerce. The\\nterm specific volume is proposed to express the relative volumes of\\nsubstances in the same sense as the term specific gravity designates\\n;heir relative weight.\\nThe specific volumes of substances are inversely as their specific\\ngravities. As the specific gravity of a liquid or solid is the weight of a\\ncertain volume of that liquid or solid divided by the weight of an equal\\nvolume of water, so the specific volume of a substance is the quotient\\nobtained by dividing the volume of a certain quantity by weight of that\\nsubstance by the volume of an equal weight of water. It is, in other\\nwords, the quotient obtained by dividing unit by the specific gravity\\nspec. vol.\\nspec. gr.\\nThe product obtained by multiplying the specific gravity by the\\nspecific volume is, therefore, one.\\nSince the introduction of the method of parts by weight into the\\nPharmacopoeia, the necessity of having some convenient means of con-\\nverting quantities by weight into the corresponding quantities by\\nmeasure, and of comparing weight and volume will be readily acknowl-\\nedged. In our opinion, the use of specific volumes will answer that\\npurpose perfectly, and better than any other method known.\\nIn the official working formulae for solutions, etc., the final product in\\ngrams when multiplied by the specific volume will at once give the\\nactual volume in cubic centimeters. Thus, as the specific volume of\\nsolution of chloride of iron is 0.711, one thousand grams of that liquid\\nmeasures 711 cubic centimeters.\\nAs 100 avoirdupois ounces of water measures 96 fluidounces, the\\nvolume of 100 avoirdupois ounces of any other liquid may be obtained\\n(expressed in fluidounces) by simply multiplying its specific volume by", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1149.jp2"}, "1150": {"fulltext": "1136\\nA COMPANION TO THE\\n96. Thus 100 avoirdupois ounces of solution of chloride of iron meas-\\nures 0.711 x 96 68.3) fluidounces.\\nSince one gram is equal to one cubic centimeter, and one avoirdupois\\nounce is equal to one imperial fluidounce, when pure water is referred\\nto, it follows that the absolute weight of any given quantity of a liquid\\nexpressed in grams, when multiplied by the specific volume, at once\\ngives the number of cubic centimeters occupied by it, and the absolute\\nweight expressed in avoirdupois ounces multiplied by the specific\\nvolume gives the measure of the liquid in imperial fluidounces.\\nThus, as the specific volume of castor-oil is 1.042, therefore 1,000\\ngrams of castor-oil will measure 1,042 cubic centimeters, and 1,000\\navoirdupois ounces of it will measure 1,042 imperial fluidounces. But\\n1,000 avoirdupois Ounces of castor-oil will measure 1,042 x 96\\n1,000) XI. S. fluidounces.\\nThe following tables of specific gravities and specific volumes will be\\nfound useful.\\nTable showing the Specific Gravities and the Specific Volumes of the\\nPharmacopoeial and some other liquid preparations for which the\\nSpecific Gravities are officially given. Temperature 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F),\\nexcept in the cases of Alcohol, Diluted Alcohol, and Distilled Water.\\nWeight.\\nVolume.\\nLIQUID.\\nSpecific\\ngravity.\\nWeight\\nof 1,000\\nC.c. in\\ngrains.\\nWeight\\nof 100\\nfl.ozs.\\nin avoir-\\ndupois\\nounces.\\nSpecific\\nvolume.\\nVolume\\nof 1,000\\nGm. in\\nC.c.\\nVolume\\n1 of 100\\navoirdu-\\npois\\nozs. in\\nfl.ozs.\\nAcid. Acet\\n1.0480\\n1.0083\\n1.303\\n1.077\\n1.160\\n1.049\\n1.212\\n1.420\\n1.059\\n.800\\n1.347\\n1.057\\n1.840\\n1.094\\n.750\\n.725\\n.820\\n1,048\\n1,008.3\\n1,303\\n1,077\\n1,160\\n1,049\\n1,212\\n1,420\\n1,059\\n800\\n1,347\\n1,057\\n1,840\\n1,094\\n750\\n725\\n820\\n109.1\\n105.0\\n135.7\\n112.2\\n120.8\\n109.3\\n126.2\\n148.0\\n110.3\\n83.3\\n140.3\\n110.1\\n191.7\\n114.0\\n78.1\\n75.5\\n85.4\\n.954\\n.992\\n.767\\n.928\\n.862\\n.953\\n.833\\n.704\\n.944\\n1.250\\n.742\\n.945\\n.543\\n.914\\n1.333\\n1 379\\n1.219\\n954\\n992\\n767\\n928\\n862\\n953\\n833\\n704\\n944\\n1,250\\n742\\n945\\n543\\n914\\n1,333\\n1,379\\n1,219\\n91.6\\nAcid. Acet. Dil\\n95.2\\nAcid. Hydrobrom., 34 per cent\\nAcid. Hydrobrom. Dil\\n73.6\\n89.1\\nAcid. Hydrochlor\\n82.8\\nAcid. Hydrochlor. Dil\\nAcid. Lactic\\n91.5\\n80.0\\nAcid. Nitricum\\n67.6\\nAcid. Nitricum Dil\\n90.6\\nAcid. Oleicum\\nAcid. Phosphoridum\\n120.0\\n71.2\\nAcid. Phosphoricum Dil\\n90.7\\nAcid. Sulphuricum\\n52/2\\nAcid. Sulphuricum Dil\\niEther\\n87.7\\n128.0\\niEther Fortior\\n132.4\\nAlcohol, at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 0. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\n117.0", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1150.jp2"}, "1151": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\n1137\\nTable of Specific Gravities and Specific Vohtmes. (Continued.)\\nLIQUID.\\nAlcohol, at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nAlcohol DiL, at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nAlcohol DiL, at 25\u00c2\u00b0 C. (77\u00c2\u00b0 F.)\\nAqua Destillata, at 4\u00c2\u00b0 C\\nAqua Ammoniae\\nAqua Anmioniae Fortior\\nBenzinuni\\nCarbonei Bisulphidum\\nChloroformum Purific\\nChloroforniuni Yenale\\nGlrcerinuni\\nLiquor Fern Acet\\nLiquor Ferri Chloridi\\nLiquor Ferri Tersulph\\nLiquor Potassae\\nLiquor Sodae\\nMel\\nOleum Adipis\\nOleum Amygd. Expr\\nOleum Aurantii Cort\\nOleum Bergamii\\nOleum Carvophylli\\nOleum Copaibas\\nOleum Cubebae\\nOleum Eucalypti\\nOleum Gaultheriae\\nOleum Gossypii Seminis\\nOleum Lavandulae\\nOleum Limonis\\nOleum Lini\\nOleum Menthae Pip\\nOleum Morrhuae\\nOleum Olivae\\nOleum Bicini\\nOleum Bosmarini\\nOleum Sassafras\\nOleum Sesami\\nOleum Terebinthinae\\nSpir. iEcheris Mtrosi\\nSpir. Frumenti\\nSpir. Yini Gallici\\nSyrupus [Simplex]\\nYinum Album\\nYinum Bubrum\\n72\\nWeight.\\nSpecific\\ngravity.\\n812\\n928\\n920\\n000\\n959\\n900\\n670\\n,272\\n,488\\n470\\n250\\n160\\n405\\n320\\n036\\n059\\n333\\n,900\\n917\\n860\\n875\\n050\\n890\\n920\\n.900\\n173\\n,925\\n,890\\n,850\\n,936\\n.900\\n.920\\n,916\\n.960\\n.900\\n,091\\n.918\\n.862\\n.824\\n.920\\n.930\\n,310\\n.000\\n.000\\nWeight\\nof 1,U00\\nWeight\\nof 100\\nC.c. in\\ngrams.\\nin avoir-\\ndupois\\nounces.\\n812\\n84.6\\n928\\n96.7\\n920\\n95.8\\n1,000\\n104.17\\n959\\n99.9\\n900\\n93.75\\n670\\n69.8\\n1,272\\n132.5\\n1,488\\n155.0\\n1,470\\n153.1\\n1,250\\n130.1\\n1,160\\n120.8\\n1,405\\n146.4\\n1,320\\n137.5\\n1,036\\n107.9\\n1,059\\n110.3\\n1,333\\n138.8\\n900\\n93.75\\n917\\n95.5\\n860\\n89.5\\n875\\n91.1\\n1,050\\n109.4\\n890\\n92.7\\n920\\n95.8\\n900\\n93.75\\n1,173\\n122.2\\n925\\n96.4\\n890\\n92.7\\n850\\n88.5\\n936\\n97.5\\n900\\n93.75\\n920\\n95.80\\n916\\n95.4\\n960\\n100.0\\n900\\n93.75\\n1,091\\n113.6\\n918\\n95.6\\n862\\n89.8\\n824\\n85.8\\n920\\n95.8\\n930\\n96.9\\n1,310\\n136.4\\n1,000\\n104.17\\n1,000\\n104.17\\nVolume.\\nVolume\\nSpecific\\nof 1,0.10\\nvolume.\\ny-m, in\\nO.c.\\n1.231\\n1,231\\n1.077\\n1,077\\n1.087\\n1,087\\n1.000\\n1,000\\n1.043\\n1,043\\n1.111\\n1,111\\n1.493\\n1,493\\n.786\\n786\\n.672\\n672\\n.680\\n680\\n.800\\n800\\n.862\\n862\\n.711\\n711\\n.757\\n757\\n.965\\n965\\n.944\\n944\\n.750\\n750\\n1.111\\n1,111\\n1.091\\n1,091\\n1.163\\n1,163\\n1.143\\n1,143\\n.952\\n952\\n1.123\\n1,123\\n1.087\\n1,087\\n1.111\\n1,111\\n.852\\n852\\n1.081\\n1,081\\n1.123\\n1,123\\n1.176\\n1,176\\n1.068\\n1,068\\n1.111\\n1,111\\n1.087\\n1,087\\n1.092\\n1,092\\n1.042\\n1,042\\n1.111\\n1,111\\n.917\\n917\\n1.089\\n1,089\\n1.160\\n1,160\\n1.214\\n1,214\\n1.087\\n1,087\\n1.075\\n1,075\\n.763\\n763\\n1.000\\n1,000\\n1.000\\n1,000\\nVolume\\nof 100\\navoirdu-\\npois\\nozs. in\\nfl. ozs.\\n118.1\\n103.4\\n104 4\\n96.0\\n100.1\\n106.7\\n143.3\\n75.5\\n64.5\\n65.3\\n76.8\\n82.8\\n68.3\\n72.7\\n92.6\\n90.6\\n72.0\\n106.7\\n104.7\\n110.6\\n109.7\\n91.4\\n107.8\\n104.4\\n106.7\\n81.8\\n103.8\\n107.8\\n112.9\\n102.5\\n106.7\\n104.4\\n104.8\\n100.0\\n106.7\\n88.0\\n104.5\\n111.4\\n116.5\\n104.4\\n103.1\\n73.3\\n96.0\\n96.0", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1151.jp2"}, "1152": {"fulltext": "1138\\nUNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA.\\nTable showing the Alcoholic Strengths (per cent., by weight and by meas-\\nure), the Specific Gravities, the Specific Volumes, etc., of Alcohol and\\nof Mixtures of Alcohol and Water, at 15.6\u00c2\u00b0 C. (60\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nAlcohol, U. S. P., 1880\\nA mixture of-\\n19 ozs. alcohol and 1 oz. water\\n18\\n17\\n16\\n15\\n14\\n13\\n12\\n11\\n10\\n9\\nPercentage\\nof absolute\\nalcohol.\\n91.00 94.00\\nby weight 86\\n86\\n85.\\n85.\\n85.\\n84.\\n84.\\n84.\\n83.\\n82.\\n81.\\n80.\\n79.\\nWeight.\\nSi\\n.8200 820.0\\n45 90.61\\n2190.41\\n94;90.21\\n65 89. 99\\n31 89.72\\n66 89.23\\n50;89.09\\n00 88.70\\n62 88.40\\n7387.70\\n90187.04\\n88 86.22\\n85.18\\n83.85\\n82.01\\n79.37\\n77.57\\n75.34\\n72.38\\n68.32\\n64.69\\n62.43\\n59.84\\n58.39\\n57.45\\n53.20\\n49.50\\n48.81\\n47.82\\n46.26\\n45.08\\n43.39\\n41.84\\n40.91\\n36.57\\n31.57\\n5 27.75\\n.20 22.31\\n.1618.67\\n.0016.05\\n8319 831\\n8326 832\\n8333 833\\n8340|834.\\n8349 834.\\n8366 836.\\n83701837\\n8382 838,\\n8392 839,\\n8415 841,\\n8437! 843,\\n.8462 846,\\n8492 49,\\n,8533 853\\n.8585 858,\\n,8654 865\\n,8702 870,\\n,8763 876\\n.8840 884\\n.8940 894\\n.9028 902\\n.9077 907\\n.9135 913\\n.9169 916\\n.9190 919\\n.9:281 928\\n.9356 935\\n.9369 936\\n.9387 938\\n.9416 941\\n.94351943\\n.9463 946\\n,9490|949\\n.9508,950\\n.9572,957\\n.9638,963\\n.968l]968\\n.9738 973\\n.9776 977\\n.9802.980\\na a?\\n8- g\\na\\no\\na\\nVolume.\\n85.421\\nI\\n86.661\\n86.731\\n86.801\\n86.88 1\\n86.971\\n87.151\\n87.191\\n87.311\\n87.421\\n87.e;6i\\n87.891\\n88.151\\n88.461\\n88.89 1\\n89.431\\n90.151\\n90.65 1\\n91.281\\ni 2.081\\n93.121\\n94.041\\n94.551\\n95.161\\n95.511\\n95.731\\n96.681\\n97.461\\n97.591\\n97.781\\n98.081\\n98.281\\n98.571\\n98.851\\n99.031\\n99.81 1\\n8100.391\\n1100.841\\n8 101.441\\n6101.831\\n2J102.101\\n.2195\\n2 3\\nBel\\n,3 g a\\n5 Soo\\n1,219.5\\n1,185\\n1,181\\n1,177\\n20191,201.\\n2010 1,201\\n20001,200.\\n19901,199.\\n19771,197.\\n19531,195.\\n194711.194.\\n19331,193.\\n19161,191.\\n1883 1,188\\n1852\\n,1817\\n,1775\\n.1719,1.171\\n,1648 1,164\\n,15551,155\\n,149111,149\\n,14111,141\\n,1312!l,131\\n,11851,118\\n.10761,107\\n.10171,101\\n.0947 1,094\\n.09C6 1,090\\n.0881 1,088\\n.07751,077\\n.06881,068\\n117.07\\n,0673\\n.0653\\n.0620\\n.0599\\n,0568\\n.0537\\n.0518\\n.0447\\n.0376\\n.0329\\n.0270\\n.0229\\n.0202\\n1.067\\n1,065\\n1,062\\n1,059\\n1,056\\n1,053\\n1,051\\n1,044\\n1,037\\n1,082\\n1,027\\n1,022\\n1,020\\n9115.39\\n0115.30\\n0lll5.20\\n0115.10\\n7114.98\\n,3114.75\\n,7 114.69\\n,3114.56\\n.6 114.39\\n.3114.08\\n.2113.78\\n.7113.44\\n.5113.04\\n.9112.50\\n.8111.82\\n.5110.93\\n.1110.31\\n.1 109.55\\n.2108.60\\n.5107.38\\n.6106.33\\n.7105.76\\n.7105.09\\n.6104.70\\n.1104.46\\n.5103.44\\n.8102.60\\n.3102.46\\n.3102.27\\n.0101.95\\n.9101.75\\n.8101.45\\n.7101.16\\n.8 100.97\\n.7100.29\\n.6 99.61\\n.9 99.16\\n.0 98.59\\n.9 D8.20\\n.2 97.94", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1152.jp2"}, "1153": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nMany pharmacists prepare their own elixirs and other similar prepa-\\nrations in preference to dispensing those furnished by manufacturers.\\nThe following practical formulae are accordingly inserted in the Com-\\npanion in the hope that they will be found useful. When intelligently\\nfollowed these formulas yield entirely satisfactory results, provided good\\nmaterials and careful manipulations are used.\\nThe strengths of these preparations, respectively, are, as a rule, in\\naccordance with the most generally accepted standards, corresponding\\nwith the goods of that character sold by the several principal manufac-\\nturers.\\nNearly all elixirs should be allowed to stand several days before\\nbeing finally filtered for use. In filtering them, the use of magnesium\\ncarbonate, precipitated chalk, and other similar mediums should never\\nbe resorted to, and no such filtering medium is at all necessary.\\nELIXIRS.\\nSimple Elixir. The elixir of orange of the Pharmacopoeia will\\nanswer very well for most purposes. Whenever it is deemed necessary\\nto add other aromatics or flavoring agents, the judicious use of tincture\\nof vanilla, syrup of tolu, rose-water, orange-flower water, fluid extract\\nof cardamom, fluid extract of coriander, Baker s best chocolate, etc., will\\nbe found effective as well as convenient. The use of volatile oils is not\\nnearly so convenient as the agents just enumerated. Whenever volatile\\noils are used, those of sweet orange, coriander, cinnamon, lemon (and\\ncloves, caraway, and nutmeg) are generally sufficient. The volatile oils\\nshould be distributed on clean picked cotton, as in the official process\\nfor making Aquas Aromaticae (see that title). The use of a layer of\\ndry, loose cotton in the throat of the funnel or percolator, next a layer\\nof cotton wetted with some of the elixir, then the cotton impregnated\\nwith the volatile oils, and finally a top layer of loose, dry cotton, all to\\nbe weighted down with clean, small pebbles, will insure uniform success.", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1153.jp2"}, "1154": {"fulltext": "1140 APPENDIX.\\nThe choice of flavoring agents is omitted in the formulae here given,\\nbecause it is literally a matter of taste.\\nTo color the elixir red, use a mixture of equal parts, by measure, of\\ncaramel and tincture of cudbear.\\nElixir of Arsenic. Mix 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) Fowler s solution with\\n470 C.c. (16 fl.ozs.) simple elixir. Color it pale red. Each teaspoonful\\n(5 C.c.) contains 0.30 C.c. (about 5 minims) of Fowler s solution.\\nElixir of Bismuth. Dissolve 25 grams (386 grs.) citrate of bismuth\\nand ammonium in 200 C.c. (6\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) boiling water, adding carefully\\nenough water of ammonia, drop by drop, to give the solution a faintly\\nalkaline reaction. Then add 800 C.c. (27 fl.ozs.) simple elixir, and filter.\\nEach teaspoonful (5 C.c.) contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) citrate of\\nbismuth and ammonium.\\nElixir of Bismuth and Strychnine. Dissolve 20 centigrams (30\\ngrs.) strychnine in 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) alcohol, by the aid of heat. Mix the\\nsolution with 970 C.c. (33 fl.ozs.) elixir of bismuth. Each teaspoonful\\n(5 C.c.) contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) citrate of bismuth and ammo-\\nnium, and 1 milligram gr.) strychnine.\\nElixir of Bromide of Ammonium. Dissolve 33 grams (1 oz.\\n72 grs.) bromide of ammonium in 500 C.c. (17 fl.ozs.) simple elixir.\\nEach teaspoonful (5 C.c.) contains 33 centigrams (5 grs.) bromide of\\nammonium.\\nElixir of Bromide of Lithium.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dissolve 33 grams (1 oz. 72 grs.)\\nlithium bromide in 500 C.c. (17 fl.ozs simple elixir. Each teaspoonful\\n(5 C.c.) contains 33 centigrams (5 grs.) lithium bromide.\\nElixir of Bromide of Potassium. Dissolve 6C grams (2 ozs. 144\\ngrs.) bromide of potassium in 500 C.c. (17 fl.ozs.) simple elixir. Each\\nteaspoonful (5 C.c.) contains QG centigrams (10 grs.) potassium bromide.\\nElixir of Calisaya (Elixir of Cinchona). To make an elixir of\\ncalisaya, each teaspoonful of which represents 33 centigrams (5 grs.)\\ngood yellow cinchona (or calisaya) bark, the following formula is the\\nmost rational and proper, assuming that the calisaya bark represented\\nby the elixir is one containing about 6 per cent, total alkaloids.\\nTo make an elixir of cinchona from cinchona bark, removing the cin-\\nchotannic acid, is, in our opinion, a useless waste of time and labor. A\\ndetannated elixir of cinchona bark is in no way superior, but in several\\nrespects inferior to an elixir prepared as here described.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1154.jp2"}, "1155": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 1141\\nDissolve 1.50 gram (23 grs.) sulphate of quinine, 1.50 gram (23 grs.)\\nsulphate of cinchonine, 1 gram (15 grs.) sulphate of cinchonidine, and\\n50 centigrams (8 grs.) sulphate of quinidine in 240 C.c. (8 fl.ozs.) simple\\nelixir by warming them together in a glass flask placed in hot water.\\nWhen solution is effected, and still hot, add 760 C.c. (26 fl.ozs.) simple\\nelixir. Filter. Color it deep red with a mixture of equal parts of\\ncaramel and tincture of cudbear.\\nElixir of Calisaya with Bismuth. Dissolve 25 grams (386 grs.)\\ncitrate of bismuth and ammonium in 100 C.c. (3-J fl.ozs.) boiling water\\nadd carefully enough water of ammonia to give the solution a faintly\\nalkaline reaction. Then add 915 C.c. (31 fl.ozs.) elixir of calisaya. Each\\nteaspoonful (5 C.c.) contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) citrate of bismuth\\nand ammonium.\\nElixir of Calisaya with the Compound Acid Phosphates.\\nMix equal parts, by measure, of elixir of calisaya and compound syrup\\nof phosphates.\\nElixir of Calisaya with Iron (Ferrated Elixir of Calisaya;\\nElixir of Calisaya with Pyrophosphate of Iron Elixir of Cinchona\\nwith Iron Ferrated Elixir of Cinchona). Dissolve 25 grams (386\\ngrs.) pyrophosphate of iron in 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) hot water, and add this\\nsolution to 940 C.c. (32 fl.ozs.) elixir of calisaya. Each teaspoonful\\n(5 C.c.) contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) pyrophosphate of iron.\\nElixir of Calisaya, Iron, and Bismuth. Dissolve 25 grams (386\\ngrs.) pyrophosphate of iron in 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) hot water, and add this\\nsolution to 940 C.c. (32 fl.ozs.) elixir of calisaya with bismuth.\\nElixir of Calisaya, Iron, and Strychnine. Dissolve 20 centi-\\ngrams (3 grs.) strychnine in 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) alcohol, and add this solu-\\ntion to 970 C.c. (33 fl.ozs.) elixir of calisaya with iron. Each teaspoon-\\nful (5 C.c.) contains 1 milligram gr.) strychnine.\\nElixir of Calisaya and Pepsin. Macerate 33 grams (1 oz. 72 grs.)\\nsaccharated pepsin with 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) water for six hours then\\nadd 915 C.c. (31 fl.ozs.) elixir of calisaya, shake thoroughly, and then\\nfilter. Each teaspoonful represents 33 centigrams (5 grs.) saccharated\\npepsin.\\nElixir of Calisaya, Pepsin, and Bismuth. Dissolve 25 grams\\n(386 grs.) citrate of bismuth ammonium in 100 C.c. (3 -J- fl.ozs.) hot\\nwater, adding carefully enough water of ammonia, drop by drop, to", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1155.jp2"}, "1156": {"fulltext": "1142 APPENDIX.\\nrender the solution faintly alkaline. Then add it to 915 C.c. (31 fl.ozs.)\\nelixir of calisaya and pepsin.\\nElixir of Coca. Mix 120 C.c. (4 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of erythroxy-\\nlon and 360 C.c. (12 fl.ozs.) simple elixir, and add 3 C.c. (48 minims)\\nsolution of soda. Each tablespoonfui (20 C.c.) represents 5 grams (77\\ngrs.) coca leaves. This is three times the strength of the elixirs of coca\\nusually sold but the increased strength here recommended is necessary\\nin order to obtain the effects of the coca without giving inconveniently\\nlarge doses. The dose of this preparation is a tablespoonfui.\\nElixir of Gentian. Mix equal parts by measure of compound tinc-\\nture of gentian and simple elixir.\\nFerrated Elixir of Gentian. Mix 30 C.c (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract\\nof gentian, 8 C.c. (2 fl.drs.) fluid extract of cardamom, and 440 C.c. (15\\nfl.ozs.) elixir of orange. Dissolve 6 grams (92 grs.) soluble phosphate\\nof iron (U. S. P., 1880) in 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) hot water, and add this\\nsolution to the mixture. Each dessertspoonful (10 C.c.) contains 12.5\\ncentigrams (2 grs.) phosphate of iron.\\nElixir of Gentian with Tincture of Chloride of Iron.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix\\n30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) fluid extract of gentian and 8 C.c. (2 fl.drs.) fluid ex-\\ntract of cardamom, with 440 C.c. (15 fl.ozs.) simple elixir. Add a mix-\\nture of 20 C.c. (5-J fl.drs.) tincture of chloride of iron and 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.)\\nsolution of citrate of sodium. Let stand two or three weeks. Add\\nabout 125 grams lb.) sugar. Each dessertspoonful (10 C.c.) contains\\n0.3 C.c. (5 minims) tincture of chloride of iron.\\nElixir of Guarana. Mix 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) fluid extract of guarana,\\n75 C.c. m fl.ozs.) alcohol, and 305 C.c. (10\u00c2\u00a3 fl.ozs.) simple elixir. Fla-\\nvor it with vanilla, chocolate, and a very minute quantity of cinnamon.\\nEach teaspoonful (5 C.c.) represents 65 centigrams (10 grs.) guarana.\\nCompound Elixir of Liquorice (Aromatic Elixir of Liquorice).\\nMix 150 grams (5 ozs. 127 grs.) liquorice root, and 100 grams (3 ozs.\\n230 grs.) wild cherry bark, both in No. 30 powder moisten the mix-\\nture, pack it in a percolator, macerate twenty-four hours, and then per-\\ncolate with water mixed with one-tenth its volume of glycerin until\\n1,000 C.c. (34 fl.ozs.) percolate has been received.\\nMix 25 grams (386 grs.) cinnamon, 25 grams anise, and 25 grams\\ncardamom, all in No. 40 powder moisten the mixture with diluted al-\\ncohol, pack it in a percolator, and percolate with diluted alcohol until\\n1,000 C.c. (34 fl.ozs.) percolate has been obtained.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1156.jp2"}, "1157": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 1143\\nMix the two percolates, add 500 C.c. (17 fl.ozs.) rose-water, and 400\\ngrams (14 ozs. 48 grs.) sugar, and, when all the sugar has dissolved,\\nshake the whole thoroughly together, and let it stand three or four\\nweeks, after which filter. This is a very pleasant elixir, effective in mask-\\ning the taste of bitter and other disagreeably tasting substances. It\\nmay be used advantageously as a vehicle in making other elixirs. The\\nonly disadvantage it presents is that unless it is allowed to stand several\\nweeks before being used it will not be clear. It should be colored deep\\nreddish-brown with caramel and tincture of cudbear.\\nElixir of Pepsin and Bismuth. Dissolve 25 grams (386 grs.) ci-\\ntrate of bismuth and ammonium in 100 C.c. (34j- fl.ozs.) hot water, adding\\nenough water of ammonia, drop by drop, to give the solution a faintly\\nalkaline reaction.\\nMix 66 grams (2 ozs. 144 grs.) saccharated pepsin with 240 C.c. (8\\nfl.ozs.) water, and macerate six hours. Then add 1,770 C.c. (60 fl.ozs.)\\nsimple elixir. Finally add the solution of citrate of bismuth and am-\\nmonium. Filter. Each teaspoonful (5 C.c.) represents 33 centigrams\\n(5 grs.) pepsin and 6.5 centigrams (1 gr.) citrate of bismuth and am-\\nmonium.\\nElixir of Pepsin, Bismuth, and Iron. Dissolve 25 grams (386 grs.)\\nphosphate of iron (U. S. P., 1880) in 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.) hot water and add\\nthis to 915 C.c. (31 fl.ozs.) elixir of pepsin and bismuth. Each tea-\\nspoonful (5 C.c.) represents 33 centigrams (5 grs.) saccharated pepsin,\\n6.5 centigrams (1 gr.) citrate of bismuth and ammonium, and 12.5 cen-\\ntigrams (2 grs.) soluble phosphate of iron.\\nElixir of Pepsin, Bismuth, and Strychnine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dissolve 20 cen-\\ntigrams strychnine in 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) alcohol, and add the solution to\\n970 C.c. (33 fl.ozs.) elixir of pepsin and bismuth. Each teaspoonful\\nrepresents 33 centigrams (5 grs.) saccharated pepsin, 6.5 centigrams\\n(1 gr.) citrate of bismuth and ammonium, and 1 milligram (-g 1 gr.)\\nstrychnine.\\nElixir of Pyrophosphate of Iron. This is generally the elixir of\\ncalisaya with iron.\\nElixir of Phosphate of Iron and Quinine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 125 C.c (4\u00c2\u00a3\\nfl.ozs.) alcoholic solution of quinine (see under title Quinine in the\\nCompanion) with 440 C.c. (15 fl.ozs.) simple elixir. Dissolve 25 grams\\n(386 grs.) soluble phosphate of iron (U. S. P., 1880) in 60 C.c. (2 fl.ozs.)\\nhot water, and add to it 410 C.c. (14 fl.ozs.) syrup of tolu. Pour the", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1157.jp2"}, "1158": {"fulltext": "1144 APPENDIX.\\nmixture containing the quinine gradually into the mixture containing\\nthe phosphate of iron, shaking the resulting mixture after each addi-\\ntion until all is mixed. Each teaspoonful (5 C.c. contains 12.5 C.c.\\n(2 grs.) soluble phosphate of iron and 6.3 centigrams (1 gr.) quinine.\\nElixir of Phosphate of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine. Dis-\\nsolve 20 centigrams (3 grains) strychnine in 30 C.c. (1 fl..oz.) alcohol and\\nadd the solution carefully and gradually to 970 C.c. (33 fl.ozs.) elixir of\\nphosphate of iron and quinine, shaking the mixture after each addition.\\nEach teaspoonful contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) soluble phosphate of\\niron, 6.3 centigrams (1 gr.) quinine, and 1 milligram (Jj gr.) strychnine.\\nCompound Elixir of Taraxacum.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mix 50 C.c (If fl.oz.) fluid\\nextract of taraxacum, 12 C.c. (3 fl.drs.) fluid extract of gentian, and\\n940 C.c. (32 fl.ozs) compound elixir of liquorice.\\nElixir of Valerianate of Ammonium. Dissolve 15 grams (230\\ngrs.) valerianate of ammonium in 1,000 C.c. (34 fl.ozs.) simple elixir, and\\nadd carefully, drop by drop, enough water of ammonia to make the\\nliquid faintly alkaline to litmus paper. Color it with a mixture of equal\\nparts by measure of caramel and tincture of cudbear.\\nBEEF, WINE, AND IRON.\\nDissolve 50 grams (1 oz. 334 grs.) Liebig s extract of beef in 150 C.c.\\n(5 fl.oz.) hot water. Add 600 C.c. (20 fl.ozs.) sherry wine and 120 C.c.\\n(4 fl.oz.) simple syrup.\\nDissolve 250 grams (100 grs.) soluble phosphate of iron (U. S. P.,\\n1880) in 30 C.c. (1 fl.oz.) hot water, and add this solution to the beef\\nand wine. Finally add enough water to make the whole measure 1,000\\nC.c. (34 fl.ozs.).\\nEach tablespoonful (20 C.c.) contains 12.5 centigrams (2 grs.) soluble\\nphosphate of iron.", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1158.jp2"}, "1159": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAbbreviations in prescriptions, 1116\\nAbkochungen, 399\\nAbsinth in, 1\\nAbsinthium, 1\\nPreparations, 1-3\\nAbsorbent Cotton, 533\\nAbstracta, 3\\nAbstract Aconite, 56\\nAspidosperma, 200\\nBelladonna. 222\\nBlood Root, 881\\nCannab. Ind., 269\\nConiuni, 363\\nCoto, 379\\nDigitalis, 405\\nFoxglove, 405\\nHenbane, 582\\nHyoscyainus, 582\\nIgnatia, 592\\nIndian Cannabis, 269\\nJaborandi, 775\\nJalap, 620\\nKrameria, 631\\nMandrake, 798\\nMay-apple, 798\\nNux Vomica 717\\nPhytolacca, 771\\nPilocarpus, 775\\nPodophyllum, 798\\nPoke Root, 771\\nQuebracho, 201\\nRhatany, 631\\nSanguinaria, 881\\nSenega, 912\\nValerian, 1010\\nAcacia. 5\\nPreparations, 6-8\\nAceir.e, 720\\nComua, 722\\nde Almendras Amargas, 131\\nde Almendras Dulces, 134\\nde Higado de Bacalao, 704\\nMineral, 760\\nAceta, Medicata, 8\\nAcetate Ammonium, Solution, 121\\nCopper. 389\\nde Soude, 930\\nIron, 461\\nAcetate Lead, 788\\nMagnesium, 670\\nMorphine, 702\\nPotassium, 808\\nSodium, 930\\nStrychnine, 956\\nZinc, 1027\\nAcetato de Sosa, 930\\nAcetic Acid, 13\\nAcid, Arom., 15\\nAcid, Diluted, 13\\nAcid, Glacial, 14\\nEther, 73\\nAcetum, 9\\nAromaticum, 10\\nCamphoras, 263\\nCantharidis. 272\\nColchici, 350\\nLobelias, 660\\nOpii, 727\\nOpii Crocatum, 727\\nPlumbicum, 789\\nPyroxylicum, 41\\nRosae, 859\\nRubi Idaei, 865\\nSanguinariaB, 882\\nSaturni, 789\\nScillss, 904\\nAchillea, 11\\nPreparations, 12, 13\\nAchillein, 11\\nAcibar, 98, 100\\nAcid, Acetic, 13\\nAcetic, Aromatic, 15\\nAcetic, Diluted, 13\\nAcetic, Glacial, 14\\nAconitic. 55\\nAgaric, 76\\nAilanthic, 78\\nAmber, 43\\nAngelicic, 961\\nArabic, 5\\nArsenicosum, 182\\nArseniosum, 182\\nArsenosum, 182\\nArthantic, 683\\nBenzoic, 16, 226, 413, 758,\\nBoracic, 17", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1159.jp2"}, "1160": {"fulltext": "1146\\nINDE\\nAcid, Boric, 17\\nAcid, Nitrohydrochloric, 36\\nCaffeo-tannic, 245\\nNitrohydrochloric, Bath, 37\\nCalumbic, 259\\nNitrohydrochloric, Diluted, 37\\nCambogic, 2G1\\nNitromuriatic, 36\\nCarbazotic, 40\\nNitromuriatic, Bath, 37\\nCarbolic, 18, 783\\nNitromuriatic, Diluted, 37\\nCarbolic, Crude, 21\\nNitrous, 35\\nCarbolic, Liquid, 20\\nOleic, 37\\nCarbolic, Preparations,\\n20-23\\nOrtho-oxybenzoic, 41\\nCarbolic, Solution, 20\\nOxalic, 38\\nCarminic, 285, 348\\nPhenic, 18\\nCatechutannic, 298\\nPhenylic, 18\\nCathartic, 916\\nPhosphoric, 38\\nCerotic, 303\\nPhosphoric, Diluted, 39\\nChrysophanic, 23, 327,\\n845, 867\\nPhosphoric, Glacial, 40\\nChromic, 23\\nPhosphoric, Lemonade, 39\\nCinchotannic, 331\\nPhosphoric, Syrupy, 40\\nCinnamic, 24, 226, 344\\n413, 758, 956,\\nPicric, 40\\n996\\nPicropodophyllic, 797\\nCitric, 24\\nPicrotoxic. 347\\nColumbic, 259\\nPodophyllinic, 797\\nCopaivic, 370\\nPolygalic, 912\\nCornic, 376\\nPunico-tannic, 537\\nCresylic, 25\\nPyrogallic, 40\\nCubebic, 385\\nPyroligneous, 41\\nElemic, 420\\nQuercitannic, 832\\nEmulsion, White, 723\\nQuinovic, 331\\nFilicic, 198\\nRheo-tannie, 845\\nFormic, 26\\nSalicylic, 41, 290\\nFumaric, 378\\nSalicylic, Preparations, 657\\nGallic, 26, 511\\nSantalic, 884\\nGambogic, 261\\nSantonic, 885, 886\\nGentianic, 518\\nSclerotic, 427, 1006\\nGentisic, 506, 518\\nSuccinic, 43, 957\\nGlyeocholic, 458\\nSulph-indigotic, 596\\nGuaiacetic, 543\\nSulphuric, 44\\nGuaiaconic, 543\\nSulphuric, Aromatic, 46\\nGuaiacic, 543\\nSulphuric, Diluted, 47\\nGynocardic, 546\\nSulphuric, Drops, 45\\nHydriodic, 27\\nSulphuric, Fuming, 45\\nHydrobromic, 28\\nSulphuric, Noidhausen, 45\\nHydrochloric, 29\\nSulphurous, 48\\nHydrochloric, Diluted,\\n31\\nSulphurous, Preparations, 673\\nHydrocyanic, 821\\nTannic, 49, 511\\nHydrocyanic, Diluted,\\n31\\nTannic, Preparations, 50-52\\nHydrocyanic, Emulsion\\n,33\\nTartaric, 52\\nHydrocyanic, SScheele s\\n,32\\nTaurocholic, 458\\nHypophosphorous, 33\\nToxicodendric, 856\\nHypopicrotoxic, 347\\nValerianic, 53, 645, 961, 1010\\nKinic, 331\\nAconite, Chinese, 55\\nKinotannic, 628\\nJapanese, 55\\nKramerio-tannic, 631\\nJuice, 64\\nLactic, 33, 634\\nLeaves, 61\\nLeditannic, 645\\nLeaves, Preparations, 61-64\\nLupamaric, 663\\nPreparations, 56-66\\nMeconic, 725\\nRoot, 54\\nMetacopaivic, 370\\nRoot, Preparations, 56-61\\nMetarabic, 7\\nAconiti Folia, 61\\nMuriatic, 29\\nRadix, 54\\nNitric, 34\\nAconiti a, 64\\nNitric, Diluted, 35\\nAconitic acid, 55\\nNitric, Fuming, 35\\nAconitina, 64", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1160.jp2"}, "1161": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1147\\nAconitine, 55, 64\\nAlcohol, Stronger, 83\\nAconitum, 54\\nTables, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88,\\n89\\nAcore odorant, 247\\nWood, 91\\nVrai, 247\\nAlcoholin, 91\\nAcorin, 248\\nAlcool de bois, 91\\nAcoro verdadero, 247\\nFormique, 91\\nAetata, 66\\nAlcoolate Cochlearia, 350\\nRacemosa, 328\\nAlder, American, 96\\nAdeps, 67\\nBlack, 96, 820\\nBenzoinatus, 68\\nTag, 96\\nAdiantum, 71\\nAletris, 92\\nAdjuvans, 1111, 1112\\nAleurone, 1070\\nAdrian s Hemostatic, 470\\nAlgaroth s Powder, 153\\nJEgle Marmelos, 215\\nAlkali volatile, concret, 124\\nJErugo, 389\\nAlkanet, red, 94\\n.ZEsculin, 555\\nRoot, 93\\niEsculus Hippocastanum, 555\\nAlkanna, 93\\n^Ether, 71\\nAlkannin, 94\\nAceticus, 73\\nAlkermes Aurificum, 15G\\nFortior, 71\\nAllium, 94\\nSpirituosus, 73\\nAllspice, 777\\nSulphuricus, 71\\nAllyl-sulphocyanide, 928\\nJEtherolea, 75, 720\\nAlmendra, Amarga, 130\\nthiops Mineralis, 577\\nDulce, 132\\nAetzammoniak, 119\\nAlmidon, 136\\nAetzkali. 805\\nAlmizcle, 706\\nAetzkalilauge, 806\\nAlmond, Bitter, 130\\nAetznatron, 929\\nSweet, 132\\nAetznatronlauge, 930\\nAlnus Rubra, 96\\nAfrican Pepper, 277\\nSerrulata, 96\\nAgaric, 76\\nAloe, 98, 100\\nAcid, 76\\nHepatica, 98\\nAgaricin, 76\\nLucida, 98\\nAgaricus Albus, 76\\nPurificata, 100\\nChirurgorum, 76\\nAloes, Barbadoes, 107\\nAgrimonia, 77\\nBonaire, 107\\nAgua, 165\\nCape, 107\\nde Cloro, 323\\nCuracoa, 107\\nAigrenioine, 77\\nPreparations, 99-108\\nAil, 94\\nSocotrine, 100\\nAilanthic Acid, 78\\nAloin, 99\\nAilanthus, 78\\nAloinum, 99\\nAjenjo, 1\\nAlquitira, 999\\nAjo, 94\\nAlstonia Constricta, 108\\nAkazga, 79\\nScholaris, 411\\nAkazgine, 79\\nAlstonine, 108\\nAlantwurzel, 606\\nAlthgea, 109\\nAlaun, 113\\nFlowers, 112\\nAlbayalde, 791\\nPreparations, 110-112\\nAlbumen Ovi, 741\\nAlum,* 113\\nAlbuminate Iron, 500\\nAmmonia, 115\\nAlburnum, 1094\\nBurnt, 114\\nAlcali Volatil, 119\\nCurd, 114\\nAlcanfor, 262\\nPotassa, 113\\nAlcaravea, 289\\nRoot, 554\\nAlchanna, 93\\nWhey. 114\\nAlcohol, 79, 84\\nAlumbre, 113\\nAbsolute, 84\\nAlumen, 113\\nAmylic, 91\\nExsiccatum, 114\\nDiluted, 83, 87\\nUstum, 114\\nFortius, 83\\nAluminated Copper, 392\\nMethylic, 91\\nAluminii Chloridum, 115", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1161.jp2"}, "1162": {"fulltext": "1148\\nINDEX.\\nAluminii et Potassii Sulphas, 113\\nAmmonium, Hydrate, 119\\nHydras, 115\\nIodide, 127\\nSulphas, 116\\nNitrate, 128\\nAluminium, 112\\nPhosphate, 128\\nChloride, 115\\nPicrate, 40\\nHydrate, 115\\nSesquicarbonate, 124\\nSulphate, 116\\nSuccinate, Solution, 128\\nAlun, 113\\nSulphate, 129\\nCalcine, 114\\nSupercarbonate, 124\\nAmandes, Ameres, 130\\nValerianate, 129\\nDouces, 132\\nAmpelopsis, 130\\nAmber, 957\\nAmygdala Amara, 130\\nAmbergris, 116\\nDulcis, 132\\nAmbra Grisea, 116\\nAmygdalic Acid, 641\\nAmbre Blanc, 305\\nAmygdalm, 131, 135, 641, 821\\nAmeisensaure, 26\\nAmyl Nitris, 136\\nAmerican Alder, 96\\nAmylic Alcohol, 91\\nAspen, 802\\nAmylum, 136\\nCannabis, 267\\nIodatum, 609;\\nColumbo, 506\\nMaidis, 686\\nHellebore, 1014\\nMarantae, 681\\nHemp, 267\\nOryzse, 741\\nIpecac, 524\\nTritici, 136\\nIvy, 130\\nAmyrin, 420\\nSaffron, 288\\nAnacardium, 140\\nSarsaparilla, 168\\nAnacyclus Pyrethrum, 828\\nSpikenard, 169\\nAnchusin, 94\\nValerian, 397\\nAnemone Pratensis, 825\\nWormseed, 309\\nPulsatilla, 825\\nAmidon de ble, 136\\nAnemonic Acid, 825\\nAmmonia, 119\\nAnemonin, 825\\nWater, 119\\nAnemopsis, 141\\nWater, Stronger, 120\\nAnethum, 142\\nAmmoniac, 117\\nAngelica, 648\\nAmmoniacal Glycyrrhizin, 532\\nRoot, 142\\nAmmoniacum Causticum, 119\\nSeed, 144\\nAmmoniae Murias, 126\\nSouthern, 648\\nAmmoniak, 119\\nAngelica Fructus, 144\\n4mmoniated Copper, 392\\nRadix, 142\\nCopper Sulphate, 392\\nAngelicic Acid, 961\\nGlycyrrhizin, 532\\nAngclicin, 143\\nMercury, 578\\nAngustura, 144\\nAmmonii Benzoas, 123\\nPreparations, 145\\nBromidum, 123\\nAniline, 146\\nCarbonas, 124\\nColors, 146\\nCarbonas Pyroleosus, 124\\nInks, 146\\nChloridum, 126\\nAnise, 146\\nIodidum, 127\\nCordial, 148\\nNitras, 128\\nEtoile. 593\\nPhosphas, 128\\nAnisum, 146\\nSulphas, 129\\nStellatum, 593\\nValerianas. 129\\nAnnatto, 180\\nAmmonio-Ferric Alum, 477\\nAnnual Rinjrs. 1091-1094\\nCitrate. 476\\nAnthemis, 150\\nTartrate, 477\\nPreparations, 151\\nAmmonium, 119\\nAntiarin, 152\\nAcetate Solution, 121\\nAutiaris, 151\\nBenzoate, 123\\nAntidotum Arsenii, 185, 487\\nBromide, 123\\nAntifat, 506\\nlarbazotate, 40\\nAntihydropin, 235\\nCarbonate, 124\\nAntimoine Crue, 156\\nChloride, 126\\nAntimonial Powder, 155", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1162.jp2"}, "1163": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1149\\nAntimonial Wine, 154\\nAqua, Plumbi, 790\\nAntimonii et Potassii Tartras, 153\\nRegia, 36\\nOxidum, 155\\nRosas, 858\\nOxysulphuretum, 156\\nTolutana, 997\\nSulphiduni, 156\\nAquas Aromaticas, 166\\nSulphidum Flavum,*157\\nDestillatas, 166\\nSulphidum Purificatum, 157\\nArabic Acid, 5\\nSulphuretum, 156\\nArabin, 5\\nAntimonium, 152\\nAralia Hispida, 167\\nCriidum, 156\\nNudicaulis, 168\\nNigrum, 156\\nRacemosa, 169\\nSulphuratum, 158\\nSpinosa, 169\\nTartaratum, 153\\nAraroba, 170\\nAntinionoxyd, 155\\nArbor Vitas, 979\\nAntimony, Black, 156\\nArbutin, 311, 425, 514, 683, 1007\\nChloride, 152\\nArctostaphylos Glauca, 680\\nOxide, 155\\nAreca Nut, 170\\nOxychloride, 153\\nAreometer, 1134\\nOxysulphuret, 156\\nArgel Leaves, 915\\nPreparations of, 152-158\\nArgent, 171\\nSulphide, 156\\nArgenti Cyanidum, 171\\nApelsinsai t, 210\\nIodidum 171\\nApelsinskal, 205\\nNitras, 172\\nApfelsinenschalen, 205\\nNitras -Dilutus, 173\\nApiin, 761\\nNitras Fusus, 174\\nApiol, 761, 762\\nNitras Plumbatus, 174\\nApium, 158\\nOxidum, 174\\nApocvnum, 159\\nArgentum, 171\\nAndrosasmifolium, 163\\nArgols, 804\\nCannabinum, 159\\nArillus Myristicas, 666\\nCannabinum, Preparations, 163\\nAristolochin, 923\\nApornorphias Murias, 165\\nArmenian Bole, 237\\nApomorphine Hydro chlorate, 165\\nArmoise Amere, 1\\nHypodermic Injection, 601\\nArmoracia, 175\\nAporhetin, 845\\nArnica Flowers, 176\\nAqua, 165\\nFlowers Preparations, 176-177\\nAcidi Carbolici, 22\\nPreparations, 176-180\\nAmmonias, 119\\nRoot, 177\\nAmmonias Fortior, 120\\nRoot Preparations, 178-180\\nAmygdalae Aniaras, 131\\nArnicas Flores, 176\\nAnisi, 148\\nRadix, 177\\nAurantii Florum, 208\\nArnicin, 178\\nCalcis, 254\\nArnikabluthen, 176\\nCamphorae, 263\\nArnikawurzel, 177\\nArnotta, 180\\nCarui, 289\\nChlori, 323\\nAromatic Acetic Acid, 15\\nChloroformi, 320\\nPowder, 180\\nCinnamomi, 346\\nSpirit Ammonia, 125\\nCinnamomi Spirituosa, 345\\nSugars, 418\\nCreasoti. 381\\nSulphuric Acid, 46\\nDestillata, 167\\nVinegar, 10\\nFoeuiculi, 503\\nWaters, 166\\nFontana, 165\\nWine, 1022\\nFortis, 34\\nArrow Poison, Javanese, 151\\nLaurocerasi, 641\\nArrowroot, 681\\nMelissas, 689\\nArseniate Iron, 463\\nMenthae Piperitae, 693\\nSodium, 185\\nMenthae Viridis, 695\\nArsenic, 181\\nMercurialis Nigra, 570\\nAntidote for, 185, 487\\nPhagadenica, 568\\nPreparations, 181-187\\nPicis, 784\\nSolution Valangin, 184\\nPimento, 778\\nArsenical Paste, 184", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1163.jp2"}, "1164": {"fulltext": "1150\\nINDEX.\\nArsenical Powders, 185\\nArsenicum Album, 182\\nArsenige Saure, 182\\nArsenii Iodidum, 186\\nOxidum, 182\\nArseniksyrlighet, 182\\nArsenious Acid, 182\\nAnhydride, 182\\nIodide, 186\\nOxide, 182\\nArsenite Quinine, 835\\nArsenium, 181\\nArsenum, 181\\nArtemisia Abrotanum, 187\\nAbsinthium, 1\\nVulgaris, 187\\nArthantic Acid, 683\\nArum Dracontium, 413\\nMaculatum, 188\\nTriphyllum, 188\\nAsa Dulcis, 225\\nAsafetida, 189\\nPreparations, 190-192\\nAsafoetida, 189\\nAsarum, 192\\nPreparations, 193\\nAse fetide, 189\\nAsclepias, 193\\nCornuti, 195\\nIncarnata, 195\\nPreparations, 194\\nTuberosa, 193\\nAsclepidin, 194\\nAsparagin, 109, 196, 439, 963\\nAsparagus, 196\\nAspen, American, 802\\nAspidium, 197\\nPreparations, 198-199\\nAspidosperma, 199\\nPreparations, 200-201\\nAspidospermine, 200, 201\\nAssafcetida, 189\\nAsthma Cigarettes, 218\\nAtomizer, Hand, 600\\nSteam, 600\\nAtropia, 201\\nAtropine, 201, 217, 415, 951\\nSulphate, 202\\nAttar, 75\\nRose, 861\\nAufgiisse, 596\\nAunce Commune, 606\\nAurantii Amari Cortex, 203\\nDulcis Cortex, 205\\nFlores. 207\\nFolia, 209\\nFructus Immaturi, 209\\nAuri et Sodii Chloridum, 210\\nAustralian Fever Bark, 108\\nAva Kava, (196\\nAvenae (rimna, 210\\nAvens Root, 522\\nAvens Root, European, 523\\nAxungia, 67\\nAzafran, 383\\nAzedarach, 211\\nAzogup, 561\\nAzotate d Argent, 172\\nde Plomb, 792\\nde Potasse, 818\\nde Soude, 938\\nAzotic Acid, 34\\nAzucar, 873\\nde Leche, 875\\nAzulen, 684\\nAkta Moderdroppar, 296\\nBaccae Cubebee, 385\\nJuniperi, 624\\nLauri, 641\\nBadiane, 593\\nBael Fruit, 215\\nBarlappsamen, 665\\nBaggsota, 517\\nBaking Soda, 932\\nBaldriansaure, 53\\nBaldrianwurzel, 1008\\nBalm, 689\\nBalmony, 308\\nBalnea, 211\\nBalsam Fir, 974\\nHoney, 733\\nBalsamo Negro, 757\\nBalsamum Copaibae, 370\\nDipterocarpi, 411\\nPeruvianum, 757\\nStyracis, 956\\nSulphuris, 960\\nSulphuris Terebinthinatum, 960\\nTolutanum, 996\\nBandolin, 396\\nBaneberry, 66\\nBaptisia, 213\\nBaptisin, 214\\nBarbadoes Tar, 760\\nBarbaloin, 99\\nBarberry Bark, 228\\nBarbotine, 885\\nBarii Carbonas, 214\\nChloridum, 215\\nNitras, 215\\nBarium, 214\\nCarbonate, 214\\nChloride, 215\\nNitrate, 215\\nPreparations, 214-215\\nBarley Flour, Prepared, 557\\nPearl, 557\\nBarosma, 241\\nCamphor, 242\\nBark, Structure of, 1097-1101\\nBasham s Mixture, 476\\nBasilicon Ointment, 841\\nBasilike Salva, 841", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1164.jp2"}, "1165": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1151\\nBassorin, 877, 1000\\nBast, 1085, 1087\\nBateman s Drops, 738\\nBath, Cold, 211\\nHot, 212\\nNitrohydrochloric Acid, 37\\nNitromuriatic Acid, 37\\nRoman, 212\\nRussian, 213\\nSun. 213\\nTepid, 212\\nTurkish, 213\\nBaths, 211\\nBattery Fluid, 809\\nBattley s Sedative Drops, 734\\nBaume de Carthagene, 996\\nde Copahu, 370\\nde Perou, 757\\nde Tolu, 996\\nde Vie, 101\\ndes Indes, 757\\nTranquille, 220\\nVert. 094\\nBaumwolle, 533\\nBayberrres, 641\\nBay berry Bark. 711\\nBay-laurei Leaves, 642\\nBay Leaves, 642\\nRum, 710\\nBearberry, 1007\\nBearsfoot, 801\\nBeberinge Sulphas, 215\\nBeberine, 714, 751\\nSulphate, 215\\nBebeeru Bark, 714\\nBeck, 786\\nBeef and Wine, 287\\nBeef-tea, 286\\nCold-prepared, 286\\nBeef, Wine and Iron, 287, 1144\\nBeet Sugar, 874\\nBejuquillo, 612\\nBela, 215\\nBelladonna Cigarettes, 218\\nLeaves, 216\\nPreparations, 218-224\\nRoot, 221\\nBelladonnse Folia, 216\\nRadix, 221\\nBelladonnine, 217\\nBelefio, 581\\nBelville Ointment, 570\\nBenedictendistel, 284\\nBengal Quince, 215\\nBenjui, 225\\nBenzaldehyd, 641\\nBenzin, 224, 760\\nBenzoate Ammonium, 123\\nIron, 464\\nLithium, 656\\nSodium, 931\\nBenzoated Lard, 68\\nBenzoe, 225\\nBenzoesaure, 16\\nBenzoic Acid, 16, 226, 413, 758, 778\\nBenzoin, 225\\nOdoriferum, 651\\nBenzoinated Lard, 68\\nOintment, 226\\nBenzoinum, 225\\nBenzol, 227\\nBenzyl Cinnamate, 758, 996\\nBerberine, 227, 228, 229, 259, 373, 579,\\n691, 797\\nBerberis Aquifolium, 227\\nOregoneusis, 227\\nVulgaris, 228\\nBergmynta, 740\\nBergol, 760\\nBergolja, 760\\nBergthee, 513\\nBernstemsaure, 43\\nBernsten, 957\\nBertramsrot, 828\\nBertramwurzel, 828\\nBetel Nut. 170\\nBeth Root, 1001\\nBeurre, 244\\nBibergeil, 295\\nBiborate Sodium, 933\\nBicarbonate Potassium, 809\\nSodium, 931\\nSodium, Commercial, 932\\nBichloride Mercury, 566\\nBichromate Potassium, 809\\nBiebernell, 778\\nBile, 458\\nBilis Bovina, 458\\nBovina Inspissata, 458\\nBovina Purificata, 459\\nBilsenkraut, 581\\nBirch Camphor, 230\\nBird Glue, 763\\nLime, 763\\nPepper, 277\\nSeed, 762\\nBirth Root, 1001\\nBismuth, 230\\nAlloy, 230\\nand Ammonium Citrate, 231\\nCitrate, 230\\nCitrate, Soluble, 231\\nNitrate, Neutral, 232\\nPreparations, 230-234\\nTannate, 233\\nTris-nitrate, 232\\nBismuthi Citras, 230\\net Ammonii Citras, 231\\nNitras, 232\\nSubcarbonas, 232\\nSubnitras, 232\\nTannas, 233\\nValerianas, 234\\nBistorta, 234", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1165.jp2"}, "1166": {"fulltext": "1152\\nINDEX.\\nBisulphate Quinine, 835\\nBisulphide Carbon, 281\\nBisulphite Calcium, 250\\nSodium, 933\\nBitartrate Potassium, 810\\nBitter Almond, 130\\nAlmond Water, 131\\nApple, 358\\nOrange Peel, 203\\nSpecit-s, 831\\nWine Iron, 499\\nBittere Mandeln, 130\\nBitterklee, 696\\nBittermandelol, 131\\nBitter Root, 163\\nBittersalz, 672\\nBittersuss, 416\\nBittersweet, 416\\nBitter wurzel, 517\\nBlack Alder, 96, 820\\nAntimony, 156\\nCohosh, 328\\nDraught, 920\\nDrops, 727\\nHaw, 1017\\nHellebore, 551\\nIndian Hemp, 159\\nMustard, 926\\nOak Bark, 832\\nOxide Manganese, 677\\nPepper, 779\\nPepper, Preparations, 780\\nPitch, 786\\nPlaster, 794,796\\nRoot, 646\\nSnake Root, 328\\nSulphuret Antimony, 156\\nWash, 5/ 0\\nBlackberry, 863\\nCordial, 863\\nRoot Bark, 864\\nBlacktang, 506\\nBladder-wrack, 506\\nBlanc de baleine, 305\\nde plomb, 791\\nBlancard s Pills, 483\\nBlasentang, 506\\nBlatta, 235\\nBlaud s Pills, 467\\nBlauholz, 547\\nBlausaure, 31\\nBlazing Star, 92\\nBle Cornu, 426\\nBleaching Liquid, 324\\nPowder, 256\\nBlei, 787\\nBleichkalk, 256\\nBleiessig, 789\\nBleigliitte, 796\\nBleioxyd, 796\\nBleipflaster, 793\\nBleisalpeter, 792\\nBleiwasser, 790\\nBleiweiss, 791\\nBleiweiss-salbe, 792\\nBleizucker, 788\\nBlessed Thistle, 284\\nBlistering Cerate, 272\\nFluid, 276\\nPaper, 273\\nPlaster, 274\\nTissue, 273\\nBlood Root, 881\\nPreparations, 881-883\\nBlue Cohosh, 300\\nFlag, 617\\nMass, 565\\nOintment, 565\\nPill, 565\\nBlue Vitriol, 391\\nBlueberry Root, 3C0\\nBluestone, 391\\nEly, 787\\nBlyglete, 796\\nBlyhvitt, 791\\nBlyhvittsalva, 792\\nBlysocker, 788\\nBlyvatten, 790\\nBlyattika, 789\\nBlyattiksalva, 790\\nBlasyra, 31\\nBogbean, 696\\nBois de Campeche, 547\\nde Gayac, 542\\nde reglisse, 527\\nde Sang, 547\\nd Inde, 547\\nBoisdoux, 527\\nBoldine, 236\\nBoldo, 236\\nBoldus, 236\\nBole, Armenian, 237\\nWhite, 237\\nBolet Amadouvier, 76\\nBoletus Laricis, 76\\nBoli, 236, 776\\nBolmort, 581\\nBolus Alba, 237\\nArmena, 237\\nBomolja, 722\\nBomull, 533\\nBoneblack. 280\\nBoneset, 440\\nPreparations, 440, 441\\nTea, 441\\nBoracic Acid, 17\\nBorate de Sonde, 933\\nSodium, 933\\nBorato Sodico, 933\\nBorax, 933\\nTartar, 810\\nBoric Acid, 17\\nBoro-tartrate Potassium, 810\\nBorraj, 933", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1166.jp2"}, "1167": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1153\\nBorsaure, 17\\nBorsaures Natron, 933\\nBorsyra, 17\\nBorsvradt Natron, 933\\nBotany Bay Kino, 628\\nBougies, Gelatin, 515\\nBouillon- blanc, 1016\\nBoundon, 79\\nBourdaine. 503\\nBourgene, 503\\nBoxberry, 513\\nBoxwood Bark, 375\\nBrakved, 503\\nBrandy, 915\\nBraunstein, 677\\nBrayera, 237\\nBrea, 783\\nSeca. 810\\nBread Crumb, 747\\nBrechnuss, 717\\nBreckwein. 154, 615\\nBreckweinstein. 153\\nBreckwurzel, 612\\nBreidin, 420\\nBrein, 420\\nBrimstone, 958\\nBrionia, 240\\nBritannia Metal, 152\\nBritisk Oil, 958\\nBromide Amjnoniuni, 123\\nCaloktm7249\\n-^Ethyl, 436\\nHydrogen, 28\\nIron Syrup, 464\\nLitkium, 656\\nPotassium, 811\\nQuinine, 836\\nSodium, 933\\nSodium Solution, 934\\nZinc, 1027\\nBromine, 239\\nSolutions, 239, 240\\nBromkalium, 811\\nBromum, 239\\nBromure de Potassium, 811\\nBromuro Potasico, 811\\nBromvatesyra, 28\\nBromwasserstoffsaure, 28\\nBroom tops, 907\\nBrown Mixture, 530\\nPlaster, 794\\nBrucine, 591, 717\\nBrust Tkee, 111\\nBrustpulver, 529\\nBryoidin, 420\\nBryonia, 240\\nPreparations, 241\\nBryonin, 240\\nBrannd Alun, 114\\nBrostdroppar, 532, 729\\nBucku, 241\\nPreparations, 242-243\\n73\\nBuckbean, 696\\nBucktkorn Bark, 503\\nBark, preparations, 504-505\\nBerries, 842\\nJuice, 842\\nBugbane, 328\\nBugleweed, 666\\n1 Bulbe de Colcbique, 350\\nde Safran batard, 350\\nBurdock Root, 640\\nSeed, 640\\nBurgundy Pitck, 782\\nBurnt Alum, 114\\nSponge, 947\\nSugar, 873\\nBursa Pastoris, 276\\nButea Kino, 628\\nButter, 244\\nAntimony, 152\\nCacao, 978\\nButterfly-Weed, 193\\nButtermilk, 634\\nButternut Bark, 622\\nOil, 624\\nButyrum, 244\\nCacao, 978\\nPetrolei, 759\\nBuxine, 751\\nByne, 674\\nBafvergall, 295\\nCacao, 977\\nBeans, 977\\nButter, 978\\n1 Cackou noir, 298\\nCade Oil, 742\\nCadmii lodidum, 244\\nSulpkas, 244\\ni Cadmium, 244\\nIodide, 244\\nSulphate, 244\\nCaffea, 245\\nCaffeia, 246\\nCaffeine, 245, 246, 544, 977\\nCitrate, 246\\nCaffeo-tannic acid, 245\\nCajuput Oil, 247\\nCalx viva, 255\\nCalabar Bean, 767\\nCalabarine, 768\\nCalamina, 249\\nCalamus, 247\\nPreparations, 248, 249\\nCalcaria, 2o5\\nCalcii Bisulphis, 250\\nBromidum, 249\\nCarbonas Praecip., 250\\nChloridum, 250\\nHypochloris, 256\\nHypophospkis, 251\\nlodidum, 251\\nPhosphas Praacipitatus, 253", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1167.jp2"}, "1168": {"fulltext": "1154\\nINDEX.\\nCalcii Sulphas TJstus, 253\\nSulphis, 253\\nCalcined Magnesia, 668, 669\\nSulphate Calcium, 253\\nCalcium, 249\\nBromide, 249\\nIodide, 251\\nGummate, 6\\njuli Cancror\\nCalendula, 258\\nCalendulin, 258\\nCalisaya Bark, 333\\nCalomel, 568\\nAmerican, 569\\nHydrosublimed, 569\\nPrecipitated, 569\\nCalumba, 259\\nPreparations, 260, 261\\nCalumbic Acid, 259\\nCalumbin, 259\\nCalx, 255\\nChlorata, 256\\nSulphurata, 256\\nViva, 255\\nCambium, 1085, 1087\\nCambogia, 261\\nCambogic Acid, 261\\nCampecheholz, 547\\nCamphor, 262\\nIce, 264\\nMixture, Hope s, 264\\nMixture, Parrishs, 265\\nPhenol, 21, 265\\nPreparations, 263, 265\\nWater, 263\\nCamphora Monobromata, 266\\nCamphorated Oil, 264\\nSpirit Ether, 265\\nCanada Fleabane, 431\\nPitch, 783\\nSnake Root, 192\\nTurpentine, 974\\nCanadian Hemp, 159\\nMoonseed, 690\\nCanadischer Thee, 513\\nCanary Seed, 762\\nCandy, 873\\nCane Sugar, 873\\nCanela, 373\\nCanella, 266\\nCanelle, 343\\nBlanche, 266\\nCanna, 293\\nCan a Fistula, 293\\nCannabis Americana, 267\\nIndica, 267\\nIndica, Preparations, 269, 270\\nCanamo Indico, 267\\nCantharida, 271\\nCanthoridal Collodion, 274\\nPlaster, 272\\nCantharides, 271\\nCantharides Preparations, 272, 276\\nCantharidin, 271\\nCantharis, 271\\nCaoutchouc, 545\\nCapsaicin, 277\\nCapsella, 276\\nCapsicin, 277\\nCapsicum Plaster, 278\\nCapsicum, 277\\nPreparations, 278, 280\\nCapsin Plaster, 278\\nCaragheen, 325\\nCaramel, 873\\nCaraway, 289\\nCarbazotate Ammonium, 40\\nCarbazotic Acid, 40\\nCarbo Animalis, 280\\nLigni, 281\\nVegetabilis, 281\\nCarbolate Quinine, 836\\nCarbolated Camphor, 265\\nCarbolic Acid, 18, 783\\nAcid Camphor, 21\\nAcid Crude, 21\\nAcid Liquid, 20\\nAcid Preparations, 20, 23\\nAcid Solution, 20\\nAcid Spray, 21\\nCarbolized Oil, 21\\nCarbolsaure, 18\\nCarbon, 280\\nBisulphide, 281\\nCarbonate Ammonium, 124\\nBarium, 214\\nCalcium, Precipitated, 250\\nIron Mass, 466\\nIron Pills, 467\\nIron, Saccharated, 465\\nLead, 791\\nLithium, 656\\nMagnesium, 670\\nPotassium. 812\\nSodium, 934\\nSodium, Dried, 934\\nZinc, Precipitated, 1027\\nCarbon eum, 281\\nCarbonei bisulphidum, 281\\nCardamom, 282\\nPreparations, 283, 284\\nCarduus Benedictus, 281\\nCari Fructus, 289\\nCarica Papaya, 750\\nCaricaj Fructus, 502\\nCaricin, 750\\nCarlsbad Salt, 939\\nCarmelite Spirit, 690\\nCarminative, Dalby s, 671\\nDewee s, 670\\nCarmine, 285\\nCarminic Acid, 285, 348\\nCarota, 287\\nCarota) Fructus, 287", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1168.jp2"}, "1169": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1155\\nCarrageen, 325\\nCell-wall, 1068\\nJelly, 326\\nCells, 1068\\nCarron Oil, 254\\nAnnular, 1076\\nCarrot Fruit, 287\\nDotted, 1076\\nCarthamin, 288\\nForm of, 1072-1074\\nCarthamus, 288\\nPitted, 1077\\nCarum, 289\\nReticulated, 1076\\nCarvi, 289\\nSize of, 1068\\nCaryophyllin, 290\\nSpiral, 1076\\nCaryophyllus, 290\\nCellulose, 1068\\nCascara Sagrada, 843\\nCentaury Red, American, 870\\nCascarilla, 291\\nCenteno de Cornezuelo, 426\\nPreparations, 292, 293\\nCents, 1129\\nCascarillin, 292\\nCera, 302\\nCashew Nut, 140\\nAlba, 301\\nCasse, 293\\nBlanca, 301\\nCassia, 343\\nFlava, 302\\nBuds, 346\\nCerata, 303\\nFistula, 293\\nCerate, 303\\nCastanea, 294\\nCamphor, 263\\nCastile Soap, 887\\nCantharides, 272\\nCastor, 295\\nCarbonate Zinc, 1027\\nOil, 857\\nExtract Cantharidis, 275\\nOil Leaves, 856\\nGoulard s, 790\\nCastoreum, 295\\nGreen, 390\\nCataire, 297\\nResin, 841\\nCataplasma Belladonnae, 218\\nResin, Compound, 841\\nCarbonis, \u00c2\u00a381\\nSavin, 871\\nChlorata, 325\\nSimple, 303\\nConii, 366\\nSoap, 888\\nFermenti, 460\\nSubacetate Lead, 790\\nHyoscyami, 583\\nZinc Carbonate, 1027\\nLini, 653\\nCerates, 303\\nSinapis, 927\\nCeratum, 303\\nCataplasmata, 297\\nAdipis, 303\\nCataria, 297\\n^Bruginis, 390\\nCatechin, 298\\nCacao, 978\\nCatechu, 298\\nCamphoras, 263\\nPallidum, 300\\nGantharidis, 272\\nPreparations, 299, 300\\nCapsici Compositum, 278\\nCatechutannic Acid, 298\\nCetacei, 305\\nCathartic Acid, 916\\nCupri Acetatis, 390\\nCathartin, 504, 916\\nExtracti Gantharidis, 275\\nCatheter, 602\\nMyristicge, 713\\nCatmint, 297\\nPlumbi Subacetatis, 790\\nCatnep, 297\\nResinge, 841\\nCato, 298\\nResinse Compositum, 841\\nCaulophyllin, 301\\nRosse, 862\\nCaulophyllum, 300\\nSabinse, 871\\nCaustic, 174\\nSaponis, 888\\nPencils, 174\\nSimplex, 303\\nPotassa, 805\\nTheobroma3, 978\\nSoda, 929\\nViride, 390\\nwith Lead, 174\\nZinci Carbonatis, 1027\\nCayenne Pepper, 277\\nCeresin, 304\\nCebadilla, 869\\nCerii Nitras, 304\\nCebolla Albarrana, 903\\nOxalas, 304\\nCelaudine, 307\\nCerin, 303\\nCelery Seed, 158\\nCerium, 304\\nCelidonia, 307\\nNitrate, 304\\nCeline, 689\\nOxalate, 304\\nCell-sap, 1069\\nCerolein, 303", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1169.jp2"}, "1170": {"fulltext": "1156\\nINDEX.\\nCerotic Acid, 303\\nChinarinde, 330\\nOerussa, 791\\nBraune, 338\\nCetaceum, 305\\nGelbe, 333\\nSaccharatum, 306\\nGraue, 338\\nCetin, 305\\nRothe, 338\\nCc-tine, 305\\nChinawein, 337\\nCetraria, 806\\nChinawurzel, 312\\nLota, 307\\nChinin Sulfat, 838\\nCetraric Acid, 306\\nChininum, 834\\nCetrarin, 306\\nSulfuricum, 838\\nCevadilla, 869\\nChinoidin, 313\\nCevadilline, 870\\nChinoline, 314\\nCevadine, 870\\nTartrate, 314\\nChalk Mixture, 3P2\\nChionanthus, 314\\nPreparations, 382\\nChirata, 315\\nChamselirin, 553\\nPreparations, 316, 317\\nChamaslirium, 552\\nChiratin, 315\\nChamomile, English, 150\\nChiratogenin, 316\\nGerman, 684\\nChittem Bark, 843\\nPreparations, 151\\nChloral, 317\\nRoman, 150\\nHydrate, 317\\nChapman s mixture, 372\\nChloralum, 115\\nCharcoal, Animal, 280\\nChlorammonium, 126\\nPoultice, 281\\nChlorate Potassium, 812\\nVegetable, 281\\nSodium, 935\\nChard on benit, 284\\nChlorhydric Acid, 29\\nCbarta Cantharidis, 273\\nChloride Aluminium, 115\\nCerata, 302\\nAmmonium, 126\\nEpispastica, 276\\nAntimony, 152\\nNitrate, 818\\nBarium, 215\\nPotassii Nitratis, 818\\nCalcium, 250\\nSinapis, 928\\nGold and Sodium, 210\\nCharts Medicatoe, 307\\nHydrogen, 29\\nChaulmoogra Oil, 546\\nIron, 467\\nSalve, 546\\nIron, Green, 473\\nChauvre Indien, 267\\nLime, 256\\nChaux Vive, 255\\nManganese, 676\\nCheckerberry, 513, 700\\nMercury, Corrosive, 566\\nChelerythrine, 308\\nMercury, Mild,*568\\nChelidoine, 307\\nMorphine, 702\\nChelidonine, 308\\nQuinine, 836\\nChelidonium, 307\\nSodium, 935\\nChelidoxanthin, 308\\nTin, 947\\nChelone, 308\\nZinc, 1028\\nChemical Food, 764\\nChlorinated Honey, 325\\nChenopodium, 309\\nLime, 256\\nCherry Laurel, 641\\nPoultice, 325\\nLaurel Water, 641\\nChlorine, 322\\nWild, 821\\nFumigation, 322\\nChestnut Leaves, 294\\nWater, 323\\nChia Seed, 310\\nChlorkalk, 256\\nChicory, 327\\nChlornatrium, 935\\nChiendent, 1002\\nChlorodyne, 321\\nChillies, 277\\nChloroform, 318-321\\nCbimaphila, 310\\nAconite, 57\\nChimaphilin, 311\\nCommercial, 321\\nChina. 312\\nCrude, 321\\nPlava, 833\\nPurified, 318\\nFusca, 338\\nChlorophyll, 322, 1070\\nRegia, 333\\nChlorsaures Kali, 812\\nRoot, 312\\nNatron, 935\\nRubra, 338\\nChlorum, 322", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1170.jp2"}, "1171": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1157\\nChlorure d Alumine, 115\\nCinchotannic Acid, 331\\nd Ammonium, 126\\nCinnabar, 577\\nde Chaux, 256\\nCinnamate Benzyl, 758\\nde Sodium, 935\\nCinnamein, 758\\nFerrique, 467\\nCinnamic Acid, 24, 226, 344, 413, 758, 956,\\nMercurique, 566\\n996\\nChlorwasser, 323\\nCinnamon, 343\\nChlorwasserstoffsaure. 323\\nCinoglosa, 396\\nChocolate, 977, 978\\nCire Blanche, 301\\nCholera Drops, Russian, 730\\nJaune, 302\\nDrops, Thielemann s, 730\\nCissampeline, 751\\nCholestsrin, 458\\nCitrate Bismuth, 230\\nChondodendron, 751\\nBismuth and Ammonium, 231\\nChondrus. 325\\nBismuth, Soluble, 231\\nChristmas Rose, 551\\nCaffeine, 249\\nChromate Potassium, 813\\nIron, 474\\nChromic Acid, 23\\nIron and Ammonium, 476\\nChromium, 326\\nIron and Cinchonidine, 478\\nChromsaure, 23\\nIron and Quinine, U. S., 478\\nChrysarobin, 170, 327\\nIron and Strychnine, 479\\nChrysophan, 845\\nIron, Quinine, and Strychnine, 479\\nChrysophanic Acid, 23, 327, 845, 867\\nIron, Soluble, 476\\nChurchill s Syrup of the Hypophosphites,\\nLithium, 657\\n588\\n.Magnesia, 672\\nCianuro de Plata, 171\\nMagnesium, Granulated, 671\\nPotasico, 815\\nMorphine, 702\\nCichorium, 327\\nPotassium, 814\\nCicuta, 361, 365\\nSodium, 936\\nCigarettes, Belladonna, 218\\nCitri Cortex, 649\\nCigne, 361, 365\\nFlavedo, 650\\nCilantro, 374\\nSuccus, 651\\nCimicifuga, 328\\nCitric Acid, 24\\nPreparations, 329, 330\\nCitrine Ointment, 573\\nCimicifugin, 328\\nOintment, Diluted, 574\\nCina, 885\\nCitron, 649\\nCinchona, 330\\nCitronenkraut, 689\\nBarks, Miscellaneous, 340\\nCitronensaure, 24\\nCarthagena, 340\\nCitronensaft, 651\\nColombian, 340\\nCitronenschale, 649\\nCuprea, 341\\nCitronsaft, 651\\nFebrifuge, 332\\nCitronskal, 649\\nFlava, 333\\nCitronmeliss, 689\\nGrisea, 338\\nCitrus, 649\\nPallida, 338\\nCivetta, 346\\nPale, 337\\nClaret Wine, 1023\\nPreparations, 333-340\\nClavo de Especia, 290\\nRed, 332, 338\\nClay, 115\\nRegia, 333\\nCloruro Amonico, 126\\nRubra, 338\\nde Cal, 256\\nYellow, 333\\nClous Aromatiques, 290\\nCinchonas for Quinine, 340\\nClove-stalks, 291\\nCinchonia, 342\\nClover, Red, 1000\\nMuriate, 342\\nCloves, 290\\nSulphate, 343\\nClysters, 424\\nCinchonicia, 341\\nCnicin, 285\\nCinchonicine, 341\\nCoal Oil, 760\\nCinchonidia Sulphate, 342\\nTar Pitch, 786\\nCinchonidine, 341\\nCobaltum, 181\\nSulphate, 342\\nCobre, 389\\nCinchonine, 342\\nCoca Leaves, 434\\nHydrochlorate, 343\\nPreparations, 435, 436\\nSulphate, 343\\nCocaine, 435", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1171.jp2"}, "1172": {"fulltext": "1158\\nINDEX.\\nCoccionella, 348\\nColoquinte, 358\\nCocculus Indicus, 347\\nColoquintida, 358\\nCoccus, 348\\nColor, Red, 757\\nCochenille, 348\\nColquico, 350\\nCochineal, 348\\nColtsfoot, 1004\\nCochinilla, 348\\nColumbic Acid, 259\\nCochlearia, 349\\nColumbin, 259\\nArmoracia, 175\\nColumbo, 259\\nCocimiento, 399\\nAmerican, 506\\nCockroach. 235\\nPreparations, 260, 261\\nCoclearia, 349\\nComfrey, 963\\nCod-Liver Oil, 704\\nComino, 388\\nOil Emulsion, 705\\nCommon Salt, 935\\nOil Emulsion, Ferrated, 706\\nComposition Powder, 711\\nOil, Ferrated, 704\\nCompressed Sponge, 946\\nOil with Iron, 704\\nConfectio Aromatica, 181\\nOil with Iron and Quinine, 704\\nAurantii, 206\\nOil with Lactophosphate of Lime, 705\\nOpii, 728\\nOil with Quinine, 705\\nPiperis, 780\\nCod Oil, 704\\nRosse, 859\\nCoddington Lens, 1046\\nSennas, 917\\nCodeia, 350\\nSulphuris, 959\\nCodeine, 350, 725, 748\\nConfection, Aromatic, 181\\nCoffee, 245\\nBlack Pepper, 780\\nCoffein, 246\\nOpium, 728\\nCognac, 945\\nOrange Peel, 206\\nCohosh, Black, 328\\nPepper, 780\\nCohosh, Blue, 300\\nRose, 859\\nCola de Pescado, 589\\nSenna, 917\\nColehiei Kadix, 350\\nSulphur, 959\\nSemen, 353\\nConfections, 361\\nColchicine, 351, 354, 355\\nConhydrine, 362\\nColchicum, 350 r 353\\nConii Folia, 365\\nFlowers,. 355\\nFructus, 361\\nRoot, 350\\nSuccus, 368\\nCold Cream, 302, 859\\nConiine, 362\\nColic Root, 92, 408\\nConium, 361\\nColla Pisciura, 589\\nFruit, 361\\nColle de Poisson, 589\\nJuice, 368\\nCollenchyma, 1079\\nLeaves, 365\\nCollinsonia, 356\\nPreparations, 363, 369\\nCollodion, 357\\nSeed, 361\\nCautharidal, 274\\nConquinamine, 331\\nElastic, 358\\nConserven, 361\\nFlexible, 358\\nConserves, 361\\nGutta-Percha, 546\\nConspergatives. 777, 1113\\nHaemostatic, 50\\nConvallamarin, 369\\nIodized, 009\\nConvallaria majalis, 369\\nStyptic, 50\\nConvallarin, 3(59, 800\\nCollodium, 357\\nCouvolvulin, 619, 622\\nCantharidis, 274\\nCopaiba, 370\\nCrotonis, 981\\nResin, 372\\nElasticum, 358\\nSolidified, 371\\nFlexible, 358\\nCopaivic Acid, 370\\nIodatum, 609\\nCopper, 389\\nStypticum, 50\\nAcetate, 389\\nTiglii, 981\\nAmmoniated, 392\\nColloxylon, 828\\nSulphate, 391\\nColocynth, 358\\nSulphate, Ammoniated, 392\\nColocyrjthin, 359\\nCopperas, 496\\nCologne Water, 803, 944\\nCoptide, 372\\nColophony, 840\\nCoptine, 373", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1172.jp2"}, "1173": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1159\\nCoptis, 372\\nCortex Linderas, 651\\nEast Indian, 373\\nLiriodendri, 655\\nTeeta, 373\\nMagnolias, 673\\nTrifolia, 372\\nMangostanas, 678\\nCoque du Levant, 347\\nMezerei, 698\\nCoral, 374\\nMyricas, 711\\nCorail des Jardins, 277\\nNectandras, 714\\nCordial Anise, 148\\nPini Canadensis, 779\\nCoria-inyrtin, 375\\nPiscidias Radicis, 781\\nCoriander, 374\\nPopuli, 802\\nCoriaria, 375, 915\\nPrinos, 820\\nCork, 1083\\nPruni Virginianas. 821\\nCorn Ergot, 1006\\nPteleas, 824\\nIndian, 686\\nQuebracho, 199\\nMeal, 686\\nQuercus, 832\\nSilk, 687\\ntjuillaiae, 833\\nSmut, 1006\\nRhamni Purshianas, 843\\nStarch, 686\\nRhois Aromaticas, 853\\nCornezuela del Centeno, 426\\nRhois Glabras, 854\\nComic Acid, 376\\nRubi, 864\\nCornin, 376\\nSalicis, 877\\nCornus, 375\\nSassafras, 900\\nCircinata, 377\\nSimarubas, 925\\nSericea, 377\\nUlmi, 1005\\nFlorida, 375\\nViburni Opuli, 1019\\nCorrigens, 1111, 1112\\nVibumi Prunifolii, 1017\\nCorrosive Chloride of Mercury, 566\\nWinteras, 1024\\nSublimate, 566\\nXanthoxyli, 1025\\nCortex Alni Rubras, 96\\nCorydaline, 378\\nAlstonias Constrictas, 108\\nCorydalis, 378\\nAlstonias Scholaris, 411\\nCosmolin, 759\\nAngusturas, 144\\nCoto Bark, 379\\nAspidospermas, 199\\nCotoin, 379\\nAurantii Amari, 203\\nCotton, 533\\nAurantii Dulcis, 205\\nAbsorbent, 533\\nAzedarachtas, 211\\nHemostatic, 534\\nBebeeru, 714\\nStyptic, 534\\nCascarillas, 291\\nRoot Bark, 534\\nCassias, 343\\nRoot Bark Preparations, 535-536\\nChinas, 330\\nSeed Oil, 534\\nCinchonas, 330,\\nCouch Grass, 1002\\nCinchonas Calisayas, 333\\nCough Powder, 156\\nCinchonas Flavas,\\nCouleuvree, 240\\nCinchonas Pallidas, 338\\nCouleuvrive, 234\\nCinchonas Regias, 333\\nCoumarin, 410, 553, 689\\nCinchonas Rubras, 338\\nCourt Plaster, 590, 591\\nCinnamomi, 343\\nCousso, 237\\nCitri, 649\\nCowhage, 709\\nCornus Floridas, 375\\nCoxe s Hive Syrup, 906\\nCoto, 379\\nCrab s Eyes, 257\\nCusparrias, 144\\nCramp Bark, 1019\\nDitas, 411\\nCranesbill, 521\\nErythrophlosi, 434\\nPreparations, 521, 522\\nEuonymi, 439\\nCream, 634\\nFrangulas, 503\\nSyrup, 634\\nGossypii Radicis, 534\\nTartar, 810\\nGranati Fructus, 536\\nCreasote, 380, 783\\nGranati Radicis, 537\\nCreme de tartre, 810\\nHamamelidis, 549\\nCremor Tartari, 810\\nHippocastani, 555\\nCreosote, 380, 783\\nJuglandis, 622\\nCresol, 25\\nLimonis, 649\\nCresyl Alcohol, 25", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1173.jp2"}, "1174": {"fulltext": "1160\\nINDEX.\\nCresylic Acid, 25\\nCreta Prgeparata, 381\\nCriinna Avense, 210\\nCrisped Mint, 691\\nCrocus, 383\\nCroton Oil, 981\\nCrown Bark, 338\\nCryptopine, 725\\nCrystals, Vegetable, 1072\\nCubeb, 384\\nBerries, 384\\nPreparations, 385-387\\nCubebe, 384\\nCubebic Acid, 385\\nCubebin, 385\\nCucha, 434\\nCucumber, 388\\nOintment, 388\\nCucumis Citrullus, 387\\nSativus, 388\\nCudbear, 757\\nCulver s Physic, 646\\nRoot, 646\\nCumin, 388\\nde Pres, 289\\nCumulative Effect, 1108\\nCuprea Bark, 332, 340, 341\\nCupri Acetas, 389\\nSulphas, 391\\nSulphas Ammoniacalis, 392\\nCuprum, 389\\nAluminatum, 392\\nAmmoniatum, 392\\nCurare, 393\\nCurarine, 393\\nCurcuma, 393\\nCurcumin, 394\\nCurd Soap, 890\\nCurled Mint, 691\\nCurrier s Sumach, 376\\nCurry Powder, 395\\nCuscus, 1017\\nCusparia, 144\\nCusparin, 145\\nCutch, 298\\nCuttlefish Bone, 741\\nCyanhydric Acid, 31\\nCyanide Hydrogen, 31\\nMercury, 570\\nPotassium, 815\\nSilver, 171\\nCyankalium, 815\\nCyansilber, 171\\nCyansilfver, 171\\nCyanure de Potassium, 815\\nCyanvatesyra, 31\\nOyanwasserstoffsiiure, 31\\nCyclosiB. 1070\\nCydonium, 395\\nCymene, 980\\nynoglossin, 396\\nCynoglossum, 396\\nCypripedin, 397\\nCypripedium, 397\\nCrystalloids, 1071\\nDalby s Carminative, 671\\nDamiana, 398\\nDandelion, 971\\nDanish G-inger, ^88\\nDaphnin, 698\\nDarnel, 662\\nDatura Stramonium, 950\\nDaturine, 951\\nDecocta, 399\\nDecoction Aloes, 101\\nAlthaea, 110\\nBalmony, 309\\nBarley, 401, 557\\nBittersweet, 401-416\\nBlack Cohosh, 329\\nBladder- wrack, 508\\nBoxwood, 401\\nBroom, 907\\nBuckthorn Bark, 504\\nCalisaya, 333, 401\\nCetraria, 307, 401\\nChelone, 309\\nChimaphila, 312, 401\\nCimicifuga, 329\\nCinchona, Red, 339-401\\nCinchona, Yellow, 333-401\\nCornus Florida, 376, 401\\nCouch Grass, 1003\\nDandelion, 972\\nDog Grass, 1003\\nDogwood, 376, 401\\nDulcamara, 401, 416\\nElm Bark, 1005\\nFrangula, 504\\nFucus Vesiculosus, 508\\nGulfweed, 508\\nHsematoxylon, 401, 547\\nIceland Moss, 307, 401\\nLogwood, 401, 547\\nMarshmallow, 110\\nOak Bark, 401, 832\\nPareira, 752\\nPipsissewa, 401\\nPomegranate Root Bark, 538\\nPoplar, 803\\nPoppy Heads, 749\\nPrince s Pine, 401\\nSarsaparilla, 896\\nSarsaparilla Compound, 401, 896\\nSarsaparilla, Stronger, Zittmann s,\\n897\\nSarsaparilla, Weaker, Zittmarm s,\\n897\\nScoparius, 907\\nSeawrack, 508\\nSenega, 401, 913\\nSlippery Elm, 1005\\nStarch, 137", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1174.jp2"}, "1175": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1161\\nDecoction Sumach Bark, 855\\nTaraxacum, 972\\nTriticum Repens, 1003\\nUlmus, 1005\\nUva Ursi, 401, 1007\\nZittmann s Stronger, 897\\nZittmann s Weaker, 897\\nDecoctions, 399\\nDecoctum Aloes Comp., 101\\nAlthasas. 110\\nAmyli, 137\\nCetrariae, 307, 401\\nChelone, 309\\nChimaphilas, 312, 401\\nCimicifugae, 329\\nCinchonas Calisayae, 333, 401\\nCinchonas Flavas, 333, 401\\nCinchonas Rubrae, 339, 401\\nCornus Floridas, 401\\nDulcamaras, 401, 416\\nFrangulas, 504\\nFuci Vesiculos.i, 508\\nGraminis, 1003\\nGranati, 538\\nHasmatoxyli, 401, 547\\nHordei, 401, 557\\nPapaveris. 749\\nPareiras, 752\\nPopuli, 803\\nQuercus, 401, 832\\nRhois Glabras Corticis, 855\\nSarsaparillas, 896\\nSarsaparillas Compositum, 401, 896\\nScoparii, 907\\nSenegae, 401, 913\\nTaraxaci, 972\\nTritici, 1003\\nUlmi, 1005\\nUvas Ursi, 401, 1007\\nZittmann Fortius, 897\\nZittmann Mitius, 897\\nDedalera, 403\\nDekokter, 399\\nDelphinine, 402, 948\\nDelphinium, 402\\nStaphisagria, 948\\nDenarcotized Dover s Powder, 731\\nOpium, 739\\nDensolin, 759\\nDent de Lion, 971\\nDents de Leon, 971\\nDeodorized Opium, 738\\nTincture Opium, 738\\nDeshler s Salve, 841\\nDe wee s Carminative, 670\\nDextrin, 674\\nDiachylon Ointment, 795\\nPlaster, 793\\nDialysis, 402\\nDialyzed Iron, 480\\nIron in Scales, 481\\nDiarrhoea Mixture, 734\\nDiastase, 674, 675\\nDicentra, 378\\nDicotyledonous Growth, 1088, 1101\\nDigitalein, 404\\nDigitalin, 403, 408\\nDigitalis, 403\\nPreparations, 405, 408\\nDfgitoxin, 4C3\\nDill Fruit, 142\\nDinner Pills, 104\\nDioscorea, 408\\nDioscorein, 4C9\\nDiospyros, 410\\nDioxide Manganese, 677\\nDippels Animal Oil, 124\\nDipterix, 410\\nDirectives, 1113\\nDirigens, 1111, 1112\\nDisinfectant, 21\\nDistilled Water, 167\\nWaters, 166\\nDistilleradt Vatten, 167\\nDisulphate Quinine, 838\\nDisulphide Carbon, 281\\nDita Bark, 411\\nDitain, 412\\nDitamine, 412\\nDog Grass, 1002\\nDogsbane, 163\\nDogwood Bark, 375\\nRound-leaved, 377\\nDolichum Pruriens, 709\\nDonovan s Solution, 186\\nDoppelt-kohlensaures Kali, 809\\nNatron, 931\\nDoses, 1120, 1121\\nDosten, 740\\nDouce Ameres, 416\\nDouche, Nasal, 603\\nDouches, 211\\nDover s Powder, 613, 730\\nPowder, Improved, 731\\nDrachenblut, 412\\nDraco, 412\\nDracontium, 413\\nDragant, 999\\nDragon Root, 188\\nDragon s Blood, 412\\nDrakblod, 412\\nDraughts, 820\\nDreiblatt, 696\\nDried Alum, 114\\nDrosera, 414\\nDuboisia, 415\\nDuboisine, 415\\nSulphate, 415\\nDucts, Annular, 1078\\nDotted, 1078\\nLaticiferous, 1079\\nPitted, 1079\\nReticulate, 1078\\nScalariform, 1078", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1175.jp2"}, "1176": {"fulltext": "1162\\nINDEX.\\nDucts. Sieve, 1079\\nElectuarium Theriaca, 979\\nSpiral, 1078\\nElemi, 420\\nVegetable, 1077\\nElemic Acid, 420\\nDugong Oil, 548\\nEleuthera Bark, 291\\nDulcamara, 416\\nElixir ad Longam Vitam, 106\\nDuramen. 1093\\nAnise, 148\\nDwarf Elder, 167\\nAromatic, 207\\nDyi velstrack, 189\\nAurantii, 207\\nGlycyrrhizae Pectorale, 531\\nEarth Wax, 304\\nOpium, McMunn s, 739\\nEau Blanche, 790\\nOrange, 207\\nChloree, 323\\nParegoricum, 737\\nd Ammoniaque, 119\\nProprietatis Paracelsi, 106\\nde Chaux, 254\\nRubi Villosi, 863\\nde Cologne, 863, 944\\nSimple, 207\\ndes Fleurs d Orange, 208\\nValerianate Ammonium, 129\\nde Saturne, 790\\nVitriol, 46\\nEcboline, 427\\nElixir s, 421\\nEcorce d Azedarach, 211\\nWith Formulas, 1139-1144\\nde Bigarade, 203\\nElm, 1005\\nde Cascarille, 291\\nEmetine, 612\\nde Chene, 832\\nEmodin, 504, 845\\nde. Citron, 649\\nEmplastra, 421\\nde Garon, 698\\nEmplastrum Aconiti, 57\\nde la Racine de Grenadier, 537\\nAdhassivum, 841\\nde Laureole, 698\\nAmmoniaci, 118\\nde Margousier, 211\\nAmmoniaci Cum Hydrargyro, 118\\nde Mezereon, 698\\nAnodynura, 728\\nd Oranges Ameres, 203\\nAntimonii, 154\\nd Oranges Douces, 205\\nArnicas, 178\\nde Quinquina, 330\\nAsafoetidas, 190\\nde Thymelee, 698\\nBelladonnas, 223\\nElutherienne, 291\\nCalefaciens, 274\\nEdelleberkraut, 554\\nCantharidis, 272\\nEffervescent Vichy Salt, 932\\nCantharidis Compositum, 274\\nEgg, 741\\nCantharidis Cum Euphorbio, 444\\nShells, 741\\nCapsici, 278\\nWhite of, 741\\nCerati Saponis, 888\\nYolk of, 742, 1024\\nCicutas, 367\\nEibischwurzel, 109\\nConii, 367\\nEi, 741\\nDiachylon, 146\\nEichenrinde, 832\\nEuphorbii Cantharidatum, 444\\nEi-dotter, 1024\\nFerri, 476\\nEisen, 460\\nFuscum, 794\\nEisenchloridtinktur, 470\\nFuscum Camphoratum, 794\\nEisenhutknollen, 54\\nGalbani, 510\\nEisenklorid, 467\\nHjasrneri, 794\\nEisenkloridlosung, 467\\nHydrargyri, 564\\nEisensyrup, 501\\nIchtyocollas, 591\\nEisessig, 14\\nMeliloti, 689\\nEkbark, 832\\nOpii, 728\\nElasosacchara, 418\\nOxycroceum, 787\\nElaeosaccharum Anisi, 148\\nPicis, 786\\nCari, 290\\nPicis Burgundicae, 782\\nCinnamomi, 346\\nPicis Canadensis, 783\\nElaterin, 418\\nPicis cum Cantharide, 275\\nElaterium, 419\\nPicis Oxycroceum, 787\\nElder Flowers, 879\\nPlumbi, 793\\nElderberry, 880\\nPlumbi Compositum Hjaerneri, 794\\nElecampane, (506\\nPlumbi Iodidi, 792\\nElectric Battery Fluid, 809\\nPlumbi Molle, 795\\nElectuaires, 361, 420\\nResinas, 841", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1176.jp2"}, "1177": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1163\\nEraplastrum Saponis,. 888\\nEricolin, 514, 645, 680, 1007\\nSaponis Cerati, 888\\nErigeron, 431\\nUniversale, 794\\nEriodictyon, 432\\nEmplatres, 421\\nPreparations, 433, 434\\nEmpyreumatic Hartshorn, 124\\nErythrophloeine, 434\\nEmalsin, 130, 133, 641, 821\\nErythrophloeum, 434\\nEnmlsio Animoniaci, 119\\nErythrorhetin, 845\\nAmygdalae, 133\\nErythroxyline, 435\\nCamphoras, 264\\nErythroxylon, 434\\nCerse, 303\\nPreparations, 435, 436\\nChloroformi, 423\\nEscamonea, 902\\nGuaiaci, 543\\nEscila, 903\\nMorrhuae, 705\\nEserine, 768\\nMorrhuae cum Calcii LactopTiosphate,\\nSalicylate, 769\\n705\\nSulphate, 770\\nMorrhuae Ferrata, 706\\nEsperma de Ballena, 305\\nMorrhuaa Phosphatica, 706\\nEspiritu de Sal Amoniaco, 119\\nMoschi, 708\\nEsprit, 79, 84\\nMyrrhae Ferrata, 485\\nde Bois, 91\\nOlei Pacini, 858\\nPyroligneux, 91\\nPancreatini, 747\\nEssence Anise, 148\\nSimplex, 133\\nBitter Almond, 132\\nTerebinthinae, 976\\nd Amandes Ameres, 131\\nEmulsion Almonds, Comp., 133\\nde Moutarde, 928\\nCastor Oil, 858\\nGinger, 1033\\nChloroform, 423\\nLemon, 651\\nHydrocyanated, 33\\nMirbane, 131\\nTurpentine, 976\\nPeppermint, American, 693\\nWax, 303\\nPeppermint, English, 693\\nWhite, 723\\nSpearmint, 695\\nWhite, Acid, 723\\nVanilla, 1013\\nEmulsions, 422, 701\\nEssences, 436, 720\\nArtificial, 422\\nEssentia Anisi, 148\\nTrue, 422\\nMentha? Piperita, B., 693\\nEnbar, 624\\nEssentia?. 436\\nEncens, 721\\nEssential Oils, 75, 720\\nEncina, 832\\nEssig, 9\\nEndermic Medication, 1105\\nEssigather, 73\\nEndogenous Growth, 1087-1088\\nEssige, 8\\nEnebro, 624\\nEssigsaure, 13\\nEnema Aloes, 102\\nEssigsaures Bleioxyd, 788\\nAsafoetidae, 191\\nKali, 9\\nMagnesii Sulphatis, 673\\nNation, 930\\nOpii, 728\\nEter, 71\\nTabaci, 968\\nAcetico, 73\\nTerebinthinae, 975\\nEther, 71\\nTobacco, 968\\nConcentrated, 72\\nEnemata, 424, 601\\nHydrique, 71\\nEngelskt Salt, 672\\nHypodermic Injection, 605\\nEnvedstzara, 742\\nNitrous, 74\\nEnzianwurzel, 517\\nStronger, 71\\nEpidermic Medication, 1105\\nSulphuric, 71\\nEpidermis, 1083\\nWashed, 72\\nEpigaea, 425\\nEthereal Extracts, 445\\nEponge, 945\\nOil, 74\\nEpsom Salt, 672\\nOils, 75\\nEquisetum, 425\\nEthol, 305\\nErgot, 426\\nEthyl Acetate, 73\\nHypodermic Injection, 605\\nBromide, 436\\nPreparations, 429-431\\nNitrite, 74\\nErgotin, 427, 429\\nOxide, 71\\nErgotine, 427\\nEucalyptol, 437", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1177.jp2"}, "1178": {"fulltext": "1164\\nINDEX.\\nEucalyptus, 487\\nKino, 628\\nPreparations, 438\\nEugenin, 290\\nEuunic Acid, 439\\nEuonymin, 439\\nEuonymus, 439\\nPreparations, 439\\nEupatoire des Grecs, 77\\nEupatorin, 440\\nEupatoriurn, 440\\nPreparations, 440, 441\\nPurpureum, 441\\nEuphorbia Corollata, 442\\nIpecacuanha, 442\\nEuphorbium, 443\\nEuphorbon, 443\\nEvening Primrose, 719\\nExcipients, 776, 777, 1113\\nExogenous Growth, 1088-1101\\nExsiccated Alum, 114\\nExtemporaneous Prescriptions, 1111\\nExtract of Absinthium, 2\\nof Achilla, 12\\nof Aconite Leaves, 62, 63\\nof Aconite Leaves, Alcoholic, 63\\nof Aconite Root, 58\\nof Aconiti Foliorum, 63\\nof Aconiti Radicis, 58\\nof Almond, Bitter, 132\\nof Aloes, Aqueous, 102\\nof Aloes, Liquid. 103\\nof American Hellebore, 1015\\nof Antbemis, 151\\nof Apocynum Cannabinum, 163\\nof Arnica Flowers, 176\\nof Arnica Root, 179\\nof Arnicas Florum, 176\\nof Arnicas Radicis, 179\\nof Belladonna, 219\\nof Belladonna, Alcoholic, 219\\nof Belladonna Leaf, 219\\nof Belladonna Root, 223\\nof Belladonnas Foliorum, 219\\nof Belladonnas Radicis, 223\\nof Bitter Almond, 132\\nof Bittersweet, 417\\nof Black Cohosh, 329\\nof Black Haw, 1018\\nof Black Hellebore, 552\\nof Black Root, 646\\nof Bladder-wrack, 508\\nof Blood Root, 882\\nof Blue Flag, 617\\nof Boneset, 440\\nof Buckthorn Bark, 504\\nof Butternut Bark, 623\\nof Calabar Bean, 768\\nof Cannabis Indica, 269\\nof Carduus Benedictus, 285\\nof Carnis, 286\\nof Cascara Sagrada, 844\\nExtract of Cascarilla, 292\\nof Catechu, Crudum, 298\\nof Catechu, Liquid, 299\\nof Caulophyllum, 301\\nof Centaury, Red, 870\\nof Chamomile, 151\\nof Cimicifuga, 329\\nof Cinas, 885\\nof Cinchona, 334\\nof Cinchonas, Liquid, 336\\nof Clover, Red, 1001\\nof Coca, 435\\nof Colchicum, 352\\nof Colchicum, Acetic, 352\\nof Colchicum Root, 352\\nof Colocynth, 359\\nof Colocynth Compound, 360\\nof Columbo, 260\\nof Conium, Alcoholic, 364, 367\\nof Conium Fruit, 365\\nof Conium Leaves, 365\\nof Conium Leaves, Alcoholic, 367\\nof Conium Seed, Alcoholic, 364\\nof Cornus Florida, 376\\nof Cotton Root Bark, 535\\nof Cranesbill. 521\\nof Cubeb, 385\\nof Culver s Root, 646\\nof Cypripedium, 397\\nof Damiana, 399\\nof Dandelion, 973\\nof Digitalis, 406\\nof Dogwood, 376\\nof Dulcamara, 417\\nof Elder Flowers, 879\\nof Ergot, 429\\nof Eriodictyon, 433\\nof Erythroxylon, 435\\nof Euonymus, 439\\nof Eupatoriurn, 440\\nof Ferri Pomatum, 491\\nof Foxglove, 406\\nof Frangula, 504\\nof Fucus Vesiculosus, 508\\nof Gelsemium, 516\\nof Gentian, 518\\nof Geranium, 521\\nof Glycyrrhiza, 531\\nof Glycyrrhiza, Pure, 530\\nof Glycyrrhizas Crudum, 531\\nof Golden Rod, 941\\nof Golden Seal. 580\\nof Gossypium Root Bark, 535\\nof Grindelia Robusta, 540\\nof Guarana, 545\\nof Hasmatoxyli, 547\\nof Hellebore American, 1015\\nof Hellebore, Black, 552\\nof Helleboris Nigri, 552\\nof Henbane, 583\\nof Henbane, Alcoholic, 584\\nof Hops, 559", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1178.jp2"}, "1179": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1165\\nExtract of Humuli, 559\\nExtract of Senega, 913\\nof Hydrastis, 580\\nof Senna, 917\\nof Hyoscyamus, 583\\nof Skullcap, 909\\nof Hyoscyamus, Alcoholic, 584\\nof Solidago, 941\\nof Ignatia, 592\\nof Spigelia, 942\\nof Indian Cannabis, 269\\nof Squill, 904\\nof Indian Hemp, 269\\nof Stillingia, 949\\nof Iridis [Versicoloris], 617\\nof Stramonii Foliorum, 952\\nof Jaborandi, 775\\nof Stramonii Foliorum, Recentium,\\nof Jalap, Alcoholic, 621\\n952\\nof Jalap, Phar., 1870, 621\\nof Stramonii Seminis, 953\\nof Juglans, 623\\nof Stramonium Leaves, 952\\nof Kino Liquidum, 629\\nof Stramonium Leaves, Fresh, 952\\nof Krameria, 632\\nof Stramonium Seed, 953\\nof Ladies Slipper, 397\\nof Tabaci, 969\\nof Leptandra, 646\\nof Taraxacum, 973\\nof Lettuce, 635\\nof Tobacco, 969\\nof Liquorice, Crude, 531\\nof Trifolii Pratensis, 1001\\nof Liquorice Root, Pure, 530\\nof Uncarise Crudum, 300\\nof Lobelia, 660\\nof Uva Ursi, 1008\\nof Logwood, 547\\nof Valerian, 1010\\nof Lupulin, 663\\nof Vanilla, 1013\\nof Malt, 675\\nof Veratrum Viride, 1015\\nof Mandrake, 798\\nof Viburnum Prunifolium, 1018\\nof Matico, 683\\nof Wahoo, 439\\nof May-apple, 798\\nof Wormseed, 885\\nof Meat, 286\\nof Wormwood, 2\\nof Mezereum, 698\\nof Yarrow, 12\\nof Monesise, 701\\nof Yellow Dock, 867\\nof Nux Vomica, 718\\nof Yellow Jasmine, 516\\nof Opium, 732\\nof Yerba Santa, 433\\nof Opium, Denarcotized, 733\\nExtracta, 444\\nof Opium, Liquid, 733\\nFluida, 447\\nof Physostigma, 768\\nExtracto de Regaliz, 531\\nof Phytolacca, 771\\nExtracts, 444\\nof Pilocarpus, 775\\nAlcoholic, 445\\nof Pink Root, 942\\nAqueous, 445\\nof Podophyllum, 798\\nEthereal, 445\\nof Poke Root, 771\\nExtrait de Goulard, 789\\nof Pomorum Ferratum, 491\\nde Reglisse, 531\\nof Poplar Bark, 803\\nExtraits, 444\\nof Populus, 803\\nExtrakte, 444\\nof Pulsatilla, 825\\nExtrakter, 444\\nof Quassia, 830\\nof Queen s Root, 949\\nFaba Ignatii, 591\\nof Red Clover, 1001\\nFalse Unicorn, 92\\nof Rhamnus Purshana, 844.\\nSarsaparilla, 168\\nof Rhatany, 632\\nFarina, 458\\nof Rhei, 846\\nHordei, 557\\nof Rhubarb, 846\\nHordei Prasparata, 557\\nof Rue, 868\\nLini, 653\\nof Rumex, 867\\nMaidis, 686\\nof Rutse, 868\\nOryzse, 740\\nof Sabbatia, 870\\nSecalis, 910\\nof Sabinge, 872\\nTritici, 1003\\nof Sambucus, 879\\nFaulbaumrinde, 503\\nof Sanguinaria, 882\\nFebrifuge, 834\\nof Santonica, 885\\nFeculation, 136\\nof Sarsaparilla, 898\\nFecule de Froment, 136\\nof Savin, 872\\nFehling s Solution, 391\\nof Scillse, 904\\nFeige, 502\\nof Scutellaria, 909\\nFel Bovis, 458", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1179.jp2"}, "1180": {"fulltext": "1166\\nINDEX.\\nFel Bovis Inspissatum, 458\\nBovis Purificatum, 459\\nTauri, 458\\nFelandrio, 762\\nFenchalsamen, 502\\nFenkal, 502\\nFennel, 502\\nPreparations, 503\\nWater, 503\\nFenouil d Eau, 762\\nFer, 460\\nReduit, 501\\nFermentum, 459\\nFerrated Cod Liver Oil, 704\\nCod Liver Oil Emulsion, 706\\nExtract Apples, 491\\nWine, Wild Cherry, 824\\nFerri Acetas, 461\\nArsenias, 463\\nBenzoas, 464\\nCarb. Saccharatus, 465\\nCarbonatis Massa, 466\\nChloridum, 467\\nChloridum Viride, 473\\nCitras, 474\\net Ammonii Citras, 476\\netAmmonii Sulphas, 477\\net Ammonii Tartras, 477\\net Cinchonid. Citras, 478\\net Potassii Tartras, 478\\net Quininas Citras, U. S., 478\\net Strychnine Citras, 479\\nFerrocyanidum, 480\\nHypophosphis, 482\\nIodidum, 482\\nIodidum Saccharatum, 483\\nLactas, 484\\nLimatura, 460\\nMalas Impurus, 491\\nOxalas, 486\\nOxidum Hydratum, 486\\nOxid. Hydrat. c. Magnesia, 487\\nOxidum Magneticum Prascipitatum,\\n488\\nPhosphas, U. S., 1880, 488\\nPhosphas Praacipitatus Albus, 490\\nPhosphas Prascipitatus Coeruleus, 490\\nPulvis, 501\\nPyrophosphas, 491\\nQuininae et Strychninee Citras, 479\\nSubcarbonas, 493\\nSubsulphas. 493\\nSulphas, 495\\nSulphas Exsiccatus, 495\\nSulphas Granulatus, 496\\nSulphas Impurus, 496\\nSulphas Pracipitatus, 496\\nSulphidum, 497\\nTrochisci, 498\\nValerianas, 499\\nFerric Benzoate, 464\\nChloride, 467\\nFerric Citrate, 474\\nHydrate, 486\\nPhosphate, Precipitated, 490\\nPhosphate, Soluble, 488\\nSubsulphate, 493\\nSulphate, Basic, 493\\nValerianate, 499\\nFerri co- Ferrus Oxide, 488\\nPhosphate, 490\\nFerricyanide Potassium, 816\\nFerrocyanide Iron, 480\\nPotassium, 816\\nFerrous Iodide, 482\\nLactate, 484\\nOxalate, 486\\nSulphate, 495\\nSulphate, Dried, 495\\nSulphate, Granulated, 496\\nSulphate, Impure, 496\\nSulphide, 497\\nFerrum, 460\\nAlbuminatum, 500\\nDialysatum in Lamellis, 481\\nOxydatum Saccharatum Solubile, 500\\nPulveratum, 501\\nReductum, 501\\nFeuerschwamm, 76\\nFeuilles de Belladonne, 216\\nde digitale, 403\\nde Sene, 914\\nFeve de Saint Ignace, 591\\nIgasurique, 591\\nFeverbush Bark, 651\\nBerries, 652\\nFibro-vascular bundles, 1084-1087\\nbundles, closed, 1087, 1088\\nbundles, open, 1087-1095\\nFicus, 502\\nFieberklee, 696\\nFiel de bceuf 458\\nFig, 502\\nFigue, 502\\nFikon, 502\\nFilicic Acid, 198\\nFilix Mas, 197\\nFilixolin, 198\\nFingerborgort, 403\\nFingerhutkraut, 403\\nFinkelolja, 91\\nFischkorner, 347\\nFischleim, 589\\nFiRh Berries, 347\\nBones, 741\\nFisklefvertran, 704\\nFive-flowered Gentian, 520\\nFixed Oils, 720\\nFlachssamen, 652\\nFlavedo Citri, 650\\nLimonis, 650\\nFlaxseed, 652\\nGround, 653\\nMeal, 653", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1180.jp2"}, "1181": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1167\\nFlaxseed Oil, 653\\nFluid Extract of Althaea Flowers, 112\\nPoultice, 653\\nof American Cannabis, 267\\nTea, 653\\nof American Columbo, 506\\nFleabane, 431\\nof American Hellebore, 1016\\nFlesh-colored Asclepias, 195\\nof American Hemp, 267\\nFleurs d Arnique, 176\\nof American Sarsaparilla, 169\\nd Arsenic, 182\\nof Ampelopsis, 130\\nde Benjoin, 16\\nof Angelica Root, 143\\nde Camomille Commune, 684\\nof Augustura, 145\\nde Lavande, 643\\nof Apocynum Androsaemi folium, 165\\nde Muscade, 666\\nof Apocynum Cannabinum, 163\\nde Sureau, 879\\nof Arolia Hispida, 168\\nde tout les Mois, 258\\nof Arolia Nudicaulis, 169\\nd Orange, 207\\nof Arolia Racemosa, 169\\nFlexible Collodion, 358\\nof Arbor Vitas, 980\\nFliederblumen, 879\\nof Areca, 171\\nFlorentine Orris, 615\\nof Arnica Flowers, 177\\nFlores Althaeas, 112\\nof Arnica Root, 179\\nAnthemidis, 150\\nof Arnicas Florum, 177\\nArnicas, 176\\nof Arnicas Radicis, 179\\nAurantii, 207\\nof Aromatic, 181\\nBenzoes, 16\\nof Arum Triphyllum, 189\\nBrayeras, 237\\nof Asarum, 193\\nCalendulas, 258\\nof Asclepias, 194\\nCarthami, 288\\nof Asclepias Cornuti, 195\\nCassias, 346\\nof Asclepias Incarnata, 196\\nChamomillas Ronianas, 150\\nof Aspidium, 198\\nChamomillas Vulgaris, 684\\nof Aspidosperma, 201\\nCinae, 885\\nof Aurantii Amari, 204\\nColchici, 355\\nof Ava Kava, 697\\nKousso, 237\\nof Balm, 689\\nLavandulae, 643\\nof Baptisia, 214\\nMacidis, 666\\nof Barberry, 229\\nMatricarias, 684\\nof Bay berry, 711\\nNucis Moschatas, 666\\nof Bearsfoot, 801\\nRhoeados, 852\\nof Bebeern Bark, 715\\nSambuci, 879\\nof Belladonna Leaves, 220\\nSantonicas, 885\\nof Belladonna Root, 223\\nSulphuris, 960\\nof Belladonnas Fol. 220\\nTiliae, 981\\nof Belladonnas Rad. 223\\nTritolii Pratense, 1000\\nof Benzoin Bark, 651\\nVerbasci, 1016\\nof Berberis Aquifolium, 228\\nFlour, Wheat, 1003\\nof Berberis Oregonensis, 228\\nFlowers, Examination of, 1103\\nof Berberis Vulgaris, 229\\nSulphur, 960\\nof Betel Nut, 171\\nFliichtige Oele, 720\\nof Beth Root, 1001\\nFluchtiges Laugensalz, 124\\nof Birth Root, 1001\\nFluid Extract of Absinthium, 2\\nof Bistorta, 235\\nof Achillea, 12\\nof Bitter Orange Peel, 204\\nof Aconite Leaves, 63\\nof Bitter Root, 165\\nof Aconite Root, 59\\nof Bittersweet, 417\\nof Aconiti Fol. 63\\nof Black Cohosh, 329\\nof Aconiti Bad., 59\\nof Black Haw, 1018\\nof Agrimonia. 77\\nof Black Hellebore, 552\\nof Ailanthus, 78\\nof Black Indian Hemp, 163\\nof Aletris, 93\\nof Black Pepper, 780\\nof Allspice, 777\\nof Black Root, 647\\nof Alnus Rubra, 97\\nof Blackberry Root Bark, 864\\nof Aloes, 103\\nof Bladder- wrack, 508\\nof Alstonia Constricta, 109\\nof Blessed Thistle, 285\\nof Alstonia Scholaris, 412\\nof Blood Root, 882\\nof Althaea, 110\\nof Blue Flag, 618", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1181.jp2"}, "1182": {"fulltext": "1168\\nINDEX.\\nFluid Extract of Boldo, 236\\nFluid Extract of Colocynth, 360\\nof Boneset, 440\\nof Coltsfoot, 1005\\nof Boxbtrry, 514\\nof Columbo, 260\\nof Boxwood, 376\\nof Columbo, American, 506\\nof Brayera, 238\\nof Conii Folj, 368\\nof Broom, 907\\nof Conii Fructus, 365\\nof Bryonia, 241\\nof Conium Fruit, 365\\nof Buchu, 242\\nof Conium Leaves, 368\\nof Buckbean, 696\\nof Conium Seed, 365\\nof Buckthorn Bark, 505\\nof Convallaria, 370\\nof Buckthorn Berries, 842\\nof Coptis, 373\\nof Bugleweed, 666\\nof Coriander, 374\\nof Butternut Bark, 623\\nof Corn Ergot, 1007\\nof Calabar Bean, 769\\nof Corn Silk, 687\\nof Calamus, 248\\nof Corn Smut, 1007\\nof Calendula, 258\\nof Cornus Florida, 376\\nof Calisaya, 334\\nof Corydalis, 378\\nof Calumba, 260\\nof Goto, 380\\nof Canella, 267\\nof Cotton Root Bark, 535\\nof Cannabis Indica, 270\\nof Couch Grass, 1003\\nof Capsicum, 278\\nof Cramp Bark, 1019\\nof Cardamom, 283\\nof Cranesbill, 522\\nof Cardamom Comp. 284\\nof Cubeb, 386\\nof Cardii Benedicti, 28o\\nof Culver s Root, 647\\nof Cascara Sagrada, 844\\nof Cypripedium, 397\\nof Cascarilla, 292\\nof Damiana, 399\\nof Castanea, 294\\nof Dandelion, 973\\nof Castor Oil Leaves, 857\\nof Delphinium, 402\\nof Cat aria, 298\\nof Digitalis, 406\\nof Catechu, 298\\nof Dioscorea, 409\\nof Caulophyllum, 301\\nof Dita Bark, 412\\nof Cayenne, 278\\nof Dog Grass, 1003\\nof Centaury, Bed, 871\\nof Dogsbane, 165\\nof Cevadilla, 870\\nof Dogwood, 376\\nof Chamoelirium, 553\\nof Dracontium, 414\\nof Chamomile, English, 150\\nof Drosera, 414\\nof Chamomile, German, 685\\nof Duboisia, 415\\nof Chamomile, Roman, 150\\nof Dulcamara, 417\\nof Checkerberry, 514, 700\\nof Dwarf Elder, 168\\nof Chelidonium, 308\\nof Elder Flowers, 879\\nof Chelone, 309\\nof Epigsea, 425\\nof Chenopodium, 310\\nof Ergot, 429\\nof Cherry Bark, Wild, 822\\nof Erigeron, 432\\nof Chestnut Leaves, 294\\nof Eriodictyon, 434\\nof Chimaphila, 312\\nof Erythrophloeum, 434\\nof China Boot, 313\\nof Erythrbxylon, 436\\nof Chionanthus, 315\\nof Eucalyptus, 438\\nof Chirata, 316\\nof Euonymus, 439\\nof Cimicifuga, 329\\nof Eupatorium, 440\\nof Cinchona, 339\\nof Eupatorium purpureum, 441\\nof Cinchona, Aromatic, 335\\nof False Sarsaparilla, 169\\nof Cinchona, Compound, 335\\nof Feverbush, 651\\nof Cinchona, Detannated, 335\\nof FilixMas, 198\\nof Cinchona, Pale, 338\\nof Fleabane, 432\\nof Cinchona, Red, 339\\nof False Unicorn, 553\\nof Clover, Red, 1001\\nof Foxglove, 406\\n.of Coca, 436\\nof Frangula, 505\\nof Cocculus Indicus, 347\\nof Frankenia, 506\\nof Colchicum Root, 352\\nof Frasera, 506\\nof Colchicum Seed, 354\\nof Fringe Tree Bark, 315\\nof Colic Root, 409\\nof Frost wort, 551\\nof Collinsonia, 357\\nof Fucus Vesiculosus, 508", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1182.jp2"}, "1183": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1169\\nFluid Extract of Galangal, 509\\nof Galls, 511\\nof Gaultheria, 514\\nof Gelsemium, 517\\nof Gentian, 519\\nof Gentian Compound, 519\\nof Geranium, 522\\nof Gillenia Trifoliata, 524\\nof Ginger, 1032\\nof Glycyrrhiza, 529\\nof Gold Thread, 373\\nof Golden Rod, 941\\nof Golden Seal, 580\\nof Golden Seal. Aqueous. 580\\nof Golden Seal without Alcohol, 580\\nof Gossipium Boot Bark, 535\\nof Granatum, 538\\nof Gravel Plant, 425\\nof Grmdelia Robusta, 540\\nof Grindelia Squarroaa, 541\\nof Guaco, 700\\nof Guaiacum Wood, 542\\nof Guar an a, 545\\nof Hamamelis. 549\\nof Ha-namelis Bark, 549\\nof Hasmatoxylon, 548\\nof Helianthemum, 551\\nof Hellebore, American, 1016\\nof Helleborus Niger, 552\\nof Helonias, 553\\nof Hemlock Bark, 779\\nof Henbane Leaves, 584\\nof Henbane Seed, 586\\nof Hepatica, 554\\nof Hops. 559\\nof Humulus, 559\\nof Hydrangea, 561\\nof Hydrastis, 580\\nof Hydrastis, Aqueous, 580\\nof Hydrastis without Alcohol, 580\\nof Hyoscyamus Leaves], 584\\nof Hyoscyamus Seed, 586\\nof Hyssop, 589\\nof Ignatia, 592\\nof Indian Cannabis, 270\\nof Indian Hemp, 270\\nof Indian Hemp, Black, 163\\nof IndianHemp. Foreign, 270\\nof Indian Hemp, True, 270\\nof Indian Hemp, White, 196\\nof Indian Physic, 524\\nof Indian Turnip, 189\\nof Ipecac, 613\\nof Iris [Versicolor], 618\\nof Jaborandi, 775\\nof Jalap, 621\\nof Jamaica Dogwood, 782\\nof Juglans, 623\\nof Juniper Berries, 625\\nof Kamala, 628\\nof Kava Kava. 697\\nof Kousso, 238\\n74:\\nFluid Extract of Krameria, 632\\nof Lactucae, 636\\nof Lactucarium, 63\\nof Ladies Slipper, 397\\nof Larkspur Seed, 402\\nof Lemon Balm, 689\\nof Leonurus, 646\\nof Leptandra, 647\\nof Lettuce, 636\\nof Life Root, 911\\nof Lily-of-the-Valley, 370\\nof Lindera. 651\\nof Liquorice Root, 529\\nof Liriodendron, 655\\nof Liverwort, 554\\nof Lobelia Herb. 660\\nof Lobelia Leaves, 660\\nof Lobelia Seed, 662\\nof Logwood, 548\\nof Lupulin, 663\\nof Lycopus, 666\\nof Magnolia, 674\\nof Male Fern, 198\\nof Mancona, 434\\nof Mandrake, 798\\nof Manzanita, 680\\nof Marshmallow, 110\\nof Marshmallow Flowers, 112\\nof Marshtrefoil, 696\\nof Matico, 683\\nof Matricaria, 685\\nof May-apple, 798\\nof Melissa, 689\\nof Menispermum, 691\\nof Menyanthes, 696\\nof Methysticum, 697\\nof Mezereum, 698\\nof Micromeria, 699\\nof Mikania, 700\\nof Milkweed, 195\\nof Mistletoe, 764\\nof Mitchella, 700\\nof Motherwort, 646\\nof Musk Root, 962\\nof Myrica, 711\\nof Nectandra, 715\\nof Nutgall, 511\\nof Nux Vomica, 718\\nof Oak Bark, 832\\nof Opium, Aqueous, 738\\nof Opium, Deodorized, 738\\nof Orange Peel, Bitter, 204\\nof Oregon Berberis, 228\\nof Papaver Fruit, 749\\nof Pareira Brava, 752\\nof Partridsreberry, 514, 700\\nof PepperfBlack, 780\\nof Pettymorrel, 169\\nof Phoradendron. 764\\nof Physostigma, 769\\nof Phytolacca Berry, 770\\nof Phytolacca Root, 772", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1183.jp2"}, "1184": {"fulltext": "1170\\nINDEX.\\nFluid Extract of Pilocarpus, 775\\nof Pimenta, 777\\nof Pink Root, 942\\nof Pink Root and Senna. 943\\nof Pinus Canadensis, W9\\nof Piscidia, 782\\nof Pleurisy Root, 194\\nof Podophyllum, 798\\nof Poke Berry, 770\\nof Poke Root, 772\\nof Polygonatuni, 801\\nof Polymnia, 801\\nof Pomegranate Root Bark, 538\\nof Poplar Bark, 803\\nof Poppy Flowers, 852\\nof Poppy Heads, 749\\nof Populus, 803\\nof Prickly Ash Bark, 1025\\nof Prickly Ash Berries, 1026\\nof Prunus Virginiana, 822\\nof Ptelea, 824\\nof Pulsatilla, 825\\nof Quassia. 830\\nof Quebracho, 201\\nof Queen of the Meadow, 442\\nof Queen s Root, 949\\nof Queen s Root, Compound, 950\\nof Quercus, 832\\nof Quillaia, 833\\nof Red (lover, 1001\\nof Red Poppy. 852\\nof Rhamnus Purshiana, 844\\nof Rhatany, G32\\nof Rhei, 847\\nof Rhei Aromaticum, 850\\nof Rhubarb, 847\\nof Rhubarb, Aromatic. 850\\nof Rhus Aromatica. 853\\nof Rhus Glabra, 854\\nof Rhus Toxicodendron, 85j\\nof Ricinus Leav es, 857\\nof Rose, 860\\nof Rubus, 864\\nof Rue, 8G9\\nof Rumex, 867\\nof Ruta, 869\\nof Sabadilla, 870\\nof Sabbatia, 871\\nof Sabina, 872\\nof Sambucus, 879\\nof Sanguinnria, 882\\nof Santonica. 886\\nof Sarsaparilla, 899\\nof Sarsaparilla, American, 169\\nof Sarsaparilla. Compound, 898\\nof Sassafras, 900\\nof Sassy J 5 ark, 434\\nof Savin, 872\\nof Scillffl, !;04\\nof Scillaj Coinpositum, 90G\\nof Scoparius. 907\\nof Scutellaria, 909\\nFluid Extract of Senecio, 911\\nof Senega, 913\\nof Senna, 918\\nof Senna, Aqueous, 918\\nof Senna Purified, 919\\nof Serpentaria, 923\\nof Silkweed,195\\nof Shnaruba, 925\\nof Skullcan, 909\\nof Skunk Cabbage, 414\\nof Snake Root, 923\\nof Soap Tree Bark, 833\\nof Solidago, 941\\nof Solomon s Seal, 801\\nof Spicebush, 651\\nof Spigelia, 942\\nof Spigelia and Senna, 943\\nof Spikenard, 169\\nof Squaw Vine. 700\\nof Squaw Weed, 911\\nof Squill, 904\\nof Squill, Compound, 906\\nof Staphisagria. 948\\nof Stavesacre, 948\\nof Stigmat. Maidis, 6SG\\nof Stillingia, 949\\nof Stillingia, Compound, 950\\nof Stone Root, 35 1\\nof Strainon. Fol 952\\nof Stramon. Sem. 953\\nof Stramonium Leaves, 952\\nof Stramonium Seed, 953\\nof Sumach Bark, 855\\nof Sumach Berries, 854\\nof Sumbul, 962\\nof Sundew, 414\\nof feweet Bugle, 666\\nof Sweet Flag, 248\\nof Tag Alder, 97\\nof Tanacetum, 970\\nof Tansy, 970\\nof Taraxacum, 973\\nof Teaberry. 514\\nof Thorough wort, 440\\nof Thuja, 980\\nof Tonga, 998\\nof Tormentilla, 999\\nof Toxicodendron, 856\\nof Tiifolium Pratense, 1001\\nof Trillium, 1001\\nof Triticum. 1003\\nof Tulip-tree Bark, 655\\nof Tussilngo. 1005\\nof Unicorn, 93\\nof Unicorn, False, 553\\nof Ustilago. 1007\\nof Uva Ursi, 1008\\nof Valerian, 1011\\nof Veratrum Viride, 1016\\nof Viburnum Opulus, 1019\\nof Viburnum Pruni folium, 1018\\nof Virginia Snake Root, 922", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1184.jp2"}, "1185": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1171\\nFluid Extract of Waferash 824\\nof Wahoo, 439\\nof White Indian Hemp, 196\\nof White Oak Hark, 882\\nof YVhitewood, 655\\nof Wild Cherry, 822\\nof Wild Indigo, 214\\nof Wild Yam, 409\\nof Winter Clover. 700\\nof Wintergreen. 514\\nof Witch tfazelBaik, 549\\nof Witch Hazel Leaves, 549\\nof Wormseed, German, 886\\nof Wormwood. 2\\nof Xanthoxylum Bark, 1025\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of Xanthoxylum Berries, 1026\\nof Yarrow, 12\\nof Yellow Dock, 867\\nof Yellow Jasmine, 517\\nof Yellow Parilla, 691\\nof Yerba Buena, 699\\nof Yerba Reuma, 503\\nof Yerba Santa, 434\\nof Zingiberis, 1032\\nFluid Extracts, 447, 1109\\nColor and Density, 456\\nOfficial Process, 451\\nPreservation, 457\\nStrength, 456\\nUnofficial, 436\\nFluid Hydrastis, 580\\nFluigram, 1129\\nFly Stone, 181\\nFladerte, 869\\nFnoskswamp, 76\\nFoeniculuin, 502\\nFoie de Soufre. 807\\nFolia Aconiti, 61\\nAurantii. 239\\nBelladonna*, 216\\nBuchu. 241\\nCardni Benedicti, 284\\nCastanea*, 294\\nChimaphila*, 310\\nCoriariee, 375\\nDigitalis, 403\\nDuboisise, 415\\nEriodictyi, 432\\nErythroxyli, 434\\nEucalypti, 437\\nGaultherise, 513\\nGuaco, 700\\nHamamelidis, 548\\nHepaticas, 554\\nHyoscyami, 581\\nLauri, 642\\nLaurocerasi, 641\\nLobelia?, 658\\nManzanita*, 680\\nMatico, 682\\nMenyanthge. 696\\nMikania*, 700\\nFolia Nicotiana*, 968\\nPilocarpi, 773\\nRhois Toxicodendri, 855\\nRicini. 856\\nRosmarini, 862\\nRuta*, 868\\nSalvia*, 878\\nSenna*, 914\\nSenna* Spiritu, Extracta, 916\\nStramonii, 950\\nTabaci, 968\\nThea*, 976\\nThymi, 980\\nToxicodendri, 855\\nTrifolii Aquatici, 696\\nTurnera* 398\\nTussilaginis, 1004\\nUva Ursi, 1007\\nFoot Baths, 211\\nFormic Acid, 26\\nFosfor, 765\\nFosforsyra, 38\\nFougere Male, 197\\nFowler s Solution, 186\\nFoxglove, 403\\nFracture. Corky, 1081\\nFibrous, 1080\\nFleshy, 1080\\nMealy, 1080\\nWoody, 1080\\nFrangula, 508\\nPreparations, 504, 505\\nFrangulm, 503\\nFrankenia, 505\\nFrankincense, 721\\nFranzosenholz, 542\\nFrasera, 506\\nFraxin, 555, 680\\nFreezing Mixture, 935\\nFrench Chalk, 250\\nFriars Balsam, 226\\nFringe Tree Bark, 314\\nFrostwort, 551\\nFructus Anethi, 142\\nAngelica?, 144\\nA nisi, 146\\nApii, 158\\nAurantii, Immaturus, 209\\nBela*, 215\\nCapsici, 277\\nCardamomi, 282\\nCaricse, 502\\nCarni, 286\\nChenopodii, 309\\nCinnamomi Immaturus, 346\\nCocculi, 347\\nCclocynthidis, 358\\nConii, 361\\nCoriandri, 374\\nCubebae, 384\\nCumini, 388\\nFoeniculi, 502", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1185.jp2"}, "1186": {"fulltext": "1172\\nINDEX.\\nFructus Granati Cortex, 536\\nlllicii, 593\\nJuniperi, 624\\nLappae, 640\\nLevistici, 647\\nMaids, 686\\nPapaveris, 748\\nPhellandrii, 762\\nPetrosebni, 761\\nPhalaris, 762\\nPimentae, 777\\nPiperis Nigri, 779\\nPremi, 821\\nRhamni Cathartici, 842\\nRhois Glabrae, 853\\nRubi Idaei, 865\\nRubi Villosi. 863\\nFruit Sugar, 874\\nSyrups, 866\\nFruits de Cigue, 361\\nde Fenouil, 502\\nFucus Crispus, 325\\nVesiculosus. 506-\\nFumaric Acid, 378\\nFusel Oi), 91\\nFuselol, 91\\nFusible Metal, 230\\nFaertalg, 924\\nGalangal, 508\\nGalbanum, 501*\\nPlaster, 510\\nGalena, 787\\nGalgant, 508\\nGalgorot, 508\\nGall, 458\\nGall a, 510\\nGallapfel, 510\\nGalle de Chene, 510\\nGallic Acid, 26, 511\\nGallo-fcannic Acid, 49\\nGalls, 510\\nChinese, 511\\nJapanese, 511\\nGallusaure, 26\\nGalliipple-garfsyra, 49\\nGallapplen, 510\\nGambir, 300\\nGamboge, 261\\nGambogic Acid, 261\\nGanjah, 267\\nGarfsyra, 49\\nGargle. Alum, 114\\nGarlic, 94\\nGaultheria, 513\\nPreparations, 514\\nCebrannte M;ign sia, 668, 669\\nGebrannter Alaun, 14\\nGeigenharz, 840\\nGein, 523\\nGelatin, 515, 590\\nGelatin, Nektographio, 515\\nGelatina Chondri, 326\\nGel be Jasmin wurzel, 516\\nMesswurz, 372\\nGelbes Wachs, 302\\nGelbwurz, 893\\nGelsemine, 516\\nGelsemium, 516\\nGemmae Populi, 803\\nGenciana, 517\\nGengibre, 1031\\nGenievre, 624\\nGentian, 517\\nPreparations, 518-520\\nGentiana Quinqueliora, 520\\nGentianic Acid, 518\\nGentionicrin, 506. 518\\nGentisic Acid, 506, 518\\nGeranium, 521\\nPreparations, 521, 522\\nGerbsame, 49\\nGerman Breast Tea, 111\\nGeum Rivale, 522\\nUrbanum, 523\\nGewurz Essig, 10\\nGewurznelken, 290\\nGichtriibe, 240\\nGichtwurzel, 240\\nGiftlattich, 635\\nGiftlattichsaft, 636\\nGillenia Stipulacea, 524\\nTrifoliata, 523\\nGillenin, 525\\nGingembre, 1031\\nGinger. 1031\\nTea, 1032\\nGinseng. 746\\nGirofies, 290\\nGlands, 1081. 1083\\nGlanduke Lupuli, 662\\nRottlerae, 627\\nGlauber s Salt, 939\\nGlaucine, 525\\nGlaucium, 525\\nGlaucopicrine, 525\\nGlicerina, 525\\nGloboids, 1071\\nGlobuli Martiales, 478\\nGlonoin, 716\\nGlucose, 675, 874\\nGlue, 515\\nGluten, 136\\nGlycamyl, 140\\nGlycerates, 527\\nGlycerics, 527\\nGlycerin, 525\\nGlyceritum, Acidi Carbolici, 22\\nAcidi Tannici, 51\\nAmyli, 140\\nBismuti Nitrat is, 232\\nGallic Acid, 27\\nllypophospbites, 588", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1186.jp2"}, "1187": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1173\\nGlyceritum, Lactucarium, 639\\nGronmynta, 694\\nLead Tannate, 796\\nGriine Minze, 694\\nPicis Liquidse, 784\\nGriiner Gerwer, 1014\\nPlumbi Subacetatis, 791\\nGuaco Leaves, 700\\nStarch, 140\\nGuaiac, 543\\nSubacetate Lead, 791\\nResin, 542, 543\\nTannin, 51\\nYellow, 543\\nTar, 784\\nGuaiacetic Acid, 543\\nVitelli, 1024\\nGuaiaci Lignum, 542\\nYolk Egg. 1024\\nResina, 543\\nGlvcerites, 527\\nGuaiacic Acid, 543\\nGJyceroles. 527\\nGuaiaconic Acid, 543\\nGlvchocholic Acid, 458\\nGuaiacnm Wood, 542\\nGlyctonin, 1024\\nGuajakholz, 542\\nGlycyrrhetin, 528\\nGuarana, 544\\nGlycyrrhiza, 527\\nPreparations, 545\\nPreparations, 529-582\\nGuaranine, 544\\nGlycyrrhizia, 523, 531, 532, 802\\nGuayaco, 542\\nAmmoniated, 532\\nGuaza, 267\\nGnaphalium, 533\\nGuinea Pepper, 277\\nGoa Powder, 170\\nGul Nicht, 665\\nGodfrey s Cordial, 732\\nGuldklorid, 210\\nG Jtterbaum, 78\\nGulf-weed, 506\\nGold and Sodium Chloride, 210\\nGult Vax, 302\\nThread, 372\\nGum Acacia, 5\\nGolden Rod, 941\\nAloes, 98\\nSeal, 579\\nAmmoniac, 117\\nSeal Preparations, 580, 581\\nArabic, 5\\nSulphur, 158\\nArabic Preparations, 6-8\\nSulphuret of Antimony, 158\\nAsafetida, 189\\nGoldschwefel, 158\\nBenjamin, 225\\nGoma Amoniaco, 117\\nBenzoin, 225\\nGomme Adragante, 999\\nCatechu, 298\\nLacque, 635\\nElastic, 545\\nGomme-gutte, 261\\nElemi, 420, 421\\nGordolobo, 1016\\nEuphorbium, 443\\nGossypii Radicis Cortex, 534\\nGalbanum, 509\\nGossypium, 533\\nGamboge, 261\\nRoot Bark, 534\\nGuaiac, 542, 543\\nRoot Bark Preparations, 535, 536\\nKino, 628\\nGoudron, 783\\nMyrrh, 713\\nGoulard s Cerate, 790\\nOlibanum, 721\\nExtract 789\\nOpium. 724\\nGraines de Cumin, 388\\nSenegal, 5\\nGraisse de pore, 67\\nSweet, 654\\nGrana, 348\\nTragacanth, 999\\nGrains Paradise, 780\\nGummigutt, 261\\nGranati Fructus Cortex, 536\\nGummilacca, 635\\nGranatum, 537\\nGummi-resina Ammoniacum,\\n117\\nGranatwurzelrinde. 537\\nAsafcetida, 189\\nGrand Boucage, 778\\nGalbanum, 509\\nGranules, 776\\nGuttae, 261\\nGrape Sugar, 874\\nMyrrh a, 713\\nGrasa de Cerdo, 67\\nGun-Cotton, 828\\nGrassurzel, 1002\\nGunjah, 267\\nGravel Plant 425\\nGurjun Balsam, 411\\nRoot, 441\\nGurjunic Acid, 411\\nGreen Hellebore, 1014\\nGurkweja, 393\\nGreen Soap, 889\\nGutta Gamba, 261\\nGriffith s Mixture, 485\\nGutta-Percha, 545\\nGrindelia Robusta, 539\\nGutti, 261\\nSquarrosa, 541\\nGynocardic Acid, 546", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1187.jp2"}, "1188": {"fulltext": "1174\\nINDEX.\\nGynocardium Oil, 546\\nHerba Agrimonias, 77\\nGypsum, 253\\nArtemisise Abrotani, 187\\nCalendulas, 258\\nHaarlem Oil, 960\\nCapsellas, 276\\nHaematoxylin, 547\\nCatarias, 297\\nHasmatoxylon, 547\\nCentaureas Americanas, 870\\nIlafregryn, 210\\nChelidonii, 307\\nHair, Vegetable, 1083\\nChiratge, 315\\nHalicoris Oleum, 548\\nCochlearias, 349\\nHaller s Acid Drops, 45\\nCicutas, 361\\nHamamelis, 548\\nConii, 361\\nBark, 549\\nCoptis, 372\\nHarnmeltalg, 924\\nDroseras, 414\\nHartshorn. 124\\nEquiseti, 425\\nEmpyreumatic, 124\\nErigerontis, 431\\nLiniment, 121\\nEupatorii, 440\\nHarz, 840\\nFrankenias, 505\\nHasheesh, 207\\nGraphalii, 583\\nHausenblase, 589\\nHedeomas, 550\\nHausmannite, 677\\nHelianthemi, 551\\nHeal-all, 356\\nHepaticas, 554\\nHeart-wood, 1093\\nHyssopi, 589\\nHeavy Magnesia, 669\\nLactucas, 635\\nOil of Wine, 74\\nLedi, 6^5\\nHebra s Balsamic Ointment. 795\\nLeonuri, 645\\nDiachylon Ointment, 795\\nLobelias, 658\\nOintment 795\\nLycopodis, 666\\nHedeoma, 550\\nMajoranas, 674\\nHektographic Gelatin, 515\\nMarrubii, 681\\nHelecho Macho, 197\\nMeliloti, 688\\nHelenenwurzel, 606\\nMelissae, 689\\nHeliantherrmm, 551\\nMenthas Crispas. 691\\nHellebore American, 1014\\nMenthas Piperitae, 691\\nGreen, 1014\\nMenthas Pulegii, 55 J\\nHelleborein, 551\\nMenthas Viridis, 694\\nHelleborin, 551\\nMicromerias, 699\\nHelleborus Niger, 551\\nMitchellas, 700\\nHelmkraut, 908\\nOenotheras, 719\\nHelonias. 92, 552\\nOrigani, 740\\nHemidesmus, 553\\nPulsatillas, 825\\nHemlock Fruit, 361\\nRorellas, 414\\nPitch, 783\\nRutas, 868\\nSpruce Bark, 779\\nSabbatias, 870\\nHemostatic, Adrians, 470\\nSabinas, 871\\nCollodion. 50\\nScoparii, 907\\nCotton, 470, 534\\nScutellariae, 9C8\\nMartins, 470\\nSenecionis, 910\\nMonsel s, 494\\nSolidaginis. 941\\nHemp. 267\\nTanaceti, 970\\nAmerican, 267\\nThy mi, 980\\nCanadian, 268\\nTussilaginis, 1004\\nForeign, 268\\nViolas Tricoloris, 1023\\nIndian, 268\\nHerbeal IIirondelle, 307\\nHempseed Oil, 271\\naux Chats, 297\\nHenbane Leaves, 581\\nau Citron, 689\\nPreparations, 582-587\\nau Scorbut, 349\\nRoot, 585\\naux Vers, 970\\nSeed, 586\\nHesperidin, 203, 650\\nHepar Sulphuris, 807\\nHeuchera, 554\\nHepatica, 554\\nHexenmehl, 665\\nHiera Picra, 105\\nHerba Absintbii, 1\\nAconiti, 61\\nHierro, 400", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1188.jp2"}, "1189": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1175\\nHigado de Azufre, 807\\nHvit Kanel. 266\\nHinojo, 502\\nSenap, 925\\nHip-baths, 211\\nVax, 301\\nHipoclorito Calcico, 256\\nHvitlok, 94\\nHippoeastanum, 555\\nHydrangea, 560\\nHirschhornsalz, 124\\nHydrargyri Bichloridum, 566\\nHirudo, 555\\nChloridum Corrostvnm, 566\\nHisopo, 589\\nChloridum Mite, 568\\nHive Syrup, Coxe s, 906\\nCyanidum. 570\\nHjasrne s Plaster, 794\\nIodidum Flavum, 572\\nHjorthomssalt, 124]\\nIodidum Rubrum, 57i\\nHoarhound, 681\\nIodidum Viride, 572\\nHollenstein, 174\\nOleatum, 574\\nHoffman s Anodyne. 73, 74\\nOxidum Flavum, 575\\nHollunderbliithen, 879\\nOxidum Rubrum, 576\\nHolzessig, 41\\nSub-Muriate. 568\\nHolzgeist, 91\\nSubsulphas Flavus, 577\\nHomatropine Hydrobromate, 556\\nSulphas, 577\\nHoney, 687\\nSulphidum Nigrum, 577\\nClarified, 688\\nSulphidum Rubrum, 577\\nRose, 861\\nHydrargyrum, 561\\nHonejs, Medicated, 638\\nAmmoniatum. 578\\nHonig, 687\\ncum Creta, 566\\nHoning. 687\\nDepuratum, 562\\nHoodwort, 908\\nHydrastine, 579\\nHop bag, 559\\nHydrastis, 579\\nPoultice, 559\\nPreparations, 580, 581\\nHope s Camphor Mixture, 264\\nHydrate Alumina, 115\\nHopfen, 558\\nChloral, 317\\nHopfenmehl, 662\\nHydrated Alumina, 115\\nHops, 558\\nOxide Iron, 486\\nPreparations, 559\\nOxide Iron with Magnesia, 487\\nHoptree Bark, 824\\nHydrobromate Ammonia, 123\\nHordeum Prasparatum, 557\\nHomatropine, 555\\nHorn Poppy, 525\\nQuinine. 836\\nHorse-balm 856\\nHydrobromic Acid, 28\\nHorse-chestnut Bark, 555\\nEther, 436\\nHorseradish. 175\\nHydrochlorate Ammonia, 126\\nHorse-tail, 425\\nApomorphine, 165\\nHot Drops, 714\\nCinchonine, 342\\nHoublon, 558\\nMorphine, 702\\nHoundstongue, 396\\nPilocarpine, 773\\nHuflottig, 1004\\nQuinine, 836\\nHuile de Cade, 742\\nTrimethylamine, 1002\\nde Foie de Morue, 704\\nHydrochloric Acid, 29\\nde Grain, 91\\nAcid, Diluted, 31\\nde Morue. 704\\nHvdrocotoin, 379\\nd Olive, 722\\nH dromel, 688\\nde Romarin Eperle, 862\\nHydrometer, 1134\\nde Sesame, 924\\nHydrocyanated Emulsion, 3\\nde Vitriol, 44\\nHydrocvanic Acid, 821\\nMinerale, 760\\nAcid, Diluted, 31\\nHuiles, 720\\nAcid Emulsion, 33\\nHumla, 558\\nAcid, Scheele s, 32\\nHumuli Strobili, 558\\nHydrogen, Bromide, 28\\nHumulus. 558\\nChloride, 29\\nHundszunge, 396\\nCyanide, 31\\nHusarfro, 869\\nIodide, 27\\nHusblas, 589\\nHydriodate Ammonia, 127\\nHuxham s Tincture of Bark, 340\\nHydriodic Acid, 27\\nHvetestarkelse, 136\\nHygrive, 435\\nHvit Arsenik, 182\\nHyoscyami Folia, 581", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1189.jp2"}, "1190": {"fulltext": "1176\\nINDEX.\\nHyoscyaini Radix, 585\\nSemen, 586\\nHyoscyainine Sulphate, 581\\nHyoscyamus. 581\\nLeaf, 581\\nPreparations, 582, 587\\nRoot, 585\\nSeed, 586\\nHypo, 937\\nHypopicrotoxie Acid, 347\\nHypodermic Injections, 603, 606, 1105\\nMedication, 603, 606, 1105\\nHypophosphite Calcium, 251\\nIron, 482\\nLime, 251\\nManganese, 676\\nPotassium, 816\\nQuinine, 837\\nSodium, 937\\nHypoohosphites, 587\\nPreparations, 587, 588\\nHypophosphorous Acid, 33\\nHyposulphite Sodium, 937\\nHyssop, 589\\nHaftpl ster, 841\\nHastfibleflommor, 176\\nHastfiblerot, 177\\nHiisthofsort, 1004\\nIce, 165\\nIceland Moss, 306\\nMoss, Washed, 307\\nMoss Jelly, Dried, 648\\nIchtyocollfl, 589\\nIctiocola, 589\\nIgasuric Acid, 591\\n]gel, 555\\nIgnatia, 591\\nPreparations, 592\\nIgnazbohnen, 591\\nIkaju, 79\\nIllicium, 593\\nAnisatum, 593\\nReligiosnm, 594\\nImperatoria, 595\\nImperatorin, 595\\nImperial Drink, 810\\nImproved Dover s Powder, 731\\nIncienso, 721\\nIndian Bread, 664\\nCannabis, 267\\nCannabis, Preparations, 269, 270\\nCorn, 686\\nHemp, Black, 159\\nHemp, Foreign, 267\\nHemp, White, 195\\nPhysic, 523\\nPohe. 1014\\nSarsaparilla, 553\\nTobacco, 658\\nTurnip, 188\\nIndigo, 595\\nIndigo Blue, 596\\nSulphate, 596\\nIndigotin, 596\\nIndischer Hanf 267\\nInfant Powder, Yellow, 665\\nInfusa, 596\\nInfused Oil, Hyoscyamus, 585\\nInfusion Absinthium, 3\\nAchillea, 13\\nAngustura, 145\\nAnise, 147\\nAnthemis, 151\\nBittersweet, 417\\nBoneset, 441\\nBraytra, 239\\nBucbu, 243\\nCalamus, 249\\nCapsicum, 279\\nCardamon. 284\\nCascarilla, 293\\nCataria, 298\\nCatnep, 298\\nCherry, Wild, 823\\nChirata, 317\\nCinchona, 336\\nCloves, 291\\nChamomile, 151\\nChamomile, German, 685\\nColumbo, 260\\nDandelion, 974\\nDigitalis, 407\\nDulcamara, 417\\nElder Flowers, 880\\nElm, 1005\\nErgot, 430\\nEupatorium. 441\\nFlaxseed, 653\\nFoxglove, 407\\nGalls, 512\\nGentian, Compound, 519\\nGinger, 1032\\nHoarhound, 682\\nHops, 559\\nHumulus, 559\\nIpecac, 614\\nJaborandi, 776\\nJuniper Berries, 625\\nKousso, 2o9\\nKrameria, 633\\nLobelia, 661\\nMarrubium, 682\\nMatico, 684\\nMatricaria. 685\\nNutgall 512\\nOrange Peel, Bitter, 204\\nPareira, 753\\nPeppermint, 692\\nPhellandrium, 763\\nPilocarpus, 776\\nPink Root, 943\\nPink Root, Compound, 943\\nRhatany, 633", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1190.jp2"}, "1191": {"fulltext": "Rhubarb, Alkaline, 848\\nRhubarb, Compound, 850\\nRose, 860\\nSage, 878\\nSambucus, 880\\nSassafras, 901\\nSenega, 914\\nSenna, 920\\nSerpentaria, 923\\nSlippery Elm, 1005\\nSnake Root, 923\\nSpigelia, 943\\nSpigelia, Compound, 943\\nTansy, 970\\nTar, 784\\nTaraxacum, 974\\nTobacco, 969\\nUlmus, 1005\\nValerian, 1011\\nWater-fennel, 762\\nWild Cherry, 823\\nWormwood, 3\\nYarrow, 13\\nTnfusion Pot, 598\\nInfusions, 596\\nlnfusum Absinthii, 3\\nAchillea, 13\\nAngusturas, 145\\nAnisi, 147\\nAnthemidis, 151\\nAurantii Amari, 204\\nCalami, 249\\nCalumbae, 260\\nCapsici, 279\\nCarais, 286\\nCam is, Frigide Paratum, 286\\nCaryophyllas, 291\\nCascarillas, 293\\nCinchonas, 336\\nDigitalis, 407\\nDulcamaras, 417\\nEupatorii, 441\\nGallse, 512\\nIpecacuanhas, 614\\nKousso, 229\\nLini, 653\\nMatricarias, 685\\nMenthae Piperitas, 692\\nPareiras, 753\\nPhellandrii, 763\\nPicis, 784\\nPilocarpi, 776\\nPriini Virginianas, 823\\nRhei, 847\\nRhei, Alkalinum, 848\\nRhei, Compositum, 850\\nRosas, Acidulum, 860\\nSalvias, 878\\nSambuci, 880\\nSenegas, 914\\nSennas, 920\\nINDEX.\\n1177\\nlnfusum Serpentarias, 923\\nSpigelias, 943\\nSpigelias, Compound, 943\\nTaraxacas, 974\\nUlmi, 1005\\nValerianae, 1011\\nZingiberis, 1032\\nIngefara, 1031\\nIngwer, 1031\\nInhalation, Chlorine, 322\\nChloroform, 318\\nConium, 369\\nCreasote, 381\\nHydrocyanic Acid, 31\\nIodine, 611\\nSalicylic Acid, 43\\nInhalations, 599-601, 1013, 1106\\nInhalers, 600\\nInjection, Alum, 114\\nTannic Acid, 51, 52\\nInjections. 424, 601-606\\nAnal, 601\\nEar, 602\\nHypodermic, 603-606\\nNasal, 603\\nSubcutaneous, 603-606\\nUrethral. 601, 602\\nVaginal, 602\\nInk, Blue, 480\\nInks. Aniline, 146\\nInscription, 1111, 1112\\nInsect Powder, 828\\nInspissated Juices, 445\\nOxgall, 458\\nInsufflation, 601, 1106\\nInula, 606\\nInulin, 327, 972\\nIodide of Ammonium, 127\\nof Arsenic, 186\\nof Cadmium, 244\\nof Calcium, 251\\nof Hydrogen, 27\\nof Iron, 482\\nof Iron Pills, 483\\nof Iron, Saccharated, 483\\nof Lead, 792\\nof Lime, 251\\nof Manganese, 676\\nof Mercury, G-reen, 572\\nof Mercury, Red, 571\\nof Mercury, Yellow, 572\\nof Potassium, 817\\nof Silver, 171\\nof Sodium, 938\\nof Starch, 609\\nof Sulphur, 610, 961\\nof Zinc, 1028\\nIodine, 608\\nVapor, 611\\nIodiniutn, 608\\nIodinized Collodion, 609\\nIodized Phenol, 21", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1191.jp2"}, "1192": {"fulltext": "1178\\nINDEX.\\nIodized Starch, 609\\nIodoform, 607\\nPaint, 608\\nPaint Iodinized, 608\\nIodum, 608\\nIodure de Potassium, 817\\nIpecac, 612\\nFalse, 612\\nPreparations, 613-615\\nSpurge, 442\\nIpecacuanha, 612\\nIpecacuanhic Acid, 612\\nIpomcea Orizabensis, 620\\nPandurata, 62i)\\nSimulans, 620\\nIris Florentina, 615\\nVersicolor, 617\\nIrish Moss, 325\\nIrlandisches Moos, 325\\nIron, 460\\nAlbuminate, 500\\nAlum, 477\\nand Ammonium Citrate, 477\\nand Ammonium Sulphate, 477\\nand Ammonium Tartrate, 477\\nArseniate, 463\\nBenzoate, 464\\nBromide Syrup, 464\\nby Hydrogen, 501\\nCarbonate Mass, 466\\nCarbonate Pills, 467\\nCarbonate, Saccharated, 465\\nChloride, 467\\nChloride, Green, 473\\nCitrate, 474\\nDialyzed, 480\\nDialyzed, Scales, 481\\nFerrocyanide, 480\\nFilings, 460\\nHydrate, 486\\nHydrated Oxide, 486\\nHypophof-phite, 482\\nIodide, 482\\nIodide Pills, 483\\nIodide, Saccharated, 483\\nMagnetic Oxide, Precipitated, 4\\nMalate, 491\\nOxalate, 486\\nOxide, Hydrated, 486\\nOxide Magnet. Precip., 488\\nOxide, Saccharated, 500\\nOxide. Soluble, 500\\nPerchloride, 467\\nPersulphate, 493\\nPhosphate, Blue, 490\\nPhosphate, Phar. 1870, 490\\nPhosphate, Soluble, 488\\nPhosphate, U. S., 1880, 488\\nPhosphate, White, 490\\nPowdered, 501\\nPreparations, 460-502\\nProto-chloride, 473\\nIron, Pyrophosphate, 491\\nQuevenne s, 501\\nReduced, 501\\nSesquichloride, 467\\nSubcarbonate, 493\\nSubsulphate, 493\\nSubsulphate Solution, 494\\nSulphate, 495\\nSulphate, Commercial, 496\\nSulphate, Dried, 495\\nSulphate, Exsiccated, 495\\nSulphate, Granulated, 496\\nSulphate, Impure, 496\\nSulphate, Precipitated, 496\\nSulphide, 497\\nSulphuret, 497\\nTersulphate Solution, 497\\nValerianate, 499\\nIsinglass, 515, 589\\nPlaster, United States, 591\\nPlaster (Squire s), 590\\nIslandisches Moos, 306\\nIslandsmossa, 306\\nIsop, 589\\nIster. 67\\nIsattika, 14\\nItch Ointment, 959\\nJabon, 887\\nde Sosa, 887\\nJaborandi, 773\\nPreparations, 775, 776\\nJalap, 618\\nFalse, 620\\nMale. 620\\nPreparations, 620, 622\\nResin, 622\\nTampico, 620\\nJalapenknollen, 618\\nJalapin, 619, 022, 903\\nJamaica Dogwood, 781\\nJames Powder, 155\\nJamestown Weed, 950\\nJanin s Plaster, 444\\nJapaconitine, 55\\nJarobe, 964\\nSimple, 966\\nJasmine, 516\\nJaune Amer, 40\\nd CEuf, 1024\\nJavanese Arrow Poison, 151\\nJem, 460\\nJerndroppar. 470\\nJernklorid, 467\\nJernkloridlosning, 467\\nJernkloridtinktur, 470\\nJervine, 1014\\nJessamine. 516\\nJimson Weed, 950\\nJod, 608\\nJodknlium, 817\\nJodsilbcr, 171", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1192.jp2"}, "1193": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1179\\nJodviitesyra, 27\\nKaneel, 343\\nJodwasserstoffsaure, 27\\nKanelsyra, 24\\nJoe pye Weed, 441\\nKarbolsyra, 18\\nJohauniswurzeJ, 197\\nKardamomen. 282\\nJuo-landic Acid, 623\\nKardbenediktblad, 284\\nJuglans, 622\\nKardborrerot, 640\\nJuglone, 623\\nKarweliter, Geist, 690\\nJuice Belladonna. 220\\nKaskarilirinde, 291\\nConium, 368\\nKatechu, 298\\nHenbane, 585\\nKatzenkraut, 297\\nHyoscyamus, 585\\nKatzenmiinze, 297\\nTaraxacum, 973\\nKava Kava, 696\\nJuices. 957\\nKavahin, 696\\nInspissated, 445\\nKeep-ware, 506\\nJulapium Moschi, 708\\nKellerhalsrmde, 698\\nJuniper Berries, 624\\nKermes Minerahs, 156\\nSyrup, 625\\nKinabark, 330\\nWood. 625\\nGra, 338\\nJuniperi Lignum, 625\\nKinarot, 312\\nJuniperus, 624\\nKinasalt, 838\\nVirginiana, 627\\nKinic Acid, 331\\nJusquiamenoir, 581\\nKino. 628\\nJast, 459\\nPreparations, 629, 630\\nVarieties, 628\\nKadeol, 742\\nKinoin, 628\\nKaffee, 245\\nKino-red, 628\\nKali Aceticum, 808\\nKinotannic Acid, 628\\nBicarbonicum, 809\\nKirschlorbeerblatter, 641\\nBichromicum, 809\\nKitcben Salt, 935\\nBitartaricum, 810\\nKleesaure, 38\\nCarbonicum. 812\\nKlettenwurzel, 640\\nCausticum, 805\\nKlistirer, 424\\nChloricum, 812\\nKlor, 322\\nCitricum. 814\\nKlorammonium, 128\\nHypermanganicum, 819\\nKlorkalk, 256\\nNitricum, 818\\nKiornatrium, 985\\nOxymuriaticum, 812\\nKlorsyradt Kali, 812\\nSulphuricum, 819\\nNatron, 935\\nTartaricum, 820\\nKlorvatten, 323\\nKalialaun, 113\\nKlorvtitesyra, 29\\nKalihydrat, 805\\nKlystiere, 424\\nKalilange, 806, 807\\nKnoblaucb, 94\\nKalilut, 806, 807\\nKnob-root, 356\\nKalisalpeter. 818\\nKnorpeltang, 325\\nKalischwefelleber, 807\\nKochsalz. 935\\nKalium, 804\\nKonigscbina, 333\\nBromatum, 811\\nKonigskretze, 1016\\nJodatum, 817\\nKoblensaures Ammonium, 124\\nSulphuratum, 807\\nKali, 812\\nJerncyanid, 816\\nNatron, 934\\nKaliumj erncy anur, 8 1 6\\nKokkelskorner, 347\\nKalk, 255\\nKoksalt, 935\\nKalkvatten, 254\\nKolopbonium, 840\\nKalkwasser, 254\\nKoloqvinten. 358\\nKalmuswurzel, 247\\nKoisyradt, Kali, 812\\nKamala, 627\\nNatron, Surt, 931\\nKameela, 627\\nKolumborot, 259\\nKamfer. 262\\nKolumbowurzel, 259\\nKamille, 150, 684\\nKonsioneU. 348\\nKamillenblumen, 684\\nKopaivabalsam, 370\\nKamomillblommor, 150, 684\\nKoppar. 389\\nKampfer, 262\\nKoriander, 374", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1193.jp2"}, "1194": {"fulltext": "1180\\nINDEX,\\nKornmutter, 426\\nKoumys, 634\\nKoussin, 238\\nKousso, 237\\nKrahenaugen, 717\\nKraftmehl, 136\\nKrameria, 630\\nPreparations, 631-633\\nKramerio-tannic Acid, 631\\nKrauseminze, 691\\nKreosot, 380\\nKreuzkiimmel, 388\\nKroni, 326\\nKromsyra, 23\\nKronchina, 338\\nKrusmynta, 691\\nKryddattika, 10\\nKryddnejlikor, 29Q\\nKrakrot, 612\\nKroksalt, 153\\nKrokvin, 154, 615\\nKrakvinsten, 153\\nKubeben, 384\\nKiihlwasser, 790\\nKiimmel, 289-388\\nKummin, 289\\nKungskina, 333\\nKungsljus, 1016\\nKupfer, 389\\nKurkuma, 393\\nLabarraque s Solution, 324\\nLac, 634, 635\\nSulphuris, 960\\nLacca Coerulea, 657\\nMusica, 657\\nResina, 635\\nLack, 635\\nLackmus, 657\\nLacque Bleu, 657\\nLactate Iron, 484\\nManganese, 677\\nZinc, 1029\\nLactic Acid, 33, 634\\nLacto-peptin, 34\\nLactophosphates, 33\\nLactosa, 875\\nLactuca, 635\\nVirosa, 635\\nLactucarium, 635, 636\\nLactucerin, 637\\nLactucic Acid, 637\\nLactucin, 637\\nLactucon, 637\\nLactucopicrin, 637\\nLactuk, 635\\nLadies Slipper, 397\\nLady Webster s Dinner Pills, 104\\nLaerohenschwamm, 76\\nliiiuse-korner, 809\\nLafayette s Mixture, 372\\nLagerbiir, 641\\nLait, 634\\nd Araandes, 133\\nLaitue Vireuse, 635\\nLakritz, 531\\nLakritzrot, 527\\nLaminaria, 639\\nLanger Kiimmel, 388\\nLangue de Chien, 396\\nLanugo Gossypii, 533\\nLapilli Cancrorum, 257\\nLapis, 174\\nDivinus, 392\\nInfernalis, 174\\nLappa, 640\\nLappa? Fructus,640\\nBadix, 640\\nLard, 67\\nCerate, 303\\nOil, 69\\nLarge-flowering Spurge, 442\\nLarktradswamp, 76\\nLarkspur Seed, 402\\nLatex, 1080\\nLatwergen, 361\\nLaudanum, 735\\nLiqu dum Sydenhami, 738\\nLaughing Gas, 716\\nLaurel Camphor, 642\\nLeaves, 642\\nLauri Baccae, 641\\nFolia, 642\\nFructus, 641\\nLaurin, 642\\nLaurocerasin, 641\\nLaurocerasus, 641\\nLaurostearin, 642\\nLavandula, 643\\nLavemanger, 424\\nLavements, 424\\nLavendelblommor, 643\\nLavendelbliithe, 643\\nLavender, 643\\nLaxative Species, 921\\nLead, 787\\nAcetate, 788\\nAcetate and Opium, Pills, 789\\nCarbonate, 791\\nIodide, 792\\nNitrate, 792\\nOleate, 793\\nOxide, 796\\nOxide, Red, 797\\nPetrolatum, 795\\nPlaster, 793\\nPoisoning, 787\\nPreparations, 788-797\\nRed, 797\\nRed Oxide, 797\\nSuperoxide, 797\\nTannate, Glycerite, 796\\nWater, 790\\nWhite, 791", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1194.jp2"}, "1195": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1181\\nLeaf, Structure of, 1102-1103\\nLimon, 649\\nLebenselixir, 100\\nLinomensaft, 651\\nLeberplette, 77\\nLimonenschale, 649\\nLeberthran, 704\\nLimonis Cortex, 649\\nLeche, 634\\nFlavedo, 650\\nLechuga, 635\\nOleum, 650\\nLeditannic Acid, 645\\nSuccus, 651\\nLedon, 643\\nLinaza, 652\\nLedum, 645\\nLinctus Chloratus, 325\\nLeech, 555\\nOleosus, 135, 723\\nLeinsamen, 652\\nOleosus Acidus, 723\\nLejia de Potasa, 806, 807\\nOpii Tolutanus, 733\\ndel Jaborjero, 930\\nLindblommor, 981\\nLemon, 649\\nLinden Flowes, 981\\nBalm, 689\\nLindenbluthen, 981\\nJuice, 25, 651\\nLindera Bark, 651\\nZeste, 650\\nBerries, 652\\nLemonade, Artificial. 25\\nFruit, 652\\nSulphuric Acid, 48\\nLinderas Cortex, 651\\nTartaric Acid, 53\\nFructus, 652\\nLengua de Perro, 396\\nLinfro, 652\\nLeonurus, 645\\nLini Farina, 653\\nLeptandra, 646\\nOleum, 653\\nLeptaudrin, True, 646\\nSemina, 652\\nLetheon, 72\\nLiniment, Acid, Tannic, 51\\nLettuce, 635\\nAconite, 60\\nOpium, 636\\nAmmonia, 121\\nLeucotin, 379\\nAnthemidis, 151\\nLevantic Wormseed, 885\\nBellad. 224\\nLevisse Caustique, 806, 807\\nBritannicum, 958\\nLevistici, Fructus, 647\\nCalcis, 254\\nRadix, 648\\nCamphorse, 264\\nLeviere de Biere, 459\\nCantharid. 275\\nLiber, 1094\\nChamomile, 151\\nLibsticka, 648\\nChloroform, 321\\nLichen d Islande, 306\\nChloroform, Compound, 322\\nStarch, 306. 648\\nHydrargyri, 564\\nLichenin, 306. 648\\nIodi, 610\\nSaccharated, 648\\nIodine, 610\\nLicorice, Black, 531\\nMercury, 564\\nRoot, 527\\nMustard, 929\\nLiebstockel, 648\\nOpod. ldoc, 890\\nLife Everlasting, 533\\nPlumbi Subacetatis, 791\\nRoot, 910\\nSaponis, 888\\nLight Magnesia, 668\\nSinapis Compositus, 929\\nLignin, 1075\\nStokes 975\\nLignum Campechianum, 547\\nSubacetate Lead, 791\\nG-uaiaci, 542\\nTannin, 51\\nHasmatoxyli, 547\\nTerebinthinae, 975\\nJuniperi, 625\\nTerebinthinas Album, 9^5\\nQuassias, 829\\nTurpentine, 975\\nSantali Albi, 884\\nLiniments, 652\\nSantali, Citrini, 883\\nLinolein, 624, 653\\nSantali Rubri, 884\\nLinseed, 652\\nVitas, 542\\nGround, 653\\nLigusticum Actseifolium, 648\\nMeal. 653\\nLiljekonvalj, 369\\nOil, 653\\nLily-of-the-Valley, 369\\nPoultice, 653\\nLimatura Ferri, 460\\nLint, 654\\nLime, 255\\nLinteum, 654\\nLiniment, 254\\nLinum, 652\\nWater, 254\\nLip Salve, 862", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1195.jp2"}, "1196": {"fulltext": "1182\\nINDEX.\\nLip Salve. Red, 978\\nLignen Islandico. 300\\nLiqueur Hemostatique de Monsel, 404\\nLiquid Bismuth, 231\\nExtract Aloes, 103\\nExtract Catechu, 299\\nExtract Cinchona, 335\\nExtract Kino, 629\\nExtract Opium, 733\\nMedicinal Carbolic Acid, 20\\nMedicines, 1108\\nPepsin, 756\\nRv_nnet, 756\\nStorax, 956\\nLiquidambar, 654, 956\\nLiquids, how Weighed. 1127\\nLiquor Acidi Arseniosi, 184\\nAcidus Halleri, 45\\nAmmonias, 119\\nAmmonii Acetatis, 121\\nAmmonii Anisatus, 149\\nAmmonii Succinatis, 128\\nAnodynus Martialis, 472\\nAntimonii Chloridi, 152\\nArsenici Chloridi, 184\\nArsenii et Hydrarg. Iodidi, 186\\nAtropias Sulphatis, 202\\nBismuthi, 231\\nCalcis, 254\\nCantharid. Epispast., 276\\nEpispasticus, 276\\nErgotas, 430\\nFerri Acetatis, 461\\nFerri Albuminati, 500\\nFerri Chloridi, 467\\nFerri Citratis, 475\\nFerri Dialysati, 480\\nFerri et Quin. Citr. 479\\nFerri Mnriatici, 467\\nFerri Nitratis, 485\\nFerri Perchloridi Fortior, 469\\nFerri Sesquichlorati, 469\\nFerri Subsulphatis, 494\\nFerri Subsulphatis,\\nFerri Tersulphatis, 497\\nGutta-perchas, 546\\nHydrargi, Chloridi, 568\\nHydrargyri Nitratis, 573\\nIodi Comp., 610\\nKali Caustici, 806, 807\\nMagnesii Citratis, 672\\nMorphinas Citratis, 702\\nNatri, Caustici, 930\\nOpii Compositus, 734\\nOpii Sedativus, 734\\nPepsini. 756\\nPepsini Seriparus, 756\\nPicis Kalinus, 785\\nPlumbi Subacetatis, 789\\nPlumbi Sul)acetatis Dilutus, 790\\nPotass\u00c2\u00a9, 806\\nPotahsii Arsenitis, 180\\nLiquor Potassii Citratis, 814\\nSodas, 930\\nSodas Chloratas, 324\\nSodii Arseniatis, 185\\nSodii Citratis, 936\\nSodii Silicotis, 939\\nStanni Chloridi, 947\\nZinci Chloridi, 1028\\nLiquores, 654, 941\\nLiquorice, BJack, 531\\nRoot, 527\\nRoot, Preparations, 529-532\\nLirio de Florencia, 615\\nLiriodenclri Cortex, 655\\nLiriodendrin, 655\\nLiriodendron, 655\\nLitharge, 796\\nLithii Benzoas, 656\\nBromidum, 656\\nCarbon as, 656\\nCitras, 657\\nSalicylas, 657\\nLithium, 655\\nBenzoate, 656\\nBromide, 656\\nCarbonate. 656\\nCitrate, 657\\nPreparations, 656\\nSalicylate, 657\\nLitmus, 657\\nPaper, 658\\nTincture, 657\\nLiveche, 648\\nLiver Sulphur, 807\\nLiverwort, 553\\nLobelia, 658\\nPreparations, 660-662\\nSeed, 661\\nTea, 661\\nLobelias Semina, 661\\nLobeline, 658\\nLoffelkraut, 349\\nLowenzahnwurzel, 971\\nLogwood, 547\\nLolium, 662\\nLorbeer, 641\\nLotio Flava, 568\\nHydrargyri Flava, 508\\nHydrargyri Nigra, 570\\nNigra, 5 0\\nTerebinthinas Actringens, 975\\nLotion Ammonium Chloride, 127\\nHyposulphite Iodium, 937\\nSodium Hyposulphite, 937\\nLotions. 002\\nLovnge Root. 648\\nSeed, 647\\nLoxa Bark. 338\\nLozenges, 1004\\nChlorate Potassium, 813\\nLubricating Oil, 750, 751\\nLugol s Solution, 610", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1196.jp2"}, "1197": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1183\\nLunar Caustic, 174\\nMale Fern Preparations, 198, 1 99\\nLungenmoos, 306\\nJalap, 620\\nLupamaric Acid, 668\\nMallotus, 627\\nLupuli Glandular. 662\\nMalt, 674\\nLupulin, 558, 662\\nExtract, 675\\nPreparations, 663, 664\\nMai tin, 675\\nLupulina, 682\\nMalvabisco, 109\\nLupulinum, 662\\nMalort, 1\\nLupulite, 662\\nMamasiro, 750\\nLycoperdon, 664\\nMancona Bark, 434\\nLycopodii Semina, 665\\nMandelemulsion, 133\\nSporidia, 665\\nMandelmassa, 183\\nLycopodium, 665\\nMandelmilch, 133\\nlycopus, 666\\nMandelmjolk, 183\\nMandeln, Bittere, 130\\nMace. GG6\\nSiisse, 132\\nMacias, 666\\nMandelol, 134\\nMacidis ^Etheroleum, 667\\nMandrake, 797\\nMacis, 666\\nManganese, 675\\nMachine Oil, 750, 751\\nCarbonate, 676\\nMacrotin, 328\\nChloride, 676\\nMadeira Wine, 1020\\nDioxide, 677\\nMadweed, 908\\nHypophosphite, 676\\nMagendie s Solution, 703\\nIodide, 676\\nMagnesia, 668\\nLactate, 677\\nCalcinada, 668, 669\\nPhosphate, 678\\nCalcinata, 66S, 669\\nPreparations. 676-678\\nCarbonica, 670\\nSulphate, 678\\nHeavy, 669\\nSuperoxide, 677\\nLeniter Usta, 668\\nManganesii Carbonas, 676\\nLight, 668\\nManganesium, 675\\nMilk, 669\\nMangani Carbonas, 676\\nPonderosa, 669\\nChloridum, 676\\nSulphurica, 672\\nHypophosphis, 676\\nTroches, 669\\nIodidum, 676\\nUsta, 668, 669\\nLactas, 677\\nMagnesie, 668, 659\\nOxidum Nigrum, 677\\nMagnesii Acetas, 670\\nPhosphas, 678\\nCarbonas, 670\\nSulphas, 678\\nCitras Granulatus, 671\\nMangansuperoxid, 677\\nSulphas, 672\\nManganum, 675\\nSulphis, 673\\nMangostana, 678\\nMagnesium, 668\\nMangosteen, 678\\nAcetate, 670\\nMangostin. 679\\nCarbonates, 670\\nManna, 679\\nCitrate, Granulated, 671\\nMannit, 680\\nCitrate Solution, 672\\nManzanita, 680\\nOxide, 668, 669\\nMaple Sugar, 874\\nPreparations, 668-673\\nSyrup, 874\\nSulphate, 672\\nMaranta, 681\\nSulphate Enema, 673\\nMarjolaine, 674\\nSulphite, 673\\nSauvage, 740\\nMagnolia, 673\\nMarjoram, 674\\nMagnolin, 673\\nWild, 740\\nMaiblumen, 369\\nMarrubium, 681\\nMaidenhair Fern, 71\\nMarsh Tea, 645\\nMaidis Amylum, 686\\nMarshmallow Flowers, 112\\nStigmata, 687\\nPreparations, 110-112\\nMaize, 686\\nRoot, 109\\nMajorana, 674\\nMarsh trefoil, 696\\nMalate Iron, 491\\nMartin s Hemostatic, 470\\nMale Fern, 197\\nMaskfro, 885", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1197.jp2"}, "1198": {"fulltext": "1184\\nINDEX.\\nMassa Amygdalae, 133\\nMercure, 561\\nCopaibas, 371\\nMercurial Fumigation, 564\\nFerri Carbonatis, 466\\nOintment, 565\\nHydrargyri, 565\\nPill, 565\\nMassge, 682\\nPlaster, 564\\nMasses, 682\\nVapor Bath, 564\\nMastei wort, 595\\nMercuric Chloride, 566\\nMastic, 682\\nCyanide, 570\\nMastiche, 682\\nIodide, 571\\nMatico, 682\\nOxide, Red, 576\\nPreparations, 683, 684\\nOxide, Yellow, 575\\nMatolja, 722\\nSulphate, White, 577\\nMatricaria, 684\\nSulphate, Yellow, 577\\nPreparations, 685\\nSulphide, Red, 577\\nMaw Seed, 748, 749\\nMercurio, 561\\nMay- Apple Pilis, Comp., 799\\nMercurous Chloride, 568\\nRoot, 797\\nIodide, 572\\nMays, 686\\nMercury, 561\\nMcMunn s Elixir, 739\\nBiniodide, 571\\nMeasures, Approximate, 1122\\nChloride Corrosive, 566\\nMeat Extract, 286\\nChloride, Mild, 568\\nMecereon, 698\\nCyanide, 570\\nMechoacan, 620\\nIodide, Green, 572\\nMeconic Acid, 725\\nIodide, Red, 571\\nMeconium, 724\\nIodide, Yellow, 572\\nMedicated Papers, 807\\nLiniment, 564\\nMedicines, Administration of, 1105\\nMass, 565\\nMedulla, 1089\\nNitrate Solution, 573\\nSassafras, 901\\nOleate, 574\\nMedullary Rays, 1089, 1096\\nOxide, Red, 576\\nMeerzwiebel, 903\\nOxide, Yellow, 574\\nMeiran, 674, 740\\nPrepa- ations, 562-579\\nMe j ram, 674\\nProtiodide, 572\\nMel, 687\\nProtochloride, 568\\nDespumatum, 688\\nPurified, 562\\nRosse, 861\\nSubchloride, 568\\nMelilotenklee, 688\\nSubmuriate, 568\\nMelilotus, 688\\nSubsulphate. Yellow, 577\\nPlaster, 689\\nSulphate, 577\\nMelissa, 689\\nSulphide, Black, 577\\nWater, 689\\nSulphide, Red, 577\\nMelissenblatter, 689\\nSulphuret, Red, 577\\nMelissyl Palmitate, 303\\nSuppositories, 585\\nMellita, 688\\nwith Chalk, 566\\nMeloten, 688\\nMeristem, 1084\\nMembrillo, 395\\nMetacopaivic Acid, 370\\nMenispermine, 347\\nMetarabic Acid, 7\\nMenispermum, 690\\nMethyl-coniine, 362\\nMentha Crispa, 691\\nSalicylate, 514\\nPiperita, 691\\nMethylic Alcohol, 91\\nPiperita. Preparations, 692-694\\nMethysticin, 696\\nPulegioides, 550\\nMethysticum, 696\\nViridis, 694\\nMetric System, 1127-1131\\nMenthe Crcpue, 691\\nMexican Sage Seed, 310\\nde Chats, 297\\nMezereon, 698\\nPoivrc, 691\\nMezereum, 698\\nRomaine, 694\\nMezquite Gum, 5\\nVerte, 694\\nMica Panis, 747\\nMenthol, 693, 695\\nMicromeria, 699\\nMenyanthes, 696\\nMicroscope, Accessories, 1041-1043\\nMenyanthin, 696\\nAction of Lenses, 1038-1040\\nMercurammonium Chloride. 578\\nChoice of, 1041-1043", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1198.jp2"}, "1199": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1185\\nMicroscope, Compound. 1035\\nDrawing with, 1043-1045\\nExamination with, 1046, 1047\\nMeasuring with, 1043, 1045\\nOptical Parts of, 1037\\nParts of, 1035-1037\\nSimple, 1034\\nMounting, Methods of, 1052\\nMounts, Dry, 1052-1055\\nMounts, in Balsam, 1058-1060\\nMounts, in Cells, 1062-1085\\nMounts, in Jelly, 1060-1061\\nMounts, Materials for, 1049-1051\\nMounts, Preparation of, 1047-1066\\nMounts, Sections for, 1055-1057\\nSections, Bleaching, 1057\\nSections, Staining, 1058\\nMiel, 687\\nMikania, 700\\nMilch, 634\\nMilchsaure, 33\\nMilchzucker, 875\\nMild Chloride Mercury, 568\\nMilfoil, 11\\nMilk, 634\\nButter, 634\\nCondensed, 634\\nSkim, 634\\nAlmonds, 133\\nSugar, 634, 875\\nSulphur, 960\\nMilkweed, 195\\nMillefolium, 11\\nMills, 1129\\nMineral Wax, 304\\nMineralkermes, 156\\nMinium, 797\\nMint, Curled, 691\\nJulep, 692\\nMirra, 713\\nMishmi, Bitter, 373\\nMistletoe, American, 763\\nMistura Ammoniaci, 119\\nAmygdalas, 133\\nAromatica Acida, 46\\nAsafostidas, 191\\nCamphoras Acida, 264\\nCamphoras Aromatica, 265\\nChloroformi, 320\\nChloroformi Composita, 321\\nCopaibas Composita, 372\\nCretas, 382\\nFerri Composita, 485\\nFerri et Ammonii Acetatis, 476\\nGlycyrrhizas Composita, 530\\nGuaiaci, 543\\nMagnesias Carminativa, 671\\nMorrhuas, 705\\nMorrhuas cum Calcii Lactophospate,\\n705\\nMorrhuas Ferrata, 706\\nMorrhuas Phosphatica, 706\\n75\\nMisturia Magnesias et Asafoetidas, 670\\nMoschi, 708\\nMyrrhas Ferrata, 485\\nOlei Ricini, 858\\nOpii Composita, 734\\nOpii et Ipecacuanhas Composita, 730\\nOpii et Sassafras, 732\\nPotassii Citratis, 814\\nRhei Composita, 848\\nRhei et Sodas, 846\\nThielemanni, 730\\nMisturas, 701\\nMitchella, 700\\nMixture Aeet. Iron and Ammonium, 476\\nChloride Ammonium, 127\\nCitrate Potassium, 814\\nMagnesia and Asafcetida, 670\\nPotassium Citrate, 814\\nRhubarb and Soda, 846\\nRhubarb, Compound, 848\\nTurpentine, 976\\nMixtures, 701\\nMjoldryga, 426\\nMjolk, 634\\nMjolksocker, 875\\nMjolksyra, 33\\nMohrenkiimmel, 388\\nMolasses, 875\\nMolene, 1016\\nMonesia, 701\\nMonesin, 701\\nMonobromated Camphor, 266\\nMonocotyledonous Growth, 1087, 1088\\nMonsel s Powder, 493\\nSolution, 494\\nMorelle Grimpante, 416\\nMorphia, 701\\nMorphias Murias, 702\\nSulphas, 703\\nMorphine, 701, 725, 748\\nAcetate, 702\\nChloride, 702\\nCitrate, 702\\nHydrochlorate, 702\\nHypodermic Injection, 605\\nMuriate, 702\\nOleate, 702\\nSulphate, 703\\nTartrate, 703\\nMorphium, 701\\nAceticum, 702\\nSulphuricum, 703\\nMorrhuas Oleum, 704\\nMoser, 361\\nMoschus, 706\\nMostaza Blanca, 925\\nNegra, 926\\nMother Cloves, 291\\nMotherwort, 645\\nMoulded Nitrate Silver, 174\\nMousse d liiande, 325\\nMarine Perlee, 325", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1199.jp2"}, "1200": {"fulltext": "1186\\nINDEX.\\nMoutarde Blanche, 925\\nNoire, 926\\nMoxae, 709\\nMoxas, 709\\nMucilage Acacia, 7, 709\\nElm, 1005\\nGum Arabic, 7, 709\\nQuince, 895\\nSlippery Elm, 1005\\nStarch, 709\\nTragacanth, 709, 1000\\nMucilages, 709\\nMucilage Amyli, 709\\nCydonii, 395\\nSalep, 877\\nSassafras, 901\\nTragacanthse, 709, 1000\\nUlmi, 1005\\nMucuna, 709\\nMugnet, 369\\nMug wort, 187\\nMullein Flowers, 1016\\nLeaves, 1016\\nMuriate Ammonia, 126\\nApomorphia, 165\\nCinchonine, 342\\nMorphine, 702\\nPilocarpine, 773\\nQuinine, 836\\nTin, 947\\nTrimethylamine, 1002\\nMuriated Tincture Iron, 410\\nMuriatic Acid, 29\\nMuse, 706\\nMuscade, 712\\nMusgo Marino Perlado, 325\\nMusk, 706\\nJulep, 708\\nMixture, 708\\nRoot, 961\\nMuskatbliithe, 666\\nMuskatniisse, 712\\nMuskot, 712\\nMuskotblomma, 666\\nMustard Bath, 927\\nBlack, 926\\nPaper, 928\\nPlaster, 927\\nPoultice, 927\\nWhite, 925\\nYellow, 925\\nMutterharz, 509\\nMutterkorn, 426\\nMutterkummel, 388\\nMutterpflaster, 794\\nMutton Suet, 924\\nMyrica, 711\\nMyricin, 303\\nMyristica, 712\\nMyristiosB Arillus, 666\\nMyrrh, 713\\nMyrrhin, 713\\nMyrrhol, 713\\nMyrosin, 925, 926\\nMyrsyra, 26\\nMysk, 706\\nMc nja, 797\\nNagelein, 290\\nNannari, 553\\nNaphtha, 760\\nWood, 91\\nNaranjo Agrio, 203\\nDulce, 205\\nNarceine, 725, 748\\nNarcotine, 725, 748\\nNasal Douche, 603\\nNataloin, 99\\nNatrium, 929\\nChloratum. 935\\nIodatum, 938\\nPreparations, 929-940\\nNatron, 929\\nNatro-Kali Tartaricum, 815\\nNatfronlut, 930\\nNatrum Aceticum, 930\\nBiboricum, 933\\nBicarbonicum, 931\\nCarbonicum, 934\\nCarbonicum Acidulum, 931\\nCausticum, 929\\nChloricum, 935\\nNitricum, 938\\nPhosphoricum, 938\\nPyrophosphoricum, 938\\nSulfuricum, 939\\nNatterwurz, 234\\nNectandra, 714\\nPuchury, 772\\nNelkenol, 291\\nNettle Root, 1006\\nNeutral Mixture, 814\\nOil, 751\\nNeutralizing Cordial, 845\\nMixture, 845\\nNicht, 665\\nNicociana, 968\\nNicotia, 715\\nNicotine, 715, 968\\nNitrate Ammonium, 128\\nBarium, 215\\nBismuth, 232\\nCerium, 304\\nLead, 792\\nPotassium, 818\\nSilver, 172\\nSilver, Diluted, 173\\nSilver with Lead, 174\\nSodium, 938\\nStrychnine, 956\\nNitre, 818\\nLunaire, 172\\nPaper, 818\\nNitric Acid, 34", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1200.jp2"}, "1201": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1187\\nNitric Acid, Diluted, 35\\nOil, Bay, 710\\nAcid. Fuming, 35\\nBayberries, Fixed, 642\\nNitrite Amyl, 136\\nBayberries, Volatile, 642\\nNitro Puro, 818\\nBelladonna, Infused, 220\\nNitrobenzol, 131\\nBenne, 924\\nNitrogen Monoxide, 716\\nBergamot, 229\\nNitrohydrochloric Acid, 36\\nBirch, 229\\nAcid Bath, 37\\nBitter Almond, 131\\nAcid Diluted, 37\\nBitter Almond, Artificial, 131\\nNitroglycerin, 716\\nBlack Pepper, 780\\nNitromuriatic Acid, 36\\nBlack Mustard, 926\\nAcid Bath, 37\\nBritish, 958\\nAcid, Diluted, 37\\nButternut, 624\\nNitro-Saccharose, 873\\nCade, 742\\nNitrous Acid, 35\\nCajuput, 247\\nEther, Spirit, 74\\nCamphor, 265\\nOxide, 716\\nCanada Fleabane, 432\\nNoix de Galle, 510\\nCaraway, 289\\nde Muscade, 712\\nCassia, 345\\nVomiques, 717\\nChamomile, Infused, 151\\nNomenclature, 47, 58, 59\\nChamomile, Volatile, 151\\nNordhausen Acid, 45\\nChaulmoogra, 546\\nNorwood s Tincture, 1016\\nChenopodium, 310\\nNucin, 623\\nChinese Cinnamon, 343\\nNuez Moscada, 712\\nCinnamon, 343\\nVomica, 717\\nCloves, 291\\nNucleolus, 1068\\nCoal, 760\\nNucleus, 1068\\nConium, Infused, 368\\nSheath, 1088\\nCopaiba, 372\\nNueza, 240\\nCoriander, 375\\nNo. 6, 714\\nCotton Seed, 534\\nNut Oil, 624\\nCroton, 981\\nNutgall, 510\\nCubeb, 387\\nNutmeg, 712\\nCumin, 389\\nButter, 713\\nDugong, 548\\nNux Vomica, 71 7\\nErigeron, 432, 692\\nVomica, Preparations, 718, 719\\nEucalyptus, 438\\nFennel, 503\\nOak Bark, 832\\nFlaxseed, 653\\nTannin, 832\\nFleabane, 432, 693\\nOaten Groats, 210\\nGaultheria, 514\\nOatmeal, 210\\nHaarlem, 960\\nOberhefe, 459\\nHedeoma, 550\\nOchsengalle, 458\\nHemlock, 368\\nOdermennig, 77\\nHempseed, 271\\nOdortfrukt, 361\\nHenbane, 585\\nOdortsblad, 365\\nHyoscyamus, 585\\nOele, 720\\nJuniper Berries, 626\\nCElsLiss, 525\\nJuniper Wood, 626\\nOenothera, 719\\nLaurel Berries, Fixed, 641\\nOil Absinthium, 3\\nLaurel Berries, Volatile, 642\\nAlkanet, 94\\nLavender, 644\\nAllspice, 777\\nLavender, Dauphin, 643\\nAlmond, Expressed, 134\\nLavender Flowers, 643\\nAlmond, Fixed, 134\\nLavender, Garden, 643, 644\\nAlmond, Sweet, 134\\nLavender, Mitcham, 643\\nAmber, Crude, 958\\nLavender, Spike, 643, 644\\nAmber, Empyreumatic, 958\\nLemon, 650\\nAmber Rectified, 957\\nLinseed, 653\\nAmerican Wormseed, 310\\nLubricating, 750, 751\\nAnise, 593\\nMace, 667\\n1 Anthemis, Volatile, 151\\nMachine, 750, 751", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1201.jp2"}, "1202": {"fulltext": "1188\\nINDEX.\\nOil, Male Fern, 199\\nOintment, Acetate Lead, 789\\nMaw Seed, 749\\nAconitine, 66\\nMirbane, 131\\nAmmoniated Mercury, 579\\nMustard, Essential, 928\\nAtropine, 202\\nMustard Seed, 928\\nBalsam Peru, 758\\nMustard, Volatile, 928\\nBasilicon, 841\\nMyrcia, 710\\nBearsfoot, 802\\nNeroli, 208, 209, 715\\nBelladonna, 221\\nNeutral, 751\\nBelville, 570\\nNutmeg, 712\\nBenzoin, 68\\nNutmeg, Expressed, 713\\nBoric Acid, 18\\nOrange, Bitter, 205\\nCalomel, 570\\nOrange Flowers, 209\\nCarbolic Acid, 23\\nOrange, Sweet, 206\\nCarbonate Lead, 792\\nOriganum, 740\\nCarbonate Zinc, 1027\\nOrris Eoot, 616\\nChrysarobin, 327\\nPalm 745\\nConium, 369\\nParaffin, 750, 751\\nDiachylon, 795\\nPennyroyal, 550\\nDiachylon, Hebra s, 795\\nPeppermint, 692\\nElemi, 420\\nPeppermint, Chinese, 695\\nGallic Acid, 27\\nPeppermint, Japanese, 695\\nGalls, 512\\nPetits Grains, 209\\nGalls, with Opium, 513\\nPhosphorated, 766\\nGlycerin, 140\\nPimento, 777\\nHebra s, 795\\nPoppy Seed, 749\\nHebra s Balsamic, 795\\nKock, 760\\nIodide Cadmium, 244\\nRose, 861\\nIodide Lead, 792\\nRosemary, 862\\nIodide Potassium, 817\\nRue, 869\\nIodide Sulphur, 961\\nSalicylated, 43\\nIodine, 611\\nSandalwood, 884\\nIodoform, 608\\nSantal, 884\\nItch, 959\\nSassafras, 901\\nLead Acetate, 789\\nSavin, 872\\nLead Carbonate, 792\\nSea-hog, 548\\nLead Iodide, 792\\nSeneca, 760\\nMarjoram, 674\\nSesamum, 924\\nMercury, 565\\nSpearmint, 694\\nMercury, Nitrate, 573\\nSpike, 643\\nMezereum, 699\\nSpindle, 751\\nNitrate Mercury, 573\\nStar Anise, 147\\nNitrate Mercury, Diluted, 574\\nSulphur, 960\\nNutgall, 512\\nSulphur, with Turpentine, 960\\nNutgalls, with Opium, 513\\nSweet Almond, 134\\nOlive, 795\\nTar, 786\\nOxide Mercury, Red, 576\\nTeaberry, 514\\nOxide Mercury, Yellow, 576\\nTheobroma, 978\\nOxide Zinc, 1029\\nThyme, 981\\nPeru Balsam, 758\\nTurpentine, 974\\nPolymnia, 802\\nTurpentine, Rectified, 976\\nPoplar Buds, 804\\nValerian, 1012\\nPotassium Iodide, 817\\nVitriol, 44\\nPyrogallic Acid, 41\\nWine, Heavy, 74\\nRed Iodide Mercury, 572\\nWintergreen, 514\\nRed Oxide Mercury, 576\\nWormwood, 3\\nRose Water, 859\\nOil-ducts, 1081\\nSalicylic Acid, 43\\nOils, 720\\nSimple, 70\\nEssential, 75\\nStramonium, 954\\nEthereal, 75\\nSulphur, 961\\nVolatile, 75\\nSulphur, Alkaline, 959\\nOintment, 70\\nSulphur, Compound, 961", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1202.jp2"}, "1203": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1189\\nOintment, Sulphur, with Soap, 959\\nOleum Amygdalae Expressum, 134\\nSulphurated Potassa, 808\\nAnethi, 142\\nSweet Marjoram, 674\\nAnise, 147\\nTannic Acid, 52\\nAnthemidis Infusum, 151\\nTar, 785\\nAnthemidis Volatile, 151\\nTartrate Antimony and Potassium,\\nAnthos, 862\\n154\\nAurantii Amari, 205\\nWhite Precipitate, 579\\nAurantii Dulcis Corticis, 206\\nYellow Oxide Mercury, 57G\\nAurantii Florum, 209\\nZinc Carbonate, 1027\\nAurantii Fructus Immaturi, 209\\nZinc Oxide, 1029\\nBelladonnas Infusum, 220\\nOintments, 1006\\nBergamii, 229\\nOld Man, 187\\nBetulse, 229\\nOlea mherea, 720\\nCacao, 978\\nDestillata, 720\\nCadmium, 742\\nFixa, 720\\nCajuputi, 247\\nPingua, 720\\nCamphorae, 265\\nVolatilia, 720\\nCannabis, 271\\nOleata, 720\\nCari, 289\\nOleate Aconitine, 66\\nCarvi, 289\\nAtropine, 202\\nCaryophylli, 291\\nLead, 793\\nChenopodin, 310\\nMercury, 574\\nCinnamomi, 345\\nMorphine, 702\\nCitri, 650\\nQuinine, 835\\nConii Infusum, 368\\nStrychnine, 955\\nCopaibas, 372,\\nVeratrine, 1014\\nCoriandri, 375\\nZinc, 1029\\nCrotonis, 981\\nOleates, 720\\nCubebas, 387\\nOleatum Aconitinae, 66\\nCumini, 389\\nAtropinae, 202\\nErigerontis, 432\\nHydrargyri, 574\\nEucalypti, 438\\nMorphinae, 702\\nFilicis Maris, 199\\nPlumbi, 793\\nFoeniculi, 503\\nQuininse, 837\\nGaultheriae, 514\\nStrychninae, 955\\nGossypii Seminis, 534\\nVeratrinse, 1014\\nGynocardiae, 546\\nZinci, 1029\\nHalicoris, 548\\nOleic Acid, 37\\nHedeomae, 550\\nOiein, 723\\nHyoscyami Infusum, 585\\nOleoresin Aspidium, 199\\nIridis, 616\\nBlack Pepper, 780\\nJecoris Aselli, 704\\nCapsicum, 279\\nJuglandis, 624\\nCopaiba, 370\\nJuniperi, 626\\nCubeb, 386\\nJuniperi Empyreumaticum, 742\\nElemi, 420\\nLauri Expressum, 642\\nFilix Mas, 199\\nLauri Volatile, 642\\nGinger, 1033\\nLavandulae, 644\\nLupulin, 664\\nLavandulae Florum, 643\\nMale Fern, 199\\nLimonis, 650\\nPepper, 780\\nLini, 653\\nOleoresina Abietis, 974\\nMenthae Piperitae, 692\\nPini, 974\\nMenthas Pulegii, 550\\nPiperis, 780\\nMenthae Viridis, 694\\nZinziberis, 1033\\nMorrhuae, 704\\nOleoresins, 721\\nMorrhuas cum Quinina, 705\\nOlephane, 759\\nMorrhuae Ferratum, 704\\nOleum Absinthii, 3\\nMorrhuae Ferratum cum Quinina, 704\\nAdipis, 69\\nMyrciae, 710\\n^Ethereum, 74\\nMyristicae, 712, 713\\nAmygdalae Amarae, 131\\nMyristicae Expressum, 713\\nAmygdalae Dulcis, 134\\nNeroli, 208, 209, 715", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1203.jp2"}, "1204": {"fulltext": "1190\\nINDEX.\\nOleum Nucis Juglandis, 634\\nOrcein, 657\\nOlivse, 722\\nOrdeal Bean, 768\\nPalmag, 745\\nOregon Berberis, 227\\nPapaveris, 749\\nGrape, 227\\nParaffini, 750\\nOrellana, 180\\nPete, 760\\nOriganum, 740\\nPhosphoratum, 766\\nOrizaba Jalap, 620\\nPicis Liquidae, 786\\nOrleana, 180\\nPimentse, 777\\nOrmbunkerot, 197\\nKicini, 857\\nOrozuz, 527\\nRosas, 861\\nOrris Root, 615\\nRosmarini, 862\\nOrtho oxybenzoic Acid, 41\\nRutaa, 869\\nOryza, 740\\nSabinas, 872\\nOssa Sepias, 741\\nSantali, 884\\nOtto, 75\\nSassafras, 901\\nRose, 861\\nSesami, 924\\nOvum, 741\\nSinapis, 928\\nOx-gall, 458\\nSinapis iEthereum, 928\\nInspissated, 458\\nSinapis Volatile, 928\\nPurified, 459\\nSuccini, 957\\nOx Vomit, 717\\nSuccini Crudum, 958\\nOxalate Cerium, 304\\nSuccini Rectificatum, 957\\nIron, 486\\nSulphuratum, 960\\nOxalic Acid, 38\\nSulphuris Terebinthinatum, 960\\nOxalsaure, 38\\nTerebinthinae, 974\\nOxide Antimony, 155\\nTerebinthinas Rectificatum, 976\\nArsenic, 182\\nTheobromae, 978\\nIron, 486\\nThymi, 981\\nIron, Saccharated, 500\\nTiglii, 981\\nIron, Soluble Saccharated, 500\\nValerianae, 1012\\nLead, 796\\nVim, 74\\nOlibanum, 721\\nOlive Oil, 722\\nOintment, 795\\nOlivenol, 722\\nOljor, 720\\nOnguents, 1006\\nOphelic Acid, 315\\nOpii Pulvis, 735\\nOpium, 724\\nand Camphor Pills, 728\\nDenarcotized. 739\\nDeodorized, 738\\nElixir, McMunn s, 739\\nPills, 735\\nPowdered, 735\\nPreparations, 727-739\\nOpodeldoc, 890\\nOrange Berries, 209\\nElixir, 207\\nFlowers. 207\\nFlower Water, 208\\nFlower Water, Triple, 208\\nFruit, 209\\nJuice, 210\\nLeaves, 209\\nPeel, Bitter, 203\\nPeel, Sweet, 205\\nOrangenbliithen, 207\\nOrangettes, 209\\nOrcannette, 93\\nManganese, Black, 677\\nMercury, Precipitated, 575\\nMercury, Red, 576\\nMercury, Yellow, 575\\nNitrous, 716\\nSilver, 174\\nZinc, 1029\\nOxidum Stibicum, 155\\nOxyacanthine, 229\\nOxychloride Antimony, 153\\nOxygen, 743\\nOxyleucotin, 379\\nOxymel, 688, 745\\nScillaB, 905\\nSquill, 905\\nOxymellita, 745\\nOxysulphuret Antimony, 156\\nOxytoluyltropine, 556\\nOzone, 745\\nPale Rose, 858\\nPalm Oil, 745\\nPalmbutter, 745\\nPalmitate Melissyl, 303\\nPalmoel, 745\\nPalmolja, 745\\nPanaquilon, 746\\nPanax, 746\\nPancreatic Emulsion, 747\\nEnema, 424", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1204.jp2"}, "1205": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1191\\nPancreatin, 748\\nPepo, 753\\nPanis Mica, 747\\nPepparmynta, 691\\nPansy, 1023\\nPepper African, 277\\nPapain, 750\\nBlack, 779\\nPapaver Preparations, 749\\nCayenne, 277\\nPapaverine, 725\\nRed, 277\\nPapaveris Fructus, 748\\nWhite, 781\\nSemina, 749\\nPreparations, 780\\nPapaverosine, 748\\nPeppermint, 691\\nPapaw, 750\\nCamphor, 695\\nMilk, 750\\nDrops, 693\\nPapaya, 750\\nLozenges, 694\\nPaper, Nitrate Potassium, 818\\nPreparations, 692-694\\nSinapism, 928\\nTea, 692\\nMustard, 928\\nTroches, 694\\nWaxed, 302\\nWater, 693\\nPapers, Medicated, 307\\nPepsin, 754\\nPappoose Root, 300\\nPure, 755\\nParacoto Bark, 379\\nSaccharated, 755\\nParacotoin, 379\\nSolution, 756\\nParaffin, 750\\nVegetable, 750\\nLiquid, 750\\nPepsinum Saccharatum, 755\\nOD, 750\\nPerchloride Iron, 467\\nParaffinoid, Soft, 759\\nPercolation, 451\\nParaffinoids, 750\\nPerfumed Spirit, 863\\nParamenispermine, 347\\nPerlmoos, 325\\nPara-rhodeoretin, 619, 903\\nPerlmossa, 325\\nParegoric, 737\\nPermanganate Potassium, 819\\nPareira, 751\\nPersimmon, 410\\nBrava, 751\\nPersio, 757\\nPareiras, False, 751, 752\\nPeru Balsam, 757\\nParenchyma, 1080\\nPerubalsamum, 757\\nParillin, 895\\nPeruvian Bark, 330\\nParillinic Acid, 895\\nPeruvianum Balsamum, 757\\nParrish s Camphor Mixture, 265\\nPetala Rhceados, 852\\nParsley Root, 761\\nRosae Centifoliae, 858\\nSeed, 761\\nRosae Gallicae, 859\\nPartridgeberry, 513, 700\\nPetits Grains, 209\\nParts by Weight. 1124\\nPetrolatum, 759\\nPas d Ane, 1004\\nLead, 795\\nPasta Amygdalae, 133\\nPlumbi, 795\\nCacao, 978\\nPetrole, 760\\nTheobromae, 978\\nPetroleum, 760\\nPastas, 753\\nBenzin, 224\\nPaste, Sulphuric Acid, 46\\nButter, 759\\nPastilles, Schuster s 52\\nCrude, 760\\nPastilli, 1004\\nEther, 224\\nPate d Amandes, 133\\nOintment, 759\\nPatent Lint, 654\\nParaffinoid, 759\\nPaullinia, 544\\nPetrolina, 759\\nPavesi s Haemostatic Collodion, 50\\nPetroselini Fructus, 761\\nPaw-paw, 750\\nRadix, 761\\nPearl Barley, 557\\nSemina, 761\\nPearlash, 812\\nPeucedanin, 595\\nPectin, 628\\nPez Griega, 840\\nPectoral Drops, 531\\nLiquida, 783\\nPelitre, 828\\nPfefferminze, 691\\nPelletierine, 538\\nPflaster, 421\\nPellitory, 828\\nPhaeorhetin, 845\\nPelosine 715, 751\\nPhalaris Fructus. 762\\nPenny Royal, 550\\nFhellandrii Fructus, 762\\nPipins de Coing, 395\\nSemina, 762", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1205.jp2"}, "1206": {"fulltext": "1192\\nINDEX.\\nPhellandrol, 762\\nPill, Excipients, 776, 777\\nPheuic Acid, 18\\nMasses, 7, 682, 776, 777\\nPhenol, 18, 783\\nMercury, 565\\nPhenylalkohol, 18\\nPiller, 776\\nPhenyl Hydrate, 18\\nPills, 776, 1108\\nPhenylsaure, 18\\nAcetate Lead with Opium, 789\\nPhloem, 1085, 1087\\nAloes, 103\\nPhlorizin, 763\\nAloes and Asafetida, 103\\nPhoradendron, 763\\nAloes and Iron, 104\\nPhosphate Ammonium, 128\\nAloes and Iron with Belladonna, 105\\nCalcium, 253\\nAloes and Mastic. 104\\nIron, Blue, 490\\nAloes and Myrrh, 104\\nIron, Soluble, 488\\nAsafetida, 191\\nIron, U. S., 1880, 488\\nBlancard s, 483\\nIron, White, Precipitated, 490\\nBlaud s, 467\\nManganese, 678\\nCalomel, 570\\nPotassium, 819\\nCarbonate Iron, 466\\nQuinine, 837\\nCompound Cathartic, 570\\nSodium, 938\\nCompound Podophyllin, 799\\nPhosphates, 764\\nCopaiba, 371\\nPhosphatic Cod Liver Oil Emulsion, 706\\nIodide Iron, 483\\nPhosphide Zinc, 1030\\nIron, Comp., 490\\nPhosphorated Oil, 766\\nLead and Opium, 789\\nPhosphori Pasta, 766\\nMay-apple, Comp., 799\\nPhosphoric Acid. 38\\nOpium, 735\\nAcid, Diluted, 39\\nOpium and Camphor, 728\\nAcid, Glacial, 40\\nPhosphorus. 767\\nAcid Lemonade, 39\\nQuinine, 837, 839\\nAcid, Syrupy, 40\\nRhubarb, 848\\nPhosphorsaure, 38\\nRhubarb, Compound, 848\\nPhosphorus, 765\\nPilocarpine, 774\\nPaste, 766\\nHydrochlorate, 773\\nPills. 767\\nMuriate, 773\\nPowdered, 767\\nPilocarpus, 773\\nPulveratus, 767\\nPreparations, 775-776\\nPhysostigma, 767\\nPilulcE, 776\\nPreparations, 768, 769\\nAcidi Tannici, 51\\nPhysostigmine, 768\\nAloes, 103\\nSalicylate, 769\\nAloes et Asafcetidae, 103\\nSulphate, 770\\nAloes et Ferri, 104\\nPhytolacca Berry, 770\\nAloes et Ferri c. Bellad., 104\\nPreparations, 770, 772\\nAloes et Mastiches, 104\\nRoot, 770\\nAloes et Myrrhae, 104\\nPhytolacca Bacca, 770\\nAsafcetidae, 191\\nRadix, 770\\nCatharticae Composite, 570\\nPhytolaccin, 771\\nCopaibae, 371\\nPichurim Beans, 772\\nFerri Carbonatis, Phar. 1870, 466\\nSemina, 772\\nFerri Carb. Blaudii, 467\\nPicraena Excelsa, 829\\nFerri Comp., 490\\nPicrate of Ammonium, 40\\nFerri Iodidi, 483\\nPicric Acid, 40\\nGalbani Compositae, 510\\nPicropodophyllin, 797\\nHydrargyri, 565\\nPicrotoxic Acid, 347\\nHydrargyri Chloridi Mitis, 570\\nPicrotoxin, 347, 773\\nOpii, 735\\nPiedra Infernal, 174\\nOpii et Camphorae, 728\\nPierre de Vin, 810\\nPhosphori, 767\\nInfernale, 174\\nPlurabi Acetatis et Opii, 789\\nPikrinsiiure, 40\\nPo lophyili Compositae, 799\\nPildoras, 776\\nQuinime Hydrochloratis, 837\\nPill, Blue, 565\\nQuininae Sulphatis, 839\\nCoating, 7, 777\\nRhei. 848\\n(onspergatives, 757\\nRhei Compositae, 848", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1206.jp2"}, "1207": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1193\\nPiment des Jardins, 277\\nPlaster, Iodide Lead, 792\\nRouge, 277\\nIron, 476\\nPhnenta, 777\\nIsinglass, U. S., 591\\nWater, 778\\nIsinglass (Squire s), 590\\nPimiento, 277\\nJanin s, 444\\nPimpernel, 778\\nLead, 793\\nPimpinella, 778\\nLead Iodide, 792\\nPimpinellwurzel, 778\\nMercury, 564\\nPine Rosin, 840\\nOpium, 728\\nPinipicrin, 979\\nParis, 253\\nPink Root, 942\\nResin, 841\\nPreparations, 942, 943\\nSoap Cerate, 888\\nPinus Canadensis, 779\\nSticking, 841\\nPiper, 779\\nStrengthening, 476\\nAlbum, 781\\nUniversal, 794\\nMethysticum, 69b\\nPlasters, 421\\nNigrum, 779\\nPlata, 171\\nPreparations, 780\\nPlatinum, 787\\nPiperate of Piperidine, 781\\nPleurisy Root, 193\\nPiperin, 779, 781\\nPlomb, 787\\nPiperinum, 781\\nPlomo, 787\\nPiperis Semina, 781\\nPlumbi Acetas, 788\\nPipsissewa, 310\\nCarbonas, 791\\nPiscidia, 781\\nIodidum, 792\\nPiscidin, 782\\nNitras, 792\\nPissenlit, 971\\nOleatum, 793\\nPitch, Black, 786\\nOxidum, 796\\nBurgundy, 782\\nQuercitannatis G-lyceritum,\\n796\\nCanada, 783\\nSuperoxidum, 797\\nCoal Tar, 786\\nPlumbum, 787\\nGas, 786\\nAceticum, 788\\nHemlock, 783\\nCarbonicum, 791\\nPlaster, 786\\nNitricum, 792\\nPlaster with Cantharides, 275\\nPlaster, 421\\nPith, 1089, 1095\\nPockensalbe, 154\\nPitury Leaves, 415\\nPockholz, 542\\nPix Burgundica, 782\\nPod Pepper, 277\\nCanadensis, 783\\nPodophyllin, 797, 799\\nLiquida, 783\\nPodophyllinic Acid, 797\\nLiquida Lota, 784\\nPodophyllotoxin, 797\\nSolida, 786\\nPodophyllum, 797\\nPlaster, Aconite, 57\\nPreparations, 798, 799\\nAdhesive, 841\\nPoison Ivy, 855\\nAmmoniac, 118\\nNut, 717\\nAmmoniac, with Mercury, 118\\nOak, 855\\nAnodyne, 728\\nPoivre Queue, 384\\nAntimony, 154\\nde Cayenne, 277\\nArnica, 178\\nde Gruinee, 277\\nAsafetida, 190\\nd Inde, 277\\nBelladonna, 223\\nPoke Berry, 770\\nBlack, 794, 796\\nRoot, 770\\nBlack Pitch, 786\\nRoot Preparations, 771, 772\\nBreast, White, 795\\nPolygalic Acid, 912\\nBrown, 794\\nPolygonatum, 800\\nBurgundy Pitch, 782\\nPolymnia, 801\\nCanada Pitch, 783\\nPolypodium, 802\\nCantharides and Euphorbium, 444\\nPolyporus Officinalis, 76\\nDiachylon, 793\\nPomegranate, 537\\nEuphorbium and Cantharides, 444\\nDecoction, 538\\nGalbanum, 510\\nRind, 536\\nHemlock Pitch, 783\\nRoot Bark, 537\\nHjaerne s, 794\\nPomeransblommor, 207", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1207.jp2"}, "1208": {"fulltext": "1194\\nINDEX.\\nPomeransknopp, 209\\nPorneransskal, 203\\nPomeranzen, Unreife, 209\\nPomeranzenbliithen, 207\\nPomeranzenschale, 203\\nPommade d Autenrieth, 154\\nStibie, 154\\nPommades, 1006\\nPoplar Park, 802\\nBuds, 803\\nPreparations, 803\\nPoppy Capsules, 748\\nFlowers, Red, 852\\nHeads, Preparations, 749\\nRed, 852\\nSeed Oil, 749\\nPopuli GemmaB, 803\\nPopulin, 803\\nPopulus, 802\\nBuds, 803\\nPreparations, 803\\nPors, 645\\nPortwine, 1020\\nPotash, Prussiate Red, 816\\nPrussiate Yellow, 816\\nPotassa, 805\\nAlum, 113\\ncum Calce, 805\\nSolution, 806\\nSulphurata, 807\\nwith Lime, 805\\nPotassii Acetas, 808\\nBicarbonas, 809\\nBichromas, 809\\nBitartras, 810\\nBoro-tartras, 810\\nBromidum, 811\\nCarbonas, 812\\nChloras, 812\\nChromas, 813\\nCitras, 814\\nCyanidum, 815\\nAntimonii Tartras, 153\\net Sodii Tartras, 815\\nFerricyanidum, 816\\nFerrocyanidum, 816\\nHypophosphis, 816\\nIodidum, 817\\nNitras, 818\\nPermanganas, 819\\nPhosphas, 819\\nSulphas, 819\\nSulphidum, 807\\nSulphis, 820\\nSulphuretum, 807\\nTartras, 820\\nPotassium, 804\\nAcetate, 808\\nCarbonate, 812\\nChlorate, 812\\nChromate, 813\\nCitrate, 814\\nPotassium Cyanide, 815\\nFerricyanide, 816\\nHydrate, 805\\nHypophosphite, 816\\nIodide, 817\\nNitrate, 818\\nPermanganate, 819\\nPhosphate, 819\\nPreparations, 805, 820\\nSalts of, 804\\nSulphate, 819\\nSodium Tartrate, 815\\nSulphite, 820\\nTartrate, 820\\nPotato-oil, 91\\nPotio Riveri, 936\\nPotiones, 820\\nPottaska. Renad, 812\\nPoudre de Riz, 740\\nde Tennant, 256\\ndes Chartreux, 156\\nPoultice, Yeast, 460\\nPoultices, 296\\nPowder, Althaea, Comp., Ill\\nAromatic, 180\\nArsenical, 185\\nBayberry, Comp., 711\\nComposition, 711\\nCompound Effervescing, 827\\nDover s, 730\\nDover s, Improved, 731\\nClycyrrhiza, Compound, 529\\nInfant, Yellow, 665\\nInsect, 828\\nIpecac and Opium, 613, 730\\nJalap, Compound, 621\\nKino, Comp., 630\\nLiquorice, Compound, 529\\nMorphine, Comp., 703\\nMyrica Comp., 711\\nOpium and Ipecac, 730\\nRhubarb, Comp., 849\\nTully s, 703\\nPowdered Iron, 501\\nOpium, 735\\nPowders, 826\\nPravaz s Solution, 469\\nPrecipitated Carbonate Calcium, 250\\nCarbonate Lime, 250\\nPhosphate Calcium, 253\\nPhosphate Lime, 253\\nSulphur, 960\\nPrele, 425\\nPrepared Chalk, 381\\nCharcoal, 281\\nPrescriptions, 1111\\nPrices of Metric Quantities, 1131\\nPrickly Ash Bark, 1025\\nAsh Berries. 1026\\nPride of China, 211\\nof India, 211\\nPrimrose, 719", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1208.jp2"}, "1209": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1195\\nPrince s Pine, 310\\nPurging Cassia 293\\nPrinos, 820\\nPurified Aloes, 100\\nPrinsen s Akta Droppar, 128\\nAnimal Charcoal, 282\\nPropylamine, 821, 1002\\nMercurv, 562\\nProsenchyma, 1080\\nPyrethrum, 828\\nProtochloride Mercury, 563\\nRoseum, 828\\nProtoplasm, 1068\\nPyrocatechin, 628, 783\\nPrune, 821\\nPyrogallic Acid, 40\\nPrunum. 821\\nAcid Ointment, 41\\nPrunus Virginiana, 821\\nPyroleum Betulae, 229\\nVirginiana, Preparations, 822-824\\nOxycedri, 742\\nPrussian Blue, 480\\nPini, 783\\nPrussiate Iron, 480\\nSuccini, 958\\nPotash, Eed, 816\\nPyroligneous Acid, 41\\nPotash, Yellow, 816\\nSpirit, 91\\nPrussic Acid, 31\\nPyrolusite, 677\\nPrustrot, 551\\nPyrophosphate Iron, 491\\nPseudaconitine, 55, 65\\nSodium, 938\\nPseudojervine, 1015\\nPyroxylic Acid, 41\\nPtelea, 824\\nSpirit, 91\\nPuffball, 664\\nPyroxylin, 828\\nPulsatilla, 825\\nPyrrhopine, 308\\nPulveres, 826\\nEffervescentes, 940\\nPulvis Aloes et Canella3, 105\\nQuai, 79\\nAlthaeae Comp., Ill\\nQuaker Buttons, 717\\nAmygd., Comp., 134\\nQuassia, 829\\nAnisi, Comp., 149\\nAmara, 829\\nAntimonialis, 155\\nPreparations, 830, 831\\nAromaticus, 180\\nQuassin, 829, 925\\nCinchoninae, Comp., 342\\nQuebrachine, 200\\nCocci, Comp., 348\\nQuebracho, 199\\nCretae, Arom., 382\\nColorado, 200\\nCretae, Arom., c. Opio, 382\\nFalse, 200\\nCretan, Comp., 382\\nPreparations, 200, 201\\nDoveri, 730\\nQueckenwurzel, 1002\\nDoveri, Denarcotisatus, 731\\nQuecksilber, 561\\nEffervescens, Compositus, 827\\nQueen of the Meadow, 441\\nFerri, 501\\nQueen s Delight, 949\\nGlycyrrhizae, Compositus, 529\\nRoot, 949\\nGummosus, 111\\nRoot Preparations, 949, 950\\nGummosus Stibiatus, 156\\nQuercitannas Plumbicus, 796\\nIpecacuanha?, Compositus, 730\\nQuercitannic Acid, 832\\nIpecacuanhas et Opii, 730\\nQuercus Alba, 832\\nIpecacuanhas et Opii, Denarcotisatus,\\nQuermes Mineral, 156\\n731\\nQuevenne s Iron, 501\\nJacobi, 155\\nQuickens, 1002\\nJalapae, Comp, 621\\nQuick-grass, 1002\\nKino, Compositus, 630\\nQuicklime, 255\\nMorphinae, Comp. 703\\nQuickrot, 1002\\nMyricae, Comp., 711\\nQuicksilver, 561\\nOpii, 735\\nQuicksilfver, 561\\nOpii et Ipecacuanhae, 730\\nQuillaia, 833\\nOpii et Ipecacuanhae, Denarcotisatus,\\nQuills, 1098\\n731\\nQuina, 330\\nPectoralis Kurellse, 529\\nAmarilla, 333\\nPhosphorus, 767\\nCalisaya, 333\\nRhei, Comp., 849\\nde Loja, 338\\nRhei cum Magnesia, 849\\nQuinamia, 833\\nPumpkin Seed, 753\\nQuinamine, 331, 833\\nPunico-tannic Acid, 537\\nQuince Seed, 395\\nPurging Agaric, 76\\nQuinetum, 332, 834", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1209.jp2"}, "1210": {"fulltext": "1196\\nINDEX.\\nQuinia, 834\\nRadix Althaeas, 109\\nSulphate, 838\\nAnchusas, 9.3\\nQuinicia, 834\\nAngelicas, 142\\nQuinicine, 834\\nApocyni Androssemifolii, 163\\nQuinidia Sulphate, 834\\nApocyni Cannabini, 159\\nQuinidine Sulphate, 834\\nAralias Hispidas, 167\\nQuininas Sulphas, 838\\nAralias Nudicaulis, 168\\nQuinine. 834\\nAralias Racemosas, 169\\n(See Phlorizin), 763\\nAri Triphylli, 188\\nArseniate, 835\\nArmoracias, 175\\nBarks, 340\\nArnicas, 177\\nBisulphate, 835\\nArtemisias Vulgaris, 187\\nBromide, 836\\nAsari, 192\\nCarbamide Hydrochlorate, 837\\nAsclepiadis Cornuti, 195\\nCarbolate, 835\\nAsclepiadis Incarnatas, 195\\nChloride, 836\\nAsclepiadis Tuberosas, 193\\nDisulphate, 838\\nAspidii, 197\\nHydrobromate, 836\\nBaptisias, 213\\nHydrochlorate, 836\\nBardanae, 640\\nHypodermic Injection, 606\\nBelladonnas, 221\\nHypophosphite, 837\\nBistortas, 234\\nMuriate, 836\\nBryonies, 240\\nOleate, 835\\nCalami, 247\\nPhosphate, 837\\nCalumbae, 259\\nPills, 836, 839\\nCaryophyllata, 523\\nSalicylate, 837\\nCaulophylli, 300\\nSolution, 835\\nChime, 312\\nSulphate, 838\\nCichorii, 327\\nTannate, 839\\nCimicifugae, 328\\nValerianate, 840\\nColchici, 350\\nQuinoidin, 314\\nCollinsonias, 356\\nQuinovic Acid, 331\\nCurcumas, 393\\nQuinovin, 332\\nCynoglossi, 396\\nQuinquina, 330\\nCypripedii, 397\\nCalisaya, 333\\nDioscoreae, 408\\nGris de Loxa, 338\\nDracontii, 413\\nJaune Royal, 333\\nEnulas, 606\\nRouge, 338\\nEupatorii Purpurei, 441\\nQuitch, 1002\\nEuphorbias Corollatas, 442\\nQuandel, 980\\nEuphorbias Ipecacuanhas, 442\\nQvesved, 416\\nFilic. Maris, 197\\nQvittenkarnor, 395\\nFraseras, 506\\nQvittensamen, 395\\nGalangas, 508\\nGei Rivalis, 522\\nGei Urbani, 523\\nRabarbaro, 844\\nGelsemii, 516\\nRacine Bresilienne, 612\\nGcntianas, 517\\nd Aconite, 54\\nGeranii, 521\\nd Arnique, 177\\nGillenias Trifoliatas, 523\\nd Aunee, 606\\nGlycyrrhizas, 527\\nde Belladonne, 221\\nGossypii, 534\\nde Chine, 312\\nGraminis, 1002\\nde Gentiane, 517\\nGranati, 537\\nde Guimauve, 109\\nHelenii, 606\\nde Jasmin Jaune, 516\\nHellebori, 551\\nde Valeriane, 1008\\nIlelonias, 552\\nDouce, 527\\nHemidesmi, 553\\nRademacher s Tincture of Acetate of Cop-\\nHeucheras, 554\\nper, 391\\nHydrangeas, 560\\nRadix Aconiti, 54\\nHydrastis, 579\\nAletridis, 92\\nHyoscyami. 585\\nAlni, 97\\nImperatorias, 595", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1210.jp2"}, "1211": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1197\\nRadix Inulas, 606\\nRectified Spirit, 79\\nIpecacuanhas, 612\\nRed Bark, 338\\nIridis Florentines, 615\\nBole, 237\\nIridis Versicoloris, 617\\nCedar, 627\\nIvarancusas, 1017\\nCinchona, 338\\nJalapas, 618\\nClover, 1000\\nKramerias, 630\\nIodide Mercury, 571\\nLappas, 640\\nLead, 797\\nLeptandras, 646\\nOxide Lead, 797\\nLevistici, 648\\nOxide Mercury, 576\\nLiquiritias, 527\\nPepper, 277\\nMelampodti, 551\\nPoppy, 852\\nMenisperinas, 690\\nPrecipitate, 576\\nMethystici, 696\\nPrussiate Potash. 816\\nPanacis, 746\\nRose, 859\\nPetroselini, 761\\nSaunders, 884\\nPimpinellas, 778\\nWine, 1023\\nPodophylli, 797\\nReduced Iron, 501\\nPolygonati, 800\\nRegaliz, 527\\nPolymnias, 801\\nReglisse, 527\\nPolypodii, 802\\nRegulus Antimonii, 152\\nPyrethri, 828\\nRenfana, 970\\nRatanhias, 630\\nRennet Wine, 756\\nRhei. 844\\nResin, 840\\nRumicis, 866\\nCerate, 841\\nSalep, 876\\nCerate, Comp., 841\\nSanguinarias, 881\\nDucts, 1081\\nSaponarias, 890\\nPilaster, 841\\nSarsas, 891\\nResin a, 840\\nSarsaparillas, 891\\nBenzoes, 225\\nScammonii, 902\\nCopaibas, 372\\nScillas, 903\\nDraconis, 412\\nSenegas, 911\\nEuphorbias, 443\\nSerpentarias, 922\\nFlava, 841\\nSpigelias, 942\\nGuaiaci, 543\\nStillingias, 949\\nJalapas, 622\\nSumbul, 961\\nPini, 840\\nSymphyti, 963\\nPistacias, 682\\nTaraxaci, 971\\nPodophylli, 799\\nTormentillas, 798\\nSandaraca, 880\\nTrillii, 1001\\nScammonii, 903\\nTritici Repentis, 1002\\nResolvent Species, 559\\nValeriana?, 1008\\nResorcin, 509\\nVeratri Viridis, 1014\\nRhabarber, 844\\nViolarum, 615\\nRhamni Cathartici Fructus, 842\\nZedoarias, 1026\\nRhamnus Purshiana, 843\\nZingiberis, 1031\\nRhamnocathartin, 842\\nRafkakor, 717\\nRhamnoxanthin, 504\\nRain water, 165\\nRhatany, 630\\nRainfarn, 970\\nPreparations, 631-633\\nRamuli Sabinas, 871\\nRhei Radix, 844\\nThujas, 979\\nRheo-tannic Acid, 845\\nRaspberry, 865\\nRheum. 844\\nPale, 865\\nRhigolene, 760\\nPurplish- black, 865\\nRhodan-allyl, 928\\nRed, 865\\nRhodeoretin, 619\\nVinegar, 865\\nRhosadine, 748. 852\\nRaspberries, Black Cap, 866\\nRhosados Petala, 852\\nRat Paste, 766\\nRhosas, 852\\nRatanhawurzel, 630\\nRhois Glabrae Cortex, 854\\nRatania, 630\\nGlabra Fructus, 853\\nRecipe, 1111\\nRhubarb, 844", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1211.jp2"}, "1212": {"fulltext": "1198\\nINDEX.\\nRhubarb and Magnesia, 849\\nRumex, 866\\nPreparations, 845-852\\nRussian Cholera Drops/ 730\\nRhubarbe, 844\\nRuta, 868\\nRhus Aromatica, 853\\nRye Flour, 910\\nGlabra, 853\\nToxicodendron, 855\\nRice, 740\\nSabadilla, 869\\nFlour, 740\\nSabadillfro, 869\\nStarch, 741\\nSabbatia, 870\\nRichweed, 356\\nSabina, 871\\nRicini Folia, 856\\nSaccharated Ferrous Carbonate, 465\\nRicinolein, 857\\nIodide Iron, 483\\nRicinolja, 857\\nLichenin, 648\\nRicinus Leaves, 856\\nLime, 255\\nRindsgalle, 458\\nOxide Iron, 500\\nRingblommor, 258\\nPepsin, 755\\nRingelblume, 258\\nSpermaceti, 306\\nRisgryn, 740\\nSaccharates, 873\\nRitterspornsamen, 402\\nSaccharole s Mous, 361\\nRiver Water, 166\\nSaccharose, 873\\nRiz, 740\\nSaccharum, 873\\nRoach, 235\\nAlbum, 873\\nRochelle Salt, 815\\nLactis, 875\\nRock Oil, 760\\nSaturni, 788\\nRohrencassie, 293\\nSafflower, 288\\nRomische Minze, 694\\nSaffron, 383\\nRomischer Kummel, 388\\nAmerican, 288\\nRohrzucker, 873\\nSafran, 383\\nRomarin Sauvage, 645\\nSage, 878\\nRoob Juniperi, 625\\nSago, 876\\nSambuci, 880\\nSaigon Cassia, 344\\nRosa Centifolia, 858\\nSal Amarum, 672\\nGallica, 859\\nAmmoniac, 126\\nRose Cerate, 862\\nAnglicum, 672\\nPale, 858\\nAtticum, 935\\nRed, 859\\nCarlsbadense Factitium, 939\\nRed, Preparations, 859-862\\nComun, 935\\nWater, 858\\nCommune, 935\\nRosin s Brostdroppar, 532, 729\\nCornu Cervi, 124\\nRosin, 840\\nCulinare, 935\\nWhite, 841\\nde Saturno, 788\\nRosmarin, Wilder, 645\\nEpsom, 672\\nRosmarinblatter, 862\\nGlauberi, 939\\nRosmarinus, 862\\nRochelle, 815\\nRosemary, 862\\nSedativum Hombergii, 17\\nWild, 645\\nSeidlicense, 827\\nRosshuf, 1004\\nSeignetti, 815\\nRother Pfeffer, 277\\nSoda, 934\\nRotten Stone, 113\\nSuccini, 43\\nRottlera, 627\\nVichy Effervescens, 932\\nRottlerin, 627\\nVolatile, 124\\nRotulae, 1004\\nVolatil de Sucino, 43\\nMenthas Piperita, 693\\nSalad Oil, 534, 722\\nRubi Fructus, 863\\nSalbeibl titter, 878\\nRubijervine, 1015\\nSalben, 1006\\nRubus, 864\\nSalep, 876\\nIdaeus, 865\\nMucilage, 877\\nRue, 868\\nSalicin, 877, 878\\nItufus s Pills, 104\\n(see Phlorizin), 763\\nRuhrrinde, 925\\nSalicylate Cinchonidine, 841\\nRuhrwurzel, 612\\nEserine, 769\\nRuibarbo, 844\\nLithium, 657", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1212.jp2"}, "1213": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1199\\nSalicylate Methyl, 514\\nSapo. Mollis, 889\\nPhysostigmine, 769\\nViridis, 889\\nQuinine, 837\\nSap-wood, 1094\\nSodium, 939\\nSaponaria, 890\\nSalicylated Oil, 43\\nSaponin, 544, 800, 833, 891, 895,\\n912\\nSalicylic Acid, 41, 290\\nSaponis Opodeldoc, 890\\nAcid Inhalation, 43\\nSarsa, 891\\nAcid Mixture, 43\\nSarsaparilla, 891\\nAcid Oil, 43\\nAmerican, 168\\nAcid Preparations, 657\\nChina, 312\\nSalicylsaure, 41\\nFalse, 168\\nSalivaire, 828\\nPreparations, 896-899\\nSalix, 877\\nSassafras, 900\\nSalmiak, 126\\nMedulla, 901\\nSalmiakgeist, 119\\nPith, 901\\nSalpeter, 818\\nSassaparille, 891\\nSalpetersaure, 34\\nSassy Bark, 434\\nSalpetersaures Bleioxyd, 793\\nSaunders, Red, 884\\nKali, 818\\nSavin, 871\\nSilberoxyd, 172\\nCerate, 871\\nSalpetersyrad Blyoxid, 792\\nSavon, 887\\nSilfveroxid, 17.2\\nSaxifrage, 778\\nSalpetersyradt Kali, 818\\nSaxolin, 759\\nSalsepareille, 891\\nScabions, 431\\nSalseparin, 895\\nScammonii Radix, 902\\nSalt, 935\\nScammonin, 902, 903\\nCarlsbad, 939\\nScammonium, 902\\nGlauber s, 939\\nScammony, 902\\nSalts of Wormwood, 3\\nResin, 903\\nSaltsyra, 29\\nRoot, 902\\nSalve, Deshler s, 841\\nSchachtelhalm, 425\\nLip, 862\\nSchafgarbe, 11\\nLip, Red, 978\\nSchierlingsblatter, 365\\nSalves, 1006\\nSchierlingsfrucht, 361\\nSalvia, 878\\nSchlippe s Salt, 157\\nEspanola, 310\\nSchollkraut, 307\\nSalzsaure, 29\\nSchuster s Pastiles, 52\\nSambuci Fructus, 880\\nSchwamm, 945\\nSambucus, 879\\nSchwarze Nieswurzel, 551\\nSandalwood, 883\\nSchwarzer Senf 926\\nSandarac, 880\\nSchwarzes Mutterpflaster, 794\\nSange Officinale, 878\\nSchwefel, 958\\nSang- dragon, 412\\nSchwefelather, 71\\nSanguinaria, 881\\nSchwefelsaure, 44\\nPreparations, 881-883\\nMagnesia, 672\\nSanguinarine, 308, 525, 881\\nSchwefelsaures Chinin, 838\\nSanguis Draconis, 412\\nSchwefelspiessglanz, 156\\nSantalic Acid, 884\\nSchweflige Saure, 48\\nSantalum Album, 884\\nSchweineschmalz, 67\\nCitrinum, 883\\nScilla, 903\\nRubrum, 884\\nPreparations, 904-907\\nSaDtalwood, Yellow, 883\\nScillin, 903\\nSantonic Acid, 885, 886\\nScillipicrin, 903\\nSantonica, 885\\nScillitoxin, 903\\nSantonin, 885, 886\\nSclerenchyma Cells, 1075\\nSantoninas Iodii, 886\\nSclererythrin, 427\\nSantoninate Sodium, 886\\nSclerogen, 1075\\nSapo, 887\\nScleromucin, 427\\nAlbus, 887\\nSclerotic Acid, 427, 1006\\nAnimatis, 890\\nScoparin, 907\\nDurus, 837\\nScoparius, 907\\nHispanicus, 887\\nScouring Rush, 425", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1213.jp2"}, "1214": {"fulltext": "1200\\nINDEX.\\nScurvy Grass, 349\\nSemen, Sinapis Albas, 925\\nScutellaria, 908\\nSinapis Nigra?, 926\\nScutellaria 908\\nStaphisagriae, 948\\nSea-tangle, 639\\nStramonii, 953\\nTents, 639\\nSemences de Chenopode Anthelmintique,\\nSea-weed, 506\\n309\\nSea-wrack, 506\\nde Coing, 395\\nSebo, 924\\nColchique, 353\\nSebum Ovillum. 924\\nde Fenonil, 502\\nSecale Cornutum, 426\\nde Lin, 652\\nSecalis Farina, 910\\nde Pied d Alouette, 402\\nSections, direction of, 1096\\nSemencine, 885\\nSedative Drops, Battley s, 735\\nSemilla de Lino, 652\\nSeeds, examination of, 1104\\nSen, 914\\nSeidelbastrinde, 698\\nSenap, Gul, 925\\nSeidlitz Powder, 827\\nHoit, 925\\nSeife, 887\\nSvart, 926\\nSeigle Ergote, 426\\nSenapsolja, Fet, 928\\nSeignett Salt, 815\\nFlyktig, 928\\nSel Amer, 672\\nSeneca Oil, 760\\nCommun, 935\\nSenecio, 910\\nd Epsom, 672\\nSenega, 911\\nde Glauber, 939\\nPreparations, 912-914\\nde Saturne, 788\\nSenegal Gum, 5\\nde Sedlitz, 672\\nSenegin, 912\\nde Seignette, 815\\nSenf, Schwarzer, 926\\nde Vichy, 931\\nWeisser, 929\\nVolatile d Angleterre, 124\\nSenfol Aethensches, 928\\nSemen Anisi, 146\\nSenna, 914\\nArecge, 170\\nAlcohol-washed, 916\\nBardanaB, 640\\nAlexandria, 914, 915\\nCaffege, 245\\nIndia, 914, 915\\nCanarienses, 762\\nMaryland, 916\\nCardamomi, 282\\nMecca, 916\\nChise, 310\\nPreparations, 916-921\\nCinge, 885\\nPurified, 916\\nCocculi, 347\\nSpiritu Extracta, 916\\nColchici, 353\\nTinnevelly, 915\\nConii, 361\\nTripoli, 916\\nCucumis Citrulli, 387\\nSennacrol, 916\\nCucumis Sativae, 388\\nSennapicrin, 916\\nCydonii, 395\\nSennesblatter, 914\\nDelphinii, 402\\nSerica, 922\\nDiptericis, 410\\nSerpentaria, 922\\nFoeniculi, 502\\nPreparations, 923-924\\nHyoscyami, 586\\nSesamol, 924\\nIgnatiee, 591\\nSesquichloride Iron, 467\\nLini, 652\\nSetag Mucunae, 709\\nLobelice, 661\\nSevum, 924\\nLycopodii, 665\\nShampoo, 812\\nMyristicas, 712\\nShellac, 634\\nNucis Vomicae, 717\\nShellflower, 308\\nOryzae, 740\\nShepherd s Purse, 276\\nPapaveris, 749\\nShield Fern, 197\\nPepo, 753\\nShikimi, 594\\nPetroselini, 761\\nShoemaker s Wax, 786\\nPhalaris, 702\\nShrubby Trefoil Bark, 824\\nPhellandrii, 762\\nSignatura, 1111, 1115\\nPhysostigmae, 767\\nSigns in Prescriptions, 1116, 1117\\nPiperis, 781\\nSikimin, 594\\nSabadillae, 869\\nSilbsr, 171\\nSantonicae, 885\\nSilberoxvd, 174", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1214.jp2"}, "1215": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1201\\nSilbersalpeter, 172\\nSoda, Washing, 934\\nSilfver. 171\\nSodas, Biboras, 933\\nSilfvercyanid, 171\\nSodii, Acetas, 930\\nSilfverjodid, 171\\nArsenias, 185\\nSilicate Sodium Solution, 939\\nBenzoas, 931\\nSilkweed, 195\\nBicarbonas, 931\\nSilver, 171\\nBicarbonas Venalis, 932\\nCyanide, 171\\nBisulphis, 933\\nIodide, 171\\nBoras, 933\\nNitrate, 172\\nBromidum. 933\\nNitrate, with Lead, 174\\nCarbonas, 934\\nOxide, 174\\nCarbonas Exsiccatus, 934\\nPreparations,171-175\\nChloras, 935\\nSimaruba, 925\\nChloridum, 935\\nSimple Cerate, 303\\nCitras, 936\\nElixir, 1139\\net Potassii Tartras, 815\\nOintment, 70\\nHypophosphis, 937\\nSyrup. 966\\nHyposulphis, 937\\nSinai bin, 925\\nIodidum, 938\\nSinapis Alba, 925\\nNitras, 938\\nNigra, 926\\nPhosphas, 938\\nSinapism Paper, 328\\nPyrophosphas, 938\\nSinigrin. 926\\nSalicylas, 939\\nSirops, 964\\nSantoninas, 886\\nSitz-baths, 211\\nSilicas. 939\\nSjolok, 903\\nSulphas, 939\\nSkedort. 349\\nSulpbis, 940\\nSkull-cap, 908\\nSulphocarbolas, 940\\nSkunk Cabbage, 413\\nTartras, 940\\nSkorbjuggs^rt, 349\\nSodium, 929\\nSlippery Elm, 1005\\nAcetate, 930\\nElm Tea, 1005\\nBenzoate, 931\\nSmilacin. 895\\nBiborate, 933\\nSmilax Medica, 891\\nBicarbonate, 931\\nOfficinalis, 891\\nBicarbonate, Commercial, 932\\nSyphilitica, 891\\nBisulphite, 933\\nSmor, 244\\nBorate. 933\\nSnakehead, 308\\nBromide, 933\\nSnake Root, 922\\nBromide Solution, 934\\nSnakeweed, 234\\nCarbonate, 934\\nSoap. 887\\nCarbonate, Dried, 934\\nCerate, 888\\nChlorate, 935\\nCurd, 890\\nChloride, 935\\nGieen, 889\\nCitrate, 936\\nLiniment, 888\\nCitrate Solution, 936\\nPlanter, 888\\nHydrate, 929\\nPotassa, 889\\nHypophosphite, 937\\nRoot, 890\\nHyposulphite, 937\\nSoft, 889\\nHyposulphite Lotion, 937\\nSoda, 887\\nIodide, 938\\nTree Bark, 833\\nNitrate, 938\\nSoapwort, 890\\nPhosphate, 938\\nSocaloin, 99\\nPreparations, 929-940\\nSocker, 873\\nPyrophosphate, 938\\nSockersyrup, 966\\nSalicylate 939\\nSocotrine Aloes, 100\\nSantonin ate, 886\\nSoda, 929\\nSilicate Solution, 939\\nCaustic, 929\\nSulphate, 939\\nLozenges, 932\\nSulphite, 940\\nPowders, 940\\nSulphocarbolate, 940\\nSal, 934\\nTartrate, 940\\nSolution, 930\\nSoft Soap, 887\\n76", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1215.jp2"}, "1216": {"fulltext": "1202\\nINDEX.\\nSolanine, 416\\nSolid Extracts, 444\\nSolidago, 941\\nOdora, 941\\nSolomon s Seal, 800\\nSolutio Camph. Spirituoso-Aetherea, 265\\nChloreti Ferrici, 469\\nChloreti Ferrici Spirituosa, 472\\nChlori, 323\\nFerri Acet., 461\\nFerrici Chloridi, 467\\nFerrosi Chloridi Spirituoso-Aetherea,\\n472\\nHydrargyrici Nitratis, 573\\nSolution Acetate Ammonium, 121\\nAcetate Iron, 461\\nAlbuminate Iron, 500\\nArseniate Sodium, 185\\nArsenic Valangin, 184\\nArsenious Acid, 184\\nArsenite Potassium, 186\\nBromide Sodium, 934\\nCalcium Hydrate, 254\\nChloride Antimony. 152\\nChloride Arsenic, 184\\nChloride Iron, 467\\nChloride Iron, Strong, B., 469\\nChloride Iron, Strong. G 469\\nChloride Iron, Sw., 469\\nChloride Tin, 947\\nChloride Zinc, 1028\\nChlorinated Soda, 324\\nCitrate Iron, 475\\nCitrate Iron and Quinine, 479\\nCitrate Magnesium, 672\\nCitrate Morphine, 702\\nCitrate Potassium, 814\\nCitrate Sodium, 936\\nCorrosive Chloride Mercury, 567, 568\\nCorrosive Sublimate, 568\\nDonovan s, 186\\nFerric Citrate, 475\\nFerric Nitrate, 485\\nFerric Sulphate, 497\\nFerric Tersulphate, 497\\nFowler s, 186\\nGutta-Percha, 546\\nIodide Arsenic and Mercury, 186\\nIodine Comp., 610\\nIron Albuminate. 500\\nIron Chloride, 467\\nIron Chloride, Strong, B., 469\\nIron Chloride, Strong, G., 469\\nIron Chloride. Sw., 469\\nIron Citrate, 475\\nIron Muriate, 467\\nIron Nitrate, 485\\nIron Oxychloride, 480\\nIron Perchloride, 467\\nIron Perchloride, Pravaz s, 467\\nIron Sesquichloride. 467\\nIron Tersulphate, 497\\nSolution, Labarraque s, 324\\nLead Subacetate, 789\\nLime, 254\\nLitmus, 657\\nLugol s, 610\\nMagnesium Sulphate, 673\\nMorphine Citrate, 702\\nMuriate Iron. 467\\nMuriate Tin, 947\\nNitrate Iron, 485\\nNitrate Mercury, 573\\nOpium, Compound, 734\\nOxychloride Iron, 480\\nPepsin, 756\\nPerchloride Iron, 467\\nPerchloride Iron, Pravaz s, 469\\nPhosphorus, 767\\nPotassa, 806\\nPotassium Citrate, 814\\nPotassium Hydrate, 806, 807\\nPotassium Iodide, 817\\nQuinine, 835\\nSesquichloride Iron, 467\\nSilicate Sodium, 939\\nSoda, 930\\nSodium Bromide, 934\\nSodium Silicate, 939\\nSubacetate Lead, 789\\nSubacetate Lead, Diluted, 790\\nSubsulphate Iron, 494\\nSuccinate Ammonium, 128\\nSulphurated Lime, 257\\nTar, Alkaline, 785\\nTersulphate Iron, 497\\nTin Chloride, 947\\nTin Muriate, 947\\nZinc Chloride, 1028\\nSolutions, 654, 941\\nSorghum Sugar, 874\\nSyrup, 874\\nSosa Oaustica, 929\\nSotwandel, 132\\nSouchet des Indes, 393\\nSoude Caustique, 929\\nCaustique Liquide, 930\\nSoufre, 958\\nDore, Antimoine, 158\\nSouthern Angelica, 648\\nSenega, 912\\nSouthernwood, 187\\nSpaces, Intercellular, 1081\\nSpanische Fliegen, 271\\nSpanischer Pfeffer, 277\\nSpanish Flies, 271\\nSaffron, 383\\nSpansk Humla, 740\\nPepper, 277\\nSpansk a Flugor, 271\\nSparteine, 907\\nSpearmint, 694\\nWater, 695\\nSpecies, 941", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1216.jp2"}, "1217": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1203\\nSpecies, Althasas Comp., Ill\\nSpirit, Perfumed, 863, 944\\nAmarse, 831\\nPyroxylic, 91\\nBocckeri, 831\\nSpirits, 944\\nGuaiaci Compositas, 542\\nSpiritus, 944\\nLaxantes St. Germain, 921\\nAetheris, 73\\nPectoral es, 111\\nAetheris Compositus, 74\\nQuassias Amaras, 831\\nAetheris Nitrosi, 74\\nResolventes, 559\\nAmmonias, 121\\nSt. Germain, 921\\nAmmonias Aromaticus, 125\\nSpecific Gravity, 1134\\nAmygdalae Amaras, 182\\nGravity Bottle, 1134\\nAngelicas Compositus, 143\\nVolume, 1135\\nAnisi, 149\\nVolumes, Tables, 1137, 1138\\nAnisi Ammoniatus, 149\\nSpermaceti, 305\\nArmoracias Compositus, 175\\nCerati, 305\\nAurantii, 207\\nSaccharated, 306\\nCajuputi, 247\\nSpetsglans, 156\\nCamphoras, 265\\nSpice Plaster, 278\\nCamphoras Aethereus, 265\\nSpicebush, 651\\nCari, 290\\nBerries, 652\\nCaryophylli, 291\\nSpigelia, 942\\nChloroformi, 321\\nPreparations, 942, 943\\nCinnamomi, 346\\nSpikenard. 169\\nCitri, 651\\nSpindle Oil, 751\\nCochlearias, 349\\nSpirit, 79\\nCochlearias Compositus, 350\\nof Allspice, 778\\nFosniculi, 503\\nof Ammonia, 121\\nFormicarum, 26\\nof Anise, 149\\nFrumenti, 944\\nof Bay, 710\\nGaultheria, 514\\nof Bitter Almond, 132\\nJuniperi, 626\\nof Cajuput, 247\\nJuniperi Compositus, 626\\nof Camphor, 265\\nLimonis, 651\\nof Caraway, 290\\nMelissas Compositus, 690\\nof Chloroform, 321\\nMenthas Piperitas, 693\\nof Cinnamon, 346\\nMenthas Viridis, 695\\nof Cloves, 291\\nMindereri, 121\\nof Coriander, 375\\nMyrcias, 710\\nof Ether, 73\\nMyristicas,7i2\\nof Ether, Compound, 74\\nNeroli, 715\\nof Fennel, 503\\nNitri Dulcis, 74\\nof Gaultheria, 514\\nOdoratus, 863, 944\\nof Hartshorn, 119\\nPimentas, 778\\nof Hedeoma, 550\\nPyroxylicus, 91\\nof Juniper, 626\\nRectificatus, 79\\nof Lavender, 644\\nRosas, 861\\nof Lavender, Compound, 644\\nRosmarini, 862\\nof Lemon, 651\\nRosmarini Compositus Odoratus, 863\\nof Mindererus, 121\\nSinapis, 929\\nof Mustard, 929\\nVini, 79\\nof Myrcia, 710\\nVini Gallici, 945\\nof Nitre, 74\\nSpiroids, 1078\\nof Nitrous Ether, 74\\nSpurious, 1078\\nof Nutmeg-, 712\\nSpiskummin, 388\\nof Orange, 207\\nSponge, 945\\nof Pennyroyal, 550\\nBaths, 211\\nof Peppermint, 693\\nBurnt, 947\\nof Rose, 861\\nTents, 946\\nof Rosemary, 862\\nSpongia, 945\\nof Sassafras, 902\\nUsta, 947\\nof Spearmint. 695\\nSpongias Ceratas, 946\\nof Turpentine, 974\\nCompressas, 946\\nof Wintergreen, 514\\nSpongioles, 1083", "height": "4283", "width": "2626", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1217.jp2"}, "1218": {"fulltext": "1204\\nINDEX.\\nSporidia Lycopodii, 665\\nStomata, 1083\\nSpray Apparatus, 600\\nStone-cells, 1076\\nCarbolic Acid, 21\\nStone Root, 356\\nSpring Water, 166\\nStorax, 956\\nSprit, 79\\nLiquid, 956\\nSpunk, 76\\nStramoine, 950\\nSpurred Rye, 426\\nStramonii Folia, 950\\nSquattram, 645\\nSemen, 953\\nSquaw Root, 300\\nStramonium Leaves, 950\\nVine, 700\\nOintment, 954\\nWeed, 431, 910\\nPreparations, 952-954\\nSquill, 903\\nSeed, 953\\nPreparations, 904-907\\nStrengthening Plaster, 476\\nSquine, 312\\nStreupulver, 665\\nSquirrel Corn, 378\\nStronger Ether, 71\\nStarke, 136\\nWhite Wine, 1022\\nStanni Chloridum, 947\\nStrontium, 954\\nStannic Chloride, 947\\nStrychnia, 955\\nStannum, 947\\nStrychnina, 955\\nStaph ans-ort, 948\\nStrychnine, 591, 717, 955\\nStaphisagria, 948\\nAcetate, 956\\nStaphisaine, 948\\nHypodermic Injection, 606\\nStar Anise, 593\\nNitrate, 956\\nAnise, False, 594\\nOleate, 955\\nStarch, 136\\nSulphate, 956\\nCom, 686\\nSturmhutknollen, 54\\nIodide, 609\\nStyptic, Collodion, 50\\nMaranta, 681\\nCotton, 534\\nNature of, 1071, 1072\\nWarren s, 975\\nPaste, 137\\nStyracibalsamum, 956\\nRice, 741\\nStyracin, 956\\nTapioca. 971\\nStyrax, 956\\nStargrass, 92\\nLiquidus, 956\\nStarwort, 92\\nStyrol, 956\\nStavesacre, 948\\nStarhelse, 136\\nSteam Atomizer, 600*\\nStakrefron, 762\\nStearin, 948\\nSubcarbonate of Bismuth, 232\\nStechapfel, 950\\nof Iron, 493\\nSteer s Opodeldoc, 890\\nSubchloride of Mercury, 568\\nSteinklee, 688\\nSuber, 1083\\nSteinol, 760\\nSublimed Sulphur, 960\\nSternanis, 593\\nSubmuriate Mercury, 568\\nSt. Germain Tea, 921\\nSubnitrate Bismuth. 232\\nStibium, 152\\nSubscription, 1111, 1114\\nOxydatum, 155\\nSubsulphate Iron, 493\\nSulfuratum Aurantiacum, 158\\nMercury, 577\\nSulphuratum, 156\\nSucci, 957\\nSulphuratum, Rubeum, 156\\nSuccinic Acid, 43, 957\\nSticking Plaster, 841\\nSuccinum, 957\\nStiermata Croci, 383\\nSuccory, 327\\nMaidis, 687\\nSuccus Aconiti, 64\\nSt. Ignatius Bean, 591\\nAurantii, 210\\nStillingia, 949\\nBelladonnae, 220\\nPreparations, 949, 950\\nCitri, 651\\nStinkasant, 189\\nConii, 368\\nStinkweed, 950\\nHyoscyami, 585\\nStipites Dulcamara}, 416\\nLimonis, 651\\nLaminarioe, 639\\nLiquiritiae, 531\\nStjernanis, 5\\nRhaumi Cathartici Fructus,\\n842\\nStockfischleberthran, 704\\nThebaicus, 724\\nStokes Expectorant, 125\\nSucre, 873\\nLiniment, 975\\nde Lait, 875", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1218.jp2"}, "1219": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1205\\nSucre de Saturne, 738\\nSulphide of Lime, 256\\nSucrose, 878\\nof Mercury, Black, 577\\nSusse Mandeln, 132\\nof Mercury, Bed, 577\\nSiissholz. 527\\nof Potassium, 807\\nSuet, 924\\nSulph-indigotic Acid, 596\\nSugar, 873\\nSulphite of Calcium, 253\\nBeet, 874\\nof Magnesium, 673\\nBurnt. 873\\nof Potassium, 820\\nFruit, 874\\nof Sodium, 940\\nGrape, 874\\nSulphocarbolate of Sodium. 940\\nMaple, 874\\nof Zinc, 1030\\nMilk. 875\\nSulphur, 958\\nof Lead, 788\\nand Green Soap, 959\\nSolutions, Densities, 875\\nBalsam, 960\\nSorghum. 874\\nIodide, 610, 961\\nYolunie of, when in liquid form, 967\\nLotum, 958\\nSugars, Aromatic, 418\\nOintment, 961\\nSuif, 921\\nOintment, Alkaline, 959\\nSulfate de Magnesie, 672\\nOintment, Compound, 961\\nSulfato Quinico, 838\\nPraacipitatum, 960\\nSulfure d Antimoine, 156\\nPreparations, 958-961\\nd Antimoine Hydrate, 156\\nStibiatum Rubeum, 156\\nSulphate of Aluminium, 116\\nSublimatum, 960\\nof Aluminium and Ammonium, 113\\nWashed, 958\\nof Aluminium and Potassium, 113\\nSulphurated Antimony, 158\\nof Ammonium. 129\\nLime, 256\\nof Atropine, 202\\nOil, 960\\nof Bebeerine, 215\\nOil, with Turpentine, 960\\nof Cadmium. 244\\nPotassa, 807\\nof Calcium, 253\\nSulphuret of Iron, 497\\nof Cinchonia, 343\\nof Lime, 256\\nof Cinch onidine. 342\\nof Potassium, 807\\nof Cincbonine, 343\\nSulphuric Acid, 44\\nof Copper, 391\\nAcid, Aromatic, 46\\nof Copper, Ammoniated, 392\\nAcid, Diluted, 47\\nof Duboisine, 415\\nAcid, Fuming, 45\\nof Eserine, 770\\nAcid Lemonade, 48\\nof Hyoscyamine, 581\\nAcid, Nordhausen, 45\\nof Indigo, 596\\nAcid Paste, 46\\nof Iron, 495\\nAcid Syrup, 48\\nof Iron and Ammonium, 477\\nEther, 71\\nof Iron, Commercial, 496\\nSulphurous Acid, 48\\nof Iron, Dried, 495\\nAcid Preparations, 673\\nof Iron, Granulated, 496\\nSulphuris lodidum, 610, 961\\nof Iron, Impure, 496\\nSumach Bark, 854\\nof Iron, Precipitated, 496\\nBark, Fragrant, 853\\nof Magnesium, 672\\nBerries, 853\\nof Manganese. 678\\nSweet, 853\\nof Mercury, 577\\nSumbol, 961\\nof Morphine, 703\\nSummitates Meliloti, 688\\nof Physostigmine, 770\\nScoparii, 907\\nof Potassium, 819\\nSumpf-forst, 645\\nof Quinidia, 834\\nSundew, 414\\nof Quinidine, 834\\nSuperoxide of Lead, 797\\nof Quinine, 838\\nof Manganese, 677\\nof Sodium, 939\\nSuperscription, 1111\\nof Strychnine, 956\\nSuper tartras Kalicus, 810\\nof Zinc, 1030\\nSuppositoria Acidi Carbolici, 22\\nSulphide of Antimony, 156\\nAcidi Tannici. 51\\nof Antimony, Yellow, 156\\nAsafcetidas, 191\\nof Calcium, 256\\nBelladonnas, 220\\nof Lron, 497\\nHydrargyri, 565", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1219.jp2"}, "1220": {"fulltext": "1206\\nINDEX.\\nSuppositories, 962\\nSyrup of Currants, White, 866\\nGelatin, 515\\nof Elderberry, 880\\nMercury, 565\\nof Fennel, 503\\nTannin, 51\\nof Garlic, 96\\nSurgeons Agaric, 76\\nof Ginger, 1033\\nSurt Kolsyradt Natron, 931\\nof Hydriopic Acid, 27\\nSiissholz, 527\\nof Hypophosphite of Calcium, 251,\\nSvafoel, 958\\n587\\nSvafvelantimon, 156\\nof Hypophosphite of Lime, 251, 587\\nSvafvellefver, 807\\nof Hypophosphites, 588\\nSvafvelsyra, 44\\nof Hypophosphites of Calcium and\\nSvafvelsyrad Kinin, 838\\nSodium, 587\\nTalk, 672\\nof Hypophosphites of Calcium, So-\\nSvafvelsyrlighet, 48\\ndium, and Potassium, 588\\nSvart Prustrot, 551\\nof Hypophosphites of Calcium, So-\\nSenap, 926\\ndium, Potassium, and Iron, 588\\nSviskon, 821\\nof Hypophosphites, Compound, 588\\nSwamp, 945\\nof Hypophosphites of Lime and Soda,\\nDogwood, 377\\n587\\nMilkweed, 195\\nof Hypophosphites of Lime, Soda, and\\nSwedish Bitters, 10S\\nPotassa, 588\\nSweet Almond, 132\\nof Hypophosphites of Lime, Soda, Po-\\nBugle, 666\\ntassa, and Iron, 588\\nClover, 688\\nof Hypophosphites with Iron, 588\\nFlag, 247\\nof Iodide of Calcium, 252\\nGum, 654\\nof Iodide of Iron, 484\\nMarjoram, 674\\nof Iodide of Lime, 252\\nOil, 722\\nof Iron Chloride, 474\\nOrange Peel, 205\\nof Iron Iodide, 484\\nSpirit of Nitre, 74\\nof Iron Oxide, 501\\nSumach, 853\\nof Iron Phosphate, 489\\nTincture of Rhubarb, 851\\nof Iron Pyrophosphate, 492\\nWine of Iron, 475\\nof Ipecac, 614\\nSweetwood Bark, 291\\nof Ipecac and Opium, 613, 731\\nSydenham s Laudanum, 738\\nof Juniper Berries, 625\\nSymphytum, 963\\nof Glycyrrhiza, 530\\nSymplocarpus, 413\\nof Iodide of Manganese, 677\\nSyringe Bulb, 602\\nof Krameria, 633\\nSyringes, 602\\nof Lactophosphate of Calcium, 252\\nSyrup of Acacia, 8\\nof Lactophosphate of Iron, 485\\nof Adiantum, 71\\nof Lactophosphate of Lime, 252\\nof Almond, 134\\nof Lactucarium, 639\\nof Altheea, 110\\nof Lemon, 650\\nof Anise, 149\\nof Lemon Juice, 866\\nof Asafetida, 191\\nof Lime, 255\\nof Asarum, Compound, 193\\nof Liquorice Root, 530\\nof Asparagus, 197\\nof Maidenhair, 71\\nof Balsam Peru, 758\\nof Marshmallow, 110\\nof Blackberry, 863\\nof Mulberries, 866\\nof Blackberry Root Bark, 865\\nof Nutgall, Aromatic, 512\\nof Blood Root, 883\\nof Orange, 206\\nof Bromide of Iron, 464\\nof Orange Flowers, 209\\nof Buckthorn Berries, 843\\nof Orange Juice, 210\\nof Chemical Food, 764\\nof Orange Juice, Sweet, 866\\nof Cherry, 866\\nof Oxide of Iron, 501\\nof Cherry, Wild, 823\\nof Pansy, 1024\\nof Chloride of Iron, 474\\nof Peppermint, 694\\nof Citric Acid, 25\\nof Peru Balsam, 758\\nof Compound Phosphates, 764\\nof Phosphate of Iron, 489\\nof Cubeb, 386\\nof Phosphates, Compound, 764\\nof Currants, Black, K66\\nof Phosphates of Iron, Quinine and\\nof Currants, Red, 866\\nStrychnine, 492", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1220.jp2"}, "1221": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1207\\nSyrup of Pyrophosphate of Iron, 492\\nSyrupus Aurantii, 206\\nof Pineapple, 866\\nAurantii Florum. 209\\nof Poppy. 749\\nAurantii Sicci, 210\\nof Poppy Flowers, 852\\nBalsami Peruviani, 758\\nof Pruuus Virginiana, 823\\nCalcii et Sodii Hypophosphitum, 587\\nof Queen s Root, Compound, 950\\nCalcii Hypophosphitis, 251, 587\\nof Quince, 806\\nCalcii Iodidi, 252\\nof Raspberry, S66\\nCalcii Lactophosphatis, 252\\nof Red Poppy, 852\\nCalcis, 255\\nof Rhatany. 633\\nCimicifuga? Compositus, 330\\nof Rhubarb and Potassa. 845\\nCinnamomi, 346\\nof Rhubarb, Aromatic, 849\\nCitri, 650\\nof Rhubarb (Xew Pharmacopoeia).\\nCodeinae, 350\\n849\\nCubebae, 386\\nof Rhubarb. Simple, 850\\nFerri Bromidi, 464\\nof Rhubarb. Spiced, 849\\nFerri Chloridi Yiridis, 474\\nof Rose. 861\\nFerri Oxidi, 501\\nof Sarsaparilla, Compound, 899\\nFerri Hypophosphitis, 482\\nof Senega. 914\\nFerri Lactophosphatis, 485\\nof Senega. Compound, 914\\nFerri Oxydati Solubilis, 501\\nof Senna. 921\\nFerri Phosphatis, 489\\nof Senna and Manna. 921\\nFerri Pyrophosphates, 492\\nof Squill. 905\\nFerri Quinina? et Strychninae Phos-\\nof Squill. Aromatic, 905\\nphatum, 492\\nof Squill, Compound, 905\\nFoeniculi, 503\\nof Squill. Swedish, 905\\nFuscus, 875\\nof Stillingia, Compound, 950\\nGallae Aromaticus, 512\\nof Strawberries, 863\\nG-lycyrrhizae, 530\\nof Sulphuric Acid, 48\\nHypophosphitum, 588\\nof Tar. 784\\nHypophosphitum cum Ferro, 588\\nof Tartaric Acid, 53\\nIpecacuanha? et Opii, 731\\nof Tolu. 997\\nKrameriae, 633\\nof Wild Cherry, 823\\nLactucarii, 639\\nCoxe s Hive, 906\\nLirnonis, 650\\nJackson s Cough, 914\\nMangani Iodidi, 677\\nJackson s Pectoral, 901\\nMentha? Piperita?, 694\\nMaple, 874\\nOpii et Ipecacuanha?, 731\\nSimple. 966\\nPapaveris, 749\\nSorghum, 874\\nPerubalsami, 758\\nSugar, Densities of, 875\\nPhosphatum, Compositus, 764\\nViolet, 1024\\nPicis Liquids?, 784\\nSyrupe, 964\\nRhamni Cathartici Fructus, 843\\nSyrupi. 964\\nRkei(U. S., 1880), 849\\nSyrups, 964\\nRhei, Aromaticus, 849\\nFruit, 866, 967\\nRhei et Potassa?, 845\\nSoda Water, 866\\nRhei (Phar. 1870), 850\\nSyrupus, 966\\nRhei, Simplex, 850\\nAcacia?. 8\\nRhceados, 852\\nAcidi Citrici, 25\\nRosa?, 861\\nAcidi Hydriodici, 27\\nRubi, 865\\nAcidi Sulphurici, 48\\nRubildaei. 866\\nActaeae Compositus, 330\\nRubi Radicis Corticis, 865\\nActaea? Racernosa?, 330\\nRubi Villosi Fructus, 863\\nAdianti, 71\\nSacchari, 966\\nAllii, 96\\nSacchari Fuscus, 875\\nAlthaea?, 110\\nSambuci Fructus, 880\\nAmygdalae, 134\\nSanguinaria?, 883\\nAnisi, 149\\nSarsaparilla?, Compositus, 899\\nAquae Aurantii, 209\\nSassafras, Compositus, 901\\nAsafoetidae Compositus, 191\\nScilla?, 905\\nAsari Compositus, 193\\nScilla?, Aromaticus, 905\\nAsparagi, 197\\nScilla?, Compositus, 905", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1221.jp2"}, "1222": {"fulltext": "1208\\nINDEX.\\nSyrupus Senegas, 914\\nTartrate of Sodium, 940\\nSenegas, Compositus, 914\\nEmetique, 153\\nSennas, 921\\nTartrato Sodico-potasico, 815\\nSennas Mannatus, 921\\nTartre Stibie, 153\\nSimplex, 966\\nTaurocbolic Acid, 458\\nStillingias, Compositus, 950\\nTea, 976\\nThebaicus, 736\\nLaxative, 921\\nTolutamis, 997\\nTeaberry, 513\\nVim, 1023\\nTeas, 941\\nViolas, 1024\\nTeinture de Perchlorure de Fer, 470\\nViolarum, 1024\\nTela Cantharidis, 276\\nZinziberis, 1033\\nTerm, 947\\nSalt, 947\\nTents, 639\\nTabac, 968\\nTepbrosia, 915\\nTabacum, 968\\nTerebinthina, 974\\nTabaksblatter, 968\\nCanadensis. 974\\nTable Salt, 935\\nCommunis, 974\\nTablets, 1004\\nTerpentin, 974\\nTabulas, 1004\\nTerpentinolin, 974\\nTaffy, 875\\nTerra Alba, 237\\nTag Alder, 96\\nJaponica, 298\\nTalg, 924\\nTest-paper, 658\\nTallow, 924\\nTetterwort, 307\\nTamar Indien, 969\\nTeufelsdreck, 189\\nTamariiidus, 969\\nThe, 976\\nTanacetin, 970\\nThea, 976\\nTanacetum, 970\\nThebaine, 725\\nTanaisie, 970\\nTheer, 783\\nTannate Bismuth, 233\\nTheine, 977\\nQ amine, 889\\nTheobroma, 977\\nTannic Acid, 49, 511\\nTheobromine, 978\\nAcid Preparations, 50-52\\nTheriaca, 875, 979\\nTannin, 49, 511, 853, 1107\\nThielemann s Cholera Drops, 730\\nInjection, 51, 52\\nThonerdeklorid, 115\\nOak. 832\\nThornapple, 950\\nPastiles-, Scbuster s, 52\\nThoroughwort, 440\\nTansy, 970\\nThridace, 636\\nTape-worm Remedy, 538\\nThuja, 979\\nTapioca, 971\\nThujin. 979\\nTar, 783\\nThus, 721\\nBarbadoes, 760\\nAmericanum, 974\\nPreparations, 784, 785\\nThyme, 980\\nWater, 784\\nThymene, 980\\nWashed, 784\\nThymian, 980\\nTaraxacerin, 972\\nThymol, 980\\nTaraxacin, 971\\nThymus, 980\\nTaraxacum, 971\\nTidebastbark, 698\\nTartar Emetic, 153\\nTidlosefro, 353\\nTartaric Acid, 52\\nTidloserot, 350\\nAcid Lemonade, 53\\nTierre Japonica, 298\\nTartarus Boraxatus, 810\\nTilia, 981\\nDepuratus, 810\\nTimjam, 980\\nSolubilis, 820\\nTin, 947\\nStibiatus, 153\\nChloride, 947\\nTartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 153\\nMuriate, 947\\nof Chinoline, 314\\nTinctura Aconiti Foliorum, 64, 987\\nof Iron and Ammonium, 477\\nAconiti Badicis, 60-61, 987\\nof Jron and Potassium, 478\\nActasa Bacemosa, 987\\nof Morphine, 70.\\nAloes, 105, 987\\nof Potassium, 820\\nAloes, Composita, 106\\nof Potassium and Sodium, 815\\nAloes et Myrrhas, 106", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1222.jp2"}, "1223": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1209\\nTinctura Arnica, Florum, 177\\nArnicas Radicis, 180\\nAromatica Acida, 46\\nAsafostidas, 192\\nAurantii, 204\\nAurantii Amari, 204\\nAurantii Dulcis, 206\\nAurea de la Mottii, 472\\nBaptivia, 987\\nBelladonnas, 987\\nBelladonnas Radicis, 987\\nBenzoini, 226\\nBenzoini, Composita, 226\\nBlattas, 235\\nCactus Grandiflora, 988\\nCamphoras, 265\\nCarnphorse, Composita, 737\\nCardamomi, 284, 988\\nCardamomi, Composita, 284, 988\\nCastorei Thebaica 5 296\\nChamasliriuni, 989\\nChlorophylli, 322\\nCocci, 348\\nCocci, Composita, 349\\nC chici riorum, 356\\nColchici Radicis, 353. 990\\nColchici Seminis, 355, 990\\nConii Foliorum, 365\\nConii Fructus, 365\\nCroci, 384\\nCupri Acetatis Rademacheri, 391\\nde Chloruro Ferrico, 470\\nDiptericis, 411\\nFerri Acetatis (B.), 462\\nFerri Acetatis (U. S.), 463\\nFerri Chlorati, 474\\nFerri Chlorati ^therea, 472\\nFerri Chloridi, 470\\nFerri Muriatici, 470\\nFerri Perchloridi, 470\\nFerri Pom at a, 491\\nFerri Sesquichloridi, 470\\nGallas, 510, 512. 991\\nHumuli, 559, 991\\nHyoscyami Foliorum, 585\\nHyoscyami Radicis, 586\\nHyoscyami Seminum, 587\\nIodi, 610\\nLavandulas, Composita, 644\\nLimonis Cort. Recentis, 650\\nMartis Klaprothii, 472\\nMoschi, 708\\nOpii, 735\\nOpii Camphorata, 737\\nOpii Crocata, 737\\nOpii Deodorata, 738\\nOpii et Ipecacuanhas, 731\\nOpii Pectoralis, 738\\nPersionis, 757\\nPicis Liquids, 785\\nRhei, 850\\nRhei, Aquosa, 850\\nTinctura Rhei, Aromatica, 850\\nRhei, Dulcis, 851\\nRhei et Sennas, 846\\nRhei, Vinosa, 852\\nSantali Rubri, 884\\nSaponis Camphorata, 888\\nSaponis Viridis, 889\\nScillas, 906\\nStyracis Composita, 956\\nThebaica, 735\\nThielemanni, 730\\nThujas, 980\\nTolutana, 997\\nTonico-Meiwina Bestuschemi, 472\\nZinziberis, 1033\\nTincturas, 982\\nHerbanum Recentium, 995\\nTincture of Absinthium, 2, 986\\nof Absinthium, Compound, 986\\nof Acetate of Copper, 391\\nof Acetate of Iron (B.), 462\\nof Acetate of Iron (U. S.), 463\\nof Aconite Leaves, 64, 987\\nof Aconite Root, 60-61, 987\\nof Alkanet, 94\\nof American Hellebore, 995, 1016\\nof Angelica, 987\\nof Angustura, 987,\\nof Aralia Spinosa, 987\\nof Arbor Vitas, 980\\nof Arnica Flowers, 177, 987\\nof Arnica Root, 180, 987\\nof Aspidosperma, 201, 987\\nof Bark, Huxham s, 340\\nof Belladonna Leaves, 221, 987\\nof Belladonna Root, 224, 987\\nof Black Cohosh, 330, 987\\nof Black Snake Root, 987\\nof Blood Root, 883, 987\\nof Blood Root, Compound, 987\\nof Blue Cohosh, 987\\nof Blue Flag, 987\\nof Boldo, 988\\nof Bryonia, 241, 988\\nof Buchu, 243, 988\\nof Calabar Bean, 769, 988\\nof Calamus, 249, 988\\nof Calendula, 259, 988\\nof Calendula Flowers, 988\\nof Calendula Herb, 259, 988\\nof Calumba, 261, 988\\nof Canella, 988\\nof Cannabis Indica, 270, 988\\nof Cantharides. 276, 988\\nof Capsicum, 280, 988\\nof Cascarilla, 293, 988\\nof Castoreum, 296\\nof Catechu, 988\\nof Catechu. Compound, 299, 989\\nof Caulophyllum, 989\\nof Caulophyllum, Compound, 989\\nof Chinoidin, 314", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1223.jp2"}, "1224": {"fulltext": "1210\\nINDEX.\\nTincture of Chirata, 317, 989\\nof Chloride of Iron, 470\\nof Chloride of Iron, Ethereal, 472\\nof Chloride of Iron, Swedish, 472\\nof Chloride of Iron, Tasteless, 472\\nof Chnicifuga, 330, 989\\nof Chnicifuga, Compound, 989\\nof Cinchona, 337, 989\\nof Cinchona, Compound, 340, 989\\nof Cinchona, Compound, Huxham s,\\n340\\nof Cinchona, Detannated, 337\\nof Cinnamon, 345, 989\\nof Cinnamon, Compound, 989\\nof Coca, 990\\nof Cocculus Indicus, 990\\nof Cochineal, 348\\nof Cochineal, Compound, 349\\nof Cockroach, 235\\nof Cohosh, Black, 330, 990\\nof Cohosh, Black, Compound, 990\\nof Cohosh, Blue, 990\\nof Cohosh, Blue, Compound, 990\\nof Colchicum Flowers, 356\\nof Colchicum Root, 353, 990\\nof Colchicum Seed, 355, 990\\nof Colchicum Seed, Compound, 990\\nof Colocynth, 3G1, 990\\nof Columbo. 261, 990\\nof Conium Fruit, 365, 990\\nof Conium Leaves, 368, 990\\nof Conium Seed, 365, 990\\nof Corydalis, 990\\nof Coto, 990\\nof Cubeb, 387, 990\\nof Cudbear, 757\\nof Culver s Root, 990\\nof Curcuma, 394\\nof Delphinium, 990\\nof Digitalis, 407, 990\\nof Dracontium, 991\\nof Ergot, 431, 991\\nof Eucalyptus, 438, 991\\nof Fish Berries, 991\\nof Foxglove, 407, 991\\nof Fresh Drugs, 995\\nof Fresh Lemon Peel, 650\\nof Gelsemium, 517, 991\\nof Gentian, Compound, 520, 991\\nof Ginger, 991, 1U33\\nof Golden Seal, 581, 991\\nof Green Soap, 889\\nof Guaiac, 544\\nof Guaiac, Ammoniated, 544\\nof Hellebore, American, 995, 1016\\nof Henbane Leaves, 585, 991\\nof Henbane Root, 586\\nof Henbane Seed, 587, 991\\nof Hops, 550, 901\\nof Hydrastis, 581, 991\\nof Hydrastis, Compound, 991\\nof HyoscyamuH [Leaves], 585, 991\\nTincture of Hyoscyamus Root, 586\\nof Hyoscyamus Seed, 587, 992\\nof Ignatia, 592, 992\\nof Indian Cannabis. 270. 988, 992\\nof Indian Hemp, 270, 988, 992\\nof Indian Hemp, True, 270, 988, 992\\nof Iodine, 610\\nof Iodine, Decolorized, 611\\nof Ipecac, 614, 992\\nof Ipecac and Opium, 613, 731\\nof Iris Versicolor, 992\\nof Iron, 470\\nof Iron, BestuschefFs, 472\\nof Iron, Chloride, 470\\nof Iron, Chloride, Ethereal, 472\\nof Iron, Chloride, Swedish, 472\\nof Iron, Klaproth s, 472\\nof Iron, Perch! oride, 470\\nof Iron, Protochloride, 474\\nof Iron, Sesquichloride J 470\\nof Iron, Tasteless, 472\\nof Jaborandi, 992\\nof Jalap, 992\\ncf Kalmia, 992\\nof Kino, 629, 992\\nof Krameria, 633, 992\\nof Lavender, Compound, 644\\nof Lemon Peel, Fresh, 650\\nof Leptandra, 992\\nof Litmus, 657\\nof Lobelia, 661, 992\\nof Lobelia and Capsicum, Compound,\\n992\\nof Lobelia, Compound, 992\\nof Lobelia, Ethereal, 661\\nof Lupulin, 664, 993\\nof Mandrake, 993\\nof Marygold, 993\\nof Matico, 684, 993\\nof May-Apple Root, 993\\nof Muriate of Iron, 470\\nof Musk, 708\\nof Musk Root, 962, 993\\nof Myrrh, 714\\nof Myrrh and Capsicum, 714\\nof Night-blooming Cereus, 993\\nof Nutgall, 510, 512, 993\\nof Nux Vomica, 719, 993\\nof Opium, 736\\nof Opium and Saffron, 738\\nof Opium, Camphorated, 737\\nof Opium, Compound, 737\\nof Opium, Denarcotized, 738\\nof Orange, 204\\nof Orange Peel, Bitter, 204, 993\\nof Orange, Sweet, 206\\nof Orris Root, 616, 993\\nof Pellitory. 828; 993\\nof Perchloride of Iron, 470\\nof Phosphorus, 767\\nof PhysosLigma, 769, 993\\nof Phytolacca Berry, 993", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1224.jp2"}, "1225": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1211\\nTincture of Phytolacca Root, 772, 993\\nTisanes, 596\\nof Pilocarpus, 993\\nTissue, Fundamental, 1081\\nof Podophyllum, 993\\nTissues, 922\\nof Poison Oak, 993\\nVegetable, 1080\\nof Poke Berries, 993\\nTita, 373\\nof Poke Root, 772, 993\\nTjara, 783\\nof Prickly Ash Berries, 993\\nTobacco, 715, 968\\nof Pulsatilla, 994\\nTobak, 968\\nof Pyrethrurn, 828, 994\\nTolene, 996\\nof Quassia, 831, 994\\nTolikirschenblatter, 216\\nof Quebracho, 201\\nTollkirschenwurzel, 221\\nof Queens Root, 994\\nTollkraut, 216\\nof Quillaia, 833, 994\\nTolu Water, 997\\nof Quinine, Compound, 839\\nTolubalsamum, 996\\nof Red Saunders, 884\\nTolutanum Balsamum, 996\\nof Rhatany, 633, 994\\nTonga, 998\\nof Rhubarb, 850, 995\\nTonka Bean, 410\\nof Rhubarb and Senna, 846\\nTormentilla, 998\\nof Rhubarb, Aqueous, 850\\nTorsklefvertran, 704\\nof Rhubarb, Aromatic, 850\\nTournesol, 657\\nof Rhubarb, Compound, 994\\nToxicodendric Acid, 856\\nof Rhubarb, Sweet, 851, 994\\nToxicodendron, 855\\nof Rhus Toxicodendron, 994\\nTracheides, 1077, 1079\\nof Saffron, 384\\nTragacantha, 999\\nof Sanguinaria, 883, 987, 994\\nTragacanthin, 1000\\nof Sanguinaria, Compound, 994\\nTraganth, 999\\nof Senega, 912\\nTrailing Arbutus, 425\\nof Senna, 923\\nTreacle, 875\\nof Serpentaria, 924, 994\\nTrebol Acuatico, 696\\nof Sesquichloride of Iron, 470\\nTrebol Oloroso, 688\\nof Skunk Cabbage, 995\\nTree of Heaven, 78\\nof Snake Root, 923, 995\\nTrefle d eau, 696\\nof Soap, Green, 889\\nde Marais, 696\\nof Soap Tree Bark, 833, 995\\nTrichomes, 1083\\nof Soap with Camphor, 888\\nTrifolium Aquaticum, 696\\nof Squill, 906, 995\\nPratense, 1000\\nof Staphisagria, 995\\nTrillium, 1001\\nof Stillingia, 995\\nTrimethylamine, 426, 821, 1001\\nof Storax, Compound, 956\\nHydrochlorate, 1002\\nof Stramonium, 995\\nMuriate, 1002\\nof Stramonium Seed, 954\\nTrinitrocarbol^aure, 40\\nof Sumbul, 902, 995\\nTrinitroglycerin, 716\\nof Sweet Orange, 206\\nTrinitrophenol, 40\\nof Symplocarpus, 995\\nTriolein, 745\\nof Tar, 785\\nTripalmitin, 723, 745\\nof Tolu, 997\\nTri-stearate Glyceryl, 948\\nof Tonka, 411\\nTriticum, 1002\\nof Toxicodendron, 995\\nTrituration Elaterin, 418\\nof Turmeric, 394\\nTriturationes, 1004\\nof Valerian, 995, 1011\\nTroches, 1004\\nof Valerian, Ammoniated, 1012\\nof Chalk, 382\\nof Vanilla, 1013\\nof Ginger, 1034\\nof Veratrum Viride, 995, 1016\\nof Acid, Tannic, 52\\nof Wormwood, 2, 986\\nof Bicarbonate Sodium, 932\\nof Wormwood, Compound, 986\\nof Catechu, 300\\nof Yellow Jasmine, 517\\nof Cubeb, 387\\nMartin s, 470\\nof Iron, 498\\nWarburg s, 839\\nof Liquorice and Opium, 531\\nTinctures from Fluid Extracts, 984, 985\\nof Magnesia, 669\\nof Fresh Herbs, 995\\nof Morphine and Ipecac, 703\\nTinkturen, 982\\nof Opium and Liquorice, 531, 729\\nTinturas, 982\\nof Peppermint, 694", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1225.jp2"}, "1226": {"fulltext": "1212\\nINDEX.\\nTroches of Tannin, 52\\nTrochisci, 1004\\nAmmonii Chloridi, 127\\nCretae, 382\\nGlycyrrhizae et Opii, 531, 729\\nIpecacuanhas, 615\\nKrameriae, 633\\nMenthas Piperitae, 694\\nOpii et Glycyrrhizae, 531, 729\\nPotassii Chloratis, 813\\nSantoninatis Sodii, 886\\nSodii Bicarbonatis, 932\\nSodii Santo u inatis, 886\\nZingiberis, 1034\\nTroughs, 1098\\nTrousseau s Cigarettes, 218\\nTrumpet Weed, 441\\nTra-alkohol, 91\\nTra-attika, 41\\nTra-sprit, 91\\nTuber Aconiti, 54\\nJalapas, 618\\nTubera Salep, 876\\nTuckahoe, 664\\nTulip-tree Bark, 655\\nTully s Powder, 703\\nTurkey Corn, 378\\nTurlington s Balsam, 956\\nTurmeric, 393\\nTurnera, 398\\nTurpentine, 974\\nCanada, 974\\nEmulsion, 976\\nOil, 974\\nOil, Eectified, 976\\nPreparations, 975, 976\\nSpirit, 974\\n1 White. 974\\nTurpeth Mineral, 577\\nTurtlehead, 308\\nTussilago, 1004\\nTvafaldt Kolsyradt Kali, 809\\nVinsyradt Kali, 810\\nTval, 887\\nType Metal, 152\\nUebermangansaures Kali, 819\\nUlmus, 1005\\nUncaria, 1005\\nUncariae Extr. Crudum, 300\\nUnguenta, 1006\\nUnguentos, 1006\\nUnguentum, 70\\nAcidi Borici, 18\\nAcidi Carbol., 23\\nAcidi Chyrsophanici, 327\\nAcidi Gallici, 27\\nAcidi Salicyl., 43\\nAcidi Tannici, 52\\nAconitin;e, 66\\nAdipis, 70\\nAmmonii Iodidi, 128\\nUnguentum Aquae Rosae, 859\\nAtropinae, 202\\nAntimonii, 154\\nAuthenriethii, 154\\nBalsami Peruviani, 758\\nBasilicum, 841\\nBellad., 221\\nBenzoatum, 68\\nBenzoini, 226\\nCadmii Iodidi, 244\\nCerussae, 792\\nChrysarobini, 327\\nCitrinum, 573\\nConii, 369\\nDiachylon, 795\\nElemi, 420\\nGallae, 512\\nGallae cum Opio, 513\\nGlycerini, 140\\nGynocardiae, 546\\nHebrae, 795\\nHydrargyri, 565\\nHydrarg. Ammoniati, 579\\nHydrarg. Chloridi Nitris, 570\\nHydrarg. Chloridi Mitis Comp., 570\\nHydrarg. Iodidi Rubri, 572\\nHydrarg. Nitrat, 573\\nHydrarg. Nitrat. Dilut.. 574\\nHydrarg. Oxidi Flavi, 576\\nHydrarg. Oxidi Rubri, 576\\nIodi, 611\\nlodoformi, 608\\nLauri, 643\\nMajoranae, 674\\nMezerei, 699\\nPetrolei, 759\\nPerubalsami, 758\\nPicis Liquidae, 785\\nPlumbi Acetatis, 789\\nPlumbi Balsamicum, 795\\nPlumbi Carbonatis, 792\\nPlumbi Hebrae, 795\\nPlumbi Iodidi, 792\\nPlumbi Nigrum, 796\\nPolymniae, 802\\nPopuli, 804\\nPotassae Sulphuratae, 808\\nPotassii Iodidi, 817\\nSimplex, 303\\nStibiatum, 154\\nStramonii, 954\\nSulphuris, 961\\nSulphuris Alkalinum, 959\\nSulphuris Comp., 961\\nSulphuris Iodidi, 961\\nVeratrinae, 1014\\nZinci Carbonatis, 1027\\nZinci Oxidi, 1029\\nUnicorn, False, 552\\nRoot, 92, 552\\nUniversal Plaster, 794\\nUpas Antiar, 151", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1226.jp2"}, "1227": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1213\\nUrari, 393\\nVinaigre, 9\\nUrson, 425, 514, 680, 1007\\nAromatique, 10\\nUstilago, 1006\\nde Plomb, 789\\nMaydis, 1006\\nGlacial, 14\\nUva Ursi, 1007\\nVinaigres, 8\\nVinegar, 9\\nAromatic, 10\\nVainilla, 1012\\nCamphor, 263\\nValangin s Solution Arsenic, 184\\nCantharides, 272\\nValeren, 1010\\nColchicum, 354\\nValerian, 1008\\nLobelia, 660\\nCamphor, 1010\\nOpium, 727\\nPreparations, 1010-1012\\nOpium with Saffron, 727\\nValerianate Ammonia, 129\\nRaspberry, 865\\nAmmon. Elixir, 129\\nRose, 859\\nBismuth, 234\\nSanguinaria, 882\\nIron. 499\\nSquiU, 904\\nQuinine, 840\\nVinegars, Medicated, 8\\nZinc, 1030\\nVino Emetico, 154\\nValerianic Acid, 53, 645, 961, 1010\\nVinstein, 810\\nValeriansyra, 53\\nVinsyra, 52\\nValerol, 1010\\nVinsyradt Natron-kali, 815\\nVallet s Mass, 466\\nVinum Acidi Tannici, 52\\nVandelrot, 1008\\nAlbum, 1022\\nVanilla, 1012\\nAlbum Fortuis, 1022\\nVanillin, 1012\\nAloes, 106\\nVapor Chlori, 322\\nAntimonii, 154\\nConii, 369\\nAromaticum, 1019\\nIodi, 611\\nCarnis, 287\\nVapors, 599-601, 1013\\nCarnis Ferratum, 287\\nVaselin, 759\\nChinas, 337\\nVatten, 165\\nCinchonas, 337\\nVattenklofver, 696\\nColchici Rad., 353\\nVax, Gult, 302\\nColchici Seminis, 355\\nHvitt, 301\\nErgotse, 431\\nVegetable Pepsin, 750\\nFerratum, 499\\nVeilchenwurzel, 615\\nFerri, 499\\nVeratre Vert, 1014\\nFerri Amarum, 499\\nVeratria, 1014\\nFerri Citratis, 475\\nVeratrine, 869, 1014\\nFerri Dulce, 475\\nOleate, 1014\\nFerri Phosphatis, 489\\nOintment, 1014\\nGentianse, 520\\nVeratroidine, 1015\\nGlycyrrhizse et Opii, 729\\nVeratrum Viride, 1014\\nGlycyrrhizse Thebaicum, 532, 729\\nVerbasci Flores, 1016\\nIpecac, 615\\nFolia, 1017\\nLiquiritiae Thebaicum, 532, 729\\nVerbasco, 1016\\nOpii, 739\\nVerbascum Flowers, 1016\\nOpii Crocatum, 728\\nLeaves, 1017\\nOpii et Glycvrrhizaa, 532, 729\\nVesicatory, 276\\nPepsini, 756, 757\\nVessels, Vegetable, 1077\\nPicis Liquids, 785\\nVetti-ver, 1017\\nPortense, 1020\\nVettiveria, 1017\\nPruni Virginians, 823\\nViburnum, 1017\\nPruni Virginians Ferratum, 824\\nOpulus, 1019\\nRhei, 851\\nPrunifolium, 1017\\nRhei, Amarum, 851\\nVichy Salt, Effervescent, 932\\nRhei, Aromaticum, 852\\nVienna Paste, 805\\nRubrum, 1023\\nVin Antimonii, 154\\nScillaa, 907\\nVina, 1019\\nSeriparum, 756\\nVinagre Antiseptico, 10\\nStibiatum, 154", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1227.jp2"}, "1228": {"fulltext": "1214\\nINDEX.\\nVinum Xericum, 1020\\nViola, 615\\nTricolor, 1023\\nViolin, 1023\\nViolrot, 615\\nVirak, 721\\nVirgin Scammony, 902\\nVirginia Creeper, 130\\nSeedling, 6\\nSnake Root, 922\\nViscin, 763\\nViteilus, 1024\\nOvi, 742\\nVitriol. Blue, 391\\nGreen, 496\\nVitriolol, 44\\nVolatile Oils, 75, 720\\nWachholderbeeren, 624\\nWachs. Gelbes, 302\\nWeisses, 301\\nWaferash, 824\\nWahoo Bark, 439\\nPreparations, 439\\nWaldfarnwurzel, 197\\nWalrath, 305\\nWarburg s Tincture, 839\\nWarming Plaster, 274\\nWarren s Styptic, 975\\nWashed Ether, 72\\nSulphur, 958\\nWashes, 662\\nWashing Soda, 934\\nWasser, 165\\nWasserfenchel, 762\\nWater. 165\\nof Ammonia, 119\\nof Ammonia, Stronger, 120\\nAvens, 522\\nBitter Almond, 131\\nCarbolic Acid, 22\\nGlass, 939\\nTar, 784\\nPimenta, 778\\nWater-fennel, 762\\nWatermelon Seed, 387\\nWax, Mineral, 304\\nPaper, 302\\nWhite, 301\\nYellow, 302\\nWeights and Measures, 1123, 1133\\nhow written, 1116, 1117\\nTables of Equivalents, 1131, 1133\\nWeihnachtswurzel, 551\\nWeihranch, 721\\nWeingeist, 79\\nWeinsaure, 52\\nWeinstein, 810\\nWeinsteinsaure, 52\\nWeisser Arsenik, 182\\nKanel, 266\\nSenf, 925\\nWeisser Zimmt, 266\\nWeizenstarke, 136\\nWell Water, 166\\nWelter sches Bitter, 40\\nWermuth, 1\\nWheat Flour, 1003\\nStarch, 136\\nWhiskey, 944\\nWhite Agaric, 76\\nArsenic, 182\\nBole, 237\\nBreast Plaster, 795\\nCough Syrup, 135\\nof Egg, 741\\nEmulsion, 723\\nEmulsion, Acid, 723\\nIndian Hemp, 195\\nLead, 791\\nMustard, 925\\nOak Bark, 832\\nPepper, 781\\nPoplar Bark, 802\\nPrecipitate, 578\\nPrecipitate Ointment, 579\\nRosin, 841\\nWine, 1022\\nWhitewood, 655\\nWiener Trankchen, 920\\nWiesenknoterich, 234\\nWild Allspice Bark, 651\\nAllspice Berries, 652\\nCherry, 821\\nCotton, 195\\nGinger, 192\\nIndigo, 213\\nLettuce, 635\\nMarjoram, 740\\nPansy, 1023\\nRosemary, 646\\nYarn, 408\\nWilder Marjoran, 740\\nRosmarin, 645\\nWillow Bark, 877\\nWine of Aloes, 106\\nof Antimony, 154\\nof Beef, 287\\nof Beef and Iron, 1144\\nof Beef, Ferrated. 287\\nof Cherry, Wild, 823\\nof Cinchona, 337\\nof Citrate of Iron, 475\\nof Colchicum Root, 353\\nof Colchicum Seed, 355\\nof Ergot, 431\\nof Gentian, 520\\nof Ipecac, 615\\nof Iron, Citrate, 475\\nof Iron, Phosphate, 489", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1228.jp2"}, "1229": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n1215\\nWine of Iron, Sweet, 475\\nXanthoxylum Fraxineum, 1025\\nof Liquorice and Opium, 532\\nFruit, 1026\\nof Opium, 739\\nXylem, 1085\\nof Opium and Saffron, 738\\nof Pepsin, 756, 757\\nof Phosphate of Iron, 489\\nYarrow, 11\\nof Prunus Yirginiana, 823\\nPreparations, 12, 13\\nof Squill, 907\\nYeast, 459\\nof Tannic Acid, 52\\nPoultice, 460\\nof Tar, 785\\nYelk, Egg, 1024\\nof Wild Cherry, 823\\nYellow Dock, 866\\nof Wild Cherry, Ferrated, 824\\nJasmine, 516\\nRed, 1023\\nParilia, 690\\nRennet, 756\\nPrussiate Potash, 816\\nPuccoon Root, 579\\nRhubarb, 851\\nRhubarb, Aromatic, 852\\nRoot, 579\\nRhubarb, Bitter, 851\\nSulphide of Antimony, 157\\nRhubarb, German, 852\\nWash, 568\\nWhite, 1022\\nYerba Buena, 699\\nWhite, Stronger, 1022\\nMansa, 141\\nWines. 1019\\nReuma, 505\\nWinter Clover, 700\\nSanta, 432\\nWintera, 1024\\nSanta, Preparations, 433, 434\\nWintergreen, 310, 513\\nYolk of Egg, 742, 1024\\nWinterrose, 551\\nYsop, 589\\nWinter s Bark, 1024\\nWitch Hazel Bark, 549\\nLeaves, 548\\nZapfenkorn, 426\\nWohlverleihbluthen, 176\\nZarzaparilla, 891\\nWohlverleihwurzel, 177\\nZaunriibe, 240\\nWolfskirschenblatter, 216\\nZedoaria. 1026\\nWolfskirschenwurzel, 221\\nZedrachrinde, 211\\nWollkraut, 1016\\nZeitlosenknollen, 350\\nWood, 1085\\nZeitlosensamen, 353\\nAlcohol, 91\\nZeste, 650\\nNaphtha, 91\\nde Limon, 649\\nOil, 411\\nZibetba, 346\\nSpirit, 91\\nZimmt, 343\\nStructure of, 1091-1097\\nZimmtsaure, 24\\nWood-vinegar, 41\\nZinc, 1027\\nWoody Nightshade, 416\\nAcetate, 1027\\nWoorali, 393\\nBromide, 1027\\nWoorara, Hypodermic Injection, 605\\nCarbonate, 1027\\nWorm Tea, 943\\nChloride, 1028\\nWormseed, American, 309\\nIodide, 1028\\nGerman, 885\\nLactate, 1029\\nLevantic, 885\\nOleate, 1029\\nWormwood, 1\\nOxide, 1029\\nSalts, 3\\nPhosphide, 1030\\nWourari, 393\\nSulphate, 1030\\nWurmfarnwurzel, 197\\nSulphocarbolate, 1030\\nWurmkraut, 970\\nValerianate, 1030\\nWurmsamen, 885\\nZinci Acetas, 1027\\nAmerikanischer, 309\\nBromidum, 1027\\nCarbonas Prascipitatus, 1027\\nChloridum, 1028\\nIodidum, 1028\\nXanthopuccine, 579\\nLactas, 1029\\nXanthoxvli Fructus, 1026\\nOxidum, 1029\\nXarjthoxylum, 1025\\nPhosphidum, 1030\\nCarolinianum, 1025\\nSulphas, 1030", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1229.jp2"}, "1230": {"fulltext": "1216\\nINDEX.\\nZinci Sulphocarbolas, 1030\\nZincuni, 1027\\nZingiber, 1031\\nZittmann s Decoction, Stronger, 897\\nDecoction, Weaker, 897\\nZitteversamen, 885\\nZucker, 873\\nZumo de Limon, 651\\nZunder, 7G\\nAlandsvot, 606\\nAgg, 741\\nAgg-gula, 1024\\nAttikether, 73\\nAttikor, 8, 11\\nAttiksyra, 13\\nAttiksyrad Blyoxid, 788\\nAttiksyradt Natron, 930\\ni Ofvermangansyradt Kali, 819", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1230.jp2"}, "1231": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1231.jp2"}, "1232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1232.jp2"}, "1233": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1233.jp2"}, "1234": {"fulltext": "L J\\nv\\na\\\\\\n-A\\n5fcJ\\nV\\nV\\nN\\nV\\n4", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1234.jp2"}, "1235": {"fulltext": "x\\nr\\\\", "height": "4252", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1235.jp2"}, "1236": {"fulltext": "LIBRAKY\\nH\\nHi 1H", "height": "4297", "width": "2618", "jp2-path": "companiontounite00old_1236.jp2"}}