{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4378", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4156", "width": "2396", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4156", "width": "2464", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4172", "width": "2267", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4181", "width": "2349", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4172", "width": "2267", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4181", "width": "2349", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "DIFFERENT STAPLES OF COTTON\\nINDIAN COTTON VIZ. 1 BENCAL\\nG-ossypiwn/\\nIrubLcwru\\n2 MADRAS\\n3 COMMON SURATS\\n4 PRIME SURATS\\n5 WEST INDIES. UPLANDS\\nDENIER ARA BERBICE\\nAND SMYRNA\\n6 MOBILE 86 ALABAMA\\n7 NEW ORLEANS\\n8 BAH I A 8c MACEIO\\n9 MARANHAM PARA\\n10 PERNAMBUCO, ARACALI,\\nAND CEARA\\n3L PERUVIAN\\nEGYPTIAN sccnw svze as\\n12 SEA ISLAND\\nN. AMER I CAN VIZ.\\nGassypzunv\\nBarhaol nse/\\nS. AMERICAN VIZ.\\nGossypuurrv\\nTeruMUXrvurrv\\nN AMERICAN VIZ.\\nGvssypium/\\n3arbouLerhce\\n{long staple;)", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "HAND-BOOK\\nTO THE\\nCOTTON CULTIVATION\\nIN THE\\nMADRAS PRESIDENCY:\\nEXHIBITING\\nTHE PRINCIPAL CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS PUBLIC RECORDS AND\\nOTHER WORKS CONNECTED WITH THE SUBJECT IN A CONDENSED\\nAND CLASSIFIED FORM, IN ACCORDANCE WITH A RESOLUTION\\nOF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.\\nJ. TALBOYS WHEELER,\\nAUTHOR OP AN ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OP THE OLD TESTAMENT, AN\\nANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT, ETC.\\nLONDON:\\nVIRTUE BROTHERS AND CO., 1, AMEN CORNER,\\nPATERNOSTER BOW.\\n1863.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "JOHN CKILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nIn submitting tne present Hand-book to the public, but\\nfew observations are necessary. The compiler has simply\\nreduced a mass of matter to a convenient form for perusal\\nand reference. The necessity for such a condensation will\\nhe trusts, prove a sufficient apology to the many distinguished\\nwriters, whose minutes, reports, and correspondence have\\nbeen thus abridged and arranged in a continuous narrative*\\nIn the last Chapter, however, which exhibits the present\\ncondition of the Cotton culture in the Madras Presidency,\\nit has been deemed expedient to present the reader with full\\nextracts from the letters of the Collectors of the several Dis-\\ntricts, rather than with abstracts as the subject matter ap-\\npears to be of greater importance, inasmuch as it refers to\\nthe present condition and prospects of the country.\\nJ. T. W.\\nMA.DBAS,\\n11th March, 1862.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I,\\nGENERAL VIEW OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY, AND OF THE\\nIMPROVEMENTS REQUIRED IN INDIAN COTTON.\\nHand-Book to the Cotton Cultivation of each Presidency ordered by\\nthe Government of India, page 2 Method pursued in drawing up the\\npresent Hand-Book to the Madras Presidency, 2 Three objects\\nsought by the East India Company with reference to Cotton, 4\\nBoundaries of the Madras Presidency, 4 Physical features of the\\ncountry, 4 Three modifications of the tropical heat viz. the\\ntable-land, the sea, and the two monsoons, 5 North-east mon-\\nsoon, October to April South-west monsoon, May to Septem-\\nber, 5 Climate of the Madras Presidency and Cotton States of\\nNorth America compared reversal of Seasons, 6 Bevenue Di-\\nvisions of the Madras Presidency, 6; Bevenue systems of the\\nMadras Presidency based upon the Tillage Communities, 7\\nThree Bevenue systems 1st, Village joint-rent system, 8 2nd,\\nThe Zemindary system, 9 3rd, The Byotwary system, 9 Ad-\\nvantages of the Byotwary tenure over the Zemindary tenure and\\nthe Village joint-rent system, 10 Bevenue division of lands\\nGovernment, Zemindary, and Inam, 10 Nature and extent of the\\nCotton soil of India, 11 Pour great Cotton Districts Bellary\\nand Cuddapah to the North Coimbatore and Tinnevelly to the\\nSouth, 12 Statistics of the Cotton-growing Districts, 12 Be-\\nview of the three improvements required in the Indian Cotton, 13\\n1st, Better variety of Cotton general classification of Indian and\\nAmerican Cotton, 3 3 Six leading varieties of Cotton, viz. Indian,\\nBourbon, New Orleans, Pernambuco, Egyptian, and Sea Island, 14\\nIndian, Bourbon, and New Orleans Cotton compared, 15 2nd,\\nBetter system of Cultivation Indian and American agriculture\\ncompared, 16 3rd, Better method of separating and cleaning the\\nCotton (1) The Poot Boiler, 16 (2) The Native Churka, 17\\n(3) The American Saw Gin, 17 (4) The Thresher, 18 Division\\nof the subject matter of the present Hand-Book, 19 Twelve years\\nof Cotton Experiments, divisible into three periods of four years\\neach, 20 Specialities of the several Chapters, 21.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFOUR YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER DR. WIGHT AND\\nTHE AMERICAN PLANTERS, 1841 TO 1845.\\nStoppage of demand for Indian muslins and calicoes, bnt growing de-\\nmand for Cotton wool, 23 Early efforts to extend and improve\\nIndian Cotton, 24; Introduction of Bourbon Cotton into the\\nMadras Presidency, 24; Mr. Metcalfe, an American Cotton cleaner,\\nsent to the Presidency, 1813 efforts of the Madras Government,\\n1819-1836, 25 Ten American Planters sent to India, 1840, 27\\nPrevailing opinions upon Cotton cultivation in the Madras Presi-\\ndency, 27 Three Planters located in Tinnevelly, October, 1840, 28\\nContemplated removal of the Planters to the neighbourhood of Mr.\\nFischer s establishment at Salem, 29 Eirst Season, 1841-42\\ncommenced under Captain Hughes, 30 Reported failure in con-\\nsequence of a heavy monsoon, January, 1842, 31 Sudden renova-\\ntion of the crop Dr. Wight succeeds Captain Hughes, 31 Rela-\\ntive effects of the Monsoon, the Drought, and the Rain upon the\\nCotton shrub difference between the Red and Black soils, 32\\nResults of the Season of 1841-42, 33 Dr. Wight s plan of opera-\\ntions introduction of xlmerican Culture more important than that\\nof American Cotton, 33 Early trials of the American saw gin, 34\\nSecond Season, 1842-43 arrangement of the four Experimental\\nFarms, 34 Three varieties of land, viz. Black, Red, and Allu-\\nvial, 35 Distribution of soil amongst the four Earms method of\\ncultivation, 35.\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES.\\nDrill husbandry land ploughed and cast in ridges, eight or ten inches\\nhigh, at intervals of about five feet, 36 Sowing in a furrow of\\nabout two inches deep along the centre of each ridge, 37 Scrap-\\ning out of superfluous plants and weeds, 37 Banking up the\\nridges, first with the plough and afterwards with the hoe, 37\\nKeeping down extraneous vegetation until the crop ripens, 37\\nNative ploughs and American ploughs compared question of\\nwhether American Cotton would thrive without ridging, 38.\\nResults of the second season on the Black, Red, and Alluvial soils,\\n1842-43, 38 Comparison of the growth of the Indian, New Or-\\nleans, and Bourbon Cotton, 39 Reports of English Brokers on\\nDr. Wight s Cotton, 40 Oopum (Indian) Cotton, 40 New Or-\\nleans, 40 Bourbon, 40 Third season, 1843-44 state of the Cot-\\nIbn Earms, Gins, and Gin-house, 40 Unfavourable results their\\ncauses, 41 Comparison of the crops of the third season with those\\nof the second, 41 Fourth season, 1844-45 experiment of treat", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\ning- the plant as a biennial, 42 Comparative produce of the four\\nseasons, 42 General result of the four seasons of the experimental\\nEarms necessity for a rotation of crops, 44 Causes of the suc-\\ncess of Mr. Wroughton s Cotton experiment, 44 1st, Influence of\\nboth monsoons, 45 2nd, Early preparation and sowing, 45\\nDrought and Grate the only dangers to be avoided, 46 Question\\nof manure, 46 Three advantages possessed by India over America\\nin the cultivation of American Cotton, 46 Remunerative demand\\nalone required in India, 47 Cost of cultivation, 47 Further pro-\\nceedings of the fourth season, 1844-45, 48 Mr. Simpson s report\\non the districts of North Canara, bordering on Dharwar, 49\\nSoondah unfavourable from the presence of Kunkur, 49\\nSoopah: soil favourable butclimate unfavourable, 49; Mr. Simpson s\\nopinion on the failure of the Coimbatore Earms to extend the cul-\\nture of American Cotton, 50 Recommended the appointment of\\na practical person to distribute seed and exhibit the gins, 50 Ap-\\nproval of Mr Simpson s suggestions his transfer to the Bombay\\nPresidency, 51 Dr. Wight s answers to the queries of the Marquis\\nof Tweeddale, 51 Superiority of the American Cotton to the Indian,\\n51 Extension of the improved methods of cultivation among the\\nRyots, 51 Reluctance of the Ryots to adopt the saw gin, 52.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nFOUR YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER DR. WIGHT IN\\nCOIMBATORE, 1845 TO 1849.\\nPosition of the Cotton experiment in 1845, 55 New arrangements,\\n55 Mr. Morris reports unfavourably of Bellary his death, 56\\nMr. Finnie reports unfavourably of the Madras district despatched\\nto Tinnevelly, 56 Dr. Wight s New Cotton Earms in Coimbatore,\\n1845 four points neglected in the previous experiments, 57 Re-\\nsults of four successive seasons on a new Earm, 1845-49, 58\\nSuggestions of the Manchester Association respecting sowing in\\nMay and on low soils, 59 Dr. Wight s reply 1st, July is the best\\ntime for sowing, 60 2nd, Low Alluvial soils had proved a failure,\\nbut low lands near the Coast were under trial, 60.\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES.\\nHabits of the American Plant, 61 Eour seasons of the American\\nPlant, 62 Adaptation of the habits of the American plant to the\\nIndian seasons, 62 1st, Seasons on the eastern side, under the\\nnorth-east monsoon, 62; Monthly mean temperature and mean falls\\nof rain in the Carnatic, 63 Cotton cultivation under the north-east\\nmonsoon, sowing in September, 63 2nd, Seasons on the western\\nside, under the south-west monsoon, 64; Cotton cultivation under", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nthe south-west monsoon, sowing in May, 64 3rd, Intermediate re-\\ngions under both the north-east and south-west monsoons, 65 Cot-\\nton cultivation under both monsoons, sowing in July, 65 Large ex-\\nperiment in early sowing throughout the Cotton Districts in the\\nMadras Presidency, 66 First Result India not too hot, but too\\ncold, 66 Theory confirmed by a comparison of the temperature of\\nMadras with that of Vera Cruz, Mobile, and Natchez, 67 Rising\\ntemperature in America, but diminishing temperature in India\\nduring the growing season, 68 Second Result Carnatic not too\\ndry, confirmed by a comparison of mean rain fall, 68 Two methods\\nof cultivating American Cotton in India adaptation of seasons,\\nand artificial irrigation, 69 Experiments in irrigation, securing a\\nrising temperature to the growing plant, 70 Eive practical sug-\\ngestions, 70 1st, Choice of soil, 71 2nd, Preparation of the land\\nfor the seed, 71 3rd, Ploughing and hoeing during the growing\\nseason, 71 4th, Distance between the rows, 72 5th, Treatment\\nof the plant as an annual and rotation of crops, 72 Profitable culti-\\nvation of American Cotton throughout the Peninsula, 72.\\nPlans for extending the American Cotton Culture amongst the Ryots,\\n1845-49, 73 Court of Directors order 6000 bales of East India Cot-\\nton, 1845, 73 Proposition for reducingthe assessment of lands under\\nAmerican Cotton cultivation, 74; Marquis of Tweeddale in favour of\\nthe remission, 75 Court of Directors decide against the remission,\\n75 Eailure of the purchase system as regarded American Cotton, 18 48,\\n7 6 Contemplated establishment of a number of small Earms, 77.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFOUR YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER, MR. EINNIE IN\\nTINNEVELLY, 1845 TO 1849.\\nLabours of Mr. Einnie and Dr. Wight compared, 80 Eirst season,\\n1845-46 Mr. Einnie s first impressions of Tinnevelly, 81 Sug-\\ngestion, that by acting as a Cotton Agent, he could induce the Ryots\\nto adopt the new culture, 82 An Agency would also increase the\\nprofits of both Ryots and Merchants, and double the exports, 82\\nNothing however would induce the Ryots to adopt the American\\nsaw gin, 83 The thresher recommended, 84 Three points in the\\ncareer of Mr. Einnie the New Orleans Cotton, the Agency, and\\nthe saw gin, 85 Cultivation of Cotton tour to Courtallum under\\nboth monsoons, June, 1846, 85 Necessity for co-operation of the\\nNatives employment of hired labour by the European always a\\nloss, 85 Eirst intercourse with the Ryots allays fears and sus-\\npicions, 86; Explains the improved method of culture to the\\nRyots, 86 Mr Einnie s tour from Courtallum to Coimbatore, J uly,", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\n1846, 87 Preparations for assisting Dr Wight in completing the\\nCourt s order for 6000 bales, 87 Mr Pinnie permitted to act as\\nAgent restricted to Cotton ginned and prepared on the American\\nprinciple, August, 87 Restriction removed, 88 Mr Pinnie s\\nfirst year s proceedings with the churka, thresher, and gin, 88\\nQueries submitted to Mr. Pinnie by the Marquis of Tweeddale, 89.\\nmu. finnie s notes on cotton, cultivation.\\nEarly cultivation of Cotton in America compared with the present\\ncultivation in India, 90 Climate discovered to be of more im-\\nportance than soil, 91 Nature of the lands in America on which\\nthe American plant is grown, 92 Manure, consisting of old stalks\\nand rotten seed, buried in a furrow between the rows, 92 Cli-\\nmate very humid at night, but hot in the day, 92 Rotation of\\ncrops alternation with Indian corn occasionally necessary, 93\\nCapital required in American cultivation, 93 Successive opera-\\ntions necessary to raise a crop cleaning old land and clearing\\nnew, 93 Planting, 94 Scraping or hoeing, 95 Gathering,\\n95 Uncertainty of weather average crops, 96 Expenses of\\nCotton cultivation produce estimated, not at so much per acre,\\nbut at four to eight bales per Negro, 97 Machinery, gin-house,\\ngins, press, and driving machinery, 98 Price of land fluctuates\\nwith the price of Cotton, 99 Minimum price at which American\\nCotton could be produced, four pence per pound, 99 Prospects\\nof India labour in America and India compared, 100 Reduction\\nof the Indian land-tax on Cotton grounds would neither benefit the\\nRyot nor extend the culture, 100.\\nMr. Pinnie s second season, 1846-47 planting operations succeeded\\nat Courtallum but failed at Sevacausey, 101 Mr. Pinnie is dis-\\nappointed as an Agent proposal to employ Government Punds,\\n102 Mr. Pinnie s second year s operations with the churka,\\nthresher, and gin, 103 Sale of two gins to neighbouring Zemin-\\ndars their failure, 103 Cotton brokers rather than Zemindars\\nshould be induced to adopt the gin, 104 Mr. Pinnie s proposals\\nfor erecting a gin-house and cattle driving machinery in Tinne-\\nvelly, 104 Purchase of cattle driving machinery sanctioned, re-\\nlative cost of cattle labour and manual labour, 105 Change in\\nMr. Pinnie s views as regards the cattle driving machinery, 105\\nMr. Pinnie s explanation of his apparent inconsistencies, 106 Mr.\\nPinnie s general objections to the gin discussed by Dr. Wight,\\n108 Mr. Pinnie s proposition for erecting a gin-house of two\\nstoreys the lower one for the driving machinery, and the upper\\none for the gins, 109 Hire of a temporary gin-house at Aroo-\\npoocottah, 110 Erection of three gins and a thresher their effect\\nupon the Natives, 111 Testimony of the Brokers that dirty\\nCotton was more profitable than clean Cotton, 111.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nME. EINNIE s NOTES ON THE INDIAN COTTON TRADE.\\nSystematic alteration of Indian Cotton transactions between the\\nRyots, the Brokers the Chitties, and the European Agent, 112:\\nIhe Ryot improvident and helplessly in debt, 113 The Broker\\nadulteration of the Cotton by the Devil s dust system, 113 The\\nUntty tricks played upon the European Agents, 114.\\nConclusion of the season of*1846-47 difficulties in the way of con-\\nducting the ginning operations at Aroopoocottah, 115 1st, High\\nprices demanded by the Ryots for their seed Cotton, 116 2nd\\nHeavy expenses of ginning, 116 Necessity for improving the\\nconstruction of the gin^ 118 Third season, 1847-48 stage of the\\nCotton experiment in Tmnevelly, 119 Planting operation suc-\\ncessful culture of American Cotton in the Courtallum valley, 119\\nUnsuccessful culture at Sevacausey, Virdooputty, and Aroopoocot-\\nj i Agency operations Mr. Finnie requests permission to\\nproceed to England to consult with the Cotton Manufacturers 120\\nOperations with the churka, thresher, and gin: meeting of the\\nCotton brokers of Tmnevelly, 121 Cost of cleaning with the\\nthresher and churka as compared with that of the gin, 121 Cost\\nat which clean unadulterated Cotton might be supplied, 122 Re-\\ncommends the mtroduction of small hand threshers and cheap\\npresses, 122 SmaU hand threshers and presses sanctioned, ]23\\nMr Ihomas believed that Cotton was not adulterated by design, and\\nthat good Cotton was often sent home, 123 No market or Agency\\nrequired m Tmnevelly, 124; Cultivation of New Orleans Cotton\\nand improved cleaning, the main points, 124; Mr. Finnie s design\\nfor a cheap Cotton press, 124 Mr. Finnie s sample of churkaed\\nrte? 7 w Am 125 Madras Government\\nfW !if vF^t W h V he Cham erof Commerce, and the\\nU T reCt0r fi 27 L- D u r m ^t s report, Mr. Finnie s sample\\n07 g r Tm f Vdly whloh no one could mis take for American\\nrfli! shipment of churkaed Cotton contrary to the orders\\nwitt, W re m S) I 28 i Wi 8 ht s s stem of P urchas e compared\\nfi\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 ft w-^ 1 6 129 Madras Chambe)! of Commerce con-\\nfirm Dr Wight s valuation of Mr. Finnie s Cotton, 129 Man-\\nfW?\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 C 1 ram CIal Association pass a similar judgment upon the\\nCotton, loO Fourth season, 1848-49 proposed extension of\\nPlanting operations, 130; Mr. Finnie s matured judgment against\\nthe culture of American Cotton or use of the American gin, 132\\nPronounces m favour of the Indigenous Cotton and Native churka,\\n432 Native Cotton should be first threshed, next churkaed, and\\nfinally cleaned by hand, 133; Erection of Air. Finnie s gin-house\\n2it\u00c2\u00bbZ 8 r\u00c2\u00b0} merj a 8ev ^y. 133; Relative cost of the\\n22\u00c2\u00abini e t a cattle gin, 135; Mr. Finnie refused\\npermission to extend his operations to Coimbatore, 135.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER V,\\nDISPUTES BETWEEN DR. WIGHT AND MR. PINNIE, DISCUSSIONS OF\\nTHE MADRAS GOVERNMENT AND COURT OP DIRECTORS, AND\\nFINAL CLOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE, 1847 TO 1853.\\nMarquis of Tweeddale succeeded by Sir Henry Pottiuger breach\\nbetween Dr. Wight and Mr. Pinnie, 139 Mr. Pinnie convinced i\\nof the folly of cultivating American Cotton in India Dr. Wight\\nrecommends his removal, 141 Points of the dispute summary\\nof the correspondence, 142 Mr. Pinnie to Dr. Wight, 7th No-\\nvember, 1848 I have had great difficulties in ginning, but have\\ninduced many Natives to plant American Cotton/ 5 143 Dr.\\nWight to Mr. Pinnie, 15th November Your purchase of Chur-,\\nkaed Cotton is illegal, your culture of American Cotton unsatis-\\nfactory, and your ginning too expensive, 144 Mr. Pinnie to Dr.\\nWight, 18th December My plans have all been approved by the\\nauthorities, 145 Dr. Wight s explanations, 30th January, 1849,\\n147 General opinions of the Madras Government and Court of\\nDirectors upon the Experimental Culture, 149 Minute of the\\nMarquis of Tweeddale in 1847 1st, To relinquish the Experi-;\\nmental Parm in Coimbatore, 149 2nd, To establish small model*\\nfields, under a practical Agency, amongst the native cultivators,\\n151 3rd, To set up small gin establishments, and to keep up,\\ngood roads to the ports, 151 Limits to Government agency the\\nManufacturer should purchase direct from the Ryot, 152.\\nVIEWS OF THE COURT OF DIRECTORS.\\nDespatch of the Court of Directors, 1848, 153 1st, The Cotton\\nfarm at Coimbatore may be relinquished: it has been proved that\\nthe right Cotton can be grown, and the price alone remains to be\\nascertained, 154 2nd, Agency confined to practical planters\\nmay be tried on a small scale, 154.\\nVIEWS OF SIR HENRY POTTINGER.\\nMinute of Sir Henry Pottinger, May, 1849, 155 The experimental\\nParms have been fully tried, and their continuance would be in-\\njurious, 156 American Cotton in any part of the Madras Presi-i\\ndency liable to failure, 156 Causes of the failure of American?\\nCotton: climate and soil, 157; Dr. Wight ascribes the failure in\\nCoimbatore to the want of humidity, but humidity does not mean\\nrain, 157 The Ryots should now be left to themselves, with such aid\\nas the Revenue Establishments may give, 158 Mr. Pinnie to remain!\\nin Tinnevelly till October, to instruct the East Indian lads in the\\nuse of the gins, etc-, 158; Dr. Wight should break up his estab-\\nlishment in Coimbatore immediately, 159 Gin-houses at Coimba-", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\ntore and Aroopoocottah to be placed under the Collectors for the use\\nof the Ryots, 159 Unfounded complaint of the Manchester Asso-\\nciation the Manchester merchants ought to help themselves, 159.\\nState of Dr. Wight s Farm at Coimbatore, May, 1849 500 acres\\nheld by lease and 200 acres worked by contract, 160 Application\\nof Dr. Wight to be permitted to sow and gather one crop more\\nr refused, June, 161 Departure of Mr. Einnie from the Madras\\nPresidency, 163 Mr. Einnie s last letter, July, 1849 The gins\\nj will always remain idle after Government ceases to use them, 163\\nDecision of the Madras Government as regards Dr. Wight, re-\\nversed by the Court of Directors, September, 164 Dr. Wight s\\nj services to be retained Mr. Einnie s dispensed with, 166 State\\nof the Farms at Coimbatore, 167 Dr. Wight cultivates American\\nCotton by irrigation, 167 Postponement of Dr. Wight s Cotton\\nReport, 167 1st, Mather s improved Churka, 168 2nd, The\\nManchester Cottage saw gin, 169 Twenty-four Cottage saw gins\\n3 received by the Madras Government, 1849, 169 Report of the\\nMadras Chamber of Commerce the working of the Cottage\\nsaw gin unsatisfactory, 170 Expense of the Cottage saw gin\\n5 an insuperable bar to its employment in India, 170; Dr. Wight\\n.j reports favourably of the Cottage saw gin, 170; Prices of the\\nCottage saw gin to Natives and Europeans, 171 Favourable re-\\nport of the Collector of Tanjore subsequently reversed, 171\\nJ, Eavourable reports on the Dharwar saw gin, 171 Dr. Wight\\n9 compares the working of the Dharwar gin, the Manchester Cottage\\ngin, and the large hand gin, 172 Relative cost of labour on the\\nChurka, the Manchester Cottage gin, and the large hand gins,\\n173 Three years progress in the Cotton experiment, 1850-52,\\nii 174 Colonel Lawford s cultivation by irrigation in Tanjore, 174\\nMr. Wroughton s Collectorate Earm at Coimbatore, 175 Mr.\\ns Thomas s opinions upon the best method of inducing the Ryots to\\ncultivate American Cotton, 176 Cotton cultivation by Mr. David\\nLees in Tinnevelly discussion concerning the right of Chayroot\\nrenters, 177; Discussion respecting the purchase of American\\nCotton on Government account from the Ryots of Tinnevelly, 178\\nAuthoritv for the purchases refused by the Madras Government,\\n179 Completion of Dr. Wight s report, May, 1852, 179.\\nj DR. WIGHT S FINAL REPORT.\\nL Stage of the Cotton experiment in 1849, 180; Improved prospects\\ni during 1850-51 and 1851-52, 180 Previous reluctance of the\\nI Ryots to cultivate American Cotton connected with the existence\\ni i of the Cotton Earms, 181 Ryots encouraged by their own success\\n1 5 to extend the cultivation, 181 Large results in 1850-51 and 1851-\\n52, 182; Ryots adopt Dr. Wight s practice, 182; Refutation of\\n,u the theory that the climate and soil of India are unfitted for", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nAmerican Cotton, 183 1st, The theory is founded on the as-\\nsumption that Indian Cotton has succeeded when the American has\\nfailed, 183 2nd, The theory is based upon a comparison of crops\\ngrown in India, and of crops grown on the Mississippi, instead of\\nthose grown in Georgia, 183 Differences between India and the\\nMississippi do not prove that the soil of India is inimical to\\nAmerican Cotton, 184 Soil of Southern India better compared\\nwith that of Georgia, 184 Climate of Southern India not so\\ncongenial as that of Georgia evil obviated by sowing in August\\nor September, 185 Leading principles of Cotton culture in the\\nCarnatic sowing before the north-east monsoon, and selection of\\nsoil, 185 Objection of native spinners to the soft silky fibre of\\nthe New Orleans Cotton, 186 Difficulty of separating the seed, and\\nprejudice against the seed as food for cattle, 186 Nothing want-\\ned to secure a rapid extension of the American Cotton culture,\\nbut a steady market and a moderate competition, 187 Cotton\\ncultivation on the Coromandel coast New Orleans, Sea Island,\\nEgyptian, and Brazilian, 187 Partial success of Mr. David Lees\\non the sandy coast lands of Tinnevelly error as regards deep\\nsowing, 188; Sandy soils along the Coromandel coast adapted to\\nthe cultivation of American Cotton, 188.\\nSir Henry Pottinger s Government condemns Dr. Wight s report,\\n189; Recommends, that as the Farms had proved injurious,\\nand that as the Agency was no longer necessary, all Govern-\\nment intervention should be withdrawn, 190 Dr. Wight s pro-\\ntest against the conclusions of the Madras Government, 190;\\n1st, The Government Parms had not proved injurious, but the\\ngroundless suspicions of the Ryots, 190; 2nd, The Government\\nAgency had not proved unnecessary, as it removed the sus-\\npicions of the Ryots, 191; Retirement of Dr. Wight: Pinal De-\\nspatch of the Court of Directors 1853, 192.\\nCHAPTER Yl.\\nPRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CULTURE IN THE SEVERAL\\nDISTRICTS OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY, 1853 TO 1862.\\nStage of the Cotton experiment, 1853-62, 195 Survey of the present\\nCotton cultivation in the Madras Presidency, 196 1st, Northern\\nCircars, four Districts, 196 (1) Ganjam produce inconsider-\\nable, but easily increased by money advances, 196; (2) Vizagapatam\\nCotton grown insufficient for home consumption and not remuner-\\native, 197 (3) Godavari Cotton supply larger, but insufficient\\nfor the wants of the District, 197 (4) Kristna large Cotton", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nsupply, 198 2nd, Eastern plain op the Carnatic eight\\nDistricts, 199 (1) Nellore a grazing District, 199*, (2) Madras\\nNative Cotton not grown, 199 Experiments in Foreign Cotton\\nMr. Shubrick s successful cultivation of the Egyptian variety, 200\\nExperimental culture of the Brazil or Pernambuco variety by Dr.\\nMudge, 200 (3) North Arcot Red soil, and consequently no\\nIndian Cotton, 202 (4) South Arcot inconsiderable quantity of\\nIndian Cotton, 202 (5) Trichinopoly quantity of Cotton in-\\nconsiderable mode of cultivation, 202 (6) Tanjore Soil not fa-\\nvourable without irrigation, and with irrigation the cultivation of\\nrice is preferred, 203 (7) Madura detailed report from the Col-\\nlector, 204 Soil, 204 Geology and topography, 204 Climate,\\n205 Seed used and whence obtained, 205 Character of the\\nCotton plant, 205 Mode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight\\nof Cotton wool per acre, 205 Manure, 206 Diseases, 206 (8)\\nTinnevelly Mr. Mayne s detailed report, 206 Soil, 207 1st, The\\nCaresal, or Black soil 207 2nd, The Veppel, or Black and Sandy\\nsoil, 207 3rd, The Pottel, or stiff clayey soil, 207 4th, The Shevei,\\nor Bed soil, 208; Geology and topography, 208; Climate, 208; Seed\\nused and whence obtained, 210; Character of the Cotton plant, 210\\nMode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight of Cotton wool per\\nacre, etc., 210 Manure, 210 Diseases, 210 Mr. Silver s Report,\\n211 j Queries of Sir William Denison, with Mr, Silver s replies,\\n211 Letter from Mr. Hardy, European Agent at Tuticorin, 214;\\n3rd, Central Table-land five Districts, 215 (1) Bellary detail-\\ned report from the Collector, 215 Soil, 215 Geology and topo-\\ngraphy, 216 Climate, 217; Seed used and whence obtained, 217\\nNature and character of the Cotton, 217 Method of cultivation,\\ntime of flowering, and weight of Cotton wool per acre, etc., 217\\nManure, 219 Diseases, 219 (2) Kurnool a Cotton growing\\nDistrict, 219 Cost of transit the sole obstacle to increased pro-\\nduction, 219 Improvements in the quality must be effected by\\nthe Merchants themselves, 220 (3) Cuddapah present state of\\nCotton as reported by Mr. Wedderburn the Collector, 220 De-\\ntailed report by Mr. Murray, the previous Collector, 221 Soil,\\n221; Weeds, 221 Geology and topography, 222 Climate, 223\\nSeed used and whence obtained, 224 Character of the Cotton\\nplant, 224. Mode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight of Cot-\\nton wool per acre, etc., 224 Manure, 224 Diseases, 225 (4)\\nSalem Messrs. Eischer and Co., the only exporters, 225 (5)\\nCoimbatore detailed report of Mr. Thomas, the Collector, 225\\nSoil Black, Red, and Alluvium, 225 Geology and topography,\\n226; Climate, 227; Seed used and whence obtained, 228 Cha-\\nracter of the Cotton plant, 228 Mode of cultivation, time of\\nflowering, weight of Cotton wool per acre, etc., 229 Manure, 231\\nDiseases, 231 4th, Western strip or Malabar coast three", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\ndistricts, 232 (1) North Canara not a Cotton producing Dis-\\ntrict 232 Report of the District Engineer on the experimental\\nculture of Mr. Kleinknecht, 233; (2) South Canara: not a Cot-\\nton producing District, 234; (3) Malabar: not a Cotton pro-\\nducing District, 234; Native States Mysore, Cochin, and Tra-\\nvancore, 234.\\nConclusion: general results, 234; Four general conclusions, 23d\\n1st, American Cotton can be grown, but the profit is questionable,\\n235 2nd, Indian Cotton may be improved, but only to a degree,\\n236 3rd, American Cotton must always command a higher price\\nthan Indian, 237 4th 5 The demand for Indian Cotton must always\\ndepend upon the supply of American, 237 Political and commer-\\ncial prospects of Indian Cotton, 237.\\nAPPENDIX.\\nAppendix I.\\nII.\\nIII.\\nIV.\\nY.\\nVI.\\nVII.\\nIndex\\nPAGE\\ni\\nx\\nxii\\nxiv\\nxxvii\\nxxxi\\nxxxiv\\nlii", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "i\\n2\\ni\\n7\\ni", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "COTTON CULTIVATION\\nIN THE\\nMADRAS PRESIDENCY.\\nCHAPTEE I.\\nGENERAL YIEW OE THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY, AND OE THE\\nIMPROYEMENTS REQUIRED IN INDIAN COTTON.\\n(1.) Hand-book to the Cotton Cultivation of each Presidency ordered\\nby the Government of India, 22nd July, 1861. (2.) Method pursued in\\ndrawing up the present Hand-book to the Madras Presidency, 28th Au-\\ngust. (3.) Three objects sought by the East India Company with reference\\nto Cotton. (4.) Boundaries of the Madras Presidency. (5.) Physical\\nfeatures of the country. (6.) Three modifications of the tropical heat,\\nviz. the table-land, the sea, and the two monsoons. (7.) North-east\\nmonsoon, October to April: South-west monsoon, May to September.\\n(8.) Climate of the Madras Presidency and Cotton States of North Ame-\\nrica compared reversal of the seasons. (9.) Revenue divisions of the Ma-\\ndras Presidency. (10.) Revenue systems of the Madras Presidency based\\nupon the Village communities. (11.) Three Revenue systems: First,\\nthe Village joint rent system. (12.) Second, the Zemindary system.\\n(13.) Third, the Ryotwary system. (14.) Advantages of the Ryotwary\\ntenure over the Zemindary and Village joint rent systems. (15.) Revenue\\ndivision of lands Government, Zemindary, and Inam. (16.) Nature and\\nextent of the Cotton soils of India. (17.) Four great Cotton districts:\\nBellary and Cuddapah to the North; Coimbatore and Tinnevelly to the\\nSouth. (18.) Statistics of the Cotton-growing districts. (19.) Review of\\n^the three improvements required in Indian Cotton. (20.) First, Better\\nvariety of Cotton required general classification of Indian and American\\nCottons. (21.) Six leading varieties of Cotton, viz. Indian, Bourbon,\\nNew Orleans, Pernambuco, Egyptian, and Sea Island. (22.) Indian,\\nBourbon, and New Orleans Cotton compared. (23.) Second, Better sys-\\ntem of cultivation required Indian and American agriculture compared.\\n(24.) Third, Better method of separating and cleaning the Cotton re-\\nquired the Foot Roller.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (25.) The Native Churka.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (26.) The American\\nSaw Gin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (27.) The Thresher.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (28.) Division of the subject matter in\\nthe present Hand-book. (29.) Twelve years of Cotton experiments divi-\\nsible into three periods of lour years each. (30.) Specialities of the\\nseveral Chapters.\\nB", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "2 COTTON IN THE MA.DEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\nCHAP. I.\\n1 Hand-book to the Cotton Cultivation of each Pre-\\nsidency ordered by the Government of India, 22nd\\nJuly, 1861. In July, 1861, the Go vernor- General in\\nCouncil resolved, that one gentleman should be ap-\\npointed in each of the Indian Presidencies to analyze\\nthe contents of the various public records connected\\nwith the improvement and extension of the cultivation\\nof Cotton in his particular Province, and to publish the\\nresults in such a form as might prove useful as a Guide\\nor Hand-book to persons interested in the subject.\\nThe compiler however was not to be limited to the\\npublic records of his Presidency. Evidence taken be-\\nfore Parliamentary Committees, Transactions of Scien-\\ntific Bodies, Books of Travels, Special Publications like\\nthose of Dr. Forbes Eoyle, and indeed any work which\\nreferred to the prospects of Cotton cultivation within the\\nProvince for which the compilation was made, might be\\nconsulted by the compiler, and the facts they contained\\nbe exhibited with the other facts comprised in the pub-\\nlic records. The Local Officers of Land Eevenue or\\nCustoms were also called upon to supply official statis-\\ntics of trade or cultivation, as well as any other in-\\nformation which might be at their disposal; Maps\\nwere to be prepared by the Public Works Department\\nand in short no labour or means were to be spared that\\nwere calculated to render each work a complete Hand-\\nbook to the Cotton cultivation in each Presidency.\\nAbove all however it was declared to be essential that\\nthe task should be completed with as little delay as\\npossible and upon this point the Supreme Government\\nremarked that an imperfect compilation, which could\\nbe available within the next six months, would be far\\nmore useful than one which thoroughly exhausted the\\nsubject, but which could not be published till a year\\nhence.\\n2 Method pursued in drawing up the present Hand-\\nbook to the Madras Presidency, 28th August. By an", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL VIEW. GEOGRAPHY.\\n3\\norder of the Madras Government, dated 28th August,\\n1861, the present compiler was directed to undertake\\nthe work required by the Government of India. Every\\nfacility indicated was fully afforded, and the task was\\ncommenced without delay. Fortunately, the great\\nmass of official records relating to the experiments un-\\ndertaken by Government had been already published in\\nthe form of Reports and Blue-books and the principal\\nmanuscript records to be consulted were those which\\nhad accumulated after the departure of Dr. Wight from\\nIndia in 1853. The published records are as follows\\nReports connected with the Proceedings of the East\\nIndia Company in regard to the Culture and Ma-\\nnufacture of Cotton work prior to 1836. Octavo.\\nPages 431.\\nParliamentary Return of Papers, connected with the\\nMeasures taken by the Company to promote the\\ncultivation of Cotton in India, 1836\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1847. Folio.\\nPages 535.\\nDitto, with reference to the Madras Presidency only,\\n1847\u00e2\u0080\u00941857. Polio. Pases 419.\\nReport from the Select Parliamentary Committee on\\nthe growth of Cotton in India together with the\\nMinutes of Evidence, c, 1848. Polio. Pages 615.\\nAccordingly, it has been found necessary, in the first\\ninstance, to make an abstract of all the papers contain-\\ned in the first three of the foregoing publications, for the\\npurposes of digestion and classification and then, by\\nmeans of this abstract, together with a constant and\\ncareful verification of the original documents, to en-\\ndeavour to draw up a narrative of all the experiments\\nwhich have been made by the East India Company,\\nwith reference to this all-important subject, illustrated\\nby such other information as could be obtained from\\nthe different sources, manuscript and otherwise, which\\nwere indicated by the Supreme Government and ex-\\nhibiting, in as clear and succinct a form as could be\\nattained, all the results that were likely to be of interest\\nor utility to persons engaged in similar inquiries or\\nspeculations.\\nb2", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\n3 Three objects sought by the East India Compan\\nwith reference to Cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The improvements whic\\nthe East India Company have desired from an early\\nperiod to introduce into India are three in number,\\nviz.\\n1st, A better variety of Cotton.\\n2nd, A better system of cultivation.\\n3rd, A better method of separating the staple from the\\nseed, and of cleaning it for the European markets.\\nOne or other of these objects will appear in almost\\nevery paragraph of the present Hand-book. Before,\\nhowever, endeavouring to exhibit the experiments which\\nhave been made and the results which have been\\nachieved in the Madras Presidency, it will be necessary,\\nfirst, to glance at the specialities of the country and,\\nsecondly, to unfold more minutely the nature of the\\nobjects which the late Company have sought to attain.\\n4 Boundaries of the Madras Presidency. The Madras\\nPresidency may be described as an irregular triangle,\\noccupying the whole southern quarter of the great In-\\ndian peninsula. Its western side is formed by the\\ncoast of Malabar its eastern side by the coast of\\nCoromandel its apex by Cape Comorin whilst its\\nbase may be indicated by the river Kristna. In ad-\\ndition to this triangle, however, the Presidency stretches\\nout a long narrow arm on its north-eastern corner along\\nthe coast of the Bay of Bengal. This arm is known\\nas the Northern Circars, and connects the Presidency\\nof Madras with that of Bengal. Its existence on the\\nmap occasions that large blank to the northward of the\\nKristna, which is partly occupied by the dominions of\\nthe Nizam, and partly by the wild inhabitants of an\\nunhealthy tract of hill country which is still only half\\nexplored.\\n5 Physical features of the country. The Madras Pre-\\nsidency may be said to consist of a table-land sloping\\nfrom west to east and from south to north, and sup-\\nported on either side by a chain of mountains, known\\nrespectively as the Eastern and Western Ghauts. Each\\nchain runs parallel with the coast on either side. The\\nEastern Grhauts rise at a distance of from 30 to 60", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL VIEW. GEOGRAPHY.\\n5\\nmiles from the Coromandel coast, and leave the large\\nirregularly level, and generally sandy plain of the Car-\\nnatic between themselves and the Bay of Bengal. The\\nWestern Ghauts rise much more abruptly and to a\\nmuch greater height on the Malabar coast, and leave a\\nmuch narrower strip of land between themselves and\\nthe Indian ocean. The two chains running north to\\nsouth gradually unite at Cape Comorin. Thus the\\nMadras Presidency consists of a large triangular table-\\nland, sloping away from the great western wall to what\\nmay be called the eastern mounds and from the south-\\nl ern territory of Mysore, which has a medium elevation\\ni of 3000 feet, to the northern districts of Bellary and\\nCuddapah, w-here the mean height is 1600 feet. East\\nof the table-land is the broad sandy plain of the Car-\\ni natic west of the table land is the narrow fertile ter-\\nritory known as Canara and Malabar,\\ni Three modifications of the tropical heat, viz. the 6\\ntable-land, the sea, and the two monsoons. The whole\\nof the Madras Presidency is situated within the tropics,\\nt between the eighth and twentieth degrees of north\\ni latitude. The entire territory therefore is subject to\\nt great heat, and this is especially the case in localities\\nwhich are unrelieved by moisture. But the elevation\\n8 of the table-land in the centre, the vicinity of the plains\\nto the sea, and, above all, the influence of the two mon-\\ni soons, very much modify the burning heat of the sun.\\nI North-east monsoon, October to April South-west 7\\ns monsoon, May to September. The manifestations of\\nthe monsoons are so unlike anything that is experienced\\nI in the British isles, and at the same time they exercise\\ni such an important influence on every kind of cultiva-\\nI tion in India, that perhaps a short description may not\\nbe misplaced. The monsoons are periodical winds,\\nwhich about the time of their first setting in bring\\nj heavy bursts of rain. One sets in from the north-east\\ni about October, and blows more or less steadily for six\\ni months. The other sets in from the south- w 7 est about\\nI April, and blows until the north-east begins. Thus\\nthe broad plain of the Carnatic enjoys the influence of\\nthe north-east monsoon the narrow strip of Malabar", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "6 COTTON 1ST THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I,\\nand Canara is favoured by the south-west monsoon;\\nwhilst certain portions of the table-land between them\\nenjoy a partial benefit from both monsoons. Each of\\nthese monsoons brings a supply of rain. The north-\\neast brings less water than the other, but then its in-\\nfluence is more generally felt, as the Eastern Ghauts\\nare not sufficiently elevated to shut it out from the\\ncentral table-land. Not so however with the south-\\nwest monsoon. That comes laden with a mass of\\nwaters from the Southern ocean, and pours a heavy\\ntorrent of rain upon the Western Ghauts but its in-\\nfluence is more or less shut out from the central table-\\nland by the abrupt and elevated wall of mountains. In\\ntwo or three favoured localities, however, and especially\\nin the neighbourhood of Coimbatore, there are breaks\\nor chasms in the Ghauts, through which the clouds are\\ncarried by the south-west wind, and produce a fertility\\nwhich is not to be found in regions which only enjoy\\nthe benefit of the north-east monsoon. The bearing\\nof these influences upon the cultivation of Cotton will\\nbe found largely illustrated in the following pages.\\n8 Climate of the Madras Presidency and Cotton States\\nof North America compared reversal of seasons.\\nBefore noticing the other local peculiarities of the\\nMadras Presidency, it may be as well to compare the\\nclimate generally with that of the Cotton States of\\nNorth America. We have seen that every part of the\\nPresidency lies to the southward of the twentieth degree\\nnorth latitude and we may now add that all the Cotton\\nStates of America lie to the northward of that degree,\\nand indeed to the northward of the thirtieth parallel.\\nThis difference of latitude is obviated by a reversal of\\nthe seasons, the winter of India being taken as the\\nsummer of the Cotton cultivation. In other words,\\nwhilst in America the Cotton is sown in April and\\ngathered in September, in India it is sown in October\\nand gathered in March and April. A further com-\\nparison of the results of this reversal of the seasons\\nwill be found further on.\\n9 Revenue Divisions of the Madras Presidency. The\\nMadras Presidency is divided, for the purposes of col-", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL YTEW. REVENUE.\\n7\\nlecting the Revenue, into twenty Districts, each of\\nwhich is under the charge of a Revenue Collector.\\nThese twenty Districts may be classified, in accordance\\nwith the physical division already indicated, in the\\nfollowing manner.\\n1st. Northern Circars, four districts: viz. (1)\\nGanjam, (2) Vizagapatam, (3) Grodavari, (4) Kristna.*\\n2nd. Eastern Plain of the Carnatic, eight dis-\\ntricts viz. (1) Nellore, (2) Madras, (3) North Arcot,\\n(4) South Arcot, (5) Trichinopoly, (6) Tanjore, (7)\\nMadura, (8) Tinnevelly.\\n3rd. Central Table-land, five districts: viz.\\n(1) Bellary, (2) Kurnool, (3) Cuddapah, (4) Salem,\\n(5) Coimbatore.\\n4th. Western Strip, three districts: viz. (1)\\nNorth Canara, (2) South Canara, (3) Malabar.\\nIn addition to these Collectorates, there are certain\\nNative States which are dependent upon Great Britain\\nviz. Mysore in the Central Table-land, and Travancore\\nand Cochin in the south-west corner of the Peninsula.\\nFor the sake of clearness a small sketch map is ap-\\npended, exhibiting generally the frontiers of all the Re-\\nvenue Districts and Native States included in the Ma-\\ndras Presidency.\\nRevenue systems of the Madras Presidency based 10\\nupon the Village Communities. In order to obtain a\\ngeneral idea of the Eevenue systems which prevail, not\\nonly in the Madras Presidency but throughout the\\nwhole Peninsula of India, it may be necessary to remark\\nthat the entire country consists of an almost endless\\nnumber of village communities, or, what we should per-\\nPrevious to the last two years the present districts of the Godavari\\nand Kristna formed the three districts of Rajahmundry, Masulipatam,\\nand Guntoor. The new arrangement was found convenient for many\\nreasons, but chiefly as it kept the district watered by the river Goda-\\nvari, distinct from the district watered by the river Kristna. Ac-\\ncordingly, the whole of Rajahmundry and part of Masulipatam were\\nformed into the Godavari district and the remaining portion of Ma-\\nsulipatam and the whole of Guntoor were formed into the Kristna\\ndistrict. The frequent use of the old names leads to some confusion,\\nwhich may be generally avoided by regarding Eajahmundry as\\nGodavari, and Masulipatam and Guntoor as Kristna.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "8 COTTON IN THE MA DBAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\nhaps call parishes. Each village comprises not only\\nhouses and families, but cultivated lands and waste\\nlands. Each village has also an organization and go-\\nvernment of its own. Of course the bulk of each vil-\\nlage community is composed of Ryots, or landholders\\nbut each village has also its own officers and artisans.\\nEirst of all there is the Head man, whose duties origin-\\nally were to pay the yearly land tax or tribute to Go-\\nvernment for the entire village and who also, in con-\\njunction with the villagers in council, allotted the lands\\nfor cultivation, apportioned the yearly contribution each\\none was to pay towards the Government demand, set-\\ntled all disputes, and performed other Municipal duties,\\nwhich need not be specified. The latter duties, and in\\nsome cases the former duties, are still performed by the\\nHead man of the village, but this will be explained\\nhereafter. Next to the Head man is generally the\\nAccountant, who keeps the village records and accounts\\nthe Watchman, who guards the boundaries and watches\\nthe crops the Money-changer, the Priest, the Astro-\\nloger, the Smith, the Carpenter, the Barber, the Potter,\\nand the Leather- worker and in many cases there is\\nalso the Tailor, Washerman, Physician, Musician, Min-\\nstrel (or genealogist) and, at any rate in the south,\\nthere is generally the Dancing-girl. These village\\nofficers and artisans are remunerated for their services\\nby grants of land rent-free, and by fees contributed by\\nthe Ryots, sometimes in money, but more frequently in\\ngrain. These villages have existed from time imme-\\nmorial. They are essentially Hindoo institutions. To\\nuse the words of Sir Charles Met calf, the village com-\\nmunities are little republics, having nearly everything\\nthey can want within themselves, and almost independ-\\nent of any foreign relations. They seem to last where\\nnothing else lasts. Dynasty after dynasty tumbles\\ndown revolution succeeds to revolution Hindoo,\\nPatan, Mogul, Mahratta, Sikh, English, are all masters\\nin turn but the village community remains the same. I\\n11 Three Revenue systems 1st, the Village joint rent\\nsystem. By bearing in mind the village communities,\\nit is easy to obtain a general view of the Eevenue sys- j", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL VIEW. BEVEOTE.\\n9\\nterns which prevail in the Madras Presidency. First of\\nall we have the relic of ancient times, the village joint-\\nrent system in which the inhabitants of each village\\nstill pay through their Head man to the Collector of the\\nDistrict, a yearly lump tax for the whole of their lands\\nand then they are left to allot to each one of their\\nnumber, the lands he is to cultivate, and the yearly\\ncontribution he is to pay. The defect in the village\\njoint- rent system is, that each villager is responsible\\nnot only for the payment of his own contribution, but\\nvirtually for the payment of the contributions of all the\\nothers whilst at the same time there is no clear de-\\nfinition of his individual right to the land which he\\ncultivates and holds.\\n2nd, The Zemindary system. This system may also 12\\nbe explained in a few words. A set of middle-men, or\\naristocracy, arose between the Sovereign and the Head\\nmen of the villages, known by the general name of Ze-\\nmindars. Some had received villages as rewards for\\nservices others were simply farmers of the revenue\\nothers again may have obtained villages in return for\\nsupplies of troops, or by chicanery or force during the\\ndark days of a declining dynasty; whilst some were\\nundoubtedly descendants of old feudal chiefs and barons,\\nwho had held possession of the villages from time imme-\\nmorial. Be this as it may, we found all the Zemindars\\nexercising proprietary rights, and paying a fixed annual\\nsum to the existing Government. Accordingly, this\\nZemindary system has, in many parts, still continued to\\nexist under British rule. The objections to it are that\\nthe Zemindar s profits swallow up from 15 to 33 per\\ncent, of the revenue derived from the lands under culti-\\nvation, as well as the whole of any future revenue which\\nmay arise from the waste lands being taken into culti-\\nvation.\\n3rd, The Ryotwary system. The Eyotwary system 13\\nis the most important of all, and the one which gener-\\nally prevails in the Madras Presidency. Here the\\nGovernment does not take the rent from the Head\\nman of the village, nor from the Zemindar of a number\\nof villages, but direct from the Ryots or village land-", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "10 COTTOtf IK THE MADKAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\nholders. By this system every registered holder of land\\nis recognized as its actual proprietor. He can sub-let\\nhis property, or transfer it by gift, sale, or mortgage.\\nSo long as he pays his yearly rent, the Government\\ncannot eject him but he can at any time throw off\\nthis responsibility to Government, by throwing up all\\nor any part of his land.\\n14 Advantages of the Ryotwary tenure over the Zemind-\\nary tenure and the Village joint-rent system. It may\\nperhaps place a complicated question in a clearer light,\\nif we thus briefly indicate the advantages of the Ryot-\\nwar settlement, over the Zemindary tenure or the\\nvillage joint-rent system. To revert from the Ryotwary\\nto the Zemindary tenure would entail four evils. 1st,\\nIt would place a middle-man between the Government\\nand the Ryot. 2nd, It would strike off from 15 to 33\\nper cent, of the existing revenue, which would go into\\nthe pockets of the middle-man. 3rd, It would alienate\\nto the middle-man those waste lands, which the Ryots\\nare being induced to take into cultivation, and which\\nthus gradually increase the revenues of the State, and\\nenable the Government to reduce the rent on the whole.\\n4th, It would place the Ryots under the powerful and\\ninjurious influence of the Zemindars. Again, to revert\\nfrom the Ryotwar to the village joint-rent system would\\nentail two evils. 1st, It would annul individual property\\nin the land. 2nd, It would render the whole of a village\\ncommunity responsible for the short-comings of any of\\nits individual members.\\n15 Revenue division of lands Government, Zemindary,\\nand Inam. The village joint-rent system will shortly\\nbe abolished, and there will then remain but two lead-\\ning distinctions of tenure viz., the Zemindary and\\nRyotwary. A large extent of land, amounting to\\nnearly one-fourth of the assessed area, is held as Inam\\nin other words, it is wholly or partially free from as-\\nsessment. The origin of these lands is not unlike that\\nof Zemindary lands. Certain fields have been given to\\nindividuals at various times, as rewards for services, or\\nas funds for the support of pagodas, choultries (or rest-\\ning-places for travellers), and other charitable purposes", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.]\\nGENEKAL VIEW. KEYENTJE.\\n11\\nor from motives which were merely personal. It is be-\\nlieved that many of these lands were only given for\\nlife, but have been appropriated by the family and that\\nother lnams have been improperly created, or annexed.\\nAccordingly, an Inam Commission has been set on foot\\nto determine the rights of holders of lnams, and to fix\\na very moderate assessment, redeemable at wills where\\nthose rights are found to be invalid. This matter, how-\\never, is only of consequence so far as it serves to explain\\nthe nature of Inam lands.\\nNature and extent of the Cotton soils of India. The 16\\nprincipal Cotton soil of India is known as collector of\\nBlack land, which is of various depths. Thus f^rTsfju\\nin Cuddapah it is found to extend to twenty ly, 1858.\\nor thirty feet, and generally rests, either on M s\\nkunkur or lime, or else on sand. In Madura Collector of\\nit is from four or five feet to fifteen feet in th\\ndepth, and rests in many places upon rocks July, 1858.\\nof black and white marbles and granite, and M s\\nalso upon masses of gravel. In Tinnevelly ^nnevdiy s\\nagain we are told that the Black soil varies letter, 8th\\nin depth from two to five feet and in Coim- yi. S.\\nbatore it is described as being from three collector of\\nto six feet. This Black soil appears to be t r b t r s\\npeculiarly adapted to the growth of Indian i5ec, isos.\\nCotton, and is to be found more or less in M s\\nalmost every District in the Presidency. In preparing\\nthe large Cotton Map which illustrates the present\\nHand-book, a sketch map of each District was forwarded\\nto each District Engineer, with a request that he would\\ncolour those parts in which this Cotton soil prevailed.\\nThe results are accordingly exhibited in the Cotton\\nMap, and generally serve to show the extent of land\\navailable for the cultivation of Indian Cotton. The\\namount of Cotton land actually under cultivation for\\nthe last eight years is also exhibited in the Appendix,\\nThe average rate of Government assessment of suck lands as\\nthose upon which Cotton is generally cultivated, varies very con-\\nsiderably in each District. Thus in Bellary the average is about\\nIs. Z\\\\d. per acre, whilst in Vizagapatam it is nearly 8s. per acre. A\\nstatement exhibiting the average rate in each District will be found\\nin the Appendix.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "12 COTTON IN THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\nunder the several heads of Government lands, Inam\\nlands, and Zemindary lands together with tha sum\\ntotal of the yearly assessment of the Cotton lands of\\neach District in Rupees. Besides, however, the Black\\nsoil, there are two other soils, viz., the Bed and the Al-\\nluvial. These two, but especially the Bed, are found\\nto be even better adapted to the cultivation of Ameri-\\ncan Cotton than the Black. This fact will *be fully\\ndiscussed further on. It will be sufficient to say, that\\nshould the American species ultimately prove product-\\nive and profitable, the Madras Bresidency could alone\\nfurnish an almost inexhaustible supply of Indian and\\nAmerican Cotton.\\n17 Four great Cotton Districts Bellary and Cuddapah.\\nto the north Coimbatore and Tinnevelly to the south.\\nThe present so called Cotton growing Districts of\\nthe Madras Bresidency, are eight in number, viz.,\\nKristna, Nellore, Cuddapah, Kurnool, and Bellary in\\nthe north and Madura, Coimbatore, and Tinnevelly in\\nthe south. Of these, however, four are the principal,\\nand those which must especially be borne in mind,\\nviz.\\nNorth. Bellary and Cuddapah.\\nSouth. Coimbatore and Tinnevelly.\\n18 Statistics of the Cotton growing Districts. In 1S48\\nthe following questions, drawn up by Dr. Boyle, were\\nforwarded to each Collector with reference to Indian\\nCotton.\\n1st. The price of Cotton, freed from the seed, in the\\nprincipal mart or marts in the District.\\n2nd. The price at which the Byot sells his Cotton,\\ncleaned or uncleaned; and with or without advances.\\n3rd. The expense of cleaning Cotton by the churka,\\na foot roller, or any other method which may be in\\nuse.\\n4th. The expenses of conveying Cotton to the near-\\nest port for shipment.\\n5th. The average produce of Cotton per acre.\\n6th. The quantity of land under cultivation with\\nA description of the churka and foot roller will be found at\\nparas. 24 and 25.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENEKAL YIEW. COTTON DISTRICTS. 13\\nCotton, and the extent to which the cultivation could\\nbe carried, in the event of an increasing demand.\\nThe information obtained in reply to these Parliament\\nqueries is exhibited on the table in the Ap- 36\\npendix, which was prepared by the Madras 37.\\nBoard of Kevenue, but is now further simplified by the\\nreduction into English money and measures. Much\\nreliance, however, cannot be placed upon what is stated\\nas regards average produce and cost of culture.\\nIt has been stated that the Eyots will not Mr p mn i e s\\ntell the truth about the first and as they letters, 30th\\nkeep no accounts, they cannot furnish ac- andisthJan.\\ncurate information upon the second point. j^um 1 81 1\\nIn the case of a poor Ryot, the cultivation (i857),p.27\\nis carried on by himself and family in the and 55,\\ncase of a rich Ryot, it is carried on by his numerous\\ndependents, whom he merely feeds.\\nReview of the three improvements required in the 19\\nIndian Cotton. Having thus glanced at the specialities\\nof the Madras Presidency, it will be necessary to review\\nthe three great improvements which the late Company\\nendeavoured to effect in India with reference to Cotton\\nviz., To introduce 1st, A better variety 2nd, A bet-\\nter cultivation and 3rd, A better method of cleaning.\\n1st. Better variety of Cotton: general classiflca- 20\\ntion of Indian and American Cotton. The Cotton\\nplant may be divided, for all the practical purposes\\ncontemplated in the present work, into three species\\nonly, which with their respective varieties may be thus\\nbriefly indicated.\\n1st. Indian Cotton, including the very short stapled\\nvarieties of Bengal, Madras, and Surat.\\n2nd. North American Cotton, including, first, the\\nshort stapled varieties of New Orleans (Mexican),\\nWest Indian (Bourbon?), Uplands, and Boweds and,\\nsecond, the long stapled variety of Sea Island Cotton,\\nwhich is said to have the longest, finest, and softest\\nfibre in the world.\\n3rd. South American Cotton, including the long\\nstapled varieties of Pernambuco (Brazilian), Peruvian,\\netc.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14i COTTOK 1ST THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. IX\\nBesides these, there are other varieties, if not species,\\nof Cotton such as the Cotton tree which grows in the\\nIndian jungle and an inferior sort of Indian Cotton,\\ncalled Nadum, which is never grown for exportation,\\nthough it is occasionally employed for purposes of\\nadulteration. There is also the Egyptian Cotton, which\\nwas originally imported both from North and South\\nAmerica about forty years ago and which deserves\\nsome special mention as some experiments have been\\nmade with it in this Presidency. But a full description\\nof these varieties, however interesting to the scientific\\nbotanist, would serve no practical purpose in the present\\npublication. A glance at the frontispiece, which ex-\\nhibits the various lengths of the different staples, will\\nconvey a general knowledge of the subject and it may\\nbe added that the North and South American varieties\\nexceed the Indian varieties, not only in length of staple\\nbut in fineness and softness of fibre.\\n21 Six leading varieties of Cotton, viz. Indian, Bour-\\nbon, Kew Orleans, Pernambuco, Egyptian, and Sea\\nIsland. With these preliminary observations we may\\nnow safely say, that for all practical purposes, the\\nreader of the present volume will only find it necessary\\nto retain the names of six different Cottons, viz.\\n1st. Indian, which is indigenous to the soil.\\n2nd. Bourbon, so named from having been grown in\\nthe Isle of Bourbon, where it is supposed to have been\\nintroduced by the Trench from the West Indies. It\\nwas first cultivated in India during the latter part of\\nthe last century and commencement of the present.\\n3rd. New Orleans, which is sometimes alluded to as\\nMexican, and even as American. This was the Cotton\\nwhich the late Company more particularly desired to\\nintroduce into India.f\\n4th. Pernambuco, or Brazilian, upon which some\\nFor a learned and scientific dissertation on the different species\\nand varieties of Cotton, the reader cannot do better than refer to Dr.\\nForbes Royle s work on the culture of Cotton in India.\\nf Dr. Wight tried other sorts, including Pernambuco but it will\\nbe seen that the great object of his experimental farms was to grow\\nNew Orleans Cotton.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL VIEW. VARIETIES OP COTTON. 15\\nexperiments are still being made by private individuals.\\nThis Cotton is marked by the peculiarity of its seeds,\\nwhich adhere together in conglomerations.\\n5th. Egyptian, which has been tried with some suc-\\ncess in the Madras district.\\n6th. The Sea Island, which is cultivated on a range\\nof islands lying along the coast of South Carolina and\\nGeorgia.*\\nIndian, Bourbon, and New Orleans Cotton compared. 22\\nBesides the differences between the staple of the\\nIndian and New Orleans Cotton, there are some other\\npeculiarities which are well worthy of notice. The In-\\ndian is a stunted plant, which seems as though it\\nformed a degenerate species. It rarely rises above three\\nfeet from the ground, and sometimes scarcely a foot\\nand its branches in the- same way spread out only from\\none foot to three. The Bourbon, which was originally\\nbrought from the Mauritius, about the latter\\ni i* j i i j j i j 1 1 Letters from\\nend oi the last century, rises to about the the Collectors\\nsame height as the Indian, but then it denary a Ma^\\nspreads out its branches much more. The dura, Tmne-\\nNew Orleans, however, rises to a far greater ^iatorefsup-\\nheight than either the Bourbon or the In- plyiyg in for-\\ndian, and spreads out its branches a great vrofefJn\\ndeal more than either. But the root of the ^record?\\nNew Orleans does not strike so deeply into\\nthe ground as either the Bourbon or the Indian and\\nconsequently it is less able to bear a protracted drought\\nthan either one or the other. This fact may be found\\nuseful in explaining some of the results attendant upon\\nA still clearer idea of the different varieties of Cotton may be\\ngathered from a consideration of the different manufactured goods in\\nwhich they are employed. Thus the finest qualities of Cotton, or\\nthose of the Sea Island class, are worked into lace and muslin of the\\nmost beautiful texture. Other qualities, Egyptian, New Orleans,\\nand Boweds, are made into cambrics and calicoes for printing, as\\nwell as into shirtings, sheetings, and fustians and, when mixed with\\nthe better kinds of waste, into bed-covers and heavy fabrics. But\\nEast Indian Cotton is rarely at present used alone, except for the\\nlowest purposes, because of its general inferiority and it is generally\\ndisposed of in adulteration. Bazley s Lecture upon Cotton, p. 29.\\nWe might however remind Mr. Bazley that very beautiful muslins\\nare still manufactured by the native weavers at Dacca and Arnee", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "16 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\nthe experimental culture which we shall presently have\\nto record.\\n23 2nd, Better system of Cultivation Indian and\\nAmerican agriculture compared. The differences be-\\ntween American and Indian culture will be largely\\nillustrated in the present volume but it may be as\\nwell to state here generally that they chiefly lie in the\\ndegree of attention bestowed upon the land. The\\nAmericans practise deep ploughing, are careful in the\\nselection of seed, and sow on ridges, keeping the\\nplants wide apart, and carefully destroying all weeds.\\nThe Indian Ryots, on the other hand, frequently sow\\ntheir Cotton broad-cast, and often with three or four\\nother crops they allow the plants to grow too closely\\nDr Rovie s ^\u00c2\u00b0g etner the weeds to flourish, and the\\nCulture of wool to hang long after the seed is ripe.\\nIndia 11 215 n some localities however they sow in\\ndrills, plough the land previous to sowing,\\nhoe weeds away whilst the plant is growing, and take\\ncare to have a rotation of crops. When this is the\\ncase, says Dr. Eoyle, the Cottons are superior to\\nthose produced by more careless cultivators.\\n24 3rd. Better method of separating and cleaning the\\nCotton 1st, The Foot Roller. Cotton grows in a pod.\\nWhen the fruit is ripe the pod bursts, and discloses\\nthe seed enveloped in a kind of soft white fibre, which\\npresents all the appearance of a particularly fine and\\ndazzling wool. Two operations are necessary to ren-\\nder this wool, or staple, as it is called, available for the\\ncarder and spinner: first, to separate it from the\\nseed and secondly, to clean it from any extraneous\\nmatter which may have adhered to it in the processes\\nof gathering and separation. The proverbial simplicity\\nof the tools and engines employed by Hindoo artisans\\nand mechanics generally, is strikingly displayed in\\nboth operations in India. In ancient times the Natives\\nliterally separated the wool from the seed with their\\nfeet, and then cleaned it with their hands. This\\npractice still lingers in the Southern Mahratta coun-\\nLetter from e Cotton is placed on a flat stone.\\nMr. c. Lush, A woman sits on a stool before it. Her", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE FOOT ROLLER\\nA A srrwotk stone DD WootL v soles.\\nE A stool\\nC AruJrorv.\\nX Tlw Seeds.\\nT The. GittoTv.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "THE CHURKA", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] GENERAL VIEW. CULTURE AND CLEANING. 17\\nonly implement is an iron roller, but 4th Decem-\\nwooden soles are fastened to each of her cottonRe-\\nfeet. This iron roller she places on the ports (1838),\\nCotton, and then rolls it backwards and p* 294,\\nforwards with her feet, until the wool is fairly separ-\\nated from the seed, and the seed is rolled out in front,\\nwhilst the Cotton wool comes out under the stool be-\\nhind in a continuous web. If the woman cleans this\\nwool with her hands picking away all the dirt, pieces\\nof leaf, stray seeds, smashed seeds, and other ob-\\njectionable trash, she produces, after a great expense\\nof time and labour, a wool which is easily spun into\\nclothing for the family, whilst the seed is used as food\\nfor the cattle.\\nThe Native Clmrka. The foot roller however has 25\\nalmost vanished from the Madras Presidency, and the\\nmachine now in general use is the Churka. This\\nsimple implement is only one step in advance of the\\nfoot roller. It consists of two rollers set in a wooden\\nframe, with a small interval between them. These are\\nturned with an ordinary handle, the motion of one\\nbeing communicated to the other by a sort of endless\\nscrew. The Cotton is passed between these rollers,\\nand the staple is thus separated from the seed but\\nthe wool is turned out in a matted state, with the\\nfibres all lying confused in different directions, so as\\nto give a great deal of trouble to English Letter of\\ncarders. Moreover the wool is mixed up Messrs.\\nwith all the dirty bits of leaf and seed ^V a n nd\\nalready indicated. The Natives, however, Cardi^ and\\ncan completely clean it by the laborious Masters 5 9th\\nprocess of hard picking, and they appear February,\\ni to resort to this process for home con- r 4 1,\\nsumption but for exportation, they seem ^V gal 369\\nto content themselves with beating it with p\\nsticks on rattan frames, of which an amusing account\\nwill be found in para. 177.\\nThe American Saw Gin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The American Saw Grin 26\\nis a totally different machine, and is the result of\\ncapital, ingenuity, and enterprise. It both separates\\nthe Cotton from the seed, and cleans the staple. It", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "18 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP.\\nconsists of a number of thin wheels, the edges of\\nwhich are cogged or toothed; but perhaps the term\\nsawed is more expressive, as the teeth are sharp,\\npointed downwards, and act like a saw. These circular\\nsaws are to separate the Cotton wool from the seed.\\nThe larger gins contain sixty circular saws, which are\\nturned round by cattle machinery. The process of\\nseparation is thus performed. Each thin circular saw\\npasses in every revolution through a corresponding\\nnarrow grating,* so narrow indeed that whilst the\\nwool passes through with the saw, the seed is cut off\\nby the grating and left behind. The Cotton is accord-\\ningly placed in a trough or hopper above the saw\\nwheels. The wheels as they turn round carry away\\nthe Cotton, and as they pass through the grating\\nthey separate the wool from the seed. Meantime a\\ncylinder surrounded with brushes revolves in an op-\\nposite direction, and not only brushes away the wool\\nfrom the saw wheels, but cleanses it from all impuri-\\nties. The attempts which have been made to adapt\\nthis machine to Indian Cotton, and to invent some\\nother Cotton cleaning machine, which should combine\\nthe perfection of the saw wheels and brush wheel\\nwith the cheapness and simplicity of the churka, will\\nbe illustrated in the following pages. f\\nThe Thresher. This machine was originally in-\\ntended to purify the seed Cotton from leaves and\\ntrash prior to ginning for though the brush wheel of\\nthe saw gin sufficiently cleaned the wool, yet it was\\nfound that the gin worked more easily if the principal\\ntrash was thrown off prior to the submission of the\\nseed to the action of the saws. The thresher consists\\nof a large trough or hopper in which two or three\\ncylinders revolve, being turned round by the same\\nmotive power which turns the gin. The seed Cotton\\nDescription of Whitney s Saw Gin. Cotton Reports (1836), p.\\n430. Here, as elsewhere, the compiler has indicated the sources of\\nhis information, though he has found it necessary to express himself\\nin totally different language.\\nf A description of the Cottage saw gin will be found at para. 245,\\naccompanied by an illustration. This will be found sufficient to ex-\\nplain the principle of the American gin.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CHAP. I.] DIVISION OF SUBJECT MATTER.\\n19\\nis thrown into this trough, and thereupon is rendered\\nso loose and lively by the action of the cylinders, that\\nthe trash falls off, and passes through a grating in the\\nbottom of the trough into a receptacle below. The\\nseed Cotton thus purified is removed through a door\\nat the side, and placed in the hopper of the saw gin.\\nThe question to be decided is, whether the thresher\\nwould not be found useful in clearing off the trash\\nfrom Indian seed Cotton, prior to submitting it to the\\naction of the churka. This point will be discussed in\\nthe fifth chapter.\\nDivision of the subject matter of the present Hand-\\nbook. Having thus glanced generally at the special-\\nities of the Madras Presidency, and the nature of the\\nobjects which the late Company have sought to ac-\\ncomplish, it is advisable, for the sake of clearness, to\\nnotice those salient points in the following narrative,\\nwhich form the ground- work of the division of the\\nsubject matter. The early efforts of the East India\\nCompany for the extension and improvement of the\\nCotton culture in India, are chiefly interesting in an\\nantiquarian point of view. Accordingly they occupy\\nbut a very small portion of the present volume. The\\nbulk of the work consists of a detail of facts and\\nopinions elicited during the experiments which were\\ncarried out in this Presidency, between the years of\\n1841 and 1853, partly by practical American Planters,\\nand partly by the eminent scientific botanist, Dr.\\nWight, who throughout the greater .part of these\\ntwelve years held the post of Superintendent. After\\na few preliminaries, the Experimental Earms were\\nfairly established in this Presidency in 1841, during\\nthe Governorship of Lord Elphinstone and the cul-\\ntivation of American Cotton, and employment of\\nAmerican saw gins, were carried on during four years\\nby three Planters and an Engineer, under the super-\\nintendence of Dr. Wight in the district of Coimba-\\ntore. At the expiration of that period, that is, in\\n1845, when the Marquis of Tweeddale was Governor,\\nsome modifications were made in the experiment.\\nOne of the Planters died, and the two others were", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "20 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. I.\\ntransferred to Bombay; but another Planter named\\nFinnie, who had been originally deputed to Bengal,\\nwas engaged for four years longer by the Madras Go-\\nvernment. Instead however of joining Dr. Wight at\\nCoimbatore, Mr. Finnie was located in Tinnevelly.\\nThus another period of four years passed away, ex-\\ntending from 1845 to 1849, during which Mr. Imnie\\nwas engaged in Tinnevelly, and Dr. Wight in Coim-\\nbatore. But towards the end of this second period a\\nserious disagreement broke out between Dr. Wight\\nand Mr. Finnic About the same time, the Marquis\\nof Tweeddale was succeeded by Sir Henry Pottinger.\\nThe new Governor seems to have been thoroughly\\ndissatisfied with the progress of the Cotton experi-\\nment; and in 1849 Dr. Wight s farm at Coimbatore\\nwas suddenly ordered to be given up, and Mr. Finnie\\nwas informed that the term for which he had been\\nengaged was nearly over, and that when over, his\\nservices would be no longer required. The same year,\\nhowever, the Court of Directors sent out a despatch,\\napproving of the steps taken with reference to Mr.\\nFinnie, but directing the Madras Government to re-\\ninstate Dr. Wight in his position as Superintendent\\nof the Cotton experiment. Thus a third period of\\nfour years passed away at the expiration of which,\\nin 1853, the experiment was finally brought to a close.\\nDr. Wight retired from the service and returned to\\nEurope and the Government withdrew from all direct\\nattempts to promote the cultivation of American Cot-\\nton, or to extend the use of foreign machinery in this\\nPresidency.\\n29 Twelve years of Cotton Experiments, divisible into\\nthree periods of four years each. From the foregoing-\\nparticulars, it will be seen that the narrative of the\\nCotton experiments naturally separates itself into six\\nchapters. The first chapter comprises a description\\nof the field of operations, and a review of the objects\\nsought. The second chapter comprises a brief review\\nof the early experiments which had been undertaken\\nin reference to the subject and a narrative of the\\nagricultural proceedings of Dr. Wight and his three\\nPlanters in the Cotton farms in Coimbatore, during", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CEAP. I.] DIVISION OF SUBJECT MATTER.\\n21\\nthe four years extending from 1841 to 1845. The\\nthird chapter comprises the narrative of Dr. Wight s\\nproceedings alone in Coimbatore from 1845 to 1849.\\nThe fourth chapter comprises the narrative of Mr.\\nPinnie s proceedings in Tinnevelly during the same\\nperiod. The fifth chapter comprises a review of the\\ndiscussion between Dr. Wight and Mr. Pinnie, a brief\\nnarrative of the circumstances which led to the stop-\\npage of the experiment by Sir Henry Pottinger s Go-\\nvernment, and the renewal of the experiment by the\\nCourt of Directors together with the last proceed-\\nings of Dr. Wight down to his final retirement in\\n1853. The sixth and last chapter is devoted to a\\nshort sketch of the present condition of the Cotton\\nculture in the Madras Presidency.\\nSpecialities of the several Chapters. Having thus 33\\nmapped out the subject, it may be as well to indicate\\nthe specialities of the several chapters. On the mat-\\nter of the first chapter nothing need be said, as it is\\npurely of an introductory character. The second and\\nthird chapters, which comprise a narrative of Dr.\\nWight s experimental culture in Coimbatore, will be\\nfound chiefly useful as exhibiting the results of Dr.\\nWight s scientific experiences respecting the adapt-\\nability of the American plant to the climate and soil\\nof India. The fourth chapter, comprising the story\\nof Mr. Pinnie s proceedings in Tinnevelly, will be\\nfound useful in a totally different way namely, as\\nexhibiting the experiences of a practical man, both as\\nregards the relative conditions of Cotton cultivation\\nand trade in America and India, and the nature of\\nthe difficulties in the way of introducing into the\\nMadras Presidency the general culture of American\\nCotton, and the general employment of American ma-\\nchinery. The fifth chapter is a gathering of results,\\nwhich are illustrated by the discussions between Dr.\\nWight and Mr. Pinnie, the proceedings of Sir Henry\\nPottinger s Government, and the decisions of the\\nCourt of Directors. The last chapter, and the ap-\\npendices, are chiefly important as bringing down the\\ngeneral results to the present day.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE II.\\nFOUR YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER BR. WIGHT\\nAND THE AMERICAN PLANTERS, 1841 TO 1845.\\n(31.) Stoppage of demand for Indian Muslins and Calicoes, but grow-\\ning demand for Cotton Wool. (32.) Early efforts to extend and improve\\nIndian Cotton. (33.) Introduction of Bourbon Cotton into the Madras\\nPresidency. (34.) Mr. Metcalfe, an American Cotton cleaner, sent to the\\nPresidency, 1813: efforts of the Madras Government, 1819\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1836.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (35.)\\nTen American Planters sent to India, 1840. (36.) Prevailing opinions\\nupon Cotton Culture in the Madras Presidency. (37.) Three Planters\\nlocated in Tinnevelly, October, 1840. (38.) Contemplated removal of the\\nPlanters to the neighbourhood of Mr. Fischer s establishment at Salem.\\n(39.) First Season, 1841-42: commenced under Captain Hughes. (40.)\\nReported failure in consequence of a heavy Monsoon, January, 1842.\\n(41.) Sudden renovation of the crop Dr. Wight succeeds Captain\\nHughes, February. (42.) Relative effects of the Monsoon, the Drought,\\nand the Rain, upon the Cotton shrub difference between the Red and\\nBlack soils.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (43.) Results of the Season 1841-42.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (44.) Dr. Wight s\\nplan of operations introduction of American Culture more important\\nthan that of American Cotton. (45.) Early trials of the American saw gin.\\n(46.) Second Season, 1842-43 arrangement of the Four Experimental\\nFarms. (47.) Three varieties of land, viz., Black, Red, and Alluvial.\\n(48.) Distribution of soil amongst the Four Farms Method of Cultivation.\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES ON AMERICAN COTTON CULTURE AS PRACTISED\\nON THE GOVERNMENT COTTON FARMS.\\n(49.) Drill husbandry land ploughed and cast in ridges, eight or ten\\ninches high, at intervals of about five feet. (50.) Sowing in a furrow of\\nabout two inches deep along the centre of each ridge.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (51.) Scraping\\nout of superfluous plants and weeds. (52.) Banking up the ridges, first\\nwith the plough and afterwards with the hoe. (53.) Keeping down ex-\\ntraneous vegetation until the crop ripens. (54.) Native ploughs and\\nAmerican ploughs compared question of whether American Cotton would\\nthrive without ridging.\\n(55.) Results of the Second Season on the Black, Red, and Alluvial\\nsoils, 1842-43. (56.) Comparison of the growth of the Indian, New Or-\\nleans, and Bourbon Cotton. (57.) Reports of the English Brokers on Dr.\\nWight s Cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (58.) Oopum (Indian) Cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (59.) New Orleans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (60.)\\nBourbon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (61.) Third Season, 1843-44 state of the Cotton Farms, Gins,\\nand Gin-house. (62.) Unfavourable results their causes. (63.) Com-\\nparison of the Crops of the third Season with those of the second. (64.)\\nFourth Season, 1844-45 experiment of treating the plant as a biennial.\\n(65 Comparative produce of the four Seasons. (66.) General Results of", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "1697 1860.] IMPORT OF COTTON WOOL.\\n23\\nthe four Seasons of the Experimental Farms necessity for a rotation of\\nCrops. (67.) Causes of the success of Mr. Wroughton s Cotton experi-\\nment. (68.) First, Influence of both monsoons. (69.) Second, Early-\\npreparation and sowing. (70.) Drought and Grate the only dangers to be\\navoided. (71.) Question of manure. (72.) Three advantages possessed\\nby India over America in the cultivation of American Cotton. (73.) Re-\\nj munerative demand alone required in India. (74.) Cost of cultivation.\\n(75.) Further proceedings of the Fourth Season, 1844-45. (76.) Mr. Simp-\\nson s Eeport on the districts of North Canara, bordering on Dharwar. (77.)\\nj Soondah unfavourable from the presence of Kunkur. (78.) Soopah\\nsoil favourable but climate unfavourable. (79.) Mr. Simpson s opinion on\\nthe failure of the Coimbatore Farms to extend the culture of American\\nCotton. (80.) Recommends the appointment of a practical person to dis-\\nL tribute seed and exhibit the gins. (81.) Mr. Simpson s suggestions ap-\\nproved: his transfer to the Bombay Presidency. (82.) Dr. Wight s an-\\nswers to the queries of the Marquis of Tweeddale. (83.) Superiority of\\nthe American Cotton to the Indian. (84.) Extension of the improved\\nmethods of cultivation among the Ryots. (85.) Reluctance of the Ryots\\nto adopt the saw gin.\\nStoppage of demand for Indian muslins and calicoes, 31\\nbut growing demand for Cotton wool. During the\\nlatter part of the last century, the conflict between\\nthe East India Company and the Native powers, was\\nequalled by the rivalry between the Cotton manufac-\\nI turers of Great Britain and the Native weavers of\\nIndia. The result in both cases was the same. Whilst\\nthe Native princes were yielding to the superior\\nprowess of the British arms, the Native weavers were\\nconquered by the Spinning Jenny and Power Loom.\\nThe Arkwright machinery indeed seemed to defy all\\n1 opposition. As early as 1793, British muslins were\\nj equal in appearance to those of India, whilst the pat-\\nterns were far more elegant, and the cost was less\\nthan one-third. But at the same time, elecJt Com\\nthat demand for the raw wool had sprung miiteeoftho\\n1 up, which in the present day has reached ^^tors\\nsuch enormous limits. In 1697 the yearly quoted by\\nimport of Cotton wool into Great Britain, Royle\\nwas only 2 millions of pounds. In 1775 it reached 8\\nmillions, and within ten years the improved machinery\\nhad raised the import to 20 millions. But the present\\ncentury has perhaps witnessed the most extraordinary\\nincrease. In 1800 the yearly import was nearly 60\\nmillions in 1820 it was 150 millions in 1840 it was", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "24 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [l788 1813c\\nExtract Pa-\\npers relative\\nto American\\ntariff, laid\\nbefore Par-\\nliament in\\n1828. Cot-\\nton Reports\\nof East In-\\ndia Com p.\\n(1836), p. ix.\\nDespatch of\\nCourt of\\nDirectors to\\nGovernor-\\nGeneral, 20th\\nAug., 1788.\\nReports on\\nCoi ton wool\\n(1836), p. 3.\\n500 millions; and in 1860 it was 1500\\nmillions. Hitherto the American supply\\nhas generally been equal to the demand\\nand Whitney s saw gin has done nearly as\\nmuch for the States in the preparation of\\nCotton wool, as Arkwright s machinery\\nhas done for Great Britain in the manu-\\nfacture of Cotton goods.\\n32 Early efforts to extend and improve Indian Cotton.\\nFrom an early period the Directors of the late\\nCompany were naturally anxious that India should\\ntake a part in the supply of Cotton. In\\n1788, during a temporary calm in political\\naffairs, the Directors ordered 500,000 lbs.\\nof the best Indian Cotton, and obtained\\nreports from the Revenue Collectors of\\nthe several districts but in the end\\nonly a small quantity of very indifferent\\nCotton was obtained from Bombay. Still\\nhowever the Directors were not disheartened and in\\n1790, and for some years afterwards, Dr. Anderson\\nwas engaged at Madras in distributing a variety of\\nforeign Cotton seeds, obtained from Malta and the\\nMauritius, throughout the Peninsula of India.\\n33 Introduction of Bourbon Cotton into the Madras\\nPresidency. One important result followed Dr. An-\\nderson s labours, namely, the introduction of Bourbon\\nCotton and this variety subsequently became na-\\nturalized in three Southern Districts viz., Tin-\\nnevelly, Salem, and Coimbatore. This success is in a\\ngreat measure to be ascribed to the enterprise of a\\nprivate merchant named Hughes, who resided in Tin-\\nnevelly. Mr. Hughes seemed born with a\\ngenius for developing the resources of a\\ncountry. For a long time his Senna was\\nwidely celebrated as the best in the world.\\nHis cultivation of Bourbon Cotton was,\\nfrom author- however, a still greater triumph and for\\nltiesonthe V rrv\\nspot. more than twenty years Hughes s Tm.\\nExtracts from these obsolete Reports may be found in the Ap-\\npendix to the Reports on Cotton Wool, 1836.\\nRoyle s Me-\\nmoirs. Pari.\\nReturn\\n(1847), p. 28.\\nPersonal\\nknowledge\\nobtained", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "1813-36.] EARLY EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE.\\n25\\nnevelly Cotton continued to be quoted in the Liver-\\npool market as the best in India and it was actually\\nsold at higher prices than the American short stapled\\nCottons, and three-pence per lb. above the best Surats.\\nMr. Metcalfe, an American Cotton Cleaner, sent to\\nthe Presidency, 1813 efforts of the Madras Govern-\\nment, 1819\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1836.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meantime the Court\\nof Directors were anxious to extend the\\ncultivation of Cotton, and to improve the\\ncondition of the wool. Accordingly, in\\n1813, they sent out Mr. Bernard Metcalfe,\\na Cotton Cleaner from Georgia and New\\nOrleans, to experimentalize with some American saw\\ngins in the Cotton growing districts of Tinneveliy,\\nBellary, and Cuddapah. But the attempt\\nfailed, as the Natives refused to give up\\ntheir time-honoured churka, for such ex-\\npensive and new-fangled machinery as the\\ngin. About the same time, the Com-\\nmercial Eesidents in the service of the\\nCompany appear to have interested them-\\nselves in the Cotton question for it will\\nbe remembered that in those days the Company was\\na mercantile body as well as a political power. In\\n1819, Mr. Eunclall, the Commercial Resi-\\ndent in Bellary and Cuddapah, drew up\\na Memorial upon Cotton cultivation, in\\nwhich he urged the introduction of Cot-\\nton from Bourbon, Brazil, and New Or-\\nleans. Accordingly, the Madras Govern-\\nment established four Cotton Farms of four hundred\\nacres each viz. two in Tinneveliy and Coimbatore in\\nSouthern India and two in Masulipatam and Yiza-\\ngapatam in the Northern Circars. Each Farm was\\nplaced under the direction of the Commercial Resi-\\ndent of the district. Of these the Farm at Yizagapa-\\ntam proved the most successful for there the Com-\\nmercial Resident, Mr. Heath, had largely profited by\\nthe instructions which he had received from Mr.\\nDespatch\\nfrom Court\\nof Directors,\\n7tnMay,1813.\\nCotto Re-\\nports (1836),\\np. 50.\\nLetter from\\nBombay\\nGovt, to\\nCourt of\\nDirectors,\\n18 ih Dec,\\n1816.\\nCotton Re-\\nports (183B),\\np. 61.\\nLetters from\\nMadi as\\nBoard Trade,\\n27ta Mav,\\n1819. Cot-\\nton Reports\\n(1836), p. 87.\\nXow included in the Godaveri district. See para. 9.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "26 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. II.\\nHughes of Tinnevelly.* In the present day the Cot-\\nton grown in Vizagapatam is insufficient for the home\\nconsumption of the province, and consequently sup-\\nplies of Cotton wool are imported from the Grodaveri\\nMr. Hughes s method of cultivating Bourbon Cotton in India\\nis worthy of notice, inasmuch as reference will be made to it here-\\nafter. His own account is arranged under the heads of soil, climate,\\nculture, pruning, and cleaning. (1.) As regards Soil, he asserted\\nthat the Bed and Brown Loams formed the most suitable and fruit-\\nful. Bich, heavy, retentive, stiff soils did not answer; for though\\nthe plants might be luxuriant, yet they were apt to produce wood\\nand leaf, rather than fruit buds. Black Cotton soil, he declared, was\\nto be entirely avoided for the Bourbon Cotton. (2.) As regards\\nClimate, Mr. Hughes believed that the free admission of light winds,\\nand the free circulation of air, were of the greatest benefit and that\\nsituations near the sea, or within the influence of the sea breeze,\\nwere to be preferred. A dry soil and a dry atmosphere from March\\nto May, and from July to September, seemed essential both to the\\ngood quality of the wool and the productiveness of the plant. (3.)\\nAs regards Culture, Mr. Hugbes had ascertained that the plant\\nwould continue many years that is, the plant might be cultivated\\nas a perennial. The plants should be sown eight feet apart, in rows\\nwhich should be again eight feet asunder in order to afford facility\\nfor- ploughing and hoeing, and for a free circulation of air. If the\\nsowing could be effected in September, the young plant would be\\nable to resist the continued wet of a heavy monsoon. Little was\\ngained by sowing in October, November, or December; but the\\nintervals of clear weather in those months answered well for trans-\\nplanting and the first week of January very well, both for sowing\\nand transplanting. (4.) Pruning should be practised twice in the\\nyear. The first and most important pruning should take place be-\\ntween the 15th and 31st of December, when the shrub is cut down\\nto two feet high and two feet wide, only the firm wood being left\\nwith the strong white and brown bark. In January during the fine\\ndays the plantation should be ploughed thoroughly three or four\\ntimes. In less than two months the whole of the plants will be\\nagain in the finest foliage and full blossom, and continue in full\\nbearing throughout the months of March, April, and May. Early\\nin June a good many pods still remain, and a second pruning should\\nbe practised of the long, straggling, twisted soft shoots with diminu-\\ntive pods. Subsequently from July to September good produce may\\nbe obtained, unless the plants are damaged by rain. (5.) Cleaning\\nwas practised on Mr. Hughes s plantation in a most careful manner,\\nthe wool being cleaned by hand.\\nIt must however be remarked that Mr. Hughes calculated this\\nCotton to cost him about twelve pence a pound but then, in 1817,\\nit was sold in London for more than two shillings per pound. See\\nMr. Hughes s instructions to Mr. Heath. Boyle s Cotton Culture,\\np. 227.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "1836-40.] EAELY EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE.\\n27\\ndistrict. In 1836, Dr. Wight was appointed by the\\nMadras Government to report on the state of agricul-\\nture in Southern India and he subsequently repre-\\nsented that the returns of Cotton per acre were\\ngreater in Vizagapatam than in any other district.\\nBut these early reports and proceedings are of small\\nimportance, in the face of the large experiments which\\nwere conducted through the agency of American\\nPlanters, and which we shall now proceed to record.\\nTen American Planters sent to India, 1840. In 35\\n1840, the Court of Directors engaged ten\\nPlanters or Overseers from the Cotton pf*ectors the\\nStates in North America, to instruct the 15th March,\\nNatives of India in the cultivation and Ret 9 urn ParL\\ncleaning of Cotton. This measure was (i847),p. 2.\\ninitiated with considerable difficulty. Cap-\\ntain Bayles of the Madras Army, who had been de-\\nputed to the Cotton States for the purpose, managed\\nto keep his secret for some time but after he had\\nengaged a few Planters, and purchased a sixty saw\\ngin, a model gin house, and other machinery, the ob-\\nject of his mission eked out. The violent opposition\\nwhich he then had to encounter, compelled him to\\ncarry arms, and to labour under the constant fear of\\nbeing forced to use them and the virulent attacks of\\nthe press at Natchez, combined with a\\nsense of the lawless state of the com- ^847 jfp. 1\\nmunity, and the urgent representation of\\nfriends, induced him to retreat the moment he had\\neffected the objects of his journey. The Planters thus\\nengaged were each to receive \u00c2\u00a3300 per annum, and a\\ngratuity in the event of success. Three were deputed\\nto the Madras Presidency, viz. Mr. Mor-\\nris, Mr. Hawley, and Mr. Simpson; and ^wj^S\\nabout October, 1840, these gentlemen\\nreached their destination.\\nPrevailing opinions upon Cotton Cultivation in the 3G\\nMadras Presidency. At this time it was\\nthe general opinion that nothing was th e s iHrect- f\\nwanting to promote the cultivation of ore, 2nd\\nBourbon Cotton but a remunerative price, pari Return", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "28 COTTOX IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. II.\\n(1847), p. 23. I n Coimbatore, for instance, the Byots at\\nMr n suU?v-n rs manifested a distaste for its cul-\\n25th ApriC tivation, because, 1st, The seed contained\\nRetum p*. no anc therefore the cattle would not\\n52. Dr. eat it 2nd, The demand was fluctuating\\nMter^list and 3rd, The thread was too fine for Na-\\ni84o ma ibid ve manu f ac t urers But when it was\\np 40. found that the Bourbon Cotton produced\\ndouble the crop per acre of the Indian\\nCotton, then we are told that the cultivation began\\nto increase. But still the Ryot received no more for\\nBourbon than for Indian and in fact only received\\nabout 2^d. per lb., whilst the exporter realized from\\n6d. to lid. As regarded Indian Cotton, it was the\\ngeneral opinion that it had greatly deteriorated. In\\nolden time very much stress was laid upon quality.\\nThe Indian manufacturers were themselves the pur-\\nchasers, and gave prices according to quality. Then\\nagain, when the Company received much of their\\nrents in Cotton, the Agent would receive none but\\nwhat was good and clean. Subsequently, however,\\nthe Cotton was no longer bought direct by manufac-\\nturers, but by brokers and thus quantity rather than\\nquality became the primary object of the grower. It\\nmay however be remarked generally, that the condi-\\ntion of Indian Cotton has been gradually improving\\nof late years. The Natives may be timid and sus-\\npicious, but they are just as alive to their own inter-\\nests as any European.\\n37 Three Planters located in Tinnevelly, October, 1840.\\nMinutes of -^e nree American Planters reached\\nConsuita- Madras just as the season for sowing was\\nCaptain Taylor has pointed out that this objection is a fallacy,\\nand that cattle will eat the seed of American Cotton. He mentions\\nthat on one occasion a Native Farmer urged the objection, when the\\nexperiment was immediately tried by placing a basket of American\\nseed before a Buffalo. The Buffalo at once began to eat the seed,\\nand Captain Taylor states that the objection accordingly died away\\nin that quarter, and that the growth of American Cotton was con-\\nsiderably extended. Essay on the Cultivation of Cotton in India.\\nOther authorities state that Buffaloes will not eat the American seed\\nuntil they are half starved.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "1840.] ME. FISCHER S CO-OPERATION DECLINED. 29\\nover. They were however despatched to tion, 3ist\\nthe Tinnevelly district, under the superin- pSi. Return\\ntendence of Captain Hughes, for the pur- (1847), p. 306.\\npose of familiarizing themselves with the\\nnative mode of cultivation, as well as with the charac-\\nter of the people. At Tinnevelly the Ryots were in-\\nvited by proclamation to come forward and receive\\ninstruction from the American Planters and accord-\\ningly some Ryots about two miles off requested the\\nattendance of the Planters. The Ameri-\\ncans proceeded to the locality, and pointed Hughes s\\nout the defects in the native mode of 3^^ and 1\\ngathering the seed Cotton, and proceeded 3rd April,\\nto explain their own method. The Ryots ^turn* 1\\nin return acknowledged the superiority of (1847), p.\\nthe American method, but urged that it\\nwas more laborious and expensive and therefore they\\nrefused to adopt it, unless Government would pur-\\nchase the Cotton so produced at a fixed valuation.\\nIn a word, they would neither adopt the American\\ncultivation, nor sow the American seed, unless Go-\\nvernment would buy the produce and the Planters\\nfound that these sentiments were pretty general\\nthroughout the Cotton growers of the district.\\nContemplated removal of the Planters to the neigh- 38\\nbourhood of Mr. Fischer s establishment at Salem.\\nThe non-arrival of the gin machinery prevented the\\nPlanters from doing anything further during the season\\nof 1840-41 in the way of preparing the Cotton wool.\\nMeantime Lord Elphinstone, who was Minutesof\\nthen Governor of Madras, decided on re- Consuita-\\nmoving the Planters from Tinnevelly to M\u00c2\u00b0ay,i84i.\\nCoimbatore and Salem, where they would Pari. Return\\nbe in the immediate neighbourhood of Mr. (1847) p 313\\nFischer, who was a large Contractor with Native Cot-\\nton growers. Mr. Fischer however con- Mr pig _\\nsidered that the general inferiority of the cher s letter,\\nMadras Cotton arose from the vicious \\\\ta. M Ysk.\\nsystem of trade, by which there was a sue- Return\\ncession of middlemen or brokers, from the\\nvillage Chetty who made advances to the Ryot in his", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "30 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nhour of need, up to the Dubash of the European\\nAgent at Madras who shipped the Cotton for Eng-\\nland. Thus after each middleman had made his own\\nprofit, the smallest modicum remained to the Ryot,\\nwho consequently had no other resource but to sup-\\nply the largest possible quantity. Under such cir-\\ncumstances, Mr. Eischer considered that the services\\nof the Planters might prove valuable in giving to the\\nByots an improved system of cultivation, including\\nthe picking, cleaning, and embaling but that the\\nreal difficulties in the way of raising the character of\\nMadras Cotton were altogether beyond their control.\\nMr. Eischer then followed the suggestion of Lord\\nElphinstone that the Planters should be removed to\\nthe neighbourhood of his establishment. On the one\\nhand he undertook to induce those Ryots who re-\\nceived advances from him, to follow the instructions\\nof the Planters. On the other hand his establish-\\nment would afford opportunities to the Planters of\\ncultivating different kinds of Cotton, and would also\\nfurnish them with an American saw gin for separating\\nand cleaning the wool.\\nFirst Season, 1841-42: commenced under Captain\\nHughes. The Court of Directors disapproved of the\\nexperimental cultivation being carried on with the\\nco-operation of Mr. Eischer; 1st, Because he was\\nDespatch of n0 n ne Company s service; and 2ndly,\\nthe Court of Because they had no desire to interfere\\nSFnov! with the Cotton trade, but simply to im-\\niietuiif^ 1 P rove the article and the expressed views\\n(1847), p. of Mr. Eischer were connected with the\\nS18 commercial part of the question. The\\nthree Planters were accordingly removed to the\\nCoimbatore district to carry on independ-\\nHughSs ent operations. Mr. Hawley and Mr.\\nand e aoth 29th Simpson were to cultivate 200 acres in\\nAugust, the neighbourhood of the town of Coim-\\nReturn aiL batore and Mr. Morris was to cultivate\\n(1847), p. 320, a farm of 100 acres at Errode, about fifty-\\nfive miles to the north-east of Coimba-\\ntore.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "1841-2.] DR. WIGHT AND AMERICAN PLANTERS. 31\\nReported failure in consequence of a heavy mon- 40\\nsoon, January, 1842. The American seed, consisting\\nof New Orleans and Sea Island, was sown in Septem-\\nber. In the following January the crop appeared to\\nbe a failure. The rains of the north-east monsoon\\nhad fallen in the beginning of October, and had\\nproved heavier than had been known for years but\\non the 2nd of November the rains ceased altogether,\\nand bright cloudless weather set in. The plants now\\nbegan to wither away the leaves gradually changed\\ntheir colour to a dark copper brown and became\\nshrivelled, when the branches and bolls began to drop\\noff, and the plant either died, or put forth new shoots\\nand blossoms which again fell. At this period the\\nplants on the Bed soil did better than those on the\\nBlack. Meantime the Planters took a gloomy view\\nof the whole experiment. Mr. Morris ex- Mr Morris s\\npressed his opinion that New Orleans letter, 22nd\\nCotton never would grow in India. Sea ig\u00c2\u00ab em pSi\\nIsland might, he thought, be produced Return\\nupon the sandy coast, near tide water, so (1847) p 328,\\nthat the land might be manured with salt mud mixed\\nwith shells, and enjoy the benefit of the sea breeze.\\nAs regarded Indian Cotton, Mr. Morris saw no chance\\nof improving it and he believed that the Native\\nmode of cultivation was best adapted to the Native\\nplant.\\nSudden renovation of the crop Dr. Wight succeeds 41\\nCaptain Hughes, February.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 24th February,\\n1842, Dr. Wight succeeded Captain Hughes in the\\nSuperintendence of the American Plant-\\ners. But meantime a great change had ^t^lrd 8\\ntaken place in the crop. The bright May,i842.\\ncloudless weather, which had lasted from ^847\\nthe 2nd November until the 15th of Janu-\\nary, was succeeded by a heavy fall of rain, which had\\nthe effect of refreshing and greatly reviving the\\nplants. A second fall in the beginning of February\\nserved completely to renovate them and when Dr.\\nWight relieved Captain Hughes, they were quite\\nhealthy and full of blossom and fruit.", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "32 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nRelative effects of the Monsoon, the Drought, and\\nthe Rain upon the Cotton shrub difference between\\nthe Red and Black soils.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This great and unexpected\\nsuccess is thus accounted for by Dr. Wight. The\\nsowing commenced about the middle of September.\\nIn October, whilst the plants were still young and\\ntender, the north-east monsoon commenced, and then\\nthe plants outgrew their strength. On the 2nd of\\nNovember the bright weather set in, and lasted so\\nlong, that the plants gradually sickened and drooped,\\nuntil they appeared burnt up. But meantime the\\nsoft juicy wood previously formed, acquired consist-\\nence and became well matured. The second rains\\nsupplied the requisite nourishment and stimulus to\\nrenewed growth, and a new formation of flower-buds.\\nHere must be noticed a remarkable difference be-\\ntween the effects of the Black and Bed soils respect-\\nively upon the cultivation of the plant. Before the\\nsecond rain in January and February, the Cotton in\\nthe Red soil appeared to be in the most favourable\\ncondition whilst the Cotton in the Black soil seemed\\nto be utterly ruined. After the second rain the state\\nof things was exactly the reverse. The plants in the\\nBlack soil were the most flourishing, whilst those in\\nthe Bed soil were less productive. Dr. Wight at-\\ntributed these results to the different effects of the\\nrain upon the two soils. During the first rain the\\nBlack land caked at the surface, whilst the Bed land\\nwas more open, and the water drained freely off.\\nHere then the plant suffered from the caked surface\\nof the Black soil, and profited by the free drainage of\\nthe Bed soil. But during the drought the plants\\nwere still sustained in the Black soil, because moisture\\nhad been retained under the caking. When the\\nsecond rain fell, it ran off the caked Black soil, but\\nsoaked the plants in the Bed soil to an injurious ex-\\ntent: consequently the plants now flourished in the\\nBlack land, but drooped in the Bed land. These ob-\\nservations are worth preserving as illustration of the\\nnature of the Cotton plant but we shall ultimately\\nsee that the Black soil was considered less fit than\\nthe Bed for the American varieties.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "1841-42.] DR. WIGHT AND AMERICAN PLANTERS. 33\\nResults of the Season of 1341-42.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The results of 43\\nthe Cotton experiment for this year may be gathered\\nfrom the following tabular abstract of the extent and\\nquantity of the produce of the Government Farms, as\\nthe matter stood on the 1st of May, 1842.\\nDescription of\\nSon.\\nDescription of\\nCotton.\\nNo. of\\nAcres.\\nAmount of\\nproduce.\\nAverage per\\nAcre.\\nBlack Soil j\\nBed Soil j\\nNew Orleans\\nIndian\\nNew Orleans\\nIndian\\n94\\n6\\n6\\n10\\nlbs.\\n15,923\\n1,340\\n160\\n4,143\\nlbs. oz.\\n169 6\\n223 5\\n26 10\\n414 4\\nSuperintend-\\nent s Farm.\\nRed Soil\\nNew Orleans\\nIndian\\n2\\n2\\n125\\n300\\n62 8\\n150\\n120\\n21,991\\n183 4\\nDeduct for\\nwastage, 26 acres\\n94\\nTrue average.\\n233 14\\nSamples of the Cotton were sent home and reported\\non by Messrs. Tetley and Earle of Liverpool but no\\njudgment could be formed of the quality Parl j^tea\\nor value from the small samples sent. (1847), pp.\\nThe most important feature in the report 348\\nof Messrs. Tetley and Earle was, that none of the Cot-\\nton was more cut, and some not cut so much, in the\\nprocess of ginning, as the average American supply.\\nDr. Wight s plan of operations introduction of 44\\nAmerican Culture more important than that of Ame-\\nrican Cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meantime Dr. Wight seems\\nto have arrived at the conclusion that the ^teT^h S\\nimprovement of the Indian and Bourbon March, 1842.\\nCottons was of greater importance than fis^jfp^m\\nthe introduction of American Cottons.\\nAccordingly, during a tour through the Cotton grow-\\ning portions of the Coimbatore district, he had en-\\nD", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "34 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\ntered into agreements with the Byots. On the one\\nhand, he was to pay their rent and part of their agri-\\ncultural charges. On the other hand, they were to\\ncultivate their own Indian and Bourbon Cottons ac-\\ncording to the American system, and also to grow any\\nAmerican Cotton seed which he might give them;\\nand at the same time they were to give him one half\\nof the crop, and the refusal of the other half at mar-\\nket price. To carry these arrangements into effect,\\nhe proposed to station the three Planters at three dis-\\ntinct and pretty distant points, in order that they\\nmight supervise the cultivation of the rented lands.\\nThese propositions were approved by the Madras\\nGovernment, and at the commencement of the second\\nseason we shall see them in full operation.*\\n45 Early trials of the American saw gin. Before the\\nclose of the first season, the American saw gin, sent\\nout by the Court of Directors, had arrived in Madras,\\nand been used in Coimbatore instead of the churka,\\nbut had not turned out perfectly satisfac-\\nMteT?3th S tor y* Iij cleaned tne Cotton far more\\nJune, i842. thoroughly than the churka but not-\\nU847)?p!342. withstanding the favourable report of\\nMessrs. Tetley and Earle, it certainly so\\nfar injured the staple, as to render it less suitable to\\nthe Native spinning. Again, the working of the gin\\nwas nearly as expensive and infinitely more laborious\\nthan that of the churka as eight strong men turning\\nthe gin could scarcely clean as much daily as ten or\\ntwelve feeble old women or children could clean with\\nthe churka.\\n46 Second Season, 1842-43 arrangement of the four\\nExperimental Farms. The arrangements\\n^Wight s already indicated are carried out at the\\nAmerican close of the first season. Mr. Hawley the\\nAgriculture Planter was transferred to the Bombay\\n7th Febru- Government, but his place was filled by\\nThis plan, as regarded the extension of the American Cotton\\nand cultivation amongst the Ryots, proved a failure. See Dr. Wight s\\nremarks upon this point at the close of the first period of four years\\ncultivation in Coimbatore, para. 84.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "1842-43.] DR. WIGHT ON AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 35\\nMr. Henry Sherman, a European born ary 5 1843.\\nand educated at Madras. Dr. Wight ^^f m.\\nthen established one farm at Coorchee,\\ntwo at Coimbatore, and one at Oodoomulcottah,\\nthus\\nAcres.\\nDr. Wight and Mr. Sherman at Coorchee, about 200\\nDr. Wight at Coimbatore, 200\\nMr. Simpson at Coimbatore, 330\\nMr. Morris at Oodoomulcottah, 350\\nThree varieties of land, viz. Black, 47\\nRed, and Alluvial.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The four Farms em- J^JjftES\\nbraced three distinct varieties of soil, Madras\\nGovt., 10th\\nVIZ. Nov., 1843.\\n1st. Black Cotton ground. Jiw^vm\\n2nd. Eed land, formed from disinte-\\ngrated granite, and for the most part only a thin stra-\\ntum over the subjacent rock.\\n3rd. Alluvial land, composed of clay and sand,\\nwhich had formerly been under cultivation, but which\\nhad been lying waste for many years, probably from\\nhaving attained so high a level as to render irrigation\\ndifficult.\\nDistribution of soil amongst the four Farms method 48\\nof cultivation. These varieties of soil\\nwere thus distributed. Dr. Wight and Notel^arf.\\nMr. Sherman s Farm at Coorchee chiefly n p 350\\nconsisted of Alluvial land Dr. Wight s P\\nFarm at Coimbatore of Eed land whilst Mr. Simp-\\nson s Farm at Coimbatore, and Mr. Morris Farm at\\nOodoomulcottah, were chiefly composed of Black Cot-\\nton land, though both included a small portion of Eed\\nland. About this time Lord Elphinstone requested\\nDr. Wight to draw up some Notes on the American\\nsystem of agriculture. These Notes are by no means\\ncomplete in themselves, but they are valuable as illus-\\ntrating the stage at which the Cotton experiment had\\narrived. Accordingly the substance is here exhibited\\nin a classified form but the practical reader will do\\nwell to compare them with other results, and espe-\\nd 2", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "36 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\neially with the more matured observations of Dr.\\nWight and Mr. Imnie, which will be found in other\\nparas, of the present volume.*\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES ON AMERICAN COTTON CULTURE\\nAS PRACTISED ON THE GOVERNMENT COTTON FARMS.\\n49 Drill husbandry land ploughed and cast in ridges,\\neight or ten inches high, at intervals of about five feet.\\nThe American system of Cotton agriculture is\\nsimply Drill husbandry. The ground is ploughed and\\ncast into ridges, about four, five, or six feet apart, and\\nabout eight or ten inches high. The distance between\\nthese ridges must be regulated by the rich-\\nRoyie? 6 ness or P over ty of the soil, and by the va-\\nCotton Cui- riety of the Cotton grown. The object is\\n2i9. e P 217, keep the plants sufficiently near to each\\nother, that when full grown the branches\\nmay meet and cross in the intervals between the\\nridges, and thus protect the soil from the heat and\\ndrying influence of the sun. Accordingly in rich\\nsoils the New Orleans Cotton plants may be five feet\\napart, but in the poorer soils they must be nearer to\\neach other as the branches naturally will not be so\\nluxuriant on a poor soil as on a rich one. Then again\\nthe ridges for Sea Island Cotton may be seven feet\\napart. The primary object of these ridges is to draw\\noff the superfluous moisture, by means of the water\\nfurrow between them a precaution which is espe-\\ncially necessary in America, where the frequent and\\nheavy rains of spring and summer are especially in-\\njurious to the young plant.\\nFor Mr. Wroughton s Remarks on the cultivation of American\\nCotton in India, see paras. 67 74. For Dr. Wight s Notes on the\\nHabits of the American plant, and their adaptation to the seasons of\\nIndia, see paras. 92 118. For Mr. Finnie s 44 Notes on Cotton\\nCultivation in America and India, see paras. 143 160. For Mr.\\nFinnie s Notes on the Peculiarities of the Cotton Trade in Tin-\\nnevelly, see paras. 175 178. For Dr. Wight s Final Report, see\\nparas. 263 281. As regards Bourbon Cotton, see Mr. Hughes s in-\\nstructions to Mr. Heath, para. 34, note.", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "1842-43.] DR. WIGHT ON AMERICAN CULTURE.\\n37\\nSowing in a farrow of about two inches deep along 50\\nthe centre of each ridge. In the Farms at Coimba-\\ntore the seed is sown thus. A slight furrow, from an\\ninch and a half to two inches deep, is run along the\\ncentre of the ridge with a country plough. The seed is\\nthen pretty thickly scattered in the furrow, and covered\\nin by running over it a small triangular drill harrow.\\nScraping out of superfluous plants and weeds. 51\\nWhen the plant is three or four inches high, and be-\\nginning to put forth a third or fourth leaf, it is\\nthinned or scraped that is, the greater part of\\nthe superfluous plants, together with the weeds, are\\nscraped out with the hoe. About ten or twelve days\\nafterwards this scraping operation is repeated, to\\ncomplete the thinning and superficial cleaning of the\\nland. With regard to this hoeing, Dr. Wight re-\\nmarked that the American plan of scraping was de-\\ncidedly inferior to that which he had adopted, viz.\\nthat of freely loosening the surface and digging out\\nthe weeds. Had he not gathered up the grass roots\\nas fast as they were dug up with the hoe, they would\\nhave subsequently grown all the faster. This defect\\nin the American system was, however, amply com-\\npensated for by liberal ploughing between the rows.\\nBanking up the ridges, first with the plough and 52\\nafterwards with the hoe. When the hoeing has been\\ncompleted, or a few days later, the plant is sufficiently\\nadvanced to admit of the plough being used between\\nthe rows. The plough employed is small and light,\\nsuch as can be drawn by a single bullock with it a\\nlight furrow is run within five or six inches of the\\nplants, turning the earth inwards towards the roots\\nto supply the place of that previously removed by\\nscraping. This operation of banking up the roots is\\ncompleted with the hoe. If the soil is foul, and at\\nthe same time soft enough to be easily worked, the\\nploughing may be repeated several times, the more\\neffectually to destroy the weeds.\\nKeeping down extraneous vegetation until the crop 53\\nripens. By the time these various operations are\\ncompleted, the plant is between two and three months", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "38 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\nold, and in good soils should be between two and\\nthree feet in height. The agricultural operations are\\nthen drawing to a close subsequent proceedings\\nbeing mainly confined to keeping down extraneous\\nvegetation until the crop begins to ripen. The period\\nthat elapses from the fall of the flower until the\\nbursting of the pod, is from six to eight weeks. The\\nsooner the Cotton is picked after the pod bursts the\\nbetter. This system, pursued at Coimbatore, was of\\ncourse a very costly one, as compared with the simple\\nand indolent practice pursued by the Natives.\\n54 Native ploughs and American ploughs compared\\nquestion of whether American Cotton would thrive\\nwithout ridging. On ploughing and ridging, Dr.\\nWight remarked that the Native ploughing was much\\nless perfect than the American ploughing, unless the\\nland was gone over several times. Again, the Native\\nplough was not adapted to ridging, and Mr. Morris\\nconsidered that the American plant would never\\nthrive unless the land was ridged. Dr. Wight, how-\\never, did not coincide in this opinion and tried the\\nexperiment of doing without ridging, the results of\\nwhich will be found at para. 62. The subject deserved\\nattention on account of the great difference of ex-\\npense. The Native plough complete only costs about\\ntwelve annas, or one shilling and sixpence; and the\\nsmall country cattle, which would suffice to work it,\\ncould be purchased at from ten rupees to fifteen\\nrupees, or 20s. to 30s. per pair. On the other hand,\\nthe heavy American plough, and the stronger cattle\\nrequired to draw it, would cost for the whole turn\\nout, including harness, from seventy to eighty rupees.\\nThus the Native plough and cattle might be pur-\\nchased for about twenty or thirty shillings, whilst the\\nAmerican turn out would cost from seven to eight\\npounds.\\n55 Results of the second Season on the Black, Red, and\\nDr. wight s Alluvial soils, 1842-43.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To return to the\\nletter, ioth main narrative. The principal sowing for", "height": "4230", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "1842-43.] DR. WIGHT AND AMERICAN PLANTERS. 39\\nthe second season had taken place in Nov., im.\\nAugust md early in September but a (^jfjJSS\\nsmall poi fcion was sown as early as July,\\nand some as late as October. The season proved un-\\nfavourable, in consequence of a heavy fall of rain in\\nApril, in the height of the gathering season. Prior\\nto this storm the appearance of the plant on the dif-\\nferent soils was as follows. On the Black lands it\\nwas generally small. On the Red land it was large\\nand very healthy where the soil retained moisture,\\nbut small where the soil was thin and dried quickly.\\nOn the Alluvial lands the plants grew luxuriantly\\nwhere the soil was high and drainage sufficient, but\\ndid not thrive where the soil was low and retentive\\nof moisture. In April the weather became stormy,\\nand a series of rains commenced which lasted a week.\\nThese storms not only destroyed the Cotton ready\\nfor picking, but also the crop which was maturing.\\nIndeed within a week or ten days after the rains,\\nwhole fields were covered with blackened and half-\\nopened bolls, with their contents agglutinated into a\\ndark brownish decayed mass. The plants, however,\\ncontinued healthy, and began to produce a good crop\\nof flowers. They were therefore permitted to remain\\na few months longer, by which means a second crop\\nwas obtained from the Red lands.\\nComparison of the growth of the Indian, New Or- 56\\nleans, and Bourbon Cotton. The Indian Cotton plant,\\naccording to Dr. Wight, is of slower growth than the\\nAmerican, and takes a deeper root. Consequently,\\nthis species is not so much affected by the heat and\\ndrought, until the soil becomes so far cracked as to\\nallow of evaporation from the deeper strata, and thus\\nserves to exhaust the stores of nourishment on which\\nthe plant had previously subsisted. The Indian Cotton\\ntherefore thrives well on the Black lands, which possess\\na wet or tenacious sub-soil, but which at the same\\ntime readily throws off its surface moisture. The\\nAmerican Cotton, not penetrating so deeply into the\\nsoil, thrives best on the low-lying portions of the Red\\nland, towards which the moisture of the upper ones is", "height": "4197", "width": "2491", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "40 COTTON IE THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [3RD SEASON.\\ndrawn and again it thrives well in the Alluvial soils,\\nwhich from their position are naturally loaded with\\nmoisture. The Bourbon again takes very deep root,\\nand bears the climate even better than the Indian\\nplant.\\n57 Reports of English Brokers on Dr. Wight s Cotton.\\nGeneral let ie P roceec n g s \u00c2\u00b0f Wight received the\\nterfrom the approval of the Court of Directors. About\\nri\u00c2\u00b0ck rs 0f 2nd bales of Cotton grown this year were\\nOct., 1844. sent home, and after a careful examination\\n^1847)^370! \u00c2\u00b0f ne packages the following opinions were\\nexpressed by the Brokers.\\n58 Oopum (Indian) Cotton. The staple (about 62\\nbales) considered to be very short and wild, but beau-\\ntifully clean and white. No difference was discovered\\nin the quality of this Cotton, whether produced on the\\nBlack, Bed, or Alluvial soil.\\n59 New Orleans. The staple (about 144 bales) was\\npronounced much better than the Oopum, being longer\\nand finer, less cut with the gin, the greater part clean\\nand of good colour, but not so white as the Oopum.\\nSome variations were found in the ~New Orleans with\\nreference to the soil in which it was produced that\\nfrom the Black soil having the preference, the Eed\\nnext, and the Alluvial the last. This Cotton averaged\\nthe usual price of the New Orleans in bond.\\n60 Bourbon. The staple (about 6 bales) was found\\nmuch superior to either of the other, being longer and\\nfiner. Being, however, partially injured in cleaning, and\\ncontaining many white specks or knitters, a mixture\\nwhich is considered very objectionable, the sale prices\\ndid Dot exceed those of the New Orleans.\\n61 Third Season, 1843-44 state of the Cotton Farms,\\nGins, and Gin-house. The results of the third season\\nDr. Wight s of the Cotton experiment at Coimbatore\\nM y!im. were na turally expected to turn out better\\nParL Return than those of any former years. The\\nDespitch 838 Farms were in a better state of prepara-\\nfrom Court tion, and Dr. Wight and the Planters were\\nThis opinion was subsequently modified. The excessive moisture\\nwas found to stimulate the growth of the stem, branches, and leaves,\\nat the expense of the flowers, fruit, and seed. See para. 94.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "1843-44.] BR. WIGHT AND AMERICAN PLANTERS.\\n41\\nin a position to profit by the experience of 29th i ju? ors\\ntwo seasons and moreover they had more 1842. ibid,\\nor less manured their land by ploughing in d\\nthe old stalks. The saw gins sent out had Madras Go-\\nrequired alterations and additions, but they 9^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2^;\\nwere now placed in good working order 1842. ibid. p.\\nunder the direction of Mr. Petrie, an En- Dr. Wight s\\ngineer who had been sent out from Eng-\\nland expressly to work the gins and to 1843. ibid.\\nsuperintend the repair of the machinery, gpatchfrom\\nA Colaba press had also been forwarded in e V( r adras\\nthe place of an Atlas press, which had not mentTeth\\nbeen found to work so well as had been 18 |f\\nexpected.\\nUnfavourable results: their causes. The results 62\\nhowever of this season were unfavourable, both as re-\\ngarded the crop and the proportion of wool nr. Wight s\\nto seed. Dr. Wight ascribed the failure to xlov?mber h\\ntwo causes 1st, To the circumstance that 1844. ibid. p.\\nthe abundance of rain brought by the north- 871\\neast monsoon had fallen within too short a period, and\\nhad been followed by a long period of dry weather and\\n2nd, To the American system of ridging, which created\\na deep water furrow on each side of the row of plants,\\nand thus in dry seasons drained the water too rapidly\\noff the lands. This latter idea had already been made\\nthe subject of experiment. At an early gee\\nperiod Dr. Wight had not considered that ee P ara\\nAmerican ridging was suitable to an Indian climate.\\nAccordingly during the second year he had tried the\\neffect of sowing on level ground but then the season\\nhad been unusually wet, and the ridging would have\\nserved to carry off the water. In the third year he\\nhad reverted to the ridging but then the season had\\nturned out unusually dry, and the ridging drained the\\nland too rapidly, and in fact proved worse than the\\nlevel method. The real cause of the failure appears to\\nhave been the exhaustion of the soil, and the necessity\\nfor a rotation of crops. However this subject will be\\ndiscussed further on.\\nComparison of the crops of the third Season with G3\\nthose of the second. The difference in the out-turn of", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "42 COTTON IN THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [4-TH SEASON.\\nthe second and third seasons, as regarded the propor-\\ntion of Cotton produced to the extent of acreage, may\\nbe thus exhibited.\\n2nd Season, 1842-43. Srd Season, 1843-44.\\nAcreage 910J acres. 1,090 acres.\\nSeed produced 207,632 lbs. 177,126 lbs.\\nAverage per acre 228 lbs. 162 lbs.\\nThe proportion of wool obtained from the season in\\ntwo different years is shown in the following table,\\nwhich exhibits the proportion of wool obtained from\\n100 lbs. of Cotton seed.\\n2nd Season, Srd Season.\\nNew Orleans 29^ lbs. 27f lbs.\\nBourbon 26 26i\\nOopum (Indian) 22f 23i\\n64 Fourth Season, 1844-45 experiment of treating the\\nplant as a biennial. Hitherto Dr. Wight had treated\\nthe Cotton plant as an annual that is, he had annually\\nrooted out the old plants of the preceding year, and\\nthen resown the ground. He found however that the\\nBourbon variety was constantly treated as a biennial in\\nIndia,* as was also the Sea Island in Egypt. Accord-\\ningly he proposed to try the experiment with New\\nOrleans Cotton, of pruning the plants nearly down to the\\nground, and leaving the roots to yield a crop of fresh\\nPara ii7 wo \u00c2\u00b0d for the second year. By this method,\\nhe believed that during the second year the\\nroots would penetrate much deeper into the ground\\nthan they did the first. The roots would thus pass\\ninto an unexhausted soil, and would therefore be better\\nnourished; whilst a considerable saving would be\\neffected in the expenses of cultivation during the\\nsecond year. This experiment however ultimately\\nDr Wi ht s turned out a failure. This fourth season\\nletter, ?6th is chiefly remarkable for having produced a\\nPari Return mucn larger and finer seed, which again\\n(1847), p. 402. produced from three to three and a half\\nper cent, more of Cotton wool.\\n65 Comparative produce of the four Seasons. The\\naverage produce per acre of the four successive crops\\nof Cotton, obtained during the four years 1842, 1843,\\nSee foot note to para. 34.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] DR. WIGHT AND AMERICAN PLANTERS. 43\\n1844, and 1845, is exhibited in the follow-\\ning table. It must however be borne in\\nmind that the crops included all kinds of\\nCotton, Native, Bourbon, and New Or-\\nleans and that the figures represent the\\nnumber of pounds of seed Cotton which\\nwere obtained per acre.\\nDr. Wight s\\nRemarks on\\nCotton Cul-\\ntivation in\\nIndia, 1st\\nSept., 1845.\\nPari. Re-\\nturn (1847),\\np. 391.\\nFarms.\\n1. Super-\\nintendent s\\nFarm, Coim-\\nbatore.\\n2. Mr. Simp-\\nson s Farm,\\nCoimbatore.\\n3. Mr. Mor-\\nris s Farm,\\nCoorchee.*\\n4. Mr. Sher-\\nman s Farm,\\nOodoomul-\\ncottah.\\n1841-42\\nAverage\\nperacre.\\n233\\n1842-43\\nAverage\\nperacre.\\n140,\\n2001\\n207f\\n1843-44\\nAverage\\nper acre.\\n1251\\n72;\\n199*\\n234\\n1844-45\\nAverage\\nperacre.\\n105J\\n136,\\n229\\nCotton grown.\\nL Principally\\nAmerican and\\nBourbon soil for\\nthe most part very\\npoor, and gener-\\nally shallow and\\nunsuitable.\\n2. Principally\\nAmerican and\\nsome Indian\\n(Oopum) soil\\ngenerally Black,\\nbut of very infe-\\nrior quality.\\n3. Principally\\nAmerican, some\\nBourbon and\\nOopum soil Al-\\nluvial but poor,\\nbeing apparently\\nexhausted by the\\nfirst very luxuri-\\nant crop.\\n4. First and\\nsecond seasons,\\nprincipally Ame-\\nrican third sea-\\nson, mostly Oo-\\npum, which ac-\\ncounts for the\\nhigh average out-\\nturn of the third\\ncrop soil Black,\\nand generally of\\nthe best quality of\\nthat sort of land.\\nIn consequence of bad health on the part of Mr. Morris at the", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "44 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\n16 General result of the four Seasons of the experi-\\nmental Farms: necessity for a rotation of crops.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nfour successive seasons of experiments fully established\\nthe necessity for a methodical rotation of crops. The\\nhrst year the Farm at Coimbatore produced a larger\\ncrop than the second, notwithstanding a great propor-\\ntion was destroyed by the stormy weather. Again,\\nthe second season produced a larger crop than the\\nthird, though the ground had not been so well prepared.\\nIhis conclusion was further strengthened by an experi-\\nment made by Mr. Wroughton the Collector at Coim-\\nbatore At the commencement of the fourth season\\nMr. Wroughton had selected a field at Ootacamund\\nwhich possessed no peculiarity of soil, but which had\\nnot been cultivated for many years. This field was\\nploughed by the Natives in the Native fashion, but\\nsown and cultivated according to the American method.\\nIhe situation derived but little advantage from the\\nclimate for though it participated in the benefits of\\nboth the south-west and north-east monsoons, yet\\nduring that season both monsoons were unusually\\nlight. The result, however, was a crop averaging\\nnearly 1100 lbs. per acre, of which the greater part\\nproved to be of excellent quality. This extraordinary\\nout-turn far exceeded anything which Dr. Wight and\\nhis Planters had been able to obtain, with all their\\nlabour and pains in cultivation. Accordingly Dr.\\nWight determined on removing his Farms and culti-\\nvating fresh soil.\\nCauses of the success of Mr. Wroughton s Cotton\\nexperiment.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Before proceeding further, it may be as\\nwell to remark that, in the latter part of 1842, Lord\\nElphmstone had been succeeded by the Marquis of\\nTweeddale, as Governor of the Madras Presidency.\\nCo^ U uftL\u00c2\u00b0 f The Mar( l? is of Tweeddale is well known\\ntion,2nd as a practical agriculturist, and naturally\\nParf Return to \u00c2\u00b0k a dee P P ersonal interest in the culti-\\n(1847 j, p. 407. vation of Cotton in this Presidency. Ac-\\nlatter part of the second season, 1842-43, he exchanged Farms with\\nMr. Sherman. Thus Mr. Morris became located at Coorchee, and\\nMr. bherman at Oodoomulcottah.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] ME. WBOUGHTON s SUCCESSFUL CULTURE. 45\\neordingly, the Madras Government at once called\\nupon Mr. Wroughton, to explain the circumstances\\nwhich led him to select the particular lands as well\\nas the cost and method of his culture, with any\\nparticulars which would serve to illustrate the causes\\nof his success. Mr. Wroughton ascribed\\nhis success generally to two conditions, fo^Ser\\nw^hich he considered to be absolutely es- andmemo-\\nsential in the cultivation of American Cot- gthlrune\\nton namely, the influence of the two mon- 1846. Pari,\\nsoons, and the effect of an earlier sowing (is47) r p. m\\nthan is practised by the Natives.\\n1st. Influence of both monsoons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The peculiar influ- 68\\nence of both monsoons has already been described; as\\nwell as the physical formation of the West- gee 7\\nern Ghauts, through which the south-west ee P ara\\nmonsoon rushes at intervals, and thus affords certain\\ntracts of country the benefit of both monsoons. This is\\nI the case at Courtallumin Tinnevelly it is also the case\\nover a very large tract of country at the Paulghaut-\\ncherry Pass in the district of Coimbatore; and it\\nappears also to be the case in the neighbourhood of\\nOotacamund. In this particular Mr. Wrought on en-\\njoyed an advantage over Dr. Wight. The Farms of\\nCoimbatore were shut out from the south-west rains\\nby ranges of hills which attracted the clouds. Mr.\\nWroughton however chose the neighbourhood of Oota-\\ncamund, where the country enjoyed the benefit of both\\nmonsoons. Here he selected an inferior land on pur-\\npose inasmuch as waste lands of the same quality\\nprevail to an extent out of all proportion to the better\\nand more expensive kinds, and he was naturally anxious\\nto ascertain if a profitable return could be secured\\nfrom such a soil and, as we have already seen, the\\nout-turn which followed exceeded his most sanguine\\nexpectations.\\n2nd. Early preparation and sowing. As regarded 69\\nseason, Mr. Wroughton remarked that the Native\\nmode of culture was defective. The Byots invariably\\nsowed their lands in October, and consequently the\\ntender plants were withered by the north-east winds,", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "46 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nand yielded only a stunted shrub and scanty produce.\\nHe, on the other hand, ploughed his land in March and\\nApril, and then left it fallow until the end of July,\\nwhen advantage was taken of any south-west rain that\\nmight fall, to run the plough lightly over the land once\\nmore, and then to commence sowing. The sowing,\\nhowever, should not take place before the end of July.\\nThen the seed germinates, and the plant struggles\\nagainst the south-west rains, gaining root without\\nvegetating too much. Care, however, should be taken\\nnot to be too late, as too much rain would prove as pre-\\njudicial as too little. Meantime the process of weeding\\nand thinning ought to be carried on intermediately, and\\nbe repeated occasionally. By this mode the plants will\\nacquire so great a degree of hardiness, as to be pre-\\npared for any change and the showers previous to the\\nnorth-east monsoon, and the rains which fell during\\nits continuance, will produce a good-sized plant about\\nthree feet high, and yielding from 200 to 250 bolls.\\nDrought and Grate the only dangers to be avoided.\\nThe only evils which Mr. Wroughton had found\\noccasion to dread were the drought and gi^ate. If the\\ngrate entered the boll without being observed, it gradu-\\nally consumed the seed but this evil could be avoided\\nby sufficient vigilance. The insect never attacks the\\nboll until the seed is ripe. Consequently, if its en-\\ntrance be observed, the boll may be at once pulled off\\nand dried in the sun. Then the grate dies immediately,\\nwhilst the bolls progress nearly as well on the ground\\nas on the tree.\\nQuestion of Manure. As regarded manure, Mr.\\nWroughton had discovered that it should not be ap-\\nplied to land in the same year that Cotton was culti-\\nvated upon it. In fact, he was very doubtful whether\\nmanure was required at all, as deep ploughing often\\nrepeated seemed to effect all that was needful.\\n2 Three advantages possessed by India over America\\nin the cultivation of American Cotton. Mr. Wrough-\\nton further remarked that three advantages were pos-\\nsessed by his district over America in the cultivation\\nof American Cotton viz. 1st, There were fewer con-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] MR. WROUGHTOtf s SUCCESSFUL CULTURE. 47\\ntingencies to guard against 2ndly, The soil was more\\ncongenial and, 3rdly, Labour was much cheaper.\\nOn the first point he stated that whilst the Indian\\ncultivator had only two evils to dread, the drought\\nand the grate, the American cultivator had six con-\\ntigencies to guard against namely, the rot, the rust,\\nthe caterpillar, the frost, and storms of wind and rain.\\nOn the second point he stated that his land at Oota-\\ncamund had yielded nearly 1200 lbs. of seed Cotton\\nper acre, which would give 350 lbs. of clean Cotton\\nwool whilst the average crop of the best soils in\\nAmerica was only 400 lbs. of clean Cotton wool per\\nacre. But even granting that the productive power\\nof the American soil was superior, still the cheapness\\nof labour in India would enable the cultivator to pro-\\nduce much cheaper Cotton. In India the cultivation\\nwas peculiarly a family undertaking little children\\nplucking the Cotton, after a little practice, as well as\\nthe women.\\nRemunerative demand alone required in India.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 73\\nMr. Wroughton summed up his remarks by stating\\nthat nothing was now required in India but a remu-\\nnerative demand to stimulate the Ryots to the growth\\ni of Cotton. For many years the cultivation had been\\ni exceedingly neglected. Rarely had any attempt been\\nmade to produce it as a single crop. In most cases\\nI the seed was sown with three or four other kinds of\\ngrain, and where it was sown alone, the land was in-\\nsufficiently prepared. Indeed the successful and pro-\\nfitable culture of Cotton required the investment of\\nmore capital and harder labour than was encouraged\\nby local circumstances and existing prices.\\nCost of cultivation. As regarded the cost of culti- 74\\nvation, Mr. Wroughton exhibited the following tables,\\nexhibiting the amount of charges incurred at Ootaca-\\nmund on twenty-two cawnies, or about thirty acres\\nI of land from which it will be seen that more than\\n25,000 lbs. of seed Cotton, producing nearly 7000 lbs.\\nof wool, were obtained at a cost of \u00c2\u00a332.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "48 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nMemorandum of charges incurred for the cultiva-\\ntion of Cotton at Ootacamund, from 1st July, 1844,\\nto 30th June, 1845.\\ns.\\nd.\\nAssessment of about thirty acres of\\ncowle lands\\n2\\n8\\nCharges for ploughing lands\\n2\\n8\\ndo. for weeding\\n2\\n5\\n2\\ndo. for gathering produce\\n7 12\\ndo. for taking out uncleaned Cot-\\nton at Coimbatore\\n5\\n16\\n2\\nGrinning and packing\\n2\\n19\\nYalue of gunny bags purchased for Cot-\\nton bales, c.\\n4\\n3\\n8\\nYalue of ropes for Cotton bales, c.\\n15\\n9\\nHire for sewing gunny bags\\n8\\n2\\ndo. for conveying Cotton on carts\\n1\\n12\\n6\\nPay of a cooly\\n1\\n4\\n3\\nYalue of bamboo mats\\n3\\ndo. of a large bamboo basket\\n2\\nTotal \u00c2\u00a332\\n10\\nMemorandum, showing the quantity of Cotton\\nstaple and seed produced in the field near Ootaca-\\nmund from 18th July, 1844, to 30th June, 1845.\\nBales. lbs.\\nCotton wool, 1st Sort 17 4250\\n2nd 5 1250\\n3rd 5\u00c2\u00a3 1375\\nTotal 27J 6875\\nAggregate produce seed Cotton in lbs. 25,450\\n75 Further proceedings of the Fourth Season, 1844-45.\\nTwo other events fall into the history of the fourth\\nseason. In the first place, Mr. Simpson, one of the\\nPlanters, reported on the capabilities of the district\\nof ISTorth Canara for the production of American Cot-\\nton. Secondly, Dr. Wight, in reply to some queries", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] MR. SIMPSON ON NORTH CANARA.\\n49\\nfurnished this year by the Marquis of Tweeddale, en-\\ntered more at detail into the character and prospects\\nof the Cotton experiments in Coimbatore. These cir-\\ncumstances will be considered in order.\\nMr, Simpson s report on the districts of North Ca- 76\\nnara, bordering on Bharwar. In July, Mr gim\\n1844, Mr. Simpson was directed to proceed son s letter,\\nto Sirsee in North Canara on the western |oth Sept^\\nside of the Madras Presidency, for the Return\\npurpose of reporting on the suitability of 1847 p- 3 78-\\nthe soil and climate in the Soondah and Soopah ta-\\nlooks for the cultivation of New Orleans Cotton.\\nThese talooks bordered on the Cotton-growing dis-\\ntrict of Dharwar in the Bombay Presidency, where\\nNew Orleans Cotton appears to have been cultivated\\nwith considerable success. Accordingly, Dr. Wight\\nconsidered that these localities on the very borders of\\nBharwar would prove equally well adapted for the\\nAmerican variety.\\nSoondah unfavourable from the presence of i 4 Eun- 77\\nkur. Mr. Simpson considered that the soil of Soon-\\ndah was on the whole unfavourable there being in\\nits composition too much disintegrated laterite rock,\\ncalled by the Natives Kunkur. Some lands, how-\\never, were free from this objection, and might yield\\nremunerative crops.\\nSoopah: soil favourable but climate unfavourable. 78\\nIn the Soopah talook, Mr. Simpson thought that\\nsome of the land about Mundgood and Hullial was\\nfavourable to the growth of Cotton but such lands,\\nhe said, could not be easily obtained and the few\\nthat were available were covered with such immense\\ntufts of grass, that they could not be easily prepared.\\nMoreover the climate during the period of culture,\\nviz. from August to the end of March, was not fa-\\nvourable, as a cold wind prevailed which would pro-\\nbably prove injurious to young plants. A climate to\\nsuit Cotton ought, in his opinion, to be quiet, moist,\\nand moderately warm. Again, the labouring people\\nin the district were chiefly emigrants, who came up\\nfrom the country on special contracts and then re-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "50 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nturned home. Altogether he doubted whether Cot-\\nton would grow in Soopah. The talook, it was true,\\nbordered on the Cotton-growing district of Dharwar,\\nyet it differed both in climate and soil and that part\\nof the Dharwar district which adjoined the Soopah\\nand Soondah talooks for some miles inward, was not\\nunder Cotton culture, as the Natives considered that\\nthe soil partook too much of the nature of the Soon-\\ndah country.\\n79 Mr. Simpson s opinion on the failure of the Co-\\nimbatore Farms to extend the culture of American\\nCotton. Mr. Simpson next discussed the general\\nquestion. Assuming that the ulterior object of the\\nexperiment was to introduce the American seed and\\nmachinery amongst the Eyots, he considered that\\noperations should be commenced in some of the\\nknown Cotton-growing districts in the Madras Presi-\\ndency, rather than in unknown soils like those of\\nCanara. Again, he considered that whilst the Ameri-\\ncan system and general management of the Coimba-\\ntore Farms might test the fitness or unfitness of the\\nsoil and climate of that region, yet they would never\\ninduce the Natives to adopt the same system of cul-\\nture. Indeed the Eyots seemed frightened at the\\nimmense establishment at Coimbatore. They never\\nwould regard the Planters as cultivators like them-\\nselves but rather looked upon the experiment as\\nsome public work undertaken by the Sirkar, which\\nthey could not understand, and in which they had no\\nconcern.\\n80 Recommended the appointment of a practical per-\\nson to distribute seed and exhibit the gins. Accord-\\ningly Mr. Simpson proposed the appointment of\\nsome practical person to distribute American Cotton\\nseed amongst the Ryots, and to exhibit the working\\nof small-sized saw gins, and dispose of them as oppor-\\ntunities arose. He quoted the success of Mr. Mercer,\\na Planter located in Dharwar, who had already dis-\\nposed of six saw gins to the Natives in the Southern\\nMahratta country. He urged that the cost of such\\nan establishment would be trifling in comparison with", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] NEW OPERATIONS PROPOSED.\\n51\\nthe sums expended on the experimental Farms at\\nCoimbatore. Finally, he recommended the Bellary\\ndistrict, in the neighbourhood of Hurryhur, as the\\nbest locality for commencing the operations he had\\nindicated.\\nApproval of Mr. Simpson s suggestions Minutes of 81\\nhis transfer to the Bombay Presidency. Consuita-\\nThe Marquis of Tweeddale seems to have December,\\nentirely approved of the suggestions of ^tum r1\\nMr. Simpson, and so also did the Court of (i847),p.382:\\nDirectors. Circumstances, however, ap- fromCourt\\npear to have interfered with his being of Directors,\\nlocated in Bellary, and his services were i845?ibid. p.\\ntransferred to the Government of Bombay. 384.\\nDr. Wight s answers to the queries of the Marquis 82\\nof Tweeddale. In September, 1845, the Marquis of\\nTweeddale submitted several queries to M g\\nDr. Wight respecting the cost of the Cot- letter, 29th 8\\nton experiment at Coimbatore, the supe- f^^p^i\\nriority of the American to the Native Return\\nCotton, the extension of the improved 1847 p- S87\\nmethods of cultivation among the Eyots, and the\\nadoption of the saw gins by the Natives. The re-\\nturn of expenditure was so very imperfect that it\\nneed not be produced here. On the three other\\npoints, however, Dr. Wight supplied the following\\ninformation.\\nSuperiority of the American Cotton to the Indian. 83\\nAs regards the superiority of American Cotton to\\nthe Indian, Dr. Wight reported that the American\\nwas about 20 per cent, more valuable than the Indian,\\nor nearly as 5d. is to 3f d. Again, the American seed\\nproduced from *1\\\\ to 9 per cent, more Cotton wool\\nthan the Indian seed; in other words, 100 lbs. of\\nAmerican seed yielded from 28^ lbs. to 30 lbs. of\\nclean Cotton wool, whilst 100 lbs. of Indian seed only\\nyielded about 21 lbs. of clean Cotton wool.\\nExtension of the improved methods of cultivation 84\\namong the Ryots. Upon this point Dr. Wight s re-\\nport was not satisfactory. He had introduced the\\nAmerican mode of cultivating and cleaning, to the ex-\\ne 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "52 COTTON IN TEE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\ntent of having invariably carried it out himself. Very-\\nfew of the Natives, however, had followed his ex-\\nample. He had offered them American seed to any\\nextent he had invited them to cultivate for him he\\nhad even engaged to purchase the produce of the\\nforeign seed until its market price could be ascer-\\ntained. But still the Natives hung back from adopt-\\ning either the American seed or the American cul-\\nture. A few Ryots promised to cultivate to a small\\nextent, but none seemed anxious to commence. Even\\nthe Eyots who cultivated Mr. Wroughton s field,\\nwhich yielded a clear profit of 700 rupees, after de-\\nducting a liberal sum for agricultural charges and\\nginning, all held back from cultivating the foreign\\nseed for themselves apparently on the supposition\\nthat the profitable result in that case was merely\\nowing to extreme good luck, and that they had no\\nhope of being equally fortunate.\\n85 Reluctance of the Eyots to adopt the saw gin.\\nAs regarded ginning, equal facilities had been held\\nout to the Eyots. They had been invited to ex-\\namine the whole process, and had been asked to com-\\npare the Cotton cleaned by the gin with that cleaned\\nby the churka. Moreover the economy of the gin as\\ncompared with that of the churka had been pointed\\nout. But still there were obstacles, and weighty\\nones, against the adoption of the gins by the Natives.\\nIt involved the necessity of bringing from distant\\nvillages to the gin house nearly three bullock loads of\\nThe price offered by Dr. Wight for American Cotton appears to\\nhave been first 20 Rupees (or \u00c2\u00a32) and afterwards 15 Rupees (or\\n305.) per candy (500 lbs.) for clean and well-picked seed Cotton;\\nthe ordinary price of Indian seed Cotton as it comes from the field\\naveraging about 12 Rupees (or 24s.) per candy. Dr. Wight how-\\never argued that Government would be a gainer rather than a loser\\nby their purchases for not only would the New Orleans Cotton\\nfetch a higher price in England, but one candy of wool could be ob-\\ntained from 3 candies of seed, whilst 4J candies of Native seed were\\nrequired to produce one candy of wool when cleaned by the gin.\\nCompare Dr. Wight s letter, 13th November, 1844, Parliamentary\\nReturn (1847), p. 371, with despatch from the Court of Directors,\\n8th October, 1845, Ibid. p. 384. See also Dr. Wight s letter, 1st\\nSeptember, 1845, Parliamentary Return (1847), p. 392.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1844-45.] RELUCTANCE OF THE RYOTS.\\n53\\nheavy seed Cotton to be ginned, in the place of one\\nbullock load of light wool. Again, the Natives urged\\nthat they lost two per cent, more by the gin than they\\ndid by the churka in other words, that two per cent,\\nof the impurities, which remained in the churkaed\\nCotton, were removed by the gin. Unless, therefore,\\nhigher prices were realized for ginned Cotton than\\nfor churkaed Cotton, the Native cultivators would be\\npositive losers by the improved method of cleaning.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE III.\\nEOTJE YEABS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER\\nDR. WIGHT IN COIMBATORE, 1845 TO 1849.\\n(86.) Position of the Cotton experiment in 1845. (87.) New arrange-\\nments. (88.) Mr. Morris reports unfavourably of Bellary his death.\\n(89.) Mr. Finnie reports unfavourably of the Madras district despatched\\nto Tinnevelly. (90.) Dr. Wight s new Cotton Farms in Coinibatore,\\n1845: four points neglected in the previous experiments. (91.) Eesults\\nof four successive seasons on the new Farm, 1845-49. (92.) Suggestions\\nof the Manchester Association respecting sowing in May and on low soils.\\n(93.) Dr. Wight s reply First, July is the best time for sowing.\\n(94.) Second, Low Alluvial soils have proved a failure, but low lands near\\nthe coast are under trial.\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE AMERICAN PLANT\\nTO THE SEASONS OF INDIA.\\n(95.) Habits of the American plant. (96.) Four Seasons of the\\nAmerican plant. (97.) Adaptation of the habits of the American plant to\\nthe Indian seasons. (98.) First, Seasons on the eastern side, under the\\nnorth-east monsoon. (99.) Monthly mean temperature and mean falls\\nof rain in the Carnatic. (100.) Cotton cultivation under the north-east\\nmonsoon sowing in September. (101.) Second, Seasons on the western\\nside, under the south-west monsoon. (102.) Cotton cultivation under the\\nsouth-west monsoon: sowing in May. (103.) Third, Intermediate re-\\ngions under both the north-east and south-west monsoons. (104.) Cot-\\nton cultivation under both monsoons sowing in July. (105.) Large\\nexperiment in early sowing throughout the Cotton districts in the Madras\\nPresidency. (106.) First Result India not too hot but too cold.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (107.)\\nTheory confirmed by a comparison of the temperature of Madras with that\\nof Vera Cruz, Mobile, and Natchez. (108.) Rising temperature in Ame-\\nrica, but diminishing temperature in India, during the growing seasons.\\n(109.) Second result: Carnatic not too dry, confirmed by a comparison of\\nmean falls of rain (110.) Two methods of cultivating American Cotton\\nin India adaptation of seasons and artificial irrigation. (111.) Experi-\\nments in irrigation, securing a rising temperature to the growing plant.\\n(112.) Five practical suggestions. (113.) First, Choice of soil. (114.)\\nSecond, Preparation of the land for the seed. (115.) Third, Ploughing\\nand hoeing during the growing season. (116.) Fourth, Distance between\\nthe Eows. (117.) Fifth, Treatment of the plant as an Annual, and\\nrotation of crops. (118.) Profitablj cultivation of American Cotton\\nthroughout the Peninsula.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DR. WIGHT S TOUR TEARS IN COIMBATORE. 55\\n(119.) Plans for extending the American Cotton culture amongst the\\nRyots, 1845-49.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (120.) Court of Directors order 6000 hales of East\\nIndian Cotton, 1845. (121.) Proposition for reducing the Assessment of\\nlands under American Cotton cultivation. (122.) Marquis of Tweeddale\\nin favour of the remission. (123.) Court of Directors decide against the\\nremission. (124.) Failure of the purchase system as regarded American\\nCotton. (125.) Contemplated establishment of a number of small Farms.\\nPosition of the Cotton experiment in 1845. Five 86\\nyears had now elapsed since the American planters had\\nfirst landed at Madras, and commenced their operations\\nin Tinnevelly nnder the superintendence of Captain\\nHughes. Of this period four seasons of experimental\\nCotton Culture had been carried on at Coimbatore,\\nentirely under the superintendence of Dr. Wight, with\\nthe exception of a few months at the commencement of\\nthe first season. The results, as regard the Minute by\\nfitness of the soil and climate of Coimba- t g M\\ntore for the cultivation of American Cot- Tweeddale,\\nton, have been duly set forth in the pre- ?845\u00c2\u00b0Pari.\\nceding chapter. No progress however, Return\\nworthy of the name, had been made in 1847) p m\\nextending the American culture and American ma-\\nchinery amongst the Natives. This subject led to\\nmuch discussion. The Marquis of Tweeddale s Govern-\\nment proposed the abandonment of the Cotton Farms\\nat Coimbatore altogether; and suggested that opera-\\ntions, like those suggested by Mr. Simpson, should be\\ncarried on by the Planters themselves as practical\\nmen, capable of gaining the confidence of the Natives,\\nand of placing before them in the clearest light the\\nsuperiority of American Cotton, and the improved\\nmethods of cultivating the plant and cleaning the wool.\\nUltimately it was decided that both plans should be\\ncarried out that Dr. Wight should continue his ex-\\nperimental Farming operations in Coimbatore, whilst\\nthe Planters should carry on independent operations in\\nBellary and Tinnevelly.\\nNew arrangements. The necessity for a rotation of 87\\ncrops having been fully proved, Dr. Wight found it\\nnecessary to remove his Farms in Coimbatore to new\\nsoil. Before however noticing his operations, it i3", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "56 COTTON IN THE MAD HAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. Ill,\\nadvisable to glance at the proceedings of the Planters.\\nMr. Simpson had been transferred to the\\nStte^from Bombay Government, bnt his place was\\nGeor eNth supplied by another American Planter\\nDec!? 1845. 1 named Pinnie, who had been previously\\nEtte^fsrd 3 employed by the Bengal Government.\\nSept., 1845. Accordingly, Mr. Morris was despatched\\nas47) R p?38T northwards to report upon the district of\\nBellary and Mr. Pinnie was despatched\\neastwards to report upon the district of Madras.\\n88 Mr. Morris reports unfavourably of Bellary his\\ndeath. Mr. Morris reached Bellary in October, 1845,\\nMr. Morris s an examined the Cotton lands in the neigh-\\nletter, 27th bourhood of the town of Bellary, and those\\n24th Bet, i n the talook of Adonie, about forty-three\\nReturn* 1 1 m es eastward of Bellary. He reported\\n(1847), pp. that the soil was Black, and therefore un-\\n413, 414. suited to the growth of American Cotton,\\nwhich had thrived best on the E-ed lands. Again, the\\nNew Orleans Cotton requires a sea breeze, but there was\\nno sea breeze in Bellary. He next proceeded to the\\nCotton-growing district of Dharwar in the Bombay\\nPresidency, and there he found that the soil and cli-\\nmate were far better adapted to the growth of Ame-\\nrican Cotton than the climate and soil of Bellary,\\nMr. Morris however remarked that the Indian Cotton\\ngrown in Bellary was superior to the same Cotton in\\nDharwar. He therefore proposed that a saw gin should\\nbe erected in Bellary. The suggestion was approved\\nby the Madras Government, but not carried out. Mr.\\nMorris died at Bellary on the 18th March, 1846.\\n89 Mr. Pinnie reports unfavourably of the Madras dis-\\ntrict despatched to Tinnevelly. Meantime Mr. Pinnie\\nhad been despatched to the eastern coast,\\nMr. Finnie s to Pullicarnv in the Madras district. His\\nletter, 6th J r ii tt i\u00c2\u00bb j\\nOct., 1845. report was unfavourable. He had gone\\nas^)fpS over P ullicarn .7 with Mr Maltby the Col-\\nlector, and found that all the high land was\\na barren waste, and that all the low land was under\\nwater. Accordingly Mr. Pinnie was directed to pro-\\nceed to the district of Tinnevelly in the South, and to", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DR. WIGHTS E0TJR YEARS IK COIMBATORE. 57\\ncarry out operations there. Here it will be advisable\\nto leave him, and return to Dr. Wight at Coimbatore.\\nIndeed, the story of the proceedings of the next four\\nyears, that is, from 1845 to 1849, naturally divides it-\\nself into two parts and therefore the present chapter\\nwill comprise a narrative of Dr. Wight s operations in\\nCoimbatore, whilst the succeeding chapter will contain\\na similar narrative of Mr. Finnie s proceedings in Tin-\\nnevelly.\\nBr. Wight s New Cotton Farms in Coimbatore, 90\\n1845: four points neglected in the previous experi-\\nments. During the four years that Dr. Wight and\\nthe American Planters had been carrying\\non the experimental culture at Coimbatore, letter, 26th S\\nfour points had been neglected, which how- ^n. 1849.\\never were now duly apprehended viz. turn (1857),\\n1st. The necessity for a rotation of crops. p 185,\\n2nd. The fertilizing effect of repeated ploughing\\nprior to sowing.\\n3rd. The influence of both monsoons.\\n4th. The superiority of Brown Sandy Loams (Eed\\nlands) for American Cotton.\\nAs regards the first and second points, the Native\\nmethod of cultivation had been superior to that pur-\\nsued by Dr. Wight. The Natives never drew two\\nconsecutive crops of Cotton from the same land and\\ntherefore were enabled to commence ploughing with the\\nMay rains, a process which they termed cooling the\\nground and thus they succeeded in getting their lands\\ninto a good condition before the commencement of the\\nsowing season in October. Dr. Wight, on the other\\nhand, had been cultivating the same lands every year\\nand consequently his picking season was going on\\nwhen he ought to have been ploughing and thus he\\nwas deprived of the benefit of the best part of the rains,\\nand compelled to sow in what the Natives called hot\\nground. As regarded the third point, his Farms had\\nbeen shut out from the south-west moonsoon by ranges\\nof hills and accordingly had no rain from May till\\nOctober. Again, his Farms had been situated at such\\na distance from the east coast that the north-east", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "58 COTTOK 1*8 THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nrains were short and scanty, and the north-east monsoon\\nwas cold and dry, being unmoistened by the sea. As\\nregards the fourth point, Dr. Wight had now discovered\\nthat the Sandy Brown Loams, generally included under\\nthe head of Red land, were better adapted to the\\ngrowth of American Cotton than the ordinary Black\\nCotton soil. He had never obtained more than 300 lbs.\\nof seed Cotton per acre from the Black lands, whilst\\nhe had repeatedly obtained 500 lbs., and once 1000 lbs.,\\nfrom the Sandy Brown Loams and indeed it was\\nfrom this latter soil that Mr. Wroughton had once\\nobtained 1100 lbs. per acre.\\nEesults of four successive seasons on a new Farm,\\n1845-49. Under the circumstances mentioned above,\\nDr. Wight removed to a locality, about ten miles to\\nthe south of his old Farm, and to a spot which was\\nout of the influence of the hills, and consequently open\\nto the south-west monsoon. The results of the four\\nseasons may be stated in a few words. During 1845-46,\\none field which he ploughed in May, and which con-\\nsequently was well prepared for sowing in July, pro-\\nduced a crop of nearly 1000 lbs. per acre. Other fields\\nof inferior quality produced crops of 500 lbs. per acre.\\nOther fields however, which could not be ploughed\\nbefore September, and which were sowed immediately\\nafter ploughing, failed to produce a good crop. The\\nsecond season (1846-47) was a failure in consequence\\nof the failure of both monsoons. The south-west\\nmonsoon did not commence before J une, and then the\\nshowers were of very short duration whilst from J une\\nuntil February not a drop of rain fell. In a word, the\\nwhole country was burnt up, and the total fall of rain\\nduring the year 1846 only amounted to six inches and\\na half, instead of the usual average of from twenty- six\\nto thirty inches. The result was of course a very\\nshort crop. The third season (1847-48) proved a\\npartial failure in consequence of extreme wet. The\\nsouth-west monsoon commenced in April with copious\\nshowers. The land was thus ploughed early, the seed\\nwas sown at the end of June and beginning of July,\\nand up to the middle of October the crops were un-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DE. WIGHT S FOUR YEAES IN COIMBATOEE. 59\\nusually fine. Then the north-east monsoon, which had\\nproved a failure the preceding year, brought a rain\\nwhich never ceased for three days together, until nearly\\nthe end of December. Accordingly much of the large\\ncrop was altogether lost, and much of that which was\\nharvested was much injured. Of the fourth season\\n(1848-49) Dr. Wight merely remarks that the crop\\nwas small. Circumstances, which will be recorded in\\nthe fifth chapter, led to his temporary withdrawal in\\n1849. The more particular results worked out during\\nthe four years will now be exhibited in the following\\nparagraphs.\\nSuggestions of the Manchester Association respect- 92\\ning sowing in May and on low soils. In 1847, the\\nManchester Association congratulated Dr. Mr Aspinall\\nWight upon the success w r hich he had Turner s\\nattained, but considered that he might Ye\\\\^im.\\nachieve still greater triumphs, by sowing Pari. Return\\nr \u00c2\u00b1u ;j -u u- (1847), p. 424.\\nearlier in the year, and by cultivating a\\nlower soil. They said that his New Orleans Cotton\\nwas the best that had ever been grown in India, and\\nthis they attributed to his having sown in June and\\nJuly, instead of in September and October. But why\\nnot sow in May The New Orleans plant in its native\\nhome in Mexico grows spontaneously, or, in other\\nwords, propagates itself; thus showing that its seeds\\nought to be in the ground at the commencement of the\\nrains, a season which corresponds in the district of\\nCoimbatore to the commencement of the south-west\\nmonsoon in the month of May. Again, the New Or-\\nleans plant reaches its greatest perfection, and yields\\nthe best staple, in the low lands of tropical Mexico.\\nWhen taken from the tropics and grown in the low\\nlands of the United States, its staple is somewhat im-\\npaired, but still is better than Dr. Wight s Cotton in\\nother words, it is rather longer, more silky, and less\\nharsh. Why not then sow New Orleans Cotton in\\nIndia at a season corresponding to its own spontane-\\nous sowing season in Mexico and why not sow it on\\nlow lands near the coast, corresponding to the low\\nlands where it reaches its greatest perfection", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "60\\nCOTTON m THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [CH. Ill,\\n93 Br. Wight s reply July is the best time for sowing.\\nDr. Wight replied to the following effect. Before\\nDr. Wight s sowing the land must be ploughed; and\\nApril i 8 847 e pl\u00c2\u00b0 u gh m g cannot be carried out until\\nPari. Return some copious showers have fallen to soften\\n(1857), p. 151. an( j i 00gen the hard, sun-baked, and im-\\npenetrable soil. The present Farms in Coimbatore\\nenjoy the benefit of both monsoons. The south-west\\nrains rarely commence before the middle of May and\\nthen the ploughing begins, and lasts for a month or\\nsix weeks. Consequently it is impossible to sow before\\nJuly. But if we take the north-east monsoon into\\nconsideration, we shall see that the middle of July is\\nafter all the best sowing time. The plant is of rapid\\ngrowth, requiring humid weather whilst growing, and\\ndry clear weather whilst maturing. If sown in July it\\ncomes into flower about October, when the north-east\\nrains invigorate it, and the subsequent dry season\\nmatures it. If sown earlier, the Cotton bolls are\\nmaturing at the very time when the rains are begin-\\nning. The consequence is that the plant is surcharged\\nwith sap and then the Cotton, instead of maturing,\\nabsorbs the sap and rots in the capsule.\\n94 2nd, Low Alluvial soils had proved a failure, but\\nlow lands near the Coast were under trial. As re-\\ngarded the length and silkiness of the staple Dr. Wight\\nadmitted that the change was produced by the soil.\\nNative Cotton dealers had long been aware of the\\nfact that Indian Cotton grown on Black land had a\\nlonger and finer staple than when grown on Red\\ngravelly soil. But still American Cotton had been\\nmore successfully cultivated on the Red than on the\\nBlack soil. Dr. Wight however had tried the low\\nAlluvial lands, as more nearly resembling the best\\nAmerican soils than either Black clays or Hed gravel.\\nThe result established the theory but not the practice.\\nThe Cotton produced was of excellent quality, but the\\nyield was very uncertain as a shower of rain, which\\nwould fall innocuous upon Cotton growing on a dry\\nsoil, would deteriorate half the crop on a low Alluvial.\\nAs regarded the cultivation of lands near the Coast,", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT IN INDIAN SEASONS. 61\\nDr. Wight coincided in the view taken by the Associa-\\ntion, and reported that the experiment was in progress\\nMr. Einnie, the Planter, having been located in the\\ncentre of Tinnevelly, which was one of the best Cotton\\ndistricts in the South of India, and within about forty\\nmiles of the eastern shore.\\nDR. WIGHT S NOTES ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE\\nAMERICAN PLANT TO THE SEASONS OF INDIA.\\nHabits of the American Plant. Some time after- 95\\nwards, Dr. Wight entered more largely Dr Wight s\\nupon the subject of adapting the time of letter to Mr.\\nsowing in Southern India to the habits e 8 h\\nof the American plant. Three things were Pari. Return\\nto be observed UW. p. w.\\n1st, That in average seasons, the New Orleans Cotton\\nplant requires from six to eight weeks from the date of\\nsowing to that of coming into flower and about the\\nsame length of time from the fall of the blossom to the\\nopening of the pod.\\n2nd, That rainy weather, or even a dark, cloudy,\\ndamp atmosphere whilst the crop was maturing, has a\\ntendency to prevent the boll from opening at the pro-\\nper time and if the opening of the boll is so checked,\\nthe Cotton becomes more or less deteriorated varying\\nin degree according to the intensity of the deteriorating\\ncause, from absolute destruction to simple adhesion of\\nthe fibres, or to mere slight discolouration.\\n3rd, That the prevalence of rainy weather during the\\nperiod of growth promotes luxuriance and productive-\\nness, provided that the drainage is free and provided\\nalso that this humidity is exchanged for clear bright\\nweather at the season for maturing the crop.\\nFour seasons of the American Plant. The American 96\\nplant, like all other plants, must have four seasons,\\nviz.\\n1st, Spring, or season of germination, when but a\\nmoderate quantity of moisture is required.\\n2nd, Summer, or growing season, which calls for\\nmore liberal supplies of moisture.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "62 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. in.\\n3rd, Atjtttmn, or ripening season, which requires but\\nlittle or none.\\n4th, Winter, or season of rest.\\nIn America these seasons of the plant correspond\\nDr Wi ht s w e natural seasons of the year but\\nletter, 26th in India they do not. In America the\\nPari Return winter months are the season of rest but\\n(1857), p. 186. in India the summer months are the rest-\\nCompare Dr. ing geagon T}lus India tte Cotton\\niothiSrch s P rm g an d summer occur during the rainy\\n1849. ibid. season, whilst the Cotton autumn occurs\\np. 221. during the dry heat of February, March,\\nand April.\\n97 Adaptation of the habits of the American Plant to\\nthe Indian seasons. Having thus ascertained the\\nhabits and seasons of the American plant in those\\ncountries where it has hitherto been most successfully\\ncultivated, it will be next necessary to describe the\\ncharacteristics of the seasons in India. Here we must\\ntake into consideration three different localities, each\\nencountering different influences of the monsoons.\\n1st, Eastern, or Coromandel side, under the influ-\\nence of the north-east monsoon. Sowing time in Sep-\\ntember.\\n2nd, Western, or Malabar side, under the influ-\\nence of the south-west monsoon. Sowing time in\\nMay.\\n3rd, Intermediate localities under the influence of\\nboth monsoons. Sowing time in July.\\nDr. Wight s observations upon the seasons in each\\nof these localities will now be mentioned in order\\nfirst, describing the actual course of each season and\\nsecondly, indicating the best method of adapting the\\ncultivation of American Cotton to the course of the\\nseasons.\\n98 1st, Seasons on the eastern side, under the north-\\neast monsoon, The eastern or Coromandel side of\\nthe Indian Peninsula is visited by some of the showers\\nof the south-west monsoon, which in this quarter may\\nbe called the petty monsoon but it is more imme-\\ndiately subject to the heavy rains of the north-east", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT IN INDIAN SEASONS. 63\\nmonsoon. The course of the seasons is accordingly\\nas follows. The rains of the south-west monsoon,\\nwhich are very uncertain in quantity, commence in\\nthe month of July, and continue in this quarter in the\\nform of partial showers only throughout August and\\nSeptember. In October the heavy north-east monsoon\\ncommences, and continues with intervals of fair weather\\nuntil about the middle of December, when the dry\\nclear weather begins.\\nMonthly mean temperature and mean falls of rain 99\\nin the Carnatic. The course of the seasons in the\\nparts of India more immediately under the influence\\nof the north-east monsoon, may be further illustrated\\nby the following table of mean temperatures and\\nmean falls of rain in Madras, during the Cotton-\\ngrowing season, as exhibited in the Madras Meteor-\\nological Register.\\nMonths.\\nAugust.\\n1\\nSeptember.\\nOctober.\\nNovember.\\nDecember.\\n755\\n1-33\\nFebruary.\\nMarch.\\nApril.\\nTotal.\\nHeat\\nRain\\n84 6\\n5*24\\n837\\n476\\n82 2\\n10\\n78*9\\n12-42\\n76-3\\n3*25\\n777\\n0-23\\n80-8\\n0*36\\n837\\n0 63\\n38 22\\nCotton cultivation under the north-east monsoon: 100\\nsowing in September. From the foregoing table it\\nwill -be seen that during the average run of seasons\\nin the Carnatic there is sufficient rain for carrying on\\nall agricultural operations continuously, from the be-\\nginning of July until the end of December, whilst the\\nsubsequent four months are nearly dry. In August\\nand September the showers of south-west rain are\\nsufficient for the commencement of ploughing. Erom\\nthe beginning of September until the middle of Octo-\\nber, sowing may be carried on. The crops which have\\nbeen sown before the middle of September will be in\\na good state for benefiting by the rains of the heavy\\nnorth-east monsoon. They will thus enjoy a clear\\nuninterrupted growing season of about three months", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "64 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nand a half, receiving almost every week more or less\\ncopious falls of rain. By the end of that time, namely,\\nabout the beginning of January, the weather is dry,\\nand continues so for four months. Thus by January\\nthe plants will have nearly attained their full growth\\nand shortly afterwards they will begin to yield the\\ncrop, and will then continue to do so for nearly three\\nmonths longer. After September the sowing is not\\nso safe, as the north-east rains are apt to be so\\nabundant, that unless the seed has germinated and is\\nabove ground, it is liable to rot in the earth from ex-\\ncess of moisture. Towards the end of November an\\nopportunity is usually offered of sowing again for a\\nlate crop but Dr. Wight believed that this late crop\\nwould always be uncertain for the following reason.\\nThe ground would be saturated with water, and con-\\nsequently the plant would find nourishment near the\\nsurface, and would not strike deep root the result of\\nwhich would be, that when the cold dry weather set\\nin, the plant would be impeded in its growth through\\nthe conjoint operations of cold and want of moisture.\\n101 2nd, Seasons on the western side, under the south-\\nwest monsoon. On the western or Malabar side of the\\nIndian Peninsula, which is more immediately under\\nthe influence of the south-west monsoon, the course of\\nthe seasons is similar, only they commence earlier in\\nthe year. The first rains or showers begin in April and\\nMay. The proper south-west monsoon rains, which\\nare more certain and copious here than on the eastern\\nside, commence towards the end of May and beginning\\nof June, and then continue until September.\\n102 Cotton cultivation under the south-west monsoon\\nsowing in May. The sowing season on the western\\ncoast should therefore be in May, so as to have the\\nplant well above ground before the commencement of\\nthe heavy continuous rains. Unless this be accom-\\nplished, in other words, unless the plant has vege-\\ntated, the heavy rains of June and July would cause\\nthe seed to rot in the ground. Whereas if the plant\\nbe above ground, the same heavy rains will promote\\nits growth. Then again, allowing three months and", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT IN INDIAN SEASONS. 65\\na half for the growing season, the pickings will com-\\nmence towards the end of September, by which time\\nthe rains are over and fine weather established.* The\\npicking should continue until the end of the year,\\nunless prevented by excessive heat or a dry scorching\\natmosphere.\\n3rd, Intermediate regions under both the north-east 103\\nand south-west monsoons. The location of the new\\nfarms in Coimbatore was rather too remote from\\neither the south-west or the north-east monsoon. It\\nparticipated in the rains of both, but not sufficiently\\nso to enable Dr. Wight to trust entirely to either for\\nhis crop. The south-west monsoon however seems to\\nbe the one of which the influence was the most felt.\\nThe first rains fell in April and May, and the bulk of\\nthe monsoon in June and July, with occasional show-\\ners in August and September. In October the north-\\neasterly rains set in, but rarely exceeded a few days\\nduration. November is usually a clear warm dry\\nmonth. In December, cold dry parching winds set\\nin, and continue with more or less intensity until\\nFebruary, when they give place to soft humid westerly\\nbreezes.\\nCotton cultivation under both monsoons sowing 104\\nin July. Under the condition of two monsoons, Dr.\\nWight was undecided for some time as to which was\\nthe best month for commencing agricultural opera-\\ntions. One season, the early rains of the south-west\\nmonsoon fell in sufficient quantity to enable him to\\ntry the experiment of sowing in May, as suggested by\\nthe Manchester Association. But that crop turned\\nout a failure. Experience proved that the proper\\nsowing season was July and August, that is, towards\\nthe close of the south-west monsoon. By this delay\\none great advantage was gained. The American plant\\nreally required very little rain when it was once well\\nabove ground. Consequently it was desirable to avoid\\nIt would almost seem from the description in the text that the\\nwestern side of the Peninsula is best adapted, as far as climate is\\nconcerned, to the growth of American Cotton, for the course of the\\nseasons is essentially the same there as in America. See para. 151.\\nF", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "68 COTTON IN THE MA.DBAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nthe heavy rains of the south-west monsoon, when\\nthose of the north-east were quite sufficient. By-\\nsowing in July and August the plant escaped the\\nheavy rains of the south-west monsoon, and partook\\nof the lighter rains of the north-east. Whereas by\\nsowing earlier, the south-west monsoon brought the\\nplants into full bearing just at the setting in of the\\nnorth-east monsoon, which injured all the pods just\\nas they were ready to burst. On the whole, Dr. Wight\\nwas not at this period very favourably disposed to-\\nwards localities enjoying the benefits of both mon-\\nsoons. He anticipated more certain advantages from\\nlands near the coast, which were subject to one mon-\\nsoon only, and which therefore did not perplex the\\ngrower by compelling him to adjust his operations, so\\nas to avail himself of a double series of insufficient\\nrains in the place of one ample monsoon.\\n105 Large experiment in early sowing throughout the\\nCotton Districts in the Madras Presidency.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ex-\\nReturns periment of sowing the seed of American\\nfrom the Cotton in the early spring rains had been\\nseveral Col- g0 strongly urged by the Manchester Asso-\\nlectors, Pari. b J, J\\nReturn ciation, and had been so strongly approved\\n(1857), pp. b y the Court of Directors, that notwith-\\nstanding the experience of former trials,\\nDr. Wight did not hesitate to try the experiment on\\nthe largest possible scale. Accordingly, American seed\\nwas distributed to the Collectors at all the Cotton-\\ngrowing districts throughout the Madras Presidency,\\nand again distributed by them to Native cultivators\\nin the different talooks. The results induced Dr.\\nDr Wi ht s Wight to regard this experiment as the\\nletter, 26th most instructive that had ever been made\\nPari! r\u00c2\u00a9? an one wn i cn kd to a f ar better know-\\nturn (1857), ledge of the principles of the culture of the\\np m American Cotton plant in India than had\\nthen been attained.\\n106 First result: India not too hot, but too cold. The\\nexperiment of sowing in May was tried over a wide\\nextent of country, and seemed to establish the follow-\\ning important facts. In the first place, it was seen", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT I1ST INDIAN SEASONS. 67\\nthat India was not too hot for the American plant,\\nsince in the Carnatic it had borne unharmed the hot\\nwinds of May and June. On the other hand, it was\\nascertained that the cultivating season in India was if\\nanything too cold in other words, that the climate of\\nthe Carnatic during the cold months, which formed the\\nCotton-growing season in India, was actually colder\\nthan the summer of Mississippi, which formed the Cot-\\nton-growing season in America the Americans culti-\\nvating from April to November, and the Indian Ryots\\nfrom September until April. In the first instance, Dr.\\nWight had noticed the great difference between those\\nfields, or portions of fields, which were exposed to\\nthe cold and those which were warmly sheltered.\\nAgain on the change of the monsoon, after the north-\\neasterly rain had ceased, and when the thermometer\\nin the house sunk daily to 60\u00c2\u00b0 and 65\u00c2\u00b0, he had observed\\nthat all the young plants, the produce of October\\nsowing, ceased to grow though the soil was abundantly\\nmoist.\\nTheory confirmed by a comparison of the tempera- 10\\nture of Madras with that of Vera Cruz, Mobile, and\\nNatchez. This theory, that the American plant in\\nIndia suffered from the cold, was directly opposite to\\nan opinion which had been expressed by Mr. Mercer,\\nan American Planter under the Bombay Government,\\nwho had confidently asserted that India was too hot\\nfor the cultivation of American Cotton. It was how-\\never fully confirmed by a comparison of a meteorologi-\\ncal register of the Cotton-growing States Wight g\\nin America with a similar register of Ma- Circular,\\ndras. In Mississippi the sowing com- i849 M Par?\\nmences in April in the Carnatic the latter Return\\npart of September, or even the beginning compared 21\\nof October, is considered to be the best sow- h h 5 r\\ning time. The following four lines of letter, 26th\\nfigures exhibit the temperature of the Cot- j^g^\\nton season in four distinct localities viz.\\n1. Vera Cruz, 19* 12 north latitude, which is one of\\nthe native districts of the American plant.\\n2. Mobile in Alabama, 30*12 north latitude.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "68 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRE STDENCT. [CH. III.\\n3. Natchez in Mississippi, 31*32 north latitude.\\n4. Madras, 13 4 north latitude.\\nApril\\nMay\\nJune\\nJuly\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nVera Cruz\\n77*18\\n80 42\\n81*86\\n81*50\\n82-10\\n80-96\\n78-41\\n75-38\\n71-6\\nMobile\\n7000\\n76-36\\n82-17\\n82*41\\n82-73\\n75-94\\n69-97\\n61-50\\n55-50\\nNatchez...\\n69-93\\n72-72\\n80-62\\n81-78\\n80-13\\n74*99\\n64-58\\n55-23\\n49-09\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMarch\\nApril\\nMadras....\\n84-6\\n83-7\\n82*2\\n78-9\\n76-3\\n75 5\\n77-7\\n80-8\\n83*7\\n108 Rising temperature in America, but diminishing\\ntemperature in India, during the growing season.\\nErom the foregoing table it will be seen that in Ame-\\nrica the seed is sown at a comparatively low temper-\\nature, which gradually rises as the plant advances to\\nmaturity whilst in India it is sown at a comparatively\\nhigh temperature, which gradually falls as the plant\\nmatures. In Mississippi, the seed is sown in April at\\na temperature of 70\u00c2\u00b0, which gradually rises from month\\nto month until July, when it nearly reaches 82\u00c2\u00b0, and\\nthe Cotton is nearly ripe. In August the pickings\\nare approaching their maximum, and then the temper-\\nature is as high as it is in India during the picking\\nseason of March. In India, on the contrary, the\\nAmerican plant has to contend with a diminishing\\ntemperature instead of a rising one during the growing\\nseason. Here the seed is sown in October at a tem-\\nperature of 82\u00c2\u00b0, which gradually diminishes as the\\nplant approaches to maturity, and when the Cotton is\\nmost in need of heat and light. Thus at the outset of\\nlife, the young plant is stimulated by strong light and\\nhigh temperature, neither of which is sustained through\\nthe growing season and in January, when the state\\nof the crop calls for a high temperature, we have it\\nabout the lowest, being nearly six degrees lower than\\nthe mean temperature of Mississippi at the same stage.\\nThis state of things must prove more or less injurious\\nto the health of a plant so tenacious of heat and light.\\n109 Second Result Carnatic not too dry, confirmed by\\na comparison of mean rain fall. Another important\\nfact was ascertained at this time. Mr. Finnie, the", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT IN INDIAN SEASONS. 69\\nAmerican Planter, had asserted that the climate of the\\nCarnatic was much too dry and that we could not\\nexpect to succeed in the culture of American Cotton,\\nexcepting in such places as partook of the g ee paras\\nrains of both monsoons. This theory how- 127, 133.\\never was completely disproved, and the opposite one\\nestablished. The experiment already indicated was\\ntried in the Carnatic at a season when the American\\nplant had to struggle against a four-months uninter-\\nrupted drought, a very rare circumstance but even\\nunder such unusual conditions, the plant not only sur-\\nvived the unusual drought, but when the rain did fall,\\nit grew vigorously and produced a good crop. This\\nresult is further confirmed by a comparison of the\\nmonthly mean falls of rain in Florida and Madras\\nduring the Cotton-growing seasons in both countries\\nfrom which it will be seen that the climate of the Car-\\nnatic as compared with that of the Cotton-growing\\ncountry of Florida, is the more humid of the two.\\nApril\\nMay\\nJune\\nJuly\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nTotal\\nFlorida.\\n109\\n6-34\\n2 39\\n2-84\\n3-30\\n435\\n333\\n1 49\\n113\\n2616\\nAug.\\nSept.\\nOct.\\nNov.\\nDec.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nMar.\\nA.pr.\\nMadras\\n5*24\\n476\\n10-\\n1242\\n3*25\\n1-33\\n0-23\\n036\\n0-63\\n38-22\\nTwo Methods of cultivating American Cotton in 110\\nIndia adaptation of seasons, and artificial irrigation.\\nTwo methods suggested themselves for adapting the\\nAmerican Cotton plant to the Indian seasons. 1st,\\nThe arrangement of sowing seasons already indicated\\nin the localities under the influence of the north-east\\nmonsoon, or under the influence of both monsoons\\nnamely, that of employing the earlier weeks of the\\nregular autumnal period as the Cotton spring season,\\nthe later weeks and part of winter as the Cotton sum-\\nmer season, and the conclusion of winter and part of\\nspring as the Cotton autumn. 2nd, The employment\\nof irrigation as in Egypt by which course the Indian\\ncultivator would be comparatively independent of the\\nseasons, as by sowing in JNovember he would secure", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "70\\nCOTTON TN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nfor the growing plant a rising range of temperature in\\nthe place of a falling one.\\n111 Experiments in irrigation, securing a rising tem-\\nperature to the growing plant. Dr. Wight first tried\\nthe experiment by sowing an acre of ground about the\\nend of January. On the 4th of February the young\\nplants began to appear above ground. On the 10th of\\nMarch many of them were upwards of a foot high,\\nall very healthy and already showing abundance of\\nforms, or coming flowers and that too with the\\nthermometer in the shade daily above 90\u00c2\u00b0, once or\\ntwice 96\u00c2\u00b0 thus proving clearly that high temperature,\\nwhen there is sufficient moisture in the soil, is not in-\\njurious to New Orleans Cotton. This experiment\\nhowever was only undertaken to establish the princi-\\nple, as the cloudy weather and rain in May would\\ninterfere with the perfect maturation of the crops.\\nHad the sowing been earlier, that is, immediately after\\nthe cessation of the north-easterly rains, then a full\\ncrop would have been obtained. Fortunately the lat-\\nter experiment had been tried by Captain Lawford,\\nCivil Engineer. Captain Lawford wished to prove to\\nthe Natives of Tanjore, that Cotton cultivated under\\nirrigation was as productive as Eice. The seed was\\nsown in November, and the pickings commenced about\\nthe middle of February. Dr. Wight however recom-\\nmended that in carrying out this irrigation method,\\nthe water should be sparingly applied, and that little\\nor none should be given from the commencement of\\nthe picking.\\n112 Five practical suggestions. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Having thus explained\\nthe principles of American Cotton cultivation in India,\\nPr. Wight s Dr. Wight proceeded to discuss five ques-\\nSthfcch ti\u00c2\u00b0 ns of P ractical detail viz. 1st, Choice\\n1849. 1 Pari. of soil 2nd, Preparation of the land for\\na857)?P. tlie seed 3r(i Pl\u00c2\u00b0 u g nin g an i toeing dur-\\n2^1. ing the growing season 4th, Distance\\nbetween the rows and 5th, Treatment of the plant as\\nan annual and rotation of crops. These points have\\nalready been noticed in previous paras. but it seems\\nadvisable to repeat the conclusions here.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] AMERICAN PLANT 1ST INDIAN SEASONS. 71\\n1st, Choice of soil. Dr. Wight observed on this 113\\npoint, that the best crops of American Cotton which he\\nhad as yet seen had been obtained from dark brown,\\nvery light, sandy loams, mixed with much kunkur lime-\\nstone a kind of soil easily worked, very permeable to\\nrain, and easily penetrated to a great depth by the\\nroots. Red soils, which had a large admixture of sand\\nsecuring for them the same properties, had also an-\\nswered well, and were easily cultivated. Stiffer clayey\\nsoils had not answered so well, excepting in seasons\\nwhen showers were frequent and kept the ground in an\\neasily workable state otherwise when the weather was\\ndry, these soils were liable to bake and become very\\nhard. Black Cotton soils had been a good deal tried\\nat first but still Dr. Wight considered that they had\\nbeen condemned as unsuitable rather too prematurely.\\nSubsequent consideration had led him to doubt the\\njustice of the verdict.\\n2nd, Preparation of the land for the seed. Too 114\\nmuch care, says Dr. Wight, cannot be bestowed upon\\nthe preparation of the ground for the reception of the\\nseed. Erom four to six months before the sowing\\ntime, the land should be well ploughed, the deeper the\\nbetter, and then should be allowed to lie fallow. If\\nrain fell in the interval, then a second ploughing should\\ntake place, so as to keep the land thoroughly open and\\nfreely exposed to the conjoint action of the air and\\nsun this would prevent excessive absorption of heat\\nit would greatly promote fertility and it would clean\\nthe laud by exposing and killing the roots of all peren-\\nnial weeds. Last of all, just before sowing, the ground\\nshould have a final ploughing.\\n3rd, Ploughing and hoeing during the growing 115\\nSeason. The ploughing and hoeing during the growing\\nseason of the American Cotton plant should be regu-\\nlated as follows. If the seed is sown in drills according\\nto the American practice, then, whilst the plant is still\\nsmall, the land should be ploughed once or twice be-\\nThe presence of this kunkur was the very thing that Mr.\\nSimpson the American Planter had urged as rendering the land unfit\\ntor the growth of American Cotton. See para. 77.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "72 COTTON Itf THE MADE AS PEESIDENCT. [cn. III.\\ntween the rows. If the seed be sown broadcast, this\\nploughing cannot be conveniently carried out and\\nthen the hoe must suffice. When the third leaf has\\nappeared, the ground must be hoed, and the plants\\nthinned out to six or eight inches between them and\\nthis will leave enough to allow of considerable destruc-\\ntion during the subsequent ploughing. A second hoe-\\ning is always deemed necessary, in both American and\\nNative practice, when the stand should be further\\nthinned, to an extent varying from a foot to eighteen\\ninches between the plants. If the growth is vigorous,\\nthe distance between the plants should average not\\nless than eighteen inches, but otherwise, an interval\\nof one foot would be sufficient.\\n116 4th, Distance between the Rows. The distance be-\\ntween the rows and ridges should be regulated as\\nfollows. In moderately fertile and high and dry lands,\\nit will be sufficient to have an interval of from two\\nfeet and a half to three feet between the rows. But\\nfor moist low-lying rich soils an interval of five feet is\\nnot too much as under such circumstances the bushes\\nwill still fill the ground, for the plant is a very strong\\ngrowing one, and unless it has plenty of room the crop\\nblights.\\n117 5th, Treatment of the plant as an annual and rota-\\ntion of crops. The last point to which Dr. Wight\\ndrew attention, was the fact that the experiment of\\ntreating the plant as a biennial, already noticed, had\\nPara 64 uniformly failed that however promising in\\nappearance the second year s plants might\\nbe, he had never succeeded in obtaining a really good\\ncrop off the same bushes. He would therefore always\\nrecommend the plan of cultivating the New Orleans\\nCotton plant as an annual. Again, as regards rotation\\nof crops, he would recommend that the same land\\nshould never be sown oftener than every third or fourth\\nyear, as the foreign Cotton seems to be a very exhaust-\\ning crop.\\n118 Profitable cultivation of American Cotton throughout\\nthe Peninsula. The final results of Dr. Wight s ex-\\nperience in 1849, may thus be summed up in a few", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DE. WIGHT S FQUE YEAES IN COIMBATOBE. 73\\nwords. He considered that, under the Dr Wight s\\nguidance of the principles already laid letter, 26th\\ndown to suit particular localities, the cul- parL Return\\ntivation of American Cotton might be sue- (1857), p. 189.\\ncessfully carried on throughout the Penin-\\nsula, excepting perhaps on the high table-lands where\\nthe climate is too cold.\\nPlans for extending the American Cotton Culture 119\\namongst the Ryots, 1845-49. Before concluding the\\npresent chapter, it will be necessary to glance at the\\nefforts which had been made to introduce American\\nCotton and American cultivation amongst the Byots.\\nIt has already been seen that prior to removing his\\nFarms in 1845, Dr. Wight had endeavoured to extend\\nthe cultivation of American Cotton amongst the Ryots,\\npartly by distributing American Cotton seed, but\\nchiefly by engaging to purchase the produce at a higher\\nrate than the market value in India this higher rate\\nbeing adjusted to the relative market prices of Ameri-\\ncan and Indian Cotton in the home market. 84\\nDr. Wight considered that this step was ee P ara\\nnecessary to secure the Ryot against personal loss, until\\nthe American Cotton should have obtained an estab-\\nlished market value in India. These offers however\\nfailed to encourage the Ryots. Tor some time they\\nheld back altogether, but at last in the\\nfirst season at the new location, viz. in e s\\n1845-46, some Ryots were induced to Feb., 1846.\\nattempt the cultivation. Unfortunately, (i^^ m\\ninstead of sowing the American seed in\\nJuly and August, they waited until the setting in of\\nthe north-east monsoon, and thus sowed it in October\\nwith the Native plant. Accordingly, the experiment\\nturned out a failure, and no purchases appear to have\\nbeen made.\\nCourt of Directors order 6000 bales of East India 120\\nCotton, 1845.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meantime the Court of Directors had\\ndirected that 5000 or 6000 bales of East D espatch of\\nIndia Cotton, cleaned by the saw gin, theDirect-\\nshould be sent out to England at one time, Nov! is45.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "74 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nPari. Return n orc er tnat some conclusive result should\\n(1847), p. 398. be arrived at respecting the merits of the\\narticle. This necessitated large purchases\\nof Native seed, Cotton from the Ryots, for the purpose\\nof submitting it to the action of Dr. Wight s saw gins\\nPari Return at Coimbatore. In 1846-47 nearly \u00c2\u00a31200\\n(]857), pp. or 12,000 rupees were expended in 1847-48\\n140-143. t]ie piirc h ages reached \u00c2\u00a32100, and in\\n1848-49 they amounted to nearly \u00c2\u00a32600.\\n121 Proposition for reducing the assessment of lands\\nunder American Cotton cultivation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1847, the\\nLetter of Manchester Association had recommended\\nMr. Aspinaii that the whole of the 6000 bales should\\nFeb i847? th cous i st of American Cotton. Accordingly\\nPari. Return Dr. Wight began to consider how to extend\\n(1847), p. 424. the cu i tivation of tlie foreign article. He\\nat once made known to the local merchants who fre-\\nquented the gin-house, that he was in expectation of\\norders for stopping the purchase of Native Cotton;\\nand he again offered to supply American\\nEtterfilth 8 see( an( to purchase the produce, but\\nJune, i847. without any apparent success. Accord-\\n^im^m. m gty ne proposed that a remission of 25\\nper cent, should be made, for a term of\\nthree or five years, on all lands under American Cotton\\nMr Wrough- cultivation. Mr. Wroughton, the Collector\\nton s letter, of Coimbatore, stated in reply, that in 1833,\\ni847. J parL Government had offered to remit one half\\nReturn of the fixed assessment on the same pro-\\n(1857), p. 156. v g0 but that even that larger encourage-\\nment had failed to produce any extension of the cul-\\ntivation, and therefore Government had deemed it\\ninexpedient to continue the indulgence. Mr. Wrough-\\nton at the same time expressed an opinion that any\\nsuch interference with the long-standing survey settle-\\nment of the district was a very dangerous and doubtful\\nexperiment, and likely to be productive of much con-\\nfusion and irregularity and he suggested that if the\\namount of the proposed remission of 25 per cent,\\nshould be deemed necessary for the extension of the\\nAmerican Cotton cultivation, the amount should be", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DE. WIGHT S FOUR YEARS IN COIMBATORE. 75\\nadded to the price given for the Cotton when produced,\\nin lieu of a reduction of the rent of the soil. Dr.\\nWight however had already offered this increased price\\nfor the American Cotton, but without effect. Dr wight s\\nAccordingly he applied to the Madras Go- letter, 20th\\nvernment to renew, for a further period of pari Return\\nfive or ten years, the orders of 1833, grant- (i857),p.i53.\\ning 50 per cent, remission on all lands under American\\nCotton cultivation.\\nMarquis of Tweeddale in favour of the remission. 122\\nThe Marquis of Tweeddale was in favour of the pro-\\nposed remission. He considered that if\\nf i j \u00c2\u00abi it i \\\\r i Minute of\\ngranted, it would only bring a larger the Marquis\\nbreadth of land under the plough inas- ^le^rd*\\nmuch as a foreign demand for the Ameri- Sept., 1847.\\ncan Cotton of India would in no way in- ^sf^l^\\nterfere with the Indian demand for its own\\nraw produce consequently the same extent of land\\nwould still be cultivated to meet the wants of the home\\nconsumer, and the same rental would be received by\\nG-o vernment the only difference being that more waste\\nland would be taken into cultivation to meet the foreign\\ndemand for American Cotton of Indian growth.\\nCourt of Directors decide against the remission. 123\\nThe Court of Directors refused their consent to the\\nproposed remission. They considered it j) eS p atcll\\nwould be an obvious violation of the gene- from the\\nral principle, which prescribes that the as- rectors?4t?\\nsessment shall be regulated by the capa- July, i^s-\\nbility of the land, without any reference to ^857)fp?i8o!\\nthe particular description of produce which\\nmight be raised from it. Again, even supposing that\\nAmerican Cotton could be cultivated with profit only\\nwhen half the rate of assessment was remitted, and\\nthat this profit would cease when the rate of assessment\\nwas again raised to its original amount, this fact would\\nsimply prove that the remission was forcing a factitious\\ncultivation, which under ordinary circumstances could\\nnot be carried on. However, it was the belief of the\\nDirectors that no such reduction was required in the\\nprovince of Coimbatore for the out-turn of American", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "76 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CH. III.\\nCotton per acre was much larger than that of Indian\\nCotton, and at the same time far more valuable in the\\nEnglish market. The real difficulty in the way of\\ninducing the Byots to extend the cultivation of the\\nAmerican Cotton, was the want of a steady demand\\nfor the article in the district in which it was grown.\\nThat difficulty however was removed for the present by\\nthe permission, which had been given to Dr. Wight, to\\npurchase American Cotton from the Byots on account\\nof Grovernment at remunerating prices.\\n124 Failure of the purchase system as regarded Ame-\\nrican Cotton, 1848. Meantime however the purchases\\nDr. Wight s of New Orleans Cotton effected by Dr.\\nJune r i 2 848 Wight were insignificant in the extreme.\\nPari. neturn He was by no means sparing in his offers\\n(1857), p. i8i. of high p r i ces Whilst Native Cotton was\\nsold to him at the gin-house for eight annas (or one\\nshilling) a maund of 25 lbs., he had announced that he\\nwas prepared to purchase all first-class New Orleans\\nCotton at double the price, that is, at one rupee (or\\ntwo shillings) per maund. But still the Natives were\\nso averse to depart from their established customs, that\\nhe had only been able to persuade a small number to\\ncultivate the foreign plant. At the same time the\\nCotton markets in Coimbatore had been so sparingly\\nsupplied with purchasers during the two previous sea-\\nsons, that but for the Court s order for 6000 bales of\\ngin-cleaned Native Cotton, the trade must have been\\nalmost at a stand-still. Under such circumstances,\\nDr. Wight seriously thought of proclaiming throughout\\nthe district, that for the future he should only buy Ame-\\nrican Cotton and that he was prepared to purchase all\\nof that description which might be offered for sale.\\nHe was aware that there were strong objections to this\\ncourse but whilst so many Byots offered their Cotton\\nIt seems not improbable that Dr. Wight had himself kept the\\nNative purchasers out of the Coimbatore markets. At Dr. Wight s\\ngin-house the Ryot could obtain a ready sale, liberal prices, and\\nimmediate payment for Native Cotton. It was not therefore likely\\nthat the Merchants would care to compete with so formidable a\\nrival. They would rather purchase elsewhere, and leave the field\\nopen to Dr. Wight.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] DR. WIGHT S FOUR TEARS IN COIMBATORE. 77\\nfor sale at his gin-house before they took it elsewhere,\\nhe considered that the plan might be attended with\\nbeneficial results. These explanations, he trusted,\\nwould prove that the failure to induce the Byots to\\ncultivate American Cotton did not arise from any want\\nof encouragement, as a ready market and high prices\\nwere offered to all comers.\\nContemplated establishment of a number of small 125\\nEarms. In the early part of 1849, Dr. Wight con-\\nsidered of a new plan for extending the Dr. Wight s\\ncultivation of the American Cotton amongst letter, 26th\\nthe Natives. The principles of the culture iS Return\\nhe considered to be fully established, whilst (i857),p.i89.\\nthe practice had been simplified to the utmost. He\\ntherefore proposed, after the close of the season 1848-49,\\nto form a number of small Farms, of from twenty to\\nfifty acres each, to be cultivated by hired labour under\\nthe direction of Native Maistries, in the hope of\\nfamiliarizing all classes of cultivators with the im-\\nproved practice, and satisfying them that American\\nCotton could be cultivated by their own implements\\nwith as much care, cheapness, and certainty as the\\nNative plant, whilst the produce was far more valuable.\\nAt the same time he contemplated diminishing the\\nextent of his own Farms, in order to allow of more\\nleisure for superintending the smaller detached ones\\nabove described. Meantime, however, circumstances\\nhad arisen which led to his temporary retirement from\\nthe Cotton experiment. These will be found narrated\\nin the fifth chapter. But before drawing attention to\\nthese matters, it will be necessary to review the pro-\\nceedings of Mr. Finnie in Tinnevelly, to which accord-\\ningly the next chapter will be devoted.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE IV.\\nFOUR YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE UNDER\\nMR. EIIOTE IN TINNEVELLY, 1845 to 1849.\\n(126.) Labours of Mr. Finnie and Dr. Wight compared. (127.) First\\nSeason, 1845-46: Mr. Finnie s first impression of Tinnevelly. (128.)\\nSuggestion that by acting as a Cotton Agent he could induce the Ryots to\\nadopt the new culture. (129.) An Agency would also increase the profits\\nof both Ryots and Merchants, and double the exports. (130.) Nothing\\nhowever would induce the Ryots to adopt the American Saw Gin. (131.)\\nThe Thresher recommended. (132.) Three points in the career of Mr.\\nFinnie the New Orleans Cotton, the Agency, and the Saw Gin. (133.)\\nCultivation of Cotton tour to Courtallum, under both monsoons, 1846.\\n(134.) Necessity for the co-operation of the Natives employment of hired\\nlabour by the European always a loss. (135.) First intercourse with the\\nRyots allays fears and suspicions. (136.) Explains the improved method\\nof culture to the Ryots. (137.) Mr. Finnie s tour from Courtallum to\\nCoimbatore, July. (138.) Preparations for assisting Dr. Wight in com-\\npleting the Court s order for 6000 bales. (139.) Mr. Finnie permitted to\\nact as Agent restricted to Cotton ginned and prepared on the American\\nprinciple, August. (140.) Restriction removed. (141.) Mr. Finnie s\\nfirst year s proceedings with the Churka, Thresher, and Gin. (142.) Queries\\nsubmitted to Mr. Finnie by the Marquis of Tweeddale.\\nMR. FINNIE S u NOTES ON COTTON CULTIVATION IN AMERICA\\nAND INDIA.\\n(143.) Early cultivation of Cotton in America compared with the pre-\\nsent cultivation in India. (144.) Climate discovered to be of more im-\\nportance than soil. (145.) Nature of the lands in America, on which the\\nAmerican plant is grown. (146.) Manure consisting of old stocks and\\nrotten seed buried in a furrow between the rows. (147.) Climate: very\\nhumid at night but hot in the day. (148.) Rotation of crops alternation\\nwith Indian Corn occasionally necessary. (149.) Capital required in\\nAmerican cultivation. (150.) Successive operations necessary to raise a\\ncrop: cleaning old land and clearing new. (151.) Planting. (152.)\\nScraping or hoeing. (153.) Gathering. (154.) Uncertainty of\\nweather average crops. (155.) Expenses of Cotton cultivation produce\\nestimated, not at so much per acre, but at four to eight bales per Negro,\\n(156.) Machinery: Gin-house, Gins, Press, and Driving Machinery.\\n(157.) Price of land: fluctuates with the price of Cotton. (158.) Mini-\\nmum price at which American Cotton could be produced, four pence per\\npound. (159.) Prospects of India: labour in America and India com-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "1845-49.] ME. FINNIE S FOUR YEAES IN TINNEYELLY.\\n79\\npared. (160.) Reduction of the Indian Land-tax on Cotton grounds\\nwould neither benefit the Ryot nor extend the culture.\\n(161.) Mr. Finnie s second season, 1846-47 planting operations suc-\\nceeded at Courtallum but failed at Sevacausey. (162.) Mr. Finnic is\\ndisappointed as an Agent. (163.) Mr. Finnie s second year s operations\\nwith the Churka, Thresher, and Gin. (164.) Sale of two Gins to neigh-\\nbouring Zemindars: their failure. (165.) Cotton Brokers rather than\\nZemindars should be induced to adopt the Gin. (166.) Mr. Finnie s pro-\\nposal for erecting a Gin-house and Cattle-driving Machinery in Tinne-\\nvelly. (167.) Purchase of Cattle-driving Machinery sanctioned relative\\ncost of cattle labour and manual labour. (168.) Change in Mr. Finnie s\\nviews as regards the Cattle-driving Machinery. (169.) Mr. Finnie s\\nexplanation of his apparent inconsistencies. (170.) Mr. Finnie s general\\nobjections to the Gin discussed by Dr. Wight. (171.) Mr. Finnie s pro-\\nposition for erecting a Gin-house of two storeys the lower one for the\\nDriving Machinery and the upper one for the Gins. (172.) Hire of a\\ntemporary Gin-house at Aroopoocottah. (173.) Erection of three Gins\\nand a Thresher: their effect upon the Natives. (174.) Testimony of the\\nBrokers that dirty Cotton was more profitable than clean Cotton.\\nMR. FINNIE S NOTES ON THE PECULIARITIES OP COTTON TRADE IN\\nTINNEVELLY.\\n(175.) Systematic adulteration of Indian Cotton transactions between\\nthe Ryots, the Brokers, the Chetties, and the European Agents.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (176.)\\nThe Ryot: improvident and helplessly in debt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (177.) The Broker:\\nadulteration of the Cotton by the Devil s dust system. (178.) The\\nChetty tricks played with the European Agent.\\n(179.) Conclusion of the season of 1846-47 difficulties in the way of\\nconducting the ginning operations at Aroopoocottah. (180.) First, High\\nprices demanded by the Ryots for their seed Cotton. (181.) Second,\\nHeavy expenses of ginning. (182.) Necessity for improving the con-\\nstruction of the Gin. (183.) Third season, J 847-48 stage of the Cotton\\nexperiment in Tinnevelly. (184.) Planting operations successful culture\\nof American Cotton in the Courtallum valley. (185.) Unsuccessful cul-\\nture at Sevacausey, Virdooputty, and Aroopoocottah. (186.) Agency\\noperations Mr. Finnie requests permission to proceed to England to\\nconsult with the Cotton Manufacturers. (187.) Operations with the\\nChurka, Thresher, and Gin meeting of Cotton Brokers of Tinnevelly.\\n(188.) Cost of cleaning with the Thresher and Churka as compared with\\nthat of the Gin. (189.) Cost at which clean unadulterated Cotton might\\nbe supplied. (190.) Recommends the introduction of small hand- threshers\\nand cheap presses. (191.) Small hand-threshers and presses sanctioned.\\n(192.) Mr. Thomas believed that Cotton was not adulterated by design,\\nand that good Cotton was often sent home. (193.) No market or Agency\\nrequired in Tinnevelly. (194.) Cultivation of New Orleans Cotton, and\\nimproved cleaning, the main points. (195.) Mr. Finnie s design for a\\ncheap Cotton press. (196.) Mr. Finnie s sample of Churka-cleaned Tinne-\\nvelly Cotton equal to American. (197.) Madras Government refer the\\nsample to Dr. Wight, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Court of\\nDirectors. (198.) Dr. Wight s report: Mr. Finnie s sample is good", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "80\\nCOTTON IN THE MADEAS PBESIDEKCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nTinnevelly, which no one could mistake for American. (199.) Large\\nshipments of Churkaed Cotton contrary to the orders of the Directors\\n(200.) Dr. Wight s system of purchase compared with that of Mr. Fin-\\nnie s. (201.) Madras Chamber of Commerce confirm Dr. Wight s valu-\\nation of Mr. Fiunie s Cotton. (202.) Manchester Commercial Association\\npass a similar judgment upon the Cotton. (203.) Fourth season, 1848-49\\nproposed extension of planting operations. (204.) Mr. Finnie s matured\\njudgment against the culture of American Cotton or use of the American\\nGin. (205.) Pronounces in favour of the Indigenous Cotton and Native\\nChurka. (206.) Native Cotton should first be threshed, next churkaed,\\nand finally cleaned by hand. (207.) Erection of Mr. Finnie s Gin-house\\nand Driving Machinery at Sevacausey. (208.) Relative cost of the\\nChurka, the Hand-gin, and the Cattle-gin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (209.) Mr. Finnie refused\\npermission to extend his operations to Coimbatore.\\n126 Labours of Mr. Finnie and Dr. Wight compared.\\nIn the two preceding chapters, we have seen Dr.\\nWight engaged in Coimbatore in endeavouring, by\\nsuccessive experiments, to lay down the true principles\\nof Cotton culture in the Madras Presidency and also\\nin endeavouring, by large purchases from the neigh-\\nbouring Eyots, to fulfil the order of the Court of\\nDirectors for 6000 bales of ginned East India Cotton.\\nMeantime, that is, during the second period of four\\nyears, extending between 1845 and 1849, Mr. Finnie\\nhad been engaged in a totally different line of opera-\\ntions in the South. From the very first, the latter\\ngentleman evidently had no heart in the efforts that\\nwere being made to introduce the cultivation of Ame-\\nrican Cotton and the use of the American Machinery\\ninto this Presidency but whether he acted from a\\nsincere conviction of their inutility, or whether, as a\\npatriotic American Planter, he systematically endea-\\nvoured to throw cold water upon the objects in view,\\nmust be entirely left to the judgment of the reader.\\nIt will be sufficient to say that, as regarded both the\\nNew Orleans plant and the saw gin, he did as little as\\nhe possibly could and that, if he exerted himself at\\nall, it was chiefly to vaunt the Native Cotton and the\\nMadras churka. In other respects however the narra-\\ntive of his labours will prove highly valuable. As a\\nPlanter, he possessed a practical knowledge of Ameri-\\ncan Cotton cultivation as it was carried on in the", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FINNIE s POUR TEAES US TINNEVELLY. 81\\nSouthern States whilst during his residence in India,\\nhe had familiarized himself to a considerable extent\\nwith the character of the Eyots, and with the mode of\\ncarrying on the Cotton trade in this country. Both\\nthese points will be largely illustrated in the following\\nparas. and as Mr. Finnie was also a man of sense and\\nshrewdness, his own observations, extracted and con-\\ndensed from his official letters, will throw considerable\\nlight upon the actual condition of the Cotton trade and\\ncultivation in the Madras Presidency; though they\\nmay convey a generally unfavourable impression re-\\nspecting the possibility of any great improvements\\nbeing speedily carried out through the aid of American\\nseed or American machinery.\\nFirst season, 1845-46 Mr. Finnie s first impres- 127\\nsions of Tinnevelly. Mr. Finnie proceeded to Tinne-\\nvelly in October, 1845. His ostensible objects were to\\ndistribute American Cotton seed amongst the Byots, and\\nto exhibit the working of some small-sized saw gins.\\nIt seems also to have been expected that he should\\ncultivate some American Cotton, partly to test the\\ncapabilities of the district, and partly to instruct the\\nNatives in the improved method of cultivation. On\\nreaching Tinnevelly however he found that the sowing\\nseason was over, and accordingly he could do little\\nbeyond recording his first impressions, and submitting\\na plan of operations to the authorities. As Mr. Finnie s\\nregards the capabilities of the Tinnevelly letter,\\ni -i r ,i ,i J Jan., 1846.\\ndistrict, he appears to have at this time Pari. Return\\nformed a favourable opinion. Both the (184r p 417\\nNew Orleans and the Sea Island varieties might, he\\nthought, be grown in Tinnevelly the New Orleans in\\nthe vicinity of the hills, where it would receive the\\nbenefit of both monsoons and the Sea Island on the\\ncoast, about seven to fifteen miles from the sea, where\\nit would be near enough to enjoy the benefit of the sea\\nbreeze, and far enough off to secure a better soil than\\ncould be obtained immediately on the shore. As re-\\ngards the Native cultivation he was less sanguine, The\\nNatives sowed their Cotton broad-cast, frequently with\\nother kinds of produce, and then left it to take its", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nchance so that it was a mystery to hiin how they\\nobtained a Cotton crop at all. Jf however they could\\nonly be induced to pay more attention to the cultiva-\\ntion, to plant their Cotton by itself and after a more\\nregular fashion, and to gather their crops in a cleaner\\nstyle, the ordinary Native Cotton might soon be ren-\\ndered equal to Upland Georgia. There would how-\\never be considerable difficulty in persuading the people\\nto adopt an improved culture and improved machinery.\\nEuropeans might carry on their new methods for ages\\nwith the greatest success, but the Natives would never\\nfollow their example, but would consider the whole\\noperation to be a peculiar trick on the part of the\\nEurope gentlemen, in which they had no interest or\\nconcern.\\n128 Suggestion, that by acting as a Cotton Agent, he\\ncould induce the Ryots to adopt the new culture.\\nUnder these circumstances, Mr. Finnie proposed that\\nhe should be allowed to act as an Agent for the pro-\\nduce of Cotton. Thus, whilst as a Government serv-\\nant he would be teaching the Eyots an improved\\nmethod of culture, he would as a Commercial Agent\\nbe engaged in affording them direct encouragement to\\ncarry his agricultural precepts into practice, by offering\\nthem higher prices for the Native article. He there-\\nfore proposed to set up a Tinnevelly Cotton Agency\\nand either to make large shipments of Cotton to the\\nCourt of Directors, or to announce by circular to the\\ndifferent merchants at home that he was prepared to\\nsupply the article.\\n129 An Agency would also increase the profits of both\\nEyots and Merchants, and double the exports. Mr.\\nEinnie s arguments were not unlike those of Mr.\\nEischer already noticed in para. 38, and may be ex-\\nhibited thus. The Cotton in this country goes through\\ntoo many hands. The Cotton is purchased from the\\nEyots by the Native Chetties, who again sell it to the\\nEuropean Agents on the coast, who again are not\\nbuying it for themselves, but for European merchants\\nin England. Thus the Chetty cheats the Eyot from\\nwhom he buys, and the Agent to whom he sells, and", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FIKNIE s TOUR YEARS IN TIKNEYELLY. 83\\nthe price of the Cotton is further swollen by the\\ncharges of the European houses of Agency. In Tinne-\\nvelly, upwards of 50,000 candies of Cotton are shipped\\nevery year at a cost of some 25 lakhs of rupees, or\\n\u00c2\u00a3250,000 the mere shipment of which occupies eight\\nAgency houses on the coast, whose charges alone are\\nequal to 12 per cent, on the whole. All this Cotton,\\nhe represented, might be shipped by one or two Agency\\nhouses, which would so far reduce the expenses as to\\nencourage the home merchants to largely increase their\\ntrade. Again, by purchasing direct from the Eyots,\\nthe iniquitous services of the Chetties would be dis-\\npensed with, and the Eyots would reap the full reward\\nof their labours.\\nNothing however would induce the Eyots to adopt 130\\nthe American Saw Gin. As regards separating the\\nstaple from the seed and cleaning it for the home mar-\\nket, Mr. Einnie believed that nothing, not even an\\nagency, would induce the people of India to recognize\\nthe advantages of the American saw gin. The circum-\\nstances of America and India, in respect to the use of\\nthis machine, were altogether different. In America,\\nwhere slave labour was valuable and time was money,\\na Planter could invest his capital profitably in ma-\\nchinery. In India, on the contrary, the bulk of the\\npeople were not employed for one-third of their time,\\nand a man was willing to labour for three rupees a\\nmonth, during which period he would in his own rude\\nway clean a candy of Cotton, or 500 lbs. Was it\\nlikely therefore that a Native would pay four rupees\\nfor having a candy of Cotton cleaned in six hours by an\\nAmerican gin If the man could get no employment\\nduring that month, he would lose the whole four rupees\\nand even if he did get work elsewhere, he would still be\\nthe loser of one rupee. Again, when the Cotton was\\nseparated from the seed, the seed was still useful to the\\npeople as food for cattle, but it could be of no value to\\nan Agency. If however an Agency were established in\\nthe Cotton districts for the purchase of the Cotton\\nseed, and if the Natives agreed to give a fair price for\\nthe seed after it had been separated from the Cotton,\\ng2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "84 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nthen it might be worth the Agent s while to employ\\nthe gin, for the sake of the superior cleanness of the\\nginned Cotton. But it must be borne in mind that\\nthe carriage of the seed and staple to the Agent s gin-\\nhouse would be infinitely more expensive than the\\ncarriage of the staple alone and that the carriage of\\nthe seed back again after the ginning would prevent\\nthe people from giving much for it. If therefore, from\\nthe increased cost of carriage, the price of the staple\\nand seed, before separation by the Agent s gin, was\\nequal to the price of the staple and seed after separ-\\nation by the Native churka, it was clearly impossible\\nthat the extra outlay for ginning could be made to\\npay.\\nThe Thresher recommended. Under such circum-\\nstances, Mr. Finnie considered it best to leave the\\npeople to separate the staple from the seed by the\\nchurka; and to employ some machine which could\\nclean the dust and trash out of the wool. For this\\npurpose he recommended the thresher already de-\\nscribed in para. 27, as cleaning the Cotton prior to its\\nseparation by the churka as effectually as the brush-\\nwheel cleaned the Cotton after it had been separated\\nby the saw gin. But notwithstanding this expression\\nof opinion, Mr. Finnie was prepared to set up saw gins\\nworked by cattle, and to exhibit their working to the\\npeople. He was indeed expecting the arrival of a\\nthresher from Calcutta but this he proposed to set\\nup together with the gins, as both gins and thresher\\ncould be worked by the same driving machinery.\\nMeantime however he intended to ascertain if the\\npeople would use gins worked by hand, provided the\\nmachines were let out on the toll system. Accordingly\\nhe asked and obtained three hand gins from Dr.\\nWight, two of twenty-five saws each and one of\\ntwenty saws.*\\nThese remarks of Mr. Finnie against the employment of the\\nAmerican gin in India were subsequently referred to Dr. Wight,\\nwhose reply will be found at para. 170. For the sake of clearness,\\nhowever, it will be advisable to continue the narrative in exact\\nchronological order.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FIKNIE s FOTJE YEAES IX TINNETELLY. 85\\nThree points in the career of Mr. Finnie the New 132\\nOrleans Cotton, the Agency, and the Saw Gin. It\\nwill be seen from the foregoing paras, that the three\\nobjects which Mr. Finnie had put forward were con-\\nnected with the cultivation of New Orleans Cotton,\\nthe encouragement of the Eyots by purchasing Cotton\\nas an Agent, and the introduction, or rather non-intro-\\nduction, of the saw gin. Accordingly, in narrating his\\nproceedings the three lines of operations here indicated\\nwill be kept distinct as much as possible. Thus, in\\nnoticing the proceedings of each season, we shall relate,\\nfirst, what Mr. Finnie achieved in reference to the\\ncultivation of American Cotton, either by himself or by\\nthe Natives secondly, what success attended his opera-\\ntions as a Cotton Agent and, thirdly, what he actually\\ndid as regards the churka and the saw gin.\\nCultivation of Cotton tour to Courtallum under 133\\nboth monsoons, June, 1846. It has already been stated\\nthat Mr. Finnie reached Tinnevelly too late in the year\\n1845 to attempt the cultivation of American Cotton\\nduring that season. Also that he had been strongly\\nimpressed with the opinion that New Orleans Cotton\\nwould grow wherever the country enjoyed the benefit\\nof both monsoons. Accordingly in June, Mr. Einnie s\\n1846, Mr. Finnie proceeded on a tour to ^^fjjj} 1\\nCourtallum in the western portion of the Pari. Return\\nTinnevelly district, which lies under the 1857 ^p- 263\\nrange of mountains between Tinnevelly and the Native\\nstate of Travancore, and which enjoys the influence\\nof both the north-east and south-west monsoons.\\nNecessity for the co-operation of the Natives em- 134\\nployment of hired labour by the European always a\\nloss. Mr. Finnie s ultimate object was to test the\\ncapabilities of the large area of country, thus peculiarly\\nsituated, for the cultivation of the New Orleans variety.\\nBut his more immediate object was to interest the\\npeople directly in the new cultivation, by inducing\\nsome of the more influential Ryots to plant an acre or\\ntwo each, on their own account, but according to his\\ndirections. Nothing indeed could be done without the\\nco-operation of the people for it was an established", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "86 COTTON IN THE MADBAS PEESIDENCT. [1ST SEASON.\\nfact, that if the people would but adopt the improved\\nagricultural method, they could always produce the\\nraw material, whatever that material might be, very\\nmuch cheaper than any European could do by the\\nhired labour system, Mr. Fmnie knew from experi-\\nence that the hired labour system afforded such numer-\\nous opportunities for peculation, that it was impossi-\\nble for a capitalist to follow that system with any profit\\nin India in the growth of any article whatever.\\n135 First intercourse with the Ryots allays fears and\\nsuspicions. On the 1st of June, 1846, Mr. Einnie\\nreached Courtallum, and made the people acquainted\\nwith his object. On the 3rd, he was visited by some\\nof the more respectable Byots, who asked for an ex-\\nplanation of his object, and at the same time expressed\\ntheir own doubts and fears. Eirst, they thought that\\nMr. Einnie aimed at getting possession of their lands\\nbut he assured them that he wanted nothing beyond\\nthe bare trial of the experiment, on a small scale the\\nfirst year, and then if successful on a larger scale the\\nnext. Secondly, they expressed a fear that, if the new\\nCotton succeeded, the Government would raise their\\nassessment but upon this point he succeeded in satis-\\nfying them. Thirdly, the question arose as to where\\nthey should sell the new Cotton. This last argument\\nMr. Einnie had as yet no authority to parry but at\\nlast he made himself responsible, and promised to take\\nall the new Cotton off their hands at the real value of\\nthe article.\\n136 Explains the improved method of culture to the\\nRyots. Having thus satisfied the scruples of the Na-\\ntives, Mr. Einnie went out and planted a small field be-\\nfore their eyes. At their desire he then accompanied\\nthem into the country to look at their fields and the\\nparty increased in numbers as it proceeded, until at last\\nhe had fifty or sixty people with him, all anxious to adopt\\nthe new plan and asking for seed. These results en-\\ncouraged Mr. Einnie to believe that the people would\\nspeedily cultivate the American Cotton throughout the\\nwhole area under the influence of both monsoons whilst\\nthose who only cultivated the Native Cotton under the", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. EINNIE s FOUR YEABS IN TINNEVELLY. 87\\nnorth-east rains would gradually adopt the new plan\\nof sowing in rows, and of ploughing between the rows.\\nMr. Finnie s tour from Courtallum to Coimbatore, 137\\nJuly. On the 1st of July, Mr. Finnie set\\nout from Courtallum on a kind of explor- D^ r m pari!\\ning and itinerant Cotton planting expedi- Return\\ntion, along the foot of the hills northwards 1857 P- m\\nto Coimbatore. During this tour he was disappointed\\nas to the extent of the area of country enjoying the\\nbenefit of both monsoons. Soon after leaving the\\nvicinity of Courtallum, he found the land deprived\\naltogether of the south-west monsoon and all was arid\\nand sterile, until he had advanced beyond Pulney in\\nthe Madura district, and reached the borders of the\\ndistrict of Coimbatore. There, however, the south-\\nwest monsoon rushes through the Paulghatcherry Pass,\\nand fertilizes a large extent of country.\\nPreparations for assisting Dr. Wight in completing 138\\nthe Court s order for 6000 bales. During Mr. Fin-\\nnie s short stay at Coimbatore, Dr. Wight\\nhad an opportunity of conversing with him, ^tter^sth S\\nupon the exertions necessary for compiet- July, 1846.\\ning the order of the Court of Directors (miy^^ s\\nfor 5000 or 6000 bales of ginned East In-\\ndian Cotton. Dr. Wight had already despatched three\\nsaw gins to Mr. Finnie, and he subsequently applied\\nto the Madras Government that Mr. Finnie might be\\npermitted to purchase seed Cotton for ginning.\\nMr. Finnie permitted to act as Agent: restricted 139\\nto Cotton ginned and prepared on the American prin-\\nciple, August. Meantime, Mr. Finnie s Minutesof\\nrequest to be permitted to act as a private Consuita-\\nAgent for the purchase of Cotton had Feb!,i846.\\nbeen refused. The Madras Government Pari. Return\\nexpressed itself fully aware of the import-\\nance of securing a local market to the Cotton growers,\\nbut considered that Mr. Finnie as a Government\\nservant could not engage in commercial adventures.\\nSubsequently, however, the Madras Government dis-\\ncovered that the privilege asked by Mr. Finnie had\\nalready been granted by the Bombay Government to", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "88 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nMr. Simpson, another American Planter, on the very\\nground urged by Mr. Pinnie; namely, that if the\\nPlanters appeared as purchasers, their instructions\\nwould command greater attention than would be given\\nto mere abstract recommendations. Accordingly, a\\nMinutes of similar permission was granted to Mr. Pin-\\nConsuita- nie, but under the same restrictions as\\nAug!, 1 those imposed at Bombay namely, that\\na857) Ret 265 P urcnases should he restricted to Cot-\\ni p ton ginned and prepared on the American\\nprinciple.\\n140 Restriction removed. Mr. Pinnie appealed strongly\\nagainst the restriction to ginned Cotton.\\n^ter ,i 28tn 3S e re P ea e au his previous objections to\\nAug., 1846. the use of the gin. He again stated that\\n^57)^268. wna was wanted was a machine like a\\nthresher to clean the staple, before the\\npeople had separated it from the seed by the churka.\\nAt the same time Mr. Pinnie requested permission to\\nconnect himself with a house or houses of Agency, as\\nMinutes of he f\u00c2\u00b0 un( l it impossible for an isolated in-\\nConsuita- dividual to trade in Cotton. Both these\\nNov .fisL. requests were conceded by the Madras\\nParL ,R etum Government; and thus Mr. Pinnie was\\np allowed to act as general Agent for the\\nsupply of Cotton, and to connect himself with any of\\nthe houses of Agency.\\n141 Mr. Finnie s first year s proceedings with the\\nClxurka, Thresher, and Gin. Up to this point there\\nappears to have been no breach between Dr. Wight\\nDr. Wight s an(i Mr Pinnie. Dr. Wight supplied Mr.\\nMter^28th Pinnie with three saw gins, two of twenty-\\nPart Return five saws, and one of twenty saws, to be\\n(1857), p. 266. wor ked by hand. He requested that Mr.\\nPinnie might be furnished with sufficient funds for the\\npurchase of seed Cotton to keep his three gins at work.\\nHe even represented to the Madras Government the\\npropriety of purchasing four or five hundred bales of\\nthe best churkaed Cotton, to be cleaned by the thresher,\\nand then to be sent to England, in order to ascertain\\nwhat the best Native Cotton would realize in the", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] MR. FIITNTE s FOUR YEARS m TINNEYELLT. 89\\nEnglish market. Dr. Wight considered this last mea-\\nsure to be of the utmost importance inasmuch as the\\nnative dealers were so accustomed to mix the inferior\\nqualities of Cotton with the better sorts, that very few\\nsamples of the best qualities of Indian Cotton ever\\nreached the English market, and consequently much\\nignorance prevailed respecting the average prices which\\nsuch Cotton would realize. Thus the per- Mr p innie\\nmission granted to Mr. Einnie to purchase letter, 15th\\nchurkaed Cotton harmonized with Dr. pari Return\\nWight s own views. A distinction, how- (i857),p.267.\\never, must be made between the authority Dr. Wight s\\nwhich he received to purchase on Govern- gept r, i846\\nment account seed Cotton for ginning Pari. Return\\ntowards making up the 6000 bales, and the (1857) p 337\\nchurkaed Cotton for threshing to make up the 600\\nbales and the permission granted him to purchase\\nany Cotton he pleased on private account, as agent\\nto any merchant who might consider it expedient to\\nengage his services. This, however, will be noticed\\nfurther on. Meantime it will be sufficient to say\\nthat Mr. Einnie secured the thresher already al-\\nluded to. He also ordered an American hand gin\\nmade by Mr. Idler of Philadelphia, on the ground\\nthat the gins made in America had been found to\\nwork with less labour, and to turn out nearly double\\nthe quantity of Cotton, than those made in England.\\nBoth purchases were supported by Dr. Wight, and\\nsanctioned by the Madras Government. Nothing of\\ncourse was done during the first season, as Mr. Fmnie s\\nMr. Einnie could not obtain Cotton except 0^846*\\nof the poorest quality, and moreover had no Pari Return\\nhouse in which to set up his gins. (i857),p.339.\\nQueries submitted to Mr. Finnie by the Marquis 142\\nof Tweeddale. Before entering upon the second year\\nof Mr. Einnie s operations in Tinnevelly, it may be as\\nwell to bring forward the results of his experience in\\nreference to the cultivation of Cotton both\\nin America and India. Dr. Wight s Notes ara\\non American Agriculture, which he drew Mnmte bjr\\nup at the request of Lord Elphinstone, have f TwS- 8", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "90 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON,\\nDec 1847 already been exhibited in the second chap-\\nPari. Return ter. In the same way Mr. Finnie replied\\n169?^ P a considerable length to certain queries\\npropounded by the Marquis of Tweeddale\\nand the results are accordingly condensed and arranged\\nin a similar form.\\nME. FINNIE S NOTES ON COTTON CULTIVATION\\nIN AMERICA AND INDIA.\\n143 Early cultivation of Cotton in America compared\\nwith the present cultivation in India. The earliest\\nCotton cultivated in North America is\\nanswers\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 S supposed to have been brought from the\\nof the Mar Grecian Archipelago. It was first tried in\\nquis of Virginia, but the season between the last\\ni6lhNov le frost of spring and the first frost of autumn\\n1847. Pari. was found to be too short to produce a profit-\\nOL857) j 178. a e cro P- Still, however, it was raised for\\ndomestic consumption, until a more favour-\\nable climate was discovered. Subsequently, the early\\nemigrants, journeying westward from Virginia to Ken-\\ntucky, carried the Cotton seed with them, but still\\nfound the climate too severe. At last it was cultivated\\nwith much success in the more southern province of\\nTennessee, where the summer season was slightly\\nlonger. In that early period the saw gin was un-\\nknown. The seed was separated from the Cotton in a\\nmore primitive way even than by the Indian churka,\\nfor the American people employed no machine beyond\\ntheir own fingers. At that time the circumstances of\\nthe American settlers were almost analogous to those\\nof the Indian Ryots for the work was done when the\\npeople could employ their time in no other way. Dur-\\ning the long winter evenings, and during bad weather,\\nwhen no out- door work could be performed, the Negro\\nmen and children were engaged in separating the Cot-\\nton from the seed, whilst the Negro women were em-\\nployed in spinning and weaving the wool to clothe\\nthemselves and the family. Gradually the gin was", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FIKNIE s FOUR TEARS IN TrOTEVELLY. 91\\nintroduced. One gin house was established in every\\nneighbourhood, and ginned the Cotton for the neigh-\\nbouring farmers, whilst the owner of the gin received\\nayment in kind. But meantime adventurous settlers\\nad pushed still further to the South. The climate of\\nAlabama and Mississippi was found to be even more\\nfavourable to the plant than that of Tennessee; and\\nthere every planter soon had a gin-house of his own.\\nThus the luxuriant South reduced the Kentucky and\\nTennessee Cotton to a mere domestic product but\\neven within Mr. Einnie s recollection, that is, about\\n1820, the ~N egro men and women would gather in some\\nneighbourhoods round a blazing fire during the long\\nwinter evenings, to hand-pick the seeds out of the Cot-\\nton, which the women were to spin the next day.\\nClimate discovered to be of more importance than 144\\nsoil. During this period of emigration, the early ad-\\nventurers had discovered, as we have already seen, that\\nas they advanced towards the South, the Cotton shrub\\nbecame more and more prolific, and produced a finer\\nquality of wool. This result is to be attributed not\\nonly to the superiority of the soil, but also to the\\ngreater suitability of climate. Though soil, says Mr.\\nFinnie, exercises much influence on the quantity and\\nquality of the Cotton, climate is the great desideratum.\\nA good soil in a favourable climate will produce a large\\nquantity of fine Cotton a poor soil in a favourable\\nclimate will produce Cotton a little inferior but an\\nunfavourable climate and poor soil will produce an\\narticle inferior in quality and deficient in quantity.\\nBut however rich the soil may be, no profitable crop\\ncan be produced unless the climate is propitious.\\nThese remarks refer to the climate which is essential\\nto the production of American Cotton. As regards\\nthe climate of Southern India, Mr. Finnie believed\\n(1847) that it produced a very good article of indigen-\\nous Cotton, which only required care and cleanliness\\nto render it very useful and valuable. He feared, how-\\never, that the Indian climate was not suited to the New\\nOrleans variety.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "92 C0TT01S m THE MADE AS PEESIDEtfCY. [1ST SEASON\\nI\\n145 Nature of the lands in America on which the Ame-\\nrican plant is grown. All land in the Southern States\\nof America on which Cotton is grown has been cleared\\nfrom forest at a comparatively late period. The Cot- 3\\nton does not produce a good crop in the first season c\\nafter the land is cleared the great quantity of extra-\\nneous matter causing it to grow to long watery shoots, j\\nwhich yield no fruit. Accordingly Indian corn is ge- 1\\nnerally grown as the first crop. The land, however, j\\nis peculiarly suited to the Cotton plant, being a rich\\nvegetable loam, with a deep clay sub-soil and it is, 1\\nmoreover, situated in a favourable climate.\\n146 Manure, consisting of old stalks and rotten seed, j\\nburied in a furrow between the rows. The land, says\\nMr. Finnic, is manured when required. The poor old\\nland is manured early in the spring, by running a deep\\nfurrow between the old rows, which are filled up with\\nthe old Cotton stalks but the poorest lands have some\\nother manure added, of which well-rotted Cotton seed\\nis found to be the best. Here America differs from\\nIndia, for it produces so many better things than Cot-\\nton seeds as food for cattle, that the seeds are of no\\nvalue. When the manure has thus been laid in the\\nfurrow, it is covered up by running two furrows, so that\\nthe mole laps, and forms a slight ridge over the manure\\nand in this state the stalks and seed are allowed to lie\\nuntil the planting season, by which time they are well\\nrotted. The advantage of this operation is two-fold\\nfirst, the land is manured and secondly, half the plough-\\ning is accomplished which is necessary for preparing\\nthe land for planting. The operation, as already seen,\\nis carried out very early in the spring, before the frost\\nhas ceased to fall and when the frost is over and all\\nfear of it has ceased, one or two furrows are ploughed\\nalong either side of the manure ridge, which is subse-\\nquently broken up. This is done to save time, the great\\nobject being to get the seed into the ground as early as\\npossible.\\n147 Climate: very humid at night, but hot in the day.\\nThe climate is damp all over America, but in the\\nSouthern States it is very humid, causing heavy dews", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. EIOTIE ON COTTON CULTIVATION. 93\\nand thick fogs at night these, however, are soon dis-\\npelled on the appearance of a bright snn, which usually\\nprevails in the morning and during the whole day.\\nThe rains may be thus characterized. During spring,\\nsummer, and autumn they consist of heavy bursts of fre-\\nquent showers. During the winter the climate is pro-\\nverbially described as consisting of three heavy white\\nfrosts, and a hot sun in the day, which is succeeded by\\na heavy rain, generally of one day s duration, but occa-\\nsionally extending over ten days.\\nRotation of crops alternation with Indian corn oc- 148\\ncasionally necessary. The Cotton plant fills the land\\nso full of its own excretions, that after a few years the\\nground is rendered unsuitable for the reproduction of\\nthe plant in a healthy state. But Mr. Finnie doubted\\nI whether the continued crops exhausted the soil for if\\nthe lands, said to be exhausted, were planted for one\\ni year with Indian corn, they would produce a fine crop\\nof the corn, and the next year would be again fitted for\\nthe production of Cotton.\\nCapital required in American cultivation. Any sum 149\\nfrom 20,000 dollars to 200,000 might be invested in\\nan estate. The first amount would yield a handsome\\nprofit, provided it were well managed by the owner\\nhimself though it would not justify the employment\\nof a superintendent. But 200,000 dollars well laid out,\\nmade a handsome property and was as much as one\\nsuperintendent, whether owner or employer, could look\\nafter in detail, with the assistance of his Negro drivers.\\nThere were many planters, however, who owned several\\nsuch estates and the details of each were para\\nconducted by a superintendent, whose re-\\nputation was involved in its success or failure, that is,\\nin the profit or loss of the estate entrusted to his charge.\\nSuccessive operations necessary to raise a crop: 150\\ncleaning old land and clearing new. In America, says\\nMr. Finnie, the life of a Cotton Planter is one of inces-\\nsant labour. In the first place, great care is necessary\\nto ensure a good and regular stand of plants and, se-\\ncondly, in the gathering season, constant attention is\\nnecessary to ensure the cleanliness of the Cotton but", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "94 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nwhen the hands employed have been once brought\\nunder strict discipline, they give but little further\\ntrouble to the Planter. The operations of the year may\\nbe thus described. The week s holiday, which is an-\\nnually granted to the negroes, is over by the first of Janu-\\nary. The first operations of the Planter are to clean\\nand prepare his old land, and to clear a piece of new.\\nOn the old land, advantage is taken of every interval of\\nfine weather, for a few steady ploughmen to run the\\nmanure furrow already described between the old Cot-\\nton rows while women and children follow them, and\\nbeat down the old stalks and lay them in the furrow. If\\nnecessary, the carts follow with the manure, and then the\\nploughs again run over the land to cover up the manure\\nat once. On the new land, the trees are cut down for\\nfences, whilst the under-grown and thick canes are cut\\nflat to the ground, and when sufficiently dry, are set on\\nfire and burnt off clean. Before the embers are cold,\\nthis new land is planted with Indian corn because\\nthe latter is not so delicate as Cotton, and is not killed\\nby the frost. The three agricultural operations of\\nplanting, scraping, and gathering may now be described\\nin their natural order.\\n151 Planting. The planting season lasts from the first\\nto the thirteenth of April. The first of April is the\\ngreat commencing day, and then every available\\nplough team is put in harness, and often the carriage\\nhorses are pressed into the service of the plough. A\\nfew additional furrows are thrown to the slight manure\\nridge already mentioned, in order that the closing fur-\\nrow may drain the surplus spring showers. JS*ext fol-\\nlows the drill, which opens the ridge whilst an active\\nwoman keeps pace with the horse, and sows the seed\\nin a beautiful straight line in the little furrow opened\\nby the drill. The interval between the plants varies ac-\\ncording to the poorness or richness of the soil. In poor\\nland the Cotton is planted close together, but in rich\\nlands wide apart, thus reversing the order of grain hus-\\nbandry. Accordingly, the plants are sown in rows\\nfrom four to eight feet apart, varying according to the\\nquality of the land and the seed is left in the drill in", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FIN1STE ON COTTON CULTIVATION. 95\\nI corresponding intervals of from six to twelve inches,\\ni or even of fifteen inches where the land is very rich.\\nIn India three inches in the drill, and two feet\\nbetween the rows, is sufficient in the best lands. After\\nsowing, the harrow follows immediately, and lightly\\nf covers the seed and this operation brings the work of\\nthe planting season to a close. Here it may be re-\\nmarked that one steady ploughman with his horse and\\nj drill one woman to sow the seed, with a little boy to\\nwait on her and supply the seed and a large boy with\\nhis harrow drawn by a horse will altogether plant\\ni ten acres per diem.\\nScraping or hoeing. The scraping season com- 152\\nI mences immediately after the plants are above-ground,\\ni This operation is very important, as the success of the\\nj crop mainly depends upon the neatness and accuracy\\ni of the scraping. The great point is to secure a good\\nstand of plants that is, to leave the plants in regular\\nj intervals, and proportioned in width to the poorness or\\nI strength of the land. To achieve this object a few care-\\nful Negro drivers give their whole care and attention\\nj to it, following the hoemen to see that neither too\\nmuch nor too little is taken away. The Cotton as it\\ncomes up stands thick in the drill. The hoe is passed\\ni through the mass of plants, and cuts away in width as\\ni the hoeman is directed by the driver, leaving two plants\\ni in a place, thus\\nIf both the plants live, one of them is pulled out at the\\nI next hoeing. A ploughman follows these scrapers or\\nhoemen, and runs a slight furrow on both sides of each\\nCotton row, throwing a little dirt gently among the\\nplants, to replace that which had been taken away by\\nthe hoe. Alternate ploughing and hoeing thus con-\\ntinue in rapid succession, each round occupying from\\nfifteen to twenty days, until at length the pods begin\\nto open. During this period, time can scarcely be\\nfound to gather the fodder from the Indian corn, or\\neven to obtain the grain when it has at last ripened.\\nGathering. The gathering season commences about 153\\nthe middle of July, when only a few of the first-formed\\nbolls begin to open. Before, however, these have been", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "96 COTTON m THE MADEAS PKESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\ngathered from the whole plantation, the beautiful snow-\\nwhite tufts of vegetable wool begin to appear, thickly\\ninterspersed amongst the deep green and yellow flowers.\\njFrom that time until Christmas there is no cessation\\nof labour. Six days in the week from daylight to dark\\nthe hands are in the field, except when they are inter-\\nrupted by rain, which is always injurious during the\\npicking season, when dry weather is most desired.\\nEvery evening the day s gathering is weighed to see\\nthat each hand has done its duty every hand being\\nexpected to pick from 150 to 250 lbs. per diem, aver-\\naging in fine weather about 200 lbs. a result which\\nstrangely contrasts with similar work in India, where\\nMr. Finnic never heard of a hand-gathering exceeding\\nfifteen pounds, and where from seven to ten pounds is\\nthe usual day s work. After the weighing of the day s\\ngathering, the Cotton is carried in waggons to the gin-\\nhouse, and the day s work is over. Next day the Cot-\\nton is spread out on plank scaffolds to dry and a few\\nsuperannuated Negroes pick it over, and take out the\\ntrash that may have accidentally got mixed with it.\\nThus the seed Cotton goes to the gin almost free from\\ntrash, and consequently comes out clean.\\n154* Uncertainty of weather: average crops. As re-\\ngards the general failure of the Cotton crop, Mr. Einnie\\nsays that he had never known of such a case in Ame-\\nrica. Every year the speculators who have a stock to\\nsell get up a cry of failure whilst those who wish to\\nbuy exaggerate the probable produce of the season in\\norder to lessen the price. The reason why there never\\nis a general failure seems to be as follows. Poor and\\nrich lands are interspersed through the whole country,\\nexcept immediately on the river and whilst the poor\\nlands produce the finest crops in a wet season, the new\\nrich hill lands, and all river bottom lands, produce the\\nbest crops in a dry season, or rather in what the Ame-\\nricans would call a dry season. In estimating the\\nclimate, however, it is necessary to bear in mind that\\nthe Americans plant their Cotton in the spring, at a\\ntime when lands in general have been saturated by all\\nthe winter rains, and when it is often difficult to get", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FINKIE Otf COTTON CULTIVATION. 97\\nthe ground dry enough to plant nicely. Again, after\\nsowing, a good rain is essential to a perfect stand of\\nplants and indeed during the planting season, it usu-\\nally falls at intervals of a few days. If no rain falls on\\nthe newly-sown field, the plants come up irregularly.\\nAgain, if a very heavy rain falls on the newly-sown\\nCotton, and a hot sun follows immediately after-\\nwards then, if the ground be old and clayey, it\\nbakes over the seed, and becomes so hard that the\\nplant cannot make its way through it and a light\\nwooden-tooth harrow is often run over it to break the\\ncrust, and thus to let the young plants appear above-\\nground. But as regards weather, the Planter is a pro-\\nverbial grumbler. It is always too dry or too wet. If\\nhe does not get rain every six or eight days during the\\nwhole ploughing and hoeing season, he grumbles, and\\nfrets, and loses all patience at seeing his hands work-\\ning to so great disadvantage in the hard land wearing\\nout his hoes, wearing out the files for keeping the hoes\\nsharp, and obliging his blacksmiths to be always em-\\nployed in keeping the ploughs in order. Then the\\ni Planter in the old hills or uplands is raving because his\\nplants do not grow in dry weather whilst his neigh-\\nbour on the river bottoms is raving because his\\nplants grow too fast in wet weather. Thus the crop is\\nalways pretty regular, except when attacked by the\\nbug or caterpillar but this casualty seldom happens.\\nThe usual rough estimate of an average crop is a bale\\nof 400 lbs. of clean Cotton per acre the seed Cotton\\nyielding from 30 to 31 per cent, of clean Cotton. Mr.\\nPinnie considered that some lands might produce such\\na crop but he was inclined to estimate the average at\\nabout 300 lbs. of clean Cotton per acre.\\nExpenses of Cotton cultivation produce estimated, 155\\nnot at so much per acre, but at four to eight bales per\\nNegro. According to Mr. Pinnie, it is impossible to\\ncalculate in detail the expenses of cultivating one acre\\nof Cotton because there are slaves employed, who re-\\nceive no wages, and who are also employed in culti-\\nvating other things beside Cotton. The produce is\\nalways roughly estimated at so many bales to the\\nH", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "98 COTTON IN THE MADKAS PRESIDENCY. [1ST SEASON.\\nhand, varying from four to eight, according to the\\nability of the Planter and the season. This estimate\\nis exclusive of the other things produced for home con-\\nsumption. All thrifty planters produce all their coarse\\nsupplies, such as bread, meat, vegetables, and similar\\narticles for the Negroes food. Formerly the Negroes\\nclothing was also made at home but now the ma-\\nchinery has long supplanted the hand-wheel. Alto-\\ngether the Planter now (1847) does not realize above\\neight per cent, for his money but then he lives on\\nthe produce of the estate, with the exception of such\\nluxuries as his habits and tastes require.\\n156 Machinery, Gin-house, Gins, Press, and Drawing\\nMachinery. The expense of American machinery per\\nacre cannot be calculated any more than the expense\\nof cultivation. The following machinery must be pur-\\nchased by the Planter, whether he produces one hun-\\ndred bales of Cotton, or six hundred excepting per-\\nhaps that he might produce the former with one gin\\nonly, whereas he would require two gins to produce the\\nlatter.\\nDollars.\\nGin-house from 2000 to 2500\\nTwo Gins from 350 to 400 each, say 700\\nSingle Iron Screw Press from 500 to 550\\nDriving machinery fitted up from 500 to 600\\nTotal Dollars 4350\\nBut the mode of procedure in America is so different\\nfrom that in India, that the most exact estimate in de-\\ntail of a gin-house and the necessary machinery would\\nafford no criterion for the arrangements which would\\nprove most beneficial in the latter country. Here in\\nIndia it will be necessary to give the people something\\nmore simple than the gin and large gin-houses for their\\nown use in cleaning their own Cotton. In fact, the\\nseeds of the Indian Cotton are so small, that if the\\ngrates of the gin are placed close enough together to\\nprevent the seed from passing through, the saws bring\\nthe Cotton so much in contact with the bars, as to cut", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "1845-46.] ME. FINNIE 01ST COTTON CULTIVATION. 99\\nit to a degree that much injures the staple. Accord-\\ningly, Mr. Finnie considered that the American gin\\nwas only suited to the American Cotton that the two\\nmust go hand in hand and where the American Cot-\\nton failed, the gin would prove useless.\\nPrice of Land: fluctuates with the price of Cotton. 157\\nThe rent of land in Southern America, as part of the\\ncost of producing Cotton, could not be estimated by\\nMr. Finnie. In the Southern States, he said, every\\nPlanter is a landlord, from the squatter with his small\\nsection, to the capitalist with his twenty thousand acres.\\nLand rent is thus unknown, and the value of an estate\\nis never calculated so closely. A Planter who is com-\\npelled to sell, takes what his neighbours are disposed\\nto give him. Sometimes a wealthy neighbour will offer\\na very high price for a good plantation in his immediate\\nneighbourhood, because he wants it for an especial ob-\\nject. Again, it is very often the case that three-\\nfourths, and sometimes seven-eighths of an estate, are\\nuncleared forest and consequently the whole value\\ncannot be estimated according to the produce of that\\nwhich is under culture. In a word, land in the South-\\nern States has no fixed value, but seems to fluctuate\\nwith the price of Cotton.\\nMinimum price at which American Cotton could be 158\\nproduced, four pence per pound. As an illustration of\\nthe cost at which Cotton was produced in America, Mr.\\nFinnie furnished the following interesting data. Some-\\ntime about 1840, when the question of a Cotton supply\\nfrom India was seriously agitated, a meeting was called\\nof the most intelligent and distinguished Planters, in\\norder to determine upon the best method of counter-\\nacting the efforts which were being made in that direc-\\ntion. It was then decided that so long as the American\\nPlanters could get eight cents (4d.) per lb. for their Cot-\\nton, delivered at the nearest market, they could afford\\nto produce it but that if a supply from any other quar-\\nter could be obtained for less than that sum, they must\\nthen turn their attention to the cultivation of other com-\\nmodities. Thus by adding Id. per lb. to the 4 d. for ex-\\npenses to England, we have the minimum price, 5d. per", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "100 COTTON TN THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [LST SEASON.\\nlb., at which it is said America can produce the article.\\nAll therefore that remained to be done in India, was the\\nproduction of an article of an equal quality but at less\\ncost.\\n159 Prospects of India labour in America and India\\ncompared. Mr. Finnie believed that the consumption\\nof Cotton would increase in the same ratio as the pro-\\nduction that under any circumstances all good Ame-\\nrican Cotton, and all good Indian Cotton, would ever\\nfind a market. America could not be easily supplanted,\\nwhilst she retained all her advantages of enterprise,\\nindustry, climate, soil, rivers, steam-boats, and rail-\\nroads. On the other hand, India possessed a territory\\nthat would produce a pretty good article of New\\nOrleans Cotton, and that was equal in extent to the\\nwhole Cotton- growing region in America but then to\\nrender the cultivation successful, the people must carry\\nit on themselves. Here however, in the matter of\\ncheap labour, India possessed a decided advantage.\\nThe interest of the money invested in the purchase of\\na labourer in America, added to the actual cost of his\\nmaintenance, would pay for nine able-bodied men in\\nIndia. It was true that the American labourer, as one\\nof many, not only provided for the comfort of his\\nmaster, and supported himself, but he actually enriched\\nhis master whilst the nine Indian labourers would\\nnot produce enough, in their capacity of servants to\\nthe European, to pay their own wages, to say nothing\\nof paying the land-rent and affording a profit to their\\nemployer. But still, if the people of India could only\\nbe induced to undertake themselves the improved cul-\\ntivation of the American Cotton, the advantages they\\npossessed in numerical strength, and in the trifling\\ncost at which they could be supported, more than\\ncounterbalanced the advantages possessed by America\\nin the shape of greater quantity of Cotton produced\\nper acre and a finer quality of Cotton wool.\\n160 Reduction of the Indian land-tax on Cotton grounds\\nwould neither benefit the Eyot nor extend the cul-\\nture. As regarded the land-tax in India, or Grovern-\\nment assessment upon the lands, Mr. Finnie said that", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "1845-48.] ME. FINNIE OK COTTON CULTIVATION. 101\\nthere was no land-tax in America. At the same time\\nhe expressed an opinion that a general reduction or\\nabolition of the land-tax on Cotton grounds would\\nneither benefit the Ryots nor extend the culture of\\nAmerican Cotton. There might be individual cases\\nwhere the land-tax was oppressive, and where the\\nload ought to be removed but a general reduction\\nwould effect nothing. At present the Ryot goes into\\ndebt to the extent of his means if his means are in-\\ncreased, his credit is increased in a like ratio and\\nhe avails himself of his credit to the fullest extent,\\nand his banker reaps the benefit. Therefore, if Go-\\nvernment did not collect a pice of revenue, the poor\\noppressed Indian Ryot might cease to be the theme\\nof declaimers and grievance mongers, but he would be\\nthe poor oppressed Indian Ryot still. The only\\ndifference would be, that he would change his European\\nmaster who had tried to deal fairly with him, for a\\nruthless monied fellow-countryman, whose sense of\\njustice would not be very acute.\\nMr. Einnie s Second Season, 1846-47 planting oper- 161\\nations succeeded at Courtallum but failed at Seva-\\ncausey. To return to the narrative of Mr. Finnie s\\nproceedings in Tinnevelly. At the commencement of\\nthe second season he planted some New Mr pi nn i e S\\nOrleans Cotton at Courtallum, which en- ^tte^ th\\njoyed the benefit of both monsoons, and 24th Sept.,\\nalso at Sevacausey, which enjoyed the bene- Return^ 1\\nfit of only the north-east monsoon. The (1857), p. 273\\nresults are not given in any detail. At and279\\nCourtallum only a small quantity was planted but\\nthough the land was bad, and the cultivation was much\\nneglected by the people who undertook it, yet the crop\\nproved to be of a fine quality, and under the circum-\\nstances produced a good return. At Sevacausey the\\nresult was different. Not a plant lived through the\\nlong drought which generally prevailed, excepting those\\nwhich had been sown on one small field, that had been\\ncultivated and irrigated by a Ryot of intelligence and\\nzeal. This field yielded a crop of American Cotton", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "102 COTTON m THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2]STD SEASON.\\nwhich was much liked by the people, and they ex^\\npressed a willingness to plant it again the next year.\\nMr. Finnie s Accordingly Mr. Finnie distributed seed,\\nManSi 1 an( a S ree( i take the produce in seed\\nPari. Return Cotton before separation, at two rupees\\n(1857), p. 364. per po ahee of 280 lbs. above the market\\nvalue of the Native article. This purchase is said to\\nhave been insisted upon, because the Eyots had found\\nthat they could not separate the staple from the seed\\nby their own rude churka thus rendering it necessary\\nthat all American Cotton should be separated by the\\nAmerican gin. The result properly belongs to the\\nproceedings of the next season but it will perhaps be\\nsufficient to say that this crop also proved an utter\\nfailure.\\n162 Mr. Finnie is disappointed as an Agent proposal to\\nemploy Government Funds. The Agency operations\\nof Mr. Finnie during the second season were just as\\nMr. Pinnie s disappointing as his planting operations.\\nDec er i846 h He found that tfte Merchants of Madras\\nPari Return and Ceylon had already established their\\n(1857), p. 346. owu Agents in Tinnevelly, and that con-\\nsequently he must look to other Cotton trading ports\\nfor that co-operation from the merchant, which was\\nindispensable to his success. Moreover, in consequence\\nof the delay of nearly a year in granting him permission\\nto act as Agent, the gathering season for 1846-47 was\\nso near at hand, that he feared he should not be able\\nto establish a business connexion in time to accomplish\\nmuch by that year s Agency. Accordingly he pro-\\nposed that beside erecting the gin-house, and setting\\nup the machinery, Government should place a sum of\\nmoney at his disposal. With this money he would\\npurchase Cotton, and ship it to a mercantile firm in\\nEngland, in order that it might be sold, and the amount\\nof sales be rendered to him direct. By these means he\\nwould be in possession of every item of the expense,\\nand would thus be enabled to draw up an annual\\nstatement of profit and loss, for the information of\\nGovernment and of all parties interested in the ques-\\ntion. If the Grovernment could not comply with this", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] ME. FITSTPriE s FOUR YEAES IK TI^NEYELLT. 103\\nrequest, he was prepared to clean and ship Cotton on\\nhis own account to the extent of 30,000 rupees, pro-\\nvided that Government would let him have Minutes of\\nthat amount upon the security of Govern- Consuita-\\nment paper, without charging him any in- peb. i84ff.\\nterest on the loan. This proposition fell Pari! Return\\nto the ground, as the Government declined 1857 p- S50\\nto advance money to Mr. Finnie for the purchase of\\nCotton on his own account.\\nMr. Finnie s second year s operations with the 163\\nChurka, Thresher, and Gin. At the commencement of\\nthis second season, Mr. Finnie expressed himself still\\nanxious to gin a quantity of Cotton towards completing\\nthe Company s order for six thousand bales. For this\\nobject, a gin-house was necessary in which to work his\\ngins, and to obtain this was a work of time. Mean-\\nwhile he had a second object in view namely, to in-\\nduce the Natives to engage in the business. Accord-\\ningly it will be advisable to review, first, his efforts to\\npersuade the Natives to use the gin and secondly,\\nhis efforts to obtain a house for the working of the\\ngins.\\nSale of two Gins to neighbouring Zemindars their 164\\nfailure. As regards the former measure, he appeared\\nin the first instance to have achieved a Mr. Einnie s\\ngreat success. He had actually prevailed Q^if^l 1\\non two Zemindars of villages to purchase Pari! Return\\neach a gin; he, on his part, agreeing to Sr?FmniSa\\ntake all the Cotton they ginned at a fair letter, 25th\\nrrYL 4. 1. 4- Oct., 1846.\\nprice. The gins were set up in houses not p ar i. Return\\nexactly fitted for them; but still the ex- (1857), p. 369.\\nperiment was tried, and Mr. Finnie had the pleasure of\\nsubsequently reporting that the gins were a failure.\\nTheir working, he said, was both imperfect and expen-\\nsive. The saw wheels did not project sufficiently\\nthrough the grates, and the staple was only partially\\nseparated from the seed. Again, the gins moved so\\nheavily, that the people employed to work them re-\\nfused to turn the wheel after the second day. Mr.\\nFinnie thought that coercion might do them good, but\\nremembered that they were free men. .Next he thought", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "104 COTTOK IB THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\nof employing cattle labour, as we shall presently see.\\nAt a later period however he discovered that the\\ncoolies had been either forced to work, or had been\\nonly half paid. Consequently their inability had been\\nassumed.\\n165 Cotton Brokers rather than Zemindars should be\\ninduced to adopt the Gin. Mr. Finnie then expressed\\nMr. Mmiie s tne \u00c2\u00b0P m i\u00c2\u00b0 n that Cotton Brokers rather\\nletter, i6th than Zemindars should be induced to adopt\\nPari! Return the gin. The two Zemindars who had\\n(i857),p. 846. bought the gins paid little attention to\\nbusiness, and committed the work to some of their\\nnumerous dependents and the latter were ever ready\\nto peculate, by charging heavy expenses to the working\\nof the new machine, and appropriating the surplus over\\nthe actual expenditure to their private uses. Con-\\nsequently, the profits, whether large or small, were ail\\nabsorbed. Mr. Finnie however had found that a clas3\\nof men, known as Cotton Brokers, were settled in all\\nthe large towns in the best Cotton districts and that\\nit was the business of these men to purchase seed\\nCotton, to separate the seed from the wool, and then\\nto sell both seed and wool separately. These men of\\ncourse looked after their own affairs, inasmuch as their\\nprofits were derived from their own transactions. Ac-\\ncordingly, Mr. Finnie considered that the Brokers\\nought to be induced to adopt the gin as the best mode\\nof separating the fibre from the seed and that there-\\nfore it would be necessary to convince them of its\\nadvantages by experiments conducted on the most\\neconomical scale.\\n166 Mr. Einnie s proposals for erecting a Gin-house and\\nCattle-driving Machinery in Tinnevelly. Meantime,\\nthat is, in October, 1846, Mr. Finnie had formed\\nMr. Einnie s the design of erecting a gin-house and\\nDiary 2ist driving machinery in Tinnevelly, for the\\nOct., 1846. J\\nPari. Return purpose oi working his gms by cat Lie\\n(1857), p. ss9. i ns tead of by manual labour. In a word,\\nhe desired to set up in Tinnevelly an establishment\\nsimilar to that of Dr. Wight in Coimbatore. He\\naccordingly made the following proposals. 1st, To", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] ME. FINNIE s FOrE- TEARS IN TINNEVELLY. 105\\nerect a cheap house, in which either the gin or the\\nthresher might be worked as circumstances required\\nand which would give such a permanence to the busi-\\nness, as would engage the confidence of the Natives\\naround. 2nd, To purchase a set of new driving ma-\\nchinery which was for sale at Jaffna in Ceylon at the\\nprice of \u00c2\u00a3155. Both these two propositions sub-\\nsequently underwent some extraordinary transform-\\nations. The second however involved the relative\\nmerits of cattle labour and manual labour, and there-\\nfore may be first discussed.\\nPurchase of Cattle-driving Machinery sanctioned: 167\\nrelative cost of cattle labour and manual labour.\\nMr. Einnie s proposal for the purchase of Dr Wight s\\nthe cattle-driving machinery was strongly letter, nth\\nsupported by Dr. Wight, and accordingly pS* Return\\nsanctioned by the Madras Government. (1857), p. 838.\\nThere was some discussion about the locality, but\\nfinally the village of Sevacausey was chosen Mr -p. j\\nin the district of Tinnevelly, as being the Diary, 21st\\ncentre of an extensive Cotton-growing \u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3t.,\\ncountry, and also as containing many es- (i857),p. 339.\\ntablishments for separating the Cotton JSteriSfch S\\nstaple from the seed with the Madras j^^ 184 7\\nchurka. As regarded cattle labour and 1 p\\nmanual labour, Dr. Wight had already tried both\\nmethods in Coimbatore. For the first three seasons\\nhe had worked his gins by hand labour, the Dr wight s\\ncoolies contracting to gin so many maunds letter, nth\\nof seed Cotton for a certain sum. Sub- Pari Return\\nsequently he had employed cattle labour, (i857),p.338.\\nand then he had discovered that cattle labour in gin-\\nning was more expensive than coolie labour. But still\\nDr. Wight strongly urged that the experiment should\\nbe tried, as coolies might be dearer in Tinnevelly than\\nthey had proved to be in Coimbatore.\\nChange in Mr. Finnie s views as regards the Cattle- 168\\ndriving Machinery. By this time Mr. Finnie s mind\\nhad undergone an apparently unaccountable change.\\nThe proposal for purchasing the driving machinery had\\nbeen made in October, 1848. In November it had been", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "106 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\nforwarded to Government with the recommendation of\\nDr. Wight and on the 2nd January, 1847, the pur-\\nMr. Einnie s cnase naa received the necessary sanction,\\nletter, 13th On the 13th January, Mr. Finnie acknow-\\nPari Return ledged the receipt of the authority to pur-\\n(1857), p. 350. chase, but stated that he had changed his\\nmind as to the expediency of employing cattle labour,\\nand was considering whether by lessening the friction\\nof the gins, they could not be driven best by manual\\nlabour. He therefore requested that the purchase\\nDr. Wight s might he postponed. Dr. Wight seems to\\nletter, isth have been somewhat irritated by this sudden\\nPari! Return change in the mind of Mr. Finnie. He\\n(1857), p. 348. stated that the purchase of the machinery\\nhad been fairly completed and that without such\\nmachinery it would be impossible to complete the\\nCourt s order for six thousand bales. He therefore\\nurged that a house should be procured, and that the\\ncattle- driving machinery should be fitted up at once\\nthat two large gins, of sixty saw wheels each, should\\nbe worked by the cattle machinery at one end of the\\nSee ara 171 room whilst three or four smaller\\neepara. gj ns? Q f twenty and twenty-five saws each,\\nshould be worked by coolies at the other end of the\\nMinutes of room The result w r as that the Madras\\nConsul ta- Government ordered the purchase money\\nApril, 2 i847. f\u00c2\u00b0 r ne driving machinery to be paid. At\\nPari. Return the same time, Mr. Finnie was called upon\\n(185 ),p.354. Q S a e wna fc h e now intended to do with\\nthe machinery, and what arrangements he had made\\nfor driving his gins by manual labour. His attention\\nwas also drawn to a recent despatch from the Court of\\nDirectors, stating that the Manchester Association\\nobjected to the use of hand gins.\\n169 Mr. Finnie s explanation of his apparent inconsist-\\nencies. Mr. Finnie s explanation of the causes which\\nMr. Finnie s n m a dvise tne purchase may be\\nletter, 29th given in a few words. The Ceylon ma-\\nParL Return ehinery had been recommended to him by\\n(1857), p. 355. both Dv. Wight and Mr. Petrie as early as\\nFebruary, 1846 but being anxious to conduct his", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] MR. FINJQE s FOUR TEARS I1ST THSTNEYELLY. 107\\noperations on the most economical plan, he had not\\nconcurred in their views. Subsequently, he had found\\ngreater difficulty than he had anticipated in working\\nthe gins on the two Zemindaries by manual labour\\nand had consequently formed a poor opinion of the\\nphysical ability of the people. At the same time,\\nwhilst strongly opposed to the use of the gin, he felt\\nthat it ought not to be rejected on insufficient data.\\nAccordingly, though he had represented that ginning\\noperations were impracticable as a mercantile trans-\\naction, yet he had recommended the purchase of the\\ndriving machinery, in order that no efforts on his\\npart might be left untried for giving the experiment a\\nfair trial. His reasons for subsequently opposing the\\npurchase were as follows. 1st, Mr. Petrie had so far\\naltered the gins, as to remove some of the greatest\\ndifficulties in the way of a successful application of\\nmanual labour. 2nd, He found that the coolies who\\nworked for the Zemindars were either forced or only\\nhalf paid and that when Mr. Petrie s improvements\\nhad been effected, the people were both able and will-\\ning to work, provided they were paid. 3rd, Hand gins\\nwere new to him, as they were never used in Missis-\\nsippi but after giving further attention to the subject,\\nhe had resolved on a plan which would give greater\\nefficiency to manual labour. 4th, He had calculated\\nthe extraordinary expenses of driving machinery, such\\nas the cost of the machinery itself, the cost of trans-\\nportation across the Gulf, the cost of transit to the gin-\\nhouse up country, the cost of erection, and, last but\\nnot least, the cost of keeping up an establishment of\\nbullocks all the year round merely to work during the\\nCotton season. 5th, He considered that the driviug\\nmachinery had been made to go at a certain speed when\\ndrawn by horses walking about four miles an hour\\nand that the gins would consequently move too slowly\\nwhen drawn by bullocks whose speed would not exceed\\ntwo miles an hour. The general question however\\nappeared to be partly settled by the Manchester Asso-\\nciation, who had expressed a decided preference for\\nthe gins moved by cattle machinery over the gins", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "108 COTTON I\u00c2\u00a3T THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [2lST SEASON.\\nmoved by hand. But, notwithstanding this authority,\\nMr. Finnie still believed that the experiment which\\nwas about to be conducted would test the relative\\nmerits of cattle gins and hand gins and would thus\\nprove more satisfactory to the merchants and manu-\\nfacturers than if conducted with the cattle machinery\\nalone. The President of the Association had indeed\\nsaid that the hand gins should not be used until their\\nefficiency had been more fully proved but how was\\ntheir efficiency to be proved excepting by their being\\nused\\nMr. Finnie s general objections to the Gin discussed\\nby Dr. Wight. Whilst this discussion had been car-\\nried on about the driving machinery, another discus-\\nParas. 130, s i\u00c2\u00b0 n na( l been going on about the gin ge-\\n131 nerally. Mr. Eiunie s views have already\\nbeen exhibited. He considered that the gin was unfit\\nfor Indian Cotton, and that the churka was\\nunfit for American Cotton. Again, he had\\nurged that the expense of the gin was sufficient to\\ndeter the Ryot from using it. His arguments upon\\nthis point were referred to Dr. Wight, and the latter\\ndealt with them thus. The whole question of gin\\nDr WMit s versus churka depends upon whether gin-\\nletter, 7th ned Cotton will fetch a higher price in the\\nPari! Return English market than churkaed Cotton\\n(1857), p. 345. and that question is in a fair way of being\\nsolved by the experiment in progress, of sending home\\n6000 bales of ginned Cotton and 600 bales of churkaed\\nCotton to ascertain the relative prices which they would\\nfetch in Manchester. When the relative selling prices\\nhave been ascertained, it will be easy to discuss the\\nPar- i 9 question of relative cost prices. Thus Mr.\\nFinnie had stated that the Ryot might lose\\nfour rupees per candy on ginned Cotton more than on\\nchurkaed Cotton but then if ginned Cotton would\\nonly fetch one farthing per pound more than the other,\\n,the merchant would be able to pay that four rupees\\nper candy, and yet secure a still larger profit for him-\\nself. On the other hand, should the gin be found to\\ninjure the staple of Native Cotton, it would be soon", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] MR. FINNIE S FOTJE YEARS IN TEtTNEVELLY. 109\\ndiscarded. Similar opinions were expressed Mr Petrie s\\nby Mr. Petrie, the En gineer employed in pec^ i t?\\nCoimbatore to keep the gins in repair. If Pari! Return\\nthe ginned East India Cotton fetched a (i857),p.845.\\nhigher price in the English market, then the gin would\\nmost assuredly force its way into India just as ma-\\nchinery for shortening labour, or for cheapening it, or\\nfor doing it better, had forced its way into other coun-\\ntries, even when it had proved a temporary hardship to\\nthe masses.\\nMr. Finnie s proposition for erecting a Gin-house of 171\\ntwo storeys the lower one for the Driving Machinery,\\nand the upper one for the Gins. But to proceed with\\nthe narrative. It had now been finally arranged that\\nthe cattle- driving machinery should be tried with the\\nlarge saw gins, and that manual labour should be tried\\nwith the smaller gins. Accordingly it was absolutely\\nnecessary that a gin-house should be constructed for\\ntheir reception. Mr. Einnie had for some time been\\nanxious to erect a gin-house. He now pro- Mr Pinnie s\\nposed that this house should be about 78 letter, 1st\\nfeet long by 24 feet broad that it should ^rLRefum\\ncontain six rooms, three on the ground and (i857),p.343.\\nthree on the upper floor that the room in \u00c2\u00a3ttS?6th S\\nthe middle of the ground floor, and the one and29th 6\\nin the middle of the upper floor, should each March, 1S47.\\nbe 30 feet long by 20 broad in the inside J^gf 846\\nand that the four end rooms on the ground\\nfloor and upper floor should be each 20 feet long by 20\\nbroad.* These two storeys of three rooms each were\\nthus to be appropriated. The upper storey was intended\\nfor the gins and the ground floor for the driving ma-\\nchinery and storing of the Cotton, according to the\\nfollowing arrangement. On the upper storey, the two\\nend rooms were to be appropriated to the gins, which\\nwould discharge their Cotton into the centre room be-\\nThis would seem to give a measurement for the whole house of\\n70 feet long and 20 feet broad, instead of 78 feet long and 24 feet\\nbroad as above indicated. But the difference is accounted for by the\\nthickness of the walls.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "110 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\ntween them, wliicli was to be called the lint room.\\nOn the ground floor, the centre room was to be occupied\\nby the wheels belonging to the driving machinery, whilst\\nthe two end rooms were to be used as store rooms.\\nThe wheels in the lower room would be connected with\\nthe gins in the upper rooms by a single band passing\\nthrough the wall and floor, at an angle of about forty-\\nfive degrees. By this plan the gin would receive the\\ncompound motion it required. The saw cylinder and\\nthe brush wheel revolve in opposite directions the\\nbrush wheel with an accelerated motion of about five\\nrevolutions to one revolution of the saw cylinder, which\\nis effected by proportioning the size of the cylinder and\\nbrush wheels. The great desideratum in India was to\\ndrive both with one band. This object Mr. Finnie\\nproposed to effect by passing the under part of the\\nband over the brush wheel, and thus driving it in an\\nMinutes of opposite direction to that in which it\\nConsuita- drives the cylinder. After some little dis-\\nSent 1 cussion, the erection of the gin-house at\\nPari. Return Sevacausey on the above plan was finally\\n(1857), p. 364. ganct i one( i at a cogt f 2699 rupees.\\nHire of a temporary (Jin-house at Aroopoocottah.\\nThe discussions about the driving machinery and gin-\\nhouse had commenced about the latter end of 1846,\\nbut sanction for the erection of the gin-house was not\\nobtained until September, 1847. Meantime the gather-\\ning season for 1847 had passed away. Mr. fmnie,\\nhowever, had not suffered the time to be lost without\\nsome show of effort. He had three hand gins in his\\npossession, two of twenty-five saw wheels, and one of\\ntwenty saw wheels and he professed to be still anxious\\nMr. Einnie s to assist J)r Wig ht in completing the\\nletter, 23rd Court s order for six thousand bales. Ac-\\nParh Return cordingly, about the commencement of the\\n(1857), p. 279. gathering season, he induced the head man\\nat Aroopoocottah to rent him a house at seven rupees\\n(14^.) a month, and a godown at three rupees (6s.) a\\nmonth, for the purpose of ginning Cotton to complete\\nthe Court s order.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] ME. FI^NIE S FOUR YEAES m TIMEYELLT. Ill\\nErection of three Gins and a Thresher: their effect 173\\nupon the Natives. Having made the necessary alter-\\nations in the hired house, Mr. Einnie erected two 25\\nsaw-gins, one 20 saw-gin, and one thresher and then\\ninvited the Cotton Brokers, Chitties, and Ryots to visit\\nthe scene of his operations. Accordingly the y came in\\ncrowds. He showed them the advantages of the gin\\nover the churka and they all appeared delighted at\\nseeing the gin separate the staple from the seed, and\\nthe Cotton come out so nice and clean. He also showed\\nthem how the thresher separated so much dirt from the\\nCotton. Still however they required time to consider\\nthe propriety of adopting so new and wonderful an im-\\nplement. From what Mr. Einnie could learn, they\\nappeared to reason thus Here is a gentleman who\\nis come amongst us, and who proposes to trade in Cot-\\nton like ourselves. He brings machines which are new\\nto us, and which evidently clean the Cotton beautifully\\nand he generously offers, either to let us have the ma-\\nchines, or to work them himself in cleaning our Cotton.\\nThat the Cotton he produces is superior to our own\\ncannot be doubted and it w T ill certainly rule the mar-\\nket to such an extent, that whilst he will dispose of his\\nsuperior article to the European merchants, we shall\\nbe totally unable to dispose of our inferior and dirty\\ncommodity. Under such circumstances we shall have\\nno alternative, but to adopt the gin, or lose the trade\\nby which we make our bread. One point however still\\nremains to be ascertained. The ginned Cotton is evi-\\ndently superior, and ought to bear a much higher price\\nbut will this increased value be sufficient to pay us for\\nour additional trouble\\nTestimony of th\u00c2\u00a3 Brokers that dirty Cotton was 174\\nmore profitable than clean Cotton. A deputation of\\nCotton Brokers next waited on Mr. Einnie, to learn\\nhow much they were likely to get for Cotton cleaned\\nby the gin, and if there was a market for the ginned\\narticle. Hitherto, they said, they had found the dirty\\nCotton sell almost as readily as clean Cotton, with but\\na very trifling difference in the price and certainly the\\ndirty Cotton was more profitable than the best and", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "112 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\ncleanest article they could get. The ginned Cotton,\\nthey admitted, was certainly superior to their own\\nchurkaed Cotton but then they always engaged to\\ndeliver their Cotton with the dirt in it, and if that dirt\\nwere removed by the thresher and gins, then it would\\nhave to be made up with additional Cotton and unless\\na much higher price could be obtained for the ginned\\narticle, they would be absolute losers by the improve-\\nment. Mr. Einnie considered that this\\nr 3jT3j I/O\\nargument was conclusive. Dr. Wight had\\nalready stated that ginned Cotton only brought in\\nEngland one farthing more per pound than the com-\\nmon churkaed Cotton; and the loss in dirt alone\\namounted nearly to that sum. Mr. Einnie admitted\\nthat the use of the gin was merely a question of profit\\nand loss. If the Natives could realize a profit by it,\\nthey would adopt it at once. Its success therefore rested\\nsolely upon the willingness of the merchant and manu-\\nfacturer to pay a higher price for the improved article.\\nHitherto the men in England, who had been loudest in\\ntheir cry for clean Cotton, had been only anxious to\\nsecure all the advantage for themselves, and to take the\\nclean Cotton from the poor Eyot at the same price as\\nthey had hitherto given for the dirty article.\\nME. FINNIE S NOTES ON THE PECULIARITIES OF\\nTHE COTTON TRADE IN TINNEYELLY.\\n175 Systematic adulteration of Indian Cotton transac-\\ntions between the Ryots, the Brokers, the Chitties,\\nand the European Agent. In order to explain the\\ncauses of the systematic adulteration of Cotton, Mr.\\nEinnie entered at considerable length upon the manner\\nin which the Indian Cotton trade was conducted.\\nThe results may be thus exhibited. The Eyot is the\\nplanter who cultivates the Cotton. The Broker is the\\nCotton cleaner, who takes the Cotton from the Eyot\\nand delivers it to the Chitty. Again, the Chitty is\\nboth merchant and banker a merchant so far as he\\ncontracts wdth the European Agents on the coast for\\nthe delivery of so much Cotton at a certain price and", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] ME. FINNIE ON INDIAN COTTON TRADE. 113\\na banker so far as he makes advances to the Broker,\\nwho again makes advances to the Ryot, for the pur-\\npose of securing the Cotton crop when it is ready for\\ndelivery.\\nThe Ryot improvident and helplessly in debt. 176\\nThe Ryot produces the Cotton of the country. He is\\nalways as deep in the Broker s books as his credit will\\npermit and consequently cannot stir without an ad-\\nvance from the Broker on the security of the coming\\ncrop. Accordingly the Broker first obtains an advance\\nfrom the Chitty, who is the monied man in all these\\ntransactions, and then advances to the Ryot. The\\nBroker, however, must look sharply after the Ryot, and\\nsee that he really does plant his land with sufficient\\nCotton to meet his engagements otherwise the Ryot,\\nwith his usual reckless improvidence, would spend all\\nthe money in a big feast, or wedding, or nautch dance,\\nor some other sort of tumasha.\\nThe Broker: adulteration of the Cotton by the 177\\nDevil s dust system.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cotton crop is delivered\\nto the Broker whilst it is still in seed. The Broker\\nis particular in classifying the seed Cotton, and pays\\nthe Ryot for it according to its cleanliness. Next he\\nhas much of the trash and rotten locks picked out not\\nto make the Cotton better, but because the rubbish\\nchokes the churka, and prevents it from working. The\\ngood Cotton staple is then separated from the seed.\\nAfter this is done the adulteration commences for the\\nChitty contracts so closely with the Broker, that the\\nlatter is compelled to resort to what is called the De-\\nvil s dust system, in order to secure a living profit.\\nThis system may be thus described. The rotten Cotton\\nseed, which had been thrown on one side lest it should\\nchoke the churka, is beaten with a stone to loosen the\\nfibre from the seed, and then passed through the churka.\\n1 Then the good Cotton and the bad Cotton are both\\n1 taken into a little room six feet by six, which is entered\\n1 by a low door about a foot and a half high and two feet\\nwide, and ventilated at a little hole through the outer\\nwall. The object in view is to thoroughly mix the good\\nand bad fibre together. Accordingly, two men go into\\ni", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "1M COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\nthis little dungeon with a bundle of long smooth rods\\nin each hand. Each man ties a cloth over his mouth\\nand nose, to prevent his inhaling the flying fibres of\\nCotton and one man places his back against the little\\ndoor so as to prevent any waste. Then they both set\\nto work and whip the Cotton with their rods, in order\\nto mix the bad and good so thoroughly together that a\\nvery tolerable article is turned out. If, after all this\\nbedevilling, the Broker can get a living price for his\\narticle, he delivers it to the Chitty just as it is, with\\nthe addition of only a few seeds. Usually, however,\\nhe is shaved so close as to be driven to resort to other\\nmeans to realize a profit. Accordingly he adds a hand-\\nful or two of seed to every bundle, or lets it get in by\\naccident and in this state the Cotton is finally de-\\nlivered to the Chitty.*\\n178 The Chitty: tricks played with the European\\nAgents. Nothing now remained but for the Chitty to\\npass off the Cotton upon the European Agent at the\\ncoast. It is usually the custom for the Chitty to\\nmake a contract with his European Agent, before he\\nhimself makes his contract with the Broker. The con-\\ntract is made for such a quantity of Cotton of such a\\nquality and of course the very lowest sum is fixed.\\nThe Chitty agrees to the contract knowing that the\\nprice fixed is insufficient to secure the quality con-\\ntracted for but knowing also that when the time for\\ndelivery arrives, the Agent must take just what he, the\\nChitty, chooses to deliver. In other words, the Chitty\\nknows that the European Agents have their engage-\\nments to meet that they have made all their arrange-\\nments for shipment and that perhaps they have a\\nA curious instance of adulteration is recorded by Dr. Wight, j\\nOn one occasion he had several bales of damaged American Cotton,\\nwhich he did not think worth the cost of sending home and ac- 1\\ncordingly he offered it for sale in Coimbatore. To his surprise I\\nthe Cotton was immediately purchased at the high figure of fifty j\\nrupees per candy. Subsequently he learnt that this American Cot-\\nton was purchased for the purpose of mixing it with some inferior\\nvery short-stapled Native Cotton its long staple enabling the dealer\\nto pass off the whole at full prices as Cotton of the first sort. Pari j\\nReturn (1857), p. 295. I", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "1846-47..] MR. PINKIE S FOUR TEARS IN TTNNEVELLT. 115^\\nship waiting, and presses lying idle. Under such cir-\\ncumstances he delivers his Cotton to the Agent, who\\nhas merely to receive it. The Agent examines the Cot-\\nton by plucking out a handful and letting the bundle\\npass. Perhaps from caprice or ill humour, he rejects a\\nbundle just as good as those he has taken. Then the\\nChitty gets angry, and orders his people to stop de-\\nlivering, as the gentleman will not take the Cotton.\\nThe Agent then takes the rejected bundle to induce\\nthe Chitty to proceed with the delivery. All, however,\\ndepends upon the state of the market. If it is brisk,\\nand the Chitty finds that other Agents are in want of\\nCotton to make remittances with, he stops all rejection\\nof inferior bundles, by threatening to throw up the\\ncontract and then the Agent, or rather the young\\nman employed by the Agent to receive the Cotton, is\\ncompelled to soften his tone, and to entreat the great\\nChitty to let him have the Cotton, as his employers\\nwill find fault with him if he does not get on with the\\nshipment. If, on the contrary, the market is dull, the\\nChitty is not quite so independent. Some Cotton is\\nrejected in bulk, and finally put on one side. But still\\nthe Chitty is prepared even for this emergency. With-\\nin a day or two the Cotton is loaded on the bandies,\\nand marched round the town and then comes in fresh\\nfrom the country, and is all taken as a very good arti-\\ncle. The consequence of all these proceedings is, that\\nthe English manufacturer will only give a low price for\\nIndian Cotton, because he never knows what he is buy-\\ning, nor what quality of Cotton will be found in the\\nbales, nor whether the staple will be dirty or clean.\\nConclusion of the season of 1846-47 difficulties in\\nthe way of conducting the ginning operations at\\nAroopoocottah. Notwithstanding Mr. Finnie had se-\\ncured a temporary gin-house in good work- Mr. Finnie s\\ning order at Aroopoocottah, he had still to ktter^i h\\ncontend, according to his own account, with Pari Return\\ntwo great difficulties. 1st, He could not a^p.ses.\\npurchase good Cotton from the Ryots at market price,\\n2ndly, The expenses of ginning were so heavy, as to\\n12", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "116 COTTOK IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [2ND SEASON.\\nrender its use utterly impracticable as a mercantile\\ntransaction.\\n180 1st, High prices demanded by the Ryots for their\\nseed Cotton. The arrangement made by Mr. Einnie to\\npurchase seed Cotton from the Byots proved a failure\\nand he was unable to procure a sufficient quantity to\\nkeep his few gins in working order. The seed Cotton\\ndelivered to him was always so inferior to the sample\\nthat he was compelled to reject it and though he was\\never willing to take it at a reduced price in proportion\\nto the quality, yet in that case the people preferred\\nselling it to the Brokers. The object of the Ryots\\nappeared to be to compel him to purchase the Cotton\\nat their own price but against this proceeding Mr.\\nFinnie made a determined stand. Government could\\nafford to lose, but if once the precedent of high prices\\nwere established, it could never be broken through.\\nHe considered that the object of the experiment was\\nto ascertain if the business could be carried on as a\\nmercantile transaction and if high prices were created,\\nno merchant would ever succeed in carrying on the\\nbusiness.\\n181 2nd, Heavy expenses of ginning. Mr. Finnie sub-\\nmitted at the same time a tabular statement,\\nktte?2tod S exhibiting the cost of ginning operations.\\nSept., 1847. This estimate was confined to the actual ex-\\nParl. Return n ji j i j\\n(1857), p. 280. penses oi the day, excluding the rent ot\\nLetter, and e nouse and the cost of machinery and\\nStatement to 1 J\\nMessrs. Ar- superintendence. Moreover, he reported\\nCo!26t^Aug., tna tne business was conducted, and the\\n1847. ibid. 5 expenses disbursed, under his own eye\\npp. 365, 366. an( j conse q Uen tly witli greater celerity and\\nstricter economy than could be expected when left to\\nthe Native servants. From his statement, which is\\nexhibited on the opposite page, it would seem that the\\nnet cost of every pound of gin-cleaned Cotton was\\nnearly 3^d. Accordingly, Mr. Finnie inferred that it\\nwas utterly impossible to use the gin in cleaning Cot-\\nton as a mercantile transaction. He also reported the\\nsame results to Messrs. Arbuthnot and Co., of Madras\\nand the latter concurred in his conclusions, but trusted", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "1846-47.] MR. FIN^IE S TOUR YEARS IN TINNEYELLY. 117\\nthat a machine might yet be constructed, jMfes^^A^\\nwhich would clean the Cotton in a manner Co. s n ietter,\\nequally efficient, and at a less cost. The J^ s ^j\\nStatement of Mr. Einnie bears the following Return\\ntitle Tabular Statement, showing the t 185 65\\nquantity of seed Cotton cleaned in a day by one\\nThresher and three Gins, two of twenty-five saws, and\\none of twenty saws the per centage and quantity of\\nclean Cotton from a given quantity of seed Cotton, and\\nthe amount and per centage of waste the cost of seed\\nCotton, cost of separating the seed from the fibre, and\\ntotal cost per candy of clean Cotton in Rupees (reduced\\nto English money), and cost per lb. in English money.\\nME. EINNIE S TABULAE STATEMENT.\\nTime required to clean\\nNo. of Saws. 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton.\\nH. M.\\nf No. 1 25 15\\nGins. I No. 2 25 2 7\\nNo. 3 20 about 1\\nlbs.\\n1700\\nTotal of Clean Cotton in lbs. obtained from the Seed\\n370=f\\nAverage of lbs. of Clean Cotton obtained from 100 lbs. of Seed\\n21-81\\nCotton Seed in lbs. after separated from the staple\\n1280|\\nAverage of Seed obtained from 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton after\\n75-33\\n29|\\nDo. per 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton\\n1-73\\n18\\nDo. on every 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton\\n1-06\\nLoss and Trash and small particles of Cotton in Flue in lbs.\\n1\\nDo. on every 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton\\n006\\n2\\nDo. on every 100 lbs. of Seed Cotton\\n0-11", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "118 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [3RD SEASON.\\nR. A. P. s. d.\\nCost for Seed Cotton of six Podhees at Es.\\n7-10 (15*. 3c?.) per Podhee 45 12 4 11 6\\nCost of labour for ginning, or separating the\\nSeed from the Cotton 7 9 6 =0 15 2J\\nCost of cloth, sowing, packing, twine, and oil\\nfor gins 2 7 6 4 llj\\nTotal cost of 1700 lbs. of Seed Cotton 55 13 5 11 7|\\nDeduct amount realized for Seed, Es. 1-6\\n(25. 9d.) 7 15 15 10A\\nNet cost of 370 J lbs. of Clean Cotton, exclusive\\nof Establishment and Superintendence ..47 140 4 15 9\\nEate per candy of 500 lbs. of Cotton after de-\\nducting amount realized for Seed 64 90 6 9 1|\\nNet cost per lb. of Clean Cotton 3J\\nVooo^.y\\n182 Necessity for improving the construction of the\\nGin. Upon the relative working of each of the gins,\\nMr. Einnie s Mr. Finnie reported as follows. It will be\\nSept r i84 r 7 d remembered that he had two 25 saw gins,\\nPari. Return and one of 20 saws. Each of the two 25\\n(1857), p. 279. gaw required thirteen men a day to\\nwork it; namely, two sets of six men to turn the\\nwheel, and relieve each other alternately and one\\nman to attend to the gin, such as feeding it with seed\\nCotton, and removing the staple freed after separation.\\nOne gin however would clean 100 lbs. of seed Cotton\\nin one hour whilst the other would not clean the same\\nquantity under two hours. Then again the 20 saw\\ngin did almost as much work as the best 25 saw gin,\\nthough it only required nine men to work it namely,\\none man for the gin, and eight men at the wheel the\\nlatter relieving each other alternately in sets of four.\\nThis last gin had been made by Mr. Petrie, and was\\npronounced by Mr. Finnie to be the best he had seen\\nin India. These facts served to show that much de-\\npended on the construction of the machine, and that\\nfurther improvements might yet bring the gin into\\nconstant and profitable use in India.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] MR. TINNIE s TOUR YEARS IN TINNEYELLT. 119\\nThird season, 1847-48 stage of the Cotton expert- 183\\nment in Tinnevelly. The general operations of Mr.\\nMinnie during his first two seasons at Tinnevelly do\\nnot appear to have been attended with any particular\\nresult beyond ascertaining the facts that American\\nCotton would yield a good crop in localities enjoying\\nthe benefit of both monsoons, and that the American\\ngin as then constructed could not be profitably em-\\nployed in commercial transactions. Accordingly, he\\nnow desired to extend the cultivation of American\\nCotton, and to take steps for insuring the co-operation\\nof the manufacturers and merchants at home.\\nPlanting operations successful culture of American 184\\nCotton in the Courtallum valley. It has already been\\nseen that the American Cotton grown during the second\\nseason had only proved really successful in the Courtal-\\nlum valley, which enjoyed the benefit of both monsoons.\\nAccordingly, early in the third season, Mr. Mr Pinnie S\\nFinnie obtained the Government sanction letters, 24th\\nto establish a model plantation of about 2ndJun^\\na hundred acres in the same quarter. The B^ in f ar1,\\ncultivation was to be carried out upon (i857),pp.\\nlands held by Government, and under his 273 274,\\nown superintendence, either by hired labour or by con-\\ntract at so much per acre but the cleaning, planting,\\nand preparation of the soil, were to be accomplished by\\nNative implements, as an example to the landholders,\\nand as an inducement for them to adopt the culture\\non their own account. At the same time Mr. Finnie\\nproposed to distribute seed to all who were willing to\\ncultivate the American Cotton, and to take the pro-\\nduce off their hands at a fixed rate per candy on Gov-\\nernment account and he hoped that in time he should\\nbe able to retire from the culture, and leave it entirely\\nin the hands of the people, merely taking the produce\\nat its value. He was perfectly satisfied that the Ame-\\nrican Cotton would grow well, wherever the land en-\\njoyed the benefit of both monsoons and he had not\\nthe slightest doubt but that the people in the neigh-\\nbourhood of those favoured spots would Minutes of\\nfind the cultivation a profitable source of Consuita-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "120 COTTON m THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [3ED SEASON.\\nJune 3 i847 employment. The Government sanction\\nPari/Return was given on the 30th of June, and Mr.\\n(1857), p. 275. p mn i e immediately proceeded to Court-\\nallum to commence operations but on his arrival the\\nMr. Finnie s heavy burst of the south-west monsoon was\\nMarch 1 1MS 0Ver te ha(i to Wait Until tlie 10tn f\\nPari. Return September before he could commence clear-\\n(1857), p. 364. an( j planting. Notwithstanding, how-\\never, that the Cotton was planted too late, we are told\\nthat it did very well and produced a good crop.\\n185 Unsuccessful culture at Sevacausey, Virdooputty,\\nand Aroopoocottah. During this same season, Mr.\\n[Finnie ordered a few acres to be planted with American\\nCotton at the three stations of Sevacausey, Virdoo-\\nputty, and Aroopoocottah merely, however, out of\\ndeference to the advice of Dr. Wight, and merely to\\nMr. Finnie s prevent his opponents from saying that the\\nte^er, 23rd experiment had not been fairly tried. At\\nPari. Return the commencement of the season he ex-\\n(1857), p. 279. pected a complete failure, but the results\\nMr. Einnie s do not appear to have been quite so un-\\nAprif, i848. satisfactory as he had anticipated. At the\\nPari. Return close of the season he reported, that whilst\\n(1857), p. 278. e plants had failed in the open plains,\\nthose in protected spots had grown very well and\\nyielded some Cotton.\\n186 Agency operations Mr. Finnie requests permission\\nto proceed to England to consult with the Cotton\\nManufacturers. About Christmas time, that is, after\\nMr. Einnie s the Cotton had been planted but before it\\ntetter^23rd nac begun to ripen, Mr. Finnie began to\\nPari! Return grow exceedingly disgusted with his forced\\n(1857), p. 275. inactivity in Tinnevelly. Where is the\\nnecessity, he wrote, of keeping me here to look at\\nthe working of three miserable gins The gin- house,\\nwhich is ordered at Sevacausey, will not be completed\\nfor six or eight months longer and by that time the\\ncoming Cotton season will be over. Thus with the\\nmeans at my disposal I can do but very little this year\\nand at the same time I never shall be able to effect\\nmuch for the improvement of the Indian Cotton, with-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] ME. PINKIE S TOTJE TEARS IN TLNTSTEYELLY. 121\\nout I Lave the co-operation of the manufacturers and\\nmerchants at home. I am therefore constrained to\\npropose to the most noble the Governor in Council,\\nthe Marquis of Tweeddale, to depute me to England,\\nto consult with the manufacturers, and to ascertain\\nhow far they are disposed to patronize the R evenue\\nmeasures which they urge on the. Honour- letter, 17th\\nable Court of Directors. The Marquis of gg; e 4 t 8 urn\\nTweeddale approved of this proposition, (i857),^27s.\\nand recommended it to the favourable from Court\\nnotice of the Court of Directors. The ll h L torSi\\nCourt however did not see that any ad- 1848. ibid,\\nvantage was likely to accrue from such a p 276,\\nproceeding, and therefore declined to comply with it.\\nOperations with the Churka, Thresher, and Gin: 187\\nmeeting of the Cotton Brokers of Tinnevelly. Whilst\\nMr. Finnie s proposition to visit England was under\\nthe consideration of the Court of Directors, Mr. Fmnie s\\nhe was still engaged, according to his own fe ttei i ^J-L\\n*5 to March, 1848:\\naccount, m endeavouring to secure the co- Pari. Return\\noperation of the people in promoting the 185 7)\u00c2\u00bbp-285.\\nimprovement of their Cotton. On the 28th March,\\n1848, he had a meeting with the principal Cotton\\nBrokers of Aroopoocottah, and explained his views\\nrespecting the importance of attending to the cleanli-\\nness of Indian Cotton as well as his plan for a\\nEuropean Agency, by means of which he could give a\\nbetter price for the pure article than for the mixed\\ndirty one. In reply, the Brokers admitted that the\\ngin was an excellent machine, but said that it was too\\nexpensive for them. As regarded the thresher, they\\nsaid that they were quite prepared to use it for taking\\nthe dirt and trash out of the Cotton first, because it\\nwas both good and cheap and secondly, because it\\nloosened the Cotton on the seed, and thus enabled the\\nchurkas to do more work.\\nCost of cleaning with the Thresher and Churka as 188\\ncompared with that of the Gin. Mr. Finnie then gave\\nto the Brokers for a few days the use of his gin-house\\nand thresher. They brought their own Cotton, as well\\nas their own churkas and people. The Cotton was", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "122 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. 3RD SEASON.\\nfirst put in the thresher, and then churkaed, for the\\npurpose of ascertaining the cost of this mode of clean-\\nMr. Fitmie s ing- Mr. Finnie reported that the result\\nMay r i847 h was n n favourable. The relative cost\\nPari! Return of cleaning a candy of 500 lbs. of Cotton,\\n(1857), p. 288. k e estimated as follows\\nrs. a. p. s. d.\\nWith the Churka 4 14 8 9 10\\nWith the Gin 10 3 10 1 5f\\nIn a foot note, however, Mr. Finnie so far modified\\nhis opinion as to bring the expense of both methods\\nmore to a level. On the one hand, he found it\\nnecessary to beat the churka cleaned Cotton and this\\nprocess cost Eupees 1-5-9, or 2s. S^d., per candy of\\nclean Cotton. But then, on the other hand, he\\nthought that the gins might be worked at one- third the\\namount stated, if they were properly constructed, and\\nif the coolies would work at the ordinary hire for daily\\nlabour, instead of insisting upon three annas, or four\\npence half-penny, per diem.\\n189 Cost at which clean unadulterated Cotton might be\\nsupplied. Mr. Finnie estimated the actual cost of the\\npure unadulterated Cotton, first quality, at 52 Rupees\\nor \u00c2\u00a35 4s. per candy. To this was to be added the\\nbeating, which cost 2s. 8^d. per candy and the car-\\nriage to the shipping port, which cost 2s. 10^d. per\\ncandy. Total, \u00c2\u00a35 9s. 6%d. To this was also to be\\nadded the Broker s profit, w T hich was never fixed, but\\ndepended on the fluctuations of the market. Alto-\\ngether, he calculated on the whole, that he should be\\nable to insure a supply of the first quality of Cotton,\\nat from \u00c2\u00a35 10s. to \u00c2\u00a36 per candy of 500 lbs. delivered\\nat the shipping port.\\n190 Recommends the introduction of small hand Thresh-\\ners and cheap Presses. Mr. Finnie still reiterated\\nthat the dirty condition of Indian Cotton was not the\\neffect of carelessness, nor of the inefficiency of the\\nNative appliances for cleaning but that it was the\\nresult of a deliberate design and systematic procedure.\\nThe Ryots brought their best article as clean, and as\\nfree from dirt and trash, as the majority of American", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] ME. FINNIE s FOUR YEARS IN TINNEVELLY. 123\\nplanters. But this best quality was never seen by the\\nEuropean but was all consumed by the Native mer-\\nchants in their domestic traffic. The Cotton taken\\nby the independent Native states, was far superior\\nto any that the European merchants could get at the\\nprice at which they expected to obtain it whilst the\\nrefuse of that which was used for domestic manu-\\nfactures, was all reserved to be mixed with the article\\nwhich the European merchant took for export. All\\nthat was necessary was, to assist the people with\\nthe simple means which they themselves desired.\\nAccordingly Mr. Einnie proposed to give them small\\nhand threshers, both to separate the dirt and trash\\nfrom the seed Cotton, and to loosen the staple on\\nthe seed so as to aid the churka. Also, to remedy\\ntheir defective mode of packing, by erecting small\\nplain cheap presses in the villages so that the peo-\\nple, instead of packing their Cotton in large loose\\nbundles with their feet, might press their Cotton\\nproperly in neat small bales, say of 100 lbs. or 120\\nlbs., of which two would form a bullock-load.\\nSmall hand Threshers and Presses sanctioned. The 191\\nproposal that Government should set up a Mr Tho\\nfew small hand threshers, and some cheap mas s letter,\\nsimple presses, in different localities, was i848. Jl pari.\\nstrongly supported by Mr. E. B. Thomas, rn 284\\nthe Collector of Tinnevelly. Accordingly Minutes of\\nit ultimately received the sanction of the j^lnn\\nMadras Government the number of the July, 1848.\\ndifferent machines, as well as their local Ibld -P- 298\\npositions, being left to the discretion of Mr. Thomas in\\ncommunication with Mr. Einnie.\\nMr. Thomas believed that Cotton was not adulter- 192\\nated by design, and that good Cotton was often sent\\nhome. Mr. Thomas did not concur in Mr. Einnie s\\nopinion, that the inferior quality of the Cot- Mr Tho _\\nton, and its dirty and adulterated state, were mas s letter,\\nthe result of deliberate design and system. ig4 8 Ju pa r i.\\nNeither did he believe that all the best Return\\nCotton was used in the country, nor that 18o p- 284\\nthe worst only was exported, nor that the European", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "124 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [3RD SEASON.\\nAgents on the coast bought only the trash and refuse.\\nOn the contrary, he believed that all the Agents\\nwere careful and rigorous in excluding bad and dirty\\nCotton from their contracts, and that they made\\nevery effort to secure a good article and for several\\nyears past he had been at various times into all their\\nwarehouses, and had seen very much good clean\\nCotton, which he had heard had fetched good prices at\\nhome.\\n193 No market or Agency required in Tinnevelly.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At\\nthe same time Mr. Thomas stated that a good market\\nfor Native Cotton already existed in Tinnevelly, and\\nthat there was no occasion for creating a new market,\\nas Mr. Finnie seemed to argue. Cotton in Tinnevelly\\nfound a ready sale, and the price varied but little from\\nyear to year. Again, Mr. Thomas could not under-\\nstand what was meant by the co-operation and or-\\nganized system, which Mr. Finnie requested from the\\nhome manufacturers and the Madras Government. If\\nan Agent for the purchase of all Cotton was intended,\\nsuch an arrangement should be left to the merchants\\nand manufacturers themselves but such an Agency,\\nwith the advantage of competition superadded, already\\nexisted at Tuticorin, where six Agents were already\\nestablished for the purchase of the best Cotton that\\ncould be obtained.\\n194 Cultivation of New Orleans Cotton, and improved\\ncleaning, the main points. Mr. Thomas believed that\\nthe results to be really attained were first, the cul-\\ntivation of the New Orleans and better kinds of Cot-\\nton; and secondly, the exercise of greater care and\\ncleanliness in picking and packing. These results\\ncould only be obtained by patient perseverance and\\npractical experiment amongst the people. So far as\\ncleaning the Cotton was concerned, Sir. Finnie was\\nprofitably employed but Mr. Thomas considered that\\nlarger sowings of better sorts of Cotton, and greater\\nattention to the cultivation of Cotton by Mr. Finnie\\nand others, would prove of much practical benefit.\\n195 Mr. Finnie s design for a cheap Cotton Press. Mr.\\nFinnie subsequently wrote a very long letter in further", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] ME. EIKNIE s FOUR TEARS IN TINNEVELLY. 125\\nexplanation of his views, but it adds little or nothing to\\nwhat has been said before. He reiterated that the\\nAgents at Tuticorin did not take the proper measures\\nwith the Natives themselves for securing the best Cot-\\nton but added that this was not so much Mr. Einnie s\\nthe fault of the Chitties, who were screwed o er |f 4 5 g h\\ndown to the lowest possible price, as it was Pari Return\\nthe fault of the English merchants and 185 7),p-368.\\nmanufacturers at home, who had not taken the neces-\\nsary steps for creating a sure market for the superior\\narticle. He also forwarded a sketch of a lever press\\nwhich he had invented for pressing the Cotton into a\\nsmall compass for packing the elasticity of Mr. Einnie s\\nthe fine clean Cotton being so great, that j^^f^f\\nthe packing cloth was frequently torn, and Pari! Return\\na considerable loss sustained by the expo- 185 7) p-366.\\nsure of the Cotton, and the collection of trash. This\\npress may be thus described. It consisted of two up-\\nrights securely set in masonry, with a cross beam at\\nthe top. Between the uprights was a box, with fixed\\nsides, but moveable ends at the top and bottom. Sus-\\npended from the cross beam was a moveable beam,\\nwhich could be forced down upon the box by means of\\nlevers, acted on either by men or heavy weights. The\\nCotton was placed in the box and pressed into a bale\\nby the cross beam, which was forced down by the\\nlevers. Mr. Finnie requested that this press might be\\nconstructed immediately at the Government Arsenal\\nbut it never appears to have been completed, as Mr.\\nFinnie subsequently represented that he was engaged\\nin preparing another simple press for Native use.\\nMr. Finnie s sample of Churkaed Tinnevelly Cotton 196\\nequal, to American. Towards the close of the third\\nseason, Mr. Finnie made an announcement to the Ma-\\ndras Government, which serves to place the character\\nof his whole proceedings in the strongest possible light.\\nIt has already been seen that Mr. Finnie had opposed\\nhimself equally to the cultivation of the American Cot-\\nton and the use of the American gin and that he pro-\\nfessed to devote his chief attention to the improvement\\nof the Native Cotton, and of the Native methods of", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "126 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [3RD SEASON.\\ncleaning. Accordingly, whilst the subject of his pro-\\nposed visit to England was still under the consideration\\nof the Court of Directors, he suddenly announced that\\nhe had brought the whole question to a successful\\nMr. Finnie s issue. In May, 1848, he forwarded to the\\nMay r i848 h Madras Government a sample of Tinne-\\nPari Return velly Cotton, which had been separated\\n(1857), p. 2S3. f rom fljg gee( i by the churka alone, but of\\nwhich the particles of trash had been subsequently\\npicked out of the wool by hand. This sample he de-\\nclared to be a very superior article it had been taken\\nfrom a roomful, and was a fair sample of what the\\nchurka could turn out, under the new regime which he\\nhad induced the Cotton cleaners to adopt. If a\\nquantity could only be shipped to England via Ame-\\nrica, he was satisfied it would be regarded as a good\\nfair quality of American Cotton. The Natives them-\\nselves were scarcely aware that they could make the\\nCotton so clean, until he had thus induced them to\\ntry and he believed that a few thousand bales of such\\nan article, arriving in England from India, would be\\nthe most important event which the commercial world\\nhad known for many years. Already he had nearly\\nthe whole of a village at work in producing such very\\nsuperior Cotton and provided that he were sufficiently\\nencouraged, and that purchasers could be found willing\\nto give a reasonable price, he pledged himself to have\\nthe whole crop of the district of Tinnevelly ultimately\\ncleaned in this satisfactory manner. A safer invest-\\nment, he said, could not be made and he accordingly\\nsuggested that the Government should allow him to\\nencourage the production of such an article to the\\nfullest extent.*\\nThe following extracts from the letter condensed in the text will\\nfurnish some idea of Mr. Finnie s style and language. 44 1 have the\\nhonour, the pleasure, and the satisfaction to forward for the inspec-\\ntion of the Right Honourable the Governor, a specimen of Cotton\\nwhich was cleaned by the churka alone, of course, the particles of\\ntrash being separated by the hand and I now have nearly a whole\\nvillage at work producing such Cotton as this and if I am en-\\ncouraged to go on, I will pledge myself ultimately to have the whole", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] MR. EINNIE s FOTJE TEAES IN TINKEVELLY. 127\\nMadras Government refer the sample to Dr. Wight, 197\\nthe Chamber of Commerce, and the Court of Directors.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Before sanctioning large purchases of such Cotton as\\nMr. Finnie recommended, the Madras G-o- Minutes of\\nvernment referred the sample for the Consuita-\\nopinion of Dr. Wight and the Madras g^u*.\\nChamber of Commerce and at the same Pari. Return\\ntime required from Mr. Finnie a clear 1857 p- 283\\nbusiness-like statement, showing how much Cotton of\\nthe same quality as the sample forwarded, Mr. Finnie\\ncould command within the ensuing six or twelve\\nmonths as well as the price paid to the grower per\\ncandy, the cost of packing per candy, the cost of transit\\nto the port, and the freight charges. In a word, the\\nGovernment desired to learn the data on which Mr.\\nFinnie based his statement, that a safer remittance\\ncould not be made.\\nDr. Wight s report: Mr. Finnie s sample is good 198\\nTinnevelly, which no one could mistake for Ame-\\nrican. Dr. Wight reported on Mr. Finnie s sample as\\ncrop of Tinnevelly thus cleaned, provided always that purchasers can\\nbe found willing to give a reasonable price for the article.\\nHitherto I have not proclaimed success, because I did not con-\\nsider that it had been attained but I believe now that we have\\ncommenced a very pacific revolution in Cotton among the demo-\\ncratic republicans of Hindoostan A free and more independent race\\ndoes not exist. They are not fond of a total change, especially when\\nunprofitable but a little persuasive eloquence to convince them that\\nwe are in earnest, especially when accompanied by the consonant\\nclink of the coin they like, will speedily bring them to compliance\\nwith reasonable demands on their efforts.\\nA complete reformation has taken place in some of the Native\\nCotton cleaning houses here hitherto they have been filled with\\nj rubbish and a compound of villanous smells, and now they are\\nclean, nicely matted. This was effected by reason, applied through\\nthe shafts of ridicule, of which the people are peculiarly sensitive.\\nAmidst mountains of opposition, I have persevered in my efforts\\nto awaken an interest in the people on the subject of the importance\\nto them, individually and nationally, of preparing their great source\\nof wealth in a manner that would render it valuable abroad. The\\npeople themselves scarcely knew that they could make the Cotton so\\ni clean until they were made to try. They have never had a demand\\nfor a clean article, and it is not strange they did not prepare it.\\nWhy should they", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "128 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [3UD SEASON.\\nDr. Wight s follows. It is such Cotton as would be\\nl j\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 m called in Liverpool good Tinnevelly. In\\nPari. Return average states of the markets, it would\\n(1857), p. ^93. realize fr()m tQ per lb in m()re\\nfavourable states it might fetch 5d. or 5^i. It is about\\nthe same quality as 300 bales of gin-cleaned Cotton,\\nwhich were sent home from Coimbatore in the begin-\\nning of 1847, when prices ranged unusually high and\\nwhich on that occasion fetched 5fc?. Six bales of f\\nAmerican Cotton purchased from Ryots, were sold at\\nthe same time for h\\\\d. Whilst, however, Mr. Finnie s\\nsample is the same quality as the 300 bales of gin-\\ncleaned, it must be borne in mind that gin- cleaned\\nCotton has always sold higher than churka-cleaned\\nfirst, because it looks better and is easier carded and\\nsecondly, because it is more free from sand and other\\nimpurities, which add to the weight but detract from tho\\nvalue. Mr. Finnie s sample however is not a faithful one.\\nThe particles of trash have been separated by the hand,\\nand consequently the sample is more valuable than the\\nmass from which it was taken, and which could not be\\npicked in the same manner excepting at a ruinous\\ncharge. As regards Mr. Finnie s statement, that if\\nthe Cotton could be sent to England via America, it\\nwould be mistaken for American Cotton such a thing\\nis impossible, as the English Brokers would have de-\\ntected it at once from the shortness of the staple. In-\\ndeed, the Native merchants at Coimbatore had valued\\nthe Tinnevelly at 39 and 40 rupees, or 78s. and 80s.,\\nper candy whereas they would not value the American\\nCotton at all, as it had not obtained sufficient currency\\nin the Indian markets for them to fix a valuation.\\nAgain, the fact that six bales of Indian-grown American\\nCotton sold at Liverpool at Id. per lb. higher than a\\nbatch of first-rate Indian Cotton, sufficiently established\\nthe superiority of the American.\\n199 Large shipment of Churkaed Cotton contrary to the\\norders of the Directors. With regard to Mr. Finnie s\\nrequest that he might be permitted to make large ship-\\nments of the churka-cleaned Tinnevelly Cotton, in\\norder to encourage the production of the article, Dr.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "1847-48.] ME. FINNTE s FOTJE YEAES IN TINNEVELLY. 129\\nWight explained that the despatch from the Court of\\nDirectors ordering the 6000 bales, limited the invest-\\nment to gin- cleaned Cotton. Subsequently, however,\\nduring the discussion as to whether or no the saw gin\\ncut and injured the staple, he, Dr. Wight, had obtained\\npermission to purchase about 500 bales of churkaed\\nCotton to be sent along with the ginned, in order to\\nenable the spinner to ascertain the relative advantages\\nof the two modes of separating and cleaning. The\\nDirectors had approved of this suggestion, but had mo-\\ndified it by ordering that sufficient seed Cotton for a\\nthousand bales should be purchased and that 500\\nbales should then be cleaned by the gin and 500 by the\\nchurka, and the whole be sent home at the same time.\\nIf Mr. Finnie could therefore purchase the seed Cotton\\nfor this experiment, and would clean one half with the\\ngin and the other half with the churka, his aid would\\nbe of considerable service.\\nDr. Wight s system of purchase compared with 200\\nthat of Mr. Finnie. Dr. Wight took this opportunity\\nof explaining his own system of purchase, as compared\\nwith the organized system darkly alluded to by Mr.\\nFinnie. He had ascertained that carefully picked Cot-\\nton is never dirtied or mixed with trash in passing\\nthrough the churka or gin. Accordingly he had sys-\\ntematically rejected every load of ill-picked Cotton,\\nand thus was saved from the necessity, common amongst\\nNative merchants, of mixing the good with inferior\\nqualities. By so doing he was compelled to give from\\nhalf a rupee to a rupee per candy more than the Native\\nmerchants but then he secured the pick of the mar-\\nket and in all probability his Cotton would fetch\\nhigher prices in England than the generality of Native\\nCotton.\\nMadras Chamber of Commerce confirm Dr. Wight s 201\\nvaluation of Mr. Finnie s Cotton. The opinion ex-\\npressed by Dr. Wight on Mr. Finnie s sample of Tinne-\\nvelly Cotton seems to have been fully endorsed by the\\nMadras Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber found\\nthe sample to be very clean and of good Mr uch-\\ncolour, but of short staple. Taking the teriony s\\nK", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "130 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\njune 1848 1 then extreme range of London prices for\\nPari. Retum Tinnevelly Cotton at 3d. to 4d. per lb., and\\n(1857), p. 296. assuming that a parcel of uniform good\\nquality would realize 3^d. per lb., the Chamber con-\\nsidered that a parcel equal to Mr. Finnie s sample,\\nwould realize that price, viz. 3^ per lb., and possibly\\nmight fetch ^d. per lb. more.\\n02 Manchester Commercial Association pass a similar\\njudgment upon the Cotton.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Finnie s\\n\u00c2\u00a7om the famous sample of Tinnevelly Cotton equal\\nre\u00c2\u00b0ctors\u00c2\u00b0 f i8th mer can was course sent home to\\nJuly, 1849. the Court of Directors, and by them trans-\\nSs^iS! mitted to Mr Aspniall Turner, the Presi-\\ndent of the Commercial Association of Man-\\nchester. The result fully confirmed what had been\\nalready stated by Dr. Wight and the Madras Chamber.\\nIn a letter from Mr. Turner to Dr. Royle the following\\njudgment was passed\\nI may say, generally, that the Cotton sent by Mr.\\nFinnie, grown from Native seed, is very much the same\\nas we have been in the habit of receiving for years past\\nfrom Madras. You are aware that it has not entered\\nlargely into consumption in this country and I can\\nonly repeat emphatically, what I have often asserted\\nbefore, that it is a perfect delusion in Mr. Finnie or\\nany one else supposing that such Cotton will ever pass\\noff to the spinners of Lancashire as a substitute for\\nAmerican Cotton. It has nothing to recommend it,\\nexcept being of a bright clear colour the staple is\\nmiserably short. The Brokers report (Corrie and Co.)\\nstates that it has been destroyed in cleaning but I\\ndoubt if it ever had much staple. The samples of\\nA merican seed Cotton are very different, and are valued\\nby the Brokers at 18 per cent, more than the others.\\nSuch was the brilliant achievement that closed the\\nthird season of Mr. Finnie s career.\\n03 Fourth season, 1848-49 proposed extension of plant-\\nMr. Finnie s operations. The fourth season of Mr.\\nletter, 3ist Finnie s operations at Tinnevelly opened\\nParL Return with a bold representation, and two equally\\n(1857), p. 292. bold propositions. He represented that", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] MR. EINNIE s E0T7R TEARS IN TIOTEYELLY. 131\\nhis labours in effecting an improvement in Native Cot-\\nton were of such vast importance, that he could no\\nlonger attend to the cultivation of American Cotton\\nin the Courtallum valley, which he said was nothing\\nmore than cultivating an exotic in an oasis. Accord-\\ningly he begged that the plantation of one para ig4\\nhundred acres at Courtallum, which he had ara\\ncultivated the preceding year, might be planted for the\\nensuing season by the Native assistant. At the same\\ntime, however, he expressed his willingness to do what\\nhe could in extending the cultivation of American Cot-\\nton. Notwithstanding the strong objections which he\\nhad expressed to the establishment of large Farms\\nnotwithstanding his convictions that New Orleans Cot-\\nton would only grow in localities enjoying the influence\\nof both monsoons he was prepared to set aside his\\nown views, and to establish one Cotton plantation at\\nAroopoocottah, and another at Sevacausey, on as large\\na scale as Government thought proper to sanction.\\nFor himself, however, he strongly preferred his own\\nsystem of operating directly through the people. He\\nwould employ a number of Ryots, on monthly salaries\\nof from ten to sixteen shillings per mensem, to grow\\nAmerican Cotton on their own lands the produce to\\nbe their property, and when nicely cleaned, to be taken\\noff their hands at four shillings per candy above the\\ncurrent market price of the Native article. The merits\\nof the two systems may be easily compared. A Cotton\\nplantation, under any circumstances, would cost fifteen\\nor twenty pounds a month. If conducted by Europeans,\\nthe produce, however successful, would be less than the\\ncost whilst the enormous expense would frighten the\\npeople from the culture. On the other hand, by dis-\\ntributing the same amount among the Natives they\\nwould be induced to carry out the experiment them-\\nselves, and would certainly attain success, if success\\nwere really possible. These propositions, however, ap-\\npear to have met with no response from the Madras\\nGovernment. At the time they were written, the Mar-\\nquis of Tweeddale had departed for Europe, and Sir\\nk2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "132 COTTON m THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nHenry Pottinger had succeeded him as Governor of\\nthe Presidency.\\n204 Mr. Finnie s matured judgment against the culture\\nof American Cotton or use of the American gin.\\nMr. Finnie s Shortly afterwards, Mr. Finnie had occasion\\nJan er i849 h Tecor n s matured opinion in favour of\\nPari! Return the indigenous Cotton and Native churka,\\n(1857), p. 191. as pp 0gec to the American Cotton and\\nAmerican gin. He could not, he said, after devoting\\nhis best attention to the subject, entertain much hope\\nof the success of the American Cotton. It failed in\\nSouthern India on account of the cold nights which\\nprevail after a scanty monsoon.* If there were oc-\\ncasional showers of rain after the 1st of February\\nwhen the weather became warm, and if the ravages of\\ninsects could be also avoided, then the American Cot-\\nton would succeed admirably but in the absence of\\nrain at that season, he was afraid that it would never\\nbecome the staple of India. Again, as regarded the\\nAmerican gin, he could give no hope of its ultimate\\nadoption by the Natives and as for the European\\nmerchants, they never would be able to carry on opera-\\ntions in seed Cotton, but must leave such work in the\\nhands of the Native Brokers.\\n205 Pronounces in favour of the Indigenous Cotton and\\nNative Churka. But whilst holding the foregoing\\nopinions, Mr. Finnie looked hopefully forward to such\\nimprovements in the Indigenous Cotton and the Native\\nchurka, as would accomplish for India what never\\nwould be insured by either the exotic plant or the\\nforeign machinery namely, the extension and improve-\\nment of the Cotton of her soil, and the consequent pros-\\nperity of her poor Byots. He did not indeed believe\\nthat any degree of culture would materially improve\\nthe staple in an Indian climate but he considered that\\nthe Indigenous Cotton was capable of extension, that\\nbetter culture would insure more ample returns, and\\nthat due attention to qualities would secure a large\\nquantity of a most useful and valuable article. Already\\nhe believed that more attention was paid to the quality\\nthan formerly for the Agents at Tuticorin had informed", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] MR. FIOTIE s FOUR TEARS IN TINNEVELLY. 133\\nhim that more good Cotton had been received there\\nfrom the crop of 1847-48, than had ever been known\\nbefore a result which he attributed in some measure\\nto his own humble efforts to convince the people of the\\nimportance of cleaning their Cotton. The perseverance\\nof the Natives in this course would of course depend\\nupon the encouragement they received, and the induce-\\nments offered them to keep the different qualities se-\\nparate, and the best clean Cotton unadulterated with\\ninferior sorts. If the Natives could make more money\\nby selling the quantities separate, than they could by\\nselling them mixed, then of course they would keep\\nthem separate, and much unadulterated Cotton would\\nbe exported from India.\\nNative Cotton should be first threshed, next chur- 206\\nkaed, and finally cleaned by hand. As regarded the\\nseparation of the staple from the seed, Mr. Finnie was\\nsatisfied that the time-honoured churka was a much\\nmore efficient instrument than was generally supposed\\nand he did not believe that a better substitute would\\neasily be found. Two other processes were however\\nnecessary, one before and the other after the churkaing.\\nEefore the Cotton passed through the churka, the dirt,\\ntrash, and rotten locks, should be separated from the\\nseed Cotton and this, as Mr. Finnie had previously\\nindicated, could be best carried out by the thresher.\\nThen again, after the Cotton had passed through the\\nchurka, a subsequent process was necessary to separate\\nthe remaining small particles. This process consisted\\nin beating the Cotton on cots, so as to allow the im-\\npurities to fall below it and this gave a lively and fine\\nappearance to the Cotton, and rendered it really clean\\nand beautiful, as clean indeed as the Cotton generally\\nproduced in America. This work was performed by\\nhand, and was certainly tedious but in a country\\nwhere there were so many people whose time was of\\nlittle value, the work could be performed much cheaper\\nby hand than by machinery.\\nErection of Mr. Finnie s Gin-house and Driving 207\\nMachinery at Sevacausey. Up to the early part of\\n1849, Mr. Finnie s ginning operations appear to have", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "134 COTTON IK THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nbeen on a very limited scale. Dr. Wight continually\\nurged the importance of completing the order of the\\nCourt of Directors for 6000 bales of East India Cotton,\\nbut still little or nothing was done by Mr. Finnic He\\nhad, as we have seen, three gins occasionally at work\\nMr. Fmnie s in a small house which he had hired at\\nNo*v%848 Aroopoocottah; but during the second\\nParLRetu rn season he only ginned nine candies of Cot-\\n(1857), p. 198. ton an( j during t ne third season only thirty-\\nsix candies thus making forty-five candies in all,\\neach candy being equivalent to about a bale. But\\nearly in 1849, the new gin-house, which had been com-\\nmenced at Sevacausey for the reception of the driving\\nmachinery purchased at Jaffna, was fast approaching\\nMr. Elton s completion. The delay had arisen from\\nApril 18*49 e difficulty of procuring timber, which\\nPari. Return had become scarce and dear in Tinnevelly,\\n(1857), p. 300. an( j w hi c h moreover had to be carried a\\nconsiderable distance from the hills. In February,\\n1849, Mr. Finnie began to take the necessary steps for\\nprocuring two large 60 saw gins from Dr. Wight,\\nand the driving machinery from Tuticorin, where it\\nhad been lodged ever since it had been purchased. The\\nidea was to keep the three hand gins working in the\\nhired house at Aroopoocottah and to set up five new\\ngins in the new Gin-house at Sevacausey viz., two 60\\nsaw gins to be moved by cattle, and three 20 or 25 saw\\ngins to be worked by hand, in order to settle the ques-\\ntion of hand labour versus cattle labour. Accordingly\\nMr. Finnie applied for three more small gins to be\\nworked by manual labour at one end of the new gin-\\nhouse at Sevacausey and for two 60 saw gins to be\\nworked by cattle attached to the driving machinery at\\nthe other end. The result was that the two 60 saw\\nMr. Einnie s gins were obtained and set up that the\\nEeb er i8^9 d driving machinery was also set up and\\nPari! Return that twenty bullocks and drivers were ob-\\n(1857), p. 372. tained from the Commissariat department.\\nThe three hand gins, however, never appear to have\\nbeen forwarded to Sevacausey.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] ME. FINNIE s FOUR TEARS US THWEVELLY. 135\\nEelative cost of the Churka, the Hand Gin, and the 208\\nCattle Gin. But though Mr. Finnie had not been able\\nto set up both the hand gins and the driv- Mr. Fmnie s\\ning machinery in the same house, he was s e ept r i849 h\\nstill enabled, a few months afterwards, to Parl. Return\\nfurnish the following table of the relative 1857 P- 373\\ncost of the churka, the hand gin, and the cattle ma-\\nchinery.\\nCost of separating the staple from a Candy of clean\\nSeed Cotton.\\nk. a. p. s. d.\\nBy the Churka ..4 14 8 9 10\\nBvthe Hand Gin (contract) 6 14 4 013 9\u00c2\u00a3\\nBy the same (hired labour) 10 3 10 1 5|\\nBy Cattle machinery 8 13 6=0 17 8^\\nMr. Finnic pointed out that, according to this table,\\nthe hand gin, even when worked by contract, was more\\nexpensive than the churka without taking into con-\\nsideration the original outlay, or the cost of wear and\\ntear. Then again the cattle machinery was much more\\nexpensive than the hand gin and if the calculation\\nwere made for the whole year, the cattle machinery\\nwould be found infinitely more expensive, as the bul-\\nlocks and drivers would have to be kept up constantly,\\neven when no ginning was going on. If, however, the\\npeople would employ the bullocks in ploughing the\\nland, as well as in ginning the Cotton, they might reduce\\nthe expense but even then, the capital required for\\nsetting up such an establishment would exhaust the\\nwhole fortune of several Cotton dealers.\\nMr. Finnie refused permission to extend his opera- 209\\ntions to Coimbatore. Whilst the cattle Mr. Fiimie s\\nmachinery was thus being put in working April S.\\norder at Sevacausey, Mr. Finnie requested Pari. Return\\npermission to extend his operations to Co- 1857 p- 30()\\nimbatore. He stated that the people of Tinnevelly and\\nMadura were now sufficiently aware of the importance\\nof attending to the cleanliness of their Cotton and", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "136 COTTON IN THE MADBAS PRESIDENCY. [4TH SEASON.\\nthat the Agents were at last stipulating for a well-\\ncleaned article, which was the great object to be ob-\\ntained as regarded the Indigenous Cotton. The people\\ntherefore in the neighbourhood of Sevacausey and\\nAroopoocottah no longer required such constant per-\\nsonal attention from himself; and he consequently de-\\nsired to extend his system over the length and breadth\\nof the land. As a first step in this important work,\\nhe proposed to extend his supervision to Coimbatore\\nwhere he promised not to come in conflict with Dr.\\nWight, but to devote himself to persuading the people\\nto extend their cultivation of Cotton, and to clean it\\nby the means already at their command, in a manner\\nmore suitable to the wants of the purchasers. Mr.\\nMinutes of Minnie, however, was informed that the\\nSon S i6th Governor in Council was not disposed to\\nMay, 1849. accede to his application and that pending\\n(iss^^soi 1 cer aui measures which were in contempla-\\ntion, and which would be communicated in\\ndue course, it was thought best that he should confine\\nhis operations to the districts of Madura and Tinne-\\nvelly. In other words, the Madras Government had\\nalready determined on bringing the Cotton experiment\\nto a close, and dispensing altogether with the services\\nof both Mr. Finnie and Dr. Wight. Indeed in the fol-\\nlowing October, Mr. Finnie appears to have been on\\nhis way to England but before noticing the circum-\\nstances which immediately preceded this event, it will\\nbe necessary to glance at a few particulars which are\\nbest narrated in a separate chapter.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE V.\\nDISPUTES BETWEEN DE. WIGHT AND MR. FLTSTNIE, DISCUS-\\nSIONS OE THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT AND COURT OP\\nDIRECTORS, AND FINAL CLOSE OE THE EXPERIMENTAL\\nCULTURE. 1849 TO 1853.\\n(210.) Marquis of Tweeddale succeeded by Sir Henry Pottinger breach,\\nbetween Dr. Wight and Mr. Finnic (211.) Mr. Finnie convinced of the\\nfolly of cultivating American Cotton in India Dr. Wight recommends his\\nremoval. (212.) Points of the dispute: summary of the Correspondence.\\nDISCUSSION BETWEEN DE. WIGHT AND ME, FINNIE.\\n(213.) Mr. Finnie to Dr. Wight, 7th November, 1848 I have had\\ngreat difficulties in ginning, but have induced many Natives to plant\\nAmerican Cotton. (214.) Dr. Wight to Mr. Finnie, 15th November\\nI Your purchase of churkaed Cotton is illegal, your culture of American\\nCotton unsatisfactory, and your ginning too expensive. (215.) Mr. Fin-\\nnie to Dr. Wight, 18th December: My plans have all been approved by\\nthe authorities. (216.) Dr. Wight s explanations, 30th January.\\n(217.) General opinions of the Madras Government and Court of Di-\\nrectors upon the experimental culture.\\nVIEWS OF THE MAEQTJIS OF TWEEDDALE.\\n(218.) Propositions of the Marquis of Tweeddale in 1847: First, To\\nrelinquish the experimental Farm in Coimbatore. (219.) Second, To\\nestablish small Model Fields under a practical Agency, amongst the Na-\\ntive Cultivators. (220.) Third, To set up small Gin Establishments, and to\\nkeep up good roads to the Forts. (221.) Limits to Government Agency\\nthe Manufacturer should purchase direct from the Eyot.\\nVIEWS OF THE COUET OF DIEECTOES.\\n(222.) Despatch of the Court of Directors, 1848 (223.) First, The\\nCotton Farm at Coimbatore may be relinquished it has proved that the\\nright Cotton can be grown, and the price alone remains to be ascertained.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094(224.) u Agency confined to practical Planters may be tried on a small\\nscale.\\nVIEWS OF SIE HENEY POTTINGEE.\\n(225.) Minute of Sir Henry Pottinger, May, 1849.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (226.) The Ex-\\nperimental Farms have been fully tried, and their continuance would be\\ninjurious\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (227.) American Cotton in any part of the Madras Presidency", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "138 COTTON IN THE MA DBAS PEESIDENCT. [CHAP. V,\\nliable to failure. (228.) Causes of the failure of American Cotton climate\\nand soil. (229.) Dr. Wight ascribes the failure in Coimbatore to the want\\nof humidity, but humidity does not mean rain. (230.) The Ryots should\\nnow be left to themselves, with such aid as the Revenue Establishments\\nmay give. (231.) Mr. Finnie to remain in Tinnevelly till October to in-\\nstruct the East Indian lads in the use of the gins, c. (232.) Dr. Wight\\nshould break up his Establishments in Coimbatore immediately. (233.)\\nGin-houses at Coimbatore and Aroopoocottah to be placed under the Col-\\nlectors for the use of the Ryots. (234.) Unfounded complaint of the\\nManchester Association the Manchester Merchants ought to help them-\\nselves.\\n(235.) State of Dr. Wight s Farm at Coimbatore, May, 1849 500 acres\\nheld by contract and 200 acres worked by contract. (236.) Application\\not Dr. Wight to be permitted to sow and gather one crop more refused,\\nJune. (237.) Departure of Mr. Finnie from the Madras Presidency. (238.)\\nMr. Finnie s last letter, July, 1849: The gins will always remain idle\\nafter Government ceases to use them. (239.) Decision of the Madras\\nGovernment as regards Dr. Wight, reversed by the Court of Directors,\\nSeptember. (240.) Dr. Wight s services to be retained Mr. Finnie s\\ndispensed with. (241.) State of the Farms at Coimbatore. (242.) Dr.\\nWight cultivates American Cotton by irrigation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (243.) Postponement of\\nDr. Wight s Cotton Report. (244.) Mather s improved Churka. (245.)\\nThe Manchester Cottage saw gin. (246.) Twenty-four Cottage saw gins\\nreceived by the Madras Government, 1849. (247.) Report of the Madras\\nChamber of Commerce the working of the Cottage saw gin unsatisfactory.\\n(248.) Expense of the Cottage saw gin an inseparable bar to its employ-\\nment in India. (249.) Dr. Wight reports favourably of the Cottage saw\\ngin. (250.) Prices of the Cottage saw gin to Natives and Europeans.\\n(251.) Favourable report of the Collector ofTanjore: subsequently re-\\nversed. (252.) Favourable reports on the Dharwar saw gin. (253. Dr.\\nWight compares the working of the Dharwar gin, the Manchester Cottage\\ngin, and the large hand gin. (254.) Relative cost of labour on the Churka,\\nthe Manchester Cottage gin, and the large hand gin. (255.) Three years\\nprogress in the Cotton Experiment, 1850-52. (256.) Colonel Lawford s\\ncultivation by irrigation in Tanjore.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (257.) Mr. Wroughton s Collector-\\nate Farm at Coimbatore. (258.) Mr. Thomas s opinion upon the best\\nmethod of inducing the Ryots to cultivate American Cotton. (259.) Cot-\\nton cultivation by Mr. David Lees in Tinnevelly discussion concerning\\nthe right of Chayroot renters. (260.) Discussion respecting the purchase\\nof American Cotton on Government account from the Ryots of Tinnevelly.\\n(261.) Authority for the purchase refused by the Madras Government.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094(262.) Completion of Dr. Wight s Report, May, 1852.\\nDR. WIGHT S FINAL REPORT, 12TH MAY, 1852.\\n(263.) Stage of the Cotton experiment in 1849. (264.) Improved pros-\\npects during 1850-51 and 1851 52. (265,) Previous reluctance of the\\nRyots to cultivate American Cotton connected with the existence of the\\nCotton Farms. (266.) Ryots encouraged by their own success to extend\\nthe cultivation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (267.) Large results in 1850-51 and 1851-52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (268.)", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "DISCUSSION OF DE. WIGHT AND js/LR. FINNIE.\\n139\\nRyots adopt Dr. Wight s practice. (269.) Refutation of the theory that\\nthe climate and soil of India are unfitted for American Cotton. (270,)\\nFirst, The theory is founded on the assumption that Indian Cotton has\\nsucceeded when American has failed. (271.) Second, The theory is based\\nupon a comparison of crops grown in India, and of crops grown on the\\nMississippi instead of those grown in Georgia. (272.) Differences be-\\ntween India and the Mississippi do not prove that the soil of India is in-\\nimical to American Cotton. (273.) Soil of Southern India latter com-\\npared with that of Georgia. (274.) Climate of Southern India not so\\ncongenial as that of Georgia evil obviated by sowing in August or Sep-\\ntember. (275.) Leading principles of Cotton culture in the Carnatic\\nsowing before the North-east monsoon and selection of soil. (276.) Ob-\\njection of Native Spinners to the soft and silky fibre of the New Orleans\\nCotton. (277.) Difficulty of separating the seed from the staple, and pre-\\njudice against the seed as food for cattle. (278.) Nothing wanted to\\nsecure a rapid extension of the American Cotton culture, but a steady mar-\\nket and competition. (279.) Cotton cultivation on the Coromandel Coast\\nNew Orleans, Sea Island, Egyptian, and Brazilian. (280.) Partial suc-\\ncess of Mr. David Lees on the sandy Coast lands of Tinnevelly error as\\nregards deep sowing. (281.) Sandy soils along the Coromandel Coast\\nadapted to the cultivation of American Cotton.\\n(282.) Sir Henry Pottinger s Government condemns Dr. Wight s re-\\nport. (283.) Recommends that, as the Farms had proved injurious, and\\nas the Agency was no longer necessary, all Government intervention should\\ni be withdrawn. (284.) Dr. Wight s protest against the conclusions of the\\ni Madras Government. (285.) First, The Government Farms had not\\nproved injurious, but the groundless suspicions of the Ryots. (286.) Se-\\ncond, The Government Agency had not proved unnecessary, as it removed\\n-the suspicions of the Ryots. (287.) Retirement of Dr. Wight and final\\ndespatch of the Court of Directors, 1853.\\nMarquis of Tweeddale succeeded by Sir Henry Pot- 210\\nlinger breach between Dr. Wight and Mr. Finnic\\nJ In 1849 the Cotton experiment in India underwent\\na new phase. The Marquis of Tweeddale had retired\\nfrom the Government of Madras in 1848 and Sir\\nHenry Pottinger was now Governor of the Presidency.\\nMeantime the differences of opinion between Dr. Wight\\nL and Mr. Pinnie had broken out into an open rupture.\\nThis obsolete quarrel between the Superintendent of\\nthe Cotton Farms, and an American Planter originally\\nengaged to act under his instructions, would of course\\nbe unworthy of notice, did it not serve to illustrate the\\nstage at which the Cotton experiment had arrived. It\\nwill have been seen that the views and the mode of\\nprocedure of Dr. Wight and Mr. Pinnie were diametri-\\ncally opposed. Dr. Wight had expressed his belief\\nI", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "140 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\nthat American Cotton might be profitably cultivated\\nthroughout the Peninsula, excepting on the high table\\nPara 180 lands, where the climate might prove too\\ncc id and accordingly he had been endea-\\nvouring to ascertain by actual experiments, the princi-\\nples of the cultivation of American Cotton under the\\nconditions of an Indian soil and climate, and the nature\\nand extent of the advantages possessed by the American\\ngin over the Indian churka. Mr. Finnie, on the con-\\ntrary, had expressed his belief that the American Cotton\\ncould not be profitably grown in any part of India,\\nexcepting perhaps in such isolated spots as enjoyed the\\nbenefit of both monsoons and accordingly he had only\\nplanted a little American Cotton at Courtallum, and\\nParas. 127, engaged a few Ryots to plant a little more\\n133 at Sevacausey and Aroopoocottah, but from\\nalmost the very first had regarded the latter experiment\\nas a failure. Again, Mr. Finnie considered that the\\nAmerican gin, however well adapted to American Cot-\\nton, was wholly unsuited to the Indigenous Cotton;\\nfirst, because its working was too expensive in a country\\nPara 204 where labour was so cheap and secondly,\\nbecause it cut the fibre of the JNative\\nCotton. Accordingly, instead of cultivating an exotic\\nCom are American Cotton, in an oasis like\\nMi^Pinnie s Courtallum, and looking after the work-\\nPec er i847 d nree miserable gins at Aroopoo-\\nwith his cottah, he had devoted himself to the ex-\\nw y* m tension of the cultivation of Native-grown\\nPari Return Cotton, and to the improvement of its\\n276^292^ quality by methods already available to the\\nRyots. The point however in which Dr.\\nWight and Mr. Finnie came into direct collision, was\\nthe order of the Court of Directors for the 6000 bales\\nof ginned East India Cotton. Mr. Finnie bought very\\nlittle Cotton for ginning, on tbe ground that the price\\ndemanded by the Eyots was too high and he excused\\nhimself from ginning to any great extent, on the ground\\nthat his three hand gins at Aroopoocottah would not\\nwork properly, and that he had not got his gin-house\\nand driving machinery erected at Sevacausey. These", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "1847-49.] DISCUSSION OF DE. WIGHT AND ME. FIWKIE. 141\\nmatters, together with some others, are worthy of being\\nbriefly narrated.\\nMr. Finnie convinced of the folly of cultivating 211\\nAmerican Cotton in India: Dr. Wight recommends\\nhis removal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1847, Dr. Wight was informed that\\ntwo of the American Planters, who had Dr Wight s\\nreturned to England from India, had re- letter, 26th\\nported that American Cotton could only Pari Return\\nbe grown in peculiar climates, such as (1857), p. 164\\nI those of Dharwar and Coimbatore. Accordingly, he\\nrepresented this fact to the Madras Grovernment, de-\\nclaring it to be a mere hypothetical deduction, based\\ni on an imperfect acquaintance with the climates of\\nI India adding however that he should have considered\\nthe judgment of no importance, had he not discovered\\nthat Dr. E-oyle had adopted a similar view and had\\nnot Mr. Finnie fallen into the same error, and actually\\ns stated in a note, that he believed he might almost\\n[\u00e2\u0096\u00a0undertake to eat all the American Cotton that would\\nj be produced at Aroopoocottah. Accordingly, about\\nthree weeks afterwards, Mr. Finnie com- Mr. Fhmie s\\nplained to the Madras Grovernment, that letter, i6th\\nDr. Wight had accused the American pari. Return\\nPlanters of forming a conspiracy, for (iS57),p.278.\\nthe purpose of discouraging the British public from\\npersevering in the cultivation of American Cotton.\\n-The Madras Grovernment however stated in reply that\\nno such communication had been received from Dr.\\nWight. Meantime Mr. Finnie seems to have flavoured\\ns his official correspondence with frequent sneers at Dr.\\nj Wight s proceedings and on one occasion, in an official\\napplication to Dr. Wight for some Ameri- D r Wight s\\ni can seed, he stated that he was more and letter, 2nd\\nmore convinced of the folly of trying to PaS? Return\\ni make this country (India) produce Ameri- (I857),p.i8i.\\ncan Cotton. In reporting this statement to Grovern-\\nment, Dr. Wight pointed out that it involved a grave\\nerror. If the expression referred to India generally, it\\nwas altogether incorrect and if it were even limited\\nto Tinnevelly and Madura, still it was contradicted by\\nthe fact that good field-grown American Cotton had", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "142 COTTON TN THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\nbeen raised in those districts, both recently, and also\\nin former years by the late Mr. Hughes. Under such\\nPara 33 circumstances, he was convinced that Mr.\\nFinnie had never given the experiment a\\nfair trial, and that he never intended doing so and he\\ntherefore recommended that Mr. Finnie should be re-\\nmoved from the locality where he had been stationed.\\nIn thirty-two months, said Dr. Wight, he has cost\\nthe experiment about 20,000 rupees, and has not\\ngrown one bale of American Cotton, or himself culti-\\nvated, or taken continuous charge of, a single field.\\nWhat he has done in the ginning department towards\\naiding in making up the Court s order, I know not\\nbut I believe very little. In another letter, referring\\nPara 196 mn e s sam ple of Tinnevelly Cot-\\nton already noticed, Dr. Wight severely\\ncommented on Mr. Finnie s inconsistency. It seems\\nDr. Wight s na 011 ne ^th of May, 1848, Mr. Finnie\\n5farT i848 a consu ^ed Dr. Wight officially, as to\\nPari/RetuVn what measures he should adopt to overcome\\n(1857), p. 293. the obstinacy of Native dealers in with-\\nholding their Cotton at reasonable prices whilst on\\nthe 24th of the same month, only twenty days after-\\nwards, he stated that he had nearly a whole village\\nengaged in producing Cotton of a very superior quality,\\nand pledged himself to have ultimately the whole crop\\nof Tinnevelly cleaned according to his particular pat-\\ntern.\\n212 Points of the dispute summary of the correspond-\\nence. The rupture between Dr. Wight and Mr.\\nFinnie began about the time of the change of Go-\\nvernors. Sir Henry Pottinger the new Governor,\\nSir Henry however, declined to take any notice of\\nPottiuger s Mr. Finnie s sentiments or of Dr. Wight s\\nMyfis^ 5 11 criticisms and of course within a few\\nPari. Return months the correspondence between the\\n(1857), p. 296. wo g rew warmer an( j m ore lengthy than\\never. The points in the controversy will now be\\nexhibited in the briefest possible form just sufficient\\nto illustrate the stage at which the Cotton experiment\\nhad arrived in the season of 1848-49.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] DISCUSSION 03T DB. WIGHT AND MB. 3TINNIE. 143\\nDISCUSSION BETWEEN DR. WIGHT AND MR. FINNIE.\\nMr. Finnie to Dr. Wight, 7th November, 1848 I 213\\nhave had great difficulties in ginning, but have in-\\nduced many Natives to plant American Cotton.\\nHaving been ordered by the Madras Go- Mr. Pinnie s\\nvernment to assist you in fulfilling the j^^jjg\\norders of the Court of Directors for 6000 Pari Return\\nI bales of ginned East Indian Cotton, I have 1859 )*p- 198\\nto report that I ginned nine candies last season, and\\nthirty- six candies this season, making forty-five in all.\\nI have however had great difficulties in the way of pro-\\ncuring seed Cotton. Brokers here go themselves to the\\nj Byots to buy the seed Cotton so that instead of the\\nByots bringing their Cotton to me, as they bring it to\\nyou at Coimbatore, I have been compelled to purchase\\nf at a high price from the Brokers. The reason of this\\nis obvious. In Coimbatore you are so far from the\\ncoast, that there is no local demand and the people\\nare only too glad to carry their seed Cotton to your\\ngin-house, where they find a purchaser at once. Tinne-\\nj velly however is filled with Chitties who purchase for\\nthe European agents whilst there are also numbers of\\nBrokers, who gain their living by churkaing the Cot-\\nton, and who will not see me deprive thern of their\\nlivelihood without a struggle. I have however got\\nfifty-eight candies of Cotton, cleaned by the churka\\nmen and I submit that the quality is equal to that of\\nginned Cotton, whilst the staple is far better, and the\\ncost much less. Then, again, as regards the working of\\nthe gins I have had considerable trouble. The coolies,\\nwho turn the wheels, have hitherto refused to work\\nj; excepting by the day and I have only just been able\\nto induce them to work by contract at three rupees, or\\nsix shillings, per 1000 lbs. of seed Cotton, including\\nthreshed work. As regards the gins themselves, I\\nshould also like to have the benefit of your suggestions\\nfor, though properly fixed, they will not turn out so\\nI much work as yours and the most we can do with all\\n1 j three is to gin 1760 lbs. of seed Cotton per diem. As\\n1 regards the introduction of American Cotton, about", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "144 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [_ CHAP T\\nwhich you are so anxious, I have the pleasure to men-\\ntion for your gratification, that I have induced many\\nNatives to plant a little. Some have planted it by\\nitself throughout entire fields others have sown it\\nwith grain others, again, have scattered the seed\\namong the Native Cotton, with the hope that the\\nstamina of the American may mingle their pollen with\\nthat of the Native plant, and thus gradually produce a\\nhardier plant than the American, and one more pro-\\nductive and of finer staple than the Indian.\\n214 Dr. Wight to Mr. Finnic, 15th November: Your\\npurchase of Churkaed Cotton is illegal, your culture\\nof American Cotton unsatisfactory, and your ginning\\ntoo expensive. In reply to your letter, I have to\\nDr. Wight s notice your purchase of churkaed Cotton,\\nletter, loth your inducing Natives to plant American\\nJN ov,, 1848. J m a i\\nPari. Return Cotton, your sowing two species together\\n(i8o7),p.i99. f- 0D tain a cross, and your ginning oper-\\nations. As regards the purchase of churkaed Cotton I\\ncan offer no opinion as the purchase of a marketable\\narticle in the bazaar is forbidden by the Company s\\nCharter, and would require the special sanction of Go-\\nvernment. As regards your having induced some Na-\\ntives to grow American Cotton, I am not gratified.\\nYou were not sent to Tinnevelly for that purpose, but\\nto show the people how to conduct the culture and I\\nconsider that so long as you stand aloof as a mere\\nlooker-on, you do not fulfil your obligations to the\\nMadras Government to serve it as an American\\nPlanter. For myself I feel satisfied that the locality\\nyou occupy is much more favourable than Coimbatore\\nfor the production of New Orleans Cotton and I\\nthink that had the ground been differently occupied\\nduring the past three years, the result would have\\nproved more satisfactory there than it has proved in\\nCoimbatore. But the fact is, that you compromised\\nyourself long ago, by declaring that you were convinced\\nthat it w r as a folly to try and make American Cot-\\nton grow in Madura or Tinnevelly and now you will\\nnot try, lest you should ruin the reputation you\\nimagine yourself to possess. Whilst however you do", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] DISCUSSION OF DE. WIGHT AND ME. FINNIE. 145\\nnothing, lest you should waste a few rupees of public\\nmoney, you feel no compunction in inducing the poor\\nNatives to risk their little capital, and their labour, in\\nan undertaking which you confidently pronounce to be\\nhopeless. As regards your expectation, that by sow-\\ning the two species of Cotton together you may suc-\\nceed in obtaining a cross, hardier than the one and\\nmore productive than the other I can only say that I\\ncan give you but little encouragement, as such a result\\nwould be contrary to the laws of nature. To obtain\\nsuch a cross it would be necessary to open the flowers\\nbefore natural blooming to cut out the stamens be-\\nfore shedding their pollen and then to apply the\\npollen of the intended male parent to the virgin stigma.\\nIf its own pollen has once been applied, the other will\\nnot take effect. But even supposing this to happen,\\nand a cross obtained, we should be no great gainers.\\nThe Native Cotton might be improved, but it would\\nbe at the expense of the American plant. Already the\\nAmerican Cotton is as hardy as the Indian Cotton,\\nand would only be deteriorated by the cross. As\\nregards the ginning, we pay for manual labour one\\npenny (8 pies) per maund of 25 lbs., or three shillings\\nand four pence per 1000 lbs. One 25 saw gin cleans\\n1000 lbs. of seed Cotton in about ten or twelve hours\\nand one 19 saw gin cleans 750 lbs. in about the same\\ntime. If the working of your gins falls below that\\nstandard, either the coolies are deficient in training, or\\nthere is something wrong in the gins. This last I\\n1 apprehend to be the case as in examining the alter-\\nations you have made in those gins you have returned,\\nI I find that you have spoiled both thus fully proving\\nthat you do not understand the mechanism of the Cot-\\n1 ton gin. I would therefore suggest the propriety of\\nsending down an artificer, to ascertain whether the\\nJ fault in the working of your present gins lies with the\\ngins or with the coolies.\\n1 Mr. Finnie to Dr. Wight, 18th December: My 215\\nplans have all been approved by the authorities. I\\nf shall not discuss the subject of the suit- Jj\u00c2\u00a3j\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\u00c2\u00a3 s\\nability of the American Cotton to India, Dec.,i848.\\nL", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "146 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nPari. Return nor of the American gin to Indian Cotton.\\n(1857), p. 202. J shall simply explain what you have mis-\\nunderstood, and correct your erroneous views. You\\nnow remark that the purchase of bazaar Cotton is pro-\\nhibited by the charter but in 1846 you recommended\\nthe purchase of such Cotton as was ordinarily churkaed\\nby the people. As regards my proceedings in the cul-\\ntivation of American Cotton, I have strictly adhered\\nParas. 127, to the plans which I proposed in my letter\\n131. of the 26th January, 1846, to which you\\nmade no objection. In deference however to your\\nviews, and contrary to my own judgment, I recom-\\nPara 203 mended the establishment of a Cotton\\nplantation in May last, but did not obtain\\nthe sanction of Government. How then can you say\\nthat I stand aloof as a mere looker-on, and that I do\\nnot fulfil my obligations to serve the Madras Govern-\\nment as a Cotton Planter I consider that the main\\nobject of my mission here is, to improve the Native\\nCotton, and at the same time to do what I can to in-\\ntroduce the exotic. In the first, which is my primary\\npurpose, I have been most successful and I was told\\nby the gentlemen of Tuticorin, that more good Cotton\\nhad been there during the last season than was ever\\nknown before. As regards the secondary subject of\\nthe introduction of American Cotton into India, what\\nmore can be wanted than to see the cultivation in the\\nhands of the Byots I have agreed to pay them two\\nrupees (4s.) per month for each acre, during the two\\nor three months that embrace the cultivating season\\nand also to give them two rupees (45.) above the\\nmarket per podhee of 240 lbs. in the seed, or five\\nrupees (10s.) above the market price per candy of 500\\nlbs. of clean Cotton, If the business succeeds in the\\nhands of the Byots, they will extend the culture if it\\nfails after a fair trial, then the experiment will be for\\never set at rest. As regards what I have done in the\\nway of cultivating American Cotton, I may remark in\\nthe first place, that my hope of producing a cross by\\nmixing the American and Native varieties, involves no\\nvery serious ground of dispute in all points where", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "1848-49.] DISCUSSION OF DE. WIGHT AND MR. F1NNIE. 147\\nbotany is concerned, I yield to your superior know-\\nledge. Secondly, I may remark that I nave planted\\nthe American Cotton in every possible way, but it all\\nlooks wretched except some that is sown in Eed land\\namong palmyra trees, and those that are most pro-\\ntected by the hedge look the best. I merely state\\nthese as facts, and base nothing on them either for or\\nagainst the success of the plant in this country. Both\\nthe Red and Black lands, especially if well manured,\\nwould produce Cotton, if at the same time they en-\\njoyed the climate of Mississippi. You say that this\\nlocality (Tinnevelly and Madura) is more favourable\\nfor the culture of American Cotton than the vicinity of\\nCoimbatore. But this is opposed to your own reports.\\nHere the soil is Black, and you have always asserted\\nthat the Black land is unsuited for the American Cot-\\nton and it was on this very account that you removed\\nyour experimental farms to a locality where there is\\nnothing but Eed land, and which moreover has the\\nbenefit of both monsoons, How then can you assert\\nthat the plant will grow here in Black land, which only\\nenjoys the benefit of one scanty monsoon I think that\\nan experiment of seven years, like yours at Coimbatore,\\nis amply sufficient and I hope Grovernment will send\\nyou out in the open plains to try your skill in the\\nBlack and Eed soils with only one monsoon. If the\\nculture of American Cotton is ever to confer the\\nexpected benefit on India and England, we must get\\nout of the little oases at the foot of the hills, and spread\\nit over the length and breadth of the land. As regard\\nthe gins, the band did not run properly, and the Eyot\\nin charge made them carry a leathern rope instead\\nbut I deny that either of the gins were in any way\\ninjured.\\nBr. Wight s explanations, 30th January. You are 21G\\n1 correct in saying that in 1846 I recom- Dr. wight s\\ns mended the purchase of churka-cleaned j^ili? 1\\n1 Cotton, in order that it might be tried ParLRetiim\\ntogether with ginned Cotton by English 1857 p- 205\\nspinners. This suggestion was approved both by the\\nMadras Government and the Court of Directors but\\nL 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "148 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nat the same time the Court directed that seed Cotton\\nshould be purchased by us, and then cleaned by us,\\npartly by the gin and partly by the churka observing,\\nas I presume, that the purchase of the ready-prepared\\nmarketable article would change the character of the\\ntransaction from an experimental to a commercial one,\\nand thereby involve our Honourable Masters in an\\nillegal proceeding. This was the reason why I recom-\\nmended you to apply for fresh instructions, before en-\\ngaging in a transaction which might bring the Grov em-\\ninent into collision with the mercantile interest, as\\nbeing a departure from the provisions of an Act of\\nParliament. As regards the establishment of Cotton\\nfarms in Tinnevelly and Madura, I learn that you\\nreadily obtained sanction for the establishment of a\\nsmall model farm of fifty acres at Courtallum. Had\\nyou asked for a similar one at Aroopoocottah, in order\\nto teach the Natives how to cultivate American Cotton,\\nyou would easily have obtained it. If however you\\napplied for a farm of 500 or 1000 acres, I can easily\\nunderstand why it was not granted. As regards the\\ntwo monsoons, it was you who laid such great stress\\non the importance of this condition in the cultivation\\nof American Cotton in India. I was formerly, to some\\nextent, of the same way of thinking; but now I am\\nPara 90 convinced that the opinion is most erro-\\nneous. You propose that I should be sent\\ninto the plains, to try my skill in cultivating American\\nCotton on Black and Eed soils with only one monsoon.\\nTo this I am most agreeable. I have long wished to\\nhave the experiment tried and indeed supported your\\napplication for employment under this Presidency, for\\nthe express purpose of having it tried by a skilful and\\nzealous Planter. At that time you promised me your\\nenergetic support. However, a volunteer in the person\\nof the Acting Collector of Tanjore, is now kindJy\\ngiving me the aid which you then promised to me.\\nHe writes me, on the 6th December, that American\\nCotton seed, sown early in September, is wonderfully\\nfine plants up to 2 feet and 3 feet high, and loaded\\nwith bolls, and only waiting for the bright sunshine to", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "1847.] VIEWS OE THE MARQUIS OE TWEEDDALE. 149\\nburst. That sown in the beginning of October is just\\nnow opening into flower, and is only about one foot\\nhigh, evidently kept back by the heavy monsoon. As\\nregards the alterations you made in the gins, they were\\nnot small matters as you represent. The position of\\nthe brush pulleys was altered and the result was that\\none gin revolved the wrong way, whilst the other re-\\nquired six men instead of four to work it. In fact, you\\ninjured their working properties, and then complained\\nof their inefficiency.\\nGeneral opinions of the Madras Government and 217\\nCourt of Directors upon the Experimental Culture.\\nThe foregoing correspondence was forwarded to the\\nMadras Government by Dr. Wight but by this time\\nthe whole question of the advisability of continuing the\\nCotton experiment in any form, was being brought\\nunder the consideration of the authorities. The whole\\ncost of the experiment, which in 1847 had g tatements\\nreached two lakhs and a half, or \u00c2\u00a325,000, of the Ac-\\nhad now in 1849 reached to very nearly {^j^i*\\nfour lakhs, or \u00c2\u00a340,000 though from this Pari. Return\\nsum total must be deducted about half a 1857 ^P- m\\nlakh, or \u00c2\u00a35000, for money received as the sale proceeds\\nof Cotton shipped to England, and the value of saw\\ngins, and other machinery. At the same time, though\\nmuch information had been obtained, it did not appear\\nthat many practical results had been obtained. The\\naction of Government upon the matter can be best\\nunderstood, first, by noticing the recorded opinions of\\nthe Marquis of Tweeddale, and the remarks of the\\nCourt of Directors thereon and, secondly, by bringing\\nforward the views of Sir Henry Pottinger, which led to\\nthe temporary abandonment of the experimental cul-\\nture in this Presidency.\\nVIEWS OF THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE.\\nMinute of the Marquis of Tweeddale in 1847: 1st, 218\\nI To relinquish the Experimental Farm in Coimbatore,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094It has already been seen that either the Marquis of", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "150 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\nTweeddale had adopted the views of Mr. Finnie, or\\nelse that Mr. Finnie had adopted the views of the\\nMarquis of Tweeddale. Accordingly his Lordship had\\non more than one occasion expressed himself favourably\\ndisposed towards the practical suggestions of the Ame-\\nrican Planter, rather than towards the theoretical views\\nof a scientific botanist like Dr. Wight. Shortly before\\nhis Lordship s retirement from the Government of\\nMadras, he drew up several Minutes, in which he re-\\ncorded his opinions at length. In the first place he\\nproposed the remission of one-fourth of the rent of all\\nParas. 121, lands taken up for the cultivation of Ame-\\n123 rican Cotton but this subject has already\\nbeen narrated elsewhere. His more important pro-\\nMarquis of position was that the Government should\\nTweeddaie s immediately relinquish all its Experimental\\nSe 1 pt U t i847 d Farms and official agency for raising Cot-\\nPari- Return ton. No fair conclusion, he said, could ever\\np be drawn, until private capital and enterprise\\nwere embarked in the trial and that would never take\\nplace, so long as ^Government occupied itself with the\\nexperiment. On the other hand, if one-half of the\\namount that had heen expended, had been offered as a\\nbonus to private enterprise, either in the form of\\nadvances for the erection of gins and other machinery,\\nor in that of grants of land rent free for a specified\\nterm, he believed that the question would already\\nhave been brought to an issue. Again, no fair con-\\nclusion could be drawn from a Government .Farm,\\nsuperintended by men who were not practical agricul-\\nturists, and who .consequently were not able to direct\\nthe labour of those under them but who used Govern-\\nment capital and Commissariat cattle, which the Native\\ncultivator could not command and who moreover had\\nno direct interest in the success of the experiment, nor\\nin the limitation of the expenditure. His Lordship did\\nnot include Mr. Imnie in these remarks, as he believed\\nit to be a great advantage to Government, to be able to\\ncommand the services of a practical Cotton Planter. At\\nthe same time he expressed an opinion similar to that\\nexpressed by Mr. Imnie namely, that instead of at-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "1847.] VIEWS OF THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE. 151\\ntempting to force on the Eyots the cultivation of\\nAmerican Cotton, efforts should be directed towards\\nthe improvement of the Cotton already cultivated in\\nthe country.\\n2nd, To establish small model fields, under a prac- 219\\ntical Agency, amongst the Native cultivators. With\\nthese views, the Marquis of Tweeddale ad- Marquis of\\nvocated the establishment of an Agency, Tweeddaie s\\nconfined to practical Planters. He would Dec U i847 lth\\nnot place large Farms in their hands, but a Pari! Return\\nfew small patches of land, as model fields, 1857 p- 169\\nin the midst of the Native cultivation. He believed\\nthat it was not the soil, nor the plant, nor the land-tax,\\nwhich shut the Indian Cotton out of the European\\nmarkets but that it was want of skill, and ignorance\\nof practical causes. Accordingly, he would urge on\\nthe Collectors and their Assistants, the expediency of\\nacquiring from the American Planter a practical know-\\nledge of Cotton culture. He would also urge on the\\nAgents themselves, the importance of improving all the\\nspecies of Cotton which were already cultivated in\\nIndia, and of inducing Native agriculturists gradually\\nto adopt those approved and inexpensive modes of cul-\\nture, which could easily be engrafted on his own*\\n3rd, To set up small Gin establishments, and to 220\\nkeep up good roads to the Ports. These efforts to im-\\nprove the culture of Native Cotton ought to be accom-\\npanied by more economical and experienced methods of\\ngathering and cleaning the crop, and in preparing it for\\nThe Marquis of Tweeddaie s proposition for the improvement\\nof Native Cotton, was communicated to his Excellency Sir William\\nDenison, who thus describes the process suggested, in a Minute dated\\n29th October, 1861. From the seed pods of this year s crop take\\nout those seeds to which the longest fibres are attached, establishing\\na minimum length of fibre, and throwing away all those seeds the\\nCotton of which does not reach this standard these selected seeds\\nwill be used for the next crop, and a similar process will be followed\\nwith this, the minimum length being increased every year. In this\\nway, in the course of a few years, it is probable that a permanent\\naddition will be made to the length and possibly to the fineness of\\nthe fibre, and it will then be easy to spread the seed of the improved\\nkind over the whole of the Indigenous Cotton fields of India.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "152 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nthe market. Improvements in this direction should be\\neffected, not by large and costly gin-houses, like that\\nerected at Coimbatore, but by small establishments set\\nup in each Cotton locality. The gins should be of simple\\nconstruction, and should be provided at the cost of the\\nGovernment, until the people adopted them after\\nwhich the Government should immediately withdraw.\\nAgain, it must be borne in mind that although foreign\\nsubstitutes for cleaning Cotton are most valuable, yet\\nthe Native means of hand-picking, in a country where\\nso many women and children belong to the cultivators,\\nwill always constitute an essential element in preparing\\nCotton wool for the Indian market. But besides this\\nimproved system of culture, and improved means of\\ngathering and cleaning the crop, it is essential that the\\nMadras Government should, where there is no water\\ncarriage, create good roads from the Cotton districts to\\nthe several Ports, in order to give the Cotton of South-\\nern India a chance of competing in Europe with the\\nproduce of other countries.\\n221 Limits to Government agency: the Manufacturer\\nshould purchase direct from the Ryot. The Marquis\\nof Tweeddale expressed his opinion that the Govern-\\nment could effect nothing beyond the three objects\\nalready laid down viz., an improved system of cultiva-\\ntion, better and cheaper means of preparing the Cotton\\nfor the market, and better communications to the marts\\nor Ports. But even these, he considered, would fail to\\nsecure the desired end, unless the manufacturer or his\\nagent were placed in immediate communication with\\nthe cultivator, and purchased direct from him. He\\ndrew attention to Mr. Finnic s statements already\\nnoticed, that inferior and dirty Cotton was the more\\nprofitable article to the Native dealer, and even to the\\nEuropean merchant and that consequently their inter-\\nests were not identical with those of the manufacturers\\nor of the Government. The object of the manufacturer\\nwas to raise and bring into the market an article of\\nsuch quality, and at such a cost, as might stand in per-\\nmanent competition with American Cotton. Whereas,\\nthe object of the merchant and Agent was to obtain", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "1848. VIEWS OF THE COTTKT OF DIEECTOES. 153\\nimmediate profits during the current year. If the in-\\nferior article yielded a better profit to the merchant\\nthan the selected article, the merchant would doubtless\\ntake it to any extent off the hands of the Ryot and\\nNative dealer. Under such a system it was impossible\\nto obtain for Indian Cotton a permanent footing and\\nhold in the market. It would either be an unsaleable\\ndrug, or else would only fetch unremunerative prices ex-\\ncept during those occasional seasons when the American\\ncrop may be below the average, and consequently when\\nthere may be an enlarged demand by the manufacturer.\\nTo meet this state of things, the manufacturer must\\nhave his own Agent, who thoroughly knows what arti-\\ncle is required, and who cannot be imposed upon by\\nNative dealers to take an inferior article. At the same\\ntime, the Agent must be prepared to offer such an ad-\\nditional price to the Ryot or dealer for the superior\\nand well- cleaned Cotton wool, as will remunerate him\\nfor the additional trouble that has been taken in the\\nimproved culture and preparation of the article. If\\nthis demand be a steady one, and such as the Ryot\\nmay depend upon, the superior article required will be\\nproduced at a cost which the manufacturer can afford\\nto pay and, within a few years, to an extent which is\\nnow but little anticipated.\\nYIEWS OF THE COUET OF DIEECTOES.\\nDespatch of the Court of Directors, 1848 \u00e2\u0080\u0094These 222\\npropositions of the Marquis of Tweeddale, General\\ntogether with some others which have been [f^\\nalready noticed, were treated at length in a ors, 4th July,\\ndespatch from the Court of Directors. In Return* 8,1 1,\\nthis despatch the Directors decided; 1st, (1857), p. 179.\\nThat there should be no reduction of the assessment on\\nlands cultivated with American Cotton, as proposed by\\nDr. Wight 2nd, That Mr. Einnie should not be de-\\nputed to England to enter into direct communication\\nwith the English manufacturers; and 3rd, They re-\\ncorded their decision upon the proposition of the Marquis\\nof Tweeddale, to relinquish the Government Cotton", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "154 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nFarm at Coimbatore and to confine the agency to prac-\\ntical Planters, in the two following paragraphs.\\n223 1st, The Cotton Farm at Coimbatore may be relin-\\nquished it has been proved that the right Cotton can\\nbe grown, and the price alone remains to be ascer-\\ntained. We concur in your opinion of the expediency\\nof relinquishing the Government Cotton Farm at Co-\\nimbatore. We consider that the object for which this\\nFarm was established has now been fully attained, by\\ndemonstrating that the soil and climate of that province\\nare capable of producing Cotton of a description in\\nevery way suited to the wants of the English manu-\\nfacturers. The point w^hich requires solution is, whe-\\nther Cotton of this description can be produced at\\nsuch a cost as to enable it to compete successfully\\nwith the Cotton of America in the home market. This\\npoint can only be satisfactorily settled by leaving the\\ncultivation in the hands of the Byots and not even\\nan approximation to it will be obtained, by carrying on\\nthe cultivation at the expense of Government, and\\nunder the superintendence of Government Officers.\\nThe Government should, however, continue to afford\\nits aid by distributing American seed, either gratuitously\\nor at a trifling charge, to those willing to cultivate it\\nby authorizing the grant of small prizes for its success-\\nful cultivation, as we observe you have already done\\nand by using all the means in your power to introduce\\nimproved methods of cleaning the Cotton from the\\nseed, without injury to the staple.\\n224 2nd, Agency confined to practical planters may-\\nbe tried on a small scale. The Agency confined to\\npractical planters/ which you propose to substitute for\\nthe Experimental Farms, is not clearly explained but\\nwe gather from the Marquis of Tweeddale s minute of\\nthe 11th December, 1847, that he would have small\\nestablishments in each Cotton locality or, as he else-\\nwhere expresses it, small patches of land, as Model\\nFarms in the midst of the Native cultivation. If the\\nobject of this measure be to ascertain by actual experi-\\nment, whether in any particular locality the soil and\\nclimate are suited to the production of the American,", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "1849.] VIEWS OF SIB, HENEY POTTINGER. 155\\nor any other description of Cotton, we see no objection\\nto its being tried on a small scale. It appears to us,\\nhowever, that much information bearing on this point\\nwill be obtained, when the results of the experiments\\nwhich you have authorized Dr. Wight to institute\\nthrough the several Collectors of land revenue, with the\\nview of ascertaining the most advantageous time for\\nsowing American Cotton, shall be reported.\\nVIEWS OF SIR HENRY POTTINGER.\\nMinute of Sir Henry Pottinger, May, 1849. Sir\\nHenry Pottinger arrived in Madras on the 7th April,\\n1848. On the 15th July he penned a Mi- Sir Henry\\nnute upon the Cotton experiment, which Minutf ePS\\nwas chiefly confined to approving of Dr. isth Ju ^j rl\\nWight s offering an enhanced price for New Return r\\nOrleans Cotton grown in India; and to 0-857), p.297.\\nsanctioning the establishment of five small threshers\\nand presses in different parts of Tinnevelly and Madura\\nfor the use of Mr. Finnie. At the same time, Sir\\nHenry Pottinger expressed a confirmed opinion that\\nhowever satisfactory the apparent out-turn of public\\nagency might be, whether through Government Farms\\nor through purchases on behalf of Government, that\\nout-turn would form no criterion whereby to judge of\\nthe future because the moment the public agency\\nceased the stimulus would be exhausted, and every trace\\nof it would disappear. He added that Government did\\nall that could be done to obtain the desired object, when\\nit encouraged the people to exert themselves, and\\nplaced amongst them qualified persons to advise and\\ninstruct them in cultivating, cleaning, and preparing\\ntheir Cotton. Shortly after penning this Minute, the\\nCourt s despaftch of the 4th July must have arrived at\\nMadras but some delay arose from the necessity of\\nconsidering what arrangement should be made on the\\ncessation of Dr. Wight s functions as Superintendent\\nof the Cotton Farms.* At last on the 4th May, 1849,\\nIt will be presently seen that the Madras Government partly\\nmisunderstood the terms of the Court s despatch. The Directors", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "156 COTTON ITS T THE MADE AS PEESIDEKCT. [CHAP. Y\\nabout nine months after the receipt of the Court s de-\\nspatch, Sir Henry Pottinger recorded his final decisions\\nin a Minute, the points of which may be exhibited in\\nthe following form.\\n226 The Experimental Earms have been fully tried,\\nand their continuance would be injurious. The time\\nSir Henry ^as now arr i ve( l f\u00c2\u00b0 r ^be Government to\\nPottinger s decide finally, whether or no it will continue\\nm^fm? i tne Experimental Farms, and the employ-\\nParL Return ment of Dr. Wight and Mr. Finnie, and\\n(1857), p. 209. e r subordinates. The Court of Directors\\nhas distinctly intimated its concurrence with the views\\nof this Grovernment, that the Cotton Farm at Coimba-\\ntore should be abandoned and we might have acted\\nupon that intimation at once, only I have been anxious\\nto look narrowly into the whole question once again, in\\norder to propose the outline of an arrangement for the\\nfuture. I may here state, that from a careful perusal\\nof the whole of the papers, I am perfectly convinced\\nthat both the East India Company and the Madras\\nGovernment have done all that was either requisite or\\ncalled for, to give to these Experimental Farms the\\nfairest, fullest, and most liberal trial and I am there-\\nfore satisfied, not only that they should be discontinued,\\nbut that their further continuance would prove injuri-\\nous to the cause they were intended to promote mas-\\nmuch as it would lead the Ryots to believe that Grovern-\\nment alone possessed the means and faculty of either\\nraising the American Cotton, or of improving the cul-\\nture and quality of the Cotton of the country.\\n227 American Cotton in any part of the Madras Pre-\\nsidency liable to failure. The Experimental Farms\\nhave undeniably established the fact that American\\nCotton can be grown in the Madras Presidency, and\\nthat it will occasionally produce remunerative crops\\nbut I am strongly impressed with the view that it will\\nin all cases be liable to failure from the unsuitableness\\nof climate and soil. The American Planters, indeed,\\nwere desirous only of relinquishing the Cotton Farm at Coimbatorc\\nnot of removing Dr. Wight from his position of Superintendent of\\nthe Cotton Experiment.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "1849.] VIEWS OF SIE HENRY POTTINGEB. 157\\nhave gone farther, and have pronounced that the ex-\\nperiment in this Presidency is altogether hopeless\\nand not one of them has ever supported the sanguine\\nhopes and predictions of Dr. Wight or Mr. Wroughton.\\nHowever, the period for predictions and prospects has\\npassed away and the Farms themselves have merged\\ninto a mere mercantile speculation.\\nCauses of the failure of American Cotton climate 228\\nand soil. It would be useless, and indeed I am not\\nqualified, to discuss at length the causes of the failure.\\nI believe that the failure is to be ascribed to the natural\\ndefects of climate and soil, and especially to the former.\\nI appeal to all persons, who have practically studied\\nthe subject for any length of time in India, to say\\nwhether such defects are not often unaccountably in-\\nsurmountable and whether, even when they are over-\\ncome, the success is not to be attributed to some secret\\nworking of nature which it is impossible to fathom. I\\nhave never attempted the cultivation of Cotton, but I\\nhave been a very successful practical gardener in vari-\\nous parts of India and I have constantly found it\\nimpossible to bring to perfection in one place, the plants\\nwhich flourished most luxuriantly in another. Who,\\nfor instance, can explain why the delicious Mangostein\\nis confined to a small circle in the Straits of Malacca\\nWhy the Maize, which in every part of India requires\\nunceasing irrigation, will yet grow as a dry crop on the\\nhills in the vicinity of Nankin Why the Pumplenoses\\n(West Indian Shaddock) which grew in my garden at\\nBhooj, in the rich and proverbially hot climate of\\nKutch, were far superior, both in size and flavour, to\\nany that I have ever seen either at Bombay or on the\\ncoast of Malabar\\nDr. Wight ascribes the failure in Coimbatore to 229\\nthe want of humidity, but humidity does not mean\\nrain. I see that Dr. Wight attributes the failure of\\nthe American Cotton in Coimbatore to the want of\\nhumidity and I understand him to signify that the\\nhumidity of a climate depends upon the quantity of\\nrain that falls. To this definition I beg to differ. The\\nclimate of the lower parts of Scinde is for some months", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "158 COTTON TN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\nthe most humid I ever lived in and yet the rain, be-\\nyond a few showers, does not usually fall in more than\\none year out of three or four. I believe also that there\\nare other regions of the globe to which the same re-\\nmark may be still more forcibly applied.\\n230 The Eyots should now be left to themselves, with\\nsuch aid as the Revenue Establishments may give.\\nI have made the foregoing remarks to show that I have\\nnot taken a superficial view of this important question.\\nI give Dr. Wight the highest credit for his zeal and\\nperseverance but had he even effected greater results\\nthan he has done, I should still think that the Eyots\\nought now to be left to themselves. The Eyots, how-\\never, will still have the advantage of such advice and\\ninstruction as can be given them through the Collectors\\nand Eevenue establishments and I propose that, after\\nthe departure of Dr. Wight, his two subordinate as-\\nsistants, Messrs. Sherman and Cuxton, together with\\nthe East Indian lads who have been in his service,\\nshould be attached to the Eevenue establishments, at\\nleast for a time. Accordingly, the arrangements I now\\npropose for Mr. Einnie, Dr. Wight, and the subordinates\\nare as follows.\\n231 Mr. Einnie to remain in Tinnevelly till October, to\\ninstruct the East Indian lads in the use of the Gins,\\netc. Mr. Einnie s engagement with the East India\\nCompany terminates in October next. He should\\ntherefore remain in Tinnevelly until that time, under\\nthe orders of the Officiating Collector. He should at\\nonce desist from all further purchases of Cotton. He\\nshould also cease to interfere with the culture of Cotton,\\nbeyond giving his advice when asked for because if\\nhe should tender his advice, and the crop should after-\\nwards fail, the failure would be attributed to his in-\\nnovations. He should be ordered to devote his whole\\ntime and attention to the instruction of the Natives in\\nthe practical use of the gins, presses, churkas, threshers,\\nand other implements required in the cleaning and\\npreparation of the Cotton. One half of the East\\nIndian lads now under Dr. Wight in Coimbatore,\\nshould be at once removed to Tinnevelly, and placed", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "1849.] YIEWS OF SIR HENRY POTTINGER. 159\\nunder the instructions of Mr. Einnie so that when\\nMr. Einnie retires, they will be able to take charge of\\nall the Cotton machines.\\nDr. Wight should break up his establishment in 232\\nCoimbatore immediately. Dr. Wight should discharge\\nat once all establishments which have been hitherto\\nemployed on the Experimental Farms and place his\\ntwo assistants, Messrs. Sherman and Cuxton, and the\\nremaining half of the East Indian lads, at the disposal\\nof the Collector of Coimbatore.\\nGin-houses at Coimbatore and Aroopoocottah to be 233\\nplaced under the Collectors for the use of the Eyots.\\nAfter the departure of Mr. Einnie, either Mr. Sherman\\nor Mr. Cuxton should be transferred to Tinnevelly.\\nThus whilst the gin-houses at Coimbatore and Aroo-\\npoocottah will be under the general superintendence of\\nthe Collectors of the district, each one will be in the\\nimmediate charge of either Mr. Sherman or Mr. Cuxton.\\nThe Eyots should, for a season at least, have the use\\nof these gin-houses gratis, as well as the use of all\\nother agricultural and Cotton- cleaning instruments,\\nwhich have been so profusely and readily supplied by\\nthe Court of Directors. But I do not deem it either\\nnecessary or desirable that this system should be con-\\nsidered a permanent one and both the Collectors of\\nCoimbatore and Tinnevelly will be expected to report\\nto Grovernment, when they consider that the time has\\narrived for requiring from the Eyots a trifling sum for\\nthe use of the Grovernment instruments and machinery.\\nThe sole occupation of Mr. Sherman and Mr. Cuxton in\\ntheir several districts, will be to overlook the proceed-\\nings of the East Indian lads who, it is assumed, will\\nbe fully qualified to take charge of the Cotton- cleaning\\napparatus. The Eevenue authorities will, on their\\npart, be most careful to guard against any one of the\\nassistants or employers receiving, on any pretence\\nwhatever, the smallest private gratification or present\\nS for work done with the public machinery.\\nUnfounded complaint of the Manchester Associ- 234\\nation the Manchester Merchants ought to help them-\\nj selves. I have observed that the Manchester Com-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "160 COTTON IN THE MADEAS PEESIDENCT. [CHAP. Y.\\nniercial Association has recently stated, that it has\\nbeen satisfactorily proved that New Orleans Cotton\\ncan be produced cheaply and profitably and that if\\nthe same amount of encouragement had been afforded\\nin Coimbatore, as had been given in Dharwar, far\\ngreater quantities would have been produced. To both\\nassertions I most unhesitatingly demur. Small batches\\nof excellent Cotton wool have been occasionally sent to\\nEngland from Coimbatore, but they formed the excep-\\ntion and not the rule and as regards the alleged\\nabsence of insufficient encouragement, I am sure that\\nno one who has taken the trouble that I have done, to\\nobtain a perfect insight into the whole matter, will for\\nan instant admit the correctness or applicability of the\\naccusation. My own decided sentiments are that the\\nManchester Merchants must blame themselves, if there\\nshould be any inadequacy in the future supply unless\\nthey come forward, as they have been repeatedly urged\\nto do, and apply their own agents and capital to the\\ntask, in which Government has set them the example,\\nand pointed out, according to their own showing, so\\neasy a course.\\n235 State of Dr. Wight s Farm at Coimbatore, May,\\n1849 500 acres held by lease and 200 acres worked\\nby contract. Whilst Sir Henry Pottinger s Minute\\nMemoran- was still under the consideration of the\\ndum by Sir other Members of Government, and whilst\\nMoiitgo- Dr. Wight and Mr. Finnie were as yet\\nMa^ is^ ignorant of the fate in store for them, Dr.\\nPari. Return Wight happened to visit Madras, and to\\n(1857), p. 2ii. call at the office of sir u enr y Montgomery,\\nthe Chief Secretary. Accordingly, Sir Henry Mont-\\ngomery took the opportunity of asking Dr. Wight to\\nexplain the exact state of his department at that mo-\\nment. Dr. Wight represented that he had about 500\\nacres of land, all ploughed and ready for seed. Part of j\\nthis land consisted of waste and part was rented from\\nRyots, who themselves held the land on puttah or lease j\\nfrom the Government, under the ordinary system of\\nEyotwary tenure. As regards these last lands, Dr.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "1849.] STOPPAGE OF THE COTTON EXPERIMENT. 161\\nWight had agreed to pay the Government assessment,\\nand something more to the Ryot as compensation\\nthat is, half as much more on dry land, and twice as\\nmuch more on garden land. The whole of these 500\\nacres was worked by his Farm establishment and cattle\\nbut in addition, he was preparing about 200 acres to be\\ncultivated by Native labourers employing their Native\\nimplements and cattle on the contract system. The\\nploughing for the season had already been completed\\nand he proposed to sow the land in two months time,\\nthat is, in July, with three different kinds of American\\nseed and also with some Sea Island seed lately re-\\nceived from the Court of Directors. The Court s order\\nfor six thousand bales was about half executed and\\nDr. Wight continued to purchase Native seed Cotton,\\nand to gin it, as it kept the gin-house cattle at work,\\nand the ginned Cotton yielded a profit of 20 or 25 per\\ncent, on cost and charges. He had 100 bales of ginned\\nNative Cotton at Cochin ready for shipment and\\n8000 rupees worth of seed Cotton, purchased at Coim-\\nbatore, was being ginned as rapidly as possible. As\\nregarded the culture of the coming season, Dr. Wight\\ncalculated that it would pay all the agricultural ex-\\nj penses of the Farm, exclusive of his own salary and\\nhe considered that, now that the sowing time had been\\nchanged from the cold weather to July, the American\\nCotton could no longer be regarded as an uncertain\\n1 crop.\\nApplication of Dr. Wight to be permitted to sow 236\\nand gather one crop more refused, June. It will be\\nseen from the foregoing para., that Dr. Wight was\\nunder contract both to Native landholders and to Na-\\ntive cultivators and that the land had been engaged,\\nand compensation paid, up to May, 1850. Accordingly\\nAll lands under a system of artificial irrigation are called nunjah\\nj or garden lands. Those under no irrigation, beyond what is supplied\\nby the natural fall of rain, are called punjah or dry land. The Na-\\ntive Cotton is generally grown on dry land or punjah. Dr. Wight\\nhowever had been anxious to try the experiment of growing Ameri-\\nI can Cotton on nunjah, or irrigated land. It need scarcely be re-\\nmarked that a higher rate of assessment is raised from nunjah than\\nfrom punjah land.\\nM", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "162 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\none of the Members of Council suggested that the land\\nmight be worked during the coming season, but not\\nbeyond the season. Sir Henry Pottinger however in-\\nsisted upon the immediate transfer of the\\nParm to the Collector and he expressed\\nhis surprise that Dr. Wight, who had once\\nrecommended a remission of half the land\\nassessment, should now have actually agreed\\nto pay, not merely the whole of that assess-\\nment, but an additional compensation of\\none half more, and in some cases a rent\\namounting in the aggregate to double the\\nassessment a proceeding which it was\\nimpossible for the people to understand,\\nand which could only deter them from com-\\npeting with the Government who possessed\\nsuch a command of money and means. The\\nGovernment order was then drafted in ac-\\ncordance with Sir Henry Pottinger s first\\nrecommendations. Dr. Wight appealed.\\nHe explained that when procurable he had\\nobtained Government waste land but that\\notherwise he had been compelled to rent\\nlands of the Puttahdars, or Byots, who were\\nto all intents and purposes proprietors of\\nthe land. This practice had been in force\\nprior to his undertaking the charge of the Parms at\\nCoimbatore, and was altogether unavoidable as the\\nlands could not be obtained without the payment of\\ncompensation to the Ryots, and the amount of com-\\npensation had been fixed before he was appointed. Dr.\\nWight also represented that his Farm had been repeat-\\nedly ploughed for the coming season, and that conse-\\nquently from two-thirds to three-fourths of the expense\\nhad been already incurred all of which would be lost\\nunless the crop was grown. He added that this pecu-\\nniary loss would be small in comparison with those\\ninjurious effects on the agricultural community, which\\nwere likely to follow the abrupt breaking up of an\\nestablishment, which had been in operation for many\\nyears, and when it was generally known that nearly all\\nMr. D. El-\\nliott s Mi-\\nnute, 12th\\nMay, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p, 213.\\nPara. 121.\\nSir Henry\\nPottinger s\\nMemoran-\\ndum, 12th\\nMay, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 212.\\nMinutes of\\nConsulta-\\ntion, 1st\\nJune, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 213.\\nDr. Wight s\\nletter, 11th\\nJune, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 216.\\nPara. 39.", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "1849.]\\nDEPARTURE OF ME. FINNIE.\\n163\\nthe expenses of the crop had heen incurred. He there-\\nfore begged that the establishment might be kept up\\nfor one season longer. By so doing all these disadvan-\\ntages might be avoided the excellent and thoroughly\\nacclimated stock of seed would be preserved and some\\narrangements might be made for others, such as the\\nManchester Association, to continue the experiment on\\ntheir own account. The Governor in Minutesof\\nCouncil however decided that the Cotton Consuita-\\nEarm should be at once transferred to the 2 ?o? Q\\nJune, 184V)\\nCollector, who would carry out all that Pari. Return\\nwas necessary in consequence of the en- 185 7) p- 218\\ngagements which Dr. Wight had made.\\nDeparture of Mr. Finnie from the Madras Presi- 237\\ndency. Such was the sweeping measure carried out\\nby Sir Henry Pottinger s Government in June, 1849.\\nWe shall presently see that, as far as Dr. Wight was\\nconcerned, the measure was reversed by the Court of\\nDirectors but the proceedings as regarded Mr. Finnie\\nwere fully confirmed. The latter gentleman left the\\nPresidency in the following October, but before his\\ndeparture from Tinnevelly, he addressed a letter to Mr.\\nElton the Collector of the District, respecting the\\ndirections which he had received from Government to\\ninstruct the East Indian lads in the work-\\nPara 233.\\ning of the gins, and concluding with a\\ngeneral review or estimate of his own labours.\\nMr. Finnie s last letter, July, 1849 The gins will 238\\nalways remain idle after Government ceases to use\\nthem. Mr. Finnie reported that he should be happy\\nto instruct Dr. Wight s East Indian lads Mr p im) i e s\\nin the working of the gins, during the letter, 17th\\nfifteen or twenty days that were required pall Return\\nto clean the seed Cotton on hand; but (i857),p.3e4.\\nthat after that period the gins would never be at work,\\nas the Natives would never use them after Grovern-\\nment had retired from the experiment. So long, he\\nsaid, as the merchants continued to buy dirty Cotton,\\ni so long we must despair of all improvement. Even\\nthe hopes which he had entertained the previous year,\\nthat the people would take more care in cleaning and\\nm 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "164 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\npacking, had proved altogether abortive for during\\npara 187 e greater part of the season they had\\nrealized as much for the dirty Cotton, as\\nhe had given them in the early part of the season for\\nthe clean Cotton. Under such circumstances, all his\\nefforts to induce the people to employ the gins had of\\ncourse proved a failure. He had offered them the use\\nof the machines for a mere trifle, and then for nothing\\nbut they utterly refused to have anything to do with\\nthem and the gin-house at Sevacausey, and the\\nCeylon machinery, will remain a cenotaph to the judg-\\nment of those who urged the purchase after I had\\nascertained that they were not required. 1 Mr. Finnie\\nconcluded his letter with the following expressions,\\nwhich are worthy of preservation, as exhibiting his own\\nestimate of his labours. I have not, he said, con-\\nfined myself to the track pointed out by pseudo-sci-\\nentific theory, but have launched boldly into the broad\\nocean of practical utility, guided by the north star of\\ncommon sense, which, with some knowledge of politi-\\ncal economy, with due regard to cause and effect, en-\\nables me to draw approximate conclusions as to the\\nresults of certain plain measures in reference to national\\ninternal improvement and individual prosperity. My\\nonly regret is that I have done so little that I have\\naccomplished nothing for the benefit of this country\\nand its Ryots but I have done my best, and I can now\\nreturn to my Native land with the proud satisfaction\\nof having discharged my duty to my employers.\\nThese were apparently the last words of Mr. Finnic\\nIt is however currently reported that Mr. Finnie s last\\nwords were of a very different complexion and were\\nto the effect that he owed it, as a duty, to his country,\\nto prove that American Cotton would not grow in\\nPersonal Southern India, and that this latter duty\\ninformation. was the one w T hich he considered he had\\nfully performed.\\n239 Decision of the Madras Government as regards Dr.\\nWight, reversed by the Court of Directors, September.\\nThe proceedings of Sir Henry Pottinger s Govern-", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "1849.]\\nDE. WIGHT RETAINED.\\n165\\nmerit as regarded Dr. Wight, seem to have\\nbeen altogether opposed to the wishes of fromttie\\nthe Court of Directors. Immediately after Coi rt of J*-\\nthe receipt of the proceedings, the Court Sept./isisi.\\nsent out a despatch, in which they ordered ^g^^S\\na reversal of the resolutions which had\\nbeen passed by the Governor in Council. They were\\nof opinion that, under the circumstances mentioned by\\nDr. Wight, it would have been desirable to avoid the\\nabrupt termination of his arrangements. They had\\npreviously concurred in the opinion that the Govern-\\nment Cotton Farm in Coimbatore might be relinquished,\\nbecause they had considered that the object for which\\nthat Farm had been established had been fully attained,\\nby demonstrating that the soil and climate of the\\nCoimbatore district were capable of producing Cotton\\nof a description in every respect suited to the wants of\\nthe British manufacturer. But at the same time,\\nthey had directed that the Madras Government should\\ncontinue the distribution of American seed and they\\nhad authorized the cultivation of fields in particular\\nlocalities, with the view of ascertaining whether the\\nsoil and climate of those localities were suited to the\\nproduction of the American, or any other description\\nof Cotton. Whilst therefore they had believed that\\nthe time had arrived for discontinuing the extensive\\nfarming operations at Coimbatore, they had not intend-\\ned to prohibit the cultivation on a small scale on ac-\\ncount of Government. Again, they had expressly\\nordered that Dr. Wight s purchases of American Cot-\\nton from the Ryots at remunerating prices should not\\nbe discontinued and it was neither their wish, nor\\ntheir intention, that Dr. Wight should be removed\\nfrom the office of Superintendent of Cotton Experi-\\nments under the Madras Presidency. Accordingly,\\nthe Directors expressed their regret that the Madras\\nGovernment should have adopted a course, which could\\nsearcely fail to produce an impression, both in India and\\nin England, that they had become less earnest in pro-\\nmoting the object, equally important to both countries,", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "166 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [\u00e2\u0082\u00acHAP. Y.\\nof obtaining from India a supply of Cotton suited to\\nthe requirements of the English manufacturers.\\n240 Dr. Wight s services to be retained: Mr. Finnie s\\ndispensed with. The Court of Directors then ordered\\nthat the Coimbatore Farms should, if not too late, be\\ncultivated according to the plans laid down by Dr.\\nWight and that at the close of the season, both the\\nlands, and the machines and implements, should be\\ndelivered over at a fair valuation to any company of\\nMerchants and Planters who might offer to continue\\nthe experiment. As regarded Dr. Wight, they con-\\nsidered that before giving up the superintendence of\\nthe Cotton experiments, he should be called upon to\\nfurnish a clear and connected account of the experi-\\nmental cultivation on the Coimbatore Farms, and in\\nother parts of the Madras Presidency together with\\nsuch observations as his scientific and practical know-\\nledge might enable him to supply as to the causes of\\nsuccess or failure. Such a report, they said, could not\\nfail to be a useful document, as a guide for those who\\nmight be hereafter engaged in similar undertakings.\\nAs regarded leaving future operations in the hands of\\nthe Collectors, the Directors remarked that little could\\nbe accomplished by those officers, unless the latter\\ncould look to some properly qualified officer to direct\\ntheir proceedings, and to digest and methodize such\\nresults as might be obtained. Again, considerable\\nadvantage w r as to be expected from the experiments\\nwhich had been in progress under the superintendence\\nof Dr. Wight throughout the Presidency, with the\\nview of acertaining the most suitable time in the year\\nfor sowing the American seed and such experiments\\nwould be of little avail, unless the officer, by whose\\nsuggestions they had been undertaken, should be in a\\nposition to examine and report on these results, aided\\nby his own extensive experience in the practical cul-\\ntivation of Cotton in other localities. Accordingly,\\nthe Directors expressed their opinion, that Dr. Wight\\nshould retain the position of Superintendent of Cotton\\nExperiments under the Madras Presidency, until these\\nobjects were accomplished but at the same time they", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "1849.] BESTJMPTION OP THE COTTON EXPERIMENT. 167\\napproved of the decision of the Madras Government to\\ndispense with the services of Mr. Pinnie at the termin-\\nation of his engagement. Mr. Finnie, as para 2g7\\nwe have already seen, left the Madras Pre-\\nsidency in October this year.\\nState of the Farms at Coimbatore. Meantime, Dr. 241\\nWight was staying at Madras preparatory Dr. wight s\\nto retiring from the service but on receipt ^y^^}\\nof instructions from the Madras Govern- Pari Return\\nment to resume his office of Superintendent 1857 p 231,\\nof the Cotton Experiment, he at once repaired to Coim-\\nbatore, and placed himself in communication with Mr.\\nThomas, the Collector of the district. The _\\nlands he had rented, as described in a pre-\\nvious paragraph, had all been given up to the Ryots,\\nexcept two or three fields which had been taken up by\\na Cape Farmer named Prince, who had visited Coim-\\nbatore in order to receive instructions in Cotton cul-\\nture, and who but for that accommodation must have\\nreturned without attaining the object of his mission.\\nDr. Wight cultivates American Cotton by irriga- 242\\ntion. As the season was too late for Dr. Wight to\\ncultivate American Cotton as a dry crop, he resolved\\nto try the plan of cultivating both Native and Ameri-\\ncan Cotton by the aid of irrigation, as proposed in his\\nCircular of the previous March. Accord- para\\ningly he rented several garden lands, or\\nlands under irrigation and he proposed to have them\\ncultivated under his direction by the proprietors of the\\nlands, for the purpose of familiarizing them with his\\npractice. In these gardens he proposed to sow every\\nvariety of Cotton seed which he had in his possession;\\nnamely, Sea Island and Bourbon of the long-stapled\\nvarieties and New Orleans, Petit Gulph, and Native\\nCotton of the short-stapled varieties. Dr. Wight had\\nalso written to Mr. Cuxton in Tinnevelly, to ascertain\\nthe capabilities of the climate on the South-eastern\\ncoast for the production of American Cotton by a\\nsimilar course of procedure.\\nPostponement of Dr. Wight s Cotton Report\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The 243\\nclear and connected account of the experimental culti-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "168 COTTON IK THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. V.\\nvation on the Coimbatore and other Farms, which the\\nCourt of Directors had called on Dr. Wight to supply,\\nPara 240 was P os ^P one( f\u00c2\u00b0 r a wnue until the latter\\ncould obtain further materials. Upon this\\npoint Dr. Wight observed that such a report, to be\\nreally useful and satisfactory, must be comprehensive,\\nembodying both principles and practical details. Ac-\\ncordingly, the completion of the Report was delayed for\\ntwo years and a half, and was not finally addressed to the\\nMadras Government until May, 1852. Before however\\nexhibiting the subject matter of this final report, three\\nmatters require especial notice viz. 1st, An attempt\\nto improve the Indian Churka 2nd, An attempt to\\nsimplify the American saw gin and 3rd, The further\\nprogress made in the cultivation of American Cotton.\\n2M 1st, Mather s improved Churka. This machine was\\nconstructed in Bengal, and obtained a prize, but was\\nnever fairly tried in the Madras Presidency, nor indeed\\ndoes it seem to have been regarded as generally satis-\\nPa l Re ort ^^J* differed from the ordinary\\n(1857). Ben- Madras Churka, described in para. 25, in\\nIII and439 ne owm g particulars. The upper roller\\nwas of steel instead of wood. The motion\\nof one was communicated to the other by means of a\\nspur wheel and pinion instead of an endless screw, by\\nmeans of which the upper roller performed four re-\\nvolutions to one of the lower roller. A fan of strong\\nwhalebone brushes was also attached, for cleaning the\\nstaple as soon as it has passed through the rollers\\nmuch in the same manner as the brush- wheel attached\\nto the American gin, cleaned the staple after it was\\nMr Pinnies se P arate( i from the seed by the circular\\nletter, Toth saws. Opinions were expressed both by\\nDr ar wignt^ I)r Wight; and Mr. Einnie on the descrip-\\nletter, 4th tion of the machine which was forwarded\\nr Henry 8 to tne Madras Government and accord-\\nMontgo- ingly it was requested that two Mathers s\\nter^i7tn et improved Churkas might be sent to Dr.\\nApril, 1848. Wight s experimental Farm. No further\\nPari. Return b r v\\n(1857), pp. report upon their working capacity is to be\\n390,391. found in the Madras records. From the", "height": "4197", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "COTTAGE SAW GIN", "height": "4280", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "1849.] MANCHESTER COTTAGE SAW GI1S 169\\nreports published in the Cotton Blue book for Bengal,\\nthe improved Churka appears to have failed to meet\\nthe expectations which had been formed of either its\\ncheapness or its efficiency whilst its cost was sixty\\nrupees, or double the cost of the Cottage gin described\\nin the next paragraph.\\n2nd, The Manchester Cottage saw Gin. The Cot- 245\\ntage gin was an attempt to simplify the American gin,\\nand so far to cheapen it, as to bring it within the\\nmeans of the Indian Kyot. Its principle was the same\\nas that of the American gin, and an illustration is ap-\\npended which will perhaps prove sufficient to explain\\nits working. Instead of sixty or even twenty saw\\nwheels, there are but four, and each saw wheel is only\\nten inches in diameter. The length of the Cottage\\nsaw gin is only two feet and its height is only twenty\\ninches at the hopper, and sixteen inches over the\\nbrushes. The weight of the whole is only j^yie s Cot\\nseventy-five pounds. The saws and brushes ton culture,\\nare put in motion by wheels and bands p 540\\nturned by two winches, one on each side, which may\\nbe moved by two children. The working of the\\nmachine is the same in principle as that of the larger\\ngins. The seed Cotton is thrown into the hopper, and\\ncarried away by the circular saws and as the seed is\\ntoo large to pass through the narrow grating, the staple\\nalone is carried away, and the seeds fall down. Thus\\nthe staple is separated from the seed at the moment\\nthe saws pass through the grating; and the staple is\\ncleaned and brushed off from the saws by the brush-\\nwheel which revolves in an opposite direction.\\nTwenty-four Cottage saw Gins received by the Ha- 246\\ndras Government, 1849. The Cottage saw\\ngins described above, had been constructed fJoS the 1\\nunder the direction of the Manchester Court of Di-\\nCommercial Association, as being specially and\u00c2\u00b0i?t h 7th\\nadapted for the use of the Indian Eyot. c e\\nThe cost, exclusive of all charges for freight (1^57), p. sS!\\nor carriage, was about \u00c2\u00a33, or thirty rupees,\\neach. Twenty-four of these saw gins were despatched\\nto the Madras Presidency, in order that their efficiency", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "170 COTTON IN THE M1DEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nmight be practically tried. The results of their trial\\nby the Madras Chamber of Commerce, and subse-\\nquently by Dr. Wight, may be thus exhibited.\\n2 17 Report of the Madras Chamber of Commerce the\\nworking of the Cottage saw Gin unsatisfactory. In\\nMr. Nelson s November one of these Cottage saw gins\\nNoif r i849 was SUDrQ i^^ e( i t\u00c2\u00b0 t ne Madras Chamber of\\nPari? Return Commerce, and was tried twice in the pre-\\n(1857), p. 383. gence f t ie memDers# Mr. Nelson, the\\nChairman, reported that the members present regarded\\nthe result as unsatisfactory 1st, Because the mode of\\noperation might have been deranged by a wrong ad-\\njustment of the saws and 2ndly, Because the gear\\nmight have been put in better working order by a\\nperson thoroughly acquainted with the machine. The\\nresults were thus summed up. The seed Cotton sub-\\nmitted to the action of the gin consisted of New Or-\\nleans, Bourbon, and Tinnevelly. With the New Or-\\nleans the gin did not effectually separate the wool from\\nthe seed; its action was frequently choked, and the\\nsmall quantity delivered was considerably injured in\\nthe staple. With the Bourbon the effect was worse\\nthe staple being very much cut up, and rendered unfit\\nfor spinning. With the Tinnevelly the gin entirely\\nfailed to separate the staple from the seed and such\\nportions as came through were utterly useless for\\nspinning purposes.\\n248 Expense of the Cottage saw Gin an insuperable bar\\nto its employment in India. But even apart from\\nthese defects in the working of the Cottage saw gin,\\nthe Chamber was of opinion that its cost would prove\\nan insuperable bar to its general use in the Cotton\\ndistricts and it was doubted whether a Native would\\nvoluntarily work a machine of such a description, even\\nif its successful operation was rendered much more\\nevident. The Chairman s report concluded with the\\nsignificant notification that no member of the Chamber\\nhad expressed a wish to purchase any of the gins.\\n249 Br. Wight reports favourably of the Cottage saw\\nGin. Four months after the foregoing trial, Dr. Wight\\nsent to the Madras Government a highly favourable", "height": "4280", "width": "2468", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "1850.]\\nTHE D II All WAR SAW GIK.\\n171\\nreport of the working of the same gins. Br. Wight s\\nHe requested that the whole of the Cot- March 2 i85o\\ntage saw gins then in Madras might be Pari. Return\\nforwarded to his establishment at Coim- (1857), p. 884.\\nbatore, with a view to their being cleaned and fitted\\nfor work. He said that those already received had\\nbeen found to do their work exceedingly well all\\nexcept the bands, which were unequal to the strain\\nthey had to endure during the course of two or three\\ndays steady working. He therefore felt surprised at\\nthe very unfavourable report of the Madras Chamber.\\nPrices of the Cottage saw Gin to Natives and Euro- 250\\npeans. A few days afterwards, Dr. Wight reported\\nthat he had received three applications for\\nthe purchase of Cottage saw gins, and re- ^t^f th 8\\nquested to be informed at what prices he Marengo,\\nmight supply them. The cost price in orde^Sd\\nEngland was \u00c2\u00a33 each, and this was of Aprii/isso.\\ncourse exclusive of freight and charges. (i857),p.385!\\nThe Madras Government however informed\\nDr. Wight, that he might dispose of them at twenty-\\nfive rupees (\u00c2\u00a32 10s.) each, or at a lower rate still, if\\nhe thought it necessary to encourage purchasers. These\\norders, however, were only to apply to Native appli-\\ncants Europeans were to be charged the prime cost in\\nEngland, or 30 rupees per gin.\\nFavourable report of the Collector of Tanjore sub- 251\\nsequently reversed. About the same time Mr. Bishop s\\nMr. Bishop, Collector of Tanjore, who had March^nd\\nalso received two Cottage saw gins from 8th July,\\ngovernment, reported that they worked Return ar\\nvery well, and inquired whether he could (i857),p. 386.\\nbe furnished with three or four more, at a moderate\\nprice, for sale in his District. Three months after-\\nwards, however, he countermanded the order, as the\\nCottage gins tore the Cotton too much to be of ser-\\nvice.\\nFavourable reports on the Bharwar saw Gin. 252\\nMeantime, a saw gin in use in Dharwar had attracted\\nthe attention of Mr. Pelly, the Collector of Bellary.\\nMr. Pelly had been informed that the Dharwar gin", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "172 COTTON m THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\n253\\nMr. Pelly s\\nletter, 6th\\nApril, 1850.\\nCollector of\\nCuddapah s\\nletter, 13th\\nApril, 1850.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 387.\\nthe Revenue\\nBoard, 29th\\nApril, 1850.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 386.\\nOrder of Go-\\nvernment,\\n3rd June,\\n1850. Pari.\\nReturn\\n(1857), p. 388.\\ncould be worked all day by two men alter-\\nnately that it cleaned about 1^ maunds\\n(42 lbs.) of seed Cotton per hour, thus doing\\nabout three times the work of the Man-\\nchester Cottage gin and that it cost only\\n40 rupees. At the same time the Collector\\nof Cuddapah expressed a strong opinion\\nupon the importance of introducing a suitable gin.\\nLetter from Accordingly, the Board of Revenue solicited\\nsanction from the Madras Grovernment for\\nthe purchase of fifty Dharwar gins twenty-\\nfive for experimental use in Bellary, and\\ntwenty-five for Cuddapah at a cost of \u00c2\u00a34\\neach, or \u00c2\u00a3200 for fifty. By this time, how-\\never, further supplies of the Manchester\\nCottage gin had been received from England,\\nmaking a total of seventy-two gins. Under\\nthese circumstances the Madras Grovernment was un-\\nprepared to expend \u00c2\u00a3200 in Dharwar gins and di-\\nrected that Dr. Wight should furnish the Collectors of\\nBellary and Cuddapah with as many Manchester Cot-\\ntage gins as could be spared but in addition author-\\nized each Collector to purchase for trial in bis District\\nfive of the Dharwar gins.\\nBr. Wig t compares the working of the Dharwar\\nDr. wight s Gin, the Manchester Cottage Gin, and the-\\nJuiy r i850. lar e Hand Gin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The report of Mr. Pelly,\\nPari. Return that the Dharwar gin cleaned 42 lbs. of\\n(i857),p.389. gee(i Cotton per hour, and that it could be\\nworked the whole day long, naturally led to an applica-\\ntion from Dr. Wight, that he also might be supplied\\nwith a model of this machine, for trial in his establishment\\nat Coimbatore. The letter is somewhat confused, inas-\\nmuch as information as to the relative cost of labour\\non the churka and the various sorts of gins, is inter-\\nmixed with arguments to prove that the reported suc-\\ncess of the Dharwar gin was incredible. The\\nlatter question, considered apart, may be\\nvery briefly treated. The Manchester Cot-\\ntage gins were each worked by only one\\nman or one woman at a time. If worked\\nby men, the average out-turn of each was\\nMather s\\nMachine,\\nBengal P. R,.,\\np. 415. See\\nalso p. 463,\\nfor American\\n60-saw gins\\nat Coimba-\\ntore.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "1849-52.]\\nEELATIYE COST OF LABOUR.\\n173\\nfrom 70 to 75 lbs. of seed Cotton per diem if worked\\nby women, the average out-turn of each was only from\\n50 to 60 lbs. On the other hand, it was reported that\\nthe Dharwar gin, worked by two men alternately,\\ncould clean 42 lbs. per hour, or 220 lbs. in six hours.\\nThe reported superiority of the Dharwar gins, was\\nequally manifest when compared with the large hand\\nsaw gins, which were built after American models.\\nThe Dharwar gins, worked by only two men alternately,\\ncould clean 220 lbs. of seed Cotton in six hours, and\\ncould be worked for a whole day, thus cleaning 440 lbs.\\nin twelve hours. Whereas the large hand gins, worked\\nby eight men, four and four alternately relieving each\\nother, could only clean about 500 lbs. in six hours, or\\nabout 83 lbs. per hour and these eight coolies found\\nthe work so fatiguing that they could never continue it\\nfor more than six hours in one day. Accordingly, Dr.\\nWight applied for a model of the Dharwar gin and the\\nMadras Government directed the Collector of Cudda-\\npah to supply him with one, but no further information\\nrespecting the working of it appears upon the records.\\nRelative cost of labour on the Churka, the Man- 254\\nChester Cottage Gin, and the large Hand Gins. The\\ncoolies on the Manchester Cottage gins were paid at\\nthe rate of one anna for every maund of seed\\nCotton which they cleaned but on the large hand\\ngins they were only paid eight pies (Id.) per maund.\\nThis enhanced rate had been found necessary in the\\nfirst instance to induce the coolies to work the Cottage\\ngin but Dr. Wight considered that had the lower rate\\nbeen always paid, their assiduity would have been\\ngreater, and consequently the out-turn would have been\\nlarger. Again, it is curious to notice that the coolies\\nonly cared to earn a certain amount per diem, and did\\nnot feel inclined to work more than was necessary to\\nobtain that amount. Thus the women with the churka\\ncould only earn each per diem from six to nine pies,\\nthat is from three farthings to a fraction more than a\\npenny. The same women with the Manchester Cottage\\ngin could each earn two annas, or three pence, per diem\\nWith ease and they might, if they liked, earn as much\\nas k\\\\d. per diem, but that they never seemed to care", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "174 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nto do. It seems doubtful whether this reluctance to\\nearn so much, arose from a corresponding reluctance\\nto work, or from a fear lest the rate should be lowered\\nif it was found that they could earn so large an amount\\nper diem.\\n255 Three years progress in the Cotton experiment,\\n1850-52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During three years, that is from 1849 to 1852,\\nthe Cotton experiment seems to have proceeded with-\\nout many references to Grovernment. This is not sur-\\nprising considering the circumstances. Dr. Wight was\\ncarrying on his duties in Coimbatore by the express\\norders of the Court of Directors, and in direct opposi-\\ntion to the opinions expressed by the Government of\\nSir Henry Pottinger. The gin-house at Coimbatore\\nwas sold to Mr. D. Campbell, a Madras merchant, who\\nunfortunately died a few months afterwards. Mean-\\ntime Dr. Wight continued to distribute American seed,\\nand to purchase the produce from the Ryots and was\\nalso engaged in drawing up the final Report, which had\\nbeen ordered by the Court of Directors. The general\\nprogress of the experiment is thus set forth in this Ee-\\nport, which was addressed to the Madras Grovernment\\nPara 263 n a 1852, and which will be found fur-\\nther on. During this period some other\\nCotton experiments were carried on in Coimbatore,\\nTanjore, and Tinnevelly, which are worthy of special\\nnotice.\\n256 Colonel Lav/ford s cultivation by irrigation in Tan-\\njore. Colonel Lawford s successful cultivation of\\nAmerican Cotton in Tanjore by means of irrigation has\\nPara. in. already been mentioned. JSTo results how-\\never appear to have followed. In July, 1849,\\nfetter^sth Mr Elton the Collector of Tinnevelly, re-\\nJuly, 1849, commended that a fair trial of Colonel\\n^857)^*303 I^wfc^d s plan should be tried in his dis-\\ntrict, as a comparison of the cost of culture\\nMinutes of by irrigation with the cost of culture on\\nCorisulta- J P n j i j i\\ntion, 12th poonjah or dry lands, could alone prove\\npSrRetlirn whether the increase in the produce would\\n(1857), p. 305. be sufficient to cover the additional cost of\\nproduction. But the Madras Government", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "1849-52.] MR. WROUGHTCXN s COLLECTORATE FARM. 175\\nBoard of\\nRevenue s\\nletter, 9th\\nAugust, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 317.\\nMinutes of\\nConsulta-\\ntion, 28th\\nAug., 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 319.\\nSee De-\\nspatch, 4th\\nJuly, 1848.\\nat that time was indisposed to engage in any J^e^nth\\nfurther experiments, and passed a resolu- June?i849.\\ntion that if irrigation was to be tried at all ^857)^3^\\nit must be tried by the E-yots alone. About\\nthe same time, the Collector of Tanjore was anxious to\\nmake a similar experiment on the annicut\\nof the river Manney and he suggested that\\nhe should be allowed to grant a tract of\\nland, rent free for three years, to such Byots\\nas should be prepared to cultivate it with\\n~New Orleans Cotton. The suggestion of\\nthe Collector was strongly supported by the\\nBoard of Eevenue, but the Madras Govern-\\nment considered that it was precluded by\\nthe orders of the Court of Directors from\\ngranting any such remission of the assess-\\nment. The Collector, however, was permitted\\nto distribute American seed at the expense of Govern-\\nment, and to afford the use of implements to clean and\\nprepare the Cotton for the English market, and to pre-\\nsent small prizes for its successful cultivation. JSTo\\nresults appear to have followed the experiment worthy\\nof record.\\nMr. Wroughton s Collectorate Farm at Coimbatore.\\nAbout the same time, Mr. Wroughton, the Collector\\nof Coimbatore, left the Presidency for Europe. Mr.\\nWrough ton s successful cultivation of American Cot-\\nton has already been noticed. During four\\nseasons prior to 1849, he had carried on the\\nsame experimental culture on a Earm of\\nabout sixty acres and he was anxious that\\nthe experiment should be continued after\\nhis departure from the country. Sir Henry\\nPottinger did not consider that Mr. Wrough-\\nton, any mora than Dr. Wight, had estab-\\nlished any satisfactory result beyond the\\nbare fact that American Cotton of a superior\\nquality would grow in Coimbatore, and that\\nif favoured by seasons it would produce very\\nfine crops. The Madras Government, how-\\never, authorized the continuance of the ex-\\nPara. 66.\\nMemoran-\\ndum of Sir\\nHenry-\\nMontgom-\\nery, 10th\\nApril, 184-9.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 306.\\nMemoran-\\ndum of Sir\\nHenry Pot-\\ntinger, 14th\\nApril, 1849.\\nPari. Return\\n(1857), p. 308.\\n257", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "176 COTTOK Iff THE MADRA.S PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. V.\\nperiment under a Duffadar, who had been previously\\nengaged under Mr. Wroughton, and who was now to\\nbe placed under Mr. Thomas, the new Collector. No\\nactual results appear to have followed the continuance\\nof the experiment but some remarks by Mr. Thomas,\\nin reference to the obstacles in the way of inducing the\\nEyots to cultivate American Cotton, are worthy of\\nnotice and may be exhibited here.\\n258 Mr. Thomas s opinions upon the best method of in-\\nducing the Ryots to cultivate American Cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMr. Thomas recommended the continuance\\nmas s letter, of the Collectorate Farm, because the cul-\\n1850 M p\u00c2\u00a3i tivation of American Cotton would never\\nReturn be undertaken by the Eyots, without much\\n(1857), p. 3U. encouragemen t, and long and satisfactory\\nevidence of its feasibility. He believed that their re-\\nluctance arose from these causes. First, the national\\napathy and dislike to enter on any new and untried\\nmethod or speculation. Secondly, the fact that the\\nNew Orleans Cotton required a somewhat better soil\\nand moister atmosphere than the Native Cotton.\\nThirdly, there was a pressing want of a home mar-\\nket and demand for the American Cotton. This\\nlast obstacle was the most important of all. The JNa-\\ntive cultivator had neither the means nor the enterprise\\nto grow for a distant or foreign market. The Native\\nmerchant would readily buy the shorter but stronger\\nfibre of the Indian Cotton, because it was considered\\nmore suitable for Native looms and manufactures but\\nthe American Cotton he would not buy. It therefore\\nremained for private European mercantile agency to\\ncreate a certain and ready market in the Cotton dis-\\ntricts, bv buying the Eyot s Cotton every year at a lair\\nrate for* cash. Such a local agency would command a\\nlarge supply of New Orleans Cotton, or of any other\\ncommodity which the soil and climate of the district\\nwere capable of producing. In addition to the creation\\nof local markets, the object in view would be greatly\\nfacilitated by advances to the Eyots, personal inter-\\ncourse, punctual payments, and other similar arrange-\\nments, private and mercantile, which would be practica-", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "1849-52.] MR. LEES CULTURE IN TLTOEVELLY. 177\\nLie through an European Agency. Government also\\n1 might aid the effort by a very slight and temporary re-\\n1 duction of the assessment on all lands under foreign\\nCotton but still Mr, Thomas believed that a sure and\\npermanent market on the spot would be a sufficient\\nJ encouragement and that if the crops of Native Cotton\\ncould pay the land-tax, the crops of American Cotton\\nwould be able to do the same.\\nCotton cultivation by Mr. David Lees in Tinneveily 259\\ndiscussion concerning the right of Chayroot Renters.\\nThe experiments of Mr. David Lees in the correspond-\\ncultivation of American Cotton in Tinne- enceand\\nvelly, and their failure on the score of cost p a ri r Retum\\n1 of cultivation, will be found noticed in Dr. (i857),p.3i9,\\nWight s final report, but a few additional\\nparticulars will find a fitting place here. Mr. David\\nLees had originally proceeded to Southern India, under\\nthe sanction of the Manchester Commercial Associa-\\ntion, to make experiments and ascertain facts in con-\\nnection with the cultivation of American Cotton. The\\nsuccess of those experiments subsequently induced him\\nto establish his nephew, Mr. Arthur Lees, in Tinneveily,\\n8 as a Cotton planter and merchant in order that he\\nmight continue and extend the cultivation, and at the\\n1 same time purchase all the American Cotton that the\\n6 Ryots were disposed to cultivate upon his own im-\\n1 proved system. An obstacle, however, arose to his own\\ncultivation from the claims of the Chayroot renters.\\nThese men paid a considerable sum to G-overnment for\\n9 the right to dig up all the Chayroot produced in the\\nTinneveily district, whether on waste land, or on land\\nn occupied with dry cultivation. This right had been\\n1 farmed out from time immemorial and accordingly in\\nDecember, 1850, nearly a whole year after the com-\\nmencement of the Cotton culture, the Chayroot renters\\nclaimed the privilege of entering the fields under cul-\\nture by Mr. Lees, and of their digging up the Chay-\\n[l: roots with a kind of spear about a foot and a half long.\\nMr. Lees of course resisted this claim, especially as the\\ndigging for the roots was injurious to the cultivation of\\nA root from which a certain dye is extracted.\\nI N", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "178 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nAmerican Cotton. The Chayroot renters then de-\\nmanded compensation. The matter was brought to the\\nnotice of the Court of Directors by the Manchester\\nCommercial Association and the Directors instructed\\nthe Madras Government to relieve Mr. Lees from any\\ndemand in excess of the regular assessment and on\\nthe renewal of the Chayroot farms to restrict the renters\\nto the uncultivated lands. The Madras Grovernment,\\nhowever, had already anticipated those orders, by can-\\ncelling the existing Chayroot farm, and by restricting\\nthe terms of future farms in such a way as to debar the\\nrenters from all lands under cultivation. The matter\\nled to some further correspondence as to the propriety\\nof levying an assessment on the lands producing Cot-\\nton, equal to what was levied on lands producing Chay-\\nroot. As, however, it subsequently appeared that Mr.\\nLees s experiment had proved a failure, the quantity\\nobtained being insufficient to pay the cost of culture,\\nno alteration was made in the assessment, and things\\nremained as they were.\\n260 Discussion respecting the purchase of American\\nCotton on Government account from the Eyots of Tin-\\nnevelly. In April, 1852, a correspondence arose respect-\\ning the purchase of American Cotton from the Byots\\nin Tinnevelly. It seems that Mr. Bird, the Collector\\nDr. Bird s of Tinnevelly, had applied to Dr. Wight\\nAprifiS 11 or some ^7 or seventy bags of New Or-\\nPari. Return leans Cotton seed, to be distributed amongst\\n(1857), p. 233. the Eyots f t k e district. At the same\\ntime Mr. Bird had represented that if the Grovernment\\nwould permit him to purchase the produce of the seed\\non their account at the rate of nine annas a toolam (2 J\\nmaunds) on the spot, being the rate which had been\\npreviously paid by Mr. David Lees, he was satisfied\\nthat the Byots would accept the seed and cultivate it\\nfreely; and he added that unless a certain market\\nwere placed before the Ryots of Tinnevelly, they would\\nnever undertake the cultivation of the New Orleans\\nplant. Dr. Wight forwarded Mr. Bird s letter to Go-\\nDr. Wight s vernment, and recommended that the au-\\nAplS iS thority requested should be granted. He", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "1849-52.] DE. WIQHT s FI^AL COTTON .REPORT. 179\\nalso suggested that, in such case, the Go- Pari. Return\\nvernment decision should be forwarded to (1857) P- 233\\nthe Manchester Association as he believed that the\\nAssociation would then be induced to establish Agen-\\ncies themselves for the purchase and growth of exotic\\nCotton at several stations along the coast, and thus give\\nan impetus to the cultivation, which no amount of\\nGovernment patronage could supply.\\nAuthority for the purchases refused by the Madras 261\\nGovernment.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It is scarcely necessary to add that the\\nauthority for the purchases was refused by Sir Henrv\\nPottinger s Government. It was decided Minutesof\\nthat the instructions of the Court of Direct- Si^Hemy\\nors did not authorize the Government to mhM^y\\nsanction any such engagement that it was 1852 Ord\\nthe duty of the Manchester manufacturers menMsT\\nv m AJLLCHU, IS L\\nto send their own agents to the Cotton- J u ne,i852.\\ngrowing districts, to make their own bar- (i857) R pp Um\\ngains with the cultivators. If the rate pro- 233 234\\nposed was a fair one, it ought to be offered by the mer-\\nchants but as it was, the proposition seemed to be in\\nreality a suggestion that the Government should pur-\\nchase Cotton at any price, and then sell it to the manu-\\nfacturers of Manchester at such a rate as was best\\nsuited to their trading purposes.\\nCompletion of Dr. Wight s Report, May, 1852.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 262\\nAbout this time Dr. Wight appears to have completed\\nthe final Eeport which he had been called Dr m\\nupon to draw up by the Court of Directors. Reportf 8\\nThe Eeport is a long one, but the following u^llf 1\\nsummary contains the whole of the facts Pari! Return\\nand opinions set forth in the original docu- 1857 p- 235\\nment. This was deemed peculiarly necessary here for\\nthough much that is stated has already appeared in\\nformer paragraphs, it will be convenient for the reader\\nto have the whole of Dr. Wight s matured results at\\none view. It will be remarked that nothing is said of\\nthe results of the season of 1849-50 when the irrigation\\nexperiment was tried and indeed there is reason to\\nbelieve that the experiment proved a failure in Coimba-\\ntore.\\nn 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "180 COTTON TN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. t.\\nDR. WIGHT S FINAL REPORT, 12th MAY, 1852.\\n263 Stage of the Cotton experiment in 1849 \u00e2\u0080\u0094The fol-\\nlowing Eeport has been delayed in order to enable me\\nto exhibit the very important changes which have taken\\nplace during the last three years, and which are going\\non, I trust, with still greater rapidity. Previous to\\n1849, notwithstanding the inducements held out of\\nhigh prices and certain markets, the Eyots of Coim-\\nbatore would only cultivate American Cotton to a very\\nlimited extent and then they proceeded in such an\\nunwilling and unsatisfactory manner as almost to en-\\nsure a failure. At the same time, the reports, which\\nreached me from other parts of the country, were ge-\\nnerally unfavourable and almost led to the belief that\\nthe soil and climate of India were actually unfitted for\\nthe growth of American Cotton, and that my own con-\\nvictions to the contrary were based upon error though\\nin reality they rested upon the fact that we usually\\nproduced good average crops, and often very heavy\\nones, under circumstances which were by no means\\npeculiarly favourable.\\n264 Improved prospects during 1850-51 and 1851-52.\\nWithin the last ten years a series of changes have taken\\nplace, not perhaps sufficiently advanced to admit of\\ncertain conclusions, but still holding out a most en-\\ncouraging prospect. Within that brief period, many\\nof the Eyots of Coimbatore appear to have become so\\nconvinced of the great advantages to be derived from\\ncultivating American instead of Native Cotton, that\\nlast season they planted between 1500 and 2000 acres of\\nground with it, and seem as if they intended to treble the\\nquantity during the present year. At the same time I\\nhave had numerous requisitions from various quarters\\nfor supplies of seed and in answer to my Circular ad-\\ndressed to the Collectors, all except one have requested\\nmore or less of the new seed just arrived from home\\nfor their respective districts. Lastly, within about the\\nsame period, a novel extension has been given to the\\nexperiment, which promises to yield most important\\nThe year Mr. Finnie, the American Planter, left India.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "1852.] DR. WIGHT S FINAL COTTON REPORT. 181\\nresults. I allude to those trials which are now in pro-\\ngress on the sea coast. These trials have been con-\\nducted under considerable disadvantages, originating\\nfrom want of agricultural experience; but still their\\npast success almost leads one to anticipate, that the\\nSandy soils of the coast will hold the same relation to\\nthe American Cotton as the Black soils of the interior\\nhold to the Native plant.\\nPrevious reluctance of the Eyots to cultivate Ame- 265\\nrican Cotton connected with the existence of the Cot-\\nton Farms. I cannot account for the previous unwill-\\ningness of the Natives of Coimbatore to cultivate\\nAmerican Cotton. It must, however, have been con-\\nnected with the existence of our Farms for, whilst\\nthey were in full operation, nothing would induce the\\nRyots to cultivate the American plant beyond a very\\nlimited extent whereas now that they have been dis-\\ncontinued the cultivation is rapidly extending.\\nRyots encouraged by their own success to extend 266\\nthe cultivation. The gradual extension of the culture\\nof American Cotton by the Ryots is also to be ascribed\\nto the success of their own experiments. When the\\nFarms were given up in the season 1849-50, the grow-\\ning crops on them were made over to the Ryots. Those\\nwho tended them with care obtained unexpectedly large\\nreturns and even those who took no trouble, obtained\\nmuch more than they expected, and much more than\\nthey would have done had the land been cultivated,\\nhowever carefully, with Native Cotton. These successes\\nseem to have satisfied all who were interested in the\\nmatter, that there was but little difference between the\\nmodes of cultivating American and Indian Cotton,\\nwhilst larger returns could be obtained from the former\\nthan from the latter. The experience of the current\\nseason 1851-52 has greatly strengthened these impres-\\nsions. Two fields of Red soil side by side were both\\ncultivated by Natives, one with Native and the other\\nwith American Cotton and the Native Cotton only\\nproduced about 27 lbs. per acre, whilst the American\\nCotton produced 57 lbs. Again, two fields of about\\n22 acres, one Black and the other Red, were sown the", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "182 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PEESTDENCT. [CHAP. T.\\nBlack soil with Native Cotton, and the Red soil with\\nAmerican Cotton. The Black field produced 500 lbs.\\nof Native Cotton, whilst the Bed field produced 1250\\nlbs. of American Cotton. Both were sown at the same\\ntime in November and both enjoyed the same climate\\nand culture. During this same season, the two mon-\\nsoons were each below the average yet the crops of\\nAmerican Cotton have been generally heavy, and those\\nof the Indigenous Cotton generally light. This result\\nhas particularly pleased the Native growers. The fact\\nis, that the Native Cotton was sown during the north-\\neast monsoon, which proved a failure whilst the greater\\npart of the American Cotton was sown during the\\nsouth-west monsoon in July and August, and being\\nwell advanced before the scanty north-east rains set\\nin, derived great benefit from them. Indeed, when so\\nmanaged, the danger to the American Cotton lies in\\nthe excess, rather than in the deficiency of the north-\\neast rains. Thus, during unfavourable seasons, the\\nchances are in favour of American Cotton over Native\\nand it may be presumed that the chances will also be\\ngreater in favourable seasons and that consequently the\\nByots will continue the cultivation of the exotic plant.\\n267 Large results in 1850-51 and 1851-52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1850-51\\nI had more applications for American seed than in any\\nprevious year probably in consequence of the success-\\nful crops obtained by the Byots from the relinquished\\nFarms. The season was not a favourable one, yet I\\nwas enabled to purchase fifty- one bales of Native-grown\\nAmerican Cotton. This success gave such an additional\\nimpetus to the change of feeling already in progress,\\nthat the applications for seed in 1851-52 were on a still\\nmore extended scale and I have already despatched\\nninety bales of Native-grown American Cotton to\\nEngland, and expect before the end of the season to\\nobtain a great many more.\\n268 Ryots adopt Dr. Wight s practice. Hitherto the By-\\nots have adopted one system of culture. 1st, Selecting\\nlight sandy soils through which both the roots and\\nmoisture can easily penetrate. 2nd, Sowing in rows\\ninstead of broad-cast. 3rd, Ploughing and otherwise", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "1852.] DE. WIGHT S FINAL COTTON REPORT. 183\\ncultivating the land between the rows. The Natives\\nhave already discovered and appreciated one great ad-\\nvantage in this last measure, namely, the facility it\\naffords for fallowing, whilst the crop is still on the\\nground, by repeated ploughings between the rows as a\\npreparation for the next rotation. Tallowing is much\\nin vogue amongst the Natives, apparently because it\\nfurnishes a cheap substitute for manuring.\\nRefutation of the theory that the climate and soil 269\\nof India are unfitted for American Cotton. The view,\\nthat the climate and soil of India are so far inimical to\\nthe constitution and habit of the American plant as to\\nrender its naturalization impossible, is based on im-\\nperfect observation and on a comparison of dissimilar\\nthings.\\n1st, The theory is founded on the assumption that 270\\nIndian Cotton has succeeded when the American has\\nfailed. The opponents of the cultivation of American\\nCotton in India assume that the Indian plant is less\\nprecarious than the American plant, and that the Indian\\nhas generally succeeded when the American has failed.\\nThis assumption, however, is not only incorrect, but\\nthe real case is exactly the reverse for whenever we\\nhad bad crops of American Cotton, the crops of Native\\nCotton were much worse. I am satisfied that, if during\\nthe last ten years equal areas had been annually appro-\\npriated to each, the out-turn from the American would\\nin most cases have exceeded that from the Indian both\\nin weight and value.\\n2nd, The theory is based upon a comparison of 271\\ncrops grown in India, and of crops grown on the Mis-\\nsissippi, instead of those grown in Georgia. Again,\\nmany have compared the crops of American Cotton\\ngrown in India with the crops grown in America, with-\\nout sufficiently adverting to the difference in the cir-\\ncumstances under which they have been respectively\\nproduced. Neither the soil nor the climate of India\\nare inimical to the American plant. This is proved.\\nFor eleven years the American plant has been cultivated\\nin India in all kinds of soil, such as rich and poor, wet\\nand dry and in all kinds of climate, such as temperate", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "184 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PEESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nand hot, humid and dry yet, whilst the weight of the\\ncrops has greatly varied, the quality both of the Cot-\\nton and the seed has remained comparatively unaltered.\\nThe error has arisen from a comparison of crops raised\\nin India, with the crops raised in the most fertile dis-\\ntricts of America, which lie along the banks of the\\nMississippi.\\n272 Differences between India and the Mississippi do\\nnot prove that the soil of India is inimical to Ameri-\\ncan Cotton, The fertility of a soil depends on causes\\nwhich are liable to vary. It often differs widely in\\nadjoining fields, it is in a perpetual state of change,\\nand it is more or less modified by every crop grown.\\nIn the deep alluvial deposits along the banks of the\\nMississippi, the material on which the Cotton plant\\nfeeds, is found in such abundance, that several suc-\\ncessive crops are taken off, without any alternation, and\\nwithout any other manure than what is supplied from\\nthe ashes of the old plant which is burnt upon the\\nground. In the soils of India this material which\\nsupports the Cotton plant was perhaps never so abund-\\nantly supplied as on the Mississippi; and is now so\\ngreatly exhausted from long use, that the land produces\\nabout one fourth less, and rarely yields two successive\\ncrops from the same field. This deficiency is not to be\\nattributed to anything inimical in the soil of India,\\nbut simply to its impoverishment. This is proved by\\nthe fact that heavy crops have been obtained in India\\nfrom land newly broken up. Generally, however, a\\ncrop amounting to between 400 and 500 lbs. of seed\\nCotton per acre, equal to about 144 lbs. of clean Cot-\\nton, may be regarded as a heavy crop and this will\\ngive a very handsome profit to the grower, being nearly\\ndouble that which is usually obtained from the Native\\nplant, even when grown in the best and most fertile\\nBlack soils.\\n273 Soil of Southern India better compared with that of\\nGeorgia. If we really wish to compare the crops of\\nIndia with those of America, we ought to take the\\nGeorgian districts, where the Upland Georgian Cotton\\nis grown. There from 400 to 500 lbs. of Cotton per", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "1852.] DE. WIGHT S FINAL COTTON EEPOKT. 185\\nacre is considered a very good crop, and thus the\\nGeorgian districts are on a par with the medium soils of\\nIndia yet no one alleges that the soils of Georgia are\\nunsuitable to the growth of American Cotton.\\nClimate of Southern India not so congenial as that 274\\nof Georgia: evil obviated by sowing in August or\\nSeptember. The climate of Southern India however is\\nnot so congenial as that of Georgia. The seasons in\\nthe former country are drier, and the crops suffer more\\nfrom drought. This however does not arise so much\\nfrom any insufficiency in the quantity of rain, but from\\nthe rain falling within too short a period. Occasionally\\nthere is scarcely a shower for months, until the mon-\\nsoon regularly sets in and then, instead of the total\\nfall of rain being distributed over two or three months,\\nnearly the whole of it will fall within two or three\\nweeks, or even within two or three days. In the light\\nSandy soils, which are the best adapted for the Ameri-\\ncan plant, the effect of this new distribution of the\\nrain is unfavourable. This evil however can be ob-\\nviated. There is generally sufficient rain in August\\nand September for sowing the seed; and when the\\nplant is once fairly above ground it can stand a pro-\\ntracted drought. Consequently there would rarely be\\nany loss of crop during the brief interval between\\nAugust and September, and the setting in of the\\nnorth-east rains and after the rains, such an event\\nwould be a still rarer occurrence, as the plant grows\\nrapidly during the rains and strikes deep root, thus\\nsecuring for itself a steady supply of moisture long\\nafter the surface has become dry.\\nLeading principles of Cotton culture in the Car- 275\\nnatic: sowing before the Korth-east Monsoon, and\\nselection of soil. This principle of sowing during the\\nchance rains, which fall in August and September in\\nanticipation of the north-east monsoon, ought to be\\nkept steadily in view. By so doing, I believe that\\nAmerican Cotton might be successfully grown in any\\npart of the Carnatic. I also believe, that if due care\\nbe bestowed on the selection of soil, the losses from\\nfailure will be rarer in the future cultivation of Ameri-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "186 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\ncan Cotton, than they are at present in the cultivation\\nof the Indigenous plant. In Coimbatore, the Ameri-\\ncan Cotton sown during the autumnal showers of\\nAugust and September has yielded very fair returns\\nwhilst the Native Cotton, which was not sown until\\nthe commencement of the north-east monsoon in\\nOctober or November, has generally failed. The north- I\\neast rains only lasted a week and consequently were\\nsufficient to bring the more advanced American plants\\ninto bearing, but were insufficient for the Indian plants\\nwhich were only just sown. In a word, I have no 1\\nhesitation in stating it as my conviction, that the\\nAmerican Cotton may and will become as thoroughly\\nnaturalized in Southern India as the Native species\\nand that on the average it will be quite as productive\\non the Black soils, and infinitely more on the light\\nSandy loams.\\n276 Objection of Native spinners to the soft silky fibre\\nof the New Orleans Cotton. One objection stands in\\nthe way of our expectation, that the cultivation of\\nNew Orleans Cotton will supersede the cultivation of\\nIndian Cotton. The fibre of the New Orleans is soft\\nand silky that of the Indian is hard and rigid. I\\nThe Native spinners have been so long accustomed to\\nwork the latter, that they find it difficult to work the\\nsoft and silky fibre of the New Orleans Cotton. But\\nthis objection is giving way in some districts practice\\novercoming the difficulty. When I first came to Coim-\\nbatore, the Bourbon Cotton, which is still softer than 1\\nthe New Orleans Cotton, was not used by the Native\\nspinners but now they use it to a very great extent.\\nIn like manner the New Orleans will come into Native\\nuse when it is more largely produced, and when its j\\nprice has found a just level and acquired a market j\\nstandard.\\n277 DifELculty of separating the seed, and the prejudice\\nagainst the seed as food for cattle. The only remain-\\ning impediments to be removed are 1st, The diffi-\\nculty of separating the seed and 2ndly, The prejudice\\nagainst the seed as food for cattle. It is far more I\\ndifficult to separate the wool from the New Orleans, j", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "1852.] DR. WIGHT S FltfAL COTTON REPORT. 187\\nthan it is to separate the wool from the Bourbon seed.\\nAt present the growers of New Orleans Cotton are\\ncompelled to sell their whole crop of Cotton with the\\nseed in it, instead of selling the clean Cotton wool\\nonly. This trebles the cost of carriage, and prevents\\nthe grower from retaining any portion for domestic\\nconsumption. The other impediment is the prejudice\\nwhich exists against the use of the New Orleans seed\\nfor feeding cattle. It is considered to be insalubrious.\\nThis prejudice however has already been overcome to a\\nvery great extent.\\nNothing wanted to secure a rapid extension of the 278\\nAmerican Cotton culture, but a steady market and\\nmoderate competition. All that is wanted to secure a\\nrapid extension of the cultivation of the American\\nplant, is a steady market and such a moderate com-\\npetition amongst the merchants as will convince the\\ngrowers of the reality of the demand. Were such\\ncompetition established, I fully believe that twenty\\nthousand acres would be cropped with American Cot-\\nton within three years and that the cultivation would\\nrapidly extend from Coimbatore to the neighbouring\\ndistricts. The cultivation is just as simple, and just\\nas well understood, as that of the Native plant, and\\nthe cost is not greater; whilst the crops are in the\\nmain just as certain, and the produce far greater and\\nmore valuable. Such being the advantages which the\\nAmerican Cotton possesses in the inland districts over\\nthe Native staple, it would soon obtain the same gener-\\nal favour among the agricultural community of Coim-\\nbatore, as it has already acquired in Dharwar, if ex-\\nporters* would only stimulate its production by giving\\nit the preference over the Oopum or Native Cotton.\\nCotton cultivation on the Coromandel coast: New 279\\nOrleans, Sea Island, Egyptian, and Brazilian. Having\\nthus described the present condition and future pro-\\nspects of the experiment for denaturalizing the Ameri-\\ncan Cotton in the inland districts of Southern India,\\n:t now only remains for me to indicate what has been\\nloing on the Coromandel coast. Here I apprehend\\nA ill be found a favourable field for the cultivation of", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "188 COTTON ITs THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.jl\\nseveral of tlie most useful varieties of foreign Cotton ;j\\nparticularly the Mexican or New Orleans, the Seam\\nIsland, the Egyptian, and the Brazilian or Pernambuco, h\\nThe three last are long- stapled Cottons, and fetch high;\\nprices in the English market. My remarks however^\\nwill be less explicit, as I have seen but little of the^\\ncoast experiment, which is still in its infancy, andj tt\\nwhich has laboured under considerable disadvantage, ft\\nfrom being conducted by gentlemen but little con-^\\nversant with agricultural affairs. K\\n280 Partial success of Mr. David Lees on the sandy I\\ncoast lands of Tinnevelly: error as regards deep w\\nsowing. The cultivation of American Cotton by Mr. ;lt\\nDavid Lees, on the sandy coast lands of Tinnevelly,^\\nhas proved only partially successful for whilst Mr, f\\nLees was a warm and sanguine advocate of the experi- 1\\nment, he was unfortunately an unskilful agriculturist.\\nHe desired to modify the cultivation by deep sowing;^\\nand feeling dissatisfied at the results of sowing theft\\nseed three inches under the surface, he gave directions w\\nfor sowing it still deeper. This modification wasj}\\nfounded on an erroneous deduction, and its practice p\\nhas already been found to do harm. Cotton ought t\\nnot to be sown deeper than one or two inches. Whatf]\\nis required is a light loose soil, into which its slender j\\ntap root can easily penetrate and when that is secured. ji\\nthe nearer the seed lies to the surface the better^]\\nNature sows entirely on the surface, and ordains that p\\nthe root shall descend and the stem ascend. Loose\\nsoil and light covering promote both these ends, and\\nare more likely to increase than to diminish the pro-\\nduce and indeed, unless the former of these conditions\\nbe secured, and maintained by occasional hoeing and j\\nploughing between the rows, the plant does not thrive J\\nThe roots, in short, of a healthy growing plant require j\\nthe free access of the air, almost as much as the leaves j\\nrequire light and unless they have it, the plant be- r\\ncomes more or less sickly.\\n281 Sandy soils along the Coromandel Coast adapted tc\\nthe cultivation of American Cotton. But whilst the tt", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "852.] DR. WIGHT S FLtfAL COTTON REPOKT. 189\\nuecess of Mr. Lees experiment fell far short of his\\nanticipations, it has established beyond all doubt that\\nc he sandy soils along the Coromandel coast, aided by\\nhe humid atmosphere, are very suitable to the cultiv-\\nation of American Cotton a fact which is daily be-\\ncoming more firmly established by the success attend-\\ning the well-conducted efforts of Messrs. Longshaws at\\nTrichindore in Tinnevelly, and of Mr. Kenrick at Ma*\\nUras. In addition to a light assessment, these lands\\n)ossess a further advantage, which is important in a\\nI ropical climate, of being easily cultivated in all seasons,\\nIvhether wet or dry. Consequently the cost of cultiv-\\nation is materially lessened. Moreover, there is mois-\\nture for the most part near the surface, and generally\\nWithin reach of the roots of the plant, which have a\\ntendency to penetrate to a great depth in search of it.\\nK expect, therefore, that the crops will prove much more\\niniform, inasmuch as they will be less liable to injury\\n3| Tom occasional protracted droughts. Giving due\\ni[ veight to these favourable circumstances, I anticipate\\n%hat crops averaging from 200 to 250 or even 300 lbs.\\n1 3er acre, will generally be realised at which rates, if\\nl[ :he Ryots can only be induced to engage heartily in\\nl! ]he cultivation of these foreign Cottons, the shores of\\n1 :he Carnatic will alone, in the course of a few years, be\\nible to produce many thousands of bales and, having\\n:he advantage of cheap transit to the port of export, at\\nprices which will at all times enable the Indian to\\nCompete with the American grower,\\no\\nSir Henry Pottinger s Government condemns Dr. 282\\nWight s lieport. The foregoing Eeport of Dr. Wight\\n}l Iid not meet with the approval of the Ma- Sir Henry\\niras Government. In fact Sir Henry Pottinger s\\nr Pottinger wrote a Minute violently con- m^is^\\niemning it. Considering that it was the Eg^f^\\nresult of experiments extending over eleven I}\\nyears, he pronounced it to be a meagre and unsatis-\\nf factory document, in which the statements and opinions\\n%ere alike unsupported by facts.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "190 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. T.\\n283 Recommends, that as the Farms had proved inju-\\nrious, and that as the Agency was no longer neces-\\nsary, all Government intervention should be with-\\ndrawn. Sir Henry Pottinger drew special attention\\nto two admissions made by Dr. Wight 1st, That so\\nlong as the Government Farms were in full operation,\\nno amount of inducement that he could hold out\\nseemed to have any effect in stimulating the Ryots to\\nengage in the cultivation of American Cotton, beyond\\na very limited extent 2nd, That nothing more was\\nwanted to secure the rapid extension of the American\\nplant but a steady market, and moderate competition\\namong merchants, to convince Indian grow-\\nPara. 218. erg e Cotton was really in demand.\\nThe Madras Government inferred from the first ad-\\nMinutes of mission, that the further existence of Go-\\nConsuita- vernment Agency was injurious and from\\nJuly, 1852. ne second admission that it was unne-\\nPart Return cessary. Accordingly the Governor in\\np Council recommended that Government\\nshould abstain from all further intervention in the\\nmatter.\\n284 Dr. Wight s protest against the conclusions of\\nDr. wight s the Madras Government. Dr. Wight\\nvernment^ protested against the inferences which\\nlothAug. the Madras Government had drawn from\\nReturn* 83 1, his two admissions on the following\\n(1859), p. 243. grounds.\\n285 1st, The Government Farms had not proved injuri-\\nous, but the groundless suspicions of the Ryots. The\\ntrue reason why the Ryots had refused to cultivate\\nAmerican Cotton, was not because they were alarmed\\nat the expenditure, but because they believed that it\\nwas incurred with the view of raising the rent of the\\nland, so soon as it was ascertained that they could\\nsuccessfully cultivate the New Cotton. This belief\\nwas not stated in so many words as here set down but\\nit was expressed in terms sufficiently clear not to be\\nmisunderstood. The Ryots certainly never had any\\nground for distrusting the honour and uprightness of\\nour intentions but still the correctness of the inter-", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "1852.] FINAL DECISION OF MADRAS GOVERNMENT. 191\\npretation of their language, was confirmed by the fact\\nof their systematically holding back, until they saw\\nwhat they considered to be good reason for believing\\ntheir suspicions to be groundless and unjust.\\n2nd, The Government Agency had not proved un-\\nnecessary, as it removed the suspicions of the Ryots.\\nThough Dr. Wight had stated that nothing further\\nj was wanted but remunerative prices on the spot, it\\nwas not to be inferred that the continuance of Govern-\\nment Agency, after the withdrawal from the Cotton\\nFarms, had proved wholly unnecessary. It was the\\ntemporary continuance of the Agency, which had re-\\nmoved the suspicions of the Ryots, and led to the in-\\ncrease of the cultivation. Had not Dr. Wight been on\\nj the spot, the cultivation of New Orleans Cotton in\\nCoimbatore would have nearly ceased with the crop of\\n1849 whereas by his purchases of produce at liberal\\nprices, and by his reiterated assurances of the good\\nfaith of Government, the cultivation had so extended,\\nI that during the current season he had already distri-\\nbuted 400 maunds of seed. Moreover, Dr. Wight\\nrepresented that, had he not continued his purchases\\nH of American Cotton from the Eyots, he would have\\nI acted prematurely, and would moreover have created\\nj doubts of our probity. Seven or eight years previously,\\nGovernment had agreed to purchase from the Eyots all\\nwell-cleaned picked Cotton. Circumstances had com-\\npelled Dr. Wight to continue his purchases. The old\\nj contract, made some seven or eight years previously,\\nby which Government had agreed to purchase from\\nthe Eyots all first sort of American Cotton at 20\\nj| rupees per candy, had never been cancelled. The gin-\\nj house at Coimbatore had been purchased by Mr.\\nJ Campbell, the merchant and Mr. Campbell had agreed\\nd to retain the same terms. But meantime Mr. Camp-\\nf bell had died, and prices had so fallen at home, that\\nhad he lived he would have been a loser. The only\\nother merchant in the place, being bound by no con-\\ntract, would only give from 16 to 17 rupees per candy.\\nUnder such circumstances, the Eyots represented to\\nDr. Wight that he was bound to purchase the Ame-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "192 COTTOK m THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. Y.\\nrican Cotton at the prices fixed in the still uncan-\\ncelled contract and that unless he did so, they would\\ngrow no more American Cotton. Dr. Wight saw\\nboth the justice and the expediency of their claim but\\nwhilst fulfilling his duty as Government Agent, he\\ntook the opportunity of cancelling the long-standing\\nagreement, and of assuring the Ryots, that if they con-\\ntinued the cultivation of American Cotton, after the\\ncurrent year, they must run the chance of the market,\\nexactly as they were in the habit of doing in the case\\nof the Native article.\\n287 Retirement of Dr. Wight: Final Despatch of the\\nCourt of Directors, 1853. Dr. Wight appears to have\\nretired from the service, and to have left India in\\nMarch, 1853. In the following July, a despatch from\\nthe Court of Directors was addressed to the Madras\\nGovernment, ordering that all purchases of American\\nCotton should cease from that date, and that all direct\\ninterference in the culture of foreign Cotton should be\\ngradually withdrawn.\\nThe following is a literal copy of the despatch of the\\nCourt of Directors\\nu REVENUE DEPARTMENT,\\n20*A July, 1853.\\nOUR GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL AT FORT ST. GEORGE.\\n1. We entirely approve your having declined to entertain the\\nproposal of Dr. Wight, that all the Cotton grown by the Ryots in\\nTinnevelly from American seed, should be purchased at a fixed rate\\nby the Government. There are now, it appears, individuals con-\\nnected with Manchester settled in the District and if the price at\\nwhich the Ryots can afford to sell the Cotton is greater than it suits\\nthe purpose of those parties to give, it is hopeless to attempt to force\\nthe cultivation by factitious encouragement on the part of Govern-\\nment.\\n2. The statement of Dr. Wight, that since the relinquishment\\nof the Government Farms in Coimbatore, the Ryots have taken to\\nthe culture of American Cotton on their own account, to an extent\\nconsiderably greater than during their existence, would seem to\\nimply that the time had arrived when the interference of Govern-\\nment could properly be withdrawn. All that is now wanted, you\\nobserve, is a purchaser on the spot ready to give a fair remunerating\\nprice to the Ryot for his Cotton, and in your opinion, this object can", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "1852.] DESPATCH OF THE COTJET OF DIEECTOES. 193\\nonly be attained by affording full scope to private enterprise, and by\\nabstaining from all intervention on the part of Government.\\n3. In our despatch of the 4th July, 1848, we directed that the\\npurchases of American Cotton on the part of Government, should\\nnot, at that time, be discontinued observing, however, We are\\nsatisfied that no satisfactory and permanent extension of the cultiv-\\nation of the American Cotton will be attained, until the persons\\nmost interested in its production shall take the matter into their own\\nhands, by locating in the Districts competent Agents, empowered to\\npurchase from the cultivators such Cotton as may be produced of a\\ndescription suited to the wants of the manufacturers in this country.\\n4. We are of opinion that a sufficient period has elapsed since\\nthe date of these instructions, for the course of proceeding indicated\\nin them to be adopted and that, if the inducements to engage in the\\npurchase of Indian-grown American Cotton for use in this country\\nare still insufficient, a further perseverance in our efforts to force the\\ncultivation, by means apart from the ordinary operations of com-\\nmerce, can lead to no beneficial result. We accordingly think that\\nwe may properly withdraw from the market as purchasers of Ameri-\\ncan Cotton and we hereby convey to you our authority for\\ngradually relinquishing all direct interference in the culture of Cot-\\nton of that description, in the hope that it has now reached a point\\nwhere it may be safely left to private enterprise.\\nWe are, c,\\nE. ELLICE,\\nJ. OLIPHANT.\\no", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VI.\\nPRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CULTTJBE IN THE SE-\\nVERAL DISTRICTS OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. 1853\\nTO 1862.\\n(288.) Stage of the Cotton Experiment, 1853-62.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (289.) Survey of\\nthe present Cotton cultivation in the Madras Presidency.\\n(290.) First, Northern Circars four Districts. (291.) 1. Ganjam\\nproduce inconsiderable hut easily increased by money advances. (292.)\\n2. Vizagapatam Cotton grown insufficient for home consumption and\\nnot remunerative. (293.) 3. Godavari: Cotton supply larger but in-\\nsufficient for the wants of the District. (294.) 4. Kristna large Cotton\\nsupply.\\n(295.) Second, Eastern plain of the Carnatic eight Districts.\\n(296.) 1. Nettore a grazing District. (297.) 2. Madras Native Cot-\\nton not grown. (298.) Experiments in Foreign Cotton Mr. Shubrick s\\nsuccessful cultivation of the Egyptian variety. (299.) Experimental cul-\\nture of the Brazil or Pernambuco variety by Dr. Mudge. (300.) 3. North\\nArcot: Red soil, and consequently no Indian Cotton. (301.) 4. South\\nArcot inconsiderable quantity of Indian Cotton. (302.) 5. Trinchin-\\nopoly quantity of Cotton inconsiderable mode of cultivation. (303.)\\n6. Tanjore Soil not favourable without irrigation, and with irrigation\\nthe cultivation of rice is preferred. (304.) 7. Madura detailed report\\nfrom the Collector. (305.) Soil. (306.) Geology and topography.\\n(307.) Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (308.) Seed used and whence obtained.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (309.)\\nCharacter of the Cotton plant. (310.) Mode of cultivation, time of\\nflowering, weight of Cotton wool per acre. (311.) Manure. (312.)\\nDiseases. (313.) 8. Tinnevelly Mr. Mayne s detailed report. (314.)\\nSoil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (315.) 1st, The Caresal, or Black soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (316.) 2nd, The Veppel,\\nor Black and Sandy soil. (317.) 3rd, the Pottel, or stiff clayey soil.\\n(318.) 4th, The Shevel, or Bed Soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (319.) Geology and topography.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n(320.) Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (321.) Seed used and whence obtained.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (322.)\\nCharacter of the Cotton plant. (323.) Mode of cultivation, time of\\nflowering, weight of Cotton wool per acre, etc. (324.) Manure.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (325.)\\nDiseases.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (326.) Mr. Silver s report.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (327.) Queries of Sir William\\nDenison, with Mr. Silver s replies. (328.) Letter from Mr. Hardy,\\nEuropean Agent at Tuticorin. (329.) Third, Central Table-land\\nfive Districts. (330.) 1. Bellary detailed report from the Collector.\\n(331.) Soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (332.) Geology and topography.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (333.) Climate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (334.)\\nSeed used and whence obtained. (335.) Nature and Character of the\\nCotton plant. (336.) Method of cultivation, time of flowering, and\\nweight of Cotton wool per acre, etc. (337.) Manure.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (338.) Diseases.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094(339.) 2.Kurnool: a Cotton-growing district.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (340.) Cost of transit", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] STAGE OP THE COTTON EXPERIMENT.\\n195\\nthe sole obstacle to increased production. (341.) Improvements in the\\nquality must be effected by the Merchants themselves. (342.) 3. Cudda-\\npah present state of Cotton as reported by Mr. Wedderburn, the Col-\\nlector. (343.) Detailed report by Mr. Murray, the previous Collector.\\n(344.) Soil\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (345.) Weeds.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (346.) Geology and topography.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (347.)\\nClimate. (348.) Seed used and whence obtained. (349.) Character of\\nthe Cotton plant. (350.) Mode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight\\nof Cotton wool per acre, etc. (351.) Manure. (352.) Diseases. (353.)\\n4. Salem Messrs. Fischer and Co., the only exporters. (354.) 5. Coim-\\nbatore detailed report of Mr. Thomas, the Collector. (355.) Soil\\nBlack, Red, and Alluvium. (356.) Geology and topography. (357.)\\nClimate. (358.) Seed used and whence obtained. (359.) Character of\\nthe Cotton plant. (360.) Mode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight\\nof Cotton wool per acre, etc. (361.) Manure. (362.) Diseases.\\n(363.) Fourth, Western strip, or Malabar Coast three Districts.\\n(364.) 1. North Canara not a Cotton-producing District. (365.)\\nReport of the District Engineer on the experimental culture of Mr.\\nKleinknecht. (366.) 2. South Canara not a Cotton-producing District.\\n(367.) 3. Malabar not a Cotton-producing District. (368.) Native\\nStates Mysore, Cochin, and Travancore.\\n(369.) Conclusion general results.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (370.) Four general conclusions.\\n(371.) 1st, American Cotton can be grown, but the profit is question-\\nable. (372.) 2nd, Indian Cotton may be improved, but only to a degree.\\n(373.) 3rd, American Cotton must always command a higher price than\\nIndian. (374.) 4th, The demand for Indian Cotton must always depend\\nupon the supply of American. (375.) Political and, Commercial prospects\\nof Indian Cotton.\\nStage of the Cotton Experiment, 1853-62.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ef- 288\\nforts on the part of the Madras Government to intro-\\nduce American Cotton and American machinery into\\nthe Madras Presidency, virtually closed with the de-\\n1 parture of Dr. Wight from India in 1853. Since that\\nperiod, some experiments in the growth of American\\nCotton have been carried out by private individuals,\\nand may be said to have confirmed the general results\\nworked out by Dr. Wight r namely, that under the\\nconditions set forth in the preceding pages the foreign\\nplant may be successfully cultivated, and a staple pro-\\nduced far superior to that appertaiuing to the Indian\\nplant. But the question of whether this better-stapled\\nCotton can be grown with profit to the cultivator,\\nseems as far from solution as ever. Before however\\noffering any comment upon these results, it is advisable\\nto take a general survey of the present condition of the\\no 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "196 COTTON IN THE MADKAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI.\\nCotton cultivation in the several districts of the Ma*\\ndras Presidency.\\n289 Survey of the present Cotton cultivation in the\\nMadras Presidency. In carrying out the review thus\\nindicated, it will be advisable to proceed with each\\ndistrict separately, according to the geographical dis-\\ntribution of the several Collectorates already set forth\\nat para. 9, viz. 1st, Northern Circars 2nd, Eastern\\nPlain 3rd, Central Table Land and 4th, Western\\nStrip. The materials for this survey have been selected\\nfrom a mass of official reports and other documents,\\nwhich it is not thought expedient to print in extenso.\\n290 1st, Northern Circars: four Districts. The North-\\nern Circars consist of a long narrow arm of territory\\nstretching from the Pagoda of Juggernaut on the\\nfrontiers of the Bengal Presidency, southward along\\nthe Bay of Bengal to the river Kristna. It comprises\\nfour Districts viz. Ganjam, (2.) Vizagapatam,\\n(3.) Godavari, (4.) Kristna.\\n291 (1.) Ganjam produce inconsiderable but easily in-\\ncreased by money advances. In this district the\\nCotton cultivation of late years seems to vary from\\nA endixl 0Ur nousan( s x thousand acres. As\\nppen e q Uan ^2ty of Cotton grown is so insigni-\\nficant, the Collector merely makes a few general ob-\\nservations. He says that there is one material fact\\nwhich has not been made sufficiently clear to the mer-\\ncantile community at home namely, that the Native\\nagriculturalist will undertake nothing new on the mere\\nassurance that it is in demand in a distant market.\\nMr Eorbes s Cases where the security of profit would\\nletter, 20th appear most perfect to the European mind,\\nApni, i86i. WO uld have no effect upon the Native.\\nJBut on the other hand, there is no tropical produce\\nwhich the European with capital might not com-\\nmand, by bringing his capital into immediate contact\\nwith the producer. If suitable money advances were\\nmade on the spot, Egyptian Cotton and other fine\\nvarieties could be grown in Ganjam within an easy\\ndistance of the coast.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] NOETHEEN CIECAES FOUE DISTRICTS.\\n197\\n(2) Vizagapatam Cotton grown insufficient for 292\\nhome consumption and not remunerative. In this\\ndistrict the average produce of Indigenous Cotton is\\nabout the same as in Ganjam. During the three years\\npreceding 1861-62, the average extent of Mr Faiie s\\nlands under Cotton cultivation was 5753 letter, 22nd\\nacres, which produced an average of about July 1861#\\n250 lbs. per acre. This quantity is not sufficient for local\\nconsumption. Much cleaned Cotton is imported from\\nEajahmundry (Kristna) and much English Cotton\\nyarn and twist are imported almost every month from\\nCalcutta and Madras. The Collector also remarks\\nthat the production might be increased by three mea-\\nsures. 1st, By offering rent free all the waste and\\njungle lands in the Government Talook of Negapatam\\n(nearly 6000 acres) on the condition that nothing but\\nCotton was grown. 2nd, By sanctioning two good\\nbullock roads, connecting Jeypore and Eaipore with\\nthe coast. 3rd, By putting a stop to the exorbitant\\ntolls demanded from the traders by the Zemindars\\nbetween the Cotton-growing districts of Nagpore and\\nthe coast. The Revenue Board did not consider that\\nany real benefit would ensue from the false stimulus of\\ngranting lands rent free but recommended the other\\nmeasures to the consideration of G-overnment. In a\\nsubsequent communication, the Collector remarked,\\nthat the chief cause why the Eyots of Yiza- Mr p ane s\\ngapatam did not grow Cotton more largely letter, 15th\\nwas because it did not pay. Eight months\\nwere required to produce a Cotton crop, whilst two\\ncrops of Gingely, and other dry grains, might be pro-\\nduced from the same lands within the same time, and\\nsecure a larger profit to the grower.\\n(3) Godavari Cotton supply larger but insuffi- 293\\nctent for the wants of the District. This district\\n(Eajahmundry and Masulipatam) produces ji r pu^ s\\na larger quantity of Cotton than Vizagapa- tetter, j|th\\ntarn or Ganjam, the extent of land so culti- ov\\nI vated reaching 12,000 acres. The quantity raised, how-\\never, is still insufficient for the home consumption, and\\nfurther supplies are imported from the Kristna district.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "198 COTTON m THE MADE AS PKESIDEKCY. [CHAP. VI.\\nThe means of communication between the uplands on\\nwhich the Cotton is grown and the ports of shipment\\nare all easy.\\n294 (4) Kristna large Cotton supply. Guntoor, which\\nnow forms part of this district, is regarded as a Cotton-\\ngrowing country. Upwards of 100,000 acres are under\\nCotton cultivation, and, as we have seen, a considerable\\nquantity is exported to the Godavari district. Every\\nexertion is being made by the Department of Public\\nWorks to effect a junction between two canals, that\\nfrom Bezwarah, and that from Dowlashwarum to El-\\nlore, which will render the line of inland water com-\\nmunication complete from the Cotton-producing locali-\\nMr Thorn es e coas ne following particulars\\nMil s letter, re supplied by Mr. Thornhill, the Collector.\\ni86i. N v The Cotton produced in this district is\\npartly consumed within its limits, but by\\nfar the greater portion is transported by land to the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0northern districts of Godavari and Vizagapatam, where\\nit is used by\u00c2\u00a3he native weavers. Very little, however,\\nis exported by sea, and none is shipped direct for Eu-\\nrope. The Cotton is picked in the dry season, and is\\nseldom cleaned and packed before the setting in of the\\nmonsoon in June and therefore it cannot be moved\\nuntil the following December or January, as the roads\\nare not passable until that time. The soil suited to\\nthe cultivation is very widely spread, and therefore it\\ncannot be doubted that the extent of land under culti-\\nvation would be largely increased, in the case of a\\nlarger demand, accompanied by a rise in price. At\\npresent the greater part of the Cotton grown is of the\\nsort called Bed Cotton, which I am given to under-\\nstand is not now in demand for the European market.\\nI do not, however, think that any measure of Govern-\\nment would have any effect in increasing the produce.\\nThere is abundance of room for an extension of the\\ncultivation, and the merchants have only to send their\\nAgents into the country, to enter into agreement with\\nthe cultivators, and to show them that the cultivation\\nwdll be profitable, to induce them to bring more land\\nunder Cotton culture. In the same manner it rests", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CARNATIC EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n199\\nwith the merchants to point out the kind of Cotton\\nthat is required, and to make arrangements for the\\nmore speedy and effectual cleaning and packing of the\\ncrop.\\n2nd, Eastern plain of the Carnatic eight Districts. 295\\nThis territory, lying between the Eastern Grhauts and\\nthe Bay of Bengal, extends from the Northern Circars\\nto Cape Comorin, and is generally known by the name\\nof the Carnatic. It comprises eight districts viz.\\n(1) JSTellore, (2) Madras, (3) North Arcot, (4) South\\nArcot, (5) Trichinopoly, (6) Tanjore, (7) Madura, (8)\\nTinnevelly.\\n(1) Nellore a grazing District. This district pro- 296\\nduces about the same quantity of Cotton as Godavari,\\nand but little more than suffices for its own wants. It\\nis in fact a grazing district, and agricultural Mr g m i t h s\\noperations of all kinds are carried on very letter, 10th\\nnegligently the people being more addicted ^Ji. Return\\nto rearing cattle than to cultivating the (i857),p.89.\\nland.\\n(2) Madras: Native Cotton not grown. In this 297\\ndistrict, with the exception of some four acres, no\\nIndigenous Cotton is grown by the Kyots, though some\\nexperiments have been made by private individuals in\\nthe cultivation of foreign varieties. As regards the\\nNative Cotton, it has been grown only by r Reade s\\none Eyot and Mr. Charles Eeade, whilst j^ er ^S th\\nActing Collector, drew up a few questions, an\\nin order to ascertain from the solitary cultivator, what\\nhis views and feelings were, particularly in reference to\\nthe extension of the cultivation. From the Ryot s re-\\nplies it would seem that he had emigrated from the\\nnorth of India, where it was customary to cultivate\\nCotton. Accordingly he brought some seeds with him,\\nand planted them in his village in the Madras district\\nbut he intended the produce, not for sale, but for home\\nconsumption spinning the Cotton into thread, and\\nemploying weavers to make it into cloths for his own\\nuse. The attempt, however, proved unsuccessful, as\\nthe soil was not congenial to the plant and on this\\naccount he was not willing to extend the cultivation.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "200 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI.\\n298 Experiments in Foreign Cotton Mr. Shubrick s\\nsuccessful cultivation of the Egyptian variety. But\\nwhilst the soil of the Madras (Chingleput) district was\\nnot adapted to the growth of Indian Cotton, it has been\\nfound very favourable to the American varieties. Gar-\\nden experiments in general are not very reliable, inas-\\nmuch as the plant receives far more care and attention\\nunder such circumstances than it can possibly receive\\nfrom the Byot. Mr. Shubrick, the Collector, has been\\nhighly successful in raising Egyptian Cotton, which\\nProceedings received the approbation and thanks of the\\nRevemie f Board of Revenue and Madras Chamber of\\n13th April, Commerce. Unfortunately, Mr. Shubrick\\ni860. returned to Europe whilst the experiment\\nwas still under trial, and his Cotton plantation seems\\nto have been neglected, and consequently failed. Seed,\\nhowever, was forwarded to the Collectors of Cuddapah,\\nBellary, Kurnool, Coimbatore, and Tinnevelly, for the\\npurpose of carrying on the experiment in their re-\\nspective districts. The trial proved a failure. It\\nMr Hudie seems probable, however, that the experi-\\nston s letter, ment might have stood a better chance of\\n1861 Ct success had it been tried in the maritime\\ndistricts, and on soil more nearly approach-\\ning to that of Madras. It has already been seen that\\nBlack soil is well adapted to the growth of Indian Cot-\\nton, but not to the growth of American but even in\\nTinnevelly, the seeds obtained from Mr. Shubrick were\\nplanted in Black land. On the other hand, the Col-\\nlector of the maritime district of Ganjam has expressed\\nan opinion, that Egyptian Cotton might be grown to a\\ngreat extent in his Collect orate within an easy distance\\nof the coast.\\n299 Experimental culture of the Brazil or Pemambuco\\nvariety by Dr, KTudge. An equally interesting ex-\\nperiment has been tried in Madras, with reference to\\nthe Brazil or Pernambuco Cotton, by Dr. Mudge,\\nSurgeon Major in the Madras Army. The following\\nLetter from concise account of this experiment, and of\\n23rdjan Se some others with Egypti an and Bourbon seed,\\n18G2. has been kindly furnished by Dr. Mudge.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "1853-62.]\\nCAENATIC EIGHT DISTEICTS.\\n201\\ni I first tried the Brazil or Pernambuco Cotton in\\ni 1860. The Honourable D. Arbuthnot, Collector of\\nKurnool, gave me 12 seeds, from which 11 plants came\\ni up. These were planted out about the 25th March, in\\ncommon garden soil, with a small quantity of old ma-\\nnure and were at first watered every day, or every\\ni other day, till they had attained about a foot in height,\\nj I then left Madras for the ISTeilgherries, and did not\\ni return till the end of May. I found that the gardeners\\ni had neglected the trees, and that four out of the eleven\\ns were dead. The remaining seven prospered, and with-\\nI out any care, and with only an occasional watering,\\nproduced abundantly. In January and February they\\nyielded more than two pounds of picked Cotton. This\\ni Cotton was valued by London Brokers at from S^d. to\\n9^. per lb. A large quantity of seed was obtained,\\nwhich was sown again in March and April several\\nhundred plants in the People s Park and about two\\nhundred in my own garden, whilst a good deal of seed\\nwas also distributed to various parties. At this time\\n(January, 1862) the plants in my garden are in full\\nbearing, and the crop promises well. The trees planted\\nin the People s Park have failed, evidently owing to the\\nvery saline character of the soil. I hear that some\\nplanted in Coorg are thriving. It appears likely that\\nthis species will grow well in light Beddish soil, if\\nallowed sufficient space, and will be found productive.\\nMr. Pischer of Salem informed me that it did not an-\\nswer there, probably owing to the greater dryness of\\nthe air and the different character of the soil.\\nEgyptian and Bourbon seed were sown in the Peo-\\nple s Park between the 1st and 4th April, 1861, and\\nwere watered till the plants attained the height of one\\nfoot after that they only got a little water occasion^\\nally. The earth round the roots was loosened once or\\ntwice. Both these species have borne very well. Cot-\\nton was first picked in August, and the plants have\\ngone on bearing up to the present time. A large\\nquantity of Cotton has been thus obtained from them.\\nIn preparing the soil a small country plough was\\nused the greater part of the weeds and coarse grass", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "202 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI,\\nwere picked out and removed, whilst the rest was turned\\ninto the furrows and left. The Cotton was sown in\\nsmall circular holes.\\nThe exact quantity of Cotton obtained from these\\nplants is not yet known, but it has been very consider-\\nable; and, so far as reliance can be placed on one\\nexperiment, seems to show that Bourbon aud Egyptian\\nstaples will answer well at the Presidency.\\n300 (8) North Arcot: Red soil, and consequently no\\nIndian Cotton. This district produces but\\nMr. Room- T n\\nson s letter, a very inconsiderable amount oi indigenous\\n1861 1)eC Cotton the average cultivation during the\\nlast five years being only fifty-seven acres.\\nThe absence of the Black clay, which Native producers\\nconsider to be the soil best adapted to the growth of\\nNative Cotton, is the probable cause of the smallness\\nof the cultivation. The Collector describes the soil of\\nthe district as being a Red gravel and it may be added\\nthat this appears to be the very soil which experience\\nproves to be the best adapted to the American varieties.\\n301 (4) South Arcot inconsiderable quantity of Indian\\nCotton. The Indigenous Cotton grown in this district\\nis larger than in North Arcot, but is still inconsider-\\nable. The cultivation is confined to two or three thou-\\nsand acres. The Collector states that he has no observ-\\nations to offer on the subject.\\n302 (5) Trichinopoly quantity of Cotton inconsider-\\nable: mode of cultivation. In this district about\\nMr. McDcn- 6000 acres of Black soil are sown every\\nsilt M^y ers y ear witn Indigenous Cotton. Most of the\\ni86i 5 andi5th Cotton grown is consumed within the dis-\\nFeb., 1862. trict, but a small quantity is exported in the\\nshape of twist. The rates proposed by Mr. Newill in\\ncarrying out the new Revenue Settlement, are ex-\\npected to promote the extension of the cultivation,\\nas they are considerably lower than the present rate\\nof Assessment. Cotton, however, we are told, re-\\nquires more care, labour, and consequently more ex-\\npense, than almost any other description of crop and\\nThe Bourbon seed was sent to me by the Rev. W. Taylor of\\nMadras, and was raised in his garden.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CAKFATIC: EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n203\\nunless there is the inducement of soon realizing a re-\\nmunerative price, the Ryot will choose any other kind\\nof cultivation in preference. Mr. McDonnell also\\ndrew attention to the report on the Cotton cultivation\\nin Trichinopoly, drawn up by Mr. Travers, the Col-\\nlector, in 1812. The following extract, relative to the\\nmode of cultivation, is worthy of record. The ground\\nis first ploughed up. Afterwards a herd of cattle, or a\\nflock of sheep, is kept on the land for two or three days\\nto manure it. The ground is then again ploughed\\nthree times more and the seed, which has been dipped\\nin a preparation made of buffaloes dung, salt water,\\nand ashes, is then sown, and the ground again lightly\\nturned up to cover the seed. When the plant has\\nreached the height of one span, the earth is carefully\\nand very lightly ploughed up between the plants, and\\nthe grass that has grown is removed. After this, as\\noccasion may require, the weeds and grass are continued\\nto be rooted up until the plants have reached maturity,\\nwhen the Cotton is plucked.\\n(6) Tanjore Soil not favourable without irriga- 303\\ntion, and with irrigation the cultivation of rice is\\npreferred. The quantity of -Cotton grown Mr. Cadeii s\\nin this district falls far short of even the letter, 5th\\nrequirements of local consumption, and ac- Dec 1861,\\ncordingly large quantities are brought from the south-\\nern districts of Madura and Tinnevelly Mr Cadell s\\nto meet the deficiency. Repeated attempts letter, 3ist\\nhave been made to improve the quality of Jan 1862\\nthe Cotton grown, and to extend its cultivation, but\\nthey have hitherto proved unsuccessful Paras.m,\\nand the land under Cotton crop is at the 256\\npresent time less than six hundred acres, being less\\nthan one-fourth of what it was ten years ago. Mr.\\nCadell, the Collector, ascribes these results to the un-\\nremunerative nature of the crop, the uncertainty of the\\nproduce, and the labour and expense of preparation\\narising from the absence of any cheap and efficient\\nmachinery. He is also inclined to think that the soil of\\nthe district is not very favourable to the plants, unless\\nit can be irrigated and when the means of artificial", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "204 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI.\\nirrigation can be commanded, the landholders prefer\\nthe cultivation of rice to the exclusion of almost every\\nother article.\\n304 (7) Madura detailed report from the Collector.\\nMadura is a Cotton-growing district, though not one\\nof the four great Cotton districts of the Presidency.\\nThe average number of acres under this cultivation dur-\\ning the last three years is about 76,000 acres. The fol-\\nlowing information respecting the culture was supplied\\nthree or four years back by Mr. Hathaway, the Col-\\nMr Hatha ec or \u00c2\u00b0f Madura, in answer to an applica-\\nway s letter, tion for certain data connected with the\\ni858 June growth of the Indian plant, which had been\\nforwarded to the late Court of Directors by\\nDr. Mallet, Professor of Chemistry in the University of\\nAlabama, U.S.\\n305 Soil. The soil in which the Cotton is raised is\\nBlack, and of a slimy nature, being very retentive of\\nthe moisture and if the periodical rains commence in\\nAugust and continue till January, this moisture will\\npenetrate the earth to a depth of two feet and a\\nhalf. By the commencement of January, the moist-\\nure is reduced to a depth of four inches, and disap-\\npears altogether by the 1st of March. In some parts\\nthe Byots raise along with Cotton the following dry\\ncrops coriander, horse-gram, varagoo, cumboo; thenie,\\ndholl, and cummin. These thrive if the periodical rains\\nfall but many of the Ryots consider such a practice\\nof mixed sowing prejudicial as Cotton itself cannot be\\ngrown two consecutive years in the same field.\\n306 Geology and Topography. The district is not\\nnaturally well drained, depending as it does upon the\\nfreshes from the river and periodical rains, which are\\nvery uncertain in their supply. The soil is generally\\nof an inferior description, being based in many places\\nupon rocks of black and white marble and granite, and\\nmasses of gravel, which rise to within from one and a\\nhalf to five yards of the surface. It is also impregnated\\nwith saltpetre. The height above the level of the sea\\nof that portion of the district in which Cotton is raised,\\nranges from six to seven hundred feet.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "1853-62.]\\nCAKNATIC: EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n205\\nClimate. The regular kalum rains commence in\\nAugust and terminate in November while the koday\\nrain falls in March and April. The year 1858, how-\\never, proved an exception, as during the month of May\\nthere was an average fall of more than nine inches in\\nfifteen days. The annexed statement shows the amount\\nof rain that fell during the last official year.\\n307\\nMEA. IN. T.\\nMadacolum\\nTiroomangalum\\nMeylore\\nTandicomboo\\nIzempully\\nTenkurray\\nNellacottah\\n71\\n45\\n65\\n54\\n18\\n67\\n66\\nSeed used and whence obtained. After the fibre 308\\nhas been removed, the seed is preserved till within a\\nfew days of the sowing season. It is then soaked for\\ntwo or three minutes in water in which cow-dung has\\nbeen steeped, and then pressed by hands on a floor ex-\\nposed to the sun, with a view to remove any particles\\nof the fibre, and thus to ensure the separate deposition\\non the ground of each seed, which takes place three days\\nafterwards. In some instances, under the impression\\nthat such a process will render the Cotton white and\\nsmooth, the Eyots mix with the said water, chunam,\\nbutter-milk, or salt but I have no information that\\nany such result is obtained.\\nCharacter of the Cotton Plant.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cotton of this 309\\ndistrict is herbaceous in character, growing to an aver-\\nage height of 3^- feet. The branches extend about If\\nfeet from the stems, which grow at an average distance\\nfrom each other of H feet. The main root shoots\\ndownwards to a depth of 1^ feet whilst the lateral\\nroots spread out about of a foot.\\nMode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight of 310\\nCotton wool per acre. The fields intended for this\\ncultivation are usually ploughed seven times, at the\\nleast four times, between May and September. In the", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "206 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI.\\nlatter month, ten days previous to the sowing of the\\nseed, the soil is manured, either through penning cattle\\non it, or by the imposition of manure, and then once\\nmore ploughed. The seed is scattered from the 20th\\nOctober to the 10th December, the early period being\\nthe most advantageous, so as to let the seeds fall at an\\naverage distance from each other of 1^- feet. Trans-\\nplantation is not adopted. The plants require at the\\nstages of their budding and flowering, harrowing and\\nweeding the cost of this is estimated at Rupees 3^, or\\n7s. per acre. The buds generally form about the 15th\\nJanuary, and the picking of the crop takes place in\\nMarch and April. Tor this operation the labourer re-\\nceives remuneration in kind, at rates which vary accord-\\ning to mutual agreement from one-fourth to one-tenth\\nof the out-turn. The weight of Cotton wool produced\\nper acre in this year 1857-58 (which from the drought\\nhas been an unfavourable one) is estimated at 23^ lbs.\\nEach hand employed is supposed to be able to give\\n4| lbs. a day machines of an ordinary description\\nbeing used for the purpose.\\n311 Manure. Although Cotton seed may return to the\\nground, manure is still used, and the stalks are removed\\nto serve as fuel.\\n312 Diseases. The plants are attacked by many dis-\\neases the principal of which are called Sambal or\\nSooroothy knoo, and are supposed to be caused by the\\nprevalence of north winds and lightnings. The former\\ndisease gives the Cotton a pale tinge, while the latter\\ncauses the leaves of the plant to curl. They are also\\nattacked by caterpillars and worms, whose correct\\nnames I am unable to obtain.\\n313 (8) Tinnevelly: Mr. Mayne s detailed report.\\nTinnevelly is one of the four principal Cotton growing\\nPara 17 an( ex P or m g districts in the Madras Pre-\\nsidency. The average cultivation of late\\nyears is about 190,000 acres. The principal port is\\nTuticorin. This district will be remembered as the\\nMr. Dawson scene of Mr. Finnie s experiments and la-\\nter 8th S let Dours ne following interesting report,\\n1858. v with reference to Professor Mallet s ap-", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CAE1STATIC EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n207\\nplication for information, was supplied by Mr. Dawson\\nMayne.\\nSoil. Cotton is cultivated in all descriptions of 314\\nsoils found in this district, but more extensively in those\\nknown as the Caresal or Black Cotton soil secondly,\\nin the Yeppel (a mixture of Black and Sandy soil)\\nthirdly, in the Pottel (a stiff clayey soil) and fourthly,\\nin the Shevel or Red soil.\\n1st, The Caresal, or Black soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Black Cotton 315\\nsoil is of a loose friable nature, varying in depth from\\ntwo to five or six feet. Soon after a heavy fall of rain,\\nthe upper surface of the soil, to a depth of about nine\\ninches, becomes dry but the lower portion, to a depth\\nof four or five feet, will retain moisture for four or\\nfive weeks. The other crops grown on this soil are\\ncumboo, cholum (different sorts of maize) buller,\\nBengal gram, varagoo, red gram (species of vetch or\\npulse), raggy, theny, cootheerivaly, chendrookoo oil,\\nand castor oil seeds, etc. The soil is considered ex-\\ntremely fertile.\\n2nd, The Veppel, or Black and Sandy soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The 316\\nVeppel, or Black and Sandy soil, partakes of the same\\nnature as Black Cotton soil, varying in depth from two\\nto four and a half feet. After a heavy fall of rain, the\\nupper surface of this soil, to a depth of about six\\ninches, soon becomes dry but the lower stratum, to a\\ndepth of three or four feet, will retain moisture for\\nthree or four weeks. The other crops grown on this\\nsoil are cumboo, raggy, cholum, buller, red gram, theny,\\nand castor oil seeds, etc. This soil also is considered to\\nbe fertile, but in a less degree than that first named.\\n3rd, The Pottel, or stiff clayey Soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Pottel 317\\nsoil is stiff and untractable. It varies in depth from\\none to three and a half feet. After a heavy fall of rain,\\nthe upper surface of this soil, to a depth of four inches,\\nwill soon become dry but the lower stratum, to a\\ndepth of three feet, will retain moisture for about two,\\nor two and a half weeks. The other crops grown on\\nthis soil are cumboo, horse-gram, samay, varagoo, theny,\\nand castor oil seeds, etc. This soil is not considered\\nfertile.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "208 COTTON m THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI.\\n318 4th, The Shevel, or Red Soil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Shevel soil is\\nof a loose friable nature, varying in depth from one to\\nthree feet. After a heavy fall of rain, the upper sur-\\nface of soil, to a depth of one foot, soon becomes dry\\nbut the lower portion, to a depth of one and a half or\\ntwo feet, will retain moisture for one and a half or two\\nweeks. The other crops grown on this soil are red\\ngram, varagoo, castor oil seeds, theny, etc. This soil is\\nnot considered fertile.\\n319 Geology and topography.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cotton fields to-\\nwards the west in this district are slightly undulating,\\nwith general slope to the eastward while to the east,\\nthe country lies almost flat, the plains sloping very\\ngradually towards the sea. From observation taken\\nwith an Aneroid Barometer, it appears that the level\\nof the former varies from 250 to 300 feet, and of the\\nlatter from 80 to 120 feet, above the sea. Below the\\nabove-mentioned soil, gravel of different descriptions,\\nand kunkur, or decomposed gneiss, are met with and\\nin some spots occasional strata of crystaline limestone\\ncrop up through the gneiss. The granite formation is\\nchiefly found in the northern portion of the district,\\nand is met with at various depths below the kunkur\\nand gneiss. That which is termed decomposed\\ngneiss may perhaps be a species of disintegrated rocks\\nof a comparatively late formation. The northern part\\nof this district is intersected by numerous small streams,\\nand the Cotton fields are consequently well drained.\\n320 Climate. During the dry months, or from January\\nto September, the heat is excessive. During the south-\\nwest monsoon, there are occasional showers in the north\\nof the district, especially in the more western portion of\\nthe Cotton fields. The north-east monsoon continues\\nfrom the middle of October to January and during its\\nprevalence, rain falls generally over the whole district.\\nIrrigation is not employed for the growth of Cotton in\\nthis district. A return, showing the fall of rain from\\nJanuary to December, 1857, is given on the following\\npage. Rain Grauges are kept at all the chief stations.", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CARNATIC EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n209\\n00\\nIs\\n0\\nHo\\nCO\\n\u00c2\u00bb5\\n4\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0so\\n8\\no\\n0\\nTenths.\\nOJHOiOClOCONHOON\\nr-^qsocooj^oeqcoocco\\nNMCCgOOOCigilONHH\\nCO rH JO CO cVl r-i 05\\nj\\nAvei\\nInches.\\nZ lOHpi J loo CO\\nTenths.\\nCO SHMOOH ^QOOOOOO\\nQOipOO^ilOOOtOr-l\u00c2\u00bb^ilO\\nJO \u00c2\u00abCNCOHJt\u00c2\u00bb CD 00\\n05\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^ft\\nTol\\nInches.\\nio r-i r-i :tho n\\nM CO rH\\nCO\\n00\\nSection.\\nTenths.\\nlOOOOOlOlOMO O\\nCQ 00 O JO cq N CO JO O CO\\nCOOt .HCOipi l\\nJ T-l 5Q OS CO JC\u00c2\u00bb\\nCO\\n00\\nrH\\nWestern\\nInches.\\nN icOrHCM COCO\\nI-l\\nrH\\nCO\\nSection.\\nTenths.\\noooocojocooooooooooo\\noocoi\u00c2\u00a3ii Heo\u00c2\u00bbowx(McqH\\nrHppOOCOOS^CQCOOO-HHT?\\nCO CO 05 rH Oi\\nrH\\nCD\\nCO\\n*o\\nEastern\\nInches.\\nM::\u00c2\u00bbQr-i::::coco:\\no\\nCM\\nSection.\\nTenths.\\neo ocoooooowaoo\\nco o co o oo qo 01 is o o\\nIO -NOOHHrlOOOlOO\\nrH rH 5Q CO JO CO CO CO rH\\n9\\nSouthern\\nInches.\\nrH:: *rH::::\u00c2\u00bbo\\n00\\nrH\\nNorthern Section.\\nTenths.\\nOOOOOJOOOCOCOCOOOO\\nOCOQOb-OlOHCOCOQOfMCO\\nlQpCOGOpt^COipipcpOrH\\n8\\nJO\\njq\\nInches.\\no os rH\\n05\\nrH\\nJanuary\\nJuly\\nSeptember\\nOctober\\nNovember\\nDecember\\nTotal\\np", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "210 COTTON IS THE MADBAS PEESIDENCT. [CHAP. VI.\\n321 Seed used and whence obtained. Cotton seeds are\\nobtained from those places in the district, where the\\nprevious crops had yielded a fall produce of good\\nquality. The seeds are in the first instances exposed\\nto the sun to dry. When sufficiently dried, it is the\\npractice to put them into water mixed with buffaloes\\ndung, and then they are again dried, and the seeds are\\nnow considered ready to be sown in the proper season.\\n322 Character of the Cotton plant. The Cotton plants\\nin Tinnevelly are herbaceous tree Cotton is not grown\\nhere. The average height of the plant is 3f feet, and\\nthe spread of the branches is 1J feet. The average\\ndistance from plant to plant is about one foot. The\\naverage spread of roots is one foot in depth and six\\ninches laterally.\\n323 Mode of Cultivation, time of flowering, weight of\\nCotton wool per acre, c, Cotton fields are plough-\\ned five times between the months of April and Septem-\\nber. After a good shower of rain, the seeds are sown\\ngenerally between the months of September and Oc-\\ntober. The distance at which the plants are placed\\napart is about one foot. The weeds are removed three\\ntimes during the growth of the Cotton plant. The\\ntotal amount of labour bestowed upon weeding may be\\nvalued at about Rupees li (3s.) per acre. The plants\\nflower in the month of December or J anuary. Picking\\ncommences in February and ends with April. If after\\nthis any rain falls, a further picking takes place in\\nJune and July. The weight of Cotton fibre is to the\\nproduct per acre about 86 lbs. weight per hand em-\\nployed is 6 lbs.\\n324 Manure. There is not any Cotton seed returned to\\nthe soil in the form of manure, nor are the stalks al-\\nlowed to decay on the field. The land under Cotton\\ncultivation is manured with cattle dung.\\n325 Diseases. When the Cotton plants come to bearing,\\nthey are subject to two kinds of diseases the first is\\ncalled in Tamil Sambulnoye, and the second Can-\\njoorumnoye. When the first-mentioned disease prevails,\\nthe yield becomes very indifferent and if the last-\\nnamed disease exists, the pods drop off entirely. Un-", "height": "4247", "width": "2443", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "1853-62.]\\nCARNATIC EIGHT DISTRICTS.\\n211\\nseasonable rains in summer, and lightnings, are said to\\nbe injurious to the Cotton plants, by causing the boles\\nto drop off. Before flowers and pods appear, the plants\\nare subject to the ravages of insects.\\nMr. Silver s Report. In a letter dated 20th February, 326\\n1862, Mr. Silver, the Collector of Tinne- Mr Silver s\\nvelly, reported as follows. The average letter, 20th\\nquantity of uncleaned Cotton, grown in Feb 1862,\\nthe district of Tinnevelly during the last three years,\\nwas 150,000 candies, of 500 lbs. each. At the close of\\nthe past year 1860-61, there were about 44,000 candies\\nof cleaned Cotton in this district, which is selling at\\n102 Rs. (\u00c2\u00a310 4s.) per candy. There are no obstacles\\nto the spread of Cotton cultivation, but a stimulus\\nseems to be required and the cultivation would doubt-\\nless be extended by the following means. 1st, By the\\nMercantile Firms establishing Agencies for dealing\\ndirect with the cultivators in the interior, instead of\\nconducting this part of their business, as they do at\\npresent, through Brokers at the port of embarkation.\\n2nd, By constructing better roads, which in my opinion\\nwould be the case, if the executive were again placed\\nunder the Revenue officers, the District Engineer in-\\nspecting and reporting on the nature of the work per-\\nformed.\\nQueries of Sir William Denison, with Mr. Silver s 327\\nreplies. Mr. Silver also forwarded to the Madras\\nBoard of Revenue, a paper of answers which he had\\nrecently drawn up, in reply to certain queries furnished\\nto him by His Excellency Sir William Denison, Go-\\nvernor of Madras, as regards the Cotton trade at the\\nPort of Tuticorin. These queries, together with the\\nreplies, are appended in parallel columns.\\nQueries. Eeplies.\\n1st. Distance from Tinnevelly Thirty-four miles,\\nto Tuticorin\\n2nd. Character of the country Bare and open, passing over\\nbetween the two places black soils, rocky ground, and\\ndeep sand there is a made road\\nfor only 8 miles out of Tinnevelly,\\nr 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "212 COTTOH Itf THE MADEAS PEESIDE^CY. [CHAP. VI,\\n3rd. Amount of existing traffic\\nbetween the two places\\n4th. Cost of transport per ton\\nand per bale of Cotton from one\\nplace to another\\n5th. Quantity of Cotton pass-\\ng from Tinnevelly to Tuti-\\nconn\\n6th. Quality of Cotton, whether\\nof Native growth or improved\\nvarieties\\n7th. Weight of an\\nbale of Cotton\\n8th. Amount produced per\\nacre in your district. State\\namount in two forms, firstly,\\nquantity of Cotton seed second-\\nly, quantity of Cotton clean\\nand the river Tambrapoorney,\\nunbridged, intervenes.\\nTinnevelly is not a Cotton\\nproducing Taluk. Cotton is\\ngrown in the northern Taluks\\nand north-eastern Taluks. Gene-\\nral commodities pass between the\\ntwo places.\\nCost of transport per ton and\\nfor a bundle of Cotton depends\\nentirely on the season of the\\nyear. If in rainy weather when\\nthe Ryots plough their fields\\ntransport becomes expensive, but\\non the average the transport of\\nCotton to Tuticorin from the\\nCotton producing Taluks costs\\n10 rupees per ton of 20 cwt.\\nor about 9 As. a bundle of 120\\nlbs.\\nCotton is not sent from Tin-\\nnevelly to Tuticorin. But the\\naverage quantity taken into Tuti-\\ncorin yearly from the Ottapi-\\ndarum, Sattur, Shenkarninarcoil,\\nand Strivilliputtur Taluks, along\\nthe trunk Cotton road connecting\\nthe Cotton growing localities\\nwith Tuticorin, is 33,000 Candies\\nof cleaned Cotton.\\nEntirely of Native growth no\\nother description is exported from\\nTuticorin. The quality is known\\nin Europe as Tinnevelly Cotton\\nit is clean in colour but short in\\nstaple, and generally fetches the\\nhighest price of Indian Indigen-\\nous Cotton.\\nThe average weight of a bundle\\nthat comes from the district to\\nTuticorin is 120 lbs. Cotton\\ncoming from the interior is pack-\\ned in bundles, never in bales.\\nlstly. The highest quantity of\\nseed produced per acre is Candy,\\nequal to 15 Madras Maunds, and\\nthe lowest 5~ Maunds.\\n2ndly. The highest quantity\\nof cleaned Cotton per acre is\\nCandy, or 5 Madras Maunds, and\\nthe lowest If Maund.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CAKFATIC EIGHT DISTRICTS. 213\\n9th. Whether the soil of your\\ndistrict is of the black adhesive\\nkind known as Cotton soil\\n10th. Send a small quantity\\n(4 or 5 lbs.) to Madras for analy-\\nsis as soon as possible\\n11th. Price of Cotton on board\\nship\\n12th. Price given to cultiv-\\nator\\n13th. Average number of acres\\ncultivated with Cotton by one\\nindividual in your district\\nt 14th. Maximum number cul-\\ntivated with Cotton by one in-\\ndividual.\\n15th. Quantity of Cotton ex-\\nported from Tuticorin\\ni\\ni 16th. Is any extension of cul-\\n1 tivation of Cotton likely to take\\nplace in your district were a\\nstimulus given to the growth of\\nCotton by a considerable rise in\\nits price, or by any other means\\n1 17th. Quantity of Cotton\\n1 grown in your District\\n18th. What is the total num-\\nber of acres available for Cotton\\ncultivation in this district\\n19th. Do Capitalists make\\nadvances to Eyots engaged in\\nCotton cultivation\\nCotton is cultivated in this\\ndistrict on four descriptions of\\nsoils, viz., first, Karisel, or black\\nsoil second, Veppel, a mixture\\nof black and sandy soil; third,\\nPottel, or stiff clay soil; and\\nfourth, Shevel, or red soil but\\nmore extensively on black Cotton\\nsoil.\\nFive pounds of each of the\\nfirst three descriptions of soils\\nwill be forwarded to the Chem-\\nical Examiner at Madras for\\nanalysis.\\nThe price of Cotton on board\\nship varies considerably accord-\\ning to the state of the market,\\nbut on the average has been 89\\nEupees per Candy of 500 lbs. net\\nweight during the last four years.\\nThe price given to cultivator\\nper Candy of uncleaned Cotton\\nwith seed, ranges from Eupees\\n14-12-3 to Eupees 20-15-0.\\nSeven acres.\\nSixty acres.\\nQuantity exported from Tuti-\\ncorin in Fasly 1270, from 1st\\nJuly, 1860 to 30th June, 1861,\\nwas 30,667 Candies.\\nIf there was a considerable\\nrise in the price of Cotton, the\\ncultivation would doubtless be\\nextended. I do not see a better\\nstimulus than this.\\nThe average quantity grown\\nyearly in the last three years was\\n150,000 Candies this is Cotton\\nnot cleaned.\\n207,850 acres.\\nThe Merchants and Agents\\nmake large advances to the\\nBrokers, Dealers, and Nattoo-\\nkottay Chetties equal to three-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "4\\n214 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. TI.\\nquarters of the value of Cotton\\ncontracted for, and the latter\\nagain make advances to the\\nEyots engaged in Cotton cultiv-\\nation.\\n20th. What is done -with the A portion of the surplus Cot-\\nsurplus Cotton seed ton seed is used as food for cattle,\\nsome is exported to Colombo.\\n328 Letter from Mr. Hardy, European Agent at Tuti-\\ncorin. The following letter, received from Mr. Thomas\\nMr. Hardy s Hardy, at Tnticorin, furnishes the follow-\\nletter, ioth mg particulars respecting the Cotton trade\\nNov., 1861. f Tinneve lly.\\nThe average exports of Cotton for the last 10 years\\nfrom this district have been about bales 55,000, but\\nthis year it may probably reach 90,000 one season\\nduring this decennial period it reached only bales 16,000,\\nthe crop being nearly a total failure. During the first\\nhalf of these ten years, the price rarely exceeded Eupees\\n60 per Candy of 500 lbs. but during the last five\\nyears the price has rarely been less than Eupees 80, and\\nis now Eupees 100 which latter price will require at\\nthe present rates of freight and exchange, about 7d. per\\nlb. at home to cover cost, charges, and commission. I\\nhave no doubt the present high price will cause a much\\ngreater quantity of land to be brought under Cotton\\ncultivation, but not to the extent in this district as\\nmight be expected, for all agricultural produce has\\nrisen in value more than Cotton. At the same time\\nCotton is a very favourite cultivation with the Eyots.\\nIt gives them fuel, and the seed is the best and most\\nfattening food for their cattle. The quality of Cotton\\nproduced here is second to no Indigenous Cotton grown\\nin India (excepting the Dharwar saw-ginned) it is of\\ngood colour, but the staple is short, and the Eyots\\nadulterate it with seed and trash. If such was not\\nthe case it would rank higher in Europe. Nearly the\\nwhole of the Cotton grown here went formerly to\\nChina, but it now almost entirely goes to London and\\nLiverpool, but the bulk is re-exported principally to\\nNorthern Europe. Cotton is here planted in rather a\\nslovenly manner broad cast, and two crops are taken", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTRAL TABLE-LAND FIVE DISTRICTS. 215\\nduring the year, one in February and one in June.\\ni Cotton is planted in the month of October and Novem-\\n3 ber, and deliveries begin to take place in April. Cot-\\nton is all bought on contract for delivery under heavy\\nadvances to the sellers, viz., about three-fourth of its\\nvalue, and for delivery in periods varying from two to\\nfour months. In a subsequent letter, Mr. Hardy\\nsays, I do not think that saw gins will be introduced\\nin Tinnevelly, for the staple of the Tinnevelly Cotton\\n1 is shorter than that of Dharwar.\\n3rd, Central Table-land five Districts \u00e2\u0080\u0094This large 329\\nterritory between the Western and Eastern Grhauts\\nslopes away from west to east, and from south to\\nnorth that is, from the great western chain of moun-\\ntains to what might be called the eastern hills and\\nfrom the southern territory of Mysore, which has a\\nj mean elevation of 3000 feet, to the northern districts\\nof Bellary and Cuddapah, where the mean elevation\\nis 1600 feet. It embraces five districts, viz. (1)\\nj Bellary, (2) Kurnool, (3) Cuddapah, (4) Salem, (5)\\nCoimbatore.\\n(1) Bellary detailed report from the Collector. 330\\nI Bellary is one of the largest Cot ton-gro wing Mr Hatha\\ndistricts in the Madras Presidency. The way s letter,\\n1 Collector reports that nearly 600,000 acres ^th June,\\nare available for the cultivation, and of\\nthese nearly half w r ere planted with Cotton during the\\nseason of 1860-61. The land is tolerably accessible\\nto the ordinary country carts at all times, save during\\nthe rainy weather. A sufficient quantity of Cotton is\\nobtained for consumption within the district, and a\\nlarge quantity is exported to Madras, Bangalore, Wal-\\nj lajapet, and Coomptah. These lines of communication,\\nwith the exception of the one to Coomptah, appear to be\\nj in good order. The following extracts from a detailed\\nreport furnished by Mr. Pelly, the Collector, in reply\\nto Professor Mallet s application, are worthy of record.\\nSoil. Attempts have at different times been made 331\\nto introduce the cultivation in this district Mr p e u y s\\nof the American Cotton but the experiments letter, 7th\\nhave generally failed. The Cotton grown Ma 1858", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "216 COTTON IN THE MADBAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. TI.\\nthroughout this district, viz., White Cotton, is of\\nbut one kind. This Cotton is grown in the Black or\\nBegud lands, dependent entirely on the rain it is not\\nusual to water Cotton by artificial means. It is cus-\\ntomary to cultivate Cotton in every third year, leaving\\nthe land in the two intermediate years for the growth\\nof Cholum (dry grain) crops. Before the rainy season\\nsets in, the land is prepared and kept ready for sowing,\\nby ploughing it twice with the implement called 6 Chin-\\nna Groontaka, a large hoe drawn by four bullocks. The\\nBegud, or Black lands, of this district generally retain\\ntheir moisture at a depth of half a yard under the sur-\\nface. When sufficient rain has fallen to soak the upper\\nsurface to a depth of half a yard, and so to connect it\\nwith the under moist soil, it is considered that the land\\nhas received a sufficient supply, and Cotton is accord-\\ningly sown in it. After the sowing, if rain falls at any\\ntime within a month, it is of much benefit to the crop\\nbut the crop is not dependent on this second fall, if the.\\nground has been previously fully moistened. Cotton\\nis sown by itself or with corraloo two rows of the lat-\\nter grain are sown for every one row of Cotton. Cotton\\nsown by itself, is sown generally about fifteen days\\nlater than the sowing of Cotton mixed with corraloo.\\nThe land is liable to be overgrown with grass if not\\nkept down; but weeds do not abound generally.\\n332 Geology and Topography. The dry lands of this\\ndistrict may be classed into three sorts 1st, Black\\n2nd, Mixture of Black and Eed 3rd, Bed. The soil\\nof the southern Talooks is generally of the two latter\\ndescriptions, and that of the western Talooks is of the\\nfirst and second descriptions. The other Talooks are\\nentirely Black land. Much of the irrigated land is\\nBlack, and a portion is mixed with sand, like the second\\ndescription of dry land, or with salt land. The Black\\nand Mixed soils are free from any rocks or stones, but\\nthe Bed land is intermixed with stones and gravels.\\nThis Bed land is not fertile soil. When it is cultivated\\ncontinually for three years, it becomes unfit for cultiva-\\ntion, and must lie fallow for five or six years. White\\ngravel is found at two yards below the ground in Black", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CEKTEAL TABLE-LAND TIYE DISTRICTS. 217\\nlands, and Bed gravel is found at about half to one\\nyard below the ground in the other two descriptions of\\nsoil. The distance to this district from the eastern\\ncoast is about 300 miles, and from the western coast\\n200 miles and its situation is about 1500 feet above\\nthe level of the sea, and is naturally well drained.\\nClimate. In this inland district the rain-fall is 333\\nvery small, generally about 20 to 30 inches at most,\\nand the climate is very dry. The seasons for rain are\\nfrom May to August, and secondly from September to\\nthe 15th November. The quantity of rain that fell\\nduring the last five years is shown in the foot note.\\nThe Cotton lands are entirely dependent upon the fall\\nof rain, as irrigation is not employed.\\nSeed used and whence obtained. The kind of seed 334\\nused, is that of the Cotton grown in this district.\\nNature and character of the Cotton. The Cotton 335\\nof this district is of the herbaceous character, or small\\nshrubs. The height of the plant varies from two and a\\nhalf to one and a half feet. Its branches are spread\\nover a foot, and the seed sown is two or three inches\\napart in the same row, but between each row a space\\nof about one foot and a half is left. When Cotton and\\ncorraloo are sown together, one row of Cotton is planted\\nfor every two rows of corraloo, and a space of about\\ntwo feet is left between each line. The corraloo is\\nharvested earlier than the Cotton, which comes to ma-\\nturity a month afterwards. In the best lands, the root\\nspreads one to one and a half feet in depth but in\\nordinary land not deeper than one foot or even less\\nlaterally it does not spread more than from three to\\nfour inches.\\nMethod of cultivation, time of flowering and 336\\nweight of Cotton wool per acre, c. As already\\nEarly rains. Later rains.\\nInches. Inches.\\n1852- 53 7*5 21-3\\n1853- 54 7-1 2-3\\n1854- 55 ..5 1 10-9\\n1855- 56 2 3 15 3\\n1856- 57 14- 6-4", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "218 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. TI.\\nstated, the Kegud or Black land, previously made\\nready for cultivation, is, upon a seasonable fall of rain,\\nsown through bamboo tubes with an implement called\\nGooroo (Drill plough), containing three teeth, and\\ndrawn by a pair of bullocks, But in sowing Cotton\\nand corraloo together, the former is sown in the drill\\nmade by the middle tooth of the drill, and the corraloo\\non either side making one row of Cotton for every\\ntwo lines of corraloo. When Cotton is sown alone, the\\nmiddle drill is left unfilled, and the two outer ones are\\nalone sown. The usual time for the cultivation of Cot-\\nton with corraloo is about the month of September, and\\nfor Cotton alone about fifteen or twenty days after-\\nwards. The plants are two or three inches apart in\\nthe same row but the rows are, as before said, one\\nand a half to two feet from each other. The amount\\nof labour bestowed upon weeding during growing time\\nis as follows. When the Cotton and corraloo crops are\\nof one month s growth, two implements (Hoes) called\\n6 Tadagoontakah, drawn with a bullock and a driver\\neach, are employed for weeding on two occasions, once\\nin twelve days. After this has been done, another de-\\nscription of implement, called 6 Juntalagoontakah,\\nthree in number, with a pair of bullocks and three\\ndrivers, is employed on two occasions once in ten days.\\nThe extent of land which may be weeded from nine\\no clock in the morning up to the evening would not be\\nmore than four acres and the amount of labour be-\\nstowed upon weeding four times the above quantity of\\nland may be estimated at Bupees 2^, or 4s. 6d. But\\nwhere Cotton alone is sown without corraloo, the weed\\nis hoed after one month s growth of the crop, twice at\\ntwelve days interval, by the Pillagoontaka, with a\\npair of bullocks and two drivers, at a cost of eight an-\\nnas per day, or one rupee for the two occasions they\\nare employed. The average extent of land weeded in a\\nday is four acres. The flowering time is generally two\\nmonths after sowing, and the crop comes to maturity\\nthree months after flowering or five months after sow-\\ning. The Cotton is picked on three occasions in the\\nmonth. It is in the second time that the largest quan-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTRAL TABLE-LAND FIVE DISTRICTS. 219\\ntity of Cotton is picked. On the whole, the average\\nquantity of Cotton produced per acre may be estimated\\nat 15 maunds (375 lbs.) and, deducting one-third or\\nfive maunds for the remuneration of persons employed\\nin picking, the net quantity remaining for the culti-\\nvator would be 10 maunds, which will produce 2\\\\\\nmaunds of Cotton wool. On an average, one man is\\nrequired to clean one maund of Cotton in a day, at the\\nrate of one anna per maund.\\nManure. Manure is never used the seed is not 337\\nreturned to the ground until the land is sown again.\\nAfter the picking is over, the stalks are cut down and\\ngathered, and do not decay on the field.\\nDiseases. The Cotton crop is free from the ravages 338\\nof insects but when the north-east wind blows, the\\nplant is subject to blight of three kinds, called Mujjega,\\nMussy, and Barigi. By the first kind, the leaves\\nof the plant become white by the second, the tender\\nas well as other leaves turn black and wither away\\nsoon and by the last, the leaves, c, become spotted\\nand destroyed. But if the south-east wind blows, and\\nthe sun is bright, it will recover.\\n(2) Kurnool: a Cotton-growing District. Kurnool 339\\nis a Cotton-growing district, having about 250,000\\nacres under cultivation. It carries on a Mr Min\\nsmall export trade through Cuddapah to chin s letter,\\nMadras. Mr. Minchin, the Collector, is of f^ eh\\nopinion that the sole obstacle to the in-\\ncreased production of the article, consists in its great\\nbulk as compared with its value the cost of transit\\nto Madras, and consequent low price which the trader\\ncan afford to pay to the producer as compared with\\nother staples of production.\\nCost of transit the sole obstacle to increased pro- 340\\nduction. The average cost of a bandy from the Cot-\\nton-producing Talook of Pattikondu to Madras is Eu-\\npees 30, or 60s. and as one-third of a ton is the great-\\nest load that is ever placed on a cart or bandy at the\\nmost favourable season of the year, ninety Rupees, or\\n\u00c2\u00a39 per ton of the price obtainable at Madras, has to be\\ndeducted for the cost of transit. The Cotton itself is", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "220 COTTON IN THE MADE AS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI.\\nof a most worthless description, and its intrinsic value\\nis not therefore sufficient to enable it to bear a costly\\nland carriage. I am not myself of opinion that the staple\\nis likely to be improved in any way by Native agri-\\nculturists. The modes of cultivation, picking, and pre-\\nparation, are all too slovenly to permit any reasonable\\nhope of material improvement being effected by un-\\ntaught Native efforts, even should the Ryots be willing\\nto make any efforts of the kind. There is no doubt,\\nhowever, that when the ordinary Cotton of this coun-\\ntry reaches a price sufficient to pay the cost of the\\nexpensive land journey to the coast, it can be produced\\nin this district to a large extent, and the limit to its\\ncultivation is simply its proportionate remuneration\\nto the producer, as compared with that of grains. It\\nappears certain, therefore, that the completion of the\\ncanal to Madras, and the cheap means of communica-\\ntion that will then be offered, will enable traders to\\npay a much larger price. for the ordinary Cotton of this\\ndistrict than they can now afford to do and should\\nthe present demand for the article continue, its pro-\\nduction in this part of the country will be increased.\\n341 Improvements in the quality must be effected by\\nthe Merchants themselves. Should the exigencies of\\nthe English market induce English capitalists to settle\\nin the district, under their guidance some improvement\\nwould doubtless be effected in the picking and prepara-\\ntion of the article. I doubt, however, the practicability\\nof any real improvement being made in the staple and\\nbelieve that if England looks to India for her Cotton\\nsupply, our manufacturers must learn to make use of the\\npresent inferior description, which alone the country\\nappears capable of producing.\\n342 (3) Cuddapah present state of Cotton as reported\\nby Mr. Wedderburn, the Collector. Cuddapah is also\\na Cotton-growing district, about 50,000 acres being\\nMr Wedder un er this cultivation. Mr. Wedderburn,\\nburn s letter] the Collector, reports as follows. The\\ni86i. Apri1, out-turn of this district last year was calcu-\\nlated at more than two millions of lbs.,\\nvalued at 3\u00c2\u00b1d. per lb. upon the spot, or about \u00c2\u00a330,000,", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTRAL TABLE-LAND FIVE DISTRICTS. 221\\nthe greater part of which is exported. This Cotton,\\nthough short in staple, is of a fair quality but it is\\nliable to deterioration from careless picking and pack-\\ning. It is not properly cleaned, and when gathered it\\nis packed loosely in bags which do not exclude the dust.\\nWere some mercantile firm to purchase direct from the\\ngrower, and to superintend or insist on greater care in\\nthe gathering, and to establish a screw press on the\\nspot to screw the bales ready for shipment in this dry\\nclimate, instead of that process being performed in the\\ndamp air of the sea- coast, I believe that the value of\\nthis Cotton in the home market would be enhanced,\\nand the cost of carriage reduced. Piner qualities than\\nthe Indigenous Cotton could only be produced by a\\nlocal demand and good prices. In a sub-\\nsequent letter Mr. Wedderburn stated that MrXieUer\\nthe extension of the cultivation depended ^|g^ 0ct\\nupon the profit to be derived from the ex-\\nportation of Cotton as compared with the exportation\\nof other grain products. That Government could do\\nnothing that would prove of advantage, beyond add-\\ning a few bridges to a road, and thus facilitating\\nthe export, and cheapening the cost of transit. Above\\nall, that the people would not be induced to grow\\nany kind of Cotton but their own stunted Indigen-\\nous variety all previous experiments with foreign\\nseed having proved failures, excepting perhaps in gar-\\ndens and favoured localities whilst the commercial\\nvalue of other crops grown on irrigated lands rendered\\nit impossible that Cotton should be grown at a profit\\non any but dry lands. Private individuals must take\\nthe risk and profit of introducing a better system of\\ncultivation, if there be one and of dealing directly for\\nthe raw produce, which is much deteriorated in picking,\\ncleaning, packing, and transit.\\nDetailed report by Mr. Murray, the previous Col- 343\\nlector. The following report, drawn up in Mr. Murray s\\n1858 in reply to Professor Mallett s applica- letter, 1st\\ntion, conveys still more particular in forma- J\\ntion respecting the Cotton cultivation in the district\\nof Cuddapah.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "222 COTTOtf IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI.\\n344 Soil. Cotton is chiefly grown in the Western portion\\nof the Cuddapah district, in land commonly designated\\n6 Eagada or Black Cotton soil, which is very tenacious\\nof moisture and is almost impassable in the monsoon.\\nDuring the dry weather, the whole surface of the\\nground is broken up by the deep fissures caused by the\\ndrought, but is filled up during the rains. The soil is\\nvery fertile in almost every part of the district, though\\nthere are some exceptions and upon it, various kinds\\nof cereals, pulse, oil seeds, and indigo are grown, which,\\nwhen sown on land which are properly taken care of\\nand manured, produce large returns.\\n345 Weeds. Black Cotton land, if not annually\\nploughed, but left waste for several years, very soon\\nbecomes clogged by an Indigenous plant called Nut-\\ngrass, which penetrates into the ground from three-\\nfourths to one yard deep, and the herbage spreads\\nalong the surface of the field and should a Ryot\\nwish to cultivate this waste land, he will require to\\nyoke six or eight pairs of large heavy bullocks to his\\nplough to force it through the roots, which also require\\nto be extirpated by manual labour with the aid of pick-\\naxes. There is also an Indigenous plant with a root\\nsomething resembling a Potato, commonly called by\\nthe Natives Kudunchy the root varies from the\\nsize of a small to a large Potato, is excessively bitter,\\nand cannot be eaten, and from it springs a species of\\nvine, which runs along the ground and produces a yel-\\nlow flower, and a fruit of the size of a small green chilly,\\nwhich is gathered by the Natives and used as food. I\\nhave never seen this root in any other except in the\\nBlack land. A species of wild Hyacinth is also very\\ncommon several other kinds of weeds common to\\nother soils are also produced upon Black soil.\\n346 Geology and Topography. The Black Cotton soil\\nrests chiefly upon sand, kunkur, or lime. When ex-\\ncavations are made for the purpose of obtaining water,\\nit is found to extend 20 or 30 feet and when resting\\nupon the lime, the water found is brackish and unfit\\nfor domestic purposes when resting upon sand, the\\nwater is generally sweet. The soil may be stated to", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTKAL TABLE-LAND EIYE DISTRICTS. 223\\nrange from two yards to 30 or 40 feet deep. The dis-\\ntrict of Cuddapah is very mountainous. The Black\\nCotton soil commences at a short distance from Cudda-\\npah, and runs westward on the east side of the Nulla-\\nmalah range on through the Bellary district. The\\nplains are undulating and naturally well drained the\\ndrainage empties itself into small rivers, which again\\ndischarge themselves chiefly into the Paupugny and\\nthe Pennar rivers. One of these small rivers, called the\\nKhoondoo, which is fed by the drainage from the Black\\nlands, is, in the hot weather, so brackish as to be unfit\\nfor household purposes or irrigation. And in some\\nplaces the soil is so impregnated with salt that the lat-\\nter can be obtained by gathering it off the surface of\\nthe land. This salt is required for agricultural stock,\\nand cannot be dispensed with. In the river beds, a\\nspecies of slate containing Pyrites of iron is procured,\\nwhich is used both in building and flooring houses.\\nThe height above the level of the sea may be stated to\\nrange from 2000 to 2300 feet in this province.\\nClimate. The climate in the hot weather is very 347\\nhot and the Black soil becoming thoroughly heated,\\nretains it until it is cooled down by the rains. Slight\\nshowers may be generally expected in May, June, and\\nJuly, which enables the land to be ploughed, and in some\\nplaces sown but the chief rains fall in September and\\nOctober, when Jonna and Cotton seeds are sown the\\nformer is cut in February and the latter gathered in\\nMarch and April. For the Indigenous Cotton, irriga-\\ntion is never used. A moderately dry season is the\\nmost favourable for the plant. Supposing that the\\nland is thoroughly saturated with rain at the time of\\nsowing, and another heavy shower is received about\\nsix weeks or two months later, it is sufficient to bring\\nthe Cotton plant to maturity. Succeeding rains tend\\nto the growth of the plant, but to the decrease of the\\nproduce. The Byots inform me that if the plants were\\nirrigated they would yield only one-fourth of the return\\nproduced in a dry season. The average quantity of\\nrain in the provinces, where Black Cotton soil is chiefly\\nto be found, may be set down at Inches 22 914583, the\\naverage of the last three years.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "224 COTTON IN THE MADEAS PEESIDENCT. [CHAP. TI.\\n348 Seed used and whence obtained. The seed used\\nfor sowing is obtained from the neighbouring villages.\\nThe general use made of Cotton seeds by the Culti-\\nvators is to feed their cattle for which purpose they\\nare most excellent.\\n349 Character of the Cotton plant. The Cotton plant\\ngrown in this part of the country is herbaceous. The\\nCotton tree grows in the jungles, but the produce is of\\nno use in manufactures, the staple being too short.\\nAmerican and other Cottons have been tried in this\\ndistrict, but have hitherto failed. The Cotton plant is\\nvery hardy, provided it does not receive too much rain\\nat the time of sowing. It is a herbaceous plant, which\\nrises to the height of about 3 feet, and extends its\\nbranches about 18 inches. The seeds are sown about\\na foot apart from each other in regular rows, and not\\nunfreguently, horse-gram is sown between the plants.\\nThe root of the Cotton plant shoots down perpendi-\\ncularly to the distance of eight inches, and the plant\\nis dependent upon one tap root, from which others\\ndiverge. Should this be destroyed, the plant dies.\\n350 Mode of cultivation, time oi flowering, weight of\\nCotton wool per acre, etc. The land having been pre-\\nviously prepared, the seeds are sown in drills in the month\\nof September, about twelve inches from each other. The\\nnight prior to sowing, they are saturated in a solution of\\nfresh cow-dung and water they germinate on the fourth\\nday. After attaining a height of eight or twelve inches,\\nlabourers are employed in clearing away the weeds,\\nand often in sowing grain between the plants. After\\nthe lands have been thoroughly cleared, and when the\\nhot weather is approaching, the plough is run through\\nthe drills, and the roots of the plant are banked up.\\nThe plant commences to flower about the fourth month,\\nthat is, about January and February, as the time of\\nsowing may be and the produce is gathered in the\\nmonths of March and April. There are four pickings\\nthe first and the fourth are the least, and the second\\nand third the most productive. The average produce\\nper acre may be stated to be eight maunds, or 200 lbs.,\\nand the ginned Cotton 50 lbs.\\n351 Manure. Manure is not in general used for grow-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTEAL TABLE-LAND FIVE DISTRICTS. 225\\ning Cotton. It is made use of when Jonna is sown,\\nwhich is much more remunerative and as Jonna ought\\nnot to be grown two successive years on the same land,\\nCotton is substituted. The Cotton stalks are cut and\\nused as fuel sometimes they are placed with earth over\\nthem, as a protection to walls [of houses] from the mon-\\nsoon rains.\\nDiseases. Cotton plants when weakened by un- 352\\nseasonable rains, suffer from the effects of a mildew,\\nI which covers the green leaf with white spots, and then\\ni the plant being thus weakened is speedily attacked by\\ni insects, grasshoppers, etc., and destroyed. Another\\ni species of blight causes honey dew to exude from the\\nj plant, which greatly weakens it. In January, should\\nthere be cloudy weather and rain whilst the pods are\\nj forming, they are very liable to drop off and the produce\\nto be injured.\\n(4) Salem Messrs. Fischer and Co., the only ex- 353\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0porters. The Cotton lands under cultiva- Letter of Mr\\ni tion in this district are rather more than Brett, uth\\n15,000 acres. Messrs. Fischer and Co. are Dec 186L\\nthe only persons in the district who buy Cotton for\\nexportation, and the views of Mr. Fischer pa g8\\ni upon the subject have already been exhi-\\nbited. The Collector adds that good roads intersect\\nthe district in all directions, and that the lands on\\ni which the Cotton is chiefly grown are for the most part\\nwithin twenty-five or thirty miles of the South- Western\\nRailway.\\n(5) Coimbatore detailed report of Mr. Thomas, 354\\nthe Collector. In this important district, the scene of\\nDr. Wight s labours, upwards of 120,000 acres are\\nunder Cotton cultivation. The report of Mr. Thomas\\nin reply to Professor Mallett s application Mr Thomas s\\nis rather lengthy, but exhibits so many plain letter, isth\\nand practical details, that it has been ex- Dec 1857\\npedient to print it in extenso, merely omitting certain\\ndata which have already been exhibited so prominently\\nin the summary of Dr. Wight s reports, as to require\\nno repetition here.\\nSoil: Black, Eed, and Alluvium. The soils on 355", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "226 COTTON IN THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. TI\\nwhich Cotton is grown in this district are as follows.\\n1. Black Cotton soil (also called Regur),a formation\\nsaid to be peculiar to India. Its component parts seem\\nas yet doubtful. 2. Red soil, formed from disintegrated\\ngranite, with a large admixture of sand. 3. Alluvium\\nof sand and loam, very light and mixed with much\\nkunkur limestone. The stiffer clayey soils do not\\nanswer well, being liable to bake and become very hard\\nin dry weather. These two latter are not very deep,\\naveraging about fourteen inches. The Black soil is\\nthe deepest, averaging three or four feet, not unfre-\\nquently reaching six feet in depth it is also the dry-\\nest, and though very absorbent after rain at first, it\\ndoes not keep the moisture long, and the rain does not\\npenetrate it beyond a few inches. In some of the\\nmore sandy Black soils it is said however to penetrate\\nthree feet. The Red soils, on the other hand, retain\\nthe moisture longer, and it penetrates them deeper.\\nNearly every crop grown in India is raised on these\\nsoils, the various kinds of millets,* the castor oil plant,\\netc. On the Black soil, coriander and Bengal-gram\\n(Cicer Arietinum, Lin.) are also largely sown but it\\nis chiefly devoted to the Oopum or Native Cotton the\\nNew Orleans and other exotic species not having been\\nfound so suitable for it. The soils are all fertile, but a\\nfield s producing good grain crops is not a criterion it\\nwill yield a good Cotton crop, which is also regarded\\nas very exhausting to the soil. The Red and Alluvial\\nseem to produce no weeds, but are covered with the j\\ngeneral vegetation of the country. The Black soil is j\\nsingularly destitute of weeds thistles and the daturata\\n(Stramonium) seem to attach themselves most to it,\\nand it nourishes only thorny trees of the acacia tribe.\\n356 Geology and topography. The district is entirely\\nprimitive granite rock, over which the soil is in general\\nE. g. Cholum ^Holchus Saccharatus. _ Lin.) J\\nCumboo (Holchus Spicatus. Lin.)\\nRaggy (Cynosurus Coracanus. Lin.) f\\nSamy (Panicum Miliaceum. Lin.)\\nTenay (Panicnm Italicum. Lin.)\\nGram (Glycine Tomentosa. Lin.)", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CENTRAL TABLE-LAND ITVE DISTRICTS. 227\\nj but thinly spread the underlying rock frequently crop-\\nping out. Beds of kunkur or limestone generally occur\\nI beneath the Black soil. Its topographical character is\\nthat of a wide plain between two mountain ranges,\\naveraging 70 miles across from north to south. The\\n{Western portion lies opposite the Paulghaut Grap, a\\nj remarkable break of some 30 miles wide in the line of\\nthe Western Grhauts about 70 miles from the sea,\\nthrough which the moist south-west monsoon blows\\n5 inland strongly and incessantly from June to Septem-\\nJber. It is in the tract under the influence of this\\n[current that the New Orleans and exotic Cottons\\ngrow best. The general level above the sea, may be\\nTestimated at 1000 feet, and the surface being every-\\nWhere gently undulating is well drained.\\nClimate. From June to September, during the 357\\nprevalence of the south-west monsoon, the climate is\\n^cool and cloudy with continual light rains. In Octo-\\nber and November heavy showers fall, the north-east\\nmonsoon then sets in, and there is a continuance of\\nJ ear, bright weather with heavy night dews till Feb-\\nJruary. Hot burning land winds then prevail till May,\\nQ and all vegetation is scorched up, though the early\\nshowers are generally looked for in AprS and May\\nthese rains however are by no means constant. From\\nj June to September the tract lying within and in front\\nj|Of the Paulghaut Grap receives continual rain, which\\nseldom however extends to the lands beside or beyond\\nthe gap. In October and November the heaviest\\n1 Jfliowers fall. The yearly average of rain at Coimbatore\\n1 |is 18 inches, and probably twice as much in its south-\\nwest portion. Irrigation is not employed in the culti-\\nvation of Cotton. It was tried experimentally with\\nI ^favourable results, but had to be used sparingly, and\\ncare taken that the surface of the ground did not cake.\\nIn a small field, which had been occasionally watered,\\nthe crop of New Orleans Cotton amounted to 260 lbs.\\nper acre, whilst in another neighbouring field unirri-\\ngated, the pickings scarcely reached 20 lbs. per acre.\\nDifference of soil, however, may have had some infl uence\\nq 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "228 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI. 1\\nover tliis and by some irrigation is said not to answer, 1\\nproducing leaves but not Cotton. i\\n358 Seed used and whence obtained. The seed of the\\nNative Oopunr Cotton is kept by the Natives from the c\\nlast crop, and sown in the following season. The seed i\\nis not separated from the Cotton till the sowing time, e\\nor it loses its germinating power. The New Orleans, 1\\nBourbon, Mexican, c. seed used in the late Experi- I\\nmental Farm, was obtained by Government from Eng- i\\nland, or brought out by the American Planters formerly t\\nengaged on the Earm here. New Orleans seed of the i\\nninth generation in this country produced excellent i\\ncrops and the American plant has been cultivated in i\\nthis district from the same seed for eleven years, with-\\nout apparent deterioration in the quality of either the i\\nCotton or seed produced. 1\\n359 Character of the Cotton plant. The Oopum is a i\\nsmall plant, seldom exceeding five feet in height, gene-\\nrally less, and wears the appearance of a degenerated 1\\nspecies. Its branches have not the same lateral spread\\nas the exotic kinds. The Bourbon also averages from 1\\ntwo to three feet in height, but the branches extend\\nalmost as far laterally. The plants are low, depressed,\\ncrooked, and as it were stunted. The New Orleans I\\nvariety, if left untrimmed, shoots up to nearly six feet\\nin height. In the field it averages about four feet\\nthe branches are longer and thinner than the preceding\\nspecies, with more of an upward than a lateral direc-\\ntion. A bush four feet high and trimmed will measure\\nnearly as much in spread. Two hundred pods have\\nbeen counted on a single bush, the stem often equals a\\nman s finger in thickness, and it is the only description\\ncultivated here, that at all approaches a tree. Erom a\\nfoot to eighteen inches is left between the plants, but\\nif the growth is vigorous not less than an average dis-\\ntance of eighteen inches should be allowed. In\\nmoderately fertile and high and dry lands, from two\\nand a half to three feet between the rows is enough\\nThis fact has been disputed. See General Kesults at the con-\\nclusion of the present chapter, para. 372.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "J1853-62.] CENTRAL TABLE-LAND FIVE DISTRICTS. 229\\nbut for moist low-lying rich soils five feet m not too\\nmuch, as in such circumstances the bushes will still fill\\nhthe ground, and unless they have plenty of room the\\n^crop blights. The roots of Native Cotton penetrate\\n1 [deeper than American, and the Bourbon plant goes\\n.even deeper than the Native hence the two latter bear\\n,heat and drought better than American. In the sam-\\npies of American plants now forwarded, the roots owing\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0to their age (5 years) are immensely developed, ex-\\ntending some of them to four feet in length and two\\ns ofeet in lateral spread this no doubt much exceeds the\\ni average of ordinary plants, which are now unfortunately\\ninot obtainable. The roots of the Bourbon plant ap-\\n.pear to average one foot and a half in depth and fifteen\\nfinches in spread, and those of the Native Oopum Cot-\\nton to be about the same in depth, which, considering\\nfit is much the smallest of the three, argues a greater\\n.proportional depth. Its lateral roots however appear\\n|to be very insignificant.\\nMode of cultivation, time of flowering, weight of 360\\niCotton wool per acre, etc. In the southern pro-\\nvinces of India, the cultivation of Cotton has to be\\nadapted to the peculiarities of the season. Drought is\\nfan obstacle, not so much from insufficiency in the\\ni quantity of rain, as from its all falling within too short\\na period. Occasionally for months scarcely a shower\\n;falls, until the monsoon regularly sets in and then, in\\nplace of the total quantity being distributed over two\\nfor three months, nearly the whole falls in as many\\nweeks or even days. This usually happens in October\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2and a few days of gloomy weather and heavy rain has\\ni been known to destroy a fine crop just bursting the\\nipod. It becomes therefore an object so to regulate the\\nsowing, that the flowering shall commence after the\\nheavy rains have ceased, and the pods ripen during the\\nbright clear weather that always follows so that, in\\ni short, the plants may receive wet wea/ther while grow-\\ning, and dry sunny weather while maturing. The\\nmode of cultivation is simple. The ground is well\\nploughed, the deeper the better and as much as possi-\\nble freed from weeds, and if uneven the inequalities", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "230 COTTON IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI.\\nreduced. It should then remain fallow some months,\\nand kept in readiness to receive the seed at a day s\\nnotice a single heavy shower will then fit it for the\\nreception of the seed. Any such falling between the\\nmiddle of August and beginning of October should be\\ntaken advantage of, to get the seed sown. If this is\\ndone, the plant will be sufficiently advanced to derive\\nthe fullest benefit from the monsoon rains, and should\\ncome into crop in the course of January, a bright and\\ndry month; from which time in ordinary seasons it\\nwill yield a constant harvest for three or four months,\\nand if refreshed by a shower or two in April or May,\\nwill yield a second crop in autumn. The first hoeing\\nis a most important operation, and should never be\\ndelayed beyond the appearance of the third proper leaf\\n(not counting the two seed leaves) the ground should\\nbe freely loosened round the roots, and superfluous\\nplants thinned out, so as to give those that are left\\nample room to spread and fill the ground. In a month\\nor two, when the flowers begin to open, a second hoeing\\nis wanted to clean the ground otherwise it gets foul\\nand weedy. From that time little more is required, as\\nthe plants are then sufficiently advanced to keep down\\nthe weeds and receive little injury from them. Ano-\\nther ploughing in the interval between the two hoeings\\nis always beneficial, by so well loosening and airing the\\nsoil. Very few plants are injured by ploughing be-\\ntween the rows, as the roots penetrate deeply and are\\nnot in the way of the plough while any plant trodden\\ndown by the bullocks, the roots being uninjured, soon\\nrecovers. The seed should never be sown deeper than\\ntwo inches, if simply covered it is enough. From three\\nand a half to four feet between the rows is a good dis-\\ntance, as allowing the free use of the plough heavier\\ncrops are so obtained than from closer sowing, the fruit\\nsetting and ripening better, and fewer flowers blighting\\nand dropping off. A foot, or, should the plant be vigor-\\nous, eighteen inches should be allowed between the\\nplants. The ridging system does not answer, as it\\nruns the water off too rapidly. After the autumn crop\\nis picked, the ground should be deeply ploughed be-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] CEKTKAL TABLE-LAND EIVE DISTRICTS. 231\\ntween tlie rows, and well exposed to air before the mon-\\nsoon rains set in and should they be copious, may be\\ng again ploughed and afterwards hoed and weeded. The\\nc plants will then shoot afresh and bear another year but\\nL the second crop is seldom good, and scarcely worth the\\ncost, in the interior at least. On the coast, New Orleans\\n3 Cotton has been known to yield better crops in the se-\\ncond year. The foregoing account refers to the culti-\\nj vation in this district of American Cotton. The Native\\nmode of cultivating Indigenous Cotton answers to it in\\nall essential points. The ground is ploughed four or\\nfive times in April the seed sown early in October, but\\nusually broad cast, and the ground again ploughed, and\\nthree times weeded during growth. At the first weed-\\ning five labourers are employed per acre at the second\\nj six and at the third four they are paid in grain. The\\npicking occupies February and March, and is done at\\nj intervals of eight days at a time. Four labourers are\\nemployed per acre in picking, and one labourer will\\nt pick 12 lbs. of clean Cotton in the season. Generally\\nspeaking, from 150 to 250 lbs. per acre is always looked\\ni upon as a full crop of Native seed Cotton, while from\\nj 350 to 500 lbs. is by no means unusual in the case of\\nAmerican in good soil and very dark coloured. Yery\\nlight, almost sandy, alluvial loam, usually cultivated as\\nrice fields, has been known to produce from 1200 to\\n1400 lbs. of seed Cotton (American) per acre. Three\\nhundred pounds of seed Cotton represent 90 lbs. of\\nclean Cotton. Cultivation to be profitable should yield\\n100 lbs. of ginned staple per acre. Gins give for Na-\\ntive Cotton about 21, and for American 29 per cent, of\\nCotton to seed.\\nManure. No manure is used, nor any Cotton seed 361\\nreturned to the soil. The stalks are not allowed to de-\\nj cay on the ground. They are always plucked up and\\nused by the Natives as firewood.\\nDiseases. With respect to Native Cotton, in No- 362\\nvember and December the roots are liable to be attacked\\nby a worm or grub, which kills the plant. In Decem-\\nj ber, too, the flowers and leaves are sometimes destroyed\\nby a blight. Should too strong an east wind blow in", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "232 COTTON IN THE madeas presidency, [chap, yi\\nJanuary, February, or March, the leaves fall, the plants\\ndroop, and the pods grow crooked. Cloudy, rainy weather\\nwhen the pods burst spoils them. In American Cotton,\\nthe flowers are apt to be extensively destroyed by two\\nbeetles, of the genera cetonia and cantharis, that feed\\nupon them the pods, when ripening, are liable to be\\npierced by an insect, the lava of which feeds on the in-\\nside so that when they open, a large portion of the\\nwool is stained rusty red and spoilt.\\n363 4th, Western strip or Malabar coast three districts.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094The narrow strip of land between the Western Grhauts\\nand Indian Ocean, is known by the general name of\\nMalabar, and stretches from the little Native state of\\nParas. 7, ioi, Cochin on the South, northwards to the\\n102 frontiers of the Bombay Presidency. The\\nphysical features of this region, which is peculiarly\\nParas 76 78 \u00c2\u00b0P en the influence of the south-west\\nmonsoon, have already been described as\\nwell as the results of the Cotton exploring expedition\\nof Mr. Simpson, the American planter. The country\\nis divided into three districts viz. (1) North Canara\\n(2) South Canara (3) Malabar.\\n364 (1) North Canara not a Cotton producing District.\\nNorth Canara is not at present a Cotton producing\\ndistrict. The port of Coomptah on the coast is the out-\\nlet for nearly all the Cotton exported from Bellary and\\nthe Nizam s dominions. The district is also the scene\\nof an interesting experiment in the growth of foreign\\nMr Fischer s Cotton now under trial. The Collector re-\\nletter, 12th ports that the lines of communication be-\\nAprii, 1861. t\\\\veen the frontier of the neighbouring Cot-\\nton districts and the coast, are in better order than\\nany beyond the boundary of the district. The principal\\nroad, namely, that between Dharwar and Coomptah, is\\nbridged and metalled, and in good working order. Mr.\\nFischer adds, The obstacles to increased production\\nseem to be uncertainty of local demand, the want of\\nEuropean capital and influence in the producing dis-\\ntricts, and the absence of a direct shipping port on the\\ncoast. If European Agency and capital were to be\\nfound in the Cotton districts, there would be no diffi-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] MALABAR COAST THREE DISTRICTS. 233\\nculty in increasing the supply of Cotton. .However\\ngreat the demand may be at a distance, it has but a\\nvery indirect effect on the producing powers of the Ryot.\\nIf the demand exists at his own door, or within his own\\ndistrict, he has both the will and the industry to profit\\nby it,\\nReport of the District Engineer on the experimental 365\\nculture of Mr. Kleinknecht. The District Engineer\\nreports that Cotton soil, in the usual ac- Captaill\\nceptation of that term, does not exist in Walker s\\nthis district, except possibly in small j|ov! r i86i^\\npatches along portions of the Dharwar fron-\\ntier near Moondagode and Hullial, where however\\nCotton is not actually grown, the ground being covered\\nwith jungle.\\nBut it is right to add that an experiment on a large\\nscale for the growth of Cotton in jungle land below the\\nGhauts, has been in progress for a couple of seasons,\\nunder Mr. Kleinknecht, the Agent for Mr. Brooke, a\\nMerchant of Bombay and Secretary to the Chamber of\\nCommerce at that port. None but the finest varieties\\nof foreign seed are put down by Mr. Kleinknecht, and I\\nhave heard a very high opinion expressed of samples of\\nhis produce by the Agent of another Bombay Pirm now\\nat Beitkool. Mr. Brooke and Mr. Kleinknecht appear\\nto have studied the subject for some years past, and to\\nhave experimentally satisfied themselves as to the right\\nseason for planting, on which so much depends. So far\\nas I am yet informed, Mr. Kleinknecht is sanguine of\\nproducing Cottons of superior staples, the high prices\\ncommanded by which, and the cheapness of shipping\\nthem, will amply repay even the heavy cost of European\\nsuperintendence, and of felling and weeding plantations\\ncut in heavy jungle, and liable to an overgrowth of rank\\nvegetation each monsoon.\\nBut the fullest particulars regarding this interest-\\ning and practical experiment will be afforded to Govern-\\nment by Mr. Kleinknecht himself, in competing for the\\nprize offered in each Presidency for the encouragement\\nof Cotton produce of the superior qualities. I will only\\nadd that should he prove successful, he will have opened", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "234 COTTON ITS THE MADEAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. VI\\na large field for speculators in the same line, as ground\\nprecisely similar to that operated upon by him is avail-\\nable along the banks of all our large rivers below the\\nGhaut, especially the Kalee JSTuddee or Sedashegur river,\\nthe Gungawally, the Tuddey, and Honore rivers.\\n366 (2) South Canara not a Cotton producing District.\\nSouth Canara produces but a very inconsiderable\\nMr.Hodg- amount of Cotton, and that little is sown\\nson s letter, along with grain, and is used entirely in\\n6thDec.,i86i. omegt i c manufactures. The quantity pro-\\nduced is indeed so small that none ever finds its way to\\nthe seaboard for shipment on the contrary it is imported\\nlargely from the port of Coomptah in North Canara.\\n367 (3) Malabar: not a Cotton producing District.\\nMr Grant s ne Collector reports that Malabar is not\\nletter, i3th a Cotton producing district. The article is\\nApril, 1861. however largely imported by land from the\\nadjoining province of Coimbatore, chiefly for the pur-\\npose of exportation by sea to Bombay.\\n368 Native States Mysore, Cochin, and Travancore.\\nThe Cotton grown in the Native states in the Madras\\nMr Be s Presidency is inconsiderable in quantity,\\nletterfmh and is almost entirely employed for domes-\\nNovember, tic purposes. From the port of Cochin\\nabout 250,000 lbs. are annually exported to\\nBombay. The trade is entirely in the hands of the\\nShroffs or Native Bankers, who advance money to the\\ncultivators, and thus keep the trade entirely to them-\\nselves.\\n369 Conclusion general results.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It seems expected that\\nbefore bringing the present Hand-book to a close, the\\ncompiler should offer some opinion on the results of the\\nexperiments that have been made in the way of improv-\\ning the Cotton staple in this country. In the prepara-\\ntion of the foregoing work, he has considered himself\\nmore in the light of a literary mechanic, condensing and\\narranging the subject matter in such a form as would\\nrender the facts most digestible to the general reader,\\nthan as possessing any special knowledge of Cotton be-\\nyond what might be required in the prosecution of his", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] F0UB, GENEKAL CONCLUSIONS.\\n235\\ntask. But still the analysis and comparison of facts\\nnaturally leads to certain convictions, and those con-\\nvictions may perhaps be recorded with advantage.\\nFour general conclusions. Pour general conclusions 370\\nappear to have been established viz.\\n1st, American Cotton can be grown, but the profit is\\nquestionable.\\n2nd, Indian Cotton may be improved, but only to a\\ndegree.\\n3rd, American Cotton must always command a higher\\nprice than Indian.\\n4th, The demand for Indian Cotton must always de-\\npend on the supply of American.\\nThese four conclusions may be considered in order.\\n1st, American Cotton can be grown, but the profit is 371\\nquestionable. The fact that American Cotton can be\\ngrown in the Madras Presidency, has been sufficiently\\nproved by the numerous experiments that have been\\nrecorded but the produce, though of good quality,\\nhas been very variable and disappointing as regards\\nquantity. The question of profit, however, is a totally\\ndifferent one. Mr. David Lees produced much fine\\nCotton in Tinnevelly, but at a great pecuniary sacrifice.\\nCaptain Lawford again endeavoured to prove that the\\ncultivation of foreign Cotton would prove as profitable\\nto the Byot as that of grain, even on the more highly\\nrented lands that are under an artificial system of irri-\\ngation. But the Byots would not be convinced. Set-\\nting grain out of the question, the Byot has hitherto\\nfound it more safe and profitable to grow Indigenous\\nCotton than to grow New Orleans Cotton. The cultiva-\\ntion of the Indigenous article is cheap and simple. The\\npicking and separation of the staple from the seed costs\\nliterally nothing, for both operations are performed by\\nhands which would be otherwise idle. The crop is\\ntolerably certain, the staple clothes the family, the seed\\nfeeds the cattle, and the residue finds a ready market\\non the spot. On the other hand, American Cotton is a\\nspeculation. The cultivation is more difficult, the se-\\nparation of the staple from the seed is more expensive,\\nthe crop is uncertain, the staple not in use amongst", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "236 COTTON IN THE MAD HAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. TL\\nNative spinners, the seed popularly supposed to be un-\\nfit for cattle, and the market doubtful and distant.\\nHigh prices on the spot would extend the cultivation\\nof Indian Cotton, and perhaps promote the cultivation\\nof American Cotton but this is a question for the con-\\nsideration, not of Government, but of the merchant and\\nmanufacturer.\\n72 2nd, Indian Cotton may be improved, but only to a\\ndegree. This inference, though it amounts to a con-\\nviction, is not so distinctly proved as the previous pro-\\nposition. It has been stated that at one time the Cot-\\nton of India was of a finer quality than it is in the\\npresent day. This may be readily believed. In the\\nolden time, when Indian manufactured goods were in\\nlarge demand, the Native manufacturers purchased the\\nraw material upon the spot, and the prices varied ac-\\ncording to quality. Thus the profit of the grower de-\\npended upon the quality of the wool, and more attention\\nwas naturally paid to the cultivation of the plant and\\ncleanliness of the staple. Up to this point, and by means\\nof a similar stimulus, the Indigenous Cotton may be\\nimproved in the present day, but no further. As a re-\\nEconomist, cen writer in a London paper has remarked,\\n25th Jan., the Indigenous Cotton is the product of an\\n1862\\nIndian soil and climate, just as New Orleans\\nis the product of an American soil and climate. The\\nsame writer also states that New Orleans Cotton grown\\nin India has a tendency to degenerate, and to approx-\\nimate year by year to the Indigenous article. To this\\nit may be added that the Bourbon Cotton of the present\\nday can scarcely be of the same quality as it was forty\\nyears ago, when Hughes Tinnevelly Cotton was\\nquoted at high prices in the Liverpool market. Indeed,\\nit might be inferred that the crop is more or less pre-\\ncarious in proportion to the difference between the ex-\\notic plant and the Indigenous article. Accordingly it\\nseems -to be very nearly proved, that whilst an improved\\nquality of the Indigenous Cotton can be produced with\\nprofit to the Eyot by a little more care in the selection\\nof seed, in the cultivation of the plant, and in the clean-\\nliness of the staple, the soil and climate of Southern", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "1853-62.] FOUR GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.\\n237\\nIndia will never produce a reliable and permanent crop\\nof Cotton equal to the New Orleans variety.\\n3rd, American Cotton must always command a 373\\nhigher price than Indian. This conclusion is already\\nproved by what has been stated in support of the pre-\\nvious proposition. New Orleans Cotton is undoubtedly\\nbetter than any which has yet been produced in India.\\nA pound of New Orleans makes much more yarn, and\\nfrom the length of the staple can be twisted much more\\nrapidly into yarn than a pound of Indian Cotton. Thus\\na pound of New Orleans Cotton must always fetch more\\nthan a pound of Indian Cotton, because it furnishes a\\nlarger quantity and a better quality of wool.\\n4th, The demand for Indian Cotton must always 374\\ndepend upon the supply of American. This conclusion\\nmay also be inferred from the previous propositions.\\nThe manufacturer will always prefer New Orleans to\\nIndian Cotton and Indian will only be purchased when\\nNew Orleans is scarce and too highly priced. The po-\\nsition of Indian Cotton in the English market is thus\\nstrictly a subsidiary one and its utility to the manu-\\nfacturer is more in the way of keeping down the price\\nof New Orleans, than of being actually employed in the\\nmanufacture of goods. The tendency of New Orleans\\nto rise in price is checked by the importation of Indian\\nCotton and whenever the disparity of price is such\\nthat the same money s worth of Indian staple will make\\nmore money s worth of yarn than New Orleans, then\\nthe Indian will be largely in demand. The improve-\\nment of communications in India, and the large increase\\nof Cotton cultivation in the latter country, will probably\\nrender the Indian Cotton better and cheaper but until\\nthis Cotton can be laid down in Liverpool at such a\\nprice, and in such quantities, as to render the culture of\\nAmerican Cotton a loss to the Planter, the American\\nwill always hold its own, and the demand for Indian\\nwill depend upon the supply of American. Manchester\\nlooks to India for Cotton, not to supply her looms, but\\nto keep down the price of the New Orleans staple.\\nPolitical and commercial prospects of Indian Cotton. 375\\nUpon this point, as on the others, the compiler merely", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "238 COTTON 1ST THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. [CHAP. YI.\\nexpresses those convictions which have arisen in his\\nmind during the prosecution of his present task. It is\\nsaid that the moment the blockade of the Southern\\nStates is broken, the Indian Cotton will cease to be in\\ndemand. This may occur for a brief period, but is\\nscarcely likely to be lasting. A panic may bring down\\nthe price of Indian Cotton to a minimum, but it is not\\nso certain that the price of New Orleans will fall so low\\nas to render the Indian quite a drug in the market. The\\nSouthern States have been so disorganized,, and slavery\\nhas received such a blow, that we can scarcely expect\\nthat the American supply will be fully equal to the de-\\nmand for a long time to come and the weight of a na-\\ntional debt will probably be so heavy that without any\\ndirect duty on the transit of Cotton, prices must be\\nhigher than they have been hitherto. It is perhaps as\\nwell to bear these conditions in mind, inasmuch as it is\\ngreatly to be feared that the panic which may follow the\\nopening of the Southern ports, will prove so disastrous\\nto the Cotton cultivation in this country, as to undo all\\nthe good that has been effected by the recent stimulus\\nto the Indian supply. With the expression of these\\nconvictions, the task of the compiler is brought to a\\nclose.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nI.\\nSTATEMENT\\nSHOWING THE EXTENT OE\\nCOTTON CULTIVATION\\nIN THE SEVERAL DISTRICTS OF\\nTHE MADEAS PRESIDENCY,\\nEOR EIGHT YEARS, ieom 1853-54 to 1860-61.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "11\\nStatement showing the Cultivation of Cotton in the Districts\\nfrom 1853-54, prepared from the Annual Jam-\\nGOVERNMENT\\n1853-54.\\n1854-55.\\n1855-56.\\n1856-57.\\nDistricts.\\nA ccpcc.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nT? ii nooc\\nxw UjJccb.\\nAcres.\\n1\\n2,574\\n2,996\\n2,482\\n4,218\\n2,647\\n3,828\\n3,066\\n2\\nVizagapatam\\n966\\n4,506\\n933\\n4,304\\n1,019\\n4,618\\n911\\n3\\nRajahmundry.--\\n1,480\\n3,594\\n4,248\\n9,304\\n3,459\\n6,979\\n3,470\\n4\\n6,128\\n6,767\\n7,246\\n7,370\\n6,410\\n5\\n55,206\\n79,678\\n54,862\\n81,102\\n63,570\\n96,799\\n60,877\\n6\\n2,786\\n5,181\\n3,955\\n6,064\\n3,513\\n4,360\\n3,742\\n7\\nCuddapah\\n42,233\\n60,862\\n47,962\\n71,414\\n40,554\\n56,041\\n44,224\\n8\\n1,32,585\\n1,56,909\\n1,04,578\\n1,26,778\\n73,544\\n89,114\\n1,50,927\\n9\\nfifi 023\\n76 148\\n64,641\\n72,755\\n59,739\\n66,935\\n70,835\\n10\\n2\\ng\\n1\\n11\\n21\\n35\\n32\\n12\\nSouth Areot\\n1,828\\n5,078\\n2,227\\n4,323\\n4,863\\n10,553\\n3,131\\n13\\nTanjore\\n3,607\\n5,106\\n2,671\\n3,957\\n2,704\\n3,805\\n2,558\\n14\\nTrichinopoly..\\n5,950\\n8,956\\n6,060\\n9,866\\n5,188\\n7,951\\n6,172\\n15\\nMadura\\n36,681\\n64,532\\n34,499\\n62,691\\n31,520\\n57,682\\n29,015\\n16\\nTiimevelly\\n1,23,836\\n1,08,120\\n1,24,932\\n1,10,483\\n1,14,969\\n1,04,408\\n1,11,576\\n17\\nCoimbatore\\n1,03,196\\n1,66,360\\n1,04,559\\n161,311\\n1,22,457\\n1,40,455\\n80,417\\n18\\n7,338\\n11,564\\n7,608\\n11,922\\n5,597\\n8,568\\n11,241\\n19\\n20\\n21\\nTotal\\n5,86,289\\n7,59,590\\n5,72^366\\n7,47,326\\n5,42,631\\n6,69,537\\n5,88,605", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Ill\\nof the Madras Presidency for the last eight years, commencing\\nmabundy Accounts received from the Collectors.\\nLands.\\n1857-58.\\n1858-59.\\n1859-60.\\n1860-61.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\n4,124\\n2,689\\n3,546\\n2,592\\n3,368\\n3,523\\n5,315\\n2,955\\n3,425\\n4,791\\n869\\n4,423\\n889\\n4,347\\n918\\n4,707\\n1,047\\n4,699\\nOodvyt\\n7,585\\n2,492\\n5,266\\n2,688\\n4,821\\n5,227\\n8,681\\n4,649\\n6,409\\n7,142\\n5,456\\n5,133\\n6,856\\n6,639\\nKist.\\nC\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab 449\\n1 ^4 R^fi\\n80 312\\n93,168\\n62,926\\n95,961\\n76,196\\n1,20,722\\n6,471\\n2,351\\n3,158\\n2,762\\n3,903\\n3,270\\n4,018\\n4,113\\n5,032\\n66,251\\n37,752\\n57,181\\n23,092\\n34,325\\n22,166\\n32,354\\n16,397\\n17,048\\n2,25,388\\n1,23,526\\n1,51,787\\n1,73,271\\n1,74,023\\n1,81,609\\n1,86,697\\n1,80,157\\n1,84,643\\n77,900\\n3\\n63,140\\n73,960\\n1,01,648\\n1,19,514\\n98,174\\n1,14,736\\n78,187\\n93,167\\n67\\n30\\n50\\n24\\n35\\n23\\n42\\n36\\n57\\n5,789\\n18,309\\n43,680\\n18,174\\n42,085\\n32,543\\n7o,Zoo\\nOA fiOfl\\no%ooo\\ntin aka\\n77,4 o4!\\n3,669\\n2,361\\n3,671\\n1,756\\n2,632\\n1,036\\n1,356\\n576\\n793\\n8,734\\n4,920\\n8,383\\n5,079\\n8,773\\n4,698\\n7,945\\n4,719\\n8,679\\n50,924\\n32,806\\n61,504\\n31,975\\n59,415\\n33,591\\n62,478\\n34,255\\n63,208\\n98,188\\n1,21,975\\n1,14,577\\n1,25,985\\n1,15,577\\n1,22,078\\n1,08,762\\n1,26,888\\n1,19,918\\n89,169\\n1,00,329\\n1,15,077\\n1,16,326\\n1,33,486\\n1,03,916\\n1,36,438\\n1,16,013\\n1,27,138\\n18,058\\n11,736\\n18,471\\n11,149\\n77,827\\n10,134\\n15,089\\n10,507\\n16,389\\n4\\n6\\n4\\n6\\n7,67,421\\n5,93,671\\n7,65,828\\n7,00,462 8,51,492\\n7,11,359\\n8^728\\n679575OI\\n8,52,265\\nB", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "IV\\nStatement showing the Cultivation of Cotton in the\\nIn am\\n1853-54.\\n1854-55.\\n1855-56.\\n1856-57.\\nDistricts.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nAcres\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\n1\\n138\\n153\\n190\\n186\\n309\\n125\\n2\\n91\\n521\\n118\\n625\\n124\\n578\\n132\\n3\\nRajahmundry...\\n512\\n1,095\\n425\\n557\\n1,000\\n1,550\\n839\\n4\\n1,686\\n2,114\\n1,740\\n1,964\\n1,881\\n5\\nGuntoor\\n42,139\\n60,796\\n34,754\\n53,941\\n41,900\\n52,858\\n36,286\\n6\\n1,559\\n2,491\\n1,351\\n1,700\\n849\\n922\\n1,188\\n7\\n25,338\\n41,280\\n27,090\\n41,682\\n25,277\\n39,715\\n30,857\\n8\\n81,069\\n1,18,104\\n62,262\\n87,476\\n50,564\\n72,754\\n1,09,650\\n9\\n41,075\\n8,671\\n39,818\\n11,421\\n40,498\\n8,466\\n45,573\\n10\\nc\\n11\\n5\\n10\\n3\\n12\\nSouth Arcot\\n3\\n7\\n7\\n15\\n1\\n13\\nTanjore\\n178\\n99\\n65\\n99\\n14\\nTrichinopoly,\\n40\\n66\\n39\\n66\\n39\\n66\\n1,898\\n15\\nMadura\\n4,803\\n9,335\\n4,759\\n9,069\\n4,230\\n8,095\\n4,513\\n16\\nTimievelly\\n2,983\\n2,893\\n2,926\\n2,862\\n2,577\\n2,301\\n1,879\\n17\\nCoimbatore\\n8,904\\n11,371\\n9,358\\n11,294\\n11,749\\n12,011\\n9,739\\n18\\n41\\n106\\n17\\n30\\n13\\n19\\n48\\n19\\nCanara\\n20\\n21\\nTotal\\n2,08,873\\n2,56,736\\n1,84,855\\n2,23,027\\n1,80,823\\n2^633\\n2j4,~711", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "V\\nDistricts of the Madras Presidency, c\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Continued.)\\n1857-58.\\n1858-59.\\n1859-60.\\n1860-61.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nJbxtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\n161\\n134\\n308\\n67\\n114\\n122\\n153\\n78\\n99\\n768\\n2,310\\n182\\n585\\n1,008\\n961\\n223\\n1,035\\n1,139\\n1,504\\n246\\nGodvy.\\n5 1,861\\n1,343\\n2,788\\n275\\n2,247\\n1,438\\n3,138\\n2,988\\n50,595\\n1,079\\n39,909\\n1,453\\n55,400\\n1,568\\n42,122\\n2,131\\n57,284\\nKist.\\n[\u00e2\u0096\u00a041,411\\n61,104\\n43,432\\n61,213\\n1,751\\n512\\n629\\n989\\n1,309\\nT AAA\\n1,000\\n1,233\\n751\\n829\\n51,186\\n26,260\\n43,081\\n13,620\\n21,964\\n11,201\\n21,644\\n9,523\\n14,372\\n1,80,623\\n79,613\\n98,396\\n69,028\\n95,337\\n1 AO OTJ\\nI,0o,o77\\n1,11,619\\n1,02,516\\n1,10,701\\n9,946\\n37,931\\n8,441\\n63,745\\n40,717\\n54,151\\n16,558\\n54,366\\n35,016\\n9\\n2\\n6\\n5\\n9\\n1\\n5\\n5\\n14\\n8\\n7\\n40\\n47\\n2\\n5\\n655\\n1,933\\n225\\n653\\n3,381\\n510\\n617\\n749\\n1,311\\n1,098\\n1,538\\n915\\n1,549\\n8,526\\n5,067\\n9,583\\n4,764\\n9,429\\n5,119\\n9,778\\n3,830\\n7,523\\n1,998\\n3,724\\n2,953\\n12,883\\n15,860\\n9,441\\n9,989\\n12,286\\n12,388\\n9,817\\n12,437\\n12,202\\n13,142.\\n12,745\\n13,869\\n12,086\\n14,685\\n12,692\\n66\\n39\\n57\\n65\\n195\\n61\\n195\\n66\\n186\\n3,24,133\\n2,08,031\\n1 2,35,142\\n2,24,052\\n2,61,053\\n2,44,113\\n2,51,966\\n2^200\\n2^6T,811\\nr2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "Statement showing the Cultivation of Cotton in the\\nZemindaey\\n1853-54.\\n1854-55.\\n1855-56.\\n1856-57.\\nDISTRICTS.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\n1\\n9 \u00c2\u00a371\\nTO\\nJ.V7\\n1,407\\n2\\nVizagapatam\\n4,247\\nOA OOft\\n30,489\\nOA 1 (\\\\/t\\no,you\\n4,066\\n3\\nRajahmundry...\\n2,912\\n6,569\\ny,7\u00c2\u00bbo\\n7 3\u00c2\u00a3\\nQ OOQ\\no,oZo\\n3,453\\n4\\ni fin\\n731\\n5\\nGuntoor\\n6\\n6,885\\n6,396\\n8,o90\\n7,641\\n9,816\\n8,449\\n9,196\\n7\\nCuddapah\\n58\\n119\\nOU\\n101\\n77\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\nNorth Arcot\\n7\\n4\\n1\\n1\\n31\\n12\\nSouth Arcot\\n1\\n4\\n28\\n71\\n3\\n13\\nTanjore\\n658\\n489\\n308\\n312\\n14\\nTrichinopoly.\\n7\\n20\\n15\\nMadura\\n39,572\\n51,251\\n39,890\\n53,630\\n16,266\\n21,971\\n36,444\\n18\\nThmevelly\\n6,821\\n8,495\\n6,777\\n8,406\\n7,492\\n9,046\\n47,580\\n17\\nCoimbatore\\n1,819\\n3,612\\n1,610\\n3,380\\n1,714\\n2,948\\n897\\n18\\nSalem\\n6,529\\n10,073\\n6,174\\n8,980\\n4,881\\n7,417\\n611\\n19\\n20\\nMalabar\\n21\\nMadras\\nTotal\\n70,719\\n1,19,495\\nT\u00c2\u00a3618\\n1,22,068\\n51,121\\n93,623\\n1,04,731", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "Vll\\nDistricts of the Madras Presidency, c. (Continued.)\\nLands.\\n1857-58.\\n1858-59.\\n1859-60.\\n1860-61.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nPaipees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\n3,281\\n2,174\\n4,797\\n1,427\\n3,164\\n1,124\\n3,057\\n1,645\\n4,194\\n31,455\\n8,140\\n4,363\\n3,436\\n32,240\\n8,841\\n3,998\\n2,890\\n28,949\\n7,506\\n5,572\\n7 Godvy.\\nS 5,657\\n29,096\\n12,682\\n3,473\\n5,761\\n27,040\\n10,970\\n284!\\n1,151\\n521\\n1,303\\n907\\nKist.\\nS- 1,278\\n656\\n1,111\\n475\\n7 700\\n8,243\\n7,052\\n8,224\\n7,780\\n8,933\\n7,509\\n8,865\\n7,945\\n70\\n35\\n79\\n25\\n56\\n31\\n73\\n5\\n50,313\\n36,719\\n50,665\\n39,079\\n53,193\\n38,449\\n53,887\\n43,165\\n62,020\\n58,561\\n69,151\\n73,428\\n56,022\\n59,648\\n52,806\\n56,200\\n49,168\\n49,309\\n1,846\\n897\\n1,846\\n2,243\\n3,538\\n2,301\\n3,730\\n1,535\\n2,809\\n1,366\\n4,279\\n7,401\\n1,998\\n4,207\\n5,019\\n7,186\\n5,134\\n7,467\\n1,63,001\\n1,30,482~\\n1,86,870\\n1,17,209\\n1^945\\n1^1,170\\nC74~076\\n1^9,857\\n1,72,229", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "Vlll\\nStatement showing the Cultivation of Cotton in the\\nTo\\n1853-54.\\n1854-55.\\n1855-56.\\n1856-\\nDistricts.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nExtent.\\nment.\\nment.\\nment.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\n1\\n3,923\\n5,667\\n2,645\\n4,436\\n5,178\\n8,810\\n4,598\\n2\\nVizagapatam...\\n5,304\\n35,316\\n5,010\\n35,033\\n5,104\\n35,093\\n5,109\\n3\\nRajahmundry\\n4,904\\n11,257\\n8,921\\n19,651\\n8,224\\n17,352\\n7,762\\n4\\nMasulipatam...\\n7,814\\n8,881\\n9,454\\n9,524\\n9,022\\n5\\n97,345\\n1,40,474\\n89,616\\n1,35,043\\n1,05,470\\n1,49,657\\n97,163\\n6\\n11,230\\n14,068\\n13,696\\n15,405\\n14,178\\n13,731\\n14,126\\n7\\nCuddapah\\n67,629\\n1,02,261\\n75,112\\n1,13,197\\n65,908\\n95,898\\n75,801\\n8\\nBellary\\n2,13,654\\n2,75,013\\n1,66,840\\n2,14,254\\n1,24,108\\n1,61,868\\n2,60,577\\n9\\n1,07,098\\n84,819\\n1,04,459\\n84,176\\n1,00,237\\n75,401\\n1,16,408\\n10\\n2\\n8\\n1\\n11\\nNorth Arcot\\n28\\n71\\n41\\n74\\n66\\n12\\nSouth Arcot....\\n1,831\\n5,015\\n2,228\\n4,327\\n4,903\\n10,639\\n3,135\\n13\\nTanjore\\n4,443\\n5,106\\n3,259\\n3,957\\n3,077\\n3,805\\n2,969\\n14\\nTrichinopoly...\\n5,997\\n9,042\\n6,099\\n9,932\\n5,227\\n8,017\\n8,070\\n15\\n81,056\\n1,25,118\\n79,151\\n1,25,390\\n52,016\\n87,748\\n69,974\\n16\\nTinnevelly\\n1,33,640\\n1,19,508\\n1,34,634\\n1,21,751\\n1,25,038\\n1,15,755\\n1,61,035\\n17\\nCoimbatore,,\\n1,13,919\\n1,81,343\\n1,15,527\\n1,75,985\\n1,35,920\\n1,55,414\\n91,053\\n18\\nSalem\\n13,908\\n21,743\\n13,799\\n20,932\\n10,491\\n16,004\\n11,900\\n19\\nCanara\\n20\\nMalabar\\n21\\nTotal\\n8,65,881\\n11,35,820\\n8,28,838\\n10,92,421\\n7,74,575\\n9,64,798\\n9^047", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "ix\\nDistricts of the Madras Presidency, c. (Continued\\nTAL.\\n57.\\n1857-58.\\n1858-59.\\n1859-60.\\n1860-61.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nExtent.\\nAssess-\\nment.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\nAcres.\\nRupees.\\n7,546\\nA (\\\\C\\\\ 7\\n4,yy7\\no,ooi\\nA, AQC\\nO,O *0\\nB,U4t\\n7 71 S\\n37,014\\n18,035\\n5,414\\n6,513\\n37,671\\n15,068\\n5,110\\n6,613\\n34,435\\n13,831\\n6,736\\nGodvy.\\n12,745\\n35,146\\n24,151\\n4,794\\n12,657\\n33,177\\n20,517\\n10,414\\n1,43,763\\n7,686\\n1,02,835\\n7,107\\n1,51,361\\n9,727\\n1,18,318\\n9,677\\n1,78,006\\nKist.\\ni oi TOO\\nl y 31,lt3o\\n1 QR ZQR\\nX,oO,ooo\\n15,922\\n11,106\\n10,839\\n11,975\\n12,992\\n13,203\\n12,760\\n13,729\\n13,806\\n1,17,437\\n64,012\\n1,00,262\\n36,712\\n56,289\\n33,367\\n53,998\\n25,920\\n31,420\\n4,06,011\\n2,03,139\\n2,50,183\\n2,42,299\\n2,69,360\\n2,85,486\\n2,98,316\\n2,82,673\\n2,95,344\\n87,846\\n1,01,071\\n82,401\\n1,65,393\\n1,60,231\\n1,52,325\\n1,31,294\\n1,32,553\\n1,28,183\\n3\\n146\\n67\\n135\\n54\\n100\\n55\\n120\\n41\\n71\\n5,802\\n18,316\\n43,727\\n18,176\\n42,090\\n33,198\\n75,201\\n34,911\\n78,107\\n3,609\\n2,444\\n3,671\\n1,756\\n2,632\\n1,036\\n1,356\\n57o\\n12,115\\n5,430\\n9,000\\n5,873\\n10,034\\n5,796\\n9,483\\n5,634\\n10,228\\n1,09,763\\n74,583\\n1,21,752\\n75,818\\n1,22,037\\n77,159\\n1,26,143\\n81,250\\n1,32,751\\n1,58,747\\n1,94,850\\n1,90,958\\n1,94,890\\n1,91,085\\n1,84,325\\n1,74,951\\n1,88,342\\n1,81,615\\n1,00,832\\n1,13,663\\n1,29,125\\n1,31,711\\n1,49,769\\n1,20,086\\n1,52,254\\n1,32,233\\n1,42,639\\n19,489\\n16,054\\n25,929\\n1\\n13,212\\n22,229\\n15,214\\n22,470\\n15,707\\n24,042\\n4\\ne\\n1 4\\nt 6\\n12,54,554\\n9,32,180 1 11,87,840 1 10,41,725\\n12,81,49;\\nI 10,76,642\\n13,22,77(\\n10,60,55;\\n12^86^305\\nW. HTJDLESTON, Secretary Board of Bevenue.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "II.\\nStatement showing the Average Assessment per Acre of Dry\\nLands in each District of the Presidency, prepared from\\nthe Settlement Returns for 1859-60.\\nNo.\\nDistricts.\\nAverage assess-\\nment per acre.\\nDo. in English\\nmoney.\\nRs.\\nAs.\\nP.\\n8.\\nd.\\n1\\n1\\n3\\n8*\\n2\\n51\\n2\\n3\\n15\\n9*\\n7\\niif\\n3\\n2\\n13\\n11*\\no\\n5\\n\u00c2\u00b08\\n4\\n1\\n7\\n8\\n2\\nui\\n5\\n1\\n6\\n4\\n2\\n91\\nD\\n10\\n1\\n5f\\n7\\n10\\n5\\n1\\n3\u00c2\u00a7\\n8\\n15\\n10\\n1\\nHI\\n9\\n1\\n8\\n3\\n10\\n1\\n6\\n9\\n2\\n101\\n11\\n1\\n15\\n4\\n3\\n11\\n12\\n1\\n2\\n7\\n2\\n13\\n1\\n13\\n0\\n3\\n14\\n1\\n5\\n6\\n2\\nn\\n15\\n13\\n1\\nn\\n16\\n14\\n6\\n1\\nn\\n17\\n1\\n4\\n8\\n2\\n7\\nThe Government assessment on the three Districts of Ganjam, Vizagapatam,\\nand Godavery, does not include the Zemindaries, which constitute in Ganjam\\nand Vizagapatam the largest, and ill the Godavery a very large, part of the\\nDistrict.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "xu\\nIII.\\nDistricts.\\nNellore.\\nj-Per 500 lbs.\\n(.Per 25 lbs.\\n(-Per 500 lbs.\\nGuntoor\\n(Kristua) CPer 25 lbs.\\nCuddapah-\\nPer 500 lbs.\\nPer 25 lbs.\\nKurnool Per 25 lbs.\\nBellary Per 25 lbs.\\nMadura Per 25 lbs.\\nCoimbatore\\nPer 500 lbs.\\nPer 25 lbs.\\nTi\u00e2\u0080\u009enevell y ...{^5001bs.\\nAverage price of\\nCotton freed\\nfrom seed at the\\nprincipal mart\\nor marts of the\\ndistrict.\\ns. d.\\nAVERAGE PRICE AT WHICH IT IS SOLD\\nBY THE RYOTS.\\nWith Advances.\\nCleaned\\nCotton.\\nUncleaned\\nCotton.\\nWithout Advances.\\nCleaned\\nCotton.\\nUnclean-\\ned Cotton\\ns. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.\\n4 II 3 9\\n10\\n2 19\\n2 llf\\n4 6\\n4 3i-\\n2 13 1\u00c2\u00a3 13 4*\\n2 7*\\ni3 10\\n3 6\\n8\\n12\\no r-iYW\\n3 3| 10 3 21 9|\\n4 11 8f\\n4 7\\n\u00c2\u00a34 14*. to \u00c2\u00a35\\ns.8\u00c2\u00b1*d. to 5s.\\n4\\n4\\njl 4 10|\\n1 3\\n12\\n1 I. 3\\n4 21 1 5\\n2 17 7| iO 15\\n2 10j|\\n3 18\\n9\\n14\\n3 10|| 1 2H\\n3 4\\n2 111\\no o o;\\n14\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2316,^\\nlbs., or\\naboutls.\\nl|d. per\\n25 lbs.\\n2\\n4 8i J 1 2", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "xiii\\nExtent of land in\\nACRES.\\nCost of Cleaning.\\nExpense of convey-\\nance to the nearest\\nport of shipment\\nfor every ten miles.\\nAverage Produce\\nper acre.\\nUnder cul-\\ntivation.\\nCapable of\\nproducing\\nCotton.\\ns. d.\\nf 3|\\nX (Uncleaned.)\\nL s. a.\\n81\\nOiV\\nC 111 lbs. 11| oz.\\nX (Uncleaned.)\\n596\\n6 4i (T\\nf 3||\\nX (Uncleaned.)\\n4 8 A\\n2iJ\\nC 233 lbs. 2 oz.\\n47,299\\n21\\n102,646\\n41\\n3 4\\nC 2\\nX (Uncleaned.)\\n17 3\\nJ by bandy and\\n1 8 9\\nI by bullocks.\\n10^i\\n200 lbs.\\n(Uncleaned.)\\n79,562\\n219,587\\nC 1\\nI (Uncleaned.)\\n7{ e-\\nf 112 lbs. 8 oz.\\n(Uncleaned.)\\n19,881\\n75,481\\n5\\\\\\n19\\nto Coompta.\\n46 lbs. 5 oz.\\nX (Cleaned.)\\n260,000\\n400,000\\n4 101\\nper 243 lbs. of\\ncleaned cotton, or\\nn.Vimit firZ T pr 25\\nlbs.; but this is\\nmore than met by\\nthe value of the\\nseed\\n3\\nll?\\n10\\n6\\n6\\n6s. 6d. in rains\\nper cart-load or 4\\nbales of 243| lbs.\\neach; or lgd. per\\n25 lbs. to Tutico-\\nrin.\\n13\\n7lf\\n12 0.\\n7, r\\n316 lbs. 12 oz.\\n(Uncleaned.)\\n110 lbs.\\nX (Uncleaned.)\\n75 lbs. (Cleaned.)\\n300 lbs.\\n(Uncleaned.)\\n48,747\\nincluding\\nRamnad\\nand She-\\nvagunga.\\n97,830\\n122,391\\n1\\n60,747\\nnot speci-\\nfied but tc\\na great ex\\ntent.\\n137,391", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "XIV\\nIV.\\nStatement of Cotton Exported from the several ports of tlie\\n3fadras Presidency to Foreign and Indian Ports.\\nFrom 1847-48 to 1860-61.\\n1847-48.\\nl. Fort St. George\\n2. PwAJAHMU^DRY\\no. Tanjore\\n4. TlNNEVELLY\\n5. Malabar\\nto United Kingdom\\nCeylon\\nChina\\nFrance\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\nto Penang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\nPegu\\nTotal\\nto Ceylon\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nTotal\\nto United Kingdom\\nCeylon\\nChina\\nIndian French Ports\\nr iravancore\\nTotal\\nto United Kingdom\\nMaldive Islands\\nMauritius and Bourbon\\nBombay\\nTravancore\\nTotal\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nRs.\\n1,993,712\\n531,664\\n1,544,144\\n1,456\\n215,321\\n57,420\\n166,763\\n129\\n130,256\\n256,368\\n14 068\\n17,279\\n4,457,600\\n470,9S5\\n2,841\\n7,828\\n200\\n1,078\\n554\\n627\\n16\\n210\\n11,947\\n1,407\\n150\\n6\\n10,919\\n1,625\\n11,069\\n1,631\\n960,900\\n8,141\\n4,066,450\\n154,000\\n4,275\\n134,526\\n1,139\\n692,810\\n21,560\\n599\\n5,193,766\\n850,634\\n193,134\\n1,531\\n16,702\\n14S,434\\n8,536\\n31,774\\n252\\n3,103\\n30,523\\n1,540\\n368,337\\n67,197", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "XV\\n1847-48.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n6. Canara\\nto Bombay\\nTravancore\\nTotal.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\n14,345,052\\n59,320\\n14,404,372\\nValue in\\nUs.\\n1,305,629\\n4,432\\n1,310,061\\nQuantity in\\nValue in\\nlbs.\\nlis.\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n500,196\\n63,193\\nJJ\\nChina\\n359^080\\n35^938\\nJJ\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\n446 778\\n50 622\\nBengal\\n25^209\\n2 586\\nJJ\\n188,479\\n14,260\\nTotal\\n1,517,742\\ni on tzi(\\\\\\nlbo,57y\\n2.\\nMasulipatam\\nto\\nBengal Total\\n31,049\\n2,298\\n3.\\nTlNNEVELLY\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n2,190,239\\n306,641\\nCeylon\\n6,562\\nM\\n7,442,463\\n1,041,945\\nJJ\\n414,075\\n57,971\\nTotal\\n10,0o3 ,339\\n1,407,476\\n4.\\nMalabae\\nto\\n343,293\\n70,603\\n964\\n194\\n\u00c2\u00bbJ\\nMauritius and Bourbon\\n1,180\\n243\\n1,096,659\\n225,053\\nJJ\\n75,990\\n11,943\\nTotal\\n1,518,086\\n308,036\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25,\\nCan aha\\nto\\n4,908,486\\n390,338\\nJJ\\n20,222\\n1,409\\nTotal\\n4,928,703\\n391,747", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "XVI\\n1849-50.\\n1. Fort St. George to United Kingdom\\nChina\\nFrance\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nlis.\\n591,325\\n2^6 882\\n47,963\\n117,900\\n1,640,700\\n431,072\\n10,321\\n153,393\\n38,173\\n5,514,485\\n508,082\\n2. Rajahmundry\\nto\\n24,380\\n1,821\\n3. Masulipatam\\nto\\nBengal Total\\n60,992\\n4,548\\n4. South Arcot\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom. Total\\n210,000\\n29,400\\n5. Tanjore\\nto\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\n11,500\\n1,646\\n6. Madura\\nto\\n57,604\\n12,104\\n7. TlNNEVELLY\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom.\\nCeylon\\nChina\\n1,988,125\\n150,425\\n7,085,143\\nTotal 9,223,693\\n8. Malabar to United Kingdom\\nMaldive Islands\\nMauritius and Bonrbon,\\nBombay\\nTravancore\\nTotal.\\n109,410\\n22,130\\n720\\n148\\n9,340\\n1,561\\n231,590\\n47,632\\n24,080\\n3,076\\n375,140\\n74,547\\nG. Canara\\nto Bombay Total..\\n21,949,074 I 2,252,650", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "xvii\\n1850-51.\\n1. Foet St. George to United Kingdom.\\nChina.\\n2. Masulipatam\\n3. TlNNEVELLY\\n4. Malabar\\n5. Canara\\nFrance\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal.\\nto Bengal Total.\\nto United Kingdom.\\nCeylon\\nChina\\nTotal.\\nto United Kingdom\\nMaldive Islands\\nMauritius and Bourbon.\\nBombay\\nTravaiicore\\nTotal.\\n43,728\\n3,646,639\\n679,525\\n3,728,500\\n8,054,664\\n380,960\\n640\\n7,600\\n177,920\\n14,231\\n581,350\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nYalue in\\nUs.\\n5,010,290\\n5,426,850\\n255,900\\n575,144\\n651,501\\n38,367\\n299,400\\n1,363,500\\n182,462\\n32,670\\n171,425\\n22,301\\n12,538,402\\n1,491,408\\n4,189\\n510,529\\n91,134\\n521,990\\n1,127,653\\n77,749\\n123\\n1,571\\n36,314\\n2,159\\n117.916\\nto Arabian Gulf I 2,216\\nBombay J 23,960,244\\nTotal\\n23,970,460\\n270\\n3,081,354\\n3,081,624\\n1851-52.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs\\nValue in\\nRs.\\n1. Foet St. Geoege\\nto United Kingdom\\nChina\\n1,804,950\\n3,672,203\\n48,000\\n1,331,100\\n900,800\\n300,507\\n196,637\\n367,963\\n5,709\\n145,457\\n99,086\\n30,505\\nFrance\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nTotal\\n8,057,560\\n845,357\\n2. Masulipatam\\nto Bengal Total.\\n56,878\\n4,550", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "XV111\\n1851-52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nlis.\\n3. Tinjn EYELLY to United Kingdom\\n2,476,450\\n361,834\\n6,980,950\\n237,700\\n32,100\\n45,000\\n1 10,134,034\\n346,703\\n50,657\\n977,333\\n33,278\\n4,494\\n6,300\\n1,418,765\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\n4. Malabar\\nto United Kingdom\\nMaldive Islands\\nMauritius and Bourbon...\\nBombay\\nTravancore\\nTotal.\\n5. Canaea\\nto Arabian Gulf-\\nBombay,\\nTotal.\\n350,930\\n730\\n6,300\\n929,740\\n29,092\\n72,064\\n138\\n1,296\\n191,215\\n3,570\\n1,316,842\\n268,283\\n22,323\\n15,767,616\\n2,126\\n1,496,136\\n15,793,938\\n1,498,262\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nRs.\\n11,184,613\\n3,251,700\\n1,140,580\\n274,841\\n344,575\\n834,423\\n604,823\\n33,982\\n90,887\\n59,371\\n16,220,134\\n1\\n1,599,661\\n13,577\\n7,035\\n1,237\\n640\\n20,612\\n1,877\\n1852-53.\\n1. Fort St. George to United Kingdom.\\nChina\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\n2. VlZAGAPATAM\\nto United Kingdom.\\nBengal\\nTotal.\\n3. South Arcot to United Kingdom I 66,000 I 9,240", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "XIX\\n1852-53.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\n.Us.\\n4. Tinnevellt to United Kingdom\\nCeylon\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\n4,863,007\\n1,266,875\\n305,300\\n44,350\\n45,112\\n680,821\\n177,362\\n1 V7CS ASV7\\n42,714\\n6,209\\n6,300\\nTotal\\n16,299,046\\n2,283,843\\n448,000\\n31,944\\n1,440\\n1,512\\n2,352,000\\n880\\n55,200\\n86,839\\n6,871\\n237\\n296\\n420,167\\n145\\n9,010\\nTVTa.ldivp 1 slants\\nMauritius and Bourbon\\nTotal\\n2,893,976\\n523,565\\nCan ABA\\nto Arabian Gulf...\\n34,272\\n3,404\\n40,511,917\\n4,241,369\\nTravancore\\n22,041\\n2,112\\nTotal\\n40,568,230\\n4,246,885\\n1853-54.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nUs.\\nPoet St. Geobgke to United Kingdom\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\nTiwxevelet to United Kingdom\\n4,009,526\\n146,100\\n323,200\\n207,300\\n465,991\\n17,464\\n34,457\\n20,007\\n4,686,126\\n537,919\\n4,471,850\\n693,403\\n2,480,400\\n59,250\\n626,059\\n96,077\\n347,25S\\n8,295\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\n7,704,903\\n1,077,687\\ns\\n4", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "XX\\n1853-54.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nTalue in\\nUs.\\n3. Malabar to United Kingdom\\nArabian Gulf\\nGermany\\nBombay\\nCutch\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\n4. Caisara to Arabian Gulf.\\nTotal\\n222,608\\n3,200\\n1,338\\n1,457,410\\n2,440\\n980\\n1,365\\n63,420\\n45,778\\n659\\nOA ftOQ\\n275\\n299,477\\n372\\n202\\n146\\n7,159\\n1,850,121\\n374,091\\n60,428\\n17,024,259\\n5,071\\n1,790,614\\n17,0S4,687\\n1,795,685\\n1854-55.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nRs.\\n1. Fort St. George to United Kingdom\\n1,602,505\\n1,081,000\\n752,250\\n30,000\\n41,100\\n157,219\\n113,973\\n82,861\\n4,800\\n4,768\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nM Bengal\\nm Indian French Ports\\nTotal\\n3,506,855\\n363,621\\n2 1* rV WT? V7T T T V 4-r\\\\ TTr\\\\i fi-vr! 1T{ni\u00c2\u00abilA\u00c2\u00bbi\\n6,351,930\\n1,038,977\\n1,711,500\\n985,500\\n37,500\\n217,125\\n473\\n877,604\\n145,457\\n239,610\\n137,970\\n5,250\\n30,398\\n67\\nCeylon\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nIudian French Ports\\nTravancore\\nTotal\\n10,343,005\\n1,436,356", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "xxi\\n1854-55.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n3. Malabar\\nto United Kingdom\\nPrance\\nMaLdive Islands\\nBombay\\nConcan\\nTravancore\\nTotal.\\nYalue in\\nRs.\\n10,085\\n6,664\\n95\\n1,209\\n453\\n5,511\\n24,017\\n4. Cattara\\nto Arabian Gulf\\nCeylon.\\nBombay\\nTotal.\\n25,439\\n45,202\\n12,804,668\\n12,875,307\\n2,287\\n3,937\\n1,289,207\\n1,295,431\\n1855-56.\\nQuantity in\\nYalue in\\nlbs.\\nRs.\\n1.\\nFort St. George\\nto United Kingdom\\n1,810,600\\n163,488\\n54,000\\n6,000\\n5\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\n571,425\\n54,752\\nit\\n215,900\\n30,084\\nTotal\\n2,651,925\\n254,322\\no\\nTiNNEVELLY\\n2,848,516\\n398,804\\n55\\nCeylon\\n1,200,146\\n168,126\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\n480.607\\n67,284\\nJ\u00c2\u00bb\\n430,200\\n60,228\\n250\\n35\\nTotal\\n4,959,719\\n694,477\\n3.\\nMalabar\\nto United Kingdom\\n133,272\\n26,706\\n46,800\\n7,700\\nPrance\\n1,800\\n370\\n1,250\\n257\\nBombay\\n352,120\\n72,418\\n6,960\\n1,348\\nTotal\\n542,202\\n108,799\\ns 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "xxu\\n1855-56.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nYalue in\\nKs.\\n4. Canara\\nto Arabian Gulf...\\n1,148\\n12,858,356\\n114\\n120\\n1,463,611\\n22\\nTotal\\n12,859,618\\n1,463,753\\n1856-57.\\n1. Fort St. George to United Kingdom\\nFrance\\nHamburg\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nTotal\\nQuantity in\\nYalue in\\nlbs.\\nRs.\\n6,190,844\\n722,006\\n5,999\\n720\\n69,000\\n8,625\\n3,299\\n550\\n563,500\\n78,098\\n6,832,642\\n809,999\\n2. TlNKRYELLY\\nto\\n13,287,731\\n2,404,200\\n1,003,200\\n240,000\\n229,500\\n127,125\\n1,865,952\\n336,588\\n140,448\\n33,600\\n32,130\\n17,797\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal\\n17,291,756\\n2,426,515\\nMalar ar\\nto United Kingdom\\n118,727\\n22,842\\n5\\nArabian Gulf\\n410\\n82\\nSJ\\nMaldive Islands\\n436\\n74\\nBombay\\n1,065,218\\n216,358\\n982\\n191\\nTravancore\\n5,920\\n1,218\\nTotal\\n1,191,693\\n240,765\\n4. Canara\\nto Bombay.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "XX111\\n1857-58.\\nQuantity in\\nYalue in\\nlbs.\\nEs.\\nL\\nFoet St. Geoege\\nto\\n5,533,100\\n707,188\\ni Pitt ^nn\\n55,500\\n6,978\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\n102,300\\n16,243\\n1,887,508\\n267,145\\nTotal\\n9,233,708\\n1,216,993\\n3.\\nVlZAGAPATAM\\nto\\n40,929 1\\n1\\n3,110\\n3.\\nRajahmundet\\nto\\n202,800\\n28,734\\n5,100\\n888\\nBengal\\n18,456\\n?U28\\nTotal\\n226,356\\n29,750\\n4.\\nMastjlipatam\\nto\\n31,500\\n3,690\\n5.\\nNelloee\\n24,887\\nl\\n2,716\\n6.\\nTlNJfEVELLT\\nto\\n4,646,846\\n650,558\\nCeylon\\n1,928,503\\n269,990\\n651,600\\n91,224\\n2,586,000\\n362,040\\n351,000\\n49,140\\n425,000\\n59,500\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\n6,846\\n48,902\\n525,390\\n73,542\\n696,000\\n97,440\\nTotal\\n11,859,239\\n1,660,280\\n7. Malabae\\nto\\n98,293\\n19,653\\nFrance\\n14,194\\n2,833\\nMaldive Islands\\n164\\n33\\n147,282\\n29,438\\n2,305\\n461\\nTotal\\n262,237\\n52,423", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "XXIV\\n8. Cast asa\\n1857-58.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nto United Kingdom.\\nBombay\\nTotal.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\n862,226\\n32,474,317\\n33,336,543\\n1858-59.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nUs.\\nIndian French Ports\\n33,000\\n5,528,096\\n57,300\\n5,340\\n957,321\\n9,172\\nTotal\\n5,618,396\\n971,833\\n2. VlZAGAPATAM to Bengal Total I 246 I 25\\nBajahmundey\\nto\\n46,500\\n7,668\\n50,100\\n7,014\\nTotal\\n96,600\\n14,682\\nTlNNEVELLT\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n6,177,550\\n865,046\\nCeylon\\n1,634,800\\n228,872\\n3,596,400\\n503,496\\nFrance\\n2,386,500\\n334,110\\n351,600\\n49,224\\nIndian French Ports\\n221,536\\n31,022\\n19,250\\n2,695\\nTotal\\n14,387,636\\n2,014,465\\nMalabar\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n14,105\\n2,820\\nMaldive Islands\\n328\\n66\\n732,690\\n146,556\\nit\\n2,467\\n494\\n5,922\\n1,184\\nTotal\\n755,512\\n3 51,120", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "XXV\\n1858-59\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n6. Canara\\nto United Kingdom\\nArabian Gulf.\\nBombay\\nTotal.\\nQuantity in\\nValue in\\nlbs.\\nUs.\\n161,198\\n26,068\\n1,894\\n308\\n17,571,060\\n2,939,401\\n17,734,152\\n2,965,777\\n1859-60.\\n1. Fort St. George to United Kingdom.\\nFrance\\n2. VlZAGAPATAM\\n3. godavery\\n4. Kristna\\n5. Nellore\\n6. TlNNEVELLY\\n7. Malabar\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports\\nTotal.\\nto Bengal Total.\\nto France Total.\\nto Bengal Total.\\nto Bengal Total.\\nto\\nto United Kingdom\\nCeylon\\nChina\\nFrance\\nHolland\\nBengal\\nIndian French Ports.\\nTotal.\\nUnited Kingdom\\nMaldive Islands\\nBombay\\nTravancore.,\\nTotal.\\nQuantity in\\nlbs.\\nValue in\\nRs.\\n3,104,368\\n465,600\\n456,886\\n63,007\\n92,700\\n4,136,900\\n160,800\\n16,108\\n725,056\\n25,428\\n7,960,368\\n1,286,485\\n40,758\\n7,832\\n3,000\\n360\\n198,670\\n15,913\\n21,075\\n2,300\\n13,532,022\\n907,977\\n1,120,516\\n1,074,444\\n785,509\\n1,027,532\\n114,546\\n1,901,824\\n127,834\\n293,034\\n150,766\\n110,040\\n144,186\\n16,117\\n18,582,516\\n2,743,801\\n26,450\\n164\\n2,424,141\\n10,857\\n4,486\\n26\\n484,710\\n2,171\\n2,461,612\\n491,393\\nCaxara\\nto Bombay Total\\n33,254,498\\n5,049,C51", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "XXVI\\n1860-61.\\nQuantity in\\nValue in\\nlbs.\\nRs.\\n1. Fort St. George\\nto\\nTTnitiftd in scroti\\n6,065,919\\n774,814\\n768,800\\n103,953\\nFrance\\n983,700\\n106,812\\nPenang, Singapore, and\\nMalacca\\n36,000\\n4,800\\n3,190,610\\n421,577\\n8,725\\n687\\n118,500\\n14,317\\nTotal\\n11,172,254\\n1,426,960\\n2. Ganjam\\nto\\n18,320\\n3. VlZAG-APATAM\\nto\\n108,756\\n12,738\\n4. Eajahmtjndry\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n40,794\\n4,079\\n52,512\\n5,302\\nBengal\\n293,398\\n28,173\\n17,400\\n1,808\\n123\\n15\\n404,227\\n39,377\\n5. Masulipatam\\nto\\n1 458,070\\n36,677\\n6. TltfNEVELLY\\nto\\n7,266,585\\n1,019,650\\n3\\nCeylon\\n1,013,738\\n142,247\\n5,023,415\\n704,886\\nBengal\\n59,864\\n8,400\\n26,342\\n3,696\\nTotal\\nTO OOA t\\\\ A A\\n13,389,944\\n1,878,879\\n7. Malabar\\nto\\nUnited Kingdom\\n159,984\\n28,072\\nMaldive Islands\\n784\\n105\\nMauritius and Bourbon\\n5,922\\n948\\n2,073,439\\n425,295\\nTotal\\n2,240,129\\n454,420\\n8. Canara\\nto\\n51,029,068\\n7,439,822\\n1,312\\n48\\nTotal\\n51,030,380\\n7,439,870", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "sxvii\\nv.*\\nNo. 1. Statement showing the Increase in the Cultivation\\nof Cotton in the United States.\\nBales grown in\\nBales consrnr\\nr\\\\ 1 lit? I ICoj.\\nAmerica.\\n1845- 6\\n2,100,537\\n422,597\\n1846- 7\\n1,778,651\\n427,967\\n1847- 8\\n2,347,634\\n531,772\\n1848- 9\\n2,728,896\\n518,039\\n1849-50\\n2,096,706\\n487,769\\n1850-51\\n2,355,257\\n404,108\\n1851-52\\n3,015,029\\n603,029\\n1852-53\\n3,262,882\\n671,009\\n1853-54\\n2,930,027\\n610,571\\n1854-55\\n2,847,339\\n593,584\\n1855-56\\n3,527,845\\n652,739\\n1856-57\\n2,939,519\\n702,138\\n1857-58\\n3,113,962\\n595,562\\n1858-59\\n3,851,081\\n760,218\\n1859-60\\n4,825,924\\n810,343\\n1860-61\\n3,866,000\\n843,740\\nThe shipping season in America commences from the 1st September,\\nand the above tables are made up from 1st September to 31st August.\\nFor the data furnished in this portion of the Appendix, the compiler is in-\\ndebted to H. A. Kobinson, Esq.., of Madras.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "XXV111\\n1860\\n2,570,759\\n101,623\\n9,929\\n110,009\\n562,674\\n3,363,991\\n609,000\\n1859\\n2,034,991\\n124,676\\n6,809\\n101,410\\n510,603\\n2,328,439\\n436,017\\n1858\\n1,854,004\\n106,319\\n7,406\\n105,422\\n357,697\\n2,430,848\\n343,602\\n1857\\n1,478,437\\n175,078\\n11,016\\n75,528\\n631,378\\n2,421,487\\n337,196\\n1856\\n1,753,295\\n122,411\\n11,320\\n111,960\\n463,932\\n2,467,918\\n360,800\\n1855\\n1,621,405\\n134,838\\n8,770\\n115,002\\n395,490\\n2,275,553\\n316,910\\n1854\\n1,667,509\\n107,487\\n8,746\\n81,218\\n308,178\\n2,173,138\\n317,152\\n1853\\n1,532,034\\n132,245\\n9,549\\n105,494\\n485,395\\n2,264,717\\nCO\\n1852\\n1,784,388\\n144,442\\n10,174\\n189,335\\n213,183\\n2,341,522\\n282,516\\n1851\\n1\\n1,396,168\\n108,648\\n8,982\\n64,015\\n325,662\\ni, 903,475\\n268,617\\n1850\\nBale 3\\n1,181,956\\n171,221\\n5,770\\n79,401\\n299,142\\n1,737,490\\n270,737\\no\\np,", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "XXIX\\n1861\\n32,800\\n6,450\\n4,109\\n1\\n1860\\n8 8 8\\nrH Tft ,h\\neg co\\n1\\n1 co\\nI s\\n1859\\n36,674\\n4,043\\n3,417\\n-rj\u00c2\u00bb\\nCO\\nrH\\n1858\\n31,336\\n6,140\\n4,115\\n41,591\\n1857\\n25,952\\n6,981\\n4,846\\n37,779\\n1856\\n32,422\\n5,400\\n5,656\\nCO\\n1855\\n30,304\\n5,313\\n4,702\\n40,319\\n1854\\n29,360\\n3,994\\n4,129\\n37,483\\n1853\\n27,114\\n3,739\\n4,822\\n35,675\\n1852\\n28,855\\n2,972\\n4,636\\nCO\\nCO\\nco\\nCO\\n1851\\n24,460\\n3,706\\n3,784\\n31,950\\n1850\\nBales\\n20,704\\n3,362\\n5,037\\n29,103\\nBrazil, Egypt-\\nian, c.\\nTotal", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "XXX\\n1861\\nrH\\nOS XO\\n1860\\no\\n1859\\nHlffi Hjet\\n00 XO\\nCO\\n1858\\noo \u00c2\u00abf\\n43\\nxo xo\\n1857\\noo xo\\no o\\nH|\u00c2\u00ab H|ff\\nCO M\\n1856\\nOS\\nS 3\\nCO\\n1855\\n00 XO\\nrf co\\nxo\\n00\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\n4f\\no o\\n43 43\\n-W -Hi\\nCO CM\\n1853\\n00\\no o\\nH|\u00c2\u00ab rl|CT\\nCO (M\\n1852\\nXO\\no o\\n4= 43\\nCO\\n1851\\no o\\nH|\u00c2\u00ab Hi*\\nCO CM\\n1850\\ns s", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "xxxi\\nVI.\\nMETEOROLOGICAL AVERAGES\\nDeduced from twenty years observations at the Madras\\nObservatory\\n1841 to 1861.\\nAtmospheric\\npressure re-\\nduced to 32\u00c2\u00b0.\\nMean\\nTempe-\\nrature.\\nWet Bulb\\nTher-\\nmometer.\\nDew\\nPoint.\\nPer-cent-\\naj?e of\\nHumid-\\nity.\\ni\\nPain\\nPali.\\ntoo\\nb9 5\\ndQ Cl\\nDO D\\n/o\\nU yo\\n29-970\\n76*9\\n70-9\\n68*0\\n75\\n0-25\\n29*903\\n8i-6\\n74-6\\n72*0\\n76\\n0*42\\n29-825\\n84*2\\n78-0\\n75-6\\n76\\n0-67\\n29-729\\n86-4\\n78-5\\n75-5\\n71\\n2-26\\n29-698\\n86-5\\n77-1\\n73-3\\n66\\n1-73\\n29*715\\n84-8\\n76-5\\n73*1\\n69\\n3-60\\n29751\\n83-8\\n76*6\\n73-7\\n72\\n4-37\\n29-779\\n83 3\\n76-6\\n73*9\\n74\\n4-54\\nOctober\\n29-849\\n80-6\\n75*9\\n74-0\\n81\\n11-37\\n29*932\\n77-6\\n72*5\\n70-2\\n79\\n12-73\\nDecember\\n29-977\\n75-6\\n70-2\\n67-5\\n77\\n5-73\\n29-844\\n81-3\\n74-7\\n71-9\\n75\\n48-63\\nThe preceding table contains the mean or average results\\nof a series of hourly observations continued for twenty-\\nyears, viz., from 1841 to 1861. The cistern of the Baro-\\nmeter is twenty-seven feet above the mean sea level. It-\\nappears upon inspection of the column of atmospheric pres-\\nsure, that after being duly corrected to the usual standard\\ntemperature of 32\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit, the Barometer reads highest", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "xxxii\\nin January, and lowest in June which are respectively the\\ncoolest and hottest months in the year. As at all other\\ntropical stations, the diurnal variations of the Barometer are\\nhere found to be so regular in their recurrence, that there\\nare very few days in the year on which the atmospheric tides\\nare not plainly discernible. The highest readings- occur\\nabout 9^ a. m. The mercury then commences falling, and\\narrives at its lowest minimum a little before 4 p. m. The\\nsecondary maximum and minimum occur during the night,\\nat 10 p. m. and 3^ a. m. respectively, but are far less marked\\nthan those observed during the day. The greatest daily\\nrange occurs in March, and the least in December. The\\nmean temperature, although somewhat higher at Madras\\nthan at many other parts of the Presidency, is subject to\\nsuch small changes, that the severe extremes which else-\\nwhere prove so prejudicial to health are never experienced.\\nThe Dew Point, or Temperature at which rain would\\nbegin to fall if the air were suddenly cooled down thereto,\\ndoes not rise and fall conformably to the temperature for\\nthough its greatest depression below the Dry Bulb (13\u00c2\u00b0 *2),\\noccurs during the hottest month, June, the least difference\\n(6\u00c2\u00b0 6) falls in October, when the temperature nearly agrees\\nwith the average of the whole year. The per-centage of\\nHumidity changes but slightly the average amount of\\naqueous vapour in the atmosphere being exactly three-\\nfourths of the whole quantity sustainable thereby. The\\naverage Rain-fall is deduced from observations extending\\nover a period of fifty-two years, viz., from 1804 to 1807, and\\nagain from 1813 to 1860. The dryest year on record was\\n1832, when only 18i inches of rain were collected: the\\ngreatest quantity fell in 1827, when nearly 89 inches were\\nrecorded. In October, 1857, not less than 37f inches fell\\nwhile no shower occurred throughout the first five months of\\n1860. By summing up separate portions of this column, it\\nwill be found, that under ordinary circumstances only about\\na tenth part of the year s rain falls during the first five\\nmonths, but a full half at the setting in of the N. E. Mon-\\nsoon, in October and November. It is also worthy of re-\\nmark, that, whereas in Europe a rain gauge placed on the\\nground invariably collects more than one elevated some", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "XXX111\\nforty or fifty feet, in India the case is reversed. The differ-\\nence is slight, but the upper gauge receives, more than the\\nlower one.\\nAs regards the Wind nothing very definite can yet be\\npronounced, in consequence of the imperfect instrumental\\nregistration employed, which has rendered the past observ-\\nations scarcely worthy of reduction. It is however certain\\nthat the prevalent notion as to the force of the wind in the\\ntropics is a vastly exaggerated one, and that the daily average\\nof pressure or velocity is much less than in England. The\\ngeneral laws as to direction are so strongly marked as to be\\nevident to the most casual observer of natural phenomena.\\nThe north-east monsoon, heralded by heavy rain, sets in\\nabout the end of October, and blows pretty steadily, but not\\nstrongly except during accidental gales, until February.\\nSouth and south-east winds prevail from then until May,\\nin which month some of the most violent storms on record\\nhave occurred. The long but mild four months reign of the\\nSouth-west monsoon then becomes fairlv established. The\\nscorching westerly or land winds, which blow in the fore-\\nnoon in May, are relieved by a refreshing sea breeze, which,\\ncommencing about noon, continues until evening. The gene-\\nral tendency of the wind when changing, is, to veer round\\nin a direct order, i. e. following the course of the Sun, or\\nE. S. W. IN E. During rough or unsettled weather this\\norder is reversed, being retrogade, or E. N. W. S. E. and\\nfrequent instances might be adduced, when with calm fine\\nweather at Madras, rain and stormy weather within one or\\ntwo hundred miles distance, has been plainly indicated, by\\nno other mark than a retrogade change in the direction of\\nthe wind.\\nN. E. POGSOJNJ\\nGovernment Astronomer.", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "xxxiv\\nVII.\\nBEING A BRIEF REPORT UPON THE COTTON EXHIBITED AT\\nTHE MADRAS EXHIBITION OF 1859.\\nBY HOWARD B. MONTGOMERY, M.D., c, REPORTER ON FIBRES.\\nAt the request of Mr. Wheeler, and under the sanction\\nof the Hon ble Mr. Morehead, President of the Exhibition\\nCommittee, I have drawn up the following abstract from the\\nremarks on the Cotton Fibres examined by me as Eeporter\\non the Fibres exhibited at the Madras Exhibition of 1859.\\nThe objects I purpose here displaying are\\n(1.) The place of production of each specimen\\n(2.) The name of the Exhibitor;\\n(3.) The quality of each specimen as to colour, strength,\\nlustre, general preparation, and suitability for ex-\\nport to England or elsewhere.\\nThese appear to be the items which are of the greatest\\ninterest in connection with Mr. Wheeler s labours, and I\\ndefer to a future opportunity other points of inquiry in con-\\nnection with the general topic of Cotton Cultivation in this\\nPresidency.\\n1 may premise that at the Exhibition of 1859 there were\\n42 Exhibitors who furnished 53 specimens of Cotton, as will\\nbe seen by the following tabular statements, in the prepar-\\nation of which I was much assisted by my friend Dr. Hunt-\\ner, Superintendent of the School of Arts.\\nIt will be observed however that in the following tables\\nthere are three specimens of Silk Cotton alluded to which do\\nnot properly come under further review at present. They\\nappear only in consequence of their being included in the\\nprinted Catalogues of the Exhibition under the heading\\nG-ossypium Species. In them they were numbered 6470\\n6497 and 6498.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "xxxvi\\nCD\\nO\\nto .5\\n,d\\nIs\\nd\\nd\\no\\nrtf d\\nd 03\\n23\\n3\\nd ra\\n-4-a\\noa d\\nd~\\nKg\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0P T3\\n6 a\\nu\\nd\\nc3 q=5\\na 5/2 p.\\nfan\\nd\\nd\\ncT\\no\\nPi\\nP\u00c2\u00a3\\nbe\\n-~d\\nrcJ\\n11-\\n:S\\nd -Q\\npq\\no\\nPi\\nbo\\ng\\nid\\no\\np.\\ng\\n!d\\no\\no\\nd\\no\\nd\\nd\\nb\\nO\\nPi\\nd\\nrd\\nQ\\no\\n,d\\n00\\nd\\no\\no\\nO\\nS\\nrd\\nO\\nt3 d\\na\\nH\\nd\\n3\\nPh\\n6\\nd\\nb\u00c2\u00a3r^\\na\\nJ*\\nd 5-1 5\\nd OQ\\nsi\\n-73\\nCD\\n_ u\\n(33 oq\\nI\\na^\u00c2\u00a3\\nP.O\\no g\u00c2\u00a3 ftrg\\nS ?4_ 58 d", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "XXXY11\\na\\no\\na\\np\\nso o\\n_T P^\\nCO\\n3 5-.\\n.P O\\nco q\\n8\\no\\nO O\\n\u00c2\u00abp crt\\no\\nI\\np^\\n.2\\nS r3\\ng*\\nId 42\\n-sis\\nn\\nH o\\n53 2\\nrO P\\na\\n\u00c2\u00a743\\nP~\u00c2\u00bb CO\\n2 El\\nc3\\nf-i pi\\n31\\nP oT\\n-p^\\ng^ P\\nO\\no\\n!p\\nH\\na3\\no\\nO\\nCD\\nrP\\no\\nCO\\n5- fH\\nCO Q.\\nCO\\nCD -U3\\nP n3\\nI. a\\nP o\\na*\\nP o\\n1\u00c2\u00b0\\nP P\\nO c3\\nP3\\no\\nw\\no\\np\\nP\\no\\nCO\\nc3\\nD\\nP 2\\n3 O rt\\n5-1\\no\\nl-a\\n8\\ns a\\nO\\nD\\nO\\no\\no\\nPh\\nO\\n.8\\n!p\\no\\nrp\\no\\n72\\nP\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\np^\\no\\n1\\no\\nO\\no\\nO\\no\\nO", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "XXXV111\\no\\nEH\\nH\\nO\\nO\\no\\nrH\\nw\\no\\nO\\nP3\\no\\no\\nH\\nO\\nP\\n2\\n\u00c2\u00abPJ\\nrf\\n2\\n43\\nPI\\ni\\no\\np\\np\\nP 03\\nCO\\n-4-3\\na\\n03 p\\n1^\\n\u00c2\u00abP 03\\na\\n1 i 1-\u00c2\u00b0\\nrd S Pi\\nCO\\n\u00c2\u00abfcS e3 eo oj a;\\n-4-= 03 P\\na B\\naT -1\\nO P\\nCO\\nP d hjh\\n03 (Ti\\n03 03 03 S\\nffi^ C3 03\\n03 X\\npg O\\n2 J-\\ne\\nP \u00c2\u00abd\\n2^\\n-4-\\ncc p\\naT\\nP\\nPj\\n03 C3\\n03\\nP\\n-*-3\\n?H rP\\np P\\ncp f*i\\n03 P J\\n\u00c2\u00ab1 i\\nO m ^3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2w p\\nCI, 03\\nC3\\np\\nbo\\nP P\\np\\n03 CO\\no\\nboll o\\nK P-I\\n03\\n2\\n03\\na\\np\\np\\n^P\\na\\np\\n*tS3\\nc3\\nS\\nP\\nb0\\nC3\\nP\\nis\\nPI\\no\\nPi\\nCO\\nD3\\nP r\\nO\\n03\\nP\\no\\n03\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24-3\\no\\nCO\\nP\u00c2\u00ab\\no\\nPi\\n03\\n.bp\\np\\np\\np\\nS\\ns\\n1 s\\no\\np\\n03\\n^5\\np\\np\\n_p\\n03\\nCO N\\n\u00c2\u00a3J5\\nl p\\ni -4-3\\nP\\nS\\nO r\\na\\n03 \u00c2\u00ab_j 03\\np", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "XXXIX\\np CD\\ncp!\\nCD\\nu M\\nF D\\nbC\\np\\ncpJ\\no a\\ncd\\nP Pi\\nO CD\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 OT\\na?\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nex,\\no\\n^Pl\\nso f\\nO\\nCD pu w\\nCE=3 cd\\ncc\\nPl\\nO\\n2\\n03\\nCD\\n2 M\\nCD\\nIS\\ncpj\\nh\u00c2\u00a9\\nD\\nPI CD\\n3\\n1\\no\\nCJ3\\nH3\\np\\np\\nh\u00c2\u00a9\\nH\u00c2\u00a9\\ncd\\nP3\\nPi\\nCD\\na\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094i\\no\\nD\\nPH\\nCO\\nCD\\n\u00c2\u00a73\\no\\nP-l\\ns\\no p\\n^3\\na\\no\\no\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\nPi\\nCD\\n.bp\\nPi\\nPh\\nc3\\nQ\\nCD\\nto\\npi\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPI\\nO\\n-4-3\\n-4J\\nO\\no\\nCO\\nlis\\nIs\\n1 05\\nI a\\nI i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\n1", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "xl\\n03\\na\\nv\\np.\\no\\ncs 03\\ncs\\na\\ne\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S.S\\no\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I cs\\no\\na M\\nto\\no\\no\\nH3\\nO\\nQ\\n03\\norg\\na^\\n03 o\\na m\\nO 03\\nU\\ng\\n\u00c2\u00ab2 oa\\n.a a\\ne\\nCj -J\\n,a .5\\n5 a\\nO d\\no ,a\\na\\na\\n*3\\na\\na\\na-.\\nct gro\\na*\\n03\\nTo\\na\\n03\\nc3\\nDistri\\nChi\\nMa\\nw\\nChii\\na\\nTo\\na\\no\\n2\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\ng\\nbO\\na\\no\\nO\\na\\no\\nO\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 t\\no\\no\\n1-3\\n03\\na\\nnd\\ncS\\no\\nO\\nCD\\na\\no\\na\\n03\\n.bp\\na\\ncS\\ncS\\nI\\n-a\\nf-J 03\\ng a\\no\\nf-t\\no\\nI\\n03\\nO\\na\\na\\nPw\\n03\\nTo\\na\\nJB\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\na\\no\\na\\nG3\\na\\no\\no\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U9tni03d[g I h", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "xli\\nT3\\n03\\n03\\nB\\nO _\\nH o\\nri\\nc3 o\\nS g\\ng\u00c2\u00a3 1\\n03 of^) ^2\\nS ^3 fan bO\\nq5 03 S O\\nrB 03 sT\\nbo o C\\nCO *P 03 -h\\n9 c3 o\\nC3\\n03 e-r, 5h O\\nf JH O^l Go\\n03 g {3\\n3 03\\na? 5s\\nCO K\\n03\\nJh O\\n?3\\n\u00c2\u00bbn c3\\nP H\\np o\\n03\\n03\\no3 B\\n+3\\nH (C O\\n.03 M2 33\\nhp ^3 \u00c2\u00ab2\\nd\\no\\nbJD M\\nP i\\n00\\n3\\np\\n5 p\\nO +3\\nO o\\nd\\npj 03\\nJ n\\nt3\\n^cB\\nO 03 fe\\nS 5\\nrO .2\\ncB _\\n03 oT\\n3 ai\\n03 w CQ\\nT!\\nB\\n03 o .2\\nS d\\no i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\nGQ 03\\nSi\\no\\np73\\nH\\nO 1\\nO bO^r^\\nbOP 03\\no\\nB~\u00c2\u00a3\\nO\\nO\\nO\\n03 O\\nC3 03\\nCO 03\\nH H ffi -p\\n03 03\\ncl S to S\\nO\\no\\nP3\\nc3\\n-S\\n03\\nw\\n03\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S\\n03\\no\\no\\np\\np\\nO\\n03\\no\\no\\n03\\n^3\\no\\neg\\nP\\no\\nPh\\nO\\n.2\\no\\nH\\nT3\\n03\\n03\\nUl\\nP\\nC3\\nP\\nO\\no\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s\\np\\no\\nC3\\no\\nT3\\nc3\\n03 TJ\\ns\\no\\no\\no\\no\\np\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2+j\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0+j\\no\\nO\\nT3\\n03\\nP\\no\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\no\\nO\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\nC3\\nrO\\ncs\\n03\\neg\\nP\\nS3\\n5S\\no\\np\\np\\no\\n03\\nP\\nc3\\n03\\n0J\\no\\nP\\nP\\n2\\no\\no\\np\\ncS\\nw\\no\\no\\nu\\no\\no\\np\\np\\nO\\no\\no\\nc3\\nO\\nP\\no\\no\\nC\\n03\\nif\\nW CD", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "xlli\\nO g rC3\\n50\\ng\u00c2\u00a3 g\\nP-i\\n-3 g\\nCD id\\nO !h r]\\nCD CD\\nC/2\\nc5\\n03\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i H m\\nCD\\nr\\nII\\n6 if\\nCD\\nj CD\\nCD\\n2 o S\\n,\u00c2\u00a35\\no 0J\\no\\nPh\\nCD\\no\\n_, Pi\\nCD\\nM CD\\n8 3\\nH A O\\ncp\\n\u00c2\u00a71\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2P CD\\n6\\n^3\\no\\no\\nO\\nCD\\n5 i\\nP \\\\3 p\\nO td ri\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23 43 CD\\ncc\\nS rP O\\ns\\nrP P\\nP\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i-l CO\\no\\nh3\\n03\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23\\nCD\\nw\\n03\\nCD\\nPQ\\nCD\\nO rO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\ncd\\nft\\nP\\n03\\n,P\\nM\\nCD\\n1\\nO\\nO\\no\\no\\no\\nP\\ncS\\nCD\\no\\no;\\ni\\ns\\na\\no\\nO\\no\\nO\\nC3\\nO\\nW\\nCD\\nCD\\nCD\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\nCD\\nO\\nO\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\no\\ne\\n0*\\nto\\nEH\\nC3\\nC\\nO\\nP\\nCD\\nO\\nc3 O\\nO\\nO", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "xliii\\nu\\n4\\nbe 3\\nPS tn\\na\\nJ o\\nPS M PS\\nPS t 3\\nd o ft\\nrj H\\nis\\nCPS\\n8\\no\\n^s\\nCPS\\n60\\nPS\\no\\n-4-3\\ng\\n1 8\\n3\\n.rH\u00c2\u00b0\\nCO\\n+B\\nPS PS\\n03\\n5h\\n03 i I\\nSS\\n5h .ft r-J\\nrP PS\\nCO .rH CO\\nr^ps\\n\u00c2\u00a3;3.=^p\\n,D 03\\nCPS rO iS\\nU ft-tf\\npS 03\\nps rr*\\n2\\n43 Li\\nO\\no\\n73 5-\u00c2\u00ab\\nft\\nPS rj\\ny\\nPS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rH CO\\nf? g\\ncs oq 5o\\nO\\nto g\\nft\\nPS\\nO hj\\nO c3\\nPS .S\\nft\u00c2\u00a3\\no M c3\\nrP\\n02\\nSh\\na\\n03 hj\\n8 .s 3\\nPS\\nO o\\nw\\nll\\nMP\\na\\nRaichore\\nDooab\\nRaichor\\nDooab\\nrichinop\\nizianagr\\nSalem\\nH\\nr*\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a08\\no\\nO\\nP\\no\\nEh\\no\\n03 -M\\no\\nPS\\n03\\n5-T\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I\\n03\\nH\\nOS\\no\\nQ\\no\\nrP\\nrtf\\no\\nft\\no\\nPS\\nrH\\nH\\nS3\\nrH\\nO\\no\\nPh\\nft\\no\\nc3\\nr=3\\nrH CO\\ntr\\n03 r_j\\nP\\n.2\\nrO\\no\\no\\na\\nb3\\nc3\\nO\\nP\\nI\\nr-\\nOh\\n.PS\\no\\nO\\nPS\\no\\nr?\\nP\\nCO", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "xliv\\nO CD\\nCD\\nS-\\np P-t\\np\\n93\\nSO S_,\\nJ\\no P 5\\n3 3\\no\\np bo\\nCO O\\nI CD\\nCD rj\\no\\nbe P\\npa\\nD *H\\n2\\na\\n2\\no3 g\\n02\\na\\nCD \u00c2\u00ab2\\nP^\\n9 s\\nCD\\n05 P\\nc p\\no\\nP\\no 2\\n2\\nfi, P CD\\nS3* S\\no g\\np\\np CD O\\no p. m\\nP\\nc3\\nho cd\\nb =3\\n\u00c2\u00a71?\\na .p\\nP J_|\\n~rp. P\\nO cc p 3\\nO c3 P\\nO P\\n-H CD\\n.2 -p\\n\u00c2\u00a93\\na S\\n3\u00c2\u00a7\\nf-l\\nP\\n02\\nP\\ne\\np\\ng\\nIT S\\no p\\nP\\nCO\\n.2\\ntn \u00c2\u00aba\\nCD- t\\noa\\nhe P\\nP.S 2\\no p\\nSi rrH\\nc3 n3\\nr P\\n\u00c2\u00abjh n3 ._\\n0D rH\\nr\u00c2\u00a9\\nrP O\\n.2 o\\nas q\\nI\\no\\ng\\nM\\no\\np\\nP\\nM\\n03\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a28\\no\\np\\np\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0+J\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nc3\\ns\\nOS\\nEH\\np4\\np\\nrP\\n3\\np\\n8\\nw\\nI\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\nB\\no\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\no", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "xlv\\nSt\\ns\u00c2\u00a3\\n.B\\nCD\\nE- 1\\nto\\nd\\no \u00c2\u00abW\\nd ^3\\nO\\n5-i O 5*\\nO B T3\\nO 03 d\\nbo*\\nfn ej cd\\nrQ CO\\ns\\no o\\n-so\\nCD S-i\\ncpJ d\\no\\no\\nCD\\nCO C3\\ncd\\nc5\\nC CD\\n6\\no\\no\\nd\\nU\\nd\\nF-l\\no\\nPh\\nSP\\n15\\nf-l\\no\\no\\nd\\nd\\nO\\no\\nO\\n03\\no\\nO\\no\\nO\\nCD\\nd\\nc3\\n03\\no\\no\\nd\\no\\nO\\nd\\nd\\nO\\no\\no\\nd\\nO\\nO\\no\\nO\\nCO\\nd\\no\\nd\\nCD\\n.bp\\nd\\nCM\\n1 3\\n1 5\\n1 5\\n1 5", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "xlvi\\no\\nan\\nu\\ncd\\nO\\nQ\\nO\\n*s Pi\\na\\nS\\nCO\\nCP\\nA o3\\nCQ\\nO +3\\n03\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I 03\\nCD\\nd 00\\ncd\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\nCQ\\n\u00c2\u00ab8\\n.3.9\\nco P\\no R\\nd CP o\\nM\\ng\\ncp\\nfee P\u00c2\u00bb\\nO CD\\ncq c3\\nco r\\n03 CD\\nsi\\ncd\\nCO\\npa\\nC3\\nPi\\nfee R\\nd cd\\nCO\\nd\\nH\\nO\\nCP\\nA-\\na cp\\nd ,N\\nCQ\\nP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I I\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n03\\nOB\\nP? CP\\nhi\\n1\\nd\\nCP\\nPH\\ncu\\nas*9\\nCO\\nC3\\nCP kJ 1\\n3^\\na\\n1S\\nCP\\no\\nPh\\nfeJD\\n03\\n03\\nf-l\\npa\\n03\\n03\\n03\\na\\no\\no\\no\\nd\\n03 3\\nSi\\nCP\\nd\\n03\\no\\ns\\npa\\no\\nd\\na?\\nd\\nCP\\ns-l\\no\\nof\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\nn\\nd\\nd\\no\\no\\nO\\nCP\\nd\\n03\\nCP\\n5\\nd\\n03\\ns\\ng\\no\\nO\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i\\n03\\nCP\\nO\\ni d\\no\\no\\nO\\n00\\nd\\no\\nd\\nCP\\nbQ\\nd\\nd\\n03\\n1\\ns\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\nd\\no\\no\\nO\\nCO\\n=3\\nO\\nd\\nCP\\nfeo\\nd\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2xtoinioorlg", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "xlvii\\no\\nft\\nto\\no\\no _\\nS3 60 +i\\nO S3 H\\nO O\\nft\\nN\\ncp\\nS3 u\\nCP c3\\nS3 CP\\n\u00c2\u00ab{3 o\\no\\nO\\nCP\\nF-i b.\\nt3\\nS3\\n03\\nft\\nS3\\n*c3\\nO\\nft\\nM\\ncp\\n.o\\no=\\nCP\\n03\\ng-\\nS3\\n03\\nO\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nS3 O\\nO O\\n8\\no\\nESS V\\n1 5\\no\\nft\\nS m\\n-*f ft\\nO cp cp\\nCP\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a02 ci3\\no3 cp\\nCP hi\\ncp\\nif\\nO\\nCO\\nP S3\\nS3 03\\n-5\\nCP .T3\\nB t\\nss\\nCP\\n1-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24-3\\nCO\\ns\\n3j CO\\nu u\\nM \u00c2\u00a72\\nCO qT\\ncf3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nx\\n*S CP\\ncp\\nCP\\nft\\no\\n60\\nCP\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\n1\\nu 2\\nS3 C c3\\nrH -4_\\natara\\nput\\n-4J\\nS3\\nft\\nCP\\nu\\no\\nft\\ncp\\no\\nC3\\n60\\n03\\nmgl\\nf\\n03\\nO\\nN\\nr*3\\nU3\\nO\\n5\\nO\\nO\\no\\nS3\\no\\n60\\n\u00c2\u00abJ o3 TV,\\n03 S\\n03 O\\nCP\\nE\\na I\\n1 1\\npa\\nft\\nCP\\nTo\\nS3\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\nCP\\nrP\\nH\\nS3\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a04J\\n-4-3\\no\\nO\\no\\nO\\nn\\no\\nO\\nCP\\no\\no\\nbe\\na\\nCP\\n-9\\nCO\\no\\na\\nbo\\nU3\\nWO", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "xlviii\\nAn analysis of the foregoing remarks will show that the\\nfollowing places were represented as supplying Cotton.\\nOf the 53 specimens exhibited\\nSalem supplied 8, of which one was Nankeen Cotton be-\\nsides four foreign species.\\n3, of which all were unfit for export.\\n6, including one specimen of thread.\\n3, two foreign species.\\n1, (uncleaned specimen) doubtful species.\\n2, both unfit for export.\\n10, including two good foreign varieties.\\n2, indigenous species only.\\n2, one exotic, one native.\\n1, of doubtful character.\\n4, of which one was exotic.\\n2, including one good Nankeen.\\n5, three of foreign species.\\n3, all indigenous.\\n1,\\nNagpore\\nChingleput\\nTrichinopoly\\nG-oa\\nVizianagram\\nMadura\\nCuddapah\\nBellary\\nPaulghaut\\nHyderabad\\nG-untoor\\nHai chore Dooab\\nKurnool\\nVizagapatam\\nof native origin.\\nTotal 53\u00e2\u0080\u009415 foreign\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -11 doubtful, and 27 indi-\\ngenous.\\nAs regards the nature of the Cottons exhibited the fol-\\nlowing may be observed as to the productions of each dis-\\ntrict on the foregoing list.\\nTo contrast the contributions of all districts it would per-\\nhaps be better to tabulate the sources, and varieties of sup-\\nply. By doing this we may gain some insight into two\\npoints of importance, firstly, as to the proved capability of\\ncertain districts to produce exotic Cotton, and secondly, as\\nto the nature of it, if so cultivated, and also of the indi-\\ngenous Cotton now under review as exhibited.\\nIn the following we therefore see the place of supply of all\\nCottons the number of these which were of exotic species\\nand of the varieties of native Cotton and, as regards both\\ndescriptions, the suitability or otherwise of these for ex-\\nportation. The points relied on in this respect were the\\nlength of staple and the cleaned or uncleaned condition of\\nthe sample; for unless satisfactory in these respects the\\nfibre could not be recommended as a profitable export, or to\\nbe relied on as such.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "xlix\\nTable of 15 Supplying Districts, showing the number of\\nSamples Exhibited-, and the proportion of these fit\\nand unfit, respectively, for Exportation.\\nProducing Dis-\\nTEICTS.\\nSalem\\nNagpore\\nChingleput\\nTrichinopoly\\nGoa\\nViziauagram\\nMadura\\nCuddapah\\nBellary\\nPaulghaut\\nHydrabad\\nGuntoor\\nRaichoor Dooab\\nKurnool\\nVizagapatam\\nFit for export.\\nUnfit fordo....\\nTotal Exhibit,\\nImported\\nSpecies.\\npq\\nDOUBTPUL.\\n15\\n1\\n1\\nthread\\nIndi-\\nge-\\nnous.\\n2 11 2 25 27\\n8\\no-fi\\ni\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a .a\\no\\no\\nc\\n8 fit fi\\nunfit J 8\\nfit o\\n3 unfit) d\\n3 fit ft\\n3 unfit) b\\n1 fit o\\n2 unfitj 6\\nfit\\n1 unfit) 1\\nfit I\\n2 unfit;\\n2 fit 10\\n8 unfit iU\\nfit 9\\n2 unfit; z\\n1 fit\\n1 unfit; z\\n1 fit I\\nunfit; 1\\n1 fit 4\\n3 unfitj 4\\n1 fit 9\\n1 unfit;\\nfit\\n5 unfit; D\\nfit o\\n3 unfit; 6\\nfit\\n1 unfit 1\\n18\\n35\\n53", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "1\\nTo summarize the above it may be said that about 73 per\\ncent, of the exotic Cottons were fit for export the 4 unfit\\nspecimens only wanting additional care in preparation\\nOf the doubtful species nearly 45 per cent, were fit for\\nexport, including one of very good thread.\\nOf the indigenous Cottons only 2 specimens or 7i per\\ncent, only were found worthy of recommendation.\\nThe cause of this was three-fold, and these items may be\\nenumerated as exemplifying the three great defects in native\\nCotton and native production.\\n1st. Short staple (only to be obviated by improved culture\\nand the introduction of exotic varieties, or by hybridizing\\nnative Cotton with the pollen of foreign produce).\\n2ndly. Partial or total absence of cleaning (not only from\\nseeds but from leaves, sand, and dirt, either intentionally in-\\ntroduced or accidentally acquired).\\n3rdly. The harsh and curled fibre (due to the natural\\nshortness of it and to want of irrigation of the crop)\\nThe standard of excellence was perhaps pitched higher at\\nthe time of the exhibition than it would now be, when there\\nis extensive demand for all staples. But, unless marked\\nimprovement should be effected on the points above indi-\\ncated, native Cotton can never compete with exotic Cotton\\ncarefully grown even in India.\\nIt is worthy of remark that cost of production formed no\\nitem of the information placed at my disposal by exhibitors\\nand in the absence of this and of positive means of knowing\\nthe market value of each kind of Cotton, I am unable to do\\nmore than institute an arbitrary distinction between the de-\\ncidedly saleable and the probably unsaleable commodity.\\nAs to the classification by varieties contained in the last\\ntable, I should add that in many instances (as the table\\nitself shows) no reliable conclusion could be arrived at, and\\nthe distinct species of 34 of the 53 specimens could not be\\ndetermined. Of these however 9 appeared to be foreign\\nvarieties and 25 indigenous. This conclusion was arrived at\\nfrom a careful examination of the fibre, seeds, c, of each\\nspecimen.\\nSome of the Cottons exhibited were beautiful articles\\nand if large quantities of equal quality could be produced,", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "li\\nthe j would command ready and good sale. But, in exhi-\\nbitions such as that now under review there is no test\\napplied as to the quantity grown, and a carefully prepared\\ngarden specimen may be rewarded, although if the cost\\nof its production were known it would be found to be worse\\nthan useless as an export intended to realize a profit on cost\\nof production, c. To this and other branches of the sub-\\nject I shall advert hereafter, but I feel it right now to guard\\nmy readers against drawing other than general conclusions\\nfrom the facts here recorded. The producing power of cer-\\ntain districts may be apparently overstated as in the case\\nof Salem, which was represented by one exhibitor chiefly,\\nand some of the specimens from his plantation were three\\nor four times brought to notice with approval.\\nThe very fine quality of the Bourbon Cotton produced by\\nthis gentleman, of the Egyptian by the Honourable Mr.\\nMorehead and Captain Templar, and the excellence of all\\nspecimens of Brazil Cotton, should not be lost sight of by\\nintending Cultivators. Nor should it be forgotten that\\nNankeen Cotton of good quality was exhibited from the dis-\\ntricts of Salem and Guntoor.\\nAs this occasion presents me with a suitable opportunity\\nfor doing so, I desire to record the following awards at the\\nexhibition for the article of true Cotton fibre.\\nCaptain Templar 1st prize, 1st class medal for Cotton.\\nMessrs. Fischer and Co. 2nd prize do do do\\nHon. W. Morehead, Esq. equal j do do do\\nMessrs. Fischer and Co. Hon. mention for Nankeen Cotton.\\nE. S. Child, Esq. do for Cotton.\\nHanamunt Eow do for Cotton.\\nNarrayadoo do for Nankeen Cotton.\\nLocal Committee of Madura do for Cotton.\\nE. N. Taylor, Esq. do for introducing 3\\nvarieties of exotic Cotton, only want-\\ning in careful preparation.\\nLocal Committee, Chingleput, Honourable mention for Cot-\\nton thread.\\nHoward B. Montgomery, M.D.\\nReporter on Fibres for the Madras Exhibit ion of\\\\%K\\nFort St. George, Madras, 1861.\\nu", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nK. B. The numerals refer not to tJie Pages but to the No. of\\nthe Paragraphs.\\nAdonie Talook, 88.\\nAlabama, 107; suitableness of the\\nsoil to the growth of Cotton, 143\\nthe Professor of Chemistry re-\\nquests information regarding the\\nCotton plant, 304.\\nAlluvial soil, description of 16, 47\\ncultivated with Cotton, 48 re-\\nsult of the second season, 55 fail-\\nure of the Cotton crop, 94 un-\\nsuitable to the growth of American\\nCotton, 272 the component parts,\\n355.\\nAmerica, North, climate of, 8; plant-\\ners engaged to instruct the natives\\nof India in Cotton cultivation, 35\\nsix evils to be guarded against, 72\\nrising temperature during the Cot-\\nton growing season, 108 man-\\nner of using the American saw\\ngin, 130 early cultivation of Cot-\\nton, 143 nature of the lands on\\nwhich Cotton is grown, 145 man-\\nner of manuring, 146 the life of\\na Cotton planter, 150 advantages\\nof gins, 156 rent of lands, 157;\\nminimum prices of Cotton, 158;\\nlabourers compared with those of\\nIndia, 159.\\nAmerican Cotton, soil adapted to, 16\\nquestion of ridging, 54 advant-\\nages possessed by India in the cul-\\ntivation, 72; its superiority to\\nIndian, 83 price, note to 84\\ndistribution of seed among the col-\\nlectors, 105 two methods of cul-\\ntivation, 110; choice of soil re-\\nquired, 113 preparation of the\\nlands for the seed, 114; plough-\\ning and hoeing during the grow-\\ning season, 115 distance between\\nthe rows, 116; treatment of the\\nplant as an annual and rotation of\\ncrops, 117; its profitable cultiva-\\ntion, 118 plans for extending the\\ncultivation, 119 order of Court\\nof Directors for 6000 bales, 121;\\nfailure of the purchase system,\\n124; early cultivation in America,\\n143 minimum price, 158 re-\\nduction of land-tax is not bene-\\nficial to its culture, 160 unfitness\\nof the churka, 170 sale at Coim-\\nbatore of some damaged, note to\\n177; successful culture in Court-\\nallum, 184; unsuccessful culture\\nat Sevacausey, Yirdooputty, and\\nAroopoocottah, 185 Mr. Finnie s\\nviews on extending the cultivation,\\n203 his matured judgment\\nagainst its culture, 204 Dr.\\nWight s opinion, 210 Mr. Fin-\\nnie convinced of the folly of culti-\\nvating it in India, 211 liable to\\nfailure in any part of the Madras\\nPresidency, 227 causes of failure,\\n228 Dr. Wight s cultivation by\\nirrigation, 242; Mr. Thomas s\\nmethod to induce the Ryots to ex-\\ntend its cultivation, 258 Mr.\\nLees cultivation, 259 discussion\\nconcerning the purchase on Go-\\nvernment account from Ryots of\\nTinnevelly, 260; successful cul-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nliii\\ntivation by the Ryots of Coimba-\\ntore, 266 compared with the cul-\\nture of Indian Cotton, 270; steady\\nmarket required to extend the\\ngrowth, 278; Mr. Lees partial\\nsuccess in Tinnevelly, 280 Coro-\\nmandel coast suitable to the\\ngrowth, 281 Government pur-\\nchases ceased, 287 method of\\ncultivation in Coimbatore, 360\\ndiseases, 362 general conclusions,\\n371, 373.\\nAmerican plant, its habits, 95 sea-\\nsons, 96 nature of the lands in\\nAmerica on which it is grown,\\n145 its average spread, 359.\\nAnderson, Dr., distributes foreign\\nCotton seeds at Madras, 32 re-\\nsults of his labours, 33.\\nArbuthnott, Hon. D., gives Brazil-\\nian Cotton seeds to Dr. Mudge,\\n299.\\nArbuthnott and Co., Messrs., concur\\nin the opinion of Mr. Finnie re-\\nspecting the use of the gin, 181.\\nArchipelago, 143.\\nArcot, North, 9 soil unfavourable,\\n300.\\nArcot, South, 9, 301.\\nArkwright s machinery, 31.\\nAroopoocottah, hire of a temporary\\ngin-house, 172; difficulties of\\nconducting the ginning operations,\\n179 unsuccessful culture of Ame-\\nrican Cotton, 185 meeting of the\\nCotton Brokers, 187; Cotton\\nplantation established by Mr.\\nFinnie, 203.\\nAssessment, general rate of, 15 Dr.\\nWight s propositions for reducing\\nit, 121 Mr. Finnie s opinion on\\nthe reduction, 160 Marquis of\\nTweeddale suggests remission on\\nCotton fields, 218.\\nAtlas Press, 61.\\nBangalore, Cotton imported from\\nBellary, 330.\\nBanking, mode of, 52.\\nBayles, Captain, is sent to America\\nto engage Cotton Planters, 35.\\nBellary, 5, 9 rate of assessment,\\nnote to 15; one of the principal\\nCotton Districts, 17 trial of\\nAmerican saw gins, 34 recom-\\nmended by Mr. Simpson as suit-\\nable to the growth of Cotton, 80\\nproposed operations of the Plant-\\ners, 86 Mr. Morris despatched\\nto, 87 his report, 88 the Col-\\nlector reports favourably on the\\nDharwar saw gin, 252 failure of\\nthe experiment of Egyptian Cot-\\nton by the Collector, 298; the\\nCollector s detailed report, 330\\nof soil, 331 geology and topo-\\ngraphy, 332 climate, 333 seed,\\n334 character of the Cotton\\nplant, 335.\\nBengal, construction of Mather s\\nchurka in, 244.\\nBezwarah, 294.\\nBhooj, 228.\\nBird, Mr., requests Dr. Wight to\\nsend New Orleans Cotton seed,\\n260.\\nBishop, Mr., reports favourably\\nupon the Cottage saw gin, 251.\\nBlack soil, description of, 6 com-\\npared with Bed soil, 42 given to\\nMr. Morris and Mr. Simpson, 48\\nresults of the second season, 55\\nunsuitableness to American Cot-\\nton, 215; comparative growth of\\nthe Native and American Cotton\\nin Coimbatore, 266 other crops\\ngrown in, 315, 344, 355.\\nBoard of Revenue, solicit the pur-\\nchase of Dharwar gins, 252 sup-\\nport the suggestion of the Col-\\nlector of Tanjore, 256 approve\\nthe successful cultivation of Egypt-\\nian Cotton by Mr. Shubrick, 298.\\nBombay, Cotton exported to the\\nDirectors, 32; transfer of Mr.\\nHawley, 46 of Mr. Simpson, 81\\npermission to act as Cotton Agent\\nis given to Mr. Simpson by the\\nGovernment, 139 Cotton import-\\ned from Coimbatore, 367.\\nBourbon Cotton, 20 its origin, 21\\ncompared with Indian and New\\nu 2", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nOrleans, 22 introduced into the\\nMadras Presidency, 33 method\\nof cultivation, note to 34 opinion\\nof the Ryots, 36 growth com-\\npared, 56 report of the Brokers\\nupon the samples, 60; treated as\\na biennial plant, 64 Dr. Wight\\ncultivates by irrigation, 242 the\\naction of the cottage gin, 247\\ndifficulty in separating the wool,\\n277 successful culture in the\\nPeople s Park, 299 the average\\nheight of plants in Coimbatore,\\n359.\\nBrazilian Cotton See Pernambuco.\\nBrokers, Cotton, report upon Dr.\\nWight s Cotton, 57 are preferred\\nto Zemindars in the use of the\\ngins, 165 visit the scene of Mr.\\nFinnie s operations at Aroopoo-\\ncottah, 173 their testimony that\\ndirty Cotton was more profitable\\nthan clean Cotton, 174; their\\ntransactions with the Ryots, Chet-\\nties, and Agents, 175 adultera-\\ntion of the Cotton by the Devil s\\ndust system, 177; their meet-\\ning in Tinnevelly, 187; their\\nmode of purchase, 213.\\nBrooke, Mr., 365.\\nBrown Loam See Red soil.\\nCadell, Mr., 303.\\nCalcutta, Mr. Finnie s exportation of\\na thresher from, 131 Cotton yarn\\nexported to Vizagapatam, 292.\\nCalicoes, Indian, stoppage of de-\\nmand, 31.\\nCampbell, Mr. D., purchases the gin-\\nhouse at Coimbatore, 255 dies,\\nib., 286.\\nCanara, North, description of, 5\\nenjoys the S. W. Monsoon, 7, 9\\nMr. Simpson s report upon, 76\\nCotton imported from Bellary, 364.\\nCanara, South, 5, 366.\\nCape Comorin, 4 junction of the\\ntwo Ghauts at, 5 limit of the\\nCarnatic, 295.\\nCaresal soil See Black soil.\\nCarnatic, description of, 5; enjoys\\nthe influence of the K. E. Mon-\\nsoon, 7 its districts, 9 its mean\\ntemperature and mean falls of\\nrain, 99; physical feature, 106;\\nseason for sowing Cotton, 107;\\nnature of the climate, 109 lead-\\ning principles of Cotton culture in,\\n275 extension of, 295.\\nCeylon, Merchants establish Agents\\nin Tinnevelly, 162 a driving\\nmachinery for sale in, 166.\\nChamber of Commerce, Madras, 197\\nconfirm Dr. Wight s valuation of\\nMr. Finnie s samples, 201 their\\nunfavourable report upon Cottage\\nsaw gin, 247 approve the suc-\\ncessful cultivation of Egyptian\\nCotton by Mr. Shubrick, 298.\\nChayroot, discussion concerning the\\nrenters of, 259.\\nChetties, purchase Cotton from the\\nRyots, 129 visit the scene of Mr.\\nFinnie s operation at Aroopoo-\\ncottah, 173; their transactions\\nwith the Ryots, Brokers, and\\nAgents, 175; their tricks with\\nEuropean agents, 178, 213.\\nChingleput, 298.\\nChurka, description of the, 25\\nAmerican saw gin used at Coim-\\nbatore in its place, 45 Mr. Fin-\\nnie s opinion upon, 126 his first\\nyear s proceedings, 141 second\\nyear s proceedings, 163; its un-\\nfitness for American Cotton, 170\\nMr. Finnie s third year s opera-\\ntions, 187; Mr. Finnie pro-\\nnounces in its favour, 205 cost\\nof cleaning Cotton, 208, 254.\\nChurka, Mather s description of,\\n244.\\nCircars, 4 districts of, 9 establish-\\nment of two Cotton Farms, 34; C\\nits extent, 290.\\nCochin, 9, 363, 368.\\nCoimbatore, 7, 9 description of the\\nsoil, 16 one of the principal Cot-\\nton districts, 17 introduction of C\\nBourbon Cotton, 33 establish-\\nment of a Cotton farm, 34 re- G\\nmoval of the Planters to, 39; Dr.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIv\\nWight s tour through the district,\\n44 mode of sowing Cotton seed,\\n50 experiment made by Mr.\\nWroughton, 66 Madras Govern-\\nment propose the abandonment of\\nCotton farms, 8*6 Dr. Wight s\\nnew Cotton farms, 90 location\\nof the farms, 103 respective\\nprices of Cotton in the market,\\n124 Mr. Finnie s tour from\\nCourtalluni to, 137; trial of cat-\\ntle labour and manual labour by\\nDr. Wight, 167; sale of some\\ndamaged American Cotton, note\\nto 177 Mr. Finnic refused per-\\nmission to extend his operations,\\n209 favourable report of the\\nAmerican planters, 211 Dr.\\nWight s system of purchase, 213\\nsuggestion to relinquish the ex-\\nperimental farm by the Marquis\\nof Tweeddale, 218 by the direct-\\nors, 223 Dr. Wight ascribes the\\nfailure of the Cotton crop to the\\nwant of humidity, 229 Sir H.\\nPottinger directs Dr. Wight to\\nbreak up his establishment, 232\\nDr. Wight resumes his office, 241\\nthe gin-house sold to Mr. D.\\nCampbell, 255 Mr. Wroughton s\\ncollectorate farm at, 257 the\\nRyots successful culture of Ame-\\nrican Cotton, 264 failure of the\\nexperiment of Egyptian Cotton by\\nthe Collector, 298; the Collector s\\nreport, 354 of soil, 355 geology\\nand topography, 356 climate,\\n357 seed, 358 character of the\\nCotton plant, 359 method of cul-\\ntivation, 360 manure, 361 dis-\\neases, 362.\\nolaba Press, 61.\\nCompany, East India, three objects\\nsought by, 3 three improvements\\nrequired in the Indian Cotton,\\n19 their efforts upon Cotton\\ncultivation, 226.\\n^oomptah, Cotton imported from\\nBellary, 330, 364.\\n3oorch.ee. a Cotton farm established\\nat, 46 description of the soil, 65.\\nCoorg, 299.\\nCoromandel coast, description of, 4\\nits distance from the Eastern\\nGhauts, 5 season for sowing\\nCotton, 97; Mr. Lees experiment\\nof Cotton cultivation, 279, 281.\\nCorrie and Co., Messrs., 202.\\nCotton, better varieties of, 20 six\\nleading varieties of, 21 method\\nof separating and cleaning, 24\\nexperiment of treating the plant\\nas a biennial, 64 fluctuation of\\nthe price of land, 157 estimate\\nof the Brokers upon dirty one,\\n1 74 adulteration by the Devil s\\ndust system, 177 price of the\\nunadulterated, 189 difficulty of\\nseparating the seed, 277 export-\\ned to Yizagapatam from Calcutta\\nand Madras, 292 to Godavery\\nfrom Kristna, 293; to Tanjore\\nfrom Madura and Tinnevellv,\\n303; diseases, 312, 325; Cotton\\nexported from Bellary to Madras,\\nBangalore, Wallajapet, and\\nCoomptah, 330 from Kurnool to\\nMadras, 339 improvements in\\nthe quality required, 341.\\nCotton cultivation, Hand-book to 1\\nrate of assessment, note to 15\\nbetter system of, 23 memorial\\ndrawn by Mr. Rundall, 34 pre-\\nvailing opinions in the Madras\\nPresidency, 36 introduction of\\nthe American system, 44 Dr.\\nWight s notes, 49 54 early\\npreparation and sowing required,\\n69 its cost, 74 extension of the\\nimproved method, 84 five prac-\\ntical suggestions required, 112;\\nproposition for reducing the assess-\\nment of lands, 121 Mr. Finnie\\nexplains to the Ryots the im-\\nproved method, 136 Mr. Finnie s\\nnotes, 143 160 capital required,\\n149 uncertainty of weather, 154\\nexpense, 155 method of improve-\\nment, 219, 220; Dr. Wight s\\ntrial by irrigation, 242; Colonel\\nLawford s, 256 Mr. Lees culti-\\nvation, 259 general survey in", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "Ivi\\nINDEX.\\nthe Madras Presidency, 289\\nmode of, in Trichinopoly, 302\\nin Madura, 310; in Tinnevelly,\\n328 in. Bellary, 336 in Cud-\\ndapah, 350 in Coimbatore, 360.\\nCotton districts, 17; statistics of,\\n18 large experiment in early\\nsowing throughout, 105.\\nCotton manufacturers, Great Britain,\\ntheir rivalry with native weavers,\\n31 Mr. Finnie requests permis-\\nsion to consult with them, 186;\\nthey are advised to purchase Cot-\\nton direct from the Byots, 224.\\nCotton, Mr. Finnie s Tinnevelly,\\n196 Dr. Wight s report upon it,\\n198, 211.\\nCotton seed, high prices demanded\\nby the Byots for, 180; process of\\ncleaning, 206; high demands at\\nCoimbatore, 267 distribution of\\nthe Egyptian among several Col-\\nlectors, 298 preparation before\\nsowing, 308.\\nCourtalhim, enjoys both monsoons,\\n68; Mr. FinniVs tour, 133; his\\ndeparture from, 137 Mr. Fin-\\nnie s planting operations, 161\\nsuccessful culture of American\\nCotton, 184 cessation of Mr.\\nFinnie s operations, 203 sanc-\\ntion of a small model farm, 216.\\nCrop, Cotton, sudden renovation of,\\n41 keeping down extraneous\\nvegetation until the ripening of,\\n53 comparison of those of the\\nfour seasons, 65 rotation of, 90,\\n148 successive operations re-\\nquired, 150 Indian and Georg-\\nian compared, 271.\\nCuddapah, 5, 9 description of the\\nsoil, 16 one of the principal Cot-\\nton districts, 17 trial of Ameri-\\ncan saw gin, 34 the Collector re-\\nports favourably on Dharwar saw\\ngin, 252; failure of the experi-\\nment of Egyptian Cotton by the\\nCollector, 298 present state of\\nCotton cultivation, 342 detailed\\nreport of Mr. Murray, 343 of\\nsoil, 344 weeds, 345 geology\\nand topography, 346; climate,\\n347 seed, 348 character of the\\nCotton plant, 349 mode of cul-\\ntivation, 350 manure, 351 dis-\\neases, 352.\\nCuxton, Mr., 232 is requested by\\nDr. Wight to report upon the\\ncapability of the coast to produce\\nAmerican Cotton, 242.\\nDenison, Sir William, his minute\\nupon the improvement of Native\\nCotton, note to 219 his queries\\nupon Cotton cultivation in Tinne-\\nvelly, 327.\\nDevil s dust system, adulteration of\\nCotton, 177.\\nDharwar, New Orleans Cotton suc-\\ncessfully cultivated, 76; success\\nof Mr. Mercer, 80; Mr. Morris\\ntour through the district, 88\\nfavourable report of the two\\nAmerican planters, 211 en-\\ncouragement afforded for the\\ngrowth of New Orleans Cotton,\\n234 construction of a gin, 252\\nadvantages of American Cotton,\\n278.\\nDirectors, Court of, 29 endeavour\\nto get a supply of Cotton from\\nIndia, 32 send a Cotton cleaner\\nto the Madras Presidency, 34\\nengage ten Planters in America,\\n35 disapprove of the plan of\\nLord Elphinstone, 39 send an\\nAmerican saw gin, 45 approve\\nthe sample sent by Dr. Wight,\\n57 the suggestions of Mr. Simp-\\nson, 81 of the Manchester Asso-\\nciation, 105; order for 6000 bales\\nof East India Cotton, 120 decide\\nagainst the reduction of Assess-\\nment on lands under American\\nCotton cultivation, 123 object to\\nthe use of hand gins, 1 68 de-\\ncline to permit Mr. Finnie to go\\nto England, 186 large shipment\\nof churkaed Cotton contrary to\\ntheir orders, 199; approve the\\nsuggestion of Dr. Wight to try.\\nchurkaed with the ginned by En-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIvii\\nglish spinners, 216 their general\\nopinions upon the experimental\\nculture, 217; their views con-\\ncerning the experimental farms,\\n222 224 send some Sea Island\\nCotton seed, 235 their measures\\nconcerning Dr. Wight and Mr.\\nFinnie, 237, 239, 240 sanction\\nthe relief of the chayroot renter\\nfrom interfering with Mr. Lees\\ncultivation, 259 their final des-\\npatch on Cotton, 287 receive\\ncertain queries regarding Cotton\\nby Dr. Mallet, 304.\\nDowlashwarum, 294.\\nDrill husbandry, 49, 151.\\nDriving Machinery, expenses of, 156\\nMr. Finnie s proposal for the\\nerection, 166 sanction for its\\npurchase, 167; change in Mr.\\nFinnie s views, 168; erected at\\nSevacausey, 207 Mr. Finnie s\\nlast opinion, 238.\\nDrought, its effects upon Cotton\\nshrub, 42, 70, 360.\\nEarle, Mr., reports upon samples of\\nCotton sent to Liverpool, 43,\\n45.\\nEgypt, treatment of the Sea Island\\nCotton as a biennial, 64 irriga-\\ntion employed, 110.\\nEgyptian Cotton, 20, 21 success-\\nfully cultivated on the Coromandel\\ncoast, 279 suitability of Ganjam\\nto its growth, successful cultiva-\\ntion of, 291 Mr. Shubrick s, 298\\nDr. Mudge s, 299\\nEllice, Mr. E., 287.\\nEllore, 294.\\nElphinstone, Lord, experiments\\nduring his governorship, 28 re-\\nsolves upon the removal of the\\nAmerican Planters to Salem and\\nCoimbatore, 38 his suggestions\\nadopted by Mr. Fischer, ib. re-\\nquests Dr. Wight to draw up\\nnotes upon American system of\\nagriculture, 48 succeeded by the\\nMarquis of Tweeddale, 67.\\nElton, Mr., 237; recommends the\\ncultivation of Cotton by irrigation,\\n256.\\nErrode, Cotton farm established, 39.\\nExperimental farms, four, estab-\\nlished, 39; arrangements regard-\\ning two, 46 distribution of land\\namongst them, 47 of soil, 48\\ntheir state in 1843-44, 61 ge-\\nneral result of the four seasons,\\n66 their position in 1845, 86\\nnew ones established in Coimba-\\ntore, 90 their results, 91 con-\\ntemplated establishment of a num-\\nber of small ones, 125 stage of\\nculture in Tinnevelly, 183 gene-\\nral opinions of the Madras Govern-\\nment and Court of Directors, 217\\nsuggestions to relinquish those in\\nCoimbatore by the Marquis of\\nTweeddale, 218 by the Directors,\\n223 Sir H. Pottinger suggests\\nthat the continuance of them\\nwould be injurious, 226 with-\\ndrawal of the Government Agency,\\n283 their state after Dr. Wight s\\ndeparture, 288.\\nFinnie, Mr., 28 succeeds Mr. Simp-\\nson in the Madras Presidency, 87\\nreports unfavourably upon the\\nMadras district, 89 despatched\\nto Tinnevelly, ib. his labours\\ncompared with those of Dr.\\nWight, 126; his first impression\\nof Tinnevelly, 127 requests per-\\nmission to act as Agent, 128 re-\\ncommends the thresher before the\\nuse of the churka, 131 obtains\\nsaw gins from Dr. Wight, ib.\\nthree points in his career, 132\\nhis tour to Courtallum, 133;\\nallays the fears and suspicions of\\nthe Eyots, 135 explains the im-\\nproved method of culture to the\\nEyots, 136 his tour to Coimba-\\ntore, 137 is permitted to act as\\nCotton Agent, 139 request the\\nMadras Government to remove the\\nrestriction to ginned Cotton, 140\\nhis first year s proceedings with\\nthe churka, c, 141; receives", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "lyiii\\nINDEX.\\nsome queries by the Marquis of\\nTweeddale, 142 his notes on\\nCotton cultivation in America and\\nIndia, 143 160 disappointed as\\nan Agent, 162; sells two gins to\\nZemindars, 164; proposes to erect\\na gin -house and cattle -driving\\nmachinery in Tinnevelly, 166;\\nsanctioned, 167 changes his\\nopinion as regards driving ma-\\nchinery, 168 explains his in-\\nconsistencies to the Madras Go-\\nvernment, 169 his general ob-\\njections to the gins discussed by\\nDr. Wight, 170 his proposition\\nfor erecting a gin-house, 171\\nhires a gin-house at Aroopoocot-\\ntah, 172 erects three gins and a\\nthresher, 173; his notes on the\\npeculiarities of the Cotton trade\\nin Tinnevelly, 175\u00e2\u0080\u0094178 his\\nstatement of the expenses of gin-\\nning, 181 requests permission to\\nproceed to England, 186; recom-\\nmends the introduction of small\\nhand threshers and cheap presses,\\n190 invents a cheap Cotton press,\\n195; forwards to the Madras\\nGovernment a sample of Tinne-\\nvelly Cotton, 196; his letter to\\nGovernment, note comparison of\\nhis system of purchasing Cotton\\nwith that of Dr. Wight, 200 his\\nproposed extension of planting\\noperations, 263 his matured\\njudgment against the culture of\\nAmerican Cotton or use of the\\nAmerican gin, 204 refused per-\\nmission to extend his operations\\nto Coimbatore, 209; his breach\\nwith Dr. Wight, 210 is con-\\nvinced of the folly of cultivating\\nAmerican Cotton in India, 211;\\nhis correspondence about growing\\nand planting American Cotton,\\n213 his proceedings disapproved\\nby Dr. Wight, 214 advises Dr.\\nWight that all his plans have been\\napproved by the authorities, 215\\nis allowed to remain in Tinne-\\nvelly to instruct the East Indian\\nlads in the use of the gins, 231\\nhis departure from the Madras\\nPresidency, 237 his last letter,\\n248.\\nFischer, Mr., his Cotton establish-\\nment at Salem, 38 adopts the\\nsuggestion of Lord Elphinstone,\\nib. his general views upon Cot-\\nton, 39; reports upon the un-\\nsuitability of the climate of Salem\\nto the growth of Brazilian Cot-\\nton, 299 his report upon North\\nCanara, 364.\\nFischer and Co., Messrs., Cotton ex-\\nporters in Salem, 353.\\nFlorida, mean falls of rain, 109.\\nFoot Eoller, description, 24.\\nGanjam, 9 Cotton produce incon-\\nsiderable but easily increased by\\nmoney advances, 291 the soil\\nsuited to the growth of Egyptian\\nCotton, 298.\\nGeorgia, a Cotton cleaner sent to the\\nMadras Presidency from, 34 its\\ncrops compared with those of\\nIndia, 271 its soil with South-\\nern India, 275.\\nGhauts, Eastern, description of, 5,\\n7.\\nGhauts, Western, description of, 5\\nheavy rains upon, 7, 356.\\nGin -house, its state, 61 its ex-\\npenses, 56 Mr. Finnic s proposal\\nfor its erection in Tinnevelly, 166,\\n171 hire of a temporary one at\\nAroopoocottah, 172 erected at\\nSevacausey, 207 allowed for the\\nuse of the Ryots, 233 sold to Mr.\\nCampbell at Coimbatore, 255.\\nGins, a practical person recommend-\\ned for their exhibition, 80 their\\nexpenses, 156 Zemindars pur-\\nchase of, 164; their unfitness for\\nIndian Cotton, 170 difficulties in\\nconducting the operations at Aroo-\\npoocottah, 179 heavy expenses\\nincurred, 181; necessity for im-\\nproving the construction, 182.\\nGodavery district, 9 Cotton wool\\nexported, 34 Cotton supply large,", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nlix\\nbut insufficient for the wants of\\nthe district, 293.\\nGovernment, Madras, orders respect-\\ning the Cotton Hand-Book, 2\\nefforts of, towards the cultivation\\nof Cotton, 34; establishes four\\nCotton Farms, ib. appoints Dr.\\nWight to report on the state of\\nagriculture in Southern India,\\nib. approves the agreements\\nmade between Dr. Wight and the\\nRyots, 44; requests Mr. Wrough-\\nton to explain the causes of the\\nsuccess of his Cotton experiment,\\n67 proposes his abandonment of\\nCotton farms at Coimbatore, 86\\nrequested by Dr. Wight to re-\\nduce the assessment on lands un-\\nder American Cotton cultivation,\\n121 permits Mr. Finnie to act\\nas Cotton Agent, 139 removes\\nthe restrictions upon Mr. Finnie,\\n140 sanctions the purchase of\\ncattle -driving machinery for Mr.\\nFinnie, 167; of small hand-\\nthreshers and presses, 191 refers\\nthe sample of Finnie s Tinnevelly\\nCotton to Dr. Wight, c, 197\\nrefuses permission to Mr. Finnie\\nto extend his operation to Coim-\\nbatore, 209 Sir Henry Pottin-\\nger s arrival, 210 approves the\\nsuggestion of Dr. Wight to try\\nchurkaed Cotton with ginned by\\nthe English spinners, 215 gene-\\nral opinions upon the experimental\\nculture, 217; its decision regard-\\ning Dr. Wight reversed by the\\nDirectors, 239 cottage saw gins\\nreceived, 246 further purchase,\\n252 places the Cotton farm in\\nCoimbatore under a Duffadar, 257\\nrefuses the purchases applied for\\nby Mr. Bird, 261 condemns Dr.\\nWight s reports, 282 withdraws\\nthe agency, 283.\\nGrate, evils arising from, 70.\\nGrecian Archipelago, 143.\\nGuntoor, description of, note to 9\\nCotton exported to the Godavery\\ndistrict, 294.\\nHand-Book to Cotton cultivation,\\n1 method pursued in its com-\\npilation, 2; division of the sub-\\nject matter, 28 s leading points of\\nthe several chapters, 29 special-\\nties of the chapters, 30 general\\nresult, 369 general conclusions,\\n370.\\nHand gins, 253 cost of labour, 254.\\nHardy, Mr. Thomas, his report upon\\nCotton trade at Tuticorin, 328.\\nHathaway, Mr., his report upon\\nMadura, 305\u00e2\u0080\u0094312.\\nHawley, Mr., comes to Madras, 35\\nsent to Tinnevelly, 37 removed\\nto Coimbatore, 39 transferred to\\nBombay, 46.\\nHeath, Mr., his successful Cotton\\ncultivation at Vizagapatam, 34.\\nHoeing, Dr. Wight s remarks, 51\\nmanner of, 52 practical suggest-\\nion upon it, 115; season for adopt-\\ning it, 152.\\nHonore, 365.\\nHughes, Captain, his efforts at Tin-\\nnevelly, 33 three planters sent\\nunder his superintendence, 37\\nsucceeded by Dr. Wight, 41 good\\ncrop of American Cotton obtained\\nby him, 211.\\nHughes Tinnevelly Cotton, 33, 372\\nmethod of cultivating Bourbon\\nCotton, note to 34.\\nHullial, Mr. Simpson s report upon\\nit, 78, 365.\\nFlurryhur, 80.\\nIdler, Mr., 141.\\nInam Commission, its origin, 1 5.\\nIndia, its climate compared with that\\nof America, 8 rivalry between\\nits Native weavers and the Cotton\\nManufacturers of Great Britain,\\n31 ten American Planters sent,\\n35 treatment of Bourbon variety\\nas a biennial, 64 advantages in\\nthe cultivation of American Cot-\\nton, 72 remunerative demand re-\\nquired, 73 characteristics of the\\nseasons, 97 its climate not too\\nhot, but too cold, 106; diminish-", "height": "4164", "width": "2475", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "k\\nINDEX.\\ning temperature during the Cot-\\nton growing seasons, 108 two\\nmethods of cultivating American\\nCotton, 110 manner of cleaning\\nthe Cotton, 130; present cultiva-\\ntion of Cotton, 143 manner of\\nmanuring, 146 of planting, 151\\ncheapness of the labour, 159 Mr.\\nFinnie s judgment against the\\nculture of American Cotton and\\nuse of American gin, 203 Dr.\\nWight s opinion upon the growth\\nof American Cotton, 210 Sir H.\\nPottinger s experience in the\\nvarious parts of, 228 Coimbatore\\nRyots opinion upon the soil and\\nclimate, 263 Dr. Wight refutes\\nthe theory that the climate and\\nsoil are unfitted for American Cot-\\nton, 269 its crops compared with\\nthose of Mississippi, 271 Dr.\\nWight s opinion upon the climate\\nof the South, 274.\\nIndian Cotton, soil adapted to it, 16\\nqueries with reference to it, 18;\\nimprovements required in it, 19\\nits varieties, 20 its character, 21\\ncompared with Bourbon and New\\nOrleans Cottons, 22 efforts to\\nextend and improve, 32 prevail-\\ning opinion upon it, 36 opinion\\nof Mr. Morris upon it, 40 its\\ngrowth compared, 56; report of\\nthe Brokers upon the sample, 58\\nits inferiority to American Cotton,\\n83 plans for extending its culti-\\nvation, 119; Directors order for\\n6000 bales, 120 price at which\\nDr. Wight purchased, 124 Mr.\\nFinnie s opinion upon it, 126\\nunfitness of the gin, 170; syste-\\nmatic adulteration, 175; process\\nof cleaning, 206 unsuited to the\\nAmerican gin, 210; Marquis of\\nTweeddale s plan for improving\\nthe culture, 219, 220- Dr.\\nWight cultivates by irrigation,\\n242 failure of the crop in Coim-\\nbatore, 266 its culture compared\\nwith the American, 270 unsuit-\\nableness of Madras, 279; of North\\nArcot, 300 general conclusions,\\n372, 374; political and com-\\nmercial prospects, 375.\\nIrrigation required in cultivating\\nAmerican Cotton, 110; experi-\\nments by it, 111; Dr. Wight s\\ncultivation of American Cotton,\\n242; Colonel Lawford s cultiva-\\ntion in Tanjore, 256.\\nJaffna, new driving machinery for\\nsale, 166 purchased, 207.\\nJeypore, 292.\\nJuggernaut, 290.\\nKenrick, Mr., his efforts at Madras,\\n281.\\nKentucky, 143.\\nKleinknecht, Mr., report upon his\\nexperimental culture, 365.\\nKrishna district, 9 Cotton exported\\nto Godavery, 293 Mr. Thorn-\\nhill s report, 294.\\nKrishna, river, 4, 290.\\nKunkur, 77, 113, 319.\\nKurnool, 9 failure of the experi-\\nment of Egyptian Cotton by the\\nCollector, 298 extent of land\\nunder Cotton cultivation, 339.\\nKutch, 228.\\nLabour, cattle, 167.\\nLabour, manual, loss incurred by\\nthe employment, 134 American\\nand Indian compared, 159 cost\\nof, 167, 3L0, 323, 336.\\nLawford, Colonel, tries Cotton cul-\\ntivation by irrigation in Tanjore,\\n111, 256, 371.\\nLees, Mr. Arthur, 259.\\nLees, Mr. David, his Cotton culti-\\nvation in Tinnevelly, 259 his\\npartial success, 280, 371.\\nLondon, the value of Dr. Mudge s\\nCotton, 299.\\nLongshaws, Messrs., their efforts at\\nTrichendoor, 281.\\nMadras, 9 distribution of foreign\\nCotton seeds, 32 arrival of an\\nAmerican saw gin, 45 Mr. Fin-", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxi\\nnie despatched to report upon the\\ndistrict, 87 his unfavourable re-\\nport, 89 the temperature com-\\npared with that of Vera Cruz,\\nMobile, and Natchez, 107 mean\\nfalls of rain, 109 establishments\\nof Agents in Tinnevelly by the\\nMerchants, 162; arrival of Sir\\nHenry Pottinger, 225; Dr.\\nWight s visit, 235 arrival of\\ntwenty-four Cottage saw gins,\\n246 Cotton yarn exported to\\nVizagapatam, 292 experiments\\nin Native and foreign Cottons, 297,\\n299 Cotton imported from Bel-\\nlary, 330 from Kurnool, 339.\\nMadras Presidency, its boundaries,\\n4 physical features, 5 modifica-\\ntions of the tropical heat, 6 cli-\\nmate, 8 Eevenue divisions, 9\\nEevenue system, 10 introduction\\nof Bourbon Cotton, 33 opinions\\nupon Cotton cultivation, 35 large\\nexperiment in early sowing\\nthroughout the Cotton districts,\\n105 failure of American Cotton,\\n227 Dr. Wight s superintend-\\nence retained, 240 survey of the\\npresent Cotton cultivation, 289.\\nMadura, 9 description of the soil,\\n16 Mr. Finnie s arrival, 137\\nimportance of the cleanliness of\\nCotton known to the inhabitants,\\n209 good crop of American Cot-\\nton obtained by Mr. Hughes, 211\\nsmall hand threshers sanctioned,\\n225 Cotton exported to Tanjore,\\n303 detailed report of the Col-\\nlector, 304 of the soil, 305\\ngeology and topography, 306\\nclimate, 307 Cotton seed, 308\\ncharacter of the Cotton plant,\\n309 mode of cultivation, 310\\nof manure, 311 of disease among\\nCotton plants, 312.\\nMalabar, description, 5 enjoys the\\nS. W. monsoon, 7, 9, 365.\\nMalabar Coast, description, 4 dis-\\ntance from the Western Ghauts,\\n5 Cotton sowing time, 97\\nphysical features, 363.\\nMalacca, Straits of, 228.\\nMallett, Dr., forwards certain queries\\nconnected with Indian Cotton to\\nthe Directors, 304.\\nMalta, Cotton seeds sent, 32.\\nMaltby, Mr., his tour with Mr. Fin-\\nnie through Pullicarny, 89.\\nManchester Commercial Association,\\ntheir suggestion respecting early\\nsowing, 92, 105 order for 6000\\nbales of American Cotton, 121\\nobject to the use of hand gins,\\n168 their valuation of Mr. Fin-\\nnie s Cotton, 202 their unfound-\\ned complaint, 234 Cottage saw\\ngins constructed under their\\ndirection, 246 urge Mr. Lees to\\ntry American Cotton in Southern\\nIndia, 259.\\nMangostein, 228.\\nManney, river, 256.\\nManure, question about it, 71 its\\ncomposition, 146, 311, 324, 337,\\n351, 364.\\nMasulipatam, description, note to\\n9 establishment of a Cotton\\nfarm, 34.\\nMauritius, Bourbon Cotton brought,\\n22 varieties of Cotton seeds\\nobtained, 32.\\nMayne, Mr. Dawson, his detailed re-\\nport upon Tinnevelly, 314 321,\\nMc Donnell, Mr., reports on the\\nmode of cultivation in Trichin-\\nopoly, 302.\\nMercer, Mr., his success in Dharwar,\\n80 his opinion of the climate of\\nIndia, 107, 109.\\nMetcalfe, Mr. Bernard, is sent to\\nthe Madras Presidency, 34.\\nMetcalfe, Sir Charles, his description\\nof the village communities, 10.\\nMexican Cotton See New Orleans,\\nMexico, 92.\\nMinchin, Mr., his opinion on the\\nobstacles to the increased pro-\\nduction of Cotton, 339.\\nMississippi, Cotton growing season,\\n106 commencement of the Cot-\\nton cultivation, 107 crops com-\\npared with those of India, 271.", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "Ixii\\nINDEX.\\nMobile, temperature, 107.\\nModel Fields, Marquis of Tweed-\\ndale suggests the establishment,\\n224.\\nMonsoon,. North-east, its duration,\\n7 reported failure of the crop in\\nconsequence of it, 40 its effects\\nupon Cotton shrub, 42 certain\\ntracts of land enjoying it, 68;\\nseasons on the Coroniandel Coast,\\n98; Cotton cultivation, 100; its\\ninfluence upon American plant,\\n266 its duration in Coimbatore,\\n275 diseases during its preva-\\nlence, 312, 338.\\nMonsoon, South-west, its duration,\\n7 certain tracts of land enjoying\\nit, 68; season on the Malabar\\nCoast, 101; Cotton cultivation,\\n102.\\nMontgomery, Sir Henry, discourses\\nwith Dr. Wight on the state of\\nthe Cotton farms, 235.\\nMorris, Mr., arrives at Madras, 35\\nsent to Tinnevelly, 37 removed\\nto Errode, 39 his remarks upon\\nthe growth of American plants,\\n54 exchanges Cotton farm with\\nMr. Sherman, note to 65 de-\\nspatched to Bellary, 87 his re-\\nport upon it, 88 his death, ib.\\nMudge, Dr., experimental culture of\\nBrazilian Cotton, 299.\\nMundgood, Mr. Simpson, report, 78,\\n365.\\nMurray, Mr., his report on Cudda-\\npah, 343, 352.\\nMuslins, Indian, stoppage of de-\\nmand, 3.\\nMysore, 9 elevation above the sea,\\n329 mode of the Cotton trade,\\n365.\\nNadum Cotton inferior sort of In-\\ndian Cotton, 20.\\nNagpore, 292.\\nNankin, 288.\\nNatchez, Captain Bayles visit there,\\n35; its temperature, 107.\\nNative Cotton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Indian Cot-\\nton.\\nNegapatam, method to increase the\\ncultivation of Cotton, 292.\\nNegroes, employed in cleaning Cot-\\nton, 14.3 picking the Cotton, 153.\\nNeilgherries, 299.\\nNellore, 9 a grazing district, 296.\\nNelson, Mr., reports upon the work-\\ning of the Cottage saw gin.\\nNewill, Mr., 302.\\nNew Orleans, a Cotton cleaner sent\\nto Madras Presidency from, 34.\\nNew Orleans Cotton, 20, 21 com-\\npared with Indian and Bourbon,\\n22 opinion of Mr Morris re-\\ngarding it, 40 manner of sowing,\\n49 report of the Brokers upon\\nthe samples, 59 its trial as a\\nbiennial plant, 64 successfully\\ncultivated in Dharwar, 76 ap-\\nproval of Dr. Wight s sample, 92\\nhigh temperature required, 111;\\ntreatment of the plant as an an-\\nnual, 117; insignificance of the\\ncultivation of the Ryots, 124\\nMr. Finnie s opinion about its\\ngrowth in Tinnevelly, 127 his\\nobject in cultivating it, 132 ex-\\ntent of land in India under its\\ncultivation, 159 its cultivation at\\nCourtallum, 161; Mr. Thomas\\nrecommends its cultivation, 194;\\nCoimbatore suitable to its growth,\\n214; Dr. Wight offers high\\nprices, 225 opinion of the Man-\\nchester Association, 234; Dr.\\nWight cultivates by irrigation,\\n242 the action of the Cottage\\ngin, 247; objections of the spin-\\nners, 276; successfully cultivated\\non the Coromandel Coast, 279;\\nthe average height of the plant in\\nCoimbatore, 359.\\nNizam, dominions of the, 4 Cotton\\nexported to Canara, 364.\\nNorth America See America.\\nNorth American Cotton, varieties of\\nthe, 20.\\nNorthern Circars\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Circars.\\nNullamalah mountain, 346.\\nNun j ah land, its description, note to\\n235.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "IXDEX.\\nIxiii\\nOliphant, Mr. J., 287.\\nOodoomulcottah, a Cotton farm\\nestablished, 46 description of the\\nsoil, 65.\\nOopum See Indian Cotton.\\nOotacamund, Mr. Wroughton s ex-\\nperiment, 66 enjoys both mon-\\nsoons, 68 amount of Cotton pro-\\nduced by Mr. Wroughton, 72;\\ncost of cultivation, 74.\\nOverseers See Planters.\\nPattikondu, talook of, 340.\\nPaulghautcherry Pass, enjoys both\\nmonsoons, 68, 137, 356.\\nPaupugny river, 346.\\nPelly, Mr., reports favourably upon\\nDharwar saw gin, 252, 253 his\\nreport upon the district of Bellary,\\n331\u00e2\u0080\u0094338.\\nPennar river, 346.\\nPeople s Park, failure of the Brazil-\\nian Cotton, 299 successful cul-\\nture of the Egyptian and Bour-\\nbon variety, ib.\\nPernambuco, 20 successful culture\\non the Coromandel Coast, 279;\\nexperimental culture by Dr.\\nMudge, 299.\\nPetit Gulph, Dr. Wight cultivates\\nby irrigation, 242.\\nPetrie, Mr., sent to superintend the\\nrepairs of the gins, 61 recom-\\nmends to Mr. Finnie the Ceylon\\nmachinery, 169 his opinions\\nabout gins, 170 his best saw gin,\\n182.\\nPhiladelphia, 141.\\nPlanters, American, sent to India,\\n35 contemplated removal of\\nthem to the neighbourhood of\\nSalem, 38 ordered to carry on\\ntheir operations in Bellary and\\nTinnevelly, 86 four points neg-\\nlected in their experiment in\\nCoimbatore, 90 report upon the\\npartial suitability of Indian cli-\\nmate to American Cotton, 211.\\nPlanting, 151 Mr. Pinnie s opera-\\ntions, 184 season for American\\nvarieties in Madras, 299 for In-\\ndian Cotton in Madura, 310; in\\nTinnevelly, 323; in Cuddapah,\\n347.\\nPloughs, American, compared with\\nNative ones, 54.\\nPlough, Native, used in banking up\\nthe ridges, 52 compared with\\nAmerican ones, 54.\\nPottel soil, description, 317.\\nPottinger, Sir Henry, 28 succeeds\\nthe Marquis of Tweeddale, 203,\\n210 his neutral position between\\nDr. Wight and Mr. Finnie, 212\\ninsists upon his resolutions con-\\ncerning the Cotton farms, 236\\ncondemns Dr. Wight s report,\\n282 recommends the withdrawal\\nof the Government Agency, 283.\\nPress, hand, 61; expenses, 156;\\nrecommended by Mr. Finnie, 190\\nsanctioned, 191.\\nPress, Mr. Finnie s cheap Cotton,\\n195.\\nPrince, Mr., contracts to cultivate\\nCotton in Coimbatore, 241.\\nPruning, season for, note to 34.\\nPullicarny, Mr. Finnie s report\\nupon, 89.\\nPulney Hills, 137.\\nPunjah land, description of, note to\\n235.\\nPuttahdars\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Byots.\\nBain, its effects upon Cotton shrub,\\n12; mean falls in the Carnatic,\\n109 in Madura, 307 in Tinne-\\nvelly, 320 in Bellary, note to\\n333 in Coimbatore, 357.\\nBaipore, 292.\\nBajahmundry, description, note to\\n9 Cotton exported to Vizagapa-\\ntam, 292.\\nBeade, Mr. Charles, reports on the\\nextent of Cotton cultivation in\\nChingleput, 297.\\nBed Cotton, 294.\\nBed Loam See Bed Soil.\\nBegur\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Bed Soil.\\nBed Soil, description, 16 compared\\nwith Black Soil, 42 given to Dr.\\nWight, 48; result of the second", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "lxiv\\nINDEX.\\nseason upon, 55; suitable to\\nAmerican Cotton, 215 compara-\\ntive growth of Indian and Ameri-\\ncan Cottons in Coimbatore, 266\\nthe climate of North Arcot, 300\\nother crops grown, 318, 355.\\nRevenue, divisions, 9 systems, 10,\\n11 divisions of lands, 15 assist-\\nance to be given to the Ryots by\\nthe Establishment, 230.\\nRevenue Board See Board of Re-\\nvenue.\\nRidging, 49 its manner, 52 ques-\\ntion about it, 54, 360.\\nRoyle, Dr., queries on Indian Cot-\\nton, 18; his description of the\\nCotton culture, 23 his opinion\\non the climate of Dharwar and\\nCoimbatore, 211.\\nRundall, Mr., draws a memorial\\nupon Cotton cultivation, 34.\\nRyots, 10; mode of their cultiva-\\ntion, 23 their objection to cul-\\ntivate Bourbon Cotton, 36; re-\\nceive instruction from American\\nPlanters, 37 their agreements\\nwith Dr. Wight, 44 season in\\nwhich they sow seeds, 69 re-\\nmunerative demand required for\\nthe growth of Cotton, 73; their\\nopinion about the Cotton Estab-\\nlishments, 79 extension of the\\nimproved method of cultivation\\namong them, 84 their reluctance\\nto adopt the saw gin, 85 sowtng\\nseason for them, 106; plans for\\nextending the American Cotton\\nculture amongst them, 119; ad-\\nvantages arising from an Agent,\\n129; their unwillingness to adopt\\nthe saw gin, 130 their co-opera-\\ntion essential, 134 Mr. Finnie s\\nfirst intercourse with them, 135,\\n136 reduction of assessment not\\nbeneficial, 160; visit the scene of\\nMr. Finnie s operations at Aroo-\\npoocottah, 173 his transaction\\nwith Brokers, Chetties, and\\nAgents, 175; improvident and\\nhelplessly in debt, 176 high\\nprices demanded for seed Cotton,\\n180 their dealings with Dr.\\nWight, 213; the^ Marquis of\\nTweddale s suggestion to estab-\\nlish some model fields, 219\\nmanufacturers should purchase\\ndirectly from them, 221 assist-\\nance allowed from the Revenue\\nestablishment, 230; free use of\\nthe gin-house, 233; resume all\\nthe lands that Dr. Wight had\\ncontracted, 241 prices of Cottage\\nsaw gins to, 250 Mr. Thomas\\nmethod to induce them to culti-\\nvate American Cotton, 158; dis-\\ncussion respecting the purchase of\\nAmerican Cotton, 260; cultivate\\nAmerican Cotton in Coimbatore,\\n264 their previous reluctance to\\ncultivate American Cotton con-\\nnected with the existence of Cot-\\nton farms, 265 their successful\\nculture of American Cotton, 266\\nadopt Dr. Wight s practice of\\ncultivation, 268 their groundless\\nsuspicions an injury to the farms,\\n285; their method of preparing\\nthe Cotton seed, 308.\\nRyotwary system, 13; its advant-\\nages, 14.\\nSalem, 9 introduction of Bourbon\\nCotton, 33 arrival of the Plant-\\ners, 38; failure of the culture of\\nBrazilian Cotton by Mr. Fischer,\\n299 extent of land under Cotton\\ncultivation, 353.\\nSaw gin, American, description of,\\n26 trial, 34, 45 reluctance of\\nthe Ryots to adopt it, 85, 130;\\nMr. Finnie s first year s proceed-\\nings, 141 second year s proceed-\\nings, 163 its unfitness for Indian\\nCotton, 1 70 erection of three at\\nAroopoocottah, 173 necessity for\\nimproving the construction, 182;\\nMr. Finnie s third year s opera-\\ntions, 187; cost of cleaning Cot-\\nton, 188 Mr. Finnie s matured\\njudgment against its use, 204;\\nDr. Wight s opinion, 210; Mr.\\nFinnie s last opinion, 238.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "I^DEX.\\nSaw gin, Dharwar, favourable re-\\nports, 252 its working compared,\\n253.\\nSaw gin, Manchester Cottage, note\\nto 26 description, 245 its trial\\nupon various Cottons, 247 ex-\\npenses, 248 Dr. Wight s favour-\\nable report, 249 prices to\\nNatives and Europeans, 250 its\\nworking compared, 253 cost of\\nlabour, 254.\\nSaw gin, Whitney s, note to 26.\\nScinde, 229.\\nScraping See Hoeing.\\nSea Island Cotton, 20 places where\\nit is cultivated, 21 opinion of\\nMr. Morris, 40 manner of sow-\\ning, 49 treated as a biennial\\nplant in Egypt, 64 Mr. Finnie s\\nopinion about its growth in Tin-\\nnevelly, 127 Directors send some\\nseed, 235; Dr. Wight cultivates\\nby irrigation, 242 successful cul-\\ntivation on the Coromandel Coast,\\n279.\\nSedashegur river, 365.\\nSenna, Mr. Hughes 33.\\nSevacausey, Mr. Finnie s planting\\noperations failed, 161 erection of\\na cattle- driving machinery, 167\\nsanction for the erection of a gin-\\nhouse, 171 unsuccessful culture of\\nAmerican Cotton, 185 Cotton\\nplantation established by Mr. Fin-\\nnie, 203 gin-house and driving\\nmachinery erected, 207 Mr. Fin-\\nnie s opinion concerning the gins,\\n238.\\nSherman, Mr. Henry, succeeds Mr.\\nHawley, 46 exchanges Cotton\\nfarm with Mr. Morris, note to 65\\nSir H. Pottinger directs him to be\\nplaced at the disposal of the Col-\\nlector of Coimbatore, 232.\\nShevel Soil\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See Red Soil.\\nShu brick, Mr., his successful cultiva-\\ntion of the Egyptian varieties, 298.\\nSilver, Mr., his report upon Cotton\\ncultivation in Tinnevelly, 326\\nhis replies to the queries of Sir\\nW. Denison, 327.\\nSimpson, Mr., comes to Madras, 35\\nsent to Tinnevelly, 37 removed\\nto Coimbatore, 39 his report on\\nthe districts of North Canara, 76\\nhis opinion in the failure of the\\nCoimbatore farms to extend the\\nculture of American Cotton, 79\\nrecommends the appointment of a\\npractical person to distribute seeds\\nand exhibit gins, 80 his suggest-\\nions approved, 81 his transfer to\\nBombay, ib. his opinion about\\nKunkur, note to 113 is permit-\\nted to act as Cotton Agent by the\\nBombay Government, 139.\\nSirsee, Mr. Simpson proceeds to, 76.\\nSoondah, Mr. Simpson ordered to\\nreport on the soil, 76 his report,\\n77.\\nSoopah, Mr. Simpson ordered to re-\\nport on the soil, 76 his report,\\n78.\\nSouth American Cotton, its varieties,\\n20.\\nSowing, 40 American system, 49,\\n50 season, 69, 92 Mr. Lees\\nerror as regards it, 280 method\\nadopted in Madura, 310 in Tin-\\nnevelly, 323; in Bellary, 336;\\nin Cuddapah, 349.\\nSpinners, trial of the churkaed Cot-\\nton with the ginned, 216 object\\nto the soft silky fibre of the New\\nOrleans Cotton, 276.\\nTanjore, 9 Capt. Lawford explains\\nthe experiment by irrigation to\\nthe Natives, 111 the Collector\\nassists Dr. Wight in the planta-\\ntion of American Cotton, 216\\nthe Collector reports favourably\\nupon the Cottage saw gin, 251\\nColonel Lawford s cultivation by\\nirrigation, 256; Cotton imported\\nfrom Madura and Tinnevelly,\\n303.\\nTaylor, Captain, refutes the object-\\nion raised against Bourbon Cot-\\nton, note to 36.\\nTaylor, Rev. W., note to 299.\\nTennessee, 143.", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "Ixvi\\nINDEX.\\nTetley, Mr., reports upon samples of\\nCotton, 43, 45.\\nThomas, Mr. E. B., supports the re-\\ncommendation of Mr. Finnie s to\\nhand- threshers and presses, 191\\nbelieves that Cotton was not adul-\\nterated by design, 192 recom-\\nmends the cultivation of New\\nOrleans Cotton, 193 delivered\\nup all lands under cultivation to\\nthe Ryots, 241 his method to\\ninduce the Ryots to cultivate\\nAmerican Cotton, 258; his re-\\nport upon Coimbatore, 354 362.\\nThornhill, Mr., describes the stage\\nof the Cotton experiment in Krist-\\nna, 294.\\nThresher, its description, 27 Mr.\\nFinnie recommends its use, 131\\nhis first year s proceedings with\\nit, 141 second year s proceedings,\\n163 erection of one at Aroopoo-\\ncottah, 173; Mr. Finnie s third\\nyear s operations, 187 cost of\\ncleaning Cotton, 188.\\nThresher, hand, recommended by\\nMr. Finnie, 190 sanctioned, 191\\nSir Henry Pottinger sanctions the\\nestablishment, 225.\\nTinnevelly, 9 description of the\\nsoil, 16 one of the principal Cot-\\nton districts, 17 introduction of\\nBourbon Cotton, 33 trial of\\nAmerican saw gin, 34 establish-\\nment of a Cotton farm, ib. three\\nAmerican Planters located, 37\\nPlanters removed, 38; proposed\\noperations of the Planters, 86\\nMr. Finnie despatched, 89 his\\nfirst impressions of it, 127\\namount of shipment of Cotton\\nevery year, 129 Madras Mer-\\nchants establish Agents, 162; Mr.\\nFinnie s proposal for the erection\\nof a gin-house and cattle driving\\nmachinery, 166 Mr. Finnie s\\nnotes on the peculiarities of the\\nCotton trade, 175 178; stage\\nof the Cotton experiments, 183\\nmeeting of the Cotton Brokers, 187;\\nno market or Agency required,\\n193 scarcity of timber, 207\\ngood crops of Amerian Cotton\\nobtained by Mr. Hughes, 211\\nhand threshers are allowed, 225\\nMr. Finnie s departure, 237 Mr.\\nLees cultivation, 259 discussion\\nconcerning the purchase of Ameri-\\ncan Cotton from the Ryots, 260\\nMr. Lees partial success, 280;\\nfailure of the experiment of\\nEgyptian Cotton by the Collector,\\n298 Cotton exported to Tanjore,\\n303; detailed report from Mr.\\nMayne, 313; of soil, 314\u00e2\u0080\u0094318;\\ngeology and topography, 319;\\nclimate, 320; seed, 321; charac-\\nter of the Cotton plant, 322;\\nmode of cultivation, 323 manure,\\n324; diseases, 325.\\nTinnevelly Cotton, Finnie s, 196\\nDr. Wight s report, 198, 211;\\nthe action of the Cottage gin upon\\nit, 247.\\nTinnevelly Cotton, Hughes 33,372.\\nTravancore, 9, 133, 368.\\nTravers, Mr., 302.\\nTrichindore, efforts of Messrs. Long-\\nshaws, 281.\\nTrichinopoly, 9 quantity of Cotton\\nand mode of cultivation, 302.\\nTuddey river, 365.\\nTurner, Mr. Aspinall, reports the\\nopinions of the Manchester Asso-\\nciation regarding Mr. Finnie s\\nCotton, 202.\\nTuticorin, existence of Agency sys-\\ntem, 193 consumption of good\\nCotton, 205 Jaffna driving ma-\\nchinery bought, 207 the Agents\\nreport that good Cotton had been\\nbrought in abundance, 215; the\\nprincipal sea-port, 313, 327.\\nTweeddale, Marquis of, modifica-\\ntion of the Cotton experiment, 28\\nsucceeds Lord Elphinstone, 67\\napproves the suggestions of Mr.\\nSimpson, 81 submits some\\nqueries to Dr. Wight, 82 is in\\nfavour of the reduction of assess-\\nment of lands under American\\nCotton cultivation, 122; submits", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxvii\\nsome queries to Mr. Finnie, 142\\nrecommends Mr. Finnie s visiting\\nEngland, 186 is succeeded by\\nSir Henry Pottinger, 203, 210;\\nhis views upon the experimental\\nfarms, 218 221 purposes to es-\\ntablish some model fields, 224.\\nUnited States, 92.\\nUpland Cotton, 20, 127, 273.\\nVeppel soil, description, 316.\\nYera Cruz, temperature of, 107.\\nVerdooputty, unsuccessful culture of\\nAmerican Cotton, 185.\\nVillage Joint Rent System, 10\\nevils arising from it, 14 its dura-\\ntion, 15.\\nVirginia, first trial of the growth of\\nCotton, 143.\\nVizagapatam, 9 rate of assessment,\\nnote to 15 establishment of a\\nCotton farm, 34 insufficiency of\\nthe Cotton, 292 Cotton yarn im-\\nported from Calcutta, ib.\\nWallajapet, Cotton imported from\\nBellary, 330.\\nWeavers, Native, their rivalry with\\nCotton manufacturers, 31 object\\nto the soft silky fibre of the New\\nOrleans Cotton, 276.\\nWedderburn, Mr., reports on the\\npresent state of Cotton cultivation\\nin Cuddapah, 242.\\nWeeds, manner of removing, 52, 53\\nfound in Cuddapah, 345.\\nWest Indian Cotton See Bourbon\\nCotton.\\nWhite Cotton, 331.\\nWhitney s saw gin, note to 26 its\\nworking, 31.\\nWight, Dr., 28 appointed to re-\\nport on the state of agriculture in\\nSouth India, 34; succeeds Capt.\\nHughes, 41 his plan of opera-\\ntions, 44 his tour through Coim-\\nbatore District, ib. draws up\\nnotes upon American system of\\nculture, 48 his remarks upon\\nhoeing, 51 upon ploughing and\\nridging, 54 upon the growth of\\nseveral plants, 56; his Cotton\\nmeets the approbation of the Di-\\nrectors, 57 points out the causes\\nof the unfavourable results of his\\nthird season, 62 his experiment\\nof treating the Cotton plant as a\\nbiennial, 64 determines to re-\\nmove his farms, 66 his opinion\\nupon the localities bordering\\nDharwar, 76 his answers to the\\nqueries of the Marquis of Tweed-\\ndale, 82 his new Cotton farms\\nin Coimbatore, 90 his reply to\\nthe suggestion of the Manchester\\nAssociation, 93 his notes on the\\nadaptation of the American plant\\nto the Indian seasons, 95, 118;\\nhis plan for extending American\\nculture among the liyots, 119;\\napplies for the reduction of Assess-\\nment on lands under American\\nCotton cultivation, 121 proposes\\nto establish a number of small\\nfarms at Coimbatore, 125 his\\nlabours compared with those of\\nMr. Finnie, 126 sends saw gins\\nto Mr. Finnie, 131 requests the\\nMadras Government to order Mr.\\nFinnie to assist him in completing\\nthe Directors order, 138 supports\\nMr. Finnie in the purchase of\\ncattle driving machinery, 167\\nrecommends to Mr. Finnie the\\nCeylon Machinery, 169; his re-\\nport on Mr. Finnie s sample, 198\\nhis system of purchase compared\\nwith that of Mr. Finnie, 200;\\nbreach between him and Mr. Fin-\\nnie, 210 recommends the re-\\nmoval of Mr. Finnie, 211 ap-\\nproves of Mr. Finnie s proceed-\\nings, 214 his explanations to\\nMr. Finnie, 216; ascribes the fail-\\nure in Coimbatore to the want of\\nhumidity, 229 the East Indian\\nlads under him ordered to go to\\nTinnevelly, 231 Sir H. Pottin-\\nger directs him to break up his\\nestablishment in Coimbatore, 232\\nvisits Madras, 235 applies to be\\nx", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "Ixviii\\nINDEX.\\npermitted to sow and gather one\\ncrop more, 236 reversal of the\\norder of Sir H. Pottinger by the\\nDirectors respecting him, 237,\\n239, 240 cultivates American\\nCotton by irrigation, 242 post-\\nponement of his report, 243 re-\\nports favourably upon the Cottage\\nsaw gin, 249 compares the work-\\ning of Dharwar gin, Cottage gin,\\nand hand gin, 253 forwards the\\napplication of Mr. Bird to Govern-\\nment, 260 completion of his\\nfinal report, 262 his final report,\\n263, 281 his report condemned\\nby the Madras Government, 282\\nhis protest against the conclusions\\nof the Madras Government, 284\\nhis retirement, 287.\\nWool, Cotton, growing demand, 31\\nstatistics of the importation, ib.\\nsupplies from the Godavery Dis-\\ntrict, 34 amount produced by\\nDr. Wight, 63 comparative pro\\nduce, 83; difficulty of the Natives\\nin procuring, 277 its weight in\\nMadura, 310 in Tinnevelly, 323\\nin Bellary, 336.\\nWroughton, Mr., his experiment at\\nCoimbatore, and Ootacamund, 66\\ncauses of the success of the Cot-\\nton experiment, 67 cost of culti-\\nvation incurred, 74 his success\\nupon sandy brown loams, 90 in-\\nforms Dr. Wight of the offered\\nremission of reduction in 1833,\\n121 goes to Europe, 257.\\nZemindars, account of, 12 purchase\\ntwo gins, 164.\\nZemindary lands, 15.\\nZemindary system, 12 objections\\nagainst* it, 12 evils arising from\\nit, 14.\\nTHE END.\\nJOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4172", "width": "2425", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: September 2012\\na* PreservationTechnologies\\nA WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION\\n1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive\\n_ Cranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724) 779-2111", "height": "4205", "width": "2418", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4255", "width": "2433", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "height": "4439", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "handbooktocotton00whee_0342.jp2"}}