{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3392", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Library of Congress.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nChap\\nSHELF-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3292", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3292", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3292", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "GEOLOGICAL SURVEY\\nOF\\nA LA BAM A.\\nEUGENE ALLEN SMITH, Ph. D., State Geologist\\nREPORT\\nox THE\\nCAHABA COAL F.I ELD,\\nBY\\nJOSEPH SQUIRE, M. E..\\nAssistant in Charge of Cahaba Field.\\nWITH\\nON THE\\nGeology of the Valley Regions Adjacent to the Cahaba Field\\nBY\\nEUGENE A. SMITH.\\nWith 31 Figures in the Text, 7 Plates, and a Map of the Cahiba Field\\nand Adjacent Regions.\\nMONTGOMERY, ALA.:\\nTHE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS.\\n1890.", "height": "3292", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY LETTER.\\nTo His Excellency,\\nThomas Seat,\\nGovernor of Alabama\\nSir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, a report on\\nthe Cahaba Coal Field, bj Joseph Squire. In his letter of\\ntransmittal, Mr. Squire has given a short account of the man-\\nner in v/hich the map was first begun, and has come finally\\nto be published by the Survey. From this sketch it will be\\nseen that the map and report are the result of more than\\nthirty years work on the part of Mr. Squire, and, at the very\\nlow estimate of $1,500 a year, for the compensation of the\\ngeologist and for the making of the tests of the seams, they\\nrepresent an expenditure of at least $i5,000 the cost of the\\nSurvey has been only about one seventh of that sum; the\\ndifference has been given to the State by Mr. Squire and\\nthose for whom he made the explorations. I think we\\nshould not lose sight of these facts. To make the map\\nmore complete as to the parts not occupied by the Cahaba\\nField, I have added the colors showing the distribution of\\nthe Geological Formations in the adjacent valley regions,\\nand have appended to Mr. Squire s report, by way of expla-\\nnation of these colors, a short account of the lithological\\nand other characters of these different geological formations,\\ntogether with such other matter as seemed necessary to ac-\\ncount for the present attitude and positions of the strata of\\nthese formations in the valleys. In 1875, 1876, and later in\\n1882, I have published maps and descriptions showing in a\\ngeneral way, the structure of these valleys, but in the pres-\\nent work, on so much larger scale than any of the previous\\nones, there was the necessity for much greater detail, and\\nthis needed amount of detail concerning the distribution of\\nthe various formations, their limits towards each other, and\\nthe geological structure, has come chiefly from the notes of", "height": "3292", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Mr. McCalley, who has devoted the greater part of the last\\nthree or four years to the examination of this and the other\\nparts of the State occupied by the rocks of the older forma-\\ntions. The work of Mr. A. M. Gibson in Murphree s Val-\\nley, has also been of great service as affording the clew to\\ncertain types of geological structure, as will be seen in the\\nbody of the report,\\nI have been somewhat at a loss to determine the best way\\nof exhibiting the distribution of the surface beds of the\\nTuscaloosa formation in the lovvtr part of the area shown\\non the map. These beds overlie the older formations in\\npatches, whose exact outlines could not possibly be deter-\\nmined except by instrumental survey, the cost of which\\nwould have been out of all proportion to the importance of\\nthe information thus to be gained. It must therefore be\\nunderstood that the map does not pretend to show the exact\\nposition and shape of all these overlying tracts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the\\nabsence of definite dotted outlines is intended to indicate\\nthis but only to express the general fact that the Creta-\\nceous beds overlie, and in places completely hide from view,\\nthe older geological formations. Where it has been possi-\\nble to ascertain with certainty, or with a high degree of\\nprobability, the distribution of these underlying formations\\nin spite of the covering of Cretaceous, as is easily the case\\nwith the Coal Measures, we have so marked it but in the\\nvalley, where several geological formations occur in narrow\\nbelts, it has often been quite impossible to trace the contin-\\nuity of these belts, and thus to determine the structure,\\nhence the unsatisfactory condition of the lower part of the\\nmap. In time, and with more numerous observations, we\\nshall probably be able to briug order oat of this present\\nconfusion.\\nOf other work completed or in progress in this part of the\\nState, the following statement will not be here out of place.\\nMr. McCalley has been engaged for several years upon\\nthe examination of the coal of the Plateau region of the\\nState, and of the valleys along which the older geological\\nformations of the State are exposed.\\nThe greater part of this matter is already written up and\\nready for the printers, and all of it will be ready before the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "the end of the winter. The Plateau region includes all that\\npart of the Coal Measures in which the coal seams lie high\\nupon the mountains, and well above the general drainage of\\nthe country, and occupies parts or all of the following coun-\\nties: Madison, Jackson, DeKalb, Marshall, Morgan, Blount,\\nEtowah.\\nThe valley region includes the Tennessee valley, the val-\\nley of Blount Springs and immediate valley of the Tennes-\\nsee river above Guntersville, Murphree s Valley, Wills Val-\\nley, Jones and Eoups Valley, and Cahaba Valley, and the\\ngreat valley of the Coosa, embracing all the region between\\nLookout Mountain and the Coosa Coal Field on the west,\\nand the hills of Clay and Cleburne counties on the east. In\\nthese are exposed the older geological formations, and in\\nthem occur the beds of red and brown iron ore which have\\nplayed so important a part in the industrial history of the\\nState. In my biennial report to the present General Assem-\\nbly I have spoken more specifically of the several reports\\nnow ready for the printers upon these districts.\\nSome years ago, the United States Geological Survey un-\\ndertook, in the interest of the State Survey as well as that\\nof the United States, an investigation, the chief object of\\nwhich was to make a carefully measured section of a belt\\nabout twenty miles wide, extending across the valley region\\nof Alabama. After consultation, we selected a line running\\nnorthwest and southeast, near the end of Lookout Mountain\\nat Gadsden, as the central line of this section or belt. The\\ninvestigation was to determine accurately within this nar-\\nrow belt, the thickness of the strata of the several forma-\\ntions there occurring, together with the variations in the\\nlithological characters of the rocks from place to place, and\\nto determine the geological structure. This particular belt\\nwas selected for the reason that all the older geological\\nformations of the State are exposed here, and the geological\\nstructure is about as complicated and diversified as it is\\nanywhere else.\\nThe results of this work, which was finished this fall, are\\nembodied in a report by Mr. C. W. Hayes of the U. S. Sur-\\nvey, illustrated by a map and several geological sections.\\nThis report will be published as a document of the State", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "8\\nSurvey, for which it wag specifically prepared, some time\\nduring the fall or winter.\\nIt gives me pleasure to acknowledge still further, the obli-\\ngation of this Survey to Maj. J. W. Powell, the Director of\\nthe U. S. Geological Survey, for the very efficient aid which\\nhe has also given us in the investigation of the geology of\\nthe southern part of the State. Mr. L. C. Johnson, of the\\nNational Survey has spent several months during the past\\nyear in field work and in the preparation of a report upon\\nsome of the newer formations of Alabama. This report\\nwas much needed to make complete the account of the\\ngeology of the southern part of Alabama, begun by Mr*\\nJohnson and myself jointly in 18S3. The publication of this\\nreport has been delayed for two reasons 1st, that we might\\nhave a suitable map to illustrate it, and 2nd, that this sup-\\nplementary work might be done.\\nThe report upon the useful and noxious plants of the\\nState the timber trees, grasses and other forage plants,\\nweeds, c., promised by Dr. Charles Mohr of Mobile, has\\nnot yet been prepared, because of the illness of the Doctor,\\nbut I am glad to be able to say that we shall probably get\\nthis most useful report some time during the coming year.\\nMo one in the country, north or south, is so well fitted for\\nthis task as is Dr. Mohr.\\nSince the publication of the last report of the Survey, the\\nfollowing assistants have been employed upon the work of\\nthe Survey Prof. Henry McCalley, in examination of the\\niron ore regions of the State Mr. Joseph Squire, upon the\\nmap and report on the Cahaba Coal Field Mr. A. M. Gib-\\nson, upon the examination of Murphree s Valley, and upon\\nparts of the Coosa Valley Mr. J. L. Beeson, upon the chem-\\nical analyses, which are to go with the Cahaba Coal Field\\nreport, and with the report on the iron ore region.\\nIt has been found necessary for Prof, McCalley, who has\\nheretofore had charge of the chemical work of the Survey,\\nto devote his time to field work, and the preparation of his\\nreports thereon, and Mr. Beeson was employed to make the\\nanalyses during the past year, but arrangements have been\\nmade by which Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Prof, of Chemistry\\nand Metallurgy at the University of Alabama, will hereaf-\\nter be in charge of this work.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "In addition to these assistants who have been employed\\nby the Survey, we have had aid from the U. S, Geological\\nSurvey, as already indicated above, in the work of Mr. C. W.\\nHayes and his assistants, who have spent several seasons in\\nmaking the measured section spoken of, and in that of Mr.\\nL. C. Johnson, who has devoted to our work about six\\nmonths of the past year.\\nMr. T. H. Aldrich continues as a volunteer, his study of\\nour Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, and Mr. D. W Langdon\\nhas given about two weeks of his time to us recently.\\nThe topographic work of the U. S. Gdological Survey in\\nour State is going on, and will, in the next three or fours\\nyears, have been extended over the entire area of the War-\\nrior Coal Field, and we shall then have a good topographic\\nmap on the scale of about two miles to the inch, upon which\\nto show the geology of this region. These topographic\\nmaps will make admirable base maps for the illustration of\\nthe detailed geological work which the Survey now proposes\\nto undertake, and electrotype reproductions of the plates of\\nthese maps will be furnished to the State Survey at the cost\\nof making the same.\\nI have the honor to be.\\nYours most respectfully,\\nEUGENE A. SMITH,\\nState Geologist.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nFig.\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\nSection of the Mammoth Seam, Henryellen Basin.\\nPoole Seam,\\nLittle Pittsb gh Seam,\\nHelena or McGill\\nPump Seam,\\nEureka Co. s Slope Seam, Acton\\nActon Seam,\\nAVadsworth Seam, Helena\\nBuck Seam,\\nBlack Shale Seam\\nLittle Pittsb gh Seam,\\nHelena Se im.\\n26\\n29\\n34\\n35\\n36\\n36\\n43\\n43\\n50\\n51\\n52\\n53\\n54\\n57\\n57\\n58\\nWadsworth and Whetrock Seams, Cahaba\\nBasin 66\\nWadsworth Seam, Eureka Basin 71\\nHelena Seam, Dry Creek 77\\nGould Seam, Gould Basin 81\\nHelena Seam, LoUey Basin 86\\n86\\nMoutevallo Seam 87\\nBlack Fireclay Seam, Lolley Basin 88\\nMonte vallo Seam, Montevallo 93\\nHelena Seam, Overturned Measures 98\\nShaft 98\\nClark Seam, Dailey Creek Basin 107\\nGholson Seam, 107\\n(I u i( 107\\nThompson Seam, Blocton Basin 114\\nV Plate 1 Lancashire method. Endless wire rope haulage, Plan and\\nSection to face 120\\n2 Method of working steep dipping seams, to face 122\\n3 Diagram of Slope Tram and ground plan of Slope and room\\nroads, to face 124", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\nPlate 4 Section along the Slope and across the Room entrances, to\\nface 126\\n5 Section along the Room roads and across the Hoisting Slope\\nto face 126\\n6 Section N W and S E from the Warrior to the Coosa Coal\\nField, to face 162\\n7 View of Coal Seam with Cambrian Limestone overlying it,\\nto face 169\\nMap of Cahaba Coal Field and adjacent regions, in pocket of cover.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PART I.\\nKEPORT ON THE CAHABA COAL FIELD.\\nBY\\nJOSEPH SQUIRE.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPage\\nLetter of Transmittal 1\\nChapter I. General Description of the Cahaba Field 3\\nII. The Henryellen Basin 20\\nni. The Acton Basin 39\\nIV. The Helena Basin 47\\nV. The Cahaba Basin 61\\nVI. The Eureka Basin 68\\nVII. The Dry Creek Basin 74\\nVIII. The Gould Basin 78\\nIX. The Lolley Basin 83\\nX. The Montevallo Basin 90\\nXI. The Overturned Measures 95\\nXII. The Daily Creek Basin 103\\nXIII. The Blocton Basin Ill\\nXIV. On Mining Methods 118", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.\\nHelena, Ala., July 30th, 1890.\\nDk. Eugene A. Smith,\\nState Geologist.\\nSir I have the honor to transmit herewith my report\\nupon the Cahaba Coal Field of Alabama, with map,\\nA few words respecting the development of the map. into\\nits present form may not be out of place. The first begin-\\nnings of the map were made by me in 1859 or 1860, while\\nin the employ of the Alabama Coal Mining Company, when\\na fairly correct map of the Montevallo basin was made and\\nthe outcrop of the Montevallo seam traced by means of\\ntransit and chain. A few years later, under the auspices of\\nthe Montevallo Coal Mining Company, these surveys were\\nextended beyond the Montevallo, into the Dailey Creek and\\nLolley basins. After this, in the years 1867-8, the surveys\\nwere still further extended and details worked out as a pri-\\nvate enterprise at the joint expense of Dr. I. T. Tichenor\\nand myself.\\nIn 1869-70 the central part of the field, including the\\nHelena, Eureka, and part of the Lolley basins, was explored\\nby me for Daniel Pratt and H. F. DeBardeleben. In 1874:\\nfor Mr. T. H. Aldrich my explorations were extended from\\nthe Montevallo over parts of the Dailey Creek and Lolley\\nbasins, and more recently over a good part of the Blocton\\nand Dry Creek basins.\\nIn 1883, I undertook to make for the State survey, a re-\\nport and map of the Cahaba field. During the period from\\n1859 to 1883, we had as above described acquired some\\npretty accurate, though disconnected knowledge of different\\nparts of the Cahaba field, especially of its lower part; since\\n1883 our work has been to fill in the gaps and work out the\\ndetails between these different parts of the field, to connect\\nthem together and to trace out from one end of the field to\\nthe other, the outcrops of the seams and to reveal the com-\\n1", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.\\nplicated structure of the field as a whole, and as the out-\\ncomej^of this work we have the map iu its present form. It\\nwill, however, not be amiss to say, that durinji; this period\\nfiom 1883 to the present time, only about three years work\\nhas been done at the expense of the State, the remaining\\ntime having been occupied in surveys and explorations in\\nthis field for individuals and companies, with the under-\\nstanding, however, that the results of these surveys should\\neventually be turned over to the State to be used in the\\npreparation of this map and report. The two, who have in\\nthis way contributed most largely to this work, are Truman\\nH. Aldrich and Henry F. DeBardeleben. It would be im-\\npossible to overestimate the public spirit and liberality of\\nmen who thus freely present to the State for the benefit of\\nall, tlie information acquired at great expense to them-\\nselves.\\nIn the report, I have not gone into much detail iu the de-\\nscription of the different parts of the field, for the reason\\nthat the map is constructed to show as nearly as possible,\\nevery thing that we know concerning the Cahaba field.\\nVery respectfully,\\nJoseph Squire.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nTHE CAHABA COAL FIELD.\\nThe Cababa Coal Field is part of the great belt or Car-\\nboniferous measures that comraeDces near the south boun-\\ndary line of the State of New York, and continuiufT south-\\nwestward, passes through the States of Pennsylvania, West\\nVirginia, Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, and through\\nthe north half of Alabama.\\nThe Warrior Coal Field is to the northwest of it, and the\\nCoosa Coal Field is to the east or southeast. Springville\\nis near the northwest corner, Montevallo is near its south-\\neast corner, and Scottsville is near its southwest corner.\\nAlong its northwest side and north end, it is bounded\\nby the Sub-Carboniferous measures; these, and the Silurian\\nand Cambrian beyond, separate it from the Warrior Coal\\nField. On its southeast side it is bounded by the great\\nfault that separates it from the Cambrian measures\\nthese and their overlaying Silurian and Sub-Carboniferous\\nmeasures, separate it from the Coosa Coal Field all along\\nits south end it is bounded by a fault that separates it\\nfrom a belt of Cambrian and Silurian measures that inter-\\nvene between the Carboniferous and the Drift measures\\nto the South. This fault is the continuation of that just\\nmentioned.\\nIt is a common saying that the whole world is akin this\\nsaying will apply to our Coal Measures in Alabama. The\\nmain characteristic rock formations of the Cahaba Coal\\nMeasures are the same as those both of the Warrior and\\nthe Coosa Field. By first examining the rocks of the lower\\nhalf of the Millstone Grit at Brock s Gap (this belongs to\\nthe Cahaba field), then examine the base of the Millstone\\nGrit immediately South of Pkeid s Gap Station (this belongs\\nto the Warrior field), then go out on the Columbus fe West-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nern (Central) to Thompson s Gap, or to Carr s Gap on the\\nGeorgia Pacific, both on Big Oak Mountain and near Leeds,\\n(these last mentioned gaps being in the Coosa Millstone\\ngrit,) you will find them all similar. You will find the same\\nrock at the top of Monte Sano, Huntsville, at the top of\\nLookout Mountain, Chattanooga, and all along the base of\\nthe Coal Measures of Walden s Ridge and Sequatchee Val-\\nley, Tennessee you will also find the same rock at the\\nbase of all our Alabama Coal Measures wherever they are\\nthe country (or surface) rock.\\nThe underlying Sub-Carboniferous limestone is not very\\nthick near Brock s Gap, becomes thicker going Northwards,\\nas is evident at Blount Springs, where Col, Jackson opened\\nhis quarry, and to a greater degree still at Huntsville, where\\nit is over 700 feet in thickness. It also shows a great thick-\\nness at Chattanooga.\\nThe Coal Measures of the Cahaba Coal field, like those\\nof the Indian Territory, have only one thin ledge of lime-\\nstone a few feet in thickness, in the whole of the measures\\nin both places it is arenaceous and near the middle of the\\nmeasures.* Ricliird P. Both well. Editor of the Engineer-\\ning and Mining Journal, New York, was the first to discover\\nthis ledge some twenty years ago. The almost entire ab-\\nsence of limestone in our Coal Measures is one of the main\\npoints of difference between them and those of the North-\\nern and Western States. Another great peculiarity in our\\nAlabama Coal Measures, in which they differ from anything\\nseen by the writer in the United States, England, Scotland,\\nWales and the Continent of Europe, is that the great con-\\nglomerate of our Coal Measures is at the top of the series.\\nThe five hundred feet of measures above the Montevallo\\nseam are mostly conglomerates or pebbly sandstones (for\\ndescription of which see chapter on Montevallo basin).\\nI have no knowledge of any similar case except the Coal\\nMeasures near Sydney, Australia, where the top rock of\\ntheir measures is an immense conglomerate, still larger\\nthan ours.\\nThe resemblances between our Coal Measures and those\\nA ledge of limestone similar to that described by Mr. Squire is\\nfound also in the Warrior Coal Field. E. A. S.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 5\\nof other regions, are closest along the lines of latitude.\\nThe Coal Measures of Arkansas, for instance, and the In-\\ndian Territory, resemble our measures much more than do\\nthose of the Northern and Northwestern States. The aggre-\\ngate thickness of the Cahaba Coal Measures is 5,525 feet\\nthe Arkansas and Indian Territory Coal Measures have\\nover 8,000 feet, while Illinois and Indiana have only about\\n700 feet in thickness of measures. Another peculiarity in\\nthe Cahaba coal seams is the small amount of sulphur in\\nthem. While the miners of Illinois are dulling up half a\\ndozen picks a day on flakes of sulphur, most of our miners\\nin the Cahaba field do not hit a flake of sulphur oftener\\nthan once a month. In some of our Cahaba seams a miner\\ncould not collect a single pound of sulphur flakes in a\\nmonth. The cause of this absence of pyrites or sulphur in\\nour Cahaba seams can not be explained.\\nThe old idea that our coal seams have been formed from\\na tropical forest, composed mostly of a large growth of\\ntrees is entirely erroneous. An occurrence that happened\\nover thirty years ago, eradicated those ideas, and convinced\\nme that trees of large growth were the exception, and not\\nthe rule at that time it became part of my duty to test and\\nexamine a thin seam for a distance of forty (40) miles, and\\nI found its maximum thickness six inches, with a minimum\\nof two inches this fact and the associated fossils connected\\nwith it, convinced me that the vegetation more nearly re-\\nsembled that of the peat bogs of our day, than anything\\nnow existing; in fact, convinced me that the order of forma-\\ntion was from a peat bog to imbedded strata of lignite, and\\nfrom lignite to the hard bituminous seams of coal now tak-\\ning our attention, the shrinkage or subsidence of the part\\nof the earth on which they existed, allowing these peat\\nbogs to become covered over with sandy or clayey sediment\\nby the action of water, and a cessation of subsidence, or an\\nelevation, causing the next bog or seam to form. The best\\nevidence of the absence of large trees, (except a few scat-\\ntered ones,) may be obtained by asking any intelligent old\\nminer that has spent about a third of his time for the last\\ntwenty or thirty years underground, to state approximately\\nthe number of fossil trees with a diameter over six inches", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nhe has seen in the slates and rocks surrounding the coal\\nseams he has mined in his life time experience. In ninety-\\nnine cases out of one hundred he will be able to count them\\non his fingers and, when we consider that a coal miner\\n(whether in the room or in the gangway), advances at least\\ntwo feet per day on an average, or makes an advance of at\\nleast three miles in thirty years, with a width of, (using a\\nmedium between an eight foot gangway and a twenty-four\\nfoot room,) say sixteen feet; his experience should convince\\nany one that the surrounding circumstances at the original\\nformation of a coal seam, resembled those of a peat swamp,\\ninstead of a tropical growth of large trees, as the old ideas\\nrepresented. The evidence is not positive that the climate\\nwas tropical at all, but rather that it was mild and of\\nnearly uniform temperature. In evidence of this I will\\nstate that the fossil remains of the Calamites plant can be\\nfound in every ledge from the base of the Millstone Grit to\\nthe top of the Montevallo conglomerate, according to my\\nown observation. Now, the living plants most nearly re-\\nsembling the Calamite, are found in mild and even cool cli-\\nmates. I am informed by men that have been to New Zea-\\nland, that the flora of that country more nearly resembles\\nour extinct Carboniferous flora tban any they have seen;\\nand the fact is beyond dispute that New Zealand has the\\nmildest climate in the known world in the Southern part\\nthey do not have sun and heat enough to grow our Indian\\ncorn. Therefore, following this course of reasoning, that\\nlike causes will produce similar efl ects, we shall be com-\\npelled to obliterate our old ideas of a tropical climate with\\na forest growth of large trees.\\nAny old coal miner bas seen millions of small fossil\\nplants, but I have not met one who has seen a large number\\nof fossil trees.\\nThe Cahaba Coal Field is drained solely by the Cahaba\\nRiver and its tributaries. This river descends from its\\nnortheast end to the south end like a main drain, to which\\nall the creeks and branches on both sides contribute their\\nquota towards making it swell out to such proportions that\\non leaving the coal field it is large enough for navigation,\\nwere it slackwatered from the Alabama Hiver to the\\nCoal Field.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 7\\nCotton boats are taken down it from the edge of the Coal\\nfield, or from Centreville every year. Joseph Lightsey\\nscarcely ever fails taking some boats loaded with cotton\\ndown every year he never attempts it, however, except\\nduring high water.\\nIn the south half of the Coal field the principal tributa-\\nries on the west side are Schullz s Creek, Cafi ey s Creek,\\nand Shade s Creek on the east side of the south half of\\nthe Coal field there are Little Cahaba River, Savage Creek,\\nPiney Woods Creek, Beaverdam Creek, and Buck Creek, at\\nHelena. In the north half of the field, the first large trib-\\nutary of the Cahaba River is the large stream named the\\nEast Fork of Cahaba River, or Mill Creek, which joins the\\nriver at Parker s Mill, at a point due southeast of Birming-\\nham then, farther northeast. Black Creek, after draiaing\\nnearly the whole north ecd of the Coal Field, joins the\\nriver at a point three miles northeast of Henry Ellen. The\\nCahaba River itself, coming from the direction of Truss-\\nville, cuts through the Millstone Grit of Rocky Ridge and\\nenters the Coal field near Hickman s Mill. The amount of\\ncoal ever boated down this river is very small none at all\\nsince the war between the States. George Gardner made\\nan effort before the war, for a Montgomery company, to\\nmine coal on Ugly Creek, and boat it down this river his\\nboats mostly got wrecked on the shoals, and the enterprise\\nwas abandoned.\\nSteamboats have been up this river at times to Centreville,\\nthe county seat of Bibb county, a town on the river a few\\nmiles south of the Coal Field.\\nThe United States Government made some improvements\\non the Cahaba River some years ago, with the object of\\nmaking it navigable. There are some rock shoals between\\nCentreville and the edge of the Coal Field, but below Cen-\\ntreville, I am informed, there are no shoals more serious\\nthan gravel shoals to the Alabama River. The distance\\nfrom the Cahaba Coal Field to the Alabama River by the\\nmeanders of the stream is about a hundred miles.\\nThe principal mountain-forming rocks in the Cahaba\\nCoal Field are the Millstone Grit formation and the Monte-\\nvallo conglomerate.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe highest and most prominent mountains and ridges\\nin the Coal Field are the following first towards the north-\\nwest is Shade s Mountain, formed of the lower measures of\\nthe Millstone grit, and following along the northwest boun-\\ndary of the Coal Field from Canoe Creek in St. Clair county,\\nto a point three miles west of Scottsville, in Bibb county.\\nThis ridge, like all the others in the field, changes its name\\nwith the locality thus, in Bibb county it is known as Sand\\nMountain in the lower end of Shelby county it bears the\\nname of Farrington Mountain it is called Shade s Moun-\\ntain through most of Shelby and Jefferson, and Rocky\\nRidge in St. Clair county.\\nThe next ridge to the southeast of Shade s Mountain, and\\nparallel with it almost the whole length of the Coal field\\nand formed of the middle portion of the Millstone Grit, bears\\nthe name of House Mountain in the south end of Shelby\\ncounty, of Pine Ridge in the north end of Shelby and\\nsouth end of Jefferson county, and of Flat Ridge in the\\nnorth end of Jefferson county, while all over St. Clair\\ncounty it is called Blackjack Ridge.\\nThe next ridge to the southeast of the two just described,\\nparallel with them, and formed of the upper ledges of the\\nMillstone Grit, is known by the name of Red or Chestnut\\nRidge in Shelby and Jefferson counties, and by the name of\\nGrassy Ridge in St. Clair county.\\nThe mountains formed by the Montevallo conglomerate\\nare confined to the lower or south half of the Field the\\nmost prominent being Pea Ridge, which is a flat, wide ridge\\nextending from Lacey Station on the Brierfield, Blocton\\nand Birmingham Railroad to the fork of Big and Little\\nCahaba Rivers. This ridge owes its high altitude to the\\npresence of the conglomerate and to the fact that the meas-\\nures are nearly flat. It is the broadest ridge in the field\\nand divides the waters of the Big and Little Cahaba Rivers.\\nThe same conglomerate forms another ridge, a little lower\\nin altitude, over the synclinal of the Dry Creek Basin. This\\nis much less extended than Pea Ridge, but nearly as high\\nas Pea Ridge in its central part.\\nIn the northern end of the Coal Field, in addition to the\\nthree prominent ridges of the Millstone Grit already de-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 9\\nscribed, viz Rocky Ridge, Blackjack Rido;e, and Grassy\\nRidge, and lying to the southeast of the last named and\\nparallel with it, is Owen s Mountain, formed of the sand-\\nstones and slates overlying the Nunally seam. This moun-\\ntain is not continuous through the field like the others, but\\nin the northern part it is quite as high and prominent as\\nthe Millstone Grit ridges.\\nBesides the mountains above mentioned, which are\\nformed of the rocks of the Coal Measures of the Cahaba\\nField, there are a few others lying outside the limits of this\\nfield, which deserve mention here as affording prominent\\nand important land-marks to guide the explorer in his ex-\\naminations of the Cahaba Field.\\nThere are two very prominent mountains to the south-\\neast of the Cahaba Coal Field the first one is a high and\\ncontinuous cherty ridge running within half or three-quar-\\nters of a mile of the Coal field, along its southeast side,\\nwith Possum Valley between it and the Coal field. This\\nridge, formed of the chert of the Silurian formation, bears\\nthe name of New Hope Mountain in Shelby County, Mill\\nRidge in Jefferson County, and in St. Clair County it is\\nknown by the name of Pine Ridge, changing to Anderson\\nMountain at the north end. Beyond this to the southeast\\nis a higher mountain than any yet mentioned the highest\\nin sight of the Cahaba Coal Field. This mountain is known\\nin Shelby and Jefferson Counties by the name of Big Oak\\nMountain in St. Clair County some of the settlers call it\\nthe Coosa Mountain about three miles above Carr s Gap,\\nwhere the Georgia Pacific passes through it, this mountain\\nacquires an altitude exceeding anything in the neighborhood\\nof the Cahaba Coal Field. This high part of the mountain\\nbears the name of Bald Rock. Big Oak Mountain is\\nformed of the Millstone Grit of the Coosa Coal Field.\\nOn the northwest side of the Cahaba Coal Field and on\\nthe opposite side of Shades Valley is the Red Mountain\\nthat contains the thick stratified vein of red fossilliferous\\niron ore, from which the Birmingham furnaces are mostly\\nsupplied. This mountain is a prominent land mark along\\nthe northwest side of this Coal Field nearly its whole\\nlength its distance from the top of Shades Mountain varies", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nfrom a half a mile opposite Blocton to about five miles op-\\nposite Bessemer, about three miles opposite Birmingham\\nto about two miles opposite Gate City, Shades Valley\\nspreading out between them all the way.\\nBeyond Red Mountain to the northwest, on the opposite\\nside of Jones Valley, the Millstone Grit of the Warrior\\nCoal Field forms a ridge at the southeast border of that\\nfield. Tbe above mentioned mountains and ridges are\\nmost of them shown on the accompanying map.\\nThere are but few good wagon roads in the Cahaba Coal\\nField some of them are county roads and have a number\\nof hands apportioned to work them once or twice a year\\nothers are settlement roads, and are either worked by those\\nliving along them, by mutual agreement at times when\\nthey become extremely bad, or, as sometimes happens, they\\nare neglected and not worked at all there are other roads\\nthat are never worked in any way, and when they become\\nimpassable by tbe falling of a tree or a washout in the\\nroad, they are simply turned to tbe right or left and the\\nobstacle is tlms passed, by adopting a new road bed; many\\nof this class of roads become just bridle paths.\\nThe following is a brief notice of some of tbe best of the\\nwagon roads in this coal field. Beginning at tbe north end\\nof it, we find the Brancbville and Springville road going by\\nDavid Owen s place. This road is not much used. Father\\nto the southwest is the Brancbville and Trussville road\\ngoing by Hickman s Mill. To tbe southwest of this is the\\nroad from Moody s Cross Roads going by Rock Spring\\nChurch to Trussville. Still father southwest is tbe Rowan\\nRoad from Leeds to Birmingham this road keeps within\\na short distance of the Columbus and Western, and Geor-\\ngia Pacific railroads a good part of tbe way, crossing the\\nrailroads at several places and going bv Gate City. Farther\\nto the southwest is the road from Pledger s Mill to Gate\\nCity and Birmingham this crosses the Cahaba River at\\nthe Glass Ford. To the southwest of this is the Colum-\\nbiana and Birmingham road this crosses the Moutevallo\\nand Ashville road in Cahaba Valley, at Rufus DeSbazo s\\nplace, passing by DeLoach and Company s Grist Mill, cross-\\ning the Cahaba River at the Dodd Ford. Father to the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 11\\nsouthwest is the Helena and Birmingham wagon road this\\none crosses the Cahaba River at the Bain Ford, and crosses\\nShade s Mountain two and a half miles above Oxmoor.\\nThe next road to the southwest is the Helena and Tusca-\\nloosa wagon road this crosses the Cahaba River at the\\nLainey Ford going by Shade s Creek Church and Green-\\npond to Tuscaloosa. Still further to the southwest, and\\ncrossing a wider part of the Coal Field, is the Montevallo\\nand Tuscaloosa wagon road this road goes by Boothtown,\\ncrosses the Cahaba River at Booth s Ferry or Booth s Ford,\\njoining the Helena and Tuscaloosa road near Shades Creek\\nChurch, thence on to Greenpond and Tuscaloosa. To the\\nsouthwest of this is the Aldrich, Blocton and Woodstock\\nwagon road, going by the D. Lenholm place this road is\\nnot much used, but crosses the Cahaba Coal Field at the\\nwidest part of it, the distance in an air line across the Coal\\nField from Aldrich to Thrasher s Mill beyond Blocton, is\\nover fourteen miles. To the southwest of this is the Wood-\\nstock and Centreville road, going by Randolph s Mill and\\nRiver Bend. All of the above wagon roads cross the Cahaba\\nCoal Field, some of them diagonally, others nearly direct\\nacross. The Cahaba Coal Field away from the mines, is\\nsparsely settled, making road working a heavy burden on\\nthe inhabitants, one of whom, James Lindsey, has, himself,\\nmade and kept in order for many years, more than six miles\\nof road, in order to keep up communication with neighbor-\\ning towns. The surface of the Cahaba Field is very broken\\nand contains but a small percentage of level land, that\\nbeing mostly river or creek bottom land.\\nThe Cahaba Coal Field has the following railroads within\\nits boundaries in the north end of the field is the Colum-\\nbus Western Division of the Central of Georgia railroad\\nthis road runs from Birmingham to Opelika and Savannah.\\nNear it, and alongside part of the way, is the Georgia\\nPacific railroad this road runs from Birmingham to Annis-\\nton and Atlanta. Both the above roads pass through Henry-\\nellen and Leeds.\\nPassing through the middle portion of this coal field is\\nthe South and North Alabama Division of the Louisville\\nand Nashville company s main line, from New Orleans to", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nLouisville and Cincinnati. Connected with this main line\\nis the Birmingham Mineral Railroad, from Helena to Gur-\\nnee. This Company have a right or lease to run on the\\nrailroad from Gurnee to Blocton.\\nFarther to the southwest is the Brierfield, Blocton, and\\nBirmingham railroad this road runs from a point about a\\nmile southwest of Montevallo to Gurnee and Blocton, the\\nmain line continuing on from Gurnee to Bessemer, thence\\nover the Alabama Great Southern to Birmingham.\\nThe Cahaba Coal Mining Company have a railroad from\\nWoodstock to their various mines at Blocton the main\\nline is about nine miles in length their branches to the\\ndifferent mines and side tracks increase their railroad mile-\\nage to about eighteen or twenty miies.\\nThe Briarfield Coal and Iron Company have a branch\\nrailroad running from their coal mines at Peter s Mines, to\\nthe East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad at\\nBrierfield this road has a length of two or three miles.\\nThe Montevallo Coal and Transportation Company have\\na branch railroad running from Aldrich on the Brierfield,\\nBlocton, and Birmingham Railroad to their slope on the\\nMontevallo seam.\\nThe Eureka Company have a branch railroad of about two\\nand a half miles in length from their slope in the Helena\\nseam, to the Louisville and Nashville Company s main line\\nat Helena.\\nThe DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company have a branch\\nrailroad from their No. 3 slope above Henryellen to the\\nColumbus and Western Railroad. The above railroads are\\nall completed and in running order, with the exception of\\nthe DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company s branch and the\\nBrierfield, Blocton and Birmingham line from Gurnee to\\nBessemer; this is all let out under contract to Aldrich,\\nWorthington and Company, and they are pushing the work\\nforward with five hundred to ten hundred hands.\\nThe above railroads are but a small fraction of what prob-\\nably will be constructed in this Coal Field in the future it\\nwill require at least ten times their amount in mileage, to\\nbring the Cahaba Coal Field up to its full working capacity.\\nThe Cahaba Coal Field is sixty-eight miles in length by", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 13\\nan average width of five and eight- tenth miles, and contains\\na surface area of three hundred and ninety-four and a half\\n(394.2) square miles. In my computation of the amount of\\ngood, workable coal in this coal field, I have included all\\nworkable seams of two feet and upwards in thickness, and\\nhave excluded all seams io the vertical Coal Measures of\\nthe boundary fault, and those of the interior fault, for they\\nare not workable at present and probably never will be, in\\neither fault. The extreme limit in depth of the lowest\\nseams embraced in my computation, is 4,700 feet vertical.\\nWith the above named limitations, this coal field contains\\nan aggregate of 3626 millions of tons of coal (tons of 2 000\\npounds), from which the loss or waste in mining will have\\nto be deducted. For the amount of coal in each basin, see\\nthe chapters on each particular basin.\\nThere are eleven basins in this coal field, besides the\\nOverturned Measures at the south end of the Field.\\nThe horizontal sections on the accompanying map illus-\\ntrate the structure of nearly all of these basins. At the\\nnorth end of this Coal Field along the line shown on map\\nfrom A to B, is the Adkins Horizontal Section, giving\\nthe structure of the north end of the basin and relative\\npositions of seams. The Henryellen Horizontal Section gives\\nthe structure of the basin and relative positions of seams\\nalong the line from C to D. The Deshazo Horizontal\\nSection gives the structure of the basin and relative position\\nof the seams along the line on the accompanying map from\\nE to F. Below this is the Actoji Basin Horizontal Sec-\\ntion along the line from G to H, with relative position\\nol same. The Helena Horizontal Section along the line from\\nI to J, gives the structure of the Cahaba Basin and\\nthe Helena Basin, with relative position of seams in same.\\nThe Dry Creek Horizontal Section along the line on ac-\\ncompanying map from K to L, gives the structure of\\nthe Gould Basin, and the Dry Creek Basin, with relative\\nposition of seams in each one.\\nThe Blocton and Montevallo Horizontal Section, along the\\neast and west line on accompanying map from M to\\nN, gives the structure of the Blocton Basin also that\\nof the Dailey Creek Basin and that of the Montevallo Basin\\nwith the relative position of the seams in each basin.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nId the vertical sections represented on tbe accompauying\\nmap, the Henrt/ Hen Verlical Section shows the relative posi-\\ntion of the seams and rocks in the Henryellen Basin. The\\nSouth and North Alalmma Railroad Vertical Section shows\\nthe seams and rocks of the Cahaba Basin, the Helena Basin\\nand the measures of the adjacent territory. The Dailey\\nCreek Vertical Section shows the seams and rocks that out-\\ncrop in that basin between the interior fault and the Stine\\nseam outcrop. The Blocton Vertical Section shows a sec-\\ntion of the measures that have so far been explored. There\\nare undoubtedly other seams in the part marked unexplored,\\nthat the drill or future explorations will bring to light.\\nThe General Vertical S ction shows the combined informa-\\ntion gathered from all parts of this Coal field.\\nThe rocks or Coal Measures of the Cahaba Coal Field\\nhave an aggregate thickness of 5,525 feet. For the conven-\\nience of miners, exploring students, and others, I have\\nclassified these measures into four groups\\n(1.) The first or lowest group extends from the base of\\nthe Millstone Grit to the top of it, or in other words, to the\\ntop of the shield rock of Chestnut Ridge or Grassy\\nRidge, between the Gould outcrop and the Nunnally seam\\noutcrop I have named this one the 3Iillstone Grit Group.\\n(2.) The next group above the Millstone Grit Group, ex-\\ntends from the top of the Millstone Grit to the top of the\\nhundred feet of blue micaceous sandstone I have named\\nthis group the Blicaceous Group\\\\ (There are about 200\\nfeet in thickness of measures between the top of the hund-\\nred feet of blue micaceous sandstone and the Wadsworth\\nseam.)\\n(3.) The group above this extends from the top of the\\nhundred feet of blue micaceous sandstone to the Monte-\\nvallo seam I have named this one the ^Productive Group.\\n(4.) The fourth or topmost group extends from the\\nMontevallo seam to the top of the measures, (about 50O\\nfeet) I have named this one the Conglomerate Group.\\nThe rocks forming the dividing line between these groups\\nare good landmarks all over this coal field, wherever they\\nare exposed.\\nThese four groups are all tinted difi erently on the accom-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 15\\npanying map the different groups are also shown in their\\nrespective colors or tints in the vertical and the horizontal\\nsections on said map. The rocks of tke Millstone Grit\\nGroup are colored the darkest lint; the rocks of the Mi-\\ncaceous Group are colored a shade lighter than the lowest\\ngroup the rocks of the Productive Group are colored a\\nshade lighter than the Micaceous Group, and the Con-\\nglomerate Group is colored the lightest of all. This\\narrangement, I hope, will enable any one to see at a glance,\\nthe class of measures that come to the surface in different\\nparts of the field.\\nThe Cahaba Coal Field, like the Warrior and Coosa\\nFields, has a great fault along its south and southeast\\nboundaries this is what miners term an upthrow fault.\\nFor convenience we have named this the great boundary\\nfault. Unlike the Warrior Field, this has also a similar\\nfault extending down the middle of the field in its southern\\nhalf; this we have named the interior fault. At the\\nsoutbern boundary of the field, west of Montevallo, the\\nmeasures show two fiults, the one corresponding to the\\nboundary fault above mentioned, the other, a mile to a mile\\nand a half north of it, following near the old Coffee and\\nFreeman line, for some eight or nine miles. Between these\\ntwo faults the Coal Measures, including six workable seams\\nof coal, have been completely overturned, and left dipping at an\\nangle of sixty degrees towards the southeast. In addition to\\nthese, there is a fault separating the Lolley from the Dry\\nCreek Basin, which I have termed the Piney Woods fault,,\\nfrom its position along a creek of that name and further\\nnorth, the Beaver Dam fault, between the Dry Creek Basin\\nand the Eureka Basin, named from Beaver Dam Creek\\nwhich flows nearly along the line of the fault. Besides\\nthese faults there are undulations or waves in the measures\\nproducing the shallow synclinals with the almost level\\nmeasures of the Montevallo, the Lolley, the Dry Creek,\\nDailey Creek, and Blocton Basins with their separating anti-\\nclinals.\\nOutside the flat and undulating measures just mentioned,\\nand the vertical measures near the faults, the strata of the\\nCahaba Field show an almost u-niform southeast dip.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nAll these displacements of the strata are such as would\\nhave resulted from the action of an immense force coming\\nfrom the southeast, by which the strata were pushed up in-\\nto folds or wrinkles, lapped over in many cases towards the\\nnorthwest, and in other cases, fractured along the tops of\\nthe folds, and the beds on one side, the southeast, pushed\\nor slipped up over those on the northwest, as is seen in the\\ngreat faults named. This displacement in the great bound-\\nary fault amounts to ten thousand feet in the case of the\\ninterior fault from seven to fifteen hundred feet. Of course\\nthis difference in the altitude of the strata on the two sides\\nof the faults does not nov/ exist, and possibly never did, for\\ndenuding forces have been active from the beginning plan-\\ning off the high places and reducing all to a common level,\\nas may be seen for instance, at Helena, where the Cambrian\\nand upper measures of the Cahaba Field, which in their\\noriginal position are ten thousand feet or more apart, now\\nrest side by side at the same level on the two sides of the\\ngreat fault.\\nThe small faults or hitches in the measures along the\\nnorthwest edge of the Blocton basin, also result from the\\naction of the same forces, only these faults are much more\\nlimited in width and the amount of displacement much\\nless. From the same causes also result the curving of the\\nends of the Eureka, the Helena, the Acton, and the Henry-\\nellen basins, the gentle undulations of the measures in the\\nanticlinal and synclinals of the Montevallo, Blocton, Dry\\nCreek, Dailey Creek, and Lolley Basins, as well as the gen-\\neral southeast dip of the measures of the field taken as a\\nwhole.\\nAlong these faults it is the rule to find the upturned\\nmeasures on the north and northwest side of the fault,\\nstanding at a much steeper angle of inclination than do the\\nolder measures on the south and southeast sides, which\\nhave slidden upon and over them. This is seen all along\\nthe great boundary fault, where the upturned edges of the\\ncoal measures stand vertical, hence our name of vertical\\nmeasures to designate them. West of Montevallo, as we\\nhave seen above, these measures have been pushed over\\neven past the vertical, and. completely overturned, so that", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 17\\nthey dip back southeast at an angle of 60 degrees. In all\\nthese cases the Cambrian measures on the south and south-\\neast side of the fault have a slope or dip to the southeast\\nrarely greater than fifty or sixty degrees near the fault, and\\nmuch less than that a short distance away from the fault.\\nAlong the interior fault, the same thing may be noticed, as\\nfor instance, along the line of the South and North Alabama\\nRailroad near Helena, where the Wadswortb seam at the\\nNorth Y has a dip to the southeast of 42 degrees, while\\nimmediately adjacent to this towards the northwest and just\\nacross the line of the fault the measures stand vertical, and\\nbeyond these vertical measures, which are here about a\\nquarter of a mile wide, we come to the Wadsworth seam\\nagain, carried up by this upthrow to the much steeper\\ndip of 50 or 60 degrees to the northwest. And even along\\nthe subordinate faults, such as the Piney Woods, we find the\\nmeasures north of the fault dipping at an angle of 80 de-\\ngrees north, while those to the south of the same, dip only\\n35 degrees to the south.\\nThis displacement of two miles vertical along the great\\nboundary fault, and the complete overturn of a strip of\\ncountry nine miles in length by over a mile in width west\\nof Montevallo, bear witness to the tremendous force that\\nhas been brought to bear against the Cahaba Coal Field.\\nThe Cahaba Field is in the counties of St. Clair, Jefferson,\\nShelby, and Bibb the northeastern end being in St. Clair\\ncounty, the southwestern end in Bibb, and the middle por-\\ntion in Jefferson and Shelby. The county lines according\\nto recent changes, are shown on the accompanying map.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures of the Cahaba Coal\\nField varies from flat or perfectly level up to sixty degrees\\nfrom the horizontal. The wide part of the field contains\\nthe largest amount of flat measures. In the Lolley and\\nMontevallo Basins you can travel for miles and find it very\\ndifficult to decide (judging by the eye) as to which way the\\nmeasures are dipping. The Blocton Basin holds a large\\narea of flat or level measures and the same is true of the\\nDry Creek Basin, and the north end of the Henryellen\\nBasin.\\nThe measures on the southeast side of the interior fault\\n2", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\ngenerally increase their rate of dip as they approach the\\nfault.\\nThe first regular, systematic underground mining in this,\\ncoal field, was done at a mine opened in the Montevallo\\nseam at a point about one mile northwest of the Montevallo\\nCoal and Transportation Company s present slope, west of\\nMontevallo about three miles this was about the year\\n1856 it was commenced by private individuals, and then\\nthe Alabama Coal Mining Company was formed, composed\\nof Johe M. Moore of Talladega, Judge Cooper of Lowndes\\ncounty, Dr. Miller of Wilcox county, and others. (This\\nwas probably the first underground mining done in this\\nState.)\\nThe demand for coal and iron made by the Confederate\\nGovernment during the war, gave a new impetus to mining\\ncoal in this field, and, and new mines were opened near\\nHelena, between Boothtown, and Gurnee, at Dailey Creeks\\nand at the Montevallo Mines, and also to the southwest of\\nDailey Creek.\\nPrior to the war, the demand for coal in the whole state\\nwas not over ten or eleven thousand tons per annum. For\\na number of years after the war closed, the demand for\\ncoal in Alabama was not much greater than the above.\\nThe demonstration had not then been made, that our coal\\nwas suitable for smelting iron.\\nFor a number of years after the close of the war, capi-\\ntalists refused to risk their money in the then doubtful en-\\nterprise of building coke furnaces to decide the case as to\\nwhether our coals would smelt onr ores or not.\\nThe tendency then was to invest in efforts to make cotton\\nwith recently liberated slaves, which generally ended in\\ndisaster and loss. Matters remained in this condition after\\nthe war between the states ended, until the year 1870, when\\nHenry F. DeBardeleben, with a boldness and enterprise\\nthat he has shown in many similar cases since then, launched\\na hundred thousand dollars into the rebuilding of the partly\\ndestroyed Red Mountain iron furnaces at Oxmoor, where it\\nwas eventually demonstrated that our coal would smelt\\nour iron ores, a fact that we had long craved to see proved\\nbeyond dispute. He displayed still greater enterprise ia\\nI", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GENEEAL DESCRIPTION. 19\\nexpendinf; between two and three hundred thousand dollars\\nin the opening up of Pratt Mines and bringing cheap coal\\nand coke into Birmingham. Prior to that, capitalists from\\nall parts of the world had seen something of our mineral\\nwealth, but hesitated to venture upon the experiment tO\\nascertain whether the coals and iron ores of Alabama could\\nbe worked together in the farnace well enough to make it\\nprofitable. It was well known then to a few, that we had\\nan abundance of good coal and iron ores, but that very\\nessential demonstration to induce capital to come here to\\ninvest, we did not have.\\nIn the development of the Cahaba Coal Field, the greatest\\ncredit must be given to Truman H. Aldrich and Henry F.\\nDeBardeleben. They have done more than any others to\\npush on the developments and mining enterprises that now\\ndot this coal field Cornelius Cadle and William F. Aldrich\\nhave also contributed largely to the mining development of\\nthe field.\\nIn locating some of the coal seam outcrops on the accom-\\npanying map, after discovering the seam and being positive\\nof its presence, I found it impossible to ascertain its true\\nrelative position to the nearest section lines, and distance\\nto nearest section corners, on account of the settlers in the\\nvicinity being unable to point them out leaving me no\\nalternative but to approximate its position by the apparent\\ndistance to some mountain where the section corners were\\nknown to me, or to take the compass and chain and run\\nthe section lines off; in some of the most important cases,\\nI ado^/ted the last way, and in others of lesser importance,\\nin fact, in the majority of cases, adopted the first way and\\napproximated their position.\\nWith regard to the continuance, or uniformity in thick-\\nness of the coal seams shown on the accompanying map, the\\nfuture developments by further testing and mining will have\\nto decide. I have given the thickness and location of all\\nthe seams of the Cahaba Coal Field as accurately as the\\nknowledge obtained up to this date would enable me to do.\\nThe condition of a seam of coal, a single yard beyond its\\nexposure, no one living has positive knowledge of, or can\\nrightfully swear as to its size or its purity.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11,\\nTHE HENRYELLEN BASIN.\\nThe Henryellen basin occupies the north end of the Ca-\\nhaba Coal Field it is twenty-eight miles in length by an\\naverage width of four and a quarter miles, measuring from\\nthe base of the Millstone grit on the north-west side of\\nEocky Ridge to the great boundary fault in Possom Valley,\\non the south side of the Cahaba Coal Field. Its greatest\\nlength is measured from the southwest end of the basin at\\na point about a mile in a straight line south of the mouth\\nof the east fork of the Cahaba river, where it joins the main\\nstream, to the northeast boundary of the basin as well as\\nof the Coal Field, at the Springville prong of Canoe creek.\\nThis basin contains an area of 119 square miles, and is\\ndrained solely by the waters of the Cahaba river and its\\ntributaries chiefly of the east fork of Cahaba river and\\nthe numerous prongs of Black creek. The outcropping of\\nthe Millstone grit, having a rate of dip of about nine de-\\ngrees, and forming what is known in this region as Rocky\\nRidge, clearly outlines the northwestern and the north-\\neastern boundary of the basin, as well as the b-. undary of\\nthis portion of the Cahaba Coal Field. The great fault in\\nPossum Valley separating the Cambrian from the Carbon-\\niferous measures, forms its south-eastern boundary. South-\\neast of said boundary fault, and running parallel with it, is\\na high, prominent cherty ridge of Silurian age, known near\\nthe southwest end of the basin as Mill Ridge, near the\\nmiddle portion of the basin as Pine Ridge, and near the\\nnortheast end of the basin as Anderson Mountain. This\\nprominent ridge can be seen from almost any part of the\\nhigh ridges in the basin, guiding the eye to the location of\\nthe basin (also Coal Field) at its foot. The southwest boun-\\ndary of the basin passes through sections 28, 34 and 35,\\ntownship 18, rane^e 2, west, intersecting the Cahaba river at", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 21\\na point a little over a mile in a straight line below the\\nmouth of the east fork of Cahaba river the wagon road\\nfrom Caldwell s Mill to Watkin s Gap on Shades Mountain\\ncrosses the southwest boundary of the basin in section 26.\\nA line commeacing at the Alice furnaces in Birmingham,\\nand run to the southeast, would cut off to the northeast,\\nthat portion of the Cahaba Coald Field embraced by the\\nHenryel]en basin said line would intersect the first coal\\nseam at a distance from the Alice furnaces of four and a\\nhalf miles continuing said line still further southeast, it\\nwould reach the southeast boundary of the Cahaba Coal\\nField (passing entirely over that portion of the field) at a\\ndistance of nine miles from the Alice furnaces.\\nThe boundary of the Henryellen basin may be described\\nas follows Starting from Birmingham with a due south-\\neast course, the top of Red Mountain is reached at a dis-\\ntance of one and a half miles Shades creek is crossed at\\nthree and a half miles, and the base of the Millstone Grit\\nreached at four and a half miles, at a point two-thirds of\\nthe way up Shades Mountain on its northwest side, about\\nthree hundred yards from the top of the mountain. The\\ncourse is thence northeast along Shades Mountain (the base\\nof the Millstone grit following along the northwest side of\\nthe mountain), with Shades creek meandering along the\\nValley to the left at a distance of from half a mile to a mile\\nfrom the crest of Shades Mountain. After continuing along\\nthe mountain for three or four miles the ruins of the old\\nIrondale furnace may be seen about half or three quarters\\nof a mile to the left and beyond, still following along the\\nMillstone Grit, the cut is soon reached through which\\npasses the Georgia Pacific and Columbus and Western\\nrailroads here the Brock seam may be seen exposed in the\\nside of a ditch on the south side of the railroad. After\\npassing this point. Shades Mountain acquires the name of\\nRocky Ridge, and is known as such by the settlers in its\\nneighborhood all along to its end at the northeast corner of\\nthe Cahaba Coal Field, where it intersects the great south-\\neast boundary fault and disappears.\\nLeaving the railroad behind and continuing along the\\nRocky Ridge with the base of the Millstone Grit still close", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "22 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nto the left, in the valley, on the left the divide between the\\nhead waters of Shades creek and a prong of the Cahaba\\nriver is soon passed. Trussville may be seen to the left\\nfrom a point on the mountain about a mile southwest of the\\ngap where Cahaba river penetrates Rocky Ridge. Hick-\\nman s Mill is on the river, a short distance up stream, and\\nRevis s Grist Mill down stream from this gap. Oar boun-\\ndary line continues along Rocky Ridge, following the same\\ndirection (the measures having a rate of dip to the south-\\neast of about nine degrees), until arriving at a point one\\nand a quarter miles south of Springville, where the Rocky\\nRidge with its accompanying Millstone Grit changes its\\ndirection and boars to the southeast, the Springville prong\\nof Canoe creek following close along its foot at the north-\\neast side. Opposite to Truss Mill, on Canoe creek, it will\\nbe noticed that the Millstone Grit became vertical and the\\ndirection of the boundary of the basin and Coal Field\\nchanges and bears from this point due south, merging into\\nthe great southeastern boundary fault at a point about\\none and a half miles north of Odenville. The boundary oi\\nthe basin and Coal Field then continues along Possum Val-\\nley, passing close by the DeBardeleben Coal Iron Com-\\npany s office and store at Henryellen, keeping along the\\nvalley north-west of the high cherty ridge known as Ander-\\nson Mountain, Pine Ridge and Mill Ridge, for a distance of\\ntwenty-six miles, to what is known as Bragg s school-house\\nor Methodist church.\\nThe southwest boundary of the basin extends from this\\npoint northwest across the Cadaba Coal Field, intersecting\\nCahaba river about a mile in a straight line above Caldwell s\\nmill, thence continuing on to the Millstone grit on the north-\\nwest side of the basin at a point due southeast from Birm-\\ningham and about four or five miles distant.\\nThere are about six public and settlement roads crossing\\nthis basin, along which nearly all the rocks of our Cahaba\\nCoal Measures can be examined, except the great 500 feet\\nconglomerate that overlies the Montevallo seam though\\na part of this conglomerate can be seen on the Birmingham\\nand Columbiana road near DeLoach Company s grist\\nmill. One of the roads leaves the Birmingham and Spring-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 23\\nville road near the Glenn place, crosses the basin and leads\\nto Branch ville in Cahaba Valley. Another road leaves\\nTrussville, taking almost a due east course across the Coal\\nField, and also leads to Branchville. Another road leaves\\nTrussville, crosses the Field and leads to Moody s cross-\\nroads in Cahaba Valley. Another road leaves Gate City\\nand Irondale, and crossing the Georgia Pacific and Colum-\\nbus and Western railroads at places, leads to the Kowan\\nplace in Cahaba Valley; this is called the Kowan Road.\\nAnother road leaves Gate Gity and Irondale and crosses\\nthe basin going by the Glass Ford on Cahaba river, and\\nPledger s Mill on East Cahaba river, to a point on the\\nCahaba Valley road about two miles north of Bridgeton.\\nAnother road leaves Birmiogham, crosses Shades Mountain\\nat Watkin s Gap, crosses Cahaba river at the Dodd Ford,\\ncrosses the East fork- of Cahaba river just below DeLoach\\nand Company s grist mill and leads to Columbiana, crossing\\nCahaba Valley southwest of Bridgeton about one mile\\nthis is called the Columbiana and Birmingham road.\\nAt least nine-tenths of the measures of the entire Cahaba\\nCoal Field are crossed by, and partly exposed, along the\\nabove roads. The succession of these measures is as fol-\\nlows Approaching the basin from the northwest, you pass\\nover the sub-carniferous rocks to the base of Shades Moun-\\ntain or Pwocky Eidge ascending said mountain you first ar-\\nrive at the base of the Millstone grit formation, about three\\nhundred yards from the crest of the mountain. About 150\\nyards above you pass over a seam of coal known as the\\nBrock seam. This seam is thin and not workable in any\\npart of the Cahaba Coal Field where I have yet seen it,\\nthough in the northern part of the Warrior Field, I have\\nseen it of good siz3, holding even as much as four feet of\\nworkable coal of good quality. Above this comes a heavy\\nlayer of Millstone grit, which in places is a conglomerate of\\nwhite sandstone with numerous white pebbles imbedded\\nin it, and in other places, a heavy bedded coarse white\\nsandstone. After descending Shades Mountain or Rocky\\nRidge, you will find heavy layers of gritty slate, in which\\nis a thin seam of four or five inches of coal. Continuing on\\nin the direction of the dip you will ascend another high", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "24 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nprominent ridge known in the south end of the basin as\\nPine Ridge, or Flat Ridge, and in the north end of the basioi\\nas Black-jack Ridge this ridge is formed mostly of heavy\\nbeds of the white Millstone Grit Sandstone, overlying the\\ngritty slates and forming a shield, protecting the slates from\\nthe action of denuding forces. This sandstone is composed\\nof the same material as the white sandstone in Shades\\nMountain or Rocky Ridge. After passing over this and ar-\\nriving at the foot of Flat Ridge or Black-jack Ridge on it,o\u00c2\u00ab\\nsoutheast side, you will cross the outcrop of a thic seam,\\ngenerally of about six inches in thickness. You are now at\\nthe base of the immense gritty slate formation surrounding\\nthe Gould seam. Before arriving at the Gould seam you\\nwill notice a pink sandstone which is the bottom rock of\\nthe under-seam, ten feet below the Gould. Passing over the\\nGould seam you will find a yellow and pink sandstone, the\\nroof of said seam, and overlying this an immense layer of\\ngritty slate. Ascending the next prominent ridge, which in\\nthis basin is mostly designated as Grassy Ridge, (in other\\nparts of the Coal Field it is known as Chestnut Ridge, Red\\nRidge, c.,) yon now find the thick beds of gritty slate\\nchanging their color and texture to layers of sandstone,\\nthen gritty slate, and further up the ridge you find a twenty\\nor thirty foot layer of bluish black slate. On attaining the\\nsummit of Grassy Ridge, you find the upper layers of the\\nwhite Millstone Grit Sandstone; this forms the shield to\\nGrassy Ridge against denuding action on the underlying\\nslates. This upper layer is one of our most prominent\\nlandmarks in geological examinations in this part of the\\ncoal measures of Alabatna. Descending fhe gentle slope of\\nGrassy Ridge to its foot on the southeastern side, you next\\npass over a number of beds of sandstone and gritty slates\\nand arrive at the Nunnally seam, with a sandstone roof;\\nthis seam contains about two and a half feet of coal.\\nThence, in the direction of the dip, passing over various\\nlayers of sandstone, slaty sandstone and gritty slates, you\\narrive at the Harkness Double, or Poole seam.\\n(For section of Poole seam, see below.)\\nContinuing on in the same direction, you arrive at a\\nlarge, hundred feet thick layer of blue sandstone, that is", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 25\\nvery micaceous this sandstone is a good land mark to\\nguide in locating the measures of this part of the basin.\\nAbove this you find the 15-inch Rusty coal seam, and above\\nit, should be found the Wadsworth.*\\nKeeping your course along the direction of dip, in going\\nover the next 900 feet of measures, you will pass over the\\noutcrop of seven different seams, varying in thickness from\\nsix inches to four and a half feet. (See sections on map for\\ndetails). You will then arrive at a very coarse, massive\\nsandstone. This is the foot wall, or bottom rock, of the\\nMammoth seam. This coarse sandstone, in various parts\\nof the Cahaba Coal Field, becomes a conglomerate visibly\\nso at the Henryellen mines and at a point close to the Gur-\\nnee mines in the southern portion of the Cahaba Field.\\nThe Mammoth seam, in the north end of this basin, has\\nan aggregate thickness of over eleven feet of coal, and has\\nthe following section measured by myself:\\nI saw what I considered the Wadsworth seam in the northern part\\nof the basin, but was not quite positive of its identity. Anyhow, this\\nis the proper position for it, and I am convinced that future explora-\\ntions will expose it, yet it is impossible to say what its thickness will\\nbe. Near Helena the Wadsworth is over three feet in thickness and\\nmakes a very good coke for the smelting iron.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "26\\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n{Section of Mammoth seam as it shows at the test made on a prong of Black\\nCreek, near the Rock Springs Church, in the north end of the Henry\\nellen basin in section 26, township 16, S., range 1, E. Direction of\\nstrike, N. E. and S. W. Direction of dip, S. E. Rate of dip, 15\u00c2\u00b0].\\nS////jCf S-^ o/s/c\\n^r^e^T f/^ ^t^es //a/?/3 Co/fL\\n/oy/^c/Vss AL/rcX s/^/vly ^^flT^\\nS/^\u00c2\u00a3:cjr 2, ///c// r Co/jjL\\nL\u00c2\u00a3!^==^ SLprE V) ^^/TY S/r// fS/-o/f\u00c2\u00a3\\nSouthwest oE this test, a split takes place in the Mam-\\nmoth, dividiog it into two large seams or benches. At\\nHenrjellen there are three slopes sunk on the lower or five\\nfoot seam, designated as No. 1 slope, No. 2 and new No. 3\\nthe upper or six foot seam they have not begun to work\\njet. This split is very remarkable on accouLt of the very\\nwhite sandstone intervening between the two seams in the\\nneighborhood of Henryellen the thickness of the interven-\\ning measures, including the white sandstone in this vicinity,\\nvaries from three to thirty-five feet. To the southwest of\\nHenryellen the intervening measures between the two", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 27\\nbenches increases in thickness to over one hundred feet in\\nplaces, the sandstone being remarkably white, and very\\nnoticeable wherever it is seen. This split in the Mammoth\\ncontinues on down, southwest to the south end of the Cahaba\\nCoal Field, the intervening measures between the two\\nbenches varying in thickness from thirty-five feet in the\\nHenryellen neighborhood, to one hundred and eleven feet\\nat Helena, and to ten feet southwest of Gurnee. The Black-\\nshale seam and Buck seam are the names given to the two\\nbenches of the Mammoth, near Helena the Gholson and\\nClark are the names applied to the same at Gurnee.\\nContinuing on from the Mammoth along the direction of\\ndip, and passing over three hundred feet in thickness of\\nmeasures, you cross the outcrop of three thin seams, repre-\\nsented at Helena by the Moyle seam, the Little Pittsburgh,\\nand the Smith-shop seams, you then arrive at the Conglom-\\nerate or Thompson seam, which is here five and a half feet\\nin thickness, but impure and slaty and not workable. Con-\\ntinuing along in the direction of the dip, passing over about\\none hundred and fifty feet of measures, you cross the out-\\ncrop of one thin seam, and then arrive at the Helena seam,\\ndivided into two layers here, as it is both in the Helena\\nbasin, the Dry Creek basin, and the Lolley basin. In the\\nHenryellen basin the Helena seam is double, with four feet\\nof sandstone intervening; the lower layer contains three\\nfeet of coal, and the upper layer contains three feet, nine\\ninches of coal the upper layer is the one on which the\\nHenryellen Company sunk their old No. 3 slope, the coal\\nbeing of excellent quality.\\nAbout sixty-five or seventy feet above the Helena seam is\\nanother seam, varying in thickness from two feet to six feet;\\nabove this seam there are about a hundred feet of sand-\\nstone and slaty sandstone, between it and the vertical fault\\nmeasures. I have made various measured sections across\\nthese vertical fault measures, and could recognize particular\\nseams and rocks, but found them in such a crushed, dis-\\nplaced condition that I could never make the sections match\\nthe sections taken in the regular measures of this basin in\\nthe same efforts at the south edge of the Cahaba Coal\\nF ield, I met with similar results. When we consider the", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\ngreat disturbance that would inevitably follow the upthrow\\nof 10,000 feet, and the pushing of these measures up to the\\nvertical, we can not reasonably expect all the seams to re-\\ntain their relative position, so that they can all be identi-\\nfied with same seams in the regular measures of the basin,\\nand even if we could, the fact would have no economic value\\nto the miner, working the seams adjacent, since these ver-\\ntical seams cannot be profitably worked.\\nAt the south end of this basin, opposite DeLoach\\nCo. s grist mill, a steep dip of forty degrees to southeast in\\nthe regular measures takes place, bringing additional Coal\\nMeasures to the surface and exposing the Monte vallo seam\\nand the lower plates of the Montevallo Conglomerate,\\nwhich can be seen on the road from Birmingham to Colum-\\nbiana.\\nAt Henryellen, the ledge of conglomerate over the Con-\\nglomerate seam shows itself at a point north of the com-\\npany s store and office, behind the miners dwellings. It\\ndoes not show prominently, as it is thin the pebbles are\\nnot abundant, nor large, but they are there. In the Coosa\\nField southeast of that point, the same plate of conglomer-\\nate is reduced to a thickness of two feet. In the south end\\nof the Cahaba Coal Field this plate of conglomerate makes\\nbut little better showing than it does in the Henryellen\\nbasin. Thin plates of conglomerate are scarcely ever uni-\\nform in thickness.\\nThe seams on the east side of the basin, outcropping\\nwithin two hundred yards of the vertical faulted coal meas-\\nures, are mostly irregular in thickness, evidently the result\\nof the immense upthrow of the boundary fault. The even-\\nness and regularity in the strike and dip of the coal meas-\\nures of this basin are extraordinary I have not noticed any\\nfaulty derangement in the interior of the basin except a\\nslight fault showing on section 7, township 18, range 1\\nwest, on Suck Branch and Eocky Branch, though the indi-\\ncations were not serious enough for me to try and work it\\nout. West of Suck Branch, in section 12, close to Henry\\nB. Hanna s house, is an exposure of a seam of coal called\\nin the neighborhood, the Poole seam, of which the following\\nis a section", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HRNRYELLEN BASIN.\\n29\\n[Poole seatn in. S. E. ^4 of N. W. section 12, township 18, S., range 2,\\nW. jyireclioH of strike, N. E. and S. W. Direction of dip, S. E.\\nRale of dip, 5\\n1.:.\u00e2\u0080\u0094= /-/////Z l/r/\\\\/r//^/7jr\u00c2\u00a30 s/f//ospi//\u00c2\u00a3\\nfooy 2//^c/^\u00c2\u00a3s /^fffio CO/JL\\n//^C^ES COflL\\nThe topography of the Henryellen basin very much re-\\nsembles that of the portion of the Cahaba Coal Field, near\\nHelena.\\nThe great Millstone Grit formation, here as well as there,\\nforms three high prominent ridges Rocky Ridge the first\\none, contains the lowest of the measures, the second or\\nmiddle one is the Flat Ridge or Black Jack Ridge, the third\\none is Grassy Ridge. These three are continuous (except\\nwhere cut through by creeks and branches) all along the\\nnorthwest side, and the northeast end of this basin. To\\nthe southeast of Grassy Ridge, and dividing the waters of\\nFar Black Creek from Middle Black Creek, there is another\\nhigh ridge that is designated by the settlers in its neighbor-\\nhood as Owen s Mountain. This ridge follows parallel with\\nGrassy Ridge all along the north end of the basin.\\nDividing the waters of Middle Black Creek from the\\nwaters of Near Black Creek is another ridge that has the\\nname of Sandstone Ridge, given it by the settlers. These\\nridges form the principal features in the northwest half of\\nthe Henryellen basin.\\nIn the southeast half of the basin the ridges are generally\\nlow, the land mostly undulating the most prominent land\\nmark to be seen from this part of the field being the high\\ncherty ridge, just outside of the basin, and following par-\\nallel with the boundary of the coal field on that side.\\nBlack Creek, with its numerous prongs, drains the north", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nhalf of the basin and empties into the Cahaba River, near\\nthe Henry ellen Company s No. 3 slope. The southwest\\nhalf of the basin is drained by the Cahaba River and its\\ntributaries. In 1883 this basin did not have a single mine,\\nopened in it on any of its seams.\\nThe DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company have three-\\nslopes sunk on the lower bench of the Mammoth, and are\\nnow mining coal with the most approved machinery and\\nappliances, under the skilful management of Mr. Samuel T.\\nBrittle, with Mr. Hugh Howard as superintendent. Two\\nrailroads, (the Georgia Pacific and the Columbus and West-\\nern, or Central of Georgia), run through the basin to con-\\nvey away the coal, and there is a fair prospect of another\\nroad very soon. The Macon and Birmingham Company,\\nnow building a railroad along Possum Valley from Gads-\\nden to Montevallo, would develop by means of lateral\\nroads all the southeast side of the Cahaba Coal Field, and\\nwould tap more available coal than any railroad in the\\nState of the same length. The rocks of the vertical coal\\nmeasures of the boundary fault have the same composition\\nand general appearance that they possess in the interior of\\nthe basin.\\nThe measures of the Henryeilen basin, like all our Ala-\\nbama Coal Measures, were evidently at one time approxi-\\nmately level, the ferns and peat mosses of that time in the\\nlakes and bogs of that day, were then forming the carbon-\\naceous matter for our present coal seams. The split in the\\nMammoth shows that after the first five feet or so of the\\ncoal had been formed there was a depression of the seam,\\n100 feet deep, towards Helena, which became filled up with\\nwhite sand and other materials from external sources\\nafter it had filled up to a level with the two ends, then the\\nother portion of the Mammoth seam was formed on the\\ntop of it.\\nThe present inclined position of the formerly horizontal\\nbeds of the Henryeilen basin is due to the great fault or\\nupthrow of 10,000 feet on the south-eastern boundary of\\nthe basin, and to the upthrow of Jones Valley, which gave\\nits present dip to the Millstone Grit and other measures of\\nthe northwest side of the basin. Some men look at this", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 31\\nmatter as mere conjecture, but they are facts, as to the\\ncorrectness of which there is no manner of doubt.\\nThe rocks on the southeast side of the basin have a\\nsteeper rate of dip than those on the northwest side this\\nis in accordance with the general law applicable to the\\nwhole of the Appalachian region from Alabama to New\\nYork, which was formulated by the Messrs. Eogers long\\nago, as results of their surveys in Virginia and Pennsyl-\\nvania., and adjacent states.\\nThe method of working the coal seam in this basin hith-\\nerto used, has been the method termed by miners, working\\nthe seam on the run. For description of this and other\\nmethods see the last Chapter.\\nThe basin contains seat^s that are of good quality for\\ndomestic use others of good quality for coking and iron\\nmanufacturing purposes; and others for a first class steam\\ncoal, so that the three principal demands for coal can be\\nsupplied by this basin. The following is an analysis of the\\nlower bench of the Mammoth seam, taken from a half\\nbushel sample from the top to bottom of the seam from\\nthe Henryellen Company s slope No. 1, at Henryellen.\\nAnalysis by J. L. Beeson:\\nLotver Bench of Mammoth Seam, at Heiiryellen.\\nMoisture 1.531\\nVolatile matter 33.785\\nFixed carbon 59.196) ri-^i ca cqa\\nAsh 5.488) 6^-684\\n100.000\\nSulphur in coal 1.016\\nSulphur left in coke. .371\\nPer cent, of sulphur in coke .574\\nThe following is an analysis of the upper bench of the\\nMammoth seam taken from a half bushel sample channelled\\nout of the seam from top to bottom. This is all from the\\nDeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company s slope No. 1, at\\nHenryellen. Analysis by J. L. Beeson:", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nUpper Bench of Mammoth Seam at HenryeUen.\\nMoisture 1 .526\\nVolatile matter 33.77^\\nFixed carbon 53.572? p \u00e2\u0080\u009eq^\\nAsh 11.123f\\n100.000\\nSulphur in coal 1.057\\nSulphur in coke .509\\nPer cent, of sulphur in coice .787\\nBy referring to the map accompanying this report, the\\nlocation of the three horizontal sections are shown by dot-\\nted lines across this basin; the Adkins section in the north\\nend of basin from A to B the Henryellen section in\\nthe middle of the basin from C to D the DeShazo sec-\\ntion in the south end of the basin from E to F These\\nall show the great disparity between the amount of coal\\nmeasures in the fault vertical coal measures, and the\\nmeasures of the interior of the basin, demonstrating that\\nit is utterly impossible for the fault vertical coal measures\\nto be a mere plication such as we find in the basins of the\\nanthracite coal field in Pennsylvania. The accompanying\\nmap gives the form of the Henryellen basin as accurately\\nas it could be made without taking the transit and chain\\nand surveying the meanders of the boundary the seams\\nare also located as accurately as could be done without\\nmaking a special instrumental measurement and location\\nof each outcrop.\\nThese methods are always used by mining companys in\\nmaking tne special surveys of their property, preparatory\\nto mining development, since the success of their enterprise\\ndepends largely on the accuracy of the survey and exami-\\nnation in fact, capital can not be safely invested in our\\ncoal mining operations without first making these special\\nsurveys with all the aids that modern science can give for\\nthe purpose of acquiring a full knowledge of the location\\nand condition of the minerals to be mined. In my exami-\\nnation, on the other hand, the area was too extensive to\\nallow me to accomplish all these details, and in view of the\\nfact, that in some days of these examinations, a human face", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 33\\nwas not visible to me from the rising to the setting of the\\nsun, when the only guide to my location was the forms of\\nthe creeks and branches, or my apparent distance from\\nsome distant mountain of known location, it will easily be\\nunderstood that absolute accuracy of location of outcrops\\nwas impossible witliout costly instrumental surveys. Even\\nin thickly settled regions it is often impossible to get a sec-\\ntion corner pointed out, since even at best, only a small\\npercentage of the inhabitants have any knowledge of these\\nland marks, and where the ownerships have remained for\\na long time unchanged, these corners are frequently lost\\nsight of entirely. For these reasons the section corners\\nhave not been often referred to.\\nIn the Henryellen vertical section on the map, the seams\\nshown are those that I saw or dug to and found the three\\nhorizontal sections above mentioned on said map, showing\\nthe Coal measures at three different points, and stretching\\nacross the Henryellen basin, represent the seams of coal\\nthat I either actually saw, or identified by the characteris-\\ntic rocks that are near to and associated with them. Some\\nof them I dug to, without making a thorough test, to con-\\nvince myself of their identity with the seams in the same\\nrelative position in other parts of the Cahaba Coal Field,\\nand to note their peculiarities. I would then abandon the\\ntest without obtaining a full section of seam, in order to\\ngive more time to forming the general sections, and locating\\nthe seams, considering that this result would meet the de-\\nmands of the people of Alabama better than a number of\\ndisconnected details. The extent of the work made it com-\\npulsory on me to shun details and economize time as well\\nas expense, so as to obtain the most knowledge of the Ca-\\nhaba field with the least outlay. In many cases, however,\\nI made very accurate locations of many of the seams shown\\non the accompanying map, by taking the transit and chain\\nin the one hand, and pick and shovel in the other, and\\nmaking the one locate what the other brought to light,\\nthus giving me a base line on which to locate the others by\\nreconnoitering and computation of their relative distances.\\nThis shunning of the details required an effort on my part,\\n3", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "34\\nGEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nas my work in the past had been largely in making special\\naccurate surveys preparatory to the opening of mines and\\nthe investment of capital so if the reader chooses to find\\nfault about the accuracy of the geological examinations, I\\nshall beg he will excuse me, not on the ground of inability,\\nbut on the ground of lack of time and means.\\nThe seams of this basin vary in size, condition and sur-\\nroundings, but not more so than they do ordinarily in other\\ncoal fields. Some are larger here than they are in other\\nparts of the Cahaba Coal Field, while others are smaller.\\nI give below two measured sections of the Little Pittsburgh\\nseam at different localities.\\n[Little Pittsburgh seam, on Adhins Spring Branch, in section 26, town-\\nship 16, range 1 east]:\\nfooy //^C//\u00c2\u00a3S CO/fL\\nBojTO/^ SL/tje:\\n1", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 35\\n[Little Pittsburgh seam, in section 19, township 18, S., range 1, ivest]:\\nSL/ij-y s/r/^osTo^\u00c2\u00a3:\\nG/^EEj- c^piJT SL/jyE\\nJ f^oof 6 //^C/^\u00c2\u00a3:s CO/lL\\nz r^^T ^L/JTV sflf^Dsro/^\u00c2\u00a3\\n2/^E\u00c2\u00a3J- CO/fL\\nCL/Pf\\nAt Henryellen, the old No. 3 slope was sunk on the upper\\nbench of the Helena seam. I did not have the opportunity\\nof seeing it, but Mr. Howard, the superintendent, gave me\\nthe following sections\\nSandstone roof.\\n3 feet 9 inches coal. The slope was in this bench.\\n4 feet sandstone.\\n3 feet coal.\\nFireclay.\\nA measured section of the Helena seam in section 26,\\ntownship 16, range 1 east, is as follows", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n[McGill or Helena seam,, in section 26, township 16, S., range 1, east]:\\nW. T^f/^^y Lfl/^lf//iT^OSfl/iOSJQf^\u00c2\u00a3\\\\\\ncoffL\\n/O J/^C//eS BlO/S// SLflfE\\nNear Helena is a seam that outcrops under the pump\\nthat supplies the coke ovens with water, and named in con-\\nsequence the Pump Seam, and the following is a measured\\nsection of the same seam in section 26, township 16, range\\n1 east, in the Henryellen basin:\\n[Pump seam, {under Mammoth,) in section 36, township 10, S., range 1,\\neast]:\\ncoppse pipssiy/e spfJosj-o/^\u00c2\u00a3\\n2. FEE J sLpTy s/fA/osro//\u00c2\u00a3\\n2 fEEJ- ^/^fC/^ES COflL\\nI fooj 6 if^cf^es sLffj-E\\nfOOJ- 9///C//CS CO/fL\\nThe Henryellen basin contains an aggregate of good\\nworkable coal of 881,000,000 of tons of 2,000 pounds. My\\ncomputation and estimates were made on the basis of in-\\ncluding all coal of two feet in thickness and upwards, and\\nall within forty-two hundred feet in vertical depth, but I\\nhave made no allowance for loss or waste in pillars or\\notherwise, in mining.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HENRYELLEN BASIN. 37\\nThe surface area of the basin is one hundred and nine-\\nteen square miles. The most valuable portion of the basin\\nis on the southeast side a large amount of the northwest-\\nern portion, occupied by Shades Mountain, or Eocky\\nKidge, and Black Jack Ridge, contains no seam but the\\nBrock and another thin seam, and as yet I have never seen\\nthem of workable size in the Cahaba Coal Field, though\\nthe same seams in the northern portion of the Warrior\\nField and in Tennessee hold four feet and over of good\\ncoal.\\nFor a fuller description of the rocks of the Henryellen\\nbasin, see vertical section on accompanying map, also Chap-\\nter I, giving a general description of all the prominent\\nledges in the Cahaba Coal Field. For description of the\\nterritory surrounding the Henryellen basin see introductory\\nchapter.\\nThe measures of this basin have a varying rate of dip.\\nThat portion of it occupied by the Millstone Grit shows a\\nrate of dip generally of from nine to twelve degrees the\\nmeasures in sections 6, 7, 8 and 18, in township 16, range\\n2 east, are nearly flat or level also in sections 13 and 24,\\ntownship 16, range 1 east, they are nearly flat; the strata of\\nother parts of the basin have mostly a rate of dip varying\\nfrom five degrees to twenty-seven without taking into ac-\\ncount the fault vertical coal measures of the southeast\\nboundary.\\nThe Coal Measures of the Henryellen basin have a thick-\\nness of five thousand feet. In the southern portion of the\\nbasin the thickness is a little over that amount, or nearly\\none mile, counting from the base of the Millstone Grit up\\nto the top of the highest strata of the Coal Measures in the\\nbasin.\\nThe following analysis of coke made from the coal of the\\nMammoth seam at DeBardeleben Coal Iron Company s\\nMines, at Henryellen, was made by Alfred F. Brainerd,\\nchemist, Birmingham", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nCoke from a Car Load Lot.\\nMoisture 0.300\\nVolatile 3.360\\nFixed carbon 84.987\\nSulphur 0.723\\nAsh 10.630\\n100.000\\nAnalysis of the above Ash from the Mammoth Coke by Alfred\\nF. Brainerd.\\nSilica 5.000\\nAlumina 3.500\\nOxide Iron 1.921\\nLime 0.004\\nMagnesia 0.003\\nSulphur in Ash 0,0002\\n10.4282", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III,\\nTHE ACTON BASIN.\\nThe Acton Basin at its northeast boundary joins the Hen-\\nryellen basin, and on its southwest boundary joins the\\nHelena basin and the Cahaba basin.\\nThe principal wagon roads in this basin are the following\\nthe road along Possum Valley (part of it is a settlement\\nroad), and the Birmingham road that leaves the Cahaba\\nValley road at Bishop s Mill and tlie Wilson place, crossing\\nthe Cahaba river at the Bain Ford, passing through the\\nMat Patton place, by Mrs. Bailey s house, where the meas-\\nures form a synclinal, and crossing Shades Mountain about\\ntwo and half miles northeast of Oxmoor, thence on to Bir-\\nmingham. Another road leaves the Possum Valley road at\\nWilliam Roy s place, crossing the Cahaba river at the Hub-\\nbard Ford, thence on to the top of Shades Mountain, and\\npassing down its northwest side to Oxmoor, thence on to\\nEly ton and Birmingham. Another wagon road leaves the\\nCahaba Valley road a half a mile above Isaac Johnson s\\nhouse, going almost due north by Caldwell s mill and Wat-\\nkin s Gap to Birmingham.\\nThe area of the Acton Basin is forty two square miles.\\nIt is drained by the Cahaba River and its tributaries Pat-\\nton s creek and its various prongs on the west side of basin,\\nand by Acton s Mill Creek, Coal Branch and other short\\nbranches emptying into the Cahaba River on the southeast\\nside of basin.\\nThis basin is not a simple synclinal but consists of two\\nsynclinals with an anticlinal between in its northern end\\n(opposite Oxmoor) the result being a wideniog of the basin\\nat this point, (see accompanying map). The boundary of\\nthis basin may be described as follows Leaving the L. fe\\nN. railroad at Brock s Station (near Brock s Gap) and going\\ndue east about three quarters of a mile to the base of the", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nMillstone Grit, and following this, the course is first north\\nby a few degrees east, along Shades Mountain, keeping\\nShades Creek and the L. and N. railroad in view on the left\\nall along, passing the large peach orchard owned by Mr.\\nHowell of Cincinnati, and leaving the John McClintock\\nhouse to the right of the course. In the southeast of\\nsection 21, townshp 19, range 3 west, the course changes\\nnearly due north along the base of the Millstone Grit, the\\nJudge Morrow orchard and vineyard lying distance to the\\nright this course is followed up to the Hale place. Here\\nShades Mountain changes direction and our course is\\nthence northeast passing Oxmoor, with its furnaces on the\\nleft, in plain view at the foot of the mountain, a busy little\\niron manufacturing town. This northeast course continues\\nalong the Millstone Grit to the middle of section 20, town-\\nship 18, range two west here the rocks are found in irreg-\\nular position, the ridges more disturbed and broken, and\\nthe topography more out of its usual shape by reason of\\nthe change of dip between the Henryellen and Acton ba-\\nsins. We go thence southeast along the boundary between\\nthis and the Henryellen basin through the middle of section\\n28 thence through the middle of the north half of section\\n34 thence through the middle of the south half of section\\n35, all in township 18, range 2 west, crossing Cahaba River\\nat the west side of section 35 thence to the Methodist\\nchurch near Mr. Bragg s in Possum Valley at the great\\nboundary fault that separates the Cambrian from the Car-\\nboniferous. The high cherty ridge on the southwest side of\\nPossum Valley here acquires the name of New Hope\\nMountain. Here the course is changed to the southwest,\\nkeeping along the fault at the edge of the Coal Field, and\\nalong Possum Valley, passing close by the Dave Lowry\\nhouse, about half a mile from the top of New Hope Moun-\\ntain also close by Hens. Bailey s house, with Hale Bailey s\\na short distance to the left thence along the edge of the\\nfault to half mile post on the north side of section 2,\\ntownship 20, range 3 west thence northwest to Cahaba\\nRiver, opposite mouth of the Bailey Branch, crossing the\\nCahaba River at this point; thence up the Bailey Bfanch\\nin a northwest direction to the half mile post on the west", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD ACTON BASIN. 41\\nside of section 28, township 19, range 3, west, the point of\\nbeginning.\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is the Shades\\nMountain on the northwest side of the basin. Shades\\nMountain, as already stated, is formed chiefly of the lower\\nportion of the Millstone Grit formation. The northwest\\nside of it can be plainly seen from the L. N. railroad at\\nalmost any point from Brock s Gap in Shades Mountain, to\\nGrace s Gap in Ked Mountain, the Millstone Grit forming\\nhigh perpendicular cliffs near the top of the mountain on\\nits northwest side, displaying the grandeur of nature s\\nhandiwork to the thousands travelling along the railroad\\nin the valley. Shades Mountain on its southeast side forms\\na long gradual slope descending to the slaty valley between\\nit and Pine Ridge, the slope being more gentle and gradual\\nin the north end of the basin than it is in the southern\\nportion.\\nPine Ridge is the next prominent ridge in importance\\nand follows nearly parallel with Shades Mountain (on its\\nsoutheast side), the distance from the top of one to the\\nother varying from half a mile at the south end to a mile\\nat the north end of the basin. The valley between the two\\nis mostly gritty slate, the rocks forming the base of Pine\\nRidge being also gritty slates and slaty sandstones, the cap\\nor shield of the ridge being a thick ledge of the Millstone\\nGrit formation in a few places Pine Ridge becomes as high\\nas Shades Mountain.\\nThe next ridge of importance is the Red Ridge this\\nridge is southeast of Pine Ridge and follows along nearly\\nparallel with it, the Gould seam with its under and over-\\nlying immense thickness of gritty slates, occupying the\\nvalley between the two the cap or shield of Red Ridge is\\nthe upper portion of the Millstone Grit formation these\\nthree ridges are continuous along the northwestern side of\\nthis basin.\\nThe next ridge in importance is a short distance outside\\nof the southeast boundary of the basin, following along the\\nsoutheast side of Possum Valley this is the high cherty\\nridge that is given the name (by the settlers along it) of\\nNew Hope Mountain. It intersects the South and North", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nAlabama Railroad about half-way between Helena and Pel-\\nham, the railroad going through a gap cut by Buck Creek\\nin said mountain.\\nVarious smaller ridges are formed in that part of the\\nbasin known as the Acton settlement, but they are mostly\\nnot continuous like those just described, their general trend\\nis along the strike of the seams and parallel with their out-\\ncrops. The Cahaba river also, in one part of this basin, in\\nits general course, keeps along the strike of the seams, fol-\\nlowing the outcrops and slates until it reaches within a half\\na mile of the southeast boundary of the Coal Field, a point\\nin section 20, township 19, range 2 west. It then makes a\\nturn away from the southeast boundary again.\\nThe location of the synclinal and anticlinal in the northern\\npart of this basin can be best understood by referring to\\nthe accompanying map on the ground, both can be seen on\\nthe road from Bain s Ferry to Birmingham, close to Mrs.\\nThomas N. Bailey s house. The other synclinal next to the\\nsoutheast edge of the basin can be seen along the same\\nroad at a point about a mile south of Bain s Ferry or Ford.\\nOn the accompanying map the Acton horizontal section\\nfrom C to H will show the relative position, outcrops,\\nand form of the synclinal and anticlinal of this basin.\\nThe Brock and the Gould seams having a very low rate\\nof dip, become level in the anticlinal between the Mat\\nPatton place and the Mrs. Bailey place, then descending\\ninto the main part of the basin, the ledges of conglomerate\\nabove the Conglomerate seam show on both sides of the\\nbasin along the wagon road between Bain s Ford and the\\nTom F. Bailey place at the edge of the Coal Field.\\nThere has been no mining for coal in this basin up to\\nthis date, except two or three test slopes to prove the\\nseams but when the basin becomes opened up by railroads\\nits coal seams will undoubtedly be developed.\\nThe Eureka Company s test slope seam, of which the fol-\\nlowing is a section near the surface, (but I am told it be-\\ncomes thicker at some depth,) is a seam of good coal and\\ncan be worked profitably.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD ACTON BASIN.\\n43\\n[Eureka Company s slope seam in section IS, township 19, S., range 2,\\nW.: rate of dip 21\u00c2\u00b0\\\\.\\n3f\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3T^ COffL ofGooo 9 //iLirr\\nf^/jpo eojTo/^ sZ/77-r\\nSome of the other seams are in good condition for work-\\ning the Conglomerate seam is larger and better in this\\nbasin than it is at Helena. The Acton seam is large but\\nrather impure the following is a section of it\\n[Acton seam in section 18, townshtp 19, S., range :i, W\\\\.\\n2fE\u00c2\u00a3f JO^//\\\\/c/^\u00c2\u00a3S Co/=fL\\n/f^ooj COfiL 0o/^y CO/JL\\nS I /^c/-l es H/^/=!o Bo/^y co/jL\\nOn the wagon road from Caldwell Grist Mill by Wat-\\nkin s Gap to Birmingham, at a point about half a mile\\nabove Caldwell s Mill, can be seen the flat measures of the\\nanticlinal part of the basin. To the south of said mill\\nabout three-qurrters of a mile, the measures have a rate of\\ndip of twenty degrees. The change in the rate of dip can\\nbe seen more plainly along the wagon road from Bishop s\\nMill to Birmingham the measures becoming more steep as\\nyou approach the southeast boundary of the basin, in a\\nsimilar way to the measures in the south end of the Henry-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nellen basin. The Cambrian measures on the southeast side\\nare the same as those surrounding the southeast side of the\\nHenryellen basin.\\nThe Acton basin is due south from Birmingham a line\\nfrom the Union depot, Birmingham, running due south,\\nwould cross the top of Red Mountain at a distance of two\\nmiles, and intersect the first seam of the basin (the Brock\\nseam) at a distance of five miles said line continued due\\nsouth would reach the southeast boundary of the Acton\\nbasin at W. Y. Jones place in Possum Valley, at a distance\\nfrom the Union depot of eleven and a half miles. This due\\nsouth line would follow very close, almost parallel with the\\npublic road that leaves Cahaba Valley at Bishop s Mill,\\ncrossing Cahaba river at Bain s Ford and leads to Birming-\\nham.\\nFor relative positions of the seams of this basin, see the\\nActon Horizontal Section from G to H, and the yS ow^/i\\nand North Railroad Vertical Sections, both on the accom-\\npanying map. The prominent rocks exposed in this basin\\nare very similar to those described in the Henryellen basin.\\nCommencing at the Millstone Grit on the northwest side of\\nShades Mountain and ascending in the measures by going\\nsoutheast, you will find an immense ledge of the Millstone\\nGrit, forming all the upper part of the top of the mountain\\nand all the southeast side of Shades Mountain. After\\npassing over this, you will find a thick bed of gritty slate\\nwith a thin seam imbedded in it, occupying the valley be-\\ntween Shades Mountain and Pine Ridge. The next ridge\\n(or Pine Ridge) southeast of Shades Mountain has a heavy\\nledge of the white sandstone of the Millstone Grit forma-\\ntion, for a cap rock or shield this also underlies the soil on\\nthe southeast side. Descending Pine Ridge on the south-\\neast side you will arrive at the immense beds of gritty slate\\nthat underlies the Gould seam. After passing over the\\nGould seam you arrive at the large bed of gritty slate and\\nslaty sandstone that overlies the Gould seam these gritty\\nslates occupy almost the whole of the Gould Valley, except-\\ning a few thin ledges of pink and red sandstones. On the\\nsoutheast side of this valley is Red or Chestnut Ridge this\\nis capped with the upper layer of the white sandstone of", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD ACTON BASIN. 45\\nthe Millstone Grit formation. This cap or shield forms the\\nrocks of the southeast slope of the Red Ridge, descending\\ninto the synclinal valley in the north part of the basin and\\nascending again in the anticlinal farther southeast. Arriv-\\ning at this point, it will be seen that the micaceous sand-\\nstones and slates overlying the Millstone Grit begin to ap-\\npear, making the upper part of the Millstone Grit a good\\nguide to assist in identifying the upper coal measures.\\nAfter passing over various layers of sandstone, slaty sand-\\nstone, and gritty slate with the Nunnally seam, the Five\\nGroup, and the Harkness seam imbedded in them, we ar-\\nrive at the large one hundred feet ledge of blue micaceous\\nsandstone. This sandstone is very micaceous and is a great\\nlandmark in the identifying of the accompanying coal\\nseams. Overlying this blue micaceous sandstone is the\\nMartin seam, and about one hundred and fifty feet of lam-\\ninated sandstone interlarded with thin layers of hard block\\nsandstone, some of it breaking out in square blocks. Above\\nthis is the Whetrock seam and the overlying Wadsworth\\nseam, and above and including the two just named is the\\nwhole productive group of seams up to the Helena seam.\\nIn the northeast corner of section 18, township 19, range\\n2 west, I found some irregularities of the measures, with\\nindications, however, that the fault was local, or not very\\nextensive. I did not ascertain the extent of it, considering\\nat the time that it did not merit a thorough investigation.\\nThe rate of dip of the rocks of this basin varies from\\n30 Qj. 40 jjj ^]jQ north part of the basin on the Shades Moun-\\ntain side, up to 85\u00c2\u00b0 on the southeast side of the basin adja-\\ncent to the great boundary fault.\\nIn the southwest corner of the southwest quarter of sec-\\ntion 8, township 19, range 2 west, near the Samuel Acton s\\nhouse, the rate of dip was found to be 7\u00c2\u00b0.\\nOn the Mad. Acton land in the southwest quarter of the\\nnortheast quarter of section 18, township 19, range 2 west,\\n1 found the rate of dip to be 15\u00c2\u00b0.\\nIn the southeast corner of section 18, township 19, range\\n2 west, on the T. J. Winfield land, found the rate of dip to\\nbe 19\u00c2\u00b0, On the Acton seam close by, the rate of dip was\\n21\u00c2\u00b0 on the Mrs. Jane Acton land in section 20, township", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n19, range 2 west, the rate of dip was 25\u00c2\u00b0 in the northwest\\nquarter of the northwest quarter of section 36, township 19,\\nrange 2 west, on the J. S. Jones land, the direction of dip\\nis northwest, and the rate of dip 80\u00c2\u00b0. This steep dip is\\nevidently caused by the great upthrow of the boundary\\nfault that is in close proximity at this point. The most\\nlevel point of this basin is that occupied by the synclinal\\nand anticlinal in the north portion of the basin. The Acton\\nbasin is eight and a half miles in length by nearly five\\nmiles in average width, and contains an area of forty-two\\nsquare miles. The amount of good workable coal in it, in\\nseams of two feet thickness and upwards, and less than\\nthree thousand six hundred feet in depth, is from careful\\ncomputation 143,000,000 tons net, making no allowance for\\nwaste in mining, loss in pillars, etc.; but this represents the\\ngross amount of coal in the ground.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTHE HELENA BASIN.\\nThe Helena Basin is situated west and north of the town\\nof Helena, and is on both sides of the South and North\\nAlabama Eailroad the greater part being on the north-\\neast side of the said railroad. This basiu is bounded on\\nits northwest side by the Interior fault and the Cahaba\\nbasin on its northeast end by the Acton basin on its\\nsoutheast side by the great boundary fault and Possum\\nValley on its southwest end by the Eureka Basin. The\\nlength of this basin is three and one-fourth miles, by an\\naverage width of three-quarters of a mile. The following\\nis a description of its boundary Commencing on the\\nSouth and North Alabama railroad, at a point fifty yards\\neast of the Squire house, at Helena thence at a bearing of\\nS. 10\u00c2\u00b0 W. about half a mile, to a point a little north of the\\nHelena school building thence, at a bearing of N. 60\u00c2\u00b0 W.,\\na distance of one mile, passing to the left of the Holsomback\\nlog house in the ridge depression on your way and arriving\\nat a point two hundred yards northeast of the forks of the\\nTuscaloosa and Birmingham wagon roads, the one fork\\nleading to Lacey s Ford and Birmingham, the other leading\\nto the Lainey Ford and on to Tuscaloosa, both fords being\\non Cahaba River. You have now arrived at the interior\\nfault, the vertical measures of which are here six hundred\\nyards across. This fault forms the northwest side of the\\nHelena Basin. Thence along the southeast edge of the\\nfault at an average bearing N. 38\u00c2\u00b0 E., crossing the South\\nand North railroad at the switch of the north T near\\nTacoa depot, passing through sections sixteen, nine, ten,\\nthree and two, all in township twenty, range three west, and\\ncontinuing along the southeast edge of the fault, to the\\npoint where the interior fault joins the great boundary fault\\nin section two thence at a bearing of about S. 30\u00c2\u00b0 W.,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nalong the great boundary fault, on the west side of Possum\\nValley, to the point of commencement on the South and\\nNorth Alabama railroad at Helena. I have made a more\\nthorough survey and examination of this basin than any\\nother one in this coal field, using the Wye level, tne Abney\\nlevel, the barometer, transit and chain, very liberally be-\\nsides making an immense number of test pits with the pick\\nand shovel.\\nThe wagon roads of this basin are the following: There\\nis one at the north end of basin that passes over it for a\\nshort distance this leaves the Ashville and Helena public\\nroad at William Roy s house, crosses Cahaba River at the\\nHubbard Ford, thence on by Oxmoor to Birmingham. An-\\nother road leaves the Helena and Ashville road opposite\\nthe colored Baptist church at Helena, goes on across the\\nbasin to the Cahaba Mines old slope, and to the McClendon\\nand the Driscoll farms. Another road leaves the Helena\\nand Lacey Ford road, and goes on to the Cahaba old slope.\\nA trail or bridle path leaves the Maiden Roy house and\\ngoes on to the Cahaba old slope at the L. and N. company s\\nbridges over Cahaba River.\\nThe South and North Division of the Louisville system\\ncrosses this basin northwest of Helena.\\nThe Gurnee and Blocton Branch of the Birmingham\\nMineral railroad also runs through a part of this basin and\\njoins South and North near the Scott bridge, or bridge 71.\\nThe Eureka s railroad to their coke ovens and mines,\\nalso runs through about three-fourths mile of this basin,\\njoining the South and North railroad near the Scott Bridge\\nat north Y of Birmingham Mineral, or Tacoa depot.\\nThat portion of this basin situated in sections fifteen and\\nsixteen, is so disturbed by cross faults hitches and distor-\\ntion of the measures, that it would be very difl cult to make\\na profitable investment in mining in that area, though two-\\nthirds of the basin (that part beyond the cross-fault north\\nof the South and North railroad) are very regular and can\\nbe worked profitably. After leaving the South and North\\nrailroad going northeast, and advancing along the strike\\nabout a quarter of a mile, you will find the measures dis-\\nturbed by a cross fault. Passing this cross fault, and con-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN. 49\\ntinuing thence along the outcrop of the seams you will pro-\\nceed for nearly two miles on measures that have an un-\\nbroken regularity, but at the north end the outcrops curve\\naround in a shape much like a fish hook, as shown on the\\naccompanying map this portion of the basin lies very reg-\\nular and is well worth the attention of the capitalist and\\nminer. The measures in the southwest end of this basin\\nalso curve around in the same fish hook form that they\\nhave at the northeast end, as shown by the outcrops of the\\nHelena and conglomerate seams on the accompanying map.\\nThe outcrops at both ends of the basin were located by a\\nspecial instrumental survey by myself.\\nThe causes resulting in the disturbances and irregularity\\nin the measures of this basin are discussed in chapter I,\\ngiving the general description of the whole field. Most of\\nthe outcrops of the seams of this basin have been carefully\\nsurveyed, measurements made, staked off accurately on the\\nsurface, and afterwards carefully platted by scale on a map,\\nof which that portion of the accompanying map describing\\nthis basin, is the reduced representation.\\nThe great reduction has to some small extent lessened\\nthe accuracy. The South and North Bailroad or Helena Ver-\\ntical Section, Siud the Helena Horizontal Section I to J,\\non the accompanying map, will show the relative position\\nof the seams. By referring to the horizontal section, the\\nHelena basin is shown on the right hand side and occupies\\nthat portion of the section between the boundary fault ver-\\ntical coal measures and the interior fault vertical coal\\nmeasures. The basin on the left hand side is the Cahaba\\nbasin, which will be described in the next chapter. The\\nboundary fault on the southeast side of this basin, is an up-\\nthrow of ten thousand feet, while the interior fault near the\\nSouth and North Alabama Railroad has an upthrow of only\\nseven hundred feet, though in the southern part of the coal\\nfield this interior fault becomes an upthrow of fifteen hun-\\ndred feet. The Helena or South and North vertical section\\ngives the seams of both the Cahaba basin and the Helena\\nbasin. The coal measures of this basin can be seen most\\nconveniently and to the best advantage, along and near to\\nthe South and North Alabama Railroad, between the north\\n4", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "50\\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nY of the Blocton Mineral Railroad at the Tacoa depot\\nand the Squire house on the main line.\\nCommencing at said north Y and going southeast\\nalong the railroad, your first steps will be on the fine\\ngrained sandstone uuderljiug the Whetrock seam you will\\nnext find the hard block sandstone thirty or forty feet\\nunderneath the Wadsworth this hard block sandstone is\\none of the most remarkable rocks for hardness in the whole\\nof our coal measures; it is generally from two inches to six\\ninches in thickness, breaks up into blocks of from two to\\nseven or eight inches across, nearly square. This block\\nsandstone has generally a very pale pea green, or very pale\\nblue color. The first seam you pass over is the Whetrock\\nseam, of about two feet in thickness, dipping to the south-\\neast; all the measures along the Soutli and North Railroad\\nin this basin have a direction of dip to the southeast.\\nLeaving the Whetrock, and passing over forty-seven feet of\\nmeasures, mostly sandstones, you reach the outcrop of the\\nWadsworth seam. My oldest pits exposing these two\\nseams, are only a few yards from the South and North\\nRailroad at the point between the north Y and the main\\nline. A few years ago the seams could be seen from the\\nrailroad, but the wasli from the higher ground has covered\\nthem up. The following is a section of the Wadsworth\\nseam taken at this point\\nf Wadsworth seam in N. E. ^4 of S. W. ^i in section 16, toivnship SO, S.,\\nrange 3, W].\\nSANDSTONE\\n2 FEET GRITTY SLATE.\\n3 FEET I INCH COAL\\nBOTTOM SLATE\\nNortheast of this in this basin the Wadsworth has a split", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN. 51\\nin it, as a test made by myself, of which the following sec-\\ntion will show\\n[Wadsworth seam in N. E. }-i of S. E. in section 0, township 20, S.,\\nrange 3, W].\\nZj^EET iO/J^C/^ES COflL\\nS i^^cH^s co/lL\\nLeaving the Wadsworth seam and going southeast, you\\npass over one hundred and twenty-five feet of measures,\\nmostly coarse red sandstone and hard micaceous grey sand-\\nstone; you then arrive at a thin seam of ten inches. Pass-\\ning over fifty-two feet more of measures, you reach another\\nthin seam of twelve inches thence passing over one hun-\\ndred and one feet of fossiliferous grey sandstone and mas-\\nsive grey sandstone, you arrive at the Coke Oven seam,\\nabout one and one-half feet thick. This seam is exposed\\nfour or five hundred yards south of this point, in the rail-\\nroad cut west of the old coke ovens, originally built several\\nyears ago by the Eureka Company under Mr. Jas. Thomas\\ndirections. The said old ovens are built on the roof of the\\nCoke Oven seam. Passing over forty-four feet of measures\\nyou arrive at the Shute seam, outcropping immediately east\\nof said old coke ovens then passing over three hundred\\nand three feet of measures in the middle of which is a thin\\nseam of about fourteen inches in thickness, you will arrive\\nat the Pump seam. This seam outcrops underneath the\\nsteam pump at the wooden bridge or trestle over Buck\\nCreek of the Helena and Blocton Railroad the outcrop for-\\nmerly exposed here at this point is now covered up. In\\nthis basin its thickness varies from one and a half to seven\\nfeet. The last three hundred and three feet of measures\\nare mostly hard micaceous olive colored sandstone, or lam-\\ninated yellow sandstone. Then continuing southeast, you\\npass over three hundred and twenty-seven feet of measures,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52\\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nthe lower part being mostly slaty sandstone, laminated\\nsandstone, and yellow sandstone, the upper part being a\\nvery massive grey or white sandstone which, in other parts\\nof the field, becomes a conglomerate. You then arrive at\\nthe Buck seam, which at this point is four feet in thickness,\\nof which the following is a section from actual tests in this\\nbasin\\n[Buck seam in N. E. of N. E. yi of section 16, township 20, S., range\\n3, W].\\nS/J/^Doyo/^\u00c2\u00a3\\n3j=-\u00c2\u00a3Efll ///c/Zr^ COflL\\nBOTTO/^ SLfifE\\nThe outcrop of the Buck seam can be seen in the little\\nknoll or point between the south T of the Helena and\\nBlocton Branch of the Birmingham Mineral Railroad and\\nmain line near the wooden bridge. The Buck seam is a\\nlower bench of the Mammoth seam, and the same as the\\nseam they are now mining in the No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3\\nslopes at the DeBardeleben Coal and Iron Company s mines\\nat Henryellen. It is also the same as the Clark seam in\\nthe Lolley and Dailey Creek basins. The seam has been\\nworked to a limited extent by the Eureka Company, by\\nmeans of a tunnel from one of the gangways of their Black-\\nshale slope. The Blackshale slope was south of the South\\nand North Railroad, and in the irregular part of this\\nbasin, (a).\\nContinuing southeast along the South and North Rail-\\nroad, and passing over thirty-five feet of laminated sand-\\nstone, you arrive at three streaks of coal, (thin seams of a\\nfew inches each,) these thin layers of coal follow the meas-\\n(a) I must here state that those conducting and superintending the\\nEureka Company s work, sank this slope contrary to the advice of the\\nwriter, and after their attention was called to the irregularity of that\\npart of the basin.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN.\\n53\\nures of the Mammoth split, (b,) from above Henryellen to\\nBlocton, wherever the writer has seen these rock layers ex-\\nposed. Then passing over an additional seventy-six feet of\\nfine grained sandstone brings you to the Blackshale seam\\nthis seam is three to three and a half feet thick, on an aver-\\nage, in this basin. This seam is the upper bench of the\\nMammoth seam, and is also the same seam as the Gholson\\nseam now being worked by the Excelsior Coal Company at\\nthe No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 slopes at Gurnee, on the Brier-\\nfield, Blocton and Birmingham Kailroad. The Blackshale\\nand the Buck are the Helena equivalent of the Mammoth at\\nHenryellen. The Blackshale is also the same as the Ghol-\\nson in the Lolley basin and the Dailey Creek basin. From\\nthe South and North Railroad to the south end of the field\\nthis seam and the Buck occupy an almost continuous val-\\nley, along which the engineers have recently located the\\nHelena and Blocton branch of the Birmingham Mineral\\nRailroad, the Buck or Clark being generally near the bot-\\ntom of, or on the northwest side of the valley, while the\\nBlackshale or Gholson will generally be found on its south-\\neast side, often some distance up the side of the hill.\\nWhile the Blackshale is six feet at Henryellen and is five\\nfeet thick at the old Gholson mine, the average of it, in this\\nbasin, as has been proved by actual tests, is not over three\\nand a half feet, yet it is a solid seam of good coal, free from\\nany interlarded layers of slate, smut, or other injurious\\npartings. The following is a measured section of the Black-\\nshale, from a test pit near the South and North Railroad:\\n[Blackshale seam, in N. E. of N. E. of section 16, township 20, S.,\\nrange S, W\\\\.\\n_;\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^Sp/^DSfO/y/E\\n3 f\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3:r O/^c// Co/jL\\nBofjro/^f SLf77-\u00c2\u00a3\\n(6) The word split here refers to the barren strata\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sandstones, etc.,\\nwhich come in between and separate the two benches of the Mammoth\\nseam.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "54\\nGEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe Blackshale seam outcrops a few yards northwest of\\nthe south Y switch of the Helena and Blocton branch of\\nthe Birmingham Mineral Railroad. The old Stevens and\\nNorton slope on the Blackshale, can be seen a few yards\\nnortheast of said switch. Leaving the Blackshale seam and\\ncontinuing southeast along the South and North Railroad,\\nafter passing over ninety-seven feet of measures mostly\\ncoarse micaceous sandstone, you arrive at a thin seam of\\nabout twelve inches, surrounded by rusty slate the test in\\nthis seam is close to railroad on south side. Continuing\\nsoutheast and passing over one hundred and fifty-six feet of\\nmeasures, mostly coarse hard grey and red sandstone, you\\narrive at a double seam, here named the Moyle seam, and\\nvarying in thickness from one to three feet, thence south-\\neast, passing over thirty feet of laminated sandstone, brings\\nyou to the Little Pittsburgh seam. These two seams out-\\ncrop opposite the foundation of an old burnt building on\\nthe north side of the South and North Railroad, barely off\\nthe right of way they also outcrop at the south side of\\nBuck Creek where the two old test drifts are seen near the\\nedge of the creek. One of the drifts was made in the Moyle,\\nthe other in the Little Pittsburgh the wash from the hill\\nhas now nearly filled them up. The Little Pittsburgh is\\nalso a double seam. At this point, the coal of this seam is\\nof remarkable good quality, but its thickness is too small to\\nJustify working. The following is a section of the Little\\nPittsburgh seam taken from tests made close to this point\\n[LiWe Pittsburgh seam, in section 16, toivnship 20, S., range 3, W.: rate\\nof dip 35\u00c2\u00b0]\\n/fooy e f/y/c/^ES Co/jL\\nS f//c//\u00c2\u00a3:s sL/rye:\\nI fooy 2 f//o//e:s co/jL\\nThe Little Pittsburgh seam is generally rated as a two\\nand a half foot seam, in this basin. Leaving this seam and", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN. 55\\ncontinuing along the railroad southeastward, after passing\\nover ninety-two feet of measures mostly hard grey sand-\\nstone, you arrive at the Quarry seam. This is a thin seam\\nof one and a half to two feet. Passing over thirty-five feet\\nof additional measures, you will arrive at the Smithshop\\nseam, this is another thin seam of one and one-half feet.\\nThe Smithshop seam outcrops in the small ravine or valley\\nimmediately southeast of the old quarry thence from the\\nSmithshop seam southeast, passing over one hundred and\\nseventy-three feet of sandstone, part of it coarse grained,\\npart fine grained, with some massive and some laminated\\nsandstone, you will arrive at the Thompson or Conglomer-\\nate seam. The average thickness in the Helena basin, of\\nthis seam is from three to five feet, though owing. to its\\nclose proximity to the great boundary fault, its thickness\\nvaries from two and a half or three feet, up to ten or twelve\\nfeet. When the seam is in good condition in this basin, it\\ncontains from three to five feet of good coal from bottom to\\ntop in places though it becomes interlarded with pockets\\nor layers of what miners call smut, a black, shiny, soft\\nmaterial that looks very much like coal, and is difficult to\\nkeep out of coal on account of its close resemblance, and its\\nnot being always at the top of the seam, as the smut that is\\nconnected with the Montevallo seam generally is.\\nThe principal defects of the Conglomerate seam in this\\nbasin are its roof, (which in places is very treacherous,) its\\nliability to layers of smut, and its irregularity in thickness.\\nFour or five attempts to work this seam in this basin have\\nbeen made in the past, but in every case have ended in\\nabandoning it, chiefly on the account of the roof and its ir-\\nregular and defective condition.\\nThe springs in the outcrop of this seam near Buck Creek\\nfurnish three varieties of mineral water. On the south side\\nof said creek are two strong chalybeate springs, and from\\nits outcrop on the north side it furnishes a strong alum\\nspring. These waters have been shipped away to some ex-\\ntent, and several invalids have come here to Helena and\\nstayed for the benefit to be derived from these waters. For\\nsome classes of bowel diseases they have been highly\\npraised. The Conglomerate seam is the same as the", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThompson and tlie Underwood, but in the southern portion\\nof the coal field it is much larger, and in better condition\\nthan it is in this basin, for description of which see the\\nchapters on the Blocton basin and the Daily Creek basin.\\nIn the north end of this basin also, it is thicker and in bet-\\nter condition than it is on the South and North Alabama\\nRailroad.\\nLeaving the Conglomerate seam and continuing south-\\neast, passing over eighty-four feet of measures, the first\\ntwenty feet of which are mostly coarse sandstones, the next\\nfifty feet being a dense conglomerate, some of the pebbles\\nbeing large enough to make it a puddingstone, and the re-\\nmaining fourteen feet a hard, coarse sandstone, you come to\\na thin seam of fifteen inches. This thin seam outcrops in\\nthe valley between the Conglomerate ridge and the Helena\\nseam, and the ledge of conglomerate, or the ridge it forms,\\nis an excellent guide and characteristic rock in the identi-\\nfying and locating of all the other seams in this basin.\\nThe first settlers in this neighborhood gave the ridge the\\nname of Gold Ridge. It may be possible that they pre-\\nsumed that there was gold in it, on account of its contain-\\ning some quartz pebbles. It is much the highest and most\\nprominent ridge in the basin, and is easily known by the\\nlarge number of quartz pebbles scattered over it. Leaving\\nthe aforesaid fifteen inch seam, and continuing southeast-\\nward, you will pass over fifty-two feet of measures, mostly\\nyellow sandstone. This brings you to the Helena seam.\\nThat portion of the sandstone immediately under the\\nHelena seam, is fossiliferous, and part of it laminated. The\\noutcrop of the Helena seam is under the railroad trestle\\nbetween bridge 72 and the Conglomerate ridge. The aver-\\nage thickness in this basin is four to five feet, but in the\\nneighborhood of the South and North Railroad and Buck\\nCreek, a test drift one hundred feet in length close to the\\ncreek, demonstrates that its average thickness at this point\\nis not over six inches for the whole length of the drift. The\\ngreat boundary fault being only about one hundred yards\\nsoutheast of said drift, sufficiently accounts for the irregu-\\nlarity of the seam at this point. While this seam in the\\nEureka basin, immediately south of this, has a solid four to\\nI", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN.\\n57\\nfour and a half feet of coal without any slates interlarded,\\nin this basin it is usually divided up into two or three\\nlayers, as the following measured sections of this seam taken\\nfrom test pits will show\\n[Helena seam in S. E. of N. E. I4, section 10, township 20, S., range\\n3, W].\\n2f\u00c2\u00a3E7- 6 IJslcj^ES COflL\\n1 fooT 6jfJc/^\u00c2\u00a3s CO PL\\n6 //Vc/-/es slpt^\\n2 J=-EET COfJL\\n[Helena seam in S. W. of S. W. in section 2, township 20, S., range\\n3, W.: rate of dip 30\\nS PN DSTO N e:\\nG-RITTY SLRTEi\\nFeet 3 Jnches CO/fL\\n3 Inches SL/7TJE:\\n1 Foot S Inches CO R L\\n1 Foot SLFfTE\\n2 Feet COfl L\\nBottom SLfJTE or\\nf^/RE-CLffy", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n[Helena seam in N. W. }.i of S. W. }i, in section 3, township 20, S.,\\nrange 3, W. rate of dip 46\u00c2\u00b0].\\nR5f-EEf /I if^cHES COftL\\n6 //Vc//es SL/fT^\\nBojTorn sLfTfE:\\nThe coal of the Helena seam ranks very high as a domes-\\ntic coal, and it is used at present by the Eureka Company\\nfor their coke ovens near Helena and their smelting fur-\\nnaces near Oxmoor, ten miles North of this basin, the large\\nlumps being sold mostly for domestic purposes. The di-\\nvided condition of the Helena seam is again seen about six\\nmiles south of this point in the Dry Creek basin and the\\nLolley basin for description of which, see chapters on\\nthose basins. From the Helena seam going southeastwards,\\nyou pass over ninety-four feet of measures, mostly coarse\\ngrey and yellow sandstone and slaty sandstone, forming the\\nhigh cliff on the south side of the creek opposite the rail-\\nroad trestle. This brings you to a thin seam of eight inches\\nthat outcrops at the pier at southeast end of bridge 72, also\\nin the lane opposite the spring house on the Squire place.\\nThis is the uppermost seam outcropping in this basin. Con-\\ntinuing southeastwards, passing over a hundred feet of\\ncoarse red and yellow sandstone, containing a large number\\nof calamites imbedded in the sandstone in a vertical position\\nas they stood when growing, you will arrive at the great\\nboundary fault separating the Cambrian from the Carbon-\\niferous measures, in the grove of willows at the double rail-\\nroad culvert about three hundred yards north, 73^ west,\\nfrom the Helena depot; the culvert carrying the drainage in", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD HELENA BASIN. 59\\nthe valley south of it to Buck Creek. At this point the\\nfault vertical coal measures are only a few feet across, but\\nnorth of this at the southeast end of the horizontal section\\nacross this basin from 1 to J, the fault vertical coal\\nmeasures are more extensive. The direction or strike of\\nthe seams and rocks in this basin, along the South and\\nNorth Alabama Railroad, is about northeast and south-\\nwest. The direction of dip about southeast.\\nThe rate of dip varies, and is as follows In this basin\\nalong the South and North Railroad, at tbe Wadsworth\\nseam, close to railroad, the dip is 42\u00c2\u00b0 at the Pump seam\\nthe rate of dip is 40\u00c2\u00b0 at the Blackshale seam, close to rail-\\nroad, the rate of dip is 38\u00c2\u00b0 at the Smithshop seam on rail-\\nroad, the rate of dip is 32\u00c2\u00b0 at the Conglomerate seam the\\nrate of dip is 29^, and at the Helena S3am the rate of dip is\\n28\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe basin is drained by the tributaries of the Cahaba\\nriver, Buck Creek making a deep cut through the basin at\\nthe south end. The surface area of the Helena basin is two\\nand a half square miles, and its seams, counting all work-\\nable coal over two feet in thickness, and to a depth of 2,900\\nfeet, contain 45,000,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) of coal, mak-\\ning no allowance for waste in mine pillars, or loss in min-\\ning. In the foregoing computation I have included the\\nsouth end of the basin on both sides of the South and\\nNorth Railroad, though since the recent opening up of the\\nnew railroads Helena Blocton, the Brierfield, Blocton\\nBirmingham, and the Gurnee Bessemer, and the Anniston,\\nSyllacauga Shelby, the said south end has become of\\nmore value for manufacturing sites than for mining pur-\\nposes.\\nThe following analysis of the coal from the Blackshale\\nseam, near Helena, was made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pitts-\\nburg, from a barrel full of coal from a channelled section of\\nthe seam\\nWater 21\\nBitumen 33 29\\nFixed carbon 64 10\\nAsh 2.34\\nSulphur 0.07", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe following analysis of the coal from the Wadsworth\\nseam, near Helena, was made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pitts-\\nburg, Pa., from a barrel full of coal from a channelled sec-\\ntion of the seam\\nWater 42\\nBitumen 31 97\\nFixed carbon 63.99\\nAsh 3.09\\nSulphur 0.53", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nTHE CAHABA BASIN.\\nThe Cahaba basin is situated west and northwest of the\\nHelena basin, the interior fault vertical coal measures sep-\\narate the two.\\nIt is bounded on the southeast side by the interior fault,\\non the southwest end by the Gould basin, on the northwest\\nside by the sub-carboniferous measures of Shades Valley,\\nand on the northeast end by the Acton basin. The bound-\\nary of the basin is as follows Commencing on the South\\nand North Alabama Railroad, about forty yards south of\\nbridge 70, or Carr bridge, thence southwest along the edge\\nof the fault measures, leaving the Holt house to your right,\\ncontinuing southwest along the edge of the interior fault,\\npassing close by the northwest corner of section 16, through\\nthe middle of section 17 to the middle of the southwest\\nquarter of section 17, thence northwest, crossing Cahaba\\nriver and following up Lainey branch to its head, near the\\nnorthwest corner of section 7, thence over Shades moun-\\ntain to the base of the Millstone Grit, thence northeast\\nalong the base of Millstone Grit through section 6, crossing\\nthe South and North Alabama Railroad at Brock s Gap,\\nnear the middle of section 32, continuing on northeast to\\nthat part of section 28 opposite the head of Bailey s branch,\\nthence southeast down Bailey s branch, crossing the\\nCahaba river in the south end of section 34, to the vertical\\ncoal measures of the interior fault, thence southwest along\\nthe northwest edge of the interior fault to the point of be-\\nginning on the South and North Alabama Railroad, near\\nthe Holt house.\\nThe principal wagon road of this basin is the one formerly\\ncalled the Montevallo and Elyton road, where, thirty-five\\nyears ago, Jemison and Powell used to run their stage\\ncoaches, but like the coaches, the road is now very much", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nneglected and out of common use. Said wa,^on road crosses\\nthe Cahaba river at the Lacey Ford, passing under the high\\nrailroad trestle in section 5, crossing Shades mountain at\\nBrock s Gap, thence on by Oxmoor to Elyton and Birming-\\nham. On the top of Shades mouutain, two other roads\\nbranch from this, one going southwest on the top of the\\nmountain towards Gurnee and Blocton, the other one takes\\na northeast course on the top of Shades moiintain and leads\\nto the Morrow orchard, Howell orchard, the Earnest vine-\\nyard and the Hale place. Both these last mentioned roads\\nfollow along close to the edge of the basin, the roads being\\nbut a short distance above the base of the Millstone Grit.\\nThe length of this basin is about three and a half miles\\nfrom the southwest end to the northeast end, by an average\\nwidth of two miles, and it contains an area of seven square\\nmiles. The amount of good, workable coal in it, in seams\\nover two feet in thickness, amounts to 23,000,000 tons (of\\n2,000 pounds), at a depth of not over 2,200 feet in this\\ncomputation there is no allowance for loss in pillars or\\nwaste in mining about three-fourths of the above 23,000,-\\n000 tons are very good coking coals, furnished by the Gould,\\nand Cahaba or Wadsworth seams.\\nThe Cahaba basin is drained by the Cahaba river and its\\ntributaries. Buck creek, Bailey s branch, Black creek, Mar-\\ntin s branch, Lainey branch and others.\\nThe prominent ridges of this basin are Shades mountain\\non its northwest side, then Pine ridge, near and parallel to\\nthe last mentioned, and Red or Chestnut ridge, near and\\nparallel to the other two. The South and North Alabama\\nRailroad Vertical Section, and the Helena Horizontal Section\\non the accompanying map, give the relative positions of the\\nseams of this basin also the form of the basin and its rela-\\ntions to the interior fault and the Helena basin. The hori-\\nzontal section, showing both basins, is taken along the line\\nshown on map from I to J, said line crossing the South\\nand North Alabama Bailroad very near the slope of the\\nSouth Birmingham Coal and Iron Company, at Sydenton.\\nThe rocks of this basin can be seen to the best advantage\\nalong the South and North Alabama Railroad. Commenc-\\ning at the northwest end of the Brock s Gap cut, the lower", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD CAHABA BASIN. 63\\npart of the Millstone Grit formation can be seen beneath\\ntbe Brock seam it has a light bluish tinge The Brock\\nseam is about one and a half feet thick, the coal being of\\ninferior quality at this point after passing over forty feet\\nof measures, the Millstone Grit being here of a faint bluish\\ntinge, you come to the seven inch seam passing over this\\nyou will then arrive at the lower part of the two hundred\\nfeet of Millstone Grit, you will perceive it here loses its\\nbluish tinge and becomes of a white or grey color, though\\nweathering white the white pebbled conglomerate is im-\\nbedded in this heavy ledge, and though the pebbles in\\nplaces may not be visible for some distance, they always\\nre-appear again. In general, these pebbles are easily\\nnoticed in the Millstone Grit of nearly all our Alabama\\ncoal measures. This heavy layer of Millstone Grit forms\\nthe shield of Shades mountain, which is the highest in the\\nbasin. Crossing over the mountain, in the valley between\\nit and Pine Ridge, you pass over a hundred feet of gritty\\nslate, which you will distinguish from the slate around the\\nGould, by its containing a greater abundance of rusty part-\\ning and bedding planes than the Gould slate does this\\nslate is of a dirty greenish color. Above this slate is a\\nbluish laminated sandstone You next arrive at the Mill-\\nstone Grit of Pine ridge, which can be seen in the railroad\\ncut, locally named the Teague Cut in this part of Pine\\nridge passing through this you come in sight of the high\\ntrestle that stands over the outcrop of the Gould seam and\\nits surrounding slates you will notice that the gritty slates\\naround the Gould seam are lighter in color than those be-\\ntween Shades mountain and Pine ridge; over the Gould\\nseam is a ledge of yellow and pink sandstone which will\\nhelp you to locate tbe seam in almost any part of the\\nCahaba Coal Field, and over this sandstone is another im-\\nmense bed of gritty slate. Between said tritty. slate and\\nthe Millstone Grit of Chestnut ridge, is a ledge of about\\ntwenty feet of blue-black slate, quite dififerent from the blue\\nlaminated sandstoae under the Millstona Grit of Pine ridge.\\nThis slate is another guide in identifying and locating the\\nGould seam. Overlying the blue-black slate is the Mill-\\nstone Grit of Chestnut ridge this is the upper layer of\\nm", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nMillstone Grit, and one of its peculiar features is its assum-\\ning a more red or pinkish tinge than the layers of Shades\\nmountain and Pine ridge it has the same peculiarity in the\\nWarrior Field, which can be noticed along the South and\\nNorth Alabama Railroad, south of Reid s Gap. Above the\\nMillstone Grit of Chestnut ridge, and both above and below\\nthe Nunnally seam, most of the sandstones have a pinkish\\ntinge at their outcrops this is a characteristic of this part\\nof the measures. After passing over two hundred feet of\\nmeasures above the Harkness seam, you will arrive at the\\nlower edges of another great landmark and characteristic\\nrock, the one hundred foot ledge of the blue micaceous\\nsandstone a close examination of this ledge will aid you in\\nany investigation of the same series of measures in other\\nparts of the Cahaba Coal Field, (also in Warrior and Coosa\\nCoal Fields.) Passing over this hundred foot ledge, you\\nwill find that the sandstones above it are more micaceous\\nthan they are below it these overlying sandstones acquire\\na new feature which attaches to most of the ledges immedi-\\nately below and above the Wadsworth seam that is, their\\nbecoming concretionary, and resembling, when broken the\\nlayers or skins of a halved onion but the great guide to the\\nidentification of the seams in this part of the coal measures,\\nis the large ledge just mentioned of blue micaceous sand-\\nstone. The guide to the identification of the Wadsworth\\nseam is the two to six inch ledge of pale blue or green\\nblock sandstone, which underlies the Wadsworth at a varying\\ndistance of from forty to ninety feet. Leaving the Wads-\\nworth seam and continuing southeast, after passing over\\none hundred feet of measures, you will find a sandstone\\ntbat is remarkably concretionary in places, but immediately\\nabove the Wadsworth is a coarse sandstone that shows very\\nred at the surface. Ascending in the measures to a point\\none hundred and twenty feet above the Wadsworth seam\\nyou will arrive at a hard micaceous grey sandstone con-\\ntaining a thin ten inch seam a.t one hundred and seventy-\\nfive feet above the Wadsworth is another thin seam of\\nabout twelve inches about two hundred feet above the\\nWadsworth is a fossiliferous grey sandstone; about two\\nhundred and fifty feet above the Wadsworth is a massive", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD: CAHABA BASIN. 65\\ngrey sandstone above this you will find the Coke Oven\\nseam, and forty-four feet above it the Shute seam, but I do\\nnot consider that there is a sufficient area of the two last\\nmentioned seams in this basin to justify preparations for\\nextensive working.\\nOn the northwest side of the Cahaba basin, the rate of\\ndip is very regular, varying from about 15\u00c2\u00b0 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 on the\\nsoutheast side of the basin the rate of dip is much more\\nsteep, being mostly from 25\u00c2\u00b0 up to 75*^.\\nThe Gould seam and the Wadsworth seam are the two\\nprincipal working seams in this basin, both making a first-\\nclass coke the coke from the Gould seam used to be con-\\nsidered by the foundry men of the State as the best coke\\nthat they could get.\\nThe South Birmingham Coal and Iron Company are\\nworking the Wadsworth in this basin at Sydenton, by\\nmeans of a slope driven down southeastwards from the\\nnorthwest outcrop.\\nThe above mentioned slope, if continued on to the lowest\\npart of this basin, will drain an immense area of the Wads-\\nworth seam. This basin has the great advantage of having\\nthe Louisville and Nashville Company s main line (S. and\\nN. A. R. R.) running through the middle of it.\\nAn analysis of the coke recently made from the Wads-\\nworth mine, in the South Birmingham Coal and Iron Com-\\npany s slope at Sydenton, in this basin, gave the following\\nresults\\nAnalysis of Coke made from the Wadsworth Seam by Alfred\\nBrainerd, of Birmingham, Alabama.\\nMoisture 100\\nVolatile 2.050\\nFixed Carbon 90.183\\nSulphur 0.617\\nAsh 7.050\\n100.000\\nCondition Good color, ash brick red, specific gravity\\n1.763.\\nThis is a first rate coke, and one of the best in the South-\\nern States.\\n6", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "66\\nGEOLOGICAL SURTEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe Whetrock seam, or under-seam of the Wadsworth, is\\nthin at this point.\\nThe following i^ a section of the Wadsworth and Whet-\\nrock seams in the Cahaba basin, the Wadsworth being the\\nupper, and separated from the Whetrock by forty feet of\\nmeasures\\n[Wadsworth and Whetrock seams, at the Carr Davis slope, in N. W. y^\\nof N. W. }/i of section 0, township 20, S., range 3, W.; direction of\\nstrike N., 15\u00c2\u00b0 E. from the true meridian, direction of dip S., 75\u00c2\u00b0 E.,\\nrate of dip 16\u00c2\u00b0].\\n30 ^ECj COfffiSE: s/^/Josj-o/Vs\\n3f\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3f 3 if^c/-/\u00c2\u00a3:s ?oao CO/71.\\nJ^o or 3 i/^cf^cs S L\u00c2\u00bbT\u00c2\u00a3\\nlO/^edy- G-^ ttY s^/^T\\nC 0/7 /=r s S /f/^o s 7-c\u00c2\u00bb//\u00c2\u00a3.\\nSince the above section was made the South Birmingham\\nCoal and Iron Company, who have bought the property as\\nstated above, have driven the slope further down in the\\nbasin and I am informed they found the Wadsworth much\\nthicker than three and a quarter feet.\\nThe Gould seam, I consider after examining it at different\\npoints, will average three feet in thickness in this basin it\\nis an easily mined coal and has a good roof I have always\\nfound it in this basin a solid seam, without any serious\\nlayers of slate in it, though I have seen it in the Coosa field\\nwith a twelve inch layer of slate in the middle of it. The\\nGould seam in the Cahaba field bids fair to be worked ex-\\ntensively in the future for the purpose of making a superior\\nquality of coke.\\nThe Soutli and North Vertical Section and the Helena Hori-\\nzontal Section (from I to J on the accompanying map,", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD CAHABA BASIN. 67\\nwill show the seams of this basin and their relative posi-\\ntion.\\nThe Wadswoith seam in this basin was mined near the\\nrailroad bridge during the war by Woodson Gould, and\\nby various parties since.\\nImmediately after the war, William Gould opened a drift\\non the Gould seam at a point about a mile southwest of the\\nhigh trestle where the Gould outcrop crosses the South\\nand North Alabama Railroad from this point he supplied\\nthe foundaries of Alabama with a superior coke for their\\ncupolas.\\nFor analysis of the Wadsworth coal, see chapter on the\\nHelena basin.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI,\\nTHE EUREKA BASIN.\\nThe Eureka basin lies southwest of the town of Helena,\\nthe north end of it being about half a mile southwest of the\\nHelena depot, on the South and North Alabama Railroad-\\nIt is bounded on the north by the Helena basin, on the\\nsoutheast by the great boundary fault separating the Car-\\nboniferous from the Cambrian measures, on the south by\\nthe Beaverdam fault, separating it from the Dry Creek\\nbasin, and on the northwest side by the interior fault vertical\\nmeasures.\\nThe following is a description of its boundary Com-\\nmencing at the great boundary fault on the east side of the\\ncoal field at a point about half a mile southwest of the\\nSouth and North depot at Helena, thence south by a few\\ndegrees west, along the boundary fault leaving Hillsboro\\nfifty yards to your right, leaving R. T. Duunan s house\\nabout a quarter of a mile to your left, continuing along\\nboundary fault until you get nearly opposite Mrs. Peel s\\nhouse, thence westerly along the Beaver Dam fault, mostly\\nalong Beaver Dam Creek, to the half mile post of the south\\nside of section 25, township 20, range 4, west this brings\\nyou to the southeast boundary of the Interior fault meas-\\nures; thence northeast along the southeast edge of the In~\\nterior fault, leaving Lainey Ford sis or seven hundred yards\\nto your left, continuing on northeast until you arrive oppo\\nsite the half-mile post on the east side of section 17, town-\\nship 20, range 3, west thence southeast to the point of\\ncommencement. Your last course will be nearly parallel\\nwith the public road, the road being south or southwest\\nof it.\\nThis basin is drained by the Cahaba River and Beaver\\nDam Creek and their branches.\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is the one that", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD EUREKA BASIN. 69\\nbegins to become high close to Hillsboro, (formed by the\\nroof rock of the Helena seam,) from thence continuing\\nsouthwest almost over the synclinal of the Eureka basin\\nthis ridge is generally called the Hillsboro Divide, the\\ngorge of Beaver Dam Creek cutting through it. Quite a\\nnumber of other smaller ridges run parallel with it the\\nConglomerate ridge and others.\\nThe length of this basin is three miles, by an average\\nwidth of one and eight-tenths miles. Its area is five and\\nfour-tenths square miles, and it contains, in seams of over\\ntwo feet in thickness, and less than three thousand feet in\\nvertical depth, 83,000,000 tons of workable coal, (2,000\\npounds,) without making any allowance for loss in pillars,\\nor waste in mining.\\nThe form or strike of the measures and coal outcrops in\\nthe ends of this basin is quite in contrast to what is seen\\nat the ends of the other basins in this coal field, viz The\\nmeasures at the north end are part of them bent sharply\\naround at an acute angle those at the south end are bent\\naround forming a clearly defined right angle or very near\\nit the other basins show the measures and outcrops bend-\\ning around more gradually, some of them forming a half\\ncircle or fishhook shape. The lowest seam in this basin\\nworkable by slope, is the Wadsworth, the Nunnally seam\\nbeing too close to the interior fault to allow of it being reli-\\nable. The next workable seam above the Wadsworth is the\\nBuck, then immediately above the Buck seam is the Black-\\nshale both these seams are close to the Helena and Gur-\\nnee branch of the Birmingham Mineral Railroad above\\nthese seams and to the southeast of them are the Little\\nPittsburg seam, the Conglomerate seam, and the Helena\\nseam.\\nThe Eureka Company are now working the Helena seam\\nin this basin by means of a slope driven down from the\\noutcrop to the southeast said slope is driven down to the\\nsynclinal of the basin and is now ascending the opposite\\ndip. The workings in this slope prove the Helena seam to\\nbe a good seam of an average thickness of four feet of solid\\ncoal, with no slates or impurities except that about two or\\nthree inches of the middle of the seam is rather bony even", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "70 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nthis burns to an ash along with the other without fail. The\\ncoal of this seam ranks high as a domestic coal, but it is\\nnow used by the Eureka Company for the purpose of coke-\\nmaking at their ovens on their branch railroad said ovens\\nare between the Birmingham Mineral Blocton branch and\\nthe Eureka Company s Branch Railroad about a quarter of\\na mile from Tacoa Station, on the South and North Ala-\\nbama Eailroad. The Eureka Company apply the coke to\\niron smelting at their Oxmoor furnaces, six miles south of\\nBirmingham.\\nThe Eureka Company s Branch Railroad extends from\\nTacoa depot, on the South and North Alabama Railroad, to\\ntheir No. 2 slope, in the Eureka basin, a distance of about\\ntwo miles. The coke ovens and the houses of the miners\\nare on this branch railroad, between the Louisville and\\nNashville Company s main line and slope No. 2.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures of the Eureka basin is\\nmostly from 28\u00c2\u00b0 to 42\u00c2\u00b0; the exceptions are, the very steep\\ndips on the southeast side of the basin, approaching to the\\nvertical, and the measures of the synclinal which flatten up\\nto a rate of dip as low as 2 or 3\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe seams of this basin are mostly of good quality the\\nWadsworth, a seam of three feet to three and a half feet,\\nyields a very good coking coal, is easily mined, has a good\\nroof, and in the Bee Hive oven makes a first-class coke.\\nThe Buck is a seam averaging about four feet, is a good\\ncoal, and will also coke. The Blackshale, a seam of three\\nto three and a half feet, is a very pure, clean seam, makes a\\ngood domestic and steam coal, and has a good, hard, safe\\nroof. The Little Pittsburg, a seam of two and a half to\\nthree feet, holds an excellent quality of coal for domestic\\nuse, but I do not know whether it will make a good coke or\\nnot it is a good steam coal. The Conglomerate seam is\\nalso a good coal of from three to five feet in thickness, but\\nliable to layers of smut in the interior of it, so closely re-\\nsembling coal that none but an expert can well detect it.\\nThe Helena is a very good seam of about four feet in thick-\\nness, and is also used largely for coking purposes.\\nThe following is a section of the Wadsworth seam in this\\nbasin", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD EUKEKA BASIN.\\n71\\nWadsworth seam in S. W. of N. E. J4, in section 20, township 20, S.,\\nrange 3, W rate of dip 38\u00c2\u00b0].\\nSr^^T Z //^c^eis C0/1L\\nBoj-fo/^ SL /^ys:\\nEor the relative position of the seams of this basin, see\\nthe South and North Vertical Section and the Helena Hori-\\nzontal Section from I to J on the accompanying map.\\nThe only method of working the seams of this basin\\nhitherto practised, has been the method largely used in\\nPennsylvania of working the coal on the run, that is, by\\ndriving the slope down in the direction of the dip, then\\ndriving the gangways horizontally from it, working the\\nrooms up the rise at right angles from the gangways, allow-\\ning the coal to run down the room of shutes by its own\\ngravity into the mine cars, a method well suited to all our\\nseams that have a rate of dip of over 40\u00c2\u00b0: (instead of a\\nslope, a drift or vertical shaft can be used.) (a).\\n(a) Thirty years ago Ihe writer worked a seam near Montevallo,\\nhaving a rate of dip of 65\u00c2\u00b0 by the same method, and found it suited\\nthat rate of dip the very best, but owing to the very steep dip I was\\ncompelled to have the miners keep their shutes full up to their room\\nbreasts to prevent the pulverization of the coal by flinging it violently\\ndown an empty or partly empty shute the coal was loaded in the mine\\ncars at the bottom sufBcienlly fast, to give the miners working room at\\nthe top of the room shnte the run of the coal was checked by curving\\nthe bottom of the shute a little, and by using short poles or planks\\nwhenever the mine car was full. Very little shovelling was necessary\\nto load the mine cars; part of the room was posted off and lagged for\\nthe slate gob sometimes the coal would scaffold or lodge a consider-\\nable distance up the shute, but a shot gun loaded with large buckshot\\nand fired up the shute would loosen it, it being entirely too dangerous\\nfor a man to ascend the shute to loosen it.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nFor all dips of 40 and upwards, the writer considers the\\nabove naethod the best, but whenever the rate of dip be-\\ncomes low enough to prevent the coal descending the shute\\nof its own accord, then it is not feasible to keep the shute\\nfull of coal up to the room breast.\\nThe following four analysis of coal from the seams of the\\nEureka basin were made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pittsburg,\\nPa each sample was a barrel full of coal obtained by cut-\\nting a channelled section with a pick through the whole\\nseam\\nHelena Seam Coal.\\nWater 23\\nBitumen 32.53\\nFixed carbon 61 26\\nAsh 5 85\\nSulphur 0. 13\\nConglomerate or Thompson Seam Coal.\\nWater 30\\nBitumen 31.36\\nFixed carban 65 45\\nAsh 2.81\\nSulphur 08\\nLittle Pittsburg Seam Coal.\\nWater 18\\nBitumen 32.69\\nFixed carbon 63 40\\nAsh 3.52\\nSulphur 0.21\\nMoyle- Seam Coal.\\nWater 17\\nBitumen 31.49\\nFixed carbon 60.60\\nAsh 7.56\\nSulphur 0. 18\\nThe two following analysis were made by J, L. Beeson,\\nfrom samples obtained from a channelled section of the two\\nseams named\\nNo. 1. Helena seam, from the Eureka Company s slope\\nin northern part of S. 29, T. 20, K. 3, W.\\nNo. 2. Wadsworth seam, from Smith slope of the Eureka\\nCompany, S. 20, T. 20, R. 3, W.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD EUREKA BASIN.\\n73\\nNo. 1.\\nNo. 1.\\nMoisture\\n1.669\\n30.541\\n54 879\\n12 911\\n1.098\\nVolatile matter\\n34.670\\nFixf d carbon\\n59 632\\nAsh\\n4 600\\nSulphur in coil\\nSulphur in coke.\\n100 000\\n1.141\\n.790\\n100.000\\n1 275\\n.821\\nPer cent of sulphur in\\ncoke\\n1 6( 6\\n1 278", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTBE DRY CREEK BASIN.\\nThe Dry Creek basin is situated three or four miles south-\\nwest of Helena, and northeast of Gurnee. It is bounded on\\nthe north by the Eureka basin, on the east by the great\\nboundary fault that divides the Cambrian from ti^e Carbon-\\niferous measures, on the south by tlie Piney Woods fault\\nand anticlinal that separate it from the Lolley basin, on the\\nsouthwest it is bounded by the interior fault vertical coal\\nmeasures.\\nThe boundary of the Dry Creek basin is as follows\\nCommencing at a point about two hundred yards northeast\\nof Lacey depot, on the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham\\nRailroad, and going thence along the Piney Woods fault,\\nalmost due west, for about two miles thence along said\\nfault at a bearing of about south 68^ west, to the southwest\\ncorner of section 15 thence northwest to the southeast\\nedge of the interior fault near the northwest corner of sec-\\ntion 16, township 21, range 4 west thence northeastwards\\nalong the southeast edge of the interior fault to the half\\nmile post on the south side of section 25, township 20^\\nrange 4 west thence nearly east, or about south 83 east,\\nalong the Beaver Dam fault to that part of the boundary\\nfault in section 33, township 20, range 3 west, nearly oppo-\\nsite the Mrs. Peel house; thence south by a few degrees\\nwest along the boundary fault, passing close by the south-\\nwest corner of section 33, leaving the Mrs. Draper house a\\nlew yards to the right, passing close by the middle of sec-\\ntion 5, then curving around with the boundary fault a little\\nmore eastward, to the point of beginning at the boundary\\nfault two hundred yards northeast of Lacey depot.\\nThis basin is drained by the Cahaba river and its tribu-\\ntaries, Beaver Dam Creek, Dave Redding Creek, Peel s\\nCreek, Buzzard Creek, Piney Woods Creek, and Dry Creek.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD DKY CREEK BASIN. 75\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is the high ridge\\nover the synclinal of the basin near the southwest corner of\\nsection 5, township 21, range 3 west in this high ridge is\\nseen the roof rock of the Montevallo seam I saw the out-\\ncrop of said seam i j the bank of Dry Creek twenty years\\nago, but it is now covered up by the wash from the hill.\\nAnother prominent ridge in this basin is that known as\\nthe Divide, and it is formed of the roof rocks of the Hel-\\nena seam, running parallel with the outcrop of said seam\\nfrom Piney Woods Creek to near the northeast corner of\\nthe basin. This ridge, after it leaves the Stinson place,\\nnear Piney Woods Creek, runs northeast for about four\\nmiles, theii turns nearly east to the edge of the coal field\\nopposite the Fountain Wyatt and Mrs. Peel farms.\\nThis basin is five and a half miles in length by an aver-\\nage width of two miles and two-tenths. It contains a sur-\\nface area of twelve and one-tenth square miles, and con-\\ntains in workable seams of two feet and upwards in thick-\\nness 202,000,000 of tons of coal, (2,000 pounds,) without\\nmaking any allowance for loss in mine pillars, or waste in\\nmining this amount of coal is within a limit of 4,300 feet\\nin vertical depth.\\nThe wagon roads of this basin are the two Lindsey roads\\n(made by James Lindsey); one of them runs from his place\\nin the northeast corner of section 3, township 21, range 4\\nwej-t, bearing southeast through the south half of the basin\\nand joins the Helena and Montevallo wagon road at the\\nMrs. Lacey place and the Carroll place. The other Lind-\\nsey road leaves the Lindsey farm and runs northeast along\\nthe strike of the seams to Helena. Another wagon road\\nleaves the Helena and Montevallo road at the Mrs. Peel\\nplace and the Fountain Wyatt place, and follows along the\\ntop of the Divide ridge down to Piney Woods Creek this\\nroad leads to Gurnee. Another wagon road leaves the\\nWilliam Lacey place in Possum Valley and following along\\nthe edge of the basin leads to the Ryan place on the\\nDivide, in the southwest corner of the basin.\\nThe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad ex-\\ntends along the south boundary of the basin for a distance\\nof about five miles.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "76 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe Blocton Branch of the Birmingham Mineral Eailroad\\npasses through the western portion of the basin for a dis-\\ntance of five miles, extending on to Gurnee, and, having a\\nlease from the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Road\\nfrom Gurnee to Blocton, the same road is enabled to con-\\nnect with Blocton.\\nThe principal workable seams of this basin are the Buck\\nseam, Blackshale seam, Conglomerate seam, Helena seam,\\nand the Montevallo seam. The Shute and the Coke seam\\nare in workable condition southwest of this in the Dailey\\nCreek basin, but in this basin, a thorough test along their\\noutcrops will have to decide their condition for mining pur-\\nposes.\\nThe rate of dip of these measures in this basin varies\\nfrom 2^ or 3^ in that portion south of Dry Creek, to 80^ at\\nthe south edge of the basin next to the Piney Woods fault.\\nThe measures on the west or northwest side have an inter-\\nmediate rate of dip between the dips of the two previously\\nmentioned points.\\nThe South, and North and the Dailey Greek Vertical Section\\nand the Dry Greek Horizontal Section from K to L, on\\nthe accompanying map, show the relative position of the\\nseams of this basin.\\nThere has been no mining done in this basin except a lit-\\ntle outcrop coal dug for blacksmith purposes by the farm-\\ners in the neighborhood, no underground work has been\\ndone in any part of it up to this date.\\nThere is an immense amount of coal nearly level in this\\nbasin with the advantage of two recently constructed rail-\\nroads, now nearly finished, running through and alongside\\nof it the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham on the south\\nedge of it, and the Birmingham Mineral in the northwest\\nportion of it. This basin has been a wild, sparsely settled\\ncountry up to about twelve months ago two years ago no\\none lived in the interior of the basin at that time the only\\nsettlers about it were Mrs. Draper and her son, D. D.\\nDraper, Herve and Burt Carroll on the east boundary of\\nthe basin, Columbus Benton on the north boundary, and\\nJames Lindsey on the western boundary of the basin. This\\nbasin bids fair to become the scene of busy mining opera-\\ntions in the near future.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD DRY CREEK BASIN.\\n77\\nThe following is a measured section of the Helena seam\\nat its southern outcrop in section 12, the measures here\\nhaving a very steep rate of dip\\n[Helena seam in section 13, toivnship 31 S., range 4 W.; direction of strike\\nN. 65\u00c2\u00b0 E., S. 65\u00c2\u00b0 W. magnetic; direction of dip N. 25\u00c2\u00b0 W.; rate of\\ndip 80\u00c2\u00b0 from horizontal.\\n/^ooj- V/fZcf^Ef. Oooo OofrL\\n^///C/^\u00c2\u00a3S Qooo GO/JL", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VUl.\\nTHE GOULD BASIN.\\nThe Gould basin is situated to the north of Gurnee, to\\nthe southwest of Helena, and on the northwest side of the\\nCahaba Coal Field it is bounded on the southeast side by\\nthe Interior fault vertical coal measures, on the northeast\\nend by the Cahaba basin, on the northwest side by the Sub-\\nCarboniferous measures of Shades Valley, on its southwest\\nend by the Blocton basin.\\nThe following is a description of the boundary of said\\nbasin Commencing on the northwest edge of the Interior\\nfault vertical measures, near the mouth of Lainey Branch\\nthence northwest along Lainey Branch to the base of the\\nMillstone Grit at a point a half a mile northeast of Genery s\\nGap where the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Rail-\\nroad cuts through Shades Mountain; thence southwest\\nalong the base of the Millstone Grit, crossing the Brier-\\nfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad at the northwest\\nend of the Genery Gap Railroad cut in Shades Mountain\\ncontinuing on southwest along the base of the Millstone\\nGrit, Shades Yalley being in plain view, leaving the Richard\\nTyler house and the Squire John Harmon house to your\\nleft from opposite the John Harmon house your course\\nwill be more westward, (about 70\u00c2\u00b0 west,) continuing along\\nthe base of the Millstone Grit, crossing Shades Creek a\\nshort distance below the mouth of Roup s Creek, leaving\\nKimbrall s Mill to your right, until you arrive at a sharp\\nbend in Shades Mountain in the south end of section 3,\\ntownship 21, range 5 west from this point southeastwards\\nalong the wagon road that leads from Booth s Ferry to\\nRoup s Iron Works, crossing Shades Creek near Shades\\nCreek church, leaving the Miller farm and the flat measures\\nof the Blocton basin to your right crossing the Cahaba\\nRiver at Booth s Ferry near the mouth of Lick Creek a", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "OAHABA COAL FIELD GOULD BASIN. 79\\nfew yards farther brings jou to the Interior fault vertical\\ncoal measures tbence northeastwards along the northwest\\nedge of the vertical measures of the Interior fault, crossing\\nCahaba river again in the southwest corner of section 17,\\ntownship 21, range 4 west continuing along the edge of\\nsaid fault, crossing Ward s Creek, Shaw s Creek, mouth of\\nHurricane Creek, the two Sandstone branches; crossing\\nTrigger Creek and continuing on to opposite the mouth of\\nLainey Branch, the point of commencement; this point is\\nabout three-quarters of a mile northeast of Lainey Ford.\\nThe Gould basin is drained by the Cahaba river and its\\ntributaries Shades Creek, Hancock Creek, Ward s Creek,\\nShaw s Creek, Hurricane Creek, Little Sandstone Branch,\\nBig Sandstone Branch, Trigger Creek and Lainey Branch.\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is Shades Moun-\\ntain at the southwest end of this basin it is named Sand\\nMountain. The next one in size and prominence is the one\\nnext to Shades Mountain on its southeast side running\\nparallel with it. This is called Pine Ridge in the northeast\\nend of the basin but is named House Mountain in the mid-\\ndle of the basin, and Hurricane Ridge in the southwest end\\nof the basin. The next one in size and prominence is Red\\nRidge. This one, on the South and North Alabama Rail-\\nroad, is called Red or Chestnut Ridge, and contains the\\nupper measures of the Millstone Grit formation.\\nThese three ridges just mentioned are all parallel with\\none another from one end of the basin to the other. At\\nthe southwest end they become broken. There are other\\nridges of less prominence, mostly running parallel with\\nthose above mentioned. All these ridges are cut by some\\nof the smaller creeks and branches, except Shades or Sand\\nMountain this mountain is cut through only in one place,\\nthat is at the southwest end of the basin where Shades\\nCreek cuts a eap in it, in its course from Shades Valley to\\nCahaba river.\\nThe length of this basin is nine and three-quarter miles\\nby an average width of two and two-tenths miles, and it\\ncontains a surface area of twenty-one and a half square\\nmiles. It contains in seams of two feet and upwards of\\nworkable coal, 77,000,000 tons (2,000 pounds), within a", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nlimit of 2,500 feet in vertical depth in this computation\\nno allowance is made for loss in pillars, or waste in mining\\nthe coal.\\nThe principal wagon roads in this basin are the Tusca-\\nloosa and Columbiana road this road enters the southwest\\nend of the basin near Shades Creek church, and continues\\nalong the foot of the southeast side of Eed Kidge nearly all\\nthe way to Lainey Ford where it leaves the basin. The\\nnext wagon road in importance is the one at the southwest\\nend of the basin leading from Booth s Ferry to Tannehill\\nStation, on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. Another\\nwagon road connecting Brock s Station with John Har-\\nmon a place and Kimbrall s Mill, leads along the top of\\nShades Mountain from near Brock s Gap to John Harmon s,\\nthere it descends the north side of the mountain and leads\\nto Kimbrall s Mill in Shades Yalley. Another wagon road\\nleaves the Columbiana and Tuscaloosa road, where said\\nroad intersects Hurricane Creek, follows up the side of\\nHurricane Creek passing close by Lindsey s old mill and\\ngin joining the road on the top of Shades Mountain at Rich-\\nard Tyler s. Another wagon road leaves the Tuscaloosa and\\nColumbiana road two or three hundred yards southwest of\\nLainey Ford, passes through the Horton and Doss places,\\nthen through Genery s Gap to Bessemer and Birmingham.\\nThe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad enters\\nthe basin at the north end of sec ion 9, township 21, range\\n4 west, follows up Ward s Creek, passing through gaps in\\nRed Ridge and House Mountain or Pine Ridge then pass-\\ning through the deep cut in Shades Mountain at Genery s\\nGap; thence across Shades Valley passing through Spark s\\nGap in Red Mountain and on to Bessemer and Birmingham\\nover the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. This part of\\nthe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad extends\\nfrom Gurnee to its junction with the Alabama Great South-\\nern at a point about three miles southwest of Bessemer.\\nIn its course it passes over the outcrop of the Gould seam.\\nThe most important and valuable seam in this basin is\\nthe Gould seam it extends the whole length of the basin.\\nA few years ago, J. L. Davis made a series of tests along\\nthe outcrop for about six miles in this basin, and as a result", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD GOULD BASIN.\\n81\\nof said tests, reported that the average thickness of the\\nGould seam was about three feet. This seam has the repu-\\ntation of making a coke equal to the Pocahontas, for iron\\nsmelting purposes, and it can be easily mined probably in\\nthe future it will supply a good part of the demand for a\\nsuperior coke. Twenty years ago it had the best reputation\\nof any in the State, as making a good cupola or iron foun-\\ndry coke. The Gould seam in this basin is not yet mined,\\nas the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad is not\\nyet completed, so at present there are no facilities for ship-\\nping it from this basin. That part of this seam next to the\\nSouth and North Alabama Railroad is so divided up by\\nrival ownerships that there is little possibility of its being\\nmined there until some of the owners either form a combi-\\nnation or solidify the tracts by purchase, thus making the\\ntract area of fair working size.\\nThe next seam in extent in this basin is the Nunnally\\nseam, which the tests in this locality find to contain two\\nfeet nine inches of coal still, a more thorough test along the\\noutcrop may prove it to have a slightly larger or smaller\\naverage thickness. This basin has also a limited amount\\nof the Wadsworth seam, with an average thickness of three\\nfeet three inches. This is a first-class seam for iron manu-\\nfacturing purposes.\\nThe following is a section of the Gould seam\\n[Gould seam in N. W. of N. W. in section 24, township 20 S., range\\nS^\u00c2\u00a3:\u00c2\u00a3:y of Cfooo co/=tL\\nThe Bovili and North Vertical Section, and the Dry Creek\\n6", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nHorizontal 8(ction from K to L, on the accompanying\\nmap, will give the relative position of the seams in this\\nbasin the Dry Creek Horizontal Section showing the form\\nor structure of the basin and its connection with the Sub-\\nCarboniferous and the Interior fault vertical measures.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures of this basin varies\\nmostly between fifteen and twenty-two degrees, and in\\nsome localities considerably more the dip is nearly every-\\nwhere towards the southeast. There has been no mining\\nhitherto in this basin as above stated, as it is only recently\\nthat railroads have begun to be constructed here. This,\\nthough, will soon be a thing of the past, for at present a\\ngreat number of loud reports like the discharge of distant\\ncannon can be heard daily and hourly made by the blasting\\noperations going on in the construction of the Brierfield,\\nBlocton and Birmingham Railroad through this basin.\\nNote. I have the information from a source that appears to be\\ntrustworthy, that in S. 12, T. 20, R. 4 W, in Genery s Gap, the Brock\\nseam has been exposed in the railroad cut, and shows a thickness of\\nfour feet. E. A. S.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE LOLLET BASIN.\\nThe Lolley basin is situated to the east of Gurnee, to the\\nsouthwest of Helena, and to the northwest of Montevallo\\nit is bounded on the north by the Piney Woods fault and\\nDry Creek basin, on the east by the great boundary fault,\\non the west by Dailey Creek basin and a portion of the\\nMontevallo basin, on the south by the Montevallo basin\\nand the anticlinal between it and the Lolley basin.\\nThe following is a description of the boundary of the\\nLolley basin: Commencing at a point about two hundred\\nyards northeast of Lacey depot on the Brierfield, Blocton\\nand Birmingham Railroad thence along the Piney Woods\\nfault almost due west for about two miles along the fault\\nthence along the said fault at a bearing of about S. 68\u00c2\u00b0\\nW., to the southwest corner of section 15, township 21,\\nrange 4 west thence south and southeastwards up Jesse s\\nCreek to the southeast corner of section 35, township 21,\\nrange 4 west; thence almost due east along the anticlinal\\nbetween the Lolley and Montevallo basins to opposite Dog-\\nwood Grove Church on the east edge of the boundary fault\\nthence northwards along the west edge of the boundary\\nfault, passing to the left of Mayline depot, continuing along\\nthe boundary fault to the point of commencement near\\nLacey depot.\\nThis basin is drained by Piney Woods Creek, Beaver\\nDam Creek, Shoal Creek, King s Creek, Jesse s Creek, and\\nLick, or Big Creek.\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is the Divide,\\nmostly called Pea Eidge, that separates the waters drain-\\ning into the Cahaba river from those draining into Shoal\\nCreek or Little Cahaba river this divide commences west\\nof the Mayline depot and southwest of the Lacey depot on\\nthe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad, and con-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\ntimies southwestwards dividing the drainage as aforesaid,\\ndown to where the Little Cahaba river joins the Big Cahaba\\nriver in Bibb county; this high and prominent ridge has\\nbeen the great obstacle to the construction of a straight line\\nof railroad through this part of the Cahaba Coal Field, the\\nbend of the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad\\nat Lacey depot became a necessity in order to obtain easy\\ngrades. This ridge is made by the Montevallo Conglom-\\nerate. The next prominent ridge is the one south of Piney\\nWoods fault, commencing at the east edge of the coal field\\nopposite William Lacey s farm and continuing westwards\\nfor four or five miles on the south side of Piney Woods\\nCreek. There are also a number of irregularly formed\\nridges besides- the above in other parts of the basin.\\nThere are no public roads in this basin vfhat wagon\\nroads there are in it, are better fitted for oxen than any\\nother animals. The principal road in the basin is the one\\nthat leaves the Montevallo and Elyton road at William\\nLacey s and follows the top of the high ridge south of Piney\\nWoods Creek, and leads on to the Henrj Clark house\\nthence to the Anderson Allen house, here making a turn\\nsouth and going to Newton Lolley s place, continuing on to\\nthe Bethel church on the Montevallo and Boothtown wagon\\nroad. The next wagon road in importance is the one lead-\\ning from William Lacey place to Elias Walker s place, pass-\\ning Dustin Dean s place and Isaac Walker s place on the\\nway, then, at Elias Walker s branching off, one prong lead-\\ning to Dogwood Station, the other to the Montevallo and\\nBoothtown road at the Mrs. Lucas place, and to Bethel\\nchurch by Newton Lolley s. These are all rougn roads,\\nand will not admit of hauling heavy loads along them,\\nThere are other roads to which the name of trails would be\\nmost appropriate, one going down Piney Woods Creek\\nbank to the old Ptyan place, another to the Henry Lee place,\\nanother to the Henry Lolley old place these are partly\\ngrown up, and they are barely safe to venture along with a\\nvehicle. The Elyton and Montevallo wagon road is a pub-\\nlic road; it follows along the east boundary of this basin in\\nPossum Valley but outside of the basin, passing close by", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "OAHABA COAL FIELD LOLLEY BASIN. 85\\nWilderness church, the Reneau place, Columbus Harper s,\\nand the William Lacey farm.\\nThe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad fol-\\nlows close along the eastern and northern boundaries of\\nthis basin, joining the Birmingham Mineral at Piney Woods\\nStation and Gurnee Station, there connecting with Blocton\\nand Bessemer and Birmingham, and the Birmingham Min-\\neral Railroad to Helena and Birmingham the south end of\\nsaid road connects with the East Tennessee, Virginia and\\nGeorgia Railroad at a point one mile southwest of Monte-\\nvallo.\\nThe length of the Lolley basin is five and a quarter miles\\nby an average width of three and fourteen hundredths\\nmiles its surface area is sixteen and a half square miles.\\nThe amount of workable coal it contains, in seams of two\\nfeet and upwards in thickness, and within a vertical depth\\nof 4,400 feet, is 357,000,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds). This\\ncomputation makes no allowance for loss in pillars, or waste\\nin mining.\\nThe lowest workable seam outcropping in this basin is\\nthe Gholson it outcrops in a few places along the Piney\\nWoods fault, but in most places along this fault the seam\\nis down in the fault. I have made a slight effort to cut its\\noutcrop in that locality, but lack of time prevented me giv-\\ning it a thorough test along the outcrop. This is an excel-\\nlent seam with a good sandstone roof, in places having a\\nthin layer of compact slate at the top of it and it will aver-\\nage in thickness, in my estimation, four feet of good coal\\nwithout slate partings. The next seam above this and out-\\ncropping farther south, is the Little Pittsburgh, then above\\nthis and underlying the Conglomerate, is the Thompson or\\nConglomerate seam, then still farther southward is the out-\\ncrop of the Helena seam, of which the following is a meas-\\nured section", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "86\\nGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n[Helena seam in section 18, tovmsMp 21, range 3 W.; direcUon of strike N.\\n75\u00c2\u00b0 E.; S. 75\u00c2\u00b0 W. magnetic; direction of dip S. 15\u00c2\u00b0 B. magnetic; rate\\nof dip 38\u00c2\u00b0].\\n6/McfJi:s /iiTTy slflf^ co/^ypW\\ndossils\\nBfJEEj 2 //^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2://es Sooo COflL\\n3 //\\\\/c//\u00c2\u00a3^S hr/-//-r/6/-/ Si./T/-E\\n/fa }j- S/s i/i c/-f\u00c2\u00a3:5 Gooo CO/9L\\nJ /^ooT ///Vc// CO/7L\\nAs will be seen the Helena has two thin layers of slate in\\nit. The Helena seam has higher rate of dip here than it\\nhas further west, but is thicker at this point, having four\\nfeet eight inches of coal. The following is another section\\nof the Helena seam with a less rate of dip\\n[Helena Seam in Section 13, Toiunship 21 S., Range 4 W.; direction of\\nstrike N. 41\u00c2\u00b0 E.; direction of dip S. 4 J\u00c2\u00b0 E.; rate of dip 13\u00c2\u00b0.]\\nr^ -yy /o //^c/^je s C O/J L\\n/,a/c// SLfjTe:\\n//^C.f^ES f^OOtD CO/7L\\n3 s 0/=l L\\nThe next seam of workable thickness outcropping above\\nthis, and farther south is the Yeshic seam. While I have\\nnot seen this seam more than two and a half to three feet\\n^B\\nnn\\niiiiiiil\\n^B\\nj", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD LOLLEY BASIN.\\n87\\nthick in this basin, yet in the Dailey Creek and Blocton\\nbasin it becomes four to five feet in thickness.\\nThe next workable seam outcroppinfj; still farther south,\\nin this basin is the Montevallo seam this seam is thicker\\nhere than its average thicknsss in the Montevallo Basin.\\nThe following is a measured section\\n[Montevallo Seam in section 34, township SI S range 4- W.]\\no o/\\\\/(f I o/v7\u00c2\u00a3r/?/i ys:\\n^^-rsiry s/7/yos/-o//\u00c2\u00a3\\n2 /,v c/-/\u00c2\u00a3rs ^/v/^ij-e: aLfrj-\u00c2\u00a3\\nJ aoj- Co/=il.\\nAbove the Montevallo there are nearly five hundred feet\\nof conglomerate interlarded with sandstones and slate. In\\nthis conglomerate formation, there are four seams of coa!,\\nall of them either too thin or too impure to be workable.\\nThe first one, the Air-shaft Seem, is about one hundred\\nfeet above the Montevallo the next one above this is the\\nBlack Fireclay seam of which the following is a measured\\nsection", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "OO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\n[Black Fireclay Seam in the N. W. corner of section 35, township 21 S.,\\nrange 4 W.; rate of dip 2\u00c2\u00b0.]\\nL fljvi //V/riSD S/^jM D 5 Top/e\\n2 //^C/^ES SOfJ WkJ/JE 5LflT\u00c2\u00a3\\n5 //^c/^ss sorr cofiL\\n^/Vc// BL/^c/^ SLATS\\n/foor COffL\\n9 irJc^ E^ Co/fL\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^ir^cHes Co/lL\\nThe next seam above this is the Stine seam the top seam\\nis the Luke seam, which can be seen above the Big Fall on\\nDavis Creek, at one of my test drifts made before or about\\nthe beginning of the late war the roof is a thick ledge of\\nconglomerate.\\nA peculiar feature marks that part of the Cahaba Coal\\nField having the Montevallo seam underneath it, viz the\\nground is covered with scattering pebbles where the con-\\nglomerate measures come to the surface where the sand-\\nstones outcrop an absence of the pebbles will be noticed\\nthrough a belt or strip of country until the nest ledge of\\nconglomerate with its pebbles come to the surface. This is\\nthe case over a large area of the Lolley basin. The outcrop\\nof the Montevallo seam on the accompanying map will\\nshow its limit.\\nThere is another, and in places, a thick ledge of conglom-\\nerate over the Thompson seam it shows plainly on the\\nsurface, but this must not be confused with the conglomer-\\nate above the Montevallo, as it is a long distance underneath\\nthe Montevallo seam. There is another thin ledge of con-\\nglomerate still below the above, this one is near the lower\\nbench of the Mammoth seam, or Clarke. This will not\\ncause confusion in this basin as it is close to or in the Piney\\nWoods fault.\\nThe conglomerate formation above the Montevallo seam,\\nhas the purest springs of free stone water in the territory\\nwhere they come to the surface, of any in this section of\\ncountry. Wherever it forms^the surface rock, its topography\\nbeing high or rolling, it is remarkably healthy, probably\\nmore so than any other part of the State. For a more de-\\ntailed statement or description of these ledges of conglom-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD LOLLEY BASIN. 89\\nerate, see the section given in the first chapter. For the\\nrelative position of the seams of this basin, see the Dailey\\nCreeJc Vertical Section, and the Dri^ Creek Horizontal Section,\\nfrom K to L, on the accompanying map.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures of this basin varies from\\nfifty degrees on its north edge, next to the Piney Woods\\nfault, to one or two degrees at the synclinal south of the\\nElias Walker place. At a point at about half a mile east of\\nthe Elias Walker house Lick Creek falls about one hundred\\nfeet vertical over a perpendicular cliff of conglomerate\\nthis is known in the settlement near as the Big Falls.\\nThere has been no mining done hitherto in this basin the\\ncountry is sparsely settled, about two years ago six families\\nwere all the inhabitants it then had they were Elias\\nWalker and his son Isaac Walker, Newton Lolley, Anderson\\nAllen, Henry Clark, and a well respected colored man\\nnamed Dustin Lee and his family. The Lolley Basin is\\nhealthy but not well adapted for farming purposes, except\\nalong the creek bottoms.\\nMy first examination of this basin was made in 1860,\\nwhen I was employed by the Alabama Coal Mining Com-\\npany to make a preliminary survey of their lands in this\\nbasin, and to make a more thorough survey of their lands\\nin that portion of the Montevallo Basin which was then\\ntapped by their branch railroad.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nTHE MONTEVALLO BASIN.\\nThe Monteva]lo Basiu is situated to the northwest of\\nMontevallo, and to the southeast of Guruee. It is bounded\\non the north by the Lolley Basin, on the east by the great\\nboundary fault that separates tlie Carboniferous from the\\nCambrian measures, on the southeast by the Overturned\\nmeasures and the fault separating them from the Montevallo\\nBasin, on the southwest and west by the Dailey Creek Ba-\\nsin, and on the north by the Lolley Basin.\\nThe following is an outline of the boundary of the Mon-\\ntevallo Basin Commencing at a point three hundred yards\\nsoutheast of the Baker Mine entrance, at that part of the\\nboundary fault where the fault immediately north of the\\nOver-turned measures intersects it, thence south twenty-\\ntwo degrees west, along the fault between the Over-turned\\nmeasures and the Montevallo Basin a distance of one and\\nthree-quarter miles, to a point where that fault intersects\\nLittle Mayberry Creek thence in a northwestwardly direc-\\ntion along the anticlinal, crossing Walker s Camp Branch,\\nJim s Branch, and Big Mayberry Creek, to the northwest\\ncorner of section 15, township 22, range 4 west; thence due\\nnorth along the section line on the west side of sections 10\\nand 3, to the southwest corner of section 34, township 21,\\nrange 4 west thence due northeast to the northeast corner\\nof said section 34 thence southeastwardly up Jesse s creek\\nto the southeast corner of section 35, township 21, range 4\\nwest thence nearly due east along the anticlinal between\\nthe Lolley Basin and the Montevallo Basin to nearly oppo-\\nsite Dogwood Grove Church at the east edge of the boun-\\ndary fault, leaving the Davis Creek Falls to your right and\\nthe Ed. Davis house to your left, to a point about three\\nhundred yards southeast of Baker Mine, the point of com-\\nmencement.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "C AH ABA COAL FIELD MONTEVALLO BASIN. 91\\nThis basin is drained by King s Creek, Davis Creek,\\nLittle Mayberry Creek, Walker s Camp Creek, Jim s\\nBranch, Big Mayberry Creek, Lovelady Branch, Savage\\nCreek, Rocky Branch and Jesse s Creek.\\nThe highest and most prominent ridge in this basin is\\nPea Ridge (formed by the Montevallo conglomerate), a high\\nridge, flat in places, that divides the waters draining into\\nLittle Cahaba River, and those draining into the Big Cahaba\\nRiver it is irregular in shape, becoming high between the\\nhead waters of the creeks and branches that drain it. Its\\naltitude above Shoal Creek is over 400 feet in places.\\nThere are various other ridges also due to the Montevallo\\nconglomerate, between the head waters of Big Mayberry\\nCreek, Jim s Creek, Little Mayberry Creek and Davis\\nCreek that are in vertical height above Shoal Creek over\\nthree hundred feet of barometrical measurement. The re-\\nmarkable feature of these ridges, is the immense amount\\nof conglomerate pebbles scattered over the ground, where\\nthe difi erent layers of the great Montevallo conglomerate\\n(above seam of same name) crop out at the surface all of\\nthe high lands underlaid by this Montevallo conglomerate\\nare remarkably healthy.\\nThe principal wagon roads of this basin are the Monte-\\nvallo and Boothtown or Gurnee road the Columbiana and\\nBooth s Ferry road the Aldrich and Blocton road the\\nroad from Bethel Church along Pea Ridge and the Aid-\\nrich and Dogwood Grove road besides these there are\\nvarious other roads partly grown up with undergrowth, and\\nformer roads that are now used as cattle trails or bridle\\npaths.\\nOf railroads in this basin, the Brierfield, Blocton, and\\nBirmingham railroad runs close along its eastern edge, with\\nstations at Dogwood and at Aldrich the Montevallo Coal\\nand Transportation company have a short line of railroad\\nrunning from their slope in the Montevallo seam, in the\\nsoutheast quarter of section 24, township 22, range 4 west,\\nand joining the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham rail-\\nroad a short distance south of Aldrich depot these are all\\nthe railroads connected with the basin at present.\\nThis basin is four and one-tenth miles (4 1-10) in leogth,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nby an average width of three and three tenths (3 3-10) miles,\\nand contains a surface area of thirteen and eighty-six hund-\\nredths (13 86-100 square miles.\\nThe amount of workable coal it contains in seams of two\\nfeet and upward in thickness, is 300,000,000 of tons (of\\n2,000 pounds,) without any allowance being made for loss in\\npillars or waste in mining.\\nThe lowest workable seam outcropping in this basin is\\nthe Montevallo seam it is also the highest outcropping\\nworkable seam in the basin. There are six other seams out-\\ncropping in this basin besides the Montevallo seam, two\\nbelow and four above the Montevallo, but all six are either\\ntoo thin or too impure to be workable. My examinations\\nand tests of the most of these thin seams were made twenty-\\neight years ago I have tested the others at various times\\nsince. My tests in the two below the Montevallo were made\\non Walker s Camp Branch the Air Shaft seam was tested\\nnear the Baker mine the Black Fireclay seam test is on\\nthe headwaters of Jesse s Creek my tests on the Stine seam\\nand the Luke seam were made on Davis Creek the only\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0workable seam discovered yet, outcropping in the Monte-\\nvallo basin is the Montevallo seam this seam was dis-\\ncovered and mined three or four years before the beginning\\nof the war.\\nThe writer mined this seam on a lease from the Alabama\\nCoal Mining Company and Montevallo Coal Company in\\n1859, shipping by what is now known as the East Tennes-\\nsee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad to Talladega and Selma,\\nthence by Alabama river to Montgomery and Mobile. It\\nwas then considered the best domestic coal mined in the\\nState. In fact, up to January, 1860, it was the only coal in\\nthe State that was shipped to market by railroad. The\\naverage thickness of this seam is from two and a half feet\\nto two feet nine inches. The following is a section of it", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD MONTEVALLO BASIN.\\n[Montevallo seam in S. E. 4 of S. W. i4, of Kcclion 34, township 2.i S.,\\nrange 4 W].\\nCOi^CfLo}vj\u00c2\u00a3fip-j-E s/J//DSjro//\u00c2\u00a3-$\\n1\\nri^^\\n7-f.cjr/- W/^iy-/s/-/ gL/jj^ \u00c2\u00b0f^ f ^\u00c2\u00b0/^T\\n6 //yc/^Es Of sf^iJr\\nZf\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3f9//yc/^\u00c2\u00a3S qoOD CO/71.\\n6,f\u00c2\u00a3r\u00c2\u00a3f BOJYOM sL/Tj-E\\neif/C^ElS CO/=/L\\n4-f\u00c2\u00a3Ej- sL/^te:\\nThe method of mining it is, first use a light mining pick\\nand pick out the whole or part of the smut above the coal,\\nthen blast the coal out with powder or wedge it up with\\nhammer and wedges. When blasted without first using the\\npick, the coal is more shattered and the amount of slack is\\nincreased.\\nFor relative positions of the seams in this basin see the\\nGeneral Vertical Section and Montevallo and Blocton Hori-\\nzontal Section from M to N on accompanying map.\\nIt will be seen by these sections that all the other work-\\nable seams of the Cahaba Coal Field are in this basin and\\nunderneath the Montevallo seam, so that the portion of this", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nbasin that has the Montevallo seam under its surface, con-\\ntains all the workable seams of the Cahaba Coal Field.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures of this basin, varies from\\n9\u00c2\u00b0 to flat or level measures in the synclinal part of the\\nbasin a large area along the synclinal of this basin is per-\\nfectly level.\\nFor a distance of about two miles west and northwest of\\nAldrich depot on the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham\\nBailroad, the Montevallo seam has been worked by various\\ncompanies in the past thirty-four years at present the only\\nparties engaged in mining it are the Montevallo Coal and\\nTransportation Company, of which William F. Aldrich is\\npresident, and James L. McConaughy, secretary and treas-\\nurer. They have a good mi; e opened on the seam by slope,\\nand are well able to supply the present demand for Monte-\\nvallo coal.\\nThe 500 feet of measures above the Montevallo seam are\\na series of conglomerate ledges interlarded with pebbly\\nsandstones and with sandstones. About the middle of these\\nmeasures there is a fifty feet layer of dense conglomerate;\\nthis forms several falls on the creeks and branches of the\\nMontevallo and Lolley basins the four thin seams Air\\nShaft, Black Fireclay, Stine, and Luke are imbedded\\nin the above mentioned 500 feet of measures.\\nThe layers of conglomerate vary in thickness and posi-\\ntion; the plate next above the Montevallo seam is at places\\nclose down on the seam, while at other places it is 35 to 40\\nfeet above it.\\nAnalysis of coal fi^om the Montevallo seam, from Montevallo\\nCoal and Transportation Companfs slope, Aldrich, Ala.,\\nhy J. L. Buson\\nMoisture 1.858\\nVolatile matter 36.592\\nS^!^.*:^ ^t-mII ^oke 61.550\\n100.000\\nSulphur in coal 1.726\\nSulphur left in coke 1.156\\nPer cent, of sulphur in coke 1.878", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nTHE OVEETURNED MEASURES.\\nThe Overturned Measures are situated to the west of\\nMontevallo and to the northwest of Brierfield depot and\\nrolling mills.\\nThe Overturned Measures are bounded on the north by\\nthe fault that separates them from the Montevallo basin\\nand Dailey Creek basin on the east by the great boundary\\nfault that separates the Carboniferous and Cambrian meas-\\nures on the south by the same great boundary fault that\\nfollows along the south edge of the Cahaba Coal Field.\\nThe following is a rough outline of the boundary of the\\nOverturned Measures Commencing at the great boundary\\nfault about three hundred yards southeast of the Baker\\nmine entrance thence southeastward along the fault that\\nseparates the Overturned Measures from the measures of\\nthe Montevallo and Dailey Creek basins, about two and a\\nhalf miles thence along the fault nearly due west about\\nthree and a half miles to the middle of section 5, township\\n24, range 11 east thence southwestward along said fault to\\nthe half mile post on the south side of section 15, township\\n24, range 10 east, (this point is at the south boundary of\\nthe coal field;) thence eastwardly and northeastwardly along\\nthe boundary fault to the southwest corner of section 5,\\ntownship 24, range 12 east, (this point is nearly opposite\\nThompson s mill on Shoal Creek;) thence along the bound-\\nary fault nearly due north, to the point of commencement,\\nthree hundred yards southeast of the Baker mine entrance.\\nThe Overturned Measures are drained by branches run-\\nning into Shoal Creek by Little Mayberry Creek, Big May-\\nberry Creek, east prong of Four Mile Creek, west prong of\\nFour Mile Creek, Alligator Creek, and some small branches\\nrunning into Little Cahaba river.\\nThe most prominent ridge in the Overturned Measures is\\nthe Conglomerate ridge, immediately south of and parallel", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nwith the fault that separates the Overturned Measures from\\nthe Montevallo and the Dailey Creek basins there are other\\nridges of lesser prominence between the outcrops of the\\nseams and following; parallel with them, but they are not so\\ncontinuous as the Conglomerate ridge near the north edge\\nof the Overturned Measures.\\nThe principal wagon roads in the Overturned Measures\\nare as follows the road leading from Montevallo to the old\\nshaft the road leading from the Irish Pit to Thompson s\\nMill; the road leading from the Irish Pit to Peter s Mines\\nthe road leading from Pea Ridge to Potts Tan Yard and to\\nPeter s Mines the road leading from the Rainey slope to\\nMontevallo the road leading from Berea Church to the\\nBrierfield Coal and Iron Company s Smelting Furnace.\\nOf railroads in the Overturned Measures the Brierfield\\nCoal and Iron Company s Branch Railroad runs through a\\nportion, connecting the company s coal mines, (known in the\\nneighborhood as Peter s Mines), with the East Tennessee,\\nVirginia and Georgia railroad the Brierfield, Blocton, and\\nBirmingham railroad runs along the east end of the Over-\\nturned Measures the branch railroad of the Montevallo\\nCoal and Transportation company also runs through a por-\\ntion of the East end of the Overturned Measures, connect-\\ning their slope in the Montevallo seam with the Brierfield,\\nBlocton, and Birmingham Railroad.\\nTwenty-nine years ago a branch railroad extending from\\nwhat is now called Birmingham Junction Depot, out to the\\nold office, and from there was connected by tram-road\\nwith the old shaft or slope in one of the Overturned\\nseams. The tram-road and a portion of said branch rail-\\nroad are now abandoned.\\nThe Overturned Measures are ten and a quarter (10^)\\nmiles in length by an average width of about one mile the\\nsurface area is ten and a quarter square miles.\\nThe amount of workable coal in seams of two feet and\\nupwards in thickness in the Overturned Measures, is\\n167,000,000 of tons (of 2,000 pounds) with a vertical depth\\nof 4,500 feet.\\nThe conglomerate and the seams outcropping immedi-\\nately south of it, viz the Dodd seam, Cooper, Shaft, Beebe^", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "OAHABA COAL FIELD OVERTUENED MEASURES. 97\\nand the Cannel seam are all overturned they all outcrop\\non Little Mayberry Creek and on the Big Mayberry Creek.\\nThe four hundred feet of conglomerate and sandstones next\\nthe fault, forming the north boundary of the Overturned\\nMeasures, is a part of the top or cap rock of our Alabama\\nCoal Measures this is the lower part of the great Monte-\\nvallo conglomerate. In examining all the above mentioned\\nseams, the bottom slate was found to be on top in every\\ncase. a.\\nThe angle or rate of dip of these seams, varies from fifty-\\nsix degrees at the Cannel seam, to sixty degrees at the\\nCooper seam. I have examined these measures closely\\nalong their outcrops for over seven miles, and find them\\noverturned the whole of that distance. The best point for\\nexamination of this portion of the Overturned Measures, is\\non Little Mayberry Creek about five hundred yards west of\\nthe old shaft or slope. The old shaft or slope was worked\\nby the Montevallo Coal Mining company twenty-nine years\\nago, under my superintendence I had then an excellent\\nopportunity to obtain a thorough knowledge of that part of\\nthe Overturned Measures.\\nThe Little Mayberry Creek at this point cuts in a direct\\ncourse through the steep dipping measures that contain the\\nabove mentioned seams. The relative position of these\\nseams is as follows Commencing at the fault on Little\\nMayberry Creek, where you can put one foot on the Over-\\nturned Measures, dipping at a rate of sixty degrees, and\\nthe other foot on the flat measures of the Montevallo Basin\\ndipping only two or three degrees thence southward down\\nthe creek, passing various ledges of conglomerate inter-\\nlarded with sandstones on the way, a distance along the\\nsurface of three hundred and ninety feet (390) you have\\nnow passed over three hundred and thirty-eight (338) feet\\nin thickness of measures. This brings you to the Dodd\\nseam, and you have just passed over three hundred and\\nthirty-eight feet of the lower part of the Montevallo con-\\nglomerate. The Dodd vein is the Montevallo seam. Con-\\ntinuing down the Little Mayberry Creek seventy-three feet\\na See Chapter I, and Introductory Chapter for further mention of the\\nreversal of the strata.\\n7", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "98\\nGEOLOGICAL 8UKVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nfarther, passing over sixty-three feet in thickness of meas-\\nures, you arrive at |the Cooper seam, which is the under\\nseam of the Montevallo. (This underseam is exposed in the\\nDailey Creek Basin at a point three miles northwest of\\nwhere it intersects Little Mayberry). Continuing on down\\nthe creek a distance of three hundred and twenty feet, the\\nrate of dip being sixty degrees all the way from the fault,\\nyou pass over since leaving the Cooper, two hundred and\\neighty (280) feet in thickness of measures, and have arrived\\nat the Helena seam, of which the following is a section.\\n[Helena Seam in section 1, township 4 N., range 11 E. Rate of dip 65\u00c2\u00b0]\\nOz/^ct/ES COPL\\nS if^cf^ES COflL\\nContinuing on down the creek one hundred and forty-two\\n(142) feet farther, passing over one hundred and twenty-\\nfour (124) feet in thickness of measures, you arrive at a\\nledge of conglomerate, (the previous four hundred and sixty-\\nseven (467) feet in thickness being nearly all sandstone)\\nthence down the creek a distance of two hundred and\\ntwenty-five (225) feet, passing over one hundred and ninety-\\nseven (197) feet in thickness of measures, you arrive at the\\nShaft seam, of which the following is a section.\\n[Shaft Seam in section 1, toivnship 24 N., range 11 E. Rate of dip 65\u00c2\u00b0]\\nJO 5 fESJ- f/pE-CLfty\\n5 r\u00c2\u00a3^^T //^C//\u00c2\u00a3S GOOD\\nCO/7L\\nZ/^EEJ SL/7TE\\nsfi/\\\\lD syo/^E.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD OVEBTURNED MEASURES. 99\\nContinuing on down the creek seventy- three feet farther,\\npassing over sixty-three feet in thickness of measures, you\\narrive at the Three Feet Seam continuing on down the\\ncreek, a distance of three hundred and thirty-six (336)\\nfeet, you pass over two hundred and eighty-eight (288) feet\\nin thickness of measures, and arrive at the Beebee seam\\nthence down the said Little Mayberry Creek, square across\\nthe measures a distance of five hundred and twenty-nine\\n(529) feet, passing over four hundred thirty-eight feet in\\nthickness of measures, you arrive at the Cannel seam. The\\nrate of dip of the rocks you have passed over are as follows\\nat the conglomerate between the fault and the Dodd seam\\nthe rate of dip is sixty-one degrees at the Helena, sixty-\\none degrees at the Shaft seam, sixty degrees at the Bee-\\nbee seam, fifty-nine degrees and at the Cannel seam, fifty-\\nsix degrees.\\nThe average thickness of the above mentioned seams, as\\nevidenced by the tests made, are as follows\\nDodd, 4 to 6 feet.\\nCooper, 2% feet.\\nShaft seam, 4 feet.\\nThree Feet, 2% to 3 feet.\\nBeebee, 3 feet.\\nCannell, 3 feet, part of it bony.\\nFor relative position of the seams of the Overturned\\nMeasures, see the Liitle 3Iayberry Creek Vertical Section on\\nthe accompanying map. The seams near the south bound-\\nary of the Overturned Measures have been worked for sev-\\neral years by the Brierfield Coal and Iron Company at what\\nis known as Peter s mines these seams have a south or\\nsoutheast direction of dip, the same as the Dodd, Shaft,\\nBeebee, and Cannel seams, on Little Mayberry Creek.\\nThe company sunk two slopes on the Lemley or B. seam,\\nand from the bottom of this slope they tunnelled to the 0.\\nor Cubical vein, and to the D. or Figh seam they also\\ntunnelled southwards to the A. seam, and hoisting the coal\\nfrom all of them at the B. slope in the Lemley seam. My\\nexamination of these seams was made in 1859, when I gave\\nto the B. seam the name of Lemley, part of it being then", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nowned by an old planter named Mennis Lemley, living on\\nthe plantation just south of it I gave the C. seam the name\\nof Cubical seam on account of its having a cubical frac-\\nture; and named the D. seam Figh seam, in remembrance\\nof my friend George M. Figh, who died in Dallas, Texas.\\nIn passing through by Peter s mines slope in April, 1890,\\nI noticed that the B. slope was stopped.\\nI do not remember whether my examination of these\\nseams in 1859 decided the question as to whether they were\\noverturned that is, the bottom slate on top like the Dodd,\\nCooper, Shaft, Beebee, and Cannel seams, or not.a\\nThere is a thin seam between the B. and C. seams of\\nabout two to two and a half feet in thickness, that has\\nnever been worked. At the boundary fault, south of Peter s\\nmines, there is an outcrop on Shoal Creek in section 12,\\ntownship 24, range 11 east, that bends over and forms a\\ncomplete arch, plainly to be seen exposed on the bank of\\nthe creek thirty-one years ago it may be covered up now\\nby the falling in of the creek bank. This is one of the seams\\nof the boundary fault measures. If the Figh, Cubical,\\nLemley, and A. seams are not overturned with the bottom\\nslate on top like the Dodd, Cooper, Shaft, Beebee, and Can-\\nnell seams on Little Maj^berry Creek, then there must be a\\nfault between the two series of seams. I have not seen any\\nsurface evidence of any fault between them, more than tht;\\nhitch in the measures about the middle of section 12,\\nforming a slight zig-zag in their outcrops.\\nThe first mining done in the Overturned Measures was\\nby the Alabama Coal Mining Company in or about the year\\n1857, when they opened a series of drifts on Little May-\\nberry Creek, in the Cooper seam, the Shaft seam, and Bee-\\nbee seam then in the year 1859, the company sunk a slope\\non the Shaft seam to a depth of about 160 feet along the\\nslope, the seam having a rate of dip of 60\u00c2\u00b0 to 61\u00c2\u00b0. The\\ncompany obtained a hoisting engine and boilers from\\nWilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, the cylinder of which is now in\\nthe scrap pile at the Shelby Rolling Mill, Helena. About\\nalt seems most probable that these seams also are overturned, for at\\nThompson s Mill, a quarter of a mile south of the L-mley seam, occurs\\nthe instance of a coal seam with Cambrian rocks immediately above it,\\nshown in the illustration given in the introductory chapter. E. A. S.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD OVERTURNED MEASURES. lOl\\nthis time the company acquired some new stockholders and\\nchanged the name of the firm from Alabama Coal Mining\\nCompany to Montevallo Coal Mining Company, but I do\\nnot remember the exact date of the change.\\nThe company found it necessary to bring men from Penn-\\nsylvania to fit up the engine and hoisting machinery; one of\\nthem, John Hartley, an Englishman, was brought to build\\nthe engine bed and boiler masonry.6\\nSome machinists also came at the same time Hartley did.\\nThe company had gotten the slope sunk by means of\\nhorse power to the depth of 160 or 165 feet, and had driven\\nthe gangways out one or two hundred feet previous to my\\ntaking charge as superintendent of the company s works,\\nobligating myself to keep the underground surveys ad-\\nvanced up to the full progress of the work at the end of\\neach month, and furnish the company with a geological\\nmap showing the seams on their property, which was done\\nunder some difficulties.c\\nThe aforesaid hoisting engine, boilers, and machinery\\nfrom Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, was the first steam power\\nmachinery for hoisting coal ever used in Alabama.\\nThe stockholders of the company who first commenced\\nto use the aforesaid hoisting machinery, were Col. John S.\\nStorrs, of Montevallo, president of the company Judge\\nCooper, of Lowndes county Dr. Miller, of Wilcox county\\nAlexander White, of Selma and Talladega Gen. C. Robin-\\nson, of Lowndes or Wilcox counties, and John R. Keenan,\\nof Selma, Ala., etc. These were the principal stockholders\\nwhen the machinery was obtained. A little later on ex-Gov.\\nT. H. Watts, George M. Figh, Benjamin B. Davis, and Dr.\\nL T. Tichenor, all of Montgomery, became stockholders in\\nthe Montevallo Coal Mining Company, so it will be seen\\ntiHartley, soon after his arrival, told me he ha,d been advised to bring\\na bowie knife and carry it with him all the time he was here after en-\\njoying a good laugh at his expense for his causeless fears, I advised\\nhim to keep away from bar rooms and grog shops, and bury that knife\\nuntil he started back to Pennsylvania.\\ncMy first map presented to the board of directors showing the out-\\ncrop of the Montevallo seam, near where the mining is now going on,\\nas shown on the accompanying map, was made on strong brown paper,\\ncalled cotton paper, as it was mostly used to wrap up cotton samples iUt", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nthat tlie first efforts at the scientific mining of coal with\\nsteam machinery in Alabama were made by men mostly\\nfrom the Black belt portion of the State.\\nAnalysis of Coal from Seam of the Brierfleld^ Bihh\\nCounty, Ala., hy J. L. Beeson.\\nMoisture 2.265\\nVolatile matter 57.130\\nFixed carbon.... 37.407J 40 g05\\nAsh 3.198)\\n100.000\\nSulphur in coal 1.158\\nSulphur left in coke.. .487\\nPer cent, of sulphur in coke 1.198", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII\\nTHE DAILEY CEEEK BASIN.\\nThe Dailey Creek basin is situated to the east and north-\\neast of Blocton, to the west and northwest of Montevallo\\nand to the southwest of Helena, Gurnee being in the north\\nend of this basin. It is bounded on the northwest by the\\nInterior fault and the Blocton basin, also by a portion of\\nthe Gould basin on the north and northeast by Dry Creek\\nbasin and Lolley basin, on the east side by the Montevallo\\nbasin, and on the south side by the Overturned Measures\\nand the South boundary fault.\\nThe following is a description of the boundary of the\\nDailey Creek basin Commencing at the gap in the Con-\\nglomerate ridge where the Little Mayberry Creek cuts\\nthrough it, at the fault where the flat measures and the\\nOverturned measures come close together, thence north-\\nwestwardly along the anticlinal to the northwest corner of\\nsection 15, township 22, range 4 west, thence due north\\nalong the section lines on the west side of sections 10 and\\n3, to the southwest corner of section 34, township 21, range\\n4 west; thence northeast to the northeast corner of said\\nsection 34 thence northwestward down Jesse s Creek to\\nthe southwest corner of section 15, township 21, range 4\\nwest thence northwest to the southeast edge of the Interior\\nfault vertical rocks near the northwest corner of section 16,\\ntownship 21, range 4 west thence southwestward along the\\nsoutheast edge of the Interior fault leaving Boothtown to\\nyour left thence close by Cadle Station, crossing the rail-\\nroad at this point, close by the Gardner old mine continu-\\ning close along the edge of the Interior fault to the edge of\\nthe coal field at a point about a quarter of a mile west of\\nthe southeast corner of section 17, township 24, range 10\\neast thence eastward along the boundary fault after ad-\\nvancing two hundred yards you will pass close by the left", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nside of the Joseph Lightsey house continuiBg along the\\nboundary fault, crossing Cahaba river about two hundred\\nyards above the boat landing to the half mile post on the\\nsouth side of section 15, township 24, range 10 east thence\\nnortheastwards to the middle of section 5, township 24,\\nrange 11 east thence eastwardly along the line of fault\\nforming the north bourdary of the Overturned measures\\nto the Little Mayberry Creek, at a point about 700 yards to\\nthe northwest of the old Shaft seam slope, this being where\\nthe rocks of the Montevallo basin and the Overturned meas-\\nures come together, the point of commencement.\\nThe Dai!ey Creek basin is drained by the Cahaba river\\nand its tributaries Jesse s Creek, Rocky Branch, Lick\\nCreek, Savage Creek, Lovelady Branch, Glade Branch, Hud-\\ngin s Creek, Swep Branch, Thrasher s Field Branch, Stone\\nCoal Branch, Dailey Creek, Short Creek, Big Lick Creek,\\nBeech Camp Branch, Pine Island Branch, Big Ugly Creek,\\nLittle Ugly Creek, Four Mile Creek, and Alligator Creek,\\nthe last two emptying into Little Cahaba River, all the\\nothers drain into the Big Cahaba river.\\nThe most prominent ridge in this basin is Pea ridge, and\\nits continuation southwest, forming the divide between\\nthe waters of Little Cahaba river and the Cahaba river.\\nThis divide forms a broad, high ridge for a length of\\nabout nine miles in this basin; its full length is much more,\\nas it continues northeast nearly to Lacey Station, at the\\nhead of Piney Woods Creek. Its full extent is from near\\nLacey Station to the forks of the Big Cahaba and Little\\nCahaba rivers. On the northwest side of this ridge the\\nwaters drain into Big Cahaba river, and on the southeast\\nside the waters all drain into the Little Cahaba river. This\\nridge or divide has an altitude in places of 400 feet above\\nthe river.\\nThe next most prominent ridge is formed of the roof rock\\nof the Gholson seam. The roofs of the Coke seam and the\\nThompson seam both form high ridges in portions of this\\nbasin.\\nOf the wagon roads of this basin the principal one is the\\nMontevallo and Tuscaloosa, or Booth s Ferry road this is\\na county road, on which vehicles can be used. Another", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD DAILEY CKEEK BASIN. 105\\nwagon road leads from the Aldrich mines near Montevallo\\nto Blocton, going by Berea cliurcb and crossing the river at\\nLily Shoals. Another wagon road leads from Berea church\\nto Potts Tan yard. Another wagon road leads from Peter s\\nmines to the James Rich ford on Cahaba river.\\nTwo railroads enter this basin at its north end, the two\\nuniting near Gurnee or between Gurnee Station and Piney\\nWoods Station one of the railroads is the Birmingham\\nMineral Railroad, extending from the Louisville and Nash-\\nville Company s main line at Helena, to its junction with\\nthe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad, near\\nGurnee. The other road is the Brierfield, Blocton and\\nBirmingham Railroad which extends from Birmingham\\nJunction Station near Montevallo, to Gurnee and Blocton.\\nThese two railroads have been recently constructed and are\\nboth now completed and in running order.\\nThe Birmingham Mineral Railroad Company have a lease\\nfrom the Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad\\nCompany, enabling them to run their trains clear through\\nfrom Helena to Blocton.\\nThe Brierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad Com-\\npany are now building a railroad from Gurnee to Bessemer\\nand Birmingham; the whole line being now constructed\\nunder contract let to Aldrich, Worthington Co., railroad\\ncontractors.\\nTwo years ago, and prior to the construction of these\\nrailroads, the Dailey Creek basin did not have a population\\nof more than an average of one family to the square mile,\\nbut since that, the Excelsior Coal Company have opened\\ntheir two new slopes, and miners with their families have\\ngone to live near the mines. The population has thus in-\\ncceased to ten times what it was two years ago.\\nThe Dailey Creek Basin has a length of thirteen miles by\\nan average width of three and two-tenths miles, and con-\\ntains a surface area of forty-one and a half square miles\\nit contains of good workable coal in seams of over two feet\\nin thickness, and within forty-five hundred feet in vertical\\ndepth seven hundred and seventy-one millions of tons,\\n(771,000,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of 2000 lbs.) In computing this estimate of\\namount of coal in the basin I have made no allowance for\\nloss in pillars, or waste in mining.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "106 GEOLOGICAL SURYEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe lowest workable seam outcropping in this basin is\\nthe seam known as the Big Vein. This seam is the\\nWadsworth of the South and North Alabama railroad.\\nNear Boothtown it runs into the vertical measures of the\\nInterior Fault. Its thickness in the south end of the\\nbasin is eight feet in the aggregate a part of this, though,\\nis impure and shaly, but probably four feet of good coal can\\nbe gotten out of it.\\nThe most workable seam is the Clean Coal Seam, which\\nis only two and a half feet in thickness. The next work-\\nable seam above this is the Beech Tree seam, of three\\nfeet in thickness of good coal the Half Yard coal comes\\nin between the two last mentioned seams. A short distance\\nabove the Beech Tree seam is a thin seam of six inches\\nthis, with the Clean Coal, Half Yard and Beech Tree,\\nforming a group of four seams between the Big Vein and\\nCoke seam. Between this group and the Coke seam, is a\\nthin seam that becomes sixteen inches thick in places.\\nThen above this is the Coke seam. This seam near Dailey\\nCreek, ranges from three to three and a half feet in thick-\\nness, and is a good coal, making an excellent coke. There\\nare two thin seams a few inches thick above the Coke seam,\\nbut the next workable seam is the Clark seam, which, when\\ndiscovered thirty years ago, was named the Spring vein.\\nThe Clark varies in size from two and a half to four feet in\\nthickness, and is of very good quality. Above the Clark, a\\nvarying distance of from ten to a hundred feet is the Ghol-\\nson seam this is a remarkably good seam of solid coal,\\nvarying from four to five feet in thickness with a good sand-\\nstone roof. From my remembrance of measurements made\\nin the old Ghplson mine twenty-five years ago, when the\\nmine was still open, the average thickness of the seam\\nthrough the mine was five feet. When the Gurnee workings\\nhave advanced to flat part of the basin, the Excelsior\\ncompany will have an excellent seam, with a good roof and\\nan immense area of flat or level measures to work in. The\\nfollowing are measured sections of the Clark and Gholson\\nseams", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD DAILEY CREEK BASEST. 107\\n[Clark Seam in section 16, toionshrp ^1 S., range 4 W. Rale of dip 16\u00c2\u00b0]\\nl^S/7 f CO/}/fS\u00c2\u00a3 s/i/\\\\/o SJO/\\\\/e\\nI INCH CO flL\\n7 irJct^es sLftTC\\nFi^i^: cL/i/ OFf BOTTOM sl/\\\\TE\\n[Gholson Seam in section 21, township 21 S. range 4 W. Rate of dip 1G\u00c2\u00b0]\\n^/^jt^/- goOD Co/\\\\l\\n^fjD B or Toy sl/iy-e:\\n[Gholson Seam in section 12, township 22 S., range 5 W. Direction of\\nStrike, N. 34\u00c2\u00b0 E. Direction of dip, 56\u00c2\u00b0 E. Rate of dip 9\u00c2\u00b0]\\nf^/lf^o S/^/Vo STOf^E\\n5 FEE J gooD co/^L\\neoTfoy sI/^-t\u00c2\u00a3\\nThe next seam of workable size is the Middle Vein, of\\ntwo and a half feet in thickness. This is the Little Pitts-\\nburg Seam of the South and North Alabama railroad.\\nAbove the Middle Vein are two thin seams, representing\\nthe Quarry seam and the Smithshop seam of the South\\nand North Alabama railroad company. Above these is the", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nThompson or Conglomerate seam, varying in size in this\\nbasin, from three to six feet. A short distance above this\\nseam is a ledge of conglomerate that is fifty feet thick in\\nplaces, bat in other places, only a few feet. The next seam\\nabove this is the Helena this seam in this basin varies in\\nsize from one and a half to four feet, and in some places is\\ndivided up into tvs^o or three benches, with slates interven-\\ning. The next seam above this is the Yeshic seam a seam\\nthat is generally four to five feet in thickness its condition\\nis mostly impure in this basin. The next workable .^eam\\nabove this is the Monte vallo seam of two and a half to four\\nfeet in thickness. For sections of this seam, see the chap-\\nters on the L llley Basin and Montevallo Basin. This seam\\nhas about the best reputation for a good domestic coal, of\\nany in the State. The outcrop of it can be seen beneath a\\nledge of conglomerate on a branch, a few hundred yards\\nsouth of Antioch Church the branch empties into Savage\\ncreek. The four thin seams above the Montevallo seam are\\nthe Air Shaft seam, Black Fireclay seam, Stine seam,\\nand the Luke seam none of them are workable, and they\\nvary so m thickness and amount of impurities, that they\\nare not worth the reader s attention, though a section of\\nthe Black Fireclay seam can be found in the chapter de-\\nscribing the Lolley Basin.\\nThe measures of the north end of the Dailey Creek Basin,\\ndip towards, and are connected with the Lolley and the\\nMontevallo Basins. The largest and most important of the\\nseams of the Lolley and Montevallo Basins can be worked\\nby slopes driven down from their outcrops in the Dailey\\nCreek Basin. The anticlinal between the Lolley and Mon-\\ntevallo Basins appears to be pointing in the direction of\\nJesse s Creek the lower rate of dip than usual in the lower\\npart of Jesse s Creek is probably due to the said anticlinal.\\nFor relative position of the seams of this basin, see the\\nDailey Creek Vertical Section, and the Blocton and Monte-\\nvallo Horizontal Section from M. to N. on the accompany-\\ning map.\\nThe rate of dip of the measures in this basin, varies from\\nforty-five degrees at the Big Vein, to ten or fifteen at the\\nGholson seam, down to one or two degrees or flat, at the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "OAHABA COAL FIELD DAILEY CREEK BASIN. 109\\nsynclinal east of Berea Church most of the southeast side\\nof the basin is fiat or nearly flat.\\nThe first mining done in this basin was during the war\\nbetween the States, by refugees from Mississippi and else-\\nwhere. They were Brooks and Gainer, mining close to\\nwhere Gurnee now is. Kogers Carter Gholson Co.\\nHerndon, and Thompson. They hauled their coal in wagons\\nto the nearest point on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Rail-\\nroad. The coal was used by the Confederate Government\\nat the arsenal at Selma. The seams worked by them were\\nthe Clark seam, the Gholson seam and the Thompson seam.\\nThese three seams were all they mined in this basin their\\nmethod of mining was by drift, and horse power slopes\\nnone of them used steam power in any shape. The dis-\\ntance from their mines to the railroad was by the wagon\\nroad about twelve miles, and with a team of four mules and\\nwagon, they hauled a ton per day to the railroad per each\\nteam this was counted a day s hauling.\\nNone of them advanced their mine workings very far\\nfrom the outcrop, their principal work being hauling the\\ncoal and keeping their long wagon roads in hauling con-\\ndition.\\nAll of these mines stopped when the war ended the\\nrefugees then, with one or two exceptions, went back to\\ntheir former homes. Since that time the mines have been\\nabandoned and grown up with briars, till about January,\\n1889. From this date railroads have been built, connecting\\nthis region with Montevallo and Selma, Blocton, Bessemer\\nand Birmingham, and with Helena, Montgomery and the\\nGulf, and, by means of the steam colliers now running from\\nPensacola, with Havana and all the coal markets in the\\nGulf of Mexico.\\nThe contrast between the appliances and methods of min-\\ning used in the basin twenty-five years ago, and those used\\nat present, is very great.\\nSince January, 1889, the Excelsior Coal Company have\\nsunk two large slopes on the Gholson seam one of them,\\nNo. 1, or Gurnee Slope, is now down eight hundred feet\\nthese slopes, if continued on in the direction they are now\\nbeing driven, will penetrate an immense region of flat, or", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nnearly level seams, sufficient to furnish continuous work for\\nseveral generations of miners.\\nAnalysis of coal from the Gholson Seam, Slope No, 1, Gurnee,\\nAlabama, by J. L. Beeson.\\nMoisture 1.589\\nVolatile matter 35 760\\nFixed Carbon 58.871J, g^ T.51.\\nAsh J.780J\\n100.000\\nSulphur in coal 1.547\\nSulphur left in coke 781\\nPercentage of sulphur in coke 1.249", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE BLOCTON BASIN.\\nThe Blocton basin is situated to the south and southwest\\nof Bessemer, to the southeast of Woodstock and Vance s,\\nto the north of Centreville, to the west of Aldrich and\\nMontevallo, and to the southwest of Gurnee, Blocton oc-\\ncupying the middle portion of the basin.\\nThis basin is bounded on the north by the Gould basin,\\non the northwest by the Sub-Carboniferous measures, at the\\nvisible portion of the southwest end it is bounded by a\\nlarge deposit of Drift measures overlying and completely\\nhiding the Carboniferous from sight, on the south it is\\nbounded by the great boundary fault, and on the southeast\\nside it is bounded by the Interior fault vertical coal meas-\\nures, beyond which is the Dailey Creek basin.\\nThe following is a description of the boundary of the\\nBlocton basin Commencing at the northwest edge of the\\nInterior fault opposite Booth s Ferry in the south half of\\nsection 19, township 21, range 4 west; thence northwest\\nalong the Booth s Ferry and Tannehill wagon road, to the\\nsharp bend in Sand Mountain in the south half of section\\n3, township 21, range 5 west thence northwest along the\\nbase of the Millstone Grit nearly one mile, to where Sand\\nMountain makes another sharp turn thence southwestward\\nalong the base of the Millstone Grit of Sand Mountain;\\nthe red fossiliferous ore cropping out about half a mile to\\nthe right. Then crossing the Cahaba Coal Mining Com-\\npany s Railroad at Thrasher s Mill, on the township line,\\nbetween townships 21 and 22, and continuing along the base\\nof the Millstone Grit, crossing Hill s Creek about three-\\nquarters of a mile northwest of Randolph s Mill, and cross-\\ning Schultz s Creek at Burt s Mill thence along the base\\nof the Millstone Grit to the half mile post on the south side\\nof section 22, township 24, range 8 east. To the southwest", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nof this the Carboniferous is completely covered with drift.\\nThence southeast to the half mile post on the west side of\\nsection 6, township 23, range 9 east thence northeastwards\\nalong the boundary fault, crossing Schultz s Creek about a\\nquarter of a mile north of the wagon road bridge passing\\nSchultz s Creek church about 700 yards to the north of it,\\nand continuing on along the boundary fault to a point two\\nhundred yards west of Joseph Lightsey s house in the\\nnortheast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 20,\\ntownship 24, range 10 east; thence northeastwards along\\nthe northwest side of the vertical measures of the Interior\\nfault, crossing the railroad about half a mile southwest of\\nCadle Station, and crossing the Cahaba river near the half\\nmile post at the south side of section 2, township 22, range\\n5 west continuing northeastwards along the northwest edge\\nof the Interior fault vertical measures to opposite Booth s\\nFerry, in the south half of section 19, township 21, range 4\\nwest, the point of commencement.\\nThe Blocton basin is drained by the Cahaba river and its\\ntributaries, Shades Creek, Cane Creek, Little Cane Creek,\\nBear Branch, Big Ugly Creek, Little Ugly Creek, Caffey s\\nCreek, Turkeycock Branch, Lick Branch, Green Branch,\\nPratt s Creek, Stone Quarry Branch, Hill s Creek, Schultz s\\nCreek, and Haysop Creek, the waters of all these creeks\\nand branches finally reach Cahaba river. It is along the\\nvalley of one of these creeks (Cafifey s Creek) that the\\nCahaba Coal Mining Company built their railroad, enabling\\nthem to open up their mines in this basin; this was the\\neasiest route by which they coald get railroad access to the\\nseams in this basin, though the engineering difficulties of\\nthe route brought the cost of their nine miles of railroad\\nup to over $160,000.\\nThe most prominent ridges of this basin are Sand Moun-\\ntain, formed of the lower portion of the Millstone Grit, ex-\\ntending all along the northwest side of the basin, though it\\nis a little broken at its southwest end. The next ridge in\\nprominence is the ridge formed of the roof rock of the\\nUnderwood or Thompson seam.\\nThis basin, like all other parts of the Cahaba Coal Field,\\nis not well provided with good wagon roads. The principal", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD BLOCTON BASIN. 113\\nones in the basin are the Woodstock and Biocton road, the\\nBlocton and Pratt s Ferry road, (this is what the settlers\\ndesignate as the new cut,) the Blocton and Centreville road,\\nthe Blocton and Gurnee road, the Woodstock and Centre-\\nville ri)ad, the Tuscaloosa and Pratt s Ferry road. Booth-\\ntown and Greenpond road, Blocton and Shades Creek\\nchurch or Helena road, and the Scottsville and River Bend\\nroad.\\nThe railroads in this basin are the Cahaba Coal Mining\\nCompany s Railroad, connecting their Blocton mines with\\nthe Alabama Great Southern Railroad at Woodstock, and\\nwith the Blue Creek extension of the Birmingham Mineral\\nRailroad at the Blocton Junction depot near Woodstock.\\nThere is another railroad recently completed that enters\\nthe basin from the east side, coming from Montevallo to\\nGurnee, and from Gurnee to Blocton, constructed by the\\nBrierfield, Blocton and Birmingham Railroad Company\\nover the Gurnee and Blocton portion of which the Birm-\\ningham Mineral Company have a lease or right to run their\\ntrains to Blocton, from their Helena and Gurnee branch.\\nThis gives the Blocton basin connection with the Alabama\\nGreat Southern Railroad, the Birmingham Mineral system,\\nand Louisville and Nashville Company s main line, and the\\nEast Tennessee, Yirginirt and Georgia main line by means\\nof the Selma, Rome and Dalton Division, which are three\\nof the most important mineral railroads in the State.\\nThe Blocton basin is eighteen miles in length by an aver-\\nage width of five and a quarter miles. Its surface area is\\nninety-four and a half square miles, and it contains, in\\nseams of workable coal of two feet and upwards in thick-\\nness, and within 3,800 feet of vertical depth, 567,000,000 of\\ntons (2,000 pounds.) I have made no allowance in this\\ncomputation for loss in pillars or waste in mining.\\nThe western edge of the basin is disturbed by three nar-\\nrow faults or fractures of the measures they do not make\\nmuch showing on the surface, but they cause the measures\\nin their vicinity to be irregular, and will not be considered\\nworth working while there is such a vast area of almost\\nlevel or flat measures in the basin proper, to the east of\\nthem, and containing the same seams.\\n8", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "114\\nGEOLOGICAL SUKVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThe Gould seam outcrops in these disturbed measures^\\nbut the lowest workable seam outcropping in the regular or\\nflat portion of the basin, is the Wadsworth, which shows\\ntwo feet nine inches at the surface outcrop and will prob-\\nably prove to be three feet of good coal at some distance\\nunderground; the next working seam above this is the\\nBeechtree seam. This seam, a few miles to the east near\\nDailey Creek, is three feet in thickness and of good qual-\\nity. The next workable seam above this is the Coke seam,\\nthis one also near Dailey Creek, is three feet in thickness\\nof good coal, with a good roof and has excellent coking\\nqualities. The next workable seam above this is the Wood-\\nstock or Gholson seam in this basin it averages from three\\nto three and a half feet of solid coal of good quality for\\ncoke making, and locomotive or domestic purposes it has\\na good roof, and around Blocton there is a large area of it\\nnearly level. The next workable seam in this basin above\\nthe Woodstock is the Underwood or Thompson seam this\\nseam contains a solid bench of five and a half feet of good\\nquality well suited to coking, steam, or domestic purposes^\\nThe following is a section of it:\\n[Thompson seam, in section 21, township 22, S., range 5, TF.];\\nssssssssssssssss\\nS/lfVOS^O/V\u00c2\u00a3\\nSl/tJ-E\\nffJcf/\u00c2\u00a3S bo/Jy sLflTS\\n10 S SMUT\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05/^E\u00e2\u0082\u00acT QOOD COflL\\nfjf\\\\\u00c2\u00a3 cLftV\\nThe Helena seam is the next workable seam above the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CAHABA COAL FIELD BLOCTON BASIN. 115\\nThompson; it shows only two feet in thickness at the out-\\ncrop on the hill above the No. 2 slope in this basin. It\\nmay be larger in other parts of the basin, though the evi-\\ndence elsewhere testifies to its gradually reducing in size\\ntowards the southwest end of the Cahaba Coal Field. In\\nplaces through the field it is liable to be divided up into\\ntwo or three benches, with slate intervening in the Eureka\\nbasin it is solid.\\nFor relative position of the seams in this basin, see the\\nBlocton Vertical Section, the General Vertical Section, and the\\nBlocton and Ilontevallo Horizontal Section, on the accompany-\\ning map\\nThe following two analyses of the coal of the Woodstock\\nseam, were made by Porter Going, Cincinnati, Ohio\\nSample Sample\\nNo. 1. No. 4.\\nMoisture 1.45 1.40\\nVolatile 32.21 34.05\\nFixedcarbon 61.83 60.30\\nSulphur 1.10 114\\nAsh 3 41 3.11\\n100.00 100 00\\nThe following two analyses of the coal of the Underwood\\nseam were also made by Porter Going, Cincinnati, Ohio\\nSample Sample\\nNo. 2. No. 3.\\nMoisture 1.70 1.50\\nVolatile 32 21 30.95\\nFixedcarbon 60.02 61.72\\nSulphur 82 1.13\\nAsh 5.25 4.70\\n100.00 100.00\\nThe following analysis of the coke from th? Underwood\\ncoal was made by Alfred Gaither, Chemist, Philadelphia,\\nPa.:\\nVolatile 4.508\\nFixed carbon 87 607\\nSulphur 745\\nAsh 7 140\\n100.000\\nThe following analysis of the coke from the Woodstock", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nand Underwood coals mixed, was made bv chemist of the\\nTalladega Iron and Steel Company\\nMoisture 700\\nVolatile 925\\nFixed Carbon b8 358\\nSulphur 1.217\\nAsh 8 hOO\\n100 000\\nThe following analysis of the coke from the Woodstock\\nand Underwood coals mixed, was made by John Fulton,\\nGeneral Manager of the Cambrian Iron Company, Johns-\\ntown, Pa., from samples taken from twenty-four ovens\\nMoisture 08\\nVolatile 1.11\\nFixed carbon liO.48\\nSulphur 83\\nAsh 7 50\\n100 00\\nThe disturbed measures next to the northwest edge of the\\nBlocton basin have a varying rate of dip of from six degrees\\nto sixty degrees. The main part of the basin is nearly flat,\\nthe rate of dip varying from one degree up to fifteen de-\\ngrees. The synclinal of this basin is wide and flat, and ex-\\ntends from the northeast end to the southwest end.\\nAround the Cahaba Coal Mining Company s mines the\\nsynclinal becomes divided by an anticlinal that shows itself\\nbetween No. 1 and No. 2 mines, into two synclinals, extend-\\ning for several miles in both directions. These synclinals\\nare wide and almost flat, and embrace a large territory of\\nnearly level measures. The inclination or fall of the syn-\\nclinal line, of this basin, is from the northeast end to the\\nsouthwest end. The base of the Millstone Grit, measured\\nfrom a given datum line, has a lower altitude at the south\\nend of both the Cahaba and Warrior Coal Fields, and a\\nhigher altitude at the north end of both Coal Fields than at\\nany other point consequently the large Montevallo Con-\\nglomerate, the cap rock of our Alabama Coal Measures, is\\nvisible at the surface at the south end of both coal fields,\\nwhich can be seen at the shoals in the Warrior River be-\\ntween Tuscaloosa and Northport, and in the Montevallo", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "C AH ABA COAL FIELD BLOCTON BASIN. 117\\nBasin over the Aldrich Slope, The base of the Millstone\\nGrit showing itself in the tops of the mountains where the\\nmeasures have a very light dip, at the north end of both\\ncoal fields, more especially the Wearior.\\nPrior to 1884, there had been no mining done in this\\nbasin in that year, the Cahaba Coal Mining Company first\\nbegan to sink their Slopes and construct their nine miles of\\nrailroad from Woodstock, on the Alabama Great Southern,\\nto their mines though they have now in this basin nearly\\ntwenty miles of railroad of main line, branches, and sidings\\nthey have increased their mine openings until they now\\nhave ten mines opened up in this basin, mostly slopes, the\\nothers are vertical shafts and drifts their output has in-\\ncreased at about the same speed as the Pratt Mines, did in\\nthe same space of time after first commencing.\\nThis company have some 450 coke ovens of the bee-hive\\npattern, well constructed, and with the latest improvements.\\nThey are intended to supply the furnaces at Anniston with\\ncoke. The coke is of excellent quality.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nON MINING.\\nIn our methods of mining the coal seams of Alabama,\\nwhere the rate of dip is less than ten degrees, we have\\nadopted for the past thirty or forty years, the cars and sys-\\ntem very generally used along the Monongahela River, Pitts-\\nburgh, Pennsylvania, and for seams having a rate of dip of\\nfrom twenty-five to sixty degrees, we have adopted the meth-\\nods generally used at the Anthracite Mines in Pennsylvania.\\nFor distinction we will name the first one the Mononga-\\nhela Method, and the other the Anthracite Method, and\\nfor the rates of dip above mentioned, they are the best\\nmethods known, but they do not work well in seams having\\na rate of dip between ten and twenty-five degrees.\\nIn seams having a rate of dip from forty to sixty degrees,\\nit has been our custom to drive the rooms square off from\\nthe gangway, up the rise of the seam, and have the coal\\nto run down the shute into the tram at the bottom of it;\\nwith this rate of dip the shute does not require planking at\\nthe side or bottom to make the coal run, and by keeping the\\nshute full, except three or four feet working room at the\\nbreast of the room, there is very little coal lost by pul-\\nverizing in its descent down the shute, as by that method\\nit descends by slow settling in proportion as it is allowed\\nto run into the trams at the bottom; this method miners\\ndesignate as working it on the run.\\nIn seams of from thirty to forty degrees rate of dip, the\\nminers are compelled to plank the sides of the shute to\\nsome extent, in order to enable the coal to slide down with-\\nout assistance. In seams of from twenty-five to thirty de-\\ngrees the coal will not descend in the shute unless the sides\\nof the shute are partly planked, and the bottom covered\\nwith sheet iron. In working our seams, having a rate of\\ndip of ten degrees or under, with the Monongahela ton car\\nwe are compelled to drive our rooms diagonally to the di-", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "MINING. 119\\nrection of the gangway, unless the rate of dip is less than\\nfour degrees, in that case the rooms may be driven square\\nup the pitch. For seams of from sixty to twenty-five de-\\ngrees and from ten degrees to flat or level, the Anthracite\\nand Monongahela methods suit very well, but for seams\\nhaving a rate of dip of from ten to twenty-five degrees, they\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0entail an additional expense in getting the coal to the gang-\\nway ready for hoisting; for convenience we shall name this\\nrate of dip the medium dip.\\nIt has been hitherto our practice to adopt the Mononga-\\nhela Method with ton trams, where the rate of dip is from\\nten to seventeen degrees, driving the rooms diagonally from\\nthe gangway, and have the miners bring their loaded cars\\ndown to the gangway, go back empty handed and have the\\ntrammer to take the empty cars up to the room breast by\\nmule power; or else have the miner to go through the heavy\\nstrain of pushing the empty car up by hand. The mule\\npower method, though necessitating two journeys along the\\nroom road, to accomplish the output of one car of coal, is\\nthe most satisfactory to the miner and most economical to\\nthe mine proprietor; iu making a fair count of the cost of\\neach method, the man power is certain to cost the most.\\nIn mining thin seams, small light cars are often used, that\\ncan be pushed up the room by man power with less strain\\nto the miner than when using the one ton car. I have often\\nused this method myself, and in all probability the Monte-\\nvallo Coal Transportation Co., are now using it, still it is\\nglaringly evident, that man power applied to its utmost\\nstrength, is the costliest method of moving coal from the\\nroom breast to daylight.\\nIn mining seams of from seventeen to twenty-five de-\\ngrees rate of dip, it has generally been our practice to adopt\\nthe Anthracite Method, and either plank the bottom and\\nlower part of the sides of the shute, or plank and sheet\\niron the bottom. In this case, even with these aids, the\\ncoal will not run of its own accord, consequently it requires\\nto be pushed down the length of the shute by the miner or\\nthe assistant trammer. When the room is worked up a con-\\nsiderable distance from the gangway, this becomes a costly\\nmethod of moving the coal from the room breast to day-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nlight. I have given considerable attention in the past thirty\\nyears, to the difficulties encountered in conveying the\\nmedium dip coal from the room breast to daylight;\\ntwice in this period I have tried to solve the problem, by\\ndevoting several months to the examination of the meth-\\nods used in the medium dip seams of England, Scotland,\\nand Wales. I also made a further effort on the Continent,\\nbut my knowledge of German and French was so limited,\\nas to prevent my discussing the matter satisfactorily with\\n^he managers in charge of the works. As the result of\\nthese efforts I have been brought to suggest and recommend\\nsome (at least to me), new methods, though not an entire\\ncut and dried solution of this problem, ready to apply to\\nour Cahaba seams.\\nThe trams or mine cars used in Europe are, in nearly\\nevery case, smaller than ours; the reason for making them\\nso, in most cases, is an effort to reduce the enormous first\\ncost of their deep shafts, by having a small shaft area, thus\\nleaving but a small space for their mine cars or cages and\\npumpway; their small mine cars also suit the large number\\nof boys they have employed in their mines. It would be\\nbad policy for us to adopt their small cars in the Cahaba\\nField, as we have no very deep pits to sink, and our per-\\ncentage of boys employed is very much smaller than theirs,\\nalso our miners are accustomed to handling one ton cars, or\\ncars having a capacity approaching a ton. I have also ex-\\namined the methods of mining the medium dip in other\\nplaces where opportunity offered, finally arriving at the\\nconclusion that our best policy is Uj hold on to our one\\nton cars, and work the medium dip seams horizontally.\\nThe most improved method of tramming and removing\\nthe medium dip coal, that has come under my observation,\\nis that mostly used in the county of Lancashire, England.\\nThe diagram opposite is the ground plan showing endless\\nwire rope haulage, and section of it, and I shall designate it\\nas the Lancashire Method.\\nIt must be borne in mind, however, that in that county\\nthe system of underground wire rope haulage is in almost\\nuniversal use. This Lancashire method, is an application\\nof the endless wire rope haulage the slope is double", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "MINING. 121\\ntracked, the endless rope ascending up the middle of one\\ntrack and going down the middle of the other. The room\\nroads connecting with the slope on each side, are opposite\\neach other; and in both tracks there are level spaces oppo-\\nsite the room entrances, to facilitate the pushing the mine\\ncar under the rope towards or from either track.\\nThe method of hitching the mine car to the wire rope is\\nby means of two chains (one at each end of the car) re-\\nsembling our trace chains, only with shorter links is the\\nhitch to the rope is made in the same time (about one\\nsecond), that the other end of the chain is hooked to the end\\nof the mine car. In hitching to the wire rope they give the\\nend of the chain a sharp swing around the rope, and after\\nthe hook has made two rounds, th ^y catch the hook with\\nthe other hand and put it over the chain. When\\nthe slope is made down the dip, then full cars are\\nhitched to the ascending rope, but when the slope is made\\nup the rise of the coal, then the full cars are hitched to the\\ndescending rope. The system is used for lowering loaded\\ncars to a lower gangway, and for hoisting them to a higher\\ngangway, and it works well at either, and by this method in\\ncircumstances that suit it, coal can be conveyed a given dis-\\ntance underground at less cost than by any other appliance.\\nThe Laiicashire method just suits their mine cars their\\nendless ropes have a continuoas steady motion of 1 1-4 to\\n2 1-2 miles an hour without stopping the whole day every\\nminer is trained and able to push his car under the rope,\\nand have it under way, without interfering with the car\\nfollowing after it.\\nOur cars are so much heavier than theirs that it would\\nprobably be impossible for one man to push them under the\\nrope and hitch them quickly enough to keep them out of\\nthe way of the following cars. I am uncertain about the\\npossibility of using the above described method with one\\nof our one ton cars, so shall leave it to time, or some of our\\nenterprising mine operators to decide its feasibility with\\nthe mine cars are now in use here.\\nAn ither system of mining the medium dip seams, or,\\nmore correctly, a combination of different and various\\nmethods now in successful operation in many old established", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "122 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nmining districts, is, in my judgment, superior to any other\\nmethod for seams having a dip of from 10 to 25 degrees\\nfrom the horizontal it is the best suited to our seams, our\\nmine cars, to our miners, and to our pillar and room\\nhabits of working and, as it is a combination of methods\\npartly used in one, and partly in other districts, we shall\\ndesignate it as the Combination method.\\nIn this method, the system of conducting the underground\\nworkings is, to have but one single track slope driven in the\\ndirection of the dip. This we will name the drainage\\nslope the pumps being in a narrow air-way at one side of\\nit. By this slope all the coal within its jurisdiction or\\nterritory will be drained, and it will also be the medium\\nthrough which the coal and slate of the adjoining gangway\\nend hoisting slope must be brought to the surface. All\\nwork in this system will be driven either horizontally or\\ndirectly up the rise of the coal, (excepting the draining\\nslope.)\\nThe diagram opposite gives an outline of this system of\\nworking.\\nA pump and air-way is driven up at one side of the\\ndrainage slope, and hoisting slopes are driven up at suitable\\ndistances on each side of the drainage slope. In order to\\navoid the expense connected with long underground haulage,\\nthe rooms are all driven horizontally or nearly so, the grade\\nof the room tracks must be laid to the proper inclination,\\nby means of a tapering grade stick, with glass level im-\\nbedded in plaster of Paris, and adjusted to a three-eights\\ngrade (or 3-8ths of an inch to the hundred inches), or to\\nsuch grade as the size and style of wheel used in mine cars\\nmay require.\\nThe drainage slope will require coal pillars large enough\\nfor its permanent security. With this method a room can\\nbe advanced 150 yards with no more outlay of strength and\\nmuscle to deliver the coal a-.d secure an empty car, than\\nwill be required to advance a room 150 feM diagonally up\\nour medium dip seams, or in other words the miner can\\npush his full car out, and return with the empty 150 yards,\\nat less cost and exertion, than would be expended in the\\nsame work through 150 feet in the diagonally driven room\\nup the pitch of our medium dip seams.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "MINING. 123\\nThe grade stick can be so adjusted that the same muscular\\nstrength will be rexuired to push the full car down, as to\\npush the empty car up, the only trouble being to put the\\ngrade stick on the track when laying it, and support or\\nlower the ties until the bubble sets right. On the diagram\\nthe distance.^ between the hoisting slopes are spaced in\\npannels of 900 feet, but that distance can be lengthened or\\nshortened to suit the locality and the seam. Tie method\\nof working medium dip seams, has less amount of narrow\\nwork to a given acreage of coal than any other method yet\\nmade known, excepting the long wall method, and before\\nwe can adopt the latter, we must reduce the size of our\\ncars, and train and discipline our miners to work under a\\nsagging roof, and if the long wall is the withdrawing\\nkind, we must lay tracks along the face or breast. The\\nhoisting power at the top of each hoisting slope, can be\\neither steam or electric motor connected with a central\\ndynamo. If steam is used, the water would probably have\\nto be piped from the drainage slope.\\nThe long underground haulage is one of the chief draw-\\nbacks to our medium dip seam mining; in some districts\\nthe usual way to curtail that expense is to establish the un-\\nderground wire rope haulage system. In the combination\\nmethod the car bodies are strongly made wooden boxes\\nof rectangular shape, of one ton capacity. These are de-\\ntachable from the trams or trucks. In the rooms, the trams\\nconsist of a flat platform resting on the trucks, and of a size\\nsufficient to hold a single car body. In the hoisting slope,\\nthe hoisting or slope tram consists of a long iron\\nframe work on trucks, on which are constructed four steps\\nor scaffolds, so arranged with reference to the slope of the\\ntrack, as to have the floors of these platforms level at the\\nsteepest part of the slope. On each of these platforms\\nis placed one of the detachable car bodies above referred to.\\nThe Diagram following p. 124 shows the construction of the\\nslope tram with a car body resting on each of the four\\nplatforms, with ground plan of slope and room roads; also\\nlongitudinal cross sections of slope, showing hoisting tram.\\nThe miner takes the empty mine car body from the slope\\ntram and replaces it with a loaded or full one, signals to", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nthe engineman to hoist away, and goes back to his room\\nwith the empty car to get another car load, thus requiring\\nonly one trip to deliver a one ton car of coal. The emp-\\nties are taken from the slope tram, and the full car\\nbodies placed upon the same, by means of an iron post\\ncrane placed at the angle of the room road. At this point\\nthe slope pillar, instead of coming out to an angle, is cut\\naway sufficiently to give space called a siding (but which has\\nno side track), for the empty car to be swung from the slope\\ntram and held suspended out of the way, while the full car\\nbody is being placed upon the slope tram, after which the\\nempty is swung still further around and lowered upon the\\nplatform of^the room truck, from which the loaded car has\\njust been removed. This necessitates at each room entrance,\\ntwo cranes (upon a swivel post). The crane for the empty\\ncar body being of a lighter construction and placed on the\\nupper side of the post; that for the loaded car, heavier and\\non the lower, or room entrance side. [See Diagrams, one\\nopposite, and two followiug p. 126.] From the end of each of\\nthe cranes there is suspended by a swivel joint in the centre,\\na light beam of the length of a car body. This beam has a\\nsmall pulley at each end, over which passes a wire cord\\nterminating in a hook and fastened at the other end to run-\\nning nuts on a double screw, actuated by a crank, on the\\nsame principle as the screws of the log carriage of a circu-\\nlar saw. This arrangement is for raising and lowering the\\ncar bodies. The screw for the empties is coarser, giving a\\na more rapid lift, than that for the loaded cars. The second\\ndiagram opposite p. 126, shows the arrangement of the screw\\nthreads and crank for raising the mine car body from the room\\ntram or from the slope tram. A catch lever is arranged at\\nthe side of the slope track opposite the room road, to ena-\\nble the miner to stop the slope tram at either one of the\\nfour platforms or scaffolds on which the mine cars rest in\\ntheir transit up or down the slope. The mine car body is\\nraised up from the tram truck, or up from the slope tram\\nby means of a screw, which the miner turns by a crank as\\nabove described; the screw, when rotated, pulling a light\\nwire cord above described sufficient to raise the car body a\\nfew inches, by a few turns of the crank; the crane is then", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "MINING. 125\\nswung around and the mine car body let down by means of\\nthe same screw either on to the room tram or on the slope\\ntram.\\nIn this method the engineman alone takes the place of all\\nthe trammers who, in other methods, are employed in bring-\\ning coal from the rooms or breasts. In this method of\\nminintr the medium dip coal, there is a less amount of\\nnarrow work in the form of gangways and air courses, than\\nin any of the usual methods; there is a much lighter force\\nof trammers needed, and especially there no coal rakers,\\nkilling time in the shutes, in their dallying efforts to get the\\ncoal down the shutes to the gangway.\\nIf the Pit Head Frame and loading shute and screws are\\nproperly arranged, the medium dip coal can be mined by\\nthis method at a very little if at all higher cost than the\\ncoal of the Hat seams. The preceding diagram shows a sec-\\ntion along the hoisting slope, giving an outline of the slope\\ntram, with form of the platforms or scaffolds for holding\\nthe mine car bodies; also a ground plan of the hoisting\\nslope with its connecting room roads, and sidings for empty\\nmine cars; also the position of the iron post cranes for re-\\nceiving and delivering the mine cars.\\nThe first duty of the miner on arriving at the slope from\\nhis room with his full mine car, is to signal to the engine-\\nman by means of the annunciator, that his number requires\\nthe tram slope with empty car, and is ready to deliver a\\nfull car; the engineman s duty, after acknowledging receipt\\nof this order, is to signal back to the number at which he\\nintends to stop his slope tram, that he is going to stop\\nat that point. As the slope tram nears this place the en-\\ngineman causes it to move slowly in order to give the miner\\nthe opportunity of seeing which platform of the tram holds\\nan empty car body, and of stopping it, by throwing up his\\ncatch lever, so as to bring this platform and empty car body\\nexactly opposite his room track. He then removes the\\nempty, and puts on the full car body and signals to the en-\\ngineman to hoist away. He then swings the empty car\\naround upon the room tram, pushes it back to the breast to\\nbe loaded again. The signals between the miner and the\\nengineman must be the electric, each miner having a wire", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nto himself, with an electric light at each crane during work-\\ning hours. The ends of the room tracks must be curved up\\nso as to prevent the mine car from ever running into the\\nslope. The first diagram opposite shows a section along\\nthe slope, and across the room entrances and the entrance\\nto two rooms.\\nIn this method the amount of work necessary to fit up\\nthe post crane and make the siding, is not half that required\\nto open a room and put in a switch in the ordinary level\\ngangwa3\\\\ To fit up the post crane, all that is required is\\nto dig a hole in the roof sufficiently deep to hold the head\\nof the post and prevent its slipping, then dig another hole\\nexactly under that one (by a plumb line), in the bottom\\nslate, put in place the post which is of iron and in two parts\\nfitting one into the other by a screw, and turn it after the\\nmanner of a jackscrew, until it presses sufficiently against\\nroof and floor to prevent its moving. The remainder of the\\nwork consists in digging off the corner of the slope pillar\\nsufficiently to make room for the empty car to stay out of\\nthe way of both slope track and room track.\\nThe scaffold in the siding is not absolutely necessary, but\\na light one there would enable the miner to have an extra\\nempty car. The end of the mine car body must have two\\nhitching or hooking places, one at its top edge of the car for\\nthe miners use, the other about the middle of the end of the\\ncar for the top or bankman to hook to for dumping the coal\\non the screen. This method has the great advantage of\\nallowing the mine car wheels to be fastened to the axle in\\nboth slope tram and mine cars. There are no curves to go\\naround, therefore no slip of wheels; mine cars with wheels\\nfastened to the axle, the axle itself rotating, will last proba-\\nbly twice as long as those that are loose and have the axle\\nbolted to the bottom of the cars they also run much lighter\\nand keep the proper gauge much longer. The second dia-\\ngram opposite, giving a section along the room roads and\\nacross the hoisting slope, shows the arrangement of the\\nscrew threads and crank for raising the mine car body from\\nthe tram truck or from slope tram.\\nIn this method the Engineman must have in front of him\\n(with the end towards him, and its lower edge about eight", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "r i H Co\\nh o\\nr^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i O\\n^S\\no", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "MINING. 127\\nfeet above the floor), a cast drum with large thread or spi-\\nral cast on it, with the numbers of the different rooms in\\nlarge figures painted on the spiral, so that the pointer will\\nshow him the exact place to a few inches, where his\\nslope tram is, in order that he may run slowly when ap-\\nproaching the entrance to a room where he is to stop for a\\nloaded car to be added this cast drum must have a geared\\nconnection with the hoisting-drum shaft. The Engineman\\nmust also have the number of the rooms close to his hands,\\nso that he can arrange them in the order in which the calls\\nfrom below are made, and remove them as the orders are\\nfilled. The collection of wires extending from the Engine-\\nman to the entrance of each room, must be bundled or\\ntwisted together and wrapped with thin sheet lead or tarred\\ncloth, to prevent corrosion from exposure to dampness. In\\nthis method the wire rope has no sharp corners or small\\npulleys to drag around, and will consequently escape the\\nbreaking and tearing of wire strands so common where the\\nordinary hoisting rope drags the mine cars out of the gang-\\nways.\\nTo facilitate the quick delivery of the loaded cars at the\\ntop of the slope, the upper part of the slope track, (that\\nportion next the large rope sheave), must be double tracked\\nand be movable, so that the full cars when they arrive there,\\ncan be pushed to one side, the same motion bringing the\\ntrack with slope tram containing the empties in line with\\nthe slope, so that the engineman is not delayed, but can let\\ndown the emptv cars while the top men are emptying the\\nfull ones. Three tracks of wide guage are requisite for the\\nscreening and loading shute, one for lump or run of the\\nmine, one for nut and slack, and one for slate.\\nIf this method, with the necessary machinery, were in com-\\nmon use, it is probable that it would be used for medium\\ndips, of even from five to thirty degrees. In cases where\\nthe dip of the seam is irregular, and becomes too flat to\\nallow the slope tram to descend and overcome the drag\\nof the rope, a light tail rope would have to be used. In\\nthis method the long wall system could be used to some\\nextent, but considering that we use a ton tram mostly, and\\na kind of room track, different from that usually employed", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMaV.\\nin long wall mining?, and that our miners are mostly accus-\\ntomed to the pillar and room system, it is probably best\\nto adopt it only where the roof is good, the floor not too\\nsoft and apt to swell up, and where there is abundance\\nof hard gob material to give some support to the roof. In\\nWarwickshire, England, they mine their medium dip coal\\n(from fifteen to twenty degrees), by the long wall drawing\\nmethod; a full description of which is given by William S\\nGresley in the Engineering and Mining Journal of August\\n17th, 1889, and I have no doubt but that it is the most im-\\nproved method of mining the medium dip seams now in\\nuse in Warwickshire, and that it suits their condition of\\nmining matters, is very evident. In the first place, they\\nhave to go to their boundary to commence the withdrawal\\nof the coal, while in our case, most of our mine proprietors\\nknow that even their grandchildren will never extend their\\nunderground workings to their boundaries; in the second\\nplace, their small square sided mine cars can be taken be-\\ntween the props and the face of the coal, much more readily\\nthan our cars of the Monongahela pattern; in the third\\nplace their room tracks have a sawed flat tie, of one and a\\nquarter inch thickness, with the ends of the rails locking\\ninto one another, and with holes in the ties that keep their\\nrails in guage, so that they can move their tracks along the\\nbreast, while we are knocking out the wedges, or drawing\\nthe spikes of ours.\\nWhile in Europe, some ten years ago, the underground\\nsystem of wire rope haulage received my attention, and I\\ndevoted several months to a thorough examiiiation of the\\nvarious methods of using it, and found its greatest develop-\\nment in the Wigan district of Lancashire, England. It was\\nno new experiment to them, as several of the mine superin-\\ntendents informed me that they had abandoned the use of\\npony or mule and trammer, twenty years previous to the\\ntime of my examination, or now a generation ago. The\\nproprietors and managers showed me ropes that they were\\nusing then, that they had been using constantly under-\\nground the thirteen years prior to that, the rope still good.\\nTheir underground haulage ropes are made of steel wire,\\nwith a hemp core. In one pit that had a regular output of", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "MINING. 129\\n800 tons per day, they had but one mule or pony in the pit\\nat any time, and it was in charge solely of the repair man,\\nt,o haul about their props and repair material. The mine\\nproprietors informed me that, if they were to fall back to\\nthe old style of pony (or mule) and trammer to haul their\\ncoal to the pit bottom, that it would ruin their business,\\nfor they could not compete in that case with their neighbors\\nusing the underground wire rope haulage.\\nThey had passed the experimental stage long ago, knew\\nat a glance the kind of pulley or sheave, in their great\\nvariety, that was essential to enable the rope to work well\\nin the thousand and one difficult localities of their gang-\\nways and slopes. They have a large number of variously\\nshaped pulleys, and modify their methods of using their\\nwire ropes to suit the varying circumstances that surround\\nthem. They have two methods of conveying the power\\ndown their pits to their systems of wire rope haulage the\\none in most general use is compressed air from air com-\\npressors at the top, to compressed air engines near the\\nbottom of the pit; the other method is to have a steam\\nengine at the pit top, geared as to give a slow motion to a\\nlarge broad grooved sheave, having two or three wraps of\\nthe rope around it. This is carried down the pit to the pit\\nbottom, and from thence to the various parts of the pit,\\nwhere the power is needed this rope is driven at a speed of\\n1 1-4 to 1 1-2 miles per hour this manner of conveying the\\npower suits the endless rope the best, while the compressed\\nair engine suits the tail rope method, or any style where\\nquick motion is required. The leading systems in use\\nmostly are\\nThe Endless Kope System.\\nThe Tail Eope System.\\nThe Simple Engine Plane or Slope.\\nThe Gravity or Self-Acting Plane or Slope (called\\nwhen the rope is endless, an endless jig.\\nThese systems are all modified to some extent to suit the\\nvarying circumstances. The endless variety of their appli-\\nances to prevent their ropes from rubbing, convinced me that\\nthey paid close attention to wear and tear of their underr\\n9", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "130 GEOLOGICAL SUBYET OP ALABAMA.\\nground ropes, some of which are over two miles in length.\\nTheir endless ropes run slowly; 1 1-4 miles per hour is\\ndeemed best, 2 1-2 miles per hour being their highest speed.\\nTheir common hoisting speed in pits of a quatter of a mile\\nvertical depth, is one minute for the quarter of a mile; this\\nincludes the slow run near top and bottom one of their\\ntail rope trains of about ten cars, passed me in one of their\\ngangways at a speed of ten miles per hour; this rather\\nsurprised me, but I was more astonished on noticing that\\nthe boy in charge of the train was stretched out at full length\\non top of the last mine car, his head and back not over a\\nfoot from the roof; his only chance to stop the train was to\\njerk the signal wire at the side of the gangway, the engine\\nbeing a half mile away.\\nI was informed by the mine managers that ten miles per\\nhour was the ordinary speed of their tail rope trains in\\nthe middle of the haul. Yet with ail the advantages and\\neconomy of the system of underground wire rope haulage,\\nthe lack of machinery and appliances, the absence of labor\\nskilled and trained to handle and use it, will no doubt cause\\nour mine managers to hesitate considerably before adopting\\nit, but should any of them decide to adopt it, their best\\nplan would be to go and see it in operation, examine the\\ndifferent systems, and study the various changes made in\\nthe use of the applianc3s to suit the different conditions\\nand circumstances, then make arrangements to secure the\\nmachinery and appliances as needed, in the section of\\ncountry where wire rope haulage is well understood and\\nextensively used; then begin with the simplest and easiest\\nform of wire rope haulage and increase gradually as the\\nlaborers become more skilled and trained. To begin to\\nadopt it in its more complicated forms, perhaps might\\nresult in failure and disaster. For conveying power to the\\ntail rope system, or any other quick motion system of\\nunderground haulage, where it is a long distance from day-\\nlight, the dynamo, electric wire and electric motor is supe-\\nrior to compressed air or any other method, and more\\neconomical. The electric wire will yet supply with power\\nall mining pumps and wire rope haulage systems, that are\\nsituated a long distance from daylight.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "MINING. 131\\nInstead of copper wire, iron rods of 5 or 6 times the sec-\\ntional area of the copper wire, will answer equally as w\u00c2\u00abll\\nor better, for conveying power underground.\\nFor conveyance of power from the surface to endless rope\\nsystems that are not very distant from daylight, the rope\\nitself, driven by a steam engine at the surface, and moving\\nat the rate of 1^ miles per hour, is the cheapest and most\\neconomical conveyance of power to underground haul\u00c2\u00bbg\u00c2\u00ab.\\nThere is nothing more certain than that in the future, wire\\nrope haulage power and the electric power, will be used\\nextensively in underground mining operations. It may be\\nsafer to be wary and move cautiously in their adoption, in-\\ncreasing their use gradually, still it is only a matter of\\ntime as to their general adoption.\\nIn the gangway of our Cahaba Field mines, the overhead\\nelectric wire would be too dangerous if not insulated. In\\nfact all electric wires of high voltage placed in mines should\\neither be insulated, or placed in narrow channels so that\\nthere would be no possible chance of the minor coming ia\\ncontact with them.\\nThe storage battery with electric motor (thus doing with-\\nout wires), is the best and safest mathod of underground\\nelectric haulage in gangways that are level, or nearly so.\\nIn conveying power to pumps or drills, there is no neoM-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ity for using any but insulated wires.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "PART IL\\nGEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF\\nTHE YALLEY REGIONS ADJACENT TO THE\\nCAHABA COAL FIELD.\\nBY\\nEUGENE A. SMITH.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nI. Origin of the Rocks of the Cahaba Coal Field and adjacent\\nRegions, and the Agencies which have brought them into\\ntheir present position Page 137\\nII. Classification of these Rocks, and their distinguishing Char-\\nacters Page 146\\nIII. Distribution of the Rocks of the diflFerent Geological Forma-\\ntions in the Valleys bordering the Cahaba Coal Field. Page 159", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "L ORIGIN OF THE ROCKS OF THE CAHA.BA COAL\\nFIELD AND ADJACENT REGIONS, AND THE\\nAGENCIES WHICH HAVE BROUGHT\\nTHEM INTO THEIR PRESENT\\nPOSITIONS.\\nThe map and sections of Mr. Squire exhibit the structure\\nof the Cahaba Field in sufficient detail, but a few words ex-\\nplanatory of the relations of this field to the others, and to\\nthe valleys lying between them seem to be required.\\nIt is the commonly received opinion among geologists,\\nand an opinion capable of demonstration, that the older\\nstratified or bedded rocks of the Appalachian region of the\\nUnited States, in which is included Cahaba Coal Field and\\nthe regions above alluded to, were formed partly out of the\\ndetritus of a previously existing land mass lying to the east-\\nward of the present shore line of the Atlantic ocean, and\\npartly out of the calcareous and siliceous matters accumu-\\nlated through the agency of living organisms, in the depths\\nof an inland sea which formerly occupied the position of\\nthe greater part of the present United States. This detritus,\\nwashed down by rains and transported by rivers, was finally\\nspread upon the floor of this inland sea. Naturally by far\\ngreater part of this land waste would be deposited close to\\nthe shore line, while only the finer sediments such as silt\\nand mud would be held in suspension long enough to be\\ncarried far out to sea and be deposited there, and in the\\nclear and moderately deep waters of the sea at a distance\\nfrom the shore would flourish the corals, and other organ-\\nisms that formed the limestones and part of the chert or\\nsiliceous matters. If the floor of this interior sea remained\\nstationary while receiving these sediments, it is easy to see\\nthat it would very soon be silted up by the washings from\\nthe land, and that no great thickness of variety in the sedi-\\nments would be seen at any one place we should not find,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF AT,ABAMA.\\nfor instance, alternations of limestone with sandstones and\\nconglomerates, while, in point of fact, the sediments which\\nmake the rocks of these older formations are many thousand\\nfeet in thickness and consist of sandstones, conglomerates,\\nshales, and limestones in many alternations.\\nAll this is clear demonstration that the floor of the sea\\ndid not remain stationary during this period, but subsided,\\nat least to the extent of the thickness of the sediments\\naccumulated upon it, not steadily and continuously, but\\nwith many pauses of downward movement, alternating even\\nwith movements in the opposite direction, which went so\\nfar at times as to bring parts of the sea bottom above the\\nwater, and to afford the requisite conditions for the accumu-\\nlation of those immense beds of vegetable matter that con-\\nstitute the seams of coal.\\nIn the manner above sketched, there were accumulated\\nupon the floor of the interior sea, and in the marshes and\\npeat bogs of the land, and in the estuaries of the rivers,\\nduring a period of whose duration we have no means of\\nmaking a definite estimate, beds of gravel, sand, mud and\\nlimestone, and coal beds, of varying thickness according to\\nposition from 40,000 feet near the margin of the sea where\\nthe greater part of the land waste was deposited, to 4,000\\nfeet further out to sea where the materials deposited were\\nmainly calcareous and siliceous. These beds contain the\\nremains of the animals and plants that flourished upon the\\nland or in the waters of the ocean during the period of their\\naccumulation, and when consolidated and elevated above\\nsea level they constitute the rocks of the various geological\\nformations. These rocks and their contained organic re-\\nmains, have been objects of study and investigation among\\ngeologists for many years, and as one of the results of these\\ninvestigations, thev have been classed together into a num-\\nber of great groups having certain common characteristics\\nof mineral composition and fossils. The names of these great\\ngeological groups or formations beginning at the lowest and\\nproceeding upwards, are Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, and\\nCarboniferous. The maximum thickness of the rocks of\\nthese formations, as they are displayed in Alabama, may be\\napproximately given as follows Cambrian 10,000 feet", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION ORIGIN OP THE ROCKS. 139\\nSilurian 5,000 feet Devonian 100 feet Carboniferous 6,600\\nfeet, making in all not less than 21,600 feet.\\nWe must next endeavor to explain how these beds have\\nbeen elevated above the sea so as to become a part of the dry\\nland, and how they have been brought into the positions\\nwhich they now occupy. As originally deposited, we may\\ninfer that they were spread out upon the floor of the interior\\nsea in sheets or strata, which, allowing for the slopes and\\ninequalities of the sea bottom, and the greater thickness of\\nthe deposits near the shore, were in approximately horizon-\\ntal position, and if they were brought up above sea level by\\nsome gradual and uniform motion of elevation, we should\\nhave a condition of things such as prevails in the lower part\\nof this State, in the territory made by the newer formations\\nCretaceous and Tertiary, viz., the beds thus elevated would\\nbe nearly he rizontal, but with a slight slope or dip towards\\nthe sea, or towards the northwest there would be no\\nmountains or great inequalities of surface except such as\\nmight be produced by the erosion of rains and running\\nwaters, and at any one place only a very few feet in thick-\\nness of strata could thus be exposed. We also see to the\\nnorthwest of the region with which we are here concerned,\\nin Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and beyond, approxi-\\nmately level or horizontal strata into which erosion has cut\\nonly a few hundred feet, aud exposed only a few hundred\\nfeet of the uppermost beds. On the other hand, we notice\\nrunning diagonally through the upper half of Alabama and\\nthence northeabiward through the other States to Canada,\\na belt of country perhaps to 150 to 200 miles in width, the\\nstrata of which are seldom in horizontal or even approxima-\\ntely horizontal posi tion. They are inclined to the horizon at\\nvarying angles, bpi ng sometimes even perpendicular their\\noutcropping edgt-s may be followed for many miles in a\\nnortheast direction the lines of outcrop of the edges of\\ndiflferent beds are approximately parallel with each other,\\nand by crossing over these outcrops in a direction at right\\nangles to their trend, i. e., from southeast to northwest, we\\nmay pass in succession over the strata of the whole series\\nof geological formations from Cambrian up to Coal\\nMeasures, and all within the distance of a few miles. A", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nfurther inspection of these rocks will show us that they have\\nnot only been tilted up but have been crushed together, and\\nfolded in a very complex way, and that rocks which are\\nwidely apart in the geological scale, are often found in direct\\ncontact. We shall see, moreover, that these disturbances\\nare more profound along the southeastern part of this belt,\\nand constantly diminish in intensity as we go northwest-\\nwards, so that the strata even in the northwestern part of\\nthis State, are thrown very little out of their originally\\nhorizontal position. It is evident therefore, that the strata\\nof this region have been subjected to the action of some\\nother force than one by which they were merely gradually\\nelevated, and that whatever may have been the origin and\\nnature of this force, it was much more pronounced in its\\neffects along the southeastern border of the disturbed region,\\nthan further to the northwest.\\nThe same pecularities of structure and attitude charac-\\nterize the rocks of the whole Appalachian region from Ala-\\nbama to New York and beyond, and these matters have\\nbeen closely and carefully studied by many of the best\\ngeologists of the country, the brothers Rogers, Safford,\\nLesley, Dana, and others most of the peculiarities of Ap-\\npalachian structure have been described, and satisfactory\\nexplanations of the approximate causes of these peculiari-\\nties have been given.\\nNo one who will carefully examine the positions of the\\nvarious rocks exposed, for instance, in Jones valley, can\\nfail to see that these rocks have been pushed up, in such a\\nway as to cause their broken or exposed edges to trend or\\nrun in the general direction of the course of the valley, i. e.,\\nnortheast and southwest, and that most of these rock ledges\\nshow a dip or slope towards the southeast. This position\\nof originally horizontal beds could be brought about only\\nthrough the action of some force coming either from the\\nsoutheast or from the northwest, and compressing them to-\\ngether in that direction into much narrower limits than\\nthey originally occupied, and this compression into narrower\\nlimits could take place only by the strata being thrown into\\na series of wrinkles or folds, or by their being rent apart\\nand one side slipped up over or past the other. There are", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION ORIGIN OF THE ROCKS. 141\\nmany reasons for the conclusion that the force in question\\ncame from the southeast rather than from the northwest, one\\nof these reasons among many, as already said, being that\\nthe intensity of the disturbance constaLtly diminishes as we\\ngo from southeast to northwest.\\nThe varying degree of deformation of the strata by vary-\\ning amounts of compression can be imitated on a small\\nscale and illustrated by pressing together sheets of cloth of\\nclav or other plastic material.\\nIf we place on a table a number of sheets of flexible cloth\\npiled one upon the other like the sheets in a pad of paper,\\nand fixing one edge of this pad, push or slide along the table\\nthe opposite edge towards the fixed edge, we shall see that\\na number of wrinkles will be at once formed across the\\nsheets of cloth at right angles to the direction of the com-\\npression. If we continue to press the edges of the sheets\\ntowards each other, the arches will rise higher and higher,\\nand begin to lap over in one direction, which, in the majority\\nof cases, will be the direction towards which the shoving\\nforce acts. In a few cases the troughs will be shoved under\\nthe arches and the folds will lap over in the opposite\\ndirection.\\nNow, if we study closely the folds or wrinkles into which\\nthe strata of the region about which we are now writing have\\nbeen thrown, we may easily recognize the very same arrange-\\nment. There are simple folds or arches, with almost equal\\nslope on each side of the crest line, but these are rare\\nthere are folds in which the arches have been pushed over\\ntowards the northwest, making the slope on that side\\nsteeper than on the southeast, these are very common;\\nthere are folds which have been pressed together so that\\nthe two sides are about parallel, and then lapped over to\\nthe northwest, these are also very common. On the other\\nhand we find folds in which the troughs have been shoved\\nunder the arches so as to cause the steeper slope to be on\\nthe southeast side, and when this movement has gone on far\\nenough the arches have the appearance of having been lap-\\nped together and pushed over towards the southeast by a\\nforce acting from the northwest; these cases are by no means\\nso common as the others, yet we see in Murphree s Valley", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nand a few other places good illustrations in point After\\nthe folds have been pressed together and lapped over to one\\nside, no further yielding to the compressing force can take\\nplace except by the giving way of the strata and the sliding\\nof one part over the other, in other words, by the breaking\\napart and piling up of the beds. Now when a break occurs\\nin a fold of the usual type, i. e., one which has been pushed\\nover to the northwest, it is along the crest of the arch where\\nthe strain has been greatest, and the southeastern side slipa-\\nup over the northwestern. Faults of this kind are usually\\ndesignated as thrust faults, and the displacement sometimes\\ngoes so far as to shove a great body of strata over other beds\\nfor many hundreds of feet, and in some countries for miles\\neven. In folds of the other class named, i. e. where the\\ntroughs have been shoved under the arches, the break oc-\\ncurs near the bottom of the trough, and the strata on the\\nsoutheast of the line of fault are slipped under those on the\\nnorthwest. The general effect of this kind of slip or fault\\nis the same as if the compressing force had come from th\\nopposite direction and had produced a thrust fault of the\\nordinary kind. These are also thrust faults, but to dis-\\ntinguish them from the normal type of thrust faults they^\\nmight perhaps be called reversed thrust faults. In Mar-\\nphree s valley and west of McAshan mountain, we have fine\\nillustrations of this type of structure. In all these thrust\\nfaults we have either the older beds slipped up over newer\\nones, or newer ones shoved under the older, in either case\\nbrinaiiig about a reversal of the natural arrangement.\\nBut there is another kind of reversal. We have seen that\\nall our Alabama thrust faults are, in their origin, folds in\\nwhich the strain of the compression has been carried bejond\\nthe limits of endurance of the strata, and hence when the\\nbreak occurs along the crest of an arch of the typical sort,\\nthe gently sloping beds of the over-riding side will slip up\\nover the steeply inclined or even overturned edges of the beds\\nof the overridden side, the inclination of the edges of this\\nside depending upon the degree of overpush or over-lap of\\nthe fold, and it may be quite possible that in the movement\\nof tne one series of beds over the other the edges of the\\nunderlying series may by friction be bent still further in the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION ORIGIN OF THE ROCKS. 143\\ndirection of the thrust. In this way the upturned edges of\\nthe overridden side may be carried beyond the perpendicular\\nand be actually reversed. Instances of this kind are com-\\nmon enough the cross section given on another page shows\\nit, particularly on the southeastern border of the Cahaba\\nfield, and on that of the Warrior field.\\nIn a similar way, when the break occurs near the bottom\\nof a trough that has been shoved under an arch, the edges\\nof the under-shoved set will be bent or turned back more or\\nless, and this also may go so far as to cause a reversal. We\\nsee this along the eastern edge of Murphree s Valley almost\\nits entire length.\\nSo far as I know, all the Alabama thrust faults have\\nhighly inclined or overturned strata on one side of the faults,\\nand these vertical or reversed beds will be on the northwest\\nor southeast side of the fault according to the character of\\nthe fault, whether a typical or a reversed one. In the great\\nmajority of cases the vertical or overturned strata are on\\nthe northwest side, for the reason that the great majority of\\nthe faults are typical ones.\\nUsually the upturned edges occupy only a narrow belt,\\nbecause part of them are generally below the surface, in the\\nfault, and covered by the overriding measures but we have\\none maguificeut example of the reversal of a great series of\\nbeds, in the overturned measures of the lower part of the\\nCahaba field, west of Montevallo, for here is a strip of the\\nCoal Measures, two miles wide and six or seven miles long,\\npushed over beyond the perpendicular to an angle of 60\u00c2\u00b0,\\nand at the border of this strip we have the instance of the\\ncomplete overturning of the measures and the gliding of the\\nCambrian strata over them, described in detail in another\\nplace and illustrated by a photographic view.\\nThe folds above spoken of are not symmetrical waves with\\ncrest and trough of equal width, but, as may be seen by any\\nmap of the Appalachian region, consist of rather narrow\\ncrests, with wide troughs between, in which the strata aie\\neither approximately horizontal or only slightly undulating.\\nThese troughs, or the most important ones, with raised\\nedges and with the strata sloping from each side towards\\nthe central line {synclinal), are the coal fields, which have to", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "14.4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\ngreater or less extent resisted the denudation which carried\\naway so much material from the intervening crests. It\\nmay be asked why the strata along the crests of the folds\\nwere so much more completely removed than from the\\ntroughs. One reason of this may be found in the fact that\\nthe strata along the crests would be more or less torn and\\ndisrupted from the strain of the folding, while those of the\\ntroughs would be more or less compacted by compression.\\nThis, along with other causes, has led to the formation of\\nanticlinal valleys, that is, of valleys which have been eroded\\nout of the tops or crests of anticlinal folds, and of this\\ncharacter, more or less masked by faults, overlaps, and\\nother complications, are the valleys above named which\\nborder the Cahaba field. In all these valleys, the strata\\nwere raised up first into ridges with perhaps originally\\nsomewhat equal slope both ways, northwest and southeast\\nfrom the central line {anticlinal); with increase of pressure\\nthe folds were pushed over towards the northwest com-\\npressed together and lapped over to the northwest broken\\napart and slipped and finally by erosion, worn down into\\nvalleys in which now only the projecting edges of the strata\\nare seen. These, by their relative position, give us the\\nclew to the structure. When the strata were thrown into\\nwaves by the compressing force above spoken of, the crests\\nof these waves were raised much above the level of the in-\\ntervening troughs, and when, by subsequent denudation\\nthese arches were worn down to the general level or nearly\\nto it, the lower strata of the arches were uncovered and ex-\\nposed to view, usually in the form of projecting ledges in\\nthe case of the harder rocks, and of trenches in the case of\\nthe softer and more easily eroded ones.\\nIn this way the strata of the different geological forma-\\ntions down to the lowest, have come to occupy the surface\\nin these valleys, usually in strips or belts which run ap-\\nproximately parallel to the length of the valley, and which,\\nin consequence of the anticlinal structure are normally\\nduplicated, though as a result of faults they sometimes ap-\\npear only once in a section across the valley, and sometimes\\nwhere, as in Jones Valley, the structure is a double anti-\\nclinal combined with faults, they are repeated a third time.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION; ORIGIN OF THE ROCKS. 145\\nIllustrations of all three of these cases will be given in the\\nspecial description of the valleys.\\nIt seems hardly necessary to state in so many words that\\nthe strata of our different Coal Fields as well as of the geo-\\nlogical formatiots that underlie them, were from their very\\nmode of origin continuous, and that their present separa-\\ntion has come about through the foldings, faults, and denu-\\ndations, which we have been describing.\\nWe might infer that after the strata had been thus brought\\nup and added to the land area, their subsequent history\\nwould be merely a record of gradual degradation and level-\\ning down by erosion. But we have evidence in the lower\\npart of the region shown on this map, that after this part of\\nthe State had been elevated and undergone the changes\\nmentioned and attained almost its present configuration, it\\nwas in part again submerged below the water level, and was\\noverspread by the washings from that part which remained\\nabove the water. Only in this way could the great beds of\\nsand, clay, and pebbles which cover so much of the area in\\nthe lower portion of the map, have been deposited upon the\\nridges and the valleys of the old land surface. This sub-\\nmergence happened during the period termed by geologists\\nthe Cretaceous, which is comparatively modern as contrasted\\nwith the age of the formations above named. From the\\ndistribution of these beds we can see that the shore line\\nduring this time of partial submergence ran in a curve\\nstretching from the northwestern part of the State to near\\nthe middle, at Columbus, Ga. To the west and south of\\nthat line the land sank below the water, while it remained\\nabove water to the east and north.\\nAnd still later, almost in modern times, geologically speak-\\ning, when the dry land area of Alabama had attained its\\npresent extent, and the surface had by long continued denuda-\\ntion acquired almost its present configuration, our State was\\nagain below water, receiving deposits of pebbles, sand and\\nmud, which in the upper part of the State have since been\\nin great measure been washed away again, but patches of\\nwhich still remain often upon the summits of the highest\\nhills. In the lower half of the State these deposits have\\nlu", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "146 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nbeen much less completely removed, but remain to form th\\ngreat bulk of the soils of that section.\\nOf these later movements, it is not our intention to speak\\nexcept in so far as may be necessary to explain the presence\\nof these overlying surface beds which in places hide the\\nformations with which we are now more particularly\\nconcerned.\\nII. CLASSIFICATION OF THESE KOCKS ANI\\nTHEIR DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS.\\nWith this sketch of the manner in which the sediments\\nwere accumulated and afterwards brought up above sea\\nlevel and into the positions in which they are now found,\\nwe may go on to speak of the distinguishing characters of\\nthe rocks with their contained fossils, of each of the great\\ngroups or formations Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, and Car-\\nboniferous, and to note the minor subdivisions into which\\nthey may be conveniently arranged for purposes of study\\nand description here in Alabama.\\nIt would lead us too far to undertake to speak of the\\ncharacteristic fossils of each of these formations, except to\\nsay that they are more unlike the forms of the present day,\\nthe further we go back in the geological scale, and the re-\\nsemblance to living plants and animals becomes more and\\nmore pronounced as we approach the top of our geological\\ncolumn; but in all cases, in the formations with which we\\nare concerned in the present report, the resemblance of the\\nfossils to living forms is rather remote. This has led to the\\ngrouping of the four formations above named into one\\ndivision which has been called Paleozoic (Ancient Life), in\\nallusion to the want of resemblance to modern forms.\\nExcept at a very few horizons, fossils are not abundant in\\nour Alabama Paleozoic rocks, and rarely come under the\\nnotice of the ordinary observer, yet to the student of geology\\nthey are of the very greatest value since by means of them\\nit becomes comparatively easy to determine the relative\\nages of the different formations containing them, when the\\nstratigraphical relations of these rocks are not readily made\\nout. As an illustration of this I might say that there are", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION CHARACTERS OF THE R0CK3. 147\\nmany places in Alabama, and particularly in the region\\ncovered by this map, where the rock beds have been com-\\npletely overturned, so that the older beds are on top of the\\nyounger. It would often be impossible to determine the\\nrelative ages of these rocks by their physical characters, and\\nwhere they have been overturned their relative position\\nwould of course, be absolutely misleading if we judged by\\ntne stratigraphical position alone; but as each of these great-\\ndivisions has its characteristic fossils, these become in many\\ncases our safest, and sometimes our only trustworthy guides\\nin determining the age of the rocks in which they are im-\\nbedded.\\nSince all these rocks have been formed either out of the^\\ndetritus or waste of previously existing land masses (con-\\nglomerates, sandstones, grits, shales and slates), or through\\nthe agency of living organisms, (limestones, flinty or cherty\\nmatters, and coal and all forms of bituminous matters), one-\\nwould naturally think that it would be impossible to dis-\\ntinguish one sandstone or one limestone from another, or in\\nother words to distinguish one of our geological formations\\nfrom another by its lithological or rock characters. As-\\na matter of fact, however, the field geologist, after a very few\\nweeks or months of practice, learns to distinguish the\\ndifferent formations by their rocks, and hence the lithologi-\\ncal characters are of almost equal value with the fossils in\\nclassifying our rock formations, and inasmuch as the fossils\\nare nowhere very abundant, in the great majority of cases\\nwe make use of the lithological characters alone in studying\\nand identifying the different geological formations.\\nIt is easy to see that it is nearly impossible to describe\\nthe rocks of these older formations in terms which will en-\\nable the inexperienced observer to identify them, yet a short\\naccount of the prevailing characteristics of the rocks is nec-\\nessary to the full understanding of the description of their\\ndistribution in the valleys. It must, however, be constantly\\nborne in mind that the characters of the rocks of all these\\nformations vary with the geographical locality, they being\\ngenerally coarser in texture and more siliceous towards the\\neast than further west. Thus in the Cambrian formation-\\nthere are in the Coosa Valley beds of immense thickness of", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "148 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\na coarse grained sandstone or conglomerate, which in the\\nyallejs further westward, such as Cahaba Valley and Jones\\nValley, are wholly wanting. So also the shales of the same\\nformation are sandier in composition in the Coosa Valley\\nand more calcareous in the two other valleys named.\\nTHE CAMBRIAN. The rocks of this formation are con-\\nglomerates, sandstones and shales in the Coosa Valley\\nregion, and shales and shaly limestone in the valleys which\\noccupy part of the area of this map. The maximum thick-\\nness may be put at 10,000 feet, but this great thickness is\\nseen only in the eastern part of the Coosa Valley, while in\\nJones Valley the thickness is probably less than half the\\nabove.\\nThe sub-divisions of the Cambrian which we recognize\\nin Alabama are, in ascending order, as follows the Coosa\\nShales, the Choccolocco or Montevallo Shales, and, interbed-\\nded with the last named, the Weisner Quartzite.\\nCoosa Shales. In the valleys here described the rocks\\nare, commencing with the lowest, thin-bedded limestones\\nwith clay seams between; usually very greatly contorted\\nand tilted at high angles. Where these rocks come to the\\nsurface there results from their decomposition a very stiff\\ncalcareous clay soil. These lauds being very level and\\nhence badly drained, are not much cultivated, and in Ala-\\nbama are generally known as Flatwoods. The town of\\nBessemer is upon one of these Flatwoods tracts, and\\nsimilar areas may be seen between Bessemer and Birming-\\nham, and northeast of Springville towards Gadsden, and in\\nthe immediate valley of the Coosa River up to and beyond\\nthe line between Alabama and Georgia. The shaly lime-\\nstones that give rise to these Flatwoods, we have called\\nCoosa Shales.\\nMontevallo S holes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Aho\\\\e these Coosa Shales we find a con-\\nsiderable thickness of sandy shales of a great variety of col-\\nors, such as olive, green, brown, chocolate, yellowish, etc. The\\noriginal material was a calcareous shale, but at the outcrops\\nthe calcareous matter has mostly been pretty thoroughly\\nleached out, and only the more siliceous parts left. These\\nshales crumble up in places into small fragments about the\\nsize and shape of shoe-pegs. Sometimes they are more", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION; CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS. 149\\ntough and hard, and, especially towards the east, assume\\ngradually the characters of the semi-crystalline rocks, and\\nit is capable of demonstration that some of the partly\\ncrystalline slates of the eastern part of the Coosa Valley\\nare only the changed or metamorphosed representatives of\\nthis division, which has been called the MoatevaVo or\\nChoccolocco Shales from the characteristic occurrences in\\nthose localities. In Jones and Gahaba Valleys these do\\nnot play a very important part except in the lower part of\\nthe Cahaba Valley from Centerville up to Moiitevallo. Be-\\nyond this limit they outcrop only in narrow and compara-\\ntively unimportant belts. In the upper part cl the Monte-\\nvallo Shales we find beds of blue limestone and gray\\ndolomite which are often difficult to distinguish from similar\\nrocks occurring in the nest ovei lyiug formation. In fact\\nthe line between the Shales and the Knox Dolomite is, so\\nfar as Alabama is concerned, rather an arbitrary one.\\nWeisner Quartzite. In the Shales above described and most\\ncommonly in their lower parts, are found in the eastern part\\nof the Coosa Valley great beds of quartzite and conglomerate\\nmany hundred feet in thickness, but often of very limited\\nextent geographically. The quartzites always form high\\nand rugged mountains sometimes stretching for miles in an\\nunbroken range, but as often forming detached and isolated\\npeaks, rising suddenly out of the plains and as suddenly\\nsinking down to the same level. The Mountain near\\nColumbiana, the Kahatchee Hills, Alpine Mountain, Mount\\nParnassus at Talladega, Cold Water Mountain and Blue\\nMountain near Anniston, L idiga Mountain above Jackson-\\nville, Weisner Mountain east of Jacksonville, are instances\\nof occurrences of this quartzite. The Weisner Mountain\\nabove named has been best studied, and its stratigraphical\\nrelations to the Coosa, Shales and to the Choccolocco\\nShales, most clearly made out, for which reason we have\\nii3ed the name Weisner Quarbdte to designate this member\\nof our Cambrian, which occurs interpolated in the Shales as\\nlocal masses of lenticular shape and often of very great\\nthickness.\\nProf. Safford, of Tennessee, has given the name Chilhoivee\\nto similar great masses of sandstone and quartzite occurring", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nin that State apparently below the Shales above named, which\\nhe designates as the Knox Shale and Sandstone. In Ten-\\nnessee the distinction between the shale and the sandstone\\nmember of the Knox Group, can be consistently followed\\nout, but it does not seem practicable in Alabama to separate\\nthe two, for beds of tolerably massive sandstone occur at\\nmany horizons, interbedded with the shales. So also, for\\nthe reason that in Alabama the great masses of quartzite\\ndo not occur at the base of the shales, nor apparently, at\\nnj definite horion in the same, we have not used Professor\\nSafford s name Chilhowee to designate the rock. Similarly\\nit appears necessary to adopt a distinct name for the thin-\\nbedded limestones with clay seams, of our Flatwoods,\\nsince they play a very subordinate part if they occur at all\\nin Tennessee. As above intimated, the Weisner Quartzite\\nmakes no show iu any of the region covered by this map,\\nand it is mentioned here only to give completeness to our\\nenumeration of the Cambrian rocks.\\nTHE SILURIAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We have not yet in Alabama found it\\npracticable to arrange our Silurian strata in more than three\\nprincipal divisions, which, beginning at the lowest and com-\\ning upwards, are as follows Knox Dolomite, Trenton or\\nPelham Limestone, and Red Mountain or Clinton.\\nKnox Dolomite. This name has been given by Dr. Saf-\\nford to a series of rocks occurring in the vicinity of Knox-\\nville, Tennessee, and, inasmuch as the rocks of this horizon\\nin Alabama are identical with those described by him, we\\nhave retained the name in the Alabama Survey. This is\\none of the most important and widely spread of our older\\ngeological formations and its characteristic rocks are magne-\\nsian limestones or dolomites, sometimes quite pure, but\\nmore often impregnated with siliceous matter. This sili-\\nceous matter is sometimes found as a sandy impurity in some\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of the dolomites, upon the weathering of which it becomes\\nquite prominent. For this reason, many of the dolomite\\nbeds of the lower part of the Knox Dolomite, when exposed\\nto the weather, show a rougb sandy surface, marked by shal-\\nlow cracks running in every direction as if the rock had been\\nhacked with some cutting instrumeat. These purer and\\nsandy dolomites, together with some beds of tolerably pure", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS. 151\\nblue limestone, occur near the base of the Knox Dolomite,\\n^nd are very closely related to similar beds of the Shale di-\\nvision already described. On the other hand, the siliceous\\nmatter in the upper part of the formation is usually found\\nin masses of chert of concretionary origin impregnating the\\ndolomite, and on the breaking down of these rocks under\\nthe action of the weather, the calcareous parts are leached\\nout while the siliceous parts remain usually in the form of\\nangular flinty gravel, which forms the very characteristic\\nridges of the Knox Dolomite. In the region covered by this\\nmap, we have found it convenient to distinguish the area\\nunderlaid by the lower and more calcareous part of the\\nformation and that formed by the upper or more siliceous\\npart. In the former, the weathering of the limestones and\\ndolomites has given rise to the formation of gently undulat-\\ning terranes with a deep red-colored sandy loam soil of\\nmore than average fertility, which is the base of the best\\nfarming lands in all these valleys. The red lands about\\nElyton, and in parts of Birmingham, and in the Alexandria\\nYalley across the Coosa, are good examples. In the upper\\npart of the Dolomite the cherty or siliceous matter is more\\nabundant as a surfctce material than the calcareous, and the\\ncountry is broken or ridgy, rather than undulating. Some\\nof these flint ridges extend for long distances unbroken.\\nGood examples are the ridges of the North and South High-\\nlands about Birmingham. In fact this angular cherty gravel\\nis found upon all the lands made by the Knox Dolomit?e,\\nbut is much more abundant and characteristic in the upper\\npart. The Knox Dolomite contains very few fossils, and\\nthese belong to the Lower Silurian horizon of the paleon-\\ntologists, but we have in the chert itself a characteristic by\\nwhich we can as a rule distinguish it from the chert of other\\nformations, that is, we find in most of it small angular cavi-\\nties of clearly defined shape which are usually thought to\\nmark the places once occupied by rhombohedral crystals of\\ndolomite, subsequently dissolved out. Prof. Safford was\\nthe first to call attention to this mark, which we have found\\nto be an extremely useful one. The Knox Dolomite as well\\nas the upper part of the underlying formation seams to have\\nheld originally much ferruginous as well as siliceous matter,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nand we find throughout the region formed both by the\\nDolomite and the upper part of the Shale, beds of the brown\\niron ore or limonite, which plays so important a part in the\\neconomic history of all this region. The iron ore seems to\\nhave been derived from these older rocks. As instances of\\nthe occurrence of limonite banks connected with the Dolo-\\nmite and Shale, I may mention the Edwards Ore Bank near\\nWoodstock, the mines at Greely and Goethite, in Jones\\nValley, and the great beds at Shelby over the Coosa. The\\ngreat bulk of the brown ores of Alabama is from this\\nhorizon.\\nAt the top of the Knox Dolomite, and belonging perhaps\\nto the next succeeding division, there is a rather peculiar\\nrock occurring at intervals along Jones Valley and else-\\nwhere. It is a breccia made up of angular fragments, chiefly\\nof the chert of the Knox Dolomite, cemented together into\\na rock which is a good many feet in thickness. This rock,\\nbeing made of fragments of the Knox Dolomite, is of course\\nyounger, though on account of its materials we have usually\\nclassed it along with the Knox Dolomite. It is seen in\\ngreatest volume in the Salem Hills southwest of Bessemer,\\nbut occurs upon the Flint ridge forming the North High-\\nlands at many pionts, e. g. Birmingham and Gate City, and\\nalso west of Springville. It has been called the Birming-\\nham breccia by Mr. Eussell of the United States Survey,\\nand Salem breccia by us in the State Survey. It is of in-\\nterest as showing that a period of disturbance intervened\\nbetween the time of the formation of the Knox Dolomite\\nand that of the Trenton Limestone. We have not attempted\\nto show on the map the occurrences of this rock.\\nTrenton or Pelham Limestone. As its name implies, this\\ndivision is mostly calcareous. It may be perhaps as a\\nmaximum, 800 feet or more in thickness, and varies con-\\nsiderably in quality, the lower part being ususally impure\\nand shaly, while the upper part is mostly a pure limestone,\\noften used for the purpose of making lime and as a flux in\\nthe furnaces. The lower part commonly holds great number\\nof shells of Maclurea magna, which is a characteristic fossil\\nof the Chazy limestone of the New York Geologists. The\\npurer limestone above, is also quite full of fossils, which, as", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS. 153\\na group, are those of the Trenton limestone of New York.\\nIn places, particularly in the region south of the Cahaba\\nField in Bibb county, the uppermost beds of this formation,\\nabove the purer limestone mentioned, are calcareous shales\\nand shaly limestones, often full of the fossil forms known as\\ngrapioUtes. Where these thin-bedded shaly limestones oc-\\ncur abundantly forming the surface, cedar glades are quite\\ncharacteristic.\\nThe valley between the Cahaba and the Coosa Coal\\nFields shows a wide belt of Trenton limestone, which\\nis particularly pure and well developed near Pelham and\\nSiluria in Shelby county, and southwards. Near Pratt s\\nFerry on the Cahaba, and stretchiug thence northeastward\\nthere is another great belt of it, containing some fine mar-\\nbles, which have in a small degree been worked at Pratt s\\nFerry.\\nFor the sake of completeness, I might add that the phase\\nof the Silurian formation to which Prof. Saiford in Ten-\\nnessee has applied the name of jSfashville, has its represen-\\ntative in Alabama though not within the area shown on this\\nmap.\\nThe Clinton or Bed Mountain Formation. This is the third\\nand uppermost of the divisions of the Silurian which we\\nmake in this State. The mass of the rocks of the Red\\nMountain are sandstones and shales, which show a great\\nvariety of color, yellow, red, brown, chocolate, and olive\\ngreen, in this respect resembling the Montevallo Shales.\\nAlong with these are some calcareous and ferruginous rocks,\\nthe latter passing into beds of red iron ore, made up of\\nsmall flattened nodules, sheU casts, etc., of ferric oxide.\\nIn many places, where mining has penetrated the ore\\nbed beyond the reach of atmospheric agencies, the ore\\nis seen to be quite calcareous ia fact, a kind of highly\\nferruginous limestone, which, when used in the furnace,\\noften contains lime enough to flux the ore. At the out-\\ncrop the ore is seldom calcareous, though often sandy.\\nSo far as I know there has been no very satisfactory expla-\\nnation of the mode of formation of this ore. It is of very\\nvariable thickness up to twenty feet, and is in more than one\\nbed. It is a remarkable fact that while near Oxmoor the", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nore is some twenty feet in thickness, just across the Cahaba\\nCoal Field in the Cahaba Valley about six miles distant, the\\nBed Mountain, or rather its representative, contains no ore\\nat all in the greater part of its length, nor does it seem to\\ncontain any of the Clinton rocks. As is well known this\\nformation furnishes the greater part of the material used in\\nour furnaces. In places, the ferruginous limestone of this\\nformation would make a fine building stone, and the same\\nis true of the sandstones. It would be difficult to give the\\naverage thickness of the Red Mountain rocks proper, in the\\nregion of the present map 100 feet might perhaps be a fair\\naverage, for the Red Mountain as a topographic feature, is\\nmade up of the rocks of different ages, Trenton, Clinton and\\nSub-Carboniferous, together with the usually very thin black\\nshale of the Devonian.\\nThe thickness of the whole Silurian in this part of the\\nState given above as about 5,000 feet, is only an estimate.\\nThe true thickness it will be very difficult to determine,\\nespecially in the case of the most important member, the\\nKnox Dolomite, since it is in great part made up, so far as\\nsurface materials are concerned, of loose fragments of chert\\nin which the bedding planes are seldom to be seen. A\\ngreater part of the area of our valleys is held by this forma-\\ntion than by any other, and its importance is still further\\nenhanced by the fact that it is the chief source of the brown\\niron ores of the State. Many of the noted big springs issue\\nfrom this formation.\\nTHE DEVONIAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The only representative in Alabama\\nof this system of rocks, which in the States further north is\\nof great thickness and importance, is a thin bed of Black\\nShale, averaging perhaps ten or fifteen feet, but being ap-\\nparently absent altogether in some places. A few fossils\\nhave been found in it in the Valley of the Tennessee in North\\nAlabama, which serve to fix its position as a member of the\\nDevonian. The shale being soft and somewhat easily\\neroded, is usually covered aod concealed by the debris of\\nthe adjacent rocks, so that it does not commonly come under\\nnotice even where it is present. It is of importance chiefly*\\nperhaps, as being the source of some of our best known\\nsulphur springs. The shale usually contains a large amount", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REaiON; CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS. 155\\nof pyrite in the form of nodules or kidney- shaped concre-\\ntions, the decomposition of which supplies the sulphur of\\nthese springs. In North Alabama the thickness of the\\nBlack Shale may go up as high as 100 feet, but so extreme\\na thickness is rarely seen further south.\\nTHE CAEBONIFEEOUS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This we conveniently divide\\nin Alabama into two parts, a lower, or Sub-Carboniferous^\\nand an upper or coal bearing part, the true Coal Measures.\\nThe thickness of the latter is placed by Mr. Squire at 5525\\nfeet, and the former at 1,200, making a total of between 6,000\\nand 7,000 feet.\\nSub- Carboniferous. Prof. Safford divides this formation\\nin Tennessee into an Upper or Calcareous member, and a\\nLower or Siliceous one. This division will also apply\\nequally well to that part of Alabama north of the Tennessee\\nriver, but to the south, and everywhere in the narrow anti-\\nclinal valleys of the State, this division will not suit, and\\nwe are compelled to make a different one. Like Prof. Saf-\\nford, however, we make a two fold division, the Fori Payne\\nChert below, and the Oxmoor Sandstone and Shales, and the\\nBangor Limestone above, roughly corresponding to the\\ndivisions of Prof. Safford, with the differences below\\nspecified.\\nIn the Tennessee Valley, the siliceous member of the\\nSab-Carboniferous consists of a great series of cherty lime-\\nstones somewhat analogous to the Knox Dolomite, but with\\nthe lower part more cherty than the upper. This lower\\npart gives rise to rather poor siliceous soils, and the region\\nof its oscurrence both in Alabama and Tennessee is known\\nas the Barrens the upper part of the Siliceous member\\nis more calcareous and the soil derived from its disintegra-\\ntion is a red loam of more than ordinary fertility, well known\\nin the Tennessee Valley as making the best farming lands\\nof that section. Here again there is an analogy to the Knox\\nDolomite, which affords on the one hand rich red loam soils,\\nand on the other poor cherty ridges.\\nThe chert of the Sub- Carboniferous is in general very\\nsimilar to that of the Knox Dolomite, but differs from it in\\nbeing usually very highly fossiliferous, containing the casts\\nor moulds of shells that have been leached or dissolved out.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "15G GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nThis character of the Sub-Carboniferous chert, and the\\npresence of the rhombohedral cavities in the chert of Knox\\nDolomite enable us in almost every case to distinguish be-\\ntween the two.\\nNow, in the anticlinal valleys south of the Tennessee\\nriver we find itimpossible to carryoutthis two- fold division\\nof the lower or Siliceous member of the Sub-Carboniferous,\\nfor the entire member shows, upon the surface at least, little\\nelse than chert, which appears in a mantle of angular frag-\\nments, covering usually one side of all our Red Mountain\\nridges, a\\nWe have called this the Fort Panne Chert, and it is prob-\\nably the representative of both the subdivisions of the lower\\nSub-Carboniferous or Siliceous group, of North Alabama\\nand Tennessee, as long ago conjectured by Prof. Safford.\\nIts thickness is not very great as compared with that of the\\nupper member.\\nThe Upper Calcareous member is variable in composition.\\nIn North Alabama it is chiefly a limestone called Mountain\\nLimes one, from the fact that it forms the flanks of most of\\nthe mountains in that section that are capped with the Coal\\nMeasures, h\\nWithin this limestone there is interbedded a layer of\\nsandstone of variable thickness, perhaps 100 feet at a maxi-\\nmum in the Tennessee Valley, while the over and underly-\\ning limestones are many times that. As we come southward,\\nthe sandstone becomes more important, and the lower sec-\\ntion of the limestone appears to give way to, or to be re-\\nplaced by, a series of black shales closely resembling those\\nof the Devonian but many times more massive. In many\\nplaces in the anticlinal valleys, and especially the further\\nsouth we go, the upper limestone also appears to be want-\\ning or to be replaced by the shales and sandstones above\\nnamed. The limestone which comes next below the Coal\\na We have already adverted to the fact that these Red Mountain\\nridges are formed of the Clinton, the Black Shale and the Sab-Carboni-\\nferous chert, and the same structure has been mentioned by Safford as\\ncharacterizing the Dye Stone ridges of Tennessee.\\nb The name, however, comes from Europe, where it appears jn similar\\nrelations to the Coal Measures.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION; CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS. 157\\nMeasures is well exposed at many places as at Bangor,\\nBlount Springs, and Trussville, where it is very extensively\\nquarried for use as a fluxing material in the furnaces, as it\\nis in part a very pure limestone, but south of the latitude of\\nBirmingham it is very rarely seen, and in its stead we find\\nthe black shales mentioned. These shales are often inter-\\nstratified with dark colored limestones and sometimes with\\ntolerably pure limestones, but these are unimportant in\\nthickness as compared with the shales and sandstones.\\nThe greater part of Shades Valley is based upon these\\nsandstones and shales, though the limestone appears in\\nseveral places.\\nThe sandstone which in North Alabama lies between\\nthe two beds of Mountain Limestone, has a very\\nclose resemblance in texture and other characters to the\\nlowermost rocks of the Coal Measures commonly called the\\nMillstone grit, and it makes its appearance in that part of\\nthe State either as a bench along the sides of the Cumber-\\nland Mountain spurs, or else as the capping and protecting\\nrock of a detached ridge separated from the Sand Mountain\\n(Coal Measures), by a narrow valley of erosion. In the anti-\\nclinal valleys further south, this sandstone with the litholo-\\ngical characters above named, appears commonly as a\\ndistinct ridge running parallel to the escarpment of the Coal\\nMeasures, with a narrow valley of shales between. It ap-\\npears to best advantage on one of the detached ridges above\\nspoken of, near Tuscumbia, at the site of the old college\\ntown of Lagrange, and we have often used the name\\nLagrange Sandstone to designate it; but the name Lagrange\\nhas been used to denote an entirely difi erent formation\\nwhich has caused us to replace it by the name Oxrnoor,\\nwhere the rocks are also well exposed, and where the shales\\nare more conspicuous than at Lagrange.\\nCoal Pleasures. Of these rocks it does not seem necessary\\nto speak in detail, since Mr. Squire has described the Coal\\nMeasures of the Cahaba Field, and since the measures of all\\nthe Alabama fields were probably once continuous, the\\ndescription of the rocks of one will answer for all.\\nCRETACEOUS. In the lower part of the area shown in\\nthe map our study of the distribution of the rocks of older", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "158 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nformations is often very much hindered by the fact that they\\nare more or less completely covered by superficial beds of\\nsand and clay which have been spread over them after they\\nhad through the agencies above spoken of, been carved into\\ntopographic forms substantially the same as they now ex-\\nhibit. The materials of this later formation are often dis-\\ntinguished by a purple or dark red color, the sands are\\nmostly yellow, and show lines of cross-bedding, the gravels\\nare unevenly distributed, and much less abundant than the\\nsands. The clays as well as the sands with which they are in-\\nter stratified, are more particularly characterized by the pur-\\nple color mentioned, but there are many beds of the clay that\\nare light gray and white. In a few places these clays are\\nutilized for making refractory bricks, and the better grades\\nof pottery, as at Woodstock, Bibbville, and Tuscaloosa.\\nWith careful selection and manipulation, there is hardly\\ndoubt that these clays will be found suitable for all the uses\\nto which the New Jersey clays are put, since they are es-\\nsentially similar and belong to the very same geological\\nformation. The formation contains a good deal of iron,\\nwhich appears in the form of sandy and aluminous ores\\nwith 25 to 35 per cent, of metallic iron, usually scattered\\nover the summits and along the slopes of the low hills of\\nthis region. The per cent, of iron is as a rule too low, and\\nthat of the silica too high to permit of these ores being\\nused while we have such an abundance of ores of better\\ngrade.\\nPOST TERTIARY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Over the greater part of the State,\\nexcept perhaps the extreme northeast, we find surface beds\\nof very similar materials to those just described overlying\\nthe older formations. From about the limits marked on the\\nmap for the Tuscaloosa beds to the extreme border of the\\nState towards the southwestward, we find these later beds\\noccupying the surface, often to the extent of completely\\nhiding the older rocks below, and forming the great bulk of\\nthe cultivated soils from the latitude of Tuscaloosa down.\\nThe distribution of these later beds within the limits of\\nthis map may be considered the same as that shown for the\\nTuscaloosa, and indeed where one is present the other is\\nalso in most cases, the Tuscaloosa below, the Orange Sand,", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCKS. 159\\nas it has been called, above. Until a few years ago, they\\nwere univer3ally confounded or at least not distinguished\\nfrom each other, and the whole of these surface beds were\\nthought to be Post-Tertiary, a confusion that very naturally\\nfollowed from the great similarity not only of the material\\nbut of the mode of distribution, and the stratigraphy. In for-\\nmer reports we have called these Drift beds, but it seems\\nbestto employ the name originally used by Dr. Hilgard to\\ndesignate them, viz., Orange Sand.\\nIn his report Mr. Squire speaks of the Drift beds which\\ncover so much of the Coal Measures of the Cahaba Field in\\nits lower part. These covering beds are in reality both\\nDrift or Orange Sand, and Tuscaloosa.\\nIn the coloring of the map it has not been attempted to\\nshow the Orange Sand, since its distribution is to all intents\\nand purposes identical with that of the Tuscaloosa formation.\\nIII. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCKS OF THE DIF-\\nFERENT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS\\nIN THE VALLEYS BORDERING\\nTHE CAHABA COAL FIELD.\\nIn the preceding pages we have endeavored to describe\\nin a general way, the foldings, fractures, and displacements\\nwhich the great rock masses of the Appalachian region have\\nsustained through the action of the lateral pressure to which\\nthey have been subjected. This was done for the reason\\nthat, without some knowledge of the main types of geological\\nstructure prevailing in this region, it would be impossible\\nto account for the present distribution and attitude of rocks\\nof the different geological formations which appear in the\\ntwo valleys which we shall attempt to describe.\\nWe have already referred to the fact that with the flexing\\nof the strata the crests of the arches, being lines of greatest\\nstrain were weakened, and fractured, and thus more easily\\nwasted by erosion, and it is not surprising that, in process\\nof time through the action of denuding forces, valleys should\\ncome to occupy the places once held by these arches. It is\\nalso plain that when the crests of these arches have been\\ncarried away by erosion, the remnants of the strata com.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "160 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nposing them will be exposed in the valleys in parallel\\nbands, the oldest formation in the central part or axis of\\nthe valley, while on each side of this axis, and dipping or\\nsloping away from it in opposite directions (anticlinal), will\\noccur in regular succession, the newer formations up to the\\nhighest. Thus, beginning with the Coal Measures on, say,\\nthe northwest side of such a valley and crossing it towards\\nthe southeast, we should pass in succession over the strata,\\nall dipping to the northwest, of the Sub- Carboniferous\\nDevonian and Silurian to the Cambrian, which, as the lowest*\\nof the geological series, would occupy the central area.\\nBeyond this then would follow, on the other side of the\\naxis of the anticlinal, the same formations, only in the\\nreverse order, and dipping towards the southeast; thus\\nSilurian, Devonian, Sub- Carboniferous, to the Measures of\\nthe Coal Field on that side.\\nNow, as a matter of fact, simple, symmetrical, anticlinal\\nstructure is rarely seen in any of our valleys, the nearest\\napproach to it in the region here treated of being east of the\\nBlount Mountain, and east of McAshan Mountain, but in\\nboth these cases the full series is lacking on one side of the\\nanticlinal, by reason of a second fold or of a fault, as will\\nbe seen in the special description given further on.\\nAs a rule we find a prevalence of southeasterly dips even\\non the northwestern side of the anticlinals. This could\\ncome about only by the overlap of the fold in that direction\\nand the compressing together of strata so that they all dip\\nthe same way; or by an overlapped fold combined with a\\nfault. In the first case we should have a repetition of the\\nstrata on each side of the central area, while in the other\\ncase only a part of the constituent strata of the anticlinal\\nwould appear on one side of the anticlinal, the rest being\\nhidden under the overthrust measures of the other side. A\\nstudy of the map will show that the last named order of\\nthings prevails in the great majority of cases.\\nBefore going on to the special description of the valleys,\\nit will be instructive to give a general section across the\\nwhole area of the map at a point where the structure is seen\\nin its simplest form.\\nThe accompanying diagram showing a cross section from", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCKS. 161\\nthe Warrior to the Coosa Coal Field, through Birmingham,\\nexhibits the main types of geological structure occurring in\\nthis part of the State, with the exception of those folds\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which show a prevailing dip in the northwest direction, of\\nwhich mention has been made above, and which will be\\nmore particularly described in the proper place.\\nIt must, however, be borne in mind that the diagram is\\nnot intended to give with absolute fidelity the section across\\nthe valley along a particular narrow line, but is rather in-\\ntended to give the extremes occurring within somewhat\\nwidely separated limits. To illustrate the red ore of the\\nClinton formation appears in Little Oak Mountain i in\\none or two places only, in the Cahaba Valley and still less\\nfrequently, or rather in a much more fragmentary way, does\\nit appear on the flint ridge a west of Birmingham to the\\nwest of the fault beyond Opossum Valley we scarcely ever\\nsee so full a series as here shown of the beds between the\\nfault and the Coal Measures in the vicinity of this cross\\nsection, though it appears farther to the northeast towards\\nMurphree s Valley. Keeping these things in mind, we\\nshall find the diagram of service.\\nBeginning on the right hand of the diagram we see the\\nMeasures forming the northwestern border of the Coosa\\nCoal Field overlooking with a steep face the valley to the\\nnorthwest, the strata of the field dipping back to the south-\\neast. Going thence to the northwest across the valley, we\\npass over the beds of the Sub-Carboniferous, Devonian,\\nTrenton, Knox Dolomite, and Cambrian all dipping south-\\neast, and all forming the half of a fold or anticlinal uplift.\\nBut next beyond the Cambrian we come to the strata of the\\nCahaba Coal Field, with a vertical dip, and in immediate\\ncontact with the Cambrian an association of strata which\\ncould come only from a break and sliding of the beds on one\\nside of the break upon and over those on the other side.\\nWe see here that we have only the one side of a fold, or arch,\\nand that a break has occurred along the crest of this fold, and\\nthe southeastern side has glided up over the northwestern\\nside. We also observe that the beds of the Coal Measures\\nadjacent to this break stand at a vertical angle, as a result\\n11", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "162 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nof the break and the sliding up of the Cambrian beds. Be-\\nyond this point the strata of the Cahaba Field soon flatten\\ndown, and assume a dip to the southeast, these southeast-\\nerly dipping beds taken together with the vertical ones just\\nmentioned, constituting a synclinal basin with its axis verv\\nnear to the southeastern edge. The coal beds occurring in\\nthe vertical measures are undoubtedly the same as those\\noccurring in the flatter measures just beyond, but we have\\nthe authority of Mr. Squire for saying that it is in most\\ncases impossible to correlate the seams in the vertical\\nmeasures with those that have not been so much disturbed.\\nIt is evident from this that the fault has broken up and dis-\\nplaced these coal seams so that they do not now occupy\\ntheir relative positions in every case. As we cross the\\nOahaba Field we notice that the strata, with local exceptions,\\nhave a dip to the southeast, and the prevailing dip shows\\nthat the strata are gradually rising into another anticlinal\\nfold which also includes all the underlying formations of\\nShades Valley, Red Mountain, and of the Birmingham\\nValley, as far west as the foot of the flint ridge a upon\\nwhich is the cemetery. Here occurs another fault of the\\nsame nature as the one first described, except that the\\namount of the displacement is not by any means so great.\\nAt the eastern foot of this flint ridge, we find the strata\\nstanding in many places nearly vertical, as they do at\\nthe eastern edge of the Cahaba Coal Field. Along\\nthis line of fault the Cambrian of the valley lies in\\ncontact with the strata of the Knox Dolomite in most\\nplaces, but an occasional bed of limestone and numerous\\nfragments of red ore containing fossils which belong to the\\nClinton fauna, show that the Trenton and the Red Mountain\\nor Clinton groups of the upper Silurian formation have not\\nbeen entirely removed in the erosion of the valley.\\nBeyond the flint ridge just mentioned, we come, in going\\nwestward, again to the Cambrian strata, which, in a great\\nmeasure, form the underlying beds of this second valley\\nknown as Possum Valley. Across it we come to a third\\nfault which brings this Cambrian formation in contact with\\noverlying beds, such as Trenton, Clinton, Sub- Carbonifer-\\nous, and Coal Measures for the fault does not by any means", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "SKCTION N.W. AND S.E. FROM WARRIOR TO COOSA COAl. FIKM) IN THK VKMMty OF BIRMINGHAM\\nnearly alone line K.K oC map\\nshowing slruolui c of Jones Valley-Cahaba Coal Field -Cfiliaba Valley and pari of Coosa Coal Field\\niWappiopCoal Held! %()|k sshiii Vallr\\nf oiU Mt asuii s\\nOxmoop SiiiulMloiic find Sluilos I\\n.Siil)_(. ai-boiiitrrous\\nI ossililci Dus Clierl iI diI I .iyiicii\\nI 15 lack Shale J)cvoiii.iii\\nIS^ -Sl Kod MoiiittainC Union\\nl^^i Ti*enton Ijinrslonc\\nKnox Dolonulc\\nKrd Lands I\\nCoosa VaUi\\\\Y or Klalvvoods sha^v lancstoncs Cambrian\\nIJr.l Ml SIm(1c.sI| Valley!\\nCahaba Coal Field\\nCahaba Valley\\nnOKIZONTAJ, SCAI.I-; \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Vi.lli* ixcil TO THK MILK OK\\nI lACII TOifO I KKT\\nyKKTiCAr, scAi.K TwicK rill-; hokizontai. ou\\nI INCH =,!r l 0 KKKT\\n(\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.,..sn oM iv\\nrid\\na\\nNoHli Mi blaiuls_( nu\\nl.-rv Kul^.\\nb\\nBiiniin^hiuii-\\nSouth IligliUtiids\\nl\\nKcd Moiinliiiii\\nSbadrs Cirrk\\nr _\\nShades Aloinilaiii\\ni\\nCahaba Hivcr\\nii _\\nAndcrso.. MouMlaii.\\ni\\nl.illW-OaU Mountain\\nHi,; Oak Mounlnin\\nU\\nDouble- Mountain", "height": "2273", "width": "4134", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "YALLEY REGION DETAILS CAHABA VALLEY. 163\\nrun strictly parallel to the strike or outcrop of the rocks,\\nbut runs in a sinuous line now into the very edge of the Coal\\nMeasures, now out into the valley so as to leave some of the\\nstrata underlying the Coal Measures between the Cambrian\\nand the Warrior Field. As in the preceding cases, the beds\\nimmediately to the northwest of the fault usually stand at a\\nhigh angle, sometimes vertical, while in places they hare\\nbeen pushed even past the vertical so as to be reversed.\\nOn the northwestern side of the valley nearly its whole\\nlength, we find the first beds of the Warrior Coal Field, in\\nthis nearly vertical position, making a rock wall, through\\nwhich the streams have cut their way at a few points, by\\ndeep and narrow gorges.\\nIn cases where the strata bordering a fault are tilted up\\nat these very high angles, it rarely happens that the full\\nthickness of the beds concerned is present, but some are\\npinched out almost completely, others appear in full force,\\nwhile still others are seen in exceptional thickness. Where\\nbeds of coal are among the strata, the thickness is nearly\\nalways found to be extremely variable, the beds thinning\\ndown to a few inches and thickening up to several feet\\nwithin a distance of a few yards.\\nThere is hardly a place along the western side of Jones\\nValley where these irregularities are not to be seen. At\\nNorth Birmingham, in one place, the Cambrian of the valley\\nis, by the regular fault on that side, brought in contact with\\nthe upper part of the Knox Dolomite. Now we should\\nexpect to find beyond these beds of Knox Dolomite, first th\u00c2\u00ae\\nTrenton, then the Clinton, the Black Shale, and Sub-Car-\\nboniferous, then the Measures of the Warrior Field and\\nvery often such a succession of the beds does actually occur;\\nbut at the point named, the Knox Dolomite is in immediate\\ncontact on that side with the Coal Measures, the interven-\\ning strata above enumerated, having been pinched out or\\nengulfed in a second fault.\\nCahaba Valley.\\nThis is the name given to the valley which separates the\\nCoosa from the Cahaba Coal Field, and under this name it\\nextends from near Odenville to Montevallo, but its con-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "164 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAJ4A.\\ntinuation may be followed as far as Centerville. Like most\\nof the valleys of similar nature in Alabama, it is complex, i. e.,\\nmade up of one or more subordinated valleys with ridges be-\\ntween them. One of these valleys, lying between the chert\\nridge of the Knox Dolomite and the edge of the Cahaba Field,\\nis known as Possum Valley; the other lying between the chert\\nof Knox Dolomite and Little Oak Mountain is in the Cahaba\\nYalley proper. In the Cahaba Valley (taken in its widest\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ense) there are the representatives of all the Paleozoic\\nrocks above named, from Cambrian to the Coal Measures.\\nIts two borders are made by the rocks of the Cahaba Field\\non the one side, and by those of the Coosa on the other, from\\nits upper end near Odenville down to Siluria, while beyond\\nthat the Sub-Carboniferous beds of the Coosa Field make\\nits southeastern border, since the Coal Measures of that\\nfield do not extend further south than the place named.\\nMost of the strata in this valley dip towards the southeast\\nat varying rates, from which it would be reasonably inferred\\nthat its structure is that of an anti-clinal fold closely com-\\npressed and pushed over towards the northwest, or of an\\nanticlinal fold and thrust fault combined. In the former\\ncase, we should, in crossing the valley, pass over the strata\\nfrom Coal Measures of the Coosa Field to the Cambrian in\\nsuccession, beyond which should follow the same formations\\nagain, only in reverse order, to the Measures of the Cahaba\\nCoal Field.\\nThe diagram already referred to, as well as the examina-\\ntion of the map will show, that the whole valley is made by\\none-half of a fold only, and the succession of the rocks from\\nthe Coosa Field is as follows Coal Measures, Sub-Carboni-\\nferous, Black Shale, Trenton, Chert ridge and red lands of\\nthe Knox Dolomite and Cambrian, immediately following\\nwhich are the Measures of the Cahaba Field, a great fault in-\\ntervening between the Cambrian and Coal Measures. By\\nthis fault the Cambrian strata on the southeast side have\\nbeen pushed up and over the upturned edges of the Cam-\\nbrian, Silurian, Devonian, and Sub-Carboniferous on the\\nnorthwest side, into direct contact with the upper measures\\nof the Cahaba Field, a displacement of perhaps more than\\n10,000 feet vertical, and greater than that of any other fault", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "YALLEY REGION DETAILS; CAHABA VALLEY. 165\\nknown to us in Alabama. Northwest of this fault, as we\\nhave already intimated, all the formations between the Cam-\\nbrian and the Coal Measures are below the surface being\\nengulfed in the fault. The beds of the Coal Measures next\\nto the fault are very highly inclined, standing mostly nearly\\nin vertical position while sometimes they have been pushed\\nover beyond the perpendicular. The narrow belt of vertical\\nmeasures borders the Cahaba Field along its entire south-\\neastern and southern boundary. We should naturally ex-\\npect the strata in these vertical measures to correspond\\nwith those that have not been disturbed further in towards\\nthe center of the field, since they are only the upturned\\nedges of the same beds but Mr. Squire has generally been\\nunable to identify the vertical coal seams, for the reason\\nthat in the faulting the strata have been so crushed and dis-\\nplaced that the seams no longer retain their characteristic\\nqualities, thickness, relative position, etc., some of the\\nmeasures having been pinched out, and others having been\\ncorrespondinly thickend up. This, in general terms, is the\\nstructure of the valley from its northern limit to Siluria,\\nand even down to Montevallo.\\nIn more detail, its topographical and geological features\\nare as follows The southeastern rim of the valley is made\\nby the high escarpment of the Millstone grit of the Coosa\\nField known as Big Oak Mountain. This ledge of rock dips\\nsoutheast under the Coal Measures of the Coosa Field, but\\nis brought to the surface again in the Double Mountains, by-\\na fault that extends through the lower part of the field.\\nBetween Big Oak Mountain and Little Oak, which is\\nformed by the chert of the Sub-Carboniferous formation,\\nthere is a valley of varying width formed by the Oxmoor\\nshales of the same formation. The sandstones which ac-\\ncompany these shales, form one or more small ridges be-\\ntween Little and Big Oak Mountains, and in some parts of\\nthe valley this sandstone extends a good way up the face of\\nBig Oak, and then the Millstone grit forms only the capping\\nof the mountain. Little Oak is the counterpart of the Red\\nMountain, but the Clinton strata appear to be entirely want-\\ning except in two or three places shown on the map.\\nTo the northwestward of Little Oak Mountain comes a", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nralley underlaid by the Trenton or Pelham limestone,\\nwhich is here remarkably well developed, and extensively\\nquarried to supply the lime kilns at Siluria and Longview.\\nThis lime is the well known Shelby lime.\\nBeyond this Trenton limestone valley, which is the\\nCahaba Yalley proper, towards the northwest comes a high\\nridge formed of the chert of Knox Dolomite, known in its\\ndi\u00c2\u00a3ferent parts as New Hope Mountain, Mill Ridge, Pine\\nBidge, and Anderson Mountain.\\nNext follows a valley based upon calcareous parts of the\\nKnox Dolomite and the variegated shales of the Cambrian.\\nThis has the name of Possum Valley, and as we approach\\nits northwestern edge we find the strata gradually assuming\\na steeper dip up to the edge of the great fault spoken of\\nabove, and beyond this fault are the vertical measures of the\\nCahaba Field. It may be noticed here as almost every-\\nwhere else that the dip of the strata on the southeast side\\nof one of these thrust fault is usually considerably less than\\non the northwestern side, where they frequently stand\\nnearly vertical. This is in conformity with the law of\\nstructure that prevails through the whole Appalachian\\nregion, viz., the steeper dip is on the northwestern side of\\nthe folds and faults, except where there has been an under-\\ndhoving of the strata, as is the case in Murphree s Valley.\\nBeyond the fault, the measures very rapidly flatten down to\\nmoderate rate of dip, which is mostly towards the south-\\neast, showing that taken as a whole this upper part of the\\nCahaba Field is a synclinal basin, the axis of which is very\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2lose to its southeastern boundary. The southeastern half\\nof this synclinal is partly engulfed in the great fault, for\\nthere is usually not room enough between the axis of the\\nsynclinal and the boundary fault for the whole thickness of\\nthe Measures to come in, even in vertical position.\\nSouthward of the latitude of Siluria the coal-bearing\\nmeasures of the Coosa Field give out, but the underlying\\nSub-Carboniferous strata continue as far as the limits of\\nthis map, and beyond even, till they are completely hidden\\nbelow the Cretaceous beds of the Tuscaloosa formation.\\nThis southward prolongation of the Coosa Field is made\\nchiefly by the Ox moor shales and sandstones, which,", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DETAILS; CAHABA VALLEY. 167\\nespecially the former, attain very considerable thickness and\\nunderlie a wide area, Beds of limestone are very generally\\ninterstratified-with these shales.\\nBy referring to the map it will be seen that the Cahaba\\nValley in its upper part runs nearly northeast and south-\\nwest, but below Helena it turns nearly southward to Monte-\\nvallo, while beyond the latter point the edge of the Cahaba\\nField turns nearly west, as does also to some extent the\\nSub-Carboniferous border of the valley on the other side.\\nThese changes in the direction of the folds, bring about com-\\nplications of the structure, as may be seen in the formation\\nof a great number of subordinate basins in this part of the\\nCahaba Field in the faulted and overturned measures west\\nof Montevallo in the faulting and duplication of the Cam-\\nbrian and Silurian strata in the valley between Montevallo\\nand Centerville in the formation of a synclinal of Trenton,\\nEed Mountain, Devonian and Sub-Carboniferous strata in\\nthe vicinity of Pratt s Ferry.\\nThe uppermost beds exposed in this synclinal are the\\nOxmoor shales which are seen in the basin of the Moun-\\ntain, which, beginning a mile below Pratt s Ferry, extends\\nin V shape for several miles towards the southwest. The\\npoint of this mountain or apex of the Y overhangs the river*\\nThe dip of the northwest side is moderate towards the south-\\neast, while the strata on the southeast side are almost ver-\\ntical, following the usual law. The crest of the mountain is\\nformed by the Fort Payne Sub-Carboniferous chert, while\\nupon its flanks are to be seen the underlying rocks down to\\nthe Trenton. Below the chert there are sandstones and\\nshales that we have referred to the Clinton or Red Moun-\\ntain, though we have no fossils nor any of the red iron ore\\nto determine the matter, a\\nThe Trenton rocks underlying this Sub-Carboniferous\\nbasin emerge from below it, both towards the northeast and\\nto the southwest, but more rapidly in the last named direc-\\ntion. Towards the northeast the Trenton belt may be fol-\\na Some red ore which occurs a mile or two to the northwest of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nMountain, appears to belong to a bed lying between the uppermost\\nof the Knox Dolomite and the lowermost of the Trenton. At least\\nsuch is its position at one locality where all these beds may be clearly\\nmade out, and their ages distinguished by the fossils which they hold.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "168 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nlowed for a considerable distance, gradually merging into a\\nfault which cuts into it in the direction of Montevallo.\\nOne of the most important results of this disposition of\\nthe rocks is to bring to the surface a great area of Trenton\\nlimestone with very gentle dip, except at the southeastern\\nedge of the basin, all along the river for several miles each\\nway from Pratt s Ferry. Much of this limestone is of very\\ngreat purity, and is capable of receiving a fine polish, and it\\nwill undoubtedly very soon come into use for building and\\nornamental purposes.\\nThat part of the valiey below Montevallo differs slightly\\nin structure from the upper part. Starting at the Sub-\\nCarboniferous measures which here form its southeastern\\nborder we pass over a valley of Trenton limestone, then over\\na wide area of Knox Dolomite, three or four miles, chiefly\\ncherty lands, into a belt about a mile wide of the Cambrian\\nshales of the Montevallo type. Then comes a fault by which\\nthe Knox Dolomite is again brought to the surface. This nar-\\nrow belt of the Knox Dolomite runs out entirely in township\\n24, range 11, east, but at the base of the map in township 24,\\nrange 10, it is perhaps half a mile wide. The southeastern\\nedge of this belt of Knox Dolomite has a nearly vertical\\nposition, and, together with part of the Trenton, forms the\\nedge of the synclinal above named.\\nIn the upper part of the valley down to about the upper\\nline of township 22, the edge of the coal field runs approxi-\\nmately parallel to the strike of the rocks exposed in the\\nvalley, but below the point named this is not the case, for\\nthe strata of the Montevallo shales that are in contact with\\nthe vertical measures of the Cahaba Field through township\\n22, and the upper part of township 24, have a strike nearly\\nnortheast and southwest while the edge of the coal field runs\\nnearly north and south the Cambrian strata appear to run\\nup against the Coal Measures at an acute angle and while\\nthe border of the Cahaba Field above Montevallo runs nearly\\nnorth and south, changing abruptly at Montevallo to nearly\\neast and west, the strike of the older rocks remains ap-\\nproximately the same, i. e., nearly northeast and southwest.\\nAt the apex of the right angle formed in this change of di-\\nrection, a little southwest of Montevallo, near Thompson s", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DETAILS COOSA COAL FIELD. 169\\nMill on Shoal Creek, there is one of the most interesting\\nsections known to me. Here may be seen a bed of coal\\nthree or four feet in thickness, in nearly horizontal position,\\nwith the shaly limestones of the Montevallo series resting\\ndirectly upon it. The accomyanying view from a photograph\\nshows this very clearly. Mr. Squire has shown that the\\nCoal Measures along this part of the field have been over-\\nturned, and the bottom fireclay is in every case on top of\\nthe seam. In the faulting, therefore, not only has a large\\nstrip of the Coal Measures been pushed over, but the Cam-\\nbrian strata have been slipped up and over these reversed\\nbeds.\\nThe map does not show very clearly the manner in\\nwhich the Cambrian passes around the apex of this angle\\nof Coal Measures, for in reality these older measures seem\\nto lap up upon the angle of ^he Coal Field in a series of great\\nparallel waves like breakers upon an exposed point of the\\nshore. These waves do not accommodate themselves to\\nthe turn in the boundary of the Coal Field by bending\\nround, as might be inferred from the arrangement of the\\ncolors on the map, but they keep their original direction,\\n(northeast and southwest), on the two sides of the salient\\nangle, just as waves pass an obstruction.\\nAll along the Cahaba Valley and its extension southward\\nand southwestward of Montevallo, the area formed by the\\nKnox Dolomite is characterized by the occurrence of beds\\nof brown iron ore or limonite that in many places are des-\\ntined to be af great economic value.\\nFor lack of means of transportation, only one furnace has\\nup to the present time been built to utilize these ores.\\nCoosA Coal Field.\\nThe structure of the Coosa Coal Field does not at this\\ntime particularly concern us, but the portion of it included\\nin the map shows that it is divided into two parts by a fault\\nwhich brings up some of the Sub-Carboniferous shales be-\\ntween the two. This belt of shales varies in width from\\nhalf a mile upwards, and the amount of displacement is not\\nvery great, since it extends only from the lower part of the\\nshales up to the Millstone grit. Mr. McCalley s report will\\ngive a tolerably full account of the structure of this field.", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "170 geological survey op alabama.\\nJones and Roup s Valley.\\nAn inspection of the map will show that the long valley\\nseparating the Cahaba from the Warrior Coal Field, is much\\nmore complicated in its structure than the valley between\\nthe Coosa and Cahaba Fields.\\nLike the Cahaba Valley, this has essentially an anticlinal\\nstructure, and like that valley, this structure is somewhat\\nmasked by faulting but in addition to this we can trace out\\nin every part of this valley, two anticlinal folds separated\\nby a synclinal. Almost everywhere in the valley the anti-\\nclinal folds have been pushed over towards the northwest in\\naccordance with the general law of Appalachian structure,\\nand the axes of the folds are close to their northwestern\\nedges. In the synclinal we find its axis near the south-\\neastern edge, as is the case in the upper part of the Cahaba\\nCoal Field.\\nThere are two classes of exceptions to this general plan\\nof structure noticed in Jones Valley. First, where the anti-\\nclinal is nearly symmetrical, and the strata on the two sides\\nof it dip in opposite directions at approximately the same\\nangle. One instance of this may be seen in the valley between\\nMcAshan Mountain and East Red Mountain, and another in\\nthe upper part of the valley west of Springville, in Clayton s\\nCove and northeastward both of which will be more par-\\nticularly described in another place. In these cases also\\nthe crest of the anticlinal is unbroken while everywhere\\nelse the crests are marked by thrust faults.\\nThe second class of exception to the general plan of\\nstructure is seen in those cases where the strata dip towards\\nthe northwest, and the fault is found along the southeastern\\nborder of the arches, making what we have spoken of above\\nas a reversed thrust fault. Two well marked instances of\\nthis class of exception occur in Jones Valley one being\\nwest of McAshan Mountain, the other being in the north-\\neastern part of the region of the present map but the most\\nimportant instance is in Murphree s Valley, a The case of\\na To Mr. A. A. Gibson belongs the credit of first calling attention to\\nthis type of structure in Alabama. In his report on Murphree s Valley,\\nnow in manuscript and soon to be published, will be found full details\\nof the typical locality.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "TILLEY REGION DETAILS SHADES VALLEY. 171\\nMcAshan Mountain will be considered further on, but we\\nmay conveniently now describe the occurrence in township\\n15, range 1, east, along the northeastern border of the\\nvalley. Here, not far from the line of the A. G. S. R. R.,\\nthere is a fault along which on the northwestern side the\\nstrata of the Knox Dolomite with moderate northwesterly\\ndip, are in contact with the strata of the Sub-Carboniferous\\nof the Cahaba Field on the southeast, with nearly vertical\\nposition or with very high southeasterly dip.\\nThis is the reverse of the usual order of things, and may\\nbe explained as already shown upon the supposition that\\nthe fold, instead of having had its crest pushed over towards\\nthe northwest, has had the trough sJioved under from the\\nsoutheast side. At the lower end of this fold in the north-\\nwest corner of township 16, range 1, east, its anticlinal\\ncharacter is more apparent. Beyond this fold to the north-\\nwest, we see a synclinal with Sub-Carboniferous chert and\\nOxmoor shales, as the uppermost beds, and this is followed\\nin the same direction by a simple anticlinal and then by\\nthe synclinal of Blount Mountain (Coal Measures), north-\\neast part of township 15, range 1, west, and beyond that the\\nanticlinal of Murphree s Valley not shown in the limits of\\nthis map. Southwest from the end of this Blount Mountain\\nsynclinal of the Coal Measures we see the underlying beds\\ngradually coming to the surface in the order, Sub-Carboni-\\nferous, Devonian, Red Mountain, Trenton, and Knox Dolo-\\nmite. The upper formations involved in this synclinal from\\nthe Sub-Carboniferous to the Trenton, do not extend many\\nmiles below the end of the Blount Mountain, but the syncli-\\nnal of the Knox Dolomite may be followed down nearly to\\nBessemer. It makes all that ridgy land between Chalkville\\nand Hagood s Cross Roads, the flint ridge of the North\\nHighlands about Birmingham, and its continuation down to\\nthe old Smith place near Bessemer. Indeed, with certain\\nmodifications it may be followed almost the entire length of\\nthis map.\\nFrom Trussville down to the lower end of Jefferson\\ncounty, in the southeast part of township 20, range 5, west,\\nthe feature that perhaps most strikes the eye is the wide\\nvalley based on the upper rocks of the Sub-Carboniferous,", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "172 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMl.\\nyiz., the Oxmoor shales and sandstones, lying between the\\nedge of the Cahftba Field and the East Red Mountain.\\nThis valley is in great part drained by Shades Creek and is\\nknown as Shades Valley. Its abnormal width is due to the\\nundulations in the strata, since the Sub-Carboniferous beds\\nare no thicker here than in other parts of this valley where\\nthe width is much less. These undulations are accompanied\\nby faults in some parts of Shades Valley, as for instance be-\\ntween Oxmoor and Grace s Gap, but these displacements\\nhave not yet been traced out with sufficient detail to permit\\nof their being properly mapped.\\nShades Valley is diversified by long ridges formed by the\\nsandstones of the formation, and it is usual to find a very\\ndistinct and persistent ridge near the western edge of the\\nvalley formed by sandstones that occur near the base of the\\nformation. Limestones occur in these shales, as has been\\nalready noted, and in one place near Oxmoor this rock has\\nbeen quarried.\\nThe next following topographic feature to the northwest\\nof Shades Valley, and by far the most important one in the\\nregion, from an economic standpoint, is the Red Mountain.\\nIn the lower part of the area shown on the map, i. e., below\\nthe crossing of the Cahaba Coal Company s railroad, the\\nRed Mountain does not form a conspicuous topographic\\nfeature, as it is rather low and in many places covered by\\nthe sands and other beds of the Tuscaloosa formation.\\nAbove the point named, it begins to assume, at least in\\nplaces, the dimensions of a mountain, and so it continues\\nwith constantly increasing height and importance almost to\\nthe upper limit of the map. I shall not attempt here to\\nspeak in detail of the variations observed in the strata of\\nRed Mountain, nor to give sections across it, since the re-\\nport of Mr. McCalley, soon to be published, will fully treat\\nof this part of the subject. Most of the mines at present in\\noperation in the Red Mountain are found between Spark s\\nGap and Trussville, the greatest thickness of ore, about\\ntwenty feet, being about the middle part of this stretch of\\nthe mountain. Above Gate City, Red Mountain turns some-\\nwhat away from the edge of the Cahaba Field, and the re-\\nversed anticlinal above spoken of, comes in between the", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DETAILS SHADES VALLEY. 173\\ntwo, and by this a synclinal is also formed in the Red\\nMountain strata. The Red Mountain has everywhere along\\nits eastern flank a covering of the chert of the Sub-Carboni-\\nferous, and the Black Shale, which comes between the Clin-\\nton and the Sub-Carboniferous, while not always to be seen\\non account of its being very thin and easily eroded, is no\\ndoubt present in the majority of cases. On the western\\nface of the Red Mountain, the Trenton limestone may al-\\nways be seen, sometimes near the base of the mountain,\\nsometimes nearer the top, according to locality, and this\\nrock is extensively quarried, notably at Gate City, where\\nthe lim-^stone extends up to the very top of the mountain,\\nand the Clinton strata are all on the eastern flank of the\\nsame. This varying position of the Trenton is due to local\\ncauses, among which the occurrence of undulations running\\nacross the valley is perhaps the most effective.\\nNext to the Red Mountain with its constituent formations,\\nfollows the Knox Dolomite, making first a belt of ridgy\\nlands, seen in the South Highlands, and then the redlands\\nwith their gentle undulations and characteristic soils, as\\nmay be seen near Elyton and in some parts of the city of\\nBirmingham itself. It is rarely that the strata of the Knox\\nDolomite appear in their original form so that their dip\\nmay be clearly recognized. Usually the formation is\\nrepresented by great accumulations of loose fragments\\nof chert, or by the red loams in which bedded rocks\\nare rarely found. Loose angular fragments of chert\\nimbedded in the red soil are however very common and\\ncharacteristic. This eastermost belt of the Knox Dolomite\\nrocks presents no special features. In the lower part of the\\nmap it is in great measure covered by the Tuscaloosa sands\\nand clays, though cropping out in spots over a pretty wide\\narea here. On account of the covering of these surface\\nmaterials it has thus far been impossible to make out with\\ncertainty the structure of all this lower part of the map.\\nIn the upper part of the region covered by the map, we\\nfind a second wide and apparently continuous outcropping\\nof the Knox Dolomite, I mean above Eastlake, up to the\\nend of the Blount Mountain. This is due, as may have al-\\nready been inferred by the reader of the preceding para-", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "174 dEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\ngraphs, to the Blount Mountain synclinal above spoken of,\\nand to the fact that the fault which borders this synclinal\\non the eastern side extends with constantly diminishing\\namount of displacement, only a short distance beyond East-\\nlake, where it gradually passes into the unbroken or un-\\nfaulted anticlinal of Clayton s Cove. In this way the Knox\\nDolomite of both anticlinal and synclinal are brought into\\njuxtaposition, while further to the south, where the amount\\nof displacement in the fault is greater, the two are separated\\nby the belt of Cambrian Shales presently to be spoken of.\\nNext to the Knox Dolomite, going slill across the valley,\\nwe come to the Cambrian formation, here represented by\\nthe Coosa Shales, a series of thin-bedded limestones with\\nclay partings that make level, flat, badly drained lands with\\nheavy impervious clay soils, commonly known as Flat-\\nwoods. The flatwoods limestones are usually very much\\nfolded and contorted, and stand often nearly vertical, for\\nwhich reason they were spoken of by Prof. Tuomey as th\u00c2\u00a9\\nvertical li mestones of the valley. We usually see the upturned\\nedges of these limestone bands outcropping in the flatwoods\\nin parallel rows, sometimes running without serious breaks\\nfor long distances. At McCalla Station, Bessemer, Powderly,\\nand in parts of Birmingham, this limestone may be seen\\nand easily recognized. These are the lowest in a geological\\nsense, of the rocks brought up by the anticlinals and faults\\nin our valleys, and are the oldest of the rocks of Alabama\\nabout whose age we can be perfectly sure. In a regular\\nsymmetrical anticlinal, in which these Cambrian strata\\nwere exposed by erosion, they would, as a matter of course,\\noccupy the central area, and this is in reality the case in\\nthat part cf the valley between McCalla Station and Tan-\\nnehill but in the far more common case, where the anti-\\nclinal is pushed over to the northwest and the steeper slop\u00c2\u00a9\\noccurs on that side, and still more plainly, where a break\\noccurs along the crest of the anticlinal and the strata on\\nthe southeastern side are slipped up over those on the\\nnorthwestern, the Cambrian strata are to be found no longer\\nin the geographical center of the valley, but far over on its\\nnorthwestern side.\\nThe Cambrian belt above described, thus marks the limit", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DETAILS SHADES VALLEY. 175\\nof the first anticliDal of the valley, and adjacent to it towards\\nthe west but separated from it by a fault, is the flint ridge\\nof the North Highlands, (Knox Dolomite). As we have al-\\nready said this ridge is in structure a synclinal, with the\\naxis close to the southeastern border, and with most of the\\nstrata on that side of the axis overridden and concealed by\\nthe Cambrian of the other side of the fault, a case exactly\\nanalogous to what we have seen along the southeastern\\nborder of the Cahaba Coal Field. In the fault above spoken\\nof the adjacent halves of the anticlinal of Jones Valley and\\nof the synclinal of the flint ridge, are engulfed more or less\\ncompletely, though we commonly find along the eastern\\nface of the flint ridge a narrow belt of vertical or nearly ver-\\ntical rocks which belong to the synclinal, and are the only\\nremnants of its eastern half. As is the case on the corres-\\nponding side of the Cahaba Field, these vertical measures\\nvery rapidly flatten down and begin to rise on the other dip,\\nBO that the center or axis of the anticlinal is very close to\\nthis eastern edge.\\nAs the name indicates, this ridge is formed mostly of the\\nflint or chert of the Knox Dolomite, but there may be found\\nat intervals between East Lake and Bessemer, traces of the\\nrocks of other overlying formations, Trenton and Clinton,\\nshowing that these were also involved in the foldings, but\\nhave in great measure been removed by denudation.\\nUpon this flint ridge at several points, and beyond Besse-\\nmer in the Salem Hills, we see great masses of a peculiar\\nrock, made up of angular fragments of the chert of Knox\\nDolomite cemented together into a firm and compact rock.\\nThis breccia is at the top of the Knox Dolomite, or perhaps\\nit would be better to say, at the base of the next higher\\nseries, the Trenton, since it is made of fragments of the\\nKnox Dolomite, and must therefore be younger.\\nThis flint ridge is a marked feature of Jones Valley, and\\nextends without serious break from near Village Creek at\\nBirmingham, to Valley Creek near Bessemer. Northeast of\\nthe former creek it is seen again, and southwest of Valley\\nCreek it appears in the Salem Hills. At the two places\\nmentioned the ridge is cut by the creeks, down through a\\ngood part of the chert of the Knox Dolomite into the red", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA.\\nlands of the same formation, and the continuity of the ridge\\nis interrupted. We have already intimated that in a modi-\\nfied form the synclinal of Blount Mountain is the continua-\\ntion of this.\\nGoing northwest beyond the flint ridge we pass over the\\nstrata of the red lands of the Knox Dolomite, then over a\\nsecond belt of Cambrian, all dipping back below the ridge,\\nand rising to the northwest into the second anticlinal, here\\ncalled Possum Valley. The summit of this anticlinal, like\\nthat of Jones Yalley, marks the line of another thrust fault\\nsimilar to that of the flint ridge, though much more irregu-\\nlar in its course, for while, along the border of the flint ridge,\\nthe fault brings the Cambrian as a rule in contact with the\\nchert of the Knox Dolomite, with here and there an excep-\\ntion where it is brought up against Trenton and Clinton, in\\nthis second fault the Cambrian is brought up in contact\\nwith Knox Chert, with Trenton, with Clinton, with Sub-\\nCarboniferous, and even with the measures of the Warrior\\nField. This fault hence shows a much greater variation in\\nthe amount of displacement than the one first named and\\ndescribed. This may be made clearer by reference to the\\nsection above referred to, and to the map. This fault runs\\nalong nearly parallel to the line of the Birmingham Mineral\\nRailroad above Boyle s, up into Murphree s Valley. Above\\nthe line of the South North Alabama Railroad, it will be\\nseen that the fault is at some distance from the edge of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nWarrior Field, and that strips of the following formations\\nintervene between the two, viz., Knox Dolomite, Trenton,\\nClinton and Sub-Carboniferous, and that the fault passes\\nfrom the western side of Possum Valley across to the\\neastern side of Murphree s Valley. As we approach Boyle s\\nGap, the width of the belt of intervening measures decreasei^\\nsome of the formations seem to be pinched out completely\\nothers seem to be partly cut out, and none of them retain\\ntheir full characters. The diagram (cross-section) shows\\nthe whole series from the Knox Dolomite up to the Sub-\\nCarboniferous as intervening between the fault and the edge\\nof the Warrior Field, which is in reality the case in some\\nplaces, but we need only to examine the map to see how the\\nfault runs irregularly along the border of the Warrior Field,", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "VALLEY REGION DETAILS; SHADES VALLEY. 177\\nnow lapping up in contact with the rocks of the Coal\\nMeasures, now trending further out into the valley, leaving\\nthe upturned edges of the whole series from Knox Dolomite\\nup, between.\\nWest of Bessemer we see a rather complicated spot where\\nthe Red Mountain rocks attain a considerable development,\\nwhich will be understood better by a study of the map than\\nby any description in words.\\nAs may be inferred from the map, the Red Mountain on\\nthis western side of the valley is rather fragmentary, and of\\nlittle value as compared with the same formation on the\\nother side, east of Birmingham. Above Boyle s Gap it be-\\ncomes more regular and of greater economic importance.\\nIt need hardly be repeated that the strata of all the forma-\\ntions to the west of this second fault, stand at very high\\nangles, often being perpendicular, and at times being pushed\\nover past the vertical so as to dip back towards the south-\\neast. The millstone grit of the Warrior Field may nearly\\nalways be seen as a ledge of nearly vertical rocks forming,\\nmost the whole length of tbe valley, a wall, beyond which\\nwe come in a few hundred yards to almost horizontal\\nmeasures, showing that the disturbance affects to any great\\ndegree, only the extreme edge of the field. Parallel with\\nthis rock wall of the Millstone grit, we usually find another\\nwall of vertical rocks, with a narrow valley intervening.\\nThis wall is formed by the Sub-Carboniferous sandstone of\\nthe Oxmoor series. The line of the faalt may easily be\\ntraced by the ledges of vertical or nearly vertical rocks that\\nlie to the northwest of it. Such, then, is the structure of the\\nvalley in all the upper half of the map, or above the latitude\\nof Bessemer. Below that there are some important varia-\\ntions which have in part been referred to.\\nThe variations from the above named structure are to be\\nseen in the area through which the McAshan Mountains ex-\\ntends. This mountain is a Red Mountain ridge composed\\nof the three formations, Clinton, Black Shale, and Sub-Car-\\nboniferous chert, with Trenton limestone on its eastern face.\\nBeyond this mountain and across a fault, we find a repeti-\\ntion of the same beds, a second Red Mountain, in its normal\\nplace as regards the Warrior Coal Field.\\n12", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nAlthougli SO entirely different in topography and in gen-\\neral appearance, this part of the valley is itself also formed\\nby a double anticlinal with synclinal between, as may be\\nseen from the following description proceeding from the\\neastern Red Mountain near McOalla Station towards the\\nnorthwest across the valley, we pass first over a regular\\nsymmetrical anticlinal, the central line of which, marked by\\nthe outcrop of the belt of Cambrian rocks, is near the center\\nof the valley, and is the formation upon which the Alabama\\nGreat Southern Railroad track is laid, from Tannehill up.\\nMcAshan Mountains is the counterpart of the eastern Red\\nMountain on the other side of the anticlinal, its strata dip-\\nping to the northwest as the beds of the eastern mountain\\ndip to the southeast. On the other side of McAshan,\\nhowever, we come to the fault mentioned, and the beds of\\nthe McAshan appear to dip northwest under the Kuox\\nDolomite on the other side of the fault, showing that we\\nhave here again au instance of thrust fault in which the\\nstrata on the southeast side have been sJioved tinder those on\\nthe northwest side.\\nSouthwest of the end of the McAshan Mountain we see\\nagain a recurrei ce to the usual type of structure in this\\nvalley, viz., an overlap of the strata on the southeast side\\nupon those to the northwest of the fault. As we have said,\\nhowever, the geological structure in this lower part of the\\nregion of the map is not always to be clearly made out, for\\nthe reason that it is not possible to trace out the outcrops\\nof the different formations because of the great mass of over-\\nlying and more recent beds of the Cretaceous. The central\\npart of the valley in this latitude is so generally covered by\\nthese beds that we can only indicate here and there the\\npoints where the uuderljing rocks are uncovered.\\nIn the vicinity of Woodstock there appear to be two areas\\nof Cambrian rocks, the one at the station itself, where the\\nshaly limestones have been exposed iu the cut made by the\\nCahaba Coal Company for their railroad, and the other a\\nmile or two to the north, along the line of tl:e Birmingham\\nMineral Railroad, just beyond the Edwards ore banks. The\\nregion between the two, so far as we are in condition to\\njudge, is occupied by Knox Dolomite.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "TALLEY REGION DETAILS SHADES VALLEY. 179\\nIt may be that the structure here is similar to that of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nvalley about Birmingham. In a cut on the Birmingham\\nMineral Railroad, just beyond the Edwards ore banks, the\\nCambrian limestone and shales have been laid bare, and ex-\\nhibit one of the most perfect examples of the contortions\\nand foldings into which it is possible to throw solid rocks.\\nThe limestones have boen pressed together into a number\\nof close folds, as perfectly and completely as one could do it\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2with a bundle of sheets of paper. The edges of these folded\\nlimestone layers are seen in zig-zag lines all along on both\\nsides of a cut of forty or fifty feet in length. These layers\\nof limestone are quite pure and have been used in making\\nlime which slakes very well, showing that it is of very good\\nquality. Now, while at the base of the cut and for ten feet\\nor so above the level of the track, the limestone is quite\\nfresh, and unweathered, it passes very suddenly iuto a yel-\\nlowish stratified clay in which may be followed perfectly all\\nthe lines of folding of the limestone itself, as if the upper\\npart of the limestone, near the outcrop, and where long sub-\\njected to the action of the atmosplieric agencies, had been\\nconverted into the clajey matter. If the limestone were im-\\npure and charged with clayey material, we might suppose\\nthat the calcareous matter was leached out and the alumi-\\nnous p irt left, but the limestone is pare enough to afford\\ngood, thoroughly slaking lime, so that the whole appearance\\nis as though the limestone had been removed by leaching\\nagencies, and its place taken by a sandy chiy. We should\\nin any case expect to find a gradual transition from the one\\nkind of material to the other, but as I have said, the change\\nis rather abrupt.\\nThe strata of the Red Mountain may be followed with\\nsome interruption from opposite Woodstock down to Vance s\\non the west side of the valley.\\nThe fault which occurs on this side of the valley appears\\nto run in and out approximately parallel to the edge of the\\nCoal Field, now leaving a pretty full series of strata between\\nit and the Coal Field, now lapping up almost upon the beds\\nof the latter, by pinching out or engulfing the intermediate\\nformations.\\nWest of Vance s we see a narrow anticlinal fold which", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP ALABAMA.\\nruns a short distance up into the Coal Field and separates\\na small strip of synclinal structure from the main body of\\nthe Coal Field. This synclinal extends southwestward as\\nfar the limits of the map, with Sub-Carboniferous and Clin-\\nton rocks, the Coal Measures ending at about the latitude\\nof Vance s station. The Clinton strata of this synclinal are\\nmuch broken up and appear to be pinched out in places.\\nThe red ore occurs in the vicinity of Vance s, at one or two\\npoints southwest of the station, and in the railroad cut two\\nmiles west of the station. Further to the southwest than\\nthe points named, the Clinton is represented by sandstones\\nand conglomerates alone, and the red ore seems to be\\nwanting.\\nThe anticlinal fold above spoken of is faulted near its\\ncentral line, and the rim of the Clinton rocks which would\\nnormally run along the western side of the anticlinal has\\nbeen cut out by the fault with the exception of a small\\nremnant seen in the railroad cut above mentioned. By the\\nfault a strip of Knox Dolomite has cut out about half of the\\nanticlinal as shown on the map. To the northeast of the\\nrailroad the anticlinal is occupied only by the Oxmoor\\nShales of the Sub-Carboniferous. In addition to the great\\nfault above noticed there is a smaller one which shows in\\nthe railroad cut to the west of the trestle over the branch\\nof Hurricane Creek. This structure will be more easily un-\\nderstood from a study of the map than from the reading of\\na description. The superficial beds of the Tuscaloosa for-\\nmation overlying all the older rocks makes it extremely\\ndifficult, and in some cases impossible, to determine with\\ncertainty the structure of the lower part of the valley south\\nof Vance s.", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nPAGR.\\nActon Basin Area ^9\\nBoundary 39\\nEstimate of coal in 4C\\nSections of 44\\nSituation 3S\\nStructure 3^\\nVariations of dip of measures of 45\\nAction Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Acton basin, section o\u00c2\u00a3 43^\\nAir Shaft Seam Daily creek basin 108\\nLolley basin 87\\nMontevallo basin 92-94\\nAnalyses Ash\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mammoth seam, Kenryellen basin 38\\nGholson seam, Dailey creek basin IW\\nCoals Conglomerate seam, Eiareka basin 72\\nHelena s am, Helena basin 59\\nLemley seam, Overturned Measures 102\\nLittle Pittsburgh, Eureka basin 72\\nMammoth seam Henryellen basin 31-32.\\nMontevallo seam, Montevallo basin 94\\nMoyle seam, Eureka basin 72\\nThompson seam. Eureka basin 72\\nUnderwood seam, Blocton basin 115\\nWadsworth seam Eureka basin 75\\nHelena basin 60\\nWoodstock seam, Blocton basin 115\\nCokes Mammoth seam, Henryellen basin 38\\nWadsworth seam, Cahaba basin 65\\nWoodstock seam, Blocton basin 116\\nAnthracite sjstem of mining 118-119\\nBangor limestone 155\\nBasins in Cahaba field 11\\nActon 39\\nBlocton Ill\\nCahaba 01\\nDailey creek 103\\nDry creek 74\\nEureka 68\\nGould 78\\nHelena 47\\nHenryellen 20^\\nLolley i i i I 85", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "182 INDEX.\\nBASINS IN CAHA.13A FIELD-Continued;\\nMonlevallo 90\\nOvertnrnecl Mpasnres 95\\nBeebe seam in Overtnruecl Measures 96, 99, 100\\nBeech Tree seam, Bloctou basia 114\\nDailey creek basin 107\\nBig Falls, Lolley basia 89\\nBig Vein (s^am), Dailej creek basin 106\\nBirmingham Breccia 152\\nBlack Fireclay Seam Dailey creek basin 108\\nLnlley basin (section of) 88\\n11 jDtevallo basin 92-94\\nBlack Shale Formations 154\\nBlack Shale or Gholson Seam Dry creek basin 76\\nEur* ka basin 69-70\\nHelena basin, section 53\\nanalyses of coko from. 59\\nBlocton Basin Area 113\\nBoundaries Ill\\nDip of Measures 116\\nDrain.ige 112\\nEstimate of coal in 113\\nFaults 113\\nSynclinals antl anticLnals in 116\\nRoads in 112\\nTopography 112\\nBrock Seam Cahaba basin 63\\nBack Seam Dry creek basin 76\\nEureka basin 69-70\\nHelena baJn (section of) 52\\nCahaba Basin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Area 62\\nBoundaries 51\\nDrainage 62\\nEstimate of thickness of measures 62\\nGeneral section across 62\\nEoads 61\\nSituation 61\\nTopogr iphj 62\\nVarying rate of dip 65\\nCahaba Field Aggrei^ate thickness of measures of 14\\nAmount of coal in 13\\nArea 13\\nBasins of 13\\nConglomerates at top of measures of 4\\nCounties in -which mea ^ures occur 17\\nDivision of coals into four groups 14\\nDrainage 6-7\\nFaults in 15\\nGeneral description 3\\nHistory of mining in 18", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 183\\nCAHABA FIELD- Continued.\\nLimestone ledge in 4\\nOverturned measures of 15\\nEate of dip of measures 17\\nKesembLince of measures of to those of Arkansas and\\nIndian Territory 5\\nKoads 10,11,12\\nSections i!lu ?trating structure of 13-14\\nSmnll amount of sulpLur in co,ds 5\\nCahaba Field\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SimiLirily of measures to those of Warrior Field 3\\nThickness of measures 5\\nTopography G-7-8-9\\nCahaba Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General desciiption lf 3\\nGeolo^i^al and structural details 165\\nCannel Seam in Overturned Measures 97-99\\nCarboniferous Formation \u00e2\u0080\u0094Subdivisions of 155\\nChocci locco Shales I i9\\nClark Seam- Dailey Creek basin 106-107-109\\nClean Coal Seam Dailey Creek basin 107\\nClinton Formation described 153\\nCoal Measures of the three Alabama fields once continuous 157\\nCoke Oven Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Helena basia 51\\nCahaba basin 65\\nCoke Seam Dniley Creek basin 106\\nBlocton basin 114\\nCombination Method of Mining 122-123\\nConglomerate Seam Analysis of coal 72\\nDailey Creek basin 108\\nEtireka neam 69-70\\nHelena basin 55\\nHenryellen basin, identical with Thompson\\nseam and Underwood seam 27\\nLolley basin 85\\nCooper Seam in Overturned Measures 96-98-99-100\\nCoosa Coal Field 169\\nCretaceous Formation 157\\nCubical Vein Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Overturned Measures 99\\nDailey Creek Basin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Area 105\\nBoundaries 103\\nDip of measures 108\\nDrainage 104\\nEstimate of coal in 105\\nFirst mining in 109\\nRoads 104\\nTopography 104\\nDevonian Formation 154\\nDodd Seam in Overturned Measures 96-97-99\\nDrift Formation or Orange Sand 159\\nDry Creek Basin Area 75\\nBoundaries 74\\nDip cf measures 76", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "|;84 INDEX.\\nDEY CREEK BASIN-Continued.\\nDrainage 74\\nEstimate of coal 75\\nFuture importance of 76\\nRoads in 75\\nTopography 75\\nEureka Basin Area 69\\nBoundaries 68\\nDrainage 68\\nEstimate of coal in 69\\nMethod of working seams in 71\\nStrike of measures 69\\nTopography 68\\nVarying rate oi dip in 70\\nEureka Company s Test SIopw Section of, in Acton basin 43\\n.Faults\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Amount of displacement 16-17\\nBoundary fault of Cahaba Field 15\\nDifference in angle of dip on two sides of 16-17\\nInterior faults of Cahaba Field 15\\nReversed thrust faults 142\\nThrust faults 142\\nFigh Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Overturned Measures 99\\nFive Group Seam Acton basin 45\\nFolds in strata in Valley region 140-141\\nFort Payne Chert Sub-Carboniferou3 155\\nGholson or Woodstock Seam Blocton basin 114\\nDailey Creek Basin, sections and\\nanalyses 106-107-109-110\\nLoUey basin\\nGould Basin Area\\n85\\n79\\nBoundaries\\n78\\nDip of measures\\n82\\nDrainage\\n79\\nEstimate of amount of coal\\n79\\nRoads\\n80\\nTopography\\n79\\nGould Seam Acton basin\\n44\\nBlocton basin\\n114\\nCahaba basin\\nGould basin\\n63-65-66\\n80-81\\nHalf Yard Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dailey Creek basin\\nHarkness Seam Acton basin\\n106\\n45\\nHelena basin\\nHelena basin -Area\\n64\\n59\\nBoundaries\\n47\\nDisturbances in measures of\\nDrainage\\n48\\n59\\nEstimate of coal\\nGeneral section across\\n59\\n50\\nRoads\\n48", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 185\\nHELENA BASIN-Continued.\\nTopography 59\\nVarying dip of measures 59\\nHelena Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Analysis of coal 72-73-77\\nDailey Creek basin 108\\nDry Creek basin 76\\nEureka basin 69-70\\nHelena basin 57-58\\nHenryellen basin 27-35-36\\nLolley basin 86\\nOverturned Measures 98\\nSections of 35-26-57-58-86-98\\nHenryellen Basin Analysis 20-37\\nBoundaries 21\\nDrainage 29-30\\nEstimate of coal in 36\\nEoads 22\\nSection across 23\\nThickness of measures 37\\nTopography 29\\nJones y lley Cambrian formation in 173, 176, 178\\nEastern Bed Mountain 172-178\\nExceptions to general plan of structure 170\\nGeneral description 170\\nKnox Dolomite of 173, 175, 175\\nSouth Highlands 173\\nWestern Bed Mountain 172, 178\\nKnox Dolomite Description of rocks of 150\\nLancashire Mining Methods 120\\nLemley Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Analysis of coal 102\\nOverturned Measures 99\\nXjolley Basin Area 85\\nBig falls 89\\nBoundaries 83\\nDip of measures 89\\nDrainage 83\\nEstimate of coal 85\\nEoads 84\\nTopography 83\\nLittle Mayberry Creek Section along 97\\nLittle Pittsburgh Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Analysis of coal 72\\nDailey Creek basin 107\\nEureka basin 69, 70\\nHelena basin 54\\nHenryellen basin 54\\nLolley basin 85\\nSections of 34, 35, 54\\nLuke Seam Dailey Creek basin 108\\nLolley basin 88\\nMontevallo basin 92, 94", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "186 INDEX.\\nMammoth Seam Analysis of coal 31, 32\\nAnalysis of ash 38\\nAnalysis of coke 38\\nHcniyellea basin 28\\nSection of 26\\nSplit in 26\\nLlap of Cahaba Field\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Account of its doTelopment 1,2\\nMartin Seam, in Acton basin 45\\nMining Methoils 118\\nMonongaLela Mining Methods 118, 119\\nMontevallo Basin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Area 91\\nBoundaries 90\\nDrainage 91\\nEstimate of coal 92\\nEoads 91\\nTopography 91\\nMontevallo Coal and Transportation Company 94\\nMontevallo Conglomerate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LoUey basin 88\\nMontevallo basin 91\\nOverturned Measures 97\\nMontevallo- Change of direction of boundary of Cahaba Field near. 168\\nMontevallo Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Analyses of coal 94\\nJjailf y creek basin 108\\nDry creek basin. 76\\nLolley basin 87\\nMontevallo basin 92\\nSections of 87-93\\nMontevallo Shales\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Described 148\\nMountain Limestone 156\\nSandstone bed in 156-157\\nQuarried at Bangor, Blount Springs and Truss-\\nville 157\\nMoyle Seam Analyses of coal 72\\nEureka basin 72\\nHelena basin 54\\nNunnally Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Acton basin 45\\nCahaba ba^in 64\\nGould basin 81\\nHenryellen basin 24\\nSection of 81\\nOrange Sand or Drift 159\\nOverturned Measures\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Area 96\\nBoundaries, 95\\nDip cf strata 97\\nDrainage 95\\nEstimate of coal 96\\nFirst mining in 100\\nEoads 96\\nTopography 95\\nOxmoor sandstone and shales 155", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 187\\nPelliaTn limestone 152\\nPiney woods fault 88\\nPoole Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henryellen basin 24\\nSection of 29\\nPost- Tertiary formations 158\\nPratt s Ferry--SyDcliDal fuld 167\\nPump Seam Heloua basin 51\\nHenry ellen basin 36\\nQuarry Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dailey creek basin 107\\nHelena basin 55\\nEecl Mountain or Clinlou formation 153\\nKoup s Valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Anti linal near Vance s 180\\nCambrian rocks in 178-79\\nClinton strata 177, 178, 179, 180\\nEd wards ore bank 179\\nGeneral description. 170\\nKnox Dolomite 177, 178, 180\\nMcAsban mountain 177-178\\nSynclinal in, near Vance s 180\\nSalem Breccia 152\\nSection\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General, across legion shown on maps 161\\nSections of Coal Seams\\nActon seam, Acton basin 43\\nBeebe seam. Overturned measures 99\\nBlack Fire Clay seam, LoUey basin 88\\nBlack Sb.tle seam, Helena basin 53\\nBuck seam Helena basin 52\\nCannel seam, Overturned measures 99\\nClark seam, Dailey creek basin 107\\nCooper seam, Overturned measures 99\\nDodd seam. Overturned measures 99\\nEureka Go s Slope seam, Acton basin 43\\nGholson seam, Dailey creek basin 107\\nGould seam, Gould basin 81\\nHelena seam, Dry Creek basin 77\\nHelena basin 57-58\\nHenry ellen basin 35-36\\nLoUey basin 86\\nOverturned measures 98\\nLittle Pittsburgh seam, Helena basin 54\\nHenry ellen basin 34-35\\nMammoth seam, Henryellen basin 26\\nMontevallo seam, Lolley basin 87\\nMonievallo basin 93\\nPoole seam, Henryellen basin 29\\nPump seam, Henryellen basin 36\\nShaft seam. Overturned measures 99\\nThompson seam Blocton basin 114\\nThree Feet seam. Overturned measures 99", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "188 INDEX.\\nSECTIONS OF GOAL SEAMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contimied.\\nWadsworth seam, Cahaba basio 66\\nEureka basia 71\\nHelena basin 60-51\\nWhetrook seam, Cahaba basin 66\\nWoodstock seam, Dailey creek basin 107\\nShades Valley Underlying rocks 172\\nShaft Seam Overturned Measures 96\\nSections of 98, 99, 100\\nShute Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cahaba basin 65\\nHelena basin 51\\nSilurian Formations 150\\nSmithshop Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dailey Creek basin 107\\nHelena Basin 55\\nStrine seam, Dailey creek basin 108\\nLolley basin 88\\nMontevallo seam 92-94\\nSub-Carboniferous Formation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General description 155\\nSub-Carboniferous Limestone Varying thickness of 4\\nThompson, or Underwood, or Conglomerate Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Analysis .72-115-116\\nBlocton basin 114\\nDailey Creek basin 108-109\\nEureka basin 69, 70\\nLolley basin 85\\nSection 114\\nThree Feet Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Overturned Measures 99\\nTrenton Limestone 152\\nTuscaloosa Formation 158\\nUnderground Haulage 128-129\\nUnderwood Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Same as Conglomerate and Gholson, analysis. 72,115,116\\nBlocton basin 114\\nDailey Creek basin 108\\nEureka basin 69, 70\\nLolley basin 85\\nSection 114\\nValley Eegions --Cambrian Formations 148\\nChoccolocco Shales 148\\nClassification of the rocks 146\\nCoosa Shales 148\\nDearth of fossils 146\\nDistribution of the rocks in 159\\nFolds and faults in 141, 142\\nFolds not symmetrical 143\\nFormation of anticlinal valleys 144\\nFormations enumerated )38\\nOrigin of the rocks 137\\nPaleozoic formations defined 146\\nReversal of strata 142\\nReversed thrust faults 142\\nSubmergence of valley regions at different times. 145", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 189\\nVALLEY REGIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nThrust faults 1*2\\nVariations in the rooks, with varying locality 147\\nWadsworth Seam--Acton basin 45\\nAnalysis 60, 65, 73\\nBlocton basin 114\\nCahaba basin 64\\nEureka basin 69-70\\nHelena basin 50-51\\nHenryellen basin 25\\nSections of 50, 51, 66, 71\\nWeisner Quartzite 149\\nWhetrock Seam in Acton basin 45\\nCahaba basin 66\\nHelena basin 50\\nSection 66\\nWoodstock Seam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Same as Gholson), analysis 110, 115, 116\\nBlocton basin 114\\nDailey Creek basin 106, 109\\nLolley basin 85\\nSection 107\\nYeshic Seam \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dailey Creek basin 108\\nLolley basin 86", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3325", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3281", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3413", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "reportoncahabaco00squi_0236.jp2"}}